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HISTORICAL SKETCHES 
 
 TOWN OF LEICESTER, 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS, 
 
 DURING THE FIRST CENTURY FROM ITS SETTLEMENT. 
 
 BY EMORY WASHBURN. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 PRINTED BY JOHN WILSON AND SON, 
 
 22, School Street. 
 
 1860. 
 
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EfjiiS unpretentimQ lEffort, 
 
 TO RESCUE FROM OBLIVION THE SIMPLE ANNALS OF MT NATIVE TOWN, 
 THE LIVING AND THE DEAD, 
 
 TO WHOSE KINDNESS AND AFFECTION I OWE SO MANY OF THE PLEASANT 
 
 MEMOKIES THAT CLUSTER AROUND THE HOME OF MY 
 
 CHILDHOOD. 
 
 f EMORY WASHBURN. 
 
 CAMBEiDfiE, April, 1860. 
 
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HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 XN attempting to embody the local incidents which go to 
 -^ make up the history of one of our municipal corporations 
 called '^ Towns/' it would be a matter of curious and interest- 
 ing inquiry to trace the origin of these bodies politic. Nothing 
 precisely like them had been known to the first settlers in 
 New England, before their removal here ; though the idea 
 may have been borrowed from the early division of England 
 into Hundreds, or Tithings. These had their origin in a I'ude 
 state of society, for the purposes of civil and domestic police. 
 But the division of a territory into local districts by geo- 
 graphical lines, and conferring upon their inhabitants corpo- 
 rate powers and duties like those with which the towns of 
 New England are clothed, will, it is believed, be found to 
 have been an institution originally peculiar to the Colonies 
 planted there. 
 
 It was probably the result, in part, of accident at first; 
 but was chiefly due, like so many of the measures which the 
 founders of these Colonies inaugurated, to the singular wis- 
 dom and foresight with which they adapted their policy to 
 the condition of the people. Without, at first, setting apart 
 a prescribed portion of territory, and clothing it with corpo- 
 
 1 
 
Z HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 rate powei'S, the General Court conferred these upon such 
 settlements as from their size, and remoteness from others, 
 rendered a corporate organization a matter of safety and con- 
 venience. Thus it is said that the only Act of Incorporation 
 of Boston, Dorchester, or Watertown, was an order of the 
 General Court, " that Trimountain shall be called Boston ; 
 Mattapan, Dorchester ; and the town on Charles River, Water- 
 town." 
 
 The Colony, through its government, stood in two relations 
 to the settlers upon the hitherto unoccupied lands ; by one 
 of which, a title to these lands was granted ; and, by the 
 other, the requisite powers were conferred and duties imposed 
 upon them as bodies politic. Provision was thus made for 
 the support of the gospel, the maintenance of highways, the 
 management of their municipal aifairs, and, at an early day, 
 for the support of free schools. In process of time, grants 
 of specific portions of territory were made in anticipation of 
 settlements being formed thereon within prescribed periods ; 
 and, when formed, corporate powers were conferred upon 
 them, generally by very brief Acts, which assumed that these 
 powers and duties were understood and defined by the na- 
 ture of the organization to which vitality was thereby given. 
 This will be illustrated by the Act incorporating the town 
 whose history it is now proposed to write. 
 
 But, whatever may have been the origin of these town 
 organizations, it may be doubted whether the true New-Eng- 
 land character which has distinguished the Northern Colonies, 
 in their earlier and later history, ma}^ not be more directly 
 traced to the existence of these than to any other single 
 cause. While, as has been remarked, they were made the 
 means of sustaining public religious worship and schools, and 
 enforcing a salutary domestic police, they became the me- 
 dium of accomplishing scarcely less important results in their 
 social and political bearing. As little independent demo- 
 cracies, they gave to every citizen a part and share in the 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 6 
 
 management of their concerns, and rendered him familiar 
 with the forms and details of public business, as well as the 
 nature and extent of popular rights and duties ; and, by- 
 means of the discussions to which the meetings of the peo- 
 ple of the several towns at stated intervals gave rise, every 
 man learned how to give utterance to his own opinions, and 
 to feel the dignity and responsibility of a free man among 
 his equals. 
 
 Every man, moreover, felt that he was a part of one corpo- 
 rate whole. Its limits were the bounds of his home. Its 
 very scenery became identified with his earliest and holiest 
 associations and affections ; and the church where his fathers 
 had worshipped, and the churchyard where his fathers were 
 sleeping, had for him a sanctified interest which no other spot 
 could ever awaken. Its history became a part of his own. 
 The burdens of taxation were relieved of half their weight 
 by the consciousness that they were imposed by his own 
 agents, for purposes connected with the honor, prosperity, 
 and reputation of his own town ; and, in this way, incidents 
 in the domestic history of one of these little communities 
 often acquired an interest for its members disproportioned to 
 their intrinsic importance, and which it was difficult for a 
 stranger to understand. They partook of the character 
 which the mind spontaneously associates with the events 
 that go to make up the inner life of one's own self and that 
 of his family. 
 
 I hardly need to add, that it is with feelings like these that 
 I have ventured upon a task of so much labor, — which can 
 bring, in return, no reward of fame or money, — of gather- 
 ing up the few and scattered materials which remain of the 
 history of this now ancient town of Leicester, for the first 
 century of its existence as a body politic. I cannot suffi- 
 ciently express the regret I feel that some other hand had 
 not undertaken the work, and that it had not been under- 
 taken at a much earlier day. The brief and imperfect sketch 
 
4: HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 of the history of the town, hastily prepared, now more than 
 thirty years ago, was even then too late to be what it should 
 have been. It is the more to be regretted, because, within 
 the recollection of many noAv living, intelligent men and 
 women were residing here who formed a part of the genera- 
 tion that succeeded the first settlement of the town, and 
 possessed a rich fund of anecdote and local incident connect- 
 ed with its earliest history, which has been buried in their 
 graves, and irretrievably lost.* Even of the events of the 
 Revolution, in which the town took an early and active part, 
 not a living witness remains. 
 
 But, much as we may lament the loss of these sources of 
 her early history, I greatly miscalculate, or there will still be 
 found, in the materials which have been preserved, enough 
 to furnish a record of the fathers, which the sons may feel a 
 generous pride in recalling. The very nature of the work 
 of tracing out and collecting these bespeaks the indulgence 
 which is due to him who undertakes it ; and, if the following 
 pages do no more, they will bear testimony to the grateful 
 memories and associations of one, in whose mind they are 
 connected with the spot of his birth, and, for twenty-eight 
 years, the home of his affections. 
 
 * Among those I might mention, of the class liere referred to, was Mrs. Mary 
 Sargent, the widow of Nathan, and mother of the late John Sargent, sen. She was 
 born in 1727, — a daughter of Daniel Denny, one of the first settlers in the town, — 
 and survived till 1822; a period of ninety-five years, which went back within ten years 
 of the planting of the town. She was a remarkably bright, intelligent lady. Her 
 memory was stored with interesting local and personal anecdotes; and her recollec- 
 tions, if they had been noted down and treasured, would have furnished a most fruitful 
 and. interesting source of the history of the town. She retained her mental powers 
 till a late period in her life; and is still remembered as a most agreeable, cheerful, and 
 entertaining lady. I recollect a very pleasant journey, in her company, from Leices- 
 ter into Vermont and back again, when she was eighty-four years old. Age had 
 hardly dulled the quickness of her vivacity, or impaired the vigor of her mind or 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PURCHASE, INCORPORATION, AND SETTLEMENT OF THE TOWN. — 
 NOTICES OF ITS ORIGINAL PROPRIETORS, ALLOTMENTS OF ITS 
 TERRITORY, &c. 
 
 The first notice we have of the place, afterwards called 
 Leicester, is in 1686, when the territory was purchased of 
 the Indian proprietors by a company of nine persons, most 
 of whom belonged to Roxbury. Although the jurisdiction 
 over and general property in the soil was conferred by their 
 charter upon the Company of the Massachusetts Bay, the 
 right of soil in the aborigines as occupants thereof was 
 recognized by the government of the Colony, and was re- 
 garded in most instances by the colonists in making acqui- 
 sitions of parts of the territory. 
 
 The usual course of proceeding in such cases was to obtain, 
 from the head men or chiefs of the tribes inhabiting the por- 
 tion of the territory which it was desired to acquire, a formal 
 deed of release ; for which some satisfactory, though often 
 inconsiderable, compensation was paid. Upon application to 
 the General Court, the title thus acquired was generally 
 confirmed, but upon such conditions as they saw fit to pre- 
 scribe. 
 
 Companies of private speculators early engaged in the busi- 
 ness of thus buying up Indian titles to lands, which they 
 secured to themselves by confirmatory acts of the General 
 Court. There was, ordinarily, no difficulty in efiecting these 
 confirmatory grants, since the leading men in the Colony 
 were largely concerned in these speculations. The sjiirit for 
 
b HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 such enterprises seems to have pervaded all classes, espe- 
 cially from the first to the middle of the eighteenth century ; 
 including, as the history of this town will show, officers the 
 highest in authority, as well as ministers of the gospel. It 
 would, in fact, be difficult to trace to its origin the rage and 
 mania for speculation in lands with which our community is 
 periodically afflicted. Without attempting it in this case, I 
 have only to speak of the mode in which such enterprises 
 were managed. 
 
 These companies became a kind of corporation known as a 
 Proprietary ; managing their affiiirs, even to the granting of 
 their lands, by votes, of which they preserved records, and 
 which, in many instances in Massachusetts, form the only 
 evidence of the original titles to lands as acquired from the 
 original proprietors. These books of '' Proprietors' Eecords," 
 therefore, have become valuable as muniments of title to 
 lands ; and, in most instances, have been carefully preserved. 
 
 Among other tracts which were purchased by the same 
 company to whom the territory of Leicester was conveyed 
 was the township of Hardwick, which, for a while, took the 
 name of Lambstown from that of one of the company. 
 
 The township of Leicester lay in the heart of what was 
 known as the Nipnet or Nipmuc country, which extended to 
 a considerable distance to the south, embracing the ponds 
 and streams in and around Oxford. The tribe seems to have 
 been scattered over a pretty large territory, extending from 
 Connecticut River, easterly, to the tribes along the coast, 
 known as the Massachusetts Indians. The settlements of the 
 tribe occurred at considerable intervals through this large 
 territory ; and over these were headmen, or sachems, who 
 were nominally subordinate in authority to the principal chief 
 or ruler of the tribe."^ 
 
 * I find in the Secretary's office a letter from Col. Chandler to Lieut.-Gov. Dummer, 
 dated July 7, 1724, wherein he says, " There is a tribe of Indians between Wood- 
 stock and Oxford; being women and children about forty, the men about seven or 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. i 
 
 The Indian name of the territory purchased by the Rox- 
 bmy men was Towtaid, over which Oraskaso had been sa- 
 chem. He had recently died, leaving two daughters, who, 
 with their husbands, claimed title to the soil. Except by a 
 rugged path called the New Connecticut Road, by which 
 occasional intercourse was kept up between the settlements 
 at Marlborough and east of that, and those on Connecticut 
 River, this region was an inaccessible wilderness, and, at the 
 time of the purchase, had no nearer white settlement than 
 Marlborough. The settlements at Quaboog or Brookfield and 
 Worcester had been broken up and dispersed by the war 
 of King Philip in 1675. Indeed, the situation of the place 
 and the circumstances of the country were so unj)ropitious 
 to a settlement of the lands they had purchased, that the 
 proprietors took no measures to accomplish this for nearly 
 thirty years. 
 
 Their deed bears date Jan. 27, 1686,* and professes to con- 
 vey eight miles square of territory for the consideration of 
 " fifteen pounds current money of New England." A copy 
 of this deed will be found in the Appendix to this work. It 
 is executed by Philip Tray, with his wife Momokhue, and 
 John Wampscon, and Waiwaynom his wife ; the wives being 
 the heirs of the late Sachem Oraskaso. It is also signed by 
 Wandwoamag " the deacon," and Jonas his wife, though not 
 named in the deed : from which I am inclined to suppose 
 that they belonged to the " Praying Indians;" as there were, 
 a few years prior to this, twenty families at Pagachoag, — a 
 
 eight." He suggests that they ought not to be permitted to live by themselves in the 
 woods, and recommends that " they should be drawn in, and be allowed to hunt under 
 conduct of an Englishman." 
 
 * This, by our present calendar, would be 1687 ; as, until 1752, the year was 
 assumed to begin on the 25th March, or Lady Day, in the calendar of the Romish 
 Church. At that time it began to be reckoned from the 1st Januarj-, which took the 
 name of New Style to distinguish it from the Old ; and it was common to give a 
 double date for the year between the 1st January and 25th March. Thus a deed or 
 event in January, after the year 1752, would be, for example, Jan. 25, 1755-6. 
 
8 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 part of Worcester near to Towtaid, — and there were said to 
 be one thousand converted Indians within the limits of the 
 Nipmuc country.* 
 
 The description of the granted territory shows the wild 
 and unsettled state of the region between Marlborough and 
 the Connecticut River at that time. It is said to lie " near 
 the new town of the English, called Worcester." It bounds 
 southerly by lands which Joseph Dudley, Esq., afterwards 
 Gov. Dudley, had lately bought of the Indians ; which con- 
 sisted of a gore of land, a part of which helped afterwards to 
 form Charlton : a part was known as Oxford North Gore, 
 and a part is embraced in the present town of Auburn. The 
 western line cannot now be ascertained or identified ; and the 
 northern one is assumed to be known by its running " unto a 
 great hill called Aspomsok," which is supposed to be the hill 
 now called Hasnebumskit in Paxton ; " and so on, easterly, 
 upon a line, until it comes against Worcester bounds, and 
 joins unto their bounds." 
 
 The war in which the colonists were involved with the 
 French and Indians, known as King William's War, which 
 had begun in 1690, was terminated by the peace of Ryswick 
 in 1697. It was, however, followed by that of Queen Anne in 
 1702, which continued until the peace of Utrecht in 1713 ; 
 and it was not until this time that the proprietors of Leices- 
 ter, which they had till then called by the name of Straw- 
 berry Hill, began to take measures to avail themselves of the 
 benefit of their purchase. 
 
 They caused their deed to be recorded, and applied to the 
 Legislature for a confirmation of their title to the tract. 
 This was granted upon condition, that, within seven years, 
 fifty families settled themselves, in as defensible and regular 
 a way as the circumstances of the place would allow, on 
 part of said land;" and that a sufficient quantity thereof be 
 
 * Worcester Magazine, vol. i. p. 132. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 9 
 
 reserved for the use of a gospel ministry there and a 
 school, &c. 
 
 These were the usual conditions upon which the grants of 
 townships were then made. By the same vote, " the town to 
 be named Leicester, and to belong to the county of Middle- 
 sex." This vote was passed on the 15th of February, 1713. 
 It does not profess to grant corporate powers, or to create 
 a body politic for any purposes, except by implication ; and 
 yet it is the only Act of Incorporation ever granted to the 
 town, and under which it has ever since executed full cor- 
 porate powers and duties. The proprietors were limited in 
 this legislative grant to a quantity not exceeding eight miles 
 square of land.* 
 
 The persons named as grantees in the original Indian deed 
 were Joshua Lamb, Nathaniel Page, Andrew Gardner, Benja- 
 min Gamblin, Benjamin Tucker, John Curtice, Richard Draper, 
 Samuel Buggies, and Ralf Bradhurst. The grant of the 
 General Court recites the former grant from the " heirs of 
 Ouraskoe, the original sachem of a place called Towtaid ; " 
 and then goes on to confirm the title as above stated. 
 
 These proprietors had, probably, already associated others 
 with them in the enterprise of settling the town and sharing 
 in the speculation : for we find them executing a deed on 
 the 23d of the same February, which was acknowledged 
 before Penn Townsend, Esq., to thirteen other associates ; 
 dividing the same into twenty equal and undivided shares, 
 of which two were equally divided, each between two, so 
 as to make twenty-two proprietors of the twenty shares. 
 The names of the persons who thus became interested with 
 the original purchasers were Jeremiah Dummer, Paul Dudley, 
 John Clark, Addington Davenport, Thomas Hutchinson, John 
 White, William Hutchinson, Francis Wainwright, John Chan- 
 
 * In June, 1714, a survey of the town was made by John Chandler, by order of the 
 General Court, in order to fix its bounds; and it is said by Whitney, that these were 
 established by a special Act of the General Coiirt in Januarj', 1714. 
 
 2 
 
10 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 dler and Thomas Howe as one, Daniel Allen and Samuel 
 Sewall as one, and William Dudley. 
 
 Every one of these were men of influence in the Province ; 
 and, although none of the twenty-two proprietors ever became 
 inhabitants of that portion of the town which retained the 
 original name, it seems proper to give them a passing notice, 
 from their early connection with its history. Many of them 
 belonged to Roxbury, and others of their number were 
 connected with these by family ties. 
 
 Joshua Lamb, distinguished as " colonel," was a magistrate 
 of influence and respectability. He belonged to Roxbury, 
 was extensively engaged in the land-negotiations of the day, 
 and was a man of large wealth. It was from him, as already 
 stated, that Hardwick took its first name of Lambstown. 
 
 Samuel Ruggles also belonged to Roxbury. He wis 
 grandfather of the well-known " brigadier," Timothy Ruggles, 
 whose loyalty to the crown made him an exile from his native 
 Province ; in which, while he remained, he had no superior. 
 
 Benjamin Gamblin, Benjamin Tucker, and Ralph Brad- 
 hurst, belonged to Roxbury. 
 
 John Curtice, an original proprietor, had died, and was 
 represented by Jonathan his son, who also belonged to 
 Roxbury. 
 
 Richard Draper was a Boston merchant, and a deacon in 
 one of its churches. 
 
 Andrew Gardner, of Roxbury, died about 1701, and was 
 represented by his son Thomas, who died in Needliam in 1757. 
 
 Nathaniel Page, in 1691, Avas a resident of Bedford. He 
 was the ancestor of the families of that name in Hardwick, 
 and, among them, of the Rev. Lucius R. Page of Cambridge. 
 
 Jeremiah Dummer was a man of more consequence in 
 the Province than any of the proprietors yet noticed. He 
 belonged to Boston ; was graduated at Harvard College in 
 1699, and afterwards received the degree of Doctor of Phi- 
 losophy at the University of Utrecht. While in England, he 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 11 
 
 shared the confidence and friendship of Bolingbroke. He 
 resided there eleven years — from 1710 to 1721 — as Agent 
 of the Province ; which was one of the most honorable and 
 responsible trusts in the gift of the General Court. Among 
 his publications as an author was a '' Defence of the New-Eng- 
 land Charters ; " a work of much ability. He died in England, 
 at Plaistow, in 1739 ; leaving the reputation of a sound scholar. 
 
 Paul Dudley was Attorney-General of the Province at 
 the time of his becoming a proprietor of Leicester. He was 
 a son of Gov. Joseph Dudley, and was born in Roxbury. He 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1690, and studied law at the 
 Temple in London. In 1718, he was appointed to the bench 
 of the Superior Court, and became Chief-Justice of that court 
 in 1745. This office he held till his death, in 1751, at the age 
 of seventy-eight. In addition to his acquirements as a lawyer 
 and his services as an able judge, he published works upon 
 theology and natural science, and was elected a member of 
 the Royal Society in London ; an honor conferred upon a few 
 only of the residents of the Province. 
 
 John Clark belonged to Boston. He was born in 1668, and 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1687. He became a leading 
 politician in his day, and belonged to what was known as 
 the " popular party," at the head of which were the Cookes, 
 father and son, who were opposed to Gov. Shute. When, 
 therefore, he was chosen to the Council in 1720, he was 
 negatived by the Governor ; but when he was chosen, the 
 following year. Speaker of the House, the Governor was in- 
 duced by prudential considerations to consent to the election, 
 although strongly inclined to negative it. He afterwards was 
 chosen to the Council, and admitted to his seat ; and was a 
 member of that body at the time of his death, Dec. 5, 1728. 
 He Avas at that time sixty-one years of age. He is spoken of 
 by Hutchinson as " a person of many valuable qualities." 
 
 Addington Davenport was connected by marriage with 
 Paul and William Dudley and Francis Wainwright, all of 
 
12 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 them proprietors of the town ; and, about the time of his be- 
 coming a proprietor, Avas associated with Thomas Hutchinson 
 and John White, two others of the proprietors, as trustees 
 of the Province loan of fifty thousand pounds, in bills, issued 
 and let out at five per cent, upon mortgages of real estate, to 
 the people of the Province, as a substitute for a bank, for 
 which many were then striving. Judge Davenport was 
 graduated at Harvard in 1689 ; and, in 1695, was appointed 
 Clerk of the Superior Court. In 1714, he was elected to the 
 Council ; and, in the following year, appointed to the bench 
 of the Superior Court; Avhich office he held until his death, 
 at the age of sixty-six, in 1736. His wife was the daughter 
 of Col. John Wainwright of Ipswich, an influential citizen in 
 the Province, whose brother Francis married the sister of 
 Paul Dudley. His own daughter married William Dudley, 
 above mentioned. 
 
 Thomas Hutchinson was the father of Gov. Hutchinson, 
 and belonged to Boston. He Avas a merchant, and possessed 
 a leading influence in the political afiairs of the Province. He 
 was a member of the Council from 1714 to 1739, with the 
 exception of two years. He died in the office, in 1739, at 
 the age of sixty-five. 
 
 John White was, for many years, Clerk of the House of 
 Representatives ; and, as has been stated, was one of the 
 trustees of the Province loan in 1714. He died of small-pox, 
 taken by inoculation, in December, 1721 ; ■^ leaving the repu- 
 
 * It should be recollected that inoculation for the small-pox was introduced into 
 America in 1721. Notwithstanding the frightful ravages of this disease, — which carried 
 oft' 884 out of 5,759 who were attacked with it in the natural way, in Boston alone, in 
 1721, — the proposition to apply inoculation, which was made by Cotton ]\Iather from 
 accounts which he had read in the Transactions of the Royal Society, was so violently 
 opposed, that no physician but Dr. Zabdiel Boylston dared to adopt it, and he only in 
 a secret manner. Matlier's house was assaulted, and he mobbed, for his agency in pro- 
 moting it. In the year 1721, 247 were secretly inoculated; of whom six only died, one 
 of whom was Mr. White. So slowly, however, did it gain favor, that in 1730, while in 
 Boston 3,600 liad the disease in the natural way, of wiioni 488 died, 400 only were inocu- 
 lated, and of these only 12 died. — Mass. Ifist. Soc. Coll., vol. iii. p. 292; Holmes's Annals, 
 vol. i. p. 526. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 13 
 
 tation, in the words of Hutchinson, of " a gentleman of un- 
 spotted character." 
 
 William Hutchinson belonged to Boston ; which town he 
 represented in the General Court in 1721. He is spoken 
 of by the historian as " a gentleman of very fair character ; 
 sensible, virtuous, discreet, and of an independent fortune." 
 He died young. He belonged to the popular party in politics. 
 
 Francis Wainwright belonged to Boston, and was the son 
 of an influential man, — John Wainwright of Ipswich. He 
 was a merchant, and married the daughter of Gov. Joseph and 
 sister of Paul and William Dudley. His sister married Judcre 
 Davenport, as has been stated. He died in 1722. 
 
 John Chandler was born in Woodstock, then embraced in 
 Massachusetts ; his father having emigrated to that place 
 from Roxbury in 1686. When the county of Worcester was 
 organized in 1731, he was appointed Judge of Probate, and 
 Chief-Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, for that county. 
 Besides these, offices, he held that of colonel of a regiment 
 of militia, and was a member of the Council. He may be 
 considered as the founder of the family of that name in the 
 county ; which for many years shared largely in the favor 
 of the Royal Government, and held numerous offices of honor 
 and trust, up to the time of the Revolution. Judge Chandler 
 died in 1713. 
 
 Thomas Howe belonged to Marlborough ; was a colonel of 
 the militia ; a leading and influential citizen ; and was the son 
 of the first white settler in that town. 
 
 Daniel Allen, of whom little is known, is said to have 
 been a merchant of Boston. 
 
 Samuel Sew all belonged to Brookline. He was a son of 
 Chief-Justice Sewall, and married a daughter of Gov. Dudley, 
 and thereby became connected with Wainwright and the two 
 Dudleys above named. He died at the age of seventy-two, 
 
 William Dudley, the last named in the deed before men- 
 tioned, was the youngest son of Gov. Dudley, and Avas gradu- 
 
1-4 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 ated at Harvard in 1705. He resided in Roxbury. He held 
 many important offices in the Province ; was a member of 
 the Council, a Colonel of the SuiFolk Regiment, a Judge of the 
 Court of Common Pleas, and, for several years, Speaker of 
 the House of Representatives. As a military officer, he took 
 part in the expedition against Port Royal in Nova Scotia, in 
 1710, which resulted in an easy conquest of the place. His 
 wife was a daughter of Judge Davenport. 
 
 If it were proper, at this distance of time, to indulge in 
 any conjectures in relation to the affairs of the proprietors, 
 one would be led to remark upon the character and position 
 of the men with whom the original purchasers shared the 
 territory they had acquired. They embraced some of the most 
 prominent and leading men of both political parties, some of 
 them connected with the immediate government of the Pro- 
 vince, and quite a proportion of them united by strong family 
 ties ; and if it could be supposed that by lapse of time, or 
 defect in the original deed, or any other cause, it had become 
 necessary to exert a combined influence over the government 
 in order to obtain a confirmation of the title, it is pretty 
 obvious that these were precisely the class of men through 
 whose aid such a measure might be hoped to be accom- 
 plished. 
 
 Col. Penn Townsend also, who certified the acknowledg- 
 ment of the deed, was a leading man in the Province. He 
 was connected by marriage with Judge Davenport ; had been 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives ; Chief-Justice of the 
 Court of Common Pleas for Suffolk ; and had held other 
 important offices. 
 
 But as we are bound to presume, in the absence of any 
 positive proof to the contrary, that, in the " good old times " 
 in which these events took place, every thing was properly 
 done, we have only to follow out the action of these proprietors 
 till the town was fully organized as a municipal corporation. 
 The records of their proceedings, unfortunately, are somewhat 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 15 
 
 mutilated ; though enough remains to indicate the general 
 course of their measures. 
 
 It will be recollected, that one condition upon which the 
 e:rant of the Legislature was made was the settlement of 
 fifty families Avithin the township within seven j^ears ; and 
 this the proprietors undertook at once to accomplish. The 
 method they proposed was by holding out an inducement 
 to a proper number of families to come and occupy their 
 lands, by setting apart the easterly half of the township, and 
 disposing of the same to actual settlers upon favorable terms, 
 and thereby to save to themselves an absolute property in 
 the other half 
 
 A meeting was accordingly held in Boston on the same 
 day with the date of their deed, at which John Chandler was 
 chosen clerk. A vote was passed to dispose of one-half of the 
 town to settlers, and to divide the remainder into twenty lots, 
 of a thousand acres or less each, as a Committee appointed 
 for the purpose " should judge best and most convenient, when 
 on the spot." — "Col. Dudley, Capt. Lamb, Capt. Chandler, 
 Capt. Howe, and Capt. Ruggles," were made the Committee 
 to determine which half should be assigned to the settlers, 
 and which retained for the proprietors, and to grant " lots, 
 after-divisions, and rights, in that half to be settled." 
 
 On the 14th of May following this meeting, an allotment, in 
 part, of the settlers' or eastern half, was made, but upon 
 condition that the lots should be settled by May, 1717, or be 
 forfeited. At the expiration of this time, however, several 
 to whom allotments had been made had failed to perform 
 the condition ; and another term of one year was extended 
 to them, upon their giving bonds conditioned to comply with 
 the requirements. The vote of the Committee who had this 
 matter in charge indicated a commendable spirit of liberality. 
 Whatever sums might be forfeited were, thereby, to be em- 
 ployed for the purposes of a meeting-house, highways, bridges, 
 and similar public uses. 
 
16 HISTORT OF LEICESTER. 
 
 One thing is observable in the making of these early allot- 
 ments ; and that is, the great value and importance which 
 were attached to what were called " meadows." By these 
 they understood the low and swampy tracts which were 
 destitute of a forest growth, and in which natural grasses 
 were found growing. 
 
 Most of these have, of late years, been esteemed of little 
 value ; partly, it may be, from having lost their original 
 sources of fertility, and partly from a want of proper care 
 and culture. But, as a means of supplying sustenance to 
 the forming stock of the first settlers until they could till 
 their uplands, these meadows were, indeed, invaluable. Pro- 
 vision was accordingly made, in respect to the western half, 
 for dividing all the meadows of twenty acres or more among 
 the proprietors in equal proportion ; and it will be perceived 
 hereafter that a similar policy was adopted in respect to the 
 settlers' part of the town. 
 
 The " cedar-swamps," on the contrary, were at first suf- 
 fered to lie in common for the personal use and accommoda- 
 tion of the owners of the other lands. There were two 
 principal cedar-swamps in the settlers' half, — one of these 
 in the north-west and the other in the south-west part of the 
 town, — the latter of which was never partitioned, like the 
 other lands in the town. 
 
 There were several meadows which were early distin- 
 guished by names ; most of which can be still identified, 
 though some of them have ceased to be improved as such. 
 Among these were Town Meadow, about half a mile west of 
 the meeting-house ; now flowed for the purpose of carrying 
 the works in the brick factory of Mr. Sargent, Another was 
 Pond Meadow, lying south-west of Henshaw Pond, so called, 
 through which the waters from that pond flow, and extending 
 to the road leading to Auburn. 
 
 For the remainder of these, as well as for the localities of 
 the allotments and many other points of geographical interest 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 17 
 
 in the description of the town, I must refer the reader to the 
 Map annexed to this work ; for which he is indebted to the 
 patient research, extended labor, and fondness for antiqua- 
 rian lore, of Joseph A. Denny, Esq., for whose frequent aid in 
 the prosecution of this work I am happy to acknowledge my 
 indebtedness. 
 
 The allotment begun in May, 1714, to the settlers, was carried 
 out by setting out to them fifty parcels, — some in quantities 
 of thirty acres, some of forty, and some of fifty, — and appro- 
 priating a lot of a hundred acres for schools ; reserving one 
 fort}^-acre lot of the fifty for the ministry, and assigning three 
 additional lots upon condition that mills should be erected 
 thereon. These were considered as the original " house-lots ; " 
 and the proprietors of each were to receive, as " after-rights," 
 a hundred acres in some other part of the town for every ten 
 included in their respective house-lots. It was not, however, 
 until the 23d July, 1722, that the conditions upon which these 
 allotments had been made were sufficiently complied with to 
 call for any action on the part of the original proprietors of the 
 town, who as yet had made no formal deed of conveyance to 
 the settlers of their lands. At that time, a meeting of these 
 proprietors was held at the Green-Dragon Tavern in Boston. 
 
 To one who remembers the character of those famous meet- 
 ings at that house, so well known in the history of the times, 
 just before and during the Revolution, there may seem to have 
 been something of unconscious appropriateness in the place in 
 which this meeting was held, when he recalls, as this history 
 will show, the early and persistent devotion of its people to 
 the principles and cause of the American Revolution. 
 
 On that occasion, " it was voted that Col. William Dud- 
 ley, Lieut.-Col. Joshua Lamb, Nathaniel Kanny, Samuel Gi'een, 
 and Samuel Tyley,"''" be a Committee and fully authorized and 
 
 * Samuel Tyley had become owner of a part of the share formerly belotioring to 
 Richard Draper. He was a notary pviblic, and hail his office in King Street, Boston. 
 He became the clerk of the jiroprietors in 1726. 
 
 3 
 
IS HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 empowered to execute a good and sufficient deed or convey- 
 ance in the law, by order and in the name of the proprietors 
 of Leicester, for the one-half of that township in the eastern 
 half, to the first grantors and settlers thereon that performed 
 the condition of their grant, or such persons as shall derive 
 and make out title thereto from them to the satisfaction of 
 said Committee, to them, their heirs and assigns, for ever." 
 The Committee were directed to except out of their grant 
 a forty-acre lot in contest between John Minzies and Samuel 
 Prince. 
 
 The condition upon which the lots had been granted was, 
 that one shilling per acre for each house-lot should be paid, 
 and a family settled thereon Avithin a prescribed time, or the 
 same should revert to the grantors. 
 
 This vote was not, however, carried into effect until the 
 11th January, 1724, when a deed was executed of the several 
 lots, designated by numbers, to thirty-seven different persons, 
 some of whom, by procuring other families to settle upon 
 their allotments, had acquired a right to more than a single 
 lot each. A copy of this deed will be found in the Appen- 
 dix ;^'' and while it contains the names of persons who never 
 removed to the town, and of others who, though once resident 
 hero, have long disappeared from its records, there will be 
 found upon it the ancestors of many of the families which 
 have constituted an important part of the prominent inhabi- 
 tants of the town. Among them will readily occur the 
 Dennys, the Greens, the Earles, the Heushaws, the Sargents, 
 the Livermores, and the Southgates. 
 
 By the execution of this deed, the connection between the 
 easterly and westerly portions of the town Avas, in a good mea- 
 sure, practically dissolved, although they continued to form 
 one municipal corporation till 1753. At that time the westerly 
 part was set off into a district, having most of the powers of 
 
 * The localities of the allotiiieiits may be traced upon the annexed Map. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 19 
 
 a town except that of choosing a representative to the Gene- 
 ral Court, under the name of Spencer. It had been erected 
 into a parish in 1744; and, at the breaking-out of the Revo- 
 lution, the only distinction which remained between its charac- 
 ter as a district and as a town was removed by the right it 
 thereupon acquired of being represented in the Legislature. 
 For this reason, and because the history of Spencer has already 
 been so fully ami faithfully given to the public by the Hon. 
 James Draper of that town,* I shall confine what I shall have 
 to say, chiefly, to that part of the original town which retained 
 its original corporate name of Leicester. 
 
 * I am happy to acknowledge the use I have made of the history of Mr. Draper 
 in the preparation of this work, to which reference has been frequently Iiad. 
 
20 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 BOUNDARIES AND TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE TOWN. — 
 STATISTICS OF ITS BUSINESS, POPULATION, &c. — HIGHWAYS. — 
 STAGES. — TRADERS AND MANUFACTURERS. — SLAVERY. 
 
 The latitude and longitude of the town are 42° 14' 49'' 
 north, and 71° 54' 47" west. Its distance from Boston is 
 forty-three miles, geographically measured : by the travelled 
 roads, it somewhat exceeds that admeasurement. From a sur- 
 vey of the town in 1855, its north line, bounding on Paxton, 
 runs north 87°, west 1,237 rods ; its west line, bounding upon 
 Spencer, south -|°, east 2,0G4 rods; its south line, bounding 
 upon Charlton, runs south 87°, east 370 rods, — then on Ox- 
 ford, in the same course, 360 rods ; its south-east line, bound- 
 ing upon Auburn, runs north 40|°, east 583 rods, north 43°, 
 east 288 rods, and east 156|^ rods ; its east line, bounding 
 on Worcester, runs north 12°, Avest 1,338| rods. It contains 
 13,453 acres. 
 
 This is what remains of the settlers' half of the original 
 town, after having had two miles in width taken from its 
 north side to help to form the town of Paxton in 1765, and 
 about 2,500 acres from its south-east part in 1778 to help 
 to form the town of Ward, now Auburn. 
 
 The toAvn is situate upon the height of land between Con- 
 necticut River and the ocean, about a thousand feet above 
 tide-water, sloping toAvards the south ; so that the streams 
 of Avater which floAV from it find their way to the ocean by 
 three principal channels, — one, towards the Avest, through 
 Chicopee and Connecticut Rivers ; one, toAvards the south. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 21 
 
 through French and Quinebaug Rivers ; and one, towards the 
 south-east, through Blackstone River. And so near are 
 the sources of some of the branches of these streams in the 
 town, that, at a point in the westerly part of it, the Great 
 Road to Spencer separates the waters that flow into the Chi- 
 copee from those which flow into the Quinebaug ; and at 
 the foot of the Meeting-house Hill, east of the principal vil- 
 lage, the waters upon the south side of the Great Road flow 
 into the Quinebaug, while those upon its north side find 
 their way into the Blackstone. 
 
 Though the face of the territory is generally uneven, and 
 in parts hilly, it does not rise into any considerable peaks, 
 nor are any of its hills rugged or abrupt. Some of these 
 have received names, which, in some instances, they have 
 borne from the first settlement of the town. Among them, I 
 may mention that upon which the principal village is built. 
 It was for many years, as one of the early deeds of the 
 estates shows, called Strawberry Hill. It was here the first 
 settlement was begun ; and a house standing where that of 
 Mr. May now stands was one of the first, and probably the 
 first, erected in town, and was built upon the lot numbered 
 " one " in the deed above referred to. 
 
 In the easterly part of the town, a little north-west from 
 the village of Cherry Yalley, is another eminence, called 
 Bald Hill in the earliest records of the town, from the cir- 
 cumstance that it had been cleared and cultivated before 
 the white men settled here. 
 
 The elevation east of this, adjoining the town of Worcester, 
 was known as Chestnut Hill, and Avas first settled by Nathan 
 Sargent. 
 
 Mount Pleasant lies about a mile west of the Meeting-house. 
 There is an engraving, in one of the numbers of the " Massa- 
 cliusetts Magazine " published in 1794, representing what is 
 called '' Mount Pleasant in Leicester, the property of the late 
 Thomas Stickney, as seen from the Academy." This estate 
 
22 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 was once a princely one, and was owned and occupied awhile 
 by the late Major Swan, formerly of Boston, who died a few 
 years since in France. It had gone sadly to decay, however, 
 when taken possession of by its late thrifty proprietor, Mr. 
 Oliver Smith. 
 
 About three-quarters of a mile north of the Meeting-house 
 is a considerable elevation, which has from an early date been 
 called Carey Hill. Tradition has fixed it as the spot upon 
 which the first settlers of the town found a hermit dwelling 
 in a cave ; but we are left to conjecture alone, as to who 
 it was that had sought to escape from the troubles of life 
 by burrowing in the earth here, amidst the primeval forest 
 which then covered this region. The hill undoubtedly took 
 its name from Arthur Carey, who was the first to settle upon 
 it. It formed a part of lot No. 5, which bounded upon the 
 north by lot 6, the one reserved for the ministry. 
 
 Moose Hill is one of the highest in the town, and lies at its 
 north-west corner. For the remainder of these, I must again 
 refer to the annexed Map. 
 
 From several of these elevations, wide and beautiful pano- 
 ramic views of the surrounding country may be obtained. 
 That from the mansion-house formerly standing upon the 
 Denny Farm, so many 3'^ears in that family,^ formed the sub- 
 ject of a landscape by Ralph Earle, a distinguished native 
 artist of the town, who is elsewhere noticed in this work ; 
 which was a production of much merit. It is still in possession 
 of the family of the former proprietor of the estate, and, in 
 its details as well as its outlines, is suggestive of the changes 
 which the actual landscape has witnessed in the multiplied 
 villages which have sprung up since the day of the artist's 
 sketch of what then met the eye of an observer. 
 
 In respect to ponds and streams of water, the elevated 
 situation of the town prevents either from being of any great 
 
 * Tliis hill was formerlj' known as Nurse's, afterwards as Raccoon Hill. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 23 
 
 magnitude, since it is chiefly the head-waters of the streams 
 flowing from the town that are found here. Two of these 
 natural ponds, only, have been distinguished by name, and 
 these have been changed from time to time. 
 
 That collection of water, containing about forty-three acres, 
 lying about a mile south-east from the Meeting-house, was 
 formerly called the Judge's Pond, from being upon the farm 
 of Judge Menzies, one of the early settlers of the town. It 
 has been known as Henshaw Pond since the adjacent farm has 
 been OAvned by the family of that name. 
 
 The other lies in the north-west part of the town, and was 
 at one time known as North Pond ; but afterwards took that 
 of Shaw, from the owner of land upon its borders. 
 
 Several artificial ponds, of considerable magnitude, have 
 been created for purposes of reservoirs for the operation of 
 mills. One of these, called Burntcoat, contains over a hun- 
 dred acres. Another, just below it, occupies the ground 
 formerly one of the large cedar meadows of the town. The 
 Town Meadow has been flowed for many years past ; and a 
 succession of reservoirs upon Kettle Brook, so called, has 
 created a supply of water for that stream, sufficient to carry 
 several important manufacturing establishments in the town. 
 
 The last-named brook takes its rise in Paxton, and, flowing 
 through the easterly part of the town, discharges itself into 
 Blackstone River, in Worcester. 
 
 The changes which have been made in this stream by these 
 artificial reservoirs, and their effect upon the business and 
 prosperity of the town, are some of the many illustrations, 
 which are found all over New England, of what may be done 
 for the country by a proper encouragement of her industrial 
 interests. Within my own recollection, the only works upon 
 Kettle Brook, within the town, were a little cheap sawmill, 
 standing where the woollen mill of Mr. Hodges stands ; a small 
 gristmill belonging to the late Mr. John Sargent, where the 
 w^oollen mill late of Mr. Capron stands ; and a small clothier's 
 
24 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 shop, where Mr. Watson's woollen mill, which Avas burned, 
 stood : and so small was the quantity of water flowing in it, 
 that it was nearly dry most of the summer months. Since that, 
 five woollen factories, three of them of a large size, besides 
 several smaller mills, have been erected upon it, having an 
 adequate supply of water, and giving employment to a large 
 number of operatives, and, under proper encouragement, earn- 
 ing wealth for their owners, and contributing generally to the 
 growth and prosperity and the enhanced value of property 
 of the town. 
 
 This may be no place in which to discuss political eco- 
 nomy ; but the wisdom of that policy which protects home 
 industry needs no better illustration than what is furnished 
 in the history of the rise, progress, and results of manu- 
 factures in this town. The first attempt to introduce the 
 manufacture of woollen cloth was made by Mr. Samuel Wat- 
 son, at a little factory he erected upon the site of his clo- 
 thier's works, on Kettle Brook, in 1814. The manufacture 
 of cards had been carried on by hand for many years previous 
 to that time : but the town had been chiefly an agricultural 
 one ; and its streams of water, in a great measure, had 
 run to waste, though capable, as has been shown, of doing 
 the labor of a hundred men. The efiect of the changes 
 which were from time to time introduced, by this means, into 
 the industry of the town, will appear when we come to con- 
 sider more minutely the history of these changes, and the 
 progress of the statistics of its business. 
 
 To recur to the principal streams flowing from the town. 
 The waters of Shaw Pond form one of the sources of the 
 Chicopee. Those from Burntcoat and Henshaw Ponds unite, 
 and form the source of French River, flowing through Ox- 
 ford into the Quinebaug. The waters from the Town Mea- 
 dow take the same direction, and unite with those from the 
 Burntcoat above Greenville, in the southerly part of the 
 town. The capacity of these streams, and the amount of 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 25 
 
 business done upon them, will be spoken of in another con- 
 nection. 
 
 As has already been observed, the early settlers of this 
 town were farmers. The soil, though yielding good crops 
 under proper cultivation and care, must have been rugged, 
 and difficult to till ; and does not seem to have been very 
 attractive to new emigrants. It was thirtj^-eight years after 
 the purchase from the Indians, and eleven after the erection 
 of the territory into a township, before the requisite num- 
 ber of fifty families had been settled within the easterly half 
 of the town. 
 
 The subsequent growth of the town was for many years 
 slow. Indeed, such continued to be the case until the intro- 
 duction of other employments than the cultivation of the soil. 
 
 A census was taken between the years 1763 and 1765 ; at 
 which time, the town, which then included a part of Paxton 
 and a part of Auburn, contained but 119 houses and 146 fami- 
 lies, forming a total population of 763 souls. This was an 
 increase of less than a hundred families in the space of forty 
 years, and that within the first half-century of its settlement. 
 
 In 1776, the number of inhabitants had increased to 1,078 ; 
 but — probably in consequence of the drain of the war, in 
 part — there was no increase in numbers between that time 
 and 1784. In 1786,* there had been a decrease of white 
 inhabitants, though the blacks had increased from seven, in 
 1765, to twenty-four. The census of 1790 showed a total of 
 1,076, — two less than in 1776 : and the successive censuses 
 of 1800, when there were 1,103 ; 1810, when 1,181 ; and 1820, 
 when 1,252, — indicated but a slow growth. The whole in- 
 crease from 1776 to 1820 was only 174 in forty-four years, or 
 a trifle over sixteen per cent; while that of the State as a 
 whole, including Maine, was over ninety-nine per cent. From 
 
 * One contemporary statement mentions the number of white persons in 1786 as 
 being only 814. 
 
 4 
 
26 HISTORY or LEICESTER. 
 
 this time there was a much more satisfactory increase both 
 of population and wealth. In 1830, the former had grown to 
 1,782 : and, in 1850, the United-States Census showed a total 
 of 2,269 ; viz., 1,169 white males, 1,099 white females, and 
 only one colored person, — a female. The population of the 
 to^^^l, by the State Census of 1855, was 2,589."^ 
 
 The reports of the valuation of the property of the town, 
 at different periods, is equally indicative of the causes of its 
 wealth and prosperity ; although, probably, some allowance 
 is {o be made for the difference in the standard of value of 
 certain classes of property within the period referred to. 
 In 1790, the valuation of the town was, in round numbers, 
 $140,000; in 1800, $182,000; in 1810, $229,900; in 1830, 
 $461,000; in 1840, $687,952; and in 1850, $1,219,330: show- 
 ing an increase for twenty years — between 1790 and 1810 — 
 of a little less than sixty-four per cent; while for twenty 
 years — from 1810 to 1830 — the increase was more than 
 a hundred per cent; and, from 1830 to 1855, more than 
 two hundred and fifty per cent. 
 
 The relative growth and consideration of the town may 
 be measured by comparing it with other towns in the county 
 at different periods Avithin the time which we have been 
 considering. 
 
 In 1800 it stood, in the matter of population, the twenty- 
 fifth town in the county, in 1810 the twenty-fifth, in 1820 
 the thirtieth, in 1830 the fifteenth, in 1850 the seventeenth, 
 and in 1855 the fifteenth. f 
 
 * The increase of population for forty-four years before 1820 averaged, witliiii a 
 fraction, four a year. For tliirty-tive years before 1855, it was a fraction over thirty 
 eight a year, upon an average. 
 
 t To apply the test of valuation at an earlier period: the town stood, in 1772, the 
 twentieth in the county; in 1778, the thirty-third; so heavy had been the drain upon 
 her resources during the war. In 1782 ?he had risen to the twenty-second place, in 
 1786 to the nineteenth, and in 1793 to the eighteenth, in polls and valuation. In ISOl 
 in proportionate taxes, she remained the eighteenth; and the same in 1811: but in 
 1840 she had increased to the ninth, and in 1850 to the seventh, place in the scale of 
 valuation of the towns in the county. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 27 
 
 It was, as will appear, during the latter portion of the time 
 covered by these statistics, that the manufacture of woollen 
 cloths by water-power took its rise in the town. But, before 
 entering upon that part of our subject, it may be pleasant to 
 test, with such means as I have before me, the social con- 
 dition of the people of the town at an earlier period of its 
 history, compared with the present. 
 
 One means of doing this is by referring to a tax which was 
 laid upon carriages in the years 1753 to 1757, inclusive, to 
 promote the success of manufactures, especially of linen. In 
 the first of these years, there were four " chairs " in town to 
 be taxed ; but before the next year these had disappeared, 
 and, from that year until after 1757, there was no carriage of 
 any description in town. Indeed, the use of carriages is 
 practically a modern matter. There are persons alive who 
 saw the first buggy-wagon that was owned in town, and pil- 
 lions had not disappeared till some now upon the stage had 
 grown into manhood.* 
 
 Something may be judged of the style in which the people 
 of the town lived by recurring to the inventories of estates, 
 as found in the Probate Office, at any given period. To two 
 or three of these I refer for that purpose. 
 
 Dr. Lawton, a physician of respectable business and repu- 
 tation in his profession, died here in 1761. His estate was 
 appraised at =£317. 8s. Gd. His books were appraised at 
 X2. 4s. Gd., besides his law-books, which had probably come 
 to him from his father, an attorney-at-law, and were appraised 
 
 * The first busfgy-wa^on that I ever saw, and I believe it to have been the first 
 ever owned in town, belonged to Capt. Williani Sprague about 1810. There had been 
 a few chaises in use in town at an earlier day. I have often heard a lady, now 
 deceased, describe a journey which she made to Vermont from Leicester with her 
 husband, on horseback. She rode and guided her horse, and carried a child two years 
 old in her lap, who was born in 1788. It was the only mode of travelling then to be 
 had in the country. It was one step in the progress of luxury when it became a 
 matter of haul (on for a young gentleman to furnish a separate horse, instead of 
 a pillion, for the use of the lady whom he should invite to be his partner to a ball or 
 party. 
 
28 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 at 5s. 3d. His silver plate was valued at X4. 15s. 4d. ; and 
 two looking-glasses, all he had, were valued at 12s. While 
 he had an hour-glass and a pillion, he had neither watch, 
 clock, nor carpet of any kind. 
 
 Israel Parsons died in 17G7. He was the son of the Rev. 
 Mr. Parsons, and a grantee of all his father's estate, real or 
 personal. He was once a large landholder ; and, at his death, 
 his farm was appraised at £240. He left two looking-glasses 
 among his household goods, — one valued at 32s., the other 
 at 10s. 8d. ; but he left neither watch, clock, nor carpet. 
 
 Dr. Larned, a young physician of considerable promise, died 
 here in 1783 ; and his " physical authors," as they are called 
 in his inventory, were appraised at 16s. 3d.* 
 
 Indeed, as may be remarked hereafter, the general use of 
 carpets is -of a modern date ; while, in the matter of books, the 
 change has been greater than in almost any other thing. I 
 am authorized by a friend f to add, that the first carpets 
 woven in Leicester were the handiwork of Mrs. David Briant, 
 at the commencement of the present century.ij: 
 
 * I might add to the above the inventory of Stewart Southfrate, who died in 1765, 
 and was a man of property, engaged largely as a surveyor and in public business. 
 It contains no article of glass, china, or earthenware; a single silver spoon, valued at 
 lis. ; three looking-glasses, valued altogether at 7s. 6d. ; a clock ; but no carpet. He had 
 one Bailey's Dictionary, one Bible, and thirtj'-eight small pamphlets, for a library. 
 
 The inventory of Rev. Mr. Goddard shows the gratifying fact, that he left books 
 valued at £B'2. 6s. lid. in 1754, while all his other " in-door movables " were only 
 £60. 3s. 3d. 
 
 t H. G. Henshaw, Esq. 
 
 t I know not how I can better illustrate the style of social life among what were 
 regarded as comfortable, well-to-do farmers, in 1780, than by transcribing a memoran- 
 dum, left by the father of a respectable family of that day, of what he furnished to a 
 daughter on her marriage, with which to begin "to keep house: " " One cow; one low 
 case of drawers; twelve chairs, one great one; one square table, and tea do.; one bed, 
 bedstead, and cord; one coverlid; thirty yards of sheeting; one bed-quilt; twenty-four 
 yards bed-ticking; one large kettle, and dish kettle, and tea do.; one set of tea-dishes; 
 one teapot; three pewter platters; six pewter plates; one quart pot; one case knives 
 and forks; six earthen plates; two quart basins; two pint do.; two porringers; one 
 pot, spider, and skillet; two tubs; one churn; two pails; six wooden platters; one 
 candlestick; one slice and tongs; one set flat-irons; six teaspoons; six large ones; 
 one sieve; one bread trough; one pillion." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 29 
 
 If we inquire into the state of the mechanic arts, and the 
 arts as appHed to manufactures, in various stages of the his- 
 tory of the town, we shall find that it was a long time before 
 any beyond the most common and indispensable mechanics 
 were to be found here. 
 
 Moses Stockbridge, for instance, was a carpenter, and was 
 residing here in 1717 ; John Potter and Nathaniel Potter, car- 
 penters, in 1722 ; Abiathar Vinton was a blacksmith here in 
 1723 ; Joshua Nichols was a tailor here as early as 1721 ; and 
 Thomas Hopkins was a mason in 1724. Millwrights were 
 employed here about the same time ; and there were doubt- 
 less other mechanics, and in other departments, than those I 
 have enumerated. 
 
 The first settlers were farmers ; and, like others of that 
 class generally in New England, the clothing of their families 
 was principally of domestic manufacture. Probably no house 
 was destitute of a spinning-wheel or a loom, and few families 
 that did not understand more or less of the art of dyeing the 
 fabrics which they wove. Cotton was unknown till a com- 
 paratively recent date ; and few could indulge in the luxury 
 of " India cotton " cloths, for which they must pay some four 
 or five shillings the yard, though* they would not now sell 
 for as many cents, if they would sell at all. They could clip 
 from their own flocks the wool they consumed, and could 
 raise the flax, which they understood how to work into linen 
 of the purest white. It was from home-made fabrics wrought 
 from these that the diligent housewife prepared the wardrobe 
 of the family. 
 
 One of the early improvements upon this state of things 
 was the substitution of carding the wool by machinerj'- 
 driven by water-power, for the former mode of doing it by 
 hand ; and a more fastidious taste in the coloring and finish- 
 
 * I find a bill of articles purchased in Boston for the use of a family in Leicester in 
 November, 1788; and among them one pound of tea, 2s. 4d.; Awk a pound of cotton, 2s,. 
 
30 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 ing cloths led to the establishment of clothiers among the 
 handicrafts of the town. But the progress of improvement 
 in machinery, and the introduction of manufactures by means 
 of this, long since expelled these household institutions of a 
 former day, till a loom and a spinning-wheel have become the 
 curious relics of rustic antiquity,* 
 
 As has already been stated, Mr. Samuel Watson had a 
 clothier's shop, in which he carried on business, in what is 
 now called Cherry Valley, previous to 1814. At this time 
 he enlarged his works, and began the manufacture of woollen 
 cloth. His weaving was done by hand ; and the employment 
 of men in what had been before regarded as within the pecu- 
 liar province of females, in the arrangement of household 
 affairs, was looked upon, by those who were not familiar wnth 
 the processes of manufacture elsewhere, in something the 
 same light in which people would now regard a man mantua- 
 maker or milliner shaping and fitting ladies' dresses, or putting 
 the finishing touch to a bonnet or a cap. By the revulsion 
 of business Avhich took place a few years after the war, Mr. 
 Watson was led to lease his establishment to Mr. James 
 Anderton, who had been bred a woollen manufacturer in Lan- 
 cashire, England. He occupied the mill for a few years, and 
 then disposed of his interest to a countryman of his own, — 
 Mr. Thomas Bottomly, — who continued to carry on the busi- 
 ness there until 1825. 
 
 While occupying this mill, Mr. Bottomly erected the works 
 now owned by Samuel L. Hodges, Esq., upon the same stream, 
 and just below the mill of Mr. Watson, upon land which he 
 purchased of Capt. Darius Cutting. 
 
 * The first clothier in town was, I have reason to believe, Alexander Parkinan, who 
 came from Westborough in 1770. In 1771, he purchased the mill and privilege where 
 Samuel Watson afterwards carried on the business, in Cherry Valley. He carried on 
 the business till after 1776, and was succeeded by Asahel Washburn, jun., a son of a 
 nephew of Seth, about 1794. Mr. Washburn left Leicester, and removed to Greens- 
 borough in Vermont, about 1797. He was succeeded by Mr. Samuel Watson. Mr. Wash- 
 burn's son, of the same name, born in Leicester, is a clergyman in Suffield, Conn. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 31 
 
 After a few years, an incorporated company, taking the 
 name of the Bottomly Manufacturing Company, purchased 
 this estate, and carried on business there for several years 
 under the superintendence of the former owner. 
 
 Mr. Bottomly then purchased the site of a gristmill, formerly 
 owned by Mr. John Sargent, and in 1837 proceeded to erect 
 a manufacturing establishment, which was afterwards sold to 
 Mr. Effingham L. Capron, who carried on the same for several 
 years. Since his death it has passed into other hands, and is 
 called the Manhattan Company. 
 
 Mr. Bottomly, in connection with his son Booth, in 1850, 
 purchased a privilege something like half a mile above the 
 Great Road, upon the same stream, and erected a brick 
 factory thereon ; in which the son has been carrying on the 
 woollen business, and which now belongs to him. 
 
 Besides these, there is, at what is called Mannville, near 
 the Quaker Meeting-house, upon the same stream, a consider- 
 able woollen mill belonging to Messrs. Mann and Marshall, 
 giving an unwonted air of life and prosperity to that neigh- 
 borhood ; and, close by the Great Road in Cherry Valley, Mr. 
 L. G. Dickson has a small woollen mill standing upon the 
 site of a former one which he had erected and which was 
 burned. These, with a sawmill about a mile above Mann- 
 ville, another near the Quaker Meeting-house, and one about 
 half a mile below, upon the farm of the late Capt. Daniel 
 Kent, are operated by the waters of a stream once as incon- 
 siderable as already stated. 
 
 Up to 1821, the only works upon the stream flowing from 
 Burncoat Pond were a grist and saw mill near that pond, 
 formerly belonging to Luke Converse ; the tan-works of 
 Mr. Jonathan Warren, a mile, more or less, below ; a little 
 sawmill belonging to Mr. Elkanah Haven, half a mile or 
 more below that ; a saw and grist mill at what is now 
 Greenville ; a scythe manufactory near to these, then called 
 Wall's Mills ; and a small cotton factory, which Mr. Thomas 
 
32 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Scott had erected near the turnpike, in what is now Clapp- 
 ville. 
 
 In that year, Mr. Anderton, above mentioned, purchased 
 the mill and privilege of Mr. Scott, and began the business of 
 woollen manufacture. It proved to be a valuable privilege ; 
 and a company was formed, which was incorporated as the 
 Leicester Manufacturing Company, and enlarged the esta- 
 blishment and extended the business. This corporation 
 became united with one in Framingham called the Saxon 
 Manufactory, which took the joint name of the two ; and the 
 business was thus carried on for several years. 
 
 The works in Leicester were then purchased by Mr. Joshua 
 Clapp of Boston, afterwards a public - spirited citizen of 
 Leicester, who gave his name to the village which had 
 grown up around these works, and which it still retains. 
 Since the death of Mr. Clapp, the establishment has been 
 owned and carried on until recently by Reuben S. Denny, 
 Esq.; and, as a part of its history, it may be stated, that three 
 of the mills belonging to it have been destroyed by fire and 
 rebuilt within the last tAvelve or fifteen years. 
 
 There Avas a branch of manufacture commenced by Mr. 
 Edmond Snow in the town, in 1785, consisting of making 
 hand-cards, chiefly for the carding of wool for spinning for 
 domestic use. It was, in fact, the dawn of a brightening 
 day of prosperity to the town, to which it owes more of its 
 growth and wealth than might at first be supposed. 
 
 The work, at first and for many years, was done by hand, 
 by the aid of such improved machinery as ingenuity from 
 time to time supplied. Mr. Pliny Earle, at an early day, 
 engaged in the business ; and it owed much of its success 
 to his inventive skill. 
 
 Samuel Slater, the well-known father of the manufacture 
 of cotton in America, was about commencing the experiment, 
 but could not find machinery in the country suitable to his 
 use, and was obliged to procure it to be made as best he 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 33 
 
 could. This was about 1790. Among other things that 
 he found it difficult to procure, were cards to clothe the 
 machines by which he was to prepare his cotton for the 
 spindle. After applying, without success, to several, he had 
 an interview with Mr. Earle, who undertook to furnish the 
 desired article ; which he succeeded in doing. But, to accom- 
 plish - this, he had to prick the holes in the leather, into 
 which the teeth Avere to be inserted, by hand, with a couple 
 of needles fitted and fastened into a handle. It was by cards 
 thus manufactured that the first cotton ever spun in America 
 by machinery was prepared for the spindle. 
 
 This led to the invention of the machine, long in use here, 
 for pricking " twilled " cards, for which Mr. Pliny Earle 
 obtained letters-patent. It is almost incredible, now that 
 machines carried by water or other power for accomplishing 
 the processes have become so common, that cards, in some 
 years, to the value of two hundred thousand dollars, could 
 have been produced in this town, in the manufacture of 
 which every operation — from giving motion to the machines 
 which pricked the leather and cut the teeth, to the setting 
 of these, tooth by tooth, into the card — was performed by 
 hand ; and yet such is well known to have been the case. 
 The importance of this branch of business to the town, and 
 its connection with the growth and prosperity of the place, 
 will, it is believed, justify, if it do not call for, a more minute 
 account of its details, as well as of its recent condition, than 
 might at first appear to be consistent with the plan of the 
 work. 
 
 The manufacture, at first, was confined to hand-cards ; and, 
 as has been stated, was begun by Mr. Edmund Snow in 1785. 
 That of machine-cards was added in 1790 ; and both were 
 made in the same establishment, until the recent improve- 
 ments in machinery which led to a separation of the busi- 
 ness. 
 
 The manufacture of machine-cards was begun by Mr. Pliny 
 
 5 
 
34 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Earle. In 1791, he associated bis brothers Jonah and Silas 
 with him in business, under the firm of " Pliny Earle and Bro- 
 thers." This continued till near his death in 1832. Silas 
 Earle carried on business in his own name from 1815 till his 
 death in 1842. 
 
 Col. Thomas Denny began the manufacture of hand-cards, 
 in connection with William Earle, in the south-east part of the 
 town, but removed to the village in 1802, and commenced 
 manufacturing machine-cards in a building which stood where 
 that occupied by the Bank now stands ; where he also kept 
 the Post Office, after the removal of Mr. Adams. He manu- 
 factured both kinds of cards extensively, with great success, 
 till his death in 1814; and had thereby become the wealthiest 
 individual in town. 
 
 Winthrop Earle occupied a part of the dwelling-house in 
 which Col. Denny lived, and began the manufacture of 
 machine-cards in the same in 1802. He afterwards built a 
 factory in rear of Col. Denny's, and carried on business there 
 till his death in 1807. The business was continued by Mr. 
 John Woodcock, a very ingenious mechanic, who had removed 
 into town from Rutland in 1805. He was born in Easton, 
 Mass., in 1775. A machine which he invented, and for which 
 he obtained letters-patent, for reducing the leather used in the 
 manufacture of cards to a uniform thickness by a very simple 
 and speedy process, was of immense advantage to the busi- 
 ness generally ; and the debt which the town owes to his 
 ingenuity ought not to be forgotten. 
 
 In 1808, Mrs. Earle having married Alpheus Smith, he 
 became a partner with Mr. Woodcock, under the firm of 
 " Woodcock and Smith." The building in which they carried 
 on business was removed to the west side of the Hotel, — 
 where Capt. Cutting's hat-shop had formerly stood, — now 
 occupied by the brick store standing there ; and, in 1812, 
 James Smith, Esq., who had come from Rutland a few years 
 before, became a member of the firm. If I were at liberty to 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 35 
 
 speak of living persons as I might wish, I could draw a ready 
 illustration, from the private history of this gentleman, of the 
 success with which a diligent and honorable pursuit of this 
 department of industry has so often been crowned in this com- 
 munity. The business went on in the same name, though Mr. 
 Woodcock had sold his interest in 1813, till the next year ; 
 when Alpheus Smith withdrew, and John A. Smith, Esq., and 
 Rufus, his brothers, took his place, and the style of the firm 
 became " James and John A. Smith and Company." Mr. 
 Woodcock died about this time ; leaving three sons and two 
 daughters, and a handsome competence earned in his business. 
 His son John, with Hiram Knight, Esq., and Emory Drury, 
 joined the firm of ''James and John A. Smith " in 1825. Rufus 
 Smith having died in 1818, Mr. Drury left it in 1829, Mr. 
 John A. Smith in 1830, and Mr. James Smith in 1833. In 1848, 
 Messrs. Woodcock and Knight took in their sons, Theodore E. 
 and Dexter j and the business is still continued in the name 
 of '' Woodcock, Knight, and Company." 
 
 Jonathan Earle commenced business at his residence on 
 Mount Pleasant in 1804, and continued it till his death in 
 1813. 
 
 Isaac Southgate and Henry Sargent, whose names stand 
 prominent among the men whose enterprise and public spirit 
 have done so much for the town, began business in 1810, 
 under the firm of " Southgate and Sargent." In 1812, Col. 
 Sargent withdrew from the firm, and in 1814 took in his 
 brother, Joseph D. Sargent, as a partner. The latter left in 
 1819, and the former continued the business till the time 
 of his death in 1829. 
 
 From 1812 to 1826, Capt. Southgate was in business alone, 
 but in that year formed a connection with Joshua Lamb, 
 Dwight Bisco, Joseph A. Denny, Esq., and John Stone, under 
 the firm of " Isaac Southgate and Company." Mr. Stone died 
 in 1827. In 1828, the partners erected the large factory now 
 standing in rear of the Meeting-house. Mr. Lamb left the firm 
 
36 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 in 1831, and Capt. Soutbgate in 1843. In 1857, Charles A., 
 the son of Mr. Denny, and George, a son of Mr. Bisco, be- 
 came, and still are, partners with their fathers, under the 
 firm of " Bisco and Denny." 
 
 Col. Joseph D. Sargent continued in business until his death 
 in 1849 ; Silas Jones, Esq., Nathan Ainsworth, and William 
 Boggs, having been at different times associated with him. 
 
 After dissolving his connection with James Smith in 1830, 
 Mr. John A. Smith continued business alone until 1844 ; 
 when Mr. Samuel Southgate, jun., and his son John S. Smith, 
 succeeded him under the name of " Southgate and Smith ; " 
 and in 1859 Mr. Southgate retired from the firm, and his 
 place was taken by Horace Waite. 
 
 Cheney Hatch, Esq., began business in 1823, and continued 
 it till 1836. He was then succeeded by Alden Bisco ; who, in 
 a few months, sold to Henry A. Denny ; who carried it on till 
 1849, when he took in his sons Joseph W. and William S. : 
 and the firm of " Henry A. Denny and Sons " continued till 
 1854, when they removed to Worcester, and their business 
 passed into the hands of " White and Denny." This firm 
 consists of Alonzo White and Christopher C. Denny. 
 
 Mr. White had been a partner with Mr. Josiah Q. Lamb 
 from 1836 to 1846. After that, Mr. Lamb carried on business 
 alone till his death in 1850. 
 
 Josephus Woodcock, son of the first Mr. John Woodcock ; 
 Benjamin Conklin, jun., who had married one of his daugh- 
 ters ; and Austin Conklin, — began business under the firm 
 of " Conklin, Woodcock, and Company," in 1828. In 1830, it 
 was dissolved ; and Josephus, with his brother Lucius, took 
 the business, under the name of "J. and L. Woodcock." The 
 next year they took in Danforth Rice, who left the firm in 
 1836 ; and William P. White joined it in 1848. 
 
 After dissolving with James Smith, Alpheus carried on 
 business extensively in his own name, in the building now 
 the dwelling-house of H. G. Henshaw, Esq., until 1823 ; when 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 37 
 
 his brother Horace took the business, and carried it on till his 
 death in 1828. 
 
 Joshua Murdock, jun., began business, in 1841, with Samuel 
 Southgate, jun. On Mr. Southgate's withdrawing from the 
 firm, Mr. Murdock took in his brother Joseph ; and, in 1857, 
 another brother, John N. : and they are still in business. 
 
 Reuben Meriara began business in 1821, and continued till 
 1831 ; having in the mean time had, as partners, Mr. George 
 W. Morse and Henry A. Denny. 
 
 Harry Ward carried on business from 1810 tiU his death in 
 1824. 
 
 Samuel Hurd and Baylies Upham were in business, as part- 
 ners, from 1825 to 1833. Then Mr. Upham carried it on alone 
 until 1850, when he took in Erving Sprague. In 1855, Mr. 
 Sprague left the firm ; and, in 1857, Mr. Upham removed 
 to Worcester. 
 
 John H. and William Whittemore began business in 1843. 
 In 1851, the senior partner was accidentally killed upon the 
 Western Railroad. His brother James had joined the firm in 
 1850 ; and it is still continued. 
 
 It is not in my power to mention all wdio have been en- 
 gaged in the business of manufacturing hand-cards. Among 
 them were Mr. Daniel Denny, — son of Col. Samuel, and father 
 of the gentleman, of the same name, now President of the 
 Hamilton Bank in Boston, — who carried on business in 
 Cherry Valley, in the house opposite the Southgate Place, 
 in 1792 ; Capt. William Sprague and Sons ; Barnard Upham ; 
 Roswell Sprague, who, as is stated in another part of our 
 work, was extensively engaged in the general manufacture 
 of cards and merchandise, and afterwards removed to New 
 York, where he has been a successful merchant ; Samuel D. 
 Watson, who was in prosperous business for several years 
 at his place, lately owned by Silas Gleason, Esq. ; Aaron Morse, 
 who afterwards kept the hotel opposite the Meeting-house ; 
 Guy S. Newton ; Timothy Earle ; Samuel Southgate ; and 
 
38 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 William H. Scott. The largest establishment now engaged 
 in this department of the business is Joseph B. Sargent and 
 Edward Sargent, sons of Col. Joseph D. Sargent, in the brick 
 factory west of the Meeting-house ; who can manufacture 
 more than two thousand dozen pairs of cards each week. 
 
 But, without going any further into details of the industry 
 of the town, I will refer to statistics of the business done 
 here at the several times, when, by order of the Legislature, 
 returns were made from the several towns of the results of 
 their productive industry. 
 
 In 1837, the woollen mills of the town employed three 
 hundred and forty-four hands and a capital of $180,000, pro- 
 ducing cloths valued at $319,450 ; there were seventeen 
 manufactories of cards, employing a capital of $74,000, and 
 producing $152,000 worth of cards annually ; and the aggre- 
 gate of the products of the several manufactures carried on 
 in the town was $531,439 during that year. 
 
 The return for the year 1845 showed a much less favorable 
 state of business. Only a hundred and eighty-four were 
 employed in the woollen mills, and the product of their labor 
 was but $250,500 ; eighteen card-manufactories produced 
 $154,700 value of cards ; and the sum total of the manufac- 
 turing products of the town was only $452,065. 
 
 The return of 1855 presents a much more gratifying result. 
 The woollen mills were employing three hundred and forty- 
 two hands, producing goods valued at $560,600 ; twelve 
 card-manufactories produced $175,000 ; boots and shoes, the 
 manufacture of which had been then recently introduced, 
 amounted to $85,000 : showing an aggregate product of the 
 mechanical and manufecturing business of the town of over 
 $900,000. 
 
 The amount of business in the town and vicinity induced 
 the Legislature to charter a bank here in 1826, with a capital 
 of $100,000 ; which has since been increased to $200,000. 
 It has been in successful operation since June of that year. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 39 
 
 John Clapp, Esq., was its first president; and John A. Smith 
 its cashier. Mr. Clapp was succeeded by Hon. N. P. Denny 
 and Mr. Smith by H. G. Henshaw, Esq. Joseph A. Denny, Esq. 
 succeeded Hon. N. P. Denny as president, and D. E. Meriam 
 Esq., Mr. Henshaw as cashier, in 1845. Cheney Hatch, Esq. 
 who succeeded Mr. Denny, has been its president for several 
 years past. It is a well-managed and prosperous institution. 
 
 In connection with the facilities which they furnish for the 
 transaction of business, it is proper to speak of the principal 
 highways in the town. There are within the town probably 
 more than seventy-five miles of ways, town and county, whose 
 support is chargeable to the inhabitants ; but, heavy as this 
 charge is, few are more cheerfully borne. The laying-out 
 of these, when done by the town, forms a part of its records ; 
 and, by the objects referred to for the purposes of description, 
 one can often read the changes that have taken place in the 
 face of the country, and the condition of the people, since 
 the earlier stages of their history. These go back to the 
 time when the Meeting-house was closely hemmed in by the 
 primitive forest, and the scattered settlers were at war with 
 the wild beasts that roamed through the wilderness.'^ 
 
 The present road to Paxton was laid out in 1721, and 
 began at a " black-birch standing near a great red-oak, behind 
 the Meeting-house and close by the same," and ran thence 
 through the woods by marked trees. 
 
 In 1744, a road was laid out from the south line of the 
 town, near the house of the late Mr. Thomas Parker, to Dr. 
 Green's ; one of its bounds being the " said Green's wolf-pit," 
 which was, as recollected by the older inhabitants, a little 
 to the north-east of Mr. Parker's house, and was dug for the 
 purpose of taking wolves, by which the first settlers were 
 much annoyed. 
 
 The principal road in the town has, from the first, been 
 
 * The location of several of these ways is given in the Appendix. 
 
40 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 the great Post Road, formerly called the Country Road, from 
 Boston to Albany. 
 
 There was a communication, by land, between the settle- 
 ments around Boston, and those at Hartford and Springfield 
 upon Connecticut River, from the time of the emigration of 
 the Rev. Mr. Hooker with his flock from Newtown in 1635. 
 This journey required a fortnight for its accomplishment. 
 Their route, probably, was through what is now Leicester. 
 But a new line of travel was afterwards adopted, leading 
 through the southerly part of Northborough, "Westborough, 
 and Grafton, which was called the Connecticut Path ; it being 
 little more than a mere path which could be travelled on 
 horseback. The principal communication, for a considerable 
 time after the settlement at Hartford, was by water ; and 
 for many years after the destruction of Brookfield, and the 
 dispersing of the settlement at Worcester, there were no 
 inhabitants west of Marlborough, before reaching the settle- 
 ments on the Connecticut. The direction of this line of 
 communication was afterwards changed, so as to run through 
 the centre of Northborough, Shrewsbury, Worcester, and 
 Leicester, and was called the New Connecticut Road, though 
 it still Avas but a rugged track through the forest. 
 
 In 1722, the town voted that the selectmen should apply 
 to the Court of Sessions to have the Country Road laid out 
 through this town. It had been previously laid out as a 
 road ; for, in a deed to the Rev. David Parsons, in March, 
 1721, it is called " the Country 'Roa.d formerly laid out to Tow- 
 taid." But probably it had not been done by any competent 
 body of men to constitute it a legal highway. The appli- 
 cation to the County Commissioners in 1722 failed, and it 
 was then laid out as a townway.* In a deed dated in 1727, 
 the parcel granted bounds " northerly by the road as it was 
 
 * For a record of this location, see Appendix, wliicli will give some idea of its 
 condition for travel as late as 1723. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 41 
 
 laid out by the selectmen of the town, but commonly called 
 the Country Road." ^- 
 
 The direction of this road through the town has been 
 changed, from time to time, within the recollection of the 
 present generation. It formerly passed from New Worces- 
 ter, over the summit of the hill, and near to the dwelling- 
 house of Mr. John Sargent ; and, from what is now Mr. 
 Dickinson's factory, it passed up just above the house for- 
 merly of Matthew Watson, and along the brow of the hill to 
 where the Waite Tavern used to stand. Another change was 
 in its direction over Mount Pleasant. It passed directly up 
 the hill, and along in front of the house formerly owned by 
 Hon. N. P. Denny. 
 
 In 1806, the Worcester and Stafford Turnpike was laid out 
 through the south part of the town ; and, by a singular kind 
 of civil engineering then in general use, it was laid as nearly 
 as might be in a direct line ; though, to do so, it had to 
 surmount the^ longest hills and steepest acclivities, from the 
 summits of which the wearied travelled might see the plea- 
 sant and convenient valleys, along which, without an increase 
 of distance, the way might originally have been laid. 
 
 Before the location of this road, the travel from Charlton 
 was by the road which led by the mills in Greenville ; then 
 on the road towards the Meeting-house, as far as the house of 
 the late John King, Esq. ; and then by the road leading by the 
 Henshaw Place into the Great Road^ at what is now Dickin- 
 son's woollen mill.f The travel from Sturbridge was by 
 what was called the County Road ; coming into the Great 
 
 * This road was oric;inally laid out by the town, fonr rods wide. I infer from other 
 circumstances that it was laid out by the county in 1728. It must have then been very 
 steep in its passage over the Meeting-house Hill; for I find the town, in 1771, appro- 
 priating money " to lower the hill called Meeting-house Hill." And the extent to 
 which it has been reduced within fifty years past, as many will remember, has changed 
 it-i dezre.e of elevation most essentially within that time. 
 
 t This road was laid out by the town, in 1739, through lands then of Southgate, 
 Steele (Henshaw's), Bethune (Tainter's), William Green (late John King's), " into the 
 way that leads through Green's land towards the Meeting-house." 
 
 6 
 
42 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Road at the house, afterwards, of Deacon Murdock, half a 
 mile west of the Meeting-house. 
 
 There was a road early laid out from the Meeting-house to 
 Green's Mills, — now Greenville, — for the purpose of provid- 
 ing access to these, for the accommodation of the people. It 
 varied somewhat from the road as at present travelled.* 
 
 In the winter of 1826, the subject of adopting railroads as 
 a mode of transportation began to attract attention. The 
 system was then in its infancy. A short one had been j)ut 
 into operation at the Quincy quarries, for the transportation 
 of stone ; and, as no locomotive had then been invented, the 
 only power applied was that of horses. In the June Session 
 of the Legislature of that year, Abner Phelps, George W. 
 Adams, and Emory Washburn, were appointed a Committee 
 of the House, " to take into consideration the practicability 
 and expediency of constructing a railway from Boston, on 
 the most eligible route, to the western line of the county of 
 Berkshire ; in order that, if leave can be obtained of the 
 government of New York, it may be extended to the most 
 desirable point on the Hudson River at or near Albany." 
 
 As this was the first step ever taken in the inauguration of 
 that enterprise which has been of such immeasurable advan- 
 tage to the State, and as one of the Committee was then a 
 representative from this town, it seemed a fit occasion to 
 allude to the subject ; since the conclusions to which the Com- 
 mittee came, that they were " satisfied of the practicability 
 and convinced of the expediency of constructing a railway 
 from Boston to the Hudson," though much ridiculed at the 
 time, were successfully and triumphantly carried out and 
 accomplished before the year 1841. 
 
 The Boston and Worcester Railroad was opened for use, 
 July 6, 1835. In 1838, one of the Committee, whose judg- 
 ment upon the subject had been so much sneered at in 1827, 
 
 * For the record of this location, see Appendix. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 43 
 
 f 
 
 liad tlie satisfaction, as chairman, on the part of the House, 
 of a Committee in that year, to report in favor of a loan of 
 tlie credit of the State to aid the Western Raih'oad to com- 
 plete the same to Albany ; and, by the confidence which 
 the measure had then obtained, tlie same was carried by a 
 decided vote through both branches. In 1841, Dec, 27, the 
 road was formally opened for the public use. It runs through 
 the south part of the town, and had been in use for some 
 time before the entire work was completed. 
 
 The opening of this road wrought an entire revolution in 
 the course of public travel through the town. It shortened 
 the time of a passage to Boston from eight hours to three ; 
 but it put an end to the lines of stage-coaches, which, two or 
 three times a day, used to keep alive the attention of the vil- 
 lagers by their arrival and departure, and made the bar-room 
 of the hotel, for a few moments every day, a kind of public 
 exchange, where friends met to greet each other, news was 
 told, politics discussed, and a free intercourse kept up with 
 the outside world. 
 
 Besides these, there was a large amount of travel through 
 the town in pleasure-carriages, and especially by teams em- 
 ployed in transporting produce to Boston, and bringing sup- 
 plies of goods for the country from that market. 
 
 Stage-coaches show a step in the progress of business in 
 Massachusetts, as marked in its day as that by railroads in our 
 own. The first line of these was designed to carry passengers 
 between Boston and New York, by the way of Springfield and 
 Hartford. It was established by Levi Pease, then of Somers, 
 Conn., and Reuben Sikes, then of Hartford, Oct. 20, 1783, 
 running stage-wagons between Hartford and Boston.'^ They 
 
 * In 1782, June 13, an advertisement was published in the " Spy: " — 
 "Stage-Coach from Worcester to Boston. — A gentleman in Boston, who is 
 possessed of a genteel stage-coach and a span o/'good horses, would willingly be con- 
 cerned with a trusty person, capable of driving said stage from Boston to Worcester 
 and from Worcester to Boston, weeA^/j/, and transacting the business consequent thereon."' 
 But no one accepted the ofl'cr, and the sclieme was abandoned. 
 
44 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 left Hartford at eleven o'clock, a.m., on Monday ; and reached 
 Somers at night, stopping at Pease's Tavern : on Tuesday 
 they reached Rice's, at Brookfield : on Wednesday they 
 reached Northborough, at Martin's ; and arrived at Boston on 
 Thursday evening. The return stages left Boston on Monday, 
 and reached Hartford on Thursday. The fare charged was 
 fourpence per mile. This was the pioneer enterprise in the 
 way of carrying passengers between these cities, and pre- 
 sents, in strong contrast, the time then occupied with that 
 required by the present mode of travel, as well as the number 
 of passengers to be carried. The traveller accomplishes now 
 nearly as much in. an hour as he was then able to do in a 
 day.* 
 
 The mail between Boston and New York was carried on 
 horseback ; and a man, whom I knew, was living a few years 
 ago in Charlemont, who used to " ride post " between these 
 cities during the Revolution. It was afterwards carried by 
 these stage-wagons. But the multiplication of post-oflSces is a 
 thing of a much more recent date. 
 
 There was, I have reason to infer, a post-office established 
 in Leicester in 1798 ; and, according to the recollection of an 
 aged informant, Ebenezer Adams, Esq., was the first commis- 
 sioned postmaster. Previous to that (in 1796), there was not, 
 I believe, any post-office between Worcester and Springfield. 
 He was succeeded in the office by Col. Thomas Denny ; and, 
 upon his death, Col. Henry Sargent was appointed to the place. 
 Upon his death, Mr. John Sargent succeeded to the office ; 
 and the present incumbent (Mr. Henry D. Hatch), upon the 
 death of Mr. Sargent, became his successor. 
 
 It would be of no practical utility to attempt to enumerate 
 those who have at different times been engaged in the trade 
 of merchandise in the town. 
 
 * 1 find the followincr memoranrlum in a private diary of a resident of Leicester: — 
 "1786, May 30. — Set out for Boston in the stage. Arrived at Boston that niglit. 
 Paid for ray ride in the stage, 13s. 6d.; spent a-going, 2s. lO^d." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 45 
 
 I find the name of William Larkin in a process in court in 
 1735, in which he is styled '' trader." He came from Boston, 
 and owned the house which John Stebbings had built, where 
 Mr. May's house now stands : and, if he carried on trade, it 
 was probably in the same house ; for I have reason to believe 
 that the first building erected especially for a store in town 
 was that built by a Mr. Fosgate in 1770. This was upon half 
 an acre of land which he purchased of the Rev. Mr. Conklin, 
 and stood nearly in front of the present Academy Building, 
 close by the road. It was originally a small building, but 
 was elongated from time to time, till it came into the occupa- 
 tion of Mr. Daniel McFarland in July, 1802. 
 
 Mr. Fosgate came from Bolton, and remained here but about 
 a year. His immediate successor in trade was the Hon. 
 Joseph Allen, wdio purchased the place in 1772, and soon after 
 erected a dwelling-house upon the land. In 1777, Aaron 
 Lopez purchased the estate, with an additional half-acre of 
 land, and erected thereon the building which was afterwards 
 occupied as the Academy, and in it carried on an extensive 
 trade. He was a man of large wealth ; and his stock of goods, 
 at the time of his death, was appraised at twelve thousand 
 dollars. His death took place in 1782. 
 
 Mr. Thomas Stickney removed from Newburyport to Leices- 
 ter, and opened a store upon Mount Pleasant, about 1785. He 
 owned the estate afterwards owned by Major SM^an, — then 
 of imposing elegance, — upon the south side of the Great 
 Road; and his store adjoined his house. He died in July, 1791. 
 John and Joseph Stickney, brothers of Tliomas, carried on 
 trade several years in the house, on Mount Pleasant, which 
 afterwards belonged to Jonathan Earle, and subsequently to 
 Hon. N. P. Denny. They both died in 1803 : Joseph, Nov. 2; 
 John, Dec. 5. Both were bachelors. 
 
 Col. Thomas Denny, about 1802, commenced and carried on 
 business as a trader till his death, in a building which stood 
 upon the spot where the brick store, next east of the Tavern, 
 
46 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 stands, now occupied by the Bank. In 1792, Messrs. Whitney 
 and Hammond opened a store in this building, and continued 
 business there a year or two. Mr. Phinehas Waite then occu- 
 pied a part of it a while for the same purpose. 
 
 About 1792, William S. Harris, from Boston, opened a store 
 in the Fosgate Building ; which was occupied afterwards, a 
 short time, by William Earle, a son of Mr. Thomas Earle, in 
 1795. Mr. Harris married Elizabeth Conklin, daughter of 
 Rev. Mr. Conklin, and removed to the South. His brother 
 Stephen, about the same time, engaged in the business of a 
 bakery ; which he carried on extensively in the basement 
 of the west part of Mr. Swan's tavern-house, where Capt. 
 Knight's house stands. He married Sally Denny, daughter 
 of Col. Samuel, and removed to Norfolk, Va. 
 
 Mr. Daniel McFarland commenced trade in the building 
 which had been occupied by Mr. Harris, in 1802; and con- 
 tinued there until the erection of a two-story brick store 
 opposite the Academy, which has since been converted into 
 a dwelling-house. He carried on business there until his 
 death ; and was succeeded by his brother, Mr. Horace Mc- 
 Farland, who continued the business for a few years. 
 
 Mr. Roswell Sprague erected a large store, in which he 
 carried on merchandise and the manufacture of cards for 
 several years, till his removal to New York. The same has 
 since been owned, and occupied as a dwelling-house, by Mr. 
 Reuben Meriam. 
 
 In later years, Mr. John Sargent, Mr. Danforth Rice, and, 
 at a period contemporary with Mr. Daniel McFarland, Col. 
 Ignatius Goulding, have been among those who were engaged 
 in the business of trade in the town.* 
 
 The names which have by usage been attached to some of 
 
 * There were sevpral small stores connected with the inannfactories of cards; it 
 being ciistomnry to employ numerous families in setting the teeth of the cards manu- 
 factured, and to pay tliem "out of tlio store," or in such goods as tlie manufacture! 
 had on sale for such purposes. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 47 
 
 the villages have ah-eady been mentioned. That of Cherry 
 Valley, in the east part of the town, came into general use 
 after 1820 ; that of Clappville, about 1830 ; and that of Mann- 
 ville, in 1856. 
 
 The name of Greenville has been applied, within a few 
 years, to the village around the Baptist Meeting-house, and 
 mills near it ; and is derived from Capt. Samuel Green, one 
 of the first settlers of the town, who erected here the first 
 sawmill in the town. He had also erected a gristmill upon 
 the same privilege as early as 1724. The place was so 
 favorable for such works, and their need to a new settlement 
 so pressing, that three lots of thirty acres each, with the 
 privilege of the stream, were granted, as has been stated, — 
 two of them to Samuel Green, and one to Thomas Richardson, 
 — upon the condition that they should erect mills thereon. It 
 is believed that the condition was performed, and the land 
 taken, wholly by Capt. Green ; who became one of the found- 
 ers of a numerous family, — a man of wealth, and of great 
 influence in the town. 
 
 It may, however, be stated in this connection, that this 
 was not the earliest gristmill in the town. That was erected, 
 at the outlet of Town Meadow, about 1722; and parts of the 
 original dam and raceway remained there until the erection 
 of the present dam of the brick factory belonging to Messrs. 
 J. B. and E. Sargent. This mill was erected by Joseph Par- 
 sons in pursuance of a vote of the town, exempting it from 
 all taxes if he would proceed speedily to erect it. And yet 
 there is reason to believe that it could only have run in the 
 winter months ; for the hay upon the meadow was too valuable 
 to allow it to be destroyed by flowing the land in the sum- 
 mer season, and small parcels of the meadow continued to be 
 regarded as valuable appendages to other lands many years 
 after 1722. 
 
 The condition of the colored population of the town de- 
 serves a passing note in speaking of its local statistics. 
 
48 HISTORY OF LEICESTER, 
 
 The last vestige of the tribe of Indians that inhabited h*ere 
 has long ago disappeared. It was a place of consequence 
 enough to have a distinctive name and a separate sachem ; 
 but, beyond its name, literally nothing remains of them. Their 
 story was that of most of the tribes in New England : they 
 disappeared ; and the only memorials of the perished race 
 are an arrowhead, a pipe, or a stone hatchet, occasionally 
 turned up by the plough on the spots where they built 
 their wigwams or planted their cornfields. The degenerate 
 relics of a few of these tribes, here and there, still retain 
 something of their color, and much of the habits of thriftless- 
 ness of the ancestors from whom they trace a questionable 
 descent. One of these was the Hasnamisco or Grafton Tribe. 
 One of the few remaining members of that tribe, by the 
 name of Polly Johns, died here some fifty years ago. She 
 was the last person in the town having Indian blood in her 
 veins. 
 
 It is difficult to fix the number of negroes who have been 
 residents here at different periods, from the want of proper 
 censuses in the early history of the town. In that of 1754, 
 there were six ; in 1764-5, seven ; in 1790, eight ; in 1800, 
 seven ; 1810, twenty-three ; 1820, two ; 1830, four ; 1840, six ; 
 and 1850, one. Their number at any time would not have 
 called for any special notice, if with it there had not been 
 connected, at one period, the question of the existence and 
 extent of slavery in the town. 
 
 That slavery nominally existed here is undoubtedly true. 
 The census of 1754 shows the number to be six. But, had they 
 seen fit to test the question of their being held as such, it would 
 probably have been found, that by the provisions of the Body 
 of Liberties in Massachusetts, of 1640, most of them were free 
 by reason of having been born in the Province.* But they 
 
 * The clause to which I refer, and which declares the law on the subject, was in 
 these words: "There shall never be any bond-shiverie, villenage, or captivitie, unless it 
 be lawful captives taken in just wars, and such strangers as willingly sell themselves 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 49 
 
 continued to be reckoned among the houseliold property, 
 partly from its being a traditional institution handed down 
 to the people of the Colony from the mother-country, whose 
 validity no one thought of questioning ; and partly because 
 the mildness with which they were treated, in the families 
 in which they were domesticated, gave little occasion for 
 dissatisfaction or discontent on the part of the slave. In the 
 country, they were accounted of little value in the way of 
 traffic; and we are told by Dr. Belknap that they were often 
 given away in their infancy, like the young of many domestic 
 animals, to those who were willing to take them, and rear 
 them in their families. And what serves to show the character 
 of their general treatment, and their own feelings in regard to 
 it, better than any thing else, is the fact, that after it had been 
 solemnly decided, in Quork Walker's case in this count}", that, 
 by the adoption of the Constitution in 1780, every slave in 
 Massachusetts was declared free, a large proportion of them 
 continued to reside in the families of their former masters as 
 long as they lived. 
 
 Among the names of those known to have been held as 
 slaves in Leicester were three belonging to Capt. Lyon, — 
 Caesar, Quashi, and Prince, — to whom he gave their freedom. 
 Titus belonged to Col. Washburn, and was freed at the age of 
 twenty, though he lived in the family till his death. Jenny, 
 his mother, belonged to Mrs. Sergeant, who was a sister of 
 Mr. Thomas Denny, and became the second wife of Col. 
 Washburn in 1788. Jethro belonged to Mr. Joseph Sprague ; 
 but, after his death, remained in the family of his son, Capt. 
 William Sprague, as long as he lived. Though deaf and 
 dumb, he was bright and intelligent. At his death, he was 
 laid in the old burying-ground behind the Meeting-house, — 
 the last person buried there. 
 
 or are sold to us." Consequently, there never was a person, native-born, who conld 
 have been lawfully held as a slave in Massachusetts after 1640. — Vide Muss. Ilisl. 
 S(>c. Collections, Fourth Series, vol. iv. p. 334. 
 
 7 
 
50 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Aaron Lopez came from Newport, where slaves were more 
 numerous than in the interior of Massachusetts, and brought 
 with him three men, two women, and one boy. Mr. Rivera, 
 who removed to Leicester with him, had three men and three 
 women. All these, it is believed, went back with the families 
 of their masters to Newport after the war. 
 
 Cain Bowman was the slave of Edward Bond, who had 
 undoubtedly freed him before 1778: for I find him mustered 
 that year, as a soldier in the army, b}^ Col. Washburn ; who 
 would have violated the law, had he done so while he remained 
 a slave. One who had been a slave before the war, and re- 
 sided here after it, by the name of Peter Salem, will be noticed, 
 in another connection, as one of the historical personages of 
 the day. 
 
 I should need no further proof of the estimation in which 
 slaves were held here, if I were not able to refer to the recol- 
 lection of living witnesses, than the case of a slave which 
 Samuel Denny of Maine * conveyed to his brother, Capt. 
 Daniel Denny, — the, first of that name in Leicester, — in 
 1752. The boy's name was Richard, and he was then five 
 years of age. By the conveyance, he was to be held until 
 he was thirty, with a power in the grantor to dispose of him 
 after that time by will. But the grantee was restricted fi-om 
 selling or disposing of him to any one except one of his own 
 children, and never to sell him for gain or profit. In his bill 
 of gift, he charged his brother " that he and they deal kindly 
 by and with the poor boy ; that they look upon him as a poor 
 orphan ; and especially that they hold themselves engaged 
 to bring him up in the fear of God, and do that to and for 
 him that will bear a trial ; knowing he has a precious soul as 
 
 * Samuel Denny ciime from Eiigbmd with his brother Daniel, and his sister ^^rs. 
 Prince, wife of Rev. Thomas Prince of the Old South Cliurch, Boston. He settled in 
 Maine about 1728, and became a leading man in Lincoln County; being "first Judge 
 of the Court of Pleas " at the time of his death. Dennysville, in that State, was 
 named from him. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 51 
 
 well as we." Capt. Denny bequeathed the boy, by his last 
 will, to his son Col. Samuel, for the balance of the time for 
 which he was entitled to his service ; and he died while a 
 member of the family of the devisee. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to remark, that, with views and feel- 
 ings like these on the part of masters, slavery is robbed of 
 most of its odiousness, regarded as a personal relation of the 
 parties. But there was a strong and growing sentiment in 
 Massachusetts, before the war, adverse to the institution ; 
 and when the war broke out, for the professed purpose of 
 securing their liberties, there was such an obvious incon- 
 sistency in holding slaves, that many formally emancipated 
 them.* Col. Timothy Bigelow did but speaj? the public sen- 
 timent when he declared, that, " while fighting for liberty, 
 he never would be guilty of selling slaves."t 
 
 Nor was it by profession only that the owners of these 
 slaves, so long as they retained them, showed their dispo- 
 sition to ameliorate their condition. They worked with them 
 in the same field, ate at the same table, and the master's chil- 
 dren grew up with feelings towards them of almost fraternal 
 regard. 
 
 Such was slavery, not only in Leicester, but in every other 
 country town in Massachusetts. 
 
 There was one black man here, who, if ever a slave, had 
 become free and a freeholder in 1754, His name upon the 
 records, as well as by his contemporaries, was " Black Tom." 
 He lived in a house remote from any neighbor, in the south- 
 
 * Such was the case with Seth Washburn, in respect to his man Titus : Edward 
 Bond, with his man Cain; Capt. Lyon, with Caesar, Quashi, and Prince. Others 
 might be mentioned. 
 
 t In the instructions to their representative, Col. Thomas Dennj^, in May, 1773, 
 whicli will be found in the Appendix, is this noble declaration: "As we have the high- 
 est regard for (so even as to revere the name of) liberty, we cannot behold but with 
 the greatest abhorrence any of our fellow-creatures in a state of slavery. Therefore 
 we strictly enjoin you to use your utmost influence, that a stop may be put to the 
 slave-trade by the inhabitants of this Province." 
 
52 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 west part of the town. With ready ingenuity, Tom was 
 able to turn his hand to various kinds of handicraft, by which 
 he gained a comfortable livelihood, and was thus enabled to 
 cherish a happy temperament with which he was born. He 
 became, in this way, a favorite among his lighter-complexioned 
 neighbors. Tom was, withal, a sincere and humble Christian, 
 and a careful observer of all his religious duties ; but, as he 
 kept neither watch nor almanac, he sometimes unwittingly 
 suffered secular work to interfere with holy time. 
 
 One Sunday afternoon, a neighbor, passing by Tom's dwell- 
 ing, Avas surprised to hear him singing, in a loud and unmis- 
 takable tone, a tune which had little of the psalm about 
 it. Upon his goiog up to his door, he was still more surprised 
 to find him, in his working-day garb and with his coat off, 
 busily engaged upon an ox-yoke, which he had nearly com- 
 pleted. Upon the neighbor's expressing his astonishment in 
 finding Tom thus employed, and reminding him that the day 
 Avas Sunday, Tom threw down his tools, and, after a moment's 
 reflection, exclaimed, " Well, massa, Lord knows I didn't 
 mean to cheat him : and I won't : I'll keep to-morrow for 
 Sunday instead." And he kept his promise. 
 
 Within the memory of some, there stood upon the County 
 Road, so called, in the south-west part of the town, a small 
 log-house, — the last of that pioneer class of dwellings in 
 which the first settlers found shelter while they were erect- 
 ing more comfortable habitations. The house, at the time 
 of which I am speaking, was occupied by Rose Finnemore * 
 and her son Cassar Augustus. His brother Archelaus lived 
 at that time at Harwood Place, about half a mile west of Mr. 
 • Eber Bond's. The family, as might be inferred from the 
 names of the brothers, were much inclined to honor the me- 
 mories of ancient worthies by adopting their names for family 
 use. The scions of this illustrious stock became in time quite 
 
 * The family had emigrated here from Greenfield. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 53 
 
 numerous ; and, upon Mrs. Csesar Augustus becoming a mem- 
 ber of the church, it became proper that her household sliould 
 be baptized. Some may remember — for, if they witnessed 
 it, they would not readily forget it — the occasion when this 
 goodly array of some half a score of children took their stand 
 in the broad aisle, one in its father's arms, and approached 
 the font. The eldest received the baptismal name of Romu- 
 lus ; the next, Remus ; and the others, in turn, rejoiced in 
 equally illustrious names of Roman emperors, and heroes of 
 olden time, till it came the turn of the baby. Here patriotism 
 had gotten the better of the parent's love of classic renown, 
 and crowned the little citizen — it was before the day of 
 Dred Scott — with the name of James Madison, the then 
 President of the United States. As this little episode, in 
 the usual Sunday services in the church, took place while the 
 heat of excitement between the old Federal and Democratic 
 parties was at its height, soon after the election of Mr. Madi- 
 son, there was something approaching a smile upon some of 
 the countenances of the congregation, when this last little 
 hope of the house received the name of that distinguished 
 patriot and statesman upon his family escutcheon. 
 
 But the log-house soon after disappeared ; Rose was ga- 
 thered to her fathers; and Cassar and his numerous house- 
 hold, one after another, stricken down by the hand of 
 consumption, so fatal to the colored race in this climate, soon 
 followed to the land of forgetfulness. 
 
54 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS. — FIRST SETTLERS. — PECUNIARY EMBARRASS- 
 MENTS.— CURRENCY AND PRICES.— REPRESENTATIVES. — SCHOOLS 
 AND TEACHERS. — LIBRARY, &c. 
 
 The first recorded town-meeting of the inhabitants of Leices- 
 ter was held March 6, 1721-2 ; which, to correspond to the 
 present style, would be March 17, 1722. But the record of 
 that meeting shows that the town had already been organized, 
 and provided with town-officers, by previous elections ; for a 
 Committee was raised on that occasion to settle with their 
 treasurer. They had also then a meeting-house belonging 
 to the town ; for, at this meeting in March, a person was 
 appointed to take charge of it, and measures were taken 
 toward finishing pews and seats in it. We are, consequently, 
 at a loss to fix the precise date when the town assumed the 
 functions of a body politic by its first election of civil officers. 
 From the number of families that we are able to ti-ace as 
 being here in 1717, it is probable that they began to have 
 meetings as early as 1718. They were represented in the 
 General Court, in 1721 ; as appears by a vote in May, 1722, 
 to pay Judge Menzies, who had served them in that capacity 
 in 1721. From supposed or real informality in the early 
 action of the town, they felt it necessary to apply to the 
 ■ General Court for authority to assess and collect their taxes, 
 in June, 1722. After this, their proceedings seem to have 
 been regular and uninterrupted as a town. 
 
 Among the families whom we find here in 1717 were 
 Richard and James South gate and Daniel Denny, who came 
 into town in July of that year; Capt. Samuel Green, and his 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 55 
 
 son Thomas, afterwards Dr. Thomas ; James Wilson ; and, 
 as the records render probable, Samuel Stebbins, the father 
 of John and Joseph, who came here with him from England. 
 Ralph Earle came here in 1718 ; and Arthur Carey was 
 probably here at as early or an earlier period. Ebenezer 
 Elliot was here in 1719 ; and Daniel Livermore, as early as 
 1720. The same was true of the families of John Armstrong, 
 Edmond Taylor, and Hezekiah Russ. Thomas Newhall was 
 still earlier in toAvn, and Judge Menzies was carrying on his 
 farm in July of 1719. 
 
 At the town-meeting in March, 1722, Samuel Green was 
 chosen moderator, first selectman, first assessor, and grand 
 juror, for the year. The other selectmen were John Smith, 
 Nathaniel Richardson, James Southgate, and John Lynd. Na- 
 thaniel Richardson was chosen town-clerk ; Hezekiah Russ 
 and William Earle, constables ; Richard Southgate, treasurer; 
 Joshua Nichols, one of the assessors ; William Brown, one 
 of the surve}^ors of highways ; Samuel Stebbins and Daniel 
 Livermore, fence-viewers ; and William Green and Rowland 
 Taylor, tithing-men. I have given these names principally to 
 show who, at that early day, were among the men of considera- 
 tion in the town ; and among them will be recognized the 
 ancestors of families, some of whom were formerly well known 
 in town, and some are remaining at the present time. 
 
 Among the subjects that troubled the inhabitants for many 
 years after the settlement of the town was how to meet the 
 expenses incident to a town-organization. 
 
 In the first place, they had to provide a minister, and sup- 
 port him ; and this rendered it necessary to erect a meeting- 
 house. Their highways were a heavy charge; and in 1725, 
 and again in 1729, they were indicted for not having erected a 
 bridge over Seven-mile River.* They were, as Avill be shown 
 hereafter, in constant trouble with their minister. 
 
 * This stream is in the westerly part of Spencer, and crosses the Great Post Road; 
 being one of the most considerable streams in that town. 
 
56 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 In 1731, for the first time, they undertook to support a 
 school, and contented themselves with a single one, kept, 
 for the space of three months, in three different parts of the 
 toAvn. The total expense was £10. 10s. of the then depre- 
 ciated currency : but even this trifle seems to have been 
 felt as beyond their means ; for they made no provision for 
 a school in 1732 ; and the consequence Avas, the town Avas 
 indicted at the Quarter Sessions for the neglect. Finding it 
 a better expenditure of money to support a school than to pay 
 fines, the inhabitants provided one, next year, for reading and 
 AA'riting, for the term of three months ; and the same was kept 
 at the house of Jonathan Sargent. He kept a public-house 
 in a building, afterAvards torn down, which stood opposite 
 the Catholic Church. 
 
 But no measures were taken for procuring a schoolhouse 
 before 1736; Avhen it AA-as voted to erect one, twenty by six- 
 teen feet, and six and a half feet " betAveen joynts," — to be 
 placed *' about ten rods north of the Meeting-house, in the 
 most convenantest place." The spot finally adopted seems 
 to have been close by the road upon the Common, a fcAV rods 
 east of the then Meeting-house. 
 
 In 1741, the toAvn had to raise a hundred pounds to cover 
 and finish the Meeting-house, till then unfinished ; and, in 
 1743, to enlarge it. 
 
 These Avere some of the sources of expense which weighed 
 heavily upon the toAvn. There was, moreover, a difficulty in 
 raising money by taxation, from the lands of the town being 
 held in such large quantities by single proprietors, and so 
 large a proportion of them being not only unimproved, but, 
 many of them, held by non-resident proprietors. Thus, in 1737, 
 John Lynde oAA^ned eighteen hundred acres ; Paul Dudley, 
 five hundred ; Thomas Steel, five hundred ; Joseph Willard, a 
 thousand ; Richard Southgate, seven hundred and seventy ; 
 Jonathan Witt, four hundred ; John Clark, four hundred and 
 ninety ; George Cradock, three hundred and forty-two ; Jonas 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 57 
 
 Clark, five hundred ; <fcc. Five of the above nine ^vere non- 
 residents of the town. 
 
 The wiiole Province was suffering from embarrassments 
 incident to the condition of a young State, Avith a sparse agri 
 cuhural population in the interior, and a limited and feeble 
 trade and commerce on the seaboard ; while upon such a com- 
 munity rested the burdens of frequent wars, from which they 
 Avere not fully relieved till the fall of Quebec in 1759. Various 
 schemes were suggested for obtaining relief in the Province, 
 which elicited much discussion, and gave rise to strong parti- 
 san feelings, that divided the counsels of the government 
 for many years. I allude to these here because the fruits 
 of some of the measures to which they led appear on the 
 records of the proceedings of the town. 
 
 The ill-fated expedition against Canada in 1690 created an 
 expense of fifty thousand pounds to the Province of Massachu- 
 setts ; and, to meet this extraordinary demand, the Province 
 issued bills of credit, designed to pass as currency, to the 
 amount of forty thousand pounds. Another issue, of ten 
 thousand pounds, was made in 1702 ; a third, of thirty thou- 
 sand pounds, was made in 1709 ; and ten thousand more, 
 in 1711 ; which last issue was made in view of a second 
 expedition against Canada to dislodge the French. This, like 
 the former, was unsuccessful. 
 
 In 1714, three parties grew up in the Province : one in 
 favor of returning to a specie currency ; one for establishing 
 a land bank, as it was called, — being a private bank ; and the 
 third for a system of loaning its own bills by the Province to 
 its inhabitants, on interest. The latter project prevailed ; and 
 fifty thousand pounds, in bills of the Province, were put into 
 the hands of five trustees to loan at five per cent interest. 
 Three of these trustees — Judge Davenport, Thomas Hutch- 
 inson, and John White — "were proprietors of the town of 
 Leicester. In 1716, a hundred thousand pounds was issued 
 in government bills of credit, and put into the hands of county 
 
58 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 trustees, to be loaned on mortgage-security for ten years at 
 five per cent. In 1720, the House voted another issue of a 
 hundred thousand pounds ; which, however, was stopped in 
 the Council : but, the next year, a loan of fifty thousand 
 pounds was granted, to be distributed among the towns in 
 proportion to their respective taxes. In 1724, a new loan 
 of thirty thousand pounds was issued ; and, though they had 
 been received, for taxes and the like, into the treasury, there 
 Avere outstanding, in 1725, over two hundred thousand pounds 
 of these bills of credit. But although, for currency, they had 
 depreciated to less than half their nominal value, in 1728 a 
 new emission was made of sixty thousand pounds. They 
 were issued to towns in proportion to their taxes. These were 
 authorized to let this substitute for money at six per cent; 
 accounting to the Province for four, and paying one to the 
 trustees, — thus saving one towards town-charges. Leicester 
 had the folly to accept their share of this loan ; and appointed 
 trustees to take charge of it, with instructions not to let more 
 than ten pounds, nor less than five, in any single loan. 
 
 Up to 1737, the purport of the bills issued had been, that 
 they should " be in value equal to money, and be accordingly 
 accepted by the treasurer, &c., in all public payments." In 
 that year, an emission was made in the usual form ; and 
 another, of nine thousand pounds, in a difierent form, — the 
 tenor and effect of which were, that they should " be in value 
 equal to three ounces of coined silver, troy weight, of sterling 
 alloy ; or gold coin, at the rate of £4. 18s. per ounce ; " &c. 
 This new emission took the name of " new tenor," the former 
 being known as " old tenor ; " and the proportion of value 
 between them was fixed at three to one. But the practical 
 value, as allowed in business, was four to one : that is, one of 
 the new was worth as much as four of the old tenor bills.* 
 
 * The facts stated above are derived from a very useful Avork, by the Rev. Mr. Felt 
 called an Historical Account of Massachusetts Currency, published in 1839. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 59 
 
 There is a vote, on the records of the town in 1741, to take 
 " manufactory bills " for all town-rates, except the minister's 
 salary ; and another for receiving " land-hank " bills, and turn- 
 ing them into *' old money." These bills were issued by a 
 private banking company in direct opposition to the govern- 
 ment. The stockholders gave security, to the amount of their 
 stock, upon real estate, — for which they received these bills, 
 intended to pass as currency ; and were to pay three per cent 
 interest annually, in manufactures of a specified character, — 
 such as hemp, flax, wool, &c., — at such prices as should be fixed 
 by the directors. As these bills depended upon public favor 
 alone for their currency, many of the towns adopted votes 
 similar to that of Leicester in order to sustain them. There 
 seems to have groAvn up a paper-banking mania in Massachu- 
 setts about 1740, which no effort of the government could 
 repress. It appears that the people of Leicester shared the 
 common mania in the Province to engage in the scheme of a 
 bank of issue,: and I find amoDg its citizens who were held 
 responsible as shareholders, and against whom legal process 
 was issued in 1744, the names of James Jackson, assessed 
 eighty pounds ; Benjamin Johnson, forty pounds ; and Ichabod 
 Merritt, Joseph Shaw, and Josiah Kobinson, the amounts of 
 whose assessments are not stated. 
 
 Without taking up any more time upon this subject, — which 
 has been introduced by way of explanation, — I may remark, 
 that the substitution of such a currency in the Province led 
 to the sending abroad of all the gold and silver to pay debts 
 and make purchases, where those bills would not pass : and 
 the consequence M^as, they went on depreciating ; so that 
 when the Province received from the mother-country, in part 
 of the expenses incurred in the Louisburg expedition in 1745, 
 £183,649 in gold and silver, it was employed in redeeming 
 these bills, at the rate of one specie dollar for forty-five 
 shillings old-tenor bills ; and, for new tenor, eleven shillings 
 and threepence. The amount redeemed was the incredible 
 
()0 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 sum of £1,702,236. This was in 1750; and all debts con- 
 tracted after that were payable in silver at 6r. 8d. per ounce, 
 Avliich took the name of " hnvful money." The effect of this 
 depreciation in the currency was one of the causes of the 
 unhappy controversies that grew up between the town and 
 their minister (the Rev. !Mr. Parsons), which will be spoken 
 of more at length liereafter. 
 
 To recur to the subject of schools. I have little more to 
 add than Avhat may be found in an able and interesting report 
 upon the subject, from tlie pen of Joseph A. Denny, Esq., 
 which I have ventured to add as an Appendix to this work. 
 
 John Lynde, jun., the first sclioolmaster, wjis the son of 
 John Lynde of Maiden ; was born in 1710, and removed to 
 Leicester with his father. The family were connected with 
 the Greens by the marriage of Dr. Thomas with a sister of the 
 father. From the son being but twenty-one years old when 
 he first kept the school, and his father, though a large land- 
 holder, having been a farmer, it is not probable that he could 
 have had many advantages for an education ; since he proba- 
 bly came to Leicester when he was less than ten years old, 
 and there had never been a school there which he could have 
 attended. He settled and became a substantial citizen in 
 Leicester, where he married, and raised up a family. As he 
 was, by the vote of the town, a schoolmaster " to reed and 
 Wright" merely, the want of a finished education seems not 
 to have stood in the way of his being employed as such two 
 or three subsequent years. 
 
 Joshua Nichols, the second schoolmaster in order, was em- 
 ployed to keep a school in two places, in 1736, for one month 
 each; but, for some reason, completed only a single month. He 
 was a tailor by trade, and came from Maiden. He married a 
 daughter of Capt. Samuel Green, — sister of Dr. Thomas, — 
 and probably was in mature life when he removed ; for we 
 find him elected an assessor at the first recorded town-meet- 
 ing, in 1722. He had a family of six children, the oldest of 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 61 
 
 whom was born in March, 1721. He was employed in many 
 town-offices, and appears to have been a man of influence in 
 its affairs. 
 
 I do not find that Mr. Cooledge, Mr. Gibbons, or Mr. Bullard, 
 — who were early schoolmasters here, — were ever residents 
 in town, except to keep the school for shorter or longer 
 periods, as stated in the report referred to ; nor have I been 
 able to learn any thing of their personal history. 
 
 After these, Pliny Lawton, who will be noticed among the 
 physicians of the town, was employed during 1747 and a part 
 of 1748. Solomon Parsons, who will be noticed in the same 
 connection, was employed in 1751; and Dr. John Honeywood, 
 in 1753.* 
 
 There was an organization of the town into school-districts, 
 in 1776; which I shall have occasion to notice in another 
 connection, for the purpose of giving the names and resi- 
 dences of the families then dwelhng in the town. 
 
 I am able to give quite a complete list of the Representa- 
 
 * I have mentioned the time of erection and the locality of the first schoolhouse. 
 The second was built upon the north side of the Great Road, where the brick factory 
 staiids, formerly of Col. J. D. Sargent. This was some time before 1762. The next 
 schoolhouse in the Centre District was erected in 1791, and was placed about six 
 rods east of the house of J. A. Smith, Esq., opposite what was called the Crossman 
 Road, where it enters the Great Post Road. So long as I attended school there, — 
 though it was improved afterwards, — it was the perfection of discomfort, and of ill 
 adaptation for its purpose. The outside had originally been painted with Spanish 
 brown, much of which had been washed off by the weather. The outer door opened 
 into an entry that ran along the west side of the house, — wholly unfinished, — in which 
 •wood was stored for the fire, and into which the chimney for warming the house 
 projected its bare brick walls. The house was warmed — so far as such a thing was 
 possible — by a huge wood-fire, built in an immense fireplace; around which some 
 of the scholars were always gathered to warm tlieir feet, which grew cold again the 
 moment they had taken their seats. This kept up a constant circulation between 
 the seats and the fire in cold weather. These seats, or benches, were narrow, and 
 intolerably hard; and extended the whole length of the building, with the exception of 
 passage-ways in the middle and at each end. In these cramped-up, crowded pens, tiie 
 pupil wrote, ciphered, and studied, without ever associating any thiiig but aching limljs 
 and stiffened joints with the acquisition of a schoolboy's knowledge. The condition 
 of what were called the "little scholars " was even worse. They were ranged around 
 the open area in front of the fire, — upon low, narrow seats, the backs of which were the 
 fronts of the desks above them, — with notliing to lean upon. My bones still ache at 
 the recollection. 
 
62 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 fives to the General Court that have been chosen by tlie 
 town. It should be remembered, that, until a late period, 
 each town paid its own representative. The consequence 
 was, that towns often refused to be represented, and were 
 occasionally fined by the General Court for the neglect. 
 Sometimes a hard and sharp bargain was driven with a 
 candidate, to reduce the price at which he was to serve 
 them. 
 
 Their first representative (in 1721) was Judge Menzies, who 
 will be mentioned hereafter. When, the following year, the 
 town voted to pay him for the service, he declined accepting 
 compensation ; and they thereupon voted him to be their 
 representative for the year 1722. He was again elected, in 
 1723 ; and was paid by a vote of thanks, as he declined any 
 pecuniary satisfaction. 
 
 The town then voted, that whoever should be chosen the 
 year 1724 should be paid the same as Judge Menzies; and 
 Lieut. Thomas Newhall was elected to serve " on the con- 
 ditions aforesaid." 
 
 The next year (1725), Judge Menzies Avas again chosen; 
 but from that time to 1733 they were not represented. This 
 covered the time while the town was subjected to constant 
 annoyance and expense in consequence of their difficulties 
 with their minister, which may account for their being un- 
 willing to incur any additional expense. 
 
 In 1733, Josiah Converse Avas chosen for a single year. 
 He Avas the son of John Converse, a blacksmith ; and came 
 with his fiither from Woburn. He lived in the westerly part 
 of the town, upon a farm Avhich he exchanged Avith Christopher 
 J. LaAvton, Esq., in 1735 ; and removed to Brookfield, where 
 he afterAvards lived. 
 
