tT.-'\LO "..* A ^.^* '.^''V "^ & %<^ ^-0^ ^'^.s^^ A^^^'V 'o • » ■^•*'ao< 9 av o •'•\n^ ... -*. ^'' .♦;^"' \^/ .*^'-' "^ V'^^'*.**' ^. - .V ... -^^ 0* .-a:.'. -> JL^^^^^e^^^^-^^Z^u AUTOBIOGRAPHY e_£^ DE. J. J. POLK 10 WHICH IS ADDED HIS OCCASIONAL WRITINGS AND BIOGRAPHIES OF WORTHY MEN AND WOMEN OF BOYLE COUNTY, KY. For none of lis liveth to himself, and no man dieth. to himself. ' Kom. xi , LOUISVILLE, KY: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY JOHN P. MORTON AND COMPANY. 1867. p^ TO Rev. H. C. NORTHCOTT, OF SHELBYVILLE, KY., AND Rev. JOHN G. BRUCE AND Mr. GARRETT CLARKSON OF BOYLE COUNTY, KY., THIS VOLU ME ■ IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED AS AN HUMBLE TRIBUTE OF RESPECT TO EACH OF THEM AS CHRISTIAN GENTLEMEN. PREFACE. The life of an individual, when written by him- self, becomes public property. Its truthfulness or its falsity is to be judged of by those with whom he has been intimately associated. His thoughts are private property ; but, when published, are open to the criti- cism, approving or condemnatory, of the reader. His life may be a plain statement of facts ; his thoughts are but the emanations of an active mind, impelled by the uncontrollable influences of prepos- session and education. These facts and thoughts, in conjunction, make the whole character of the man. The following history of an humble individual was written some years since, and intended rather as a diary for private reference than as an autobiog- raphy for publication. But, at the solicitations of many esteemed friends, he has consented to give it form, and bring it before an indulgent public, with the hope that it may do good, or at least be pre- served by his children as a sacred memento of a life endeared to them by parental affection. The author does not indulge the hope that his life can become of general interest to the reading 6 PREFACE. public, as it is merely local in its facts and applica- tion ; but rather that it may give pleasure to a small circle of friends with whom he has been intimately associated for half a century. The Sketches which he has added were written, some of them when the incidents alluded to had been long past, and others when they were of recent occurrence. As some of them, therefore, were penned from the recollection of events that had occurred years before, they may be slightly incor- rect in dates and some few unimportant particulars, but in the main they are correct and reliable. He wrote the Biographies, long subsequent to the death of the individuals themselves, as tributes of respect to their memory, believing that they would possess an interest for their relatives who are still living, and might perhaps furnish profitable exam- ples to persons who were Avholly unacquainted with them. CONTENTS. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. PART I. — Ancestry, account of — Removal to the colonies — Settlement in Delaware — Change of name — American freedom, devotion to — Father's removal to Kentucky — Dangers from Indians — Locates on Lane's Run — Eldest son drowned — The author born 11 PART II.— First recollections— Hatred of kings— War of 1812— Death of author's father 14 PART III. — Apprenticeship — Religious convictions — Fin- ishes his trade at Lexington — Escapes the seductions of bad women 18 PART IV. — Reading valuable books — Wife, first acquaint- ance with — Her parents — Religious impressions — Con- nection with the church — Thomas T, Skillman, his char- acter — John M. Hewitt — Aaron Keiser, colored man — Marriage — Commences keeping house — Visits to the sick 22 PART V. — Desire to become a physician — First child born — Removes to Danville — Purchase of Olive Branch office — New and old court question — J. Q. Adams elected president — Espouses the cause of Mr. Clay — Religious labors 28 PART VI. — Sale of printing office — Becomes a book mer- chant — Increase of family — Death of third son — Cholera in 1833 — J. G. Birney, the abolitionist — Prevents a mob — Becomes an editor again — Sale of book-store — Removes to a farm — Licensed to preach — Studies medicine — Com- mences the practice 32 8 CONTENTS. PART VII. — Eemoves to Perry ville — Church at Thomas Moorman's — Popularity as a physician — Increase of family — Sycamore meeting-house — Success^; as^ physi- cian — Enters into partnership with Dr. W. T. Polk — Antioch Church 38 PART VIII.— Trial by committee of church — Presidential election, 1860 — Loyalty to the goveimmeut — Assistance to Union soldiers — Battle of Perryville, 1862 — House a hospital — Appointed surgeon — First spell of sickness — His assistance sought by rebels — Votes for Mr. Lincoln, 1864 — Appointed postmaster 43 PART IX. — Devotion to temperance cause — Devotion to Sons of Morality — Devotion to emancipation Avith colo- nization — Devotion to abolition of Sunday mails 47 DRAMA OF LIFE. A true picture 49 The place where I was born : 51 SKETCHES. Lexington 57 The Market-place 61 "The City of the Dead" 63 Harrodsburg 66 Perryville 68 Danville 71 A Comparison 74 Fable No. 1 75 Fable No. 2 76 General Speed S. Fry 77 Southern Rights 78 The First Temperance Society in Perryville 80 Methodists 81 Natural Phenomenon 83 CONTENTS. 9 Letter to President Johnson ^.... 84 Facts for History 91 Perryville National Cemetery 98 Methodist Church in Danville 101 Methodist Church in Perryville 105 Woman's Rights 107 Man's Rights , 108 Children's Rights 109 Thrilling Incident Ill Battle of the Boards 113 Glad I OAvned no Horse 115 Drunkard's Dream 119 The only Ghost I ever saw 121 Love Powders 123 The Devil in his True Form 129 REFLECTIONS OF AN OLD MAN. Chapter I. — Union is strength 133 Chapter II. — Blessed are the peace-makers 136 Cpiapter III. — Have we a government 138 Chapter IV. — What the North has done for the South 141 Chapter "V. — Iniquity of slavery 142 Chapter VI. — Early impressions about slavery 144 Chapter VII. — Emancipation of the slaves 146 Chapter VIII. — John Wesley an abolitionist 148 Chapter IX. — Compromise about slavery 150 Chapter X. — Freedom of speech and the press 153 Chapter XI. — The Devil in the preachers '. 155 Chapter XII. — A brave rebel 157 Chapter XIII. — True line of policy toward rebels 159 Chapter XIV. — Early temperance principles 162 Chapter XV. — On rearing children 163 Chapter XVI. — Misguided parents 166 Chapter XVII. — Mode of raising good children 169 10 CONTENTS. Chapter XVIII. — Democratic institutions 172 Chapter XIX. — Love of woman 174 Chapter XX. — Mercy toward animals 177 Chapter XXI. — "Know thyself" 179 Chapter XXII. — Early rising 182 Chapter XXIII. — The wise man's testimony 184 Chapter XXIV. — Modern date of improvements 187 Chapter XXV. — Past, present, and future 189 Chapter XXVI. — Croakers 192 Chapter XXVII. — Rebels more industrious than Union men 193 Chapter XXVIII. — The right to an opinion 196 Chapter XXIX. — Summing up of foregoing chapters 197 BIOGRAPHIES. Uncle Ben. Durham 199 Low Sutfield 200 Carter Tadlock 210 Dr. Nelson Crane 212 Miss Polly Bradburn 215 Duncan F. Robertson 217 Aunt Tabitha Cocke 220 Mrs. Margaret Fulkerson 223 Death's Doings 225 Mrs. Agnes Tilford 226 John Tompkins 228 Thomas Prewett 230 Dr. John 't'leece 233 Thomas Durham 235 Jeremiah Briscoe 237 Samuel McGinnis , 238 Book of Proverbs 241 Statistical Table 255 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. PART I. Traditional account of ancestry— Their removal to the Ameri- can Colonies— Settlement in Delaware— Change of name— Their patriotism and devotion to the cause of American freedom— Father s removal to Kentucky— Exposure to dan- gers from Indians— Settlement at Bryant's Station— 1786, located on Lane's Run— Hostile Indians in the neighbor- hood—Increase of family-Eldest brother drowned— The author born. Tradition says that, toward the end of the six- teenth century, Ephraim Pollok, a plain, honest man, lived in the south of Scotland, near the English border. He was a Roundhead, and as such was persecuted when the Anglican Church was in the ascendancy. The American Colonies were just then receiving accessions to their- population from the mother coun- try. Ephraim had long sighed for freedom— free- dom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from kingly power. Therefore, with his own and other families, he made a hasty preparation, and embarked for the eastern shores of America. They landed 12 AUTOBIOGRAniY. safely, after a perilous voyage, at the point in Dela- ware where Georgetown now stands, and immediately busied themselves in preparing a home. Shortly after his arrival in America, he dropped the letters l-o from his name, and from that time his proper cognomen became POLK. This change may have been accidental, but it was most probably de- signed. In his new home his family increased in number, and enjoyed all the sweets of domestic happiness. At his death, his youngest son, who was also named Ephraim, became possessor of the old manor-house. He married and became the father of four sons and two dauii'hters. Like his father, he was for the times a rich man. His youngest son he likewise named Ephraim. He had scarcely seen all the members of his fiim- ily reach the years of maturity before the struggle between the colonies and the mother country began. At the first sound of war, father and sons flew to arms in defense of their homes. Through the whole contest they bore unflinchingly their full share of dangers and privations; and by their daring and personal sacrifices won unfading laurels. Victory^had hardly crowned our arms and peace been declared, w^hen the family was scattered, each member of it seeking a new home. A number of them came to the West, to peril their lives again in AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 13 a war with the red men of the forest. ]\Iy father, Ephraim, jr., was among the emigrants. After a tedious and dangerous journey, three families arrived at what was then called Limestone — now Maysville — in the then Territory of Kentucky. Following the most direct trail of emigration — the path made by the wild buffalo as he moved from the Ohio to the saline regions of the interior — they found their way to Bryant's Station, near Lexington. Here sepa- rated those who had traveled together eight hundred miles on a flat-boat, and many miles through un- broken forests. My father moved north-east ; and in the year 1786 located on Lane's Run, in Scott County, five miles east of where Georgetown now stands. The family at that time consisted of father, mother, and one daughter. Hostile Indians were frequently seen in the neighborhood, and about the time of his settle- ment there murdered two members of a family liv- ing a mile from his house, and carried the remaining two into captivity. One of these, a woman, having made her escape some time afterward, returned to the neighborhood; the fate of the other was never known. As soon as it was known that the murder had been committed, pursuit was made, but without overtaking the savages. Their danger from that source was now at an end, but new hardships arose from another quarter. The dense forests were to 14 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. be cleared, and the virgin soil prepared, before proper sustenance could be obtained for the family. Soon the parents were blessed with another daugh- ter, then a third, and afterward a son. When two years had elapsed, a deep gloom was thrown around them by the accidental drowning of this son in a spring, near the house. Another son was given them in place of the one that was taken — Jefferson J. Polk— born March 10, 1802. PART II. First recollections — Father's implacable hatred of kings and kingly power — Teaching his children — Makes them pledge fidelity to the Government and Constitution of the United States and to Mr. Jefferson's administration — Preparations for the war of 1812 — Father determines to join the army — His death — Sorrow of the family — Determination of the au- thor to learn a trade. My first recollections of parental government and teachings commenced at six years of age. My father, still bearing implacable hatred to kings and kingly power, took great pains to instill the same spirit into the minds of his sons. His leisure hours and the long winter evenings were employed in rehearsing the conflicts between the Whigs and the Tories, and in giving an account of the hard-fought battles in which he and his brothers had participated during the Revolutionary War. He was very particular to make AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 15 his sons pledge fidelity to the goverament, constitu- tion, and laws of the United States, and especially to Mr. Jefferson's administration. Taught by such a father, and imbibing such principles, it might reason- ably be expected that my infant mind would be com- pletely Americanized. Love of country, hatred of George III., of British red-coats, and of American aboric'ines, were the first emotions of mv Touncr and patriotic heart. Only a few years passed before I witnessed in person the dialling of soldiers for another sanguinary conflict with the British and Indians. I was then ten years old. The history of that struggle need not be given here. I remember that every success of the American arms was a matter of joy and thanksgiving in my father's family. The crowning victory was the battle of Xew Orleans ; and the news of Jackson's triumph over Packenham determined my father to join the southern army in the spring. He set about makinor suitable preparations for the intended cam- paign ; but Providence interposed, and before the middle of March, 1815, the disease called the cold plague deprived the army of an experienced soldier and the family of its head. His illness was short, and the announcement came unexpected from the good man who stood over him — *• He is dead I * '" In that sad hour I turned to my mother — she was in tears. I turned to sisters, brothers — all were weep- 16 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. ing. I left the house, and composed myself as best I could under the ch*cumstances. It was the first death I had ever witnessed. After the funeral rites had been performed, the family — six sons and five daughters — consulted and agreed that the boys — none of us over sixteen years of age — should clear the estate of debt (about two hundred and fifty dollars), and build our mother a comfortable dwelling. In accomplishing this work we were counseled and greatly assisted by the same good man who closed our father's eyes in death. Having in two years accomplished the work, my eldest brother and myself determined to attend, for a short time, the neighborhood school, and after acquiring the rudiments of an English education, to leave home and learn trades. My first day^s experience as a school-boy is still fresh in my memory. The school-house was an. old log building, situated in a thick forest. Entering the room, the great object of interest to my eyes was the school-master, an old and infirm man, seated with ruler in hand at one end of the apartment, beneath a rack in which lay a number of tough, seasoned switches — the emblems of one part at least of his daily duties. As it was the first day of the session, he read his rules. They seemed to my mind unused as I was to school-life, to demand implicit obedience, and so terrified me that I turned my head AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 17 neither to the right nor left, but kept my eyes fixed for the most part upon my book, occasionally indulg- ing in a sly glance from under my brows at the teacher and my neighbor on either side. As I saw the latter gazing round with impunity, I soon became bolder, and allowed my eyes, once in a while, to rove from the task that was spread before me. Not- withstanding this, I was regarded as a good boy. Although during "play-time" I entered into the sports with zeal, and generally excelled, I was always a favorite with my companions, and never permitted my play to interfere with my studies. Commencing at the alphabet, I studied with such diligence that on the following day I was able to spell, and in one week could read with tolerable fluency in Webster's SjjeUing-hook. In a compara- tively short time I was able to read one of Colonel R. M. Johnson's speeches in Congress (one of the reading books of the school). At the end of three months I quit school. It was but a short time until my mother carried me to Georgetown. As we stood by the counter of one of the stores a tall, gray-haired man entered, and approaching us said : " Madam, is this your son ? " Upon her answering affirmatively, " Let me," said the gentleman, " make a printer of him." This proposal startled me. My mother objected that my educa- tion was insufficient. What, thought I, the ignorant, 2 18 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. raw country boy, used only to chopping cord-wood, working in a brick-yard, and tilling the soil, make a printer ! Impossible ! The gentleman urged his re- quest, and the bargain was made before we returned home. PART III. Apprenticeship commences — Incident the second Sabbath — First religious impressions — Progress as a printer — Services rigorous — Indenture for seven years — Letter of recommend- ation — Finishes his trade at Lexington — First night in that city — Escape from the seductions of bad women. At the age of fourteen a new era in my life com- menced. After having been accustomed in child- hood to parental government and the labors of a farm, I was now, w^ith a very limited education, in- dentured for seven years to Colonels R. M. and James Johnson to learn the art and trade of print- ing. These gentlemen were the owners of the Georgetown Patriot office — Major William Sebree, the editor. With much trembling I now stood be- fore the printer's case, and commenced composing. Fear of the foreman's displeasure kept me dili- gently at work. A week passed, and I returned home to report progress. On Monday morning I was again in my place, with the hope that I should be able to accomplish my undertaking. I deter- mined to learn. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 19 On the Sunday following an incident occurred that shaped greatly my future life. I was in the market-house indulging in a game of marbles with boys of opposite colors. The foreman of the office passing by took me by the arm, and lifted me out of the dust, saying: "Never let me find you in such company again. You shall go to church once every Sunday." From that day forward I touched not marbles, but went to church, and tried to keep good company. About this time Henry McDaniel, of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, preached statedly at George- town. He was a " son of thunder." His zeal and earnestness shook the sandy foundations of the most wicked, and even the hearts of the youth. I was brought under conviction by his preaching. I managed to conceal my true feelings, but sought secret places and poured out my soul in prayer to God. Many noticed my seriousness and altered de- meanor; but having no one to unbosom myself to or guide me, I soon shook off my guilty fears. I, however, remembered the oft-repeated prediction of my mother, "that I would one day become a preacher." I toiled on, and soon found that my new position would eventuate in the enlightenment of my mind, and fit me perhaps for a higher sphere in life. Three years elapsed, and I was a passable printer 20 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. for a newspaper office. My service was rigorous, I being frequently compelled to spend gleepless nights in order, in the morning, to give the latest news to patrons. My indenture ran for seven years, but the paper was discontinued at the end of three years, and a release was offered me, with a letter of recommend- ation to all editors and printers. This I readily ac- cepted, and went forth, without money or decent apparel, but proud as any other lord of creation. I traveled to diflferent towns in search of employ- ment, and after several months of idleness, during which my one suit of jeans was worn threadbare, found my way to the city of Lexington. Here I engaged with John Bradford, sen. (otherwise famil- iarly known by the appellation of '' Wisdom''), to assist him in his printing office, at three dollars per week and my board. The wages were small, but the truth is I was just then ready to work for my board alone. I did not profess to be an experienced printer, as it was against the rules of the craft for a journeyman to work at so cheap a rate. Hence, I was understood to be only finishing my trade. This occurred in the year 1820. I was then eighteen years of age. The first night of my sojourn in the city came very near stamping my character with infamy. I had never indulged in the use of ardent spirits; I was a stranger; and I found in the office journey- AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 21 men who loved the '' flowing bowl." They presented me with a glass of cordial, and to appear manly I partook freely, not knowing its strength. Before nine o'clock I was so overcome that I could with difficulty reach my lodgings. In the morning I was myself again, and I resolved from then-ceforward to touch not, taste not. I kept my resolution. But danger soon came from another quarter. I was directed to a certain family where I could get some shirts made. When the work was done, I went to the house for them. This was my second visit. The young ladies treated me in such a familiar manner that my fears were aroused, and I came to the conclusion that a snare had been laid for me. I paid for the work and left, and deter- mined to keep myself aloof forever after from the seductions of bad women. I was soon able, from my short earnings, to clothe myself decently in a suit of jeans. I now sought the company of respectable women, and soon be- came a favorite with matrons and a few maidens. These were a safeguard to my morals. I talked with them at their homes ; I accompanied them to church; and, as the consequence of such associa- tions, now began to feel the desire, stronger than ever, to gain a name, and become a useful member of society. 22 ' AUTOBIOGRAPHY. PART IV. Reading valuable books — Diligence in business — First ac- quaintance with my future wife — Character of her parents — Second deep religious impressions — Connection with the church — First public prayer — Attendance upon religious worship — Character of Thomas T. Skillman — John M. Hew- ett — A colored man, Aaron Keiser — 'Marriage — First attempt at house-keeping — Visits to the sick. I NOW ignored pleasure, and applied myself to the reading of useful books. Besides my daily reading as a printer, I borrowed and read many volumes during my leisure hours. While the journeymen in the office around me were eating, drinking, and sometimes dancing and swearing, I sat poring over ^sop's Fables, the Spectator, Rollin's Ancient His- tory, Grecian and Roman Histories, and Homer's, Pope's, Dryden's, Goldsmith's, Burns's, Cowper's, Thomson's, Campbell's, and Young's poetical works. It is true I profited by this reading comparatively little, under the circumstances ; yet neither wealth nor honors could have purchased, at any period of my life, the pleasures I have derived from the above desultory reading. All the above poetical works I read more than once. "Diligence in business" was my motto. By it I kept my place in whatever printing office I entered. Whoever was dismissed, I was retained. Many AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 23 wished to employ me. I changed employers, and became foreman of an office conducted by a Mr. Hunt. Here I met with difficulties, growing out of the jealousy of some of the journeymen who had been put under me. I managed to appease their hate and keep my place. At this period I visited some of my female ac- quaintances, and, as I accompanied two of them to their homes, we met a young lady, whose long black hair, falling in graceful ringlets upon her shoulders, and large dark eyes, and elegant form, caught my fancy. I inquired her name. My companions in- formed me her name was Miss Eliza Tod. I sought an introduction, and soon obtained it. I was pleased with my first, second, and third visits. I also sought and obtained the acquaintance of her parents. Her father was a native of Scotland, a man whose mind was stored with useful knowledge — the best historian of his day. His wife was a Scotch lady of surpass- ing good sense and beauty — both of them pious. I visited the family frequently, and soon made proffers of love to Miss Eliza. It was my first love. It was reciprocated ; and I now thought myself a happy man. At this time I became deeply concerned about my soul's salvation. I attended prayer-meetings, and went regularly to hear Rev. Spurlock, a Metho- dist minister stationed at Lexington, and Rev. 24 AUTOBIOaRAPHY. Nathan Hall, then preaching for the First Presbyte- rian Church. My convictions deepened. Rev. G. C. Light succeeded Spurlock. In the month of March of the following year, I had come to the conclusion to join the Methodist Church. Soon an opportunity offered. I attended church on Sunday night, in company with my intended. The door of the church w^as opened, with a strong appeal to the serious, con- verted and unconverted, to enter. A young lady, another young man, and myself went forward and joined the church. The congregation was dismissed, and I sought Miss Tod; she had left. I required an explanation; it was satisfactory. Here I was committed before God and men to be religious. A new field opened before me — an oppor- tunity for such usefulness as had ever been the pre- vailing desire of my heart. I attended preaching in the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist Churches, and heard the discussions between the ministers of these several churches and Dr. Holly, President of Transylvania University, who taught a system of natural religion. I went to inquiry, class, and prayer-meetings, and received spiritual strength and comfort from the orthodox faith. I was soon able to apprehend and embrace the truth as it is in Jesus. I was able to say : " My sins are all forgiven ; Jesus is mine, and I am His." On the profession of this faith, -my mind, as was natural, turned to the home AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 25 of my youth, kindred, and friends. I visited my mother's house in Scott County, and on Sunday went to Low Sutfield's, an old preaching stand. Rev. Thomas Rankin, an humble local preacher — since a member of the Kentucky Conference — took his text : " The Master has come and calleth for thee." His sermon was sensible, and delivered with power. At the close of the service I was called on to pray. I have never been able to call to mind one sentence I uttered in that prayer; but this I know, it was fervent, and with many tears. In the congregation there was much excitement. I set up a family altar in my mother's house ; and, after re- maining there a few days, returned to Lexington. I entered upon the active duties of Christianity — attended regularly upon the preaching of the Word of God, and was found every Sabbath evening at class. In the Sabbath-school of the Second Presb}^- terian Church I also taught a class of boys. I was thus thrown into an intimate relation with its pastor. Rev. John Breckinridge, from whose counsel and social instruction I received much benefit. The remainder of the Sabbath I spent in hunting for the poor and sick of the city, talking to them, and often praying with them. In this work I was greatly blessed. I soon became known among the poor. The sick and dying often sent for me, to receive the sympathy and counsel of one they loved. I could 26 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. relate many interesting cases of conviction and con- version upon a dying bed. To God's name be all the glory! About this time I left the Monitor office, and assisted T. T. Skillman to print the Western Lumi- nary, the first organ of the Presbyterian Church established in Kentucky. Mr. S. also printed many religious tracts and books; among them Baxter's Saint's Rest, Call to the Unconverted, etc. He printed also a stereotyped edition of the Bible. This situation was both profitable and instructive to me ; for at this time I was very ignorant of relig- ious literature. I boarded in the family of Mr. S., and, as was his custom, he held family worship, praying himself in the morning, and calling upon me to pray at night. We often visited together the house of mourning and of death. "0, who can tell what sights he saw, what shapes Of wretchedness ? or who describe what smiles Of gratitude illumined the face of woe, As from his hands he gave the bounty forth?" Eternity alone will reveal the charities of Thomas T. Skillman. He was one of the small number I have met with in life whose heart and hand were ever ready for every good word and work. I must not omit to mention here another saint, who led me gently into paths of piety and peace — John M. Hewett, an Englishman, and an elder in AUTOBIOGEAPHY. 