 The order in Avhich the toAvn was subsequently represented 
 Avas as folloAvs : 1736, '40, and '41, by Christopher J. LaAvton 
 (who Avill be noticed hereafter) ; 1745, '46, '47, Daniel Denny ; 
 1749, '50, '56, '57, '58, '59, '61, '62, '64, '65, '67, '68, John 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 63 
 
 Brown; * 1752, '53, '54, '55, Thomas Steel; 1770, '71, '72, '73, 
 '74, Thomas Demiy ; 1774, balance of term; 1775, delegate, 
 Joseph Henshaw ; 1775, Hezekiah Ward, delegate ; 1776, 
 Seth Washburn; 1777, Seth Washburn and Samuel Green; 
 1778, '79, Seth Washburn ; 1780, Seth Washburn and William 
 Henshaw; 1781, '82, '83, '88, Seth Washburn; 1786, John 
 Lyon; 1787, Col. Samuel Denny; 1791, '92, '94, 1800, 1801, 
 Thomas Denny; 1796, '98, William Henshaw ; 1803, '4, '5, '6, 
 '8, '11, '25, '28, '41, Nathaniel P. Denny; 1809, '10, '21, '22, 
 '29, John Hobart; 1812, '13, '14. '15, '16, '17, Austin Flint; 
 1819-20, John King; 1826, '27, Emory Washburn; 1830, 
 Nathaniel P. Denny, Waldo Flint; 1831 and '32, John Hobart 
 and John King; 1833, Waldo Flint and Joshua Murdoch; 
 1834, Reuben Meriam and Joshua Murdoch ; 1835, Silas 
 Earle and Cheney Hatch; 1836, Cheney Hatch and Thomas 
 Sprague ; 1837, Thomas Sprague and Isaac Southgate ; 1838, 
 Samuel Watson and Joseph D. Sargent; 1839, Isaac South- 
 gate and Samuel Watson ; 1 840, Isaac Southgate and David 
 Henshaw ; 1842-43, John Sargent ; 1844, '45, John Woodcock ; 
 1847, Henry A. Denny; 1848-49, Dwight Bisco ; 1850-51, 
 Samuel Watson ; 1852, Abram Firth ; 1855, John D. Cogs- 
 Avell ; 1856, Lucius Woodcock ; 1857, Hanson L. Reed; 1858, 
 Joseph A, Denny; 1860, John D. Cogswell. 
 
 The following persons have been members of the Senate 
 of Massachusetts while residents in this town : viz., Seth 
 Washburn, 1780 and '81-'84, '85, '86, and '87; Nathaniel P. 
 Denny, 1823 and '24; Waldo Flint, 1835-6. 
 
 * Capt. Brown is more than once mentioned in this work. He had held a captain's 
 commission in the French War; took part in the taking of Louisbnrg, and, at that 
 time, paid a large tax for his property; represented the town twelve years with great 
 acceptance; took a leading part during the Revolution, and had three sons in the ser- 
 vice. It is painful, therefore, to read the record of a meeting of the town, called 
 in 1778 to see if they would redeem a certain mortgage, in order to " indemnify them- 
 selves from the maintenance of Capt. John Brown." He was then eighty-five years 
 old. His wife was the aunt of Hon. John Coffin Jones; but probably, like many of 
 his contemporaries, he had devoted heart and hand to win a nation's independence 
 at the sacrifice of his own. 
 
 r 
 
64: HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 The delegates from the town to the Convention which 
 formed the Constitution in 1779 were Seth Washburn and 
 William Henshaw. Col. Samuel Denny was their delegate to 
 the Convention that met to consider the question of adopting 
 the Constitution of the United States, in January, 1788. Col. 
 Henry Sargent was their delegate to the Convention which 
 met in 1821 for revising the State Constitution; and Hiram 
 Knight, Esq., of that for its second revision, in 1853. 
 
 As the proprietors' half of the town was much more slowly 
 settled than the eastern half, though they continued to form 
 one corporation, great complaint was made that the settlers' 
 half enjoyed more than a fair share of the offices, while a full 
 proportion of burdens fell upon the western half 
 
 But, though the majority appear not to have hesitated 
 in exercising their legal powers, there does not seem to 
 have been any disposition to retain this power; for, in 
 1711, the town voted to consent to the westerly half being 
 set off into a new toAvn. A petition was accordingly pre- 
 sented to the General Court, who passed a Bill to that 
 effect ; but the Governor (Shirley) refused his assent to the 
 Bill, and the measure foiled. It was renewed in 1744, and 
 resulted in the incorporation of the western half into a 
 
 There still remained sources of difference between the two 
 parts ; one of which was a complaint on the western part, 
 that the town would not lay out roads for the accommodation 
 of the people residing there. The eastern half answered, 
 that, when the lands in that part of the town were laid out, 
 sufficient of these had been appropriated for roads ; whereas 
 no such reserve had been made by the proprietors of the 
 other half when it was divided among them. The matter 
 came before the Legislature in 1749, and a new Act, incor- 
 porating the western half, was passed ; but was again vetoed 
 by Lieut.-Gov. Spencer Phipps, because the effect of it would 
 be to increase the number of representatives in the General 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 65 
 
 Court. Nor was the separation effected between the two 
 parts of the town until 1753, when an Act was passed, creat- 
 ing the second precinct into a district ; which was, in effect, 
 a town to all intents, except having the privilege of sending 
 a representative to the General Court, for which purpose it 
 still remained united with Leicester. 
 
 But the attempts to dismember the town did not meet 
 with the same favor, when, in 1743, a petition Avas presented 
 by several to have a town set off from Worcester and Leices- 
 ter, substantially as Ward (nets'" Auburn) subsequently was ; 
 and another, to set off a part of the town to Rutland as a 
 precinct. The town voted to oppose these, and were success- 
 ful in so doing. 
 
 In 1761, an attempt was made to have a new town — Paxton 
 — created out of the north part of Leicester, and the south 
 part of Rutland, upon the petition of John Smith ; and the 
 same thing was moved again the following year, upon the peti- 
 tion of Oliver Witt. Both of these petitions were resisted 
 by Leicester, and, for a while, with success. But, the follow- 
 ing year, the town favored the movement : and it resulted in 
 the incorporation of Paxton in 1765. 
 
 Ward (afterwards called Auburn) was incorporated as a 
 toAvn in 1778. 
 
 A vote of the town in 1754 is not very intelligible without 
 some explanation ; for which I avail myself of the first 
 volume of the Collections of the American Statistical Asso- 
 ciation, prepared by Mr. Felt. The vote was " unanimously 
 to disapprove of the Excise Bill passed by the Assembly at 
 their last sitting." 
 
 The taxes at this time had become heavy ; and the House 
 were desirous of relieving, as far as they could, the polls and 
 estates from this burden ; and, to do this, contrived a plan for 
 laying an excise upon wines and spirituous liquors consumed 
 by the people. The Council refused to approve of it. Gov. 
 Shirley sent for the House into the Council Chamber, and 
 
 9 
 
fi6 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 there stated his objection to the measure, that it would be 
 inconsistent with the natural rights of every private family 
 to be subjected to keep and render an account of the quan- 
 tity of excise liquors which they consumed in their private 
 houses. 
 
 The House immediately ordered the objectionable part of 
 the Bill to be printed, and sent to every town for considera- 
 tion ; which led to the above vote of this town. The towns 
 voted, — some, that it was contrary to their liberties ; and 
 some, that it was not. The measure, however, was dropped 
 for a short time ; but passed, with some amendments, in 
 December, 1754. 
 
 Out of this grew a memorable pamphlet, styled " The Mon- 
 ster of Monsters," attacking the Bill and the House. The 
 latter voted it a scandalous libel, and imprisoned the pub- 
 lisher, after having ordered the pamphlet to be burned by 
 the common hangman. For this imprisonment, the speaker, 
 the messenger of the House, and the jailer, were sued ; 
 and the Province employed Edmund Trowbridge, James Otis, 
 and Jeremy Gridley, — three of the best and most learned 
 lawyers in the country, — to defend them ; and the suit 
 resulted in the acquittal of the parties charged. 
 
 The prices which certain things bear at different periods 
 are a subject of curious and interesting inquiry, as serving 
 to test the comparative value of the circulating medium 
 in cases where the relation of supply and demand shall be 
 the same. Laws have, for this purpose, been passed at times, 
 fixing arbitrary prices to labor, wheat, corn, wool, and the 
 like ; as if legislation were as strong as the imperative laws 
 of trade. But still they may serve as an approximate test of 
 the value of the common medium of exchange, — whether 
 gold and silver, or issues of paper promises ; and, at the same 
 time, the comparative value of the same things at different 
 periods of time. A few only of these, however, can I give ; 
 and, such as they are, they may not be very satisfactory. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 67 
 
 In 1726, four shillings per day were allowed for work on 
 the garrison. 
 
 In 1733, the pay of the schoolmaster was four pounds ten 
 shillings per month. This was in a depreciated currency ; 
 and, in 1737, the price was six pounds per month : which, at 
 the rate of calculation between new and old tenor money, 
 would be, in the former year, about twenty shillings — 
 nominally three dollars and a third — per month, though con- 
 siderably less, in fact, in silver money. 
 
 In 1720, the town paid Mr. Parsons, their minister, seventy- 
 five pounds per annum, salary. In 1736, they were to pay 
 Mr. Goddard three hundred pounds, with one hundred pounds 
 settlement ; which was but about the same as that paid Mr. 
 Parsons, allowing for depreciation, if the salary of the latter 
 was calculated upon money at par. In 1753, they fixed the 
 salary of Mr. Roberts at X133. 6s. 3d., silver money, at 6s. 8d. 
 per ounce ; whereas, when Mr. Goddard was settled, silver 
 was worth 27s. 6d. per ounce, and had risen, at the time of his 
 death, to 60s., — or, what is the same, the paper currency had 
 depreciated in that time more than a hundred per cent. Mr. 
 Conklin's salary, in 1763, was fixed at the same as that of 
 Mr. Roberts ten years before. Dr. Moore's salary, in 1797, 
 was fixed at four hundred dollars. But, to show, somewhat, 
 the rate of depreciation in the paper money in the mean time, 
 the town added, in 1779, five hundred pounds to Mr. Conklin's 
 salary for a single year ; which was, in fact, but a hundred 
 dollars in value. 
 
 In 1779, a convention of delegates from the towns met at 
 Concord, — of which Mr. Henry King was a member from 
 Leicester, — for fixing the prices which might be charged for 
 the common necessaries of life. Among these were corn, £3. 
 12s. per bushel ; labor in husbandry, £2. 14s. per day; beef, per 
 pound, 2s. 6d. ; wool, £1. 4s, ; and men's shoes, £6 per pair.* 
 
 * In 1777, Massachusetts passed what was called a Monopoly Bill, fixing the prices 
 above wiiich no man should charge for the articles specified. Among these were beef, 
 
t)8 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 I have before me a bill for time and expense of an officer 
 "in getting along the six-months' men" in 1780 ; and among 
 the items are seventy dollars for an advertisement in the 
 Worcester paper, and thirty dollars for tioo dinners. 
 
 In 1776, the town allowed their delegate to the Provincial 
 Congress five shillings per day ; and the same price was paid 
 to their representative in 1786.'^ 
 
 But I forbear entering into further detail upon this part of 
 our subject, and pass to other topics. 
 
 In 1793, a Social Library was formed in town; and its pro- 
 prietors held their first meeting, Dec. 10 of that year, at the 
 house of Dr. Austin Flint. The number of volumes in this 
 library, however, has never done justice to the character of 
 the town as a reading people. 
 
 In 1812, the members of the Fire-engine Company, then 
 recently formed, commenced a new library with much spirit, 
 and for a while with good success ; but it was soon after 
 merged in the old organization. 
 
 In 1829, another hbrary was commenced, consisting of more 
 modern works. For many years it was used by its proprie- 
 tors ; but, in 1858, it was, like the former one, merged in the 
 
 3d. and 4d. per pound; wheat, 7s. 6d. per bushel; cotton, 3s. per pound by the bng, — 
 3<. 8d. per single pound, — at the port where first landed from the [Vest Indies; English 
 hay, 5s. per hundredweight; West-India rura, 6s. 8d. per gallon by the hogshead, — 
 7s. 8d. single gallon; wool, 2s. per pound. The scale of depreciation in 1779 was 
 bnsed upon assuming the prices of some of these articles as the par, upon which the 
 depreciation should be calculated. 
 
 * I have memoranda of the travelling expenses of the member of the convention 
 in 1779 from Leicester, and of the representative from that town in 1788; which I 
 give for several purposes: first, to show the nominal value of money at these times; 
 secondly, the mode of performing the journey; and, thirdly, the habits of the most 
 temperate men of that day. 
 
 " Set out for Cambridge to the convention, Oct. 27, 1779. An account of what I 
 spent: To oats, 5s.; to dinner, 18s.; to flip, 9s.; to supper and lodging and horsekeep- 
 ing, £1. 10s. ; to breakfast, 12s. ; to shaving, 6s. ; to flip, 9s. ; paid board 15 days, £46. 4s." 
 
 The pay per day of the representative in 1788 was four shillings. " May 27, 1788, 
 set out from Leicester to Boston to Court. Got down by six o'clock that day. Spent 
 a-going down: To sling in the morning, 5d.; to half a bowl of toddy, 5d.; to a mess 
 of oats, 4d.; to dinner. Is.; to bating my horse, 4d.; to toddy, 6d. ; to oats, 4d. ; to 
 srojr, 3d." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 69 
 
 original Social Library. The latter now contains about nine 
 hundred volumes. 
 
 I should be glad to speak in this connection, if I had proper 
 data, of a Literary Association, which was organized, and pur- 
 sued its purposes for many years with admirable spirit and 
 brilliant success, among the younger ladies of the town. It 
 had its origin some fifty years since. It was what it professed 
 to be, — a literary association ; holding meetings at regular 
 brief intervals, in which the amenities of kindly social inter- 
 course were united with the fruits of a refined taste and a 
 cultivated intellect ; and tradition has done no more than 
 justice to the high rank to which, in its day, it helped to 
 elevate the female society of the town. The records of the 
 Association have shared the fate of the many bright thoughts 
 and sage reflections to which its social hours gave utterance ; 
 and both are irrecoverably lost. History can only now record 
 the fact that it once existed, flourished many years, and dis- 
 appeared. 
 
70 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 MEETING-HOUSE. — MR. PARSONS. — MR. GODDARD. — MR. ROBERTS.— 
 MR. CONKLIN.— MR. MOORE.— MR. NELSON. — MR. DENISON. — MR. 
 COOLEDGE. — SECOND MEETING-HOUSE. — SACRED MUSIC. — BAP- 
 TISTS.— QUAKERS. — METHODISTS. — UNITARIAN SOCIETY. —JEWS. — 
 CATHOLICS. 
 
 There are no records preserved of the early condition of the 
 church connected with the Congregational Society, or First 
 Parish, in Leicester ; and it is, therefore, impossible to fix the 
 precise period of its organization. From the known custom, 
 however, which so generally prevailed in settling and incor- 
 porating towns in Massachusetts at that period, we may safely 
 assume that a church was organized as early, at least, as the 
 town itself Every town, in fact, constituted a parish, though 
 it managed its parochial aflFairs by means of its municipal 
 organization ; so that, as soon as a church had been gathered 
 agreeably to the usages of the early New-England churches, 
 the town was ready to call and settle a minister, if of ability 
 to afford him the necessary support. Although, as has been 
 stated, the first recorded meeting of the town was held on the 
 6th (17th) of March, 1722, a church, as well as the town, had 
 been organized some time previous to that date. 
 
 A meeting-house had been erected, such as it was, in 1719 ; 
 and was undoubtedly done by the town, — for its records 
 after that time show, that it was a frequent subject of action 
 on the part of the town. From the accounts which are 
 gathered, chiefly from records, but partly from personal nar- 
 ration of living witnesses, the house must have been of the 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 71 
 
 most primitive, plain, and cheap character imaginable. It 
 stood nearly in front of the present one, and close to the Great 
 Road. It had three outside doors, one upon the front and one 
 at each end of the house, but no door-steps. It had neither 
 porch nor belfry on the outside, nor pews nor gallery in the 
 inside. What pews it ever had, were built by individuals, 
 to whom the town sold " pew-ground " from time to time ; 
 and it was not till several years after the erection of the 
 house, that all these '* pew-grounds " were disposed of.* It 
 had small windows, made of diamond-shaped glass ; and these 
 swung upon hinges, instead of the modern mode of sliding 
 sashes. The outside was clapboarded, but was never painted. 
 The finishing of the interior consisted of being '' sealed " with 
 boards, from the floor to what was called, in the votes of the 
 town, " the great girt " of the house. But it is pretty certain 
 that the ceiling over the body of the house was never com- 
 pleted ; so that it is not difficult to conceive, that going to 
 meeting upon a sharp winter's day, in those times of long 
 sermons, before stoves had been invented, was a pretty 
 serious operation. 
 
 The general style of the work in the interior of the house 
 may be judged of by the sum which was paid, in 1725, to 
 Jonathan Watson " for building the deacon's pew," — which, 
 by the way, had never been built before. This sum was 
 twelve shillings. A considerable proportion of the interior 
 of the house was appropriated to " body " seats, or seats 
 which were public. Those west of the centre line of the 
 house were occupied by the men ; those upon the east side, 
 by the women. 
 
 The name of the architect of this singular temple, whose 
 order of architecture history has not preserved, was, there is 
 reason to believe, Capt. Eleazer Howe. He at least furnished 
 
 * As late as 1743, only fourteen pews had been built, and all these were along the 
 walls of the liouse. 
 
72 HISTORY OF LEICESTER, 
 
 the frame, as appears bj a vote in 1725, 'Hliat Capt. William 
 Wood be allowed the sum of two pounds one shilling and ten- 
 pence ; being in full of all Capt. Eleazer Howe's account for 
 the Meeting-house frame."* The bill for the underpinning 
 of the house amounted to four pounds twelve shillings. 
 
 In 1725, the town began to take measures for the erection 
 of galleries in the house. Nothing was accomplished then 
 upon the subject, and it came up again for discussion in 1728. 
 But it does not appear when they were built.f The access 
 to these galleries was by means of stairs within the body 
 of the house, leading to them at the south-east and south-west 
 corners of the same ; and we may judge of the dimensions of 
 the whole structure from the fact that there was only space 
 enough for one pew, between the door at the west end and 
 the stairs that led into the gallery. This pew at one time 
 belonged to Christopher J. Lawton, Esq. ; and I learn the facts 
 I have above stated, as to the size of the church, from the 
 records of a lawsuit which grew out of a controversy, between 
 him and Joshua Nichols, in regard to the ownership of that 
 pew. 
 
 The house continued in this condition until 174:1 : it had 
 never been finished, and by that time needed to be newly 
 covered. The town, that year, accordingly levied a tax of a 
 hundred and fifty pounds for the purpose of finishing and 
 covering the Meeting-house. As this was undoubtedly " old- 
 tenor " money, which was not worth more than one-quarter as 
 much as gold or silver, the amount probably did not exceed a 
 hundred dollars of our decimal currency. 
 
 The galleries, like the body of the house, were provided 
 
 * Besides, the records show that Capt. Howe was absolved from the forfeiture of a 
 certain lot of land from not having settled upon it by a certain daj' in 1719; it having 
 been " by reason the said Howe was building the meeting-house." 
 
 t A vote was adopted, in 1728, "to buy a thousand boards to build galleries, and 
 build our part." At the same time, certain persons were authorized to build stables 
 upon the town's land. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 73 
 
 with seats ; the eastern side of the dividing-line of the house 
 b(?ing occupied by the women, and the western side by the 
 men : the one sex making use of one pair of the stairs ; the 
 other, of the other pair. In 1741, it was proposed to erect 
 one or more pews in the front gallery: and it was accordingly 
 voted, " that Noah Jones, Israel Parsons, Thomas Richardson, 
 jun., James Lawton, jun., and Nathan Sargent [who, in the 
 warrant calling the meeting, had been called ' sume young 
 men'], have, and it is hereby granted to them, liberty to 
 build a pew in the hind-seats on the Avomen's side in the 
 front-gallery ; and that they, and each of them, shall take it 
 for their seat in the Meeting-house." Peter Silvester, jun., 
 Benjamin Wheaton, Joshua Silvester, Benjamin Gilson, and 
 Wilham Green, jun., had a like permission to build a pew in 
 the hind-seats on the men's side in the front-gallery. 
 
 It will be borne in mind, that this was many years before 
 any part of the house had been assigned for the singers. We 
 shall see, as we proceed, that what served as singing was of 
 a congregational character at that time. 
 
 There seems to have been little done in the way of repair- 
 ing the house until 1743, though the subject was frequently 
 agitated. In that year, it was voted " to make an addition to 
 the back-side of the Meeting-house, twelve feet the whole 
 length of said Meeting-house," and " to have a neAv ruff upon 
 the Meeting-house." It was also voted "to move the pulpit to 
 the back-side of the Meeting-house ; that the body of the 
 Meeting-house be repaired with the old clapboards that come 
 off the back-side of the Meeting-house; and also to have steps 
 at the door of the Meeting-house : " leaving the back-side, 
 probably, without clapboards. It was also voted " that the in- 
 side of the Meeting-house be sealed all around, up to the 
 plates, with good white-pine boards ; " and a hundred pounds, 
 old tenor, was granted towards finishing the house. The 
 difficulty, if not impossibility, of procuring lime at that time, 
 was doubtless the reason for making use of the style of inside 
 
 10 
 
7^ HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 finish which it was voted to adopt. The town still continued 
 to sell '' pew-grounds " for the erection of new pews, and fixed 
 the prices to be paid for the same ; the highest being twelve 
 pounds, old tenor, — something less than ten dollars of our 
 currency. 
 
 In 1754, the town voted to put up a '' sounding-board " over 
 the pulpit. It must have been, however, because a meeting- 
 house, at that day, was not deemed complete without this 
 appendage, — or because, as I suppose was the case, the inte- 
 rior was open to the rafters of the roof, — that the town 
 incurred the charge of such a structure in a house of no larger 
 dimensions ; and the impressions we thus derive from the 
 records of the town, as to the character of this house, were 
 more than confirmed by the statements of one who had been 
 familiar with it in childhood. 
 
 The contemplated enlargement was made ; but most of the 
 principal upright timbers which had supported the north 
 side of the house remained standing and exposed to view in 
 its new arrangement, and formed striking objects of notice, if 
 they did not add to the architectural symmetry of the design.''^ 
 Rough, uncouth, and uncomfortable as this structure must 
 have been, it was the only meeting-house belonging to the 
 town until 1784, when the present one was erected. 
 
 It was, moreover, the scene of gatherings and discussions 
 of the deepest local interest ; and, in later days, of high-toned 
 eloquence and patriotism, that would have honored a nobler 
 temple and a wider sphere. 
 
 It was here that the people met to elect and settle their 
 first minister ; it was here that they came together so often 
 afterwards to adopt measures to rid themselves of their 
 " bondage " to him ; and it was here that the fickle tide of 
 favor ebbed and rose in the popular mind towards one who 
 
 * In 1768, it was voted that Joseph Sargent, Benjamin Richardson, and Edward 
 Bond, be a Committee " to see northerly part of the roof of the Meeting-lionse decently- 
 repaired." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 75 
 
 stood towards them at one time as the pastor of a Christian 
 flock ; and, at another, as the bitter and vindictive adversary, 
 who again and again put at nought the instructions of the 
 apostle, as to going to law with his own church and his own 
 people. 
 
 The man selected by this church and people for cheir first 
 minister was the Rev. David Parsons. He then belonged to 
 Maiden, and had been settled there as a minister for twelve 
 years. He was brother of Rev. Joseph Parsons, who had 
 been a considerable landholder in Leicester ; and he had him- 
 self become a proprietor of the town.* His attention had 
 thus been directed towards it ; and his interest in its people 
 had been excited by the removal of several families from 
 Maiden, and their settling in the town. A difficulty, moreover, 
 had grown up between him and the society over which he 
 was settled ; and Mdien, therefore, by the recommendation 
 probably of his former townsmen, he was invited to settle 
 over the church and people of Leicester, he readily accepted 
 the call. 
 
 For the history of his connection with the society, I pro- 
 pose to confine myself almost exclusively to the recorded 
 proceedings of the town. I shall, in that way, be in less 
 danger of doing injustice to his memory, than by depending 
 upon traditions in respect to the unhappy controversies which 
 
 * Joseph and David were the grandsons of Joseph, the first of the name in the 
 country. He was in Springfield in 1636, and removed to Northampton in 1655, where 
 the Joseph here referred to was born in 1671. He was graduated at Harvard, 1697; and 
 was probably brought into connection with the Leicester proprietors by marrying 
 Elizabeth Thompson of Roxbury. He was settled as a minister in Lebanon, Conn.; 
 but left his parish before 1714, and removed to Boston, where he engaged extensively 
 in land speculations, was a grantee of Rutland, and puchased Richard Draper's share 
 in Leicester. He was one of the grantees in the settlers' half of the town, as pro- 
 prietor of lot No. 23. He was the owner of several other lots, on one of which he 
 caused a gristmill to be erected, — the first built in town, — upon the outlet of Town- 
 meadow Brook. He never resided in Leicester. About 1718, he was again settled as 
 a minister in Salisbury, Mass., where he remained till his death, in 1739, at the age of 
 sixty-nine. His son of the same name was the minister of North Brookfield. — Hisl. 
 Geneal. Register. 
 
76 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 imbittered the relation between them. These controversies 
 were chiefly of a personal character, and do not seem to 
 have partaken in the least of differences in religious opinions, 
 in imputations upon his moral character, his ability as a 
 preacher, or of the strife of political party. It would be 
 singular if there were not faults on both sides. 
 
 At the time of his removal to Leicester, he was about forty 
 years of age. He came there under the most flattering 
 auspices ; and there seems to have been no misgiving upon 
 the part of the people in settling him, as was the usual mode 
 at that time, for life. 
 
 The first vote on the subject is recorded upon the first 
 page of the town-records, in choosing a Committee " to lay 
 out the vacant land, lying northerly from Mr. Carey's, to Mr. 
 Parsons, if he settles among us." This land was upon the 
 North Road, leading over Carey Hill, and north of that hill, 
 next to land laid out to Arthur Carey ; and was afterwards 
 the ministerial land of the town. ■ 
 
 There had been, as the vote implies, a previous action on 
 the part of the town upon the subject of settling Mr. Parsons ; 
 and in the History of Spencer, by Mr. Draper, we find the 
 copies of two letters addressed to Mr. Parsons, which contain 
 a statement of the votes which had been adopted at a meet- 
 ing of the town, Nov. 28, 1720, about three months prior to 
 the vote above mentioned. It had been then " voted that the 
 Rev. David Parsons be our gospel minister ; that Mr. Parsons 
 have the forty-acre lot next the Meeting-house, and the right, 
 in quantity and quality, as other forty-acre lots drawn in after 
 division ; that Mr. Parsons have sixty pounds' settlement ; that 
 Mr. Parsons have sixty pounds' salary." 
 
 The second of these letters was addressed to him two days 
 after the passage of the above votes by six of the principal 
 men of the town, — Thomas Newhall, William Brown, James 
 Southgate, Ralf Earle, Daniel Denny, and Nathaniel Richard- 
 son, — and contrasts singularly with the sentiments which, at 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 77 
 
 a later period, were entertained towards him by some of these 
 men, and the people of the town generally. 
 
 "Rev. Sir, — We, with our heart and consent, do call and invite 
 you to be our settled minister in the work of the gospel amongst us, if 
 you see cause to accept, and see your way clear to remove. But, alas ! 
 if we reflect back upon ourselves, we cannot but see we are unwortliy 
 of so great a blessing. But, if you have such a blessing to bestow on 
 us as we hope you will be, we desire for ever to praise His name for 
 his goodness to usward." 
 
 This " blessing " was " bestowed " upon the town. Let its 
 own records -tell how they enjoyed it. In 1732, this same 
 Ralf Earle stands at the head of the list recorded as " of 
 the persuasion of those commonly called Quakers." 
 
 Mr. Parsons replied to the call of the town ; but his letter, 
 though it encouraged the hope that he might be induced to 
 accept, suggested such difficulties in the way, that thirty 
 individuals of the town addressed him a letter, in January, 
 1721, whereia they engaged to add forty pounds to his settle- 
 ment, and fifteen pounds a year to his salar}^ ; and conclude 
 their appeal to him by saying, " We do humbly beg a brief 
 and speedy relief under the difficulties which we have labored 
 under a long time." This seems to have overcome any remain- 
 ing scruples in Mr. Parsons's mind ; for a meeting was had, 
 upon the 30th of March following, " to come to an agreement 
 with the Rev. Mr. David Parsons as to his settling in the work 
 of the ministry among us, having formerly had a call to it." 
 
 Mr. Parsons, it appears, was then in waiting at the public- 
 house kept by Nathaniel Richardson, which stood where 
 Capt. Hiram Knight's house now stands. The meeting was, 
 accordingly, adjourned from the Meeting-house to that place, 
 " to discuss and agree with Mr. Parsons." — " It was proposed, 
 whether the town be of the mind now to come to an agree- 
 ment with the Rev. Mr. Parsons, you having formerly voted 
 him to be your minister. It passed in the affirmative." — "Mr. 
 Parsons being called in, it was desired that he would show 
 
78 HISTORY or LEICESTER. 
 
 how far his way was clear to leave Maiden ; upon which he 
 produced and read the judgment of a council of clerks favor- 
 ing his remove." — "It was proposed to Mr. Parsons, whether 
 he was ready to give his answer. Mr. Parsons did then show 
 his resolution, God assisting in giving opportunity, to serve 
 the town in the Avork of the ministry here at Leicester." 
 The town then proceeded to vote him the proposed forty-acre 
 lot " behind the Meeting-house," seventy-five pounds' salary, 
 and a hundred pounds " gratis," and to be at the expense of 
 removing his family and goods to Leicester. Every thing 
 seems to have passed harmoniously, and in the most hopeful 
 and contented spirit. 
 
 Soon after this, at Mr. Parsons's request, the town changed 
 the direction of the road leading north from the Meeting-house, 
 — which at first lay through the middle of his lot, — so as to 
 run along the west end of it, where it now is. This lot he 
 continued to own till just before his death ; and, by his own 
 direction, he was buried near the middle of it. His house 
 stood upon the south-east part of it. 
 
 But the town was poor, a considerable portion of the land 
 belonged to people residing abroad, and it was no easy matter 
 to provide for its current expenses. They applied to the 
 General Court to abate their share of the county-tax; and 
 every thing in their history, at that time, goes to show that 
 they found great difficulty in keeping up their town-organiza- 
 tion and meeting their engagements. It is not to be wondered 
 at, therefore, that they suffered their minister's salary, at 
 times, to be in arrear.* In 1726, it had been suffered to be 
 
 * To show that Mr. Parsons himself so understood the delays on the part of the 
 town in the payment of his salary, 1 transcribe a petition of his to the Legislature, 
 which is found in the printed journal of its proceedings under date of Dec. 7, 1725 : — 
 
 " A petition of Mr. David Parsons of Leicester, in behalf of himself and family, 
 showing that, by reason of the present Indian war, the said town of Leicester is reduced 
 to low circumstances, and unable to make provision for him for his support in the 
 ministry, which they would be able as well as willing, otherwise, to do; praying 
 that this Court would please to make him such allowance for his support, out of the 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 79 
 
 two 3^ears in arrear ; and they then proposed to give him a 
 bond for his salary for the year 1724. Among the extraordi- 
 nary expenses which they had been obliged to incur for his 
 protection and their own, was to erect a " garrison " around 
 his and some other houses, to guard against the threatened 
 attack of the Indians upon the town. 
 
 But the salary did not come. Hard feelings, and doubtless 
 hard words, ere long ensued between the parties ; and in 
 January, 1727, the town had a meeting "to see if the town 
 will raise Mr. Parsons's salar}^, or otherwise to see if they will 
 be willing that he should remove out of this town." It was 
 voted, " that the town be willing that Mr. Parsons should 
 remove and remain out of this town."* But Sinbad, in the 
 story, might as well have attempted to rid himself of the Old 
 Man of the Sea by a vote, as the people of Leicester to free 
 themselves from the burden they had assumed, by a hint like 
 this. Mr. Parsons had no idea of quitting either the town or 
 the ministry, or even relaxing his claim upon them for the 
 means of continuing both. 
 
 He accordingly memorialized the Legislature upon the sub- 
 ject, though it is not easy to see what they could do in the 
 matter. The town, on their part, in 1727, voted to raise his 
 salary ; appointed a Committee to answer his memorial ; and 
 applied, themselves, to the General Court for authority to 
 assess a tax of a penny an acre upon all the lands in the 
 
 public treasury, as to their wise compassion shall seem meet for the reasons therein 
 mentioned." 
 
 An allowance of ten pounds was made out of the public treasurj'- to the petitioner, 
 " the better to enable him to carry on the work of the ministry, and support his fatnily, 
 in Leicester." 
 
 * This was in consequence of a new memorial of Mr. Parsons to the Legislature, — 
 presented Dec. 2, 1726, — praying that the money heretofore raised for the ministry 
 there might be applied for the use for which it was granted, and that he miglit have 
 present support granted. The town was notified to show cause why the money granted 
 had not been paid. A hearing was had before a Committee; who reported, in June, 
 1727, that there was a sum in arrear from the town to Mr. Parsons, but that he had 
 a sufficient reoiedy for that by law; and recommended that the petition should be 
 dismissed. 
 
80 HISTORT OF LEICESTER. 
 
 eastern part of the town, divided and undivided, towards 
 defraying the town's charges. They proposed, moreover, 
 to Mr. Parsons, by way of settlement, to pay one-half his 
 arrearages (thirty-seven pounds ten shillings) in two months, 
 and the other half in four. Of these arrears, forty pounds 
 were for the years 1724 and 1725; and they proposed to 
 prosecute the collector for his neglect in not having collected 
 the tax of 1726. 
 
 Nothing, however, seems to have come of Mr. Parsons's 
 memorial, or this offer of compromise ; and the next step was 
 a complaint to the Quarter Sessions by Mr. Parsons against 
 the town for neglecting his support. It was attended with the 
 ordinary fruits of most lawsuits, — • ill blood and retaliatory 
 measures. The town met in January, 1729, to see if they 
 would any longer continue to support Mr. Parsons in the 
 work of the ministry in the town ; and, if not, " then to see if 
 the town will concur with the church in deposing Mr. Parsons 
 from the ministry in this place ; and to see what steps and 
 method the town will take for the upholding, supporting, 
 and the orderly and peaceable dispensation, of the gospel 
 ministry in this place." They thereupon voted not to support 
 him any longer, and that they would concur with the church 
 in deposing him ; and they voted to take measures to supply 
 the pulpit. But Mr. Parsons does not seem to have been an}'- 
 more moved by their vote not to support him, than he had 
 been by so long a practical neglect to supply him the means ; 
 and he seems, moreover, to have been one of those spirits 
 which it is not easy to lay. This vote to depose him pro- 
 duced no effect. 
 
 They next tried more peaceable and persuasive measures ; 
 and, in March of that year, met " to see what steps they 
 should take to settle and make up with Mr. Parsons." But he 
 would neither be deposed, settled with, nor " made up with," 
 by them ; but, instead of that, broiight a civil action for the 
 recovery of his salary, and attached the property of Lieut. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 81 
 
 Newhall (whose name stood first upon the letter above quoted, 
 asking for '■ so great a blessing " ) to respond the judgment he 
 should recover. This was followed by a second complaint 
 (in 1730) against the town to the Quarter Sessions. 
 
 The town, at last, grew nearly desjDerate. They met in 
 February, 1731, 'Ho see if the town will take into their further 
 consideration the complaints of J/r. [the Bev. is carefully 
 omitted] David Parsons, exhibited to the Quarter Sessions, 
 against this town ; who and which have caused a great deal 
 of disturbances, and have been greatly prejudicial to the 
 peace of this town, and very hurtful both to the civil and 
 religious interests thereof." Nothing seemed to be left for 
 them to do but to appeal for relief to the General Court, 
 '^ under the difficult circumstances which we labor under at 
 this time.""^ 
 
 One source of embarrassment, however, grew out of a 
 schism that was growing up in the town itself No quarrel, 
 in which considerable numbers are concerned, can be carried 
 on, any great length of time, all on one side. A part of the 
 inhabitants took sides with the minister: and, that it might 
 appear how they stood numerically upon the subject, it was 
 voted that a list should be prepared in two columns, to be sub- 
 
 * In JIarch, 1731, they accordingly petitioned the Legislature; and Mr. Parsons 
 made an answer. The Council voted, in June, to dismiss the petition: but the House 
 voted to hear the parties ; and a hearing was accordingly had before that body, and 
 the consideration of the petition postponed. At a subsequent time, they heard the 
 parties again upon the same subject, and then referred the matter to a Committee 
 of which Mr. Lynde (afterw.ards Chief-Justice Lynde) was chairman. On the 2.3d June, 
 1731, the Committee i-eported a resolve; upon which the House adopted a vote with a 
 long preamble, reciting that difficulties had arisen of long standing, and had " proceeded 
 to such a degree as greatly to prejudice the interest of religion, and disserve the ends 
 of the gospel ministry," &c. ; and that application had been made in the name of the 
 town, and of a great number — if not a major part — of the brethren of the church, for 
 relief. The vote provided for permitting any who conscientiously dissented from Mr. 
 Parsons's ministry, respecting points either of doctrine or discipline, to signify the 
 same to Joseph Wilder, Esq.,* and be exempt from taxation on his account when they 
 should have provided an orthodox minister, or diligently attended public worship in 
 neighboring towns, — saving Mr. Parsons's right to two hundred acres of land; &c. 
 
 * He WHS Judge of the Court of Coaimon Pleas, and belonged to Lancaster. 
 11 
 
82 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 scribed by all the inhabitants, — indicating whether they were 
 for or against ''his continuing in the Avork of the ministry," — 
 '' to be laid before his excellency, to inform him how many 
 in this town is for Mr. Parsons's continuing in the work of the 
 ministry, and how many against it ; " and Daniel Denny and 
 Samuel Green were to be despatched to the Governor for that 
 purpose. The subscription-paper was begun upon the spot : 
 and, as the record shows, ''after all persons that signed against 
 Mr. Parsons, the moderator made proclamation to desire any 
 person, that had been persuaded to sign to the subscription 
 contrary to their judgment and conscience, if any there were, 
 to come and take their names out again ; but they refused, 
 for they said they had acted conscientiously in the matter." 
 
 But the fates were singularly against the town in their 
 struggle to escape from the persevering pursuit of their un- 
 compromising pastor. The General Court passed a resolution 
 relieving them from any longer supporting Mr. Parsons ; but 
 the Governor refused to approve it, and a Committee of the 
 town was appointed to address him upon the subject. But it 
 was nothing new for Gov. Belcher to differ from the popular 
 branch of the Legislature, and Mr. Parsons probably felt 
 himself safe beneath the shelter of prerogative. 
 
 These events took place in 1731 ; and Mr. Parsons had, in 
 the mean time, obtained a judgment against the town upon 
 his complaint before the Quarter Sessions ; but the town, 
 instead of submitting, held a meeting to consider whether 
 they should apply to the General Court to allow them to 
 appeal from this judgment, " that so the town may have the 
 privilege of a trial in the common law."'^ 
 
 The Court of Quarter Sessions was one having criminal ju- 
 risdiction, held by all the justices of the peace in the several 
 counties, — every second man not being then a justice ; and 
 trials took place before a jury, with a right of appeal to a 
 
 * Draper's History, p. 81. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 83 
 
 higher court. It had also civil powers, — such as laying out 
 highways and taking charge of the financial matters of the 
 county ; wherein it did not act as a common-law court. By 
 the law as it then existed, if a town neglected to support their 
 minister, he might apply, by complaint, to this court, who 
 had authority to provide an effectual remedy, and impose a 
 fine upon the selectmen for this neglect ; and there was no 
 provision for any appeal, or trial by jury, in such a case.'^ 
 
 The General Court, however, had been prorogued before 
 the petition of the town reached them. But another meeting 
 was held by the town, in December of the same year, " to see 
 if the town would put in a memorial to the General Court for 
 to revive a petition which the town had put in, in hope of 
 being relieved from 3Ir. Farsons^s bondage ; or to see if the 
 town would proceed in any other way to put an end to 
 the diiferences which we are under in all our affairs." f 
 
 By one of those sudden revolutions in public sentiment so 
 common under democracies, whether small or large, — where 
 the man most berated to-day becomes the idol of to-morrow, 
 and vice versa, without, quite as often as with, cause, — the 
 whole tone of the votes of the town was changed. They voted 
 " not to send a memorial to revive said petition ; " " that the 
 former vote concerning Mr. Parsons's salary be reconsidered;" 
 '' that the former vote concerning Mr. Parsons's not being 
 paid should be null and void," and " that the vote passed 
 Jan. 21, 1728-9, that the town would no longer support Mr. 
 Parsons in the work of the ministry, be null and void ; " that 
 
 * Ancient Charters, p. 256. 
 
 t This petition was presented 28th July, 1731. It was in the name of the selectmen, 
 asking the Legislature to explain the Act as to supporting ministers; and that the 
 petitioners might have leave to appeal fnom a judgment obtained by the Rev. Mr. 
 Parsons against them, or that they might " have a hearing and trial c/e novo in a process 
 at common law," or any way by which they could have the benefit of a trial by jury; 
 and that the execution against them might be stayed. The House fixed a time for 
 hearing the petition, and ordered the execution to be stayed. On the 18th of the 
 following August, the petition was dismissed. — Journal of House of Rep. 
 
84 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 "the arrears of his salary be paid with all convenient speed;" 
 and that, " notwithstanding the vote passed the 25th January, 
 1728-9, Mr. Parsons is esteemed to be the regular settled 
 gospel minister in this town." They further voted to raise 
 money to satisfy the execution against the selectmen for 
 neglecting to pay Mr. Parsons's salary ; but, being unwilling 
 to countenance those who had opposed Mr. Parsons, they 
 excepted from this appropriation " the fine laid upon said 
 selectmen for their neglect." The selectmen were accord- 
 ingly left to pay out of their own moneys the penalty for 
 carrying out the votes of their constituents. 
 
 It might be more satisfactory to witness this retrocession 
 of the town, in their controversy with their minister, if there 
 was not pretty strong evidence that his friends and partisans 
 took his opponents by surprise in carrying this measure. 
 
 The meeting was adjourned ; and, when it was again con- 
 vened, there seems to have been a general rally of the forces 
 on both sides. The record says, that, upon the foregoing 
 votes being read, '* there appeared a number of men, and 
 desired to know how those votes came to be passed, and de- 
 sired to hear the warrant read. Some of them said they 
 never had been warned to such a meeting. The warrant 
 being read publicly, Capt. Green said he had not been warned 
 to the meeting, and that they had voted that that was not set 
 forth in the warrant ; and he, with several other men, desired 
 that the moderator would see if the town would not recon- 
 sider of those votes that were acted contrary to warrant, as 
 Capt. Green declared that he would enter his dissent against 
 the meeting as illegal. But the moderator wholly refused, 
 and said he would not put no such thing to vote, without 
 giving any other reason than ' I will not.' Then the mode- 
 rator, with other of the inhabitants, desired some particular 
 men to draw up some proposals to lay before the town, and 
 they would adjourn the meeting to hear these proposals and 
 consider on them." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 85 
 
 An adjournment was accordingly had ; and then, " the town 
 being convened and the proposals being read, Mr. Moderator 
 and Mr. Parsons, with some others of their com^jany, made 
 some unhandsome reflections, by reason that the proposals 
 did not suit them ; and so the moderator dissolved the meet- 
 ing." 
 
 These certainly look like rather high-handed measures. 
 The moderator who thus played the part of autocrat over this 
 little republic was Mr. Josiah Converse, and the triumph of 
 ^^ their company" was short-lived. In April, 1732, the town 
 voted that they w^ould not raise any money to pay Mr. Par- 
 sons's salary for the year 1731." But within a few months 
 the scale turned, and Mr. Converse was again chosen mode- 
 rator of a meeting, called, among other things, '' to see what 
 method the town will take to call in the town's money, so 
 that Mr. Parsons's arrears may be paid." 
 
 Before reading this article, the meeting was adjourned ; 
 and the town-clerk, who had made so full and circumstantial 
 a record of the action of the moderator at the former meet- 
 ing, probably anticipating what would be the action of the 
 adjourned meeting, staid away from it, and withheld his book 
 of records. 
 
 The people came together at ten o'clock ; and, in the words 
 of the record, " they tarried until about one of the clock : 
 and the town-clerk, who was Mr. Joshua Nichols, neglecting 
 his duty in bringing or sending the town book and papers 
 that was then in his hands, there could be nothing further 
 done in their affairs; and so the moderator dissolved this 
 meeting." 
 
 But Mr. Nichols staid away to no purpose. Mr. Converse's 
 star was more than ever in the ascendant, and his popularity 
 was well-nigh unbounded; for at the March meeting, in 1733, 
 he was chosen moderator, first selectman, town-clerk (thereby 
 superseding Mr. Nichols), town-treasurer, first assessor, and 
 a hog-reeve. 
 
86 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 In April, they " voted not to allow any part of the money 
 assessed upon the land for the five years past to be disposed 
 of to any other use than to pay Mr. Parsons, until all his 
 arrears are paid." 
 
 In May, Mr. Converse's cup of honor was made full by 
 his election to the General Court. But though there was an 
 armistice, so far as Mr. Parsons was concerned, there seemed 
 to have grown up a bad state of feeling in the town, which 
 showed itself by the multiplied lawsuits which were com- 
 menced about this time (1733). Thomas Newhall had one 
 suit against the town, Thomas Richardson and Steward South- 
 gate had three ; and the toAvn was indicted again for the want 
 of a schoolmaster. 
 
 The quarrel between Mr. Parsons and the town had been 
 so long continued, and had become so scandalous in the 
 public mind, that the people of the neighboring towns were 
 inclined to interpose to put a stop to them ; and " six Worces- 
 ter gentlemen, appointed to come into Leicester to see if thej" 
 can reconcile the differences between Mr. Parsons and the 
 town," paid a visit to the town for that purpose. This led to 
 the appointment of a Committee on the part of Leicester, who 
 waited upon Mr. Parsons, " and had discourse with him con- 
 cerning his laying down the gospel ministry amongst us." 
 
 The proposition was favorably received, and mutual pro- 
 posals for a settlement were adopted, which were ratified 
 on the part of the town, and resulted in calling a mutual 
 council to dissolve the connection between Mr. Parsons and 
 his people. This action took place in January, 1735; and 
 in March the council met, and came to a result which was 
 accepted on the part of the town ; and Mr. Parsons thereupon 
 ceased to be their pastor. But he did not cease to make 
 his presence known and felt in that communit3^ 
 
 In May following, the town were called together " to see if 
 they would come into some effectual measures to prevent 
 Mr. Parsons Encroaching upon the ministry lot or town land. 
 
HISTORY or LEICESTER. 87 
 
 or making- strip or waste on tlie timber that groweth there- 
 on." The next year, the town raised thirty pounds to " pay 
 Mr. Lynde the court- charges which he had been put to 
 by Mr. Parsons, about the way that went over Gary's Hill ; " 
 though what Mr. Lynde had done which had aggrieved Mr. 
 Parsons does not appear. 
 
 Though we shall have occasion to recur to Mr. Parsons 
 again, it is a relief to bring to an end the narrative of these 
 protracted details of strife and bitterness.* The contrast 
 which will appear in their personal and official character- 
 istics, between him and his successor, might serve as an 
 interesting study in the science of human nature. 
 
 Where the blame lay, in the origin of the feelings of aliena- 
 tion which gave rise to such disreputable transactions, it is 
 unnecessary now to attempt to settle ; nor is there any occa- 
 sion to impute bad motives or dishonest intentions to either 
 party. It is but an instance and an illustration of what is 
 witnessed every day, in every age, of passion and will uncon- 
 sciously putting on the guise of conscience and duty ; and 
 the man, be he minister or be he layman, really thinking he 
 is battling for truth and right, when, in fact, intent only upon 
 a party success, or a personal triumph over an enemy. 
 
 The whole history of Mr. Parsons's connection with this 
 people, up to his death in 1743, is a sad one. He carried to 
 the grave the feelings of bitterness which had been engen- 
 
 * By records discovered since the above was written, it would appear, that, soon 
 after his dismissal, Mr. Parsons removed to Belchertown, then called Cold Spring, and 
 resided there a few years, and where a son of his settled permanently. While there, 
 in 1737, he commenced two actions against the town; I suppose, for arrears of salary. 
 What the result of these was does not appear. The town made a defence, and, as 
 appears by their records, paid their agents ten shillings per day for their time and 
 expenses in attending court, and " forty shillings which they paid the attorneys." 
 
 I find a deed from " David Parsons, formerly of Leicester, now of Cold Spring, clerk," 
 to James Lawton, jun., of Leicester, saddler, dated November, 1739, of "forty acres of 
 land, lying on both sides of the brook where the said David Parsons built a mill, with 
 the said mill (being a gristmill) and the appurtenances." This mill stood at the outlet 
 of the Town Meadow. Mr. Parsons, however, soon chose to return to the battle- 
 ground he had so long occupied, where he contiiuied to reside till his death. 
 
88 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 clered in his controversy with the town ; and was buried, by 
 his special direction, on his own land, apart from the graves 
 of his people. He was unwilling that his ashes should repose 
 by the side of those Avith whom he had worshipped in the 
 sanctuary, and to whom he had broken the consecrated bread. 
 His grave, once visible in a mowing-field, about thirty rods 
 north of the present Meeting-house, has been levelled b}^ the 
 ploughshare ; and the headstone, with his name inscribed 
 upon it, no longer serves, as it did for more than a century, 
 as a monument of human frailty.* 
 
 It is pleasant, therefore, to turn to the brief history of his 
 successor, — the Rev, David Goddard. 
 
 There was, however, an interval of more than a year be- 
 tween the dismission of Mr. Parsons and the settlement of 
 Mr. Goddard. It required some time, in fact, to overcome 
 the state of things, in respect to the religious interest of the 
 town, which had been produced by these protracted difficul- 
 ties and disputes with Mr. Parsons. The Meeting-house, 
 never in complete order, had been suffered to fall into such 
 general dilapidation, that it required an expenditure of ten 
 pounds merely to repair the glass in its windows, before it 
 could be considered fit for the use of a new minister. 
 
 * Since the above was written, a question arose, which could not he settled by 
 record, when Mr. Parsons died. The published genealogy of the family states the 
 time as 1737 ; but a deed was found, bearing date 1743, signed by him. I induced 
 the friend who has aided me so much in preparing this work to make search for his 
 headstone. It was ascertained that it had been used, in building a chimney in a house 
 erected several j-ears since, as a covering-stone for the ash-pit; and it was concluded 
 to look into this, and see if the name might not be legible. I copy the note I received 
 on the subject. " I sent a man's head into the ash-hole of the house, &c., the other 
 day, for his shoulders could not be admitted; and, as good luck would have it, the Rev. 
 Mr. Parsons's gravestone happened to be right-side downward, and the following 
 inscription could be read : ' In memory of Rev. Mr. David Parsons, who, after many 
 years of hard labor and sufTering, was laid here, Oct. 12, 1743, aged sixty-three.' 
 " ' Sarah Parsons died June y' 17, 1759, aged seventy-three.' " 
 
 It may be no place to moralize on a subject like this ; but it is certainly enough to 
 cause one to pause and ask, " What is fame '? " when the only record of the decease of a 
 man who filled so important a sphere, and was the founder of so widely spread and 
 honorably distinguished a familj', is found in such a place, and devoted to such a 
 service. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 89 
 
 In this interval, preaching was supported by contributions 
 taken up from sabbath to sabbath ; and the pulpit was supplied 
 a part of the time by a Mr. Rice. The cliurch and societ}^, 
 during that time, set apart a day of fasting and prayer for 
 direction from on high, in regard to a successor to Mr. Par- 
 sons ; and on the 30th January, 1736, they gave Mr. Goddard 
 a call to settle. They offered him three hundred pounds as a 
 settlement, and a hundred pounds per year as a salary so 
 long as he should remain their minister. The form of the 
 vote indicated an intention to avoid the life obligation, which 
 they would have been understood as assuming towards him 
 if the offer had been unlimited or unqualified in its terms. 
 They had learned from their recent experience to be chary 
 in forming life alliances even in so sacred a relation. 
 
 He accepted the invitation in a brief and pertinent answer, 
 wherein, among other things, he expressed a wish that the 
 church might be governed by the rules adopted by the New- 
 England churches in the Cambridge Platform of 1648. He 
 was ordained June 30, 1736; and remained their pastor until 
 his death, Jan. 19, 1754. He lived in a house belonging to 
 him, upon the east side of the Charlton E.oad, near, and as is 
 supposed in front of, the house where Mrs. Hobart lives, but 
 which disappeared before the memory of any one now alive.* 
 His salary was often in arrear ; but a spirit of Christian 
 forbearance on his part led to a corresponding concession 
 upon the part of the town, who repeatedly added fifty pounds 
 to his salary, in the way of an appreciation of his claims 
 upon their consideration, for these delays and the great 
 dej)reciation of the currency. His connection with his people 
 was uniformly kindly and happy on both sides ; and his sud- 
 den and early death, at the age of forty-seven, was deeply 
 lamented as the loss of a faithful minister and good man. 
 
 * He bought this of John Curtice of Leicester, in IMarch, 1736. The parcel con- 
 tained fifty acres, a small house and barn thereon, bounded south by lands formerly of 
 .luraes Jiickson and Benjamin Johnson. 
 
 12 
 
90 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Mr. Goddard was born in Framingham, Sept. 26, 1706. 
 He was the son of Hon. Edward Goddard, Avho, at one time, 
 was a member of the Councih He was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1731, and married Mrs. Mary Stone of Watertown for his 
 first wife, in 1736 ; and, for his second, Mrs. Martha Nichols 
 of Framingham, in 1753, less than one month before his death. 
 His death occurred while he was upon a visit at Framingham, 
 during what was knoAvn there as the " great sickness." It 
 prevailed with great mortality in that and the neighboring 
 towns of Holliston and Sherborn, and carried off the father 
 and mother of Mr. Goddard within a month after his death. 
 His widow married again, and removed to Framingham ; and 
 I am not aware that he left any family in Leicester. 
 
 After the death of Mr. Goddard, the pulpit was supplied by 
 occasional preachers, who seem to have visited the town on 
 horseback. I find XI 7. 10s. appropriated to pa}^ for the enter- 
 tainment of these ministers, and £18 for that of their horses. 
 
 The Rev. Joseph Roberts was invited in July, after Mr. 
 Goddard's death, to settle over the church and society ; and 
 in his answer accepting the call, which is too long to copy 
 here, that sordid love of money, which became his ruling 
 passion, is strangely mixed up with professions of a devoted- 
 ness to God and his service. 
 
 The town voted him a settlement of £133. 6s. 3d. silver 
 money, and £66. 13s. 8d. per annum salary, in silver money 
 at 6s. 8d. per ounce. Though nominally a less sum than 
 that paid to his predecessor, it must have been considerably 
 more in value, by reason of the difference between silver and 
 Province bills, which constituted almost the entire currency 
 of the Province at the time of Mr. Goddard's settlement. 
 At that time, silver was worth 27s. 6d. per ounce ; though it 
 rose at one time before his death to 60s. per ounce. 
 
 Provision was made by the town for the entertainment, at 
 the ordination of Mr. Roberts, of " ministers, messengers, and 
 scholars." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 91 
 
 Ordinations were made, in fact, at that time and for more 
 than half a century afterwards, occasions for a general fes- 
 tivity and unbounded hospitality on the part of the people 
 of the town where it was to occur. Ministers were settled 
 for life ; and it was a great marriage-feast, to which every 
 door, however humble, was opened. It became a holiday for 
 all the surrounding country; and no man, though he were 
 a stranger, was suffered to depart from the town, without 
 having shared at the hospitable board of some of its people. 
 
 For some reason, the ordination was postponed until Oct. 23, 
 1754. 
 
 Though a bachelor, he purchased, and at first lived upon, 
 a large tract of land in the westerly part of the town, 
 where Mr. Robert Watson resided : but, in 1760, he pur- 
 chased the estate where Rev. Mr. May lives ; which was 
 afterwards owned and occupied by Rev. Mr. Conklin, his 
 successor. 
 
 He was settled under favorable auspices ; was a man of 
 good natural powers of mind, and of respectable attainments 
 in scholarship. But there were inherent defects in his moral 
 and mental organization, which soon brought him into differ- 
 ences with his people. He was grasping and avaricious, and 
 manifested far more eagerness to gain and save money than to 
 win the favor of those over whom he was settled. The con- 
 sequence was, that, as early as 1762, a council was called to 
 settle the difficulties which had grown up in the society. 
 The only part taken in the measure, by the town, was to make 
 provision for the entertainment of the council ; while the 
 church prepared, and laid before the council, a statement 
 of their grievances. In view of these, a dissolution of the 
 connection between them and their pastor was recommended ; 
 and he was accordingly dismissed Dec. 14, 1762, though very 
 much against his will. He very soon after sold his estate in 
 Leicester, and removed to Weston ; where he lived to the age 
 of ninety-one, and died April 30, 1811. 
 
92 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Mr. Roberts was born in very humble life, in Boston, in 
 1720. He Avas graduated at Cambridge in 1741. In a class of 
 twenty-five, he ranked, in dignity of family, the twenty-second 
 of the number. The struggles to which he was probably 
 subjected while obtaining his education might perhaps have 
 developed that sordid love of hoarding which characterized 
 him in the latter part of his life. 
 
 After his removal to Weston, he preached occasionally, but 
 was never settled. The difficulties with the mother-country 
 coming on, he took an active part in the political agitations of 
 the day ; and was, at one time, a member of the Committee 
 of the town for the purpose of enlisting and providing soldiers 
 for the army. He was a member, and took an active part in 
 the deliberations, of the convention which framed our State 
 Constitution in 1779. He was frequently, afterwards, a repre- 
 sentative from Weston in the General Court. 
 
 He engaged in business with a cunning and unscrupulous 
 speculator; whereby he became involved in several expensive 
 and harassing lawsuits, and lost a considerable part of his 
 estate. This soured his temper and imbittered his life : he 
 became a miser and a misanthrope. He suffered himself to be 
 imprisoned for a debt growing out of his connection with the 
 speculator above mentioned, and remained in prison tAvo or 
 three years, until his creditor was glad to compromise the 
 debt. He had, at the same time, bags of money lying in his 
 house ; Avhich were found after his death, and had been so long 
 hoarded there, that they Avere too much decayed to hold their 
 contents upon being raised from the place of their deposit. 
 He died, as he had lived, like a beggar. He had for years 
 denied himself the necessaries of life, and not an article 
 of his Avardrobe was fit for the tenant of an alms-house. 
 Such was the sequel of the life of a man who Avas possessed 
 of more than ordinary natural poAvers, educated to a liberal 
 profession, once the pastor of a respectable religious societ}^, 
 and Avho, Avith nobody but himself to care for, sacrificed his 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 93 
 
 reputation, his influence, and his comfort, to a sordid love 
 of useless and unused gold. 
 
 The successor of Mr. Roberts was the Rev. Benjamin 
 Conklin. He was invited to become the pastor of the church 
 and society, in August, 1763 ; and was ordained Nov. 23 
 of that year. At his ordination, the Rev. Mr. Forbes of 
 Brookfield made the introductory prayer, Rev. Mr. Maccarty 
 of Worcester preached the sermon. Rev. Mr. Buckmiuster of 
 Rutland gave the charge, and the Rev. Mr. Davis of Holden 
 gave the right hand of fellowship. His salary was fixed at 
 the same sum as Mr. Roberts's had been ; and provision was 
 made for the entertainment of ^' ministers, scholars, and gentle- 
 men,''^ at the ordination. 
 
 A connection thus formed continued with mutual satis- 
 faction for thirty years ; and was another illustration of a 
 familiar observation, that a man may be useful and influential 
 without being great. He was never distinguished for brilliancy 
 or originality as a preacher, but always maintained a respec- 
 table rank in his profession, and exercised a marked and salu- 
 tary influence among his people. 
 
 Mr. Conklin was a native of Southhold, L.I. ; and was born 
 in 1732. He was graduated at Princeton, N.J., in 1755. His 
 manners were easy and familiar, and his conversation was 
 enlivened with humor and pleasant anecdote. In one respect, 
 he was fortunate : his sympathies were all in favor of the 
 movements which resulted in the Revolution, and the ardor 
 of his temperament harmonized with the popular enthusiasm 
 that prevailed in the community in which he moved. A dis- 
 satisfaction had grown up in one of the neighboring towns, 
 with their minister, on account of his want of fervor and 
 animation ; and some one gravely advised that he should 
 exchange with Mr. Conklin, that the people might be supplied 
 with all they wanted of either.* 
 
 * The following illustrative anecdote of Mr. Conklin has been recently told me. 
 He was of that class of ministers who are called liberal in their views, because they 
 
94 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 It was a time when all ranks and professions were engrossed 
 by the calls of patriotism ; and none lent a more willing ear 
 to these than Mr. Conklin. At one time, he was a member 
 of a patriotic convention ; at another, one of the Committee of 
 Correspondence of the town ; and, at all times, he was an 
 active and zealous advocate of the popular cause. This might 
 have arisen partly from the character of the parishioners by 
 whom he was surrounded. Among them was an unusually 
 large number of prominent and leading men upon the same 
 side in politics. The names of Henshaw, Denny, Allen, 
 Washburn, Brown, and Newhall, will at once occur to any 
 one at all familiar with the history of the town. On the other 
 hand, with the exception of Judge Steel, I doubt if there was 
 a loyalist to be found in the town. 
 
 When the State Government had been established, Mr. 
 Conklin was found an equally decided advocate for its sup- 
 port. This rendered him so much an object of jealousy and 
 disfavor on the part of the insurgents, at the time of " Shay's 
 Rebellion," that he was repeatedly obliged to fly from his own 
 house, and conceal himself, in order to escape the violence 
 with which he was threatened. 
 
 He married Mrs. Lucretia Lawton, the widow of Dr. Pliny 
 Lawton of Leicester, in 1769 ; by whom he had three children, 
 — two sons and one daughter. 
 
 In his person he was large, and rather inclined to corpu- 
 lency. For many years before his death, he was afflicted with 
 a painful and incurable disease ; which induced him to ac- 
 cept a proposition from his people to pay him a gratuity 
 of a hundred and seventy pounds, exempt his property from 
 taxation, and have his connection as their pastor dissolved. 
 
 are willing to think they should not harm the people of another society by preaching 
 in their pulpit. One who differed from him in this sentiment remonstrated with him 
 
 upon his error, and closed by saying, " Mr. Conklin, would you preach in Mr. 's 
 
 pulpit V" — "Yes," was the ready reply: "I would preach on Mars' Hill, if I could get 
 a chance." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 95 
 
 The arrangement was carried out by a council, consisting 
 of Drs. Sumner of Shrewsbury, and Austin and Bancroft of 
 Worcester ; who bore testimony to his high character as a 
 clergyman and a citizen. This took place in June, 1794. The 
 separation was with kindly feelings on both sides ; and the 
 town, in a vote expressive of their sentiments towards him, 
 tendered him their thanks for his useful and arduous services, 
 and their sympathies for his declining health and increasing 
 infirmities. 
 
 He lost his wife, who died of dropsy, in March, 1793 ; 
 and his own death took place Jan. 30, 1798, in the sixty- 
 seventh year of his age. A part of the epitaph inscribed 
 upon his headstone had been selected by himself, and is as 
 follows : — ■ 
 
 " Hie jacet Benjamin Conklin M., in " expectatione diei supremi. 
 Qualis erat, dies iste indicabit." 
 
 Mr. Conklin lived in a house which stood where the Rev. 
 Mr, May now lives. His land extended westward as far as 
 the Common, and the lane leading to the house formerly 
 occupied by Mr. Parsons. The house was, I presume, as old 
 as any in town, if not the oldest ; and was probably erected 
 by Mr. Samuel Stebbings, to whom lot No. 1 — on which it 
 stood — was allotted in the first division of the town. It was 
 afterwards owned by Mr. Larkin, from whom it passed to Mr. 
 Roberts, and from him to Mr. Conklin. Ebenezer Adams, 
 Esq., next owned the house : he moved into it in 1800, and 
 thoroughly repaired it. Mr. Luther Wilson purchased the 
 place of Mr. Adams. Mr. Alpheus Smith owned it, and lived 
 there many years after Mr. Wilson's removal, and enlarged 
 and repaired it ; and, at last, the house was removed by the 
 Rev. Mr. May to make room for his present much more 
 elegant mansion. 
 
 After the dismission of Mr. Conklin, Mr. James Tufts was 
 employed to preach for the society, and was invited to settle 
 
96 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 as their minister. But, there being some opposed to his 
 settlement, he declined the call, and was afterwards, in 1795, 
 settled over a society in Wardsborough, Yt. ; where he long 
 sustained the character of a useful and faithful minister, until 
 his death a few years since. 
 
 After this, the Rev. Dr. Appleton, afterwards President of 
 Bowdoin College, preached here, and received a unanimous 
 invitation to become the pastor of the society ; and it was a 
 matter of great regret on the part of the people that he 
 declined their invitation. 
 
 After Dr. Appleton, the Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore was 
 employed to supply the pulpit ; and, by a unanimous vote 
 of the society, was invited to settle as their minister, in Octo- 
 ber, 1797, upon a salary of four hundred dollars a year. He 
 accepted the call, and was ordained Jan. 10, 1798. The Rev. 
 Mr. Pope of Spencer made the introductory prayer ; Rev. Dr. 
 Backus of Somers, with whom he had studied divinity, 
 preached the sermon ; Rev. Dr. Sumner of Shrewsbury 
 made the consecrating prayer ; Rev. Dr. Fiske of Brookfield 
 gave the charge ; Dr. Austin of Worcester, the right hand of 
 fellowship ; and the Rev. Mr. Mills of Sutton, the concluding 
 prayer. 
 
 He married Miss Phebe Drury, — daughter of Thomas Dru- 
 ry, Esq., of Ward, now Auburn, — Feb. 27, 1799; and lived in 
 the house, now of Mr. Edward Knowles, at the corner of 
 Charlton and Great Post Road, which had been erected a 
 few years before by Joseph Washburn. 
 
 He remained the minister of the towm until Oct. 28, 1811 ; 
 when, having been appointed Professor of Languages in 
 Dartmouth College, he asked and obtained a dismission from 
 his people, to their universal regret. In his position as 
 minister of this people, he exerted an influence and com- 
 manded a respect, which every one was ready to acknow- 
 ledge, and which has rarely been surpassed. He left town 
 on the 1st November, 1811, attended by a large number of 
 
X. &i:07,cli6r s UtS 
 
 XJy^y^- ^^- 
 
 -? ^ 
 
 ^^^-t^-y-eL 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 97 
 
 his parishioners and friends in carriages, who escorted liim 
 several miles from the town ; while the children of the 
 schools, ranged by the side of the road along which he was 
 to pass, paid their simple testimony of respect, and of sorrow 
 at his departure, by standing with saddened countenances 
 and uncovered heads as the procession passed slowly by 
 them. 
 
 Dr. Moore filled too many important stations, besides that 
 of pastor of this church, to be passed over with a mere men- 
 tion of his connection with the town. 
 
 He was born in Palmer, Nov. 20, 1770. His mother was a 
 Swift, from Sandwich, from whom he took his name ; she 
 having been the daughter of Zephaniah Swift. His father 
 was a farmer ; and, being in somewhat straitened circum- 
 stances, removed to Wilmington, Vt., then a new settlement, 
 Avhen this son was about seven or eight years old. Here the 
 son was employed upon the farm until he was about eighteen 
 years of age, with only limited means of cultivating his 
 mind. At that time, he began to attend the Academy at 
 Bennington; and, the next year, offered himself for admission 
 to Dartmouth College. He took at once a prominent rank in 
 his class, and maintained it by strong natural poAvers of mind, 
 improved by close and constant devotion to study. He was 
 graduated in 1793, with a high reputation for sound learning 
 and scholarship. 
 
 After leaving college, he taught an academy in London- 
 derr}^ N.H., for one year. He then commenced the study 
 of theology with the Rev. Dr. Backus of Somers, Conn. ; 
 for, it will be recollected, this was before the days of theo- 
 logical seminaries in our country. He was licensed to preach, 
 Feb. 3, 1796. 
 
 Passing over his connection with the people of Leicester, — 
 except to say, that one year, while minister there, he filled 
 tlie place of Preceptor of the Academy with great accept- 
 ance, — he remained connected with Dartmouth College until 
 
 13 
 
98 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 the autumn of 1815 ; when he was elected to the presidency 
 of WilHams College, made vacant by the resignation of Dr. 
 Fitch. He remained at the head of that college until 1821 ; 
 when he accepted the place of President of Amherst Colle- 
 giate Institution, which, after his death, was incorporated as a 
 college. In 181G, he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity 
 from his Alma Mater. In 1818, he preached the Election Ser- 
 mon before the government of the State ; and was, for several 
 years before his death, a member of the Board of Commission- 
 ers for Foreign Missions. 
 
 He died June 30, 1823, at the age of fifty-two, in the midst 
 of his vigor, usefulness, and honors. His wife survived until 
 .1857. 
 
 Dr. Moore left but few publications, and these were princi- 
 pahy occasional sermons. Like most of the public men in 
 New England, he built up his success by his own exertions. 
 He sometimes amused his friends b}^ tracing what he plea- 
 santly called the causes of his success. 
 
 His sister had married the Rev. Mr. Mills of Sutton. Soon 
 after being licensed, he made a journey to Sutton to visit her. 
 This was extended several days beyond its intended limit, by 
 reason of his horse becoming lame and unable to travel. It 
 was during this delay that Miss Drury, who was a friend of the 
 family of Mrs. Mills, came there upon a visit. This accidental 
 interview led to a visit on his part to the young lady, at her 
 father's : and, while there, the people of Leicester invited 
 him to preach for them; and, being pleased Avith, settled him. 
 Here he formed an intimate acquaintance with Mr. (after- 
 wards Professor) Adams, which grew into a strong and ardent 
 friendship. Mr. Adams, after residing a while at Exeter and 
 Portland, became a professor in Dartmouth College in 1809; 
 and when, by the death of Professor Hubbard, and Mr. 
 Adams's appointment to succeed him, there was a vacancy in 
 the office which he had been filling for the year then past, he 
 recommended and induced the trustees to elect Mr. Moore to 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 99 
 
 the professorship. And thus, in the order of sequences as 
 traced by himself, he owed his election to the presidency of a 
 college to the opportune sickness of the animal he rode. 
 
 In whatever situation Dr. Moore was placed, he showed 
 that he had a fitness and capacity for filling it with honor and 
 usefulness. Though he was a profound thinker, and his turn 
 of mind was decidedly metaphysical, his style was remarkably 
 simple and clear, and his sermons were adapted to the taste 
 and comprehension of his hearers. His manner was dignified, 
 calm, and self-possessed. The tones of his voice were clear 
 and pleasant, but not loud ; nor did he in the pulpit ever 
 attempt to play the orator, although he invariably commanded 
 the attention of his hearers. There was a great sweetness 
 of manner in his intercourse with others, especiall}' towards 
 the young; but underlying this was a firmness of purpose, 
 an indomitable resolution of spirit, which no discouragement 
 could daunt or defeat. He was eminently fitted for the ofiice of 
 a teacher and manager of a literary institution : the accuracy 
 of his knowledge, the clearness of his apprehension, the plain 
 and simple manner of communicating his ideas to others, 
 his great tact in understanding character, with his uniform 
 urbanity of manner, were qualities which he possessed, as a 
 college-officer, to a degree rarely excelled. However others 
 might have differed from him in respect to measures, no man 
 could deny his eminent claims for consistent piety, great 
 executive talent, and profound sagacity ; nor hesitate to ac- 
 cord to him the qualities of a gentleman, a companion, and a 
 friend, as well as a faithful servant of the Master he professed 
 to serve. He left no children; and the results of a life of 
 prudence and industry were devoted to the college to whose 
 early success he gave the best energies of his life. 
 
 It is now near half a century since Dr. Moore's connection 
 with Leicester ceased ; but the silent, indirect influence of 
 such a man's teachings and example might have been traced, 
 in the moral and intellectual tone of that community, for many 
 
100 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 years after his voice had ceased to be heard in their pulpit, 
 their schools, and their social circles. His memory is still 
 one of the historical treasures of which the town has so 
 goodly a store in the recollections of the past. 
 
 The Rev. John Nelson was invited to preach as a candidate, 
 by the society, the week following Dr. Moore's departure from 
 town. An invitation to settle there was soon tendered to him; 
 and on the 4th March, 1812, he was ordained, upon a salary 
 of four hundred and fifty dollars per annum. The ordination- 
 services were performed by the Rev. Dr. Bancroft ; Dr. 
 Austin, who preached the sermon ; Mr. Avery of Holden ; 
 Mr. Pope of Spencer ; Mr. Whipple of Charlton ; and Mr. 
 Mills of Sutton, who, it will be recollected, had taken part 
 with Dr. Austin and Mr. Pope in the ordination of his prede- 
 cessor. 
 
 Happily, the time has not yet come, — and long may it be 
 delayed ! — when it is proper to speak of Mr. Nelson with the 
 fulness of detail in which the living may indulge when recall- 
 ing the virtues and excellences of one upon whose character 
 Death has set his seal. 
 
 He was born in Hopkinton, He removed at an early age, 
 with his father, to Worcester. He was graduated at Williams 
 College in 1807, and was afterwards a tutor in that college 
 for the year 1809-10. He studied theology with the Rev. Dr. 
 Austin of Worcester. He married Zebiah, daughter of Abi- 
 jah Bigelow, Esq., of Barre, May 4, 1812. From 1826 to 1833, 
 he was a trustee of Williams College; and, in 1843, received 
 the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from that college. 
 
 The amount of salary paid to Dr. Nelson was increased from 
 time to time, in order to meet in some measure the rapidly 
 increasing expenses of living; which, within the period since 
 he was settled, have more than doubled, by a comparison of 
 prices paid, and the style demanded by the customs of social 
 life. 
 
 In consequence of impaired health, the society of Dr. Nelson 
 
ji'i/'iPi!''!: ;! L.i' 
 
 / C <y- y /y- /I /i 
 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 101 
 
 thought proper to call, as a colleague to his aid, the Rev. 
 Andrew Clark Denison, who accepted the invitation ; and on 
 the 4th March, 1851, — on the thirty-ninth anniversary of Dr. 
 Nelson's ordination, — he was ordained as such. He was to 
 receive six hundred dollars as salary, while Dr. Nelson was 
 to be paid the sum of four hundred dollars ; each of which 
 was afterwards increased by an additional hundred dollars a 
 year. 
 
 Though the vigor of his early manhood and middle life had 
 been spent, and enfeebled health had diminished his capacity 
 for labor, the society would have done great injustice to them- 
 selves, as well as to him, if they could have suffered him to 
 be left unprovided for in his age. The instances, however, 
 are not rare, Avhere the claims of an old and faithful servant 
 have been forgotten by the generation that have taken the 
 place of those upon whose invitation he united his fortunes 
 with a parish whose interests he had labored to advance. 
 The harmony that has prevailed, hitherto, in the society, is 
 the best guaranty that a life of usefulness and devotion to 
 the cause of his Master will be cheered to its close by the 
 reciprocal regard of an appreciative people. Whoever shall 
 complete this work will speak of one, who, for almost fifty 
 years, has ministered to this people as the faithful pastor, 
 the useful citizen, and the Christian gentleman. 
 
 Mr. Denison was born in Hampton, Conn. ; was graduated 
 at Yale College in 1847 ; and studied theology at the semi- 
 naries in East Winsor, Conn., and New York. He remained 
 the colleague -pastor with Dr. Nelson until March, 1856 ; 
 when, at his own request, he was dismissed. His connec- 
 tion with the society was mutually pleasant and agreeable ; 
 and the dissolution of their connection was upon satisfactory 
 terms, and with harmonious feelings. 
 
 Mr. Denison was succeeded by the Rev. Amos H. Cooledge, 
 who was ordained as colleague with Dr. Nelson, April 21, 
 1857. He was born in Sherburn, Mass., Aug. 17, 1827 ; 
 
102 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 graduated at Amherst College, 1853 ; and at Andover Theo- 
 logical Seminary in 1856. He is still the associate-pastor of 
 the society. 
 
 As the law stood for a hundred years or more after the 
 incorporation of the town, its parochial affairs were managed 
 by the town, under its municipal organization, although 
 there was a society of Friends, and also of Baptists, which 
 had early withdrawn from the original religious society of 
 the town. The town held its meetings in the Meeting-house. 
 The society's meetings were called by officers of the town, 
 and the record of its proceedings was preserved as part of 
 those of the town. 
 
 In 1826, however, the town took measures to provide 
 themselves with a public hall. It was dedicated on the 
 1st January, 1827 ; on Avhich occasion a public address was 
 delivered by Emory Washburn. It was built in connection 
 with the Leicester Bank ; occupying the upper story of a 
 building which stood, substantially, where the present Town 
 Hall stands. 
 
 This, having become inadequate for the accommodation of 
 the town, was removed to its present position, a little south 
 of the public-house; and, in 1854, the present commodious 
 and expensive structure was erected in its place. 
 
 In the mean time, the members of Dr. Nelson's society, as 
 the First Parish, applied to Emory Washburn, Esq., as a justice 
 of the peace, to call a meeting of the same, for the purpose of 
 organizing them as a parish ; and upon the 9th of February, 
 1833, a meeting was held, by virtue of a warrant issued upon 
 this application, and a body corporate was, accordingly, organ- 
 ized as the First Parish in Leicester, who have since had 
 their own records and managed their own affairs. 
 
 A history of the first meeting-house in town was attempted 
 in the first part of the present chapter ; and it seems proper, 
 in this connection, to give some account of the edifice that 
 succeeded it. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 103 
 
 It is hardly necessary to repeat to what extent the first 
 house had become unsuited to the convenience, comfort, and 
 taste of the people. The burdens assumed by and imposed 
 upon the town during the war precluded the idea of volun- 
 tarily incurring that of erecting a new meeting-house ; but, 
 immediately on the return of peace, the attention of the 
 inhabitants was turned to supplying so urgent a want. 
 
 The building was raised in the first week of July, 1784; 
 and was placed a little in the rear of the former one. In 
 size it was substantially the same as it now is, except that it 
 had no belfry or steeple. These were added four or five 
 years afterwards. The main entrance was upon the south ; 
 the doors opening directly into the body of the church. 
 There were also doors at the east and west end of the 
 building. A broad aisle ran from the front-door to the pul- 
 pit; and a narrow one diverged from this to the right and 
 left, and, running around the interior of the house, came into 
 the broad aisle^again in front of the pulpit; leaving a row of 
 square pews next to the wall, extending from the front-door 
 around to the pulpit on each side, with a space between them 
 for the opening of the east and west doors. 
 
 There were fifty sqiiare pews, in all, upon the lower floor, 
 and twenty-three in the gallery ; those in the gallery being 
 constructed along and adjoining to the east, south, and west 
 sides of the house. To reach these fifty pews from the 
 principal doors and avenues, sundry narrow passage-ways 
 were necessary ; and the movements of the people, in order 
 to reach their several localities in the house, seemed to a 
 looker-on very like the moves of the pieces upon a chess- 
 board. 
 
 Upon each side of the broad aisle, in front of the pulpit, 
 were sundry long seats, or benches, with upright backs, called 
 '^ body-seats ; " which were free to all, though generally occu- 
 pied only by the aged and the poor, — the women sitting 
 upon one side of the aisle, and the men upon the other. 
 
104 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 This arrangement of ''body-seats" continued up to 1807; 
 when they were all removed but one upon each side, and 
 their places supplied by four new pews. 
 
 The pulpit was of rather a unique order, though not un- 
 common at the time it was built. Its front was a section of 
 an octagon, projecting from the general panelled front of the 
 structure, terminated below by the sides being curved and 
 brought to a point. Below this was an oblong box, called the 
 " deacon's seat." The access to the pulpit was by a single 
 flight of stairs turning at right angles about half the distance 
 from the floor to the pulpit-door ; forming a " broad stair," 
 which it was very common for some large dog, that had 
 accompanied his master to church, to select for a place of 
 repose while the services were going on. Over the pulpit 
 hung a formidable sounding-board, which corresponded in 
 shape somewhat with the projecting front of the pulpit ; its 
 upper surface converging to a point at the top, and looking 
 as if fitted to serve for an extinguisher for the pulpit. 
 
 The galleries were square, extending upon three sides of 
 the house. The square pillars that supported these, the base 
 and cornice of the fronts of the galleries, of the deacon's 
 seat and pulpit, and the cornice running around the sounding- 
 board, were painted in a kind of pointed block-work of shaded 
 marble, unlike any thing ever seen in nature, and rarely if 
 ever in art anywhere else. 
 
 The pews, as has been stated, were square, and were fur- 
 nished with narrow seats all around, except at the entrance 
 by the door, and the side next the pulpit ; and, consequently, 
 a considerable proportion of the audience presented only a 
 profile-view to the preacher while addressing them. The pews 
 were finished with panelled sides ; above which was a wide 
 rail, supported by little turned balusters, some six or eight 
 inches long, the chief use of which, next to their beaut}^, 
 was to give employment to the ever-busy hands of the little 
 children who attended church, in finding out which of them 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 105 
 
 could be turned around, and occasionally disturbing their more 
 sedate mammas by the unmistakable creak which some of these 
 balusters would give if forced to move. Scarce a single seat 
 in the church was furnished with any thing like a cushion. 
 
 But the most remarkable arrangement in respect to these 
 pews — though it is believed to have been universal in meet- 
 ing-houses of that date — was that all these seats were hung 
 upon hinges, and were so divided as to be easily raised when 
 the worshippers stood up, as was always done, during prayer- 
 time. Each pew, therefore, had about five or six separate 
 seats to be raised or let fall ; and as it was the universal 
 custom to raise these whenever the congregation stood in 
 service, and as universal to let them fall without regard to 
 the noise thereby made, and as this was always done pretty 
 nearly in unison, the effect can be imagined upon one unused 
 to such a singular fusilade, — as this process seemed to be, to 
 an unaccustomed ear. Some may remember the alarm mani- 
 fested, on one occasion, by a gentleman from Philadelphia, 
 who attended church here with a friend whom he was visit- 
 ing, whose pew was upon the western side of the meeting- 
 house, under the gallery. At so sudden and unlooked-for 
 a termination of a solemn devotional exercise, he was per- 
 suaded, for a moment, that the gallery was cracking, and 
 coming down around his ears ; and, seizing his hat, he was 
 about to rush for the door, when the undisturbed aspect of his 
 neighbors dispelled his apprehension. 
 
 No material change in the condition of the house, beyond 
 the erection of a belfry and steeple, took place until 1826; 
 when it was removed back to its present position, — thereby 
 occupying a portion of the original burying-ground of the 
 town, and covering the graves of several persons who had 
 been early laid there. In 1829, there was a complete change 
 and renovation of the interior of the church. Its old pulpit, 
 with its sounding-board and its deacon's seat, and the old 
 square pews and the galleries, disappeared ; and it assumed its 
 
 14 
 
106 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 present form. It was dedicated anew on the 13th December 
 of that year. It may boast a better observance of the laws of 
 symmetry, and a greater convenience of arrangement ; but it 
 has lost, for the few remaining representatives of a former 
 generation, the associations which hallowed even its ugliness 
 in architectural proportions, and its violations of good taste. 
 
 The first bell and clock which had ever belonged to the 
 town were manufactured by Mr. George Holbrook of Brook- 
 field, and placed upon this meeting-house, Jan. 13, 1803. 
 There had previously been placed on the Academy a small 
 bell, which is said to have been a gift to that institution ; but, 
 with this exception, there seems to have been no means of 
 calling the people together by any thing like a bell, till the 
 year 1803. The first bell was recast in 1810, and again in 
 1831. About the same time, a valuable clock was presented 
 to the town by Joshua Clapp, Esq., and became a substitute 
 for the original one, which had become somewhat irregular in 
 its movements by thirty years' use. 
 
 No history of the society that has worshipped in these 
 houses can be deemed complete, without some allusion to the 
 changes through which its sacred music has passed. Although 
 the practice of psalmody, in some form, has been adopted 
 by the New-England churches from the earliest planting of 
 the Colonies, few are entirely familiar with the history of the 
 changes through which it has passed. Two or three works, 
 professing to give these changes, have been published within a 
 few years ; * to which I shall take the liberty to refer, as ex- 
 plaining some of the proceedings of the town which appear in 
 its records, and some which have come down to us from authen- 
 tic sources in the form of anecdote and personal incident. 
 
 According to the universal custom of these churches, the 
 singing, such as it was, was strictly congregational. The 
 tunes were exceedingly few : some of them, by omitting or 
 
 * One by George Hood, Esq. ; the other by Nathaniel D. Gould, Esq. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 107 
 
 inserting a syllable in certain lines, were made to serve 
 the double purpose of long or common metre. The conse- 
 quence was, that not only were the whole congregation at 
 liberty to unite in the exercise, but they did so, often to 
 the sacrifice of accent and time, and not unfrequently of tune 
 also. From tlie want of books, it was customary to sing from 
 dictation ; the deacon reading one, and after a few years 
 two lines, which were sung ; and then followed a suspense, 
 until another line or two was " deaconed out " and the tune 
 resumed. 
 
 The Pilgrims brought with them Ainsworth's version of the 
 Psalms. This gave place to the " Bay Psalm-book," which 
 was the first book printed in America. It went through many 
 editions in this country and England, — more than seventy 
 in all; and, in 1758, it was revised and published by Rev, 
 Thomas Prince of Boston, who had married a sister of Daniel 
 Denny, the first of the name in Leicester. 
 
 If space peryiitted, it might be amusing to refer to some 
 of the matters upon which the public mind was agitated at dif- 
 ferent times in the Colony and Province: such as, whether one 
 person alone should sing, — the congregation joining in spirit, 
 as in prayer ; whether women should be allowed to sing in 
 public ; whether " carnal men" and pagans, or only Christians, 
 should be allowed to sing ; and whether singing should be 
 practised " in tunes invented ; " and whether it might be done 
 by reading from a book, and the like. 
 
 An edition of Tate and Brady's version of the Psalms was 
 published in 1741 ; and, from the recollection of an inform- 
 ant, it was used in this society some time before and after 
 1765; though from the greater popularity, in its day, of Dr. 
 Prince's edition of the " Bay Psalm-book," and his connection 
 with some of the principal families in town, I should have 
 supposed it more probable that the latter was the one then in 
 use here. However that may be, the condition of the singing, 
 as above described, is by no means exaggerated. 
 
108 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Before 1720, a siuging-school was an unknown thing in the 
 Province. In 1690, there were only five or six tunes known 
 here.* In 1714 was issued an edition of the "Bay Psalm- 
 book," in which were printed thirty-seven tunes, all of which 
 hut one loere common metre. The first book of music, ever 
 printed by itself in the country, was by the Kev. Mr. Wal- 
 ter in 1721 ; and this was the first music with bars ever 
 printed in America. This, it will be recollected, was a few 
 years after the settlement of this town. The singing of 
 psalms was regarded, like prayer, as a sacred exercise, in the 
 performance of which people uncovered their heads. An 
 edition of Watts was published in Philadelphia in 1741, but 
 when it was adopted here I have no means of ascertaining ; 
 though it was not till after the war of the Revolution that it 
 was generally adopted, and then only after a long and violent 
 struggle. 
 
 Before 1764, music had been printed with three parts ; but 
 a work published in that year was printed with four parts, 
 giving the principal melody to the tenor. 
 
 Before, — from 1765 to 1770, — there were few or no choirs 
 in the churches in the country. As these were formed, the 
 custom of " lining," or " deaconing," the psalm, grew into 
 disuse ; but, like every other change in the fashion of church 
 music, it was only after a most violent and determined strug- 
 gle that it was given up. It had been recommended by the 
 Westminster Assembly of Divines, " as many could not read ;" 
 and, having come down to them from their ancestors, the cus- 
 tom had become sanctified in their minds, and was not to 
 be surrendered. 
 
 The first singing-book typographically printed, as distin- 
 guished from engraved scale and notes, was published in 
 Worcester in 1786. 
 
 * These were Oxford, Litchfield, York, Windsor, St. David's, and Martyrs. The 
 introduction of a new tune was a rare and grave matter, acted upon by the church, 
 and often submitted to a vote of the parish. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 109 
 
 It is, therefore, not surprising that a reform in the matter 
 of singing gained ground slowly in Leicester. 
 
 The first singing-school ever taught in the town was about 
 1767 or '8. In the latter year, they were called together " to 
 see if the town will grant a number of young men, who have 
 attained the rules of singing, the hindermost seat in the 
 front gallery." Upon grave deliberation, that seat was appro- 
 priated to " those who have learnt the rules of singing, until 
 the further pleasure of the town." 
 
 This was not accomplished, however, without serious oppo- 
 sition, as has already been observed ; but a far more violent 
 and determined resistance was offered to the more serious 
 innovation of singing without "lining." 
 
 This took place in 1780. The singers had applied for per- 
 mission to occupy the front seat in the gallery ; with a view, 
 doubtless, of performing the service of singing as a choir, as 
 a substitute for the general and promiscuous singing by the 
 congregation. The permission was granted : and the choir, 
 not stopping for the deacon to read the line, drowned his 
 voice when he attempted it ; greatly scandalizing him in 
 his sacred office, and giving mortal offence to many by such 
 an unholy usurpation. Many persons left the meeting-house 
 in disgust : good Mr. K. and his wife were among the num- 
 ber; and they consoled themselves in the assurance, which 
 they pretty audibly expressed in the hearing of the congre- 
 gation, that, "when Col. W. got home from the General 
 Court, he would put a stop to such scandalous doings." 
 Unfortunately for them, the gentleman referred to had be- 
 come famihar with the change in Boston, and approved it; 
 and it was found that revolutions in psalm-singing, any more 
 than in more worldly affairs, never go backwards. 
 
 Since that time, nothing of an historic interest has occurred 
 in this department of public worship here, beyond the occa- 
 sional outcropping of that sensitiveness and those petty jealou- 
 sies which form an essential element in every singing choir. 
 
110 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 About 1827, a few members of the society purchased bj 
 contribution, and placed in the meeting-house, a cheap 
 church organ ; which, in a few years, gave place to the one 
 now in the church. This was the first church organ ever 
 owned in town ; and it may be stated in this connection, 
 that the first piano-forte, ever in town, was purchased by the 
 late Col. Thomas Denny, for his daughter, about 1809. It 
 was several years before there was a second one ; and this 
 was owned by Miss Southgate, daughter of the late John 
 Southgate. 
 
 In concluding what I propose to say of the First Congre- 
 gational Society, I may add, that the idea of warming the 
 meeting-house by artificial heat seems never to have occurred 
 as a practicable thing until about 1812. 
 
 The good lady of the family was supplied with a tin foot- 
 stove, upon which the children were occasionally permitted 
 to warm their aching fingers. At the interval between the 
 forenoon and afternoon services, the houses of those living 
 near the meeting-house were warmed and opened, and gene- 
 rally crowded by those Mdio lived more remote from the 
 meeting-house. Especially was this the case with the two 
 public-houses, in the bar-rooms of which the affairs and topics 
 and news of the week sometimes intruded upon holy time. 
 At last, it having been ascertained by the public that the 
 same means by which a shop or factory could be warmed of 
 a week-day might be applied to render a meeting-house com- 
 fortable of a Sunday, a few individuals — though not without 
 opposition on the part of others — contributed the necessary 
 means; and, about 1812, stoves were placed in the meeting- 
 house. The physical comfort of the congregation has since 
 been cared for, without, as it is hoped, detracting from the 
 spiritual well-being of those who worship there. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. Ill 
 
 BAPTISTS. 
 
 A society of Anabaptists were worshipping here as early 
 as 1736. It had been gathered by Dr. Thomas Green ; and 
 their place of worship was in the south part of the town, in 
 what is now Greenville, in the vicinity of Dr. Green's resi- 
 dence. He was the first minister of the society ; and, through 
 his instrumentality, a meeting-house was early erected, which 
 remained without any considerable change until 1825 ; when 
 it was enlarged and repaired, and rendered a comfortable and 
 convenient house of worship. 
 
 I am unable to give the names of those who constituted the 
 society at its commencement ; but I find among its members, 
 in 1744, William Wicker, Benjamin Pudney, Thomas Jones, 
 Joseph Trumbull, Nathaniel Jones, Josiah Powers, Jonathan 
 Pudney, and Ebenezer Tolman. 
 
 Dr. Green, the first minister of this society, was the son 
 of Capt. Samuel Green, and was born in Maiden in 1699. 
 His father came to Leicester as early as 1717, and was one of 
 its earliest settlers. While he was preparing to remove his 
 family, he visited the town, bringing his son with him ; and 
 left him there to look after some cattle, which he had driven 
 from Maiden, and turned out upon his lands in Leicester. It 
 was summer ; and, as he expected to return in a short time, 
 no danger was apprehended in leaving the j^oung man — then 
 seventeen or eighteen years old — thus alone in the wilder- 
 ness. He, however, was soon attacked with a fever ; and his 
 father was unexpectedly prevented from returning as he had 
 intended, and he was left to battle with the disease as he best 
 could. His only shelter was a kind of cave under a rock, near 
 the stream on which his father afterwards erected his mills. 
 His only sustenance consisted of the milk of one of the cows, 
 which he contrived to obtain by tying her calf to a tree near 
 his cave ; which led her to visit the spot several times a day. 
 
112 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 and brought her within his reach. The water he used, he 
 obtained by creeping upon the ground to the stream. In 
 this deplorable condition, some of his former neighbors who 
 were landholders, and about to remove to Leicester, and had 
 come there to look after their cattle, found him. He appealed 
 to them for aid to return home ; but they were unable to 
 afford it, and left him. On their return to Maiden, they 
 informed his father of his condition ; and he immediately 
 came to his relief. But he had no other means of removing 
 his sick son through the new and (a considerable part of 
 the way) wilderness country between Leicester and Mai- 
 den, except on horseback ; and, after four days' travelling, 
 he accomplished the journey. 
 
 He removed to Leicester with his father, and continued to 
 reside in the same immediate vicinity as long as he lived. He 
 became an eminent and successful physician ; having, by 
 somewhat peculiar circumstances, been enabled to acquire 
 a medical education much superior to that of neighboring 
 physicians. It is said that two English surgeons, who had 
 been engaged in the half-piratical character of buccaneers, 
 and had surrendered themselves to the government under 
 a promise of pardon, became the inmates of Capt. Green's 
 house, and boarded in his family for several years. Finding 
 the son tractable, and inclined to cultivate a natural taste for 
 medical science, they readily undertook his instruction ; and 
 supplied him, moreover, with such few books as they could 
 command. With an education thus begun, and a vigorous and 
 discriminating mind, — by which he wrought the facts that 
 fell under his observation into the materials of science, — he 
 soon attained eminence in his profession ; and was called into 
 all the region around, and often into Rhode Island and Con- 
 necticut, in the course of his wide and successful practice. 
 A notice of his death, in the " Boston Evening Post," speaks 
 of him as " a very noted physician." 
 
 But, as already mentioned, it was not in the medical pro- 
 
HISTORY or LEICESTER. 113 
 
 fession alone that he took an active and prominent place. He 
 became a distinguished divine as well as doctor. The church 
 and society which he helped to organize and build up, was, at 
 first, composed of persons in Sutton and Leicester. He was 
 ordained its pastor, in Leicester, in 1736; the society having 
 erected a meeting-house near his father's, where the Baptist 
 Meeting-house now stands. This lot of land he gave to the 
 society, together with a farm and house for a parsonage 
 which lie a little west of the Charlton Road, upon the road 
 leading by the house now of Charles Barton. The house in 
 which he himself lived was next beyond the river, on the 
 Charlton Road ; in which his grandson Samuel afterwards 
 kept a tavern. He was a faithful, zealous, and devoted pastor, 
 and a popular preacher. It is hardly necessary to add, that 
 his life was one of great activity and usefulness. 
 
 He married Martha, daughter of Capt. John Lynde of Mai- 
 den, the father of one of the settlers of Leicester, who was 
 here as early as 1721. His wife died June 20, 1780. The 
 doctor died Aug. 19, 1773, at the age of seventy-four. They 
 were buried in the cemetery around the church in which he 
 ministered, where their remains reposed until the consecration 
 of the Rural Cemetery in Worcester ; when a distinguished 
 descendant, who has sustained the reputation of the ancestor 
 as a physician, removed them to that beautiful repository 
 of the dead. Dr. Green had seven children : Samuel ; Martha, 
 who married Dr. Robert Craige ; Isaac ; Thomas ; John, who 
 removed to Worcester ; Solomon ; and Elizabeth, who married 
 her father's successor, the Rev. Dr. Foster. 
 
 Rev. Benjamin Foster, D.D., was settled over this society in 
 1772. He was born in Danvers in 1750, and was graduated 
 at Yale College in 1771. He studied theology with the dis- 
 tinguished Dr. Stillman of Boston ; having become a convert, 
 it is said, to the opinions which he afterwards maintained, 
 by having, while in college, been appointed to defend infant- 
 baptism by sprinkling. 
 
 15 
 
114 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 After remaining at Leicester about eight years, the society 
 being unable to provide him a suitable maintenance, he was 
 dismissed, and preached about two years in Danvers. From 
 thence he removed to Newport, where he was settled over 
 a society, and remained until 1788 ; when he removed to 
 New York, where he became the minister of the First Baptist 
 Society in that city. Here he remained till his death, in 1798, 
 in the forty-ninth year of his age. His death was as heroic 
 as his life had been eminent for piety and usefulness. He was 
 residing in the city when the yellow-fever broke out in 1798. 
 While others fled in consternation from the power of the 
 destroyer, he stood at his post undismayed : he shrunk from 
 no call of duty; and fell a martyr to a devotion, in his ministra- 
 tions, to the dying and the dead. He died Aug. 26, 1798. 
 
 He was a learned scholar and an eminent divine. He was 
 honored with the degree of Doctor of Divinity, from Brown 
 University, in 1792. While in Leicester, he published a work 
 on polemical divinity, and subequently a dissertation upon 
 the seventy weeks of Daniel. He was well acquainted with the 
 Greek, Hebrew, and Chaldaic languages ; and had achieved 
 a high reputation for learning and ability, when cut down in 
 the midst of his usefulness and growing reputation. 
 
 He married, for his first wife, Elizabeth Green, daughter of 
 Dr. Thomas Green ; and, for his second, a lady of New York. 
 
 Dr. Foster was succeeded by the Rev. Isaac Beals ; and the 
 Rev. Nathan Dana became his successor. The Rev. Peter 
 Rogers succeeded Mr. Dana : he lived where Mr. Charles 
 Whittemore lately lived ; and, after a few years, removed, 
 and was settled over a society in Leyden. 
 
 I regret my inability to speak more fully of these gentle- 
 men. The society, never numerous or rich, has been at times 
 embarrassed and feeble ; and, consequently, unable to retain 
 settled pastors for any considerable length of time. Their 
 supply has, therefore, often been temporary. 
 
 Among those who, at times, have supplied the pulpit, was 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 115 
 
 Rev. Nathaniel Green. He was the son of Capt. Nathaniel 
 Green, who is elsewhere mentioned in this work ; and was 
 born in Stoneham in 1721. He removed to Leicester, and 
 resided there more than twenty years ; after which he re- 
 moved to Charlton, where he continued till his death, in 
 1791, at the age of seventy. He was ordained as a Baptist 
 minister at the mature age of forty-three ; and preached at 
 various times in Leicester, Spencer, and Charlton. He had 
 ten children, — all born in Leicester between the years 1749 
 and 1770. 
 
 In 1818, the society was divided in consequence of the 
 remoteness of several of its members from their place of 
 worship ; and a new society was formed in the north-east part 
 of Spencer. Since that time, the Rev. Mr. Hill, Rev. Benja- 
 min N. Harris, Rev. John Green (a descendant from the 
 primitive stock of the name), and Rev. Moses Harrington, 
 have preached at different periods to this people. It is 
 pleasant to know that the society are about to erect a better 
 house of worship, upon the site of the one hitherto occupied 
 by them. 
 
 Besides the Baptist society above mentioned, there was, 
 for many years, a society of that denomination in town, to 
 which Elder Richard Southgate was preacher. They met in 
 the schoolhouse which stood opposite the house then of 
 Judge Steele. It was never organized as a corporate religious 
 society; and, after the death of Elder Southgate, seems to 
 have been merged in other societies. 
 
 Elder Southgate was a son of Richard Southgate, who came 
 here from England at the first settlement of the town. He 
 was born in England, July 13, 1714. He married Eunice 
 Brown of Leicester ; and lived in a house (where there is now 
 a cellar) near the west line of the town, upon the north side 
 of the road leading by the house of the late Thomas Sprague. 
 He died in 1798, at the age of eighty-five. Among his 
 descendants is a well-known gentleman, who is elsewhere 
 
116 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 noticed ; who lias been, for many years, a prominent and 
 enterprising citizen of Leicester. 
 
 QUAKERS. 
 
 There was an association or society of Friends, in Leicester, 
 from a period as early as 1732 till recently; when, in conse- 
 quence of the removal of so large a proportion of its members, 
 its place of meeting was transferred to Worcester. 
 
 One of the earliest of these was Ralph Earle, — the ancestor 
 of the once numerous, and always respectable, families of that 
 name in town. He became an owner of lands in the town, 
 and removed there from Tiverton, R.I., in 1718. At what 
 time he associated himself with the Friends, I am unable to 
 determine ; though, from the active part which he took in the 
 settlement of Mr. Parsons, I infer that at that time, and for 
 some time after, he was a member of his society and church. 
 In 1732, however, he, with seven others, certified to the clerk 
 of the town, that they belonged to what the clerk, with evi- 
 dently little regard to the spelling of the king's English, calls 
 '' those people called Quackers." The names of his associates 
 were William Earle, Thomas Smith, Robert Earle, Daniel Hill, 
 Nathaniel Potter, Joseph Potter, and Benjamin Earle.* 
 
 I have not been able to trace more fully the origin of the 
 society which, soon afterwards, was in possession of a house 
 of worship that stood where their present meeting-house 
 stands.f The present house was erected in 1791. As most 
 
 * Steward Southgate, who had been a member of the church of the First Society, 
 joined the Quakers about 1745. I find a copy of the following vote of the church : — 
 
 " At a meeting of the First Church of Christ in Leicester, JLiy 23, 1745, the following 
 vote was put to the brethren: ' Verily, brethren, if it be your minds to choose a Com- 
 mittee to deal with Brother Steward Soutligate, and inquire into the reasons of his 
 withdrawing liimself from communion with us, both in word and ordinances, you 
 are desired to manifest.' It passed in ye affirmative ; and Deacon Southgate and Bro- 
 ther John Brown were chosen to be a Committee for the above-mentioned end, and to 
 make return at our next meeting. D. Goddard, Pastor.'' 
 
 "Deacon Southgate" was James, uncle of Stewart. 
 
 t I find it mentioned as standing in 1742. A friend describes it as a low, one-story 
 building, twenty by twenty-two feet. It was sold, in 1791, to Luther Ward; who 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 117 
 
 of the society resided in the northerly part of the town, their 
 house was naturally located in that neighborhood. The spot 
 is one of much beauty ; and if, as Whitney (in his History of 
 the county) says, the house " is a very good one for their way 
 of worship," — taken with its surroundings, it is singularly 
 attractive to persons of a contemplative turn of mind. Few 
 things in nature could be better fitted to soothe and harmonize 
 the tired spirits of a busy week than the solemn stillness 
 that reigns there of a calm sabbath morning in early summer, 
 when nothing is heard but the rustling leaves of the forest- 
 trees by which it is surrounded, and the pleasant notes of the 
 birds that nestle in their branches. 
 
 The society was never numerous, but always embraced a 
 large proportion of thriving, intelligent, order-loving members. 
 In 1826, their number was about a hundred and thirty ; but, 
 as already stated, so many have since that time removed from 
 the town, especially to Worcester, that meetings are no longer 
 held in their meeting-house. It stands as an historical monu- 
 ment; and the ashes of some of the best citizens of the town, 
 in their day, repose within the enclosure which surrounds it. 
 
 EPISCOPAL SOCIETY. 
 
 In 1823, a Protestant-Episcopal church and society were 
 formed, in that part of the town now called Clappville, of 
 families belonging to Leicester and Oxford (then called Oxford 
 North Gore). Among these, Samuel Hartwell, Esq., James 
 Anderton, Francis Wilby, and Hezekiah Stone, were the most 
 active. A church was erected upon land given by the last- 
 mentioned gentleman ; which was consecrated by Bishop 
 Griswold on the last Wednesday of May, 1824. 
 
 The first rector inducted into office was the Rev. Joseph 
 Muenscher. He was born in Providence ; was graduated at 
 
 removed it to the place where it now stands, upon the Rutland Road, south of where 
 Barnard Upham formerly lived, at the intersection of what was once called Tea Lane 
 with that road. It was fitted and occupied as a dwelling-house by Mr. Ward. 
 
118 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Brown University in 1821 ; studied theology at Andover ; and 
 was admitted to orders by Bishop Griswold, in March, 1824, 
 He married Ruth, a daughter of Joseph Washburn, Nov. 21, 
 1825 ; and their marriage was the first ever solemnized in a 
 church, in the county, according to the forms of Episcopal 
 service. He left Leicester in 1827 ; and was subsequently 
 rector of a church at Northampton, and in Saco, Me. ; after- 
 wards a professor in Kenyon College, 0. ; and, for many 
 years, rector of a church in Mount Vernon, 0. He received 
 the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Kenyon 
 College. 
 
 Upon his removal from Leicester, the Rev. William Horton 
 succeeded him in the ministry for two years. The Rev. Lot 
 Jones was then rector for four years ; Rev. Stephen Millet, 
 one year ; and Rev. Mr. Blackaller, four years. In 1838, 
 Rev. Eleazer Greenleaf became rector for one year; when Rev. 
 John T. Sabine succeeded him. After six months, Rev. Wil- 
 ham Withington became the rector, and remained nearly two 
 years. In 1811, Rev. F. C. Putnam was rector for one year. 
 In 1843, the Rev. Orange Clark, D,D., was rector for one 
 year. The next five years, the Rev. James L. Scott filled the 
 office ; and, since that time, the present incumbent, the Rev. 
 J. Hill Rouse, has been the rector. 
 
 UNITARIAN SOCIETY. 
 
 In the autumn and winter of 1832-3, several families in 
 the town formed a Unitarian religious society, which was 
 organized on the 13th April, 1833. The following year, they 
 erected a neat and convenient house of worship. Aug. 13, 
 1834, the Rev. Samuel May was ordained over the church 
 and society, and remained their pastor until July 12, 1846. 
 Mr. May was a native of Boston ; was graduated at Harvard 
 in 1829. He married a daughter of the Hon. Nathaniel P. 
 Russell of Boston. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 119 
 
 The society has at no time been numerous, and has been 
 for a considerable part of the time, since the dismission of 
 Mr. May, without any permanent preacher. Among those 
 who have supphed its pulpit has been the Rev. Dr. Thomp- 
 son, formerly settled in Barre. 
 
 METHODISTS. 
 
 Previous to 1828, there were very few, if any, Methodists 
 in the town. With a pretty general acquaintance with the 
 people, I am now unable to recall a single one. About 
 1841 and 2, an interest was awakened in the minds of many 
 in favor of the views entertained by that denomination of 
 Christians ; and, in October of the latter year, they began to 
 hold meetings in the Town Hall. After this they continued 
 to increase till they were able to erect (in 1846) two meeting- 
 houses, — one in Cherry Valley, the other in the village of 
 Leicester : the first being a Methodist-Episcopal society ; the 
 other, a Wesleyan-Methodist society. That in Cherry Valley 
 was burned down in February, 1856 ; but soon after rebuilt. 
 The ministers of the Methodist-Episcopal society have been 
 — George Dunbar, J. T. Pettee, G. F. Pool, T. W. Lewis, 
 D. Z. Kilgore, W. B. Olds, Daniel Atkins, G. E. Chapman, 
 J. W. P. Jordan, Albert Gould. Those of the Wesleyan- 
 Methodist society : William C. Clark, Christopher C. Mason, 
 David Mason, Simon E. Pike, J. A. Gibson, Thomas Williams, 
 and Benjamin R. Bullock. 
 
 CATHOLICS. 
 
 A still more remarkable innovation upon the early religious 
 notions and habits of the people was made by the erection 
 of a Roman -Catholic church on the Great Post Road, about 
 half a mile east of the village, in 1855. 
 
 My own memory goes back to a time, when, with the 
 exception of an amusing and ingenious Scotch tailor, there 
 was scarcely a single person of foreign birth in town. It is 
 
120 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 believed there was not one. The establishment of manufac- 
 tories in town led to the introduction of a few (chiefly English) 
 families, between 1815 and 1821 ; but I cannot recall a single 
 Catholic resident of the town till many years after the period 
 last mentioned. 
 
 The influx of a Catholic population of foreign birth within 
 a few years past, many of whom are now freeholders in the 
 town, led to the erection of the church above mentioned for 
 their accommodation.* 
 
 If we could imagine some of the early inhabitants of the 
 town returning to their former homesteads, we could easily 
 conjecture their surprise at hearing the shibboleth of a strange 
 tongue around the very hearthstones Avhere they once ga- 
 thered their now scattered and almost forgotten households. 
 
 Happily, there seems to have been a disposition to yield 
 without complaint to what, in our country, is regarded by 
 many as the law of progress ; while the chief evil of these 
 multiplied sects consists in weakening the disposition and 
 ability to sustain either, in a manner suitable to the dignity 
 and importance of the religious institutions of a people. 
 
 JEWS. 
 
 Perhaps no more proper connection than the present will 
 present itself in which to introduce an interesting episode in 
 the history of the town, — the residence here, for some years, 
 of several families of Jews. It has not, however, any thing 
 properly to do with the ecclesiastical affairs of the town ; 
 though these families brought with them, and scrupulously 
 maintained while here, their peculiar forms of faith and wor- 
 ship. 
 
 They came here from Newport, in 1777, to find a refuge 
 from the invasion of the island by the British troops, as did 
 
 * It is stated upon reliable authoritj', that, for a few years past, a majority of the 
 births in town have been of foreign parents. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 121 
 
 several other families from the same neighborhood ; this being 
 regarded a retired and healthy locality, where they might 
 find a safe and hospitable retreat. I have heard the late 
 venerable Thomas Rotch, jun., of New Bedford, — whose 
 wife, then a young woman, had removed with her family from 
 Newport to Leicester, — speak with an interest, which nearly 
 seventy years had not subdued, of the character of the town 
 for hospitality and public spirit during the period of which I 
 am speaking, and during which he more than once visited it. 
 He spoke in terms of affectionate recollection of families 
 with whom he then became acquainted, whose names, even, 
 have now become matters of history only ; but to some of 
 whom I shall have occasion to allude again, when I come to 
 speak of the general history of the town. 
 
 Including their servants and slaves, of whom I have spoken 
 in another place, the number of persons embraced in these 
 families of Jews was about seventy. They were of Portu- 
 guese descent, as might be inferred from their names, — 
 Lopez, Rivera, and Mendez. 
 
 Abraham Mendez lived, a part of the time, in the house 
 opposite to where Mrs. Samuel Newhall now lives; and a part 
 of the time in the old house which stood at the foot of the 
 Meeting-house Hill, where the house of the late Capt. Joshua 
 Sprague now stands. 
 
 Jacob Rod Rivera lived in the house, which forms a part of 
 the Hotel, opposite the Meeting-house. He purchased this 
 estate, consisting of thirty-one acres of land, of Nathan Waite, 
 in September, 1777 ; and, in his deed, is described as a mer- 
 chant. 
 
 Five of the number bore the name of Lopez. The princi- 
 pal and head of the families of this name was Aaron Lopez, a 
 man universally esteemed and respected by a wide circle of 
 personal and business friends. He was a merchant of great 
 wealth, and engaged extensively in trade while he resided in 
 Leicester. He purchased the estate, afterwards occupied by 
 
 16 
 
122 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 the Academy, of Henry Bass of Boston, and Joseph Allen, 
 Esq., of Leicester, Feb, 1, 1777 ; and erected thereon what 
 was called in that day '' a large and elegant mansion," de- 
 signed for a store as well as a dwelling-house. His stock of 
 goods on hand, at the time of his death, exceeded twelve 
 thousand dollars ; while his entire estate Avas valued at more 
 than a hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 I give the boundaries of his estate, which are described 
 in his deed, as partly depicting the condition then of that 
 portion of the village. It is said to be '' on the north side 
 of the Country Road, eastward of and near to the Meeting- 
 house : bounded southerly by the Country Road, six rods ; 
 eastwardly, to a heap of stones ; then by the land of the Rev. 
 Benjamin Conklin, &c., to a heap of stones on a rock ; then 
 turning, &c., to a stake, and heap of stones, by the lane lead- 
 ing from the Meeting-house to the remains of a house formerly 
 possessed by Israel Parsons, deceased ; from thence bounded 
 westerly by said lane in part, and partly by the training-Jield, 
 to the south-east corner of the place whereon the old school- 
 house stood, — and containeth half an acre by measure, to- 
 gether with a dwelling-house and shop situate thereon." 
 He afterwards added a half-acre adjoining it, upon the east ; 
 and these two constituted the estate which Col. Crafts and 
 Col. Jacob Davis afterwards purchased, and gave to the 
 Academy. 
 
 Mr. Lopez also owned other lands in Leicester ; but none of 
 these families engaged in agriculture as a business. Mendez 
 and Rivera, as well as Aaron Lopez, were traders, though to 
 a much smaller extent. Moses Lopez and Jacob Lopez were 
 clerks of Aaron ; as well as Joseph, his son, who was also a 
 member of his family. 
 
 Though without a place of assembling for worship here, 
 they rigidly observed the rites and requirements of their 
 own laws, keeping Saturday as holy time ; but, out of regard 
 to the sentiments of the people among whom they were 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 123 
 
 settled, carefully keeping their stores closed from Friday 
 evening until Monday morning of each week.* 
 
 Though differing from their neighbors in matters of reli- 
 gious faith, they won the confidence and esteem of all by 
 their upright and honorable dealing, the kindliness and cour- 
 tesy of their intercourse, and the liberality and public spirit 
 Avhich they evinced as citizens. 
 
 They remained here until the ratification of peace in 1783 ; 
 when, with the exception of Mr. Lopez, they returned to 
 Newport, carrying with them the respect and kind regard 
 of a community with which they had been intimately asso- 
 ciated for six years. 
 
 No one of their contemporaries here survives ; but their 
 residence was always spoken of, by such as had personally 
 known them, as a matter of pleasant memory, which it is 
 believed was reciprocated by those Avho had found here a 
 pleasant home.f 
 
 The fate of- Mr. Aaron Lopez was a melancholy one. I 
 have spoken of him as a man of wealth and liberal views. 
 He had been one of the merchant-princes of Newport, when 
 that city commanded the foreign commerce of the country. 
 After his removal to Leicester, his style of living was gene- 
 rous and hospitable ; and the furniture of his house, the plate 
 upon his table, and the retinue of his servants, wore an air 
 of magnificence among his less-endowed neighbors : but the 
 cordiality of his manners and his liberal hospitality disarmed 
 all cavil and envy on their part. 
 
 On the 20th May, 1782, he started with his wife and some 
 members of his family for Providence. His family were in a 
 
 * I cannot forbear noticing a very small, though rather important, typographical 
 mistake of the printer, in publishing a brief history of the town in 1826. The writer 
 had spoken of the return of these ftimilies of Jews to Newport, and of their synagogue 
 there being unoccupied, &c. By some accident, the "<" was dropped from the word 
 thti'e, so as to fix the locality of the synagogue "/(ere,-" and inquiries have often been 
 made by the curious to ascertain in what part of Leicester it was to be found. 
 
 t Mr. Rivera died at Newport in February, 1789. 
 
124 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 carriage ; he in a " sulky," driven, of course, by himself. 
 In Smithfielcl, the road passed close by the edge of Scott's 
 Pond, so called, the shore of which is very abrupt, and the 
 vs^ater, at a short distance, deep. Mr. Lopez, probably being 
 unaware of the fact, allowed his horse to enter the water in 
 order to drink; but, perceiving he was getting beyond his 
 depth, sprung from the sulky into the water, and, being 
 unable to swim, sank and perished, in view of his agonized 
 and affrighted wife and children. 
 
 The following just tribute I copy from a paper of the day ; 
 which, after noticing the circumstances of his death, adds, 
 " He was a merchant of eminence, of polite and amiable man- 
 ners. Hospitality and benevolence were his true character- 
 istics. An ornament and a valuable pillar in the Jewish 
 society of which he was a member. His knowledge in com- 
 merce was unbounded; and his integrity, irreproachable. 
 Thus he lived, and thus he died ; much regretted, esteemed, 
 and loved by all." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 125 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 LOCAL HISTORY. 
 
 GARRISONS. — INDIAN WARS. — CASUALTIES. — JOHN SOUTHGATE, Jux. 
 
 — VILLAGE OF LEICESTER.— THE LAST SPINNER. — AUNT HANNAH. 
 
 — SOCIAL HABITS.— CELEBRATION OF FOURTH JULY. — WASHING- 
 TON. — LAFAYETTE. — CEMETERIES. — MOUNT PLEASANT, &c. — 
 PUBLIC-HOUSES. — CELLARS. — EMIGRATION. 
 
 By local historj, which is the subject of the present chapter, 
 is intended those incidents and events which are supposed to 
 have a sufficient interest to be preserved by their local asso- 
 ciation and relation, but have no immediate connection with 
 the persons or events which are treated of in the general 
 history of the state or country. In all candor, therefore, to 
 the reader, it should be observed, that, without the attraction 
 of local attachment or personal associations, he can hope to 
 find little to repay him for the time its perusal might cost 
 him. 
 
 Besides the difficulties inherent in the very attempt to 
 record such events, there are in the present case many pecu- 
 liar to the undertaking. The time for writing such a chapter 
 has gone by. A thousand incidents worthy of being pre- 
 served have been lost or forgotten, or have ceased to be of 
 interest, because few or none are left to narrate them, or to 
 appreciate their value if made accessible by the labors of 
 others. 
 
 Of the groups who, fifty years ago, might be gathered in 
 any part of the town, with memories teeming with recollec- 
 tions and traditions of the daj^s prior to and during the 
 Revolution, not one remains. 
 
126 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 This circumstance has before been alluded to ; and it is 
 again recalled, because it is chiefly to memory and tradition 
 that any community is indebted for much of the material of 
 its own proper local history. From the immediate descend- 
 ants of a generation which shared in the hardships and 
 dangers of the Indian and French wars, the boy of fifty years 
 ago often listened to the tales which the fathers of that 
 generation had told their children of their trials and suffer- 
 ings. Some of the first settlers were alive when the war of 
 the Revolution broke out, and could have told of the felling 
 of the first tree by the white man, while the smoke yet rose 
 from the wigwam in the forest. They could have pointed 
 out where they had seen the beaver building his dam in the 
 meadow, and told how the wolf and the bear and the wild- 
 cat had divided with the settler the mastery of the wilderness 
 in which he reared his lonely log-cabin. 
 
 Traditions derived from such sources would have found cre- 
 dence and been read with satisfaction by the children of those 
 who shared in the scenes they described. But the children 
 as well as the actors are gone ; and, if these traditions are 
 gathered up at all, it must be for a generation who can feel 
 little personal interest in their preservation. 
 
 I have already spoken of the hermit of Carey's Hill, whom, 
 it is said, our fathers found dwelling all alone among the 
 denizens of the forest. Who he was, or why he had chosen 
 this retreat from a world by no means overcrowded, has not 
 come down to the present age ; and even a behef in the tra- 
 dition at all is somewhat of a tax upon modern credulity. 
 
 That our fathers found here the Indian, and the wild beast 
 which he hunted, there have been proofs preserved to the 
 present generation, besides the records of the settlers. The 
 arrowhead, the rude stone axe and chisel, of the aborigines, 
 have been occasionally dug up in the places of their former 
 haunts. The dam which the beaver constructed, and the 
 deep, well-like holes which he dug, in connection with the 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 127 
 
 half-human habitation in whicli he dwelt, have been visible 
 in various parts of the town within a few years ; and might, 1 
 doubt not, still be seen in the Town Meadow, if objects, which 
 were once the subject of curious research, have not been 
 obliterated by having been overflowed in the process of con- 
 verting it into a mill-pond. 
 
 The outline of Judge Menzies' garrison, that stood near 
 the Henshaw Place, as a refuge from the Indians, might, till 
 recently, have been easily traced by the eye ; and the erec- 
 tion of a garrison around Mr. Parson's house was one of the 
 first corporate acts of the town which are contained in its 
 records. Another garrison stood near the house of the late 
 Jonah Earle ; and the house of the late John King, Esq., 
 which was among the earliest built, is said to have been a 
 garrison, and, till within a few years, to have shown marks of 
 musket-balls, whicli must have been received at that early 
 period.* 
 
 It will be recollected, that, till 1725, this was a frontier 
 town. A war began with the eastern Indians in 1722, and 
 continued till December, 1726 ; in which the frontier settle- 
 
 * Since the above was written, I have found in the Secretary's office the following 
 allusion to two of these garrisons : Aug. 3, 1724, Thomas Newhall wrote to Lieut.- 
 Gov. Dummev, that, in pursuance of orders from Col. Chandler, he had received 
 nineteen soldiers into his majesty's service, and, by advice of the Shrewsbury officers, 
 had posted ten of them in that town. Nine, with himself, were posted satisfactorily to 
 the inhabitants. But, understanding that Judge Menzies complained that he was abused 
 in posting the men, he goes on to explain, that, as the judge's tenant had no suitable 
 provision to accommodate a soldier, he had ordered him to board at the next neigh- 
 bor's, who was ordered, as well as the soldier, " to the judge's garrison." Capt. Wright 
 had been there, and did not see any cause to make any alteration ; but to oblige the 
 jtidge, "there being now an honorable family removed into the judge's garrison," he 
 had "' billeted him out there." 
 
 May 31, 1725, the Kev. Mr. Parsons writes to the Lieut.-Governor, in whicli he says 
 he is under great obligation, &c., — " 1st, About my garrison ; 2d, As to the two sol- 
 diers, by Capt. Wright, posted by your honor's order. But they have been a consider- 
 aV)le time without avocation. I meet with some difficulty with one of them, who is 
 not pleased with my family orders, and, his captain being at a distance, takes more 
 liberty than is very pleasing to me." He says he does not mean to complain, but sug- 
 gests some one, fifty miles distant, to take his place. The reverend gentleman seems 
 to have been unfortunate in his associates in his garrison as well as his church. 
 
128 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 ments in Massachusetts were often threatened, and some- 
 times attacked, though no general engagement took place in 
 Massachusetts during that period. At the east, the memo- 
 rable engagement at Avhat was afterwards Fryeburg, known 
 as Lovewell Fight, took place in May, 1725. In 1724, three 
 persons were killed by the Indians in Rutland. Worcester 
 was threatened ; and, whenever its inhabitants had occasion 
 to go into the meadows to gather hay, they went guarded by 
 armed scouts or soldiers. 
 
 From Mr. Lincoln's model " History of the Town of Worces- 
 ter," and other reliable sources, we find that a detail of two 
 men was made from the company of scouts under Major John 
 Chandler, belonging to Worcester, for the protection of Leices- 
 ter. These, with others from the same company, of which 
 Thomas Newhall of Leicester was a sergeant, were posted at 
 Leicester, doubtless at one of the garrisons above mentioned. 
 
 In 1721, in consequence of the more threatening aspect of 
 the war, twenty-nine men were detailed from the company 
 of Capt. William Chandler, and posted at Leicester for the 
 protection of its inhabitants.* 
 
 The state of apprehension in which its inhabitants then 
 lived may be learned from a letter which is preserved in the 
 Secretary's office in Boston. It was signed, as will be per- 
 ceived, by most of the principal inhabitants of the town ; and 
 was in these words : — 
 
 " Leicester, April 30, 1725. 
 
 " To his Honor the Lieut.- Governor. 
 
 " With all dutiful respect, these are to acquaint your honor, that, 
 just now, there came news to us of two companies of Indians dis- 
 
 * This was probably on account, among other things, of the letter of Thomas 
 Newhall, of Aug. 3, 1724; a part of which has already been given. In that he goes 
 on to say, " By order of Col. Chandler, I understand I had command of the soldiers 
 (the nineteen before mentioned). If otherwise, I pray your honor to signify it. We 
 have not as yet made any remarkable discovery. Only, last Friday, one of our 
 inhabitants, a very credible man, reaping near here, informs us that an Indian had got 
 within seven rods of him, and, looking up, he had a certain discovery of him; and, 
 stepping a few rods for his gun, he saw him no more, but hastened home." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 129 
 
 covered between us and the Wachusetts ; which is very surprising, con- 
 sidering our inability for our own safeguard. As to the truth of the 
 report, with the circumstances, we are aUogether at a loss ; but we 
 hear there is a post gone down to your honor about it. Your honor 
 having always been ready to keep us, and we having had some encou- 
 ragement upon our late petition, we are encouraged to beseech your 
 honor, if it may be, that we have some speedy assistance of soldiers to 
 defend us. 
 
 " Our number of inhabitants is very small, and several were much 
 discouraged. It was so late the last summer before we had soldiers, 
 that we were exceedingly behind with our business. 
 
 " So, wishing your honor all happiness, and confiding in your honor, 
 and rather from our experience, we are your honor's in all grati- 
 tude and obedience. 
 
 " Thomas Newhall. 
 Richard Southgate. 
 Benja. Johnson. 
 Ralph Earle. 
 John Lynde. 
 
 William Brown. 
 John Smith. 
 James Southgate. 
 Nathl. Richardson. 
 
 The same year, the town presented a petition to the 
 General Court to be relieved from the Province-tax, by 
 reason of having been so much exposed and reduced to very 
 low circumstances by the late Indian war ; and their petition 
 was accordingly granted. 
 
 Their condition in the year 1724 was thus referred to in 
 a letter addressed by Gershom Rice, of Worcester, to Col. 
 Chandler : '' We are informed that it is objected against our 
 having assistance, that Brookfield, Rutland, and Leicester 
 defend us. As to Leicester, the people there more need help 
 from us than they are able to render us any ; as likewise do 
 Shrewsbury and Hassanamisco." 
 
 "Of the particular sufferings to which the people of Leices- 
 ter were subjected during this war, no record is preserved. 
 Amidst the general state of alarm which pervaded the scat- 
 tered population of the interior, perhaps nothing occurred 
 that was worthy of being recorded. The spread of civiliza- 
 tion operated like an act of extermination upon the once 
 
 17 
 
130 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 hostile tribes ; so that the early settlers were, in a few 
 years, beyond the immediate danger of attack. 
 
 The annoyance from noxious animals and venomous rep- 
 tiles continued to a later period. Their records show, as late 
 as 1740, the employment of pitfalls and other means for 
 destroying wolves, and the payment of bounties for the kill- 
 ing of rattlesnakes. 
 
 The town has had its share, too, of the ordinary and ex- 
 traordinary casualties to life and property. A few only of 
 these have been preserved, and fewer still can now have 
 any particular interest in their detail. 
 
 In 1738, Mr. John Henshaw lost his dwelling-house by 
 fire ; * and a second house, in the same manner, the following 
 winter. 
 
 The public-house of Edward Bond, situate where the house 
 of Capt. Hiram Knight now stands, was burned, with all its 
 contents of provisions and furniture, on Sunday, the 18th 
 January, 1767. 
 
 In 1779, May 13, a valuable house of Phineas Newhall, 
 together with most of his furniture, and a quantity of grain 
 and liquors, were burned. f 
 
 About 1811, the house of Stephen Sadler, once the house 
 of Jonathan Newhall, in the south-west part of the town, was 
 burned on Sunday. 
 
 In 1822, the house of Capt. Amasa Whittemore, in the 
 south part of the town, was burned. In 1824, the house of 
 Calvin Hersey, in the west part, was burned. 
 
 In 1825, the tan-house of Jonathan Warren, with its con- 
 tents, was burned. 
 
 * The house stood where, or near where, Mr. Edwin Waite's stands. It was set 
 on fire by a female shive in his family, who had come with them from Boston, and, 
 being homesick, adopted this as a means of comiJelling her master to return to that 
 place. 
 
 t This house stood upon the North County Road, where Col. Newhall kept a 
 tavern, and where Mr. Eddy now lives. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 131 
 
 In 1829, the barn of Edwin Waite was struck by lightning, 
 and consumed. 
 
 In 1833, the dwelling-house of the late Col. Henry Sargent, 
 with its barn and wood-shed, and the barn, shed, and wood- 
 house of Capt. Isaac Southgate, were destroyed by fire. 
 
 In 1835, the dwelling-house of Josiah Kingsbury, in the 
 south-west j)art of the town, was burned. 
 
 In 1841, the house of Asa M'Callum, in the south-west part 
 of the town, was destroyed by fire, on Sunday, June 20. 
 
 Feb. 9, 1846. In Clappville, the woollen factory of Messrs. 
 Barnes and Denny, with its machinery, was destroyed by 
 fire. 
 
 Feb. 11, 1848. The woollen factory of Mr. Samuel Watson, 
 in Cherry Valley, was consumed, with its contents. 
 
 March 24, 1848. The woollen factory of Mr. Loyal G. 
 Dickenson, on the same stream, and just above Mr. Watson's, 
 was destroyed by fire. 
 
 Oct. 19, 1848. Mr. Henry E. Warren's tan-house was 
 burned, — situate half a mile north of the Great Road, in the 
 west part of the town. 
 
 April 17, 1850. The large brick woollen factory of Reuben 
 S. Denny, Esq., in Clappville, was burned, with its contents : 
 the loss estimated at $65,000, mostly insured. 
 
 Nov. 3, 1853. The barn attached to the hotel of Mr. Wil- 
 liam Hatch, opposite the Meeting-house, Avas destroyed by 
 fire in the night, together with eight horses and a large quan- 
 tity of hay. 
 
 Feb. 12, 1854. Another factory belonging to R. S. Denny, 
 Esq., in Clappville, was consumed, with most of its contents : 
 valued at $20,000, principally insured. 
 
 April 26, same year. Mrs. Newhall's barn, about half a 
 mile north of the Meeting-house, was struck by lightning, 
 and consumed, with three cows. 
 
 June 17, same year. The barn of Mrs. Dr. Holmes, in the 
 village, was burned in the night-time. 
 
132 HISTORY or LEICESTER. 
 
 July 1, same year. A part of the store of Mr. Danforth 
 Rice was destroyed by fire. 
 
 Feb. 21, 1855. The barn of Michael Kane, about a mile 
 north of the Meeting-house, was burned. 
 
 Feb. 3, 1856. The Methodist Meeting-house in Cherry 
 Valley was destroyed on Sunday, about noon ; the day being 
 intensely cold. 
 
 On the 11th of April, 1856, a barn upon the Bridges Farm, 
 in the south part of the town, and on the 7th of February, 
 1827, a barn of Mr. Kibbe, were burned, the latter with seven 
 head of cattle. 
 
 In 1756, as stated in the " Boston Evening Post," Joshua 
 Smith and son were killed in Leicester by the falling of a 
 tree, which was blown down by the wind. 
 
 In 1759, there occurred a remarkable hurricane, which 
 passed over the westerly part of the town. Its direction 
 was from the south-west to the north-east. In its course, it 
 struck the house of Mr. Samuel Lynde, which stood where 
 the house of Mr. Robert Watson now stands, upon the north 
 side of the Great Post Road. Ten or twelve persons were 
 in the house at the time. The force of the wind was such, 
 that the house was removed to a considerable distance, and 
 torn into atoms. A barn and corn-barn, standing near the 
 house, were entirely demolished ; and a horse in the barn was 
 killed. The trees and fences in the track of the hurricane 
 were prostrated ; and nails that had been in the house were 
 found driven into trees by force of the wind, so firmly that 
 they could not be withdrawn by hand. 
 
 After passing some distance from the house, the wind took 
 a course upward from the earth, so that the extent of its 
 ravages was small. But of its force, where it was felt, some 
 judgment can be formed from the fact, that a negro man, 
 standing at the door, was taken up, carried near ten rods, 
 and thrown with such violence upon the ground as to break 
 both his legs and several of his ribs, causing his death. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 133 
 
 A little girl, also standing at the door, was carried through 
 the air forty rods, and had an arm broken. Four women, 
 who had been in the house, were found in the cellar, greatly 
 bruised, but unconscious how they came there. A little boy 
 was found completely covered b}^ the rubbish of the build- 
 ings, and rescued. A watch, hanging in the house, was found 
 at a distance of more than a mile from the place where it 
 had stood; and articles, that were in it when struck by the 
 Avind, were afterwards found in Holden, more than ten miles 
 distant. 
 
 I have copied the foregoing facts from a contemporary 
 statement published in the newspapers of the day ; and bor- 
 row from the article its closing paragraph, to show the danger 
 of even attempting to describe so fearful a tempest : " A pile 
 of boards, 'tis said seven thousand feet, being near the house, 
 was shivered to splinters, and carried to a great distance, so 
 that there were not pieces large enough left to make a coffin 
 to bury the negro in ! " Where the materials of the unfor- 
 tunate negro's coffin were obtained, history does not tell ; 
 though, as the track of the hurricane was both short and nar- 
 row, it is to be presumed there were enough left elsewhere 
 in the town to serve the purpose. 
 
 An incident connected with two of the inhabitants has an 
 interest beyond its being connected with the history of the 
 town. 
 
 Francis and Isaac Choate were, in November, 1790, taken 
 prisoners by the Indians, at a block-house upon the Muskin- 
 gum River in Ohio, about forty miles above Marietta. Isaac 
 was carried to Detroit, and there sold ; while Francis was 
 given away to a Mingo chief. They were redeemed, and 
 returned home in May following. There might be little 
 worthy of remark in the mere fact that a citizen was taken 
 prisoner in a war with the Indians ; but there is something 
 calculated to awaken a train of interesting reflections in the 
 circumstance, that it should have happened within the memory 
 
134 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 of living witnesses, in the very heart of a State, then a wil- 
 derness, which now counts its population by millions. It 
 serves to mark the extent and rapidity of the progress of a 
 country, where the ordinary work of ages is accomplished in 
 a single generation. 
 
 One incident, the authenticity of which is beyond doubt, 
 occurred in 1804, and had an interest beyond the neighbor- 
 hood where it happened, from its partaking of the character 
 of one of those mysteries which often puzzle the philosophy 
 of the wisest. 
 
 John Southgate (a wealthy and respectable gentleman of the 
 town, often employed in the transaction of business which 
 required intelligence and experience, and who is noticed in 
 another connection) had a son of the same name, then some 
 twenty-five years of age. The father was an extensive land- 
 owner at Stillwater, between Bangor and Orino, in Maine. 
 The son, though unmarried, was residing there for the pur- 
 pose of taking charge of the proi^erty. His health was 
 generally good, the employment was a pleasant one, and his 
 temperament not otherwise than hopeful and cheerful, though 
 his habits were at times somewhat unsteady. In June of that 
 year, his father received a letter from him requesting him 
 to come and bring him home, as he had but a short time to 
 live. 
 
 His father, supposing he was sick, hastened to him ; but, on 
 arriving, found him apparently in usual health. The son 
 seemed to be greatly relieved that he had come ; re-iterated 
 liis wish to return home, and to hasten his departure, because 
 on such a day (naming it) he was to die, and was desirous of 
 some time in which to make previous arrangements. 
 
 The father, willing to humor what he regarded as a 
 strange fancy, but without the slightest apprehension that it 
 had any foundation, left Stillwater after a short delay, taking 
 his son with him. He stopped in Boston : but the son seemed 
 very anxious to hasten his journey; and, as soon as he had 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 135 
 
 transacted some business, he started, and reached home the 
 next day. 
 
 Here the son appeared to be in good health ; was cheerful, 
 communicative, and calm in his manner and conversation, 
 though often reminding them that such a day was to be his 
 last. In the mean time, he was busy making arrangements, 
 as if sure that the term of his life was measured and extremely 
 brief. 
 
 The time fixed for the event of his death was the night of 
 a certain day which he named. During that day, he visited 
 and bade adieu to several families in the neighborhood, and 
 repaired to various familiar and favorite spots upon his father's 
 farm, which he seemed to be looking upon for the last time. 
 In the evening he sat with the family, and conversed freely 
 and cheerfully with them upon different topics. At the usual 
 hour, the family made the customary preparations for retiring ; 
 but he urgently requested them not to do so, as he had but a 
 few more hours to spend with them. 
 
 They, however, regarded this as a mere idle fancy ; and 
 were confident in the belief, that, if he were to fall asleep, he 
 would awake in the morning, relieved by finding that he had 
 outlived the period suggested in his brain. They accordingly 
 urged his retiring ; which he did, occupying a bed with his 
 younger brother. The other members of the family also 
 retired ; but the earnestness of his conviction left so strong 
 an impression upon their minds, that they could not readily 
 sleep. 
 
 John wished his brother not to fall asleep : but, acting upon 
 the prevailing idea of the family, he affected to do so, and 
 actually fell into a slumber ; and, as he thought, John did 
 the same. In a sliort time, however, he was startled and 
 aroused by the peculiar breathing of his brother. He imme- 
 diately called the family, who tried in vain to arouse him 
 from what they supposed was sleep. It was the convulsive 
 breathing of a dying man ; and at the age of twenty-six, 
 
136 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 on the 12th July, 1804, at the very hour which he had more 
 than two weeks before told his father was to be his last, he 
 died. 
 
 No cause for this impression or for his death could be 
 traced. His health gave no signs of being seriously impaired. 
 Nothing indicated that death was occasioned by any thing he 
 had taken. It was a mystery which was never solved ; and 
 now that every witness of the scene, who could have been 
 old enough to know its character, is gone, it would be worse 
 than idle to speculate upon theories to explain it. 
 
 I have had occasion to speak of the destruction of the 
 house of Edward Bond, by fire, in 1767. A description of 
 this house, and its style of finish, may serve as a sample of 
 the houses of the early settlers ; though it had been always 
 kept as a public-house, and was undoubtedly erected for one, 
 and, consequently, somewhat more elaborate in its character 
 than the private dwellings in the neighborhood. 
 
 The house was small, I apprehend, from the description, — 
 only a single story in height. There was not a handle upon 
 a single door in the house, inside or out. The latch was of 
 wood, to which a string was attached ; and, passing thi'ough 
 a hole in the door, was taken hold of and pulled by any one 
 on the outside who wished to raise it in order to enter. This 
 contrivance, then universally in use, served as a very simple 
 and handy lock ; for, by drawing in the latch-string, no out- 
 sider could gain admittance except by the aid of some one 
 inside of the house. 
 
 In this connection, I shall venture to give, from the nar- 
 rative of one who was familiar with the condition of the town 
 at the time of this house being destroyed, a description of 
 what formed the only village then existing in the town. 
 
 Beginning at the west, near the Town-meadow Brook, on 
 the south side of the road, stood a one-story house, which has 
 been standing within the recollection of some persons now 
 living, and was then occupied by Judge Steele. Next east of 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 137 
 
 that, and on the north side of the road, was the house of Seth 
 Washburn, where Mr. Joseph Denny more recently lived, 
 about half-way from Judge Steele's to the Bond Tavern. It 
 was one story in height, and consisted of three rooms, — a 
 front room, bed-room, and kitchen. Opposite this, the woods 
 came up to the road, without any fence along its side ; and the 
 children of the family made their play-ground among the trees 
 that stood there. The next house east of that was the Bond 
 Tavern. Then came the Meeting-house, such as has been 
 elsewhere described in this work. Opposite the Meeting- 
 house stood an old house, with one room and a shoemaker's 
 shop attached to it, in which Deacon Fletcher lived, and car- 
 ried on his trade of making and repairing shoes. It was after- 
 wards sold to Nathan Waite, who erected a tavern upon the 
 spot, which forms a part of the present Tavern House. 
 
 A few rods east of the Meeting-house, at the corner of the 
 Training-field, or Common, stood the old schoolhouse which I 
 have before described, and which was then little better than 
 " an old shell." Some twenty or thirty rods to the north-east 
 of the schoolhouse stood an old house formerly belonging to 
 Mr. Parsons, which was approached by a " lane " leading from 
 the Training- field. Ten years later, it was spoken of as 
 " the remains of a house." In rear of the Meeting-house 
 was the Burying-ground, belonging to the town ; which was 
 surrounded by a brush fence, beginning at the north-west 
 corner of the Meeting-house, and running around, enclosing it 
 from Mr. Parsons's land on the north, and the Training-field 
 on the east and south. 
 
 The only house between the Meeting-house and the 
 Meeting-house Hill was one at its top, built by Mr. Steb- 
 bins, and afterwards owned by Mr. Conklin. Part-way down 
 the hill, where a cellar-hole now remains, upon the north 
 side of the road, stood a house owned by Peter Silvester. 
 Next east, upon the same side of the road, stood a house 
 at the corner of Flip Road, as the records early called the 
 
 18 
 
138 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 road that once led from the Great Road to Carey Hill. Nearly 
 opposite the last-mentioned house was a one-storied " gambrel- 
 roofed " house, which stood upon a high bank on the south 
 side of the road, where Benjamin Vickery afterwards lived 
 from 1777 till after 1800. 
 
 These half-dozen houses constituted the entire village, so 
 far as it was built upon or near the Great Road. The present 
 house, upon the east side of the Rutland Road, half a mile 
 from the Meeting-house, was then standing; and a small house 
 upon the South Road, about half a mile from the Great 
 Road, in which Mr. Goddard had lived. Not one of these, it 
 is believed, had any paint upon them, inside or out ; and they 
 were all of humble dimensions, without any pretensions to 
 architectural ornament or proportion. Probably that upon 
 the North Road, with a front-room, kitchen, and bed-room, 
 was quite as imposing in style and magnitude as any of 
 these. 
 
 There were one or two appendages to the Common, near 
 the Meeting-house, which are not familiar in our day. One 
 of these was an immense horse-block, or stone, at each end 
 of the Meeting-house, upon which the women mounted in 
 order to seat themselves on their side-saddles, or more com- 
 monly on pillions behind their husbands or some male mem- 
 ber of the family, before the days of carriages. This appen- 
 dage had not entirely disappeared, though it had been mostly 
 disused, within the last forty or fifty years. But the other 
 appendage, it is believed, had yielded to the progress of civi- 
 lization before the commencement of the present century ; 
 and that was the '' public stocks." They were in use for the 
 punishment of petty oiFences ; while those guilty of more seri- 
 ous ones were subjected to whipping or the pillory, or brand- 
 ing or cropping. They were borrowed from England, and 
 have been too often described by writers, from Hudibras to 
 M'Fingal, to need any further account of their form or con- 
 struction. The last of those in Leicester were erected in 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 139 
 
 1763, by Benjamin Tucker, at the cost of thirteen shilhngs ; 
 and stood near the Meeting-house. 
 
 It may not, perhaps, be deemed a matter too minute for a 
 purely local history like this, to note, so far as I am able to 
 ascertain, by whom and when some of the other houses now 
 standing were erected. Beginning on Mount Pleasant, the 
 house upon the south side of the road was built by Col. 
 Joseph Henshaw, in 1772, from lumber brought from Boston. 
 That on the north side was erected by Mr. John Stickney in 
 1789 ; that at the corner of the Silvester Road, by David 
 and Jonathan Trask, about 1811. Their blacksmith-shop 
 stood where the brick factory was built by Messrs. James 
 and John A. Smith and Co. in 1827. The house opposite this 
 was built by Mr. John Hobbs, about 1818, upon the site of an 
 ancient house formerly occupied by Judge Steele. The 
 gambrel-roofed house, which Deacon Murdock altered and 
 enlarged and occupied, was built by Col. Seth Washburn, 
 and finished in 1784. It was first occupied by his son-in-law, 
 Samuel Sargent. The large house nearly opposite this was 
 erected by Col. Joseph D. Sargent. The house now occupied 
 by Mr. John Loring was enlarged, and made into a two-story 
 structure, by Col. Washburn, in 1782; and was further en- 
 larged by Mr. Joseph Denny. Col. Washburn's blacksmith's 
 shop was a little west of this house. The house opposite was 
 built by Col. John Worcester about 1804. The building oc- 
 cupied by the Leicester Boot Company was built by Joseph 
 Denny, for a dwelling-house and card-factory, in 1812; and 
 occupied by Harry Ward. The house formerly of Matthew 
 Jackson was built by him about 1790: his shoemaker's shop 
 stood a little east of it. The house of J. A. Denny, Esq., was 
 erected by him in 1838. A part of the factory of Denny and 
 Bisco was erected by Earle and Walter, hatters, as a dwelling- 
 house and shop, about 1812. The house next east of that 
 was erected by John Wilder, about the same time, for a sad- 
 dler's shop ; and the double dwelling-house next to that was 
 
140 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 erected by him, for himself and Mrs. Ruth Washburn, in 1814. 
 The house opposite this, occupied by Mr. Warren, was erected 
 by N. P. Denny, Esq., about 1808. That of J. A. Smith, Esq., 
 was erected by Reuben Swan about 1801 ; that opposite to 
 it, occupied by Mr. Knowles, was built by Joseph Washburn 
 about 1789. Capt. Isaac Southgate built his house in 1826, 
 and Capt. Knight his in 1843. Mr. John Whittemore built 
 his dwelling-house, about 1820, upon the site of a small house, 
 one story in height, once owned by Martin Rice, whose black- 
 smith's shop stood near where Capt. Southgate's house stands. 
 The house east of Mr. Whittemore's was built by Capt. Darius 
 Cutting in 1789. The two brick dwelling-houses opposite 
 the Academy were built by Daniel M'Farland, — one for his 
 store, about 1809 or '10; and the other for his own dwelling- 
 house, in 1813. Nearly opposite these stood a long, low, one- 
 story building, before mentioned, which Mr. M'Farland had 
 used for a store, which was removed when he erected his 
 new store. Next to this was a one-story house, in which Mr. 
 Joseph Sargent lived at the time of his death in 1784, but 
 had disappeared before the store was removed. East of this, 
 Dr. Austin Flint erected his house in 1784: it was removed 
 by Mr. Joshua Clapp to give place to the much more impos- 
 ing structure which he erected in 1832-3. The two houses 
 opposite this were erected by Roswell Sprague — one for a 
 card factory and store, the other for a dwelling-house — about 
 the same time that the house of Mr. M'Farland was erected. 
 Dr. Edward Flint erected the house in which he lives about 
 1820, That in which Mr. John Woodcock lives was built by 
 Waldo Flint, Esq., in 1830 ; and that next to it was erected 
 by Alpheus Smith, for a card factory, about 1813. Dr. Nel- 
 son built his cottage in 1828. 
 
 From fear, however, of being wearisome, I will only add, that 
 a man now of the age of sixty years might readily recall the 
 village when the whole number of its dwelling-houses would 
 not have exceeded twenty ; when there was n'o house upon 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 141 
 
 tlie south eicle of the road east of Coh Denny's ; when there 
 was none between Col. Worcester's and Mr. Moore's ; when 
 the only buildings between Capt. Cutting's and the Charlton 
 Road were the small house I have spoken of, where Mr. 
 Whittemore's house stands ; the blacksmith-shop above men- 
 tioned ; another little shop west of it, with a single room, in 
 which Mr. Denny at one time kept his law-office ; and a small, 
 low building, at the corner of the Charlton Road, in which 
 Widow Dunbar cari'ied on her trade as a tailoress. At that 
 time, I apprehend there was not a single house upon the 
 south, or Charlton Road between the Great Road and Mr. 
 Richard Bond's. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 The local history of the town would be incomplete if I 
 failed to notice some of those personal institutions, which, in 
 the progress of the age, have become obsolete, though once 
 forming an important element in its social structure. 
 
 I have spoken of the substitution of machinery for the 
 simpler implements of domestic manufacture, — the spinning- 
 wheel and the loom. With these has disappeared a class 
 of labor to which the families of the town resorted, to a 
 greater or less extent, to aid the housewife in working up the 
 wool, flax, and tow, which had been raised upon the farm, 
 into bed and other linen and clothing for the family. 
 
 There were in most of the country towns more or less of 
 these useful personages, who went from one family to another 
 to " do up " their spinning. The implement chiefly in use 
 was the large spinning-wheel, whose hum, now no longer 
 heard, was familiar to the ear of every household of that 
 day. The last of this class in Leicester was Sally Bradish ; 
 and as a representative of a race, which, like the Dodo among 
 the birds, has disappeared, never to be revived, she deserves 
 to be preserved as an historical personage. 
 
 The records of the town furnish no clue to her age ; but 
 
142 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 she was obviously on the shady side of forty. She had breadth 
 enough to have been a Juno ; but from having worn off her 
 nether extremities by following her thread back and forth so 
 many years, or from some other cause, her height would not 
 justify the comparison. What her beauty might once have 
 been, this history does not go back far enough to determine. 
 "When he, who is now to be her chronicler, first saw her round, 
 good-natured face, furrowed here and there by a deep wrinkle, 
 it had been so often twisted into shapes to fit the expression 
 of countenance suited to the actors in the stories she was 
 accustomed to tell, that it was difficult to infer what had been 
 its original configuration. Her annual revolution to that point 
 in her orbit — where, like a comet, she was visible for a few 
 weeks at a time — was an event of no inconsiderable moment. 
 To see her in her glory, however, one must have followed 
 the hum of her wheel into some back chamber heated to a 
 summer glow, or the more spacious precincts of the kitchen, 
 where she plied her task, and sat and listened in the gloam- 
 ing of the evening, lighted only by a bright fire on the 
 hearth, to the songs she used to sing as she paced backwards 
 and forwards, and gave her wheel a fresh buzz and a louder 
 hum at each return ; or gathered around the hearth of glow- 
 ing coals, after her day's work had been " reeled off," and she 
 was at liberty to luxuriate in some of the exhaustless supply 
 of stories she possessed, of witches, ghosts, robbers, and 
 Indians, with an occasional interlude showing the fate of 
 some faithless swain, or the crowning recompense of con- 
 stancy and love. 
 
 Sally was an undoubting believer in witches and ghosts, 
 omens and warnings ; and was possessed of a perfect ency- 
 clopjedia of facts, known to herself to be true, which she 
 detailed with great circumstantiality, when her clue run in 
 that direction. And so deep and vivid were the impressions 
 made on her groups of listeners, that I have no doubt, though 
 nearly threescore years have passed by, were a ghost to show 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 143 
 
 itself to any one of that number, it would be recognized at 
 once as an old and familiar acquaintance. 
 
 Sometimes her fancy took a facetious turn ; and then the 
 manner in which she put her face into forms to suit the action 
 of her story, seen in the dimly reflected light of the fading 
 fire, was as irresistible for mirth as her ghosts were for 
 terror. 
 
 She was, I believe, the only Methodist in the town till I 
 was full grown ; and the tunes with which she regaled the 
 listeners as well as herself, in her devotional frames of mind, 
 uttered with a peculiar emphasis and tone, with which she 
 poured out verse after verse of her favorite hymns of inter- 
 minable length, have not yet lost their echo on the ear. 
 
 But this was not the only field for her genius. The tea- 
 table, when the older members of the family were gathered 
 around it, furnished new topics of equal interest and impor- 
 tance. She was a perfect budget of the gossip and news of 
 the town. She was an entire believer in the power of fore- 
 telling events ; and could read, in the tea-grounds in her 
 neighbor's cup, the future, especially so far as it related to 
 funerals, weddings, and riding in coaches. In this round of 
 duties, toils, and pleasures, Sally was entirely content, nor 
 ever dreamed that anybody was plotting to impair her use- 
 fulness or importance. But the power-loom and the spinning- 
 jenny came, and they found Sally in the wane of life. It 
 required no ghost or omen to foretell the fate of the old- 
 fashioned spinning-wheel, and, with it, the old-fashioned spin- 
 sters who had gladdened the hearts of the children of many a 
 neighborhood, while they supplied the yarns that were to be 
 wrought into stockings and jackets for their outside comfort. 
 
 Here and there may be found in some old garret a spinning- 
 wheel, which creaks, instead of hums, when it is turned ; but 
 no page records, no stone marks the spot, where the last 
 spinner of Leicester was laid, by the hand of charity, in her 
 final resting-place. 
 
144 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 The revolution of public sentiment upon the subject of 
 popular education has converted another of the former social 
 institutions of towns into a matter of history ; and that is 
 the natural "school-mams,"- — they who, without ever having 
 heard of a normal school or of the machinery now in use for 
 fitting men and women to teach the uneducated, contrived by 
 their own mother-wit, and an intuitive power of guiding and 
 developing young minds, to attain to the highest art of the 
 teacher. Every town had its " aunt " this or that, who had 
 the training of successive generations, and coaxed and urged 
 the lagging powers of the grandchild, just as she had done the 
 once curly-headed urchin, who, as a venerable grandfather, 
 had long since outgrown being her contemporary. 
 
 Leicester had her " Aunt Hannah, " — she was everybody's 
 aunt, — who exercised too marked an influence, in shaping the 
 moral and intellectual character of its rising generations, to 
 be silently passed over in a history of its social condition. 
 She could have counted her pupils by thousands, and found 
 them in almost every rank, condition, and employment in 
 life. Merchants, physicians, lawyers, ministers, and women 
 who have been the honored wives and mothers of the great 
 and useful men of the land, were, at one time or another, her 
 pupils ; and would have borne testimony to her skill, fidelity, 
 and success in the life-business of primary education. 
 
 What was the secret of her power and success, a stranger 
 could never have understood. She was unconscious of it 
 herself. But she had a power to which every child instinc- 
 tively yielded as to that of a superior being. It was not the 
 attraction of beauty or grace, or the over-awing of her pupils 
 by any display of dignity or command. 
 
 " Aunt Hannah " was by no means a beauty. She was tall, 
 muscular, and awkward. Her voice, though not harsh, had 
 but little music in its tones ; and her exterior, as a whole, indi- 
 cated what was true, — that she had a good supply of the ele- 
 ments of masculine strength in her physical as well as intel- 
 
 'I 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 145 
 
 lectual composition. But, though the casket was a rough one, 
 it contained the jewel of one of the kindest and softest hearts 
 that ever looked into the loving face of a child, and gave 
 back the sympathy of a kindred affection. If the children of 
 her school looked upon her with something like awe the first 
 half- day of their attendance, they had forgotten the next 
 day that she was plain ; and, before a week was out, she had 
 grown into a standard of grace and beauty, as well as the 
 embodiment of knowledge and wisdom. The whole secret 
 of her success lay in this, — her heart was in the work; and 
 the enthusiasm of her own nature infused itself into that 
 of the children, who were beguiled into learning the dullest 
 lesson by the pleasure they were thereby giving to one whose 
 approbation was the highest of rewards. Men may talk about 
 the genius of the poet and of the painter, as well as that 
 of the orator and the mechanician. If there is any calling or 
 department of life in which genius manifests itself in a pecu- 
 liar and unmistakable form, it is in that of " keeping school." 
 
 The circumstances of the schools in the several towns, and 
 the demand for competent teachers, formerly served to de- 
 velop this genius where it existed ; and, when developed, its 
 fruits were seen in the improved condition of successive gene- 
 rations within the region where it had been exerted. Such 
 were the character and qualifications of the humble individual 
 of whom I am speaking ; and there is here and there one who 
 still lives to remember what he owes of his after-success in 
 life to the impressions he received from her influence and 
 early teachings. 
 
 It is the life of such an individual that serves to show the 
 springs of action which give motion to society, while they 
 lie hid from the eye of casual observers ; and while we 
 speak of the patriotic devotion of the men of a former gene- 
 ration, in the struggle of a nation for political freedom, it 
 would be doing injustice to our subject, had we forgotten the 
 devoted labors of those of the same generation, and educated 
 
 19 
 
146 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 in the same school of hardship and difficulty, who, in teach- 
 ing little children their duty to God and the world, were 
 fitting a generation to take its place among the actors on 
 the stage of life, upon whose character and energy the main- 
 tenance of the social fabric was to depend. 
 
 The changes in the fashions and social habits of a people 
 are so constantly going on, and yet are so gradual, that it is 
 only by contrasting periods somewhat remote from each other 
 that the differences are perceptible to an ordinary observer ; 
 and whoever undertakes to record these is generally at a 
 loss when he goes behind the memory of living persons for 
 his facts, as few think of noting down what is passing on, 
 every day, around them. And yet no history of one of these 
 little communities could be complete which should omit these 
 altogether. 
 
 Every age has about the same tastes and passions to be 
 supplied and gratified, although the form in which this is 
 done varies most essentially at different periods. Our fathers 
 sought their amusements at home, and within their own 
 neighborhoods, far more than is done in our day. A visit to 
 the city was an event of a life ; and, as for watering-places and 
 pleasure-excursions to a distance, they had not found a place 
 in their vocabulary. Lyceums and lectures and societies of 
 a hundred sorts, to reform everybody and every thing, and 
 give employment and pay to a set of agents who thrive upon 
 strife and excitement, had never then been dreamed of. 
 
 Many of their social gatherings partook of the useful as 
 well as the pleasant. They joined together to help their 
 neighbor to husk his corn, or raise the frame of his build- 
 ing ; or the good housewives gave up an afternoon, every 
 now and then, to the quilting of a covering for a bed for a 
 neighboring housewife. 
 
 They made these and similar meetings occasions of pleasure 
 and amusement to both young and old, and not unfrequently 
 for both sexes. Not that the women did much of the work 
 
HISTORY or LEICESTER. 147 
 
 of stripping the husks from the ears of corn, nor that the 
 men understood the knack of laying stitches in fantastic lines 
 in a bed-quilt ; but it was an easy thing to find sources of 
 amusement, if not of useful employment, when once together. 
 And a walk home under the light of the broad harvest-moon 
 had its poetry in that day, though they had never read Bryant 
 or Longfellow. They had balls too, — not where they went 
 at eight or nine o'clock, and got home in the small hours 
 after midnight; but where they went in broad daylight, in 
 the middle of the afternoon, and staid till broad daylight of 
 the next morning : not whirling and shuffling in dizzy waltzes 
 or indescribable polkas or schottisches, to the music of a 
 regimental band ; but luxuriating in sober reels, and good, 
 honest " country dances," at the inspiration of a fiddle, and, 
 perchance, a bass-viol or a tambourine as an accompaniment. 
 
 Though, as is elsewhere remarked, in the progress of lux- 
 ury, in the absence of all carriages, it became better ton 
 to substitute a second horse for a pillion, the more common 
 mode of transportation to balls and merry-makings, as well as 
 meetings of a Sunday, was by the lady seating herself upon a 
 pillion behind the gentleman who attended her.* 
 
 Athletic exercises too, among the men, especially the young 
 and middle-aged, were commonly practised at all gatherings 
 for social labor or amusements ; and the championship of the 
 
 * Accidents would happen in the processes of locomotion, even in those days of 
 primitive simplicity of conveyance; though the luxury of being smashed up, a dozen 
 at a time, was reserved to our own days of railroads. I may, perhaps, be pardoned 
 for narrating here an incident of this kind, which was related to me by an eye-witness, 
 in which Mr. R. and Miss S. participated. Several of the houses in Cherry Valley stand 
 so high, that they have a steep bank between them and the road. Mr. R. called at one 
 of these, prepared to give Miss S. an airing on horseback. The animal was rather 
 small, the lady of goodly size, and the gentleman no pigmy. Standing upon the bank 
 wall in front of the house, the lady seated herself behind the gentleman, and the little 
 horse made a desperate effort to start: but the load being unequally balanced, and the 
 bank steep, his legs upon the lower side gave way under the weight; and the conse- 
 quence was, that the horse and his riders rolled down the bank into the road together. 
 Fortunately, no serious harm followed; and a better starting-point was selected the 
 next time. 
 
148 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 wrestling-ring was an honor which could be gained or held 
 only by a decided pre-eminence in muscle and skill. 
 
 It has been customary, occasionally, for the people of the 
 town to commemorate the anniversary of the declaration of 
 independence by orations, public dinners, and a reasonable 
 amount of patriotic uproar. There has been a less-marked 
 exhibition of the latter, since the days of punch before dinner 
 and wine after, than formerly ; though, taking the average 
 patriotism of a given number of days, including the " glorious 
 Fourth," the balance is believed by many to be quite in favor 
 of the modern mode of observing this great national holiday. 
 
 The last considerable demonstration upon such an occasion 
 was in 1849 ; when, in pursuance of an invitation, of which 
 a copy is appended,* there was a large attendance of the 
 people of the ancient town ; and many from distant homes 
 came back to indulge in the pleasant memories of the past, 
 while they renewed the ties that bound them to a spot once 
 dear to them. The Hon. James Draper presided. Four were 
 present who had taken part as soldiers in the scenes of the 
 Revolution. One of them was Mr. Craige, who had been in 
 the battle of the 17th June, '75. Dr. Flint was too ill to 
 
 * Mat 23, 1849. 
 
 Dear Sir, — The citizens of the towns of Leicester, Spencer, and Paxton, with a 
 portion of Auburn, wliich were originally incorporated in one town under the name 
 of Leicester, propose to unite in a celebration of the ensuing Foui'th of July in the 
 present town of Leicester; for the purpose, principally, of refreshing our minds by the 
 early reminiscences of our history, and recalling the interesting events of the Revolu- 
 tionary War, and the part which the citizens of these towns, then acting together, 
 took in achieving our independence, and laying the foundation of our present form of 
 government. 
 
 The Hon. Emory Washburn, a descendant of this town, but now a resident of 
 Lowell, will deliver an historical address in the First Congregational Meeting-house in 
 Leicester, at half-past ten o'clock, a.m., on that day. 
 
 A dinner will be provided for such ladies and gentlemen as may be present on the 
 occasion, at as low a price as can be afforded. 
 
 To increase the interest of this celebration, it is to be hoped that many of the absent 
 sons and daughters of the towns once composing this district will return on that day 
 to join in its festivities, and review, with their friends and relatives here, the interest- 
 ing events of past times. 
 
 The Committee of Arrangements hereby invite you, with your family, to be 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 149 
 
 be present.* The day was fine ; no accident detracted from 
 the pleasure of the gathering ; and after a bountiful dinner, 
 a variety of patriotic sentiments and interesting speeches 
 from sundry gentlemen, the assembly separated with a feel- 
 ing that the memory of the fathers ought not to be lost. 
 
 Instead of attempting to give, in this place, an original 
 account of the celebration, I have preferred to copy from a 
 newspaper article of the day the detailed scatement, which 
 was prepared by one who took a very active part in the 
 arrangements for the occasion, and whose aid in the present 
 work I have more than once acknowledged. As an incident 
 in the local history of the town, it is hoped it will not be 
 deemed too unimportant or minute for insertion. 
 
 HISTORICAL CELEBRATION AT LEICESTER. 
 
 Mr. Editor, — Presuming that a more particular account than has 
 yet been given of the recent celebration of the Fourth in this place, by 
 
 present with us on that day; and, for the purpose of ascertaining as nearly as possible 
 what preparations may be necessary for the accommodation of our friends, we request 
 you, if it is convenient for you to attend, to notify us, by mail or otherwise, as early 
 as the twentieth day of June next, by addressing your communication to John Sargent, 
 Esq., Postmaster, Leicester, Mass. 
 
 Respectfully yours. 
 
 Edward Flint, 
 Isaac Southgate, 
 Henry A. Denny, 
 John Sargent, 
 Jos. A. Denny, 
 Jos. D. Sargent, 
 Sewall Sargent, 
 Horace Knight, 
 Samuel Watson, 
 John Woodcock, 
 Reuben S. Denny, 
 Henry E. Warren, 
 John King, 
 H. G. Henshaw, 
 Silas Gleason, 
 Joseph Whittemore, 
 Hiram Knight, 
 Joshua Lamb, 
 Billings Swan, 
 
 Leicester. 
 
 James Draper, 
 William Pope, 
 Thomas Pierce, 
 Foster Bisco, 
 Harvey Prouty, 
 William Baldwin, 
 Jeremiah Grout, 
 William Henshaw, 
 Geo. W. Morse, 
 Alonzo Temple, 
 
 Sjjencer. 
 
 Geo. S. Lakin, 
 Simeon Anthony, 
 David Harrington, 
 Solon G. Howe, 
 David Manning, 
 
 Paxton. 
 
 * The names of the others were Asahel Matthews, Joel How, and Phineas Jones, 
 • the two last of Spencer. 
 
150 HISTORY or LEICESTER. 
 
 the united towns of Spencer, Paxton, Auburn, and Leicester (once 
 composing the original town of Leicester), might be interesting to the 
 hundreds of absent sons and daughters of those towns who were unable 
 to be present on the occasion, I send you a sketch of the transactions 
 of that interesting day. 
 
 A circular having previously been sent out to the former residents 
 of these towns to meet together on that occasion, " for the purpose of 
 refreshing their minds by the early reminiscences of their history, 
 recalling the interesting events of the Revolutionary War, and the 
 pai-t which the citizens of these towns, then acting together, took in 
 achieving our independence, and laying the foundation of our present 
 form of government," the quiet village of Leicester, where the cele- 
 bration was to take place, was enlivened during the previous day 
 and evening by the arrival, from various quarters of the land, of the 
 friends and relatives of its present citizens, and the absent sons and 
 daughters of the town from a distance ; and the many happy meetings 
 which took place among former friends and acquaintances were only a 
 prelude to the enjoyments of the following day. 
 
 The morning of the Fourth, which was bright and beautiful, was 
 ushered in by the ringing of bells, and the discharge of a national 
 salute on the Common. The refreshing showers in the early part of 
 the week had prepared for us just such a day as would have been 
 chosen for the occasion ; and, previous to the hour assigned for the 
 services, the gathering throng from the neighboring towns manifested 
 the deep interest they felt in this novel celebration of our nation's 
 birthday. 
 
 At about ten o'clock, a long procession of the citizens of Spencer 
 in carriages, preceded by their Fire-engine Company in full uniform, 
 with an elegant engine drawn by two horses, were met on their way, 
 and escorted into the village by the Leicester Fire-engine Company, 
 accompanied by the Northbridge Band, which, by its rich music, en- 
 livened the performances of the day. 
 
 At half-past ten, a.m., the multitude assembled at the grove, — about 
 eighty rods south-west of the Common, — where seats were prepared 
 to accommodate two thousand persons, which were all filled ; and some 
 hundreds of others stood around, and sat in carriages near the stand 
 erected for the orator of the day. 
 
 Music from the band announced the time for the commencement of 
 the services, which were introduced by an earnest and appropriate 
 prayer from the Rev. Dr. Nelson, the venerable minister, who has 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 151 
 
 for nearly forty years past been settled over the First Congregational 
 Society in this place. 
 
 The following hymn, by Henrt S. Washburn, Esq., of Worcester, 
 was then sung by the audience, to the tune of Old Hundred : — 
 
 We gather, from a thousand homes, 
 
 Around the old ancestral tree, 
 From rural vales and city domes, 
 
 The favored children of the free. 
 
 We tread in olden paths to-day ; 
 
 We muse on hallowed memories here ; 
 And linger fondly by the way 
 
 With friends we've missed for many a year. 
 
 And spirits of the just and true, 
 
 Of men who spurned the tyrant's power. 
 
 Whose names are fragrant as the dew, — 
 They, too, are with us at this hour. 
 
 Their graves are with us, green and fair ; 
 
 The cold sod lies upon their breasts ; 
 And Freedom breathes no holier air 
 
 Than where the patriot sweetly rests. 
 
 And, Father, while with filial love 
 
 We kneel around this ancient shrine. 
 Oh, may thy Spirit from above 
 
 Renew and sanctify us thine ! 
 
 And, strengthened by these rites to-day 
 
 For harder toil, for sterner strife. 
 May we press on Life's checkered way 
 
 Till we have won the crown of life ! 
 
 Of the oration by Hon. Emory Washburn we shall attempt no 
 description. Its subject was, in accordance with the design of the 
 celebration, a history of the part which our citizens took in the events 
 of the Revolutionary War ; and the intense interest with which the 
 audience listened during the hour and a half occupied by the orator 
 gave strong evidence of the power of his eloquence and the interest of 
 his details. 
 
 We trust that, in accordance with a request of the hearers, this 
 interesting address will be given to the public. 
 
152 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 During the delivery of the address, quite a sensation was produced 
 in the audience by the arrival of the venerable Lieut. Nathan Craige 
 from Spencer, the only survivor of the Leicester Minute Company ; 
 who was in the battle of Bunker Hill, in the company of Capt. Seth 
 Washburn ; and who now, at the age of ninety-five, was introduced to 
 the assembly by the President of the day. On the same platform also 
 sat three other venerable Revolutionary soldiers belonging to the 
 original town of Leicester. 
 
 After the services at the Grove, a procession was formed, under the 
 direction of Henry A. Denny, Esq., Chief-Marshal, and escorted by 
 the fire companies, and band of music, to the table, which was spread 
 under a spacious tent on the Common. 
 
 Among the flags that were floating around this spot was one erected 
 by the students of Leicester Academy, and surmounting the cupola of 
 that venerable institution ; bearing as its motto, Libertas et Doctrina 
 sorores germ.an<B. 
 
 Of the dinner, which was provided by John Wright, Esq., of Bos- 
 ton, it is but justice to say, that every thing was arranged in the most 
 perfect order, and in a style unequalled by any public table we have 
 ever before seen. 
 
 The bountiful bill of fare, tastefully arranged, was apparently satis- 
 factory to every guest; and, what was somewhat remarkable in so 
 extensive a celebration, every seat was occupied, and every one who 
 desired a seat was provided for. Between nine and ten hundred per- 
 sons of both sexes partook of the dinner. 
 
 During the three or four hours which passed at the table, the most 
 perfect order prevailed, wiiile a general hilarity seemed to pervade the 
 company. Not a gun was heard in the village around, not a cheer 
 was raised, with one exception, throughout the tent, during their long 
 sitting; and the only demonstration of applause which followed the 
 many toasts, poems, speeches, and songs, which were said and sung by 
 the assembled multitude, were the clapping of hands and the sup- 
 pressed laughter of the guests. 
 
 The order and decorum which prevailed throughout the day was 
 worthy of remark, as showing the favorable change for a few years past 
 in the celebration of this anniversary, by the banishment of wine, and 
 the introduction of our wives and daughters to the festivities of the 
 occasion. 
 
 The Hon. James Draper of Spencer presided at the table, assisted 
 by five vice-presidents ; and among the many toasts which were read, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 153 
 
 and the many more which were omitted foi' want of time, a few only 
 can be given. 
 
 " The Massachusetts Delegation in Congress. — Though they have cut down 
 her proportion from an eighth to less than a twenty-second part, they will find 
 that Massachusetts can be, and will be, the Old Bay State still." 
 
 This sentiment called np the Hon. Charles Allen, who, in his usual 
 felicitous manner, interested the audience by his appropriate remarks, 
 and, in conclusion, offered the following sentiment : — 
 
 " The Fathers of the Revolutionary Age. — Living for the future, they live 
 in that future. May the priceless inheritance acquired by their privations and 
 sacrifices be augmented and enriched by each succeeding generation ! " 
 
 " The Clergy of New England. — They rendered their country good service 
 in times that tried men's souls. May they ever be found at the post of duty, 
 laboring to save men's souls." 
 
 To this sentiment. Rev. Dr. Nelson, the Chaplain of the day, re- 
 sponded in a few interesting remarks. 
 
 " The Orator of the Day, — who, improving upon the liberality exhibited 
 by his honored ancestor * on Charlestown Neck, has not only permitted us to 
 ' go back,' but has actually led us back, to the beginning of our history." 
 
 " Worcester. — When a plain country matron, she lent our fathers muskets 
 in the War of Independence, which spoke well if they were only charged 
 well. Now that she is a city lady, she has done better. She has lent us men 
 to help celebrate that independence, who not only can speak well, but are 
 always well charged." 
 
 This sentiment called up his Honor the Mayor of our neighboring 
 city, Henry Chapin, Esq., who, as usual, was not only charged, but 
 primed, and went off, with a speech full of wit, fun, and poetry, which 
 kept his audience in a roar of laughter, and left them all in great good- 
 humor. He closed with offering the following sentiment : — 
 
 " The Scattered Families of the Tribe of Leicester. — Whether they dwell 
 on hill-top or in valley, may peace be their offering, plenty their inheritance, 
 and virtue the crowning glory of their character ! " 
 
 * Capt. Seth Washburn of Leicester, grandfather of Judge Washburn, while crossing 
 Charlestown Neck to Bunker Hill on the memorable 17th of June, 75, exposed to 
 the raking fire of the British, halted his company, and gave leave to any one, who 
 chose, TO GO BACK. Not a man in the company accepted the offer. 
 
 •20 
 
154 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 The following song, written for the occasion by Henry S. Wash- 
 burn, Esq., was then sung by the Glee Club : — 
 
 'Twas pleasant, in the ancient days, 
 
 To gather snugly round 
 The fireside, in a merry mood. 
 
 And let the nuts abound. 
 The nuts and cider, gentlemen, — 
 
 Ye well remember how 
 They disappeared before the ken 
 
 Of some who are with us now. 
 
 But such refreshments, gentlemen, 
 
 We bring you not to-day ; 
 For nuts and cider, as you know. 
 
 Have long since passed aAvay. 
 But as the cup flows merrily. 
 
 With sparkling waters bright. 
 We'll gently hint, our boards are spread 
 
 A little nearer Wright. 
 
 Our mothers, too — in olden times 
 
 They had their quilting-bees ; 
 But little thought that they should live 
 
 To see such times as these. 
 Nor did we dream, a year ago, 
 
 That friends so far away 
 Would bring their wives and children here 
 
 To dine with us to-da)\ 
 
 Then let the song flow merrily. 
 
 And heart with heart commune : 
 'Tis very easy now to sing 
 
 In almost any tune. 
 And very long this partial hour 
 
 Will memory retain ; 
 And often shall we breathe a wish 
 
 To meet you here again. 
 
 " Our Forefathers, whose characters have been so graphically portrayed 
 this day : their sepulchres are with us. May their rigid adherence to civil 
 and religious freedom be embalmed in the hearts of a grateful posterity ! " 
 
 " Our Patriotic Orandmothers of '76. — Although they could not cause the 
 sun and moon to stand still, yet, by converting their clock-weights into bul- 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 155 
 
 lets, they did what they could to cause Ume to stop, until their sons had 
 * avenged themselves upon their enemies.' " * 
 
 " Lieut. Nathan Craige, our venerable Quest, who in his youth, like 
 Cincinnatus, left his plough to serve his country. Like that worthy old Ro- 
 man, he is permitted, after a long and virtuous life, to spend the evening of 
 his days in the peaceful enjoyment of a quiet home, a good conscience, and 
 the respect of a grateful community." 
 
 " The Ladies. — Crowns of our rejoicing in prosperity ; angels of consola- 
 tion in adversity : Without them, the earth would be a desolation ; with them, 
 it may become a paradise." 
 
 The following song, by Hon. Charles Thdrber, was sung by the 
 audience in the tune of Auld Lang Syne : — 
 
 With buoyant hearts and merry feet, 
 
 The young go out to roam ; 
 But, ah ! 'tis bliss again to meet 
 
 Within the bowers of home. 
 How sweet to think we've come away, 
 
 From Business' giddy whirls. 
 With such a host of boys to-day, 
 
 And such a lot of girls ! 
 
 Old Mrs. Leicester, t'other day, 
 
 Was thinking at her home 
 About her children far away, 
 
 And wrote to have them come ; 
 And so, this morn, with merry voice. 
 
 And proud as any earls, 
 There came a host of Leicester boys, 
 
 And lots of Leicester girls. 
 
 The cannon roared, that proudly tells 
 
 The brave are on the way ; 
 The bells were rung to show that belles 
 
 Are " all the go " to-day. 
 No sound is heard but Freedom's voice. 
 
 No flag but hers unfurls, 
 'Midst such a host of Freedom's boys, 
 
 And such a lot of girls. 
 
 * When word came that the British were marching out to Lexington and Concord, 
 Mrs. Sargent, grandmother to the present Postmaster, during the brief hour in which 
 her two sons prepared for their march to join the patriot forces, to^k otf her clock- 
 weights, and run them up into bullets for them to carry. 
 
156 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Not those alone to-day we view, 
 
 We used to greet before ; 
 For many a one is changed to two, 
 
 And many a two to — more . 
 So Leicester, like Cornelia, stands, 
 
 And calls her children pearls ; 
 While o'er her boys she waves her hands, 
 
 And also o'er her girls. 
 
 Old bachelors enjoy the scene, 
 
 Who never laughed before ; 
 And simpering girls, but just sixteen, 
 
 For forty years and more : 
 The smiles around their faces play, 
 
 The zephyrs round their curls ; 
 For here are hosts of boys to-day, 
 
 And lots of merry girls. 
 
 The farmer lets his weary team 
 
 O'er hill and valley stray ; 
 The frugal housewife leaves her cream 
 
 To churn another day. 
 We have no time for such employs ; 
 
 We're prouder now than earls ; 
 For here are almost all the boys, 
 
 And nearly all the girls. 
 
 The merchant puts his ledger back ; 
 
 The banker locks his chest ; 
 The doctor drops his ipecac, 
 
 And lets the weary rest : 
 For Care may find no harbor near. 
 
 Where Freedom's flag unfurls ; 
 For almost all the boys are here. 
 
 And nearly all the girls. 
 
 The anxious lawyer, bruised and scarred 
 
 By many a legal thump. 
 And boys that nicely work the card 
 
 Till cash becomes the trump, 
 Have come to-day to taste of joys 
 
 That rival all the world's, 
 Amidst a host of Leicester boys. 
 
 And lots of Leicester girls. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 157 
 
 The parson from his sermon comes, 
 
 With Freedom's spirit gay ; 
 And e'en the Judge has left his looms, 
 
 To spin our yarn to-day. 
 Oh ! such the time, and such the cheer, 
 
 And such the string of pearls ! — 
 Why, almost all the boys are here, 
 
 And nearly all the girls. 
 
 And, while the hours go merrily, 
 
 A prayer shall end the lay : 
 May Madam Leicester ever be 
 
 As happy as to-day ! 
 And, when the ransomed spirits wear 
 
 Their glorious crowns of pearls. 
 May all the Leicester boys be there, 
 
 And all the Leicester girls ! 
 
 By the President of the day : — 
 
 " T/ie First Settlers of Leicester. — They had a King and an Earl; yet they 
 had respect to no other nobility than that of the soul. They had one Frier ; 
 but they abjured the Pope and his doctrine. With a Sargeant to aid in 
 driving out the enemy, and two Southgates to shut him out ; with their Den- 
 nys, their Henshaws, their Greens, and ' John Smith,' — they proved them- 
 selves efficient pioneers for establishing a new settlement." 
 
 By Amos Warren, Esq., of Woodstock, Vt. : — 
 
 "Leicester, our Early Home. — Though p7'ogress is the rallying-word 
 of the times, and omoard and forward the labor of the head and the hands ; 
 yet the heart calls us backioard, and the pilgrim of nearly a half-century's 
 absence finds his youth renewed in the homes and haunts of his childhood." 
 
 The following glee, contributed by a friend, was also sung by the 
 Glee Club: — 
 
 Come, come, come. 
 Come to this festal board. 
 Ye who have wandered long. 
 Ye old friends tried and true ; 
 Oh ! come in a phalanx strong. 
 Not often thus we mingle 
 In Life's uncertain way ; 
 Not often thus we gather 
 As we have met to-day. 
 
158 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Come, come, come. 
 Come to this festal board, 
 Ye who have wandered long, 
 Ye old friends tried and true ; 
 Oh ! come in a phalanx strong. 
 
 Come, come, come. 
 Come to this festal board ; 
 With kindred hearts draw near ; 
 Come to this feast of love. 
 With a hearty welcome here. 
 Oh ! many a weary hour 
 Shall we tread Life's rugged way, 
 Ere we shall meet again 
 As we have met to-day. 
 Come, come, come, 
 Come to this festal board ; 
 With kindred hearts draw near ; 
 Come to this feast of love, 
 With a heai'ty welcome here. 
 
 By John Partridge, Esq., Paxton : — 
 
 " The Seeds of the American Revolution, sown broadcast over Europe. — 
 May all the nations of that continent soon be able to sing the Harvest 
 Home ! " 
 
 By Abraham Firth, Esq. : — 
 
 " The Permanent Residents of the Toion. — May their private and public 
 virtues be so pre-eminent, that the sons of Leicester everywhere, and in all 
 time, may never feel ashamed of their birthplace ! " 
 
 By a Citizen : — 
 
 " Our Fire-engine Companies, the minute-men of modern times. — Like 
 their Revolutionary fathers, they conquer the enemy by the use of their 
 arms." 
 
 By a Fireman : — 
 
 " The Ladies. — Their eyes kindle the only flame we dare not encounter, 
 and which our arms cannot conquer." 
 
 By Samuel Allen, Esq. : — 
 
 " The Memory of the late Col. William Henshaw, — a man without fear 
 and without reproach." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 159 
 
 By H. G. Henshaw, Esq. : — 
 
 " The Memory of the late Hon. Joseph Allen, once a pi-ominent and fa- 
 vorite citizen of Leicester. — His memory is ' fragrant as the dew.' " 
 
 Among the sentiments received from our absent friends were the 
 following : — 
 
 By Andrew H. Ward, Esq., Newton : — 
 
 " The Toimi of Leicester, the home of om* ancestors. — While 'hex farm 
 has decreased, her children have increased. When we visit the hearthstone 
 again on a like occasion, may we, as note, find her Sargeants in the line of 
 promotion, her Flints well picked. Kings and Knights among her sons, her 
 Woodcocks and Sivans unmolested by sportsmen, and herself choice of her 
 Lambs ! " 
 
 By Hon. Waldo Flint, Boston : — 
 
 " Our Ancestors of the Revolution. — We shall prove ourselves ungrateful 
 sons, and unworthy of the blessings we inherit, if we ever fail to rise up and 
 call them blessed." 
 
 By Hon. Nathan Sargeant, Washington, D.C. : — 
 
 " The School-houses and the Meeting-houses of New England, — the 
 brightest jewels in her diadem." 
 
 By Rev. George Allen: — 
 
 " Liberty, the right of all. — God speed to all the fruition of that right ! " 
 
 Among the speakers at the table was Hon. Joseph Sprague, 
 Ex-Mayor of Brooklyn, N.Y. ; who, in responding to a sentiment, gave 
 some sketches of the campaign on Long Island, during the Revolu- 
 tionary War, while our troops were stationed there. 
 
 Letters and sentiments were received from many invited guests who 
 were unable to be present ; some of which were read, but many were 
 necessarily omitted. They showed, however, the deep interest felt by 
 all the descendants of the place in the object of the celebration. 
 
 Among the interesting events of the day was the welcome meeting, 
 at this table, of many former friends, and the greeting of those who had 
 for many years been separated, and had now again come together from 
 all parts of the country to renew their acquaintance, and, perhaps for 
 the last time, to look upon the associates of their childhood. 
 
 Many a hearty welcome was exchanged, and many a silent tear was 
 shed, as the guests moved about from friend to friend during the 
 time occupied by the speakers at the table. 
 
160 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 From our cities and towns came together the loved and honored 
 sons of old Leicester, some with gray hairs, who went out from us in 
 early youth ; and we were pleased to see among the happy group 
 many who left us in early life, penniless and alone, to seek their for- 
 tune in other climes, return with their families to visit us on this occa- 
 sion, blessed with prosperity, and enjoying the fruits of their industry 
 and enterprise. 
 
 Long will the fathers and mothers, the sons and daughters, of old 
 
 Leicester, remember this happy meeting, and the interesting incidents 
 
 which occurred on the occasion ; and may the success which attended 
 
 our efforts in this novel and interesting enterprise be the cause of many 
 
 such happy gatherings of the descendants of the Pilgrims, in years to 
 
 come, on the hills and in the valleys of New England ! 
 
 J. A. D. 
 Leicester, July 10, 1849. 
 
 In Washington's diarj, recently published, he speaks of the 
 towns he passed through, and the places at which he stopped, 
 on his journey to Boston. He spent the night of the 22d Oc- 
 tober, 1789, at Mr. Jenks's tavern, in Spencer. On Friday, the 
 23d, " we commenced our course with the sun ; and, passing 
 through Leicester, met some gentlemen of the town of Worces- 
 ter, on the line between it and the former, to escort us." 
 
 The circumstance is also noticed in the diary of a citizen of 
 Leicester, now before me ; and was long recalled as a memo- 
 rable event, although there does not appear to have been any 
 public demonstration on the part of the town. A scarcely 
 less interesting occurrence of the kind was the passing through 
 the south part of the town, by Gen. La Fayette, Sept. 3, 1824. 
 The people crowded to greet him ; and all along the road- 
 side, and at every village, they were seen cheering him 
 with shouts and the waving of hats and handkerchiefs ; and, 
 wherever he stopped, his carriage was surrounded by peo- 
 ple pressing for a chance to shake the hand of this early and 
 noble friend of America. He was attended by a troop of 
 horse, and an escort of carriages, military officers, citizens, 
 &c., — the free ovation of a grateful people. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 161 
 
 CEMETERIES. 
 
 While we are thus indulging in the recollection of what 
 men did, and where they lived, while filling up the incidents 
 of the local history of the town, we ought not to pass unno- 
 ticed the spots where they are reposing, — the cemeteries of 
 the town. As a test and standard of refined sentiment in 
 selecting and adorning the last resting-place of the dead, the 
 early cemeteries of this town, like those all over New England 
 at the time, would be of the most humble pretension. In- 
 deed, there have been few more decided marks of a growing 
 refinement in the public taste than the selection of beautiful 
 and becoming spots, where art and aff"ection combine to rob 
 the externals of the grave of all that is repulsive, and to add 
 the attractions of the lovely in nature to the associations of 
 love and affection which consecrate the mound beneath which 
 the wife, the child, or the friend, is reposing. 
 
 Beginning with Mount Auburn, the beautiful idea has 
 found a type in the recent rural cemeteries of many of the 
 towns in the Commonwealth ; and will, ere long, be copied in 
 every one. Such has been the case with Leicester. A new 
 cemetery, in a sequestered spot, amidst the spreading shades 
 of the pine and other forest trees, was consecrated by suitable 
 and appropriate ceremonies in 1841. It is about half a mile 
 south-west of the Meeting-house. But, before noticing this 
 further, I recur to the earlier burying-places in the town. 
 One of these was in rear of the Congregational Meeting- 
 house ; probably occupied as such from the very first settle- 
 ment of the town. Here, borrowing the language of poetry, 
 without meaning to do injustice to their character, " the 
 rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep." 
 
 It ceased to be used, except occasionally, as a burial-place, 
 after about 1765 (at least, for new families), Avhen the one, 
 half a mile west of the Meeting-house, was opened ; and, when 
 
 21 
 
162 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 it was thought desirable to extend the Common in rear of 
 the Meeting-house, the headstones were removed, the graves 
 levelled, and every mark and vestige of the spots where some 
 two or three generations had successively been laid were 
 effectually obliterated. Jethro, elsewhere noticed, was the 
 last person buried within the original cemetery ; and this must 
 have been about 1810. 
 
 The second cemetery, in point of time, was that around the 
 Baptist Meeting-house in Greenville. Capt, Samuel Green 
 was, as is supposed, the first person buried there ; which was 
 in January, 1736. 
 
 The burying-ground around the Friends' Meeting-house was 
 begun to be occupied about 1739, and formed originally a 
 part of the farms of Nathaniel Potter and Robert Earle. 
 
 About 1750, a cemetery was begun upon the farm in the 
 north part of the town, then owned by John Lynde, Esq., 
 afterwards by Isaac Choate, and more recently by Deacon 
 Joseph Elliot. Mrs. Benjamin Wheaton, a daughter of John 
 Lynde, was among the first persons interred there, after the 
 burial of her father, which took place in 1756. 
 
 Another collection of graves may be seen, in the south-west- 
 erly part of the town, upon the farm formerly belonging to 
 Elder Richard Southgate. The grave of the Elder is among 
 them. The last interment there was that of Judah South- 
 gate in 1799. 
 
 There is a cemetery in Cherry Valley, originally begun by 
 Benjamin Studley in 1816, which is laid out with much taste 
 as a public burial-place for the people in that part of the 
 town. 
 
 Several small clusters of graves, and single graves, are 
 scattered in various parts of the town. Those of the Rev. 
 Mr. Parsons and Dr. Lawton are mentioned elsewhere. Seve- 
 ral of these are memorials of the time, when it was thought 
 necessary to resort to " pest-houses," as they were called, in 
 which the patient submitted to inoculation as a protection 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 163 
 
 from the small-pox, before the days of vaccination. Although 
 this was found to be comparatively far more safe than being 
 subjected to that loathsome disease in the " natural way," it 
 was attended with much hazard ; as was attested by more or 
 less graves found near the localities of most of those hospi- 
 tals. One of them was the house formerly of Joseph Shaw, 
 near the " Shaw Pond," so called ; it being, as all such hospi- 
 tals were, remote from any road or any other dwelling-house. 
 One inscription upon one of these headstones is still legible : 
 '' In memory of Miss Ruth Paine, daughter of Mr. Jabez and 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Paine, who died April 10, 1778, in the 24th 
 year of her age. This stone Avas set up by a sencear morner.'' 
 But no headstone records to whom the sleeper there was 
 indebted for this simple tribute of affection. 
 
 The proprietor of the Mount-Pleasant Estate (Mr. Lewis 
 Allen) Avas, by his direction, buried in the garden in 1780. He 
 died at the age of thirty-five. In the conveyance of his estate 
 after his death, this spot was reserved; but, some forty years 
 since, it shared the lot of most such private graves. The 
 estate had fallen into the hands of a stranger ; and, regardless 
 of the uses to which the spot had been consecrated, every 
 vestige of it was levelled beneath the ploughshare ; and it is 
 no longer to be distinguished. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT. 
 
 The estate which has long been known by this name, was, 
 at one time, of sufficient magnitude and importance to be 
 the subject of particular notice. The mansion-house stands 
 on what was originally lot No. 33 ; at first laid out to Joseph 
 Parsons, who is mentioned in this work. From him it passed 
 to Nathaniel Kanncy of Boston ; and belonged to William 
 Brown in 1724, when the deed of the proprietors of the town 
 was made to the settlers of the east half of the township. 
 After that, it belonged to Ralph Inman, who sold it to Darby 
 
164 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Ryan. He sold one-half of the farm to John Ryan, his father, 
 in 1767. He sold to Jonathan Sargent, jun., in 1771. The 
 same year, Mr. Sargent sold it to Joseph Henshaw, then 
 called of Boston. He owned it seven years, and, during that 
 time, erected the mansion-house now standing upon it, as has 
 already been mentioned, from materials brought from Boston. 
 Col. Henshaw is noticed in another part of this work. 
 
 In March, 1778, he sold to Lewis Allen, of Shrewsbury, 
 called a goldsmith. He had, in the mean time, become the 
 owner of some adjacent land, making a hundred and thirty-six 
 acres in all ; and the sum paid for it at that time was two thou- 
 sand five hundred pounds. Mr. Allen was a man of peculiar 
 habits and notions ; and, in the early part of the Revolution, 
 had been a royalist. He gave the estate the name it has since 
 borne ; and, when he died, was buried, by his direction, in the 
 garden, as has been stated. The reason for this, as related 
 in Ward's History of Shrewsbury, and as given by Mr. Allen, 
 was, that he might hear the news from Boston when the 
 stage came along. A little grove of maples, growing close 
 by the road near the avenue to the house, was planted by 
 him. He died there in 1780. His administrators sold the 
 estate, together with an additional seventy acres which he 
 had purchased of Darby Ryan, to Samuel Brooks of Worcester, 
 in 1783, for nine hundred and twenty-six pounds, reserving a 
 rod of land Avhere said Allen had been buried. Thomas Stick- 
 ney, who had removed here from Newburyport, then became 
 the owner, and carried on business as a merchant there until 
 his death in August, 1791.* In September, 1795, Capt. John 
 
 * I have been enabled, by the favor of J. Henry Stickney, Esq., an eminent merchant 
 of Baltimore, and a grandson of Mr. Stickney, to present to the reader a view of this 
 estate as it appeared in 1794 ; it being a copy of a print published in the Massachu- 
 setts Magazine of that year. I give below the account which accompanied the 
 original print. As a memorial of the primitive condition of the estate, the print has 
 much interest ; while the source from which it has been derived, gives it additional 
 value. 
 
 ^^Description of ]\Iouni Pleasant, accompanied icith a striking View. — The annexed 
 plate exhibits a view of Mount Pleasant, in Leicester, Mass., — the real estate of the late 
 
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HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 165 
 
 Lyon, then called of Worcester, who had married the Avidow 
 of Mr. Stickney, sold the homestead, then containing two hun- 
 dred acres, with the " mansion-house, barn, potash, farm-house, 
 and all other buildings thereon," to James Swan, then called 
 of Boston, for five thousand two hundred and sixty-seven 
 dollars. In other contemporary deeds he is called of Dor- 
 chester, where he had an elegant seat. 
 
 The extent of his estates, and the style of magnificence 
 in which he lived, rendered the removal of Major Swan to 
 Leicester a memorable event in its history. In all these, he so 
 far exceeded any thing which had been before familiar to the 
 people, that he was the object of general interest and atten- 
 tion ; and fabulous stories of the wealth he displayed were 
 told for many years after his brief reign of magnificence and 
 admiration had passed by. He had been a major of a regi- 
 ment of artillery in the Continental service, commanded by 
 Col. Crafts, in which Capts. Todd and Henshaw, and Lieut. 
 John Southgate, of Leicester, had held commissions. He may 
 have been led to think of this as a place of residence from his 
 acquaintance with these gentlemen, but more probably from 
 the attractiveness of the estate. He at one time must have 
 owned some seven or eight hundred acres of land in a body ; 
 embracing, besides the homestead, the farms known as the 
 Calvin Hersey Estate ; the John A. Denny Estate ; the Moore 
 Farm, afterwards of Col. Henry Sargent ; the Wilham Silves- 
 ter Farm, and parts of several other farms. There are per- 
 sons living who remember the marks of a liberal culture and 
 tasteful arrangement which this estate presented in many 
 of its parts, enclosed by firm and substantial walls and gates, 
 
 Mr. Thomas Stickney, deceased. This elegant seat is fifty-five miles from Boston, on the 
 post-road to New York. It commands an extensive prospect of the neighboring coun- 
 try ; and, for salubrity of air, is perhaps unequalled : a situation equally favorable for 
 philosophical retirement and manly improvement. The gentleman of agricultural taste 
 on this farm of two hundred and twenty acres may amuse himself with various experi- 
 ments in the most useful science of husbandry, and the sportsman from its forests and 
 streams may find salutary exercise and varied pleasure." 
 
166 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 but whose productive mowing-fields and tillage-lands, after a 
 few years of neglect, were changed into rough and unsavory 
 pastures, covered with brush, and rendered little better than 
 unprofitable wastes. I speak principally of the homestead ; 
 the buildings and fences of which w^ere, after the removal 
 of Major Swan, suffered to go to decay ; and remained in 
 that condition till its late proprietor, by judicious skill and 
 labor, did much to restore the soil to its productiveness, and 
 the dwelling-house to a pleasant and comfortable homestead. 
 
 I am unable to state how long Major Swan occupied this 
 estate ; but I apprehend it was for a few years only. He 
 seems to have been a man Avho lived in a style beyond his 
 actual wealth, or, by some revulsion of fortune, was induced 
 to retire to France, where his creditors endeavored in vain 
 to coerce the payment of their debts. I find the following 
 notice in the '^Worcester Spy" of the 18th September, 1830: 
 " A letter from Dr. Niles, noAv at Paris, mentions, that, on 
 July 22, St. Pelagie (the Debtor's Prison in Paris) was 
 opened, and that among the liberated w^as Mr. Swan, an Ame- 
 rican citizen (formerly of Leicester), who has occupied the 
 same room thirty-two years and one day." 
 
 The papers have since mentioned his death in Paris ; he 
 never having returned to America. His social position and 
 family connections in this country Avere of the most respecta- 
 ble rank in life. But this work has properly little connection 
 with his personal history, except so far as it was connected 
 with that of the town. 
 
 If we were to trace the history of other estates here, 
 it would be found remarkable that so few have remained in 
 the line of any one family. Of the few that have any claim 
 to being paternal acres, may be mentioned that of Mr. Sewall 
 Sargent ; whose ancestor, Nathan, purchased it, and moved 
 upon it in 1742. Lyman Waite, Esq., lives upon a part of the 
 estate which his grandfather cleared of the primitive forest, 
 and owned as early as 1735, and perhaps earlier; and which 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 167 
 
 came to the present owner by descent from his father. Mr. 
 Daniel Livermore owns and lives upon a part of the estate 
 which was conveyed to his ancestor, Daniel Livermore, as one 
 of the settlers of the town in 1724. There is one other estate 
 which has been held by the same family since previous to 
 1728 ; and that is the one on which Joseph Whittemore lived 
 at the time of his recent death. It was purchased by Deacon 
 John, his grandfather ; and was afterwards owned by his 
 father, Lieut. James. But, beyond these, I do not recall 
 one which has passed by descent in any one family for the 
 term of a hundred years, or even approximating to that length 
 of time. 
 
 Mr. William Henshaw lives upon a part of the original farm 
 of his ancestor, Daniel Henshaw ; and Dr. Pliny Earle lives 
 upon part of that of his ancestor, Ralf Earle. The place on 
 which Mr. Henry E, Warren lives belonged to his grandfather ; 
 and the place owned by Mr. Eber Bond was owned by his 
 ancestor, Benjamin, before 1747. 
 
 PUBLIC-HOUSES. 
 
 Among the houses in town which have been occupied as 
 inns, or taverns, are the following ; though I am unable to 
 give all the occupants, or to mention them in their order 
 where they have been ascertained. 
 
 The first in order of time was one standing where Capt. 
 Knight's house is, at the corner of the Great and the Rut- 
 land Road. It was early built, and occupied as a public- 
 house from the first. The first occupant was Nathaniel Rich- 
 ardson, as early as 1721. John Taylor owned and occupied 
 it in 1746. He sold to John Taylor, jun.,in 1755. In 1756, it 
 was kept a short time by Seth Washburn. He appears to 
 have been succeeded by Mr. Taylor again. Benjamin Tucker 
 occupied it in 1761, and, by permission of the town, dug a 
 well upon the Common, now remaining, — "a little Avest of the 
 
168 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 sign-post." The house then belonged to the estate of Mr. 
 Taylor, who had died. It was soon purchased by Edward 
 Bond; and while in his possession, in 1767, was burned, as 
 stated in another part of this work. The house was rebuilt 
 and occupied by Mr. Bond until 1775, when he sold it to 
 Isaac Kibbe ; but I apprehend he never lived upon it. It 
 was kept by Elijah Lathrop from 1776 to 1778 ; when Peter 
 Taft, from Uxbridge, who had purchased of Kibbe, occupied 
 it till 1781. He then sold it to Reuben Swan, who enlarged 
 it, and continued to occupy it until 1801 ; when William Den- 
 ny purchased and occupied it till about 1810, He was suc- 
 ceeded by Aaron Morse, who occupied it until he removed 
 into the tavern opposite the Meeting-house. 
 
 The next house in order of time was that of Jonathan Sar- 
 gent, which stood opposite the Catholic Church. It was built 
 and occupied as a tavern as early as 1727. Mr. Sargent 
 occupied it till his death. He was succeeded by his son 
 Phinehas, who occupied it till his death in 1776. Upon his 
 death, the estate was purchased by Nathan Waite, who owned 
 it till his death, but discontinued it as a tavern several years 
 before that time. 
 
 The house standing where Mr. Robert Watson lately lived 
 was kept as a public-house in 1740 by James Smith. It was 
 afterwards kept as such by Samuel Lynde in 1755; and, in 
 1759, was destroyed by a hurricane, as has been stated. 
 
 As early as 1776, Col. Phinehas Newhall kept a public- 
 house upon the North County Road, where Mr. Eddy lives. 
 It was kept by him as such for many years, and continued to 
 be so occupied into the present century. It was a large and 
 commodious house ; but has, mthin a few years, been replaced 
 by one of smaller dimensions. 
 
 The house opposite the Meeting-house, which has been so 
 long kept as a hotel, was built for that purpose by Nathan 
 Waite in 1776. The following year, he removed to the place 
 where he afterwards lived, and sold the estate to Jacob Rod 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 169 
 
 Rivera. Mr. Rivera traded there until his removal to New- 
 port in 1783. 
 
 From that time, the house has been kept as a hotel by 
 various persons, among whom were Mr. George Bruce and 
 Mr. Bugbee; Abner Dunbar; Johnson Lynde, in 1797-8; Arad 
 Lynde, his son, and Nathan Felton, 1799 ; when John Hobart 
 purchased it, and carried it on with great success till about 
 1817. When he first took it, it contained but two front- 
 rooms and a kitchen and bedroom in the body of the house. 
 He enlarged it from time to time to its present size. He sold 
 the estate to Alpheus Smith ; under whom Aaron Morse occu- 
 pied as a tenant until his removal to New Haven about 1822. 
 
 Mr. George Bruce kept a tavern in the Mount-Pleasant 
 House after the removal of Major Swan ; and, during the 
 Revolution, Abner Dunbar kept as a tavern the house stand- 
 ing opposite the Mower Place on Mount Pleasant. 
 
 Samuel Green kept a tavern many years in Greenville, in 
 the house next west of the river. 
 
 Mr. Hezekiah Stone built, and for several years kept, a hotel 
 in what is Clappville, upon the Stafford and Worcester Turn- 
 pike.* 
 
 There is one class of memorials often met with, connected 
 with the history of the town, which I ought not to pass over 
 unnoticed, — ^ the cellars of dwelling-houses, which, with their 
 occupants, have long since disappeared. Many of these were 
 constructed before the highways of the town had been laid 
 out, and are now remote from other settlements or travelled 
 ways. 
 
 The quiet and sequestered spots in which some of them 
 
 * When speaking of Clappville, it should have been stated that a post-office was 
 established there in 1824, and the Rev. Mr. Muenscher was appointed the first post- 
 master. After him was Edward L. Stone; then Horace M'Farland; and, in succession, 
 Butler Goodridge, Abraham Firth, Reuben S. Denny, George Roberts, and the present 
 incumbent (Samuel L. Stone). 
 
 There was a post-office established in Cheny Valley in 1859; and Harvey Tainter, 
 Esq., appointed postmaster. 
 
 22 
 
170 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 are found, indicate much taste in their original selection ; 
 and outlines of gardens and enclosures by which they were 
 surrounded, with occasionally an aged tree that shaded the 
 cottage or supplied its inmates with fruit, remind one, that, 
 however humble they may have been, they were once the 
 abodes of men to whom life had its attractions. Even if one 
 took no interest in tracing the name of him who built or 
 occupied it, he could not come upon the site of one of these 
 early dwellings, nestled in some sheltered valley or looking 
 out from some lonely hillside, without being reminded that it 
 was once a human habitation and a home ; that here some 
 one had shared in what makes up life's common experience in 
 every age. Some young man had brought hither, in the flush 
 of hope and pride, the happy bride he had chosen : they had 
 here begun life together. Here children had played and grown 
 up, and gone forth to their several spheres of action ; and here, 
 too, death had entered, and taken away the infant in the morn, 
 and the old man in the evening, of life. 
 
 If thoughts and emotions like these might be awakened by 
 such an object, when only excited by the associations of a 
 common nature, it surely cannot be foreign from a work like 
 this to give these objects a passing notice, when they are 
 associated, manj'^ of them, with the names and events which 
 make up the town's history. 
 
 They are interesting in another point of view. They 
 indicate, by the very humble dimensions of the houses, the 
 condition of the first settlers of the town, in respect to com- 
 fort and convenience. The names of their occupants and the 
 numbers of their children, as shown in the genealogies of 
 their families, present a singular disproportion between the 
 capacity of their houses and the number of persons they 
 were made to accommodate. 
 
 Most of these houses were a single story in height, and 
 few of them contained more than a couple of rooms, and per- 
 haps a projecting bed-room, in this story ; and the inventories 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 171 
 
 of the furniture tliey contained were as meagre as the pro- 
 portions of their rooms were small. 
 
 They illustrate the social history of the first and succeeding 
 generation which planted and subdued the soil of Leicester. 
 One of these is on Dix Hill, so called, in the north-west part 
 of the town, where Benjamin Dix lived from previous to IT-l-i 
 till after 1759. On the west side of Shaw Pond is another, 
 where Joseph Shaw lived, which was built about 1748. It was 
 used as a hospital or pest-house about the time of the Revo- 
 lution. 
 
 There are two on the east side of Shaw Pond. In one of 
 these, John Cummings lived. He married Rachel Snow, 1752. 
 In the other, which is about a quarter of a mile east from the 
 first, Robert Woodward lived in 1740. There is one west of 
 George S. Bond's house, where John Converse lived in 1729, 
 as I suppose ; and, after him, his son Joshua, who was living 
 there in 1776. 
 
 At the corner of the Eddy Road, so called, near the 
 North-west Schoolhouse, is the cellar of the house in which 
 Robert, the father of Sally Bradish, mentioned in this work, 
 lived ; and afterwards Seth Washburn, jun., son of Col. Seth, 
 just before the Revolution. His blacksmith-shop stood near 
 it. 
 
 In 1755, Benjamin Woodward built a house, the cellar of 
 which remains, about thirty rods east from the road leading to 
 Zolva Green's, and about a quarter of a mile from the Whitte- 
 more Road, as it is called. His son Jesse lived there after 
 him ; and, in 1776 it was occupied by a Widow Sawin. Dea- 
 con John Whittemore built his first house, about 1730, some 
 sixty rods south-west from that which he afterwards built, 
 where his son Joseph lived. A house once stood on the west 
 side of the road leading to the Whittemore Sawmill, in which 
 Hiram Newhall was living about 1764. Joseph Sprague, the 
 first of the name in town, built a house which stood near 
 the one in which his son, Capt. WiUiam, lived. The house of 
 
172 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Dudley Wade Swan, in 1736, stood near the present house 
 of Mr. Sturtevant, in the north-east part of the town. Reuben 
 Swan lived there in 1776. John Potter, as early as 1730, lived 
 in a house that stood on the south side of the road, a little 
 west of where Jonah Earle lived. Joseph Trumbull's house, 
 in 1737, stood a little south of the house of the late Daniel 
 Kent. Nathaniel Waite built his house, about that time, where 
 his son Samuel afterwards built the house in which he lived. 
 The house of Deacon James Southgate was standing, in 1730, 
 on the knoll a little north of the house of David Morton ; and 
 the house of his brother Richard stood upon the upper side 
 of the old Country Road, a little north-west of where Capt, 
 John lived and died. On the knoll west of the brick factory 
 and of the pond, the house of Nathaniel Sargent stood, about 
 1750. The cellar on the Avest side of the Sylvester Road, 
 about sixty rods from the Great Road, was the residence of 
 Joseph, and afterwards of his son Seth Washburn. A cellar, 
 upon what is called Ballard Hill, about half a mile south of 
 William Silvester's, was built by George Cradock, Esq., for 
 the tenant of his farm, and afterwards occupied by Zaccheus 
 Ballard, who came from Framingham in 1770. The house 
 was burned before the Revolution. 
 
 Capt. Isaac Southgate was born in a house occupied by his 
 father, which stood in the pasture about sixty rods north-west 
 from the house of the late Peter Silvester. Where Benjamin 
 Earle's house now stands, there was once a house, in which 
 Mr. Lynde lived, and after him Abner Dunbar kept a tavern. 
 It was occupied by Elijah Howe in 1776. On the Oxford Road, 
 nearly in front of Mrs. Hobart's, stood a small house, formerly 
 occupied by the Rev. Mr. Goddard ; afterwards by Joshua 
 Grossman in 1776. A Mr. Kane had a small house where Ira 
 Bond's now stands ; and a little farther south stood the house 
 of Mr. Bowker, on the same side of the road. In a lot west of 
 Eber Bond's house was the house of Mr. Barnes, occupied 
 by James Graton in 1776. Matthew Watson's house, built by 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 173 
 
 him in 1720, stood about sixty rods north-east of Deacon 
 Lyon's, on land now of Joseph A. Denny, Esq. Samuel Wat- 
 son's house was built early, and stood on the hill south of that 
 of his son Benjamin, in the south-east part of the town. 
 
 None of these, it is believed, have been standing within 
 the recollection of any person now living. In some cases, 
 they have given place to more commodious and convenient 
 dwellings ; in others, they were suifered to go to decay, and 
 were abandoned. It was by the diligence and research of 
 the one who prepared the map of the town, which accom- 
 panies this work, that I trace their history. 
 
 I add, from the same authority, a few of the houses which 
 have disappeared within the recollection of living witnesses. 
 Among these was the house of Col. Samuel Denny, on Moose 
 Hill, built in 1756, and taken down about 1817. The house 
 occupied by Robert Woodward in 1750, by Benjamin Liv- 
 ingston in 1776, and by sundry others prior to Joel Marsh, 
 its last occupant, stood about half a mile north-west from 
 Joseph Whittemore's. The house of Azariah Eddj^, near the 
 North-west Schoolhouse, was originally built by Benjamin 
 Converse, and was occupied by him in 1776. Capt. John 
 Holden's house stood on the east side of the Rutland Road, 
 about a mile and a quarter from the Meeting-house. It was 
 built by Joseph Sprague, and occupied by his son Timothy in 
 1776. The house in which Peter Silvester lived in 1776, 
 and afterwards occupied by Adam Gilmore, was upon the 
 eastern slope of the Meeting-house Hill, upon the north side 
 of the road, where there is still a cellar. Benjamin Vickery's 
 house was below that, upon the opposite side of the road. 
 
 The house of Daniel Denny, which he built about 1725, 
 stood upon the top of Denny Hill, then called Nurse's, upon 
 the east side of the road, where a barn now stands. He died 
 there in 1765. Capt. Nathaniel Harwood lived in a house 
 opposite the house of William Silvester. The house of 
 James Harwood stood about half a mile west of Eber Bond's. 
 
174 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Jonas Livermore built a house, before the Revolution, upon 
 the west side of the road, at the southerly foot of the Liver- 
 more Hill. It was afterwards occupied by Isaac Livermore, 
 and subsequently by Joseph Washburn. 
 
 The house of Elder Richard Southgate, in which he was 
 living in 1776, and in which he died, stood upon the north 
 side of the road leading by William Silvester's, and near the 
 line of Spencer. There are several other spots, once occu- 
 pied by dwelling-houses, which are noticed in other connec- 
 tions in this work. 
 
 I have had occasion, more than once, to allude to the 
 changes which have taken place in the families that have at 
 some time formed a part of the inhabitants of the town, and 
 the great numbers who have disappeared from it by remo- 
 val. Some of these I can now trace, though their number is 
 small ; and it seems in keeping with the rest of the work to 
 mention them here. 
 
 John Brown, and Francis and Isaac Choate, removed to 
 Ohio early in its history. Quite a number emigrated to Ver- 
 mont when it was settled. Among them, Jabez Paine went 
 to Westminster; Asa Washburn (son of Col. Seth), Samuel 
 Sargent (who had married his sister), John Hodgkins (who 
 had married another sister), Ebenezer Saunderson, Israel 
 Saunderson, and Abijah Stowers, went to Putney ; Hezekiah 
 Saunderson, to Westminster ; Richard Southgate, son of " El- 
 der Richard," and his three sons, with Thomas, Willard, and 
 Aaron, sons of Nathan Lamb, went to Bridgewater ; the 
 father went to Corinth ; Isaac, son of Dr. Thomas Green, 
 went to Windsor; Dr. Edward Lamb, to Montpelier; Thomas 
 Hammond, to Orwell ; Samuel Upham, to Calais ; Benjamin 
 Livingston went to Townsend, and James to Peacham ; Gen. 
 Lyman Mower and Amos Warren went to Woodstock ; Wil- 
 liam, Ellas, and Ezra Kent, sons of Ebenezer, and John Earle, 
 Daniel Hubbard, and his son Jonathan, went to Wallingford ; 
 Joseph Cerley, to Whitingham ; and Elias Greene and family. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 175 
 
 to Cambridge.* Most of these had famiHes, who removed 
 with them. 
 
 Robert Henry and family, and Ezra Silvester, went to 
 Charleston, N.H. Among those Avho removed to Maine 
 were Asa Green and famil}^, to Deer Isle, in 1797 ; and Wil- 
 liam Paine, Benjamin Watson, jun., and Clark Works, with 
 their families, to Mercer. 
 
 Reuben Earle, son of William, went to German Flats, N.Y. ; 
 John, another son, to Herkimer ; and Oliver, his brother, to 
 Vermont ; so did Nathan, George, and Esek, sons of Robert 
 Earle ; Sylvanus, son of Thomas Earle, and his family, went 
 to Ohio in 1816 ; so did Daniel, Reuben, and Homer, sons of 
 James Earle ; Joseph Sprague went to Brooklyn, N.Y. ; Otis, 
 his brother, to Indiana, afterwards to Wisconsin ; John and 
 Otis, sons of John Hobart, and Theodore V., son of Joseph 
 Denny, went to Indianapolis ; Ebenezer D. Washburn, to Ala- 
 bama ; Joseph, his brother, to Georgia ; Joshua, son of David 
 Henshaw, went to Ohio, but returned late in life to Leicester ; 
 Andrew went to Alabama ; Jonathan Bond, to the western 
 part of New York ; James, son of Thomas Mower, went to 
 New York in 1792 ; Dr. Andrew Denny, son of Nathaniel P., 
 to Alabama ; and Samuel and Bloomfield Parsons, sons of 
 Solomon, to Louisiana ; Samuel Whittemore, son of James, 
 with his family, removed to the State of New York ; John 
 Sprague, son of Timothy, with his family, went to the State 
 
 * For the account of the emip;rants to Vermont, I am much indebted to Hon. Reu- 
 ben Washburn, who is noticed among the native graduates of college. Upon his 
 authority, I am happy to state that the emigrants to Vermont from Leicester were 
 generally a hardy, robust, industrious, frugal, and enterprising set of men ; and they 
 and their descendants have contributed their full share to the prosperity of the State, 
 and to its character for general intelligence and a spirit of independence. I might 
 mention among them Thomas Hammond, Judge of Rutland County ; Gen. Mower, 
 fii-st President of the Woodstock Bank, — a man distinguished for enterprise and public 
 spirit; and Dr. Lamb, who attained great eminence in his profession. William Upham 
 is mentioned in another place, a senator in Congress. 
 
 The contemporaries of these emigrants, as many may now remember, always spoke 
 of Vermont as the "new State;" such being the term by which it had once been 
 known to tliein. 
 
176 HISTORY OF J.MICESTER. 
 
 of New York; Dr. Robert Southgate went to Scarl)oroii{:^l>, 
 Me. ; David and Inaac, sons of Samuel Denny, settled in 
 Vermont; IJillinga llobart now lives in Charleston, Va. ; 
 Thomas Denny, son of Col. Thomas, in the city of New 
 York ; Elijah Washburn and Joseph, sons of Elijah, and 
 nephews of Col. Seth, removed to Hancock, N.IT. ; Seth, son 
 of Seth, and grandson of Col. Washburn, went to Lansing- 
 burg, N.Y. ; Asahel Washburn, nephew of Col. Seth, and 
 family, went to Greensborough, Vt., in 1801. Among others 
 who removed to Vermont were Joseph and John Lynde ; 
 William, son of Richard Dond, and Stej)lion Sargent ; Wil- 
 liam Sargent, son of Jonathan, jun., went to Canada; Capt. 
 William Todd, to Keene, N.II.; Ilartwell and Denny Hay- 
 ward, sons of John, went to New York; so did Edward 
 Westly, Phinehas Rarton, jun., Samuel Sargent, and his son 
 Samuel, jun., with their families ; Renjamin Tucker removed 
 to New llampshire in 17G5 ; James Scott, witli his lather 
 Andrew, went to Pennsylvania ; Charles and Z. S. M. Ilersey, 
 to Canada. 
 
 T have not attempted to enumerate tliose who have removed 
 JVoni Leicester to other towns in Massachusetts. Many of 
 them have made their mark in the places in which they 
 have settled, in the several departments of business and pur- 
 suits in life in which they have been engaged, and reflected 
 credit upon tlieir native home. And it may not be inappro- 
 priate to remark in this connection, that, of the presidents 
 of banks in Roston, Henry R. Stone, Esq., late of the Suffolk ; 
 ILm. Waldo Flint, of the Eagle; and Daniel D(!nny, Esq., of 
 the Hamilton, — were natives of the town; while one of the 
 collectors of that port (Hon. David Henshaw) was also born 
 there. 
 
Hi.s'j'ORV OF m:i(ks'J'i;r, 177 
 
 CHAFI'Ell VI. 
 
 PERSONAL NO T I C K S. 
 
 I'liOI-'KSSIONAL MKN. — GKADUATKS AT COLLKGK. — rUULIC MEN.— 
 
 ARTISTS. 
 
 In attempting to prosont j)ors()iiaI notice.s of individuaJs wlio 
 liav(i boon connected with tlio town, it cannot bo expected 
 that J should confine mysoll'to such only as have l)een known 
 in eminent and distingiuHhod [)ositions, and in the relations 
 of public oni(;o or place. My aim is free I'rom all such [)re- 
 tence ; as the sketches I shall attempt to oflbr are dosigno<l 
 only to illustrate the pro|)er local history which 1 am atteni|)t- 
 ing to oml)ody. Among these are the public ami proibssional 
 men; exclusive, of course, of the clergymen, who have al- 
 ready been spoken of. 
 
 Of those who have boon Judges of courts, the first in order 
 of time was John MiNZiKS. J lo removed hero from lioxbury 
 in 1720, and became a large; liuided proprietor in the town. 
 He lived in, and undoubtedly built, the house upon the 
 ITenshaw Place which recently belonged to the Hon. David 
 IFonshaw. lie was a Scotch gentleman, ethicatod for the 
 l)ar, and a m(MnI)er ot" the Faeuli-y of Advoeat(!S in l^]dinbui-gh. 
 lie was appointed, by the crown. Judge of the Court of 
 Admiralty for Massachusetts, Now Hampshire, and Rhode 
 Jsland ; and arrived in JJcjston, in the ship " Sanmol," in 
 I)ocomb(!r, 1715, bringing with him his eoininission. J To 
 settled in Roxbury ; where he pnjbably became associated 
 with some of the leading proprietors of Leicester, and was 
 induced to take up his residence in this then almost un- 
 brok(!n wilderness. 
 
 23 
 
178 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 The next year, he was chosen to represent the town in the 
 General Court, receiving the cordial thanks of his constitu- 
 ents as the compensation for his services ; and was re-elected, 
 upon the like advantageous terms, in 1722, '23, and '25. 
 
 His political career was brought to a sudden and untimely 
 end by the action of the House in expelling him from that 
 body. The reason of this harsh measure was his having 
 written home letters to the Lords Commissioners, in which 
 he complained of the manner in which the courts of the Pro- 
 vince interfered with the jurisdiction of his own court by 
 issuing prohibitions to suitors from prosecuting their claims 
 before him ; and saying it was impossible to get a jury of the 
 country to do justice to the king in trials involving the rights 
 and authority of the crown. 
 
 This coming to the ears of the Legislature, he was arraigned 
 before the House to answer to the charge ; but, so far from 
 denying it, he re-iterated the charge, and insisted that it was 
 fully justified by the facts, and that he had done no more than 
 his duty required of him. As he declined to apologize, the 
 House voted to expel him. 
 
 The following year, he removed to Boston ; where he died, 
 in September, 1728, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. 
 
 He was a friend of Dr. Douglass the historian, from whom 
 he borrowed money ; and had pecuniary dealings with Gov. 
 Shute, and the Hon. Robert Byng, the Receiver-General of 
 the Admiralty in England. Like so many of his contempo- 
 raries, he seems to have entered largely into the land specula- 
 tions of the day. 
 
 He was interested in other new townships besides Leicester. 
 In the settlers' deed of the latter he is named as a grantee ; 
 having purchased Lot No. 25, which had been originally as- 
 signed to Thomas Hollioke. By virtue of this right, he 
 became the owner of four hundred acres, where he lived ; 
 and afterwards purchased the rights of Capt. Baker in Lot 
 No. 34 ; and of Samuel Prince, father of Rev. Mr. Prince the 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 179 
 
 annalist, in Lot No. 37 ; which, with other purchases, made 
 him, at one time, owner of more than sixteen hundred acres 
 in the town. 
 
 His speculations did not turn out successful. He was 
 obliged to mortgage his estates heavily ; and, after his death, 
 his widow Katherine, as his administratrix, sold his lands for 
 the payment of his debts. 
 
 The body of water adjoining his estate was designated, in 
 the early plans of the town, " the Judge's Pond," from the 
 title of honor with which he was always spoken of by his 
 contemporaries. 
 
 He left no children ; and, upon the death of his widow, the 
 family became extinct in Massachusetts. 
 
 Thomas Steele was the son of Thomas Steele, who pur- 
 chased Judge Menzies' estate after his death. He was born 
 in Boston : graduated at Harvard in 1730, ranking fourth in 
 the class, on the score of family dignity ; Chief-Justice Oliver 
 standing at the head of the class. He was bred a mer- 
 chant, and pursued the business of trade before and after his 
 removal to Leicester. 
 
 In 1756, he was appointed Judge of the Court of Common 
 Pleas for the County of Worcester ; and held that office until 
 the Revolution. 
 
 In 1752, he was chosen to represent the town in the Gene- 
 ral Court ; and was re-elected in the years '53, '54, and '55. 
 
 In 1761, he was elected town-clerk, and, by annual elec- 
 tion, held the office till 1769 ; and the records of the town 
 furnish evidence of the beauty of his chirography, and the 
 fidelity with which he recorded the transactions of the town, 
 many of which must have been very little in unison with his 
 own political sentiments. 
 
 He was a firm loyalist in his feelings and opinions, though 
 he was probably prudent enough not to provoke censure by 
 the too free expression of them. Besides this, his daughter 
 having married so thorough and tried a patriot as Joseph 
 
180 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Allen, and another having married Dr. John Honywood (who 
 early entered into the army), would have formed a pledge 
 of fidelity to his country, which must have gone far to disarm 
 the jealousy of his neighbors. 
 
 He lived in various places in town ; probably, for some 
 time, at first at the Henshaw Place. At one time, he lived 
 and did business in the large old house which he built, and 
 which stood at the foot of the Meeting-house Hill, at the 
 intersection of Flip Lane with the Great Road. For some 
 time before and after 1776, he lived in the Eawson House, so 
 called, upon the Great Road, just east of the Town-meadow 
 Brook.* 
 
 Every thing we can gather relative to Judge Steele leads 
 us to believe that he was a man of high respectability of 
 character, who possessed the confidence of his fellow-citizens, 
 though differing from them in his political sentiments. 
 
 His father, who was a merchant in Boston, was also, at 
 times, called upon to act in a judicial capacity, though never 
 appointed to the bench. I find one case, where, with Thomas 
 Hutchinson, Thomas Fitch, and Anthony Stoddard, he was 
 appointed Special Justice of the Common Pleas for Suffolk, 
 to try an action wherein Chief-Justice Byfield of that court 
 was a party. This was in 1732. 
 
 Though possessed of a considerable estate when he removed 
 to Leicester, Judge Steele was not a successful business-man, 
 and had lost much of his property before he died. 
 
 One of his daughters, as already mentioned, married Hon. 
 Joseph Allen ; another, Dr. John Honeywood ; another, Dr. 
 Edward Rawson ; another, a Mr. Hitchcock of Brookfield ; 
 and one (Mary) survived them all, and died unmarried. He 
 had two sons, — Thomas and Samuel; but no branch of the 
 family has been connected with the town since the death of 
 his daughter Mary. Thomas died in 1768, unmarried. 
 
 * He died there, of apoplexy. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 181 
 
 Hon. Joseph Dorr resided some years in Leicester, and, a 
 part or all the time, occupied the house built by Judge Steele 
 at the foot of the Meeting-house Hill. He was a son of the 
 Rev. Joseph Dorr of Mendon; born May 24, 1730; graduated 
 at Harvard in 1752, and studied divinity. He preached occa- 
 sionally for several years, but does not appear to have ever 
 been settled as a minister. He was an active and devoted 
 friend to the cause of the Colonies in the struggle Avith the 
 mother- country, and took an early and leading part in the 
 measures which resulted in their independence.* 
 
 While residing in Mendon, he was a magistrate, a member 
 of the Committee of Safety, a member of the Legislature, and 
 a part of the time. Judge of Probate and of the Court of 
 Common Pleas. He was one of the first senators chosen 
 under the Constitution from the county of Worcester ; having 
 been elected in 1780-81 and '82. 
 
 In 1776, he was commissioned as Judge of the Court of 
 Common Pleas for the county of Worcester ; which office he 
 resigned in 1801. In 1782, he was appointed Judge of Pro- 
 bate to succeed Judge Lincoln, and held the office till Novem- 
 ber, 1800 ; when he resigned, and was succeeded by Judge 
 Paine. He removed to Ward (now Auburn) between 1784 
 and 1790, and resided there a while. 
 
 I am unable to state the time of his removing to Leicester, 
 or of his leaving there. He was there in 1797 and 1798 ; and, 
 as the records indicate, removed to Brookfield in 1802, where 
 he continued to reside till his death, Oct. 31, 1808, at the age 
 of seventy-eight. 
 
 The offices which Judge Dorr was called to fill, and the 
 general respect in which he was held, "furnish the strongest 
 evidence of his character and abilities as a citizen, and as a 
 man of intelligence, energy, and integrity. 
 
 * He was one of the commissioners chosen by the people to wait on the Man- 
 damus Cnuncillors for the county of Worcester to demand a surrender of their 
 commissions. 
 
182 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 He left several children ; among whom were the late Hon. 
 Samuel Dorr, and Joseph H, Dorr, Esq., eminent and respec. 
 table merchants in Boston. 
 
 Besides the above, William Waed of Southborough, in 
 1731, was appointed a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. 
 He was a resident here in 1721 ; was a surveyor, and re- 
 moved here from Marlborough. He afterwards lived in 
 Southborough ; and is spoken of in the " History of North- 
 borough," by the Rev. Mr, Allen. 
 
 Of the Lawyers who have resided in the town, the first in 
 order of time was Christopher J. Lawton. He took up his 
 residence here in 1735 \^ and, from the best information I can 
 gain of him, was a native of Suffield in Connecticut. 
 
 A writer in the " American Quarterly Register," No. 15, 
 speaks of a person of this name in this manner : '' As early as 
 1720, John Higgins and Christopher J. Lawton were noted 
 lawyers in Connecticut ; and, by their knowledge and worthy 
 example, gave early and honorable character to their Pro- 
 vincial bar." 
 
 As the subject of this notice could hardly have been old 
 enough in 1720 to have attained such distinguished consider- 
 ation, and as the name is somewhat peculiar and probably 
 a family one, I am led to suppose that the person above men- 
 tioned was the father of the one of whom I am speaking. 
 In fact, I find that he was admitted to the bar of Hampshire 
 County in 1726, and was practising his profession in Suffield 
 in 1733. In 1734, he Avas appointed a coroner for the county 
 of Hampshire, though still residing in Suffield ; and continued 
 to reside there until his removal to Leicester in 1735. 
 
 Had he removed fi^om Connecticut into Hampshire County, 
 
 * Before that time, tlie town certainly had been made familiar with some depart- 
 ments of the law by the suits and complaints to which they were subjected by their 
 minister; and I find, besides, the following article in a warrant for a town-meeting in 
 1724: " To see if the town will have iht law-book belonging to the town tilled with those 
 laws that are wanting in the same." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 183 
 
 the date of his admission to the bar there would not have 
 been conclusive as to the time of his beginning practice. 
 But this apparent discrepancy between his place of residence 
 and the county in which he did business is readily explained, 
 when it is remembered, that, from 1713 to 1747, a tier of 
 towns now belonging to Connecticut, embracing Suffield, En- 
 field, Somers, and Woodstock, were regarded as within the 
 jurisdiction of Massachusetts ; and it may be recollected, that 
 some of the most important offices in Worcester County, 
 at its organization, were held by persons residing in Wood- 
 stock, which was then a part of the county. 
 
 In 1735, Mr. Lawton purchased a farm in the westerly part 
 of the town, upon both sides of the Great Road, of Josiah 
 Converse, and Josiah Converse, jun., who both, that year, 
 removed to Brookfield. He afterwards resided upon that 
 farm. 
 
 In 1736, '40, and '41, he was a representative in the Gene- 
 ral Court. 
 
 After removing to Leicester, he resumed the practice of 
 his profession ; which he continued until 1751, though with 
 what success I have no means of forming a judgment. He 
 conveyed his farm to his son, Dr. Pliny Lawton, in 1753 ; and 
 I infer, from his discontinuing his profession and thus dispos- 
 ing of his estate, that he had become aged or infirm, and did 
 not long survive, though I am unable to fix the period of 
 his death. 
 
 He had a brother James, a saddler, who removed with 
 him into town from Suffield, and lived on what used to be 
 called the Mower Place, on Mount Pleasant. 
 
 The son will be noticed hereafter, among the physicians. 
 
 The next counsellor and attorney at law in town was the 
 Hon. Nathaniel Paine Denny. He was a son of Col. Samuel 
 Denny, and was born July, 1771. He graduated at Harvard 
 in 1797, and studied his profession with the Hon. Nathaniel 
 Paine of Worcester ; whose name he assumed, by Act of the 
 
184 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Legislature, in exchange for that of Thomas, which he had 
 received in his infancy. He was admitted to the bar in 1800, 
 and opened an office at once in Leicester. He married Sally, 
 daughter of Reuben Swan, in November, 1798. 
 
 Though never eminent as a lawyer, he practised the pro- 
 fession with good success for about twenty years, when 
 he withdrew from it altogether. For five or six years — 
 from 1813 — he was a partner in business with Bradford 
 Sumner, Esq. He removed to Norwich, Conn., in 1845, 
 where he resided until about 1854 ; when he removed to 
 Barre, in the county of Worcester, where he died in 1856. 
 While a citizen of Leicester, he shared liberally in the pub- 
 lic favor, and was often called to fill places of public and 
 private trust. 
 
 From 1803 to 1808, he represented the town in the General 
 Court; and was elected to the same place in 1811, 1825, 1828, 
 1830, and 1841. In 1823, he was chosen to the Senate, and 
 held the place two years by re-election. From 1815 to 1845, 
 he was a member of the Board of Trust of Leicester Academy ; 
 and in 1830 was chosen, and for some time held, the office of 
 President of Leicester Bank. 
 
 He was a man of a strong and vigorous mind, great shrewd- 
 ness and good sense ; of agreeable and convivial manners ; 
 and a pleasant companion. 
 
 He built, and for many years occupied, the house now 
 owned by Mr. Charles W. Warren. He afterwards lived a 
 few years in the house next east of Mr. Joseph Whittemore's ; 
 then owned and occupied the house where Mr. Knowles lives, 
 formerly occupied by the Rev. Mr. Moore; but, for some 
 time before his removal from town, he owned and occupied 
 the house on the north side of the Great Road, on Mount 
 Pleasant, formerly owned by Jonathan Earle. 
 
 He left three sons and two daughters. One of the former 
 is among the active and enterprising business-men of the 
 place. The other children have removed from the town, — 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 185 
 
 one son residing in Alabama, one daughter in Indiana, and 
 another in Cambridge. 
 
 Bradford Sumner removed to Leicester from Spencer, 
 where he had been a short time in business, in 1813. Soon 
 after his removal here, he married Miss Amelia Bertody of 
 Wrentham, July, 1813. He remained here until October, 
 1820, when he removed to Boston, where he continued in the 
 practice of his profession until his death ; though, for several 
 3^ears, his residence was in Cambridge. 
 
 He was born in Taunton, 1783 ; was graduated at Brown 
 University in 1808 ; was two years a tutor in that institution ; 
 and admitted to the bar in 1812. He died Sept. 25, 1855, 
 aged seventy-three ; and, in the published notice of his 
 death, is spoken of as " an honorable and upright lawyer 
 of the Suffolk Bar." 
 