27 the Baptist Church. With this pious father I often " took sweet counsel." I also derived spiritual com- fort from conversations with a pious slave, Aaron Keiser, a man whom I found to be a better divine than many who could boast a whiter skin. My matrimonial arrangements were now com- pleted, but my mind was much perplexed concern- ing this new responsibility that I was about to as- sume. I was to link with my own destiny on earth a young and fair being. Would she be happy or miserable? I was poor, and she had no fortune to offer. I frankly told her all. She, like myself, de- termined to meet whatever hardships might be before us with a stout heart and firm resolve. Accordingly, on the 10th. of September, 1823, our nuptial rites were solemnized. I v/orked in the printing office until twelve o'clock of the day on which I was married. After the w^edding, we made a visit to my mother; and on the Monday following I was found at my place as a journeyman printer. We boarded with my father-in-law about five months, at the end of which time I rented a house, and commenced house- keeping in an humble manner. If I was poor, I OAved no man any thing. 28 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. PART V. Continued visits to the sick — Desire to become a physician — Study of the symptoms of diseases at the sick-bed — First child born — Visits Danville and purchases the Olive Branch office — Prints the first number of his paper — New and Old Court Question — J. Q. Adams elected President — Espouses the cause of Mr. Clay — -Eeligious labors. House-keeping brought with it many phases of life to which I had heretofore been a stranger. My wife and I adapted ourselves to the circumstances under which we were placed, and consequently were happy. We performed our respective duties with cheerfulness. We retired to rest at a reasonable hour, and arose at early dawn. I hastened to my work in the office, and my wife to the preparation of such articles as were demanded by our new mode of life. In my new relation I found greater facili- ties for usefulness. I still continued my labors of visiting and praying with the sick and dying, often being called out in the night for this purpose. About this time I began to feel a strong desire to become a physician, believing that as such I could do good to both the souls and the bodies of men. But my poverty forbade that I should enter imme- diately upon the study of medicine. I, however, studied a.t the sick-bed the nature and symptoms of the various diseases which came under my AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 29 observation. One thing I was particularly careful to do — to linger around the dying couch of the sick man, to see his last breath, and offer such consolation to the bereaved as my mind could suggest. One year and one month from the date of our marriage our family was increased by the birth of a daughter — Martha F. Polk, born the 15th day of October, 1824. Every young father has realized what I then felt. My steps were elastic, my spirits buoyant with pride, as we received the visits and congratulations of friends and neighbors. I was still a journeyman printer, and was neces- sitated by increasing expenses to seek a new home and permanent employment. Accordingly, in Feb- ruary, 1826, I visited Danville, Ky., and purchased the Olive Branch printing establishment of Mr. Ed- mund Shipp. I returned to Lexington, and made the necessary preparation for removal to my new home. Toward the end of March I reached Dan- ville with my family, and after a few days spent in the neighboring country with my brother-in-law, Mr. John Williamson — every thing having been ar- ranged — I printed the Olive Branch, a weekly polit- ical newspaper, on the first Saturday in April. At that time the State of Kentucky had just emerged from a heated political controversy, called the Old and New Court Question. Now that the old fires were burning low, another and a fiercer 30 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. political controversy began to rage. Mr. Clay had voted in Congress for John Quincy Adams, in pref- erence to General Jackson, for President, and was appointed by Mr. Adams Secretary of State. "Bar- gain and corruption" were charged. In the midst of this great political excitement I issued my maiden sheet. Simultaneously with my new prospectus I cautiously took my position as an editor. The paper had previously been edited by a Jackson man ; its patrons, of course, were of the same politics. But the office had now changed hands, and I, being an admirer of Mr. Clay, espoused his cause. Al- though a partisan editor, I endeavored to make truth my guide and justice my aim. How far I succeeded will be apparent from the fact that, out of about four hundred and fifty subscribers under the edi- torial management of Mr. Shipp, I lost not more than thirty; and even these were trebly compen- sated for by new subscribers. Notwithstanding my arduous duties as an editor, L did not forget that I was a Methodist, and as such owed my first allegiance to God and his cause, but still found time to devote to the church, and con- tinue my visits to the sick and dying. My house became a home for itinerant preachers. I was ap- pointed class-leader of the church, and exercised my gift as an exhorter. Every week, and often three times a week, I held prayer-meetings, for seven AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 31 years, and during the Avhole time continued regularly to issue the Olive Branch every Saturday morning. Besides, I visited quarterly and protracted meetings at Harrodsburg, Versailles, Stanford, Lancaster, and Hustonville, and annual camp-meetings at Pleasant Run and Durham's. This may be thought excessive labor for my delicate health, and so it was ; but God enabled me to perform it all, if not in the best man- ner, yet acceptably to the people for whom I labored. I seemed to be a favorite among all denominations of Christians; and my assistance in their worship was welcomed by Baptists, Presbyterians, and Cum- berland Presbyterians. Although in the midst of many preachers, I performed more burial services and visited more of the sick by special request than all of them. I preached funeral sermons of the good as well as the bad ; yet it was said I never committed myself as to the future state of either. 32 AUTOBIOGRAPHY, PAKT VI. Sale of printing establishment — Becomes a book merchant — Increase of family — Death of son — Cholera in 1833 — Acts as physician — J. G, Birney, the Abolitionist — Pievents a mob — Becomes editor for fifteen months — Sale of book- store — Removed to a farm — Is licensed a preacher — Studies medicine — Commences practice — Predictions of his mother fulfilled. At the end of seven years I sold my printing es- tablishment, with the prospect of making greater gains as a book merchant. I consulted my friends, and all advised me to purchase the only bookstore then in Danville ; that I could not fail to make great profits, as Center College was in a flourishing con- dition, and I would have the whole trade in my own hands. The purchase was made. Fatal act. Done by the counsel of friends ! The books and station- ery invoiced four thousand six hundred dollars-^ most of the books of a miscellaneous character and unsalable. I soon saw my error, and hastened, if possible, to repair it by adding to my bookstore an assortment of drugs and medicines. This proved a more profitable investment. Within the past seven years, my family had been increased by three new members — William T., Ephraim J., and Jefferson B. — all three children of much promise in infancy. But here I was destined AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 33 to pass under a dark cloud. The latter, Jefferson B., sickened and died. His disease was protracted hooping-cpugh. 'T deeply felt the blow, but endeav- ored to bow meekly to the will of Him who gave and had taken away. At this time, 1833, that erratic and awful scourge of nations, Asiatic cholera, traveled westward and southward from ports of the Atlantic, and reached Kentucky. Lexington, Lancaster, Springfield, Per- ryville, Harrodsburg, and Danville were visited by it in quick succession. In Lexington about five hundred of the inhabitants were cut off by it in four- teen days — among them my old friend Thomas T. Skillman. Lancaster and Springfield were nearly depopulated, either by the inhabitants fleeing from the destroyer or by their being cut down by it. While the disease was approaching Danville, great fear fell upon the people, and paleness spread over every face. The entire business of the place was suspended. All the inhabitants crowded to one place, and in- voked the mercy of Him " in whose hands are the issues of life and death." The profane swearer no longer uttered the blasphemous oath ; drunkards, with but few exceptions, abandoned their vicious course. Many prayers were made and vows re- peated then which, I fear, will stand as witnesses against those who uttered them in the judgment of the great day. But repentance and prayer did not 3 34 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. turn aside the pestilence. In the latter part of June it made its appearance in Danville, and in less than two weeks sixty-five of t\e.in4i'abitants were its'^ victims. It spared neither the high nor the low, the rich nor the poor. When it was known that the awful scourge w^as near there was a universal panic. I felt terror, and trembled like the inexperienced soldier who hears the report of the first gun that brings on the en- gagement ; and like the soldier, when the battle Avaxes warm, I, too, became courageous, and met the destroyer without faltering. I visited and prayed for the sick, and helped to coffin and bury* the dead. During the ravages of the disease, I for the first time acted as a physician, giving medicine to those who requested my aid. This was necessary, as the resident physicians either were sick or had fled. Through the whole dark period I was wonderfully sustained in perfect health. After the deadly pesti- lence had passed away, and health had been restored, Danville resumed its wonted smile and activity in business. My bookstore was like an incubus upon my pros- perity ; but through the sale of medicines and drugs my losses were greatly diminished. An incident occurred at this time which placed me again in the editorial chair. James G. Birney, Esq., employed S. S. Dismukes — the printer who AUTOBIOGRAPHY, 8d bought of me the Olive Branch office — to publish an Abolition paper. The populace Avere so incensed at the project that they appointed a day on which to destroy the press, and drive the editor and printer from the town. On the appointed morning the peo- ple assembled; but before the mob had organized I called on Mr. Dismukes and demanded of him the key of the office. As he had not paid me the pur- chase money, he complied with my demand. I went into the office and issued a card, informing the mul- titude that I was once more editor and proprietor of the Olive Branch. The crowd dispersed quietly, and Danville was thus freed from a disagreeable mob, and perhaps from bloodshed. Through the day many and cordial were the greetings I received from ladies and gentlemen, with proffers of pecuniary assistance. The press of Kentucky also welcomed my return to the editorial chair with eulogies upon my truthfulness and honesty as an editor. In this position I continued fifteen months, and then again sold the establishment, as my labors were too incessant, and my book and drug store was not remunerating me for my constant toil. I now determined to sell the latter also, and remove to a farm. My family was still increasing, as in the last four years a daughter and son — M. A. G. and J. M. Polk — had been added to it. I soon found a pur- chaser, and sold at a considerable sacrifice. I pur- 36 AUTOBIoailAPHY- chased a farm in the neighborhood, and moved to it ; but had not been there long before I discovered, on investigating my affairs, that I was insolvent. It was now that the Quarterly Conference at Danville conferred upon me license to preach the Gospel. I immediately made appointments to preach twice every Sabbath, and frequently during the week officiated at funerals. Finding that I would be compelled to sell my farm, I now began to cast about for an occupa- tion that would enable me to pay the large debt against me, and support my growing family. For- tunately, -while I was an apothecary and book mer- chant, I had read law and medicine. My purpose was fixed — I would be a doctor. Except when preaching, I constantly read medicine for twelve months, and then advertised that I would attend to calls in the neighborhood. The first week after this announcement I had several important cases com- mitted to my care. The symptoms of diseases I was •familiar with; but the application of remedies — there was the rub ! However, I was studious, and generally successful. But I plainly saw that, in order to compete with old physicians around me, I must undergo a more thorough training. For this purpose I made every arrangement; and in Novem- ber, 1839, matriculated in the medical college in Lexington. On my return home in the spring, I AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 37 entered into an active practice. Here the long- cherished desire of my heart was realized — I was a physician. In my twofold character — preacher and doctor— I had ample scope for my limited mental and physical abilities. I had always thought the two offices were highly compatible ; but this was a great error, for I often had an appointment to preach, and just before I started to fulfill it a messenger from some sick person would call me in the opposite direc- tion ; or when in the pulpit, some sad casualty would demand that I should leave before preaching. Hence, congregations were disappointed. I, however, en- deavored to wade on through all these difficulties. I was often compelled, after having sat up all night with the sick, and in the morning visiting several patients at different points, to hasten to my regular preaching appointments, that the people might not be dissatisfied. I never had the vanity to imagine that I was a good divine or pulpit orator, yet I could not close my eyes and ears to the fact that my sermons and exhortations produced, in almost every congregation, a powerful effect. 