 He was a diligent student in his profession, and obtained 
 a very respectable rank at a bar which has always been 
 eminent for men of distinguished ability ; was a good mana- 
 ger of causes, a neat speaker, and an effective advocate, 
 without pretending to the higher powers of eloquence. He 
 was a courteous and agreeable gentleman in manners, and 
 an intelligent and pleasant companion in social life ; a man 
 of literary taste, and a good degree of literary culture ; and 
 for a short time was principal of the Academy, while residing 
 in Leicester. 
 
 David Brigham was in practice here a little more than 
 two years ; having removed here from New Braintree in 1817. 
 He was a native of Shrewsbury ; born Aug. 15, 1786 ; and Avas 
 graduated at Harvard in 1810. While fitting for college at 
 the Academy, he taught the Centre School in Leicester one 
 winter, in 1805-6. 
 
 He commenced the practice of law in New Braintree. 
 Thence he came to Leicester ; and, after remaining here 
 something over two years, removed to Greenfield. While 
 in Leicester, he was employed for a single term as a teacher 
 
 24 
 
186 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 in the Academy. In Greenfield, he was a partner in business 
 with the Hon. Samuel C. Allen ; and there married a daughter 
 of Jerome Ripley, Esq. 
 
 After several years' residence in that town, he removed to 
 Shrewsbury, and practised his profession there a while. From 
 thence he removed to Fitchburg, where he was in business 
 for several years. He Avas then induced to remove to Iowa ; 
 where he died, in 1843, at the age of fifty-seven. 
 
 Though never successful in his profession to an extent 
 that his talents and industry would have seemed to warrant, 
 he was a good scholar, Avith literary tastes, amusing and 
 agreeable qualities ; and is pleasantly remembered by those 
 who knew him during his brief sojourn here. 
 
 Daniel Knight took up his residence here in the autumn 
 of 1821. His health was feeble, and a pulmonary consump- 
 tion had begun to develop itself in his system before his 
 removal here. He was a native of Worcester ; was gra- 
 duated at Brown University in 1813 ; studied law with 
 Gov. Lincoln ; and commenced business in Spencer in 1817. 
 He was unable to attend to business after a year or two 
 after his removal to Leicester; and died, unmarried, Aug. 30, 
 1826. 
 
 He was an amiable, upright man, of refined taste and re- 
 spectable attainments, but too early a victim of disease to 
 develop his powers by study or by the practice of his pro- 
 fession. 
 
 Emory Washburn was in practice here from Sept. 29, 1821, 
 to March 28, 1828 ; when he removed to Worcester. He was 
 born here, Feb. 14, 1800; graduated at Williams College in 
 1817 ; and was admitted to the bar in March, 1821. 
 
 Waldo Flint succeeded Mr. Washburn in the practice of 
 the law, in Leicester, in 1828. He was a native of the town, 
 a son of Dr. Austin Flint; was graduated at Harvard in 1814. 
 He was employed one year as a preceptor in the Academy. 
 He studied his profession principally Avith the Hon. Lewis 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 187 
 
 Strong of Northampton ; and commenced business in Boston 
 in 1818, where he remained until his removal to Leicester. 
 He was a member of the Senate, and, a part of the time, pre- 
 sident of that body. He afterwards held the office of bank- 
 commissioner for one year, when he was induced to accept a 
 lucrative and responsible position in the Eagle Bank in Boston ; 
 of which institution he afterwards became and is now presi- 
 dent. This led to his removal to Boston in 1839, where he 
 still resides. 
 
 In June, 1828, he married Miss Katherine Dean of Charles- 
 ton, N.H. ; and lived in the house now belonging to Mr. 
 John Woodcock, which he erected. He represented the town 
 in the Legislature in the years 1830 and 1833. 
 
 Silas Jones was, for a while, in the practice of the law 
 in town, after Mr. Flint had given it up ; but the change in 
 respect to professional business generally in the county, after 
 the year 1820, was such as to be gradually withdrawing itself 
 from the towns bordering upon Worcester to that as a focal 
 point, and to render its practice less and less lucrative. 
 The effect was, that the emoluments of the business in 
 Leicester ceased to be sufficient to support a lawyer there ; 
 and, after a brief period, Mr. Jones removed to New York. 
 He was a son of Mr. Phineas Jones of Spencer. He was 
 never graduated at college. He studied his profession chief- 
 ly with Mr. Sumner, before mentioned ; and had been in busi- 
 ness in Connecticut before removing to Leicester. 
 
 physicians. 
 
 The first person who settled in Leicester as a physician 
 was Dr. Thomas G-reen ; whom I have already mentioned in 
 another part of this work. 
 
 John Honeywood was here before 1753. He was born in 
 England ; but at what time he came to this country, I am 
 unable to determine. He taught a school here three and a 
 
188 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 half quarters in 1753. In 1761, he was married to Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Judge Steele. He lived about half a mile west 
 of the Meeting-house, in a house formerly Judge Steele's, 
 afterwards that of Edward Rawson, Esq. His reputation has 
 come down to us as having been a learned and skilful phy- 
 sician, and, although somewhat irregular in his habits, as 
 having held a high rank in his profession. His early educa- 
 tion and associations (although there was a mystery in regard 
 to the circumstances under which he left England, and it was 
 generally supposed he had been there involved in some poli- 
 tical difficulties) led him at first to regard the resistance of 
 the Colonies to the mother-country as rash and unadvised ; 
 and these impressions were strengthened by the influence of 
 Judge Steele, his father-in-law. But, it is said, when he saw 
 the spirit with which the people of the Colony rushed to 
 arms at the time of the Lexington alarm, he was convinced 
 that he had been mistaken, and, in language rather strong to 
 be repeated, expressed his belief that they would fight, and, 
 what was more, that they would not be conquered. At any 
 rate, he evinced his devotion to the cause by entering the 
 army as a surgeon ; and died while in the service, at Ticon- 
 deroga, in November, 1776. He had four children; one of 
 whom was St. John Honeywood, who is hereafter noticed ; 
 one (Mary) married Mr. Nathaniel Lyon of Woodstock, for- 
 merly of Leicester ; and one (Elizabeth) married Samuel 
 Allen, Esq., of Worcester, in 1810, — for many years the wor- 
 thy and most estimable treasurer of the county. W^ith her 
 the name disappeared, and the family became extinct. 
 
 Pliny Lawton was the son of Christopher J. Lawton, Esq., 
 already mentioned ; was born in Suffield, Conn., and removed 
 with his father to Leicester in 1735. In 1748-9, he was em- 
 ployed fifteen months in teaching school, though then called 
 " doctor." 
 
 In 1753, he married Lucretia, daughter of Jonathan Sar- 
 gent ; and, in the same year, purchased the farm on which his 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 189 
 
 father had lived, in the westerly part of the town. But he 
 afterwards removed to the house which Judge Steele built, 
 at the corner of Flip Lane ; where he was residing at the time 
 of his death. This, it is supposed, took place, from the fact 
 that his inventory was returned in February, 1761, about the 
 close of the year 1760. He died of the small-pox ; and so 
 great was the terror which that disease created at that 
 period, that he was not allowed to be buried in the general 
 cemetery, but in his own field, on the east side of Flip Lane, 
 about twenty rods from the Great Road, where his head- 
 stone was standing till within a few years, though it has 
 now wholly disappeared. He had two sons, — James and 
 William. He died in the vigor of manhood. His widow 
 married the Rev. Mr. Conklin in 1769. His soiT^illiam 
 became a physician. 
 
 Solomon Parsons was the son of the Rev. David Parsons ; 
 and was born April 18, 1726. He taught the school in town, 
 nearly a year, in 1751. In 1752, he married Ehzabeth Taylor, 
 who was born in 1734.* At one time, he lived in the house 
 opposite Mrs. Newhall's, half a mile north of the Meeting- 
 house ; but, in 1776, was living in what was called the Gage 
 House, on the road leading by Joseph Whittemore's, opposite 
 where the road turns to go to the Jabez Green Place. He 
 was a deacon of the church, as well as a practising physician ; 
 though the remoteness of his residence from the centre of 
 the town did not indicate that his practice was an extensive 
 one. He had three children ; one of whom (Elizabeth) 
 married Jonathan Hubbard, Esq., of Paxton ; at whose house 
 he died, March 20, 1807, at the age of eighty-one. His son 
 Solomon is mentioned in another part of this work. His wife 
 died the same year as Dr. Lawton (1761), and of the same 
 disease ; and her husband was obliged, from the terror that 
 
 * I !mi led, by the inspection of the rolls, to infer that he was a surgeon in 
 the army in the year 1761. 
 
190 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 it created, to bury her by the aid of a single assistant, and 
 in the night-time. 
 
 Isaac Green was a son of the Dr. Thomas Green already 
 mentioned. He was born in 1741, and studied medicine with 
 his father. He married Sarah Howe, and built and occupied 
 the house where Charles Barton lives, in the south part of the 
 town. His professional practice was not extensive, nor did 
 he attain any particular eminence as a physician. He was 
 a surgeon in Col. Samuel Denny's regiment in 1777; and 
 marched to Saratoga, and was in the service at the time Bur- 
 goyne was taken. He was much respected as a citizen of the 
 town ; and died at the age of seventy-one, in November, 
 1812. He left two daughters, but no son. 
 
 Edward Rawson was born in Mendon in 1754, and was the 
 son of Edward Rawson, Esq. He commenced practice in 
 Leicester in 1782. He married Margaret, a daughter of 
 Judge Steele ; and was a successor to Dr. Honey wood, who 
 had married her oldest sister. He lived in the house which 
 Judge Steele had occupied, and in which his father after- 
 wards lived, west of the Meeting-house. He had three 
 children, — two daughters and a son (Benjamin Pemberton). 
 His wife died in September, 1784; and he in 1786, at the 
 early age of thirty-two, just as his character, and skill in his 
 profession, were developing themselves. 
 
 Absalom Russell was in practice here in 1777 and in 
 1781 ; and, in the former year, purchased of Aaron Lopez 
 the house formerly of Peter Silvester, on the east side of 
 Meeting-house Hill, where there is now a cellar. How long 
 he was in business in the town, I have been unable to ascer- 
 tain. He was a surgeon in Col. Doolittle's twenty-fourth 
 regiment of Massachusetts troops, in the " eight months' ser- 
 vice," in 1775. He married Sarah, a daughter of Dr. Frink 
 of Rutland ; and his daughter Elizabeth was born here in 
 December, 1778. She married the Hon. Lovell Walker of 
 Templetun. He removed to Paxton from Leicester after 
 
j.t4^ioieuMslHi>-^«^"- 
 
 ^-::^;^g2.^^<ZZ,^ >^<^^^^-*W" 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 191 
 
 1781 ; but at what precise time, I have not ascertained. His 
 Avife died at Rutland, December, 1801. Her husband had 
 died a short time previous. He left two sons, — Salario and 
 Absalom. 
 
 Robert Cratge studied medicine with Dr. Thomas Green, 
 whose daughter Martha he married in 1753. He was the 
 father of Nathan, mentioned in this work. He lived in the 
 south part of the town. How actively he was engaged in his 
 profession, I am unable to state. For many years before his 
 death, he lived upon his farm, ^i-t-' J^.;> "-- 
 
 Jeremiah Larned was a practising physician here a few 
 years. He Avas born in Oxford ; settled here ; and died of a 
 consumption, at an early age, in the spring of 1783. 
 
 William Lawton, a son of Dr. Pliny, studied medicine, and 
 commenced business here as a contemporary with Dr. Larned. 
 He did not remain long in town. He occasionally visited it 
 afterwards with his family, and was here in 1788 and 1792; 
 but I am unable to state where his residence Avas after leaving 
 Leicester. He Avas born April 9, 1759 ; but I have not ascer- 
 tained the time of his death. 
 
 Thomas Hersey was in practice here in 1794. His Avife 
 Esther died that year, at the age of tAventy-tAvo ; but I am 
 unable to give any further account of him, except that he 
 lived in the west part of the toAvn.* 
 
 From the brief notices we have given above of the physi- 
 cians who have been residents in the town, it will be per- 
 ceived, that, after the time of Dr. Thomas Green, there were, 
 occasionally at least, three in practice here at the same time. 
 A practical change in this respect AA^as wrought under the ad- 
 ministration of Austin Flint. Pie removed in April, 1783, to 
 Leicester from Westmoreland, N.H., where he began practice, 
 and lived for a short time. 
 
 * There was a Dr. Thaddens Brown and wife who moved into town from Paxton 
 in 1785, and lived in a honse l>eloncring to Col. Tiiomns Denny. But how long he 
 remained here, I have not ascertained. 
 
192 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 He was tbe son of Dr. Edward Flint of Shrewsbury, a 
 physician of eminence and extensive practice, who had been 
 a surgeon in Col. Ruggles's regiment in the Canada expedi- 
 tion in 1758, and afterwards in the Massachusetts troops at 
 Cambridge in 1775. 
 
 He was born in January, 1760; and was, consequently, 
 twenty-three years old when he came into town. He had, 
 however, gone through some of the experiences peculiar to 
 the young men of that day. At the age of seventeen, he 
 shouldered his musket, and marched to join the Northern 
 Army at Stillwater. He served for the term of three months, 
 and was present at the battle of the 7th October, 1777, and 
 witnessed the surrender of Burgoyne. In that expedition he 
 belonged to Capt. Ingolsby's company, in Col. Job Cushing's 
 regiment. In 1781, at the age of twenty-one, he was sur- 
 geon of Col. Luke Drury's regiment ; and was in the service, 
 stationed at West Point, from July to December of that year. 
 
 In June, 1785, he married Elizabeth, the daughter of Col. 
 William Henshaw ; and, the same year, erected the house in 
 which he lived till 1831 ; when he removed into the house upon 
 the opposite side of the street, in which he died. His former 
 house was taken down, and a new one erected in its place, by 
 Mr. Joshua Clapp. But the spirit he manifested in earlier 
 life never faltered or failed him. Wherever public duty called, 
 he never hesitated to follow. In the unhappy outbreak of 
 the people of the interior of Massachusetts in 1786-7, he was 
 a firm and fearless supporter of the government ; and in Fe- 
 bruary, 1787, joined Col. Newhall's regiment at Hadley, in 
 the words of his journal of that date, '' to help drive the 
 mobites home ; " and was in the memorable night-march, 
 under Gen. Lincoln, from Hadley to Petersham, which re- 
 sulted in dispersing and crushing out that ill-advised enter- 
 prise. 
 
 He commanded such confidence in his profession, that, for 
 many years, he was not only without a competitor in his own 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 193 
 
 town, but. was often called into the neighboring towns in the 
 way of his business. 
 
 As an intelligent, well-informed man, of strong Avill and 
 indomitable courage, he could hardly fail to exercise a com- 
 manding influence in the community around him. Not only 
 was that the case, but he shared very generally the personal 
 confidence of his townsmen : so that, during the active period 
 of his life, he was, almost constantly, in places of public and 
 private trust, — clerk of the town ; moderator of its meetings ; 
 representative in the Legislature ; appraiser, executor, ad- 
 ministrator, guardian, and the like ; in which, it is believed, 
 his fidelity or honesty was never called in question. 
 
 From 1812 to 1817, he was a representative in the Gene- 
 ral Court. For twenty successive years, he was the mode- 
 rator of the town-meetings ; and for fifteen^ I believe, town- 
 clerk. From 1815 to 1831, he was a member of the Board of 
 Trustees of the Academy ; and, for some thirty years, an 
 acting magistrate. 
 
 In the sick-room he was always a welcome visitant, by 
 his quiet and pleasant cheerfulness and humor. While exert- 
 ing an acknowledged influence over all classes, no child ever 
 passed him in the street without a kindly recognition ; and, 
 in his social intercourse, he was everywhere welcome by his 
 free and affable manners, and his fund of anecdote and good 
 sense. 
 
 He survived till the 29th of August, 1850; retaining his 
 mental faculties, and, when not suffering from a most pain- 
 ful disease, his cheerfulness, to the last. His last entry in his 
 journal, a few days before his death was, " Appetite is gone, 
 and I am running down quite fast." 
 
 His wife died in July, 1827, aged sixty-three; but the de- 
 clining years of his life were cheered by filial devotion. His 
 son, Joseph H., an eminent and skilful physician, died four 
 years before him. Dr. Flint was succeeded in his business 
 by his son, — 
 
 25 
 
19i HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Edward Flint. He commenced business here in 1811. He 
 was born in 1789, Nov. 7. In 1817, he married Miss Harriet 
 Emerson of Norwich, Vt. ; and has a son, John Sydenham, a 
 physician in Roxbury. 
 
 The rank and position which Dr. Flint sustains in the com- 
 munity have been the natural result of the many years of 
 honorable and successful pursuit of the profession of his 
 choice to which he devoted himself. 
 
 Dr. Jacob Holmes came into town in November, 1834, from 
 Hubbardston ; to which town he had removed from Athol. 
 He was born in Worcester, and studied his profession with 
 Dr. Whiton of Winchendon. He practised some years in 
 Westminster before living in Athol. He purchased and occu- 
 pied a part of the house formerly erected by John Wilder, 
 and afterwards that of Mrs. Washburn ; where he died, Dec. 
 11, 1847, of apoplexy, aged sixty-nine. 
 
 Dr. Holmes was a distinguished physician, and was justly 
 esteemed in his profession as well as in private life. He had 
 earned his reputation before he left Athol, where a principal 
 part of the more active period of his life was spent ; but he 
 had lived long enough in his newly adopted home, at the time 
 of his death, to win the respect of the people of the town. 
 His daughter, Catherine R.., married Rev. Francis V. Pike of 
 Rochester, N.H., in 1839, but died soon after. His daughter 
 Elizabeth died March 29, 1849. His wife alone survives of 
 the family. 
 
 Several other physicians have engaged in business here, for 
 longer or shorter periods of time, within a few years ; among 
 whom was the now Rev. Isaac R. Worcester of Auburndale. 
 He married Mary S., daughter of the late Col. Henry Sar- 
 gent ; and, after having been in practice here as a physician, 
 studied theology, and gave up his original profession. 
 
 Dr. C. W. Whitcomb, after a year or two, removed to 
 Worcester. 
 
 Drs. James P. C. Cummings and E. A. Daggett have also 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 195 
 
 been practising physicians here, but have removed from 
 town. Dr. Cummings went to Fitchburg, where he died 
 in 1858 ; and Dr. Daggett returned to Maine. 
 
 JUSTICES OP THE PEACE. 
 
 Those who have held this office previous to 1850, in town, 
 so far as I have been able to ascertain, were — 
 
 William Ward in 1728. 
 
 Thomas Steele . . . previous to 1748. 
 
 Daniel Henshaw 1773. 
 
 Edmund Rawson 1775. 
 
 Hezekiah Ward 1782. 
 
 Seth Washburn 1784, 
 
 William Henshaw 1790. Quorum, 1799. 
 
 David Henshaw 1792. 
 
 Joseph Dorr 1798. 
 
 Ebenezer Adams 1802. 
 
 Thomas Denny 1802. 
 
 Nathaniel P. Denny 1804. Quorum, 1815. 
 
 Austin Flint 1811. 
 
 Bradford Sumner 1817. 
 
 Emory Washburn 
 
 Waldo Flint 
 
 Horatio G. Henshaw 
 
 David Brigham 
 
 Daniel Knight 
 
 Joseph A. Denny 
 
 Henry A. Denny 
 
 Cheney Hatch 
 
 Hiram Knight 
 
 Besides the above, I have reason to believe that Judge 
 Minzies, John Lynde, jun., Thomas Denny, sen., Joseph Hen- 
 shaw-, Col. Samuel Denny, and some others, were commis- 
 sioned as magistrates. 
 
196 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 GRADUATES AT COLLEGES. 
 
 I give below the names of all who have become citizens of 
 
 Leicester, and have graduated at any college, so far as they 
 have been ascertained : * — 
 
 Rev. David Parsons H. 1705. 
 
 Hon. Thomas Steele H. 1730. 
 
 Rev. David Goddard H. 1731. 
 
 Rev. Joseph Roberts H. 1741. 
 
 Col. Joseph Henshaw H. 1748. 
 
 Rev. Benjamin Conklin N.J. 1755. 
 
 Rev. Benjamin Foster, D.D Y. 1771. 
 
 Hon. Phinehas Bruce Y. 1786. 
 
 Ebenezer Adams, Esq D. 1791. 
 
 Rev. Zephaniah S. Moore, D.D. ... D. 1793. 
 
 Rev. Luther Wilson W. 1807. 
 
 Rev. John Nelson, D.D W. 1807. 
 
 Bradford Sumner, Esq B. 1808. 
 
 Rev. Josiah Clark ........ W. 1809. 
 
 David Brigham, Esq H. 1810. 
 
 John Richardson, Esq H. 1813. 
 
 Daniel Knight, Esq B. 1813. 
 
 Rev. Joseph Muenscher, D.D. . • . . B. 1821. 
 
 Luther Wright, Esq. f Y. 
 
 Rev. Amos D. Wheeler. J W. 1828. 
 
 Joseph L. Partridge, Esq. § W. 1828. 
 
 Rev. Samuel May H. 1829. 
 
 George F. Bigelow, M.D. II W. 1843. 
 
 Rev. Andrew C. Denison Y. 1847. 
 
 Rev. Amos H. Cooledge A. 
 
 • Several graduates of college have been emploj'ed here temporarily as teachers, 
 whose names are omitted, because not coming within the purview of the work, 
 t Mr. Wright was preceptor of the Academy from 1833 to 1839. 
 X Mr. Wheeler is minister of a societj' in Topsham, Me. 
 § Mr. Partridge was preceptor of the Academy from 1839 to 1845. 
 II Now a physician in Boston; son of Jacob Bigelow, Esq. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 197 
 
 The following is, I believe, a complete list of the persons, 
 natives of Leicester, who have graduated at any college ; and, 
 of these, Reuben Washburn and John F. Adams left town in 
 early life, and were residing, one in Putney, and the other in 
 Hanover, when they graduated. The same is true of Josiah 
 Clark, whose home was Rutland when he graduated. St. 
 John Honey wood, who is noticed in this work, Yale, 1782. 
 Nathaniel P. Denny, Harvard, 1797. Samuel Swan, H., 1799. 
 Daniel Henshaw, H., 1806. Reuben Washburn, Dartmouth, 
 1808. Waldo Flint, H., 1814. John F. Adams, D., 1817. 
 Emory Washburn, Williams, 1817. Josiah Clark, son of Rev. 
 Josiah Clark, at one time principal of the Academy (now 
 principal of an academy in East Hampton), Y. Thomas 
 Denny, son of Col. Thomas Denny (now of the city of 
 New York), H., 1823. Winthrop Earle, son of Winthrop, Y., 
 1826. Andrew Denny, M.D., son of Nathaniel P. (now a 
 physician in Alabama), Amherst, 1831. Joseph Sargent, son 
 of Col. Henry (now in successful practice as a physician in 
 Worcester, M.D. and M.M.S.), H., 1834. Henry Sargent, 
 brother of the above, M.D. and M.M.S. (late a physician in 
 Worcester, deceased), H., 1842. William A. Smith, son of 
 Mr. John A. (now assistant clerk of the courts of Worces- 
 ter), H., 1843. John S. Flint, M.D., son of Dr. Edward (a 
 physician, now in practice in Roxbury), H., 1843. John N. 
 Murdoch, M.D., son of Deacon Joshua (now a physician in 
 Paxton), W., 1846. Arthur S., a son of Mr. Henry A. Denny, 
 Brown, 1854. John N. Meriam, son of Reuben Meriam, Am- 
 herst. 
 
 It will be perceived, that, while other professions and call- 
 ings in life have been represented by these graduates, not one 
 has been a clergyman. 
 
 Of the foregoing graduates, a few deserve something more 
 than the notice of their names. 
 
 Joseph Henshaw was the son of Daniel Henshaw, the first 
 of the name who settled here. He was born in Boston, 1727 ; 
 
198 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 was graduated at Harvard, 1748 ; and was engaged in sea- 
 faring life, having the command of a packet-ship plying 
 between Boston and London. 
 
 In 1755, he had a singular experience in his nautical life. 
 It being a time of war between England and France, his 
 vessel was taken by a French frigate, and ordered home to 
 France as a prize. He was himself transferred to the frigate 
 which had captured his vessel. The next day she encoun- 
 tered an English frigate, and, after a severe engagement of 
 four hours, was herself taken. The English frigate, with its 
 prize, sailed for London ; and, the next day after her arrival, 
 Mr. Henshaw's vessel, which had, like himself, been retaken, 
 arrived at the same port. 
 
 In 1772, he erected the house upon Mount Pleasant, after- 
 wards the seat of Major Swan ; and removed into it, from 
 Boston, in the spring of 1773. At the commencement of hos- 
 tilities, he held the office of lieutenant-colonel of the regiment 
 commanded by Col. Artemas Ward, and marched with it at 
 the Lexington alarm to Cambridge. He remained there on 
 duty about a month and a half, and applied for a similar 
 rank in the new regiment of eight-months' men, under the 
 same colonel. The Provincial Congress, however, preferred 
 the claims of Jonathan Ward of Southborough ; who was 
 commissioned accordingly, and Col. Henshaw returned home. 
 Col. Joseph, it will be recollected, was an older brother of 
 Col. William Henshaw, who commanded a regiment of minute- 
 men who marched to Cambridge on the same occasion, and 
 became adjutant-general of the troops. About the close of 
 the war. Col. Joseph Henshaw removed to Shrewsbury ; 
 where he resided until his death in 1794. His wife was 
 the daughter of Joshua Henshaw, Esq., who is noticed in 
 this work. 
 
 The subject of this notice was one of the little band of 
 leading and influential men who infused into the counsels and 
 measures of this town so much spirit and harmony. His 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 199 
 
 family and personal connections with the leading men in 
 Boston made him early apprised of the measures which ori- 
 ginated there ; and some of the most spirited resolutions and 
 instructions which were adopted by the town, were, as is 
 believed, from his pen. 
 
 His brothers, and his uncle Joshua Henshaw, are noticed in 
 other parts of this work. He was a delegate from Leicester 
 to the first and second Provincial Congresses, m October, 1774, 
 and February, 1775 ; and a leading member of those bodies. 
 
 Ebenezer Adams, Esq. was born in New Ipswich, N.H., in 
 1765 ; was graduated at Dartmouth in 1791 ; never studied 
 any profession, but engaged in teaching. He was preceptor 
 of the Academy from May, 1791, to July, 1806; when he re- 
 moved to Portland. In 1809, he became a professor in Dart- 
 mouth College, and resigned in 1833. After that, he lived in 
 retirement until his death in August, 1841. 
 
 While in Leicester, he exerted a leading influence in the 
 town, and enjoj^ed the confidence and esteem of the people to 
 a marked degree. He was appointed a justice of the peace, 
 and was the first postmaster of the place. 
 
 Through life. Professor Adams sustained a high reputation 
 as a teacher, as a professor, and as a gentleman of stanch 
 principle, of fearless regard for duty, of great dignity and 
 courtesy of manner ; one remembered with pleasure and 
 respect by all who knew him. 
 
 Mr. Adams married Alice, daughter of Dr. John Frink of 
 Rutland ; who died in June, 1805, aged thirty-seven. She left 
 five children ; only one of whom, John F., survives ; the others 
 having all fallen victims to consumption before the period 
 of middle life. Mr. Adams owned and lived upon the place 
 now belonging to the Rev. Mr. May. 
 
 Rev. JosiAH Clark was born in Northampton in 1785 ; was 
 graduated at Williams College in 1809 ; succeeded Mr. Wilson 
 as principal preceptor of the Academy in 1812, having been 
 English preceptor the three previous years. In 1818, he was 
 
200 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 settled as minister of the Congregational Church and Society 
 in Rutland; and remained their pastor till his death in 1845. 
 
 He was faithful in all his trusts ; an excellent citizen, a 
 devoted minister, and a most estimable man. His principal 
 connection with the town was as a teacher ; and in that capa- 
 city he displayed eminent qualities, winning the love and 
 respect of his pupils, and exerting a salutary influence in train- 
 ing their intellects and cultivating and improving their moral 
 powers. 
 
 Rev. Luther Wilson was born in New Braintree ; gradu- 
 ated at Williams College in 1807 ; the same year, was English 
 preceptor of the Academy; and, from 1809 to 1812, was its 
 principal preceptor. He was settled as a minister in Brook- 
 lyn, Conn.; resigned his place after a few years; and now 
 resides upon his farm in dignified retirement in Petersham. 
 
 He married Sally, daughter of Abijah Bigelow, Esq., of 
 Barre, — a sister of Mrs. Dr. Nelson of Leicester. He owned 
 and lived upon the place now owned by the Rev. Mr. May. 
 
 John Richardson was a native of Woburn ; was graduated 
 at Harvard in 1813 ; was principal of the Academy from Fe- 
 bruary, 1819, to August, 1833 ; when he resigned, and removed 
 to North Andover, where he resided till his death in 1841. 
 
 During most of his residence in town, he owned and occu- 
 pied the place where Mr. Edward Knowles lives, formerly 
 owned by Dr. Moore. 
 
 St. John Honeywood, the son of Dr. John Honeywood, 
 was born in Leicester, Feb. 7, 1763. By the death of his 
 father and mother at an early period of his life, he was left, 
 not only an orphan, but penniless, and dependent on the 
 kindness of his friends. By their aid he was enabled to fit 
 himself for college ; and entered Yale, where he soon won the 
 warm friendship of its president, Dr. Stiles, who received 
 him into his own family. 
 
 He graduated with high honor and reputation for scholar- 
 ship, and went to Schenectad}' to engage as a teacher of an 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 201 
 
 academy. He remained there two years, and then went to 
 Albany, where he commenced the study of the law with Peter 
 W. Yates, Esq., and remained with him two years. After his 
 admission to the bar, he established himself in Salem, in 
 "Washington County ; and continued in the practice, with an 
 honorable reputation, for ten years. 
 
 Like most young men of promise in New York, he was 
 seduced into the arena of politics, which interfered somewhat 
 with his success at the bar. He belonged to the old Federal 
 party, and was one of the electors for President when John 
 Adams was elected to that office. 
 
 He died at the early age of thirty-four, Sept. 1, 1798. He 
 married a daughter of Col. Mosely of Westfield, Mass. ; but 
 left no children. 
 
 This brief outline gives but little idea of the characteristic 
 traits of Mr. Honeywood's mind or genius. I say, genius ; for 
 he gave early evidence of having been endowed by nature 
 with the eye of a painter and the sensibility of a poet : and 
 although he did not cultivate these in maturer life, except 
 as matters of pleasant relaxation, his friends were aware that 
 he might have attained to eminence in either department 
 of art. 
 
 Among the anecdotes that used to be told of his early days, 
 he was taken to church one Sunday, and, while there, was 
 greatly attracted by the appearance of an old man with a 
 very peculiar physiognomy, who sat in the next pew. Instead 
 of listening to the sermon, his aunt was scandalized to detect 
 him in trying to twist his own face into the expression of the 
 old man near him. On reaching home, she accordingly began 
 to read him a lecture on decorum of conduct, which he had 
 little comprehension of having violated ; and, as soon as it 
 was over, he went into another room, and in a few minutes 
 returned with a pen-and-ink sketch, which was so exact a 
 likeness of the face which had attracted him, that his fault 
 was forgotten in the delight which the picture gave his 
 
 26 
 
202 HISTORY OF LEICESTER, 
 
 foster-mother. His taste led him to caricature as a painter ; 
 and, though without any insti'uction in his art, he produced 
 some historical pieces of merit. 
 
 As a poet, he was the author of many happy and sprightly 
 effusions ; and gave such evidence of talent as to win a place 
 among the poets of America. A volume of his poems was 
 collected and published, in 1801, from manuscripts left by 
 him ; and contains several pieces which are still read with 
 pleasure. 
 
 He had from his childhood many of the eccentricities which 
 are supposed to mark the possession of genius ; but he had 
 a warm heart, a delicate and refined sensibility, ready wit and 
 humor, and was much regarded as a companion and friend. 
 
 Reuben Washburn, though born in this town, Dec. 30, 
 1781, early removed with his father, Asa Washburn, to Putney 
 in Vermont. He has for many years lived in Ludlow in Ver- 
 mont, where he has held a good rank as a lawyer ; and, at 
 one time, was a Judge of the County Court in that State. 
 Age has done little to impair the vigor of his mind, or the 
 accuracy of his judgment or memory. 
 
 Phinehas Bruce was the son of George Bruce, and born 
 in 1762. He was graduated at Yale in 1786. He studied 
 law, and married a sister of Hon. James Savage of Boston. 
 He established himself in Machias, then a new region ; and 
 soon rose to a good degree of eminence in his profession. 
 He was a member both of the House of Representatives and 
 the Senate of Massachusetts, and took a leading position and 
 rank there. 
 
 He was a man of fine address and most agreeable qualities, 
 and commanded the public confidence, as well as the personal 
 esteem of his friends. In 1803, he was elected to Congress, 
 but declined the election ; and, upon a second election, was 
 again chosen to the same Congress, but never took his seat 
 in that body. He was stricken down by insanity, brought 
 on by ill-health and over-exertion in his profession ; from 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 203 
 
 which he never sufficiently recovered to resume his profes- 
 sion. He died Oct. 4, 1809, at the age of forty-seven. 
 
 Daniel Henshaw was a son of William Henshaw, and was 
 born May 9, 1782 ; was graduated- at Harvard, 1806 ; and 
 read law in part Avith Nathaniel P. Denny, and in part with 
 Judge Paine. He was in business twenty-one years in Win- 
 chendon. In 1830, he resided in Worcester; and afterwards, 
 for several years, in Lynn, where he had the management of 
 a public newspaper, — the "Lynn Record." On becoming 
 an editor, he gave up his professional business, and continued 
 for fourteen 3^ears in the arduous and responsible place of 
 leading editor of a paper ; and, after that period, often 
 contributed valuable and interesting articles, chiefly of a 
 biographical or historical character, to sundry newspapers, 
 which were read with interest.* 
 
 A distaste for public life deterred him from suffering him- 
 self to become a candidate for office ; but, with the command 
 of the pen of an easy and vigorous writer, he made his influ- 
 ence felt to an extent to which few mere office-holders could 
 ever attain. After his connection with the paper in Lynn 
 had terminated, he removed to Boston, where he now lives. 
 Delicacy, therefore, forbids me to speak of him beyond the 
 few public acts of his life. He married Miss Deborah Stark- 
 weather of Worthington, who died in 1851, leaving one son 
 and two daughters. 
 
 Samuel Swan, son of Reuben Swan, was born May 6, 1778 ; 
 was graduated at Harvard in 1799; studied law with Natha- 
 niel P. Denny, Esq., and Judge Paine ; and settled in Hub- 
 bardston, where he still resides. He married Miss Clara Hale 
 in November, 1812 ; and a son of his is now a practising 
 lawyer in Worcester, another a merchant in Boston. 
 
 John F. Adams was a son of Professor Adams, before 
 
 * I am happy to acknowledge my indebtedness to him for materials for tlie present 
 work. f 
 
204 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 named. He was born in 1800 ; was graduated at Dartmouth 
 in 1817; was employed for a year as assistant preceptor; 
 studied law, and practised the profession several years in 
 Mobile. Resides in Washington, D.C. 
 
 WiNTHROP Earle was the son of Winthrop Earle ; was born 
 in 1807. He was graduated at Yale in 1826 ; but died of con- 
 sumption, Nov. 9, 1828, aged twenty -one. He was a young 
 man of good promise and fine moral qualities ; and his loss 
 was much lamented. 
 
 Austin Hersey, son of Calvin, entered Dartmouth College 
 in 1813, and remained till near the close of the four years, 
 but did not graduate. He died in Philadelphia, Aug. 30, 
 1825, aged twenty-eight. 
 
 Samuel D. Green, Esq., son of Samuel Green, entered, and 
 was a member of. Brown University till his senior year ; when 
 he left college, and entered upon active life. He now resides 
 in Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 Among the persons born in Leicester, who have become 
 sufficiently distinguished to be proper subjects of notice in a 
 work like this, was — 
 
 Hon. William Upham. — He was the son of Samuel Upham, 
 who lived where the late Deacon Rockwood died, in the 
 south part of the town. At a considerably later period, he 
 removed with his family to Vermont ; and died in 1848, aged 
 eighty-seven. His son William had the misfortune to have 
 his right hand crushed in a cider-mill while a child ; and was 
 subjected, from the necessity of the case, to the rather original 
 surgical process of having the shattered parts of the bones 
 trimmed off with a hatchet in the hands of the operator. It 
 disabled him from pursuing a life of labor, for which he had 
 been intended ; and he turned his attention to obtaining such 
 an education as was within his means. He was a student at 
 the Academy in town during the years 1799 and 1800. After 
 his removal to Vermont, he studied law with the late Judge 
 Prentiss, and became his partner in business. He resided in 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 205 
 
 Montpelier. He attained to a high rank in his profession, 
 and was a very successful jury advocate. He possessed a 
 great share of wit and humor, and occasionally indulged in 
 sarcasm with telling effect. He was a social, pleasant, and 
 agreeable companion ; and had acquired such a degree of 
 popular favor and confidence, that, upon his former partner 
 being appointed District Judge of the United-States Court, 
 Mr. Upham became his successor in the United-States Senate. 
 
 After serving out the balance of the term for which he was 
 chosen, he was re-elected ; and died, while a member of the 
 Senate, at Washington, July, 1853. 
 
 Mr. Upham did not speak often in the Senate ; but, when- 
 ever he did, it was with much force, directness, and effect. 
 He was stanch and reliable in his political opinions, and 
 commanded attention as an independent thinker, and an out- 
 spoken representative of New-England sentiment. He never 
 lost his interest in the place of his nativity, and visited it 
 often enough to keep alive his early memories and asso- 
 ciations connected with its localities. 
 
 Hon. David Henshaw was a son of David Henshaw, Esq. ; 
 and was born April 2, 1791. His early education was con- 
 fined to the common school and the academy. At a suitable 
 age, he went to Boston as a clerk or apprentice with Messrs. 
 Dix and Brinley, druggists ; and afterwards commenced and 
 carried on business on his own account in that city, for many 
 years, with great energy, enterprise, and success. He was, 
 at the same time, diligently engaged in cultivating his mind 
 by study, and by application to books. 
 
 He was a vigorous writer, and wrote much for the public 
 papers, and several more extended articles which he pub- 
 lished in pamphlet form, and which gained him much credit 
 at the time. 
 
 In 1826, he was elected a member of the Senate from Suf- 
 folk ; which was the higher mark of confidence, inasmuch as 
 he was always a most decided advocate of political senti- 
 
206 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 ments and opinions adverse to what had been the prevailing 
 sentiments of the people of that county. 
 
 In 1829, he was appointed collector of the port of Boston 
 by President Jackson, and held the office nine years to the 
 acceptance of all who had occasion to do business with that 
 department. He had great practical experience, with high 
 executive qualities, and brought these successfully to bear 
 upon the orderly and systematic management of the affiiirs 
 of the office. 
 
 President Tyler appointed him to the department of the 
 Navy, in his cabinet ; and he had the charge of it long 
 enough to evince eminent talents and qualifications for the 
 place. From the relation, however, in which President Ty- 
 ler stood to the political parties in the Senate, that body 
 failed to confirm Mr. Henshaw's appointment ; and he retired 
 to private life. 
 
 Here, however, he was by no means inactive. He took a 
 leading part in promoting in Massachusetts the railroad inte- 
 rest, then in its infancy. He turned his attention to agricul- 
 ture, and the improvement of his farm, which had been his 
 father's before him. Though unmarried, he surrounded him- 
 self with a large circle of family friends ; to whom, as well 
 as to all who visited him, he was kind, liberal, and hospi- 
 table. 
 
 He represented the town in the General Court in the year 
 1840 ; made the Annual Address before the Worcester Agri- 
 cultural Society in 1847 ; and, though much of the time' 
 struggling with hereditary disease of a painful and prostrat- 
 ins: character, he continued to exert an active influence in 
 the community till his death, in 1852, at the age of sixty- 
 one. He was a self-made man, and achieved for himself 
 wealth, political influence and power, and an unquestioned 
 reputation for mental vigor, and energy of purpose, of no 
 ordinary character. 
 
 KoBERT SouTHGATE was a SOU of Steward, and a grandson 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 207 
 
 of Richard who came into town from England in March, 
 1718. He was born Oct. 26, 1741; and studied medicine. 
 In 1771, he went to Scarborough, Me., travelling on horse- 
 back ; and settled there in the practice of his profession, 
 which he pursued, for several years, with high reputation 
 and much success. He became an extensive landowner, 
 and acquired a handsome estate ; and gradually withdrew 
 from the practice of his profession. 
 
 He married, in 1773, Mary King (then in her sixteenth 
 year), the daughter of Richard King of Scarborough, sister of 
 Rufus King (so distinguished afterwards in public life), and 
 half-sister of William and Cyrus King, — the one a governor, 
 and senator in Congress ; and the other a representative in 
 Congress from Maine. 
 
 About the close of the last century, he was appointed a 
 Judge of the Court of Common Pleas ; and filled the office, for 
 several years, with great acceptance to the bar as well as the 
 public. He died Nov. 2, 1833, aged ninety-two. He had 
 been the father of twelve children ; one of whom (Horatio) 
 was the father of Bishop Southgate, recently of Boston. 
 
 Ralph Earle deserves to be remembered as a man of fine 
 genius as a painter ; and, among other marks of the estimate 
 in which he was held, was his election as a member of the 
 Royal Academy of London. He was the son of Ralph, and a 
 grandson of the first Ralf Earle who settled in Leicester, 
 the ancestor of most of the families which have borne that 
 name in the town. 
 
 He was born May 11, 1751. I have been unable to trace 
 the progress of Mr. Earle in the art which he cultivated. In 
 Dunlap's work upon the " History of the Arts of Design 
 in the United States " is a notice of Mr. Earle as an artist, in 
 which he is spoken of as having painted portraits in Connec- 
 ticut in 1775 ; and among his works were ^' two full-lengths " 
 of Dr. Dwight, painted in 1777. The writer represents Mr. 
 Earle as having marched to Cambridge, in 1775, as one of the 
 
208 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 " Governor's guard " of militia ; and, soon after, to Lexington. 
 The military part of his history is obviously apocryphal in 
 many respects, if not in all ; as the men who marched to 
 Cambridge were any thing but the Governor's guards, and 
 the marching to Lexington is generally supposed to have 
 preceded that of the troops to Cambridge. 
 
 But, in respect to his history as a painter, the writer is 
 much more accurate, and furnishes some curious facts of much 
 interest. Mr. Earle executed, from sketches taken upon the 
 spot, four historical paintings ; believed to be the first histo- 
 rical paintings ever executed by an American artist: one, 
 the battle of Lexington ; one, a view of Concord, with the 
 royal troops destroying the stores ; one, the battle of the 
 North Bridge in Concord ; and one, the south part of Lexing- 
 ton, where the first detachment was joined by Lord Percy. 
 These paintings were engraved, and published by Amos 
 Dool'ittle of New Haven, Conn., who was with Earle at Cam- 
 bridge, and is said to have been a soldier there with Earle, 
 under Col. Arnold. 
 
 It is certainly no slight distinction to have been the first 
 American historical painter, even if his works at the present 
 day should be found to be of inferior intrinsic merit as works 
 of art. How this is, I am unable to state : but, soon after 
 the peace, we find him in England, pursuing his art under the 
 instruction of his countryman. Sir Benjamin West ; and such 
 was his success, that he was elected, as has been stated, a 
 member of the Royal Academy in London. 
 
 He returned to this country in 1786, and continued to 
 pursue the business of a painter in different parts of Massa- 
 chusetts, New York, and Connecticut. He left several works 
 that gained him much credit ; and among them was a large 
 one, the '' Falls of Niagara," which was much admired. He 
 painted for the late Col. Thomas Denny a landscape of much 
 merit, and great fidelity of representation, embracing the 
 beautiful and picturesque view tliat spreads out towards 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 209 
 
 the east from the mansion-house on the old Denny Farm, so 
 called ; which is still preserved, and in good condition. His 
 productions were chiefly in the line of portraits, many of 
 which might have formerly been found in Northampton and 
 Springfield. Among his last works of this kind were portraits 
 of Governor Strong and family. 
 
 He died in Bolton in Conn., in October, 1801. His habits, 
 unfortunately, stood between him and that eminence in his 
 profession which genius had originally placed within his 
 reach. I quote, from the writer mentioned, his professional 
 estimate of his qualities as a painter : " He had considerable 
 merit ; a breadth of light and shadow ; facility of handling, 
 and truth in likeness. But he prevented improvement, and 
 destroyed himself by habitual intemperance." 
 
 James Earle, brother of Ralph, possessed much of the 
 genius and talent of the latter ; and is alluded to by the same 
 author (Dunlap), who is utterly confused and mistaken in 
 respect to him. At one time, he represents him as an English 
 gentleman who painted portraits in Charleston, S.C., about 
 1792 ; that Sully saw him when a boy, and, when he went to 
 London, saw his widow, and gave her an account of his death 
 by yellow fever. In a subsequent statement he confounds 
 him with Ralph, and concludes there was but one of the 
 name. The only respect in which he was correct was in 
 his having been engaged as a portrait-painter ; and having 
 died in Charleston, S.C, of yellow fever. This took place in 
 September, 1796; and, in a notice of his death, he is spoken 
 of as " an eminent painter." 
 
 They both left families ; but it was Ralph who married in 
 London, while pursuing his studies there. Mr. Dunlap's 
 work contains an extended notice of his son Augustus, — an 
 eccentric artist of great promise, who was a friend and asso- 
 ciate with Leslie and Morse, who were fellow-students with 
 him. Ralph left his wife and children in London when he 
 returned to this country. 
 
 27 
 
210 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 NUMBERS AND NAMES OF SOLDIERS IN THE FRENCH AND REVOLU- 
 TIONARY WARS. — COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE. — NAMES OF 
 EARLY SETTLERS, &c. — PERSONAL NOTICES OF OFFICERS, SOL- 
 DIERS, PROMINENT CITIZENS, AND OTHERS. 
 
 I HAVE made considerable effort to learn the names of those 
 who have been citizens of Leicester, and were at any time in 
 the service of the Crown, the Province, the Provincial or the 
 Continental Congress ; but my researches have been far from 
 satisfactory. I give below the names of such as I have been 
 able to ascertain, with such an account of them as the mus- 
 ter-rolls and other sources of information afforded me. 
 
 In 1722, a part of a company were stationed in this town to 
 guard its inhabitants from the Indians ; and among them were 
 Thomas Newhall, one of the earliest settlers in the town ; and 
 William Ward, who then belonged to Marlborough, but after- 
 wards removed to Leicester. They were sergeants in the 
 company. Ward was much employed afterwards as a sur- 
 veyor, and is noticed elsewhere in this work. 
 
 In 1724, a part of Capt. Chandler's company were stationed 
 in Leicester to guard the inhabitants ; twenty-nine men, with 
 out commissioned officers. 
 
 The French and Indian war of 1744-8 called into requi- 
 sition great numbers of Provincial troops, especially the 
 expedition against Louisburg in 1745. From the general 
 interest which that expedition excited, I have reason to be- 
 lieve that a considerable number of men were engaged in it 
 belonging to Leicester. I have ascertained the names only 
 of a few. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 211 
 
 Capt. John Brown commanded a company, and was at the 
 surrender of Louisburg. 
 
 James Smith* was also a soldier there, and died in the 
 service. 
 
 Samuel Calif was, I believe, a soldier in the same ; but I 
 have been unable to find the rolls of that expedition. They 
 may have been sent to England as vouchers for the claims for 
 compensation made by the colonists for expenses incurred in 
 its prosecution. 
 
 In September, 1746, an order from Col. John Chandler, ad- 
 dressed to Capt. Nathaniel Green, '' in his Majesty's service in 
 Leicester,":]: required a draught from his company of twenty- 
 five men without delay, with ammunition and fourteen days' 
 provision, to march to Boston to repel an anticipated French 
 invasion. The order was executed ; but I am not in posses- 
 sion of the names of the persons draughted. 
 
 In December, 1747, a detachment of troops was stationed 
 at Colraine to guard against the Indians — among whom was 
 Nathan Whittemore of Leicester — from December to the 
 following April. 
 
 In the year 1747-8, there was a detachment of troops sta- 
 tioned at Fort Massachusetts, near what is noAv Williamstown, 
 to guard that pass against the incursions of the western 
 Indians upon the frontier settlements. Among them was 
 James Smith, § Moses Peter Attair,|| and James Richardson. IT 
 
 Besides these, several from this town had enlisted, the same 
 year, into what was called " the Canada expedition," Avhose 
 names I have not ascertained. 
 
 Another French war broke out in 1754, and an expedition 
 
 * He lived upon the farm recently owned by Robert Watson. 
 
 t Removed from Maiden, and lived in the south part of the town. He married a 
 daucrhter of Capt. Nathaniel Green. 
 
 I Vide copy of the order in the genealogy of Nathaniel Green. 
 ^ Son of James who died at Louisburg. 
 
 II Called servant of John White. 
 T[ Son of Thomas Richardson. 
 
212 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 under Col. Winslow was sent to the eastern frontier to over- 
 awe the Indians. In this, Nicholas M'Daniel, Benjamin Mer- 
 ritt, and Benjamin Edmunds, were soldiers from Leicester. 
 
 Silas Bowker was in the expedition against Crown Point, in 
 1755, under Lord Amherst. 
 
 In the spring of 1756, measures were taken to organize a 
 powerful expedition to march to Crown Point. Eleven men 
 were enlisted from Leicester. There was found to be a 
 deficiency in the requisite number, and four more were en- 
 listed from the town. Their names were Daniel Watson, 
 Perley Brown, Elias Bowker,* Francis Stone, John Presson,f 
 Ebenezer Washburn,:): Nathaniel Sargent, John Cole,§ Samuel 
 Wicker, Josiah Robinson, James Bacon, Luke Converse, Ste- 
 phen Bell, James Graton, and John Bowker. 
 
 Knight Sprague, then of Hingham, afterwards of Leicester, 
 was in the same expedition, as is stated in another part of 
 this work. 
 
 In July, 1756, the following were soldiers in Col. Ruggles's 
 regiment at Fort Edward: Thomas Handy, || sergeant; Fran- 
 cis Stone, who seems to have re-enlisted ; John Ryan,l John 
 Cole, re-enlisted ; Samuel Pike, Joseph Merritt,** Thomas 
 Bridge. 
 
 In August, 1756, at Fort William Henry, in Col. Ruggles's 
 regiment, the following belonged to the army : — 
 
 Samuel Call, Alexander Calhoon, Joshua Smith, Elijah Wil- 
 son, Daniel Jones ; Samuel Wicker, sergeant ; Perley Brown, 
 corporal ; James Lamb,tt then of Charlton ; Caleb Barton, 
 then of Oxford, afterwards of Leicester. Nathaniel Harrod 
 
 * Married a sister of Col. M'^ashburn's wife. 
 
 t Was eighteen; born in Fnimingham; re-enlisted; was returned " killed or taken." 
 
 t Brother of Col. Seth Washburn. 
 
 § Born in Concord; called laborer. 
 
 II Born in Ireland ; called trader. 
 
 T[ Born in Ireland; laborer. 
 
 ** Born in Scituate; cordwainer; twenty-seven years old. 
 
 ft Twenty-three years old; born in Leicester. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 213 
 
 joined the army in September. The term of enlistment of 
 these men continued till Dec. 21, 1756. David Smith, Silas 
 Waite, and Thomas Gleason, were impressed with Harrod, 
 and joined the army with him. 
 
 Nathan Parsons, son of Rev. David, then of Cold Spring, 
 was a sergeant at the surrender of Fort William Henry, 
 Aug. 9, 1757. 
 
 In the same year, Samuel Call, sergeant ; John Brown, do. ; 
 William Green, ensign ; Jabez Swan, corporal ; Elijah Dewing, 
 Israel Green, Michael Nagels, Nathaniel Parmenter, Darby 
 Ryan, James Trumbull, Ephraim Taylor, James Calhoon, pri- 
 vates, — were in the service from Leicester, in Capt. Joseph 
 Cheny's company. 
 
 The number of officers and soldiers from the town, in 
 the last great struggle with the French which resulted in the 
 capture of Quebec in 1759 and the conquest of Canada the 
 following year, considerably exceeded any former levies for 
 the army. Among them were Samuel Call, James Brindley, 
 Silas Bellows, John Call, John Dean, Benjamin Ellis, Samuel 
 Garfield, Nathaniel Harwood, James Hill, Jason Livermore, 
 John Poore, Joseph Ryan, Edward Saunderson, James Steb- 
 bins, Joseph Shaw, Thomas Sargeant, Nehemiah Scott, Jona- 
 than Stoddard, Oliver Segur, Nathaniel Thompson, John 
 White, and John Watson. Thomas Steele was surgeon's 
 mate in Brig.-Gen. Ruggles's regiment in 1759. In 1760, 
 James Taylor (then of Greenwich, born in Leicester), Peter 
 Harwood, Eliphalet Harwood, John Earle, Ezekiel Earle, 
 Oliver Newton, and Timothy Howe. 
 
 Joel Cutler, William Dunton (servant of Solomon Par- 
 sons, who was probably surgeon of the regiment to which 
 they belonged), and Ebenezer Saunderson, were in the ser- 
 vice ; the last from April, the two first from July to Decem- 
 ber, 1761. 
 
 In 1762, from July 5 to Nov. 14, Timothy How, and, 
 from March to November, Ebenezer Smith and Benjamin Ellis, 
 
21-1: HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 were soldiers in an expedition Avhich was sent into the coun- 
 try west of North River. 
 
 William Henshaw was a lieutenant in Capt. Jeduthan 
 Baldwin's company of the Provincial troops, from March to 
 November of 1759, at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, as is 
 more fully stated in another part of this work. 
 
 Jacob Washburn, who came from Bridgewater, and lived 
 in the north part of the town of Leicester, was a lieutenant in 
 the French War. He was son of Gideon, and cousin of 
 Seth. 
 
 SOLDIERS ENGAGED IN SERVICE IN THE WAR OF THE 
 REVOLUTION. 
 
 It is not supposed that the list which I here present is by 
 any means complete. Such as are here recorded have been 
 chiefly ascertained by a recurrence to the Revolutionary 
 rolls. 
 
 I find there were twenty-seven draughts for soldiers, to- 
 wards which Leicester supplied two hundred and forty-seven 
 men, between May, 1775, and June 28, 1780. Subsequent 
 draughts were made, which I suppose were principally an- 
 swered by the classes into which the town was divided ; one 
 of which, July 19, 1781, I have found for six men. 
 
 This does not embrace the company of minute-men under 
 Capt. Washburn ; nor the standing company, under Capt. 
 Thomas Newhall, who marched to Cambridge on the 19th of 
 April, 1775; nor the draughts made by resolves of Jan. 26, 
 1777, for six months; June 5, 1780, for three years; Dec. 2, 
 1780, for three and five months ; June, 1781, for three years; 
 or March, 1782, — the numbers of which I have not ascer- 
 tained. 
 
 The minute-men belonged to a regiment of which William 
 Henshaw was colonel ; Samuel Denny, lieutenant-colonel ; and 
 John Southgate, adjutant ; all of whom marched to Cambridge 
 
HISTOHY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 215 
 
 on the 19th of April. Col. Henshaw's pay was made up for 
 thirty-four and a half days; Lieut. -Col. Denny's, ten and a 
 half days ; and Southgate's, nineteen and a half days. 
 
 Col. Artemas Ward commanded a regiment of men; and 
 Joseph Henshaw, then of Leicester, was his lieutenant-colonel, 
 and marched to Cambridge on the 19th of April, and re- 
 mained one month and ten days in the service there. 
 
 For some reason not explained, but much to his dissatisfac- 
 tion, in organizing the " eight months' men " into regiments, 
 Jonathan Ward of Marlborough was appointed, in Col. Arte- 
 mas Ward's regiment, lieutenant-colonel in place of Lieut.- 
 Col. Henshaw. The Provincial Congress decided the ques- 
 tion on the 25th of May against Col. Henshaw ; but Col. Arte- 
 mas Ward had been commissioned on the 19th May. This 
 probably terminated the period of Col. Joseph Heushaw's 
 service. 
 
 The members of the Leicester Company of Minute-men, 
 who marched on the 19th April, 1775, were — 
 
 Seth Washburn, captain. 
 William Watson, 1st lieutenant. 
 Nathaniel Harrod, 2d lieutenant. 
 Samuel Watson, sergeant. 
 Henry King, „ 
 
 Ebenezer Kent, corporal. 
 Jonathan Newhall, „ 
 Benjamin Converse. 
 Abner Dunbar. 
 Thomas Parker. 
 Ambrose Searle. 
 Jesse Green. 
 Jonas Southgate. 
 Samuel Richardson. 
 Jesse Smith. 
 Peleg Hersey. 
 John Brown. 
 William Grossman. 
 Hezekiah Saunderson. 
 Daniel Hubbard. 
 V Abijah Sfowers. 
 Adam Gilmore. 
 
 David Newhall. 
 Daniel Denny. 
 Ebenezer Saunderson. 
 Elijah Com ins. 
 Elias Green. 
 John Weaver. 
 Isaac Livermore. 
 Jonathan Sargent. 
 Job Stetson. 
 James Greaton. 
 Morris Higgins. 
 Nathan Craige. 
 Ph inch as Green. 
 Perley. Brown. 
 Stephen Taylor. 
 Samuel Sargent. 
 William Brown. 
 David Sargent. 
 Jason Livermore. 
 James Tucker. 
 Jonathan Jackson. 
 
216 
 
 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Seth Washburn, then of Wilbraham, a son of Capt. Seth, 
 was among those who marched to Cambridge on this alarm. 
 
 The members of the Standing Company, who marched the 
 same day, were — 
 
 Thomas Newhall, captain. 
 Benj. Richardson, 1st lieutenant. 
 Ebenezer Upham, 2cl Heutenant. 
 Loring Linoohi, sergeant. 
 Isaac Choate, „ 
 
 James AVhittemore, „ 
 Phinehas Newhall, corporal. 
 Phinehas Sargent, „ 
 
 Peter Silvester, jun. 
 Jonathan Johnson. 
 Nathaniel Richardson. 
 Moses Hovey. 
 Micah Livermore. 
 Elijah Howe. 
 Jonathan Sargent, jun. 
 Elisha Ward. 
 Benjamin Leviston. 
 
 Thomas Snow. 
 Thomas Green. 
 Reuben Lamb. 
 Phinehas Barton. 
 Caleb Nichols. 
 David Carpenter. 
 Reuben Earle. 
 Wait Upham. 
 Richard Bond. 
 Reuben Swan. 
 Solon Green. 
 Isaac Livermore, jun. 
 Daniel Sargeant. 
 Elijah Cumings. 
 Israel Saunderson. 
 John Weaver. 
 Daniel Newhall. 
 
 On the 23d April, 1775, the Congress resolved to raise 
 thirteen thousand six hundred men immediately, from Massa- 
 chussetts, for its defence. Enlisting papers were prepared on 
 the 24th, and printed ; and the enlistments began the same 
 day. Capt. AVashburn signed, on the 24th April, the one for 
 raising the company which he was to command. The term 
 of service was to be eight months ; the number of men in 
 each company to be fifty-nine, including three officers. The 
 names of the Leicester men who enlisted into this company 
 were as follow : — 
 
 Seth Washburn, captain. 
 
 Joseph Livermore of Spencer, 1st 
 
 lieutenant. 
 Loring Lincoln, 2d lieutenant. 
 Peleg Hersey, sergeant. 
 John Brown, „ 
 
 Anthony Sprague, „ 
 
 William Grossman, sergeant. 
 Hezekiah Saunderson, corporal. 
 Daniel Hubbard, „ 
 
 Elijah Southgate, then of Spencer, 
 
 corporal.* 
 Elijah Torrey, fifer. 
 Joseph Washburn. 
 
 * Soutligate was of the Leicester Family, and lived just over the Leicester line in 
 Spencer. 
 
HISTORY or LEICESTER. 
 
 217 
 
 Abijali Stowers. 
 Adam Gilmore. 
 Daniel Newhall. 
 Daniel Denny. 
 El)enezer Saunderson. 
 Elijah Converse. 
 - Elias Gi'een. 
 Isi-ael Saunderson. 
 John Weaver. 
 Isaac Livermore, jun. 
 Jonathan Sargent. 
 John Stetson. 
 James Greaton. 
 Morris Higgins. 
 Nathan Ci'aice. 
 
 James Richardson. 
 William Brown. 
 James Tucker. 
 Phinehas Green. 
 Phinehas Green, jun. 
 Perley Brown. 
 Stephen Taylor. 
 Samuel Sargent. 
 Abner Livermore. 
 Thomas Green. 
 John Green. 
 Daniel Sargent. 
 Jason Livermore. 
 Jonathan Jackson. 
 Matthew Jackson. 
 
 The balance of the company were enlisted from other 
 towns, — seven from Spencer, three from Paxton, four from 
 Oakham, two from Holden, two from Weston, one from 
 Worcester, one from Brookfield, and one from Gloucester. 
 
 The promptness with which the Leicester men enlisted, 
 and the proportion of the two companies then at Cambridge, 
 if it had been followed by the troops from the other towns, 
 would have rendered the new general order of the 27th April 
 unnecessary. This called upon all who were not enlisted, and 
 intended to remain, to enlist at once ; with an assurance that 
 they should be officered by those appointed by the Committee 
 of Safety until the particular regiments and companies Avere 
 completed. 
 
 The field-officers were charged to see that one-fiftli part of 
 the training soldiers of each town from which the companies 
 came, should be immediately enlisted out of the troops as- 
 sembled in camp ; and, if a sufficient number could not be 
 enlisted agreeable to an equal quota, the deficiency of such 
 quota should be immediately forwarded by a recruiting officer 
 to each town ; and, in the mean time, a sufficient number 
 of troops present should be retained until the quota of the 
 troops for this Province should be raised. 
 
 By the 8th May, there had been thirteen regiments offi- 
 
 28 
 
218 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 cered. One of them was called " Gen. - Ward's ; " and, to 
 that, Capt. Washburn's company was attached. 
 
 The proportion of one-fifth of the troops in the trainband 
 of the town would not have been over twenty; whereas 
 twenty had enlisted before the date of the second order: 
 ten enlisted on its date, and seven before the middle of May, 
 besides six who enlisted in other companies ; making forty- 
 seven in all. 
 
 The above order explains why numbers of the Minute 
 Company and that of Capt. Newhall were retained in service, 
 as many of them were, after the companies were actually dis- 
 organized by the enlistments for the eight months' service. 
 
 Of the men who were thus enlisted from Leicester, all 
 except Thomas and John Green, who did not enlist until 
 July, and William Brown, James Tucker, and Daniel Sargent, 
 who had left the company, were present at and took part in 
 the battle of Bunker Hill, on the 17th June, under Capt. 
 Washburn. 
 
 William Brown enlisted into Capt. Burbank's company of 
 artillery, in Col. Gridley's regiment, as corporal, on the 15th 
 June, and was in the battle. Perley Brown enlisted in the 
 artillery at the same time, but was with this company in the 
 battle. Nine of the above were supplied by the Province ; 
 all the others by themselves. 
 
 On the 5th September, orders were issued for organizing 
 a detachment of officers and men to march to Canada, under 
 Gen. Arnold, by the way of the Kennebec River. Among 
 the volunteers from Leicester in that enterprise were Morris 
 Higgins from Capt. Washburn's company, and Thomas Whit- 
 temore from Capt. Williams's company, in Gen. Heath's regi- 
 ment. 
 
 Besides the above, I find the following names of Leicester 
 men in the " eight-months' " service : Elijah Green, who died 
 in the service, at Roxbury, December, 1775, aged sixteen; 
 Andrew Brown, in Col. Larned's regiment; Reuben Earle, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 219 
 
 in the same company ; Richard Lamb, in Capt. Larned's com- 
 pany ; Nicholas M'Daniel and Waite Upham, — the two last 
 in the artillery, Foster's company. 
 
 Dr. Absalom Russell was in the same service as a surgeon's 
 mate, in Col. Doolittle's regiment. He joined the regiment on 
 the 21st July. Steward Southgate was a second sergeant in 
 the same service. The term of this service expired in De- 
 cember, when a new enlistment of men took place for two 
 months ; and sixteen men from Leicester joined a company, 
 under the command of Capt. Seth Washburn, which was sta- 
 tioned at Dorchester. The major being absent, Capt. Wash- 
 burn performed the duty of that officer by reason of his 
 seniority in office. 
 
 I am unable to give the names of these sixteen, as I am of 
 many of the twenty-six subsequent draughts. A second en- 
 listment for two months, after the expiration of the first, was 
 made ; and Capt. Washburn still continued in command of a 
 company. 
 
 In January, 1777, a company was raised, of which Adam 
 Martin was captain ; * William Crossman, lieutenant ; f and 
 Joseph Washburn, ensign, — the two latter officers from 
 Leicester. The company was attached to Col. Bigelow's fif- 
 teenth regiment, in the Massachusetts line of Continental 
 troops ; and were enlisted for three years, or during the 
 war. 
 
 Among the members of the company from Leicester were — 
 
 Asa Harrington, February, 1777. During the war. 
 
 James Tucker, April, 1777. During the war. Was sergeant; served 
 
 forty-four months. He was under Col. Rufus Putnam at West 
 
 Point in 1781, together with Harrington. 
 John Hubbard, March, 1777. During the Avar. Was a black man. 
 
 * Martin belonged to Sturbridge. 
 
 t Crossman was soon cashiered, and Washburn promoted to lieutenant. Cross- 
 man had been a sercjeant in Capt. Washburn's company, and was wounded at Bun- 
 ker Hill. He lived a little south of where Mrs. Hobart lives. 
 
220 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Jethro Jones, April, 1777. During the war. Was a black man, thirty- 
 three years old. 
 
 Solomon Parsons. March, 1777. During the war. Was wounded at 
 Monmouth, and is noticed hereafter. 
 
 Zephaniah Tucker, April, 1777. 
 
 Among the names of those to whom bounties were paid by 
 the town, on their enlistment into the Continental service for 
 three years, I find, besides the above, — 
 
 William Tolly. Enlisted January, 1777. 
 
 Elijah Cummings. Enlisted January, 1777. Was in Capt. Smith's 
 company, thirteenth Massachusetts regiment. 
 
 Waite Upham. Enhsted Januaiy, 1777. 
 
 Asa Waite. Enlisted January, 1777. Was in the service four years ; 
 a part of the time, in Capt. Brown's company, whose name was Ben- 
 jamin. He was sergeant in the sixth light infantry. 
 
 Otlio Silvester. Enlisted February, 1777. Was in Brown's company 
 for during the war. Died May 20, 1778. 
 
 Israel Saunderson. Enlisted February, 1777. Was in Capt. Brxjwn's 
 company, corporal. Served four years. 
 
 Asa Souther. Enlisted February, 1777. Was in Brown's company. 
 Served forty-seven months ; corporal, six months. 
 
 Benjamin Chamberlin. Enlisted March, 1777. Was in Capt. Brown's 
 company, a sergeant, eighth regiment, Col. Michael Jackson. 
 
 Elisha Gill. Enlisted March, 1777. 
 
 Abijah Stowers. Enlisted April, 1777. Enlisted in Brown's company 
 during war. Served twelve and a half months. Died in the army. 
 
 Jesse Harwood. Enlisted April, 1777. Was in Capt. Brown's com- 
 pany. 
 
 Timothy Earle. Enlisted April, 1777. Was in Brown's company. 
 Died in the army, Nov. 3, 1777. 
 
 Elisha Wood. Enlisted April, 1777. In Brown's company. Sex'ved 
 three years. 
 
 Patrick M'Mann. Enlisted January, 1777. 
 
 Gershom Comings. „ „ „ 
 
 John Davis. „ November, 1777. 
 
 Stephen Witt. „ December, „ 
 
 Samuel Wood. „ November, „ 
 
 John Eares. „ January, 1778. 
 
 Samuel Low. „ ,, „ 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 221 
 
 Abraham Huet. Enlisted Januai-y. 1778. 
 
 Richard Hill. Enlisted January, 1778. Was in Capt. Brown's com- 
 pany. 
 Robert Green. Enlisted January, 1778. 
 
 In September, 1777, a detachment of troops was ordered 
 to join the Northern Army, and rendezvous at Claverack, in 
 the Provincial service. Col. Samuel Denny was detailed to 
 command the regiment. Dr. Isaac Green of Leicester was 
 surgeon. The term of service was for a single month ; but 
 in June, 1778, a detachment from Col. Denny's regiment was 
 made for nine months, and marched to Fishkill. The follow- 
 ing Leicester men were in it (they were between the ages 
 of twenty and twenty-sis) : Zachariah Smith, Joseph Vinton, 
 John Edmunds, William Sargent, James Graton. 
 
 In 1779, June 23^, the following Leicester men joined Capt. 
 Marshall's company in the " Continental service " (they were 
 between the ages of nineteen and twenty-three) : Levi Chil 
 son. Pardon Dolbee, Hosea Sprague, James Snow, and Wil- 
 liam Webber. 
 
 In the return for January, 1781, of the troops enlisted for 
 three years, or during the war, is the name of Daniel Coburn 
 of Leicester, in the light dragoons. 
 
 James Tucker was returned as sergeant in Capt. Houdin's company.* 
 Thomas Saunderson, drummer, in the same company. 
 Israel Saunderson, corporal, in the sixth light infantry. 
 Asa Souther, corporal, in fourth company. 
 Asa Waite, sergeant in sixth light infantry. 
 
 Several of the men who enlisted in Capt. Martin's company 
 had by that time been transferred to Capt, Houdin's company, 
 in the fifth regiment. Thomas Seaver of Leicester was at 
 that time, with James Tucker and Asa Harrington, in Col. Ru- 
 fus Putnam's Massachusetts regiment at West Point. 
 
 * Houdiii was a Frenchman, who came over and joined our army, and received 
 a commission as captain. 
 
222 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 In July, 1781, seven men from Leicester enlisted into the 
 Continental service for the term of three months ; viz., Jo- 
 tham Smith, Isaac Denny, Ebenezer Upham, Asa Matthews, 
 Asa Green, Marshall Newton, John Hapgood Howe. Some 
 of these were not quite sixteen years of age. 
 
 The same summer, Dr. Austin Flint, then of Shrewsbury, 
 was surgeon of Col. Drury's regiment at West Point, from 
 July 26 to Dec. 20, 1781. He had been a soldier in the army 
 at the surrender of Burgoyne, in October, 1777. 
 
 Col. William Henshaw, the adjutant-general of the troops 
 at Cambridge until the arrival of Gen. Washington, has been 
 mentioned at length in another part of this work. 
 
 Daniel Davis of Leicester was in Col. Brooks's regiment 
 in 1777. 
 
 James Richardson, James Redfield, and David Bryant, were 
 in Col. Wade's regiment of Massachusetts State troops, sta- 
 tioned at Rhode Island, one year from January, 1778. 
 
 The roll of Capt. Woodbridge's company, in the thirteenth 
 Massachusetts regiment, has the name of Ebenezer Lane, as 
 enlisted during the war from Leicester. 
 
 Isaac Robinson enlisted in Capt. Brown's company, eighth 
 regiment, for three years. He died in the army, after ten 
 and a half months' service, Feb. 14, 1778. 
 
 Benjamin Brown * was captain of a company of Continental 
 troops in the eighth (Col. Michael Jackson's) regiment. He 
 was in command of the company from January, 1777, to July 
 23, 1779 ; when he resigned. 
 
 Joseph Washburn was in the service from Jan. 1, 1777, to 
 Dec. 31, 1779, — three years ; of which time he was twenty-six 
 months ensign, and ten lieutenant. He was at the taking of 
 Burgoyne at Saratoga, and afterwards in the army under 
 Gen. Washington in New Jersey. Among the persons to 
 whom Leicester paid bounties in April, 1779, was Amos 
 
 * He was a son of Capt. John Brown of Leicester. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 223 
 
 Gleason. Abel Green was in the three years' service in 
 1779. 
 
 The company which Capt. Martin had commanded* was 
 called, in the returns of 1782, " the Major's company." There 
 was one company in the regiment called " the Colonels ; " and 
 one, the ^^ Lieutenant-Colonels." 
 
 John Holden was an officer in the Continental service from 
 January, 1777. He was in the storming party under Gen. 
 Wayne, which took the works on Stony Point ; one of the 
 most gallant, daring feats of the whole war. 
 
 Peter Salem, who is noticed in another part of this work, 
 and who, while a soldier, belonged to Framingham, was in 
 Capt. Holden's company in 1779 ; and Cain Bowman, who had 
 been a slave in Leicester, was mustered as a soldier in 1778. 
 
 Among those who received pensions for services in the 
 Revolutionary Army were Elijah Southgate and Jonas Stone, 
 then living in Shrewsbury, though belonging to Leicester 
 before their removal to that town. 
 
 Besides those already mentioned as members of Capt. Mar- 
 tin's company in September, 1777, at Albany, then under com- 
 mand of Ensign Washburn, were the following belonging to 
 Leicester : — 
 
 Elias Green, enlisted for eight months. 
 Phinehas Green, „ „ „ „ 
 
 John Green, „ „ „ „ 
 
 Pliny Green, „ „ „ „ 
 
 I have before mentioned Seth Washburn, son of Col. Seth 
 as having marched to Cambridge in April, 1775, from Wilbra 
 ham. He afterwards lived in Hardwick; and in July, 1777 
 was a soldier in an expedition to Providence and Rhode Island 
 In August, the same year, he marched to Bennington in Col 
 James Converse's regiment. He was afterwards in the ser 
 vice, and died in the army, in New York, on Governor's Island 
 
 * He resigned June 28, 1779. 
 
224 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 In the regiment of Col. Brown, in the eight months' service 
 in 1775, Ebenezer Washburn, brother of Capt. Seth, who had 
 removed from Leicester to Hardwick, was quartermaster. 
 
 In July, 1780, a draught of seventeen men was made from 
 Leicester to join the Continental Armj for six months in Capt. 
 Frothingham's company of artillery, in the fourth division. 
 The following young men were drawn, then being between 
 the ages of seventeen and twenty-one, — only four as old as 
 twenty-one : — 
 
 John Sarweant. 
 Thomas Harmon. 
 Pardon Dolbee. 
 Ebenezer B. Upham. 
 James Trumbull. 
 Daniel Brown. 
 Luther Ward. 
 Isaac Morse, jun. 
 Abiel Johnson. 
 
 Gershom Cummings. 
 Benjamin Hubbard. 
 Hosea Sprague. 
 John Green. 
 Joseph Washburn, jun.* 
 James Smith. 
 John Hasey. 
 Abijah Craige. 
 
 I find the memorandum of an order of July 10, 1781, in 
 these words : " Lieut. Josiah Brown ordered to go with the 
 men to Yarmouth for three months." 
 
 The same date, " Lieut. Nathan Craige ordered to go with 
 the men to Rhode Island for five months." But the names 
 of those who constituted the companies or detachments in 
 either of the above requisitions, I cannot ascertain. 
 
 After the expiration of his time in the eight months' ser- 
 vice, Mr. Craige joined the company of Capt. Prouty, Col. 
 Cushing's regiment, in 1777, and marched to Bennington; 
 from there to Half Moon, on North River ; and returned to 
 Bennington the day of the battle, but after its close. 
 
 He was at the surrender of Burgoyne. After that, he was 
 a sergeant in Capt. Harrington's company at Roxbury ; and 
 was detailed upon the guard over Burgoyne's men, then pri- 
 soners of war. 
 
 He was five months at Newport, in 1781, in Capt. Elliot's 
 
 * Was a nephew of Col. Seth. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 225 
 
 company, in Col. Turner's regiment. The captain belonged 
 to Sutton. 
 
 Samuel Sargent, Avho married Capt. Washburn's daughter, 
 was in the same company, and messed with Mr. Craige at the 
 taking of Burgoyne. 
 
 William Todd of Leicester was commissioned as captain of 
 a company of artillery in October, 1776. John Southgate 
 was his " captain-lieutenant." The company was the eighth 
 in the regiment, and was raised partly in Leicester. It was 
 attached to Col. Craft's regiment, and was in service two 
 or more j^ears. They were stationed, some of the time, at 
 Boston, some at Dorchester ; twice were ordered to Rhode 
 Island ; and, in the autumn of 1777, took part in an engage- 
 ment with the enemy at Tiverton. 
 
 David Henshaw, brother of Col. William, commanded a 
 company in the same regiment as Capt. Todd. 
 
 Col. William Henshaw, after retiring from the army in 1775, 
 was appointed lieutenant-colonel in Col. Little's regiment of 
 Continental troops in April, 1776 ; and accepted office at the 
 personal solicitation of Gen. Washington. He joined Gen. 
 Green's brigade at New York ; had an engagement with the 
 enemy at Flatbush ; was with Gen. Washington's army at 
 Trenton, Princeton Battle, <fec. He was also in the battle of 
 White Plains : but of this more has been said in the notice 
 of Col. Henshaw in this work ; my object being chiefly to 
 enumerate the men, and their rank in the army, who belonged 
 to or were immediately connected with Leicester. 
 
 Among those to be mentioned indiscriminately, because it 
 is not known to what companies they were attached, was 
 Peter Silvester, jun., who was at Saratoga at the taking of 
 Burgoyne. 
 
 Joseph Bass was in the " water-service," under Com. Tup- 
 per in 1776, and was engaged in an attempt to destroy the 
 British frigates in North River, of which an account is given 
 in this work. Elijah Hersey and Nathaniel Sargent were 
 
 29 
 
226 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 soldiers in the service. Capt. Livingston was paid by the 
 town for the expense of a horse " to go to the taking of Bur- 
 goyne ; " and the presumption is that he was accompanied by 
 a part or all of the company under his command. 
 
 The company of artillery commanded by David Henshaw, 
 already mentioned, was organized in September, 1776, and at- 
 tached as the tenth company to the regiment of Col. Thomas 
 Crafts. It belonged to the Continental establishment in the 
 three years, or during-the-war service. Upon the roll of that 
 company I find the following Leicester men : viz., Peleg Her- 
 sey, sergeant ; Nathan Green, corporal ; Jabez Paine, Bailey 
 Bond, Ebenezer Upham. 
 
 In Capt. Todd's company, Samuel Sargent, son of Jonathan 
 (to distinguish him from one of the same name already men- 
 tioned), was enlisted; but in the muster-roll of December, 
 1776, of that company, the only Leicester names it contains 
 are William Laughton, (Lawton); Nathaniel Richardson ; Tho- 
 mas Dunbar, sergeant; Benjamin Leviston, corporal ; William 
 Gilkey, Hosea Sprague, Andrew Scott, John Works, Abner 
 Snow. 
 
 Dr. John Honeywood joined the army as a surgeon in Col. 
 Brown's regiment, and died at Ticonderoga, while in the ser- 
 vice, November, 1776. 
 
 Dr. Isaac Green was a second time surgeon in the service 
 at Saratoga, at the taking of Burgoyne, in October, 1777. 
 
 Incomplete as the foregoing list may be, it speaks highly in 
 favor of the patriotism and public spirit of the town, when it 
 is recollected, that, in 1781, the whole number of names borne 
 upon the " train " and " alarm-list " of soldiers in town, and 
 capable of bearing arms, was but one hundred and fifty-one, 
 of whom forty-nine were upon the alarm-list. 
 
 COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE, ETC. 
 
 I am unable to ascertain when the first committee of this 
 kind was chosen, or the names of its members. The sugges- 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 227 
 
 tion of such committees seems to have come from the House 
 of Burgesses of Virginia. There was such a committee exist- 
 ing here in December, 1773 ; and, in 1774, Wilham Henshaw 
 was its chairman. The other members were Thomas Denny, 
 Joseph Henshaw, Benjamin Conklin, Hezekiah Ward, and 
 Thomas NewhalL In 1775, Col. Samuel Denny M^as added, in 
 May. The same year, in July, William Green, Samuel Green, 
 and Joseph Sargeant, were added. 
 
 In March, 1776, the committee consisted of Joseph Hen- 
 shaw, James Baldwin, jun., Robert Ci'aige, Benjamin Richard- 
 son, and Loring Lincoln. 
 
 In September, Hezekiah Ward and Robert Henry were 
 added. 
 
 In 1777, Joseph Henshaw, John Fletcher, Benjamin Rich- 
 ardson,* James Baldwin, jun., Isaac Green, Pliinehas Newhall, 
 and William Henshaw. 
 
 1778, Samuel Denny, William Henshaw, Joseph Sprague, 
 Thomas Green, John Fletcher, Joseph Sargent, and Dr. Isaac 
 Green. 
 
 1779, Samuel Upham, Henry King, Benjamin Watson, Mat- 
 thew Scott, Jonathan Sargent. 
 
 As the Constitution was adopted early in 1780, and a regu- 
 lar government soon after organized, the committee last 
 named were probably the last elected. f 
 
 Their powers were undefined by any statute ; nor was 
 there any precedent to guide them in the administration of 
 their office. They derived their existence and authority 
 from the condition of the country, and were discontinued the 
 moment the necessity for such a body of officers ceased. 
 
 * Mr. Richardson moved out of town in 1777. 
 
 t I find an election in 1782 of the following persons as a " Committee of Safety;" 
 viz., William Earle, John Southgate, Thomas Newhall, Ebenezer Kent, and William 
 Green. But the nature of their duty is not stated. It probably answered to the old 
 Committee of Correspondence; and was intended to aid in furnishing men and stores 
 for the army, as requisitions might be made. 
 
228 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 The early tax-lists furnish considerable information as to 
 the general and individual condition of the people of the town 
 at that day. Thus, in 1729, John Lynde was assessed for 
 1,520 acres of land ; Samuel Green, 929 ; Richard Southgate, 
 600 ; Thomas Steele, 736 ; William Ward, 500 ; William Green, 
 425; Thomas Richardson, 313 ; James Southgate, 300 ; Thomas 
 Newhall, 282 ; and Joshua Nichols, 270. 
 
 In 1731, Richard Southgate, Thomas Newhall, Thomas 
 Green, and Thomas Gill, were each taxed one shilling for 
 '' negers ; " which were set down in the list as " personal 
 estate." 
 
 In 1735, I find one tax assessed '' to pay the schoolmaster," 
 X21. 6s. 6d. ; another, " to pay the town's debts," X300 ; 
 another, " the ministry rate for 1734," £15 ; another, " the 
 county tax," £1 ; another, "the Province rate," £48. 16s. 8d. 
 In March, 1736, a tax was assessed of X30 " to pay Jonathan 
 Sargent to entertain the Council." 
 
 One thing to be remarked, in examining these tax-lists, is 
 the singular equality of taxable property in the north and 
 south parts of the town, as divided by the Great Post Road. 
 Of the Province tax, in 1735, of X48. 16s. 8d., £24. 15s. 4d. 
 were assessed upon those living upon the north side, and £24. 
 Is. 4d. upon those on the south side, of this line. 
 
 Another thing to be observed is the general equality of 
 wealth among the citizens of the town. Of the tax of X300 
 in January, 1735, while no one was assessed more than £S. 8s. 
 lid., and only one as high as <£8, one alone is assessed below 
 £1 ; and only sixteen, out of a total of ninety-seven, were as- 
 sessed below £2. Probably the reason of the difference there 
 was in the valuation between the north and south parts of the 
 town was, that in the former there were fifty-four persons, 
 and in the latter forty-three, to be taxed. 
 
 In 1735, Onesephorus Pike paid the highest tax in town ; 
 John Lynde, the next; Richard Southgate, the next; John 
 M'Master, the next ; and Thomas Green, the next. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 229 
 
 There were thirteen taxes assessed between 1722 and 1729, 
 including those years, amounting to more than =£1,000 ; illus- 
 trating what I have elsewhere stated, — the heavy burdens to 
 which the town was at first subjected,* 
 
 The following families were residing here in 1721, and 
 many of them at an earlier period : William Brown, John 
 Burton, Aaron Bell, Joshua Barton, Bartholomew Curtis, Peter 
 Carlisle, Arthur Carey, who came from Billerica, settled on 
 Carey Hill, and removed to Brookfield ; Daniel Denny, Kalf 
 and William Earle, Samuel Green, John Peters, who came 
 from Lexington ; David Parsons, the minister ; Thomas Kich- 
 ardson and Xathaniel Richardson, from Maiden ; Hezekiah 
 Russ, from Lexington ; James and Richard South gate, John 
 Smith, from Weston ; Samuel, John, and Joseph Stebbins, from 
 England ; Thomas Smith, Moses Stockbridge, from Billerica ; 
 William Green, William Keen, John Lynde, from Maiden ; 
 Daniel Livermore, from Weston ; John Menzies, Joshua Nich- 
 ols, from Maiden ; Thomas Newhall, from Maiden ; James 
 Smith, John Smith, jun., Samuel Thomas, Rowland Taylor, 
 Adam Taber, James Wilson, from Lexington ; William Ward, 
 from Marlborough ; and Thomas Westcott and Oliver Watson. 
 
 The following are mentioned in the records in 1722, though 
 they were probably here prior to that date : John Boynes, 
 John Potter, John Saunderson, Benjamin Johnson, and John 
 Watson. 
 
 In March, 1771, the selectmen made a report of the names 
 of the persons who had come into town since April, 1767, 
 with the places from which they came ; which, with two or 
 three additional names, are as follow : — 
 
 Zaccheus Ballard, from Framingham, May, 1770. He had a family, 
 
 and lived on Ballard Hill, where there is now a cellar. 
 Jonathan Barton, from Spencer, April, 1774. 
 
 * Among the sums paid during this period was " a bill allowed to Mr. Richard 
 Southgate for making ye stocks, and stuff to mend ye pound," 16s. 
 
230 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Joseph Allen, from Boston, November, 1771 ; afterwards of "Worces- 
 ter. 
 
 Mary Allen, from Boston, November, 1771. Married Rev. Mr. 
 Avery, Holden. 
 
 Samuel Allen, from Boston, November, 1771 ; afterwards of Worcester. 
 County treasurer. 
 
 William Grossman, from Hopkinton. Lived on the South Road, a 
 short distance beyond Mrs. Hobart's. 
 
 Adam Collins, from Pelham, N.H., 17G9. 
 
 Michael Carey, from Boston, spring, 1770. 
 
 Jonathan Collier, from Weymouth, 1770. 
 
 Isaac Choate, from Ipswich, 1773. Lived at the Elliot Place, on the 
 North County Road. 
 
 Caleb Earle, from Chester, N.Y., 1770. 
 
 Thomas Faxon, from Braintree, 1770. 
 
 Watt Fannel, stranger, 1769. 
 
 Ezekiel Fosgate, from Bolton, winter, 1769. Trader; built and traded 
 in stoi'e on what is now the Common. 
 
 Joseph Gleason, from Oxford, 1770. 
 
 Semple Gilkey, from Plainfield, Conn., April, 1773. 
 
 William Gilkey, Hannah his wife, and Rebecca his daughter, from 
 Plainfield, May 19, 1773. 
 
 Daniel Hayden, from Gloucester, R.I., 1770. 
 
 Sarah Hunt and Richard Hunt, children of Hayden's wife, from 
 Gloucester, R.L, 1770. 
 
 Cornelius Holton, from Union, Conn., 1769. 
 
 Elijah Howe, from Paxton, spring, 1769. On Mount Pleasant, oppo- 
 site the Moore Place. 
 
 John Boulster Hubbard, from Brinfield, 1769. 
 
 Thomas Hammond, from Newton, 1770. Afterwards removed to 
 Vermont. 
 
 Lucry Hammond and Anna Hammond, from Newton, February, 1771. 
 
 Jonathan Johnson, and Rachel his wife, ft'om Petersham, January, 1774. 
 
 Silas Kendal, from Winchendon, 1770. 
 
 Isaac Lynde, from Spencer, 1769. 
 
 Hannah Niles, from Braintree, October, 1769. 
 
 John Newhall, Dorothy Newhall, Mercy Newhall, and Phebe Newhall, 
 from Spencer, 1774. 
 
 Alexander Parkman, from Westborough, 1770. Clothier, in Cherry 
 Valley. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 231 
 
 Jonathan Phillips, from Oxford, 1770. 
 
 John Phillips, from Smithfield, R.I., 1771. 
 
 Ebenezer Prescott, Jerusha his wife. Patience, Ebenezer, and Fortune, 
 
 children, from Paxton, December, 1773. 
 James Richardson, from Spencer, 1768. 
 Benjamin Sherman, from Swanzey, 1771. 
 Thomas Sibley, from Boston, 1770. 
 Luther Torrey, from Abington, fall, 1770. 
 Peter Valentine, from Plainfield, Conn., 1773. 
 Hezekiah Ward, from Grafton, 1768. Lived at what is now the 
 
 Town's Farm. 
 
 In 1776, the town was divided into nine school districts ; 
 and the names of the several families constituting these, ex- 
 cept the ninth, were recorded. I have copied them, first, 
 to show who were the active citizens of the town during 
 the Revolution ; and, second, the places of their residence, 
 which has already become, and will hereafter be more, a 
 matter of interesting inquiry. 
 
 FIRST DISTRICT. 
 
 Thomas Steele lived at the Rawson House. 
 
 Seth Washburn, where J. Loring lives. 
 
 Elijah Lathrop, tavern ; where Hiram Knight's house is. 
 
 Nathan Waite, tavern ; opposite Meeting-house. 
 
 Benjamin Richardson, where Mrs. S. Newhall lives. 
 
 Joseph Allen, where the old Academy stood. 
 
 Benjamin Conklin, where Mr. May lives. 
 
 Peter Silvester, whei-e cellar is on east side of Meeting-house Hill. 
 
 Reuben Earle, at tan-yard at foot of the hill. 
 
 Phinehas Sargent's farm, at Nathan Waite's tavern. 
 
 Joshua Grossman and William Grossman, cellar beyond Mrs. Hobart's, 
 
 on east side of the road. 
 Richard Bond, house north of Eber Bond's. 
 Benjamin Bond, south of the house where Eber Bond lives. 
 Jonathan Bond, house where S. Gleason lived. 
 William Watson, where Mr. Lyon lives. 
 James Graton, cellar in pasture west of Eber Bond's. 
 
232 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 James Harwood, cellai* west of J. Graton's. 
 Thomas Hutchinson, farm. 
 
 SECOND DISTRICT. 
 
 Joshua Henshaw and Col. Joseph Henshaw, Mount-Pleasant House. 
 
 Perley Brown, on M'Intire Fai'm ; house next east of schoolhouse, on 
 the Great Road. 
 
 Ephraim Mower and Thomas Mower, fainn formerly of Col. H. Sar- 
 gent. 
 
 Elijah Howe, cellar opposite Mowers'. 
 
 Jonathan Sargent, jun., where Artemas Lamb lives. 
 
 Nathan Hersey, next east of Capt. Trask's. 
 
 Elijah Hersey, Capt. Trask Place. Elijah Hersey built the Capt. 
 Trask House. 
 
 John Watson's farm, next west of Capt. Trask's. 
 
 Ebenezer Warren, where Elijah died ; was father of Elijah Warren. 
 
 Jonathan Warren, where Jos. Warren lives. 
 
 Thomas Newhall, where R. Watson lived and died. 
 
 Richard Southgate, cellar west of Burntcoat Brook. Baptist Elder. 
 
 Richard Southgate, jun., where David Lumb lived. 
 
 Anthony Sprague, old house near O. C. Silvester's. 
 
 Ephraim Mower, jun., cellar north-west of Peter Silvester Place. 
 
 John Brown, where Peter Silvester died. 
 
 Nathaniel Harrod, opposite where William Silvester lives. 
 
 THIRD DISTRICT. 
 
 William Todd, the Henshaw Farm. 
 
 John Southgate, where he died. 
 
 Richard Gleason, and Richard Gleason, jun., cellar in Samuel Waite's 
 
 Pasture. 
 Alexander Parkman, where Rufus Upham lived. 
 Thomas Earle, where Heman Burr lives. 
 Matthew Watson, saddler ; where N. Holman lives. 
 Peleg Hersey, house near the Cutting House. 
 Ebenezer Upham, shoemaker ; house where Shepherd lived. 
 Joseph Sargent, house east of where Asa Sargent died. 
 Nathan Sargent, where Sewall lives. 
 Daniel Henshaw, opposite Edwin Waite's. 
 David Henshaw built Edwin Waite's house in 1770. 
 William Henshaw, Lynde Place. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 233 
 
 Nathaniel Waite, Samuel Waite Place. 
 
 Mrs. Denny, widow of Thomas ; the old Denny Farm. 
 
 Robert Henry, Robert Young Place. 
 
 Matthew Scott, farm south of Robert Young's. 
 
 Judge Chandler's farm. 
 
 FOURTH DISTRICT. 
 
 Jabez Green, where Abel died. 
 
 Antipas Earle, in the hollow Avest of Abel Green's. 
 
 Gardner Earle, Gardner Wilson's. 
 
 Ebenezer Kent, and Ebenezer Kent, jun., where Capt. Daniel Kent 
 
 died. 
 Robert Earle, the Pliny Earle Place. 
 
 Robert Earle, jun., house between Pliny and Timothy Earle Places. 
 Joshua Silvester, Avhere Erastus Wheaton lived. 
 John Dunbar, where John Silvester lived. 
 William Earle, Nathaniel Earle House. 
 Loring Lincoln, house east of A. Marshall's. 
 John Wheaton, A. Marshall's ; formerly Silas Earle's. 
 Phinehas Newhali, tavern ; where Eddy lives. House removed, and 
 
 new one built. 
 Reuben Swan, where L. G. Sturtevant lives. 
 
 FIFTH DISTRICT. 
 
 Hezekiah Ward, the Poor Farm. Moved to Paxton, and Timothy 
 
 Sprague bought the farm. 
 John Potter and Nathaniel Potter, Jonah Earle Place, west of Quaker 
 
 Meeting-house. 
 Joseph Sprague, Capt. William Sprague Place. 
 Daniel Hubbard, where Jacob Bond died. 
 Jabez Pain, next east of Jos. Whittemore's. 
 James Whittemore, Jos. Whittemore Place. 
 Timothy Sprague, Holden Place, north of Hubbard's. 
 Daniel Snow, old house south of B. Upham's Place. 
 Nathan Snow, George Upham's ; formerly Barnard's. 
 Sarah Denny, next north of Barnard Upham. Afterwards married 
 
 Seth Washburn. 
 Isaac Choate, the Elliot Place. 
 Jonathan Knight, next to Horace Knight's house. 
 Jacob Wicker, west of Mr. Knight's, on the Eddy Road. 
 
 30 
 
234 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 SIXTH DISTRICT. 
 
 Samuel Denny, south side of Moose Hill. 
 
 Thomas Snow, where Abner Snow died. 
 
 John Watson and Samuel Watson, Asa B. Watson Place. 
 
 Joshua Converse, cellar east of the Watsons. 
 
 Benjamin Liviston, house gone ; where Joel Marsh lived. 
 
 Dr. Solo Parsons, at the Gage Place. 
 
 John Williams, next to James Whittemore's. He was a shoemaker. 
 
 Widow Sawin, west of Benjamin Livingston's. 
 
 Jacob Briant, Jos. Bryant Place. 
 
 William Thompson, farm north-east of Braddyl Livermore's. 
 
 Widow Goodenow, farm near Braddyl Livermore's. 
 
 Jabez Green, jun., where Zolvah lives. 
 
 Christopher Wheaton, the David Wicker Place. 
 
 Benjamin Saunderson, the George Bond Place. 
 
 Benjamin Converse, the Eddy House. 
 
 SEVENTH DISTRICT. 
 
 William Green, Amos Whittemore Place. 
 
 Thomas Gi'een's farm, occupied by John Greaton ; Elijah Thayer 
 
 Place. 
 John Wilson, Mrs. Kingsbury's Place. 
 Deacon Fletcher, Jonathan Warren's old place. 
 Gideon Smith, Elkanah Haven Place. 
 
 Jonathan Newhall, opposite N. Craig's house, Sadler Place. 
 John Brown, jun., Daniel Muzzy Place. 
 Nathan Lumb, where Isaac Livermore died. 
 Rev. M. Foster, where Caleb Barton lived. 
 Dr. Isaac Green, Charles Barton's. 
 Abijah Stower, Baptist Parsonage. 
 
 Pliinehas Barton and Cornelius Houghton, vai'ious places. 
 Samuel Green, old Tavern House. 
 Samuel Richardson, Copeland Place. 
 
 Ebenezer Upham, house next south of Deacon Rockwood's. 
 Samuel Upham, Deacon Rockwood Place. 
 Caleb Nichols, on cross-road, north-west of Eben Dunbar's. 
 Henry King, John King Place. 
 
 Isaac Livermore, at foot of Livermore Hill, west side of road. 
 Jockton Green, Richard Bond, jun., Place. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 235 
 
 Jonathan Newhall, jun., opposite Baptist Meeting-house. 
 Micah Livermore, Daniel Livermore Place. 
 
 EIGHTH DISTRICT. 
 
 William Gilkey, the Trask Place. 
 Matthew Scott, Eben Dunbar Place. 
 Jonas Livermore, Salem's Place. 
 Benjamin Watson, where he died. 
 Natlianiel Richardson, Bridge's Place. 
 Dr. Clark's farm. 
 Eight families living in what is now Auburn. 
 
 NINTH DISTRICT. 
 
 Names not given. Among them were — 
 
 Ebenezer Baldwin. 
 
 Solomon Green, in the Wilby 
 
 Cottage. 
 Thomas Parker, the John Parker 
 
 Place. 
 Benjamin Baldwin. 
 James Baldwin. 
 
 Stephen Baldwin. 
 David Baldwin. 
 Jos. Trumbull. 
 Peter Trumbull. 
 Robert Craiff. 
 
 PERSONAL NOTICES. 
 
 Several of the persons contained in the foregoing list of 
 families deserve a fuller notice than has thus far been given 
 of them. 
 
 Col. William Henshaw stands prominently among these. 
 He was born in Boston, 1735 ; and removed to Leicester, with 
 his father (Daniel Henshaw, Esq.), in 1748. While he resided 
 in Boston, he attended school, studied Latin among other 
 things, and was partly fitted for college. 
 
 He remained with his father till he was of age; about 
 which time he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 
 Provincial troops; and, in 1759, was under the command of 
 Gen. Amherst at Ticonderoga. After a service of two cam- 
 paigns, he returned home to his farm. 
 
 The approach of the Revolution found Mr. Henshaw ready 
 to go with the country, and prompt to engage in all the 
 
236 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 popular measures which engaged attention preparatory to 
 the vindication of the rights of the Colonies by resort to 
 arms. He was one of the jurors who, at the April Term of 
 the Superior Court at Worcester, refused to be sworn if Chief- 
 Justice Oliver was to be present and act. The remonstrance 
 was drawn b}'' him, and is a spirited and able paper. 
 
 There were several county conventions held in Worcester 
 between the 9th August, 1774, and 21st April, 1775, in which 
 he took a prominent and active part; and it is said, that, at 
 one of these, he was the first to propose the measure which 
 was so readily adopted among the militia of the Province, — 
 to form companies of " minute-men," so called, because they 
 were to hold themselves ready to march upon a moment's 
 warning if any demonstration should be made towards co- 
 ercing the Colony by military force. He was made colonel 
 of a regiment of minute-men raised in the county of Worces- 
 ter. 
 
 Upon hearing of the march of the British troops to Lexing- 
 ton, he issued his orders to his field and subaltern officers 
 and their companies to meet him at Worcester at ten 
 o'clock that night. Before twelve, he, with his regimental 
 officers, was on his way to Cambridge, which they reached 
 the next forenoon. 
 
 Upon the organization of the troops at Cambridge by an 
 enlistment of men for eight months, Col. Henshaw was ap- 
 pointed adjutant-general, though he was not commissioned as 
 such till the 27th June ; and held office until the arrival of 
 Gen. Washington at Cambridge with Adjutant-Gen. Gates, 
 under a commission from the Continental Congress. 
 
 In May of that year, he was a member of the Council of 
 War; and, as chairman of a subcommittee of that body, made 
 a reconnoissance, and reported upon the subject of occupying 
 and fortifjnng Bunker Hill. 
 
 This report was dated on the 12th May ; and it was by the 
 advice of the Board of officers, of which he was a member. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 237 
 
 that works were laid out which were to be occupied by the 
 American troops ; the attempt to do which led to the battle 
 of the 17th June. 
 
 After the arrival of Gen. Gates, Col. Henshaw, at his per- 
 sonal solicitation, continued to act as his assistant for the 
 term of five or six months, when he returned to Leicester.* 
 
 In 1776, he was appointed a lieutenant-colonel, under Col. 
 Little, of the twelfth Massachusetts regiment, in the Conti- 
 nental service ; and accepted the office at the personal desire 
 of Gen. Washington. He joined the army at New York, in 
 Gen. Green's brigade ; and was actively engaged in the ope- 
 rations against the enemy, upon Long Island. In the severe 
 and bloody encounter with the British troops at Flatbush, 
 he was, with his regiment, surrounded by the enemy's forces ] 
 and, after the surrender of Gen. Sullivan, cut his way through 
 their ranks in a most gallant manner, and reached Brooklyn. 
 The battle was a disastrous one ; but gained, for those who 
 took part in it, great credit for bravery and resolution. 
 
 After retreating from Long Island, the army took up its 
 position at last at White Plains ; where another battle was 
 fought, in Avliich Col. Henshaw took an active part. 
 
 In November of 1776, he was offered the post of colonel of 
 a regiment, but declined it, though he continued in the ser- 
 vice. He was attached to that part of the army which was 
 under Gen. Lee, and marched into New Jersey. After the 
 capture of that general, he was under the command of Gen. 
 Sullivan; and. 'xi the absence of Col. Little, had command of 
 the twelfth regiment. He was with Gen. Washington in the 
 passage of the Delaware, and at the attack on Princeton, — ■ 
 two of the important and memorable events of the Eevolu- 
 tion. 
 
 He continued with the army till February, 1777; wdien he 
 
 * He was, by special vote of the House, allowed compensation as adjutant-general 
 from 27th June to 1st August, 1775. 
 
238 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 resigned, and returned home. His zeal and activity in the 
 cause of the Revolution did not cease with his retirement to 
 civil life. He was an active patriot, and an enlightened, high- 
 minded citizen ; and did much to keep alive the spirit which 
 carried the country through that struggle and its subsequent 
 difficulties. 
 
 He was repeatedly chosen to represent the town in the 
 General Court, and was for many years an active magistrate. 
 He was of that class which, unfortunately, is becoming a 
 matter of history, — a gentleman of the old school. There 
 was a courtesy of manner, a dignity of bearing, and a self- 
 possessed deportment, in their intercourse, which character- 
 ized the officers of the higher grades in the army, which they 
 acquired in their association with each other and by their 
 habits of command, which they retained through life. 
 
 Col. Henshaw had these to a remarkable degree. He re- 
 tained the costume of his earlier regime, — his cocked hat, 
 boots, and spurs. He rode a horse with much grace ; and 
 moved, when he Avalked, with a firm step and an erect 
 person. He was social in his feelings and habits, an agree- 
 able talker, and a pleasant and interesting companion. He 
 was a liberal supporter of the religious and educational insti- 
 tutions of the town. He died February, 1820, at the age of 
 eighty-five. He lived, for many years before his death, where 
 Mr. Edwin Waite now lives, upon the farm which had belonged 
 to his father. 
 
 He married Ruth Sargent, daughter of Jonathan Sargent, 
 in 1762, for his first wife ; and Phebe Swan, a sister of Reuben 
 Swan, in 1771, for his second. The names of their children 
 will be found in another part of this work. 
 
 David Henshaw was the youngest son of Daniel, and 
 brother of Joseph and William. He was born in Boston, 
 1774 ; and removed with his father to Leicester at the age of 
 four years. His school education was principally acquired in 
 Boston. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 239 
 
 In September, 1776, he was commissioned as captain in 
 Col. Crafts's regiment of artillery in the Continental service. 
 The regiment was principally employed in the vicinity of 
 Boston ; but, more than once, parts of it were ordered to 
 Rhode Island, and took part on one occasion, under Gen. 
 Spencer, in an encounter with the enemy at Tiverton. He 
 remained in the service three years, when he resigned, and 
 retired to his farm. He was, many years, an active magistrate 
 in the county. He had a strong and vigorous mind, a reso- 
 lute will, and an independent judgment. 
 
 He married Mary, daughter of Nathan Sargent, in 1773. 
 Their children are mentioned in another part of this work. 
 He died May 22, 1808, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. 
 For several years before he died, he owned the farm knoMai 
 as the '' Henshaw Farm," near the Pond ; which is still owned 
 by descendants of the family. 
 
 Joshua Henshaw was brother of Daniel, above named ; and 
 was born in Boston in 1703. He was one of the leading- 
 spirits in the early movements of the Revolution ; and many 
 of the measures of the day were discussed and planned at 
 his house in Boston, where Warren and Hancock, Adams 
 and Otis, used often to meet. He was elected to the Council 
 in 1769 ; and his rejection by Gov. Bernard only added to the 
 popular influence, and strengthened the confidence which he 
 enjoyed.* About the year 1773, he removed to Leicester; 
 where his son-in-law, Col. Joseph Henshaw, who had married 
 his daughter Sarah, was then residing. 
 
 He boarded for a while in the family of the Rev. Mr. 
 Conklin, in whom he found a congenial spirit. After that, he 
 was occupying the Mount-Pleasant House with his son-in-law 
 in 1776. The following year (1777) he was residing in Ded- 
 
 * The persons elected to the Council with him, who were rejected by Gov. Bernard, 
 were William Brattle, James Bowdoin, Joseph Gerrish, Thomas Saunders, John Han- 
 cock, Artemas Ward, James Otis, Benjamin Greenleaf, Jonathan Bowers, and Natha- 
 niel Spooner. 
 
240 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 ham, in the family of the Hon. Samuel Dexter ; where he 
 died Aug. 5, 1777. 
 
 I have had occasion to remark more than once upon the 
 constant and intimate connection which was kept up between 
 the people of Leicester and the leaders of the Revolutionary 
 movements in Boston, by which the sentiment of the latter 
 found a ready and immediate response from the former. 
 
 Mr. Joshua Henshaw was one of the mediums through 
 which this was effected. He was, as I have stated, a confi- 
 dential friend and adviser of the Adamses, Otis, Warren, and 
 the other leaders in the popular cause. He was, for instance, 
 a member of the committee, with Samuel Adams and James 
 Otis, who demanded of the governor the removal of the troops 
 from Boston after the Boston Massacre, as it was called. 
 
 He had two nephews and a son-in-law in Leicester, all 
 public and active men ; and his letters, had they been pre- 
 served, would doubtless have given us in detail the steps by 
 which the Revolution was commenced, and carried on up to 
 his removal from the scene of action. His health, for a few 
 years before his death, was feeble ; and he had withdrawn 
 from an active participation in public affairs. 
 
 John Southgate, though he occupied a much more limited 
 sphere than some of those I have mentioned, deserves to be 
 noticed among the prominent citizens of the town. He was 
 the oldest son of Steward Southgate, who was born in Eng- 
 land, and came to Leicester with his father Richard in 1717. 
 He was born Jan. 15, 1738, and was the brother of Dr. 
 Robert Southgate, of Scarborough in Maine. He was well 
 educated for the time in which he lived, and was much em- 
 ployed as a surveyor of lands, in which he seems to have 
 had great skill and accuracy. He married Eleanor Sargent, 
 daughter of Jonathan Sargent, 2d. Their children are men- 
 tioned hereafter. He was the adjutant of the regiment of 
 minute -men commanded by Col. William HenshaAv, and 
 marched to Cambridge on the alarm of the 19th of April, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 241 
 
 1775. Upon the organization of the troops in the ''eight 
 months' " service, he returned to Leicester. 
 
 In September, 1776, a regiment of artillery was raised 
 under the command of Col. Thomas Crafts, of which James 
 Swan, afterwards a resident in Leicester, was major. One of 
 the companies (the tenth) was commanded by Capt. William 
 Todd of Leicester, who then lived at the Henshaw Place ; 
 and another, by David Henshaw, already mentioned. 
 
 John Southgate was commissioned as second officer in the 
 company of Capt. Todd, under the title and style of " captain- 
 lieutenant." They were immediate neighbors, and strong 
 personal friends. 
 
 This regiment was regarded as an important arm of the 
 service, and is often alluded to in the proceedings of the Gene- 
 ral Court of Massachusetts, by whom its officers were com- 
 missioned, although in the Continental establishment. The 
 company to which Capt. Todd and Southgate were attached 
 was stationed a part of the time at Boston ; a part at Dor- 
 chester Point and Governor's Island ; and, in the autumn of 
 1777, was ordered to Rhode Island; as it was again in Sep- 
 tember, 1778 : both of which expeditions took place during 
 the temporary absence of Capt. Southgate on visits to his 
 family. 
 
 From several letters * left among the papers of Capt. South- 
 gate I select a few extracts, as they serve to give an insight 
 into the condition of the army at the times when they were 
 written. In one from Capt. Todd, dated Nov. 22, 1776, writ- 
 ten at Boston, he tells Capt. Southgate that he had seen the 
 regiment ; that they looked well ; and desires Mr. Southgate to 
 inform the men he should bring with him, that they would be 
 noticed, and, if not in uniform, probably rejected. " All the 
 old companies are clothed, and most of Capt. Cushing's and 
 
 * For these I am indebted to the kindness of his grandson, Dr. George F. Bigelow 
 of Boston. 
 
 31 
 
242 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Henshaw's.* I should be sorry to see my men appear any 
 worse than the best of them." 
 
 Soon after this, he writes again : '' I would request you'd 
 do all in your power to promote the design of regimental 
 clothing ; would hint to you, the officers look well ; loould not 
 have you get a home-spun coat, if you can help it. No man will 
 have an opportunity of being gunjier or homhadier in the 
 company, without a uniform ; as regimental orders are, they 
 shall appear in regimental dress. Let all the men bring down 
 with them whatever arms or accoutrements they can procure, 
 — quite scarce here. Desire them to do what they can in 
 getting them. . . . The 2d of December we have a regi- 
 mental muster, — a grand appearance." 
 
 On the 25th of the same November, 1776, he writes from 
 " Camp Boston : " " Sir, you must inform Mr. Richardson, he 
 must either get a tye Avig, or else let his hair grow." — " Am 
 well now. My men all arrived ; all well. Have received good 
 provisions, and will pass muster to-morrow." 
 
 Perhaps some allowance should be made for this fastidious- 
 ness about dress and outside appearance to the fact that Capt. 
 Todd had been an English gentleman before coming to this 
 country, and, of course, familiar with the dress and appear- 
 ance of neatness in the uniform of the English Army at home. 
 He had removed from Boston to Leicester, and purchased 
 and lived upon the farm formerly belonging to Judge Steele, 
 and subsequently to David Henshaw, Esq. His sister Rachel 
 married William Sargent, brother of Capt. Southgate's wife ; 
 which formed an additional bond of intimacy between the 
 families. 
 
 After the war, Capt. Todd removed to Keene, N.H. ; and 
 was living there in 1793. 
 
 But to resume the notice of Capt. Southgate. I give an 
 extract from a letter of his to his wife, dated in April, 1777, 
 
 • Capt. David Henshaw of Leicester. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 243 
 
 which he sent " by Rev, Mr. Conklin," who, I suppose, was 
 then a chaplain in the army. I give it in order to show to 
 what straits people, in even comfortable circumstances, were 
 reduced for the common articles of necessity in their families. 
 " I sent you a pamper of pins by Capt. Newhall." — '' I can't get 
 any calamanco for shoes, nor any shoes I think will fit you, 
 yet." 
 
 All these letters were by private hands; for, as it will be 
 recollected, it was long anterior to the establishment of a 
 regular postal arrangement for general use. 
 
 Capt. Southgate left the army in the summer or autumn of 
 1778, but still continued active in promoting the success 
 of the Revolution. 
 
 In 1781, he was first assessor of the town, and had the duty 
 of dividing the people of the town into classes ; each of 
 which was required to furnish one or more men for the army, 
 according as the requisition might be upon the town. In 
 the class to which he himself belonged, there were thirty- 
 one whose names were borne upon the tax-lists of the town. 
 
 The prostration of business and credit, and the exhaustion 
 of the pecuniary resources of the country, consequent upon 
 the war, ripened at last into that unhappy feeling of hostility 
 to the government in Massachusetts, which led to open resist- 
 ance in what was called Shay's Rebellion, in 1786-7. 
 
 The sober and reflecting portion of the people stood by the 
 government ; but many, who had been good and devoted 
 soldiers during the Revolution, Avere found enlisted under the 
 banner of revolt.* 
 
 The aim of the insurgents was to put a stop to the courts, 
 in order to prevent the collection of debts by legal process 
 and the punishment of those who should resist the law. 
 
 I hardly need say that Capt. Southgate was found in sup- 
 
 * Shays and Wheeler, who were among the leaders in the insurrection, had been 
 captains in the army of the Revolution. 
 
244 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 port of the government ; and one or two extracts from letters 
 addressed to him at that time will give some idea of the 
 feeling that then existed. One is dated Sept. 5, 1786, and is 
 from a kinsman living in Palmer. " Your aunt and I were 
 summoned as evidences to Northampton court last week. 
 On Tuesday morning, there were a company of horse of about 
 fifty or sixty ; and followed them a company of foot, armed 
 with guns and bayonets in regular order, drums, fifes, &c. ; 
 besides smaller bodies continually marching through the 
 street and crossing the river. It being a very rainy forenoon, 
 did not think best to go over ; being very unwell, and expect- 
 ing a tumult, and perhaps much confusion. All the afternoon, 
 for six or eight hours, could not see man, woman, or child, in 
 Hadley Street. Next day, I went over to Northampton ; but 
 the mob had stopped the court, so that they never attempted 
 to go into the Court House, but adjourned Avithout day. The 
 mob were all retired to their homes ; and such people as I had 
 opportunity to see said but very little, but seemed concerned 
 at the consequences." 
 
 The other, of a different character, is from Col. William 
 Henshaw, and is characteristic of the times and the man. It 
 bears date Sept. 19, 1786. " I shall go by the way of Major 
 Newhall's"^ to Worcester, and see what number we can raise 
 that may protect the court from insults, if any should be 
 offered. I was at Worcester yesterday ; and it was the 
 opinion of some that a party would try to stop the court. 
 Others were of opinion they would not. It is best to guard 
 against the worst. If you are with me in opinion, it will be 
 best to invite such persons as you think are friendly to 
 government to appear at Worcester with their arms as early 
 as may be in the day, to rendezvous at Patch Tavern. Capt. 
 Henshaw,t Mr. Stone,^: Capt. Lyon and sons. Col. Washburn 
 
 * He kept a tavern on the North County Road, where Mr. Eddy lives, 
 t David. X Jonas. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 245 
 
 and sons, Mr. Denny,* and Swan,f I believe, will go. Worces- 
 ter will stand ready to join us. Perhaps you will find others 
 ready to go in so good a cause." — Col. Henshaw was not 
 mistaken in his supposition ; but the history of that affair be- 
 longs to another part of this work. 
 
 Capt. South gate engaged extensively in purchasing wild 
 lands in Maine. He owned a pretty large tract a few miles 
 above Bangor, on the Penobscot River. After the death of 
 his oldest son, Avhich is mentioned in another part of this 
 work, he had occasion to visit these lands from time to time, 
 to dispose of them, and protect them from trespassers. 
 
 On the 7th of August, 1806, having occasion to be at Still- 
 water for this purpose, and wishing to pass a short distance 
 down the river, he got upon a couple of logs in the stream, 
 in company with a man by the name of Reed, and was soon 
 after thrown into the water in some way; and was drowned, 
 though an excellent swimmer, within a few rods of the shore. 
 Strong suspicions of foul play were entertained at the time ; 
 but no measures, I believe, were ever taken to investigate their 
 truth. His body was soon recovered, and buried at Kendus- 
 keag Point, on the banks of the Penobscot. 
 
 Capt. Southgate lived in the easterly part of the town, near 
 the junction of the County Road from Charlton with the old 
 Great Road, where it passed along the side hill, instead of its 
 present course through the valley. One only of the family 
 remains. 
 
 Thomas Denny was the son of Daniel, the first of the name 
 who settled in Leicester. He was born in 1724. He married 
 Tabitha Cutler of Grafton in 1752, and had four children. He 
 must have been a man of more than ordinary ability, and of an 
 education superior to most of his contemporaries, who were 
 brought up, as he was, in a country town. 
 
 He held many places of responsibility and trust in the town 
 
 * Thomas. t Reuben. 
 
246 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 and county, and early engaged in the controversy with the 
 mother-country. Some of the spirited and statesman -like 
 resolutions and instructions adopted by the town, to which I 
 have alluded, were from his pen. He was, too, in correspond- 
 ence with the leading public men in Boston and its vicinity, 
 and was regarded by them as a wise and patriotic counsellor. 
 
 For five years in succession, next previous to his death, he 
 represented the town in the General Court; and was a mem- 
 of the first Provincial Congress in 1774. This covered a 
 most eventful and trying period of our history. During the 
 early part of 1774, there were several meetings of delegations 
 from the towns in the county of Worcester, in convention, in 
 which Col. Denny took a leading part, and was one of a com- 
 mittee of three selected by the convention to present to Gov. 
 Gage a remonstrance against the course of measures which 
 the government were pursuing. The delegates from this 
 town to this convention were Col. Thomas Denny, Capt. Wil- 
 liam Henshaw, Capt. Joseph Henshaw, and Rev. Benjamin 
 Conklin. Spencer and Paxton united in their election. Of 
 these, William Henshaw M^as chosen clerk of the convention. 
 
 The congress met in October, 1774. Soon after its con- 
 vening, Col. Denny was obliged to return home on account of 
 sickness ; which terminated his life, Oct. 23, at the age of 
 forty-nine. 
 
 He seems to have been a ready and popular debater as 
 well as writer ; and his death was a public loss, and lamented 
 as such. He had held the office of colonel of a regiment 
 of militia, which was then regarded as a mark of distin- 
 guished honor. From his quahfications for public life, and 
 his experience and familiar acquaintance with the affairs of 
 the Province, there is every reason to believe, that, had he 
 lived, he would have filled an important part in that drama of 
 which he saw only the opening scene. Col. Denny lived upon 
 what was long known as the " Old Denny Farm," where his 
 father had first settled. 
 

 r >ir-N^i3Cflr£^ 
 
 X(lrozpliei-.c li^t 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 247 
 
 Col. Thomas Denny, a son of the above, Avas born in May, 
 1757. He married Lucre tia Sargent, daughter of Phinehas 
 Sargent. He early engaged in active business, and accumu- 
 lated a large estate. He often represented the town in the 
 General Court ; was many years postmaster of the town, 
 having succeeded Mr. Adams in that office ; was a member 
 of the Board of Trustees of the Academy ; an active magis- 
 trate ; colonel of a regiment of cavalry,* — the first raised in 
 the county ; besides being called to fill many places of trust 
 in the town and elsewhere. 
 
 He was extensively engaged in the manufacture of cards 
 and in merchandise, and did much towards sustaining and 
 fostering a branch of manufacture upon which the wealth 
 and business of the town have greatly depended. 
 
 Col. Denny, with some of his contemporaries, did much 
 by their enterprise, and the encouragement and employment 
 they afforded to active and industrious young men, in laying 
 a foundation for the prosperity of the town ; for which the 
 town owes a debt of gratitude to their memory. 
 
 He died suddenly, in the midst of his usefulness, Dec. 5, 
 1814, aged fifty-seven. His wife survived him until her 
 ninetieth birthday ; retaining her faculties and her cheerful- 
 ness unimpaired to the last, and enjoying the respect and 
 esteem of a wide circle of friends and acquaintance. Her 
 death was very sudden, and with her passed away almost 
 the last link between the present generation and the ante- 
 revolutionary age. 
 
 Many valuable memories, that might have lent an interest 
 to these pages had they been preserved, have died with 
 her ; and her rich store of personal recollections of individuals 
 and events is now lost beyond recovery. 
 
 Col. Denny lived, after his marriage, on the Denny Farm ; 
 but, though he continued to own the estate, he lived, many 
 
 * He succeeded Col. Crafts of Sturbridge, and was chosen March, 1791. 
 
248 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 years before his death, in the house opposite the Academy, 
 recently altered and repaired by Dr. Daggett.* 
 
 Col. Samuel Denny was a brother of the first Col. Thomas ; 
 and, though not so distinguished as a public man, held a 
 prominent and leading place among the men of his day. He 
 was born in 1731. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel 
 Henshaw, Esq. ; and had a large family of children, who are 
 mentioned elsewhere. He was engaged with the Henshaws 
 and others in the early movements of the Revolution, and 
 was lieutenant-colonel of the regiment of minute-men which 
 marched upon the Lexington alarm. 
 
 In February, 1776, he was elected colonel of the first regi- 
 ment in the county of Worcester ; and, in November of that 
 year, was stationed with the army at Tarry Town. In Septem- 
 ber, 1777, he was detailed to command a regiment of militia 
 that was ordered to join the Northern Army. The term of 
 his service at the last time was but a single month. He re- 
 presented the town in the General Court in 1778 ; and was a 
 member of the Convention which was called to act upon the 
 ratification of the Constitution of the United States, in Janu- 
 ary, 1788. Col. Denny lived upon his estate upon Moose 
 Hill, in the north-west part of the town. He died in 1817, at 
 the age of eighty-six. 
 
 Col. Seth Washburn. — No one, who has followed the 
 course of the narrative of this work, will doubt the propriety 
 of noticing this gentleman among the leading men of the toAvn 
 in his day ; and yet the relation in which I stand to his 
 memory is such as to hazard the character of any judgment 
 I may have formed of his public measures or personal 
 merits. I can at best give but a meagre detail of even the 
 few incidents which go to make up his history. 
 
 He was born in Bridge water in 1723. His grandfather 
 
 * His manufactory and store stood where the brick store stands, in \yhich the Bank 
 is now established. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 249 
 
 came to Duxbury in 1635; and was, as is believed, the son of 
 the first secretary of the Massachusetts Company, before its 
 charter was removed to New England. He afterAvards re- 
 moved to Bridgewater; where his son Joseph,* father of Seth, 
 was born. He removed to Middletown, Gonn., in 1739 or 1740; 
 and lived there till about 1745, when he removed to Leicester 
 with his family. Seth was then twenty-seven years old. The 4cuM>^ 
 father was a blacksmith, and lived where there is now a cellar, 
 on the west side of the road leading to William Silvester's, 
 some fifty rods from the Great Road. His shop was at the 
 junction of the Silvester Road with the Great Road. Seth also 
 was a blacksmith, and served his apprenticeship in Middle- 
 town. In April, 1750, he married Mary, the daughter of 
 Capt. Nathaniel Harrod, who had removed with her father 
 from Lunenburg, where she was born. He is spoken of, in 
 a deed dated 1756, as innkeeper; and is supposed to have 
 kept the public-house where Capt. Knight now lives, which 
 was afterwards burned in 1767. He afterwards lived in 
 the house which belonged to him, standing where Mr. John 
 Loring lives, and forming a part of it, but enlarged by him in 
 1780. After his second marriage, to Mrs. Sarah Sargent, a 
 sister of Col. Samuel Denny, in April, 1788, he lived four 
 years upon what is now called the Slade Place, — the farm 
 afterwards owned by John Howard, two miles north of the 
 Meeting-house. He then returned to his former residence, 
 where he died. 
 
 Col. Washburn is chiefly interesting, as a study, from his 
 being a fair representative man of his time. His qualities 
 had never been developed by early education, and lay dor- 
 
 * Joseph's mother was grand-daughter of Mary Chilton ; the first white person, it 
 is said, who stepped upon the Plymouth Rock. She married John, brother of Gov. 
 Winslow. 
 
 The mother of Seth was Hannah Johnson of Hingham. One who knew her de- 
 scribed her as a woman of superior endowments; and added, that, "if any of her 
 children had any smartness, they owed it chiefly to her." 
 
 32 
 
250 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 mant until drawn out by the emergency of the occasion. 
 His education must have been very limited. He wrote an 
 indifferent hand, and often violated the rules of spelling and 
 grammar. He had, however, a ready command of language ; 
 was a fluent and forcible speaker ; and exhibited a coolness 
 and self-possession, which made him an effective debater. 
 But probably he would have gone through life, as thousands 
 are constantly doing, without knowing that he had courage, 
 firmness, sagacity, or executive talent, beyond what was 
 necessary to manage his shop and command the respect of 
 his neighbors, if it had not been for the call upon his best 
 energies which he found in the Revolution. 
 
 He had been a soldier in one expedition against the Indians 
 in New Hampshire in 1749. He held various subordinate 
 town-offices, from time to time, after 1758 ; but had not at- 
 tained to the dignity of a selectman before 1769 ; and it was 
 1773 before he was placed at the head of the Board. He 
 was first chosen representative in 1777, and a senator in 
 1780. The first of his military offices, in which he after- 
 wards acquired much credit and importance, was in 1770, 
 when he was chosen lieutenant of a company of volunteers, 
 of which William Henshaw was captain. In April, 1774, he 
 w^as commissioned as lieutenant of the second company of foot 
 in Leicester, of which Samuel Denny was captain. When the 
 company of minute-men was raised in January, 1775, he was 
 made their captain : and in the eighth months' service, after 
 the war began, he was the captain of a company ; as he 
 was in the two successive terms, of two months' service, at 
 Roxbury and Dorchester, which succeeded. In one of these, 
 as senior captain in the regiment commanded by Col. Whit- 
 ney, he did the duty of major. From that time till the close 
 of the war, he was constantly in the public service, though 
 not attached to the army. Of the part he took in the battle of 
 the 17th June, 1775, I have elsewhere spoken. 
 
 The military commissions he afterwards received Avere in 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 251 
 
 the militia. In February, 1778, he was chosen by the General 
 Court and commissioned as major of the first regiment in 
 Worcester; and in Jul}^, 1781, became its colonel. It then 
 embraced Spencer, Paxton, Ward (Auburn), Worcester, Hol- 
 den, and Leicester ; and contained nine companies, of six 
 hundred and eighteen men in the whole. How long he held 
 the office, I am not able to state ; but he had the command at 
 its first regimental muster, which took place in September, 
 1785. Though his rise into public notice and confidence must 
 have been sudden and rapid, I find no evidence of his having 
 afterwards lost or forfeited that confidence. The duties he 
 was called upon to perform, after leaving the army, were, 
 most of them, such as indicated a reliance upon his judgment 
 and sagacity as well as his fidelity. 
 
 I have mentioned, in a subsequent part of this work, his 
 having been muster-master for the county, and superintend- 
 ent for military purposes of the county, by repeated elections, 
 as well as storekeeper of portions of the supplies for the 
 army. 
 
 In June, 1776, an order of the General Court was adopted 
 for raising five thousand men to co-operate with the Continental 
 troops; and a committee of one for each county Avas chosen to 
 go into the several counties to promote the enlistments. Mr. 
 Washburn was chosen for the county of Worcester. The 
 same service was done in July, the same year, to enlist every 
 twenty-fifth man to re-enforce the Northern Army. 
 
 In May, 1777, he was appointed by the General Court to 
 proceed to Ticonderoga to learn on the spot the exact con- 
 dition of the garrison, and to see that the supplies destined 
 for it were forwarded with despatch ; but he was unable to 
 comply with the order, and another was appointed in his 
 place. Massachusetts was to raise fifteen battalions of troops 
 for the Continental service, but was to have the commission- 
 ing of their officers. 
 
 In June, 1777, a committee, consisting of Azor Orne, 
 
252 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 George Partridge, Jonathan Webster, Seth Washburn, and 
 Joseph Hosmer, was raised by the General Court " for com- 
 missionating the officers now raising men," &c., in this State.* 
 
 Certainly this was a delegation of great power and discre- 
 tion. But that which was conferred the same month upon 
 another committee, of which Mr. Washburn was a member, 
 was hardly less. It was to examine accounts against the 
 government for services done or articles supplied, and pass 
 upon the accounts of commissaries for men raised for defence 
 of the seacoast. And in August, 1779, he was on a similar 
 committee ; and whatever accounts were approved by the 
 committee were to be allowed and paid, without any further 
 order or action upon them. 
 
 In these and similar duties his time was occupied until 
 peace was established. In 1776, '7, '8, and '9, he represented 
 the town in the General Court, and was elected in 1780, '82, 
 and '84; but, having been elected to the Senate in 1780 and 
 '84, his seat in the House was vacated for those years. 
 
 In 1777, he was one of a committee of seventeen chosen 
 by the Legislature to draught a Constitution for the people ; 
 and, in 1779, was chosen a delegate to the Convention that 
 framed the Constitution which was adopted by the people. 
 In that Convention he was the senior monitor of the body, 
 served upon some of its most important committees, and took 
 an active part in the discussions which arose during its 
 sessions. 
 
 He was elected a member of the first Senate under the 
 Constitution, and was re-elected in the years 1783, '84, '85, 
 '86, and '87. In 1788, he was again a member of the House. 
 
 In March, 1781, he was commissioned as a justice of the 
 peace ; an office which everybody did not hold at that day, 
 as will appear from the very few who were commissioned in 
 
 * In the Revolutionary records at Boston is an account of tlie number of commis- 
 sions delivered to each of this committee, of " the men to go to Canada." Eight were 
 confided to " Capt. Seth Washburn.'" 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 253 
 
 the town as such before 1800. They did not exceed half a 
 dozen in seventy-five years. 
 
 He has always been described to me by his contemporaries 
 as having a light complexion, high forehead, and blue eyes ; 
 about five feet ten inches in height; thin, active, and muscular. 
 This was shown by his bringing off Sergeant Brown in his 
 arms from Bunker Hill, and his seizing and disarming the sen- 
 tinel at the door of Mr. Allen during the Shpys insurrection. 
 He was represented as being a man of agreeable, winning 
 manners and address ; a fluent and effective speaker ; of 
 fearless courage and great firmness ; as exerting a marked 
 influence in his own town, and commanding the confidence 
 and respect of the public bodies of men with whom he was at 
 various times connected. 
 
 His wife * was, I apprehend, what would now be called a 
 strong-minded woman, shrinking from no duty or sacrifice 
 to which the emergencies of the times called upon the women 
 of that day to submit. They reared a large family of children, 
 whose descendants may be found in various parts of the 
 Union ; but not one remains in the town or county where he 
 had lived. He had around him at Cambridge, and engaged 
 with him in the battle of the 17th June, a brother, two sons, 
 and one soon to be a son-in-law. 
 
 He died of dropsy, Feb. 12, 1794, at the age of seventy-one, 
 in the full possession of his intellectual powers, and in the 
 consciousness of a life filled up with honest industry and 
 honorable usefulness. In the notice of his death, in the 
 papers of the day, we read, " Of whom it may be truly said, 
 that he was an honest man, a true patriot, a kind husband, an 
 indulgent parent, an obliging neighbor, and a friend to man- 
 kind." 
 
 Though for many years employed in places of trust, involv- 
 ing, at times, the disbursement of considerable sums of money, 
 
 * She died in September, 1787. 
 
254 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 he left but little for his heirs beyond the inheritance of a good 
 name. Among the so-called property he gave up, was that of 
 a slave by the name of Titus, who had become his by some 
 means oth^' than a direct purchase. When his attention was 
 called to the question of holding slaves, by the discussions as 
 to the rights of the Colonies, he at once emancipated Titus ; 
 who, on the other hand, declined to leave the emplo^'ment 
 of his former master, and continued in the family till his 
 death. Col. Washburn married Mrs. Sarah Sargent, widow 
 of Thomas Sargent, and daughter of Daniel Denny, the first of 
 the name, in 1788. She survived him. 
 
 I have mentioned his sons. One of them (Joseph) was born 
 May 18, 1755. At the age of seventeen, his father bound him 
 as an apprentice to a housewright ; where he remained till the 
 war commenced, when, just before he was twenty years of 
 age, he enlisted into the company commanded by his father. 
 
 After leaving the service in April, 1776, I do not find that 
 he engaged in it again till the 1st of January, 1777 ; when he 
 was commissioned as ensign of a company commanded by 
 Capt. Adam Martin, in Col. Bigelow's fifteenth Massachusetts 
 regiment, in the Continental service. On the 2d March, 
 1779, he was promoted to a lieutenancy in the same company ; 
 which office he resigned, and was honorably discharged 13th 
 April, 1780. 
 
 This regiment was chiefly composed of men from Worcester 
 County ; and we have the testimony of a careful historian,* 
 that " a braver band never took the field or mustered to 
 battle." It saw a great deal of service which required much 
 physical endurance, as well as a good share of heroic courage. 
 Its first destination was to join the Northern Army under 
 Gen. Gates. After the capture of Burgoyne, in which the 
 regiment took a part, it marched into New Jersey. 
 
 Without attempting to trace its movements together or in 
 
 * Mr. Lincoln, in his History of Worcester. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 255 
 
 detail, I may refer to one or two incidents in which it took a 
 part. It went into winter quarters with the American Army 
 at Valley Forge, the winter of 1777-8, and shared in the 
 frightful want and destitution which made that so memorable 
 a scene ever after, when the sufferings and endurance of the 
 army in the war of the Revolution were spoken of. Worn 
 down with hard service, without proper food or shelter, with- 
 out blankets or clothing, during a winter of unusual severity, 
 when the men might be tracked in the snow by the blood 
 from their naked feet, the condition of an officer was hardly 
 less tolerable than the humblest soldier in the camp. A letter 
 from the subject of this notice, addressed to his father (then 
 a member of the Legislature), giving a detailed account of the 
 condition and destitution of the army, was read by the latter 
 before the House, and is said to have aroused the attention 
 of that body to provide, in some measure, for the immediate 
 relief of the suffering troops. 
 
 The following season, the company to which Mr. Washburn 
 belonged was in New Jersey, under Gen. Washington, and 
 took an early and active part in the battle of Monmouth, 
 memorable alike for the desperate courage with which the 
 Americans fought after the disasters of the early part of the 
 engagement, and for the dreadful suffering of the troops 
 from heat, fatigue, and exhaustion ; where, it is said, as many 
 met their death by imprudently quenching their intolera- 
 ble thirst at the wells and streams, to which they rushed 
 when the action was over, as from the shot of the enemy. 
 
 The only attempt I shall make to describe the battle will 
 be while speaking of the experience of one of his company 
 (Solomon Parsons), who was dreadfully wounded on the occa- 
 sion. Being a neighbor and personal acquaintance of Mr. 
 Washburn, he discovered and removed him, from where he 
 had been lying many hours under a burning sun, to a place 
 where his wounds could be dressed ; and did every thing in 
 his power to alleviate his sufferings. 
 
256 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 1 am unable to give in detail the points and places in 
 which the company was engaged while Mr. Washburn re- 
 mained in the service. After his return from the army, he 
 worked a while at his trade, and built the house where Mr. 
 Knowles lives, at the corner of the Great Road and the road 
 to Charlton, which he afterwards sold to the Rev. Mr. Moore. 
 In 1787, he married Ruth, daughter of Ebenezer Davis, Esq., 
 of Charlton ; and occupied the farm on the west side of the 
 Charlton Road, at the foot of the Livermore Hill. He sold 
 that farm, and purchased the one on which he lived, till his 
 death, March, 1807. A part of it now belongs to Mrs. New- 
 hall, half a mile from the Meeting-house, upon the west side 
 of the Rutland Road. 
 
 As early as the summer of 1789, he was appointed a deputy- 
 sheriff of the county ; and held the place, through all the 
 changes in the office of sheriff, until his death.* He shared 
 liberally in the favor and confidence of his townsmen, so far 
 as that might be evinced by the various offices, and places of 
 trust, Avhich he held. He died in the vigor of life, and in the 
 midst of active usefulness. He left seven children. His widow 
 died March 22, 1827, at the age of sixty-one. It would be, 
 indeed, a poor privilege to have been permitted to write 
 these pages, if delicacy thereby forbade my bearing a hum- 
 ble tribute of respect to parents, one of whom I have spoken 
 of chiefly from information derived from others; and of the 
 other, — her hfe of humble piety, her wise counsels, her untir- 
 ing devotion as a mother, and her beautiful exhibition of 
 womanly virtues, which I so long witnessed, Avill, I trust, 
 justify me in inscribing this simple record of affection and 
 respect to her memory. 
 
 The other son of Col. Washburn (Asa Washburn) early 
 removed to Putney, Vt. ; where he sustained, through a long 
 
 * There had been two incumbents of the office in Leicester before Mr. Washburn. 
 Capt. Ephraim Mower was the first : he removed to Worcester. Timothy Sprague 
 succeeded him. The office was vacant during 1788 and a part of 1789. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 257 
 
 life, a high rank and reputation as a magistrate, and a man 
 of worth and intelligence. 
 
 I have had occasion to speak of Mr. Solomon Parsons in 
 his connection with the period of his service in the Revolu- 
 tionary Army. 
 
 He was born in 1757, a son of Dr. Solomon Parsons, and 
 grandson of the Rev. David Parsons. I find, by memoranda 
 which he left, that he entered the army in 1775, and went 
 through two campaigns before 1777, the particulars of which 
 I am unable to ascertain. In March, 1777, then twenty years 
 of age, he enlisted in the Continental service during the war, 
 in Capt. Martin's company, in Col. Bigelow's fifteenth Massa- 
 chusetts regiment ; and was in the various battles, marchings, 
 and hard service, to which that distinguished regiment was 
 subjected. It was chiefly, however, to speak of the suffer- 
 ings he endured in the battle of Monmouth, that I began this 
 notice. 
 
 That battle was fought on Sunday, the 28th June, 1778, 
 between the main English Army, on their march through 
 New Jersey, after having evacuated Philadelphia, under Gen. 
 Clinton, and the main American Army, under the immediate 
 command of Gen. Washington, having with him Generals 
 Lee, Lafayette, Green, and Wayne, and other distinguished 
 officers. 
 
 It is not my purpose to attempt to describe the battle, any 
 farther than it may be necessary to understand the extract I 
 give below, from Mr. Parsons's written account of his own 
 participation in it. His account, by the way, is another of the 
 many illustrations we have of how little one who is engaged 
 as a soldier or subordinate officer knows of the actual move- 
 ments of an army, as a whole, in a battle. 
 
 The enemy were moving across New Jersey towards the 
 Raritan Bay. Washington's army was a few miles to their 
 left and in their rear. He was inclined to bring them to an 
 engagement, but was not sustained in this by a majority of 
 
 33 
 
258 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 his officers in council. He, however, pressed upon their line 
 of march ; and, for that purpose, sent forward Gen. Maxwell's 
 brigade with the New-Jersey militia, and Col. Morgan with 
 a select corps, to interrupt and impede their progress. On 
 the 24th June, he ordered forward another detachment, under 
 Brig.-Gen. Scott, to aid in annoying the enemy, while he 
 moved on with the main army to Kingstown, — a point near 
 to the enemy, who were moving very slowly through the 
 country at that time, in the direction of Monmouth Court 
 House. The line of march of Clinton's army, as appears on 
 the map, was nearly east ; that of the American, more south- 
 easterly, and, of course, approaching the left flank of the 
 enemy. 
 
 On the 26th, he sent forward a select corps of one thousand 
 men under Brig.-Gen. Wayne, with Gen. Lafayette to command 
 the whole advanced corps, with orders to take the first oppor- 
 tunity to attack the enemy's rear. Martin's company were a 
 part of these troops. These advanced corps, that night, took 
 position on the Monmouth Road, about five miles from the 
 enemy's rear ; but, as that brought our troops too far to the 
 right of the main army, it was ordered to file to the left, to a 
 point between the enemy and the American main army. This 
 was on the 27th. The main body then marched up to within 
 three miles of Gen. Lafayette's advanced corps. Morgan's 
 troops were on the right flank of the enemy ; and Gen. Dick- 
 enson, with the Jersey militia, on their left. The enemy were 
 about a mile and a half beyond the Court House, where 
 they halted till the morning of the 28th. On the evening of 
 the 27th, the command of the whole advanced corps having 
 been given to Gen. Lee, he encamped at English-town, about 
 five miles to the left, and in rear of the English Army. The 
 main body of the American Army was about three miles in 
 his rear. 
 
 Gen. Washington resolved to commence an attack upon 
 their rear the next morning, as soon as the enemy should 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 259 
 
 move from their ground ; and gave his orders to Lee accord- 
 ingly. These orders were repeated in the morning, and the 
 main army moved forward to support him. 
 
 Lee advanced with Wayne's and Maxwell's brigades ; and, as 
 he came up with the enemy, he sent forward Wayne to engage 
 their rear, while he proposed to attack their leading columns. 
 The enemy had, at this time, a wood upon either flank ; and 
 were otherwise favorably situated for making a stand. 
 
 The battle was begun, and Washington was pressing for- 
 ward with the main body of the army to sustain the attacking 
 forces ; when, to his amazement, he met Lee in full retreat. 
 With great effort, he succeeded in arresting this retreat of the 
 Americans, and in bringing them to a stand, until the main 
 army could come up to their support. Wayne was in advance 
 of the American forces, and was opposed to the centre of the 
 English Army, where he maintained himself for some time. 
 Col. Stewart's, and the other corps of American artillery, 
 were also very effective in keeping the enemy in check till 
 the main army could be brought into the action. 
 
 After a severely contested battle, the enemy, towards night, 
 retreated back on to the ground where Lee first encountered 
 them in the morning ; and, in this position, the Americans 
 lay on their arms during the night, intending to renew the 
 fight in the morning. During the night, the enemy silently 
 withdrew, and abandoned the field. 
 
 This was the battle of Monmouth, rendered memorable in 
 the annals of the war by the gallantry of our troops, after the 
 disastrous retreat of Lee in the morning, the dreadful suffer- 
 ings which they endured from long and heavy marches, heat, 
 thirst, and the desperate resistance of the enemy, and by the 
 confidence with which it inspired the country. Every point, 
 from the first advance of the enemy in the morning till their 
 retreat in the afternoon, was sharply contested, notwithstand- 
 ing the disgraceful retreat of that part of the advance which 
 was with Gen. Lee. 
 
260 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Capt. Martin's company, to which Mr. Parsons belonged, as 
 I gather from his narrative, formed a part of Gen. Wayne's 
 command ; having been of the detachment sent forward on 
 the 26th, as above stated, under his and Gen. Lafayette's 
 command. 
 
 It was, I infer, after Lee's retreat, when Wayne was obhged 
 to give way, and after an order from Gen. Washington for the 
 brigade to maintain its position, and when, for a second time, 
 the front ranks of Wayne's command fell back upon StcAvart's 
 artillery and the other American troops as they came up, that 
 Mr. Parsons was wounded. He must have fallen near the 
 British lines as they were advancing ; and the army passed 
 over him, both in its advance and retreat, as well as the 
 American Army in its advance upon the retreating forces of 
 the enemy. 
 
 In his narrative, which I purposely somewhat abridge, 
 though I retain his language in whatever I have copied, he 
 mentions the movements of the detachment of the thou- 
 sand men to which he belonged, on the 26th and 27th, and 
 the part they took in the skirmishing in the morning of the 
 28th, and the retreat of his regiment with that of Col. Stew- 
 art's artillery, and their meeting an officer ordering them to 
 halt. He then describes their return into the action, en- 
 countering the head of the enemy's column, and their being 
 fired upon by their artillery. 
 
 " The regiment were ordered to incline to the left, to let our artillery 
 in. They commenced to fire most vehemently. We had orders to 
 march forward to a growth of wood a little to our left, where we soon 
 met the enemy. The smoke gave way. I beheld the red-coats within 
 eight rods. I was loaded with a ball and six buek-sliot. I took aim 
 about waistband-high. I loaded the second time, and made attempt to 
 fire ; but my gun did not go. I jumped into the rear, where I saw 
 Major Porter. I told him my gun would not go off. He said, ' Take 
 care of yourself: the enemy are just upon us ! ' I stepped into the front 
 rank, and discharged my piece, the enemy within six rods. I loaded 
 the third time. As I returned my ramrod, I found our men four rods 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 261 
 
 distant, and the enemy the same. I wheeled to the left, and observed 
 that the enemy had flanked our men which were out of the woods. I 
 then ran out of the woods. I got ten rods, and the enemy came out of 
 them, and fired a platoon upon me. One ball struck my heel, which 
 much disabled me. The next platoon on the left fired on me, and 
 broke my thigh. I then raised myself upon my right arm, and looked 
 toward the enemy, and saw a man coming towards me. He came upon 
 the run within a rod of me. I begged for quarter. He came within 
 four feet of me. I begged for quarter. He says, ' \ ou damned rebel, I 
 have none for you ! " He drew back, and stabbed me through the arm. 
 I twitched back my arm and seized the bayonet, one hand by the hilt 
 and one hand by the point, and twitched \i to the ground. Then he went 
 to twitching it, and twitched it five or six times. He twitched me off 
 the ground, and tried to stab me with the bayonet a number of times. 
 I defended my body. He then drawed me about fifteen feet. I then 
 began to faint. I looked over my shoulder, and saw the flourish of a 
 cutlas, which was by a British officer, who said, ' Why ain't you in your 
 rank ? ' I let go of the bayonet, and they went off". 
 
 '• I then was beset by two men. One took my piece, and said, ' I will 
 blow your brains out with your own gun ! ' He snapped it at me ; but, 
 not being loaded, he run upon me like a mad bear. A man standing 
 by says, ' Let him alone : he has got enough.' One cut away my can- 
 teen of rum and my time-piece. I had three days' provision and 
 thirty rounds of cartridges, which I had in my blanket. The cry of 
 all was, ' Damn the rebel ! why don't you kill him .' ' 
 
 " Here there came a man, and demanded my money. I told him I 
 would not; but, if he would help me to a shade, I would give it to him. 
 He took towards eight dollars. He took hold of my arms, and took 
 me up on my feet ; and my hones grated, and I fainted ; and he laid me 
 down in the same place. I was alarmed by a British sergeant with 
 twelve men. They wore green coats, which we call tories. The 
 sergeant, a Britoner, I luid some talk with. I heard some one cry, 
 ' Have you got there a rebel ? Why don't you kill him ? ' Two light- 
 horse-men appeared. One came towards me, and I gave myself up ; 
 but the horse, having more mercy than the man, jumped over me. The 
 horseman struck at me, which came very near me. 
 
 " I lay in imminent danger from our artillery. The balls came 
 every side of me: one of them came right over me. The sun was so 
 hot, that I could not bear my hand on the ground. I covered myself 
 with my blanket to keep off the sun. The enemy were continually 
 
262 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 passing. I asked them to help me to a shade. I happened to look out, 
 and saw Gen. Clinton with his life-guard, with several parade-officers. 
 The aide-de-camp rode up towards me, and says, ' My lad, are you 
 wounded?' I told him I was : ' I received my wounds, by balls and 
 three bayonet-thrusts, since I fell into your hands. You give no 
 quarter to-day.' He says, 'There is no such order.' He says, 'The men 
 are rash.' I told him, ' Rash or not, this is what we get for using your 
 men like brothers. I was at the taking of Burgoyne, where we took 
 their whole army. I never saw one of them abused.' They did not 
 want to hear of that. They asked me the state of our army, and where 
 they were. I told them that I had news from them every minute ; that 
 our whole park of artillery were playing upon them now, which were 
 six and thirty pieces of artillery. They asked me how many men 
 we had. I told them we had a numerous army. They asked what 
 detachment I belonged to. ' To Marquis Lafayette's.' They asked 
 me what division I belonged to. I told them, ' Gen. Green's division, 
 and Gen. Glover's brigade ; Col. Bigelow's regiment, and Capt. Martin's 
 company.' They asked me what town I belonged to. I told them, 
 ' Leicester.' They asked me where. I told them, ' Leicester in the 
 county of Worcester, in the Massachusetts Bay ; ' and I was not ashamed 
 of it. 
 
 " I lay in a deplorable situation. The sun being about an hour high, 
 I perceived their men on the retreat. I then laid myself in the very 
 posture of a dead man, as near as possible. Their main body marched 
 over me ; and I heard their officers say they would halt in that growth 
 of woods, and refresh themselves. I heard another party, which was 
 the covering party of the artillery ; which marched over me. The 
 artillery came on, which I expected would go over me. They just 
 cleared my head. They trotted. I perceived somebody at my breast. 
 I suppose I stirred. They asked one another whether that man was 
 dead. He said he did not know. I heard the piece move, and I knew 
 no more till our men passed by. I beckoned to the officer: he came 
 with six men, and carried me to the village meeting-house." 
 
 That officer, as already stated, was Lieut. Washburn. From 
 Gen. Washington's letters giving an account of this battle, 
 the general action must have begun about noon ; and I infer, 
 from the whole of Mr. Parsons's account, that he, a young 
 man never very rugged, scarce twenty-one years of age, must 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 263 
 
 have lain in that burning sun, without shelter or any means 
 of quenching his raging thirst, — with his hip dreadfully 
 shattered, and his arms thrust through, — from about twelve 
 o'clock till the sun was nearly down. As one reads this 
 minute account of a single experience upon a battle-field, he 
 is almost ready to believe that there must be some exaggera- 
 tion, — that human nature could not have endured so much. 
 But, in the first place, every circumstance which he details in 
 writing co-incides with the official accounts of the battle. 
 Besides, his own character needed no corroboration to con- 
 firm his statement. The crippled condition in which he was, 
 from the wounds he then received, for life, was of itself a 
 confirmation ; and I have heard him, more than once, con- 
 verse with the officer who discovered and rescued him, of 
 the experiences of that day, as a thing familiarly known to 
 them both. 
 
 From the Monmouth Meeting-house, into which, with the 
 other wounded, he was carried, he was removed to Princeton 
 College ; and from thence to Trenton, until he was able 
 to be removed home by his father. Dr. Parsons; where he 
 suffered intensely for seven years, before he sufficiently 
 recovered to engage in any business. 
 
 Another Revolutionary incident may here be related, from 
 the part which was taken in it by one long a citizen of 
 Leicester, — Mr. Joseph Bass. He removed here soon after 
 the war, having married the mother of Mr. John Hobart.* A 
 considerable part of the time, he occupied the house opposite 
 Mrs. NewhalPs, upon the Rutland Road. He was, while a 
 young man, engaged in a seafaring life. The following narra- 
 tive I took from his own dictation ; though, so far as I could 
 compare it, I found it fully confirmed by the published history 
 of the war : — 
 
 In July, 1776, two English frigates, the '' Phoenix" and the 
 " Rose," succeeded in sailing up the Hudson, and stationed 
 
 * She died in 1816, aged sixty-eight. 
 
264 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 themselves near Tarrytown ; cutting off the communication, 
 by the river, between the different portions of the American 
 Army. In the latter part of that month, a gallant attack was 
 made upon them by six row-galleys, under the command of 
 Cora. Tupper, from Tarrytown. 
 
 This attempt being unsuccessful (I borrow Irving's language 
 in his " Life of Washington "), " a gallant little exploit, at this 
 juncture, gave a fillip to the spirits of the community. Two 
 of the fire-ships recently constructed went up the Hudson to 
 attempt the destruction of the ships which had so long been 
 domineering over its Avaters. One succeeded in grappling the 
 ' Phoenix,' and would soon have set her in flames ; but, in 
 the darkness, got to leeward, and was cast loose without 
 effecting any damage. The other, in making for the ' Rose,' 
 fell foul of one of the tenders, grappled and burnt her. The 
 enterprise was conducted with spirit, and, though it failed of 
 its main object, had an important effect." They soon escaped 
 down the river. 
 
 Bass, who had been in the " water-service " under Com. 
 Tupper, was, according to his narrative, put in charge of one 
 of these fire-ships : the other was under the command of Capt. 
 Thomas, of New London. Bass's vessel, called the " Polly," 
 Avas a sloop of about a hundred tons, nearly new : Thomas's was 
 of a smaller size. 
 
 These little vessels were anchored in the mouth of the 
 " Spuit-in-Devil Creek." They had been prepared with 
 fagots of very combustible wood, dipped in melted pitch; and 
 bundles of straw, cut about a foot in length, and prepared in 
 the same way. These fagots filled the deck, and communi- 
 cated with a trough of fine gunpowder, which extended along 
 under the deck, from the hold into the cabin ; and into this 
 was inserted a fuse, that might be fired by a person in the 
 cabin, who might escape, by means of a door cut in the side 
 of the vessel, into a whale-boat which was lashed to the 
 " quarter " of the sloop. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 265 
 
 Besides these combustibles, there were ten or twelve bar- 
 rels of pitch in each vessel ; and a great number of yards of 
 canvas, cut in strips about a foot wide, covering the yards 
 and rigging, and extending to the deck, all of which had 
 been dipped in spirits of turpentine. 
 
 Bass had nine men to his vessel ; three of whom he sta- 
 tioned in the whale-boat; one acted as pilot; while he 
 stationed himself in the cabin with a lighted match to fire 
 the materials. 
 
 Besides the two frigates, there were a bomb-ketch and two 
 tenders in company, and moored near them. 
 
 The night was dark and cloudy, with occasionally a little 
 rain. The vessels lay moored in a line, about north and 
 south, — first the " Phoenix," next the '' Rose," then the 
 ketch, and above them the tenders. The fire - ships, on 
 starting from the creek, took a course near the middle of 
 the river ; and the darkness of the night, as well as the 
 high bank in their rear, prevented their seeing either the 
 hulls or masts of the vessels ; and the first thing that ap- 
 prised them of their approach, was hearing, immediately on 
 their left, the twelve-o'clock bells of the vessels, and the cry 
 of the sentinels, of " All's well ! " from their decks. For the 
 same reason, they could not distinguish the situation of the 
 vessels sufficiently to ascertain their size, or which of them 
 were the frigates. 
 
 Bass was considerably in advance of Thomas ; and, upon 
 hearing the cry of the sentinels, bore down at once upon the 
 line of the British fleet. He was already near the bomb- 
 ketch before he was perceived by the enemy ; who imme- 
 diately began a severe cannonade upon his vessel, Avhich 
 damaged her rigging and mast, and some of the shot entered 
 her hull. But he was under too much headway, and was 
 already too near to retreat if he had been inclined. As soon 
 as he saw himself near enough to the vessel towards which 
 he was steering, to be sure she would not escape, he gave 
 
 34 
 
266 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 orders to his men to take to the boat, and, touching the 
 fuse, leaped into the whale-boat, and cast off from his ship. 
 Her course had been surely directed ; and, the next moment, 
 the grappling-irons upon her bowsprit and yards became 
 interlocked with the rigging of what proved to be the 
 ketch, and they were both immediately in a blaze. The 
 fire of the burning ship lighted up the surrounding scenery 
 with a horrid glare of splendor. The ketch, with most on 
 board her, were burned or drowned ; a few only escaping. 
 
 Capt. Thomas, by the light of Bass's ship, bore down upon 
 the " Phoenix," and became grappled with her. He then 
 applied the match ; but, becoming entangled with his own 
 fire, was obliged to leap into the river. He lost five of his 
 men, while Bass escaped without the loss of one. The 
 " Phoenix " succeeded in cutting loose from her dangerous 
 assailant by cutting her rigging and slipping her cable. 
 
 It was an exceedingly bold and hazardous enterprise ; and, 
 if it did not accomplish all it proposed, it infused so much 
 terror into the minds of the commanders of the British 
 vessels, that they immediately withdrew from so dangerous a 
 vicinity. 
 
 This account, substantially as above given, was prepared 
 and published in a periodical more than thirty years ago,* as 
 taken directly from the principal actor himself, — an unlet- 
 tered man ; and the co-incidence of his statement, even in 
 minute particulars, with the authentic narrative of history, 
 leaves no reasonable doubt of its correctness even in its 
 details. 
 
 I have spoken in another place of the black man, by the 
 name of Peter Salem, who shot down Major Pitcairn at the 
 battle of Bunker Hill. After the war, he came to Leicester, 
 and continued to reside there till a short time before his 
 death. The history of the town would be incomplete without 
 
 * Mr. Bass died in 1829, aged seventy-five. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 267 
 
 giving him a place ; and I am happy that I can borrow from 
 so authentic and interesting a history as Mr. Barry's, of 
 Framingham, for the early life of this " hero of '76." 
 
 He was born in Framingham, and was held as a slave, 
 probably until he joined the army ; whereby, if not before, he 
 became free. This was the case with many of the slaves 
 in Massachusetts ; as no slave could be mustered into the 
 army. If a master sujSered this to be done, it worked a 
 practical emancipation. Peter served faithfull}'- as a soldier, 
 during the war, in Col. Nixon's regiment. A part of the 
 time he was the servant of Col. Nixon, and always spoke of 
 him in terms of admiration. 
 
 He lived in various places in the town ; but his last abode 
 was a cabin which he built for himself, on the south side of 
 the road leading to Auburn, about a quarter of a mile from 
 the house formerly of William Watson. In front of his cabin 
 he planted and reared two or three poplar-trees ; and, around 
 it, dug and cultivated a little garden, in which, besides the 
 few vegetables that he planted, a few clumps of flowering 
 shrubs and a stinted rose or two, with a few sweet-smelling 
 herbs, gave evidence of his unequal struggle with a hard and 
 rocky soil. 
 
 Horticulture, however, was not his forte. He earned a 
 precarious livelihood by making and mending baskets, bottom- 
 ing chairs, and the like ; which gave him admittance into 
 everybody's house, where his good nature rendered him a 
 universal favorite, especially with the children. His military 
 training in the army had given him a sort of instinctive 
 soldierly bearing; and his habits of obedience there to his 
 superiors, infused, into all his intercourse with the consider- 
 able people of the town, a marked courtesy of manner, which 
 he never omitted or forgot. 
 
 It was always a pleasant sight to observe the promptness 
 and precision with which the heel of Peter's right foot found 
 its way into the hollow of his left one, his body grow erect. 
 
268 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 and the right hand spring up to a level with his eye, to salute 
 Massa Moore or Mistress D. on passing, in return for the 
 salutation or nod of recognition with which everybody 
 greeted him. 
 
 It was a treat, too, for the younger members of the family 
 to gather around Peter, while engaged in mending the house- 
 hold chairs ; or, sitting in the chimney corner, with the 
 youngest on his knee, while the flickering blaze lighted up 
 his black face, to listen to his stories of the war, and what 
 he had seen '' when he was out with Massa Nixon." 
 
 He was especially at home at the firesides of those who 
 had been in '' the service," and generally found a welcome 
 chair at the hospitable board. They were, to him, companions 
 in arms ; and he never seemed to think he could grow old 
 while any of them remained to answer his roll-call. 
 
 But though Peter had gone through seven years' hard ser- 
 vice unharmed, and had not lost a jot of his freshness of 
 feeling, age crept upon him unawares at last. His erect form 
 began to stoop ; his military step grew unsteady ; the thinned 
 and whitened covering which had concealed an ugly iveii or 
 two, that had perched themselves upon the top of his head, 
 no longer served to screen this defect in his personal sym- 
 metry. His resources grew smaller and smaller ; till, at last, 
 the hand of charity had to supply the few wants which the 
 old man required. 
 
 In this respect, there is a frightful equality in the law. 
 Overseers of the poor never heed whether the man that is 
 hungry is a saint or a sinner. If he needs fire to warm or 
 clothes to cover him, though scarred all over in the service 
 of his country, it is their " duty " to hunt up his " settle- 
 ment," and give notice, as the law requires. 
 
 Peter's settlement was in Framingham, and the good people 
 of that town took early measures for his removal thither. 
 
 It was a sad day to Peter ; but, before taking his final 
 departure, he went around and made a farewell visit to each 
 of his favorite haunts, and to such of his old friends as 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 269 
 
 time had spared. With a heavy heart, he paid them his last 
 salute, and disappeared from the spot which had been his 
 home for so many years. His cabin soon went to decay. A 
 rough stone chimney served for many years to mark where 
 it had stood ; and the lilac and the rose he planted, bloomed 
 for a few years, and were then broken down, and died. The 
 last object that marked the spot was a poplar-tree ; and even 
 that has grown old, and will ere long disappear. 
 
 But will any one say that this humble black man, whose 
 hand did such service in the very redoubt on Bunker Hill ; 
 who perilled his life, through some of the most trying and 
 arduous scenes of the war, for that freedom for others which 
 he had never been permitted to share till he won it personally 
 by personal valor, — will any one say that his name does not 
 deserve a place among those whom it is the purpose of these 
 simple annals to commemorate ? 
 
 He died at Framingham, Aug. 16, 1816. 
 
 Of Capt. John Holden, I have been able to learn very 
 little. From one of his descendants, I find that he was born 
 at Concord in 1753 ; entered the army, and was at the battle 
 of Bunker Hill ; served through the war ; and left the army, 
 at the peace, with the rank of captain. I have mentioned 
 elsewhere his having been of the party which so gallantly 
 stormed Stony Point under Gen. Wayne, — one of the most 
 signal acts of bravery which took place during the war. I 
 have often heard him allude to it, though never in detail. 
 
 After leaving the army, he Avent to reside in Holden ; 
 where he married Zipporah Hall in 1789. He removed from 
 there to Paxton, and thence to Leicester, previous to 1804. 
 He had a numerous family of children, and lived in a house 
 (now removed) which stood on the east side of the Rutland 
 Road, a little north of the Hubbard House, where Jacob 
 Bond lived. His wife died in January, 1827: he died March 
 13, 1828. He had lived long enough in the town to be fami- 
 liarly known to its citizens, and sufficiently identified with its 
 history to be mentioned in connection with it. 
 
270 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 CONNECTION OF THE TOWN WITH THE GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 
 COMMONWEALTH. — FRENCH AND REVOLUTIONARY WARS. — CON- 
 STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF THE STATE. — WARS 
 WITH FRANCE AND ENGLAND.— CONCLUSION. 
 
 In attempting to trace the part which the people of this town 
 took, from time to time, in the general affairs of the country, 
 it will be obvious that the topics must be few in number. 
 
 They bore their share in the wars which preceded the final 
 expulsion of the armies of France from Canada, upon its con- 
 quest in 1759 and '60. In the controversies with the mother 
 country, they took an early and active part ; and, in the strug- 
 gle of the Revolution, evinced a prompt and cordial co-opera- 
 tion in all the public measures it involved. After the peace, 
 the town was, in the maintenance of government and order, 
 true to its early history; and in none of the agitating ques- 
 tions which engaged the attention of the people at large 
 was it an indifferent or an inactive spectator. 
 
 Somewhat may be said of the history of the town in these 
 particulars ; and, though it may involve much that might 
 seem to be altogether local in its interest, it has seemed to 
 me to be the most fit connection in which to present what I 
 have been able to glean upon the subject from the limited 
 materials within my reach. 
 
 I found it impossible to ascertain the names or numbers of 
 all its citizens who were called into actual service durins: 
 the wars which preceded the Revolution. I have discovered 
 a few of these by researches in the muster-rolls which are to 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 271 
 
 be found in the State House in Boston ; but I am apprehen- 
 sive that it is far from embracing the entire number. 
 
 In a chapter of this work upon the " Army, &c./' I have 
 preserved the names of those from Leicester who took part 
 in the wars before the Revolution as well as during that 
 struggle, so far as they have been ascertained; and, conse- 
 quently, shall have no occasion to repeat them again in this. 
 
 Troops were stationed here in the Indian War of 1722; it 
 being then a frontier settlement. 
 
 The war which was declared against France in 1744: aroused 
 a general enthusiasm and zeal in the Colony ; and the expe- 
 dition which was organized the following year to make a 
 descent upon Cape Breton, with a view of conquering the 
 military works at Louisburg, called out such a proportion of 
 the entire military of Massachusetts, that I am justified in 
 assuming that Leicester contributed liberally of men towards 
 the enterprise. 
 
 Massachusetts furnished three thousand two hundred and 
 fifty of the four thousand troops, by whom, chiefly, that 
 stronghold was taken, — an exploit that shed lustre upon the 
 fame of the Provincial troops, and told upon their courage 
 and self-reliance in after-days when their children met the de- 
 scendants of their former companions and associates of '45 
 at Lexington and Bunker Hill. John Brown of Leicester 
 commanded a company in that expedition. Two only of the 
 number have I been able to trace ; and, whether the balance 
 of his company was from this town, I have no means of 
 saying. 
 
 The following year, the country was greatly alarmed by an 
 invasion, threatened by a formidable French fleet ; which was 
 planned, and so far carried out as to have arrived off" Nova 
 Scotia, under the command of Duke D'Anville. A draught 
 of twenty-five men was made from Leicester, to march, without 
 a moment's delay, to Boston, The order for this draught, and 
 the pressing nature of the call for troops, will be found in 
 
272 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 another part of this work, when speaking of Capt. Nathaniel 
 Green, to whom it was addressed. 
 
 The draught was answered, and the men marched ; but, 
 fortunately, there was no occasion for their services. The 
 French fleet was scattered by a storm, the commander com- 
 mitted suicide, and the expedition was abandoned. 
 
 To guard the frontier settlements, during this war, from the 
 Indians, troops were stationed at Coleraine and at Fort Massa- 
 chusetts, between what is now Adams and Williamstown. I 
 find one man from Leicester among the troops at Coleraine 
 during the winter of 1747-8, and three at Fort Massachusetts. 
 Besides these, an expedition was planned in 1747 against 
 Canada; in which Massachusetts, as usual, took a leading part, 
 and furnished a large proportion of the troops. Leicester 
 bore her share in the enterprise ; and I find the following 
 entry upon her records, though I am unable to ascertain the 
 names of the persons alluded to. In the warrant for March 
 meeting, 1748, it is recited, " Whereas there has been several 
 persons that have enlisted into the Canada expedition, these 
 are to see if the town will abate them of their rates the year 
 past." 
 
 The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in October, 1748, put an end 
 to this war; nor were hostilities commenced until 1754, and 
 then without any formal declaration of war. This war, though 
 not formally declared till two years after the commencement 
 of hostilities in America, became memorable as the last of 
 those French and Indian wars which Jiad kept the Colonies in 
 a state of danger and alarm, and cost them so much blood and 
 treasure. It was the opening scene in the military career of 
 Gen. Washington, and was signalized by the disastrous defeat 
 of Gen. Braddock, the massacre of Fort William Henry, the 
 taking of Quebec, and the final subjugation of Canada ; and 
 the part which the colonists took in the various expeditions 
 and battles to which this war gave rise became such a school 
 for the practical training of their troops, that the opening 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 273 
 
 scenes of the Revolution found officers already educated and 
 men already disciplined for the camp and the field. 
 
 In 1754, an expedition of eight hundred men, under Gen. 
 Winslow, was sent into Maine to hold the French and Indians 
 in check. I find the names of three men from Leicester upon 
 the rolls of that expedition, in the service from April to No- 
 vember of that year. 
 
 In 1756, an expedition was planned against Crown Point, 
 to consist of ten thousand men ; and an order was issued for 
 enlisting a thousand men within the counties of Worcester 
 and Hampshire. Under this order, eleven were enlisted from 
 Leicester, and belonged to the company of Capt. John Steb- 
 bins, who had formerly belonged to Leicester, but then Hved 
 in Spencer, and died, while in the service in this expedition, in 
 1756. The company belonged to the regiment of Col. Rug- 
 gles, afterwards the famous Brig.-Gen. Ruggles, of Hardwick. 
 There being a deficiency in the requisite number of men, 
 four more were enlisted from Leicester. 
 
 In July, three more joined the army at Fort Edward, in 
 addition to one who had previously joined it; and, in Sep- 
 tember, four more were called for, and two of them impressed 
 for the same service. They joined the army at Fort William 
 Henry. Two others, who had been^ or soon after became, 
 inhabitants of the town, were in the same expedition. 
 
 It will be perceived that there were draughted more than 
 twenty men in a single year from a town containing scarcely 
 six hundred souls, struggling with all the difficulties of a new 
 settlement, and little able to spare the services of its active 
 young men who were called to join the army. It serves 
 to show the nature of the struggle in which the Colonies 
 were engaged, and the extent to which a people thus situated 
 were willing to make sacrifices for a common cause. 
 
 Of all this number, two only did not voluntarily enlist ; nor 
 were those who joined the army mere adventurers, or such 
 as were willing to throw off the restraints of home for the 
 
 35 
 
274 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 greater license of the camp. They were of various ages, 
 from nineteen to thirty. Several had wives, and most of them 
 had connections of family and homes, which they must have 
 given up with reluctance and regret. For instance, Parley 
 Brown, a son of one of the most considerable men in the 
 town, was nineteen years old ; while the father-in-law, brother- 
 in-law, and brother, of Seth Washburn, who had served in one 
 expedition himself against the Indians in 1749, were of the 
 number who enlisted in that of 1756. 
 
 The operations of the year 1756 were, however, mostly 
 unsuccessful ; and the French, at the opening of the campaign 
 of 1757, continued to advance upon the English posts in the 
 northern parts of New York. Under Gen. Montcalm, they 
 invested Fort William Henry, on Lake George, in August, and 
 compelled the garrison to surrender. This was followed by 
 what has bqen ever since known as the " Massacre of Fort 
 William Henry." 
 
 Among those who were present in the fort at the time of its 
 surrender was Mr. Knight Sprague, then of Hingham, but, 
 for most of a long life, a citizen of Leicester; from whose 
 narrative I have transcribed the incidents of which he was a 
 spectator, and in which he participated. He belonged to 
 Col., afterward Gen. lienjamin Lincoln's regiment ; and was, 
 at that time, only sixteen years of age. 
 
 According to his account, the fort was surrendered about 
 ten o'clock on Wednesday morning. The English were de- 
 tained till the next morning, and, during that time, were 
 guarded by the French troops, and protected from the sav- 
 ages : but as soon as the army had left the fort to take up 
 their march towards Fort Edward, according to the terms of 
 the capitulation, the Indians rushed upon them, and began 
 to kill and strip them ; and every effort on the part of the 
 French to restrain them Avas unavailing. Sprague escaped, 
 after having been partially stripped, and made his way to 
 Fort Edward. On his way, he passed his captain, who had 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 275 
 
 been entirely stripped, and many women who were in no 
 better condition. The yells of the savages, the groans of the 
 wounded and dying, the shrieks of the affrighted women and 
 frantic soldiers, and the dead who lay scattered around them, 
 made it a scene of unsurpassed horror. Fifteen out of his 
 own company of fifty were killed soon after leaving the fort. 
 Nor is it surprising that the massacre of Fort William Henry 
 became one of the memorable events in that last, protracted 
 death-struggle for ascendency on the part of France, in a 
 country over which, at one time, she seemed destined to 
 become the acknowledged mistress. 
 
 Mr. Sprague often saw Munroe, the English commander of 
 the fort ; as well as Montcalm, the general of the French 
 trooops. The former he represented as a dignified gentle- 
 man of about fifty years of age ; the latter, a finely formed, 
 active, and graceful man, of small stature. The following year, 
 Sprague had the satisfaction of taking part in the attack 
 upon Fort Frontinac, on Lake Ontario, under Col. Bradstreet, 
 and to witness the surrender of that fortress. 
 
 The scenes in which these and the other Provincial troops 
 of that day were engaged have become all but classic ground. 
 History and fiction have combined to keep alive the interest 
 which no one can fail to feel on visiting these fields, on which 
 the fathers of New England fought with a courage and devo- 
 tion worthy of the best days of Greece or Rome. Every 
 rock and glen teems with the associations of events which 
 are so intimately connected with a most important historic 
 period of our country. Here Baron Dieskeau and Col. Wil- 
 liams fell in 1755 ; and here the same flag was struck down 
 on the ramparts of William Henry by Baron Montcalm, in 
 1757, which in 1759 waved in triumph over his grave on the 
 heights of Abraham, and floated above the citadel of con- 
 quered Quebec. 
 
 No sound of war now breaks the silence which reigns over 
 the spot where the crumbling bastions of that once memo- 
 
2T6 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 rable fortress stood ; and forest-trees were a few years since 
 growing within its intrenchments, to shelter it, as it were, 
 from the decay which was fast obliterating its embrasures and 
 breastworks.* 
 
 If these simple annals may serve to preserve the names of 
 a few of the humble actors in those scenes, its purposes will 
 not have entirely failed. 
 
 The war terminated practically in America by the sur- 
 render of Quebec ; but levies continued to be made until the 
 peace of 1763. In 1761 and '62, I find six, at least, drawn 
 from Leicester for military service, though the length of the 
 service is not specified. One of the expeditions in which 
 three of these were engaged was beyond the North River ; 
 but the place of its destination does not appear upon the roll 
 from which the names are copied. 
 
 No circumstance of a public nature appears to have oc- 
 curred, after the close of the last French War, to call upon 
 the town for action, until those measures of the British mini- 
 stry which began to awaken the attention of the Colonies, 
 and led on, step by step, to their final severance from the 
 mother-country. 
 
 The part which this town took in carrying forward the 
 measures of the Revolution is one of which her sons had a 
 right to be proud. To appreciate these, and to understand 
 the circumstances under which the town acted, it is neces- 
 sary that we should consider for a moment the situation and 
 resources of its inhabitants. 
 
 I suppose, that, at no time during the war, the population of 
 the town exceeded nine hundred persons ; and a statement, 
 professing to be authentic, places it below that number. As 
 for its actual wealth, I have no valuation taken during or im- 
 mediately preceding the war to guide me. It was, however, 
 
 * I speak of this fortress as it appeared upon a visit to it thirty years ago. From 
 advertisements in tlie newspapers, a magnificent hotel, it would seem, had sprung up 
 upon a spot so long memorable in the annals of our Colonial history. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 277 
 
 a mere agricultural community, without trade or manufac- 
 tures ; and its soil a hardy and unproductive one. The 
 whole number borne upon the list of the trainbands of the 
 town in 1781 was but a hundred and fifty-one, of whom forty- 
 nine were upon what was called the " alarm-list ;" leaving only 
 a hundred and two supposed to be competent for active mili- 
 tary duty. 
 
 But, with no other than ordinary means uf education, the 
 town seems to have possessed an unusual proportion of not 
 only strong-minded, but well-educated men. The record they 
 have left of the public papers which were produced between 
 1765 and 1776 bears honorable testimony to the patriotic zeal, 
 the scholarly attainments, and the sound statesmanship, of 
 those who took a lead in the utterance of the public senti- 
 ment of the town. One circumstance had an important influ- 
 ence in producing a harmony of feeling and a promptness of 
 action on the part of the town ; and that was the intimate 
 family connection which existed between several of the 
 people of Leicester and the leading men of Boston, where 
 most of the early Revolutionary movements originated. 
 
 The mother of the Hon. Joseph Allen, who had himself 
 removed from Boston in November, 1771, was a sister of 
 Samuel Adams. The Henshaws, Joseph and William, had 
 also come from Boston, and were connected with many of the 
 patriot families there ; and Joshua Henshaw, who came into 
 town just before the Revolution broke out, and whose daughter 
 had married Joseph Henshaw, was on terms of intimate asso- 
 ciation and correspondence with the Adamses, James Otis, 
 Warren, and the other leaders of public opinion in Boston. 
 If, then, it might seem that the town took a prominent 
 and leading part in these measures, disproportioned to its 
 relative magnitude and resources, it may not have been that 
 they were actuated by any warmer or more devoted zeal for 
 the cause ; but because, by being earlier advised than some 
 of the towns in respect to the measures to be adopted, they 
 
278 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 may have taken earlier action, and held a more prominent 
 position, than other communities equally deserving of com- 
 mendation. 
 
 In its early history, the town must have been eminent for 
 its loyalty to the crown. In the notice of Judge Menzies, 
 given in another part of this work, it will have been seen, 
 that, while a representative from the town, he was expelled 
 from the House for his excess of loyalty to the king. Judge 
 Steele, long a leading and influential citizen of the town, 
 remained true to his loyalty to the last; but, when the war 
 broke out, there was, besides him, not a single man of influ- 
 ence who was not a thorough and decided " liberty man." 
 Prominent among these were Joseph Allen, John Brown, the 
 Dennys, the Greens, the Henshaws, Seth Washburn, Hezekiah 
 Ward, John Southgate, and others, whose names will appear 
 in the following pages. They could not fail to shape the 
 opinions and give direction to the judgment of such a com- 
 munity. 
 
 But in maintaining the assumption, that this town furnished 
 its full share of wise counsellors, brave soldiers, and patriotic 
 citizens, towards achieving our national independence, it will 
 be necessary to do little more than give in their order the 
 facts which the records of the town furnish of the sacrifices 
 made, the services rendered, and the moneys expended, by 
 them in the prosecution of the war. If, in these respects, 
 she was surpassed by any of her sister-towns, it is believed 
 that the history of those towns is yet to be written. 
 
 In the matter of scholarship, Joseph Henshaw had received 
 a collegiate education ; Joseph Allen and William Henshaw 
 had had the advantages of the classical schools of Boston ; 
 and Thomas Denny must have cultivated a taste for reading, 
 and skill in composition. But of some, if not most, of the 
 others, they had few if any advantages beyond the most 
 limited teachings of schools for a few weeks each year. The 
 grammar and spelling of many of the public papers which 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 279 
 
 some of these men were called upon to prepare, indicate but 
 little familiarity witli these graceful and convenient, if not 
 necessary, accomplishments in a writer. 
 
 In the matter of military skill and experience, the people 
 of the town must have possessed a good share of that ele- 
 ment. John Brown had been a captain at Louisburg ; William 
 Henshaw had served as a subaltern officer under Gen. Aber- 
 crombie in 175G ; and Seth Washburn had served in one 
 campaign against the Indians. Besides these, four or five of 
 Capt. Washburn's company of minute-men had served in the 
 campaigns against Ticonderoga and Crown Point ; and others 
 were living in the town at the time, who had learned Avar 
 under officers of the crown. 
 
 Not to anticipate, it will be my purpose to present, in a 
 chronological order of events, the part which the town took 
 in the affairs of the Revolution ; but being, as it was, the 
 great historical event of the State, as well as of all the older 
 towns of the Commonwealth, the reader ought not to expect 
 any thing new or original in the narrative. 
 
 Not to go farther back into that chain of causes which led 
 to the scenes of 1775, Parliament had, in 1763, passed ,the 
 *' Acts of Trade," which bore hardly upon the business and 
 commerce of New England. The plan of taxing the Colonies 
 was thus early broached and discussed, but not then adopted. 
 This led to a correspondence between Massachusetts and 
 others of the Colonies. In 1764, the " Sugar Act," as it was 
 called, was passed, and was intended as an incipient measure 
 of taxation. A Stamp Act was proposed, but did not then 
 pass ; but a measure quite as offensive was adopted, by which 
 all breaches of the revenue laws were required to be tried in 
 Courts of Admiralty, without the intervention of a jury. The 
 alarm thus created was general : for the people had regarded 
 trial by jury as one of the great safeguards of their liberties ; 
 and, as such, it had come down to them with the common law 
 which their fathers had brought with them from England. 
 
280 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 This wai5 followed bj the famous Stamp Act of 1765. The 
 Colonies were aroused by a sense of impending danger ; and 
 Massachusetts proposed a General Congress of the Colonies, 
 to be held in October of that year. In the mean time, riots 
 occurred in various places ; and one of the most memorable 
 and disgraceful of these outbreaks was that by which, on 
 the 26th August, 1765, the costly mansion-house of Lieut.- 
 Gov. Hutchinson, with its furniture, plate, and, above all, 
 his invaluable collection of books and manuscripts, were 
 destroyed ; a loss which no one, interested in the early 
 history of the Colony, can ever cease to deplore. In this 
 agitated state of the public mind, the people of Leicester, 
 Spencer, and Paxton, then forming one district for repre- 
 sentative purposes, were called together, on the 17th October, 
 1765, " to see if the town will give instructions to their 
 representative in this critical conjuncture." 
 
 John Brown was their representative, and had been since 
 1761. Daniel Henshaw, Thomas Denny, Jonathan Newhall, 
 of Leicester ; Benjamin Johnson, who had removed from 
 Leicester to Spencer; Joshua Lamb of Spencer; and Jona- 
 than Knight, whose son and grandson afterwards lived in 
 Leicester, of Paxton, — were appointed a committee to prepare 
 these instructions. Their report was adopted after some 
 additions, and entered of record as a part of the proceedings 
 of the town. It was probably from the pen of Thomas Denny. 
 These resolutions will be found at large in the Appendix, 
 to this work, and will amply repay by their perusal any one 
 who wishes to understand the tone of public sentiment at that 
 time, and the intelligent basis upon which it rested. 
 
 The next recorded action of the town was the adoption of 
 resolutions, Sept. 19, 1768 ; setting forth in plain and forcible 
 language the political duties and rights of the Colonies, as 
 they were apprehended by the people of this town. These, 
 too, will be found in the Appendix ; and are an unmistakable 
 index of the thoughts and sentiments which had been occu- 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 281 
 
 pying the minds of the people between their former meeting 
 in 1765 and the time of their adoption. They had studied 
 their rights as Englishmen ; and, while they never thought of 
 compromising their loyalty to the king, they insisted upon 
 the privileges and protection guaranteed to them by Magna 
 Charta and the Bill of Rights. The paper is worthy of the 
 men, the time, and the cause to which it. owed its origin. 
 
 It was during this year (1768) that Massachusetts addressed 
 a circular to the other Provinces upon the subject of the 
 grievances which they were suffering in the duties and taxes 
 imposed upon them by the mother-country. This called down 
 upon them the severe animadversions of the Earl of Hillsbo- 
 rough, in a communication which was laid by Gov. Bernard 
 before the Legislature. This led to a reply on the part of 
 the House, and a message to the Governor, which so exaspe- 
 rated him that he dissolved the Legislature. It was followed 
 by a spirited convention of representatives of the several 
 towns, held in Boston; which fills quite a space in Hutchin- 
 son's third volume of his History. Leicester was represented 
 in that convention by Capt. Brown ; and that fact, as well as 
 the occasion for calling it, are alluded to in the resolutions 
 above referred to. This convention was called by the people 
 of Boston assembled in town-meeting. It met, Sept. 22, 1768, 
 in Faneuil Hall, and continued in session till the 29th. Its 
 purpose professed to be that such measures might be con- 
 certed and advised as his majesty's service, and the peace 
 and safety of his subjects in the Province, might require. 
 As the occasion for calling it was the refusal of the Governor 
 to convene the Legislature after proroguing it on the 30th 
 of June, and then dissolving it by proclamation on the 1st 
 of July, it was decidedly a revolutionary measure ; and so it 
 was esteemed by the government here and at home, and gave 
 great cause of uneasiness. Circulars had been addressed to 
 the various towns of the Province, ninety of whom had re- 
 sponded by sending delegates, authorized and ready to adopt 
 
 36 
 
282 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 any measures which the exigencies of the times demanded. 
 " That it was a high offence," says Hutchinson, " it was 
 generally agreed. Some would make the act of the select- 
 men of Boston to be treason ; and pains were taken to pro- 
 cure and preserve some of the original letters signed by 
 them," 
 
 A compact was entered into by most of the merchants and 
 principal people of Boston, in August, 1768, not to import 
 English goods ; especially tea, paper, glass, and the other 
 things upon which duties had been imposed. 
 
 The next measure of the ministry which served to excite 
 new fears and create new causes of alienation on the part of 
 the Colonies, was the threatening to visit upon them the con- 
 sequences of treason and rebellion, and to transport them for 
 trial to Great Britain. This was followed, on the part of Vir- 
 ginia, by resolutions not to import British goods ; in which 
 they were joined by like resolutions on the part of South 
 Carolina, Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, and New York. 
 
 In January, 1770, the people of this town assembled, and 
 voted not to purchase any thing of those merchants in Boston 
 who imported goods from Great Britain ; and adopted a reso- 
 lution of thanks to those merchants, who, by refusing to 
 import such goods, sacrificed their own interest to the good 
 of their country. This meeting was called upon the peti- 
 tion of twenty-eight persons, which was drawn by William 
 Henshaw, dated Dec. 25, 1769, in the following words: — 
 
 " Whereas there are several persons in this Province who have sor- 
 didly detached themselves from the public interest, and have taken 
 advantage of the agreement entered into by the merchants for non- 
 importation, thereby endeavoring to defeat their noble design of saving 
 their country from slavery ; we, the subscribers, will endeavor by all 
 lawful means to prevent their base designs : and, for that end, we pray 
 that you will grant a warrant for the calling a town-meeting to act on 
 the following articles ; viz., to vote that any person, being an inhabi- 
 tant of Leicester, who shall, directly or indirectly, purchase any goods 
 or merchandise of John Barnard, James and Patrick M'Masters, John 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 283 
 
 Mien, Ann and Elizabeth Cummings, all of Boston ; Henry Barnet of 
 Marlborough ; Dunkin and Camjjbell of Worcester ; or any other per- 
 son who imports goods from Great Britain, or shopkeeper who purchases 
 of any imported contrary to the agreement entered into by the mer- 
 chants of Boston, — such persons so offending shall be deemed enemies 
 to America, and, as such, shall be recorded in the town's book of 
 records." 
 
 The loss of trade arising from these corcpacts not to pur- 
 chase English goods had such a disastrous effect upon the 
 business of that country, that, in March following (1770), it 
 was voted to repeal all these obnoxious duties, except that 
 upon tea. Nothing could have been more misjudged than 
 retaining this. It showed, by the repeal of the other duties, 
 how much the country had been troubled by the retaliatory 
 acts of the Colonies ; and it did little more than keep alive the 
 source of irritation which drove them at last to exasperation. 
 
 We see, as we trace the events that took place at this 
 period, how the people grew more and more bold and resolute 
 in their resolutions till the final rupture. Resolutions were 
 followed by acts. They first studied and settled in their 
 own minds what were their rights, and next took measures 
 to maintain them. 
 
 In May, 1770, a company of forty-six men belonging to 
 this town formed an association to familiarize themselves 
 with the drill and manual of the soldier 5 and devoted after- 
 noons every week to the purpose, although the season of 
 the year rendered such a loss of time from the business 
 of their farms especially inconvenient. They elected William 
 Henshaw, captain ; Seth Washburn, lieutenant ; and Samuel 
 Denny, ensign. 
 
 In 1771, the town took the decided step of voting to pur- 
 chase one hundred pounds of powder, with bullets and flints 
 in proportion. 
 
 Until this time (1771), the Governor had been dependent 
 upon the Legislature for the payment of his salarj'^ ; but, in 
 
284 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 order to relieve him from the constant annoyance to which 
 he had been subjected during the growing controversy 
 between the prerogative and the people by their refusing to 
 provide him a proper support, it was resolved by the govern- 
 ment at home to pay him a fixed salary of an adequate amount 
 out of the American revenue. This gave great umbrage to 
 the people. The General Court, in 1772, adopted strong and 
 decided resolutions against it, as being an infraction of their 
 charter ; but it was from Boston, as usual, that the most 
 systematic efibrts emanated for enlightening and arousing 
 the public mind. 
 
 One of the memorable town-meetings of Boston was called 
 on the 2d November, 1772 ; when a large committee, at the 
 head of which was James Otis, was raised, " to state the rights 
 of the colonists, and of this Province in particular, as men, 
 as Christians, and as subjects ; to communicate and publish 
 the same to the several towns in the Province, and to the 
 world, as the sense of this town, with the infringements and 
 violations thereof that have been, or from time to time may 
 be, made. Also requesting of each town a free communica- 
 tion of their sentiments on the subject." 
 
 When it is remembered, that, in addition to its chairman 
 being James Otis, that committee embraced among its num- 
 bers Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, and Josiah Quincy, it is 
 unnecessary to say that their report presented the rights and 
 the wrongs of the Colony with a power and an effect that 
 were felt throughout Massachusetts and beyond its borders. 
 
 Leicester received one of these reports, and immediately 
 convened its inhabitants " to hear a letter from the town of 
 Boston, with a pamphlet accompanying it, wherein the rights 
 of the colonists are stated, with the infringement thereof; 
 and to consider and advise thereon, and come into such mea- 
 sures as the town may think proper, in co-operation with the 
 other towns in the Province, either by instructing our repre- 
 sentative, or any other means that may appear to them best to 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 285 
 
 contribute to the restoring those privileges we are deprived 
 of, or establishing those we enjoy." 
 
 This meeting was held on the 4th January, 1773. At this 
 meeting, the town voted, — 
 
 " 1st, That the rights, as therein stated, do belong to the inhabitants 
 of this Province. 
 
 " 2d, That they would choose a committee of nine persons to take 
 the matter into consideration, and report, as soon as may be, what they 
 think proper for this town to do." 
 
 The committee consisted of Capt. Brown, William Hen- 
 shaw, and Hezekiah Ward, of Leicester; Moses Livermore 
 and Joshua Lamb, of Spencer ; Capt. Witt, Capt. Brown, and 
 Willard Moore, of Paxton.* 
 
 The committee prepared a series of resolves ; which, with 
 the instruction at the same time adopted, to be communi- 
 cated to their representative, will be found in the Appendix. 
 These papers were undoubtedly from the pen of William 
 Henshaw. Additional instructions were adopted, in May 
 following, at the election of their representative. Seth Wash- 
 burn was moderator of the meeting ; but the record does not 
 indicate who prepared these. Several of the papers of that 
 day were the productions of the ready and vigorous pen of 
 Joseph Allen, Esq. The instructions are copied into the 
 Appendix, and speak, in their language, the spirit that dic- 
 tated the measures of the men who had then assembled. 
 
 Every thing, in the mean time, had been growing more and 
 more threatening. The tea had been thrown into the dock 
 at Boston. The letters of Gov. Hutchinson to the ministry 
 had been discovered by some mysterious agency, and pub- 
 lished in the Colony; and the governor had become suspected, 
 and detested by the people generally. 
 
 Great injustice was undoubtedly done to Gov. Hutchin- 
 son in regard to the measures of the ministry. He was a 
 
 * This was Major Moore, who was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
286 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 loyalist, ambitious of royal favor, and shared largely in the 
 royal patronage ; but Massachusetts was his birthplace and 
 his home ; and the printed Avorks that he left show with 
 what sentiments of affection he ever regarded her. 
 
 In December, 1773, another meeting of the people of 
 Leicester, Spencer, and Paxton, was held ; and resolutions 
 were adopted, which will be found in the Appendix. A com- 
 mittee of fourteen was appointed '^ to inspect any teas that 
 may be sold or consumed in the town and district aforesaid, 
 and report, at the annual meeting in May, the names of the per- 
 sons so offending ; and it was ordered, that the proceedings 
 of the meeting should be recorded, and forwarded by the 
 Committee of Correspondence to the committee in Boston. 
 
 Parliament, exasperated by the destruction of the tea, now 
 maddened the people still more by undertaking to punish 
 Boston by passing the famous " Boston Port Bill " early in 
 1774. The Boston Committee of Correspondence thereupon 
 addressed letters to the several towns in the Colony. Many 
 of the replies to them have recently been published by the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
 It is difficult for us, at this time, to understand how slow 
 and infrequent was the communication between one part of 
 the country and another. It was almost impossible to reach 
 the great body of the people. Instead of a press sending 
 out its newspapers daily into every hamlet, and almost every 
 house, in the land, so that what is said or thought in Boston 
 in the morning is read by or before the next morning all 
 over the State, the only way of communicating with the 
 masses was by pamphlets and circulars sent to the several 
 towns by special messengers, and then calling the people for- 
 mally together, and reading these in their hearing. 
 
 I happen to have before me a memorandum in a private 
 diary, which illustrates the slow transmission of news at that 
 day. The tea, it will be recollected, was destroyed in Boston 
 on the evening of the 16th December. The entry in the 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 287 
 
 diary I am speaking of — and it was that of a man much 
 engaged in public business at the time, and living upon the 
 Great Post Road — was "Monday, 21st December, spent at 
 home. Heard of the destruction of the East-India Comijany^s 
 tea in Boston by a body of three hundred men ; taken out of 
 the vessels, and thrown overboard." 
 
 The efficiency of these Committees of Correspondence was 
 manifested in various ways during the whole struggle with 
 the Royal Government. It is hardly too much to say, that, at 
 times, they were the government. Whatever emanated from 
 the central body was sure, in a few days, to reach every part 
 of the Colony. 
 
 In May, 1774, in addition to instructions to their represen- 
 tative, the town voted to answer a letter just received by 
 them from the Committee of Correspondence in Boston. A 
 committee, for the purpose of preparing resolutions, was 
 raised, consisting of James Baldwin, jun., Joseph Henshaw, 
 Oliver Witt, Joseph Allen, Oliver Watson, Lieut. Lamb, and 
 Willard Moore ; while the letter was referred to the Com- 
 mittee of Correspondence of the town. The resolutions and 
 letter which were reported and adopted are copied into the 
 Appendix. The letter was transmitted by the clerk of the 
 town to the town-clerk of Boston. 
 
 The ministry went on madly in their measures of alienation 
 and exasperation by the appointment of " Mandamus Coun- 
 cillors " in the place of their being elected, as provided in 
 the Province Charter ; and by prohibiting the assembling 
 of the people in their town-meetings, except for specific 
 purposes. 
 
 The people grew justly alarmed at these strides towards 
 despotic power ; and a town-meeting was held in Boston, from 
 which an appeal emanated in May to their own fellow-citi- 
 zens and the people of the other Colonies. The proposition 
 was made for the suspension of all commerce with Great 
 Britain. 
 
288 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 In June, there was a warrant issued for a meeting of this 
 town, on the 6th July, to consider the state of the pubhc aifairs. 
 They uttered their sentiments, as usual, in the form of re- 
 solves. The committee who were to prepare these seem to 
 have been carefully selected, and consisted of Thomas Denny, 
 Joseph Henshaw, and Joseph Allen, of Leicester; James 
 Draper and Joseph Wilson, of Spencer ; and Oliver Witt and 
 Ralph Earle, of Paxton. They are quite extended ; but their 
 perusal is the best means I have for exhibiting what the 
 people thought and how they felt at that time. They may 
 be found in the Appendix. 
 
 The same meeting raised a committee to present the 
 " covenant," not to purchase or import any goods from Eng- 
 land, Ireland, or the West Indies, for signature, to all who had 
 not signed it, in order that they might have the opportunity 
 to do so. In such a state of feeling, few could have dared, 
 even if they had wished, to decline such an invitation. The 
 ban of public opinion was too formidable to be encountered 
 by men of ordinary courage. I have no reason, however, to 
 suppose that the measure did not meet the cordial assent of 
 all the people of the town, Avith the exception of Judge 
 Steele. 
 
 On the 6th September, 1774, in pursuance of an invitation 
 from a Convention of the Committees of Correspondence of 
 the county of Worcester, a body of six thousand men assem- 
 bled at Worcester, and so effectually blocked up the access to 
 the Court House, that the Inferior Court, then about to assem- 
 ble, were unable to open the term, and never afterwards 
 resumed their functions. 
 
 The journal of the meetings of this Convention, which was 
 published more than twenty years ago, enriched as it was by 
 notes of its accomplished editor, the late William Lincoln, 
 Esq., added much to the fund of information before possessed 
 as to the movements in the county preliminary to the Revolu- 
 tion. It first met Aug. 9, 1774. At that time, the Com- 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 289 
 
 mittee of Correspondence of Leicester, who attended, were 
 Thomas Denny, William Henshaw, Joseph Henshaw, and 
 Rev. Benjamin Conklin. William HenshaAv was elected the 
 clerk of the convention. It was opened by prayer by the 
 Rev. Mr. Conklin, who was second to no one in zeal and 
 earnestness in the cause for which it had assembled. At its 
 meeting on the 30th August, the resolution which called for 
 this mass meeting of the people as a body was reported by 
 Joseph Henshaw, which was in these words : " In order to 
 prevent the execution of the late Act of Parliament respect- 
 ing the courts, it be recommended to the inhabitants of this 
 county to attend in person the next Inferior Court of Common 
 Pleas and General Sessions, to be holden at Worcester, in and 
 for said county, on the 6th of September next." As it was 
 anticipated that the royal troops would be sent to sustain the 
 court, the people were recommended to come properly armed, 
 if they should have intelligence of such troops being on 
 the march. 
 
 The convention itself met on that day. The people were 
 under the command of officers of their own election, each 
 town being under a separate command, and marched in mili- 
 tary array. They were formed into two lines ; and through 
 these the justices and officers of the court were compelled to 
 march, stopping at brief intervals, and repeating a written 
 declaration of their submission to the public will. They 
 were followed by forty-three royalists belonging to Worcester, 
 who had made themselves obnoxious by protesting against 
 the revolutionary movements of the patriots, but who now 
 read a recantation of their errors. 
 
 The Court of Sessions then consisted of all the justices of 
 the peace in the county. A paper was accordingly prepared 
 for these to sign, addressed to the people of the county, 
 assuring them that the court would stay all judicial proceed- 
 ings. This paper bears the signature of Judge Steele ; and, 
 among other justices, that of Daniel Henshaw ; Avhile a sepa- 
 
 37 
 
290 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 rate assurance was signed by Gardner Chandler, the sheriff, 
 and Rufus Chandler, John Sprague, and Nathaniel Chandler, 
 as attorneys of the court. 
 
 A portion of these justices, among whom was Judge Steele, 
 had addressed a congratulatory letter to Gov. Gage on his 
 arrival. These were required, in addition to the general 
 confession and promise, to make an acknowledgment of their 
 fault in writing. The name of Judge Steele stands at the 
 head of the paper. 
 
 It is not my purpose to follow the journal of this conven- 
 tion, any further than may be necessary to illustrate the 
 action of this town. At its various meetings, Leicester was 
 uniformly represented ; and the records of its proceedings 
 show that the representatives of that town held a prominent 
 place among their associates. The committees of Worcester 
 and Leicester were made a standing committee for the county, 
 to correspond with other Committees of Correspondence ; 
 and call a County Congressional Convention, whenever they 
 thought proper ; and to them were added Thomas Denny and 
 Joseph Henshaw of Leicester, and Joshua Bigelow of Worces- 
 ter. Hezekiah Ward and Thomas Newhall had been elected 
 members of the committee of Leicester, in the places of Col. 
 Denny and Col. Henshaw, since the first meeting of the con- 
 vention. The convention, among other things, adopted a 
 spirited remonstrance, addressed to Gov. Gage ; and appointed 
 Joseph Henshaw, Thomas Denny, and Willard Moore, to pre- 
 sent the same. The paper bore the names of Joseph Henshaw, 
 chairman ; and William Henshaw, clerk. The date of these 
 proceedings was the 21st September, 1774. 
 
 It will be recollected, that, though no open rupture had 
 taken place, there had, practically, grown up a separation 
 between the Royal Government and the people of the Colony. 
 In June, the Governor had dissolved the General Court. 
 Early in September, writs for the election of a new House of 
 Representatives were issued, to meet, on the 5th of October, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 291 
 
 at Salem ; but, before that day arrived, the order for the elec- 
 tion was revoked by proclamation. 
 
 Those who had been chosen representatives, however, were 
 instructed by their respective towns to meet at the appointed 
 time and place, and to resolve themselves into a Provin- 
 cial Congress, and repair to Concord to hold their meeting. 
 This was in accordance with the advice of the Worcester 
 Convention. In anticipation of the result, the Convention 
 divided the county into seven regiments ; recommended that 
 the towns choose their company-oflScers, and those the field- 
 officers ; and that the company-officers of the minute-men 
 should meet at Worcester on the 17th October, and propor- 
 tion their regiments and choose their field-officers. 
 
 The Convention, in fact, felt themselves called upon to 
 exercise many of the functions of government, although it 
 could only be done by the way of advice and recommenda- 
 tion ; and never was public sentiment better united or more 
 potent in its action than at this moment in the Colony. 
 
 As an instance of the manner in which it made itself felt, 
 I would refer to a convention of blacksmiths, which was held 
 at Worcester on the 8th September, 1774 ; at which Ross 
 Wyman of Shrewsbury presided, and Timothy Bigelow, after- 
 wards the distinguished colonel of the fifteenth regiment of 
 the Massachusetts line in the Continental service, was clerk. 
 Seth Washburn of Leicester was among its members. They 
 resolved, among other things, that they would not work 
 for any whom they esteemed enemies to the country, — viz., 
 Tories, councillors by mandamus who had not resigned, and 
 those who addressed Gov. Hutchinson on his departure ; 
 and specified by name Timothy Ruggles of Hard wick, John 
 Murray of Rutland, and James Putnam of Worcester. They 
 put under the ban all who had not signed the " non-consump- 
 tion covenant," and appealed to all classes of artificers to 
 form similar associations. 
 
 In the military organization adopted by the County Con- 
 
292 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 vention, one-third of all the men able to do duty, between 
 eighteen and sixty, were to be enrolled as " minute-men." 
 The first regiment was made up of the towns of Worcester, 
 Leicester, Spencer, Holden, and Paxton. 
 
 It would occupy too much space to refer any more, in 
 detail, to the proceedings of this County Convention ; though, 
 for a considerable time, this and similar conventions in other 
 counties practically constituted the governing power of the 
 Province. The House of Representatives which the Gover- 
 nor had dissolved in June was the last that was assembled 
 under the Royal Charter. The power of the Charter Govern- 
 ment had come to a stop ; the courts of justice were closed ; 
 the Province was without any body to make or expound the 
 laws ; and the staff of the executive was broken in pieces. 
 But such was the force of public sentiment, such the sense 
 of right and wrong which pervaded the community, and so 
 significant was the judgment which was expressed in their 
 public assemblies, that never was there less complaint of 
 justice denied, or injustice done between man and man, than 
 in this interval of courts and legislation. Leicester voted in 
 town-meeting, that, whatever differences might arise in the 
 town, they should be settled by such indifferent men as 
 the parties should agree upon ; and this recommendation 
 was, I believe, uniformly observed. 
 
 The last meeting of the Superior Court in Worcester had 
 been in April ; when, in anticipation of Chief- Justice Oliver 
 being present and presiding, the grand jury drew up, and 
 fifteen of them signed, a protest against serving in that office 
 if the Chief- Justice were to be present. This protest was 
 drawn by William Henshaw, and bore his name and that of 
 Moses Livermore of Spencer. The Chief- Justice did not 
 attend, and the business of the term was suffered to proceed. 
 
 The term of the court, which was to have met at Salem on 
 the 1st November, was adjourned by the sheriff, without the 
 judges having come together at all. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 293 
 
 Pursuant to the original notice from the Governor, this 
 town proceeded to elect a representative to attend the Legis- 
 lature at Salem ; but in anticipation of the subsequent course 
 pursued by him, and pursuant to the recommendation of the 
 County Convention, they instructed him to unite in forming a 
 Provincial Congress. The representative chosen was Thomas 
 Denny ; and the instructions, which will be found in the Ap- 
 pendix, were prepared by a committee, consisting of Joseph 
 Henshaw, John Brown, Joseph Allen, of Leicester ; Deacon 
 Muzzy and Dr. Ormes, of Spencer ; and Phinehas and Willard 
 Moore, of Paxton. This was on the 29tli September. The 
 same committee, on the 10th October, prepared new instruc- 
 tions to Col. Denny, as a member of the Provincial Congress, 
 which were then adopted by the town.* 
 
 There had been, however, a meeting of the town on the 
 3d of October, at which the inhabitants voted that the 
 cannon be mounted on a proper carriage ; and appointed 
 Setli Washburn, Benjamin Richardson, and Capt. NeM^hall, 
 to cause this to be ^one ; and directed the selectmen to act 
 in their prudence respecting persons not furnished with fire- 
 arms. 
 
 The Provincial Congress met at Concord on the 11th 
 October, and Mr. Denny attended : but he was soon attacked 
 with sickness, which compelled him to return home ; where 
 he died on the 23d October. 
 
 His death was not only a severe loss to the town, but to 
 the whole Province. He had won the confidence and respect 
 of the leading men of the day, and is spoken of by Hutchin- 
 son, in his third volume of the " History of Massachusetts," 
 in connection with Joseph Hawley, James Warren, and seve- 
 ral others, who, he says, " may be considered as most active 
 and zealous " of those who, in 1770, were " in the opposition 
 to Parliament." 
 
 * They are also copied in the Appendix. 
 
294 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 His place was supplied by the election of Joseph Henshaw 
 on the 20th October; to whom the same instructions were 
 repeated, with an additional one, that he should use his 
 " influence that Dorchester Point should be immediately 
 taken possession of and fortified by this Province." 
 
 Another meeting of the town was held on the 7th Novem- 
 ber, when it was voted to provide ammunition for the cannon 
 belonging to the town, — two and a half barrels of powder 
 and four hundred-weight of shot or balls. A committee was 
 at the same time raised '' to supply those persons with pro- 
 visions who might be called to march from home in defence 
 of our rights and privileges." 
 
 In December, the town chose a committee of nine * to 
 carry into execution the resolves and proceedings of the 
 Continental and Provincial Congresses ; in short, to take the 
 place of the executive, so far as the town M^as concerned. 
 Eight men were selected to manage and exercise the town's 
 cannon ; and a subscription was recommended for the relief of 
 the poor in Boston " suffering in the common cause," and a 
 committee raised to carry this vote into eS"ect. 
 
 This Avas the last of the eighteen meetings which the town 
 had held during the year 1774 : but on the 9th January, 
 1775, another meeting was held ; when it was voted to raise 
 a company of minute-men in the town, and that a number 
 should be draughted for that purpose from the trainbands in 
 the town. A committee f was raised to draw up articles for the 
 men to sign. 
 
 A company of nearly fifty men was accordingly raised, of 
 which Seth Washburn was elected captain ; William Watson 
 and Nathaniel Harrod, first and second lieutenants. The 
 
 * These were Joseph Henshaw, Hezekiah Ward, Jonathan Newhall, Joseph Sargent, 
 William Green, Seth Washburn, Samuel Denny, Thomas Newhall, and Samuel 
 Green. 
 
 t Jonathan Newhall, William King, Samuel Denny, Seth Washburn, and Joseph 
 Henshaw. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 295 
 
 standing company in the town was under the command of 
 Thomas Newhall, with Benjamin Richardson and Ebenezer 
 Upham, first and second lieutenants. This, it should be 
 remembered, was not altogether a new movement in town. 
 They had had, as already stated, a company of volunteer 
 minute-men since 1770 ; and this new organization was only 
 to comply with the recommendation of the Provincial Con- 
 gress. 
 
 So intent were the members of this volunteer company in 
 the necessary preparation for active service, that they hired 
 a drill-officer, who had been in the regular army, to train 
 them ; meeting weekly or oftener for drill, and for several 
 days before the 19th April, 1775, doing so daily : so that, 
 when the alarm reached Leicester of the march of the British 
 troops to Lexington, every man was found ready to move, 
 literally, at a minute's warning. 
 
 It was not, as some writer has said, that the battle of 
 Lexington roused a warlike spirit in the community : it found 
 that spirit already roused and organized. The people who, 
 upon the alarm of the 19th April, gathered by fifties and by 
 hundreds, to more than twelve thousand in all, in Cambridge 
 and its vicinity, on the 20th and the few following days in 
 April, 1775, were not a mob, nor a mass of men drawn together 
 by accident or passion. They rushed to the scene of action 
 to do service as soldiers, already organized into companies 
 and regiments ; and if without the discipline, they were 
 without the habits and vices, of the camp. 
 
 The anxiety of the town for the restoration of an orderly 
 government is elicited by the instructions ^ which they gave 
 to Joseph Henshaw, their delegate to the Provincial Con- 
 gress, Jan. 9, 1775 ; and they show in all their proceedings a 
 disposition to perserve order. Thus we find them voting 
 
 * The committee who prepared them were Joseph Allen, Seth Washburn, Samuel 
 Green, of Leicester; Deacon Mussy and Dr. William Frink, of Spencer. 
 
296 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 in town -meeting in March, that they would aid and assist 
 the sheriff and constables in apprehending and securing any 
 riotous or disorderly persons. At the same meeting, they 
 voted, that, " as it was probable some interesting events might 
 turn up between that time and May meeting, each minute- 
 man should be allowed the sum of six shillings as a bounty 
 for his service ; and, if called upon to march, to be allowed 
 Province pay." They further voted to procure pouches for 
 the use of the company. 
 
 They were right in their conjectures. Interesting events 
 did turn up before May meeting ; events, compared with 
 which, the history of no nation can present any thing of 
 deeper interest, — the opening scene of the American Revo- 
 lution, Early in the afternoon of Wednesday, the 19th of 
 April, a horseman rode furiously through the little village 
 of the Leicester of that day ; and stopping for a moment in 
 front of the blacksmith- shop of the captain of the minute- 
 company, a little west of the present house of Mr, John 
 Loring, announced, in a hurried voice, that " the war had 
 begun, the regulars were marching to Concord ! " and rode on 
 to carry the alarm to the towns lying west of Leicester. He 
 stopped for no explanation ; nor was any needed. Who he 
 was, or by what authority he came, no one inquired, nor can 
 I find that it was ever known. 
 
 The captain threw down the ploughshare upon which he 
 was at work ; seized his musket, which stood by him, ready 
 loaded for the purpose (for there was no bell in town with 
 which to ring an alarm), and, rushing into the street, dis- 
 charged it. The signal was understood ; and, without waiting 
 for further orders, the appointed messengers were at once on 
 their way to arouse the men of the company. These were 
 scattered in the various parts of the town, — many of them 
 three or four miles from the place of their parade, and 
 engaged upon their farms ; but, before four o'clock, every 
 man of that company was on the Common, by the Meeting- 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 297 
 
 house, ready to answer to the roll-call. Some of them had 
 literally left their ploughs in the furrow. Not one of them 
 had a uniform. They hastily changed their working-dresses 
 for a more fitting garb; seized their fire-locks, — most of 
 them of that kind known as the '' Queen's arms," from having 
 come down to them from the wars of Queen Anne's time, — 
 with their powder-horns and bullet-pouches ; and, on foot or 
 on horseback, made their way in the shortest and nearest 
 routes, and across the fields, where, by so doing, they could 
 sooner reach the point of rendezvous ; and were mustered, 
 and actually on their march, some time before sunset. 
 
 But there were others besides soldiers gathered, that after- 
 noon, on that little muster-ground. There were groups of 
 spectators, who shared in the excitement of the scene, and 
 witnessed this hurried preparation with apprehension and 
 alarm. There were the fathers and mothers, and in many 
 instances the wives, of this little band ; bringing with them 
 such few necessaries as they were able to supply for the 
 night -march that was before them, and the battle-field or 
 the camp to which they were hastening. 
 
 In that solemn moment, the most thoughtless grew serious ; 
 and when the clergyman of the parish (the Rev. Mr. Conklin), 
 while the men rested upon their muskets, lifted up his voice 
 in prayer for their protection and safe return, every head 
 was uncovered and every murmur hushed, and every heart 
 gathered new strength to meet whatever emergency awaited 
 this little band. 
 
 I have heard this scene, as well as many of the little 
 incidents connected with it, described in simple terms by 
 more than one eye-witness. The mother of the commander 
 of the company, then an aged woman, had come with others 
 to witness their departure. With deep emotion, which she 
 struggled to suppress, she came near her son as he was 
 giving the word to march, to bid him God's speed ; when, 
 turning to her, with a cheerful voice he said, '' Mother, you 
 
 38 
 
298 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 pray for me, and I will fight for 3'oii ;" and, at the " Forward " 
 which followed, the march was begun. 
 
 Among the spectators on that occasion was Dr. Honey- 
 wood, who is mentioned in another part of this work. He 
 had been born and educated in England, and had never 
 believed that the colonists would dare to push measures to 
 an actual outbreak with the mother- country ; but when he 
 saw the alacrity with which that company had come together, 
 and the readiness and coolness with which they took up 
 their line of march, on that occasion, his convictions were 
 changed. Addressing those around him, he exclaimed, " Such 
 men as these ivill fight ; and, what is more, by G — ! they 
 won't be beat." 
 
 It was about an hour and a half before sundown when the 
 company began their march. The group of spectators stood 
 gazing upon them till the last platoon had disappeared below 
 the hill on which the village is built ; and, when the sound 
 of the drum had died away in the distance, they dispersed to 
 their several homes. " But I need not tell you," said an eye- 
 witness to me, " that that night was a solemn one to the 
 people of Leicester. Soon after Capt. Washburn's company 
 had left, they were followed by the standing company of the 
 town, under Capt. Newhall. Soon after dark, we heard the 
 Spencer Company pass ; and, before morning, the company 
 from Brookfield followed them. Lights shone from the win- 
 dows along the highway, and not an e^^e was closed that 
 night in the village." 
 
 In this company of minute -men was a son of Nathan 
 Sargent, who lived near the line of Worcester, where Mr. 
 Sewall Sargent now lives. As the company came up, they 
 halted in front of his house. Mr. Sargent came out to greet 
 them, and inquired of the captain if they were supplied with 
 ammunition. On hearing that there was a deficiency in bul- 
 lets, he went back into his house, took from his clock the 
 leaden weights that carried it, and, melting them down, cast 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 299 
 
 them into bullets, which he brought out, and distributed to 
 the men. 
 
 Soon after sundown, the company reached Worcester; where 
 they were joined by other companies, and continued a rapid 
 march till near morning ; when, having heard that the regulars 
 had retreated into Boston, they halted at Marlborough. The 
 next day, they moved forward to Watertown ; and, the day 
 following, to Cambridge. Between Worcester and Marlbo- 
 rough they found lights burning in every window by the 
 wayside, and were greeted on their way by groups of people 
 who were gathered to witness so novel and exciting a spec- 
 tacle."^ 
 
 Eighty men marched on that occasion from this town ; while 
 Col. William Henshaw, Lieut.-Col. Samuel Denny, Lieut.-Col. 
 Joseph Henshaw, and Adjutant John Southgate, from the 
 same town, were early on their way to the scene of action to 
 take charge of their respective regiments. f 
 
 The rolls and periods of service of these men, as well as 
 of those who enlisted and held office in what was called the 
 " eight-months' service," may be found in another part of this 
 work. 
 
 The company which Capt. Washburn enlisted for the eight- 
 months' service consisted of fifty -nine men, chiefly from 
 Leicester, from his own and Capt. Newhall's companies. The 
 remainder of these men, after a service varying from thirteen 
 to twenty -six days, were discharged, and returned home. 
 This company was attached to the regiment of which Artemas 
 Ward was colonel ; Jonathan Ward, lieutenant-colonel ; Ed- 
 ward Barnes, major; and Timothy Bigelow, second major. 
 
 * Many of the details of this day I have derived, as I have elsewhere stated, from 
 the personal narrative of the late Nathan Craige, Esq., who was a member of Capt. 
 Washburn's company; some from a daughter of Capt, Washburn, who was present 
 when the company was mustered; and some from the late John Sargent, a son of 
 Nathan Sargent, who was present when they halted in front of his father's house. 
 
 + Spencer sent fifty-six men, under Capt. JIason; and Paxton, thirty-four, under 
 Capt. Phhiehas Moore. 
 
300 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 As Artemas Ward was soon made the commander-in-chief of 
 the forces, Lieut.-CoL Ward was promoted to the command of 
 it ; though it was still called Gen. Ward's regiment. Jonathan 
 Ward belonged to Southborough ; so did Major Barnes : Major 
 Bigelow, to Worcester. 
 
 One or two facts should be mentioned in the history of the 
 town, before noting the part which its soldiers took in the 
 events subsequent to the new organization of the troops. 
 
 In May, 1775, Col. Joseph Henshaw was appointed by 
 the Provincial Congress to repair to Connecticut, and consult 
 with the Government of that Colony upon what measures 
 should be adopted in order to maintain possession of Fort 
 Ticonderoga, which had just before that capitulated to Ethan 
 Allen, in obedience to his demand, ^' in the name of Jehovah 
 and the Continental Congress." 
 
 Oliver Watson was chosen to represent Leicester and 
 Spencer in the Provincial Congress, in the place of Mr. 
 Henshaw. He belonged to Spencer; having, some years 
 before, removed there from Leicester. 
 
 In the same month of May, the Congress had undertaken 
 to relieve the poor of the town of Boston by assigning them 
 to the towns in numbers proportioned to their ability to aid 
 them. Five hundred and thirty-nine were assigned to the 
 county of Worcester: of whom Leicester was required to 
 relieve thirty-six ; Spencer, thirty-one ; and Paxton, twenty. 
 
 At this time, also, an estimate was made, and returned to 
 the Congress, of the quantity of powder, belonging to the 
 several towns, which could be spared by them for the public 
 service ; and it was found to amount only to the paltry sum 
 of sixty-seven and three-quarter barrels. Only forty towns 
 in the State could furnish any. Of these, Leicester was to 
 furnish one barrel ; Worcester, one ; and Lancaster, one. 
 The whole Province stock of powder, in 1774, was but 
 seventeen thousand four hundred and forty-four pounds; 
 that of all the towns, three hundred and fifty-seven barrels. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 301 
 
 The idea, at this day, of commencing a war with such an 
 inconsiderable amount of an article as essential as gunpowder, 
 would be thought worse than absurd. Nor was there any 
 means at hand to supply more. There was not a powder- 
 mill in the Province ; nor had they saltpetre in quantity to 
 manufacture powder, if there had been. While upon this 
 subject, I may anticipate by saying, that on the 13th Feb- 
 ruary, 1776, the Legislature offered a bounty of £50 to the 
 person who should erect the first powder-mill in the Pro- 
 vince, capable of manufacturing fifty pounds per day ; and 
 should actually manufacture a thousand pounds, if erected 
 within six months from that time.* They had, a few days 
 before, offered a premium of ninepence per pound for manu- 
 facturing saltpetre, from mines or ores, in this Colony ; and 
 it was amongst the saddest circumstances in the battle of 
 Bunker Hill, that the field was finally lost more from the 
 want of ammunition than from the superiority in numbers, 
 or prowess of arms, in the enemy. 
 
 To return to our narrative. On the 15th June, Congress 
 recommended that the several towns should deposit, for the 
 use of the Province, such fire-arms as, it was estimated, they 
 could spare ; which amounted in all to a thousand and sixty- 
 five. f Of these, Worcester County was to supply five hun- 
 dred and fourteen ; and the proportion of Leicester was 
 twelve ; Spencer, ten ; and Paxton, six. 
 
 As we approach the events of the 17th June, it seems 
 proper to speak of these by themselves. The reader may 
 find, in the full and accurate " History of the Siege of Bos- 
 ton " by Mr. Frothingham, an interesting account of the con- 
 dition of the army, and the disposition of the forces, while 
 carrying on the siege which had been commenced almost 
 
 * This was to be exclusive of the mill at Stoughton and one at Andover, which 
 were then in process of erection by order of the Province. 
 
 t The whole number of fire-arms in the Province in 1774, including Maine, was 
 twenty-one thousand five liundred and forty-nine. 
 
302 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 immediately after the affair at Lexington. I shall speak of 
 these only so far as persons from Leicester were connected 
 with those events. There has been a great deal said and 
 written and felt upon the question, " Who commanded at 
 Bunker Hill ? " If by it is meant, " Who directed the ope- 
 rations upon the hill on the night of the 16th? and whose 
 orders, from his position during the battle and from being- 
 known and recognized as the leader of the enterprise, were 
 obeyed, so far as they could be communicated ? " Prescott 
 must undoubtedly be considered as the commander on that 
 occasion. But if the inquiry embraces, " Who planned the 
 enterprise? who detailed and directed particular troops to 
 take particular posts and perform particular duties while upon 
 the field ? " it would be a much more difficult question to 
 answer.* 
 
 The truth seems to be, that, whatever was the original 
 plan as a whole, in many of its parts there were material 
 departures from that, by design or by accident ; and, when it 
 was apparent that the enemy would attack them, most of the 
 principal officers — among whom no one was more active or 
 prominent than Putnam — entered into the fight with little 
 order or system, but with a spirit and zeal which supplied 
 the necessity of special directions from any superior officer. 
 Each corps, as it came into the field, took up its position, and 
 maintained it till the general retreat. 
 
 In May, Col. William Henshaw, Col. Gridley, and Mr. 
 Richard Devens, examined the heights of land in Charles- 
 town and Cambridge, with a view to their occupation. This 
 w^as done at the request of Gen. Ward. On the 12th of May, 
 a report was made to the Committee of Safety, who seem to 
 
 * The judgment of the court-martial who tried Mnjor Scarborough Gridley, of the 
 artillery, for defect of duty on the 17th June, found him guilty, and dismissed him from 
 the service ; " but on account of his inexperience and youth, and the great confnshm 
 which attended that day's transactions in general,'' they did not hold him disqualified to 
 hold office again. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 303 
 
 have had, in connection with the Council of War, the general 
 direction as to the operations of the army. It Avas signed by 
 Dr. Church, Chairman of the Subcommittee from the Com- 
 mittee of Safety, and William Henshaw, Chairman of the Sub- 
 committee from the Council of War ; and related to erecting 
 military works upon Prospect, Winter, and Bunker Hills, and 
 intermediate points. But it is not necessary to transcribe it 
 here, as the position occupied by the intrenchments on the 
 16th June was nearer to the point where the enemy landed 
 than Bunker Hill Proper would have been. 
 
 Gen. Ward, as commander-in-chief, was stationed at Cam- 
 bridge, and gave directions what regiments should march to 
 Charlestown on the occasion of occupying the hill, and, the 
 next day, to help to maintain it. A part, at least, of his own 
 regiment, under Lieut.-Col. Ward, was stationed at what was 
 called Fort No. 2, which is said to have been upon what is 
 now known as Dana Hill. It was here that Capt. Washburn's 
 company were stationed. Though the enemy landed about 
 one o'clock, it was past three o'clock in the afternoon, accord- 
 ing to the account given by Mr. Frothingham, before the 
 battle actually commenced. He speaks of a part of Lieut.- 
 Col. Ward's regiment arriving at a critical time of the battle, 
 and of the part taken by Capt. Washburn's company, with 
 other companies mentioned, in maintaining the position of the 
 American troops at the rail-fence, and " gallantly covering 
 the retreat." 
 
 The British finally took possession of the hill about five 
 o'clock, so that the heat of the action must have lasted about 
 two hours. 
 
 With this preliminary statement, drawn from other sources, 
 I propose to give a detailed account, as near as I have been 
 able to gather it from those who took part in them, of the 
 movements of the Leicester men on that day. I am chiefly 
 indebted for my facts to Mr. Nathan Craige, a member of the 
 company, given many years since, when a clear and unim- 
 
304 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 paired memory and a character for honesty and integrity 
 which was never impeached, gave to his statement the force 
 of truth. Nor will it be found to conflict with any well- 
 authenticated account of the details of the battle. 
 
 It seems that, between one and two o'clock, a re-enforce- 
 ment had arrived from Boston to join the troops which had 
 previously landed at Moulton's Point. This, according to a 
 statement in Ward's " History of Shrewsbury," — the connec- 
 tion of whose author Avith Gen. Ward gave him an oppor- 
 tunity to understand something of the motives of his move- 
 ments, — so far satisfied the general that the enemy would not 
 attempt to land, and attack his position in Cambridge, that he 
 ordered Lieut.-Col. Ward to march his regiment with the 
 utmost despatch by the way of Lechmere Point to Charles- 
 town, keeping a strict look-out towards Boston in its march. 
 The regiment, according to Mr. Craige's recollection, were 
 paraded under arms, ready for marching, soon after noon. 
 On reaching Lechmere Point, they halted for near an hour. 
 The reason for this delay he never understood. While here, 
 they heard the " cracking of the musketry over in Charles- 
 town," as well as the roar of the cannon. They were then 
 ordered to march for Charlestown Neck, in order to reach the 
 scene of the battle, which had already begun. Before they 
 arrived at the Neck, they were met by a man on horseback 
 (said to be Dr. Church), who told the commander to halt his 
 men ; that orders had been sent, that no more troops should 
 go into the action.* Major Barnes, who was then in com- 
 mand, gave the order to halt. Whereupon Capt. Washburn, 
 stepping out of the column, addressing his men, exclaimed in 
 a loud voice, '^ Those are Tory orders : I shan't obey them. 
 Who will follow me?" Every man of his company at once 
 left the column, and passed on towards the hill. Capt. Wood 
 
 * The same circumstance, though in a little different language, was repeated by a 
 member of another company in the regiment, as stated by Mr. Ward in his History, 
 p. 55. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 305 
 
 of Northborough, with his company, and, as appears by Mr. 
 Frothingham's narrative, Capt. Gushing also, left the regi- 
 ment, and came into the action about the same time that 
 Capt, Washburn did. 
 
 When the company reached the Neck, the shot from the 
 British frigate were sweeping across it ; and the captain, 
 halting his men, addressed a few words to them ; told them 
 that they saw the danger before them ; that if any of them 
 wished to avoid it, or was afraid to go forward, they might 
 then go back. No one left the ranks ; and, after a moment's 
 pause, the captain said cheerfully, " Then we'll all go to- 
 gether." The whole company started upon a full run 
 across the Neck, to avoid the balls from the frigate as well 
 as they could. As they ascended the hill, they saw the 
 houses in Charlestown on fire, and met numbers bringing 
 off the wounded from the field. Near the summit of the hill 
 they saw an American officer swinging his sword, and beckon- 
 ing them to come in that direction ; which they obeyed. The 
 men, at this time, had about fifteen rounds of cartridges each. 
 As they came in sight of the British troops, and were moving 
 steadily on towards the breastwork below the redoubt, a ball 
 struck the cartouch-box of the captain, — for he was, like his 
 men, armed with a musket ; and he, supposing the shot had 
 come from one of his own men, coolly turned round, and said, 
 he believed one of them had hit him, and cautioned them to 
 be careful, and not shoot our own men. After the battle, 
 however, he found the ball lodged in his cartouch-box ; and 
 its direction showed that it was received from the enemy. 
 
 The company rushed forward as soon as they had sur- 
 mounted the hill, and took their station at the rail-fence,- and 
 began firing as fast as they could. The enemy, by this time, 
 had mounted the redoubt ; and, in about twenty or thirty 
 minutes after the company had entered the action, the order 
 was given to retreat. This they did, at first, slowly and in 
 regular order; keeping together, and doing what they could 
 
 39 
 
306 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 to cover the retreat : but when they saw that the enemy 
 were gaming upon them, and threatening to cut them off on 
 the flank, the company broke, and hurried down the hill. 
 
 But, in this retreat, they showed nothing like panic. Ser- 
 geant Brown received a shot in his thigh, and another in his 
 foot, which disabled him from walking. The captain, who 
 was the last to leave the ground, finding him in this condi- 
 tion, and being an athletic though not a large man, took the 
 wounded man under one arm, and his musket (with his own) 
 in the other, and carried him till he was out of immediate 
 danger. He there left him, and hurried on till he overtook 
 Brown's brother Perley and Jonathan Sargent (another of the 
 company), and sent them back for the wounded man ; whom 
 they brought off in safety.* Daniel Hubbard wore a cue, 
 braided in two strands, which hung down his back. As he 
 passed by, Mr. Craige saw him dodge his head ; and it was 
 afterwards found that a musket-ball had cut off one of these 
 strands so close to his head as to graze the skin. Kerley 
 Ward of Oakham, one of the corporals of the company, was 
 wounded in the arm; and Sergeant Grossman, in the leg. 
 Abner Livermore had the cord of his canteen cut off by a 
 musket-ball while retreating ; and, as it fell, it rolled a con- 
 siderable distance towards the enemy, who were firing and 
 pressing upon the left flank of the company. His brother 
 Isaac, seeing the disaster, and knowing what the canteen 
 contained, stopped, with the exclamation, " It will never do to 
 lose that rum ! " and, running after the canteen, picked it up, 
 and brought it off the field, in the face of the fire from the 
 British. Samuel Sargent, another of the company, was less 
 fortunate in saving his liquor. While stopping to prime his 
 gun, a musket-ball struck his canteen, and, passing through 
 one end of it, lodged in the other, which rested upon his hip. 
 
 * The General Court, in April, 1777, granted Brown a pension of twenty shillings 
 a month on account of his wounds. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 307 
 
 He lost the contents, but saved the ball ; and it was, for many- 
 years, preserved in the family as a trophy. The captain wore 
 a wig, and had on, that day, a camlet frock-coat. He found, 
 after the battle, that, besides the one through his cartouch- 
 box, four balls had passed through his coat, and one through 
 his wig ; though he was himself wholly unharmed. The ball 
 that lodged in his cartouch-box he brought home after his 
 tour of duty was over. 
 
 It is by personal anecdotes that the true character of a 
 battle may be understood, much more than by the statistics 
 of killed and wounded. The published accounts of the day 
 tell us of the dreadful sufferings of the gallant Major Moore 
 of Paxton (who fell mortally wounded in the early part of 
 the action) from an agony of thirst, without a drop of water 
 to relieve it, as he lay bleeding and dying beneath the hot 
 sun of that bright June afternoon. An incident occurred in 
 the retreat of the Leicester men, illustrative of what occurred 
 in the battle. As Mr. Craige was passing a house near the 
 Neck, which the fire had not reached, the lieutenant called 
 to him that there was a soldier lying in the house, wounded 
 and bloody, and unable to speak ; and added, " We must take 
 him with us, or he will be burnt up ! " Four of the men, 
 accordingly, placing him in a blanket, carried him nearly half 
 a mile ; when, overtaking some Connecticut troops, they found 
 he was the sergeant of their company, and they took charge 
 of him. 
 
 Instead of returning with his company to Cambridge after 
 the battle, Capt. Washburn, with three other captains and 
 eighteen men, undertook a voluntary patrol, during the even- 
 ing and night, between Cambridge and the Neck, in order to 
 protect the property in the houses which had been abandoned, 
 and save it from being burned. Three of these houses were, 
 in fact, set on fire the next morning, and destroyed. 
 
 Besides those in Capt. Washburn's company, there were 
 others, who previously had been, or afterwards were, citizens 
 
308 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 of Leicester, and took part in the battle of the 17th June. 
 Among them was John Holden of Col. Doolittle's regiment, 
 which went into the action under the command of Major 
 Moore. He was afterwards a lieutenant, and, before the close 
 of the war, was promoted to a captaincy, in the Continental 
 service. Ebenezer Washburn, a brother of Capt. Washburn, 
 who had removed to Hardwick, was quartermaster in Col. 
 BreAver's regiment ; and Seth, the oldest son of the captain, 
 who had removed to Wilbraham, and Caleb Barton, then of 
 Oxford, were also in the battle.* 
 
 There was one other, whom I have noticed elsewhere, who 
 was in that fight, — Peter Salem, a black man, belonging to 
 Col. John Nixon's regiment. All the accounts of the battle 
 speak of the gallant conduct of Major Pitcairn, of the British 
 marines, on that occasion. He was shot down as he mounted 
 the redoubt, crying out exultingly, " The day is ours ! " and 
 fell into the arms of his son, who tenderly bore him off the 
 field to a boat, and thence to a house in Prince Street, Boston, 
 where he died. That shot was, undoubtedly, fired by Peter ; 
 and the death of Major Pitcairn, with its accompanying cir- 
 cumstances, formed one of the most touching incidents of 
 that eventful day. 
 
 It may seem to some that I am devoting too much space to 
 the incidents of a single battle ; but my object has been, not 
 merely to do justice to the physical courage and endurance 
 of those of whom I am speaking, as soldiers, but to their 
 higher qualities as men and as citizens. Many of the com- 
 pany were young men, some not seventeen years of age ; and 
 quite a number between that age and twenty-one. The com- 
 mander was at the mature age of fifty-two ; a serious, reli- 
 
 * I would notice another fact indirectly connected with the history of the town, 
 and illustrating the history of the times. Israel Green, whose sister married Hezekiah 
 Ward, was a native of Leicester. He married, and had three children born in Leices- 
 ter. Before the war, he removed to Hubbardston. He had three sons in the battle 
 of Bunker Hill. One was killed; and one received a wound, of which he died. The 
 third subsequently fell in the battle of Monmouth. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 309 
 
 gious man, known personally to all his men, to whom he 
 stood in a relation more parental than authoritative : and 
 their conduct in camp as well as in action showed that the 
 confidence of the parents of these young men in their com- 
 mander, in allowing them to enlist at so early an age, was not 
 misplaced. 
 