38 AUTOBIOGRAPHY, PART VII. Removal to Perryville — Church at Thomas Moorman's — Popu- larity as a physician — Family increased — Preaches at vari- oiis points — Sycamore Meeting-house — Success in treatment of typhoid fever and difficult cases of midwifery — Had no time to read — Enters into partnership with Wm. T. Polk — Antioch Church. Through my pecuniary embarrassments I was compelled once more to change my location and field of labor. I reluctantly sold my farm, where, I trusted, I had commenced a laborious, but useful life, and moved to Perryville, in the fall of 1840. I carried with me the practice in medicine of many esteemed friends. My practice increased rapidly in my new home. Here, too, my services were sought as a preacher, particularly in the surrounding coun- try. At one of my first appointments, at a brother Moorman's, in Chaplin, great interest was mani- fested. After the sermon I called for mourners, and more than a dozen persons came forward and asked an interest in the pra^^ers of God's people. At the next appointment several were converted. This religious excitement continued for months, and the result was that the people built a neat and com- fortable house in which to worship. The society prospered for years. 1 preached to it statedly AUTOBIOaRAPtlY. 39 once a month for years, the remaining Sabbaths be- ing occupied by circuit preachers. In a sad hour the building was accidentally burned. By death and removals the society dwindled to a few members, and preaching was temporarily discontinued at the place. It had been my constant study to show respect to all, and to be useful in every possible way; hence, every hour was employed. Never, from childhood, did I indulge in what the world calls recreation. One year of my sojourn in Perry ville passed, and I found myself a popular physician, having perhaps the best practice in the place. At any rate, day and night brought calls from the sick and dying. My zeal in the profession prompted me to answer the calls of the poor as well as of the rich. I rode all day, and frequently returned home weary, but to start out again through darkness and rain or cold to spend a sleepless night. Such are the toils and hardships of the faithful physician. Yet I loved them — I endured them joyfully; for certainly there can be no greater earthly bliss than to administer to the comfort of our fellow-beings — to restore, under God, health to the sick, or, when human skill is exhausted, to point the dying individual to the great Physician of Souls. Two more children were added to my family after my removal from Danville — liosa and Thomas J. 40 AUTOBIOGUAPHY. I still had my regular appointments to preach. Temporary pulpits were erected for me in the forests at various places ; but frequently I stood uncovered in the open sun, and preached to large congregations. I endeavored to supply destitute portions of the country with preaching, never " building upon an- other man's foundation." The common people seemed to hear me gladly, and good order and deep solemnity usually prevailed. I was often called to visit five or six patients in the morning, and then to fill a previous appointment six or eight miles distant from Perry ville. While I lived in the country I had commenced regular preaching, once every month, on the North Rolling Fork, at Sycamore Meeting-house, then a poor log building. At this place I appointed as my elders two irreligious men, and made them promise that they would always be present when I preached. These gentlemen kept their promise, and I had the satisfaction afterward of seeing one of them. Garret Clarkson, join the church. He continues to this day an efficient and useful member of society, and one of my warmest friends. My appointment I continued until the people built a neat and com- fortable house of worship. Eighteen hundred and forty-three was to me a pros- perous year in the practice of medicine. Typhoid fever was the prevailing disease, and in its treatment AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 41 I acquired the reputation of being very successful. Difficult cases of midwifery, too, were generally in- trusted to my skill. I have often rode forty miles in a day, and then sat up the entire night with the sick, and on the following day been compelled to renew the same round among the suifering. Under all this labor God supported me. Blessed be His name ! Another new year (1844) arrived, and I renewed my labors for the souls and bodies of my fellow- men. This year my practice was largely increased, as well as my labors in the pulpit. I found that I had not time to read as I had formerly done, and began to think that I was becoming stale and dull in my twofold calling. I can say of the years 1845, '46, and '47 nothing more than what I have already said of '44, except that in the interval another daughter, Eliza Bell, was born. I have now four sons and four daughters living; one son, Jefferson B. Polk, dead. My eldest son, William T. Polk, returned home in 1848, a graduate of Transylvania medical school. We entered into a partnership, which continued six years. During that time we retained a large prac- tice. My health still continued good, but dim sight and gray hairs began to admonish me that the evening of life had already set in, and that it be- hooved me to moderate my labors. But a voice 4 42 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. seemed to say, " Toil on ! toil on !" and I submitted to my destiny. In 1855 my son and I dissolved partnership, each continuing the practice of medicine in Perryville. I was now solicited to preach in a destitute neigh- borhood. The request came from Allen Stewart, a non-professor; and I consented on condition that he would act as my elder, and hear me regularly. This he promised and faithfully performed; and afterward joined the church. I had large congre- gations at every appointment, and continued to labor at this point — Follis's Run — for two years. Toward the close of the second year a pious and very zealous exhorter, named John Hamilton, came to live in Perryville. I engaged him to assist me in the work on Follis's Run, and we had not long "sown in tears" before we began to "reap in joy." A gracious revival of religion commenced in a class-meeting. Many presented themselves for the prayers of the church. The interest increased, and during a protracted meeting of about two weeks seventy souls, of all conditions of society, were hap- pily converted. At the conclusion of the meeting we divided out the converts between the Methodist and Baptist churches. I was appointed to represent the former church and Rev. J. G. Pond the latter. The result was that about fifty joined the Methodist and six joined the Baptist. Among the fruits of AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 43 this revival, two men, each over eighty years of age, on a profession of faith, were received and baptized. I then baptized in one day, by immersion and pouring, forty of the new converts. As another fruit of this revival, a handsome frame church was forthwith erected, and dedicated as ^'Antioehr The society was blessed with a continued revival of more than two years, and continues to have regular circuit preaching. In 1856 I still preached at Antioch and Martin's school-house. The attendance was always good, and God added still to the church. At this time the membership numbered upward of one hundred. PART VIII. Trial by committee of the church — Acquitted — Presidential election of 1860 — Secession — Loyalty to the government — Assistance to Union soldiers — Battle of Perry ville — His house a hospital — First spell of sickness — His assistance sought by rebels — Votes for Mr. Lincoln. I HAD always declared to my brethren that, al- though I considered myself an unprofitable servant in the work of the Master, I had no fear of ever being arraigned before the church for any act of immorality. But, in the year 1857, an unfortunate difficulty occurred between myself and the preacher in charge, in which my moral character having been impugned, I was brought on trial before a committee 44 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. of the church, appointed for the purpose. After a patient investigation, which continued through two entire days, I was declared "not guilty" of the charges preferred against me, and honorably acquitted. With this single exception my relations with the church have never in the slightest degree been disturbed. Though conscious of my innocence, it was certainly very humiliating to me to have my name brought thus before the public. This trial was doubtless suffered to come upon me for some wise purpose. In the year 1859 I was compelled to curtail my labors, quitting the practice of medicine, and preaching but little, on account of a severe bron- chial affection and cough. The memorable fall of 1860 approached. The presidential election was held — four candidates, Douglas, Lincoln, Breckinridge, and Bell, in the field. The first was the advocate of squatter sover- eignty; the second, of emancipation; the third, of secession; and the fourth, of the constitution and the enforcement of the laws. I voted for the latter. The result of the election is known to all. As soon as it was certain that Mr. Lincoln had been elected, a violent outburst of feeling was mani- fested in all the slave states. The assassination of the President elect was threatened. It was declared he never should take his seat. Eleven of the states AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 45 seceded in quick succession, and a civil war com- menced. It is not my business here to write a history of that war. I wish only to say that I considered it my duty to God and my country to espouse the Union cause. Accordingly, I exhausted every argument to dissuade my fellow-men from the attempt at disunion. While the war continued, I exerted myself in support of the government — feeding, encouraging, and administering medicine to Union soldiers free of charge. The war had not been long in progress before it came to our very doors. The battle of Perryville was fought on the 8th day of October, 1862; and, in the hasty movements of the two opposing armies, many sick and wounded were left upon our hands. My house was made a hospital for eight or ten of these. I was likewise appointed surgeon to a hospital containing forty wounded soldiers. Here I labored day and night until my health gave way, and I was compelled to desist from my work. Many of my friends thought my illness would prove fatal; but, thank God, I soon recovered. No part of my life is filled with so many pleasing and yet painful incidents and reminiscences as during the great rebellion. Like others who remained steadfast in their devotion to the government, I too at times was threatened by thoughtless and irresponsible persons of secession proclivities. But 46 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. none of these tilings moved me. I remained at home, pursuing mj round of daily duties, unfright- ened by these occasional threats and undisturbed by foolish taunts, ever hopeful that the darkness which at first enveloped the Union arms would clear away, and success would ultimately be theirs. And my hopes were not in vain. After struggling for a while against reverses that would have appalled hearts less stout, the soldiers of the Union at length began to carry their arms into the very heart of the seceded states, and gained such foothold there as gave assur- ance of a termination of the war which would well accord with my hopes. And it was now that, by assisting rebel soldiers out of prison, I was able to return good for evil, and repay blessing for cursing. In 1864 the country was again called upon to elect a President. I was one of three in my own precinct who voted for Mr. Lincoln and the admin- istration. This was my last vote for President, and furnished a somewhat remarkable coincidence with my first, I being one of three (according to my best recollection) in the city of Lexington, w^ho voted for Gren. Jackson just forty years before. It is further remarkable that between these two periods — 1824 and 1864 — I have voted at every presidential as well as every congressional and state election. AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 47. PART IX. Devotion to the temperance cause — Joins the Sons of Mor- ality — Emancipation with colonization — Petition for the abolition of Sunday mails. About the year 1822 I connected myself with the first temperance society that ever had been organ- ized in Lexington, and became an active member of it at a time when the cause was every-where spoken against. In 1832 I became a member of the tem- perance society in Danville, and was appointed one of its officers. Some years afterward the Wash- ingtonian Society of Reformed Drunkards was sub- stituted for temperance societies, and I connected myself with that organization. Subsequently I be- came a member of the Sons of Temperance, helping to organize the society, and holding office during the larger period of my connection vfith it. Finally I joined the Sons of Morality, whose tenets were opposition to ''drinking, swearing, gambling. Sab- bath-breaking, and keeping bad company." In these associations I was zealous, laborious, and un- flinching in my devotion and work for the advance- ment of their interests, meeting regularly with their members, and making many public speeches in their favor. 