 All the forenoon of the 17th, the troops in and around Cam- 
 bridge were in a state of intense excitement. The incessant 
 boom of the cannon from Copp's Hill and the British frigates 
 in the stream, the mustering of the various companies and 
 regiments, the occasional roll of drums, the hurried move- 
 ments of adjutants on horseback, the still more stirring sound 
 of the alarm-bells in Cambridge, and the beat to arms and 
 hurried march of troops towards Charlestown as soon as it 
 was known that the British had landed, presented altogether a 
 scene calculated to agitate and alarm any one, unaccustomed 
 to war, who was momentarily expecting orders to move for- 
 ward to take part in the action, which it was now known 
 must take place. 
 
 It was amidst surrounding circumstances like these, that 
 Capt. Washburn, a few moments before orders came for his 
 regiment to form, called his men together, and spoke to them 
 of the action in which they were about to engage, and what 
 would be expected of them ; and closed by oftering up a fer- 
 vent prayer for their safety and protection, and the success 
 of the cause in which they were enlisted. Every thing M'as 
 done coolly and calmly ; and some of them often spoke, in 
 their old age, of the unfaltering confidence with which, after 
 this, they went through the experiences of the day. 
 
 Several of these soldiers were personally known to many 
 of the present generation as among the substantial and re- 
 spectable citizens of the town. Six of them were alive in 
 1826,* fifty-one years after the battle ; and Nathan Craige, 
 
 * Daniel Hubbard, Nathan Craige, Tlioraas Sprague, Isaac Livermore, Matthew 
 Jackson, and Ellas Grreu. 
 
310 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 the last survivor, died April 2, 1852, wanting but seventeen 
 days of seventy-seven years from the time he marched at the 
 Lexington alarm.* 
 
 In resuming the narrative of what may be more properly 
 considered the general history of the town, I may still be 
 obliged to refer with some minuteness to subsequent events 
 of the Revolution. To do justice to the part which the town 
 took in furnishing men and material for the war would re- 
 quire a much greater accuracy of detail than, unfortunately, 
 can now be obtained. So far as I have been able to ascertain 
 the names of these men, I have given them elsewhere ; though 
 I am well aware that the list is far from complete. I must 
 content myself with referring to these. 
 
 After his service at Roxbury and Dorchester, which ex- 
 pired in the spring of 1776, Capt. Washburn withdrew from 
 the army, but continued in various posts of duty in public 
 life, through the war. I refer to his name in this connection, 
 to explain one or two things which might not be readily 
 understood otherwise. Leicester seems to have been made a 
 place of deposit of more or less of the public stores ; which I 
 cannot readily account for, unless it was that the well-known 
 unanimity of sentiment of the town, as well as the prominent 
 part which some of its citizens had taken, indicated it as a 
 safe and secure place. 
 
 Thus, as early as Feb. 21, 1775, the Committee of Safety 
 and Supplies of the Provincial Congress voted unanimously, 
 
 * One is surprised, now tliat tVie consequences of the stand made by the colonists 
 at Bunker Hill have become a matter of familiar history, to see how little its true 
 importance was appreciated at the time. I have before me the orderly-book of Col. 
 Henshaw, containing the orders of Gen. Ward at that time. No order is promulgated 
 on the 17th June, except the usual parol and countersign, and an order to Gen. Thomas 
 to send two cannon to Cambridge. On the 18th, there is no special order; and the 21st 
 is the first time the battle is alluded to, requiring the officers to make returns of num- 
 bers fit for duty, " absent on furlough, deserted, sick, killed, and wounded, in the late 
 tntjagement, and missing upon account thereof." On the 24th is an order tendering 
 the thanks of the general to the officers, soldiers, &c., " who behaved so gallantly at the 
 late action in Charlestown." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 311 
 
 that the powder which was then at Concord should be removed 
 to Leicester ; and, on the 24th, voted that eight field-pieces, 
 with the shot and cartridges, and two brass mortars, with 
 their bombs, be deposited at Leicester with Col. Henshaw.* 
 
 On the 14th April, they voted that the cannon-powder at 
 Leicester should be removed to Concord, one load at a time, 
 and made into cartridges. On the 17th, this vote was re- 
 considered, and all the ammunition was voted to be deposited 
 in nine different towns, of which Leicester was one. ^' The 
 eleven hundred tents " were voted to be deposited in equal 
 quantities in seven different towns, of which Leicester was 
 one. 
 
 In May, 1776, the House chose deputy-commissioners for 
 the several brigades into which the militia had been divided ; 
 and Joseph Allen, Esq., then of Leicester, was elected for 
 the Worcester Brigade. How early the office of muster- 
 master was created, I am unable to fix; but on the 28th 
 
 * To show with what caution this was done, I insert a copy of a letter from Joseph 
 to Col. William Henshaw; — 
 
 Concord, 25th March, 1775- 
 Dear Billy, — The bearer hereof will bring six-or seven hogsheads: two of which, 
 would have you put in your barn, in some dry place where no wet or damp will come 
 at the same; two others, would have you order to Major Penny's, to be deposited with 
 the same care in his custody; two others, would have you order to Capt. Samuel Green's, 
 to be with him stored with the same care; and the remaining one be sent to Thomas 
 Newhall's, to be by him taken the same care of. 
 
 You will conduct this matter with the greatest secrecy, and in a way the least 
 liable to suspicion. You will take care that no candle goes near the cask, and enjoin 
 the same on those to whom the others are sent. Be careful also to enjoin the strictest 
 secrecy on them respectively. 
 
 When I return home, shall take further order concerning the same; and am your 
 affectionate brother, 
 
 Jos. Henshaw. 
 
 Would have you, after j'ou have lodged your two hogsheads, proceed with the 
 other team to the westward ; and, when you get to Mr, Allen's shop, press him to pro- 
 ceed with one team down the South Road to Capt. Green's. After giving Mr. Allen 
 the necessary directions, than proceed to Major Denny's, by the way of Thomas New- 
 hall's, if that road will do to go with the teams. As soon as the team destined to 
 Newhall's is discharged of the one hogshead, proceed to Denny's, and unload the last 
 team. The teamsters had better agree to meet together at Noali Jones's, after dischar- 
 ging tlieir contents, in order to return together. 
 
312 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 December, 1776, Capt. Thomas Newhall of Leicester was 
 appointed, by the General Court, muster-master for the coun- 
 ty of Worcester. It seems to have been an important and 
 responsible office. He judged of the fitness of the men who 
 were enlisted or draughted for service ; took care that they 
 should be forwarded into service ; in case of desertion, took 
 measures to arrest the offender ; and when, as at last grew to 
 be not an unfrequent case, any controversy arose between 
 different towns as to which might claim a soldier as having 
 been furnished by such town, the muster-master determined 
 the question. How long Capt. Newhall held the office, I 
 cannot tell: but I find Capt. Washburn commissioned and 
 acting as such in February, 1778; and believe he held the 
 office till the close of the war.* 
 
 In February, 1777, the General Court seems to have adopted 
 the course of having stores of boots, shoes, blankets, &c., col- 
 lected for the use of the army, and deposited in the several 
 counties, under the charge of military storekeepers, to be 
 held subject to the orders of the Board of War. By a resolve 
 of the date of Feb. 7, 1777, the several towns were required 
 to furnish as many pairs of boots and stockings and shirts as 
 were equal to one-seventh of the males in the town of sixteen 
 years of age or upwards. Seth Washburn was chosen such 
 storekeeper for the county of Worcester, and was furnished 
 with <£300 for the purpose. 
 
 In April, 1778, the General Court elected superintendents 
 of counties, to receive and send forward the men whom they 
 at that time resolved to raise in order to fill the fifteen bat- 
 talions of the Continental troops which Massachusetts was 
 to supply ; and in June of the next year, and November of 
 
 * I copy the form of one of his certificates in that office ; viz. : " Leicester, July 24, 
 1780. This may certify whom it may concern, that on the 23d day of February, 
 1778, Cain Bowman, a negro man, appeared, and passed muster: presented as a frt^e 
 man, as it was contrary to my orders to muster any slaves. Said Bowman was mus- 
 tered in Col. Marshall's regiment, Capt. King's company. Received .£20 bounty." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 313 
 
 1780, similar officers were appointed. In each of these in- 
 stances, Seth Washburn was chosen for the county of Worces- 
 ter. These votes are noticed as explanatory of some of the 
 orders which appear upon the minutes of the Board of War. 
 In August, 1777, I find a memorandum of that body, that 
 " there were at Seth Washburn's store, at Leicester, a hun- 
 dred and ninety-one shirts, a hundred and thirty-nine pairs 
 shoes, six hundred and sixteen pairs hose. " See his return 
 for the 5th inst." 
 
 On the 30th September of the same year, an order is made, 
 " that Seth Washburn deliver Deacon Davis, or order, four 
 hundred and seventy-two pairs shoes he has collected for 
 the use of the State ; " and again, on Feb. 5, 1778, it was 
 " ordered that Capt. Seth Washburn, of Leicester, deliver 
 Messrs. Otis and Andrews five hundred and ninety-two pairs 
 stockings." 
 
 If we attempt to estimate the share which Leicester bore 
 in the sacrifices and expenses occasioned by the war, it must, 
 at best, be but an approximation. To a considerable extent, 
 we can trace the number of specific articles paid into the 
 public store ; but this does not include the clothing and provi- 
 sions furnished by the towns to the soldiers directly, and to 
 their families in their absence. And, when we come to the 
 matter of levies and contributions of money, we lack for a 
 safe and proper measure of value, in consequence of the 
 rapid depreciation of Continental money down to total worth- 
 lessness. It will be my object to refer to the several votes 
 upon the subject, and then to endeavor to furnish as near a 
 standard of admeasurement of value as I can command, by 
 which to estimate the surprising amount of taxation which 
 the town, somehow, sustained while the war was in pro- 
 gress. 
 
 Among the votes which I have noticed upon the journal of 
 the General Court, bearing upon this subject, are the follow- 
 ing:— 
 
 40 
 
314 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Jan. 5, 1776. — To collect four thousand blankets, to be 
 contributed by the towns ; the share of Leicester being four- 
 teen. 
 
 Jan. 19, 1776. — To raise four thousand three hundred and 
 sixty-eight men for the army, to maintain the fortifications at 
 Cambridge and Roxbury, to serve till April 1 : Leicester was 
 assigned thirteen, and actually furnished sixteen, besides the 
 commander of the company. 
 
 June 25, 1776. — To raise five thousand troops to co-operate 
 with the Continental army in Canada and New York; two 
 battalions from certain towns in Worcester to go to New 
 York : twenty-five assigned to Leicester. 
 
 July 10, 1776. — To raise every twenty-fifth man to re- 
 enforce the Northern Army. 
 
 Sept. 10. — To raise one-fifth of the entire militia not in 
 actual service, to march to " Horse Neck " to re-enforce the 
 army in New York. 
 
 Jan. 20, 1777. — To procure five thousand blankets, to be 
 furnished by the towns : Leicester, fourteen. 
 
 Jan. 6, 1777. — To raise every seventh man above the age 
 of sixteen, to complete the quota of the Continental Army. 
 
 Aug. 9. — To draught every sixth man in Suffolk, Essex, 
 Middlesex, York, Worcester, and Berkshire, to join the army, 
 in consequence of the taking of Ticonderoga ; to serve till the 
 last of November, unless sooner discharged. 
 
 April 20, 1778. — To fill up the fifteen battalions of Con- 
 tinental troops: Leicester to furnish six. 
 
 June 8, 1779. — To raise two thousand men on the Conti- 
 nental establishment: Leicester to furnish six. 
 
 June 21, 1779, — That the towns furnish shirts, shoes, and 
 stockings for the army, equal in number to one-sixth of the 
 male inhabitants : Leicester to supply thirty pairs of each. 
 Seth Washburn to receive them for the county. 
 
 May 4, 1780. — To furnish shoes and stockings and shirts 
 equal to one-tenth of the male inhabitants, and half as many 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 315 
 
 blankets : Leicester, twenty-one shirts, <fec., and eleven blan- 
 kets. 
 
 Sept. 25, 1780. — To supply beef for the army: Leicester, 
 four thousand five hundred and sixty pounds. 
 
 Dec. 2, 1780. — To raise four thousand two hundred and 
 forty men to supply the defect in the State's quota of the 
 Continental force : Leicester, eleven men. 
 
 Dec. 4. — To supply the army with provisions: Leicester, 
 eight thousand seven hundred and sixty-one pounds beef. 
 
 Jan. 22, 1781. — To supply the army with provisions: 
 Leicester, three thousand six hundred and twenty-four pounds 
 of beef; sixteen shirts, pairs stockings, and shoes ; and eight 
 blankets. 
 
 June 30, 1781. — To raise two thousand seven hundred 
 men, for three months, to re-enforce the Continental Army : 
 Leicester, nine men. 
 
 March 7, 1782. — To raise fifteen hundred men to re-enforce 
 the army, for three years : Leicester, four. 
 
 I have given the foregoing votes partly as independent 
 facts of interest, and partly as a proximate mode of compari- 
 son by which to judge of the relative proportions of the 
 public burdens borne by the town. It is, however, by no 
 means a reliable one ; for these draughts do not seem to have 
 been regulated by any fixed proportion. In one case, for 
 instance, where Worcester furnished ten men, Leicester did 
 six. In another, Worcester, twenty-nine ; Leicester, eleven. 
 In another, Worcester, twenty-three ; Leicester, nine. In 
 another, Worcester, nine ; and Leicester, four. When we 
 come to examine the votes of the town, we are able to form a 
 more positive judgment in the matter. 
 
 In the first place, I have before me the certified returns of 
 twenty-seven draughts of men between May, 1775, and June 
 28, 1780; amounting to two hundred and twenty-seven men 
 in all, — more than twice as many as were borne on the 
 entire muster-roll of the train-band in the town as fit for 
 
316 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 active duty ; together with the sums paid by the town for 
 bounties upon their enhstment. It does not include the com- 
 panies which marched at the Lexington alarm, nor the draughts 
 made after the 28th of June, 1780 ; of which there were 
 several, either paid for by the town, or by the classes into 
 which its inhabitants were divided.* In one of these (July 
 19, 1781) the town paid seven men twenty pounds each in 
 silver money, with a right to receive their wages for the 
 three months for which they enlisted. 
 
 I have copied into the Appendix the interesting document 
 to which I have above alluded, as a matter of curious refer- 
 ence ; and would venture to commend it, with the other papers 
 found there, as Avorthy the attention of the reader. 
 
 So numerous and heavy were the draughts for men, that 
 the traditions may easily be credited which have come down 
 to us, that the labor in the fields was in many cases per- 
 formed by women, because every male member of the family 
 was absent. It is a matter of record on the part of the 
 town, that, in 1776, they had to choose two new selectmen 
 because the others were absent in the army ; and in January, 
 1778, they were obliged to choose a new assessor for the 
 same reason. 
 
 In 1780, if not earlier, the custom began of dividing 
 the towns into classes, each of which, when called on, was 
 required to supply a man, by enlistment, from their number, 
 or by hiring a substitute ; which partially withheld from the 
 town as immediate action upon the subject as they had before 
 been accustomed to take. 
 
 In respect to the direct appropriations by the town for the 
 purposes of the war, I find that, in April, 1776, the town 
 voted to procure ammunition, intrenching tools, &c., agree- 
 ably to a requisition from the General Court ; and, in May, 
 they allowed Samuel Cole seven shillings for carting pro- 
 
 * The town voted to divide the inhabitants into ten classes in 1781. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 317 
 
 visions to Watertown the previous year. But the cost of 
 either of these is not stated. 
 
 In May, 177 7 , the town abated the poll-tax of all soldiers in 
 the Continental Army belonging to town. In October of the 
 same year, the selectmen were directed to furnish such of 
 these soldiers as had enlisted for three years, or during the 
 war, with the necessaries of life. 
 
 In January, 1778, the town voted to rai«e twelve hundred 
 pounds, and loan it to the State Treasury, on interest. 
 
 In March, they directed the Committee of Correspondence 
 to provide for the families of the soldiers in the Continental 
 Army ; and, a few weeks after, it was voted to provide 
 clothing for Continental soldiers, by purchasing it with 
 money to be drawn out of the town-treasury, and to make 
 such provision for the families of the officers from the town 
 in the Continental service as the selectmen should think fit. 
 
 In May, 1778, the selectmen were authorized to pay, out of 
 money of the town or to be hired for the town, thirty pounds 
 for each Continental soldier raised within the town, by the 
 20th of the month. 
 
 In March, 1779, they voted three hundred dollars for each 
 company, to be distributed to such of the company as had 
 done more than their proportion in the war ; and a thousand 
 pounds for hiring men for the war. 
 
 In June of the same year, they granted four thousand 
 pounds to pay the hire of soldiers and contingent charges. 
 
 In October, 1779, they raised five hundred pounds for the 
 same purpose. 
 
 In March following, the Committee of Safety were allowed 
 <£92. 10s. 8d. for taking care of the soldiers' wives ; Capt. 
 Leviston was allowed .£3. 15s. " for a horse to go to the 
 taking of Burgoyne ; " * and £5,000 was raised for employing 
 
 * Capt. Leviston commanded one of the staniHng companies of the town. How 
 many of his company went with him, I cannot ascertain. 
 
318 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 soldiers. The town bad, in the mean time, — between Janu- 
 ary, 1778, and March, 1780, — furnished Jethro Jones and Asa 
 Harrington supplies, equal, as near as I can calculate the 
 depreciated currency, to at least a hundred and twenty dol- 
 lars ; as well as sundry other supplies, the amounts of which 
 are not ascertained. 
 
 In July, 1780, they raised Xll,058. 5s. I^d. for hiring 
 soldiers, and the same amount to pay " the six-months' men 
 who are gone in the Continental Army.'" It was voted, more- 
 over, to give to each soldier a hundred and ten bushels of 
 corn ; they allowing the town to draw their wages. 
 
 In October, they raised two hundred pounds to purchase 
 beef for the army. This was *' new money ; " * and the rate 
 at which it was reckoned shows what was then regarded as 
 the depreciation of the old, — one of new for ninety of old. 
 
 The town, at the same time, abated £20. 8s. tax per head, 
 or about 4s. 6d. per man, to all the " three and six months' " 
 men. The next month, they raised six thousand pounds to 
 pay soldiers. 
 
 In January, 1781, they again abated the poll-taxes of the 
 three and six months' men ; raised a committee to go into 
 other towns to hire men to go into the service ; and voted 
 two hundred and twenty pounds, silver money, to buy beef 
 for the army. The town was, at the same time, divided into 
 classes to supply the draughts for soldiers. 
 
 In July, they raised a hundred and twentj^-seven pounds, 
 silver money, and thirteen thousand pounds of, I suppose. Con- 
 tinental currency, with which to purchase beef; and the 
 committee were directed to provide not less than a thousand 
 
 * The "new money" was an emission of bills by Massachusetts, guaranteed by 
 the United States, in May, 1780. They were payable in silver in six years, with five 
 per cent interest, payable annually. It was never equal to par, and never seems to 
 have depreciated like Continental money. In February, 1781, it was to specie as one 
 and seven-eighths to one; in Ma\- following, two and a quarter to one. It run down 
 to four to one in Jijne; and in September, 1781, the issue of any more bills was stopped. 
 — FeWs Currency, pp. 188 and 196, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 319 
 
 pounds of beef, to send to the army the present month. And, 
 in September, they raised four hundred pounds, in silver money, 
 to meet the charges of the town for beef, pay of soldiers, &c. 
 This was the hist specific vote for raising money on account 
 of the war, which I find recorded ; and the reader may have 
 thought that the detail which I have given is too minute for 
 a work like this : but it seemed to me, that it was by such 
 details only that the people of this day could judge of the 
 magnitude and extent of the cost and sacrifice which the 
 actors in the Revolutionary War were willing to sustain for 
 the boon for which they were contending. 
 
 It was by no means the men alone who went into the army 
 that sustained hardships and endured privations. The farmer 
 toiled without ceasing for the means of feeding and clothing 
 the soldier and his family. The fruits of the mechanic's days 
 and nights of labor went into the treasury of a common cause. 
 Woman, too, bore her full share in these incessant labors ; 
 stinting herself, moreover, of the very necessaries of life, to 
 supply the wants of husbands and fathers and brothers in the 
 camp and the field. 
 
 There are, indeed, few records of these unostentatious 
 sacrifices ; and one reason was, they were too common, too 
 universal, to be thought worthy of being noticed. They 
 heeded little what posterity might think or say ; the present 
 absorbed their chief attention : and noAv, when we look for a 
 history of the period, we are left to personal recollections of 
 individuals, to be read in the light of what is known of the 
 general condition of the country at the time. 
 
 I have spoken of the part which the women took in tilling 
 the soil and gathering the crops. Instances were frequent 
 among the men Avho remained at home, whose stock upon 
 their farms, though inadequate to their necessities, had to be 
 surrendered or disposed of to pay their war-tax. Such was 
 the case, for instance, with Mr. Nathan Sargent, one of the 
 substantial farmers of the town. I was assured by his son, 
 
320 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 that, time and again, he sold, from his stall or his pasture, 
 animals that he greatly needed, in order to meet his share of 
 the common burdens of the war. 
 
 Besides, the clothing of the husbands and brothers who 
 were in the army for short terms of service was the product 
 of household manufacture, spun and woven and made up by 
 wives and sisters ; and, when the requisitions for stockings 
 and shirts and blankets for the army were to be supplied, it 
 was the busy fingers and nervous arms of the women that 
 furnished them. The State had neither commerce to supply, 
 nor money with which to purchase, these homely necessaries 
 for the soldier. 
 
 The simple truth was, every nerve and sinew, every article 
 of personal possession, as well as the credit both public or 
 private of the country, were devoted to one absorbing 
 object ; and it was not until after that object had been sub- 
 stantially obtained, that men began to look coolly around 
 them, and measure with any thing like accuracy what it had 
 cost them. 
 
 What reflects great credit upon the people of the town is, 
 that though there was no law which could be enforced 
 against them if they suspended their schools, as some other 
 towns had done, they rejected the proposition when it was 
 made, and, in fact, new-districted the town in 1776. In 1778, 
 they voted =£108 for schooling; and, in the next year, added 
 £500 to the Rev. Mr. Conklin's salar3^ As an example of 
 the frequency of the public calls upon the town, in addition 
 to the moneys which they raised for other purposes, I have 
 before me three State warrants for taxes in the months of 
 June, September, and November of 1780, which were sent to 
 a constable of the town to enforce against its inhabitants in a 
 single year. 
 
 If we should set down the sum of eighteen thousand dol- 
 lars as approximating the actual amount paid by the town to 
 carry on the war, it would, I am persuaded, fall much below 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 321 
 
 the truth. Nor should it be overlooked, that, of these sums, 
 there were voted and raised over fifteen thousand dollars 
 between January, 1777, and September, 1781, — more than 
 three thousand three hundred dollars a year, — in addition 
 to the other expenses and burdens of the town and its share 
 of the State charges.* When, before or since, has there been 
 a period, when, for so long a time, such burdens as these 
 would have been borne without a murmur ? 
 
 Of the importance of the Committees of Safety and Cor- 
 respondence as a means of carrying on the war, I have 
 spoken elsewhere. They were at first voluntary bodies, 
 depending upon moral force for their power ; but as early as 
 February, 1776, they were recognized by the Legislature as 
 an existing institution; and in February, 1777, towns were by 
 law authorized to elect them annually. I give in another 
 place the names of as many of this committee in Leicester as 
 I have been able to ascertain. As an efi'ective police, per- 
 vading the community and acting as the executive organ of 
 public sentiment, their power and influence in preserving 
 order at home, while they were promoting the operations of 
 the army in the field, were an indispensable agency in carry- 
 ing on the war. Nor was this the only interposition which 
 served to suppress every manifestation of hostility to the 
 government. The people took up the matter in their pri- 
 mary assemblies. 
 
 In June, 1777, Col. William Henshaw was chosen a com- 
 mittee to procure what evidence was to be found of the inimi- 
 cal disposition of any inhabitant of the town towards this and 
 the United States, who might be voted, in the opinion of the 
 town, as coming under this class. But the only person I can 
 find answering this description in the town was Nathaniel 
 Scott : and, in his case, the town, upon further investigation, 
 
 * The State-tax of Leicester is set down, for 1781, at £855. If this is reckoned as 
 new-emission monej', I suppose it woiild amount at par to about $1,500. It would 
 vary according to the time of the year to which the computation should relate. 
 
 41 
 
322 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 were satisfied that the imputation was groundless ; and his 
 name was stricken from the list of suspected persons. 
 
 A more signal instance of the jealous scrutiny exercised 
 by the public over the conduct and opinions of individuals 
 in the community was in the case of Mr. Allen, one of 
 the truest, most consistent, and firmest patriots of the day. 
 " Dec. 19, 1775. — Whereas a report has been propagated that 
 Mr. Joseph Allen hath violated the ninth article of the Consti- 
 tutional Association, in taking undue advantage of the scarcity 
 of goods, the Committee of Inspection for said town, having 
 examined into the grounds and motive of said report, are of 
 opinion that they are cruel, false, and malicious. By order 
 of the committee : Joseph Henshaw, chairman." 
 
 In other places, where there was occasion to apply this 
 inquisitorial power, the obnoxious person was sometimes 
 merely denounced as a suspicious person ; in others, he was 
 required to confine himself to his own farm ; in others, he 
 was actually imprisoned for a longer or shorter time : but, in 
 one form or another, no man could escape the jealous watch- 
 fulness of the public eye. 
 
 In 1775, the Provincial Congress, in the absence, as we have 
 seen, of any organized government known to the law, applied 
 to the Continental Congress for advice as to what measures 
 ought to be adopted in the emergency. It was recommended 
 that the people should choose a House of Representatives, as 
 had been done under the Charter ; that a Council should be 
 chosen, as provided in the Charter ; and that the executive 
 power should be lodged in tliis Council. 
 
 This recommendation was followed ; and on the 19th July, 
 1775, the House of Representatives convened at the Meeting- 
 house in Watertown, and the government Avas organized as 
 advised. Hezekiah Ward was elected a representative from 
 Leicester ; and the instructions to him, which were adopted, 
 were doubtless drawn by Joseph Allen, Esq., the chairman 
 of the committee. They may be found in the Appendix ; and 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 323 
 
 they give the clearest and readiest view I could offer of the 
 sense of intelligent men upon the wants and condition of the 
 country at that period. From this time till the adoption 
 of the State Constitution, all commissions were signed by a 
 majority of the Council. 
 
 In May, 1776, Seth Washburn was chosen a representative ; 
 and the instructions given him on the occasion are the last of 
 those remarkable papers which I have copied from the re- 
 cords of the town. Nor do I deem any apology necessary for 
 occupying so much space with them, when they are regarded 
 in the light of historical documents. 
 
 Two things were at this time agitating the public mind, — 
 the formation and adoption of a constitution of government 
 for the State, and the problem of declaring the Colonies inde- 
 pendent. With whom, or precisely when, the idea of national 
 independence originated, I am unable to state ; but as early 
 as May, 1776, the plan had been so far matured, that a meet- 
 ing of the people of Leicester was held on Monday, after the 
 2 2d of that month, upon a warrant containing this article : 
 " To see if the town, in case the Honorable the Continental 
 Congress should declare an independence of Great Britain, 
 will support said Congress, at the risk of their lives and for- 
 tunes, in effectuating such a measure, agreeable to a resolve 
 of the late General Assembly of this Colony." 
 
 The House of Representatives had, on the 9th of Maj^, re- 
 commended to the several towns to give instructions to their 
 representatives with respect to independence. The vote of 
 the town was, *' by the inhabitants then present, unanimously, 
 that, in case the Honorable the Continental Congress should 
 declare these Colonies independent of Great Britain, they 
 would support said Congress in effectuating such a measure, 
 at the risk of their lives and fortunes. ^^ That measure having 
 been adopted by the Congress, upon a motion first made on 
 the 7th of June, the people of the State were left to consider 
 the matter of their own form of government. The king's 
 
324 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 name had been retained in judicial proceedings, until it was 
 expunged by order of the General Court in June, 1776. 
 
 When independence was declared, the General Court was 
 in session ; and a proposal was made at once to prepare a 
 form of government for the State : but no measures were ac- 
 tually taken at that time. In September, it was proposed to 
 the people to elect their representatives to the General Court, 
 with power to adopt a constitution. This did not find general 
 favor. The people of this town voted, in October, that the 
 House of Representatives ought not, at that time, to present 
 any new form of government or constitution ; and a series of 
 resolutions were adopted, to be communicated to the General 
 Court, embodying the views of the town upon the subject. 
 
 The Legislature, however, of 1777, resolved themselves into 
 a Constitutional Convention on the 17th of June, and chose a 
 committee of seventeen to consider and report upon the sub- 
 ject. The town was represented that year by Seth Wash- 
 burn and Samuel Green. Mr. Washburn was one of this 
 committee. Thomas Cushing was its chairman. This mea- 
 sure was taken in consequence of the votes of the towns to 
 whom the Legislature had appealed on the 5th of May pre- 
 vious. The vote of Leicester was in favor of the Council and 
 the House uniting in one body in framing a constitution for 
 the acceptance of the people. This committee of seventeen 
 reported a form of a constitution to the General Court in De- 
 cember ; which was submitted to the people in March, 1778. 
 It was rejected by a most decided vote. Among the objec- 
 tions to it) it had no Bill of Rights. There were hardly votes 
 enough for it to be thought worth while to make returns in 
 many of the towns. 
 
 The matter remained in this state until February, 1779 ; 
 when the Legislature referred the question to the people, 
 whether they would have a convention called for framing a 
 new constitution. There were forty-seven votes in this town 
 in favor of, and none against, the proposition. It found so 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 325 
 
 much favor with the people, that a convention of delegates 
 from the several towns was held at Cambridge in September, 
 1779. The place of meeting was the old Meeting-house in 
 Cambridge. Seth Washburn and William Henshaw were dele- 
 gates from Leicester. The records of that body Avould show, 
 that, among the congregated talent and wisdom of the State, 
 these delegates held an honorable position, and took important 
 parts in its proceedings, especially as members of its leading 
 committees. 
 
 The constitution was submitted to the towns, for their ap- 
 proval or disapproval, in March, 1780. It was adopted by a 
 vote of more than two-thirds of the people in its favor. In 
 September, an election of State officers was held ; and in 
 October, 1780, the government under the constitution Avas 
 organized. Seth Washburn was the first representative un- 
 der the constitution ; and, of the votes for governor, John 
 Hancock received sixty-nine out of seventy-two that were 
 cast. 
 
 After a struggle so long maintained, so exhausting in its 
 effect upon the resources of the country, — with industry 
 crippled, commerce suspended, public credit prostrated, the 
 currency depreciated, and a frightful debt accumulating, — it 
 is not to be wondered at that the people began to manifest 
 symptoms of uneasiness and discontent. Nor was it less sur- 
 prising that they sought, as had been so often done before, 
 to avert the evil by undertaking to regulate prices and busi- 
 ness by conventions and resolutions and pledges. A conven- 
 tion for the purpose was held on the 14th July, 1779, at 
 Concord ; which was attended by delegates from all parts of 
 the State. They came together to consult upon the adoption 
 of measures for the relief of the people under their difficul- 
 ties. Among other things, they proceeded to fix a scale of 
 prices of produce and merchandise. At the same time, they 
 recommended, in strong terms, the encouragement of schools, 
 and the cause of education generally. Leicester, by vote, 
 
326 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 approved of the proceedings of the convention, and pledged 
 themselves to abide by the same. 
 
 A second convention, at the same place and for the same 
 purpose, was held in October following ; at which the town 
 Avas represented by Henry King, and a more detailed system 
 of prices was adopted.* These prices show the scarcity of 
 meats, of butter and cheese ; the difficulty in the way of im- 
 porting coffee, tea, or sugar ; and the almost total want of 
 cotton in the country, — one pound of cotton being worth as 
 much as six bushels of rye, or four of wheat. But the 
 people found, by sad experience, that the laws of political 
 economy are far more potent than the resolutions of popular 
 assemblies. 
 
 Men may vote that labor shall be be high or low, that pro- 
 visions in a time of scarcity shall be no higher than in years 
 of plenty, and they may attempt to brand as an enemy to his 
 country the man who disregards the scale of prices which 
 consumers may prescribe as just and fair; but they might 
 about as well vote a wet spring or a warm summer, with 
 an expectation of regulating the weather, as to attempt by 
 resolutions to infuse generous sentiments and a spirit of self- 
 sacrifice into men of cold hearts and selfish natures. 
 
 The peace of 1783, though it crowned the work of the 
 Revolution with a recognition of our national independence 
 by the world, was very far from bringing immediate relief 
 for the embarrassments of the people. The army was, indeed, 
 disbanded ; and the exhausted granaries and stalls of the 
 people were no longer to be taxed to feed them. But they 
 had come home unpaid, feeling that their services and their 
 sufi"erings had not been duly appreciated ; while those who, 
 
 * Some of the prices, beyond which no one was at liberty to charge, were as 
 follow: West-India rum, 6s. 6d. per gallon; molasses, 4s. 7d. per gallon. Coffee, 18s.; 
 brown sugar, 14s. ; Bohea tea, 16s. ; cotton, 36s., — all these per pound. Corn, 4s. lOd. 
 per bushel; rye, 6s.; wheat, 9s. Beef, 6s. and 5s. per pound; mutton, 4s.; butter, 
 12s.; cheese, 6s. per pound. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 327 
 
 at home, had strained their last sinew to pay bounties upon 
 their enlistment, and to feed and clothe them, and pay their 
 wages (though in part), felt that it was a common lot of 
 suffering and sacrifice, and should be borne by all as men 
 embarked in one vessel, which, under the favor of Provi- 
 dence, had at last reached its haven. There were, besides, 
 officers residing in the towns, who, after having gone through 
 the period of the greatest peril and sacrifice during the war, 
 had only retired when their services were no longer neces- 
 sary, but who, by having then resigned, would lose their 
 claim to the extra allowance made to such as remained till 
 its close. 
 
 In view of these things, the town, in 1782, instructed their 
 representative to endeavor to have the General Court peti- 
 tion Congress not to pay the officers who should be '' de- 
 ranged out of the army " more than half-pay for a single 
 year. Another reason for this expression was, undoubtedly, 
 the change which had come over the composition of the army 
 itself towards the close of the war. In addition to the many 
 who had joined it from motives of patriotism alone, there 
 were others — and they were growing more numerous every 
 year the war lasted — who were influenced by mercenary 
 motives, and Avere ready to enlist because of the bounties 
 and pay which they were to receive, and to whom the reck- 
 less and exciting life of the camp had more attractions than 
 the hard work of a farm or a workshop in the seclusion of a 
 country town. It is not, therefore, surprising that some grew 
 discontented, and regarded those things as grievances which 
 were the legitimate result of a protracted state of war and 
 exhausted resources. 
 
 There was, accordingly, as early as March, 1781, a conven- 
 tion called by the people of Sutton, who seem to have been 
 the first to manifest restlessness, to which Hezekiah Ward 
 and John Lyon were delegates. Little was attempted, and, 
 I believe, nothing done. 
 
328 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 In 1786, another convention was held, at the call, again, of 
 the people of Sutton ; professedly to consider the subject 
 of an excise duty, but embracing, in fact, the evils generally 
 which they deemed to be grievances. It met at Worcester, 
 and Col. Samuel Denny was a delegate from Leicester : 
 Ebenezer Davis, Esq., of Charlton, was the president. This 
 was but the muttering of the storm that was about to shake 
 the fabric of the body politic of the State to its foundation 
 in the insurrection of 1786. 
 
 We should, however, be doing injustice to many, and per- 
 haps most, of those who attended these early popular gather- 
 ings, if we suppose they did so to fan a sentiment of discord 
 among the people. So far from it, many of them went for the 
 purpose of allaying the spirit of misrule, and to infuse wiser 
 counsels and cooler judgment into their deliberations. A 
 memorable instance of this occurred in the case of a conven- 
 tion, called, as the others had been, from Sutton, which met 
 at Leicester in May, 1786, Willis Hall, of Sutton, presided 
 on the occasion. David Henshaw and Col. Thomas Denny 
 were delegates from Leicester. They were firm in their 
 adhesion to the government, resolute in their purpose, and 
 shrewd and discreet in their measures. The attendance was 
 thin, and the convention adjourned to the 15th August. At 
 the adjourned meeting, thirty-seven towns were represented ; 
 but so effectually clogged were the measures of the conven- 
 tion by the concerted action of these gentlemen with other 
 friends of the government, that it contented itself with rais- 
 ing a committee to report a memorial for its adoption, and 
 adjourned to Paxton on the 25th September. It met and 
 adjourned from time to time till January, 1787; when the 
 outbreak of the insurgents had so far developed itself, that 
 the town deliberately resolved not to be any longer repre- 
 sented in such a body, and dismissed their delegates. 
 
 Though there were several here who sympathized with 
 those who opposed the government in that insurrection, the 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 329 
 
 measures of the town were so far tinder the control of a few 
 leading minds, that they were always upon the side of law 
 and order. In the adoption of many of the important votes 
 passed by the town at that time, its action was unanimous. 
 In 1778, a list was made of every man in town of the age of 
 twenty-one and upwards ; and every one was called upon to 
 take the oath of allegiance to the State, upon the peril of 
 being reported to the town. No one, however, hesitated to 
 comply ; and the record, to this extent, is without a stain. 
 
 The events of the insurrection belong to the history of the 
 State rather than to that of a single town. The friends of 
 the government wore, by way of distinction, a white fillet 
 of paper in their hats ; their opponents, a sprig of green. 
 There were a few of the latter in the town, and it is fitting 
 that oblivion should rest over their names. No one, at this 
 day, can appreciate or understand the weight of the pressure 
 under which they acted. It was little less than the impulse 
 of despair. I find the names of seventeen who were required, 
 between the 9th February and 22d March, 1787, to take the 
 oath of allegiance ; and nine of these were required to sur- 
 render their arms. 
 
 Numerous anecdotes were once rife in this community of 
 the parts which individuals took in resi. sting this attempt to 
 foment civil war. One great object of the insurgents was 
 to stop the courts of justice. For this purpose, great num- 
 bers assembled in Worcester in September and November, 
 1786, and January, 1787. To prevent the Clerk of the Court, 
 • — Hon. Joseph Allen, — whom they knew no threats could 
 intimidate, from attending the court, a sentinel was posted at 
 his door with a fixed bayonet, with peremptory orders not 
 to suffer him to come out, or any person to go in to render 
 him aid. Seth Washburn, having business with the court, 
 and occasion to see Mr. Allen, was approaching his door, when 
 his right of passing was fiercely challenged by this sentinel, 
 with a bayonet at his breast. Before, however, the sentinel 
 
 42 
 
330 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 could collect his thoughts sufficiently to act in so new a duty, 
 Mr. Washburn sprang upon him, and, seizing his musket with 
 one hand and his person with the other, disarmed him ; and 
 the clerk was liberated from his confinement. 
 
 Luke Day, one of the insurgent captains from the western 
 part of the State, had occasion to pass from Worcester, 
 through Leicester, on his way to Springfield. The winter 
 was a remarkably cold one, and the day of which I am speak- 
 ing was severe for the winter. He was on horseback, wore 
 a military dress, and carried a sword in his hand. His 
 appearance was imposing, and his bearing imperious and 
 haughty. Upon reaching the house of Mr. Nathan Sargent, 
 the first one in Leicester on his way from Worcester, he 
 stopped, dismounted, fastened his horse, and went into the 
 house to warm him. 
 
 Laying his hat and sword upon the table, and taking a 
 chair to sit down by the fire, he asked Mr. Sargent, as a thing 
 which he was going to take at any rate, if he might warm him 
 by his fire. Mr. Sargent, who had been silently observing 
 his free and easy manners and his imperative air, replied, 
 " Not till I know who you are. These are suspicious times, 
 and I must know who it is I am to entertain." Day, dilating 
 himself to his full height, and assuming more than his usual 
 consequence, replied, that •' he was Capt. Day." — " Then 
 get out of this house ! " said Mr. Sargent ; and, seizing Day's 
 hat and sword, threw them out into a snow-drift, and drove 
 Day after them. Gathering them up, he resumed his ride ; 
 swearing a vengeance upon Mr. Sargent, which he never 
 found it convenient to inflict. 
 
 Excursions of government-men were sent out from time to 
 time, from Leicester, to seize insurgents, and break up their 
 haunts in other towns, — once, certainly, as far as New 
 Braintree. On the other hand, the insurgents in this and the 
 neighboring towns were not passive. Several of the promi- 
 nent government-men were obliged to secrete themselves to 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 331 
 
 avoid personal insult and violence. This was the case with 
 Mr. Conklin. More than once, he was compelled to find lodg- 
 ings in other houses than his own, to escape the midnight 
 attacks which were planned for his arrest. 
 
 Several from the town — among whom I might mention Dr. 
 Flint, and, as I have been told, Joseph Washburn — were 
 with Gen. Lincoln in his memorable night-march through the 
 trackless drifts of a blinding snow-storm, from Hadley to 
 Petersham, which struck a final blow at the hopes of the 
 insurgents. 
 
 Fortunately, the wild storm of passion which had been 
 agitating the community like that of the elements of the 
 night of the 3d and 4th of February, 1787, was followed by 
 a day of sunshine and calm. The people returned to the alle- 
 giance to their own laws and institutions. Industry, at last, 
 wrought out that independence for men individually which 
 courage and perseverance had done for the nation ; and it 
 has long since faded away into tradition, how troops were 
 quartered, in the time of peace, in this farmer's house and 
 upon that mechanic's premises ; and how houses were 
 searched for arms, under an apprehension that their inmates 
 were plotting treason, or collecting the means for resisting 
 the law. 
 
 Few events have occurred of a public nature, since the 
 suppression of " Shay's Rebellion," in regard to which Leices- 
 ter can be said to have a history of her own. 
 
 When the United-States Constitution was submitted to the 
 States for their ratification, the people of the town chose for 
 their delegate Col. Samuel Denny, to attend the convention 
 that assembled at Boston on the second Wednesday of Janu- 
 ary, 1788. When that body met, a majority was undoubtedly 
 against the adoption of the Constitution. The delegate from 
 Leicester voted against it to the last ; but, fortunately, 
 enough of its members were convinced that the future sta- 
 bility of the government, and the ultimate success of the 
 
332 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 attempt to maintain national independence, required them to 
 waive their first impressions, to carry the measure of its 
 adoption, and settle the question as a national one, which 
 had, till then, hung doubtful or preponderating against it. 
 
 Nor were they mistaken. Every year has shown that it 
 was under the banner of the Union which was then formed, 
 and under that alone, that this nation of yesterday has gone 
 on in its growth of power and prosperity, till it stands to-day 
 the equal of the proudest and oldest of the family of nations. 
 
 When the harmony of our relations with France was dis- 
 turbed in 1794, and measures were taken to raise an army, 
 the town promptly responded to the call, and voted bounties 
 to such as should enlist, and an addition to the pay offered by 
 the General Government.* 
 
 But there were few laurels won by the " Oxford Army." 
 No blood was shed ; and, when peace came, it took no time to 
 heal old M^ounds ; and every thing went on again in quiet. 
 
 The time has not come to write the history of those mea- 
 sures upon which the public mind was divided before and 
 during the war of 1812. Posterity is doing justice to the 
 memory and the motives of the actors on both sides; and time 
 may, if it has not already done so, settle the measure of wis- 
 dom which dictated the policy which the General Government 
 adopted. All that I have to do with the subject is to record 
 the fact, that the town was opposed to the policy of the gov- 
 ernment. In 1808, they passed a vote condemning the em- 
 bargo, and adopted an address to Mr. Jefferson for its repeal. 
 
 In 1812, they, by vote, disapproved of the war with Great 
 Britain ; but when orders for draughts of men, who should 
 
 * I have before me the original receipt of the following soldiers who volunteered ixs 
 minute-men in September, 1794, and received a bounty of six shillings each from the 
 town: Sergeant, Elisha Towne; corporal, Nathan Beers; Jolin Fessenden, Joshua 
 Sprague, Jacob Hobart, Asahel Matthews, Reuben B. Swan, Joseph Whittemore, Jo- 
 seph Elliot, jun., Lanson Morse, David Watson, Joseph Henshaw, Baley Bond, Joel 
 Woodard, Thomas F. Newhall, Abraham Walker, Nathaniel Hammond, 3d, Daniel 
 Wilson, Simeon Phelps, Daniel Baldwin, John Adams. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 333 
 
 be ready to march at the earhest notice, came; they were 
 promptly complied with. As there was then no hght com- 
 pany in toAvn, the order under which the light troops of the 
 State were called into service in and around Boston did not 
 affect its inhabitants ; and none of them, except a few who 
 may have enlisted into the regular army, were required to do 
 active duty during the war. 
 
 An incident connected with one of these draughts may not 
 be inappropriate here, however it may reflect upon the cou- 
 rage and patriotism of the soldiers of 1812 compared with 
 those of 1775. 
 
 The first order was, I think, for five or seven from the South 
 Company. It was then pretty generally believed, that who- 
 ever was drawn would have service to do in repelling the 
 attacks of the enemy upon our coast. No one seemed anx- 
 ious to win laurels in that quarter. Instead, however, of 
 drawing, as was first proposed, the names of the requisite 
 number by lot, it was thought best to offer an opportunity, to 
 such as were willing, to enlist freely. It was, accordingly, 
 proposed, that, the company standing in open ranks, the drum- 
 mer should proceed from the right of the company down its 
 rear, and then up in front, beating the proper call ; and that 
 such as were willing to enlist should fall in, and follow him up 
 to the right of the company. The captain, after addressing 
 a few patriotic words to his men, gave the proper order. The 
 drummer went beating his drum down the rear, and up the 
 front of the line to his place ; but no one moved. Each 
 waited for his courage to come or his neighbor to go ; and 
 soldiers and spectators stood waiting to see what was to be 
 the next movement. 
 
 The order was repeated : and again the drummer began his 
 round, and had reached about the middle of the front of the 
 
 company, with no better success than before ; when Mr. S , 
 
 a soldier of the Revolution, — who had brought from the ser- 
 vice a wound which had made it convenient to use a staff, 
 
334 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 but in whom the spirit of 1776 was by no means dead, — 
 stepped from the group of spectators who were witnessing 
 the scene ; shouldered his staff, as he had so often done his 
 musket more than thirty years before ; and filed in behind the 
 drummer, with a measured step and soldierly bearing, and 
 followed him up the line. Another and another of his old 
 companions in arms, who were present, filed in behind him ; 
 and, before the drummer had reached the head of the com- 
 pany, more than the requisite number of recruits had paraded 
 on the spot, amidst the applause of the spectators, as volun- 
 teers again ready to march, if their country needed them. 
 
 We have reached a period, however, in reviewing the past, 
 of which history may not presume to speak at present. It 
 remains for some one, less identified with the character of 
 passing events, to do justice to these and their actors. And 
 yet, in closing this outline of what goes to make up the gene- 
 ral history of the town, it seems to be a proper occasion to 
 present to the mind some of the more striking circumstances 
 which characterize the present and the past. 
 
 In the first place, the most remarkable contrast is in what 
 goes to make up life itself Men live a great deal faster, and 
 fill up life a vast deal more completel}', now, than they did 
 seventy or eighty years ago. Without newspapers or post- 
 offices ; with few books, and those exceedingly expensive ; 
 with no means of intercourse, for common people, but on foot 
 or on horseback, — life upon their farms (for there were few 
 workshops to serve as places of neighborhood resort) must 
 have stagnated for want of something to rouse the mind to 
 action. 
 
 It is difficult for one, standing in the whirl and go-ahead 
 movement of every thing around him in our day, — railroads, 
 Avhich bring him nearer to New York than his grandfather 
 was to the next town that adjoined him ; mails everywhere, 
 and from three to half a dozen times a day, between points 
 which it then took a fortnight to connect; newspapers (po- 
 
HISTORY or LEICESTER. 335 
 
 litical, theological, scientific, and literary), embracing all inte- 
 rests and sects and subjects, thrown into every man's door, 
 to tell him, among other things, of what took place two hours 
 ago at St. Louis or Halifax, and placing him, as it were, upon 
 one great central point, where, through the sensitive wires of 
 the telegraph, he can feel every pulsation of the moving mil- 
 lions upon the globe, — I say, it is difficult for such a one to 
 comprehend the dull, monotonous, do-little life of the first 
 generation of those who planted these towns in the interior 
 of Massachusetts. Every thing partakes of the change ; and 
 every man seems to be on a chase with his fellow-men, which 
 shall go farthest and fastest. 
 
 In the schools, instead of a few rudiments of elementary 
 teaching, the whole encyclopEedia of science is to be mastered 
 by boys and girls of a dozen years old : and, in matters of 
 religion, — instead of a minister settled for life, preaching 
 his two sermons of a Sunday, and working his farm and study- 
 ing his ponderous tomes of polemical divinity of a week-day, 
 — there are not days enough in the week for the lectures 
 and meetings, the sewing-circles, the society-gatherings of all 
 imaginable phases of benevolence ; in all which, everybody, 
 especially the minister, must take a part, — to be used up and 
 dismissed the moment he ceases to be able to " keep alive the 
 interest of his people." 
 
 We often hear, and always with something like a feeling of 
 reflected merit, of the courage and patriotism, the puritanic 
 virtues and primitive simplicity of habits, of our ancestors ; 
 and yet, loose as may be the sentiments of our own day, it 
 seems to me that there has been a decided improvement upon 
 the state of morals which existed immediately and for many 
 years after the war.'^ 
 
 * I copy the following memorandum from a private diary as a .singular statement; 
 altliougli it ought by no means to be regarded as a specimen of tlie morals of tlie town 
 at that day. I oinit the names, as I believe every one of them came to precisely such. 
 
336 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 The war and the camp had had their usual effect upon 
 those who had served through the Revolution. Indisposition 
 for systematic labor, and profanity and intemperance, were 
 the natural fruits of a soldier's life. These were witnessed 
 in high life as well as low. Some of the grosser vices were 
 more openly tolerated then than they are now ; because the 
 tastes of the community are more cultivated, and less tolerant 
 of grossness in any form, than they once were. On the other 
 hand, in the intercourse of life — in the respect for age, 
 for eminence in rank or station ; in the bearing of children 
 towards their parents, and in the young towards the old — 
 there has been a change which no man can fail to deplore. 
 
 There was a courtesy, and dignity of intercourse, in their 
 associations in the army, between our well-bred superior 
 officers and those who had been trained in the schools of 
 Germany and France, which impressed itself upon every little 
 community in which they settled after the war, and which 
 has given place to the precocity of Young America, and the 
 deference which the young, now-a-days, extort from the mid- 
 dle-aged and the old. 
 
 The style of dress, of the houses in which men live, of 
 their social entertainments, and, in short, the whole matter of 
 living, has fully kept pace with the progress of other changes. 
 What man, much less what woman, would be content with the 
 furniture that satisfied our grandmothers? — sanded or paint- 
 ed floors, without a carpet ; an hour-glass, it may be, but no 
 clock ; a pillion, but no chaise or carriage of any kind. In- 
 stead of a piano, the daughters learned the use of a spinning- 
 
 an end as might have been anticipated ; and it can be of no use to revive the memory 
 of forgotten wrecks. 
 
 " In January, 1772, the ' Club ' met at Tavern, and drank, and played cards, 
 
 and quarrelled, all night. They met again in February, and carried on the same game: 
 and in March, on Monday, they met and staid till Tuesday night; and they gave D.'s 
 wife a mug of flip to kiss B. The names of some of these are W. B. R., and others. 
 And, on 23d May, there was fiddling and dancing kept up in said tavern; and, in July 5, 
 the same again: all which is against law." 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 337 
 
 wheel and loom, in which the garments of the household were 
 Avrought. The household arts have indeed, within that time, 
 wholly disappeared, and a " quill-wheel " or a " reel " has 
 become a curiosity suited to a museum of antediluvian fos- 
 sils. On the other hand, schools have vastly improved ; the 
 standard of education of all classes has advanced, especially 
 among the so-called educated men, in an equal ratio ; and 
 branches of science, which were not known, even by name, 
 to our ancestors, are now familiar studies. Books have been 
 multiplied, especially such as are suited to the popular taste, 
 and their prices reduced to an extent of which no man 
 could have conceived three-quarters of a century ago ; while 
 newspapers and magazines, in the purposes to which they 
 are applied, are all but the discoveries of the last half- 
 century. 
 
 As to the condition of woman, if her equality of rights and 
 duties be a test of the social condition of an age in the 
 matter of comparative advancement, — saying nothing of the 
 conventionalities of social intercourse and fashion, — many of 
 the things which women are now holding conventions and 
 making harangues and adopting resolutions that they have a 
 right to do, our mothers did, without dreaming that they were 
 heroines or martyrs. I have mentioned more than once 
 what they did in the culture of their farms while their hus- 
 bands were away in the army. Time and again, the wife of 
 the representative of the town accompanied him on horse- 
 back to Boston to make her own little purchases, and lead 
 back the animal which the husband had ridden, as the only 
 mode of travelling at that day ; and when the muster- 
 master of the Continental troops was absent on public duty, 
 and men offered themselves for inspection, the wife did 
 not hesitate to perform the duty, and deliver the proper 
 certificate in order to their being mustered into the army.* 
 
 * This was repeatedly clone in the case of the muster-master in Leicester. 
 
 43 
 
338 HISTORY or Leicester. 
 
 Nobody spoke of these women as " strong-minded," or ex- 
 pected to find them any the less better Avives or mothers, 
 because they shared in the rough but common experiences 
 of a community of which they were a part. 
 
 I say nothing of any comparison between the standard of 
 political qualification and success during the last quarter 
 of the last century and our own day. Some have thought the 
 scale of morals, of disinterested devotion to country, and of 
 qualification for office; learning, fitness, and honesty, — had 
 not been elevated or improved since the days of Hawley and 
 Adams and Madison and Jay. It may be that posterity will 
 perceive beauties and excellences, in the policy and measures 
 and deportment of the last Congress or two, which have 
 escaped the attention of those who stood too near them to 
 judge of the harmony into which the light and shade of their 
 grouping upon the canvas may blend at a period of observa- 
 tion more remote. 
 
 One change in the people of this community, since the 
 close of the Revolution, cannot escape the attention of the 
 most casual observer. That contest found New England, at 
 its commencement, an industrial, a homogeneous race of men, 
 of pure Anglo-Saxon stock. The Revolution introduced a 
 new element, to an inconsiderable extent, by the deserters 
 and those taken prisoners, who chose to remain here, of the 
 British and German troops. 
 
 In March, 1780, by a vote of the General Court, " Robert 
 Todd, a British soldier of the troops of the Convention of 
 Saratoga, is permitted to reside in Leicester ; having taken 
 the oath of allegiance and paid taxes in Leicester, and pro- 
 duced a certificate of the selectmen that he appears to be a 
 good member of society." 
 
 Even within the recollection of many now living, the sight 
 of an " old countryman " was rare in country towns forty 
 miles from the seaboard. But now their numbers have be- 
 come so great, that the national prejudice thereby awakened 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 339 
 
 was made the basis of a short-lived party organization, impo- 
 tent indeed of good ; and the Constitution of the Common- 
 wealth has been amended, to counteract, as it is assumed, the 
 un-Americanized action of naturalized citizens. 
 
 But, in a work like this, it is only in reference to its local 
 and social effect that this change is referred to. Nor is it 
 to be wondered at, that those who remember the old and 
 stable families that have given place, as proprietors of the soil 
 in many of our towns, to names of less familiar patronymic 
 origin, should regret the change, even if they were conscious 
 of no national prejudice or jealousy. 
 
 Fortunately, the process of assimilation goes on so rapidly, 
 that no effort to create a caste in social or political rights, 
 based on birth alone, can ever be successful for any great 
 length of time. By the second generation, every one is fused 
 into an American citizen, and the birthplace of the ancestor 
 is forgotten. 
 
 As we thus glance over the past, we can hardly fail of the 
 conviction, that, in every thing that goes to make up what is 
 called the progress of the age, Leicester has kept pace with 
 the other towns in the Commonwealth ; but, when we turn 
 to the future, it cannot be concealed, that there are causes at 
 work, in this and every town similarly situated, adverse to its 
 retaining its relative importance, although it may be making 
 a positive progress in wealth and numbers. 
 
 There has been — especially of late years, and since the 
 opening of so many railroads — a tendency to centralization, 
 drawing men of capital and enterprise to the focal points of 
 business. It is seen in the counties in this Commonwealth, 
 and in the great business republic of the country. The 
 smaller towns and cities do not keep pace, in their relative 
 rank and influence, with the larger ones ; and, so long as a 
 wide field offers more attractions for the man of enterprise 
 than a limited one, this will continue to go on. One sees it in 
 Worcester, in Boston, and in New York. There is scarcely a 
 
3-40 HISTORT OF LEICESTER. 
 
 town in all New England that is not more or less largely 
 represented in each of the two last-named cities. 
 
 At a social gathering in Worcester, a few years since, of 
 natives of Leicester resident in that city, some sixty or more 
 sat down together to indulge in the pleasant memories of their 
 birthplace. These embraced men in almost every business 
 and profession. They were among those whose industry and 
 moral worth had been adding wealth and respectability to the 
 flourishing city of their adoption. It was from no feeling of 
 alienation towards the home of their childhood. It was no 
 sudden exodus from the place where their fathers had lived 
 contentedly and independently. They came one by one, and 
 as the superior advantages of their new homes for business 
 offered attractions sufBciently strong to break the ties that 
 bound them to those they left. That something like this is 
 to operate upon the hopes and reasonable ambition of young 
 men hereafter, is doubtless to be expected. 
 
 If, however, mechanics and traders and professional men 
 shall continue to seek elsewhere a wider or more tempting 
 field for their enterprise and skill, the town has little cause 
 to apprehend a decline, if she will but avail herself of the 
 attractions which she will continue to command in the lite- 
 rary institution * which is planted here, and in the associations 
 which she may offer of moral, cultivated, and refined society ; 
 and will lend, to the natural beauties of scenery of a locality 
 of unsurpassed healthfulness, the adornments of taste which 
 a wise liberality and a generous public spirit would dictate. 
 It was of the past, however, that I undertook to speak : and 
 I cannot review what I have written, — meagre and unsatis- 
 factory as it may seem, — without congratulating her sons, 
 wherever they may be found scattered through this wide 
 continent, that the past is at least secure ; that, among con- 
 
 * A history of this institution, in a pamphlet of 158 pages, having been published 
 in 1855, further notice of it has been purposely omitted in this work, to avoid repeti- 
 tion ; both being from the same pen. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 341 
 
 temporary civil communities, none more faithfully, more zeal- 
 ously, or more consistently, acted up to the line of duty, of 
 honor, and of patriotism, as well in the hours of danger and 
 difficulty as of prosperity and success, than the one in whose 
 councils their ancestors took a part, and within whose soil 
 their ashes are reposing. 
 
342 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 GENEALOGIES, &c. 
 
 The reader should be apprised that this chapter is exceed- 
 ingly defective, from the impossibility, with the means and 
 opportunity I could command, to make it complete. It has 
 been my aim to record the names, and dates of birth, of all 
 persons born in Leicester in the first century after its settle- 
 ment ; and, so far as these have been recorded in the registry 
 of births in the town, I believe it has been done. Beyond 
 that, I have depended upon published family genealogies in 
 part, and in part upon the aid which individuals have been 
 able to afford me. 
 
 If, therefore, many names and certain families are omitted, 
 who, from their social position and influence, might be ex- 
 pected to hold a place in such a record, it must be ascribed 
 only to the want of means of obtaining the requisite informa- 
 tion. Imperfect as it is, this record will be found to contain 
 about three hundred families; in procuring the account of 
 which, I have to acknowledge the aid derived from the " Ge- 
 nealogical Sketch of the Descendants of Thomas Green," by 
 Samuel S. Green, Esq., of Providence ; the " Genealogy of 
 the Vinton Family," by J. A. Vinton ; the " Genealogy of the 
 Sargent Family," by Aaron Sargent, Esq., of Somerville, Mass.; 
 the " Genealogy of the Parsons Family," by S. G. Drake, Esq., 
 published in the " Genealogical Register ; " and personal com- 
 munications from Dr. Pliny Earle, Lyman Waite, Esq., and 
 Joseph A. Denny, Esq., of Leicester ; Hon. Judge Hay ward 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 343 
 
 of McConnellsville, 0., in relation to the Brown Family ; Henry 
 H. Silvester, Esq., of Charleston, N.H. ; and the valuable 
 " History of Spencer," by Hon. James Draper, to which re- 
 ference has more than once been made. To Mr. William S. 
 Denny — whose transcript of the records of the births, mar- 
 riages, and deaths, was kindly furnished for my use — I am 
 also much indebted for the means of testing the accuracy of 
 the information derived from other quarters. 
 
 Adams, Ebenezer, m. Alice Frink of Rutland, and had Ame- 
 lia, b. June 2, 1796 ; m. Rev. Mr. Murdock, and d. in Portland, 
 Me. Adeline A., b. Jan. 17, 1798 ; d. unmarried. John F., 
 b. Nov. 3, 1799 ; m. Elizabeth, dau. of Hon. Lovell Walker; 
 now lives in Washington, D.C., and is noticed in this work. 
 Charles A., b. Oct. 2, 1801 ; d. in early life In Portland. Har- 
 riet R., b. Sept. 14, 1804; m. Hon. John Aiken, now of Ando- 
 ver; d. in Columbia, S.C., where she had gone for health, 
 leaving two children, one a professor in Dartmouth College. 
 Mrs. Adams d. June 20, 1805, aged thirty-six. 
 
 Allen, Joseph, Hon., removed here from Boston, Nov. 17, 
 1771 ; m. Anne, dau. of Judge Steele, and had Thomas, b. 
 Nov. 16, 1774 ; d. March 30, 1775. Mrs. Allen d. May 10, 
 1775, aged twenty-four. In 1776, Mr. Allen was appointed 
 Clerk of the Courts of the County, and removed to Worcester. 
 He is noticed in this Avork. He held many offices of honor 
 and trust, — Councillor, Member of Congress, Presidential 
 Elector, &c. ; and d. Sept. 2, 1827, aged seventy-eight. 
 
 Allen, Aaron, m. Catherine Cummings, July 10, 1739; 
 and had Elizabeth, b. Oct. 4, 1739. 
 
 Allen, Lewis, m. Mary Adams of Worcester, but had no 
 children. He was from Shrewsbury. He lived on the Mountr 
 Pleasant Place, then in fine repair; and d. Nov. 7, 1782, aged 
 thirty-four. He was buried in the garden of the place on 
 which he lived. He was spoken of at his death as " a great 
 loss to his friends and the public." 
 
344 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Bass, Joseph, was early a seafaring man and a ship-master 
 in the West-India trade. He came from Plymouth County to 
 Leicester with his family. His wife was mother of John 
 Hobart, Esq. Their children were Manly; Matilda, m. a 
 Reed ; Saba, m. William Lynde ; Warren, removed to Lisbon, 
 N.H, ; Betsey, d. unmarried. Mr. Bass is noticed in another 
 part of this work. His wife d. 1816 ; he in 1829, aged 
 seventy-five. He lived in the house opposite Mrs. New- 
 hall's. 
 
 Beers, Nathan, m. Betsey, dau. of Isaac Southgate, Mar. 4, 
 1790; and had Sally, b. June 17, 1790; m. Amos Warren, 
 Esq., of Woodstock, Vt., 1854. Melissa, b. Feb. 10, 1798 ; 
 m. R. Bancroft, 1821. Horatio, b. May 10, 1802. Alphonso, 
 b. Dec. 26, 1805; d. April 22, 1843. Almira, a twin; m. Wil- 
 liam Woodcock of Leicester, 1838. Albert, b. July 13, 1800 ; 
 and Adeline, b. Nov. 4, 1813. Mr. Beers was a manufacturer of 
 shoes ; and, the latter part of his life, lived in Cherry Valley, 
 in the house afterwards occupied by Moses Shepherd. 
 
 Bruce, George, m. Hannah Lovett, March 30, 1758. He 
 was born in Mendon ; was a commissary in the army of the 
 Revolution ; and removed to Rutland. From thence he came 
 to Leicester about 1783. He lived in various places in the 
 town ; and, at one time, kept a tavern in the Mount-Pleasant 
 House. He died May 3, 1788. He had ten children, all of 
 whom were born before his removal to Leicester ; but most 
 if not all of them lived at some time in Leicester. Among 
 them were Phinehas, b. Jan. 7, 1762; mentioned among the 
 college graduates. Hannah, b. Dec. 27, 1767 ; m. Daniel P. 
 Upton, Esq., of Eastport, Me., and was the mother of Hon. 
 George B. Upton of Boston. George, b. Nov. 21, 1769 ; d. in 
 Billerica in 1826 ; had been a merchant in Boston. Patty, 
 b. May 10, 1771 ; m. Nathan Waite, jun., afterwards of Sterling ; 
 d. July, 1794, leaving one daughter. Abigail, b. July 14, 
 1773 ; died unmarried at Billerica, 1843. Stephen, h. Aug. 21, 
 1775 ; d. in Worcester, unmarried. William, b. Feb. 14, 1778 ; 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 345 
 
 d. in Bangor, 1841 ; a merchant. Charles, b. Sept. 29, 1781 ; 
 d., unmarried, 1817; had been a merchant in Charleston, S.C. 
 None of the family remain in Leicester. 
 
 Barton, Joshua, came from Oxford in 1720. He had Timo- 
 thy, b. April 13, 1732; Nathan, b. July 23, 1734; Reuben, 
 b. March 28, 1738. He removed to Spencer in 1737. His 
 wife's name was Anna. 
 
 Barton, Phinehas, m. Elizabeth, dau, of John Hasey, 1772. 
 They had Betsey, b. Sept. 3, 1776 ; m. Alexander Westley. Eli- 
 jah, b. Oct. 25, 1778 ; m. Hannah, dau. of Luther Ward, 1810 ; 
 was an ingenious mechanic ; removed from Leicester, before 
 1817, to Connecticut, where he now lives. Samuel, b. Dec. 
 24, 1782. Phinehas, b. May 12, 1785. Phinehas, 2d, b. Oct. 
 27, 1795 ; lives in the city of New York. Horace, b. Dec. 17, 
 1799. Mr. Barton was a laboring man, and lived in various 
 places in Leicester, Edward, a son of Betsey, is a well- 
 known gentleman of business in Ncav York; and is one of 
 the proprietors of the '' New- York Times," which he helped 
 to establish. 
 
 Barton, Caleb, brother of the above, came originally from 
 Oxford. He lived in the south-west part of the town, and is 
 mentioned among the soldiers of the Revolution. He had 
 Caleb, jiui. David. Charles, b. in 1795 ; now living in Leices- 
 ter. Otis, who lives in Oakham. And Brigham N., now in 
 business in Philadelphia. His daughters were Rebecca, who 
 m. Knight Sprague, jun. Sally, m. J. Gilbert. Patty, m. 
 Philip Earle. Roxa, m. Charles King; and d. 1843, aged fifty- 
 three. 3Iehitabel, m. a Hixon of Medway. Hulclah, m. a Clark 
 of Medway. Harriet, m. a Prentiss of Auburn. Adeline, m. a , 
 Blake of Hopkinton. Mr. Barton had two wives : first, Polly, 
 dau. of Samuel Upham ; and, second, Betsey Lamb. 
 
 Brown, William, was born in England ; came to this coun- 
 try before 1G86, and to Leicester before 1721. He was a 
 soldier in the Indian and French wars. He died in Leicester 
 in 1752. His wife's name was Martha. They had William, 2d ; 
 
 44 
 
346 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 John, b. about 1 703 ; ZacJiariah ; and Samuel. He lived on 
 the farm now belonging to William Silvester, 
 
 Brown, William, 2d, son of the above. His wife's name 
 was Martha. They had 3Iartha, b. April 30, 1724; William, 
 3d, b. Dec. 12, 1727. He lived where William Silvester now 
 lives. 
 
 Brown, Zachariah, son of William, 1st; m. Patience Con- 
 verse, 1730 ; and had Joshua, b. June 3, 1732. Zachariah, 2d ; 
 b. Oct. 6, 1739. His house was south-west of William Silves- 
 ter's, and upon the south side of the road. 
 
 Brown, Samuel, son of William, 1st. His wife's name was 
 Mary. They had Eunice, who married Elder Richard South- 
 gate, grandfather of Capt. Isaac Southgate ; and Ahram, 
 b. Feb. 8, 1740. 
 
 Brown, John, 1st, son of William, 1st, was a soldier in the 
 French wars, and commanded a company in the Louisburg 
 expedition in 1745. He was a leading man in the town, and 
 its representative in the General Court for twenty years. He 
 d. 1791, at the age of eighty-eight. His first wife was Lydia 
 Newhall. He lived where Peter Silvester lived and died, in 
 the south-west part of the town. Their children were John, 
 b. 1733. Perley, b. May 27, 1737. He was a soldier in the 
 French War. He built and lived in the old house lately owned 
 by Mr. Thomas Sprague. Dorothy, b. Aug. 23, 1728 ; m. 
 Simeon Wilson, 1746. Lydia, b. Nov. 14, 1730; m. Edward 
 Hale of Uxbridge, 1748. 
 
 Capt. Brown m., for his second wife, Mary Jones, aunt of 
 Hon. John Coffin Jones, and had Mary, b. April 24, 1743 ; 
 m. Daniel Reed, Uxbridge, 1765. Rebekah, b. Sept. 9, 1744 ; 
 m. Isaac Southgate (1769), father of Capt, Isaac. Benjamin, 
 b. Oct, 6, 1745 ; m. Jean, dau. of Archibald Thomas, 1792. 
 He commanded a company of Continental troops, in the Revo- 
 lution, three years; removed to Ohio in 1797, and died in 
 1821. Lucy, b. Oct. 8, 1747. Sarah, b. Nov. 23, 1750 ; m. 
 John White, 1785. Hannah, b. Nov. 24, 1752; m. Frederick 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 347 
 
 Baylies, 1773. Elizabeth, b. Dec. 16, 1754; m. Jeremiah 
 Chase, 1780. William, b. June 15, 1758. Caleb, b. Feb. 16, 
 1760. Daniel, b. Dec. 17, 1761. OppMa, b. April 13, 1765. 
 Aziel, and three other children ; making nineteen in all. Of 
 these, John, Perlej, and William were in the battle of Bunker 
 Hill ; making, with Benjamin, four in the Revolutionary ser- 
 vice. 
 
 Brown, John, 2d, son of John, 1st, m.^Hebekah Baldwin, 
 1757; and had Samuel, b. June 1, 1758; Lydla, b. May 12, 
 1760. He is mentioned among the members of the company 
 that took part in the battle of Bunker Hill, and was severely 
 wounded in that engagement. He lived in the south-west 
 part of the town, where Daniel Mussy lived. He removed to 
 Washington County, 0., after the war; and d. September, 
 1821, aged eighty-eight. 
 
 Of the numerous families of Brown above mentioned, no 
 descendant of the name, it is believed, remains in Leices- 
 ter. 
 
 Bond, Baley, m. Elizabeth Hopkins, 1740 ; and had Baley, 
 b. Oct. 26, 1740. 
 
 The families of this name came to Leicester from Be- 
 verly. 
 
 Bond, Edward, formerly kept the tavern which stood where 
 H. Knight, Esq., lives, and was burned in 1767. His wife's 
 name was Experience. Their children were Edward, b. Dec. 
 28, 1737. Experience, b. Dec. 16, 1739. Emma, b. 1741 ; 
 m. Richard Bond, 1768. ^ewyawm, b. June 28, 1743. Abigail, 
 b. May 16, 1745. Jonathan. He lived in a house which stood 
 where Capt. Gleason recently lived. 
 
 Bond, Benjamin, 1st, son of above, m. Elizabeth, dau. of 
 Nathaniel Harrod, 1765 ; and had Jacob, b. Dec. 2, 1766. 
 Elizabeth, b. 1763 ; d. unmarried. Hannah ; m. John Sar- 
 gent, formerly of Hubbardston. David. George. Polly ; 
 m. John Boice. Benjamin, jun., b. 1776. Mr. Bond lived in 
 the north-west part of the town, in a house that stood near 
 
348 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 where his son George afterwards lived and died. He d. 
 1812, aged sixty-seven: his wife d. the same year, aged 
 seventy. 
 
 Bond, Jacob, son of the above, lived, for some years be- 
 fore his death, in a house one mile north of the Meeting-house. 
 His wife's name was Hannah. They had Jacob, b. Nov. 18, 
 1795. Nathan B., b. Jan. 20, 1798. Nathaniel, b. Jan. 3, 
 1800. Joseph, b. April 6, 1807 ; and a dau., who married a 
 Clark. Jacob lives in Oxford. The father d. May 20, 1838, 
 aged seventy-one. 
 
 Bond, Benjamin, jun., brother of above, m. Betsey, of Kil- 
 lingly, Conn. ; and had Oliver B., b. April 10, 1806. He 
 studied medicine ; but d., just as he was commencing prac- 
 tice, Sept. 11, 1832. William, b. Feb. 13, 1810. Sewall B., 
 b. Aug. 12, 1812 ; a merchant in Boston. Mr. Bond lived 
 in the house with his father. He d. July 4, 1813, aged thirty- 
 seven. 
 
 Bond, John, m. Lydia Graves, January, 1740; and had John, 
 2d, b. Jan. 8, 1741. Jacob, b. Jan. 18, 1743. Fphraim, b. 
 Dec. 3, 1740. Mr. Bond d. Feb. 4, 1802, aged ninety-two. 
 
 Bond, Jonathan, son of Edward, m. Sally Grossman, and 
 lived where Silas Gleason, Esq., lately lived. Their children 
 were Nancy. Edward. Cynthia. Jonathan, jun., — a well- 
 known musician, — m. Betsey, dau. of Elijah Warren ; re- 
 moved to the State of New York. Hannah. Mr. Bond died of 
 an injury, which rendered the amputation of his foot neces- 
 sary, July, 1810. 
 
 Bond, Benjamin, 2d, lived on the Oxford Road, one mile 
 south of the village, in a house next to the one recently occu- 
 pied by Capt. Silas Gleason. His wife's name was Mary. 
 Their children were Benjamin. Richard, b. Dec. 11, 1747. 
 Mary, b. Dec. 25, 1755 ; m. Daniel Tenny ; d. 1806. Eliza- 
 beth, b. 1758 ; d. unmarried, 1813 : known to all as " Aunt 
 Betty ; " and in the notice of her death, in the " Massachu- 
 setts Spy," it is said, " She was justly endeared to each of 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 349 
 
 her acquaintance for her many virtues and amiable qualities." 
 Thomas and Baley. He built the house in which he lived. 
 
 Bond, Richard, son of above, lived in a house, a little north 
 of where Mr. Eber Bond lives (on the Oxford Road), which he 
 built in 1768. He m. Emma, dau. of Edward Bond, 1768 ; 
 and had Experience, b. May 2, 1769, who d, unmarried, 1825. 
 Polly, b. March 6, 1770 ; m. Amos Whittemore. William, 
 b. March 1, 1773 ; removed to Jamaica, Vt. Richard, jun., 
 b. Nov. 1, 1774. Eher, b. 1784; m. Minerva Stetson, and has 
 a family of children now living. Lydia, b. 1778 ; and Sally, 
 b. 1781, d. 1759. Mr. Bond was a shoe-manufacturer. He 
 d. Sept. 17, 1819, aged seventy-two. 
 
 Bond, Richard, jun., son of above, m. Elizabeth, dau. of 
 Carey Howard, who lived where Mr. Amos Whittemore died, 
 on the Charlton Road. They had Jeremiah, b. Oct. 6, 1800 ; 
 lives in Worcester. Louisa, b. Jan. 15, 1799 ; m. Rev. Otis 
 Converse. Narcissa, b. April 21, 1803 ; m. a Collyer of Troy, 
 N.Y. Zephaniah, b. Feb. 23, 1805 ; now lives in Pennsylva- 
 nia. Mary, b. April 9, 1807 ; m. Hastings Bridges. Carey, 
 b. Dec. 6, 1809 ; d, at the age of twenty-two. Lydia, m. Dex- 
 ter Trask; b. March 28, 1814. Mr. Bond hved a little east 
 of the house of the late John King, Esq. His wife d. 1832 : 
 he d. 1838. 
 
 Bond, Thomas, son of Benjamin, 2d; m. Sarah, dau. of James 
 Harrod, 1779; and had Samuel,h, April 2,1784. Benjamin, 
 b. June 29, 1787. Lli, b. July 28, 1790. Fatty, b. March 28, 
 1794. Maria, b. Feb. 23, 1799. 
 
 Mr. Bond lived at the north foot of the Livermore Hill, 
 where Joshua Lamb, Esq., has recently lived. He removed 
 to Lanesborough. 
 
 Bond, Baley, son of Benjamin, 2d ; m. Elizabeth Charles 
 of Brimfield, 1780; and had Charles,h. Feb. 18, 1781. John, 
 b. April 18, 1783. Linus, b. Aug. 28, 1785. 
 
 Mr. Bond, with his family, removed to Brimfield. 
 
 Blair, William. His wife's name was Jane ; and his chil- 
 
350 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 dren were Sarah, b. March 18, 1745. Hannah, b. Oct. 21, 
 1746. 
 
 Babbit, Samuel. His first wife's name was Abigail. They 
 had Abigail, b. Sept. 8, 1762. His second, Bathsheba; and 
 they had Silas, b. Oct. 1, 1764. San/ord, b. Dec. 17, 1765. 
 
 Baldwin, Stephen, m. Elizabeth Baldwin, 1759 ; and had 
 Elizabeth, b. Oct. 8, 1760. St€2)hen, b. Oct. 26, 1761. Samuel, 
 b. April 4, 1765, and m, Rebekah Green. James, b. June 20, 
 1767. John, b. June 25, 1769. 
 
 Baldwin, Ebenezer, m. Phebe Baldwin, 1772 ; and had Phe- 
 be, b. Dec. 7, 1774. Winnifred, b. Aug. 18, 1776. Mary, b. 
 Aug. 26, 1778. Rebekah, b. Jan. 22, 1781. Ebenezer, b. May 
 31, 1783. James, b. March 3, 1787. Aaron, b. June 25, 1789. 
 
 Baldwin, James. His wife's name was Lucinda. They had 
 iMcy, b. April 16, 1807. John S., b. Sept. 26, 1808. 
 
 Baldwin, Benjamin, His wife's name was Betsey ; and had 
 Roxana, b. Dec. 15, 1811. Horace, b. Nov. 24, 1813. Nancy, 
 b. April 17, 1816. Dexter, b. Sept. 2, 1818. 
 
 Bell, Aaron. The name of his wife was Isabel. They 
 had Mary, b. March 19, 1721. Martha, b. April 1, 1724. Eli- 
 zur, b. July 8, 1726. Sarah, b. July 4, 1728. He lived 
 where there is now a cellar, south of Mr. Robert Young's. 
 
 Capen, Samuel, came from Dorchester and settled in Leices- 
 ter about 1733, and remained there about five years, when 
 he removed to Spencer. His wife's name was Deborah. His 
 children, born in Leicester, were Samuel, b. March 14, 1734. 
 Elizabeth, b. Jan. 14, 1735 ; d. March, 1735. John, b. May 1, 
 1737. iTrtmia/i, b. May 22, 1739. ^(^mowc?, b. July 16, 1740. 
 
 Call, Samuel, m. Mehitabel Green, dau. of Capt. Nathaniel 
 Green, in 1746. He came from Maiden. His children, born 
 in Leicester, were Samuel, b. Oct. 12, 1754. Mary,h. Nov. 4. 
 1756. Elizabeth, b. March 25, 1758. Amos, b. Dec. 9, 1759. 
 Winnifi^ed, b. June 4, 1761. 
 
 Mr. Call came from Louisburg, Cape Breton, to Leicester, at 
 the time of his marriage. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 351 
 
 Choate, Isaac, came from Ipswich in 1773. He was a tan- 
 ner, and lived upon the Elliot Farm, so called, in the north part 
 of the town. His wife's name was Sarah. They had Mary, 
 b. Feb. 10,1772. JacoJ, b. Dec. 20, 1773. His second wife's 
 name was Patty Craige, dau. of Dr. Robert Craige. They had 
 Hannah, b. Jan. 26, 1785. Polly, born Nov. 15, 1787. George, 
 b. July 1, 1789. 
 
 Mr. Choate was a deacon of the Congregational Church. 
 He, with his brother Francis, emigrated to the West. An 
 account of their being made prisoners by the Indians will be 
 found in another part of this work. 
 
 Choate, Francis, brother of the above, was a cordwainer, 
 and lived on the same place with his brother. His wife's 
 name was Betsey Lyon, m. 1780 ; and they had Sally, b. April 
 20,1782. Susannah, b. March 20, 1784. John, b. March 6, 
 1786. Betsey, b. May 18, 1788. Polly, b. Nov. 26, 1790. 
 Francis, b. Dec. 9, 1792. 
 
 Choate, Jonathan. His wife's name was Lois ; and had 
 Lois, b. Oct. 6, 1792. 
 
 Cerley, Joseph, m. Sarah, sister of Col. Seth Washburn, 
 Feb. 7, 1750 ; and had Joseph, b. Dec. 7, 1751. Hannah, b. 
 May 26, 1753. Sarah, b. April 3, 1754. 
 
 Mr. Cerley removed to Whitingham, Vt. ; and d. 1817. 
 
 CoNKLiN, Benjamin, Eev., m. Lucretia Lawton, 1769 ; and 
 had Joseph, b. April 25, 1770. Benjamin, jun., b. May 28, 
 1772. Elizaheth, b. March 20, 1774 ; m. William Harris. 
 
 Conklin, Benjamin, Jun., m. Rebekah Browning of Rutland ; 
 and had Lucretia, b. Aug. 8, 1795; Benjamin; Austin F.; 
 George B. ; and Henry, now of Worcester. Lucretia m. Wil- 
 liam Hatch ; Benjamin m. Hannah Woodcock. 
 
 Cutting, Darius, came from Rutland ; was the son of Abra- 
 ham, He m. Sally Waite, September, 1789 ; and had Lewis, 
 b. Jan. 2, 1790 ; who m. Rebekah, dau. of John Sargent, and 
 removed to Worcester. He now lives in West Boylston. Ab- 
 salom, b. Jan. 29, 1792. Alice, m. Daniel Hastings, 1817, and 
 
352 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 removed to Petersham. Eliza, m. Elijah H. Trowbridge, 1818, 
 and removed to the western part of New York. Charles, 
 b. July 6, 1801 ; d. 1859, unmarried. William D., b. Jan. 2, 
 1804. George, b. May 11, 1806. Sarah Ann, b. Nov. 14, 1810. 
 Otis, b. Jan. 23, 1813. 
 
 Capt. Cutting once commanded one of the military compa- 
 nies of the town. He was by trade a hatter, and carried on 
 his business in a shop next west of the tavern, and near the 
 house which he built, and is now standing. After that (about 
 1807) he removed to Cherry Valley, where he lived the re- 
 mainder of his days. He died Sept. 18, 1830, aged sixty-six. 
 He was a man of much pleasantry and good-humor, and was 
 esteemed by his neighbors and friends. 
 
 Craige, Robert, Dr., m. Martha, dau. of Dr. Thomas Green, 
 in 1753 ; and had Nathan, b. June 11, 1754. He m. Sarah, 
 dau. of Francis Choate ; is noticed among the soldiers of the 
 Revolution ; lived a considerable part of his life in Spencer, 
 near the line of Leicester, in the south-east part of the town ; 
 and died April 2, 1852, aged almost ninety-eight, — a man of 
 great worth and respectability : his son lives upon what was 
 once the farm of Jonathan Newhall ; his daughter was the 
 Mdfe of Mr. Samuel AVatson. Olive, born Dec. 24, 1755. 
 David, b. Oct. 16, 1757. Jemima, born Sept. 19, 1759 ; 
 m. Joseph Bemis. Ahijah, b. July 3, 1761 ; removed to Au- 
 burn. Martha, b, April 4, 1763 ; m. Isaac Choate. Amos, 
 b, March 23, 1765. Hannah, b. Dec. 26, 1766; m. Samuel 
 Stone of Oxford. Esther, b. Deo. 27, 1768. 
 
 Dr. Craige is noticed among the physicians of the town. 
 He lived in the south part ^ the town, where his son Amos 
 afterwards lived, and where,^fter giving up the practice of 
 medicine, he manufactured spinning-wheels. He d. 1805, at 
 the age of seventy-five. Some persons may recall him as a 
 seemingly old man, who used to attend meeting, and, on 
 account of his defect in hearing, sat in the pulpit on Sun- 
 days. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 353 
 
 Craige, Amos, son of the above, lived in the south part of 
 the town; and d. in 1843, at the age of seventy-one. He was 
 a farmer. His wife's name was Phebe. Their children were 
 John, b. May 6, 1800. Eliza, b. Sept. 18, 1803. 
 
 Converse, Josiah. His first wife's name was Hannah. 
 They had Sarah, b. November, 1729. His second wife was 
 Eleanor Richardson, m. 1732. They had Mary, b. July 17, 
 1733. Eleanor, b. March 21, 1731. 
 
 The original Converse families, it is understood, came from 
 Woburn to Leicester. The next in order (John) is known to 
 have come from there. He removed to Brookfield. 
 
 Converse, John. His wife's name was Abigail. They had 
 Benjamin, b. May 20, 1732. Luke, b. Oct. 6, 1734. Bohert, 
 b. April 20, 1737. Abigail, b. March 5, 1739. He m. Mary 
 Damon, 1751 ; and had Phebe, b. March 22, 1752. Daniel, 
 b. March 2, 1754. Deliverance, b. Oct. 3, 1756 ; d. 1759. Eli- 
 jah, b. Sept. 27, 1759. 
 
 Mr. Converse was a blacksmith, and came from Woburn, as 
 above stated. 
 
 Converse, Benjamin, son of John, m. Prudence Harrington 
 of Spencer (1754) ; and had Phinehas, b. Dec. 15, 1754. Abiel, 
 b. March 26, 1756. Abraham, b. Dec. 31, 1757. 
 
 Mr. Converse lived in the north-west part of the town, 
 where he built the house afterwards occupied by Azariah 
 Eddy, but now taken down. 
 
 Converse, Luke, son of John, m. Ruth Lamb of Spencer 
 (1759) ; and had Lydia, b. Feb. 10, 1760. Jude, b. May 17, 
 1762. Buth, b..Oct. 31^1764. Patience, b. March, 1767. 
 Beuben, b. April ^^6-9; ■ Est]^\). Nov. 20, 1771. Asaph, 
 b. April 22, 1774. Tamar, b. K^29, 1776. Uriah, b. March 
 13, 1779. ^ 
 
 Mr. Converse at one time lived in Charlton, afterwards in 
 Spencer ; and, for several years before his death, lived in the 
 house west of the mills at the Burncoat Pond, which he ma- 
 naged. He d. June 10, 1810, aged seventy-six. 
 
 45 
 
354 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Converse, Robert, son of John, m. Sarah Newton, May 24, 
 1762; had Dinah, b. Sept. 29, 1762. Jonas, b. Oct. 6, 1764. 
 
 Converse, Joshua, m. Mehitabel Wicker, 1772 ; and had 
 Francis; Chloe; Henry. 
 
 Mr. Converse lived near the house where George Bond 
 lived, in the north-west part of the town, where there is now 
 a cellar ; the house having long since disappeared. 
 
 Converse, Reuben, had Silas, b. July 17, 1801. Pamela, 
 b. July 12, 1803. Thomas W., b. Feb. 10, 1805. 
 
 Clark, Uriah, came to Leicester from Watertown. He 
 married Ruth Hastings ; and had Mary, b. Aug. 25, 1744. 
 TJriah, b. Aug. 10, 1746. Rutli, b. April 23, 1748. Thomas 
 and Richard, b. July 7, 1750. Uriah, b. Aug. 29, 1752. Re- 
 hekah, b. Oct. 12, 1754. Daniel, b. Dec. 31, 1756. 
 
 Mr. Converse's sister, Joanna, m. James Lawton of Leices- 
 ter. 
 
 Damon, Daniel. His wife's name was Deliverance. They 
 had Daniel, b. June 9, 1734. Mary, b. April 26, 1736. Eli- 
 jah, b. July 31, 1738. 
 
 Mr. Damon lived in the north part of the town, on the 
 estate owned by Amasa Southwick. He owned land bound- 
 ing upon " Tea Lane " (so called). Deliverance Damon — who, 
 I suppose, was his widow — m. Robert Woodward in 1743. 
 
 Denny, Daniel, was the common ancestor of all of the 
 name in Leicester. His removal to Leicester is mentioned in 
 another part of this work. The Rev. Thomas Prince — the 
 annalist of New England, and minister of the Old South 
 Church in Boston — m. Deborah, sister of Mr. Denny, in 
 Leicester. They came from Coombs, England. Mr. Denny's 
 wife's name was Rebekah. They had Thomas, b. March 19, 
 1724 ; who is spoken of in this work. Mary, b. April 22> 
 1727 ; m. Nathan Sargent, 1750. Rebekah, b. April 10, 1729 ; 
 m. John Lynde, 1755. Samuel, b. May 20, 1731. Sarah, b. 
 May 5, 1733. 
 
 Mr. Denny's brother — " Major Denny " — settled in 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 355 
 
 Maine ; became a prominent citizen there : at his death, was 
 the Chief- Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for the 
 County of Lincohi. 
 
 Denny, Thomas, son of the above, m. Tabitha Cutler of 
 Grafton (1752); and had Daaid, b. July 22, 1753; d. 1754. 
 Mr. Denny m., for his second wife, Mary Storrs of Pomfret ; 
 and had Thomas, b. May 15, 1757. Mary, b. April 17, 1758 ; 
 m. Joseph Sargent, father of Col. Henry. Tamison, b. Sept. 15, 
 1760; m.PeterWebb, Esq., of Windham, Conn., 1783; mother 
 of Mrs. Isaac South gate, and Thomas Webb, Esq. (a lawyer 
 in Warren, 0.). 
 
 Mr. Denny was a prominent patriot in the Province, in the 
 early part of the Revolution, and is noticed in this work. He 
 lived upon the Denny Farm, which had been his father's. 
 
 Denny, Thomas, son of the above, m. Lucretia, dau. of 
 Phinehas Sargent (1791); and had Maria, b. May 16, 1793; 
 m. James Smith, Esq., who is mentioned in another part of 
 this work, and now lives in Philadelphia, — a wealthy, public- 
 spirited, and influential gentleman. Lucretia, b. January, 
 1795 ; m. Mr. Charles Bertody, an accomplished ship-master 
 in the India trade : he retired from this several years before 
 his death, and was living in New York ; where, having busi- 
 ness in one of the West-India Islands, he sailed thence ; but 
 was lost, on his return voyage, at sea, — the vessel never hav- 
 ing been heard from ; his life was one of singular incident 
 and peril in the prosecution of his profession; he had the 
 confidence and esteem of all who knew him ; he left four 
 children. Thomas, b. June 29, 1797 ; was a cadet, educated 
 at West Point ; and died in Virginia, while engaged upon a 
 public work. Adaline, b. Nov. 26, 1799; m. Rev. Elizur G. 
 Smith of Ogdensburg (1830), where she d. Sarah, b. May 26, 
 1802 ; m. Col. James W. Ripley, of the United-States Army 
 (1824). Phinehas S., b. Nov. 15, 1804. After the death of his 
 brother, he took the name of Thomas ; graduated at Harvard 
 in 1823, and resides in New-York City. 
 
356 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Col. Denny is among those who are spoken of more at 
 length in the body of this work. 
 
 Denny, Samuel, son of Daniel ; m. Elizabeth, dau. of Daniel 
 Henshaw and sister of Col. William, 1757. He lived in the 
 north-west part of the town, near Moose Hill. He was an 
 officer in the Revolutionary service, and is noticed in the body 
 of this work. Their children were Daniel, b. Aug. 6, 1758; 
 m. Nanc}^, dau. of Matthew Watson, 1783 ; and lived in Cherry 
 Valley till after the birth of Elizabeth and Daniel, when he 
 removed to Worcester. Elizabeth, b. March 1, 1760 ; m. Tho- 
 mas W. Ward, Esq., of Shrewsbury. Samuel, b. April 21, 
 1762 ; early went to Ohio ; afterwards lived and died in 
 Oakham. David, b. Jan. 7, 1764 ; removed to Vermont. 
 Isaac, b. Nov. 27, 1765; removed to Vermont: his widow 
 m. John Sargent, and d. 1859. William, b. Sept. 17, 1767. 
 Sally, b. May 23, 1769 ; m. Stephen Harris, who afterwards 
 moved to Norfolk, Va., where he left a family : his son Charles 
 is an enterprising and public-spirited gentleman of that city. 
 Thomas, b. July 21, 1771 ; afterwards took the name of Nor 
 thaniel P., and is noticed in this work. Polly, b, Aug. 21, 1773 ; 
 m. Rev. Mr. Miles of Grafton. Joseph, b. April 2, 1777. 
 
 Mr. Denny m. a second wife, Phoebe Rich, in 1794; and a 
 third, in 1809, — Sarah Meriam. 
 
 Denny, William, son of the above, m. Patty Smith of Paxton, 
 1788 ; and had Elizabeth, b. Sept. 10, 1789 ; m. Col. Henry Sar- 
 gent. John A., b. April 30, 1791 ; lives in the west part of the 
 town. Mary, b. Mar. 4, 1795 ; m. Aaron Morse, who formerly 
 kept the hotel opposite the Meeting-house ; removed to New 
 Haven. Charles, b. April 6, 1793 ; m. Miss Sibley of Spencer ; 
 was engaged in trade in Leicester, and died there. 
 
 Mr. Denny m., for his second wife, Ruth, dau. of Reuben 
 Swan; and had Martha, b. Aug, 11, 1798; d. unmarried. 
 Horace, b. April 2, 1800 ; d. under age of twenty-one. Caro- 
 line, b. Dec. 10, 1801 ; d., unmarried, 1859. William, b. Dec. 
 23, 1803 ; d. in infancy. Julia Ann, b. Oct. 22, 1805 ; m. Tho- 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 357 
 
 mas Gilbert of North Brookfield. William, b. Aug. 8, 1807 ; 
 died young. Catherine, m. Charles E. Miles, and lives in 
 Worcester. Bachel S., b. Aug. 21, 1809 ; m. Mr. Ayers of 
 North Brookfield. 
 
 Mr. Denny m., for his third wife, Mrs. Upham, widow of 
 Barnard Upham, in 1827. He kept a tavern for many years 
 in a house standing where Capt. H. Knights lives. After 
 selling that, he removed to Spencer. He d. in North Brook- 
 field. 
 
 Denny, Nathaniel P., son of Samuel, m. Sally, dau. of Reu- 
 ben Swan, Nov. 18, 1798 ; and had Sarah, b. July 21, 1799. 
 Marcia, b. July 13, 1802; m. Alfred Willard, Esq.; removed 
 to and lives in Indianapolis, Ind. Edward, b. May 19, 1806 ; 
 is a manufacturer in Barre ; has been a member of the Execu- 
 tive Council. Lucia, b. June 10, 1808 ; m. Joshua Clapp, a 
 merchant and extensive manufacturer, from whom the village 
 of Clappville took its name : he d. in Boston, leaving a family 
 of children ; she lives in Cambridge. Andrew, b. April 30, 
 1812; is a physician in Alabama. Reuben S., b. June 22, 
 1814 ; has been an extensive woollen manufacturer in Clapp- 
 ville : he now lives there. Thomas, b, Jan. 26, 1819; was a 
 merchant in Boston, and d. unmarried. 
 
 Mr. Denny m., for his second wife, Mary Denny of Worces- 
 ter. He soon after removed to Norwich, Conn. ; and d. in 
 Barre. 
 
 Denny, Joseph, son of Samuel, m, Phebe, dau. of Col. 
 William Henshaw ; and had Theodore V., b. Feb. 21, 1800; 
 went to Indiana, m. and had a family, and d. there. Catharine 
 H., b. July 25, 1801 ; m. Otis Sprague ; removed to the West ; 
 lives in Milwaukie. Henry A., b. Oct. 10, 1802; m. Eliza E. 
 Sprague, dau. of Capt. William, 1825: now lives in Worces- 
 ter. Joseph A., b. May 13, 1804; m. Mary Davis of Rutland; 
 lives in Leicester ; an acting magistrate ; has represented his 
 district in the Legislature, and is one of the most active and 
 public-spirited citizens of the town. Lucinda H., b. April 3, 
 
358 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 1806. Christopher C, b. Jan. 10, 1813. Phebe H., b. June 4, 
 1815. 
 
 Mr. Denny m., for his second wife, Lucinda, dau. of Col. 
 William Henshaw ; and had Sarah H., b. Feb. 10, 1817. Har- 
 riet F., b. Dec. 13, 1818. Elizabeth H., b. April 12, 1821. 
 
 After Mr. Denny's death, his widow, in 1825, m. Samuel 
 Daugherty, and removed to Belchertown. Mr. Denny was a 
 card manufacturer, and lived in the western part of the vil- 
 lage, where Mr. John Loring lives. He was an active citizen ; 
 for several years deputy-sheriff; and died in the midst of his 
 usefulness. 
 
 Dunbar, John. His wife's name was Abigail. Their chil- 
 dren : Lucy, b. April 26, 1741; m. Thomas Parker, jun., 
 of Charlton. Sarah, b. Aug. 30, 1744 ; m. Samuel Parker of 
 Charlton. Nahby, b, April 10, 1746 ; m. Phinehas Sargent, 
 1772. David, b. Feb. 22, 1747 ; m. Hannah Hammond, 1773 ; 
 Thomas, b. Aug. 1, 1750 ; d. May, 1796. Ahner, b. April 9, 
 1753. 
 
 Mr. Dunbar d. March, 1802^aged ninety-two. He lived 
 in the north-east part of the town, where John Silvester 
 lived. 
 
 Dunbar, Thomas, son of the above, m. Lucretia Smith ; 
 and had Thomas, b. Feb. 11, 1774. Nancy, b, Dec. 25, 1775. 
 James, b. Sept. 19, 1779. Betsey, b. Jan. 29, 1782. Chloe, 
 b. Jan. 29, 1784. Lucretia, b. Jan. 13, 1786. Lucy, b. Oct. 28, 
 1789. 
 
 Mr. Dunbar d. May 4, 1796, aged forty-five. His widow 
 m. Jonas Lamb of Spencer, Aug. 25, 1803. Mr. Dunbar kept 
 a tavern in the house opposite the Mower House, on Mount 
 Pleasant. 
 
 Dunbar, Abner, m. Lydia, dau. of Bbenezer Warren, Mar. 31, 
 1774 ; and had Sarah, b. Nov. 3, 1774 ; d. unmarried. 
 Lbenezer, b. March 29, 1777 ; now lives in the south part of 
 the town, east of Clappville. Lydia, h. May 6, 1779 ; m. Da- 
 vid Legg, 1804. Abigail, b. April 9, 1782. Simeon, b. Oct. 27, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 359 
 
 1785. Polly, h. Oct. 5, 1791 ; m. Artemas Haven, 1814. Da- 
 niel, b. June 13, 1794; went to New York. 
 
 Mr. Dunbar was a mason by trade. 
 
 Dix, Benjamin. His wife's name was Mehitabel. Their 
 children : Elijah, b. March 5, 1744. Eunice, b. July 4, 1747. 
 Sarah, b. April 7, 1750. Lois, b. Sept. 24, 1751. Joseph, 
 b. July 7, 1753. Jonathan, b. Dec. 20, 1754. Hannah, b. Sept. 
 21, 1759. He lived in the north-west part of the town, on 
 what is called Dix Hill ; and came originally from Water- 
 town. 
 
 Earle, Ralph, was the ancestor of the families of the 
 name in Leicester. He came from Rhode Island in 1717, and 
 d. in 1757. He m. Mary Hicks, and had William. Elizabeth, 
 m. Job Lawton of Newport. John, b, Feb. 24, 1694; lived in 
 Swansea. Robert, b. 1706. Mary, m. Sheffield. Benjamin. 
 Patience, m. Benjamin Richardson. 
 
 Mr. Earle settled in the north part of the town, and lived 
 where Gardner Wilson now lives. 
 
 Earle, William, son of above, m. Annah Howard ; and 
 had William, b. April 27, 1714. Elizabeth, b. May 12, 1716; 
 m. John Potter. Mary, b. Feb. 28, 1719 ; m. James Lawton, 
 jun. David, b. Aug. 16, 1721. Judith, b. Aug. 11, 1723 ; m. 
 George Cutting. Balph, b. Nov. 13, 1726. John, b. March 1, 
 1729. 
 
 Mr. Earle came to Leicester with his father, and lived at 
 one time on the Amasa Southwick Place ; then on the Abel 
 Green Place ; afterwards removed to Shrewsbury. 
 
 Earle, Robert, son of Ralph, m., for his first wife, Mary 
 Newhall; and had Martha, b. Nov. 3, 1726; m. David Earle, 
 and afterwards Hezekiah Ward, 1768. Nathan, b. May 12, 
 1728 ; m. Elizabeth, dau. of Benjamin Richardson. Mary, 
 b. Aug. 10, 1730 ; m. Jonathan Sargent. Elizabeth, b. Oct. 18, 
 1732; m. John Whittemore. George, b. March 3, 1735. 
 Thomas, b. Aug. 27, 1737. Esek, b. Feb. 10, 1741. Robert, 
 b. Oct. 10, 1743. Lydia, b. Aug. 15, 1746; m. John Wilson. 
 
360 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Marmaduke, b. March 8, 1749. For his second wife, he m. 
 Hepsibah Johnson ; and had Phebe, b. Dec. 22, 1756. Timothy, 
 b. March 13, 1739. 
 
 Mr. Earle came to Leicester with his father; owned and 
 lived upon the Mulberry-Grove Place. George was a captain 
 in the Revolutionary service. He, with Nathan and Esek, 
 removed to Vermont. Timothy died in the service in the 
 Revolutionary War. Marmaduke lived in Paxton. 
 
 Earle, Benjamin, son of Ralph, m. Abigail Newhall; and 
 Yidid Newhall, b. March 15, 1735; Antipas, b. June 1, 1737. 
 John, b. Nov. 18, 1740. Gardiner, b. Feb. 21, 1744. Mr. 
 Earle lived on his father's homestead. Newhall removed to 
 Vermont, 1774. 
 
 Earle, William, 2d, son of William, 1st, m. Mary Cutting ; 
 and had John, b. Dec. 3, 1740. Lois, b. Jan. 25, 1743; 
 m. Nathan Whittemore. Oliver, b. March 21, 1745. Reuben, 
 b. May 8, 1747. Jahez, b. Jan. 7, 1754. James, b. April 10, 
 1757. Joel, b. July 6, 1759. 
 
 Mr. Earle built and lived where his son Capt. James lived, 
 a short distance north of where Pliny Earle lived. He d. 
 1805, aged ninety-one. John removed to New York; Oliver, 
 to Vermont ; Reuben went to New York ; and Joel, to Hub- 
 bardston. Mr. Earle was a remarkably active man, and rode 
 on horseback the day before he died. 
 
 Earle, Ralph, son of William, 1st, m. Phebe Whittemore ; 
 and had Ralph, b. May 11, 1751 ; distinguished as a painter, 
 and noticed in the body of this work. Clark, b. April 17, 
 1753 ; lived in Paxton ; was in Capt. Phinehas Moore's com- 
 pany of minute-men in 1775. James, also an artist; noticed 
 in this work. 
 
 Capt. Earle commanded a company in the Revolutionary 
 service. He lived in what is known as the Joseph Penniman 
 Place, in Paxton. 
 
 Earle, Thomas, son of Robert, 1st, m. Hannah, dau. of 
 Nathaniel Waite, 1760; and had Asahel, b. Dec. 21, 1761. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 361 
 
 Hannah, m. Joseph Newhall. William., went to Baltimore ; 
 d., unmarried, 1799. Sylvanus, b. March 28, 1773; m. Eunice 
 Southgate, and removed to Ohio. Winthrop, b. May 5, 1775. 
 Electa, b. April 27, 1778 ; m. Luther Nye of New Braintree. 
 Betsey, m. Zenas Studley. Polly, d. 1804. 
 
 Mr. Earle resided in Cherry Valley, in the house where Mr. 
 Heman Burr lives. He planted the fine rows of sycamores 
 that stood in front of it, on the day of the battle of Lexington. 
 He was distinguished for his mechanical skill and ingenuity. 
 He manufactured a gun of exquisite workmanship for Col. 
 William Henshaw, in 1773 ; and when Col. Henshaw marched 
 to Cambridge, in 1775, he took it into the service. Here it fell 
 under the observation of Gen. Washington, who admired it 
 so much, that he ordered one of the same pattern. Mr. Earle, 
 having completed it, loaded and primed it, and placed it under 
 water, all but the muzzle, during a night ; and, taking it out 
 in the morning, discharged it as if it had just been loaded. 
 He carried it to New York, where the army then lay, and 
 delivered it personally to Gen. Washington ; having travelled 
 the distance on foot, and carried it upon his shoulder. It 
 received great commendation for its perfection of workman- 
 ship. 
 
 Earle, Robert, son of Robert, 1st, m. Sarah Hunt; and 
 had Pliny, b. Dec. 17, 1762. Jonah,.h. Aug. 10, 1765. Silas, 
 b. May 26, 1767. Elizabeth, b. July 5, 1769 ; m. David Hoag. 
 Persis, b. Sept. 19, 1771 ; m. Edward Halloch. Henry, b. March 
 13, 1774. Lydia, b. Jan. 16, 1776; m. John Fry of Bolton. 
 Timothy, b. March 2, 1778. Sarah, b. Jan.. 1, 1781 ; m. Jona- 
 than Fry of Bolton. 
 
 Mr. Earle lived a little south of Pliny Earle's house, in the 
 north part of the town. He was a man of great integrity, 
 and much respected ; and the regard in which he was held 
 was indicated by the friendly title by which he was generally 
 known, — "Uncle Robert." 
 
 Earle, Antipas, son of Benjamin, 1st, m. Mercy Slade ; 
 
 4G 
 
362 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 and had Benjamin, b. Sept. 27, 1761. Slack, b. Nov. 22, 
 1764. Jonathan, b. Dec. 22, 1767 ; was an extensive card 
 manufacturer ; owned the place, on Mount Pleasant, where 
 N. P. Denny, Esq., afterwards lived ; and d., unmarried, July 1, 
 1813, — a man of active enterprise, and success in business. 
 Abigail, b. April 7, 1774 ; m. George Read. John, b. Oct. 13, 
 1777 ; removed to Vermont. 
 
 Mr. Earle lived in the north-east part of the town, about 
 half a mile east of the Gardner Wilson Place. 
 
 Earle, James, son of William, 2d, m. Deborah Sargent, dau. 
 of Nathaniel; had Aaron, b. April 22, 1781. Nathaniel, 
 b. July 23, 1783; d. 1859, in Leicester. Charlotte, b. May 3, 
 1786 ; m. Asa Sargent. Arnold, b. Nov. 7, 1788. He m. 
 Lydia Kelly ; was by trade a hatter ; built the house now 
 occupied by Denny and Bisco for a factory ; and removed to 
 the West. Charles, b. June 8, 1790; lives in Worcester. 
 Daniel, b. Jan. 11, 1793; went to Ohio. Reuben, b. Sept. 8, 
 1795. Homer, b. May 30, 1798 ; studied medicine, and set- 
 tled in Ohio, — as did Eeuben. 
 
 Mr. Earle commanded one of the military companies in 
 town in 1794, and was always called '' Captain." He was a 
 farmer ; upright, and respected by his townsmen. Aaron 
 d. 1846. He lived in the house next south of Amasa South- 
 wick's. 
 
 Earle, Asahel, son of Thomas, m. Persis Newhall. Had 
 Clarissa, b. Sept. 29, 1786 ; m. John Thornton. 3Ielinda, 
 b. Feb. 28, 1788; d. 1815. Austin, b. May 16, 1792. Ormor 
 cinda, b. Oct. 31, 1795 ; d. 1839. Adeline, b. April 8, 1798 ; 
 m. Gardner Wilson. Elvira, b. Sept. 5, 1800; m. George 
 Earle. Louisa, b. Nov. 13, 1802; d. 1819. Lydia, b. Dec. 9, 
 1805; d. 1828. Austin removed to Kentucky. Mr. Earle 
 had a good deal of his father's ingenuity and skill in me- 
 chanism. He lived on the North-County Road, where Mr. 
 Knowlton now lives. He d. April 9, 1837. 
 
 Earle, Winthrop, son of Thomas, m. Persis Bartlett, and 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 363 
 
 had Almira, b. Mar. 1, 1800 ; m. William Newhall. Theodore, 
 b. Nov. 13, 1801 ; d., unmarried, 1822. Otis D., b. July 23, 
 1805; weut to New Haven; d. unmarried, Dec. 15, 1830. 
 Wintkrop, b. July 2, 1807 ; d. Nov. 10, 1828. 
 
 Mr. Earle was an active business-man, extensively engaged 
 as a card-manufacturer ; much respected ; and his early death, 
 in 1807, was greatly lamented. His widow m. Alpheus Smith. 
 He lived in the Avest part of the Col. Denny House, lately 
 altered by Dr. Daggett. 
 
 Earle, Pliny, son of Robert, jun., m. Patience BufFum, 
 1793 ; and had JoIdi Milton, b. April 13, 1794 ; has been a 
 senator ; now lives in Worcester. Thomas, b. April 21, 1796 ; 
 removed to Philadelphia; was a lawyer; and d. there, 1849. 
 Lydia, b. March 24, 1798 ; m. Anthony Chase, Esq., of 
 Worcester. Sarah, b. April 8, 1800 ; m. Charles Hadwin of 
 Worcester. William B., b. Dec. 20, 1802 ; now lives in Bos- 
 ton. Lucy, b. May 7, 1805. Eliza, b. June 8, 1807 ; m. Wil- 
 liam E. Hacker of Philadelphia. Pliny, b. Dec. 31, 1809; 
 a physician ; resides in Leicester. 
 
 Mr. Earle is noticed in other parts of this work. He was at 
 one time extensively engaged, in connection with his brother 
 Jonah, as a card-manufacturer. He was a man of ipuch intel- 
 ligence. He lived where Mr. Billings Mann now lives. His 
 wife was a woman of strong and cultivated intellect, and their 
 house was the seat of a generous hospitality. The daughter 
 (Lucy) and the son (Dr. Pliny) alone remain of the family in 
 town. Mr. Earle d. 1832 ; Mrs. Earle, in 1849. 
 
 Earle, Jonah, son of Robert, jun., m. Elizabeth South- 
 gate ; and had John Potter, b. Nov. 11, 1795. Nathaniel P., 
 b. April 17, 1798; d. May 17, 1853. Amos S., b. April 22, 
 1800 ; d. January, 1853, leaving a family. Rehekah P., b. May 
 20, 1802 ; m. Joseph Anthony. 
 
 Mr. Earle lived in the house near Mann and Marshall's fac- 
 tory. He was a man of great integrity and benevolence. He 
 d. Jan. 21, 1846. 
 
364: HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Earle, Silas, son of Robert, jun,, m. Rachel Thornton ; 
 and had Hannah, b. March 16, 1796; m. William Keese of 
 Ausable, N.Y. ; d. 1859. Anna, b. Dec. 26, 1797 ; m. Harvey 
 Chase of Rhode Island, George, b. Jan. 17, 1800; d. 1827. 
 Mary, b. Feb. 9, 1802; d., unmarried, 1835. Elisha, b. April 
 18, 1804 ; d. 1827. Robert, b. May 18, 1806 ; m. AnnaM. Brown 
 of Salem, and now resides near Philadelphia. Rachel, b. May 
 11, 1808; d. 1836. Silas, b. March 29, 1806; d. 1833. Ste- 
 phen, b. April, 1813; d. 1836. Timothy, b. Aug. 14, 1820; 
 lives in Valley Falls, R.I. Mr. Earle d. in 1842. He built 
 the large house where Mr. Marshall lives, on the North- 
 County Road ; had a large farm, and carried on card-manu- 
 facturing extensively and successfully, by which he accu- 
 mulated a handsome estate. He once represented the town 
 in the Legislature, and was highly esteemed and respected in 
 the town. None of the family remain in Leicester. 
 
 Earle, Henry, son of Robert, jun., m. Martha Aldrich for 
 his first wife, and had one child. His second wife Avas Miriam 
 Fry. They had Narcissa, b. May 3, 1800; m. George Earle, 
 and afterwards John Mann. Melisssa, b. April 1, 1803 ; 
 m. Nathan Babcock, and afterwards Blaney Palmer. Sarah, 
 b. April 8, 1805; m. Reuben Randall. Henry W., b. 1810. 
 Mr. Earle m. the widow of Timothy Earle for his third wife ; 
 and had Timothy K. and Thomas, b. Jan. 11, 1823. Oliver K., 
 b. Sept. 8, 1824. All of whom live in Worcester. 
 
 Mr. Earle built a large house upon the North-County Road, 
 west of the Asahel Earle Place, but gave it up several years 
 before his death. He d, in 1837. 
 
 Earle, Timothy, son of Robert, jun., m. Ruth Keese ; and 
 had Anna K., b. Oct. 12, 1806 ; m. Samuel H. Colton, of 
 Worcester. Edward, b. Feb. 10, 1811 ; lives in Worcester. 
 Mary B., b. Feb. 5, 1819 ; m. Jonathan Slocum. 
 
 Timothy Earle was a card-manufacturer; a man of active 
 enterprise and energy. He lived in a large house, which he 
 built, about a quarter of a mile south of Pliny Earle's. He 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 365 
 
 d. in 1819, in the midst of a prosperous and successful busi- 
 ness, at the age of forty-one. 
 
 Earle, Benjamin, son of Antipas, had Slade, b. Aug. 9, 1802; 
 d. 1849. Benjamin, h. Aug. 6, 1804; lives in Leicester. 
 Elizabeth, b. Dec. 25, 1829 ; m. Cutler Snow. Mr. Earle lived 
 several years upon the farm now belonging to the town. He 
 d. in 1834. 
 
 Earle, Slade, m. Elizabeth Earle. Had Antipas, jun. ; 
 b. Nov. 13, 1787 ; d. April 30, 1828 ; m. Amy Chase. JosepJi, 
 b. Dec. 28, 1788 ; m. Lydia Fowler. 3Iar7j, b. June 29, 1791 ; 
 m. Smith Arnold. Waldo, b. Oct. 11, 1796 ; m. Sarah Aldrich. 
 All except Antipas removed early from Leicester: he lived 
 at the Ralph Earle Place. 
 
 If it were not for the known migratory habits of the peo- 
 ple of New England, it might seem remarkable, that of the 
 above nineteen femilies, comprising more than a hundred 
 individuals who have lived or been born in Leicester, not 
 more than half a dozen of the name remain in town. 
 
 Flint, Austin, Dr., m. Elizabeth Henshaw, 1785 ; and had 
 Joseph H., b. April 20, 1786; he was an eminent physician; 
 lived in Petersham, afterwards in Northampton, and, for seve- 
 ral years before his death, in Springfield ; d. at Leicester, 
 Dec. 11, 1846. Salhj, b. June 5, 1787; m. Calvin Spear of 
 Boston. Edward, b. Nov. 7, 1789. Elizabeth C, b. May 3, 
 1792 ; m. John Clapp. Waldo, b. Sept. 4, 1794; is noticed in 
 this work ; President of the Eagle Bank, Boston. Laura, 
 b. Nov. 1, 1796. 
 
 Dr. Flint is noticed in the body of this work. 
 
 Flint, Edward, m. Harriet Emerson of Norwich, Vt., No- 
 vember, 1817 ; and had Charlotte E., b. June 10, 1821. Sally, 
 b. Oct. 12, 1822. Both d. unmarried. John S., b. March 6, 
 1824 ; a successful physician in Roxbury, 
 
 Dr. Flint is noticed in this work. 
 
 Fay, Ebenezer. His wife's name was Sarah. They had 
 Sarah, b. Jan. 3, 1743. 
 