48 AUTOBIOGRAPHY. While in Danville, I was agent and treasurer of the Colonization Society, and was instrumental in sending to Liberia many manumitted slaves and free colored persons. The cause that always lay nearest my heart was emancipation with colonization; and, notwithstanding the providence of God has brought about this change in the condition of the colored race suddenly, I yet entertain the hope that some plan will be soon devised by which, now that they are freed, they may be properly colonized. I was one of the first to petition Congress for the abolition of Sunday mails, and have lived to see accomplished by the moral sentiment of the people that which prejudice and political excitement would not then entertain. On these great and leading moral questions of the country I have never seen any good reason to change my sentiments, which were deliberately formed. ''^ '■• How far I have succeeded in accomplishing something for the good of mankind, the reader is now left to judge, I am now (1867) superannuated, but, desiring not to be idle, acting as claim agent for Union soldiers, and postmaster of Perryville, Ky. DRAMA OF LIFE, A TRUE PICTURE. On the 10th day of September, 1823, under a cahn and cloudless sky, at six o'clock, P. M., a straight, tall, slender-made young man, dark blue eyes, long black hair falling down upon his shoul- ders, dressed in bottle-green frock coat, white pants and vest, and a silk hat of modern style, leaves a small brick house, nearly opposite Broadway Hotel, in the city of Lexington, accompanied by the hus- band and wife of the family where he had long boarded. The small company pass down the south side of Main-cross Street to Main ; thence, at a right angle, on the east side of Main Street to Poplar Row ; thence, at a right angle, on the south side of Poplar Row to Water Street. Turning slightly to the ieft, across the street, they arrive at a large two-story stone house. All along the route, as they pass, many spec- tators are on the sidewalk, apparently anxious to get a sight of the company. Arriving at the point of destination, there is seen a crowd — men, boys, and 50 DRAMA OP LIFE. a few colored persons — in breathless waiting. As the small company approach and enter the house, the spectators separate and form on either hand. There is heard an audible hum in the crowd, not of insult or contempt, but the noise of pleasurable excitement and approval. The house is brilliantly illuminated. Within are assembled honorable old men, their wives and their daughters, and a few young men. In a few minutes the young man who attracted the eyes of so many on the street is conducted to a room above stairs. In that room sits a small, hand- somely dressed maiden, in a robe of white; large dark eyes ; long flowing black hair, curling naturally, reaching down to her shoulders. Her form is ex- quisite ; her faithful female friend by her side. The maiden is a father's and a mother's pride; but she is now to be given to another. A few moments, and the young man and the fair maiden and their attendants descend and stand before the man of God. The bridegroom and bride mutually promise to love, honor, and cherish each other during life. The ceremony over, many hearty greetings are given by those within, while the crowd without manifest their joy by a shout and serenade; then quietly disperse. Forty-three years pass of connubial peace and happiness — the wife faithfully performing her mar- THE PLACE WHERE I WAS BORN. 51 riage vows. Five sons and four daughters are the fruit of their union. One of the sons died in his minority. The scene is changed. On the 13th day of April, 1867, in the town of Perry ville, at half-past twelve o'clock, A. M., the fair maiden, faithful wife, kind mother, and devoted Christian — her work done — ap- proaches her end, calls for the husband of her youth, of her riper years, and of her old age, and also for her eio;ht livinoj children, and delivers to each a separate and appropriate charge, and leaves to each a parting blessing. The morning was bright and full of hope; the evening is shrouded in gloom — at least to him who now wanders smitten, afflicted. Such is life I THE PLACE WHERE I AVAS BORN. The place where I was born — the dearest spot on earth to me — where first I knew a mother's care, and felt a mother's warm embrace! The swathing-bands, the long white robes, the tiny shoes, the embroidered cap, the cordials when I was sick ! These were earthly comforts, ere I could appreciate a mother's love, or understand a mother's blessing. But now, my bodily powers developed and my mind expanded, I was excited 52 DRAMA OF LIFE. to laughter or complaint as different objects pleased or annoyed me. Soon I made the hearts of a father and a mother glad, when they saw me making my first unsteady steps across the room. How the hand of love ac- companied me, touching slightly the hem of my garment lest I fall! More vigorous grown, I com- mence my infantile romps with the larger children, with the lap-dog and the kitten. I showed my delight at the spinning of the top, and the building of the cob-pen. Presently I am permitted to cross the threshold, to breathe the pure air, and look upon the glorious luminary of the day; to try my strength and agility in gambols upon the green grass; and, in still riper years, to leave the yard, and visit the flowing stream and the deep cool spring hard by. Here I first felt sorrow; for in that deep fountain I was told my elder brother was drowned. Then I remember the tall oak that stood close by, where first I tried my strength in casting stones and sticks into its branches. 0, that was a happy day when a stone from my sling first reached the topmost branch. The philosopher was not more delighted when he exclaimed, ^'I have found it! I have found it ! " Now, larger grown, I was taught to ride, to go with my father to mill. It was strange, but I was delighted to see the machinery, and learn how corn THE PLACE WHERE I WAS BORN. 53 was ground and flour was made. And then to angle in the river, and draw out the perch and the trout, was exquisite bliss ! I returned home to relate the wonderful sights I had seen. I had traveled four miles and back again in one day. Marvelous jour- ney! When I could wield the ax and the hoe, and hold the handles of the plow, I fancied myself almost a man. Then it was unalloyed bliss to visit the distant horse-mill, and be absent two days and nights. Then came the state elections. For three days the voting went on. The candidates sat on the judge's seat, and as the voter cast his vote the favored candidates said, in a loud and flattering tone, all at the same time, " Thank you, Mr. M." When the election was over, the candidates, whether successful or not, were bound by the eti- quette of the times to make the people a speech. Barrels of sling for neophytes, and barrels of brandy and whisky for old topers, wei^ rolled out. Then began bruising, gouging, and biting. Here I conceived a life-long hatred of the inebriating bowl. On leaving, I was glad in my heart that elections came but once a year. But there were the company, the battalion, and Ihe regimental musters. These were attended; candidates spoke; the drum and fife played; while captains stood or marched at the head of fifties. 54 DRAMA OF LIFE. and majors and colonels at the head of hundreds, the general inspecting the whole. Sure, thought I, these officers are supernatural men. The epaulet, the cocked hat, and the fair-topped boots made a thrilling and lasting impression upon my youthful mind. Each officer could boast of having served in the Continental army under George Washington. I heard them talk of the traitor Benedict Arnold, while they grasped the hilts of their swords more tightly, and swore vengeance on all tories and ene- mies of the country their valor had won. Their utterances made me a patriot, if not a hero. Min- gling thus in the busy scenes of life, I began to realize that life was a mixed cup — that it had its sweets and its bitters. It is remarkable that, with all the improprieties and ill-feeling between our fathers, murder was un- known. The first murder I ever heard of horrified me. Thousands of people visited the hotel in G., where the foul deed was perpetrated. The landlord would not suffer the blood stains on the floor to be washed off until the murderer had expiated his crime on the gallows. Another war was declared with the mother coun- try. To arms ! to arms ! was heard on the hill-tops ; it ran along the valley. Soon the tramp of arme^ hosts was heard, keeping time to the drum and shrill fife, all pressing toward the Canadas. I saw THE PLACE WHERE I WAS BORN. 55 the last embrace of husbands and wives, parents and sons, brothers and sisters, young maidens and their lovers. The man of God preached to the soldiers about marching of patriotism, Christ, and religion. No cry was then heard about mingling Church and State. Thank God ! all were of one heart and one mind. I thought, 0, cruel, cruel war ! But every thing should bend to the salvation of the country. 0, now I saw clearly that life is but a warfare from its beginning to its end ! But a darker day than I had yet experienced was just ahead. That destroyer, the cold plague, visited the neighborhood. Among its victims was my father. It was a sad sound that went to my heart when the good man that stood over him said, '^He is dead." I strengthened myself and retired. The next day all things looked shrouded in mourning. I went out to the newly-made grave. The friends who dug it were polishing the sides and bottom as if they were preparing it for the habitation of the living instead of the dead. Here, at the appointed hour, they placed the coffin with its precious dust. I now understood what was meant when the holy man said, the " Coffin and the winding-sheet. Dust to dust, and ashes to ashes." After this sad event I left home, the place of my birth, and have wandered on through the ills and joys of fifty years; yet in my old age I often, in 66 DRAMA OF LIFE. dreams of tlie night, and in my tliouglits by day, revisit the place where I was horn. "I've wander'd on thro' many a clime, Where flowers of beauty grew; Where all was blissful to the heart And lovely to the view ; I've seen them in their twilight pride, And in their dress of morn; But none appear'd so sweet to me As the spot where I was born." SKETCHES. LEXINGTON. Forty-three years ago this city was the me- tropolis of the State of Kentucky — the largest city, indeed, in the West. In it was concentrated great wealth. The enterprise and intelligence of the city were unsurpassed in the western country. Here were the largest stores, and the most flourishing manufactories. Among its chief dry goods stores were Trotter's, Oldham's, AVarfield's, Pritchard's, Harvey's, Craig's, Whitney's, Higgins's, Leavy's, and Gatewood's — all large importers direct from eastern cities. Silversmiths — Blanchard, Frazier, and Ayres. Booksellers — W. W. Worseley and Skill- man. Grocers — Lemon, M'Lair, Huggins, Trotter, and Crow. Saddler — Bryan. Carriage-makers — Veach, Redd, and Ashton. Auctioneer — Anderson. Broker — D. A. Sayer. Its manufactories of wool, cotton, hemp, iron, and white lead were conducted by Boswell, Biney, Oldham, Scott, Tod, Bruen, Caldwell, Brand, Ater, and Hunt. Some of these establishments were owned by large companies; but, r 58 SKETCHES. proving unsuccessful, were discontinued. Those conducted by individual enterprise or smaller com- panies generally proved remunerative. At the bar vras found the first legal talent of the state, such as Clay, Wicklifi*e, Pope, Bledsoe, Barry, Haggin, Hum- phrey, January, Chinn, and Breckinridge — men who in their day possessed a national celebrity as barris- ters and jurists, and compared with whom those of any part of the United States could not be con- sidered more than their equals. The medical pro- fession, too, was ably represented by Dudley, Drake, Richardson, Warfield, Boswell, Bidgeley, Pindall, and Satterwhite, who for skill and professional knowledge in medicine and surgery had no peers on the continent. A branch of the United States Bank was established here, with that affable and kind-hearted gentleman, John Tilford, as president, and Mr. Montell as teller. The pulpits of the various Christian denominations were filled by min- isters of the first talent and the deepest piety — Light, Fishback, Hall, Breckinridge, Cunningham, Yardiman, and Chapman. All of these divines, by their fine pulpit oratory, drew around them large audiences, and by their Christian deportment endeared themselves to a large circle of friends. Transylvania University (Dr. Holley president) was then in its palmiest days — its medical and law departments filled to overflowing. LEXrSfGTON. 59 The moral and social influences of the city were felt throughout the country. In the suburbs of the town were splendid villa>s and gardens, the houses of handsome architecture, and the gardens arranged in the most tasteful manner. Two of these gardens (Fowler's and Lamphier's) were specially intended as places of resort for the elite of the surrounding country during the summer months. Whatever could gratify the taste or please the eye was furnished here in rich profusion. The Phcenix Hotel was kept h\ ^Ir. Keene, and the Broadway by Mr. Ayres, both furnishing the very best accommodations. In the suburbs, the fine state institution for lunatics had just been founded, and into it had already been gathered a great num- ber of this unfortunate class of individuals. The press in Lexington at this period was wield- ing a powerful influence in shaping the political complexion of the respective parties, state and national, into which the people were divided. The first, the "Kentucky Gazette,'* the first newspaper printed west of the Alleghanies, was imder the edi- torial manao^ement of John Bradford. Esq.. a sren- tleman who was reputed the first mathematician, the first philosopher, and the first astronomer of his day, and now perhaps known from his '-^sotes on Kentucky,"' written and published while he was an editor. In his studio stood lar^ie ojlobes. terrestial 60 SKETCHES. and celestial, and on liis table lay choice works on all these various sciences, together with the lives of Franklin, Washington, and Marion, the Proverbs of Poor Richard, and many other instructive books. He was familiarly known in the city by the dis- tinctive name of " Wisdom.^' The second paper established in the place was the "Kentucky Re- porter," under the management of W. W. Worseley and Thomas Smith — a paper which was extensively circulated during ■ the war of 1812, having been established as the organ of the war party. The editors were gentlemen of good character and great influence. The ''Western Monitor," a tri-weekly newspaper, was afterward established and conducted by Mr. William G. Hunt, an editor of great ability This paper was the organ of what was then called the "Blue Light" Federal party of the North. There were at this time no turnpikes leading from the city; the streets, however, were macadamized, and the sidewalks paved with brick. This sketch, written from recollection by one who once lived in the beautiful city, and was acquainted with many of those whose names are mentioned here, is designed as an humble tribute to the memory of those great and long since departed men. "0, friends regretted, scenes forever dear, Remembrance hails you with her warmest tear! Drooping she bends o'er.pensive Fancy's urn To trace the hours that never can return." THE MARKET-PLACE. 61 THE MARKET-PLACE. The new market-houses in Lexington had just been built, over South Elkhorn Creek, which passes through the midst of the city. Each of these houses extended across one entire square. Here, many hours before the dawn of day, every Wednesday and Saturday morning, were seen wagons, carts, and people on horseback, by hundreds, all unloading and preparing for the opening market. The market was opened at six, A. M., in the winter, and four o'clock, A. M., in the summer season. At the same time the people of the city — men, women, servants, and children — poured in from every street and alley, all bearing in their hands bags, baskets, dishes, jugs, or plates, in which to receive whatever they might be able to buy. Whoever bought or sold before the des- ignated hour was liable to a heavy fine. The throng was now increased to thousands. Here were seen the lawyer the doctor, and the professor of college in their morning gowns; the artisan and the poor mendicant, who bought but little because of their limited means. Equally mottled and diverse in appearance were the sellers. The trade was now opened, and the crowd mingled together promiscuously. Some of the buyers appeared to be in great haste, as if in pursuit of some great treasure which they feared 62 SKETCHES. would elude their grasp, while others stood before stalls, or bending over piles of vegetables, pricing and selecting from each parcel the articles that suited them. Some bought largely and paid lib- erally; others bought sparingly and paid grudg- ingly, as was evinced in their conduct in jewing the seller doAvn to the last cent. The most con- spicuous character in the whole throng was the market-master^ with scales and weights in hand, testing the weights and measures of the various venders. The whole scene was interesting and in- structive; a place where human character was pre- sented in all its phases. The student and the phi- losopher might learn wisdom here not to be found in the books of the ancients. At the hour of nine o'clock, A. M., the whole scene was changed; the buyers had all returned to their homes or their various avocations, and the marketers were hieing toward the country with light hearts, their pockets filled with small change, counting their profits and concocting plans and new arrangements for the next market day. A few of the country people, however, lingered behind to take a stroll through the city, to see the strange sights, and make a few small purchases. The market-place was now de- serted, except by the dogs tha,t had gathered to lick the blood ofi" butchers' stalls and gather up the offal left behind by the market people. THE CITY OF THE DEAD. 63 Many went to the markets to meet and converse with old friends from the country, and inquire for news from the different localities of the sellers; many went as spectators to catch the manners of rustics "living as they rise." All seemed to be in- terested and edified. The giver and receiver alike were benefited, and separated entertaining those warm and genial feelings that association and com- merce never fail to inspire. *'THE CITY OF THE DEAD." Passing on Main Street from Lexington toward Frankfort, one mile and a quarter from the center of the former place, you arrive at a beautiful grove on the right, inclosed by a hedge, and over the gate leading therein you read the significant inscription, ^' The City of the Dead." Entering, you follow the winding street, and near the center find yourself before the monument erected by individual subscrip- tion to the memory of one beneath whose clarion voice listening senates once sat entranced, but now silent in the grave, HENRY CLAY. As you stand at the base and look upward to its dizzy summit you behold the statue of the world-renowned orator, in attitude such as he was wont to assume when addressing his compeers upon some question of national interest and national importance. In the 64 SKETCHES. chamber which constitutes a part of its base are visible through an iron grating the sarcophagus in which repose the ashes of the ''great commoner, ^^ and beside it, on the south, another in which lie the mortal remains of her who won his youthful love and gloried in his manhood's fame; while on the north lie the coffins in which reposes whatever is earthly of the deceased members of his family. Made of the finest Kentucky marble, and rising to the height of about one hundred and thirty feet, the monument, from its commanding position, is visible for miles around. Leaving it and proceeding in any direction, you are brought by winding streets to other beautiful but less stately monuments and tombstones, none of which are cenotaphs, but all inscribed with the names and covering the ashes of individuals and families who once were the ornament and pride of Lexington and the surrounding country. Their names are inscribed upon their tombs, but their deeds are written indelibly upon the hearts of their friends who survive them. These graves are all decorated with evergreens and choicest flowers. Near the south-western side of the cemetery you come, by a winding street, to a deep basin excavated by the hand of art, and containing the family vaults, their fronts of hewn stone, with closed doors. Above the doors are inscribed the names of the families THE CITY OF THE DEAD. bO whose members lie within. In this basin, also, is the reception vault, where are deposited the nev/ly dead, subject to future interment or to removal by kindred or friends. Its entrance of lattice-work affords full view of the coffins that are within. Standing here, with no sound to disturb the un- earthly stillness, no hum of busy industry, no voice but the twitter of birds and rustling of the breeze, one's thoughts assume the hue of the surroundings, and busy memory brings up names that are empty sounds to all save recollection, and forms that have long since decayed. Thoughts, too, of one's own state — his past, his present, and his future — throng unbidden upon him, and his prophetic vision reaches forward to the time when he, too, must relinquish his hold upon life and become the silent habitant of the tomb. The heart grows faint and the haughty spirit humble by such reflections as these, and deep regret fills the breast that such things must be. But " sin hath entered into the world, and death by sin ; so death hath passed upon all, for that all have sinned." "The sceptered king, the burthen'd slave, The humble and the haughty, die; The rich, the poor, the base, the brave, In dust, without distinction, lie." 6 6G SKETCHES. HAKRODSBUEG. It is perhaps not generally known to the rising generation, who have not read the "History of Ken- tucky," that Harrodsburg is one of the oldest towns in the state, and before what is called "Jackson's Purchase" was added, was considered the center of the then populous counties. Hence, Mercer County was denominated " the backbone of Kentucky ^ The name Harrodsburg was given to it in honor of Col. James Harrod, one of the early pioneers of the West. The Revolution of '76 had just closed when a few families emigrated hither, and erected a fort as a place of residence and safety from the attacks of hostile Indians. At this time the red men of the forest were very troublesome to the settlers, fre- quently murdering individuals, and carrying off cattle, horses, etc. Among the brave and hardy pioneers who were ever foremost to pursue and punish the savages were Gen. Ray, Col. Harrod, Capt. Harlan, the McAfees, Sharps, Mays, and many others wdiose names it is to be regretted are lost to history. These men planted by their bravery and perseverance where we now reap. They seemed to be led by an overruling Providence, steeling their hearts against fear and protecting them against danger. IIARRODSBUEG. 67 "There is a tear for all who die — A mourner o'er the humblest grave; But nations swell the funeral cry, And Triumph weeps above the brave." After the danger from the bloody incursions of the enemy had ceased, a few families settled on the site where Harrodsburg now stands. The number of the inhabitants increased rapidly, and the place began to assume the proportions and appearance of a village. Who first, who last, for thirty years built houses, traded, and tilled the rich soil of the sur- rounding country, need not be here mentioned. Suffice it to say, in 1824 the town was respect- able in size for a county-seat, with streets and houses t-astefully arranged. On public days might be seen mingling with the throng. Gen. Ray, Gen. McAfee, Gen. Adair, Gen. Sutfield, Col. Slaughter, Judge Worthington, Maj. Moore, Maj. Thompson, Capt. Daviess, Capt. Morgan, and Capt. Thompson; Drs. Tomlinson, Bybee, Trapnall, Bosley, Graham, Jones, and Miller, many of whom in after life filled prominent offices in the gift of the people. The gospel pioneers who first sowed the good seed in Harrodsburg and the surrounding country were Rev. Pace and Rev. Clelland, of the Presbyterian Church ; Rev. John Rice, of the Baptist Church ; Rev. Valen- tine Cook and Rev. Thomas Kyle, of the Methodist Church. These men were all acknowledged as good 0J> SKETOUKS. divines, and two of thora at least tine pulpit orators. They lived and labored long in the Master's vine- yard. The most distinguished untitled individuals -svoro Chinn, Cheno^Yoth, Passmore, Smedley, Mo- GotHn, Allin, and Gore. These men, with many others of less note, plaeed an indelible mark upon the eharaeter of the society around them. It can not be supposed that every influence they exerted was good, but it may be safely said they were all conscientious, high-toned, and clever gentlemen, compared with whom no part of the state could boast of their superiors. These distinguishe^l men, save four (^Chinn, Smed- lev, Passmore, and Graham), have all passed away. The four survivors still remain, noble specimens of a former generation, ripe in years, and ready to be gathered to their fathers. '•There's a feeling wiiiin us tiiat lores to revert To the merrv old times that are gone." PEKRY^TT.T.K. It is not known to many who now have residences in our midst that the site on which Perryville stands was once a walled fort for the protection of the inhabitants from the incursions of the Indians. About the year 1TS1-- a few families emigrated from the State of Pennsylvania and took up their PERRYVILLE. OSf residence on the banks of Chapline Creek; but thej soon found it necessary to provide a more eecure place of abode than their respective log-cabins. Accordinfrly, Ilarberson, Ewing, Potts, and a few others built a substantial fort, which included the fine spring now used bv our citizens, Thej had not long enjoyed their new home when Ewing and Potts went out of the fort to cultivate a small spot of ground nearly opposite the mouth of the spring, where it empties into Chapline. One morning as they sallied forth a band of Indians were in ambush, and fired on them, killing Ewing instantly. Potts returned the fire, and killed the Indian that shot Ewing, The Indians then fled, but in their flight they came upon Harberson, who was out scouting, took him prisoner, and it is supposed murdered him about one mile from the fort, because he was lame and could not travel. His head was found, but his body was secreted, so it was never recovered. His wife took the head and managed to keep it in a com- plete state of preservation for many years. The body of Daniel Ewing was the first ever buried in Perry ville Cemetery. After this, Harberson's Fort was strengthened by an increase of emigrants from surrounding forts, and the inhabitants enjoyed peace. So, we see, the foundations of Perryvillle were baptized in blood. The happy fathers began to sing joyfully — 70 SKETCHES. "Where nothing dwelt but beasts of prey, Or men as fierce raid wild as they, We sow our fields, aud trees we plant. Whose yearly fruits supply our Avant." Next in order may be mentioned a host of men and matrons, intelligent and worthy, who succes- sively gave tone to societj^, tilled the soil, and ex- tended civilization. Among the most prominent were Warren, Briscoe, Durham, Bullock, Burton, Crow, Walker, Rains, Potts, Eulkerson, Crawford, liarberson, Ewing, Latimer, Mitchell, Hamner, Bilbo, Wade, Crane, Bottom, Bridges, Williams, Hart, Eisher, Yankee, Hartgrove, Boiling, Davis, McGinnis, Blackgrove, Greenwood, Sandifer, Comp- ton, Jeffries, Gash, Parks, Colter, Laws, Sweeney, and Calvert. It is not intended to hold up the lives and moral character of these men as models of pro- priety, for it must be confessed that many w^ere their aberrations from the path of virtue; but it may be safely assumed that they were noble speci- mens of a generation now passed away. Thus it is seen that Perry ville is one of the his- toric towns of the state. What it is at the present we all know ; a population numbering six hundred, with enterprisiDg merchants, industrious and sober mechanics, fine institutions of learning, and im- provements in turnpike roads that equal any town in the state. DANVILLE. 