366 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Fay, David. His wife's name was Jemima. They had 
 Hannah, b. June 26, 1748. David, b. Dec. 23, 1749. Ehene- 
 zer, b. Dec. 5, 1751. Jemima, b. March 31, 1754; m. Peter 
 Buck of Worcester, 1779. 
 
 Jedidiah Newton m. Jemima Fay in 1758, who was proba- 
 bly widow of David. The family seem to have disappeared 
 from the records after that time. 
 
 Green, Samuel, was the first of the family of this name 
 who settled in Leicester, and may be considered the Nestor 
 of this little community. The part of the town where he 
 settled is now cahed Greenville. He was born in Maiden, 
 1670 ; and came to Leicester, a few months, it is believed, 
 before Mr. Denny and the Southgates. He married Elizabeth 
 Upham, dau. of the ancestor of the early families of that 
 name in Leicester; and had Elizabeth, b. 1693; m. Thomas 
 Richardson, an early settler in Leicester. Jiebekah,h. 1695; 
 m. Samuel Baldwin of Leicester. Ruth, m. Joshua Nichols 
 of Leicester. I'/iomas, b. 1699. i?/c?ia, m. Abiathar Yinton ; 
 and afterwards Samuel Stower, who came from Maiden to 
 Leicester. Barsheba, m. Elisha Newers. Abigail, m. Henry 
 King of Leicester. Anna, m. Ebenezer Lamb. That he was 
 regarded as a man of intelligence and worth, is shown by the 
 early action of the town. At the first recorded meeting of 
 the inhabitants, he was chosen first selectman, moderator, first 
 assessor, and grand juror ; and he continued to hold ofiices 
 of trust and responsibility in the town as long as he lived. 
 He early became a proprietor of the township ; and was one 
 of the committee of the proprietors, in 1722-3, to select the 
 half which should be conveyed to the settlers, and to convey 
 the same. This he did in 1724. In that deed he is named as 
 proprietor of lots No. 28-31, two mill-lots, and one other mill- 
 lot in connection with his son-in-law, Thomas Richardson. 
 He afterwards purchased the whole of this lot, and erected 
 a gristmill and the first sawmill in the town upon them, upon 
 the site on which the mills in Greenville now stand. In 1727, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 367 
 
 he was the owner of nine hundred and twenty-nine acres of 
 land in the town. 
 
 He was the first captain of the first military company 
 raised in the town; an honorable mark of distinction, which 
 is carefully recognized in all documents and records after- 
 wards in which he is named. He built and occupied the 
 house opposite the Baptist Meeting-house in Greenville; and 
 continued to be a leading man in the town until his death, 
 Jan. 2, 1736, at the age of sixty-five. The influence of the 
 character and example of the first settlers of such a town, 
 upon the little community growing up around them, is often 
 felt through successive generations ; and, among those to 
 whom the town of Leicester owed its progress and character, 
 the memory of Capt. Green ought ever to be held in grate- 
 ful respect. 
 
 Green, Thomas, son of the above, was a more prominent 
 and leading man than his father. He is noticed at length 
 among the clergymen of the town. He m. Martha, dau. of 
 Capt. John Lynde of Maiden, and sister of one of the early 
 settlers of the town, January, 1726; and had Samuel, b. 1726. 
 Martha^ b. 1727; m. Dr. Robert Craige. Isaac. Thomas, 
 b. 1733. John, b. 1736; a physician; removed to Worcester; 
 became eminent in his profession ; and had a son and grand- 
 son, of the same name and profession, in Worcester. Solomon. 
 EUzabeth,m. Rev. Dr. Foster. Mrs. Green d. June 20, 1780: 
 Dr. Green d. Aug. 19, 1773. Among the descendants of Dr. 
 Green is Mrs. Mary H. Pike, authoress of " Ida May," a work 
 of fiction of considerable reputation. She is the wife of F. A. 
 Pike, Esq., of Calais, Me. 
 
 Green Samuel, 2d, son of Dr. Thomas (sometimes called 
 *' Captain," as he was at one time in command of the military 
 company of the town, but more generally known as " Dea- 
 con"), m. Zerviah Dana of Ashford, Conn., for his first wife, and 
 a Mrs. Fisk of Sturbridge for his second. His children were 
 Samuel, 3d, b. November, 1757. Elijah, b. May 3, 1760; en- 
 
368 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 tered the service in the Revolutionary War ; joined the army 
 at Roxbury ; and died in camp, December, 1775, at the age of 
 fifteen. 
 
 Capt. Green was the one appointed to notify the company 
 of minute-men in case of alarm; and did so on the 19th April, 
 1775, as stated in this work. He accompanied his son when 
 he joined the army at Roxbury, and remained in that vicinity 
 till his death. In 1777, he represented the town with Col. 
 Washburn in the General Court. He was deacon of the 
 Baptist Church for more than fifty j^ears, and one of the main 
 pillars of the society. After the removal of Dr. Foster, he 
 had charge of and supplied the pulpit until a successor was 
 appointed. He lived in the house built by his grandfather, 
 opposite the Meeting-house in Greenville. He died Feb. 20, 
 1811, at the age of eighty-four; and his wife, June 28, 1797, 
 aged sixty-five. 
 
 Green, Isaac, son of Dr. Thomas, was a physician, and is 
 noticed in another part of this work. He m. Sarah Howe, 
 and Iiad Sarah and Mary. 
 
 Green, Thomas, 2d, son of Dr. Thomas, m. Hannah Fox, 
 and afterwards Anna Hovey of Sutton ; and had EJias, b. 
 Jan. 25, 1756 ; he m. Mary in 1782, and removed to Cam- 
 bridge, Yt. Thomas, b. 1757: he became a physician, and 
 lived in Auburn, then Ward; d. 1812, aged fifty-five. Isaac, 
 b. 1759; was also a physician; was in the Revolutionary 
 service ; and removed to Windsor, Vt., in 1788. He m. Ann 
 Barrett, and became a wealthy and influential citizen of that 
 town. Ahiathar, b. 1760 : he, too, was in the service in 
 the Revolution ; he rempved to Farmijigton, Me. ; d. 1831, 
 aged seventy - one. ' -^sc«. Hannah, m. Howard Putnam. 
 John and Rebekah, twins. Daniel, b. 1778 ; is a physician 
 in Auburn. 
 
 The father Avas a farmer, though not a very thrifty one. 
 He once owned the farm, in the south part of the town, where 
 Elijah Thayer formerly lived. After that, he lived in various 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 369 
 
 places, and, at one time, in the house that stood on Flip Lane. 
 He died in Auburn, October, 1813, aged eighty. 
 
 Green, William, 1st, was b. in Maiden in 1683. His father 
 was cousin of Capt. Samuel. He m. Sarah Sprague, a branch 
 of the same family which settled in Leicester ; and liad 3Iary, 
 b. 1710. Sarah, b. Sept. 13, 1711 ; m. Hezekiah Ward, Esq., 
 of Leicester, 1737. Hepzibah, b. June 13, 1714. William, 
 b. July 6, 1716. Israel, b. 1721. Charles, b. 1724. Nahum, 
 b. 1729. Mary, b. 1731. 
 
 Mr, Green removed to Leicester about 1719 or '20. He 
 purchased Lot No. 36, and must have built the house thereon, 
 recently occupied by the late John King, Esq. At the first 
 recorded town-meeting, he was elected a tithing-man; then 
 an office of consequence, especially in the matter of Sunday 
 police. He held sundry other offices of trust in the town. 
 He d. subsequently to 1755. The mother of Mr. Green m. 
 Capt. John Lynde of Leicester for her second husband. 
 
 Green, Nathaniel, brother of the above, was b. in Maiden, 
 1689 ; and m. EHzabeth Sprague, sister of the wife of his 
 brother. He lived in Stoneham previous to his removal to 
 Leicester in 1723. Their children were Elizabeth, b. 1714; 
 m. Benjamin Saunderson of Leicester, 1737. Winnifred, b. 
 1716 ; m. Benjamin Baldwin of Leicester, 1749. Nathaniel, 
 b. 1721. 3Iehitabel, b. 1724; m. Samuel Call of Leicester, 
 1746. Phinehas, b. 1728. Benjami7i, b. 1731. 
 
 Mr. Green was captain " of the first foot company in Leices- 
 ter" in 1743. I copy from the work of Mr. Green, of which 
 I have made liberal use in these genealogies, an order 
 addressed to Capt. Green ; which shows that it was no holiday 
 matter to command a military company at that time. The 
 conquest of Louisburg took place in 1745. The next year, 
 the whole of New England was alarmed by the intelligence, 
 that an immense armament had reached Nova Scotia from 
 France, on its way to attack the Colonies, and destroy Bos- 
 ton. This led to the following order from Col. Chandler: — 
 
 47 
 
370 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 " Sir, — This moment I received the Governor's express ; and, 
 pursuant thereto, you are required, in his majesty's name, on your 
 utmost peril, to draw out of your mihtary ward twenty-five men, com- 
 pletely armed, and furnished with ammunition and fourteen days' pro- 
 vision, and march them, without the least delay, to Worcester, and 
 from thence to Boston ; a French invasion being every moment ex- 
 pected. I say, Fail at your peril ! 
 
 "John Chandler, Col. 
 "Worcester, Sept. 22, 1746. 
 
 " Either you or Capt. Whittemore, with two more commissioned 
 officers, must go ; and don't fail. 
 
 " In his Majesty's service, 
 Capt. Nathaniel Green, in Leicester." 
 
 Capt. Green d. Sept. 27, 1774. 
 
 Green, Nathaniel, son of the above, was b. in Stoneham ; 
 came to Leicester, with his father, in 1723 ; m. Tabitha 
 Prentice ; and had Lemuel, b. 1749 ; lived in Spencer. Susan- 
 nah, b. 1751. Tabitha, b. 1753. Nathaniel, b. 1755. f Lydia, 
 b. 1758. John, b. 1760 ; was a minister in Coleraine, and d. 
 1800. Riifus, b. 1762; went to Calais, Vt. ; d. 1844. Mary, 
 b. 1764. Chloe, b. 1766 ; m. Adams Wheelock. Ehenezer, b. 
 1769; removed to Belchertown; d. 1848. 
 
 This Mr. Green Avas known as " the Rev. ; " having been 
 ordained as a Baptist minister after he was forty-three years 
 old. In the latter part of his life, he removed to Charlton ; 
 where he d., 1791, at the age of seventy. 
 
 Green, Phinehas, brother of the above. His wife's name 
 was Judith. They had John, b. 1759 ; removed to Ohio. 
 Pliny, b. 1761. Silas, 1762. Judith, 1765 ; d. unmarried. 
 Phebe, b. 1766. Daniel, 1768. Mary, 1770. 
 
 He d. in 1776, at the age of forty-seven. He is spoken of 
 as a " teacher of penmanship." There was a Phinehas Green, 
 jun., in the same company with the above, at the battle of 
 Bunker Hill ; but I am unable to ascertain his parentage. 
 
 Green, Benjamin, brother of the above ; m. Lucy Marston of 
 Spencer in 1754; and had Benjamin, 1775, who removed to 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 371 
 
 Spencer, Lucy, 1757. Asa, 1761 ; removed to Deer Isle, 
 Me., 1797. Elizabeth, 1763. Olive, 1766. Hannah, 1768. 
 Lydia, 1770. 
 
 After the births of his children, Mr. Green removed to 
 Spencer. 
 
 Green, Samuel, son of Deacon Samuel ; m. Hannah Kin- 
 ney of Sutton, Had Elijah, 1780; d, 1796. Lacretia, July, 
 1783; m, D, Fairbanks, and d, 1820. So2jhia, May, 1785; 
 m, John King, Esq, ; d, 1854. Samuel D., 1788 ; entered 
 Brown University ; left college in his senior year ; now lives 
 in Cambridgeport, William K., 1790 ; lived in Woodstock, 
 Conn. Hadassah E., 1792 ; m. Asa Mann; removed to Canada 
 West, and d, there. 
 
 Mr. Green lived in the house next west of the mills in 
 Greenville, and once kept a tavern there. He removed late 
 in life to Pembroke, N.Y. ; and d. there, 1832, at the age of 
 seventy-four. 
 
 Green, William, son of William, 1st, m. Rebecca Tucker 
 of Milton, 1737. Had Joel, 1738 ; who, I suppose, was the 
 Joel Green that commanded a company in Col. Larned's regi- 
 ment, in the Continental service. William, 1742. Jedutlian, 
 1744. Ira, 1746. Rebecca, 1749. Asenath, 1750 ; m. Isaac 
 Center, 1772. Jesse, 1752. Oliver, 1754. Jeruiah, 1756. 
 Jehiel, 1758. There was a Jockton Green, who is believed to 
 have been the son of the above-named William, and probably 
 was born in 1740. 
 
 Mr. Green was a farmer, and lived where Amos Whitte- 
 more died, formerly the house of Andrew Scott, on the 
 Charlton Road. 
 
 Green, Nahum, brother of the above, m, Dorcas Sanger of 
 Woodstock ; and had Mary, 1751 ; Uzzicdi, 1753 ; Irijah, 1756 ; 
 Mercy, 1758; Jeruiah, 1760; Amasa, 1762; Pamela, 1764; 
 Jared, 1765; Zerviah, 1767; Nahum, 1770. 
 
 Mr, Green was a farmer, and lived upon a part of his father's 
 farm ; where, as I suppose, Richard Bond, jun., lived and died. 
 
372 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Green, Israel, brother of the above, was married, and had 
 three children in Leicester ; removed to Petersham, and then 
 to Hubbardston ; d. about 1790. Had four sons in the battle 
 of Bunker Hill, — one of them killed, and the other mortally 
 wounded, in that battle. The third, then a lieutenant, was 
 killed at the battle of Monmouth, The fourth was in the 
 battles of White Plains, Bennington, and Saratoga, and in 
 the campaign in New Jersey, — the only one of the four who 
 survived the service. 
 
 Green, Jockton, son of William, 2d, as is believed, m. 
 Esther Newhall, dau. of Jonathan, 1762. Had Esther, 1763; 
 m. Elkanah Haven, 1785. Jonathan, 1765 ; Fersis, 1768 ; 
 Francis, 1770; Josiah, 1772; Salmon, 1775; Eli, 1778. 
 
 Mr. Green lived in the house east of the late John King, 
 Esq., where Richard Bond, jun., lived and died. 
 
 Green, Jabez, came from Maiden about 1750. His grand 
 father was brother of the first Samuel who came to Leicester 
 His wife's name was Mary ; and they had Jabez, June 13 
 1743. Mary, Jan. 7, 1749. Natlian, went to Gardner, Dec. 27 
 1752. Joseph, Dec. 30, 1754; went to Vermont. Stephen 
 Aug. 7, 1757 ; known as " Deacon." Elizabeth, March 8, 1762 
 Hannah, Dec. 28, 1764. Abel, September, 1767. 
 
 Mr. Green lived in the north-east part of Leicester, where 
 his son Abel lived for many years. He was a farmer; and 
 d. Oct. 1, 1806, aged eighty-eight. 
 
 Green, Jabez, son of the above, m. Lucy Kent of Leicester, 
 1764 ; and had Hannah ; m. John White of Leicester. Zolvah ; 
 who lives on the same farm where his father lived, in the 
 north-west part of the town. Josiah and Jabez; who re- 
 moved to Spencer, and are now living there. 
 
 Green, Abel, brother of the above, m. Eunice Wicker, 
 whose mother was sister of Setli Washburn. Had Harriet, 
 1790 ; Eunice, 1795 ; Julia, 1797 ; Laura, 1800. 
 
 Mr. Green lived in the north-east part of the town ; a 
 farmer; d. 1743, aged seventy-six. 
 
here about 
 
 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 373 
 
 Green, Joel, son of William, 2d. His wife's name was 
 Chloe. They had Joel, 1762; Chloe, 1764; Seth, 1767. 
 
 Green, Jesse, brother of the above, m. Grace Hall, August, 
 1777. Had 3fartin, 1779; Jacob, 1780; SaraJi, 1783; Iddo, 
 1785. 
 
 There were several other families of Green ; some of whom, 
 after marrying and settling in Leicester, removed from the 
 town. Among them, Ellas, son of Thomas, 2d, above men- 
 tioned. He m. Mary Scott of Leicester, 1782; and had 
 Tamisin, Oct. 27, 1784; d. 1808. Sylvanus, April 6, 1787. 
 In 1796, he removed to Cambridge, Vt. v^A A\.j, 
 
 There was a Thomas Green, a hatter," who came 
 1807 or '8, and raised up a pretty large family. 
 
 Green, Solomon, son of Dr. Thomas, m. Elizabeth Page, 
 and lived in what used to be called the Wilby Cottage, in the 
 south part of the town. His children were Timothy ; Solo- 
 mon; John; Archelaus ; Lynde ; Isaac; Mary. 
 
 The Greens have been the most numerous of the Leicester 
 families ; and the number of those whose names are found on 
 the rolls of Revolutionary service furnish the strongest proof 
 of the energy which characterized them as men, as well as 
 the patriotic influences under which they were educated: 
 and yet, like so many of the early families of the town, they 
 have almost all disappeared ; while their descendants may be 
 found scattered all over the Union. 
 
 GoDDARD, Rev. David, m. Mercy Stone of Watertown. Had 
 Daniel, Sept. 19, 1738. William, April 27, 1740. 3Iercy, 
 Nov. 10, 1741. Edward, Dec. 12, 1742. 3Iary, Oct. 16, 1744. 
 Susannah, Feb. 17, 1747. Mercy, Feb. 3, 1750. 
 
 The family disappear after the death of the Rev. Mr. God- 
 dard. 
 
 Graton, John, m. Abigail Baldwin, 1772. Had Rowena, 
 May 3, 1773. Tryphena, Sept. 23, 1774. John, Feb. 17, 
 1777. Gyrus, April 29, 1779. Alvin, April 20, 1781. Abi- 
 gail, May 7, 1783. Hannah P., Aug. 27, 1785. 
 
374 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Mr. Graton came from Spencer, The family were originally 
 from Medford. He lived a little west of John Parker's house, 
 in the south-west part of the town. Mr. Graton d. 1827, 
 aged seventy-eight. 
 
 Gage, Jonathan. His wife's name was Mary. They had 
 Levi, b. Aug. 9, 1786; Silas, 1788; Polbj, 1790; Brigham, 
 1793. 
 
 Mr. Gage lived in the north-west part of the town, where 
 Dr. Parsons once lived, on the road leading by Joseph 
 Whittemore's, opposite the road leading to Zolva Green's. 
 The house is removed. 
 
 GiLMORE, Adam, m. Martha, dau. of James Harwood, 1788. 
 Had James, March 9, 1799 ; d. young. David, Jan. 22, 1783. 
 
 Mr. Green lived in various places in town ; a part of the 
 time, on Mount Pleasant, in the small house opposite the place 
 once Major Swan's. He d. 1808 ; his wife, 1834. 
 
 Haven, Elkanah, was the son of Elkanah ; b. in Framing- 
 ham. He m. Esther, dau. of Jockton Green, Nov. 24, 1785. 
 The father d. in 1794 in Leicester. The children of Elkanah, 
 jun., were Persis, b. 1788 ; m. Daniel Muzzy. Jockton G., 
 b. 1789. Jrtemas, b. 1793. Harriet, b. 1796; m. Asahel 
 Barber of Framingham. Lucetta, 1802 ; m. George W. Hart- 
 well, Oxford. John. 
 
 Mr. Haven lived on the County Eoad, in the south-west 
 part of the town. 
 
 Harwood, Nathaniel, removed from Lunenburg to Leices- 
 ter. His wife's name was Hannah. He lived in a house 
 opposite where William Silvester lives. He was a soldier in 
 the French wars ; afterwards commanded the military com- 
 pany of the town ; was a respectable farmer, and seems to 
 have been a man of considerable influence in the town. His 
 children were James; Nathaniel; Jesse, 1750; 3Iary ; Eliza- 
 beth; Lucy ; Hannah, — though not born in the above order ; 
 there being no record of their births. A part or all of them 
 were born in Lunenburg. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 375 
 
 Nathaniel went to North Brookfield ; Jesse moved to the 
 West; Mary m. Col. Seth Washburn, 1750; Elizabeth m. Ben- 
 jamin Bond, 1765 ; Hannah m. Micah Whitney of" Narraghan- 
 set, No. 6" (Templeton), 1759 ; Lucy m. Jonas Gleason, 1773. 
 The name in the records is sometime Harivood, and sometimes 
 Harrod. It has been used in both forms in this work. 
 
 Harwood, James, son of the above, m. Martha Barnes, 1755. 
 Had 3Iarfha, March 4, 1756 ; m. Adam Gilmore. Sarah, 
 March 5, 1758; m. Thomas Bond. Hannah, July 31, 1759; 
 d., unmarried, 1818. Bebekah, May 16, 1761 ; d., unmarried, 
 1840. 3Iari/, Feb. 8, 1763; m. Isaac Very. Eliphalet, b. 
 1764. Susannah, m. a Hill. James. Nathaniel. 
 
 Mr. Harwood lived in a house, now removed, that stood in 
 the pasture west of Eber Bond's. He d. 1803; his widow, 
 1817, aged eighty-eight. 
 
 Harwood, Nathaniel, son of Capt. Nathaniel, m. Sarah 
 Grimes of New Salem, 1770; and hsid Betsey, 1773; m. Asa 
 Scott of Ward. Nathaniel, 1775. 
 
 Hammond, Ebenezer. His wife was Hester. Had Ehenezer, 
 Aug. 17, 1744 ; Samuel, 1746 ; Nathaniel, 1748. Both d. 
 1754. 
 
 Hammond, Jonas. His wife's name was Elizabeth, Had 
 3Iargaret, July 29, 1740 ; James, Dec. 20, 1742 ; Elizabeth, 
 April 13, 1745; 3Iary, Feb. 19, 1747; Hannah, May 30, 
 1751; Lydia, Nov. 25, 1753. Hannah m. David Dunbar, 
 1773. 
 
 Hasey, Samuel. His wife's name was Sarah. They had 
 Sarah, March 28, 1746 ; Samuel, Aug. 19, 1747 ; Zaccheus, 
 1751; 3Iary, 1755; Jerusha, 1757. 
 
 Hasey, John, m. Tabitha Thomas of Leicester, Nov. 22, 
 1748. Had Tabitha, 1749 ; m. Abijah Stowers. Elizabeth, 
 m. Phinehas Barton, 1753. 
 
 Hopkins, Thomas. Had Judy, h. Aug. 4, 1716; Elizabeth, 
 Jan. 13, 1718; Sarah, April 15, 1721. Elizabeth m. Baley 
 Bond. 
 
376 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Mr. Hopkins's wife's name was Sarah. He lived on the 
 Oxford Road, where Silas Gleason recently lived. 
 
 Henry, Robert. His wife's name was Susannah. They 
 had Hannah, 1766 ; Robert, 1772 ; Mary, 1774; Blartha, 1777 ; 
 William Y., 1779 ; Elizabeth, 1782 ; Foster, 1784. He lived 
 upon the farm, owned by Robert Young, which Robert Henry 
 (probably his father) purchased in 1728. He removed with 
 his family from Leicester to Charleston, N.H. (No. 4), in 1794. 
 Plis dau. Hannah m. Ezra Silvester, 1787. 
 
 Hersey, Peleg. His wife was Lucy. Had Peleg, May 6, 
 1764 ; Samuel, June, 1766. Lived in what is now called 
 Cherry Valley. His house stood where Capt. Cutting lived 
 and died. 
 
 Hersey, Nathan. His wife was Mary. They had Thomas, 
 b. March 24, 1771 : is noticed elsewhere as a physician in 
 town. Mr. Hersey lived where Calvin Hersey afterwards 
 lived, in the west part of the town. The house was after- 
 wards burnt. 
 
 Hersey, Elijah. His wife's name was Beulah. They had 
 Aclisa, 1782 ; Harvey, 1784 ; Elijah, 1786 ; Nathaniel S., 1788 ; 
 Sarah, 1791. Mr. Hersey lived where Capt. Trask afterwards 
 did, in the west part of the town. He built the house. 
 
 Hersey, Martin, m. Mercy Brown, Sept. 24, 1789. Had 
 Betsey, Aug. 10,1790; Hulclah, 1792; Isaac B., 1794. He 
 lived where J. A. Denny lives. 
 
 Hersey, Calvin. His wife's name was Sally. They had 
 Thankful, 1792 ; m. Uriel Johnson. Charles, 1794; went to 
 Canada West. Austin, 1797. Martha P., 1799; m. a God- 
 dard. Clarissa Alvira, 1801. Zephaniah S. 31., 1805 ; went 
 to Canada West. He lived in the house next east of the 
 Capt. Trask Place. 
 
 Hubbard, Daniel, came to Leicester from Spencer in 1750 ; 
 was a native of Worcester. He m. Elizabeth Linde, 1747 ; 
 and had Jonathan, 1750 ; m. Elizabeth Parsons, dau. of Dr. 
 Parsons, and lived in Paxton. Daniel, 1753. Elizabeth, 1757; 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 377 
 
 m. Samuel Cheever. John, 1761. Benjamin, 1763. Molly, 
 1766; m. Joseph Thurston. Esther, 1768; m. Aaron Moore. 
 
 Mr. Hubbard d. 1805, aged seventy-nine. He lived where 
 his son Daniel once lived. 
 
 Hubbard, Daniel, son of the above, m. Mary Sargent, dau. of 
 Nathaniel, Feb. 22, 1776 ; and had Jonathan; m. Betsey Kent ; 
 removed to Vermont. Betsey, m. Barnard Upham, 1802. 
 Siolly, m. John Sprague, 1801. Mary, m. a Brigham. Persis, 
 m. Lot Hancock, 1816. Nancy, b. 1784; m. Silas Bullard; 
 d. 1839. Catherine, b. 1795; went, with her father, to Ver- 
 mont. 
 
 Capt. Hubbard lived one mile north of the Meeting-house. 
 He was a farmer, and, for several years, steward of the Aca- 
 demy ; a man much respected. He once commanded one of 
 the military companies of the town. In the latter part of his 
 life, he removed to Wallingford, Vt. ; where he died. 
 
 HONEYWOOD, Dr. John, is noticed among the physicians of 
 the town. He m. Elizabeth, dau. of Judge Steele (1761); 
 and had St. John, 1763 ; noticed among the college gradu- 
 ates. Mary, 1766 ; m. Nathaniel Lyon. Elizabeth, 1769 ; 
 m. Samuel Allen, Esq., many years Treasurer of the County 
 of Worcester. Henry, 1771. 
 
 HoBART, John, b. 1768, in Abington ; m. Charlotte Spear, 
 1788. He was, by trade, a blacksmith. He came to Leicester 
 in 1793 ; purchased, and for many years carried on, the pub- 
 lic-house opposite the Meeting-house, with general favor and 
 success. After that, about 1816 or '17, he built the house 
 where Mr. Hobart lives, and lived in it till his death. He 
 represented the town several times ; was often in town-office, 
 and held a commanding influence in town. His children were 
 Relief, b. 1789. Mehitahel, 1790 ; m. Roswell Sprague, Esq., 
 now of New York. John, 1792 ; Polly, 1795 ; b. in Leicester. 
 Billings, 1797. Otis, 1800. Louisa, 1802 ; m. Emory Drury. 
 Harriet B., 1804 ; d., unmarried, 1831. George, 1806 ; lives 
 in Philadelphia. Sally, 1809. Edward, 1812; lives in Phila- 
 
 48 
 
378 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 delphia. Maria, 1814. John went to Indiana ; Billings, to 
 Virginia. Otis went to the West, and d. there, 1849. Mrs. 
 Hobart is still living. 
 
 Henshaw, William, is noticed in another part of this work. 
 He m. Ruth, dau. of Jonathan Sargent, 1762 ; and had Sarah, 
 1762; m. Andrew Scott, 1780. Elizabeth, 1764; m. Dr. 
 Austin Flint, 1785. Col. Henshaw's second wife was Phebe 
 Swan, dau. of Dudley W. Swan ; and had Ruth, 1772 ; m. Dr. 
 Asa Miles, and afterwards Rev. Lysander Bascom. Joseph, 
 1774; d. in Belchertown. Phebe, 1777; m. Joseph Denny; 
 d. August, 1815. William, 1780 ; lives in Leicester. Daniel, 
 1782 ; noticed elsewhere. Catherine, 1784. Lucinda, 1786 ; 
 m. Joseph Denny for his second wife. Hoi'atio Gates, 1788. 
 Benjamin, 1793. Almira, 1796 ; d. unmarried. 
 
 Col. Henshaw's first wife d. 1769, aged twenty-five; his 
 second, 1808, aged fifty-six. He lived upon the farm where 
 Mr. Edwin Waite lives, in the east part of the town. 
 
 Henshaw, Daniel, ancestor of all of the name in Leicester ; 
 came from Boston, and lived where Mr. Edwin Waite lives. 
 His wife was Elizabeth, dau. of Joseph Bass, Esq., of Boston. 
 They were m. in 1724; and had Joseph, 1727; mentioned in 
 this work as Col. Joseph. William, 1735. David, 1744. 
 Hannah, m. John Jopp of Oxford, 1763. Mary Belcher, 
 m. Amos Wheeler of Worcester, 1762. 
 
 Mr. Henshaw d. Nov. 18, 1781, aged eighty. 
 
 Henshaw, David, son of Daniel, m. Mary, dau. of Nathan 
 Sargent, 1773. Had Mary, 1774 ; d. 1790. Elizabeth, 1776 ; 
 m. Nathaniel Dodge, 1823. Anna, 1778 ; d. unmarried. 
 Joshua, 1779 ; lived many years in Ohio ; d. in Leicester. 
 Andrew, 1783 ; removed to Alabama ; d. there. Fanny, 
 1785; d. 1801. Sarah, 1787; m. Andrew H. Ward, Esq. 
 Charles, 1789; lives in Boston. David, 1789; is noticed in 
 this work. Laura, 1795 ; m. Oliver Fletcher, Esq., 1822. 
 John, 1798 ; many years a merchant in Boston ; d. in Cam- 
 bridge, 1859. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 379 
 
 Mr. Henshaw is noticed in this work. He d. 1808, aged 
 sixty-four: his wife d. 1831, aged seventy-six. 
 
 HoDGKiN, John, came from Fitchburg; m. Sarah, dau. of 
 Col. Seth Washburn, 1789. Had Eher, 1790 ; Lucy, 1793. 
 Soon after that, he removed to Putney, Vt. ; where he lived 
 the remainder of his life. 
 
 Jackson, James, lived where Mr. Eber Bond lives, on the 
 Oxford Road. His wife's name was Martha. They had 
 James, 1731 ; Thomas, 1733 ; John, 1734 ; 3Iary, 1739 ; 
 Martha, 1741. 
 
 Jackson, Matthew, m. Elizabeth Works, 1781. He came 
 to Leicester, just before the close of the Revolution, from 
 Brookfield. He had been a soldier in Capt. Washburn's com- 
 pany in the eight-months' service, and at the battle of Bunker 
 Hill, and then belonged to Rutland. He first bought the Tan- 
 yard Place, at the foot of the Meeting-house Hill. In 1789, 
 he bought the house-lot, where he built his house and shoe- 
 maker's shop, of Seth Washburn. 
 
 Here he afterwards lived and died. He was a shoemaker. 
 His children were Joseph, 1784; d. unmarried. Elsey, 1788 ; 
 married a Cushman; lived in New- York State. Elizabeth, 
 1790; d., unmarried, Oct. 25, 1850. With her, the family 
 became extinct. Elizabeth was a lady of a cultivated mind 
 and poetical taste, and often contributed fugitive pieces for 
 the press. She left the following touching allusion to the 
 extinction of her family, which a friend caused to be inscribed 
 as an epitaph upon the headstone at her grave : — 
 
 " Ah ! who shall shed a tear for me 
 When 'neath the silent turf I lie ? 
 Will there be friends — who may they be V — 
 To stand around with weeping eye? 
 The clouds of heaven alone will weep, 
 The winds of heaven sigh, where I sleep ; 
 And here and there a wild-flower shed 
 Its fragrance round my lowly bed, — 
 The last of her family." 
 
 Johnson, Benjamin, lived in a house, now gone, standing 
 
380 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 north of Eber Bond's, on the Charlton Road. His wife's 
 name was Rebekah. Their children : Rehekah, 1719 ; m. Daniel 
 Lynde. Esther, 1721; m. Wilham White. Mary, 1724; m. 
 Samuel Bemis. Abigail, 1726; m. John Prouty, 1745. 
 
 Capt. Johnson removed to Spencer in 1747. While he 
 lived in Leicester, he was a man of influence in the town. 
 
 Kent, Ebenezer. His wife was Sarah. They had Ebenezer, 
 1745. Reuben, 1747. Jacob, 1750 ; m. Desire Prouty. Eliza- 
 beth, 1752 ; m. Benjamin Flagg, 1776. Lydia, 1755; m. John 
 Campbell, 1783. 
 
 Mr. Kent d. Feb. 3, 1786, aged sixty-nine. He lived in a 
 house near the Kent Place. 
 
 Kent, Ebenezer, Jun., son of above ; m. Esther Stone, 1772 ; 
 and had William, 1773; m. Katy Wheaton. Sarah, 1774. 
 Daniel, 1777 ; m. Ruth Watson, 1805, for his first wife ; and 
 Miranda Cunningham, 1829, for his second ; he lived where 
 his father had lived, about two miles north-easterly from the 
 Meeting-house ; he once commanded one of the military 
 companies in the town ; d. 1849, leaving a family of children. 
 Elias, 1780. Polly, 1787. Betsey, m. Jonathan Hubbard. 
 
 Mr. Kent and wife both d. in 1806. 
 
 King, Henry, came from Sutton to Leicester. His wife's 
 name was Prudence. They had Tamar, 1774; John, 1776; 
 Henry, 1779; Charles and Charlotte, 1783. 
 
 Capt. King was a well-known citizen of the town, and com- 
 manded one of the military companies ; lived where his son 
 John afterwards lived and died, on the Charlton Road. He 
 is mentioned several times in the body of this work. He 
 d. 1822, aged seventy -four. 
 
 Livingston, Benjamin, usally written Leviston in the town- 
 records. He came from Billerica. He m. Margaret, dau. of 
 Alexander Scott, February, 1769 ; and had Martha, Decem- 
 ber, 1769 ; m. John Phillips, and went to New York. 31atthew, 
 1774. James, 1777. Benjamin, 1780. Nobby, 1782. Amasa, 
 1784. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 381 
 
 Capt. Livingston lived about half a mile north-westerly of 
 Joseph Whittemore's, in a house, now removed, which stood 
 twenty or thirty rods from the road. He once commanded a 
 company in Leicester during the Revolution, and was in the 
 service at Saratoga at the taking of Burgoyne. After the 
 war, he removed to Townsend, Vt. James, after removing to 
 Vermont, m. Nabby Wheaton of Leicester; and, in 1833, was 
 living in Peacham, Yt. 
 
 LiVERMOEE, Jonas, came from Weston ; b. 1710. Daniel — • 
 who, I suppose, was his father — was a proprietor and settler 
 of the town before 1720. He settled upon Lot No. 29, lying 
 at the foot of Livermore Hill, in the south part of the town, 
 on both sides of the road. Jonas lived upon the east side of 
 the road. His wife's name was Elizabeth Rice of Sudbury. 
 They had Jonas, 1736. Micali, 1738. Martj, 1743 ; m. a Scott. 
 David and Elizabeth, 17-4:5 ; m. Samuel Tucker. Elisha, 1751. 
 JBeulah, 1753 ; m. Levi Dunton. Lydia, 1755 ; m. Asa Prouty. 
 Mr. Livermore's will is dated 1773. His wife d. 1799. 
 
 Livermore, Jonas, son of the above, lived in the south part 
 of the town, where Salem lived and died. He was a carpenter 
 as well as farmer. His wife's name was Sarah. They had 
 Hannah, 1762 ; d. 1767. Jonas, 1764 ; d. 1790. Sally, 1766 ; 
 d. 1833. Patty, 1768 ; m. Samuel Upham, jun., 1791, flither 
 of William Upham, senator in Congress from Vermont. Salem, 
 1770; lived in the south part of the town; d. 1858. Bath- 
 sheha, 1772. Lovisa, 1774; m. Gall; d. 1800. Daniel, 1776. 
 Rebecca, 1778. 
 
 Mr. Livermore d. 1825 ; his widow, in 1832, aged ninety- 
 four. 
 
 Livermore, Isaac, lived in the house opposite where Jonas, 
 sen., lived, at the foot of Livermore Hill. His wife's name 
 was Dorothy. They had Isaac, 1746 ; who was in Capt. 
 Washburn's company at Bunker Hill. Abner, 1749; also in 
 the same company. Dorothy, 1751 ; m. George Rogers. 
 Abraham, 1753. Elijah, 1755. Lucy, 1758. 
 
382 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 LiVERMORE, Jason. His wife's name was Abigail. They had 
 Jason, 1750 ; William, 1752 ; Abigail, 1758 ; Josiah, 1761. 
 
 LiVERMORE, Jason, Jun., son of the above, m. Mary ; 
 
 and had Daniel, 1773; Mary, 1775; Jason, 1778. 
 
 Lynde, John, the ancestor of the famihes of the name in 
 Leicester, came from Maiden, and was here before 1721. He 
 was one of the persons named as grantee in the deed to 
 the proprietors of the eastern half of the township, and 
 was the proprietor of Lot No. 18. He was married, and had 
 five children, before he left Maiden: viz., Hannah, 1710 ; John, 
 1712 ; Samuel, 1714 ; Daniel, 1717 ; and Mary. His first wife 
 died in Maiden. His second wife's name was Hannah. They 
 had Abigail, 1721 ; who m. Benjamin Wheaton. Elizabeth, 
 1724 ; m. Daniel Hubbard, then of Worcester, 1748. David, 
 1726. Benjamin, 1731 ; d. 1737. 
 
 The will of Mr. Lynde, dated April 7, 1749, gives his son 
 John, among other things, half of his tan-yard on his home 
 place in Leicester, together with " my negro slave named 
 
 Pompey." To Samuel he gives the farm " where 
 
 Houghton now lives, late the estate of Benjamin Johnson," 
 which lies next north of Eber Bond's. He gives his son 
 Daniel his lands on the east side of Rutland Road, by Ohver 
 Wilt's. 
 
 Mr. Lynde seems to have been a leading man in the town, 
 a large landholder, and a man of wealth and influence. He 
 d. 1756. He lived at what is called the Elliot Place. 
 
 Lynde, John, Jun., son of the above, seems to have been of 
 superior education to those of his day. He was the school- 
 master of the town in 1733, when hardly twenty-one years 
 old ; and afterwards is described in a deed as " John Lynde, 
 Esquire." If he was a justice of the peace, he was one of 
 the earliest in town. In 1750, he owned the Elliot Farm, as 
 it was afterwards called, in the north part of the town, then 
 containing three hundred acres, which had been his father's 
 homestead. His children were John, 1736. Isaac, 1741. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 383 
 
 James, 1743. John, 1745. Benjamin, 1747. Ruth, 1749 ; 
 m. Daniel Upham, 1765. 
 
 The wife of Mr. Lynde d. 1751. 
 
 Lynde, Samuel, brother of the above, m. Dorcas, widow of 
 James Smith ; and seems to have moved on to the farm which 
 had been her husband's, in the west part of the town. His 
 house was destroyed by a hurricane, as mentioned in this 
 work. His children were Samuel, Lucy, and Mary. 
 
 Lynde, David, brother of above, m. Jerusha Paine of Hol- 
 den, 1754 ; and had Jerusha, 1755 ; David, 1756 ; Charles, 
 1758; Hannah, 1760. 
 
 Lynde, Daniel, brother of the above, m. Rebekah Johnson, 
 1740. Had Johnson, 1741 ; who went to Spencer, and lived 
 on the Sibley Farm. 
 
 Locke, Josiah, was born in Marlborough ; came to Leices- 
 ter from Westborough. He had five children at that time. 
 From Leicester he went to Hardwick. While residing there, 
 he commanded a company at Roxbury in 1775. He died in 
 Litchfield, N.Y., 1819 ; and his wife, in 1839, at the age of a 
 hundred and three years and five months. His wife was 
 Persis Matthews of New Braintree. While in Leicester, they 
 had John, 1762. Persis, 1765 ; m. George Jenkins. Josiah, 
 1766. 
 
 Larkin, William, came from Boston; owned and lived on 
 the place now owned by Mr. May. He is sometimes called 
 " trader," and sometimes " yeoman," in contemporary papers. 
 They had Sarah, 1730 ; Elizabeth, 1735 ; Thomas S., 1737. 
 
 Love, John, was a poor man. The town gave him a piece 
 of land on the top of Carey Hill, where he lived in a small 
 house which long since disappeared ; the traces of which, 
 with a pear-tree near it, which he planted, were lately visible. 
 His wife's name was Susannah. They had Sarah, 1736; 
 Rachel, 1741; Moses, 1745; Rhoda, 1754; Eunice, 1759. 
 
 Lincoln, Luke, is said by the Hon. Mr. Wilder in his " His- 
 tory of Leominster," to have been of the family of Gen. Lin- 
 
384 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 coin of Revolutionary memory. He came from Scituate. 
 His wife's name was Lydia, Their children : William, 11 3S. 
 Rachel, 1741 ; m. Timothy Boutelle of Leominster, 1768 : 
 she was the mother of Hon. Timothy Boutelle, late of Water- 
 ville, Me. Loring, 1746. Lydia, 1748. 3Iary, 1751 ; m. Asa 
 Meriam of Oxford, 1778. Dorothy and Elizabeth Lincoln were 
 m. in Leicester (one in 1742, the other 1748), and were pro- 
 bably sisters of the above. 
 
 Lincoln, Loring, son of the above, m. Dolly Mower, 1770. 
 Had Dorothy, 1773. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln was the ensign of the company in the eight- 
 months' service, under Capt. Washburn, which took part in 
 the battle of Bunker Hill. He lived on the North-County 
 Road, in the house next east of where Silas Earle used to 
 live. 
 
 Mower, Ephraim, was born in Maiden ; came first to "Worces- 
 ter, and then to Leicester; d. 1790, aged sixty. His first wife 
 was Mary B. Wheeler of Worcester. They had Timothy, b. 
 
 1745. His second wife was Garfield of Waltham. They 
 
 had Ephraim, b. 1748 ; Thomas, b. 1750; all b. in Worcester, 
 and two children who died in childhood ; one b. in Leicester. 
 
 Mower, Thomas, son of Ephraim, lived upon Mount Pleasant, 
 on the farm once owned by Col. Henry Sargent. He came 
 from Worcester at the age of ten years. His wife's name was 
 Anna Brown of Worcester. Their children: James B., 1773 ; 
 d. 1832. Ephraim, 1778. Sarah, 1780; d. 1855. Huldah, 
 1784. ; d. 1826. Thomas Gardner, b. 1790; d. 1853. 
 
 Mr. Mower removed to Worcester in 1792 ; Avhere his son 
 Ephraim, a wealthy and highly respectable gentleman, is still 
 living. James B. died in the city of New York. Sarah m. 
 John Thayer. Thomas Gardner was graduated at Harvard in 
 1810, and should have been mentioned among the native-born 
 graduates of the town. He was educated as a surgeon, and 
 commissioned as such in the United-States Army in 1812 ; 
 saw much service on the northern frontier and elsewhere ; 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 385 
 
 and continued connected with the army till his death, during 
 the last years of his life, in the city of New York. He was a 
 member of the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. 
 
 There was a Samuel Mower, a cousin of Thomas, who took 
 his farm on his removal to Worcester, and had Lyman and 
 Levi, who removed to Woodstock, Vt. ; and Nahum, who re- 
 moved to Montreal, and became proprietor and editor of a 
 leading newspaper in that city. 
 
 MoREY, Ephraim. His wife's name was Abigail. They had 
 Beuhen, 1738; Simeon, 1739; Zenas, 1740; Eleanor, 1744; 
 Abigail, 1751 ; James, 1752 ; Moses, 1754 ; Elizabeth, 1756. 
 
 Merritt, Benjamin, came from Scituate ; was a shoemaker, 
 and lived a little west of the late Joseph Whittemore's. His 
 wife's name was Sarah. They had Freelove, 1758 ; m. Phi- 
 nehas Converse. Sarali, 1760. Abigail, 1775. He was a 
 soldier in the French War in 1754. 
 
 Morse, Abner. His wife was Keziah. They had Elijah, 
 1758 ; Stephen, 1759 ; Keziah, 1762. 
 
 Newhall, Daniel, came, as I suppose, from Maiden ; as 
 Thomas, the first of the name in town, came from there. He 
 was here before 1731. His wife's name was Tabitha. They 
 had Daniel, 1734; Elizabeth, 1736; Phinehas, 1742; Samuel, 
 1744. He lived in the north-east part of the town. 
 
 Newhall, Daniel, Jun., m. Elizabeth Stebbins, 1754. Had 
 James, 1756; Sarah, 1757; Daniel, 1760; John, 1762; Eliza- 
 beth, 1765. 
 
 Newhall, Phinehas, son of Daniel, 1st. His wife was 
 Lydia. They had Josei^h, 1765. Artemas, 1768. Persis, 1769; 
 m. Asahel Earle. Joseph removed to Phillipston. Col. New- 
 hall kept a tavern, many years, on the North-County Road, 
 where Mr. Eddy lives. 
 
 Newhall, Jonathan. His wife's name was Hannah. They 
 had Thomas, 1732 ; a leading, public-spirited man, and a liberal 
 benefactor to the toAvn ; he lived where the late Robert Wat- 
 son d., in the west part of the town ; and d., without children, 
 
 49 
 
386 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Oct. 26, 1814, aged eighty-two : he commanded the standing 
 military company of the town, and marched with his company 
 to Cambridge, on the alarm of the 19th April, 1775 ; and was 
 always known as " Capt. Newhall." Hannah, 1734 ; m. Eli- 
 jah Harding of Southbridge. PJiebe, 1736 ; m. Jonathan 
 Winslow. Hiram, 1738. Dorothy, 1740 ; m. Ebenezer Wash- 
 burn, 1757, brother of Col. Seth. Esther, 1742; m. Jockton 
 Green, 1762. Jonathan, jun., 1744. Betty, 1747 ; d. 1751. 
 
 Mr. Newhall, and his son Jonathan after him, lived at what 
 used to be called the Sadler Place. The house was burned 
 while Mr. Sadler lived there. The farm is now Nathan 
 Craige's, in the south-west part of the town. 
 
 Newhall, Hiram, son of the above. His wife was Mary. 
 They had Hiram, 1764; Mary, 1768; Joshua, 1770. He re- 
 moved to Athol. 
 
 Newhall, Jonathan, Jun., brother of the above. His wife 
 was Mary. They had 31ary ; m. Solomon Keyes, Cambridge, 
 Yt. Anna. Thomas, 1776. Lucy, 1778. Hetty, 1791. Wil- 
 liam, 1793. The family removed to Warren, R.I. William 
 m. Almira, dau. of Winthrop Earle, 1818 ; and lived in 
 Leicester many years ; then removed to Fall River. 
 
 Newhall, John. His wife's name was Dorothy. They had 
 Allen, 1743 ; John, 1745 ; Betty, 1748. Mr. Newhall came 
 from Spencer to Leicester in 1774. 
 
 Nichols, Joshua, came from Maiden ; was a tailor by trade ; 
 was employed as a schoolmaster at one time ; was chosen one 
 of the assessors at the first town-meeting. He m. Ruth, a 
 dau. of Capt. Samuel Green ; and had Catherine, 1721. Caleb, 
 1722. Buth, 1724; m. Thomas Moore of Worcester, 1746. 
 James, 1725. Ahijah, 1728. Jeremiah, 1730. Mr. Nichols 
 lived on the Deacon Rockwood Place, on the Charlton Road. 
 '^ Nichols, Caleb, son of above, m. Lucy Smith ; and had 
 John, 1752. Lucy, 1756 ; m. Daniel Carpenter. Catherine, 
 1757. Abigail, 1759. Caleb, 1761. He lived on the cross- 
 road from the Deacon Rockwood Place to the turnpike. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 387 
 
 Nevers, Elisha, by his wife Bathsheba, had Phinehas, 
 1726 ; Nathan, 1728 ; Martha, 1731 ; Samuel, 1736 ; Jabez, 
 1738. He Hved at the Amos Craige Place, in the south part 
 of the town. 
 
 Parsons, Rev. David. He has been too fully noticed in 
 this work to require any further remark. He was b. in North- 
 ampton, 1680 ; was graduated at Harvard, 1705. His wife's 
 name was Sarah. They had David, 1712 ; graduated at Har- 
 vard, 1729 ; settled as a minister in Amherst, 1739 ; d. 1781. 
 Nathan, 1721 ; removed to Belchertown, 1746 ; d. 1806. 
 Israel. A daughter, 1724, — name not known. Solomon, 
 1726. 
 
 Mr. Parsons d. 1743, aged sixty-three ; his wife, 1759, aged 
 seventy-three. Meekness does not seem to have been a dis- 
 tinguishing trait in his character. 
 
 Parsons, Israel, son of the above, m. Hannah Waite of 
 Maiden, 1750, for his first wife ; and Lois Wiley of Lynn, for 
 his second, in 1761. His children were Hannah, 1751 ; Sarah, 
 1754; Deborah, 1155; Israel, 1757; Ebenezer, 1762; James, 
 1763 ; Huth, 1765. 
 
 Mr. Parsons lived, a part of his life, in the house opposite 
 Mrs. NewhalPs, on the Rutland Road ; and, a part of it, in the 
 house where his father had lived, north-east of the Meeting- 
 house He d. 1767. But, though all his children were then 
 living, I have been unable to trace them. None of them or 
 their descendants appear in the town for more than fifty 
 years past. 
 
 Parsons, Solomon, son of David, was a physician, and also 
 deacon of the Congregational Church. He m. Elizabeth Tay- 
 lor, 1752; and had Elizabeth, 1753; m. Jonathan Hubbard of 
 Paxton, 1771. Phebe, 1755 ; m. Abijah Brown, 1775. Solo- 
 mon, 1757. Dr. Parsons is noticed among the physicians of 
 the town. 
 
 Parsons, Solomon, Jun., son of the above, m. Rebecca C. 
 Wesson of ShreAvsbury, 1789. He lived on the North-County 
 
388 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Road, till he removed to Worcester, about 1812. He had 
 Samuel, 1791 ; went to Louisiana, and d. 1817. Elizabeth, 
 1793 ; m. Ira Bryant of Worcester. Sally, 1794 ; m. E. N. 
 Child of Worcester. Bloomfeld, 1796 ; d. in New Orleans, 
 1815. Maria, 1794 ; d. 1804. Solomon, 1800 ; lives in 
 Worcester. Mr. Parsons is noticed in other places in this 
 work. He d. 1831: his wife d. 1836. 
 
 Pike, Onesephirus. His wife was Mary Saunderson. They 
 had James, 1729. Onesephirus, 1731 ; who removed to Stur- 
 bridge. And Mary, a twin ; m. Stephen Tucker, 1750. And, 
 I suppose, Sarah; who m'. Ephraim Amsden, 1749. He lived 
 north of the Bond Place, in the north-west part of the town. 
 He came from Weston to Leicester. 
 
 Potter, John, Jun. His wife's name was Lydia. They had 
 Ezra, 1730 ; Lydia, 1733 ; Robert, 1735 ; Hannah, 1736. His 
 second wife was Elizabeth, dau. of William Earle. They had 
 William, 1738 ; Lois, 1741 ; Mary, 1745. Mr. Potter d. 1797, 
 aged seventy-three. 
 
 Mr. Potter came from Lynn ; was a housewright. His 
 father bought of Benjamin Potter, in 1726, half the lot where 
 he lived, about one mile north of the Meeting-house, pre- 
 viously belonging to Samuel Stimpson, and conveyed it to 
 this John, 1728. The house in which he lived was built by 
 his father John in 1728, and was lately owned by Thomas 
 Smith, and, before that, by Jacob Bond. 
 
 Potter, Nathaniel, m. Bebekah ; and had Nathaniel, 
 
 1732 ; Biith, 1735 ; and Elizabeth, older than these, who 
 m. Steward Southgate, 1750. 
 
 He lived in the northerly part of the town, next east of 
 John Potter, — the Jonah Earle Farm. Mrs. Potter d. 1799, 
 aged seventy. 
 
 Pierce, Thomas, m. Hannah Locke ; and had Hannah, b. 
 1723 ; m. William Bullard, jun., 1741. Benjamin, 1725. Tho- 
 mai, 1726 or '27. 
 
 Mr. Pierce came from Woburn about 1722. In 1723, he 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 389 
 
 was pound-keeper, and had charge of the Meeting-house. He 
 lived on the Oxford Road, on the east side of it, south of 
 Eber Bond's, in a house long since removed. He left Leices- 
 ter, and went to Hopkinton, in 1728. 
 
 Parkman, Alexander. He came from Westborough ; was 
 a clothier ; owned the shop where Samuel Watson afterwards 
 carried on business in Cherry Yalley ; and lived in the 
 house lately occupied by Rufus Upham, which he bought of 
 the Southgates, 1771. His wife's name was Keziah. They 
 had Bohert BrecJc, 1771 ; Alexander, 1773. 
 
 Paine, Jabez, m. Elizabeth Hubbard of Worcester, 1753; 
 and had Ruth, 1754. Jabez, 1756 ; removed to Westminster, 
 Vt. Ann, 1758. Elizabeth G., 1761 ; m. Hezekiah Saunder- 
 son, 1780. Anna, 1763. Chloe, 1765; m. Joshua Wood, 
 Townshend, Vt., 1786. Itebekah,llQS', m. Benjamin Hubbard, 
 1787. William, 1769. 
 
 Mr. Paine lived in the first house on the road leading by 
 the late Joseph Whittemore's, which was burned, and stood 
 where the present one does. His son William also lived 
 there till his removal with his family to Mercer in Maine. He 
 m. Relief Ward of Worcester, 1797. 
 
 Parker, Thomas. He lived on the Charlton Road, the last 
 house next to Charlton. His wife's name was Lucy. They 
 had Thomas J., 1764; d. 1769. Mary, 1769. Sarah, 1771. 
 Jb;^w, 1774; lived where his father lived; d. 1849. Elizabeth, 
 1777. Thomas, jim., 1779; who lived in Charlton; m. Lucy 
 Dunbar of Leicester. 
 
 Mr. Parker d. 1815, aged eighty. 
 
 Rawson, Edward, Esq., came from Mendon, where he was 
 born 1721, and where his children were born. He came 
 to Leicester soon after the war. He was a descendant in 
 the fourth degree from Secretary Rawson of Colonial memo- 
 ry ; a grandson of the eminent divine, Grindal Rawson of 
 Mendon. He represented Mendon in the Provincial Congress 
 and in the General Court ; and was a member of the Constitu- 
 
390 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 tional Convention, 1779. He was an active magistrate while 
 in Leicester, and highly respected. He lived at one time at 
 the corner of Flip Road ; afterwards just east of Town- 
 Meadow Brook, or, as it used to be called, " Rawson Brook," 
 half a mile west of the Meeting-house ; where he d. Feb. 11, 
 1807, aged eighty-six. 
 
 Only tAvo of his eight children came to Leicester, — Edward 
 and Nancy ; who d. unmarried, 1848, aged ninety-one. 
 
 Rawson, Edward, son of the above, was b. 1754; was a 
 physician ; m. Margaret Steele, dau. of Judge Steele ; and 
 had Mary, b. 1779. Benjamin Pemherton, 1781. Margaret S., 
 1784; d. 1785. 
 
 Dr. Rawson is noticed elsewhere. He lived where his fa- 
 ther died. His wife died Sept. 6, 1784. His son, Benjamin P., 
 went to Hudson, N.Y. ; and, on the death of his sister Nancy, 
 the family became extinct in Leicester. 
 
 Russ, Hezekiah, came from Lexington. His wife's name 
 was Deborah. Their children were Deborah, 1710 ; Mar- 
 garet, 1714; Jbigail, 1718; John, 1720. 
 
 Mr. Russ was in Leicester before 1721. He was chosen 
 constable at the first town-meeting, and was one of the gran- 
 tees of the settlers' half of the town ; being proprietor of Lot 
 No. 8, about a half-mile from the Main Street, on the Charl- 
 ton Road. 
 
 Richardson, Thomas, came from Maiden. His wife's name 
 was Elizabeth. They had FUzaheth, 1718. Samuel, 1722. 
 James, 1723. Philip, 1725. 3Iary, 1729. Rehekah, 1731; 
 m. James Smith of Leicester, 1751. 
 
 His second wife was Jane. They had Lucy, 1740. Eliza- 
 beth, 1741 ; m. Nathan Lamb of Spencer. 
 
 Mr. Richardson Hved in what was the Baptist Parsonage 
 
 House. 
 
 His son Philip commanded a company of men in Col. Rug- 
 gles's regiment, at Fort William Henry, in August, 1756. 
 
 Richardson, Benjamin. His wife was Patience. They had 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 391 
 
 Abigail, 1125. Benjamin, 11^1. Elizaheth,11Zi] m. Nathan 
 Earle. Nathaniel, 1737. 
 
 Mr. Richardson was a housewright by trade. 
 
 EiCHARDSON, Benjamin, Jun., son of the above ; m. Eunice 
 Swan, dau. of Dudley Wade, 1758 ; and had Abigail, 1760 ; 
 Benjamin, 1764 ; Phlnehas, 1767 ; Artemas, 1768 ; Asa, 
 1771; Katij, 1773. 
 
 Mr. Richardson owned and lived on the farm where Mrs. 
 Newhall lives, half a mile north of the Meeting-house, which 
 he bought of Israel Parsons, 1760. He sold this to John 
 Lyon in 1777, and removed to Sterhng. When he was mar- 
 ried, he was called of Worcester. 
 
 Richardson, Nathaniel, son of Benjamin, 1st, m. Ruth Gil- 
 key of Plainfield. He owned and lived on the Bridge's 
 Farm, in south-east part of the town. They had William, 
 1764; Semple, 1767. 
 
 Ryan, Anthony, was probably from Ireland ; as there was a 
 John Ryan from Leicester, a soldier in the French War, who 
 was from there. His wife's name was Margaret. They had 
 John, 1743. Mary, 1745 ; m. Walter Fanning, "a Foregnor," 
 1769. Katherine, 1746 ; m. John Mansfield of Boston. Sor 
 rah, 1748, Samuel, 1750. Susannah, 1752. Daniel, 1755. 
 Margaret, 1760. Susannah, 1762. Hannah, 1765. 
 
 Mr. Ryan owned a part of the Mount-Pleasant Farm. 
 
 Sargent, Jonathan, belonged to Maiden, and came to 
 Leicester before 1728. He built, and kept as a tavern, the 
 house which stood opposite the present Catholic Church, till 
 his death. He was b. 1701 ; and ra. Deborah Richardson, 
 1726. His children were Jonathan, 1728. Nathaniel, 1730. 
 Lucretia, 1734; m., first, Dr. Pliny Lawton; second. Rev. 
 Benjamin Conklin. Deborah, 1739; m. Thomas Newhall. 
 Buth, 1744; m. Col. William Henshaw. Phinehas, 1746. 
 
 Sargent, Jonathan, Jun., son of the above, m. Mary, dau. of 
 Robert Earle, 1750 ; and had Jonathan, 3d, 1752. He lived on 
 Mount Pleasant, where Benjamin Earle has lived ; died in the 
 
392 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 arm J, in the Revolutionary War. 31ary, 1753 ; m. Timothy 
 Sprague. Eleanor, 1754 ; m. John Southgate. William, 1756 ; 
 m. Rachel, sister of Capt. Todd, in 1755 ; he went to Canada. 
 Catherine, m. Amos Livermore, 1790. Samuel, 1761. Elihu, 
 1764; d., unmarried, about 1835. 
 
 Mr. Sargent lived in the south-east part of the town, on 
 the Auburn Road, a short distance from the turnpike. The 
 house is now standing. 
 
 Sargent, Nathaniel, son of Jonathan, 1st, m. Anne Garfield, 
 1753; and had Nathaniel, 2d, 1754; d. 1757. 3Iary, 1756; 
 m. Daniel Hubbard. Deborah, 1759 ; m. Capt. James Earle, 
 1786. Hadadrimmon, 1762. Betsey. Ruth; d., unmarried, 
 about 1809. He lived a little west of the Pond, on the north 
 side of the road. 
 
 Sargent, Phinehas, son of Jonathan, 1st, m. Mary Edson 
 of Simsbury, Conn., 1766 ; and Abigail Dunbar, for second 
 wife, 1772 ; and had Lucretia, April 10, 1768 ; m. Col. Thomas 
 Denny; d. April 12, 1858 : a lady of great worth and respec- 
 tability ; bright, cheerful, and intelligent to the last ; forming, 
 while she lived, a connecting link between the ante-Revolu- 
 tionary period and our own, which no one is left to supply. 
 Phinehas, 1110. Jr^emcw, 1773 ; d., 1822, unmarried. Ilary, 
 1775 ; m. William Moffit. His first wife d. September, 1770. 
 
 Sargent, Samuel, son of Jonathan, 2d, m. Patty Johnson, 
 1784. He lived in various places in town, though for many 
 years where his father had lived. He removed to the State 
 of New York pretty late in life; and d. October, 1830. His 
 children were Samuel, 1785; lives in Ohio. Charlotte, 1787 
 m. John Pike. Eleanor, 1789 ; m. Elisha Pike. Lucretia 
 1791 ; m. Abner Wallen. William F., 1793 ; lives in Ohio 
 Loring L., 1794 ; removed to Ohio. Arnold G., 1796 ; in Ohio 
 Palmer G., 1798. Evelina, 1800 ; m. Simon Phillips. Palmer 
 G., 1802 ; went to New York. Almira, 1804 ; m, Silas Boyn 
 ton. Louisa, 1805 ; m. George Gierson. Winthrop E., 1808 
 lives in Brookfield. Sarah, 1811 ; m. David Aldrich. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 393 
 
 Sargent, Nathan, brother of Jonathan, 1st, came from 
 Maiden ; settled on Chestnut Hill, so called, adjoining the 
 town of Worcester, where his grandson Sewall Sargent lives. 
 His first wife was Mary, dau. of Joseph, and grand-niece of 
 Jonathan, 1st, 1742. Their children were Lydia, 1743 ; 
 m., 1st, J. Watson ; 2d, N. Kellog. Nathan, 2d, 1746 ; re- 
 moved to New Braintree. 31ary, 1749 ; d. same year. His 
 second wife was Mary, dau. of Daniel Denny, 1751. They 
 had Mercy, 1751 ; m. Micah Reed of Westmoreland, N.H., 
 1796. Samuel, 11 34:. ilfarz/, 1755 ; m. David Henshaw, Esq. 
 Rehekah, 1758 ; d. 1785. John, 1759. Sarah, 1763 ; m. 
 William Sprague of Leicester. Anna, 1767 ; m. John Hay- 
 ward, 1795. 
 
 Mr. Sargent was a stanch patriot. He is mentioned, in 
 connection with the march of the Leicester troops, as having 
 melted his clock-weights to provide bullets for the soldiers. 
 He d. 1799, aged eighty-one. His Avife, a very intelligent 
 lady, survived till 1822, ninety -five years of age. 
 
 Sargent, Samuel, son of the above, m. Mary, dau. of Seth 
 Washburn, 1781 ; and had Ruth, 1782 ; m. Benjamin Dunklee ; 
 d. 1840. 3Iary, 1784 ; m. Joel Estabrook ; d. 1830. Margaret, 
 1786; m. W. Arnold; d. 1834. Clarissa, 1788; m. Ira Gale. 
 Sarah D., 1790; m. Daniel Joy; d. 1836. Mr. Sargent 
 removed to Putney, Vt., about 1790 ; and his children born 
 after that were born in that town. Among them is the Hon. 
 Nathan (b. 1794) of Washington City, once a Judge of Court 
 of Common Pleas in Alabama ; once Serjeant-at-Arms of Con- 
 gress, Registrar-General of the United-States Land Office, and 
 Registrar of the Treasury. Samuel, b. 1796; was a physi- 
 cian in New York; d. 1846. Mr. Sargent d. 1825, aged 
 seventy-one: Mrs. Sargent d. 1848, aged eighty-nine. He 
 lived, while in Leicester, in the house which Deacon Murdoch 
 enlarged and occupied, about a half-^mile west of the Meeting- 
 house. 
 
 Sargent, John, brother of the last, m. Sarah Gates, 1783 ; 
 
 50 
 
394 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 and, for his second wife, Mrs. Isaac Denny, 1818. His chil- 
 dren: ^sa, 1784; m. Charlotte Earle ; d. 1854. Betsey, 1786; 
 m. David Andrews of Hingham, and is mother of Major- 
 Gen. Andrews of Boston. Julia, 1788 ; d., unmarried, 1818. 
 Rebekah, 1792; m. Lewis Cutting; d. 1843. Anna, 1795; 
 m. Ebenezer A. Howard ; d. 1820. John, 1797 ; lived in 
 Leicester ; a trader and postmaster ; m. Mary A., dau. of 
 Billings Swan ; and, for his second wife, Abigail Ward ; had 
 children; d. 1850. Sally, 1797; twin with John; m. J. A. 
 Smith, Esq., of Leicester ; d. 1849. Sewall, 1799 ; lives in 
 Leicester ; m. Laura Woodworth, and has a family of chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Mr. Sargent lived where his son Sewall now does, and 
 owned a gristmill, which stood where the brick factory now 
 does. He was in the service during the Revolution ; a valua- 
 ble citizen, much respected in the town. 
 
 Sargent, Joseph, brother of Nathan's first wife ; son of 
 Joseph of Maiden, where he was born, 1716. He m. Hannah 
 Whittemore for his first, and Martha Grout for his second 
 wife. His children were Daniel, 1750 ; removed to Holden. 
 Hannah, 1754 ; m. "William Waite. Joseph, 1757. Patty, 
 1759 ; d., unmarried, 1831. Rachel, 1761 ; d., unmarried, 
 1831. Stephen, 1762 ; went to Canada, and died there. 
 
 Mr. Sargent lived in a house that stood on the north side 
 of the Great Post Road, west of Mr. John Sargent's, near 
 where Asa Sargent built a new house. 
 
 Sargent, Joseph, 2d, son of the above, m. Mary, dau. of 
 Thomas Denny. He lived a part of the time in a house that 
 stood next west of the house in which Dr. Austin Flint lived, 
 now removed, upon what is now a part of the Common ; and 
 d. there in 1787. His children were Henry, 1783. Sophia, 
 1788 ; m. Daniel M'Farland in 1813 ; and, after his death 
 in 1818, m. Horace M'Farland in 1822. Joseph J)., 1787. Col. 
 Henry Sargent m. Elizabeth, dau. of William Denny, 1812. 
 He was a very successful business-man ; held many offices, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 395 
 
 civil and military ; and was a distinguished citizen in the 
 county as well as the town. He was a member of the Con- 
 stitutional Convention in 1821 ; d. 1829. The house in 
 which he lived stood where Mr. Rice's store is, at the corner 
 of Main Street and the Charlton Road. He left a family of 
 children ; two of whom were graduates of Harvard Univer- 
 sity, and both physicians in Worcester. Henry, the youngest, 
 d. 1857. The other (Joseph) holds an eminent rank in his 
 profession. He is mentioned among the graduates of the 
 town. Col. Joseph was also a leading and influential man, 
 and represented the town in the General Court in 1846. He 
 m. Mindwell Jones of Spencer ; d. 1849, leaving a family of 
 children. One son (Edward) is now in business in Leicester. 
 Mrs. Sargent d. after her husband. 
 
 Sargent, Thomas, came from Maiden ; was the son of Sa- 
 muel, and cousin of Jonathan 1st, and Nathan. He was born 
 1720; m. Tabitha Tuttle. He lived in Leicester some years, 
 and then removed to Hubbardston. His children were Abi- 
 gail, 1750 ; m. Zaccheus Hasey. Thomas, 1752 ; lived in 
 the north part of the town, next north of where Barnard 
 Upham formerly lived ; m. Sarah, dau. of Daniel Denny : he 
 died without children, and his widow became second wife of 
 Col. Seth Washburn. John, 1755 ; m. Hannah Bond, dau. of 
 Benjamin, for his fourth wife : lived sometimes in Hubbards- 
 ton, and sometimes in Leicester; d. 1837. Ubenezer,1162; 
 lived in Hubbardston. Samuel, m. Deborah, dau. of Peter 
 Silvester, 1772 ; and lived in Marlborough, N.H. 
 
 SouTHGATE, RiCHARD, camc with Daniel Denny from Coombs, 
 Suffolk, Eng., in 1715. The next year he went back for 
 his family ; and brought them over in July, 1717, and with 
 them his brother James. The next March, 1718, the South- 
 gates and Denny removed to Leicester, and settled there. I 
 do not know what circumstance led them to select that spot. 
 Mr. Southgate became an extensive land-owner in the town, 
 and is one of the grantees in the settlers' deed ; Lots No. 35, 
 
396 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 41, and 42, being conveyed to him by that deed. In 1737, he 
 owned seven hundred and seventy acres in the town. 
 
 He was the first treasurer of the town, and was much 
 employed as a surveyor of lands ; being a skilful and trust- 
 worthy person. The name of his father was John. Richard 
 was born 1671, and m. Elizabeth Steward, October, 1700. 
 They had six children, all born in England ; five of whom 
 came to Leicester: Steward, b. 1703. Elizabeth, 1705; d., 
 1791, unmarried. Hannah, 1709 ; m. Nathaniel Waite of 
 Leicester, 1737; d. 1754. Mary, 1712; m. Daniel Livermore 
 of Weston, 1732. Richard, 1714. 
 
 He died 1758, aged eighty-eight: his wife died 1751, in 
 the eighty-eighth year of her age. They are said to be the 
 ancestors of all of the name in New England. 
 
 SouTHGATE, STEWARD, SOU of the above, m. Elizabeth Scott 
 of Palmer, then called the " Elbow," in 1735, while he was 
 living there. About 1740, he returned to Leicester, and spent 
 the rest of his days there. Their children were John, 1738. 
 Robert, 1741 ; who was a physician ; removed to Scarborough, 
 Me., and is noticed in this work. Margaret, 1743. Sarah, 
 1744; m. Azariah Dickinson of Hadley. Steivard, 114:8. He 
 married, and removed to Hardwick, and was a soldier in the 
 Revolution. After the war, he went to Barnard, Vt. ; where, 
 in 1795, he lost five children by the canker-rash, within a few 
 days of each other. 
 
 Mr. Southgate married Elizabeth, dau. of Nathaniel Potter, 
 for his second wife ; and had Amos, 1751 ; who was married, 
 and had a daughter born after his death, who became the 
 wife of Jonah Earle : Amos d. in Boston, 1775. Rehekah, 
 1754; d. 1756. Ruth, 1758; d. at Boston, 1777. Moses, 
 1761 ; d. at Boston, 1777. 
 
 His second wife d. 1748 : he died 1765. Mr. Southgate 
 was at first a member of the Congregational Church, but 
 became a zealous and leading member of the Society of 
 Friends ; to which society his second wife's father belonged 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 397 
 
 prior to 1732. He must have been well educated for his 
 day ; and seems to have possessed a clear head, strong pur- 
 pose, and, withal, great sensibility and Christian resignation. 
 He had a commanding influence among his religious bre- 
 thren ; and the memoranda that he left allude in terms of 
 deep emotion to the afflictions through which he was called 
 to pass. 
 
 SouTHGATE, JoHN, SOU of Steward, m. Eleanor Sargent, dau. 
 of Jonathan, 1776 ; and had Sally, who d. unmarried. John, 
 1778 ; d. 1804, unmarried, as related in this work. William, 
 1782; d., unmarried, 1811; he was rather a skilful and ta- 
 lented painter; he had cultivated his taste under several 
 masters; among others, Ralph Earle, to whom he was remotely 
 related ; and by instruction of Gilbert Stuart : the depart- 
 ment of art to which he devoted his attention was that of 
 portraits, in which he would probably have attained a distin- 
 guished reputation, had he diligently devoted himself to it as 
 a profession. Harriot, 1792 ; d., unmarried, 1841. Eliza, 
 1796; m. Jacob Bigelow, then of Montreal; where she died, 
 leaving one son. Dr. George F. Bigelow of Boston. George 
 W., 1800; now living. Mrs. Southgate d. 1825. 
 / Southgate, James, came with his brother Richard from 
 England, as above stated. He became a proprietor of the 
 settlers' half of the town, as owner of Lot No. 30. At the 
 first town-meeting, he was chosen one of the selectmen, and 
 surveyor of highways. He, with his brother and several 
 other inhabitants of Leicester, addressed a letter to the Gov- 
 ernor in 1725, asking for soldiers to guard the town from the 
 Indians. 
 
 He was deacon of the church, and took an active part in 
 settling Mr. Parsons in 1720. His wife's name was Mary ; and 
 they had one son {James), 1718, who m. Dorothy Lincoln 
 in 1741, and had a daughter {Dorothy), 1746. But I find no 
 traces of the family after that period. His house was a little 
 north of Mr. Morton's, in the east part of the town. 
 
398 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 SouTHGATE, RiCHARD, son of Richard, 1st, came with his 
 father from England ; m. Eunice Brown, dau. of Samuel, 1741. 
 and had Richard^ 1742 ; removed to Bridgewater, Vt. Isaac, 
 1744. Samuel, 1747 ; lived in various places ; d. in Scar- 
 borough, 1773. Elijah, 1751 ; m. Patty Hastings ; d. in 
 Shrewsbury, 1837, aged eighty-seven, without children. Jo- 
 nas, 1753 ; m. Mary Whitney, Grafton, 1782 ; d. 1784. Eunice, 
 1757 ; d. unmarried. Judah, 1761 ; d. 1799 ; m. Susannah 
 Taylor of Spencer in 1798. Mercy, d. unmarried. 
 
 Mr. Southgate was known as " Elder," and was a Baptist 
 preacher. He held meetings in the schoolhouse, when it 
 stood where the brick factory now stands, opposite to where 
 Esquire Rawson lived. He lived in the south-west part of 
 the town, near the line of Spencer; and was a farmer. 
 
 Southgate, Isaac, son of the above, m. Rebekah Brown, 
 dau. of John Brown, 1 769 ; and had Rebekah, 1770 ; m. a 
 Hodges of the State of New York. Mr. Southgate m., for 
 his second wife, Eunice White, 1771 ; and had Asa, 1772. 
 ^efeey, 1774; m. Nathan Beers, 1790. Samuel, IIIQ. Eunice, 
 1779; m. Sylvanus Earle; removed to Ohio; d. 1835. Isaac, 
 1782. 
 
 Mr. Southgate d. 1800, aged fifty-six. Samuel m. Hannah 
 Waite, 1801 ; and had a family of children in Leicester. One 
 son (John P.) lives in Worcester; one (Samuel) is in business 
 in Leicester. Isaac m. Maria, dau. of Peter Webb, Esq., and 
 grand-dau. of Thomas Denny, sen. He has been one of the 
 active business-men and public-spirited citizens of the town 
 for many years ; a manufacturer of cards. He has repre- 
 sented the town in the Legislature ; and has taken an active 
 part, as Trustee of the Worcester-County Agricultural Society, 
 in promoting the interests of that important association. 
 
 Stone, Jonas, came from Brookfield. He at first lived at 
 the tan-yard house, at the foot of the Meeting-house Hill. 
 He afterwards lived in the Academy Building, until his re- 
 moval to Boston about 1806. He m. Lucretia Baldwin of 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 399 
 
 Shrewsbury, 1784; and had Lucy C, 1785 ; m. Paul Whitney 
 of Boston. Henry B., 1786 ; he learned the trade of a sad- 
 dler, and lived in Leicester till his father removed to Boston ; 
 after going to Boston, he became engaged in business of 
 finance, and, by his integrity, skill, and sagacity in that de- 
 partment, won the confidence of all ; he was the principal 
 instrument of originating and carrying out the " Suff"olk- 
 Bank " system of exchange, as it was called ; he was the 
 President of that institution for many years : he m. Elizabeth 
 Clapp, and left several children ; but his history belongs 
 rather to the home of his adoption than that of his earlier 
 days. Lucretia B., IISI ] d. unmarried. Artemas, 1189. Jo- 
 nas U., 1792 ; now a merchant in Philadelphia. Louisa J/., 
 1797; d. in Leicester in 1811. William W., 1798; a mer- 
 chant in New- York City. 
 
 Mr. Stone came from Boston to Shrewsbury in 1821. He 
 d. 1851, aged ninety-three : his wife d. in 1847, aged eighty- 
 four. He was a man much respected and esteemed, and had 
 a wide circle of acquaintance and friends. 
 
 Smith, James, m. Dorcas Richardson, 1727 ; and had James, 
 1728. Dorcas. Abigail, 1733; m. John Lamb. Israel, 1735. 
 Nathaniel, 1738. Deborah, 1741 ; m. Elijah Howe, 1759. 
 Beulah, 1743 ; m. Ebenezer Collin, 1770. 
 
 Mr. Smith lived on the Robert Watson Farm, adjoining 
 Spencer. He was a soldier in the Louisburg expedition in 
 1745. His estate was settled in 1750; when Israel is not 
 named in the proceedings. His widow m. Samuel Lynde, and 
 lived on the same estate. James, the son, removed to Spen- 
 cer. He was a soldier in the French War, and d. in the ser- 
 vice. The father is called a housewright, in a deed of 1733. 
 
 Stower, Asa, came from Maiden. His first wife was Eliza- 
 beth Upham. After her death, he came to Leicester, and 
 m. Rebekah Lynde, 1761 ; and had Daniel, 1762; Elizabeth, 
 1764; Amos, 1765; Thomas, 1767; ^sa, 1769; Samuel, 1111. 
 
 Stower, Abijah, m. Tabitha Hasey, 1761 ; and had Samuel, 
 
400 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 1762; Nathan; AUJah, IIQS. Mr. Slower was a soldier in 
 Capt. Washburn's company, at the battle of Bunker Hill, In 
 1776, he lived at the Baptist Parsonage-house, in the south 
 part of the town. It is believed he went to Putney, Vt. 
 
 Saunderson, John, was a housewright ; came from Water- 
 town between 1720 and 1730. He bought a farm in the 
 north-west part of the town, west of the Cedar Swamp and 
 adjoining Peter's Hill, in 1728. His will was dated in 1750 ; 
 in which he mentions his children, most of whom were born 
 before his removal to Leicester : viz., Benjamin, 1707. Ehen- 
 ezer, 1716. Hannah, 1704; m. a Kingsbury. AhiaJi, 1706; 
 m. a Coolidge. Mehitahel, 1714; m. a Dix. Prudence, 1710; 
 m. Joshua Smith. Tahitha, 1721 ; m. Nahum Newton. Mary, 
 1701; m. Onesiphorus Pike. Lydia, 1723. He had repre- 
 sented Watertown in the General Court, 1711 and 1712. 
 His wife's name was Hannah Stratton ; m. 1700. 
 
 Saunderson, Benjamin, son of the above, m. Elizabeth, 
 dau. of Nathaniel Green, 1736 ; and had Elizabeth, 1737 ; 
 m. Ebenezer Call, 1762. Benjamin, 1740. 3Iary, 1742 ; 
 m. Joseph Call, 1762. John, 1744. James, 1746. Phinehas, 
 1751. Azuhah, 1754. Rufm, 1759. 
 
 Mr. Saunderson lived upon the George Bond Place, in the 
 north-west part of the town. 
 
 Saunderson, Ebenezer, brother of the above, m. Hannah 
 Whitney; and had Hannah, 1747; m. John Saunderson of 
 Hartford, N.Y., 1769. Ehenezer,!!^^. HezeUah,1150. Phehe, 
 1754. Is7'ael, 1755. Phehe, 1757. Hezekiah was corpoi-al in 
 Capt. Washburn's company at Bunker Hill. Ebenezer was 
 in the same company, and also Israel. 
 
 Saunderson, Benjamin, Jun., son of Benjamin, 1st, m. 
 Rachel Merritt, 1761; and had a dau., 1763 ; Beriah, 1767; 
 Eachel, 1768. 
 
 Scott, Matthew, m. Martha Lockard, 1746. Their first 
 child on record was Andrew, b. 1759. Mr. Scott lived where 
 Mr. Ebenezer Dunbar lives, on the Turnpike. 
 
 1 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 401 
 
 Scott, Andrew, son of the above ; m. Sarah Henshaw, 1780 ; 
 and had Andrew^ 1782; m. Mary Curtis, 1805. William H., 
 1785 ; m. Persis Earle, 1811, and had a family of children. 
 James, 1788 ; removed to the West. 
 
 Mr. Scott built the house in 1800, and lived, where Amos 
 Whittemore died, in the south part of the town. William H. 
 once commanded the south military company in the town. 
 
 Scott, John, by his will, dated 1750, disposed of his pro- 
 perty to his widow Martha, and children : 3Iatthew. Natha- 
 niel, lived on Flip Road ; d. 1827, aged fifty-eight. Thomo^s, 
 lived in Auburn. Jane, m. a Thompson. Elizabeth, m. a 
 Cunningham. Rebecca. 
 
 Steele, Thomas, is noticed in the body of this work. His 
 wife's name was Mary ; d. 1768. Their children were Tho- 
 mas, 1738 ; d. 1767. Elizabeth, 1740 ; m. Dr. Honeywood. 
 Mary, 1741 ; d., unmarried, 1828. Jane, 1744. Margaret, 
 
 1745 ; m. Dr. Rawson. Sarah, 1746 ; m. Hitchcock. 
 
 Samuel, 1749. Anne, 1751 ; m. Joseph Allen. 
 
 Shaw, Joseph, was a blacksmith, and lived in the west part 
 of the town, near North, or Shaw Pond, as it was sometimes 
 called. His wife's name was Dorothy. They had Joseph, 
 1735 ;d. 1736. Jeremiah,!!^!. Jiercy, 1739. Dorothy, 114:5. 
 
 Snow, Daniel. His wife's name was Mary. They had 
 Jonathan, 1735 ; who lived in the north part of the town, 
 next south of where Mr. Barnard Upham lived. James, 1748 ; 
 d. 1811 ; lived where Barnard Upham lived. Mary, 1749. 
 
 Snow, Thomas, m. Thankful Bellows, 1756 ; and had James, 
 1757. Abner, 1759. Sarah, 1761 ; m. Amos Muzzy, 1784. 
 Elizabeth, 1763. Seth, 1765. 3Iary, 1767. 
 
 Mr, Snow d. 1804, aged seventy-four. 
 
 Swan, Dudley Wade, came from Milton ; purchased of 
 John Potter, jun., the Asahel Earle Place, on the North- 
 County Road, in 1736. The name of his wife was Beulah. 
 They had Bath, 1739. Jabez, 1736. Eunice, 1741 ; m. Benja- 
 .min Richardson, jun. Seth, 1742. Abigail, 1746. Reuben, 
 
 51 
 
402 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 1748. Nathan,1750. PIiehe,115S; m. Col. William Henshaw. 
 Dudley, 1756. Jabez was killed during the Revolutionary 
 War. 
 
 Swan, Reuben, son of the above, m. Rachel Putnam of Sut- 
 ton, 1767 ; had Ruth, 1769 : m. William Dennj. Sally, 1771 ; 
 m. Nathaniel P. Denny. Reuben Billings, 1772. Catherine, 
 1774 ; m. James Watson of Thompson, Conn. Samuel, 1778 ; 
 graduated at Harvard ; studied law, and lives in Hub- 
 bardston. 
 
 Mr. Swan was a farmer, and lived on the North-County 
 Road for several years after he was married. He then pur- 
 chased the Tavern Estate, where Capt. Knights now lives ; 
 and kept a public-house for some time. He then built the 
 house where Mr. J. A. Smith lately lived, and resided there 
 till his death, 1825. 
 
 Silvester, Peter, came from Scituate, and was born there 
 
 in 1687. He married Sarah , and came to Leicester in 
 
 1720. Their children were Peter, 1713. Hannah, 1716; 
 m. Samuel Tucker. Joshua, 1717. Mary, 1721. Levi, 1723. 
 Deborah. Mr. Silvester died 1746. 
 
 Silvester, Peter, 2d, son of the above, m. Deborah Torrey, 
 1750; and had Z>e&om/i, 1751. Ruth,1753. Feter,1155. Otho, 
 1758 ; he was a soldier in the Revolution, and was killed at 
 Fort Stanwix, 1777. Amos, 1760; m. Sally Osland. Ezra, 
 1762. Flisha, 1765. Olive, 1777. 
 
 Mr. Silvester lived for many years in a house on the 
 eastern slope of the Meeting-house Hill, where there is now 
 a cellar, on the north side of the road. He died 1801, aged 
 eighty-eight. 
 
 Silvester, Peter, 3d, son of the above, was a soldier in the 
 army at Saratoga, when Burgoyne was taken. He m. Mary 
 Sprague, sister of Capt. William Sprague ; and lived in the 
 south-west part of the town. His children were Fhebe, 1782 ; 
 Josejjh, 1784; William, 1786 ; llary, 1788 ; Oleton C. (Oliver), 
 1792. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 403 
 
 Silvester, Joshua, son of Peter, 1st, m. Ruth Merrit of 
 Meiidon, 1758 ; and had Joshua, 1759 ; Joseph, 1761 ; John, 
 1763; Elizabeth, 1764; Ichahod, 1767; Isaac, 1770. 
 
 Mr. Silvester lived in the north-east part of the town, 
 where Erastus Wheaton lately lived. 
 
 Silvester, Ichabod, son of the above. His wife's name 
 was Patience. They had Joseph, 1795 ; Levi, 1796 ; Silas, 
 1798; John, 1799. 
 
 Silvester, Ezra, son of Peter, 2d, m. Hannah Henry, 1789, 
 dau. of Robert Henry; and had Susannah, 1789; Henry, 
 1791 ; Otho, 1793. 
 
 Mr. Silvester and family, with Mr. Henry, removed to 
 Charleston No. 4, N.H., in 1794. 
 
 Sprague, Joseph, the first of the name in Leicester, was 
 born in 1722, and came from Maiden. He married Phebe 
 Hutchinson. He owned the farm, and lived where his son 
 (Capt. William Sprague) lived, about a mile north of the Meet- 
 ing-house. Their children w^ere Sai^ah, 1748 ; Timothy, 1752; 
 Mary, 1755 ; John, 1760 ; William, 1763. 
 
 He died 1792; his wife, 1811. Sarah m. Daniel Upham of 
 Templeton, father of Barnard and Daniel Upham of Leicester. 
 Mary m. Peter Silvester. 
 
 Sprague, William, son of the above, m. Sarab, dau. of 
 Nathan Sargent; and had e/osep/i, 1783. Iiebekah,llS5. Roxa, 
 1787. Lana, 1789. Otis, 1791 ; m. Katherine H., dau. of 
 Joseph Denny; removed to Wisconsin, and died there. Alice, 
 1795; Laura, 1800; Eliza E., 1806. 
 
 Capt. Sprague died 1831, aged sixty-eight; Mrs. Sprague, 
 1837. He was a well-known citizen of the town ; lived 
 where his father had lived ; was captain of one of the militia 
 companies of the town; was a deputy-sheriff of the county; 
 and filled many responsible places. Joseph went to Brooklyn, 
 N.Y., where he was at one time mayor of that city; d. 1854. 
 Rebekah was many years a useful and popular school teacher ; 
 d,, unmarried, 1844. Roxa m. Thomas Edmunds, of the well- 
 
404: HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 known publishing firm, Lincoln and Edmunds ; and is the 
 mother of Gen. B. F. Edmunds, and the Hon. J. Wiley Ed- 
 munds, late of the United-States Congress. Lana m. Ben- 
 jamin Edmands ; Alice m. Stephen Wiley ; Eliza m. Henry A. 
 Denny, now of Worcester. 
 
 Sprague, Timothy, brother of the above, m. Mary, dau. of 
 Jonathan Sargent, jun., 1774. Had Joshua, 111 4:. Po%, 1776; 
 m. Jonathan Knight. John, 1778 ; m. Sally, dau. of Capt. 
 Daniel Hubbard ; removed to the State of New York, 1807. 
 Fhebe, 1781. Betse^j, 1786 ; m. Stephen Trask, 1818. Kathe- 
 rim, 1788. 
 
 Mr. Sprague lived upon the farm , now belonging to the 
 town, which he purchased of Hezekiah Ward, Esq. He died 
 1815, aged sixty-two. 
 
 Stickney, Thomas, came to Leicester from Boston. He was 
 a native of Newburyport, and had lived in Haverhill and 
 Boston. He purchased the Mt. Pleasant Place (of which 
 there is a view given in this work), where he carried on his 
 mercantile business, and lived in generous hospitality. He 
 d. July 28, 1791. The next year, his widow m. John Lyon, jun. 
 
 His children were John, b. at Haverhill, 1775. Thomas, 
 1777. Polly, 1779. Joseph, 1780. Harry, 1782 ; b. in Bos- 
 ton. Betsey, 1784. Harriet, 1788 ; b. in Leicester. Tho- 
 mas, jun., m. a dau. of Rev. Ephraim Ward of West Brookfield, 
 who d. 1859 : he was the father of J. Henry Stickney, Esq., 
 of Baltimore, mentioned elsewhere in this work. There were 
 also John, and Joseph Stickney (brothers of Thomas), who 
 were bachelors, and came from Newburyport, and were 
 traders upon Mt. Pleasant, in the house which John built, 
 upon the north side of the road, in 1789 ; the same in which 
 Jonathan Earle and Nathaniel P. Denny afterwards lived. 
 They both d. in 1803, — Joseph in October, and John in 
 December. They were all men of property and influence, 
 and were much respected in town as useful, intelligent, and 
 public-spirited citizens. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 405 
 
 Taylor, Edward. His wife was Elizabeth. They had Sa- 
 muel, 11 IS ; Edmund, 1721; Bartholomew, 1723; Adonijah, 
 1728 ; James, 1731. 
 
 Taylor, John, m. Susannah Parsons, 1752 ;' and had John, 
 1753 ; Susannah, 1755 ; Sarah, 1757. His father (John) 
 owned and occupied the Tavern-house Estate, where Capt. 
 Knight lives, in 1749. He is called, in a deed of 1748, a 
 '' trader." That deed conveyed to him all the land between 
 the present Charlton Road and the Sturbridge County Road, 
 upon the south side of the Great Road. 
 
 Trumbull, Joseph. His wife was Abiah. They had James, 
 1727 ; Abiah, 1729 ; Joseph, 1731 ; Mary, 1734. Mr. Trum- 
 bull lived near the Kent Place, in the north-east part of the 
 town. 
 
 Trumbull, Joseph, Jun., son of the above, m. Lydia Ham- 
 mond, 1758 ; and had Phinehas, 1759 ; Isaac, 1763. 
 
 Trask, David, came from Millbury (then a part of Sutton), 
 1764; m. Mehitabel Dwight for his first wife, 1788 ; d. 1801 : 
 and, second, Polly Cooley ; d. 1807 : third, Abigail Harrington, 
 1808. He lived in the west part of the town, on the north 
 side of the Great Road. His chWdren yv ere Anna B., 1790; 
 m. John Wood. Afehitabel D., 1794; m. Samuel Hurd. Mary 
 W., 1803; m. Baylies Upham. James P., 1809; d. 1848. 
 Ahhy G., 1812. Adeline, 1815 ; m. Delphos Washburn. Jane 
 S., 1819. Frances 31., 1823. Capt. Trask d. 1831. 
 
 Tucker, Samuel, Avas of Roxbury, and a son of Benjamin, 
 one of the original proprietors of the township. He early 
 came to Leicester ; where he m. Hannah, dau. of Peter Silves- 
 ter, 1st, 1740. He removed to Spencer, 1762. His children 
 were all born in Leicester; and were Sarah, 1741. Samuel, 
 1742. Hannah, 11 4:5 ', m. David Baldwin. Isaac, 114:6. Ruth, 
 1748. Elijah, 1151; A. 1111. Huldah, 1155] d. 1111. Eze- 
 hiel, 1757. Mr. Tucker lived in the north-west part of the 
 town, on the road leading to Spencer, by the Bond Place. 
 
 Tucker, Benjamin. His wife's name was Mary. They had 
 
406 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 UUzaheth, 1730 ; m. Abel Woodward, 1753. il/ary, 1732. Ben- 
 jamin, 1734. Joshua, 1738. Abijah, 1740. Caleb, 1743. Mr. 
 Tucker bought his farm, in Cheny Valley, of Nathaniel Rich- 
 ardson, in 1727. 
 
 Tucker, Stephen. His wife was Hannah. Their children : 
 Hannah, 1739; Stephen, 114:1] John, 1112] Lucy, 1111] Re- 
 bekah, 1746. His second wife, Mary Pike, 1750. They had 
 James, 1751 ; Nathan, 1752 ; Zephaniah, 1756 ; Mary, 1759 ; 
 Elizabeth, 1760; Solomon, 1761; Daniel, 1764; Sarah, 1770. 
 
 Tucker, Benjamin, Jun. His wife was Martha. They had 
 Benjamin, 1762 ; Jacob D., 1763 ; Ichabod, 1765. 
 
 Thomas, John. The name of his wife was Susannah, They 
 had 3Iary, 1758; John, 1760. I suppose him to be son of 
 Samuel Thomas, who was here before 1721, and lived in the 
 north-east part of the town, near the Samuel Waite Place. 
 
 ToRREY, Abel. His wife was Mary. They had Saynuel, 
 1753; David, 1755; 3Iolly, 1757; Abel, 1761; Abiier, 1753. 
 
 Vinton, Abiathar, was born in Woburn in 1700 ; m. Lydia, 
 dau. of Capt. Samuel Green, 1723 ; and had Lydia, 1724 ; 
 m. James Wilson of Spencer. Hannah, 1726. Tamar, 1728 ; 
 m. James Baldwin, jun. Elizabeth, 1730; m., first, Seth Bab- 
 bitt, 1753 ; and, second, James Howard. Abiathar, ym., 1732. 
 John, 1735. Samuel, 1737 ; a physician in South Hadley, 
 1801. 
 
 Mr. Vinton lived a while in Braintree before coming to 
 Leicester. He was a blacksmith, and lived on the Cope- 
 land Place, in the south part of the town. He d. in 1740. 
 His son of the same name went to Charlton, and removed to 
 Granby about 1772. He had a son Abiathar, b. 1764, who 
 lived in South Hadley; where his son (Hon. Samuel P. Vinton, 
 now of Washington) was born 1792. He graduated at Wil- 
 liams College ; went to Ohio ; became an eminent lawyer ; 
 and was a member of Congress twenty-two years. 
 
 Upham, Ebenezer, was the son of Samuel; b. in Maiden, 
 1726. He m. Lois Waite of Maiden, 1748. They had Lois, 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 407 
 
 1751. Waite, 1155', was in the three-years' service in the 
 Revolution. Eunice. Elizabeth, 1755. Tabitha, 1757. Ehe- 
 nezer B., 1759. Ilehitahel, 1761. Friscilla, 1765. William, 
 1766. Joshua, 1767. Phinehas, 1770. 
 
 Mr. Upham was a farmer, and lived in the house between 
 the Deacon Rockwood Place and the Copeland Place. He 
 was the lieutenant of the Leicester Company, in 1775, which 
 marched to Cambridge ; and his son Waite belonged to the 
 same. 
 
 Upham, Samuel, brother of the above, lived where Deacon 
 Rockwood did, in the south part of the town. His wife's 
 name was Martha. They had Martha, 1758. Samuel, 1762. 
 3Ierci/, 1765; m. PHny Green, 1783. 
 
 Upham, Samuel, 2d, son of the above, m. Patty Livermore, 
 dau. of Jonas, 1791. He lived where his father had lived, 
 until his removal to Vermont. His children were William 
 (Aug. 5, 1791), who is noticed in another part of the work; 
 d. at Washington, a senator in Congress. Samuel, 1793. 
 Fatty, 1797. Horace, 17-99. 
 
 Mr. Upham removed to Vermont soon after 1800. He 
 d. 1848, at Randolph in that State, aged eighty-seven. 
 
 Upham, Ebenezer, m. Mary Crow! ; and lived in Cherry 
 Valley, where Nathan Beers, and after him Mr. Shepherd, 
 lived. They had Mary, 1762. Ebenezer, 1761. Thaddeus, 
 1768; who was a tanner; lived at the foot of the Meeting- 
 house Hill; left Leicester, 1800; went to Watertown, and 
 d. there 1814. Sarah, 1776 ; m. Daniel Works, 1794. 
 
 Upham, Nathaniel. His wife was Rebekah. They had 
 Thomas, 1747; 3Iehitahel, 1750; FebeJcah, 1753. 
 
 Upham, Jonathan, brother of the Ebenezer above ; m. 
 Martha Tucker, 1750. Had Bathsheba, 1752. 
 
 Upham, Jacob, brother of the above ; m. Sarah Stower, 
 1751. Had Phebe, 1752. 
 
 Whittemore, John, is described in early papers as of Rum- 
 ney Marsh in Boston. His wife's name was Rebekah. He 
 
408 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 was in Leicester before 1730, and is called " Deacon " in 1735. 
 He had John, 1721. Nathan, 1723. Rebekah, 1725 ; m. Oliver 
 Witt, 1745. Phebe, 1727; m. Ralph Earle, then of Shrews- 
 bury, 1749. Nathaniel, 1732. James, 1734. Mr. Whitte- 
 more owned the farm where his grandson Joseph lived, and 
 recently died. 
 
 Whittemore, John, Jun., son of the above ; m. Elizabeth 
 Earle, 1749, dau. of Robert ; and had John, 1750. 3IoUy, 
 1754. Thomas, 1755. Rebekah and Phebe, 1756 ; d. 1759. 
 Ruth, 1766. He lived where Mr. Partridge lives, near the 
 Gage Place. 
 
 Whittemore, James, son of John, 1st; m. Dorothy Grreen, 
 1761 ; and had James, 1762. Phebe, 1765 ; m. Samuel Waite. 
 Dolly, 1767 ; d. unmarried. Samuel, 1769 ; removed with his 
 family into New York. Katy, 1772 ; d. unmarried. Clark, 
 1776; lived in Worcester. John. Joseph, IISQ; d. 1859. 
 
 Mr. Whittemore lived where his son Joseph recently lived 
 and died. He d. 1811, aged seventy-seven. He was always 
 known by the title, " Lieutenant " James. 
 
 Whittemore, Nathan, son of John, 1st; m. Lois Earle, dau. 
 of William, 2d, 1763. They had Nathan, 1764 ; Lucretia, 
 1766; Joseph, 1768. 
 
 Whittemore, Asa ; lived in the south part of the town. 
 His wife's name was Lucy. They had Lucy, 1775 ; Asa, 1777 ; 
 Amos, 1779 ; Polly, 1780 ; Nabby, 1782 ; Amasa, 1784 ; Jonas, 
 1786 ; Charles, 1790 ; John S., 1794. 
 
 He d. 1821, aged seventy -one: his wife d. 1822, aged 
 sixty-five. 
 
 Wicker, William, was here before 1720. His wife's name 
 was Rebekah. They had Rebekah, 1720 ; Jacob, 1723 ; John, 
 1726; James, 1729; 3Iercy, 1740. 
 
 Jacob m. Abiah Washburn, sister of Col. Seth, 1747 ; and 
 moved to Hardwick. He lived north of Moose Hill, in what 
 is now Paxton. 
 
 Warren, William. His wife was Susannah. They had 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 409 
 
 Thomas, 1736 ; Susannah, 1728 ; William, 1732 ; Thomas, 
 1736; Hannah, 1739. 
 
 Warren, Ebenezer; lived in the west part of the town, 
 where Joseph, his grandson, now Hves. His wife's name 
 was Lydia. They had Jonathan, 1750; who was a tanner, 
 and hved in the south-west part of the town, where his son 
 Jonathan died. Lydia, 1752 ; m. Abner Dunbar, 1774. 
 Menezer, 1754. Elijah, 1759. 
 
 Warren, Elijah, son of the above ; m. Elizabeth Wheeler, 
 1781. Had Amos, 1782 ; lives in Woodstock, Vt. Joseph, 
 1784. Betsey, 1785 ; m. Jonathan Bond. Lydia, 1788. Mary 
 W., 1790. Charlotte, 1792. He m. Mary Belcher Wheeler, 
 1801 ; and had Sarah II., 1802. Katharine K, 1804; d. 1828. 
 Louisa A., 1807 ; m. Rev. Amos D. Wheeler, now of Topsham, 
 Me., 1830. Henry E., 1809. Mr. Warren d. 1843. 
 
 Witt, Jonathan ; came from Southborough. His wife's 
 name was Dinah. They had Lydia, 1745. He lived in what 
 is now Paxtou. 
 
 Witt, Oliver; m. Rebekah Whittemore; and had Sarah, 
 1746; Jonathan, 1751; Phebe, 1748. 
 
 Wilson, James ; came from Lexington, and settled on Lot 
 No. 10, on the Charlton Road, about half a mile from the 
 Meeting-house. He was there in 1714; and was probably 
 the first settler, or among the very first, in the town. In 
 1758, he removed to Stockbridge ; having resided a few 
 years previously in Spencer. His wife's name was Mehitabel. 
 They had Amy, 1725 ; m. Thomas Tolman. James, jun., 
 1727. William, 1729. John, 1730. Azariah, 1731. 
 
 Ward, Hezekiah; came from Grafton in 1768. He owned 
 the farm now belonging to the town ; which, after the war, 
 he sold to Timothy Sprague, and removed to Paxton. He 
 was a magistrate and a leading citizen while in town. He 
 m. Martha Earle, dau. of Robert; and had Hezekiah, 1771. 
 
 His first wife was Sarah, dau. of William Green, 1st, of 
 Leicester. He was then called of New Medfield. 
 
 62 
 
410 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Waite, Nathaniel, the first of the name who came to 
 Leicester, was b. in Maiden, 1701. He settled upon the farm 
 on which his son Samuel lived and died; the road to which, 
 when he came there, was indicated by marked trees in the 
 primitive forest. His first wife was Mary Richardson, m 
 1735 ; but she died in a few months, and he m. Hannah, dau 
 of Richard Southgate. She was b. in Coombs, England, 1709 
 and d. 1754. They had Nathaniel, jun., 1738 ; lived in Hub 
 bardston ; d.l815. iJamia/i, 1740 ; m. Thomas Earle. Nathan 
 1742. David, 1744; removed to New Braintree ; d. 1815 
 Phinehas, 1746 ; m. Patty Forbes ; lived where Deacon Mur- 
 doch lived; d. 1810. Jonathan, 1748; lived in Woodstock 
 Vt. ; d. 1810. Samuel, 1750. William, 1751; m. Hannah 
 dau. of Joseph Sargent; lived in New Braintree; d. 1837 
 Mary, 1753 ; m. Nathan Sargent, 2d ; lived in New Brain 
 tree ; d. 1816. Phebe, 1857 ; m. Nathaniel Whittemore of 
 Peterborough; d. 1835. Asa, 1759. Elizabeth; m. Potter 
 Cole; removed, when a widow, to Ohio; d. 1845. 
 
 Mr. Waite m. a third wife (Phebe Read) in 1756. 
 
 Mr. Waite d. 1791, at the age of ninety, never having 
 been sick a day in his life ; and was followed to his grave by 
 all the above-named twelve children. 
 
 Waite, Nathan, son of the above, owned, and for many 
 years kept as a tavern, the house (now removed) opposite 
 the Catholic Church. He d. 1818, aged seventy-four. He 
 m., first, Joana Tucker, 1765 ; and had Joana, 1766 ; m. Dr. 
 Otis Gould of Dartmouth. Nathan, jun,, 1768 ; m. Martha 
 Bruce in 1792, and removed to Sterling. Sally, 1770 ; m. 
 Capt. Darius Cutting, 1789. 
 
 Mrs. Waite d. 1771. Mr. Waite m., second, Hannah Parks 
 of Shrewsbury ; and had Nahum, 1775 ; m. Olive Lynde ; 
 d. 1816. Hannah, 1778; m. Samuel Southgate, 1801.' Alice, 
 1782. Joseph, 1784; d., unmarried, 1815. 
 
 Waite, Samuel, son of Nathaniel, m. Phebe, dau. of James 
 Whittemore, 1792 ; and had Lyman, 1793. Samuel, 1795. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 411 
 
 William, 1797. Edwin, 1798. Emeline, 1802 ; m. Cyrus 
 Underwood of Auburn, N.Y., 1824. Laura Alma, 1803. 
 Fhinehas, 1805. Charles, 1808. 
 
 Mr. Waite d. 1847, aged ninety-seven : his wife d. 1819. 
 He built the house in which he lived, where his son Lyman 
 now lives. 
 
 Waite, Asa, known as " Major Waite," was brother of the 
 above. He m. Rebekah, dan. of Samuel Works ; and had 
 Ulmer, 1789. Lucretia, 1796 ; d. 1826. Mrs. Waite d. 1843. 
 Mr. Waite is mentioned elsewhere as having been in the Re- 
 volutionary War. He d. 1814. 
 
 Watson, Samuel. His wife was Margaret. Their children : 
 Elizabeth, 1723 ; m. Robert Paul. William, 1724. Samuel, 
 1728. John, 1730. Daniel, 1732. 
 
 Watson, John. There was a John Watson here before 
 1722 ; but whether father of this one, I cannot ascertain. The 
 name of the wife of the one noticed here was Mary. Their 
 children: Patrick, 1745. John, 1747. Samuel, 1749. Boro- 
 thy, 1754 ; m. James Smith. Sarah, 1757 ; m. Nathan Kings- 
 ley. Molly, 1759 ; m. Isaac Prouty. Elizabeth, 1762 ; m. 
 Elijah Washburn. Hannah, 1764. Lydia, 1766 ; m. John 
 Read, Rutland. 
 
 Mr. Watson lived in the west part of the town. He d. 
 1795, aged eighty ; his wife, the same year, aged seventy. 
 
 Watson, Johnson, m. Lydia Sargent, 1764. Had Mary, 
 1765; Joseph, 1767; Sarah, 1769. 
 
 Watson, William, lived on the Charlton Road, about a mile 
 south of the Meeting-house. He m. Susannah Bulloch of 
 Rehoboth, 1769 ; and had Susannah, 1769. Anna, 1773 ; m. 
 Moses Hammond. William, 1775. Abigail, 1779 ; m. Rev. 
 William Mason of Castine. Samuel (afterwards Samuel D.) 
 1781 ; who, at one time, commanded the regiment to which 
 Leicester belonged ; was extensively engaged in business, 
 and a popular citizen ; he removed to Amherst, and d. there 
 in reduced circumstances. 
 
412 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Mr. Watson was known as " Capt. Watson." He d. 1828, 
 aged eighty-four : his wife d. 1804, aged fifty-eight. 
 
 Watson, Samuel, son of John, m. Ruth Baldwin, 1772 ; and 
 lived in the west part of the town, about half a mile north 
 of the Great Road, His children were Nobby, 1774. Chloe, 
 1775. Polly, mi. But7i,llSl. Lucy,llSS. Samuel, llSo ; 
 d. 1818. Asa B., 1793. 
 
 Mr. Watson d. 1818, aged sixty-nine : Mrs. Watson d. 1849, 
 aged ninety-eight. Lucy m, Hon. James Draper of Spencer, 
 1805. Ruth m. Daniel Kent, 1805. 
 
 Watson, Benjamin. His father was Samuel. He lived in 
 the south-east part of the town, on the road leading from 
 Cherry Valley to Auburn, near the Turnpike. He m. Ruth 
 Bancroft, 1778 ; and had Eunice, 1779. Samuel, 1782; who 
 has been a leading citizen of the town ; represented it in the 
 General Court; and is noticed in other parts of this work. 
 Ruth, 1784. Benjamin, 1785 ; removed to Mercer, Me. Mrs. 
 Watson d. 1834; Mr. Watson, in 1831, aged eighty-five. 
 
 Watson, Matthew, brother of the above, lived in Cherry 
 Valley, where Nathan Holman lives. He m. Mary Taylor, 
 1762; both of Leicester. They had Nancy, 1763; m. Daniel 
 Denny, son of Samuel ; and d., 1852, in Worcester. Peggy, 
 1786; m. Edmund Snow; d. 1859. Polly, 1768. Matthew, 
 1770; d. unmarried. 
 
 Mr. Watson built the house on the Old Road, opposite the 
 Southgate Place, in Cherry Valley. 
 
 Wheaton, Benjamin. His wife's name was Abigail, dau. of 
 John Lynde, 1744; and had John, 1745 ; Sarah, 1747 ; Chris- 
 topher, 1748 ; Pliny, 1751 ; Ban, 1753. He lived in the north- 
 west part of the town. 
 
 Wheaton, John, son of the above, m. Phebe Hubbard of 
 Holden, 1770; and had Phebe; Sarah, 1115 ; Pliny, 111^', 
 Joseph and Benjamin, 1783. 
 
 Washburn, Joseph, b. in Bridgewater; m. Hannah John- 
 sou, b. in Hingham ; went to Middletown, Conn. ; and came to 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER, 413 
 
 Leicester before 1745. His children were born in Bridge- 
 water ; and the following named came with him, or pre- 
 viously, to Leicester : Beth, 1723. Elijah. Ebenezer, 1734. 
 Abiali, m. Jacob Wicker, 1747. Sarah, m. Joseph Cerley; 
 
 went to Whitingham, Vt. ; d. 1817. Ilary, m. Clough of 
 
 StajSbrd, Conn. 
 
 Mr. Washburn was a blacksmith ; lived in a house, where 
 there is now a cellar, on the right-hand side of the road lead- 
 ing to William Silvester's, about a quarter of a mile from the 
 Great Road. He d. in 1759 ; his widow, in 1780, aged eighty- 
 seven. 
 
 Elijah m. Hannah Taylor, 1746 ; and went to Natick, and 
 afterwards to New Hampshire. Ebenezer m. Dorothy, dau. 
 of Jonathan Newhall, 1757 ; and removed to Hardwick. While 
 he lived in Leicester, he was employed to teach school. He 
 was father of Dr. Cyrus Washburn of Vernon, Vt. 
 
 Washburn, Seth, is noticed elsewhere. He was son of the 
 above ; was born, 1723, in Bridge water ; went to Middletown, 
 and then came to Leicester before 1745 ; m. Mary Harrod, 
 1750; and had Seth, 1751. Joseph, 1155. Asa, 1151. Mary, 
 1759 ; m. Samuel Sargent, 1781 ; d. 1849. Hannah, 1762 ; 
 long a popular school-teacher in Leicester ; m. Jonathan A. 
 Phippin, Westminster, Vt. ; d., 1850. /Sbra/i, 1764 ; m. John 
 Hodgkin, 1789 ; d. 1850. Amity, 1767 ; m. John Hayward, 
 1793; d., without children, 1794. Lucy, 1769; m. Josiah 
 Woodward of Millbury, 1794; d. 1796. Elizabeth, 1774, 
 d. 1777. . . 
 
 Col. ^Washburn m. Sarah Sargent, 1788, for a second wife. 
 His first wife d. Sept. 16, 1787 : he d. Feb. 20, 1794, aged 
 seventy. 
 
 Washburn, Seth, Jun., son of the above, m. Susannah Rood 
 of Sturbridge, 1772. He lived in the north-west part of the 
 town, near the George Bond Place, where there is a cellar : 
 the house disappeared many years since. He had Nathaniel 
 1773. After this, he removed to Wilbraham ; and died in the 
 
414: HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 army, during the Revolution, at Governor's Island, N.Y., 
 1776. 
 
 Washburn, Asa, son of Seth, 1st, m. Sarah Upham of Spen- 
 cer ; and had Reuben, 1781, who was graduated at Dartmouth ; 
 studied and practised law ; has been a Judge of the County 
 Court in Vermont ; and lives in Ludlow. Levi, 1783. 
 
 Not long after this, Mr. Washburn removed to Putney, Yt. ; 
 where he raised a large family of sons and daughters. He 
 became an acting magistrate and a leading and influential 
 citizen in the town where he resided. He d. Oct. 6, 1834.- 
 
 Washburn, Joseph, son of Seth, 1st, is noticed in the work. 
 He m. Ruth Davis, dau. of Ebenezer Davis of Charlton, 1787; 
 and had Ebenezer D., Oct. 26, 1788 ; settled in Alabama ; 
 was a lawyer, a Judge of the Court, there ; and d. 1838, 
 leaving a family there. SetJi, Sept. 30, 1790 ; was a physi- 
 cian, and eminent in his profession ; settled in Greenfield, 
 where he d. January, 1838, leaving a family. Lucinda A., 
 Dec. 23, 1792 ; m. John Wilder, then of Leicester, 1815 ; 
 d. in Providence, R.I., Nov. 1, 1843, leaving a family of 
 children. Joseph, Sept. 8, 1795 ; a merchant ; now lives in 
 Savannah, Ga. Abigail D., Sept. 22, 1797; d. unmarried, 
 March 11, 1816. Emory, Feb. 14, 1800 ; removed to Worces- 
 ter, 1828 ; is mentioned elsewhere. Ruth, May 8, 1802 ; m. 
 Rev. Joseph Muenscher, D.D,, now of Mount Vernon, 0., 1825. 
 
 Mr. Washburn died March 27, 1807, aged fifty-two : Mrs. 
 Washburn died March 22, 1827, aged sixty-one. At the time 
 of his death, he lived, and owned the farm, where Mrs. New- 
 hall lives, half a mile north of the Meeting-house. 
 
 Washburn, Gideon, was cousin to Joseph, 1st ; b. in Bridge- 
 water, 1704 ; m. Mary Perkins of Bridgewater, and had four 
 sons, and, with two of them [Abraham and Jacob), removed to 
 Leicester, and settled in the north part of the town. He died 
 1794, aged ninety-one ; never having had a physician in his life. 
 
 Washburn, Jacob, son of the above, was b. 1733. He had 
 SaUy, 1779; Jacob; and Francis. 
 
HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 415 
 
 / He lived m the north part of the town ; and d. 1818^ aged 
 6,i£l^^y-fi^e. He was a lieutenant of a company in the French 
 War. 
 
 The children of Abram, son of Gideon, were James, Eliab, 
 I Luke. He lived in the north part of the town. 
 
 Washburn, Jacob, sou of Jacob, m. Achsa Johnson, 1789; 
 \ and had Cephas, 1792 ; Jacob, 3d, 1793. 
 X2r.,Washburn died 1818, aged eighty-five. 
 
 Washburn, Francis, son orjacob, 1st, m. Catherine Earle, 
 1796 ; and had Welcome, 1797 ; John, 1801. He then m. 
 Polly Watson, 1806 ; and had Delphos, 1808. Catherine E., 
 1813 ; m. Ezekiel Bellows. 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 53 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 No. 1. — Indian Deed of the Township. 
 
 Know all men by these presents, that the heirs of Oraskaso, Sachem of 
 a place called Towtaid, situate and lying near the new town of the Eng- 
 lish called Worcester, with all others which may, under them, belong 
 unto the same place aforesaid, Towtaid, — these heirs being two women, 
 with their husbands, newly married ; which being by name called PhiUp 
 Tray, with his wife Momokhue ; and John Wampscon, with Waiway- 
 nom his wife, — for divers good causes and considerations us thereunto 
 moving ; and more especially for and in consideration of the sum of 
 ffteen pounds, current money of New England, to us in hand paid by 
 Joshua Lamb, Nathaniel Page, Andrew Gardner, Benjamin Gamblin, 
 Benjamin Tucker, John Curtice, Richard Draper, and Samuel Ruggles, 
 with Ralph Bradhurst of Roxbury, in the County of Suffolk in New 
 England, the receipt of which we do fully acknowledge ourselves to be 
 fully satisfied and paid, — have givei, granted, bargained, sold, alien- 
 ated, infeofFed, and confirmed, and by these presents do fully and abso- 
 lutely give, grant, bargain, sell, alienate, infeofF, and confirm, unto the 
 said Lamb, Page, Gardner, Gamblin, Tucker, Curtice, Draper, Ruggles, 
 and Bradhurst, their heirs and assigns, a certain tract of land, — con- 
 taining, by estimation, eight miles square, — situate, lying, and being 
 near Worcester aforesaid ; abutting, southerly, on the lands of Joseph 
 Dudley, Esq., lately purchased of the Indians ; and, westerly, the most 
 southernmost corner upon a little pond called Paupakquamcock, then 
 to a hill called Wikapokotownow, and from thence to a little hill called 
 Mossonachud, and unto a great hill called Aspomsok ; and so then, 
 easterly, upon a line until it comes against Worcester bounds, and 
 joins unto their bounds; or howsoever otherwise butted and bounded: 
 together with all and singular the rights, commodities, liberties, privi- 
 
420 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 leges, and appurtenances whatsoever to the same belonging, or however 
 otherwise appertaining : To have and to hold the said tract or parcel 
 of land — situating, containing, and bounding as aforesaid — to the said 
 Lamb, &c., their heirs and assigns, in common tenancy, to their only- 
 proper use, sake of, and benefit, for ever. And the said Philip Tray 
 and Moraokhue, and John Wampscon and Waiwaynow, their wives, 
 with all others under them as aforesaid, do covenant, promise, and grant, 
 for themselves, their heirs, executors, and administrators, to and with the 
 said Joshua Lamb, &c., their heirs and assigns, that they will the above- 
 granted and bargained lands, and every part and parcel thereof, with 
 their and every of their appurtenances, warran| and defend from all 
 and every person and persons whatsoever claiming any right or title 
 thereunto, or interest therein, from, by, or under us. 
 