71 DANVILLE AS IT WAS FORTY YEARS AGO. The early settleDient and the names of the prom- inent inhabitants of this town have already passed into history. It is proposed here only to trace a few of the features of its society and institutions during a brief period (from 1826 to 1838^ in- clusive). Y/e may premise that Danville society, at the period referred to, partook of those vices common to the whole country. Although the people were somewhat aristocratic in feeling, and many of them professing the highest order of intellect, they had not yet acknowledged the superior claims of religion over pleasure and love of the world. As an evi- dence of this, in a town containing nearly one thousand inhabitants, surrounded by wealthy farm- ers tilling the best soil under the sun, they did not number more than thirty or forty communicants of all denominations of Christians, and in 1826 there was but one church building in the place. It is true. Center College had just been founded; the deaf and dumb asylum was open for the reception of pupils: Dr. Chamberlain was president of the former and John A. Jacobs superintendent of the latter insti- tution. Samuel K. Nelson, an eloquent preacher and a man much beloved, was pastor of the Presby- 72 SKETCHES. terian Church; Jolm llice and John Higgins repre- sented the Baptist Church; while Wm. Iloleman and Henry S. Duke conducted worship for the small class of Methodists. Never did Christian ministers labor with greater assiduity or zeal to build up the Redeemer's kingdom, and never were pious labors so signally crowned with success. There were daily accessions to all the churches, and prayer and praise were heard in almost every house. The moral aspect of the place was now greatly im- proved. In a short period of time the communicants of the different churches increased from thirty or forty to hundreds; places of worship were crowded with anxious hearers; benevolent contributions were made; and a general state of improvement (paving streets and making turnpikes) was every-where manifest. Danville, like every other town in the state, had its representative men, who gave tone to society. Among them, Barbour, Green, Birney, Tilford, Hope, Morrow, Bell, Mcllvoy, Russell, Rice, Fleece, McDowell, Reed, Caldwell, Cleramons, Tompkins, Prall, Gray, Ayres, Polk, Bowers, Crutchfield, Col- lins, Rochester, Davenport, Harlan, Jackson, Bat- terton, Garnett, Stewart, Weisiger, Fisher, Erwin, Thompson, Buchanan, Nichols, Yeiser, Proctor, Blackburn, Barbee, Breckinridge, Calhoun, Miller, C-ains, Nelson, and Smith. Among these were num- DANVILLE. 73 bered able professors, good divines, lawyers, doctors, merchants, and mechanics : all of them men whose acquaintance kings might covet, and be proud to call them brothers. They are not here presented as blameless in life, but they will challenge com- parison with those of any of their generation in talent, integrity, and generous bearing in their de- portment in society. The unfortunate whom they thought w^orthy were counseled and assisted in busi- ness. Many instances are known, where merchants and mechanics had failed, that the more fortunate made them loans of money without interest to start them again in business. To live in such a com- munity was to have your interests promoted, and your moral character defended. The literary institutions of the town became the nurseries of piety and sound morality, while the citizens generally contributed their full share to the growth and respectability of the place. In 1841 Boyle County was made out of Mercer and Lincoln Counties. The town of Danville now began to increase in population and wealth. But it may be doubted whether Danville of 1867 will compare with Danville of 1826 in all that is noble and praiseworthy. 74 SKETCHES. A COMPAEISON. Long time ago my uncle had a quarrel ^vitli his neighbor, M. Their farms joined, and the dispute was about a division fence. My uncle swore he would whip M. the first opportunity. The parties met, and my uncle got badly handled. Afterward, when any one pointed to his bruised face and black eyes, he would rave and swear that his long hair was the cause of his defeat. He went to the barber, had his hair cut close to the skin, and kept his head greased, and whispered to his friends that he in- tended to try M. again. But if he ever made any further demonstrations than the shavino; of his hair and greasing his head no one ever heard of it. THE APPLICATION. North and South had a quarrel about a division fence. South swore he would whip North on sight. They met, and South was badly handled. South cut oft' his hair and greased his head, and now promises his friends to try it again. But be as- sured no further demonstrations will ever be made by the South than shaving off the hair and greasing the head. A FABLE. 75 A FABLE. A HARE offered a -wasier to run ten miles against any other animal. The bet was taken by a terrapin. At the time appointed for the race they met; and, after the preliminaries were settled, both started for the goal. The hare was soon out of sight, while the terrapin made but poor progress. The hare, having accomplished half the distance, said : " I will turn aside and wait until the terrapin comes up." He sat down and soon fell into a profound sleep. Once in awhile he would j?;Wake and say to himself, *'My friend, the terrapin, is a long time coming up." Having taken another and another nap, he started for the goal, sure of winning the race. On his arrival, imagine his astonishment when he found the terrapin had passed him while he was asleep, and was now awaiting his arrival! THE MORAL. Many men start in life with fine prospects, and run swiftly the first half of the journey; but un- fortunately they turn aside to the grog-shop and various other haunts of vice, and when old are astonished that their poor, plodding companions have reached the goal of preferment and honor before them. 76 SKETCHES. A FABLE. A WELL-FED mastiff one day met a gaunt, half- starved wolf in the forest. After the common salu- tations among brutes of their kind, the wolf began to inquire of his sleek, fat friend how he kept in such good condition. The dog replied: "I live at a wealthy gentleman's house, where they have plenty to eat." Wolf — " What do you do to obtain such fare?" Bog — "Watch the house, keep off thieves, and play with the children." TFo?/'— "Can I get such fare for like services?" Dog — "Yes; go home with me and you shall fare sumptuously." They started to the gentleman's house; but on the road the wolf saw some hair rubbed off the dog's neck, and inquired how it was done. Dog — " 0, nothing but the mark of a collar." Wolf—'' Collar! What is that?" Dog — " 0, nothing, only the chain is fastened to it when they do not wish me to roam about." Wolf — " You wear a collar and chain, then?" Dog — ''Yes, sometimes." Wolf— "Then I must bid you good-bye and return, for I would rather starve in the wilderness than belong to any man and be well fed wearing a collar.^' MORAL. Much is said just now about slavery being better for the negro than freedom. If this is true, then the wolf made a bad choice. GEN. SPEED S. FRY. 77 GENERAL SPEED S. FRY. Kentucky owes a debt of gratitude to General Speed S. Fry not to be estimated in dollars and cents; yet, strange to say, at the congressional election of 1865, his district repudiated its part of the debt. "What if popular breath should damn the sun In his meridian glory? Dost thou think His beams would fall less brightly?" While I survey his martial form, his benignant countenance, his piercing black eye, and in my thoughts recur to his past life, I involuntarily envy him his history. It will be remembered that at his country's call in 1846 he mustered a company, and at its head marched off to the plains of Mexico; that he was in several hard-fought battles, and par- ticularly distinguished himself as a brave soldier at the battle of Buena Vista. At the close of the war he returned home to resume his profession as a law- yer. Then again, at the outbreak of the rebellion in 1861, while Kentucky was vibrating between neutrality and rebellion. Gen. Fry stepped for- ward to strengthen the hearts of Union men, and by his soul-stirring and patriotic speeches gathered around him the bone and sinew of the country to stand by the stars and stripes. Very soon his brave regiment was called to meet the enemy at To SKETCHES. Mill Springs. The rebels were commanded in tliat memorable battle by Gen. Zollicoffer. Gen. Fry and Gen. Zollicoffer met in honorable com- bat, and the latter fell. In conversation, Gen. Fry never refers to the circumstance; but I have no doubt his kind heart regets the necessity of the event, although it happened in honorable warfare. Gen. Fry has resigned his generalship; the sol- dier is now the citizen, beloved and kindly re- garded by all truly loyal men. SOUTHERN RIGHTS. For thirty years past a diligent search has been made for "southern rights." I remember when a boy that an exploring company was formed, with J. C. Calhoun as chief engineer, to make a diligent search for their lost rights. The corps was composed of the chivalry of the southern states. Although their labor was arduous, they persevered until 1832, when an ultimatum^ as they conceived, was gained, and the Governor of South Carolina issued a proclamation to that effect. But some doubted, and that stern old republican and patriot, General Jackson, issued a counter-proclamation, warning the explorers to desist from their efforts, or it might cost some of them trouble, if not their lives. After this the company carried on their work secretly for thirty SOUTHERN RIGHTS. 79 years ; then they announced their determination to find their "rights" or perish in the "last ditch." The company was increased. They elected Jeff. Davis chief engineer (J. C. Calhoun being dead), and started on a new career of investigation and search. For a few months, under the auspices of Mr. Buchanan's administration, they made great progress; but "The 'oest laid schemes o' mice and men Gang aft agley, An' lea'e us naught but grief and pain For promised joy ;" and they soon found themselves surrounded by in- surmountable difficulties. Sir John Franklin never was in greater straits in his polar expedition. To go back was impossible, and to go forward was ruin. Poor fellows 1 They pushed ahead, and for a time gained some ground. But vrhat human could con- tend with the fates? For four long years they were driven from point to point, and surged from east to west, and from north to^ south, by huge avalanches of potent human forms ready to crush them. They endured hunger and nakedness, cold and heat, sickness and death in pursuit of their ^'rights,'' and still the ignis-fatuus eluded their grasp. No spot of earth's surface was neglected in suing for help, but none was vouchsafed. They 80 SKETCHES. finally gave over the search in despair, declaring ''all is lost." The Yankees, however, seeing their dilemma, and knowing that surface explorations had failed, in pity to their desponding brethren, suggested that as southern rights were not to be found on terra firma, perhaps they might be found below the sur- face, where they have lain hid since the flood. Accordingly, companies of "live Yankees'^ were formed all over the country to bore if need be to that point "Where gravitation, shifting, comes The other way, and to some dread, unknown, Eternal center downward weighs." Their efforts now promise glorious results. " South- ern rights" already begin to bubble up from many fountains in Kentucky. "Thus doth the ever changing course of things Run a perpetual circle, ever turning; And that same day that highest glory brings Brings us unto the point of back returning." THE FIRST TEMPERANCE SOCIETY IN PERRYVILLE, KY. In the year 1831 the first temperance society was formed in Perryville, Kentucky. A sermon was preached by Rev. H. H. Kavanaugh (now METHODISTS. 81 Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South), after which five hundred and seven persons signed the " pledge to abstain from the use of spirituous liquors." The roll is in my possession, and meas- ures just four yards in length. Many of the signers are dead, and through life were faithful to their pledge; but not a few of the living, "like the dog, have returned to their vomit," and are now living monuments of bestial drunkenness. How would these gentlemen like to see their names given to the public, or will they please call and see the roll? I wish that a copy of this roll could be hung up in every tavern in the country, to be read by faith- less topers that resort thither. METHODISTS. I HAVE been an humble member of the Methodist Church for forty-three years, and when the Meth- odist Episcopal Church South seceded from the mother church, in order to perpetuate their favor- ite institution (negro slavery), myself, as well as others, viewed the movement as an opening wedge to attempt to dissolve the Union, and so declared to our brethren at the time. But, you know, the press and freedom of speech were prevented by legislation from attacking the monster evil of the South. This emboldened the seceders, and they began to claim, 7 82 SKETCHES. as a divine riglit, property in the colored race. This gave success to the seceding party among slave- holders in the South, and thousands were added to their churches. The small minority of preachers and laymen were powerless, and compelled to ac- quiesce. From the time of the separation until 1866, v/e saw no way of escape from our unpleasant situation. Thank God, the rebellion set us free; and I, with "the loyal eighteen," withdrew from a sectional church, that had for its chief corner-stone negro slavery. For this we have been persecuted and traduced. The Revs. Dandy, Northcott, Parsons, Johns, Harrison, Bruce, etc., are held up to the scorn of the world; and wherefore? Because the works of the seceders are wicked, and those of their loyal brethren righteous. I have long been ac- quainted v/ith ma.ny of "the eighteen," and know that they were recognized by almost the whole church as dear, pious brethren ; but no sooner did they assert their loyalty than rebels every-where denounced them, and ceased to love or honor them. NATURAL PHENOMENON. About ten or twelve years since, in the month of February, there was a cold rain, accompanied by freezing, for two days. The forests and garden- NATURAL PHENOMENON. 