 In witness whereof, the said Philip Tray and Momokhue, and John 
 "Wampscon, with "Waiwaynow, being their wives, have hereunto set 
 their hands and seals, this twenty -seventh day of January, anno Domini 
 one thousand six hundred and eighty-six. 
 
 Signed, sealed, and delivered 
 in presence of us : 
 
 Philip Tray, his mark. [Seal.] 
 
 Tom Teay, © his mark. Momokhue Tray, t her mark. „ 
 
 NoNAWANO, «<»^ his mark. John Wamscon. „ 
 
 Capt. & MooGus, his mark. Waiwaynow Wamscon, + her mark. „ 
 
 Andrew 8 Pitteme, — his mark. Wandwoamag ^ (^/ie (beacon), his mark. „ 
 
 Jonas, his wife's mark. „ 
 
 Phihp Tray, Monokhue (his wife), "Waiwaynow, and "Wandowamag, 
 all personally appearing before me, underwritten, one of his Majesty's 
 Council of his territory and dominions of New England, June 1, 1687, 
 did acknowledge this instrument to be their act and deed. 
 
 "William Stoughton. 
 
 Recorded March 8, 1713-14. 
 
 No. 2. — Extracts from Deed from the Proprietors of the Town to the 
 Settlers of the Eastern Half 
 
 It bears date Jan. 11, 1724; and is recorded Nov. 29, 1729. The 
 names of the committee ai'e stated in the deed, — "William Dudley 
 and Joshua Lamb of Roxbury, Nathaniel Kanney, of Boston (vie- 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 421 
 
 tualler), and Samuel Green of Leicester. The deed is to the settlers 
 (naming them) " who have built or settled fifty families thereon." 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 30 A. John Stebbins. | 
 
 No. 26. 
 
 30 A. Nathaniel Richardson 
 
 2. 
 
 >> >> 
 
 Joseph Stebbins. 
 
 27. 
 
 40, 
 
 , Joseph Sargent. 
 
 3. 
 
 40 „ 
 
 James Wilson. 
 
 28. 
 
 '» ) 
 
 , Samuel Green. 
 
 4. 
 
 >> » 
 
 Samuel Green. 
 
 29. 
 
 50, 
 
 , Daniel Livermore. 
 
 5. 
 
 M >) 
 
 Arthur Carey. 
 
 30. 
 
 40, 
 
 , James Southgate. 
 
 6. 
 
 )> »> 
 
 Ministry. 
 
 31. 
 
 >> > 
 
 , Samuel Green. 
 
 7. 
 
 » » 
 
 Moses Stockbridge. 
 
 32. 
 
 )» ) 
 
 , Daniel Parker. 
 
 8. 
 
 !» J> 
 
 Hezekiah Russ. 
 
 33. 
 
 50, 
 
 , William Brown. 
 
 9. 
 
 30 „ 
 
 John Peters. 
 
 34. 
 
 40 
 
 , Thomas Baker. 
 
 10. 
 
 >> »» 
 
 William Brown. 
 
 35. 
 
 )> 
 
 , Richard Southgate. 
 
 11. 
 
 »> >» 
 
 Thomas Hopkins. 
 
 36. 
 
 
 , William Green. 
 
 12. 
 
 
 Daniel Denny. 
 
 37. 
 
 )) 
 
 , Samuel Prince. 
 
 13. 
 
 40 i' 
 
 John Smith. 
 
 38. 
 
 jj 
 
 , Nathaniel Kanney. 
 
 14. 
 
 50 „ 
 
 Ralph Earle. 
 
 39. 
 
 j> 
 
 , Dorothy Friar. 
 
 15. 
 
 >» J5 
 
 Nathaniel Kanney. 
 
 40. 
 
 ?j 
 
 , Thomas Dexter. 
 
 16. 
 
 40 „ 
 
 Samuel Stimpson. 
 
 41. 
 
 )) 
 
 , Richard Southgate. 
 
 17. 
 
 >» >» 
 
 Benjamin Woodbridge. 
 
 42. 
 
 5> 
 
 , Richard Southgate. 
 
 18. 
 
 >) j> 
 
 John Lynde. 
 
 43. 
 
 )J 
 
 , Daniel Denny. 
 
 19. 
 
 j> j> 
 
 Josiah Winslow. 
 
 44. 
 
 9J 
 
 , William Kean. 
 
 20. 
 
 j> j» 
 
 Josiah Winslow. 
 
 45. 
 
 >> 
 
 „ James Winslow. 
 
 21. 
 
 » >> 
 
 Josiah Langdon. 
 
 46. 
 
 >> 
 
 „ Daniel Denny. 
 
 22. 
 
 M >» 
 
 Joshua Henshaw. 
 
 47. 
 
 >> 
 
 , John Smith. 
 
 23. 
 
 )> )) 
 
 Joseph Parsons. 
 
 48. 
 
 )) 
 
 „ Stephen Winchester. 
 
 24. 
 
 30 „ 
 
 Nathaniel Richardson. 
 
 49. 
 
 30 
 
 „ Paul Dudley. 
 
 25. 
 
 40 „ 
 
 John Menzies. 
 
 50. 
 
 40 
 
 „ John King. 
 
 Two thirty-acre lots, called the Mill Lots, to Samuel Green ; and 
 one thirty-acre lot, called the Mill Lot, to Thomas Richardson : they 
 performing the conditions mentioned in a grant of the said mill-lots 
 to them. 
 
 Of the foregoing, Thomas Baker of Brookfield never came to 
 Leicester. He sold Lot 34 to Judge Menzies. 
 
 Joseph Parsons never came to the town. 
 
 No. 3. — An Account of Bounties paid by the Town of Leicester, and 
 by Individuals of said Town, to Soldiers who engaged to serve in the 
 Army at different Periods from 1775 to the End of the War. 
 
 \. 1775, May. To thirty-seven non-commissioned and privates, 
 each of which received of the town 28s., and of individuals 30s., each, 
 for eight months £51. 16s. and £55. 10s. 
 
422 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 2. Dec. 1. Sixteen men at Dorchester, two months each, received 
 of the officers of the miUtia 30s £24. 
 
 3. 1776, Jan. 20. Sixteen men at Roxbury and Dorchester two 
 months, each of which received of individuals and militia - officers 
 30s £24. 
 
 4. To eight men one year at New York, from January, 1776, at 
 £12 each £96. 
 
 5. June 24. Nineteen men to New York five months at £9 each, 
 paid by individuals and militia-officers £171. 
 
 6. Six men to Ticonderoga at £15 each, paid by individuals and 
 militia-officers £90. 
 
 7. Sept. 10. Twelve men to New York two months, at £4. 10s. 
 each, paid by individuals and the militia-officers .... £54. 
 
 8. Nov. 20 and 30. Four men to New York, at £12 each, paid by 
 individuals and the militia-officers £48. 
 
 9. 1777, April 12. Seven men to Rhode Island, two months, at 
 £4 each £28. 
 
 10. April 30. Six men to complete the State's quota of the Conti- 
 nental Army, for eight months, at £18 on an average . .£108. 
 
 11. July 11. Two men, £4. 10s. each £9. 
 
 12. Aug. 9. Twenty-one men to the northward, at £24 each, paid 
 by individuals and militia-officers for three months . . . £504. 
 
 13. Dec. 27. Three men, two at £30 each, and one at £15 . £75. 
 
 14. 1778, Feb. 7. Ten men to guard at Boston under Gen. Heath, 
 at £18 per man £180. 
 
 15. April 18. Six men to re-enforce the Continental Army, nine 
 months, at £130 each £780. 
 
 16. Five men, eight months, at £80 £400. 
 
 17. June 12. Four men for defence of Rhode Island, at £18 each, 
 paid by officers and individuals £72. 
 
 18. June 23. Four men to guard Convention troops, at £15 each, 
 paid by officers and others £60. 
 
 19. July 27. Ten men to re-enforce Gen. Sullivan at Rhode 
 Island, at £18 each, paid by officei's and others .... £180. 
 
 20. 1778, Sept. 6. Four men to re-enforce the army at Provi- 
 dence in Rhode Island, £30 each £120. 
 
 21. 1779, June 8. Two men to Providence, R.I., paid by the 
 selectmen, £200 each £400. 
 
 22. June 23, Six men to join the Continental Army, at £600 
 each, paid by selectmen £3,600. 
 
APPENDIX. 423 
 
 23. July 5. Four men, three at £45 each, and one at £30 . £165. 
 
 24. Sept. 20. Six men at Rhode Island ; four men at £80 each, 
 and two at £70 each £460. 
 
 25. Oct. 10. Nine men to Claverack in New York, at £170 
 each £1,530. 
 
 26. 1780, April 19. To three men to guard at Rutland for eight 
 months, at £16 hard silver money each, paid by selectmen . £48. 
 
 27. June 28. To seventeen men six months, to join the Continen- 
 tal Army, at £30 each, in silver money, paid by selectmen . £510. 
 
 Leicester, April 16, 1784. — These may certify that the above is a 
 true account of the number of men hired, and the sums of money paid 
 them by the inhabitants of the town of Leicester ; and though we 
 cannot produce all the receipts from the individuals who received the 
 money, by reason of deaths, removals, &c. 
 
 Joseph Sargent, 1 „ , , 
 „ ^ beledmen 
 
 Samuel Denny, I /. 
 
 Samuel Green, [Leicester. 
 
 William Henshaw, I 
 
 No. 4. — Scale of Depreciation of " Continental Money." 
 
 In Mr. Felt's work on the Massachusetts currency, I find two tables 
 of depreciation. One appears to be based upon assumed and arbitraiy 
 prices of sundry leading articles of consumption, which are thus made 
 a standard of value ; and I copy from his work the average rates of 
 depreciation calculated upon all those compared with silver. 
 
 He also gives the Massachusetts scale of depreciation agreeable 
 to a law of the Commonwealth, fixing the rates at which public and 
 private contracts made since the 1st January, 1777, were to be 
 settled. 
 
 In the computations I have made, and embodied in this work, I 
 have adopted the Massachusetts standard, as the town would be more 
 likely to refer to that than any other scale ; making a silver dollar 
 the par or standard of comparison. 
 
424 
 
 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 1 1777. 
 
 1778. 
 
 1779. 
 
 1780. 
 
 Jan. . . . 
 
 1.16 for 1 
 
 4.50 for 1 
 
 8.38 for 1 
 
 32.50 for 1 
 
 Feb 
 
 1.03 „ „ 
 
 4.64 „ „ 
 
 9.34 „ ,, 
 
 
 March . 
 
 1.03 „ „ 
 
 4.80 „ „ 
 
 10.87 „ „ 
 
 
 April . . 
 
 1.28 „ „ 
 
 5.19 „ „ 
 
 12.35 „ „ 
 
 
 May . . . 
 
 1.57 „ „ 
 
 5.80 „ „ 
 
 14.14 „ „ 
 
 
 June . . 
 
 1.60 „ „ 
 
 5.91 „ „ 
 
 16.02 „ „ 
 
 
 July . . . 
 
 1.82 „ „ 
 
 6.34 „ „ 
 
 22.57 „ „ 
 
 
 Aug. . . 
 
 2.38 „ „ 
 
 6.30 „ „ 
 
 20.38 „ „ 
 
 
 Sept. . . 
 
 2.50 „ „ 
 
 6.90 „ „ 
 
 16.95 „ „ 
 
 
 Oct 
 
 3.82 „ „ 
 
 6.90 „ „ 
 
 17.14 „ „ 
 
 
 Nov. . . 
 
 3.82 „ „ 
 
 6.97 „ „ 
 
 23.37 „ „ 
 
 
 Dec 
 
 4.34 „ „ 
 
 7.47 „ „ 
 
 30.25 „ „ 
 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS SCALE. 
 
 
 1777. 
 
 1778. 
 
 1779. 
 
 1780. 
 
 Jan. . . . 
 
 1.05 for 1 
 
 3.25 for 1 
 
 7.42 for 1 
 
 29.34 for 1 
 
 Feb.... 
 
 1.07 „ „ 
 
 3.50 „ „ 
 
 8.68 „ „ 
 
 33.22 „ „ 
 
 March . 
 
 1.09 „ „ 
 
 3.75 „ „ 
 
 10.00 „ „ 
 
 37.36 „ „ 
 
 Api-il . . 
 
 1.12 „ „ 
 
 4.00 „ „ 
 
 11.04 „ „ 
 
 40.00 „ „ 
 
 May . . . 
 
 1.15 „ „ 
 
 4.00 „ „ 
 
 11.25 „ „ 
 
 
 June . . 
 
 1.20 „ „ 
 
 4.00 „ „ 
 
 13.42 „ „ 
 
 
 July . . . 
 
 1.25 „ „ 
 
 4.25 „ „ 
 
 14.77 „ „ 
 
 
 Aug. . . 
 
 1.50 „ „ 
 
 4.50 „ „ 
 
 16.30 „ „ 
 
 
 Sept. . . 
 
 1.75 „ „ 
 
 4.75 „ „ 
 
 18.00 „ „ 
 
 
 Oct 
 
 2.75 „ „ 
 
 5.00 „ „ 
 
 20.00 „ „ 
 
 
 Nov. . . 
 
 3.00 „ „ 
 
 5.43 „ „ 
 
 23.08 „ „ 
 
 
 Dec 
 
 3.10 „ „ 
 
 6.34 „ „ 
 
 25.93 „ „ 
 
 
 From April 1, 1780, the depreciation was so rapid that it was rated 
 more frequently than once a month. Thus: — 
 
 June 10 $64.00 
 
 „ 15 68.00 
 
 „ 20 69.00 
 
 Aug. 15 70.00 
 
 April 25 $42.00 
 
 „ 30 44.00 
 
 May 5 46.00 
 
 „ 10 47.00 
 
 „ 15 49.00 
 
 „ 20 54.00 
 
 „ 27 60.00 
 
 „ 30 62.00 
 
 Sept. 10 71.00 
 
 Oct. 15 72.00 
 
 Nov. 30 74.00 
 
 Feb. 27, 1781 . . . . 75.00 
 
 FeWs History, &c., pp. 186, 196 ; Lincoln's Hist, of Worcester, p. 125. 
 
APPENDIX. 425 
 
 No. 5. — Schools. 
 
 The following historical sketch is extracted from the Report of the 
 Committee of 1848-9, drawn up by Mr. Denny: — 
 
 When we compare our own advantages with the situation of our 
 ancestors only three generations before us, in regard to education, 
 although we may well feel grateful for our privileges, we shall find no 
 great cause to boast of our improvement of them. 
 
 In examining the early records of Leicester, and especially the public 
 documents connected with our Revolutionary history, emanating from 
 our forefathers, — whose education, in many cases, was wholly obtained 
 at the district schools in this town, — we cannot but be surprised at the 
 general intelligence, and strength of intellect, developed there, and often- 
 times combined with a highly cultivated mind and superior education. 
 
 If the community now improved the advantages which they enjoy, 
 as our fathers did theirs, we could not fail of having some intellectual 
 giants in these days. 
 
 As an evidence of their estimation of the importance of education, 
 we find the first settlers in this town — after having, by great sacrifices, 
 provided for the spiritual wants of themselves and their posterity by 
 the erection of a meeting-house and the settlement of a minister — 
 next turning their attention to the support of a schoolmaster to instruct 
 in reading and writing, — the first and most important branches of edu- 
 cation. 
 
 The first vote on record respecting schools, after the settlement of 
 the town, was on the last day of the year 1731 ; about twelve years 
 after the erection of their meeting-house, and ten years after the settle- 
 ment of their minister. The record iijforms us that " it was voted to 
 choose a committee of three to provide a schoolmaster ; and that the 
 said committee agree with a man to keep scliool for three months, and 
 no longer ; and that the school be kept in three parts of the town, so 
 as may be most for the conveniency of the inhabitants' children going 
 to school." The sum of £10. 10s. was raised for this purpose; equal to 
 $8.75 lawful money.* Mr. John Lynd, jun., was the first teacher of 
 a public school in this town. 
 
 When it is considered, that the population to be accommodated by 
 this three months' schooling was scattered over a territory of sixty-four 
 
 * See Town Record, Book No. 1, p. 138. 
 64 
 
426 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 square miles, — comprising the whole of the present limits of Leicester 
 and Spencer, and a part of the towns of Paxton and Auburn, — the 
 " conveniency of the inhabitants' children " could not have been very 
 great. 
 
 The following year, no school was provided ; and the town was pre- 
 sented before the Quarter Sessions for this neglect. 
 
 The succeeding winter, the town voted to raise just double the 
 amount before appropriated, to pay the schoolmaster for his winter's 
 services ; and the selectmen were empowered to hire a schoolmaster. 
 Nothing, however, was done by them until about a year afterwards ; 
 when Mr. John Lynd, jun., was again hired to keep a writing and read- 
 ing school, at the house of Mr. Jonathan Sargent (then living opposite 
 the Catholic Church), three months, at the rate of £4. 10s., or $3.75, 
 per month ; " and for so much more of the year as the town shall 
 employ him, at the same lay." 
 
 The school was not, however, continued beyond the three months 
 agreed upon : but, during the next winter, the same person was en- 
 gaged, at about the same salary, to keep the school in three different 
 places, one month in each place ; with the understanding, that, " if the 
 town employed him any more, they was to come on new tarms." 
 
 This nine months of schooling was all the privilege for a public edu- 
 cation which the town enjoyed for the seventeen years of its settlement 
 previous to 1736 ; for, although the town was laid out in 1714, it was 
 not much settled until five years afterwards. 
 
 In 1736, we find an article in the warrant to see what the town will 
 do about a schoolmaster ; and another, " to see if the town will build a 
 schoolhouse, and appoint a place to put it." 
 
 In the transactions of the town at their next meeting, we find that 
 they " voted to build a schoolhouse, 16 feet in width, 20 feet in length, 
 and 6^ feet between joynts ; and that it be set the north side of the 
 Meeting-house, about ten rods, in the most convenantest place." 
 
 The location of this building, where the young ideas of many of our 
 venerable forefathers were first taught to shoot, must have been a little 
 north-west of the spot where the present Town Hall now stands ;* and 
 
 * There is reason to believe that this schoolhouse was not placed where the town 
 located it, or that it was afterwards moved; as the venerable Mrs. Hannah Phippin 
 — now living, at the age of eightj'-eiglit, in Westminster, Vt. — says, in a recent letter 
 to her nephew (Judge Washburn), she remembers that it was " an old shell of a build- 
 ing," and stood on the corner of the Common, a little east of the Meeting-house, on the 
 north side of the Country Road. 
 
 The next schoolhouse in this district was opposite the house of Edward Kawson 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 427 
 
 the wonder is, how their ideas could shoot so high as they did, when 
 confined within the walls of a building only six and a half feet between 
 joints. 
 
 In looking back to this model schoolhouse, — erected before the 
 community was blessed with such a multiplicity of lectures upon ven- 
 tilation, and the thousand other topics of the day we live in, — and 
 comparing the size and height of that structure with some of the build- 
 ings erected in modern times for a similar use, we have no great cause 
 to boast of our improvement in this respect. 
 
 During this year, the town was again presented for want of a school- 
 master ; but, when we compare the amount of money required to be 
 raised at that time with the very limited means of the population, we 
 may well charge their neglect in this matter rather to their destitution 
 than to their want of interest in the subject of education. 
 
 Tliey raised, during the following winter, nine pounds, to pay Mr. 
 Joshua Nichols for keeping a school in two different places, for one 
 month each : but, for some cause, the selectmen did not see fit to em- 
 ploy him for more than one month in all ; perhaps owing, in part, to 
 their having to pay the sum of £4. 12s. for expenses incurred at the 
 Quarter Sessions for want of a schoolmaster the previous year. 
 
 The year 1737 brought with it, to the inhabitants of this town, an 
 uncommon amount of taxes ; partly on account of having built galleries 
 and made general repairs on their Meeting-house, and settled a new 
 minister, the year previous. It was probably on this account that the 
 schoolhouse was not built this year, as was contemplated. 
 
 The sura of eighteen pounds was voted to pay a schoolmaster ; but 
 only a part of it was expended. The matter being left to the select- 
 men, a master was engaged. But it appears that, after about six weeks, 
 the school was discontinued : as we find, among the expenses of the 
 town, five pounds paid to John Lynde, jun., for schooling one month ; 
 and £2. lis. 8d. allowed to Joshua Nichols "for keeping school ten 
 days, and for answering as schoolmaster the last summer." 
 
 So it appears, that, by voting to have the school kept at the house 
 of Joshua Nichols, they contrived to have a nominal schoolmaster a part 
 of the time, to ss^tisfy the law, and keep clear of the Quarter Sessions. 
 
 Esq., on the spot where the brick card factory now stands, belonging to the estate of 
 the hite Col. Joseph D. Sargent. 
 
 The third was built about two rods west of the present dwelling-house of Cheney 
 Hatch, Esq. ; and was demolished iu 1828, when the present building was erected on the 
 the Clappville Road. 
 
428 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 It is probable that the schoolhouse was built during the summer of 
 1738, as the last we hear about providing a place for the school was 
 for the previous winter. When the town first voted the money to build 
 this house, they raised only forty pounds, with the proviso, that, "if 
 there be an overplus, it was to lay in the treasury, and be disposed of 
 by the town." 
 
 We find, by the account of the treasurer afterwards, that the whole 
 cost of the building was nearly fifty per cent more than had been 
 anticipated, or £57. 8s. 2d., old tenor ; equal to $47.84. During that 
 year, they had about three months' schooling. 
 
 As soon as the new schoolhouse was erected, we find the town pro- 
 viding with greater liberality for the education of their children, not 
 only in reading and writing, but also in some of the higher branches. 
 
 In 1739, Mr. Samuel Coolidge was paid thirty-eight pounds for 
 teaching a grammar school six months. This sum, although an ad- 
 vance upon former wages of school-teachers, was only $1.32 per week ; 
 but, as the town provided board in addition, it might be considered a 
 fair compensation, when a laboring-man was allowed thirty-three cents 
 per day for himself, and half that sum for a yoke of oxen, on the high- 
 way. The salary of their minister, at this time, was £150 (old tenor), 
 or $125. 
 
 For a few years previous to this time, the population had increased 
 very much ; and the portion of the town which is now Spencer had 
 been settled by a large number of families, who were beginning to feel 
 dissatisfied with paying taxes for the support of the ministry and school, 
 which were of comparatively little advantage to them. In 1741, an 
 article was inserted in the warrant, " to see if the town will allow the 
 school to be moved from place to place, as may be thought proper ; " 
 and another, " to see if the town will excuse those persons who are set- 
 tled in that part of the said town, called the proprietors' part, from 
 being taxed, for the future, to the minister and school in said town." 
 
 The town voted to remove the school from place to place, " as shall 
 be thought proper by the selectmen ; " but not to release any portion 
 of the inhabitants from their taxes. 
 
 The school was not, however, removed this year ; and the same re- 
 quest was made in the spring of 1742 ; and the tOAvn voted to remove 
 the school into the four quarters of the town, " so as to have the remote 
 ends of the town have some benefit of the same;" and the selectmen 
 hired Mr. John Gibbons for eighty-nine pounds to keep school thi-ough 
 the whole year. 
 
APPENDIX. 429 
 
 In 1743, the town voted to keep the school in six places in the 
 town, — two months in a place ; and raised one hundred pounds, old 
 tenor, for the pui'pose. 
 
 In that and the following year, Mr. Adam Bullard was employed 
 as teacher; and, for the last three months, his salary was £18. 10s. 
 (old tenor), " and the keeping his horse in the bargain." 
 
 From this time onward, for the next twenty years, no great change 
 was made in the schools in this town. Each year, about the same 
 amount of schooling was enjoyed ; and the schools were moved into 
 different parts of the town to accommodate all its inhabitants. The 
 average amount expended yearly was about forty pounds (lawful 
 money), or $133.33. After the district of Spencer was set off in 
 1753, about the same amount was expended as before ; and, of course, 
 the remaining inhabitants had a better opportunity. 
 
 About ten years before the commencement of the Revolutionary 
 War, quite a revolution took place in the school system here. A 
 committee, chosen by the town in March, 1765, reported in favor of 
 dividing the town into school districts ; and each district, or " quarter," 
 was to build their own schoolhouse. 
 
 There was, however, found to be difficulty in some of the districts 
 about locating their schoolhouses ; and, at the town-meeting in the fall 
 of the same year, the whole subject was again brought up, and a dif- 
 ferent arrangement was made. The town voted to raise £120 to build 
 five schoolhouses, to be located in the East, South-east, West, North- 
 west, and North-east Districts. 
 
 In the East, South-east, and West Districts, the inhabitants were 
 divided as to the location of the building ; and the town chose a com- 
 mittee of three men, who were not residents in the district, to locate 
 each of these schoolhouses, in case the inhabitants of the district did 
 not generally agree among themselves. They also voted that the 
 money assessed in each district should be expended on the schoolhouse 
 in that district ; thus throwing the expense of building upon the dis- 
 tricts, as at first, but taking the management into the hands of the 
 town. 
 
 A committee was then chosen in each district to estimate the cost 
 of their building, and receive subscriptions — either in money, mate- 
 rials, or labor — for each man's assessment, to be provided, under the 
 direction of the committee, at a stated time ; and all the schoolhouses 
 were to be completed by the first day of October, 1767. 
 
 The Centre District was not included in this arrangement, as they 
 
430 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 had already a schoolhouse belonging to the town within their limits. 
 The town, however, at this time, chose a committee to sell this house 
 to the best advantage. 
 
 At the next March meeting, it was voted that the assessments of all 
 persons who had not furnished materials, &c., as proposed, be commit- 
 ted to the constable for collection in money, to be paid to the several 
 districts where it belonged. So much dissatisfaction was manifested, 
 in some of the districts, about the location of their schoolhouses, that 
 they were not all completed until about five years after this plan was 
 adopted. 
 
 In the year 1766, the first female teacher was employed in our 
 public schools. In that year, the town appropriated seventy pounds, 
 lawful money, for schools ; and voted to have eighteen months' school- 
 ing in all, which was three months in each district. The selectmen 
 were " desired to appropriate one-third part of this money in hiring 
 schooling mistresses in each quarter ; " and, if any of the districts were 
 dissatisfied with this arrangement, they had the privilege of taking 
 their portion in money. 
 
 In 1774, the town voted to accept the report of a committee, recom- 
 mending a new schoolhouse in the South-west District ; one, near Mr. 
 Nathan Snow's, in the North District ; and one, near Mr. Nathan Her- 
 sey's, in the West District : and, when these were completed, the town 
 was in possession of nine schoolhouses ; and no great change has been 
 made in their location from that time to the present. 
 
 In 1776, a revision of the school districts was made, and the names 
 of the several heads of families in each district recorded on the town- 
 books. 
 
 For about fifteen years from this time, the town raised, annually, 
 an amount about equal to $133 for the support of common schools ; 
 besides a donation of £500, in 1783, to the Academy. 
 
 In the year 1789, the town agreed to make a general and thorough 
 reformation among the old schoolhouses ; and raised the sum of £400, 
 to be expended in building and repairing schoolhouses. Each district 
 was to furnish their own funds, and to build a new house, or repair 
 the old one, to the acceptance of a committee of eight persons, chosen 
 by the town ; and, if the districts neglected to do it, the committee were 
 to do it for them. 
 
 Great opposition was manifested to this measure, and the town was 
 much excited on the subject. For the next two years, they held fre- 
 quent meetings ; but at length all things settled down quietly. It was 
 
APPENDIX. 43 1 
 
 about this tJme that the schoolhouses in the South and Centre Districts 
 were built ; both of which are now demolished, and others built in their 
 stead. 
 
 At this time, the Academy was struggling for existence, and was 
 at times forced to give up its school for want of funds. The town, feel- 
 ing deeply interested in its success, generously appropriated fifty pounds 
 for the support of a preceptor in 1789; which, with many individual 
 donations from the inhabitants of this and other places, enabled it to 
 survive these early struggles ; and it has since continued to flourish, 
 with increasing popularity, until the present time, — a blessing, not only 
 to our youth, but to thousands from every portion of our country. 
 
 In 1794, the town sold at auction, to Pliny Earle, twenty acres of 
 land adjoining the farm of Capt. Daniel Kent, and known by the name 
 of the School Lot ; which was laid out by the original proprietors of 
 the town, as required by their charter, for the benefit of schools ; and 
 had been kept by the town about seventy-five years. 
 
 It is unnecessary to follow up the particular history of our schools 
 through the last fifty years, as many of those now present have taken 
 an active part in their management ; and others, who are younger, have 
 received much of their education in them during that time. 
 
 Suffice it to say, that the town has continued to raise its annual ap- 
 propriation, and increased it from year to year, as its population and 
 wealth have increased, until the present time ; and it is much to the 
 credit of this community, that ever since the erection of the first school- 
 house, one hundred and ten years ago, it has never, for a single year, 
 neglected this duty. 
 
 Even during the Revolutionary struggle, — when the currency, at 
 one time, was so much depreciated in value, that it required an appro- 
 priation of £1,710 (Continental money) to support the schools for one 
 year, the nominal value of which was $5,700, — the schools were con- 
 tinued as usual. 
 
 During the last year, in addition to the fifteen hundred dollars raised 
 by the town, the amount paid for tuition by its citizens, at the Academy, 
 was $560.54; which, with the amount received from the School Fund 
 of the State, makes a total of about $2,140 expended for education. 
 
 In thus reviewing the past history of our schools, the reflection is 
 forced upon our minds, that, with the improvements of modern times, 
 many of the good old fashions of former days are passing away. All 
 changes are not improvements, and all improvements are not without 
 their evils. 
 
432 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 In the current which is sweeping down with resistless force into the 
 sea of oblivion the manners and customs, the habits and practices, of 
 our early fathers, we have reason to fear, that, amidst the rubbish and 
 useless things which give way for real improvements, some of their 
 more solid and valuable qualities have been succeeded by modern ex- 
 periments of doubtful value. The alterations in our schoolhouses, by 
 adding somewhat to their height, so that they measure a few more 
 inches "between joynts," and the substitution of stoves for the old- 
 fashioned fireplaces, and a few other changes in the construction of our 
 buildings, may be considei-ed improvements. But even these improve- 
 ments are not unmixed with evils. We do not now see how we 
 could live comfortably, or even afford to live at all, if the old, wide- 
 mouthed schoolhouse chimney was consuming its half a cord of wood 
 per day ; but then it was not so much of an evil, when wood was con- 
 tributed freely and without measure by the farmers in the district, and 
 was chopped by the schoolboys at noontime, instead of wrestling, for 
 exercise. With such a ventilator to our schoolrooms, we need not 
 understand any thing about oxygen or nitrogen ; and the ruddy cheeks 
 and bright countenances of the young, in those days, would compare 
 favorably with the pale faces of our school-children, who are compelled 
 to breathe the close and unwholesome air of some of our schoolrooms 
 for six hours in the day, through one-half the days of their childhood. 
 But we trust this evil will be temporary, and that our schoolrooms will 
 soon be ventilated as well as warmed. 
 
 In the cultivation of the manners of our youth, in the present day, 
 the field seems to have been entirely changed from the schoolroom to the 
 ballroom ; and, iii outward appearances at least, a stranger would not 
 notice a great increase of politeness, in these days, over olden times. 
 There are even now some old-fashioned people, who would rather see 
 the respect and deference which was once paid to the committee-man 
 or the minister, — when, on entering and leaving the village school, 
 there was a voluntary uprising of its members ; or the respectful bow 
 and courtesy of the school-children in the street, while passing their 
 superiors in age, — than to see the whole subject of the cultivation of 
 the manners of our youth banished from the school-room. 
 
 The improvements in school-books is another invention of modern 
 times, not unmixed with evil. Though it might have been some objec- 
 tion to the good old days of " Dilworth's Spelling-book " and the " Only 
 Sure Guide to the English Tongue," that the scholar would, after a 
 while, get them all by heart; yet this objection would at length be 
 
APPENDIX. 433 
 
 removed by their advancement to a higher class in the " Understand- 
 ing Reader," and then to the "Scott's Lessons;" which, to be sure, 
 would sometimes be rather familiar before the large scholars became 
 one and twenty. But even this objection is by some thought to be a 
 less evil than the continual change which is going on in our schools, 
 and the great inconvenience and expense to which parents are now 
 subjected, by the variety of books in our diiferent districts, and the 
 introduction of new books in the various bi-anches of education, before 
 a single copy of the old ones has been worn out. 
 
 "We would not be understood to condemn the practice of exchanging 
 school-books, when evident improvements are made in them ; but we 
 do consider the great multiplication of these books, and the frequent 
 changes made in our schools, to be productive of much evil as well as 
 some good. At the present day, when so many school-books are urged 
 by their respective authors upon teachers and school-committees, we 
 think the good of the community would be promoted by great caution 
 on their part, and a determination to make no changes without strong 
 evidence that the public good requires it. 
 
 The present is truly an age of invention. While great improve- 
 ments have been made in the mechanic arts by labor-saving machinery, 
 and the intercourse among men has been increased, by more rapid and 
 commodious modes of travel, a hundred-fold ; and, in the conveyance 
 of intelligence from one part of the world to another, distance has 
 almost been annihilated by the magnetic telegraph, — the community 
 are inclined to become restless under the old order of things, and desire 
 to see the world making progress in every thing with railroad speed, 
 if not with lightning velocity. 
 
 But, in the process of education, we have yet discovered no method 
 so safe and sure to make ripe scholars and sound and sensible men 
 and women as the good old way of hard study, close application, and 
 patient driUing in the solid branches of education which are taught in 
 our district schools. There has never yet been, and we have no reason 
 to suppose there ever will be, discovered any royal road to learning. 
 
 John Nelson, 
 Moses Harrington, 
 Joseph A. Denny, 
 
 School 
 Cbmmittee. 
 
 55 
 
434 
 
 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 The following is a Statement of the Amount raised for Schooling : — 
 
 1745 . 
 
 £100 old tenor 
 
 
 1780 
 
 £1710 lawful 
 
 money. 
 
 1815 . 
 
 . $600 federal 
 
 money. 
 
 1746 . 
 
 . 100 
 
 ) )i 
 
 
 1781 
 
 40 silver 
 
 iioney. 
 
 1816 . 
 
 . 600 „ 
 
 
 1747 . 
 
 . 120 
 
 ) u 
 
 
 1782 . 
 
 . 40 
 
 
 jj 
 
 1817 . 
 
 . 600 „ 
 
 
 1748 . 
 
 . 160 
 
 f 11 
 
 
 1783 . 
 
 . 40 
 
 
 
 1818 . 
 
 . 600 „ 
 
 
 1749 . 
 
 . 200 
 
 
 
 1784 . 
 
 . 40 
 
 
 J 
 
 1819 . 
 
 . 600 „ 
 
 
 1750 . 
 
 . 30 k 
 
 iwful money. 
 
 1785 . 
 
 . 40 
 
 
 )j 
 
 1820 . 
 
 . 600 „ 
 
 
 1751 . 
 
 . 30 
 
 
 
 1786 . 
 
 . 40 
 
 
 )> 
 
 1821 . 
 
 . 600 „ 
 
 
 1752. 
 
 . 35 
 
 
 
 1787 . 
 
 . 40 
 
 
 
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 No. 6. — Instructions, S^c, of the Town. 
 
 No. 1. Oct. 17, 1765. — At a meeting, regularly warned and as- 
 sembled, of the inhabitants of the town of Leicester, and districts of 
 Spencer and Paxton, — Voted to give instructions to their representa- 
 tive ; and that Daniel Henshaw, Esq., Thomas Denny, and Jonathan 
 Newhall of Leicester, Capt. Benjamin Johnson and Joshua Lamb of 
 Spencer, Capt. Samuel Brown and Jonathan Knights of Paxton, be 
 the committee to draw up the instructions. Voted, That the instruc- 
 tions drawn up by the committee be accepted and recorded ; which are 
 as follows : — 
 
APPENDIX. 435 
 
 To Capt. John Brown, Representative for the Town of Leicester, and Districts of 
 Spencer and Paxton. 
 
 Sir, — Your being chosen by the inhabitants of the aforesaid town 
 and districts to represent them in General Assembly is a strong testi- 
 mony of the confidence they place in your ability and integrity. By 
 this choice, they have put you in power to act in their j^iiblic concerns 
 in general, as your own reason shall dictate. We, your constituents, 
 now in general meeting assembled, notwithstanding, esteem it our right, 
 and, at this critical juncture of time and affairs, our duty, to give you 
 our instructions in some important matters which may come before 
 you within the remaining part of the year. And, sir, we expect of you 
 that you will, with decent firmness and unshaken resolution, use your 
 power and influence to assert and maintain our natural rights, — our 
 rights as Englishmen, which derive to us as subjects of Great Britain, 
 and those granted to us by charter. You are sensible, sir, that this 
 Province have been at a very great expense in carrying on the late 
 war, which hath involved them in a very great burthen of debt, under 
 which they are now laboring ; and how exceeding difficult it is for your 
 constituents to pay the part thereof that is annually assessed on them. 
 
 We expect, therefore, that you be very frugal in your grants of the 
 government's money : and we must recommend to you the strictest 
 care that the money be drawn out of the treasury according to the 
 appropriation thereof by the General Assembly ; and that, with the 
 utmost firmness, you remonstrate against its being drawn out for any 
 other end, as virtually taxing the people contrary to the Constitution, 
 and subversive of one of their darling rights. 
 
 We cannot help reminding you of some recent as well as former 
 instances hereof, which we esteem truly grievous ; and as we are thus 
 laboring under such a grievous burthen of debt, which we cheerfully 
 brought on ourselves in largely contributing to the assistance of Great 
 Britain, our mother-country, against her and our enemies, in the late 
 war, — which, under the favorable smiles and directions of Heaven, 
 made such glorious acquisition to her kingdom and revenue, — 
 
 It is, therefore, with inexpressible grief and concern we have had 
 repeated taxes levied on us by the Parliament of Great Britain since 
 the conclusion of the peace ; more especially an act levying certain 
 stamps and duties on the Colonies and Plantations in America. With 
 great respect and deference to that august assembly, we cannot but 
 think that the said act is contrary to the rights of mankind, and subver- 
 sive of the English Constitution, and hath a direct tendency to bring us 
 
436 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 into a state of abject slavery and vassalage. We look on ourselves — 
 though settled at a thousand leagues' distance from Great Britain, and 
 subject to them in all constitutional measures — yet to be a part of the 
 British Empire ; that we have the same rights especially inherent in us 
 Avith the inhabitants of the land ; that our predecessors purchased their 
 lands here of the natives, and settled themselves thereon, and main- 
 tained almost a continual war with the neighboring savages, without 
 any charge to Great Britain : yet, notwithstanding, we have always 
 looked on her interest ours, and have always cheerfully contributed to 
 her assistance against her enemies, and are still willing to do it accord- 
 ing to our ability. And, as we thus expect to bear part of the burthens 
 with them, so we expect to share in the privileges which so happily 
 adorn and distinguish the English Government. 
 
 We esteem it an essential privilege of Britons to be taxed by their 
 own representatives ; and as we understand it a maxim of the Enghsh 
 Constitution, that no man can be separated from his property but by 
 his own consent or fault, the same rights we claim and have internally 
 enjoyed ever since the settling of this land. And now, sir, you are 
 sensible that we had no voice in Parliament in making the Stamp Act, 
 which levies such a heavy tax on us, and is especially burthensome on 
 the widow and fatherless ; yea, we understand we could not be heard 
 by petition when said act was pending in Parliament, owing, as we 
 apprehend, to some fault in our agency. 
 
 We not only complain of the unconstitutional manner of making 
 said law, but the grievous burthen laid on us thereby ; and, if it should 
 be executed, will prove ruinous to us, and bring us into a state of beg- 
 gary, and greatly detrimental, if not ruinous, to Great Britain. But, 
 besides, what alarms us most of all is the unparalleled stretch given 
 to admiralty jurisdiction; by which every man, at the option of a 
 malicious informer, is liable to be carried a thousand miles before 
 a Court of Admiralty, — from where he is known, and from all his 
 friends, — and there tried without jury, and amerced by an arbitrary 
 judge of that court, and taxed with cost, as he pleaseth ; and, if the 
 party have not wherewith to satisfy the same, to die in prison in an 
 unknown land, without friends to bury him. This we apprehend to 
 be truly deplorable, and directly repugnant to Magna Charta, by which 
 no freeman shall be taken and imprisoned, or disseized of his freehold 
 or liberties or free customs, nor passed upon nor condemned, but by 
 the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land ; and if the 
 judge of said court should, either through weakness or wickedness, or 
 
APPENDIX. 437 
 
 wickedness of the informer or evidences, — who to him may be un- 
 known, — condemn the innocent, there is no appeal but to the Parlia- 
 ment of Great Britain, which not one of your constituents will be able 
 to prosecute. 
 
 Never was this country brought into such a strait before. Such is 
 our loyalty to the king, — whom we revere next under God, — our 
 veneration for the Pai-liament of Great Britain, whom we esteem as 
 the most august assembly of men on earth, and to whose constitutional 
 laws we owe all obedience ; and it is contrary even to our desires to 
 disobey either, but would sacrifice our lives and fortunes in their de- 
 fence : yet such is our love to the English Constitution of govern- 
 ment, — the best calculated on earth, both for the honor of the prince 
 and the freedom and happiness of the subject, — in which, we apprehend, 
 we have a right and share. The love we have to our fellow-subjects 
 of Great Britain, the love and duty we owe to ourselves and posterity, 
 yea, the first instinct in nature, — the great law of self-preservation, — 
 all appear contrary to said act. 
 
 In this dilemma we are brought ; and how to extricate ourselves we 
 know not. To disobey any just and equitable law of Parliament, we 
 have no inclination ; to obey the law, we must sacrifice our liberty and 
 every earthly thing that is dear to us, and bring ourselves and posterity 
 into slavery and beggary, and open a door for vice and villany, and to 
 be the final ruin of the whole English continent. 
 
 We lament the convulsions we are already thrown into, and we 
 detest and abhor some late tumultuous ravages that have been com- 
 mitted, especially on the 26th of August last, wherein his Honor our 
 Lieutenant-Governor suflTered ; which, we apprehend, was perpetrated 
 by foreigners and ruffians taking occasion by the present commotions. 
 As these, sir, are the present sentiments of said act, and the consequent 
 of the execution, we must enjoin it upon you by no means to give your 
 consent to any measures whatever that may imply our willingness to 
 submit to it, or to be any ways aiding or assisting in putting the same 
 in execution; but, in every proper measure, we expect you appear 
 against it : and, as the stamp-officer in this as well as the neighboring 
 governments have declined executing their respective offices, we re- 
 commend it to you to use your influence, that the business of the 
 government be carried on as usual, until the resolution of Parliament 
 upon our dutiful and humble petition be known. 
 
 Voted, That the following additional instructions be given to Capt. 
 Brown ; viz. : — 
 
438 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 "We cannot at this time help expressing our surprise, that his Ex- 
 cellency the Governor, in his speech to the General Assembly on the 
 twenty-fifth day of September last, should intimate as though the 
 Province was concerned in the late tumults at Boston, and thereby 
 represent us an undutiful and disloyal people. We take it exceeding 
 hard that such intimations should come from that chair ; which may 
 have a tendency to set us in a bad and false light at home. 
 
 We expect, therefore, that you take all proper measures to set our 
 innocency in a proper and clear light, and the abhorrence we have of 
 such outrages, when not one-thousandth part of the Province knew any 
 thing of it: and, as we have an abhorrence of such outrages, so we 
 expect that you by no means consent to have the damages to the suf- 
 ferers made up to them out of the public treasury, but that you use 
 your influence to the contrary, lest it become a bad precedent, and 
 prove an encouragement to such riotous practices for the future ; 
 and we think, though recommended as a piece of justice, yet cannot 
 be done by the government on any other footing but as a deed of 
 mercy ; which, if the perpetrators are not able, might more properly be 
 recommended to those who are able by contribution. 
 
 No. 2. Sept. 19, 1768. — The town of Leicester in town-meeting 
 assembled Sept. 19, 1768, in consequence of the alarming crisis of 
 affairs ; and on motion from the town of Boston, after choosing Capt. 
 Brown, moderator, entered into the following resolves: — 
 
 Principally, and first of all. Resolved, That his most gracious 
 Majesty King George the Third is our most rightful liege lord and 
 sovereign, to whom we owe all obedience as our king; and that, with 
 our lives and fortunes, we will defend him and the Protestant succes- 
 sion in his royal house, which we heartily wish may last as long as the 
 sun and moon endure, and for which we will not cease to offer up 
 our hearty prayers to Almighty God, and that he would bring to nought 
 and confusion all his majesty's secret as well as more open enemies. 
 
 Resolved, That we esteem the English Constitution of government 
 well calculated both for the dignity of tlie king and the freedom of the 
 subject, as founded in nature, and asserted in the great charter of 
 England called Magna Charta, in the Bill of Rights, and other char- 
 ters of royal authority. 
 
 Resolved, That we esteem rights belong to us as free-born subjects 
 of his royal Majesty the King of Great Britain. 
 
APPENDIX. 439 
 
 Resolved, That we will at all times grant such aid to his Majesty, 
 even to the sacrificing of our lives, as the necessity of the case may 
 require. 
 
 Resolved, That it is far from our desire to object against any act of 
 Parliament but such as infringe upon our rights. 
 
 Resolved, That we look upon the late dissolution of the General 
 Court of the Province, and the delaying to call another, as a real 
 grievance ; as they are the assembly of the estates of the Province, 
 and guardians of the people's rights, to whom we might apply, and on 
 whom we might depend, for redress of all wrongs here, and to con- 
 sult measures to avoid difficulties that might be coming upon us from 
 abroad. 
 
 Being deprived of such a court, — so especial in our Constitution, 
 — on a motion made fi'om the town of Boston to hold a convention at 
 Boston on the 22d current, — 
 
 Voted, That we will choose a man to go to Boston, to join those 
 that may meet there at the time aforesaid, to consult such measures 
 (without any authority) as may come before them. 
 
 Then, by vote, chose Capt. John Brown for the purpose aforesaid. 
 
 Then voted to give instructions to Capt. Brown to give his advice 
 and use his influence that all rash measures be prevented, and every 
 mild one may be adopted that may be consistent with Englishmen 
 claiming their rights. 
 
 Daniel Henshaw, Moderator. 
 
 No. 3. Jan. 4, 1773. — On the second article — a letter from the 
 town of Boston, and a pamphlet, wherein the rights of the colonists, 
 and the infringements thereof, are set forth — being read, — 
 
 Voted, That the rights, as there stated, do belong to the inhabitants 
 of this Province. 
 
 Voted, That they will choose a committee of nine persons to take 
 the matter into consideration, and report, as soon as may be, what they 
 think proper for this town to do thereon. 
 
 Then voted Capt. Brown, of Leicester; Capt. Witt and Capt. 
 Brown, of Paxton ; Mr. Moses Livermore and Joshua Lamb, of 
 Spencer ; William Henshaw and Hezekiah Ward, of Leicester ; and 
 Willard Mower, of Paxton, — be the committee for the above pur- 
 pose. 
 
 The committee, as appointed on the second article, reported several 
 
440 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 resolves, and instructions to the representative ; which, after seve- 
 ral amendments, were accepted unanimously ; and are as follows : — 
 
 1st, Resolved, That we do bear true allegiance to our rightful 
 sovereign King George the Third, of Great Britain, «&c. ; and are, and 
 always have been, ready to hazard our lives in defence of his person, 
 crown, and dignity. 
 
 2d, Resolved, That we have a right to all the liberties and privileges 
 of subjects born within the realm of P^ngland ; and that we esteem and 
 prize them so highly, that we think it our duty to risk our lives 
 and fortunes in defence thereof. 
 
 3d, Resolved, That the Parliament of Great Britain has enacted 
 laws subvei'sive of our rights and privileges, in a particular manner, in 
 raising a revenue in the Colonies, without their consent ; thereby de- 
 priving us of that right of keeping our own money until we think fit 
 personally, or by our representative, to dispose of the whole, or any 
 part thereof. 
 
 4th, Resolved, That neither the British Parliament, nor any other 
 power on earth, has a right to dispose of one farthing of our money, or 
 any of our property, without our consent in person or by our represen- 
 tative. 
 
 5th, Resolved, That the carrying any person or persons out of this 
 Province, beyond the seas or elsewhei'e, for any supposed or real crime 
 committed here, is against Magna Charta, and unconstitutional. 
 
 To Mr. Thomas Denny, Representative of the Town of Leicester, and tlie Districts of 
 Spencer and Paxton. 
 
 We, the freeholders and other inhabitants of the town and districts 
 aforesaid, legally assembled in town-meeting, after having taken into 
 serious consideration the almost insupportable hardships this people 
 have been long laboring under by a constant and uniform plan of op- 
 pression, — whereby many of our natural and constitutional rights are 
 wrested from us, — think it our duty to communicate to you our senti- 
 ments thereon, not doubting but you will heartily concur with us 
 therein. 
 
 It is needless, at this time, to recapitulate all our rights, and the in- 
 fringements thereof, seeing they are so fairly set forth by the inhabi- 
 tants of the town of Boston ; to whom we return our sincere thanks for 
 the care they have ever shown of preserving our rights and privileges, 
 of which their late circular-letter is a recent instance. 
 
 When we consider that our property is taken from us by the 
 
APPENDIX. 441 
 
 Bi'itish Parliament without our consent, our Governor rendered inde- 
 pendent of the grants of the General Assembly of this Province, and 
 the Judges of the Superior Court made wholly dependent on the crown 
 for their support (whereas they ought to be as independent as possible 
 of prince and people, in order to an impartial administration of justice), 
 what have we not to fear ? The evils arising from this last innovation 
 are so plain and obvious, even to a common capacity, that we shall 
 forbear dwelling upon them, and only give you the opinion of a 
 patriotic writer : " What must be our chance, when the laws of life 
 and death are to be spoken by judges totally dependent on the crown ; 
 sent, perhaps, from Great Britain ; filled with British prejudices, and 
 backed by a standing army ? " And again : " If we I'eflect that the 
 judges of these courts are to be during pleasure ; that they are to have 
 adequate provision made for them, which is to continue during their 
 complaisant behavior ; and that they may be strangers to these Colonies, 
 — what an engine of oppression may this authority be in such 
 hands ! " 
 
 It has been said in behalf of the judges of the Superior Court, that 
 the annual grants made them have not been adequate to their services, 
 and the expenses attending them. 
 
 We are of the same opinion ; and, as their time is mostly spent in 
 the service of this Province, they ought to receive therefi'om an honor- 
 able support during their good behavior. 
 
 These, sir, are a few of the many grievances we complain of; and, as 
 you are sufficiently acquainted with the rest, we need not enumerate 
 them. We think it advisable, and would have you use your interest, 
 that the Honorable House of Representatives send a dutiful and loyal 
 petition to tiie King, and a remonstrance to the Commons, of Gi'eat 
 Britain ; hoping they may succeed, as the Earl of Hillsborough is re- 
 moved from his office, and succeeded by a nobleman who has hitherto 
 appeared friendly to the rights of the Colonies.* We would also 
 recommend to you to promote, as far as in you lies, an intercourse 
 with the sister Colonies on this continent on these matters, as we are 
 all embarked in one common cause, that the joint wisdom of the whole 
 be exerted in removing the grievances so justly complained of. 
 
 In fine, when we reflect on the toils our forefathers underwent in the 
 settlement of this country, the dangers to which they stood continually 
 exposed from an insidious and bloodthirsty enemy, and the blood and 
 
 * Lord Dartmouth. 
 56 
 
442 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 treasures they expended, we think ourselves justly entitled to all the 
 calamities an envious despot can heap upon us, should we tamely and 
 pusillanimously suiFer the execution of them. It would be despising 
 the bounties of our Creator, an infamous prostitution of ourselves, and 
 a total disregard of posterity. 
 
 Thus we have briefly given you our sentiments, and trust you will 
 use your utmost efforts for a speedy redress of our grievances ; and 
 may the Almighty crown them with abundant success ! 
 
 No. 4. May 19, 1773. — At a meeting of the inhabitants of 
 Leicester, and the districts of Spencer and Paxton, made choice of Mr. 
 Thomas Denny to represent them in the Great and General Court the 
 year ensuing, and gave him the following instructions : — 
 
 Mr. Thomas Denny. 
 
 Sir, — You have, for several years past, successively received the 
 almost unanimous voice of us, your constituents, to represent us in 
 the Great and General Court, or Assembly, of this Province. And it 
 is because we have found you faithful in our service, willing to receive 
 our instructions, and gladly to execute our commands, that we have 
 now given you a fresh testimony of the confidence we repose in you by 
 once more electing you our representative ; whereby we have intrusted 
 you with the preservation of all our rights and privileges, which we 
 hold as dear as our lives. 
 
 As we have lately given you instructions on many points, it is 
 needless to repeat them ; and shall only remind you of a few things 
 which now occur to our minds. 
 
 The choosing a Standing Committee of Correspondence and Inquiry, 
 agreeable to the request of the worthy and respectable House of Bur- 
 gesses of Virginia, we think highly commendable ; and desire that you 
 use your interest therefor in the General Assembly, hoping the example 
 will be followed by all the other Assemblies on the continent ; well 
 knowing, that, by a firm union alone, we shall be able to render 
 abortive the machinations of our enemies, and establish our liberties 
 on a solid foundation. 
 
 And, as we have the highest regard for (so as even to revere the 
 name of) liberty, we cannot behold but with the greatest abhorrence 
 any of our fellow-creatures in a state of slavery. 
 
 Therefore we strictly enjoin you to use your utmost influence that 
 
APPENDIX. 443 
 
 a stop may be put to the slave-trade by the inhabitants of this Province ; 
 which, we apprehend, may be effected by one of these two ways: either 
 by laying a heavy duty on every negro imported or brought from 
 Africa or elsewhere into this Province ; or by making a law, that every 
 negro brought or imported as aforesaid should be a free man or woman 
 as soon as they come within the jurisdiction of it ; and that every negro 
 child that shall be born in said government after the enacting such law 
 should be free at the same age that the children of white people are ; 
 and, from the time of their birth till they are capable of earning their 
 living, to be maintained by the town in which they are born, or at the 
 expense of the Province, as shall appear most reasonable. 
 
 Thus, by enacting such a law, in process of time will the blacks 
 become free; or, if the Honorable House of Representatives shall think 
 of a more eligible method, we shall be heartily glad of it. But whether 
 you can justly take away or free a negro from his master, who fairly 
 purchased him, and (although illegally ; for such is the purchase of any 
 person against their consent, unless it be for a capital offence) which 
 the custom of this country has justified him in, we shall not determine ; 
 but hope that unerring Wisdom will direct you in this and all your other 
 important undertakings. 
 
 No. 5. Dec. 27, 1773. — At a meeting of the town of Leicester, 
 and the districts of Spencer and Paxton, legally convened at Leicester 
 aforesaid on the twenty-seventh day of December, 1773, the following 
 resolves were unanimously passed : — 
 
 1st, Resolved, That we bear a due allegiance to his Majesty King 
 George the Thii'd ; and are ready at all times, at the hazard of our lives 
 and interests, to defend his person, crown, and dignity. 
 
 2d, Resolved, That the inhabitants of this Province have, and ever 
 had, the sole right of disposing of their persons and estates as they 
 might think proper. 
 
 3d, Resolved, That the British Parliament, in an act passed soon 
 after the repeal of the Stamp Act, claiming a right over the properties 
 of his majesty's subjects in America, is a usurpation of authority to 
 which no power on earth is entitled, and contrary to the fundamental 
 principles of our happy Constitution. 
 
 4th, Resolved, That the laying a duty on any article imported into 
 this Province from Great Britain is an exercise of that unjustly as- 
 sumed prerogative, and loudly calls upon every friend to his country to 
 oppose so destructive a measure; and that we will oppose to the ut- 
 
444 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 most of our power, at the hazard of our lives and fortunes, any imposi- 
 tions unconstitutionally laid upon us. 
 
 5th, Resolved, That we will not use any tea in our families, or 
 suffer any to be consumed therein, while loaded with a tribute contrary 
 to our consent ; and that whoever shall sell any of that destructive herb 
 shall be deemed by us inimical to the rights of his country, as endea- 
 voring to counteract the designs of those who are zealous for its true 
 interests. 
 
 6th, Resolved, That we highly approve of the measures entered into 
 by our brethren in Boston and the towns adjacent at their late meet- 
 ings, and return them our hearty thanks for the firmness and intrepidity 
 so conspicuous in them, when, despising the insolence of office, they 
 discovered to the world a true sense of the blessings which our Consti- 
 tution affords, and a noble resolution to defend them. 
 
 After which, it was Voted, That a committee of fourteen persons be 
 appointed for the inspecting any teas that may be sold or consumed in 
 the town and districts aforesaid, and report at the annual meeting 
 in May the names of the persons so offending ; and a committee was 
 accordingly chosen. 
 
 Ordered, That the proceedings of this town be recorded by the 
 town-clerk, and forwarded by the Committee of Corx-espondence to 
 the committee in Boston. 
 
 No. 6. May 19, 1774. — At the adjournment of the annual May 
 meeting, it was Voted, That the letter prepared by the Committee of 
 Correspondence be forthwith transmitted by the clerk of this town to 
 the town-clerk of Boston ; and is as follows : — 
 
 Leicester, May 19, 1774. 
 
 Gentlemen, — Yours of the 12th instant has come safe to hand; 
 which informs us of an act of the British Parliament for blocking up 
 the harbor of Boston with a fleet of ships of war ; prohibiting the en- 
 trance or exportation of any sort of merchandise, on penalty of for- 
 feiture of such goods and vessels which carry the same, so long as said 
 act shall continue, or, in other words, until the Province of Massachu- 
 setts Bay shall acknowledge the right of the British ParUament to tax 
 them in all cases whatsoever ; which, we hope, will never be complied 
 with while there is an American living. 
 
 The act referred to we have seen, and think it the most arbitrary of 
 
APPENDIX. 445 
 
 any that has been passed since the Revolution, — an act replete with spite 
 and malice, and vesting his majesty with a right to the soil of America ; 
 for if the said Parliament have power to invest his majesty with a 
 right to dispose of private property, or can assign and appoint any par- 
 ticular quays or wharves for the landing or discharging, lading and 
 shipping, of goods, as his majesty shall think proper, they may, with 
 the same propriety, pass an act prohibiting any town or husbandman 
 from sowing grain, mowing grass, and feeding his pastures, so long as 
 his majesty thinks propei'. 
 
 And the penalty is, that if any person offends in landing of goods or 
 merchandise, or in the lading or putting them off at any other quay 
 or wharf so appointed, they are to be forfeited, together with the ships, 
 boats, cattle, and carriages which are used to convey the same. In 
 like manner may they make a forfeiture of our houses, lands, cattle, 
 &c., if we offer to improve them, without his majesty's special license. 
 
 We hope, gentlemen, you will not be intimidated by this arbitrary 
 act, although your town may suffer greatly in its trade, and your poor 
 — who maintained themselves by their daily labor — should be unem- 
 ployed. We doubt not a kind Providence will find out a way for their 
 support, and that the other Colonies will stand by you ; and we hope 
 there is no town in this Province will be so ungrateful as to forsake 
 you. 
 
 The cause is interesting to all America ; and all America must be 
 convinced of this great truth, " By uniting, we shall stand." 
 
 We hope and beHeve that Great Britain will be soon convinced that 
 the Americans can live as long without their trade as they can without 
 ours. 
 
 You will see the instructions given to the representative of this 
 town and districts, which will show the abhorrence they have of the 
 forementioned act ; and we believe they will give you all the support 
 in their power. 
 
 We are, gentlemen, with esteem. 
 
 Your friends and fellow-countrymen, 
 
 Wm. Henshaw, per order. 
 
 No. 7. July 6, 1774. — At a town-meeting legally warned and 
 assembled, — 
 
 Voted, That there be a committee appointed to draw up resolves, 
 formed on the sentiments of the town and districts, on the present 
 
446 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 melancholy sitwation of this country ; and that the following persons be 
 a committee for that purpose : viz., Thomas Denny, Joseph Henshaw, 
 and Joseph Allen, of Leicester ; James Draper and Joseph Wilson, of 
 Spencer ; Oliver Witt and Ralph Earle, of Paxton. 
 
 Voted, That the report of the committee for draughting the resolves 
 be accepted ; which is as follows : — 
 
 At a meeting of the freeholders and other inhabitants of the town 
 of Leicester and districts of Spencer and Paxton, on the sixth day of 
 July, 1774, — not tumultuously, riotously, or seditiously, but soberly 
 and seriously, as men, as freemen, and as Christians, — to take into 
 our consideration the present distressed state of our affairs : the harbor 
 of our metropolis blockaded with an armed force, whereby no trade or 
 commerce is suffered to be carried on, and they, with us, prevented 
 the common means of procuring support ; great numbers in the town 
 of Boston suffering by this means for their daily bread ; our General 
 Assembly dissolved for resolving upon a method to reconcile the differ- 
 ence between Great Britain and the Colonies, so earnestly desired by 
 every good man. 
 
 We are threatened with acts of Parliament to overturn our Con- 
 stitution, to destroy the Democratic part thereof, and to establish ab- 
 solute monarchy, — which threatens tyranny, and the inhabitants of 
 this Province with slavery. After seriously debating and considering 
 the deplorable circumstances we are in, and threatened to be brought 
 into, by an act of the British Parliament for blocking up the harbor 
 of Boston, which is repugnant to every idea of justice ; is putting 
 themselves into a state of war with said town ; depriving its inhabi- 
 tants, with every other part of the Province who are inclined to use 
 trade in said port, of those privileges, for the support and convenience 
 of their families, which God and nature hath given them ; and hath a 
 direct tendency to alienate the affections of the people of this Province 
 and the other Colonies on the continent from the mother-country, and 
 to create discord and confusion: — 
 
 Under these embarrassments, we think it our duty to take into con- 
 sideration the constitution of government we are under, and recognize 
 those rights and privileges which we do or ought to enjoy, that pos- 
 terity may know what our claims are, and to what struggles we are 
 called in defence of them. 
 
 Our forefathers came into this land when it was a howling wilderness, 
 inhabited only by savages, of whom they purchased the soil without the 
 assistance of any other power or state. They took the King of Great 
 
APPENDIX. 447 
 
 Britain, or whoever should be King of England, to be their king, under 
 such limitations, restrictions, and regulations as by a charter, under the 
 Great Seal granted by King Charles II., was stipulated and agreed ; 
 which charter, in the arbitrary reign of King James, was forcibly 
 and wrongfully wrested from the Colony : and afterwards another was 
 granted by King William and Queen Mary of glorious memory, which 
 charter laid the foundation of the present constitution of government 
 in this Province ; wherein it is granted and confirraed under the Great 
 Seal, that the King shall appoint the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, 
 and Secretary ; and that there shall be held and kept by the Governor 
 a General Court, or Assembly, on the last Wednesday of May, for ever ; 
 which General Court, or Assembly, shall consist of the Governor, 
 Council, and such freeholders as shall be from time to time elected 
 and deputed by the several towns in the Province ; which Assembly 
 shall choose twenty-eight councillors yearly, and every year for ever 
 tliereafter. 
 
 And it is further ordained by said Royal Charter, that the General 
 Court shall have full power and authority to erect and constitute 
 judicatories, and courts of records, to be held in the name of the 
 king, for the hearing, trying, and determining all manner of crimes, 
 offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, causes, and things whatso- 
 ever, arising or happening within the Province ; and also with full 
 power and authority, from time to time, to make, ordain, and establish 
 all manner of wholesome and reasonable orders, laws, statutes, direc- 
 tions, and instructions, either with penalties or without (so as the same 
 be not repugnant or contrary to the laws of the realm of England), as 
 they shtvU judge to be for the good and welfare of the Province, and 
 for the governing and ordering thereof, and of the people inhabiting 
 or who may inhabit the same, and for the necessary support and 
 government thereof 
 
 And, further, it is granted and ordained, that the Great and General 
 Court shall impose and levy proportionate rates and taxes upon the 
 estates and persons of all and every of the inhabitants of the Pro- 
 vince, to be issued and disposed of for the necessary defence and sup- 
 port of the government of the Province. And therein it is further 
 ordained, that the Governor, with the advice and consent of the 
 Council, shall from time to time appoint judges, sheriffs, justices of the 
 j)eace, and other officers belonging to the King's Court. And further, 
 that all and every of the subjects of the king, which go to inhabit said 
 Province, or be born there, shall have and enjoy all the liberties and 
 
448 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 immunities of free and natural subjects, to all intents, constructions, 
 and purposes whatsoever, as if they and every of them were born 
 within the realm of England. 
 
 As the charter aforesaid is the basis of the civil constitution of 
 government in this Province, we hold the same as sacred, and that 
 no power on earth whatsoever hath right or authority to disannul or 
 revoke said charter or any of it, or abridge the inhabitants of the 
 Province of any of the powers, privileges, or immunities, therein stipu- 
 lated or agreed to be holden by every person inhabiting said Province ; 
 and therefore we, the inhabitants of the town of Leicester and districts 
 of Spencer and Paxton, in town-meeting assembled, do now, both in 
 our corporate and separate capacities, claim, assert, and demand the 
 said powers, privileges, and immunities as our indefeasible rights ; and, 
 therefore, — 
 
 Voted and Resolved, That any person, power, or state, that shall 
 attempt or endeavor, by any means whatsoever, to destroy or nullify 
 said charter, either in whole or in part, and, to effect such design, 
 shall attempt to deprive the people of this Province, or any of them, 
 of said powers and privileges stipulated and granted in the charter, 
 is an enemy to the Province, and thereby puts him, her, or them, into 
 a state of war with the Province and every inhabitant thereof; and 
 ought to be so esteemed, and treated accordingly. 
 
 Voted and Resolved, That no power, state, or potentate, have right 
 to make laws, orders, statutes, or ordinances, for the internal police of 
 this his majesty's Province, but the Legislature established within the 
 same, as set forth and ordained in the charter ; or to repeal, nullify, or 
 make void, any law or laws already made by the Legislature thereof 
 (excepting the king, as stipulated in said charter, in a limited time), 
 but the same Legislature which made them : and, therefore, any law 
 made for that purjwse by any other power, state, or potentate, is, ipso 
 facto, null and void, and ought to be esteemed so by every inhabitant 
 in the Province- 
 
 Resolved, That every court or judicatory set up for the hearing and 
 determining of any crimes, offences, actions, causes, or things whatso- 
 ever, that may arise within this Province, other than such as have been 
 or may be established by the charter or by the laws of the Province,. 
 is, in our opinion, unconstitutional and illegal ; and every judgment, 
 decree, or determination, entered up or made by such court, is void : 
 and that the inhabitants of this Province ought not to submit to, or 
 pay any regard to, such judgment or determination; and that every 
 
APPENDIX. 449 
 
 officer, endeavoring to put into execution any judgment or determination 
 so entered up by such court, ought to be resisted by every inhabitant 
 of the Province, and treated as a person endeavoring to subvert the 
 Constitution of this Province, and the order of judicial proceedings 
 therein established. 
 
 Resolved, That as the trial by juries is a grand barrier against 
 arbitrary power, and is the right of every subject of the King of Gi'eat 
 Britain (being granted by Magna Charta), which right belongs to the 
 inhabitants of this Province ; and that such jurors be appointed and 
 chosen, summoned, and impanelled, according to the laws of this Pro- 
 vince, and the usual custom and practice therein ; and that a jury 
 summoned, called, and impanelled by any other method, or by virtue 
 of any other edict or law whatsoever, is illegal ; and it is the duty of 
 every person, who may be summoned as a juror by any other way 
 than the laws of this Province, to refuse to obey such summons, or 
 to refuse being impanelled. And, further, — 
 
 Resolved, That any verdict entered up by a jury summoned and 
 impanelled in any other way than by the laws of this Province, and 
 the ancient usage and custom of the executive courts, is, in our opinion, 
 null and void. 
 
 Resolved, That we will, to the utmost of our power, maintain and 
 support the king's authority in this Province, according to the charter 
 aforesaid ; and that we will to the utmost of our power, even to the 
 risk of our lives and fortunes, support and maintain the execution of 
 the laws of this Province, as established by the charter and the Legis- 
 lature thereof. 
 
 Resolved, That all persons pretending to be officers, who were not 
 appointed according to charter or the laws of this Province, have no 
 right to exercise such office ; and, therefore, any person pretending 
 to officiate therein ought to be resisted. 
 
 Resolved, That we will not by ourselves, or any for, by, or under 
 us, directly or indirectly, purchase any goods that may be imported 
 from Great Britain after the thirty -first day of August next ; and that 
 we will break off all commercial connections with any merchant, trader, 
 or factor, who shall import goods from Great Britain into this Province 
 after said time ; and that we will not purchase any goods of such trader 
 who shall purchase such goods, or offer or expose them for sale, until 
 the harbor of Boston be opened, and the tea-duty taken off, unless 
 otlier measures for our redress be recommended by General Con- 
 gress. 
 
 67 
 
450 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Resolved, That it is the duty of every person whatever, arrived to 
 age of discretion, as much as may be consistent with their business 
 and occupation for the support of their families, to associate together, 
 and discourse and infoi-m themselves of their rights and privileges as 
 men, as members of society and the English Constitution ; that they 
 may not be imposed upon by those men who look upon them with 
 envy, and are using every art to deprive the laborious part of man- 
 kind of the fruits of their own labor, and wish to live in luxury on that 
 of others. 
 
 No. 8. Sept. 29, 1774. — At a meeting of the inhabitants of 
 Leicester, and the districts of Spencer and Paxton, Mr. Thomas 
 Denny was chosen to represent them in the Great and General Court 
 to be convened at Salem, in the county of Essex, on the fifth day of 
 October next. 
 
 Voted, That instructions be given to the representative, and that the 
 following persons be a committee for draughting them ; viz. : Capt. 
 Joseph Henshaw, Capt. John Brown, Joseph Allen, Deacon Muzzy, 
 Dr. Ormes, Phinehas Moore, and Capt. Willard Moore. 
 
 Voted, That the following instructions, after being read paragraph 
 by paragraph, be given to the representative ; viz. : — 
 
 To Mr. Thomas Denny. 
 
 SiK, — Your constituents cannot give you a greater testimony of 
 their confidence in your integrity and resolution than by re-electing 
 you their representative at the ensuing Great and General Court, or 
 Assembly, to be convened at Salem on Wednesday, the fifth day of 
 October next, — a time which requii'es the greatest prudence, on the 
 one hand, to guard against any unavailing obstinacy ; and, on the other 
 hand, the utmost firmness to avoid falling into any supine acquiescence 
 derogatory of the rights to which the inhabitants of this Province are 
 justly entitled. They think proper to give you the following instruc- 
 tions ; viz. : — 
 
 In the first place, — agreeable to the recommendation of the Worces- 
 ter Convention, — we instruct and strictly enjoin you that you refuse to 
 be sworn by any person except such as may be appointed agreeable 
 to the charter of this Province ; and likewise refuse to be sworn by the 
 Lieutenant-Governor, who has taken the oaths as a councillor by man- 
 damus from the king. 
 
 2. That you by no means act in conjunction with the Council ap- 
 
APPENDIX. 451 
 
 pointed by mandamus from the king, or such of the councillors elected 
 in May last who have since been sworn into said council. 
 
 3. That you absolutely refuse to be adjourned to Boston, while that 
 town is garrisoned with troops and surrounded with ships of war ; and, 
 should any thing impede your acting as a House at Salem, that you 
 immediately repair to Concord, and join the Provincial Congress to 
 be convened at said place on the second Tuesday in October next, and 
 there to observe the instructions which may be given by us, from time 
 to time, for the rule of your conduct in that assembly. 
 
 We would recommend that you join with those members which may 
 be present at Salem in a body, to consult and determine upon some 
 proper plan of conduct, before you offer yourself to be sworn ; that so 
 every member may regulate his behavior accordingly. 
 
 No. 9. Oct. 10, 1774. — At a meeting of the town of Leicester, and 
 the districts of Spencer and Paxton, — 
 
 Voted, That Mr. Thomas Denny be the only person to represent 
 this town at the ensuing Provincial Convention to be holden at Con- 
 cord. 
 
 The following instructions, drawn up by the committee chosen on 
 the 29th September last, were separately read, and accepted by said 
 town and districts : — 
 
 To Col. Thomas Denny. 
 
 Sir, — You are delegated by the town of Leicester, and districts of 
 Spencer and Paxton, to represent them at the ensuing General Con- 
 vention, — an assembly in which, at this dark and difficult day, perhaps 
 the most important business will come before you that was ever trans- 
 acted since the settlement of North America. No period since the 
 Revolution has worn a more gloomy and alarming aspect. 
 
 A series of occurrences and events afford great reason to believe that 
 a deep and desperate plan of despotism has been laid for the extinction 
 of civil liberty, and which threatens universal havoc. Every thing 
 now conspires to prompt the full exertion of true policy, valor, and 
 intrepidity. The choice your constituents have made in this day of 
 trial, as it manifests their affection and confidence, so they doubt not it 
 will excite your warmest attachment and closest attention to the com- 
 mon cause ; and therefore communicate their sentiments to you in a few 
 following particulars : — 
 
452 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. ^ 
 
 1st, That you keep those invaluable rights and liberties, which have 
 been handed down to us by our ancestors, ever near your heart. 
 Charters have become bubbles, — empty shadows, without any certain 
 stability or security: therefore we instruct that you oppose any mo- 
 tions which may be made for patching up that under King William 
 and Queen Mary. As the British Parliament have, by some late edicts, 
 declared the most essential parts thereof null and void, and are, vi et 
 armis, forcing their decrees, it behooves us to stand on the defensive : 
 and as we are without form, and void, and darkness seems to cover the 
 face of the land, we direct that your influence be employed, in the first 
 place, towards establishing some form of government, courts of judica- 
 ture, &c., as may be best adapted to our present circumstances ; re- 
 membering, in this and every other transaction, to keep close to the 
 advice you may, from time to time, receive from the Continental Con- 
 gress, and avoid every act which may militate with their general plan. 
 
 2d, That you endeavor to have the militia of the Province put on 
 the most respectable footing, and that every town be supplied with one 
 or moi-e field-pieces, properly mounted, and furnished with ammunition. 
 A militia, composed of the yeomanry and proprietors of the country, is 
 its surest defence: therefore we esteem it a matter of the last necessity 
 that they be properly disciplined, and taught the art of war, with all 
 expedition, as we know not how soon we may be called to action. 
 
 3d, As we esteem the Province treasury to be unsafe in the town of 
 Boston while in its present disordered state, we instruct that you en- 
 deavor for its removal to some place of safety remote from the capital ; 
 and that the treasurer be directed to exhibit his accounts of the treasury 
 to be audited, and, in case of deficiency, that sufficient security be ob- 
 tained therefor. 
 
 4th, That you inquire by what authority the Lieutenant-General 
 has taken possession of the Common-land within the limits of Boston, 
 — being the property of that town, — and require the intrenchracnts 
 there made to be demolished, and the fortification at the entrance of 
 the town to be dismantled. Also by what authority the powder in the 
 Arsenal at Charlestown was removed, the carriages belonging to 
 the train of artillery in Boston seized and detained, with many other 
 acts of raping and violence, which it is probable may be laid before you ; 
 and make restitution therefor. 
 
 5th, That you cause a just estimate to be made of the daily loss 
 accruing to the town of Boston and the Province from the stoppage of 
 their trade, prohibition of water-carriage, and all other loss and damage 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 453 
 
 of every kind, resulting in consequence of the operation of an act of the 
 British Parliament for blockading the harbor of Boston, and one other 
 act for subverting the civil government of this Province. 
 
 6th, That you use all suitable means to encourage arts and manu- 
 factures among us by granting premiums, or any other ways Avhich may 
 be most conducive to this end, — one of which, we apprehend, to be by 
 devising some effectual method for the strict and religious observance 
 of the non-consumption agreement so generally entered into through 
 this Province ; and also by promoting the continental plan for the en- 
 tire prevention of all imports and exports to and from Great Britain, 
 and, should it be judged necessary, the English West-India Islands. 
 
 7th, That you promote a friendly and intimate correspondence with 
 our sister Colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, &c. ; that so the whole 
 continent of North America, as they have one common cause and in- 
 terest, may thereby unite in the same measures. We are not in doubt, 
 at this day, how essential a point our enemies esteem it to divide us, 
 that we may fall an easy pi'ey; and surely our solicitude for a strict 
 union ought to be proportionate to their opposition, especially when we 
 consider how difficult large bodies are brought to unite in one and the 
 same sentiments, while our enemies, with a single fiat, are ready with 
 their whole force to rush upon us. 
 
 8th, That those contumacious persons, who, in defiance of the groans 
 and entreaties of their fellow-countrymen, have obstinately persisted in 
 their resolutions to endeavor, so far as in them lay, the destruction of 
 that civil government under which they have been protected (and many 
 of whom have been cherished and grown wanton with its smiles), by 
 being sworn and acting as councillors by mandamus from the king, in 
 direct violation of the charter, together with such others who have 
 proved themselves notoriously inimical to their country, be apprehended, 
 and secured for trial. 
 
 9th, That, as amidst all the trouble and difficulties from the hands of 
 wicked men under which we groan, we have experienced many and 
 great favors from the hand of God, in the course of the year past, by 
 discovering the machinations of our enemies, whereby we have in some 
 measure frustrated their designs ; by permitting no epidemical disease 
 to pass through the land ; by giving a suitable seedtime, a plenteous 
 harvest, and crowning the year with His goodness. 
 
 These and many other instances of the divine favor demand our 
 most grateful recognition; and we should be still more unworthy of 
 tliem, should we, by too close an attachment to our present difficulties, 
 
454 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 neglect to offer our tribute of praise and thanksgiving therefor to that 
 Being from whom alone must come all our help. We instruct that you 
 endeavor that a day may be set apart for this religious purpose. 
 
 10th, There is no doubt but many other matters than what are above 
 enumerated will come under your consideration. As they do not at 
 present occur, we must leave them to your judgment. 
 
 Confiding in your prudence and unshaken resolution, we commend 
 you, and the concerns you are intrusted with, to the divine protection 
 and blessinsr. 
 
 No. 10. Jan. 9, 1775. — At a meeting of the town and districts 
 aforesaid, Voted, That Joseph Allen, Capt. Washburn, Deacon Muzzy, 
 Dr. Frink, and Capt. Samuel Green, be a committee to draw instruc- 
 tions for the member chosen. 
 
 Voted, That the instructions be accepted ; which are as follows : — 
 
 To Col. Joseph Henshaw. 
 
 Sir, — You are delegated this day, by the town of Leicester and 
 district of Spencer, to represent them at the ensuing Provincial Con- 
 gress. The distress of the country, arising from the ruinous system 
 of Colony administration adopted ten or twelve years past, has got to 
 that height as will require the whole united wisdom and firmness of 
 the Congress to remove. 
 
 We, your constituents, instruct and require that you promote with 
 all your influence any plan for the common good which may be gene- 
 rally adopted by the Congress ; and, considering the present situation 
 of the Province, — its defenceless, loose, disjointed state, and the appa- 
 rent danger of its sinking into anarchy and confusion, — do particularly 
 instruct that you urge an immediate assumption of government, as 
 the only means by which we may be reduced to order, and the laws 
 of the Province have their usual and uninterrupted course ; remem- 
 bering in this to keep as near the charter as the perplexed state of 
 the Province will admit, and to have the measures of the American 
 Congress in constant view, so that both may co-operate for the general 
 good. 
 
 Particular matters will no doubt turn up in the course of the ses- 
 sion, which as we, your constituents, are not now apprised of, so cannot 
 particularly instruct ; but, confiding in your integrity and resolution, we 
 commend you and the concerns you are intrusted with to the divine 
 blessing. 
 
APPENDIX. 455 
 
 No. 11. July 13, 1775. — At a meeting of the inhabitants of the 
 town of Leicester, Voted to give instructions to their representative. 
 
 Voted, That Joseph Allen, William Green, Capt. Samuel Green, 
 Joseph Henshaw, and Joseph Sargent, be a committee to frame the 
 instructions. 
 
 Voted, That the following instructions be accepted : — 
 
 To Mr. Hezekiah Ward, Eepresentative of the Town of Leicester. 
 
 Sir, — At this most critical and important period, on which are 
 suspended the happiness or ruin of British America, you are called 
 by the suffrages of your townsmen to represent them in the ensuing 
 General Assembly of this Province. 
 
 To this important now, posterity will look back either with joy and 
 admiration, secure in the possession of their inestimable liberties ; or 
 with the keenest sensations of grief, while they drag the galling chain 
 of servitude. 
 
 Since the settlement of America, no period has been so replete 
 with gx-eat and interesting events as the present ; and it will require 
 the utmost exertions of the human mind to counteract the designs of 
 our enemies. 
 
 On these considerations, we think proper to give you the following 
 instructions ; viz. : — 
 
 1st, It is our will, and w*e do instruct you, that you govern yourself 
 by resolves and orders of the Continental Congress in all matters for 
 ■which that honorable body shall give directions. 
 
 2d, That, in the establishment of government, you use your influ- 
 ence, in the most open and unreserved manner, that such persons be 
 excluded from any share therein who have shown themselves inimical 
 to the rights of their country ; and likewise those far more dangerous 
 still, and more to be despised, who, waiting the tide of events, have, 
 ■with a modesty pecuhar to themselves, declined to support the just 
 claims of their country in opposition to the tyrants ■who would enslave 
 it : but that you exert your utmost abilities that such persons be ap- 
 pointed to offices of trust as have discovered themselves to be men of 
 religion and virtue, and at the same time of penetration, genius, and 
 knowledge ; who have uniformly stood forth the resolute defenders of 
 the rights of their country. 
 
 3d, That you view with a jealous yet candid eye the disposition 
 and motions of the American Army ; always remembering the im- 
 portance of preserving the superiority of the civil power over that of 
 
456 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 the military; as an inattention to this might possibly involve us in 
 still greater and more complicated calamities than we have yet expe- 
 rienced. 
 
 4th, That you endeavor, so far as in you lies, that the laws of this 
 Province for suppressing vice and immoraUties of all kinds be reli- 
 giously put into execution, and that the hands of the civil officers be 
 strengthened by all the aid and countenance that may be necessary to 
 afford them. 
 
 5th, We instruct that you use your influence to obtain a just esti- 
 mate of the loss and damage sustained by this Colony through the 
 operation of several late acts of the British Parliament, from the com- 
 mencement of the Boston Port Bill ; that such estimate may remain 
 on file, and, if no other compensation can be obtained, it may hereafter 
 be brought into an average loss on the whole continent. 
 
 (There was a committee appointed by a late Congress for this pur- 
 pose, which reported the loss until toward the close of the last year ; 
 which report was ordered to lie on the table. Should you obtain 
 a vote to have this matter committed, that report may serve as a 
 guide.) 
 
 6th, That, as in our opinion the Fee Bill is very unequal, we instruct 
 that you use your endeavors that such fees as are too low may be 
 raised, and those which are too high may be reduced. 
 
 As your proceedings will be generally under the direction of the 
 American Congress, so we cannot be more particular in giving you 
 instructions ; but, praying for the favor of Heaven on the measures of 
 the General Assembly, we commend you to the divine blessing. 
 
 No. 12. May 22, 1776. — At a meeting of the town of Leicester, 
 Voted, That Col. Joseph Henshaw, Joseph Allen, Richard Southgate, 
 Capt. Samuel Green, and Capt. Jonathan Newhall, be a committee to 
 prepare instructions to their representative. The instructions are as 
 follows : — 
 
 To Capt. Seth Washburn. 
 
 Sir, — The town of Leicester having made choice of you to repre- 
 sent it at the General Court the ensuing year (in the course of which, 
 'tis more than probable, the most resolute exertions of the court may 
 be called forth to defend the Colony against the force of the British 
 king and ministry), your constituents are of opinion that temporary 
 
APPENDIX. 457 
 
 appointments, sufficient for the peace, order, and defence of the Colony 
 during the present contest, would have answered more valuable ; as, 
 should the Honorable Congress declare an independence on the king- 
 dom of Great Britain, and form a system of government which may 
 be adopted by the continent, some future court might be under the 
 necessity of undoing most or all the last has done. 
 
 When measures are hastily adopted, and as often revoked, it dis- 
 covers that stability to be wanting which alone can confer dignity or 
 secure authority. Therefore your constituents, to prevent, as much as 
 they may, such mistakes taking place again, instruct you that you pay 
 the strictest attention to every question which may be agitated in the 
 House, and digest it well in your own mind before you give your 
 vote. 
 
 That you use your utmost endeavor to obtain a repeal of the act 
 providing for more equal representation in the General Court. 
 
 Your constituents view this act as having a manifest tendency to 
 create a jealousy and opposition between the trading and landed inte- 
 rest of the Colony, at a time when it is universally confessed that 
 unanimity (under God) is what we must depend on for safety. 
 
 Your constituents flatter themselves, that the good people of the 
 Colony will not generally increase their number of representatives ; 
 which would be, moreover, a great additional charge to that which is 
 now and will be necessarily incurred for the defence of the Colony ; 
 and therefore the strictest economy, consistent with our safety, ought to 
 be observed. 
 
 That you endeavor to have the form prescribed in the Test Act for 
 subscription explained or altered. You are sensible, sir, what uni- 
 versal uneasiness the clause for complying with such requirements and 
 directions of the laws of this Colony as now are, or may hereafter be, 
 provided for the regulation of the militia, occasioned in your town. 
 
 Your constituents esteem it as unadvised and ill-timed. They know 
 it of themselves, and think the same of others, that no people have paid 
 a more strict or cheerful obedience to the laws of the land than the 
 people of this Colony ; and are truly sorry that the late court should, 
 by the forementioned clause, discover a jealousy and distrust of their 
 fidelity. Your constituents are willing to believe it was principally 
 designed as a test for those, the general tenor of whose conduct deno- 
 minated them Tories, or enemies to their country. Moreover, they 
 view it as a precedent which may be attended with very pernicious 
 consequences ; and are of opinion, that the form in the Test Act, without 
 
 68 
 
458 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 the foremen tioned clause, would have answered all the ends and pur- 
 poses of the test. 
 
 You are likewise instructed to bear your testimony against the same 
 persons filling places of great importance in the legislative and execu- 
 tive departments, the incongruity of which needs no comment. 
 
 Your constituents understand from report, that the late court had in 
 contemplation the stopping-up the harbor of Boston, by sinking hulks 
 in the channel to prevent the enemies' ships passing to the town. 
 Should such motion be acted on, you are instructed to oppose it. We 
 can think of one case only, which, in our opinion, would justify the 
 measure ; viz., when there is sudden danger of a sudden attack, and no 
 time to make a regular defence. 
 
 Stopping the harbor of Boston your constituents consider as an 
 effectual method to ruin the trade, sink the value of estates, and de- 
 populate the town, as if the enemy had reduced it to ashes before their 
 departure ; and, the town being depopulated, it is not material whether 
 it was accomplished by fire or water. When trade has once forsook 
 its old course, and forced a new channel, its recovery may be de- 
 spaired of. 
 
 Therefore, considering the loss this Colony in particular has 
 sustained by the loss of the trade of its capital, and the consequent 
 reduction of estates, your constituents cannot consent that their repre- 
 sentatives should be aiding in a measure, which, in our opinion, would 
 further greatly injure that town, and the Colony in general. 
 
 As America is threatened, and we may soon expect a formidable 
 force will be employed to accomplish our ruin, we are alarmed at the 
 apprehensions, since the enemy have evacuated the metropolis and the 
 Continental Army removed to the southward, that so few forces have 
 been raised to secure and defend that important place ; for, should the 
 enemy return to repossess themselves of the town, its last state, in 
 which the Colony is deeply involved, would be infinitely worse than 
 the former. 
 
 Wherefore we strictly enjoin it on and instruct you, that you move 
 for a re-enforcement of troops, to be immediately raised, sufficient to 
 complete the fortifications and defend the town, should an attack be 
 made thereon, till relief could be had from the standing mihtia of the 
 Colony. 
 
 May 22, 1776. — At a meeting of the freeholders and other inhabi- 
 tants of Leicester, duly warned, it was Voted by the inhabitants then 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 459 
 
 present, unanimously. That, in case the Honoi-able the Continental Con- 
 gress should declare these Colonies independent of Great Britain, they 
 would support said Congress in effectuating such a measure, at the risk 
 of their lives and fortunes. 
 
 A true entry. Attest, 
 
 Jos. Allen, Toivn Clerk. 
 
 No. 7. — Town -Clerks, and Selectmen before 1821. 
 
 1. Town-Clerks. 
 
 Nathaniel Richardson, 1722. 
 John Potter, 1723. 
 Daniel Denny, 1724-1726. 
 Joshua Nichols, 1727-1732. 
 Josiah Converse, 1733-1736. 
 John Whitteraore, 1737-1749. 
 John Whittemore, 1751-1761. 
 David Henshaw, 1750. 
 Thomas Steele, 1762-1769. 
 William Henshaw, 1770-1771 and 
 
 1773. 
 Thomas Denny, 1772. 
 Thomas Denny, 1784-1786. 
 Joseph Allen, "1774-1777. 
 John Southgate, 1778-1779. 
 John Lj'on, 1780. 
 Hezekiah Ward, 1781-1783. 
 Austin Flint, 1786-1800. 
 Nathaniel P. Denny, 1801-1813. 
 John Wilder, 1814. 
 Joseph Denny, 1815. 
 Edward Flint, 1816-1825. 
 Emory Washburn, 1826. 
 Joseph A. Denny, 1827. 
 John Sargent, 1828-1849. 
 Joseph A. Denny, 1850-1860. 
 
 2. Selectmen. 
 
 Those marked with an asterisk (*) were at some 
 time chairmen. 
 
 ♦Samuel Green, 1722-1724, 1727- 
 
 1729, 1731. 
 ♦John Smith, 1722, 1724, 1726, 1729- 
 
 1730. 
 ♦Nathaniel Richardson, 1722, 1724. 
 ♦John Lynde, 1722-1723, 1732, 1734- 
 
 1736, 1742. 
 
 James Southgate, 1722-1726, 1734- 
 
 1736, 1739. 
 ♦John Menzies, 1723-1724. 
 John Potter, 1723, 1727. 
 ♦Richard Southgate, 1725-1731, 
 1736. 
 Thomas Ne^^hall, 1725-1726, 1731. 
 Benjamin Johnson, 1725, 1733, 
 
 1738-1739, 1743, 1749. 
 ♦Daniel Denny, 1725-1726. 1728- 
 1731, 1734-1735, 1737-1739, 
 1741, 1743, 1748, 1750-1751, 
 1756. 
 Thomas Richardson, 1727-1731, 
 
 1735-1736, 1741. 
 Joshua Nichols, 1727, 1742, 1744. 
 James Wilson, 1730, 1746-1748, 
 
 1751. 
 William Brown, 1728, 1736. 
 John Saunderson, 1732, 1740. 
 ♦John Whittemore, 1732-1734, 1739, 
 
 1742-1745, 1747-1749, 1751. 
 ♦Josiah Converse, 1733-1735. 
 Nathaniel Green, 1737-1738, 1744. 
 Samuel Capen, 1737-1738. 
 ♦Benjamin Tucker, 1737-1739, 1742- 
 1744, 1746-1751, 1758, 1760- 
 1763. 
 Peter Sylvester, 1737. 
 ♦Christopher J. Lawton, 1740-1741. 
 Jonathan Witt, 1740. 
 Samuel Brown, 1740-1741. 
 Jonathan Sargent, 1740. 
 ♦Thomas Steele, 1741, 1752-1755, 
 1758-1759, 1761-1764, 1767- 
 1768. 
 Luke Lincoln, 1742-1744, 1746- 
 
 1747. 
 Samuel Garfield, 1745. 
 John Smith, jun., 1745. 
 
460 
 
 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 Moses Smith, 1745, 1750, 1752- 
 
 1753. 
 *Nathaniel Goodspeed, 1745-1748, 
 
 1755, 1758-1759, 1764-1766. 
 John Brown, 1746, 1749-1750, 1754, 
 1756-1757, 1759-1760, 1763, 
 1766. 
 Nathaniel Waite, 1749, 1752-1755, 
 
 1759. 
 *Daniel Henshaw, 1750-1751, 1755- 
 1757, 1760-1762, 1764-1766. 
 Samuel Stower, 1752-1753. 
 William Green, jun., 1752-1754, 
 
 1763, 1766-1768, 1775-1777. 
 John Fletcher, 1754, 1767-1768. 
 Oliver Witt, 1755-1757, 1760-1762, 
 
 1764. 
 John Lynde, jun., 1756. 
 *Benjamin Earle, 1757. 
 ♦Jonathan Newhall, 1757-1759, 1761- 
 
 1765, 1774. 
 ♦Thomas Denny, 1765-1766, 1769- 
 
 1772. 
 John Dunhar, 1767. 
 ♦William Henshaw, 1767-1772,1779, 
 
 1782, 1784-1786. 
 Ephraim Mower, 1768. 
 
 *Seth Washburn, 1769-1773, 1775, 
 
 1792. 
 ♦Samuel Denny, 1769, 1773, 1775- 
 1777, 1779-1780, 1782-1786, 
 1787. 
 Robert Craig, 1769, 1771, 1775. 
 ♦Samuel Green, 1770, 1772, 1774, 
 1776-1777, 1780, 1782-1786, 
 1788-1792, 1794, 1796, 1798. 
 Nathan Sargent, 1770-1771. 
 Edward Bond, 1772. 
 James Baldwin, 1773-1775. 
 ♦Thomas Newhall, 1773, 1778-1781, 
 
 1783, 1785-1786, 1789-1792, 
 1797-1798. 
 
 Isaac Choate, 1774. 
 ♦Joseph Sargent, 1774, 1776, 1781- 
 
 1784, 1787-1788. 
 ♦Hezekiah Ward, 1774, 1778-1779, 
 
 1781-1782, 1784. 
 William Watson, 1776, 1786-1788, 
 
 1790-1792, 1799, 1800-1801, 
 
 1803. 
 Loring Lincoln, 1777. 
 Joseph Allen, 1777. 
 ♦Henry King, 1778, 1791-1794, 1798. 
 John Southgate, 1778-1779, 1783, 
 
 1793. 
 James Baldwin, jun., 1778. 
 John Lyon, 1780. 
 Dr. Isaac Green. 1780. 
 Peter Taft, 1781. 
 Ebenezer Uphara, 1781. 
 ♦Edward Rawson, 1784-1785, 1787- 
 
 1790. 
 Jonathan Sargent, 1787-1788. 
 ♦David Henshaw, 1789, 1793-1796, 
 
 1798-1799, 1802, 1806-1807. 
 ♦Thomas Denny, 1789-1791, 1793- 
 
 1794, 1796, 1799-1801, 1803, 
 
 1811-1812. 
 Timothy Sprague, 1793, 1795-1797, 
 
 1799-1801. 
 Knight Sprague, 1795, 1797. 
 Benjamin Watson, 1795. 
 Thomas Parker, 1795. 
 Richard Bond, 1796-1797. 
 Nathan Waite, 1797. 
 William Sprague, 1798. 
 Samuel Trask, 1799-1800. 
 ♦John Sargent, 1800-1806, 1811- 
 
 1816, 1820. 
 ♦Austin Flint, 1801-1805, 1813- 
 
 1820. 
 Joseph Washburn, 1802-1807. 
 John Hobart, 1802, 1809, 1810- 
 
 1811, 1819. 
 ♦Samuel Waite, 1804-1810. 
 Andrew Scott, 1804-1805. 
 Daniel Hubard, 1806-1810. 
 Jonathan Earle, 1807-1808. 
 Darius Cutting, 1808-1810. 
 ♦Nathaniel P. Denny, 1808-1814. 
 Samuel D. Watson, 1812, 1815- 
 
 1820. 
 Daniel McFarland, 1812-1813. 
 John King, 1813-1820. 
 Henrv Sargent, 1814, 1817-1820. 
 Jonah Earle, 1815-1818. 
 
APPENDIX. 461 
 
 No. 8. — Location of Roads. 
 
 I have selected a few of the roads early laid out, as the readiest way 
 of presenting to the reader, whose curiosity may lead him to the in- 
 quiry, the condition at the time, and the geographical appearance, of 
 the town, by the objects referred to in making these locations. 
 
 The earliest of these is the one leading north from the Meeting- 
 house, laid out May 3, 1721. " Beginning from the Common-land, 
 behind the Meeting-house, at a black-birch, striped, and standing by a 
 great red oak ; from thence straight down to a great black oak, standing 
 a little from the swamp ; from thence to a black oak in the swamp ; 
 from thence to a black oak by the side of the hill, two standing to- 
 gether ; from thence to a double oak upon the rise of the hill ; and from 
 thence to an oak-stump upon the ledge above Garie's Swamp ; from 
 thence to a great black oak; and from thence to an oak sapling near 
 against Arthur Carte's rise ; all striped : and the road to go on the west 
 side of them all." By this it appears that it must have been a forest 
 from the Meeting-house to the top of Carey's Hill. Carey's Swamp is 
 just east of Mrs. Newhall's. 
 
 The " Country Road," from Worcester to Spencer, was laid out by 
 the town, Oct, 5, 1723. "From Chestnut Hill to the Meeting-house 
 shall be four rods in breadth, as it is now marked on both sides of the 
 way ; with and under this alteration, — that that part of the aforesaid 
 road below Mr. Denny's house, towards the brook, shall be measured 
 from his fence on the south side of his house, four rods wide, all along 
 southward of said fence until it comes to the brook at the bridge ; 
 and then the road is to run as marked out from that bridge, all along 
 to Richard Southgate's,- of the above-mentioned width, and Daniel 
 Denny is to alter his fence where it enci'oaches thereupon ; and, from 
 Richard Southgate's house, along in that way which was formerly in 
 use when the town was laid out, and hath now trees marked on the 
 north and north-east sides thereof all along, and which, in like manner, 
 is to be four rods wide, and Mr. Southgate's fence is to be altered, and 
 the road, as now designated, to be cleared for the convenience of better 
 passing with horse and teams ; and so to Nathaniel Richardson's house ; 
 and from that to the said Meeting-house, by the old road up the hill, as 
 now in use, without taking any notice of the trees within John Smith's 
 fence, though formerly marked ; and from the Meeting-house along by 
 Judge Menzies' fence, as Deacon Southgate shall think fit ; and from 
 
462 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 that fence to William Brown's house, as it is, all along, marked upon 
 trees on the same, on the north and north-west side of the road; and 
 from said William Brown's house to Oliver Watson's, as marked : all 
 which roads are to be at least four rods wide." 
 
 The houses referred to in the above, as then standing, were Daniel 
 Denny's, where Rufus Upham lately lived ; Richard Southgate's, north- 
 west from where John Southgate lived, — the house now gone ; Na- 
 thaniel Richardson's, the house opposite to the present Catholic Church. 
 John Smith's land was on the east side of Meeting-house Hill. Wil- 
 liam Brown's was on Mount Pleasant, lately belonging to Col. Henry 
 Sargent, known as the Mower House. 
 
 The " Oxford Road," from the Great Road to the Capt. Gleason 
 Place, was laid out July 20, 1724. " Began at a heap of stones, and a 
 birch stake there erected by said selectmen, at the corner on the east 
 side of said road, just over a slow, westerly of the Pound ; the said 
 course being there marked also with a birch stake in said heap of stones, 
 with three chops in said stake on the west side, and then running from 
 thence southerly to a black-oak tree, seven foot to the east of said tree, 
 and making it up three rods wide west of said tree, which tree is marked 
 with three chops on the west and south, — said tree was about six or 
 seven rods from the abovesaid corner ; and from thence to another 
 black-oak tree, three rods east of said tree, which tree stands betwixt 
 the aforesaid tree and the house where John Armsti'ong now lives ; 
 and from thence to Benjamin Johnson's fence, on the east side of the 
 road, three rods from said fence, near by the said Johnson's house ; and 
 so along by the west end of said house to a young chestnut-tree, betwixt 
 the house where the said Johnson now lives and the house where John 
 Peters formerly lived, three rods to the east of said tree, being marked 
 with a spot above said chops upon the east side of said tree ; and from 
 thence to a large chestnut-tree standing westerly by the house of 
 Thomas Pierce, three rods westerly of said tree, being marked on 
 the westward side ; and from thence southerly to a black-oak tree, 
 near by the house of Thomas Hopkins, three rods to the west of said 
 tree." 
 
 The Charlton Road, from Capt. Gleason's to Green's Mill, was laid 
 out November, 1724. Begins at a black oak near the house of Thomas 
 Hopkins ; thence to three chestnuts ; thence to a red oak ; thence to a 
 clump of red oaks ; thence to a red oak ; thence to a black oak ; thence 
 to a gray oak ; thence to a large black oak ; thence to another large 
 black oak, near a slow, westerly of the Widow Watson's house ; thence 
 
APPENDIX. 463 
 
 to a young red oak ; thence to another red-oak tree ; thence to a black 
 oak ; thence to another black oak ; and so on to a small white oak ; a 
 black oak; a black oak, "just up the pitch of the Livermore Hill;" 
 a black oak ; " thence to a pitch-pine on the top of the hill ; " and so on, 
 from one tree to another, "until it comes to two pines," — " the said 
 pines standing near said Livermore's house;" then by trees, &:c., "to 
 William Green's orchard fence, three rods to the eastward of said fence ; 
 and so along by said Green's fence, as it now stands, on the westei-ly 
 side of said road, to a black-oak tree ; " thence to other trees, " to a 
 black oak almost at the entering of Thomas Richardson's ; and from 
 thence to a black oak ; and from thence to a black oak ; and so includ- 
 ing the causeway^ that is by Thomas Richardson's fence ; " thence by a 
 succession of trees described ; " and so along to Capt. Samuel Green's 
 cornraill," The road was laid out three rods wide. 
 
 By this description, it will appear that the road was laid, all the 
 way, through the primitive forest, except near Mrs. Watson's (whose 
 house was about twenty rods north-east of the house formerly of Capt. 
 William Watson), at Jonas Livermore's at the foot of Livermore Hill, 
 at William Green's orchard, where Amos Whittemore lately lived, 
 and at Thomas Richardson's (afterwards the Baptist Parsonage) ; and 
 that these were the only inhabitants, at that time, between Thomas 
 Hopkins's (Capt. Gleason's) and Green's Mills. 
 
 The road from Green's Mills to Charlton line was laid out in Febru- 
 ary, 1745. " Began at Leicester south line, adjoining land of Thomas 
 Parker, near about the way which is used for a cart-way, where we 
 marked a black-oak tree, on the west side of said way, with two chops 
 facing said way, and supposed to be in the land of Mr. Bodwin (Bow- 
 doin). We ran along northerly till we came on the land of Mr. Boarns 
 (Bourne) ; and so along till we came to Dr. Green's land; and, on the 
 eighteenth day of February current, met again, and marked the way 
 thiough Dr. Green's land. We began to near said Green's wolf-pit, 
 a little south of said pit ; and so along north a few rods east of said 
 pit ; and so along ; and then easterly through said Green's improve- 
 ments ; and came into the way formerly laid out, at the south-east 
 corner of Dr. Green's garden." 
 
 The road from the Southgate Place to the John King Place was 
 laid out December, 1739. Beginning at the Country Road by Richard 
 Southgate's ; then by the house (against the house to be two rods, all 
 the rest of the way three rods, wide), by marked trees, to Thomas 
 Steel's, across his pasture, to the northerly end of the stone wall by his 
 
464 HISTORY OF LEICESTER. 
 
 garden ; and so by said wall ; and, easterly, by side of said Steel's 
 barn, extending southerly through said Steel's land by marked trees, 
 through Bethune's land, across the way that leads to Oxford, to Wil- 
 liam Green's. 
 
 Steel's was the Henshaw Place ; Green's, the John King Place. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Adams, Ebenezer, 199. 
 
 John F., 203. 
 Allen, Daniel, 13. 
 
 Hon. Joseph, 311, 322, 329. 
 
 Lewis, 163, 164. 
 Appleton, Rev. Dr., 96. 
 Aunt Hannah, 144. 
 
 Bald Hill, 21. 
 Bank, 38. 
 
 Baptist Society, 111. 
 Bass, Joseph, 225, 263. 
 Bells, church, 106. 
 Black Tom, anecdote, 51. 
 Bond's Tavern, description of, 136. 
 Boundaries, original, 8. 
 present, 20. 
 Bradish, Sally, 141. 
 Bradhurst, Ralph, 10. 
 Brigham, David, 185. 
 Brown, Capt. John, 63, 271, 280, 306. 
 Bruce, Phinehas, 202. 
 Bunker-Hill Battle, 302. 
 Burncoat Pond, 23. 
 
 CiBsar Augustus Finnemore, incident, 52. 
 
 Canada Expedition, 218. 
 
 Card-business, 32. 
 
 Carey Hill, 22. 
 
 Casualties, 132. 
 
 Catholics, 119. 
 
 Celebration, historical, 148. 
 
 Cellar-holes, 169. 
 
 Cemeteries, 161. 
 
 Census, 25. 
 
 Chandler, John, 13. 
 
 Chestnut Hill, 21. 
 
 Choate, Francis, 133. 
 
 Isaac, 133. 
 Clapp, Joshua, 32, 106. 
 Clark, John, 11. 
 
 . Rev. Josiah, 199. 
 Clocks, town, 106. 
 Colored population, 48. 
 Committees of Safety and Correspond- 
 ence, 226, 321. 
 Common, description of ancient, 137. 
 
 Concord alarm, 296. 
 Conklin, Rev. Benjamin, 93, 331. 
 Convention, Worcester, in 1774, 288. 
 Converse, Josiah, 62, 85. 
 Coolidge, Rev. Amos H., 101. 
 CraigjDr. Robert, 191.5 TV 
 
 Lieut. Nathan, 148, 152, 224, 303, 
 306, 307, 309. 
 Crown-Point Expedition, 212, 273. 
 Cummings, Dr. J. P. C, 194. 
 Currency, 57. 
 Curtice, John, 10. 
 
 Daggett, Dr. E. A., 194. 
 Davenport, Addington, 11. 
 Day, Capt. Luke, anecdote, 330. 
 Delegates to conventions, 64, 246, 325, 
 
 327, 328. 
 Denison, Rev. Andrew C, 101. 
 Denny, Capt. Daniel, 50, 82. 
 
 Col. Thomas, 245, 293. 
 
 Col. Thomas, jun., 110, 247, 328. 
 
 Col. Samuel, 214, 221, 248, 328, 
 331. 
 
 Hon. Nathaniel P., 183. 
 Dorr, Joseph, 181. 
 Dudley, Paul, 11. 
 
 William, 13. 
 Dummer, Jeremiah, 10 
 
 Earle, James, 209. 
 
 Pliny, 33. '' 
 
 Ralph, 207. 
 
 Winthrop, 204. 
 Ecc-lesiastical History, 70. 
 Emigration to other States, 174. 
 Episcopal Society, 117. 
 
 Families, early, 54. 
 
 Finnemore, Cfesar Augustus, incident, 52. 
 
 Fire company, 68, 150. 
 
 Fires, 130. 
 
 Flint, Dr. Austin, 191, 222, 331. 
 
 Dr. Ed want, 194. 
 
 Hon. Waldo, 186. 
 Fort William Henry, massacre, 274. 
 Foster, Rev. Benjamin, 113. 
 
 59 
 
466 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Fourth-of-Julv Celebration, 148. 
 French War, 210, 271. 
 Friends' Meeting-house, 116. 
 Friends, Society of, 116. 
 
 Gamblin, Benjamin, 10. 
 Gardner, Andrew, 10. 
 Garrisons, 127. 
 Genealogies, 342. 
 Goddard, Rev. David, 88. 
 Graduates of colleges, 196. 
 Grantees in the Indian deed, 9. 
 Green, Gapt. Samuel, 47, 82, 84, 111. 
 
 Dr. Thomas, 111. 
 
 Dr. Isaac, 190, 221, 226. 
 
 Israel, 308. 
 
 Rev. Nathaniel, 115. 
 
 Samuel D., 204. 
 Greenville, 47. 
 Gristmills, 47. 
 
 Heushaw, Joshua, 239. 
 
 Capt. David, 225, 226, 238, 328. 
 Col. Joseph, 197, 294, 300, 311, 
 
 322. 
 Col. William, 214, 222, 225, 235, 
 
 244, 302, 310, 311, 321, 325. 
 Hon. David, 205. 
 Daniel, 203. 
 Hermit of Carey's Hill, 22, 126. 
 Hersey, Austin, 204. 
 
 Dr. Thomas, 191. 
 Hills, 21. 
 
 Historical Celebration, 148. 
 Holden, Capt. John, 223, 269. 
 Holmes, Dr. Jacob, 194. 
 Houeywood, Dr. John, 187, 226, 298. 
 
 St. John, 200. 
 Houses, ancient, 173. 
 
 when built, 139. 
 Howe, Thomas, 13. 
 Hubbard, Daniel, 306. 
 Hurricane, 132. 
 Hutchinson, Thomas, 12. 
 William, 13. 
 
 Indians, 48. 
 Indian deed, 7. 
 
 ^ars, 127. 
 Inventories, 27. 
 
 Jews, 120. 
 Jones, Silas, 187. 
 Justices of the peace, 195. 
 
 Kettle Brook, 23. 
 King, Henrv, 326. 
 Knight, Daniel, 186. 
 
 La Fayette's visit, 160. 
 Lamb, Joshua, 10. 
 Lamed, Dr. Jeremiah, 191. 
 Lawton, Christopher J., 182. 
 
 Dr. Plinv, 27, 61, 188. 
 
 Dr. William, 191. 
 Lexington Battle, 295. 
 Libraries, 68. 
 
 Literary Associations, 69. 
 Livermore, Abner, 306. 
 
 Isaac, 306. 
 Local History, 125. 
 Lopez, Aaron, 121. 
 Lynde, John, jun., 60. 
 
 May, Rev. Samuel, 118. 
 Mechanics, 29. 
 Meeting-house, first, 70. 
 
 second, description of, 103. 
 Menzies, John, 62, 177. 
 Methodists, 119. 
 Mills, 23, 30, 47. 
 Ministers, 75. 
 Minute-men, 215. 
 Monmouth Battle, 257. 
 Moore, Major Willard, 285, 307. 
 
 Rev. Zephaniah Swift, 96. 
 Moose Hill, 21. 
 Mount Pleasant, 21, 163. 
 Muenscher, Rev. Joseph, 117. 
 Municipal affairs, 54. 
 Music, sacred, 106. 
 
 Nelson, Rev. John, 100. 
 Newhall, Capt. Thomas, 216, 312. 
 Nichols, Joshua, 60, 85. 
 North Pond, 23. 
 
 Page, Nathaniel, 10. ' 
 Parish, first, incorporated, 102. 
 Parsons, Dr. Solomon, 61, 189. 
 
 Israel, 28. 
 
 Joseph, 75. 
 
 Rev. David, 75. 
 
 Solomon, jun., 257. 
 Paxton set off, 65. 
 Personal notices, 177, 235. 
 Physicians, 187. 
 Piano, first, 110. 
 Ponds, 23. 
 Post-offices, 44, 169. 
 Powder, scarcity of, 300. 
 distributed, 311. 
 Precinct, West, incorporated, 64. 
 Prices of labor, &c., 67, 326. 
 Professional men, 177. 
 Proprietors, early, 56. 
 
 original, 9. 
 Public-houses, 167. 
 Purchase from the Indians, 5. 
 
 Quakers, 116. 
 
 Railroads, 42. 
 
 Rawson, Dr. Edward, 190. 
 
 Removals from Leicester, 175. 
 
 Representatives, 62. 
 
 Residents, early, 229. 
 
 Resolutions and instructions, 280, 295. 
 
 Revolutionary War, 214, 276. 
 
 Richardson, John, 200. 
 
 Roads, 39. 
 
 Roberts, Rev. Joseph, 90. 
 
 Ruggles, Samuel, 10. 
 
 Russell, Dr. Absalom, 190, 218. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 467 
 
 Salaries, 67. 
 
 Salem, Peter, 223, 266, 308. 
 
 Sargeant, Nathan, 298, 330. 
 
 Samuel, 306. 
 Schools, 56, 60. 
 School districts, 61, 231. 
 
 houses, 61. 
 Senators, 63. 
 
 Settlement of the town, 15. 
 Sewall, Samuel, 13. 
 Shaw Pond, 23. 
 Shay's Rebellion, 329. 
 Singing, 106. 
 Slavery, 48. 
 Slaves" 49. 
 
 Social gatherings, 146. 
 Spencer set off, 18, 64. 
 Spinner, the last, 141. 
 Sprague, Knight, 274. 
 Southgate, Capt. John, 134, 240. 
 John, jun., 134. 
 Richard, 115. 
 Robert, 206. 
 Steward, 116. 
 Stage-coaches, 43. 
 Statistics of business, 38. 
 Steele, Thomas, 179. 
 Sticknev, Thomas, 164. 
 Strawberry Hill, 21. 
 Streams, 20, 24. 
 Sumner, Bradford, 185. 
 Swan, Major James, 165. 
 Samuel, 203. 
 
 Taxes, 228. 
 
 Territory, — original boundaries, 8. 
 proprietors, 9. 
 
 conditions of purchase, 18. 
 
 division of, 17. 
 Todd, Capt. William, company of, 225, 226. 
 Tornado, 132. 
 Town House, 102. 
 
 Town meetings, 54. 
 
 officers, 55. 
 Townsend, Col. Penn, 9, 14. 
 Towtaid, 7, 9. 
 Traders, 45. 
 Tucker, Benjamin, 10. 
 Tufts, Rev. James, 95. 
 
 Unitarian Societv, 118. 
 Upham, Hon. William, 204. 
 
 Valuation, 26. 
 
 Villagers, 47. 
 
 Village of Leicester, description of, 136. 
 
 Wainwright, Francis, 13. 
 Wars, French, 210, 271. 
 of 1812, 332. 
 Revolutionary, 214, 276. 
 Ward incorporated, 65. 
 Ward, William, 182. 
 
 Hezekiah, 322, 327. 
 Washburn, Asa, 256. 
 
 Capt. Seth's company, 216, 
 
 219, 294, 299. 
 Col. Seth, 215, 248, 296, 304, 
 306, 307, 309, 310, 312, 313, 
 323, 324, 325, 329. 
 Lieut. Joseph, 219, 222, 254, 
 
 331. 
 Reuben, 202. 
 . Ebenezer, 308. 
 
 Emory, 102, 151, 186. 
 Washington's visit, 160. 
 Watson, Oliver, 300. 
 
 Samuel, 24, 30. 
 Whirlwind, 132. 
 Whitcomb, Dr. C. W., 194. 
 White, John, 12. 
 Wilson, Rev. Luther, 200. 
 1 Woollen mills, 30, 38. 
 1 Worcester, Dr. Isaac R., 194. 
 
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