83 shrubbery were heavily clothed with icicles. The scene was sublime and imposing. The sky, after a while, became cloudless, and the bright rays of the sun were poured upon the e^.rth. The trees and shrubbery, clothed in ice, presented a panorama of surpassing beauty and grandeur. Each branch and twig seemed a prism, decomposing the rays of light, and reflecting all the colors of the rainbow. The whole heavens and earth appeared to be trans- formed into a brilliant, sparkling chandelier, emit- ting coruscations of light never equaled by human art. After the sleet had ceased to form, business called me to the North Rolling Fork. Reaching the foot of the mountain, I savf such destruction of the forest as is scarcely ever seen in the path of the severest tornado. It is true, trees were not up- rooted; but, as far as the eye could reach, the branches of the great oak, poplar, chestnut, beech, ash, and hickory had been hurled to the ground by a weight of ice almost incredible. Small hickory trees, one foot or more in diameter, had their tops bent to the ground, the enormous load of ice still adhering to the boughs, and holding them in that position. At the bottom of many large branchless trees lay icicles two or more feet deep, covered by the limbs from which they had been loosened in their fall. 'While I stood in the midst of the 84 SKETCHES. destruction and ruin, I could compare it to nothing I had ever beheld. If, however, I may be allowed a comparison, the forest looked as if some unearthly giant had passed through it, stripping the trees of their branches, and casting them to the ground. But the most singular feature of this destructive sleet is yet to be noticed. The greatest destruction of timber was in the northern gorges and on the slopes of the mountains, v^hile on their tops and southern acclivities little damage had been done. And again, the great weight of ice on the trees was confined to narrow strips of land running north and south, about three hundred yards in vvidth, with spaces between of the same width almost untouched. The m.arks of this destructive sleet will be visible for centuries to come, or until the branchless trees by decay or the ax are felled to the ground. LETTER TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON. Will you suffer an old man to address you a few thoughts? From my early youth my position has enabled me to be somewhat conversant w^ith public men and public measures. Forty years ago, as now, there were found in Congress two grand divisions in politics, which were perfect antipodes. In talent and influence, these two parties were nearly equal in the councils of the nation. Mr. Calhoun was the LETTER TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON. 85 embodiment of the Democratic or States Riajhts party, while Clay and Webster stood at the head of the Whig or National party. At first, it was not known what the ulterior plans of the Calhounites w^ere. However, it soon became apparent that they aimed at nothing short of retaining the offices which they now held possession of. As love of power in- creased, love of the Union decreased, until, in 1833, a southern rights party was organized to resist the Federal laws and compel submission to the will of South Carolina on the tariff question. Gen. Jack- son, then President, nipped the rebellion in the bud. This, however, did not humble the conspirators nor win their affections ; but they constantly affirmed in Congress that the south were an oppressed people, bearing the greater part of the burdens of govern- ment without an equal share of representation. With arguments like these they fired the southern heart ; but they did not resolve to strike for inde- pendence until it was manifest that they could no longer hold the principal offices in the hated gov- ernment, and until a sufficient number of the states could be pledged to act in concert with them. This being accomplished, Mr. Lincoln's election was seized upon as a pretext for resistance to the Federal authority. Here the great rebellion com- menced. Let us pause here and survey the ground over 8G SKETCHES. wliicli we liave traveled. Is it not clear that had this States Rights party elected their favorite can- didate. John C. Breckinridge, the nation vrould have been spared, at least for a season, the sea of blood and the millions of treasure it has cost to crush the most gigantic rebellion the Tvorld ever saw? Thej saw that power had slipped from their hands, and that, unless they could set up and maintain an inde- pendent government, the South was doomed to infe- riority in an equal participation of the offices. To set up an independent, government was as hazardous as the means to be used must be desperate. Hence, the first step taken was to seize arsenals and forts, rob the mint at New Orleans, and repudiate north- ern debts: then arm the citizens of eleven states, and send out their spies into eyerj stat« in the Union to corrupt and win to their cause officials, civil and military. After every preparation was made, they only asked ''to be let alone.'' If the life of the nation had not been at stake, the request might have been granted; but wisdom, patriotism, and self-respect as a nation forbade the pusillanim- ity of sacrificing the hopes of Christendom in man's capability for self-government. We had the alterna- tive presented us to put down the rebellion by force or become a "bv-word and a hissins: amons; the nations of the earth." Viewing the rebellion as wicked, and the conspira- LETTER TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON. 87 tors as the worst of all criminals, aiming a death-blow at the life of the nation itself, Union men every- where bared their bosoms to the storm of war for four long years before a gleam of hope cheered the hearts of the true patriot. But some were strong in faith. Among the number, you have been counted as one. For this devotion and zeal in your country's cause the people placed you only second to the la- mented Lincoln. I am no flatterer, but let me say that few if any regret that the mantle of the mar- tyred President fell upon your shoulders. You have a place to fill that might employ an angel's mind and require an angel's arm. You no doubt feel your re- sponsibilities to be great, and often exclaim, "Who is sufficient for these things?" You may bring an honest heart and more wisdom than falls to the lot of any one man to the work, and yet fall short of coming up to what your country requires for its safety and perpetuity. This much, at least, is expected of you : that all your official acts be marked with justice, as well as tempered with mercy. And no one should com- plain when the utmost scope is given by you to the claims of mercy; but it should be constantly kept before the mind that justice has claims that are par- amount upon the executive of the nation. "He that's merciful unto the bad Is cruel to the just." 88 SKETCHES. Executive clemency may pardon, but tlie good can never forget that the treason -which has brought the nation to the brink of ruin, and entailed upon posterity a debt of billions of dollars, ought to pay a forfeit greater than has been exacted of it. To place the matter in a fair light before the world, and show the heinousness of the crime of rebellion in this country, let us refer to its con- ception, its growth, its assumptions, and its acts. It was conceived by the disappointed ambition of one man, Mr. Calhoun; its growth was matured under the fostering care of bad men and reckless experimenters; its assumptions were illogical and arrogant — that a state of the Union had a right to secede at pleasure. Its acts were such as these: arming its citizens, taking possession of United States arsenals and forts, robbing banks, firing into steamboats on the Mississippi River, and firing upon Fort Sumter ; and, after the war Vf as in prog- ress, and they had taken prisoners, putting them in unhealthy pens, called prisons, where, from insufii- cient food and shelter, they were starved to death by thousands; and sending out their emissaries and spies into every state in the Union to plunder, burn, and murder. Added to these enormities, they com- missioned privateers to prey upon our commerce; and, greater than all, threatened and actually caused the assassination of the chief executive. LETTER TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON. 89 And now, after tliej are a conquered and subju- gated people, they ask again '-to be let alone'' — to be pardoned. Is this right? Is it just? Has not justice claims as well as rnercy? It is said, "It is godlike to forgive." It is also godlike to punish. God knows the heart, and Vv^hen the repentant prod- igal comes back he forgives. But have not the rebels come back with all their deep enmity and hate rankling in their bosoms ? They ask to escape punishment. But who has ever heard of one in- genuous confession from their lips? None. The poor old fanatic or madman, John Brown, rebelled against the authority and laws of Virginia, and with great pomp was hanged on the gallows, the crowd exulting in his execution. But petition after petition is sent up to the executive to pardon Jeff. Davis, Stephens, Lee, Breckinridge, etc., etc. Compared with these men John Brown was a saint, and his attempt at rebellion dwindles into a mere misdemeanor by the side of their gigantic rebellion, costing billions of money and a million of lives, and leaving more than a million of the inhabitants of the republic in deepest mourning. We can not, and humanity and the moral sense of the civilized world forbid us to, deal rigorously with all rebels ; but en- lightened Christianity and God himself would justify us in making examples of the leaders of the re- bellion of 1860. The traitor Burr hardly escaped 8 90 SKETCHES. Avith his life; Callioim was tlireatcned by a will that always accomplished what he purposed; yet, for- sooth, Davis and company must be pardoned. The least that the people can accept is, that the leaders in the late rebellion be banished from the country they tried to ruin. It is true, Wirz, and guerrillas professing to act by authority from the Confederate Government, have been executed; but this seems to be beginning at the wrong end of the line. Make examples of the leaders first. In reference to your veto of the Freedman's Bu- reau Bill, and your reconstruction policy, you may be right. I do not, however, comprehend or see the whole subject as you do; but, in looking around me, I discover that the leading men of the rebellion indorse your action in these matters. This makes the truly loyal take their steps with caution, lest they should sanction that which might cause pos- terity and their country to look upon them as co- workers in the work of ruin and death. Be assured, however, of this: if all ends well, no one will re- joice at the result more than Your humble servant. FACTS FOR HISTORY. 91 FACTS FOR HISTORY. CHAPTER I. In 1862 the Southern Confederate army entered Kentucky, in two divisions — one under Gen. E. Kirby Smith, to take possession of the eastern portion of the state ; the other under Gen. Braxton Bragg, to operate in the southern counties and make demon- strations toward Louisville. From the movements of the two grand columns, numbering over fifty thousand men in the whole, it seemed to be the plan to march from two points on Louisville, and possess it as head-quarters for further operations. At that time, the Union army that could be brought to bear against them numbered under twenty thousand. Less than half of this force met Gen. Smith near Richmond, Kentucky, and after a short engagement were disastrously defeated, and retreated upon Louisville. This made clear Gen. Smith's way to Lexington and Frankfort. There being but few Union troops in the western and southern portions of the state. Gen. Bragg marched almost unmolested until he reached Bardstown. Here he halted, sometimes making demonstrations toward Louisville, then toward Danville and Frank- fort, communicating with Gen. Smith. Gen. Bragg's army, or a great portion of it, marched and counter- marched three times between Bardstown and Dan- 92 SKETCHES. ville, recruiting and making speeches to the people- sometimes persuading, and then threatening them with conscription. Many of the youths joined them, while a greater number fled to Louisville, and joined the Union army. When Gen. Bragg was marching and counter-marching through Perryville, many of the citizens showed the greatest signs of joy; many shouted for Jeff. Davis and the Southern Confed- eracy; rebel flags were displayed by women and children ; and some were heard to exclaim, " 0, 1 am happy ! my savior has come !" Gen. Bragg's army was poorly clad, and worse fed, until they reached Kentucky. Here they for- aged on the country, paying for what they got, however, in Confederate bonds and printed tickets, commonly called shin-plasters. Many of the latter were printed upon coarse paper, with some one's name signed to them in pencil-marks; on the face, "pay- able at the corner, w^hen five dollars are presented." A financier among them got possession of a press in Frankfort, and printed many thousands of these tickets, and made them payable at his office in Danville. They were signed by a Mr. Stackpole. Whether this w^as his real name has not been learned. With this kind of trash (declared to be as good as gold or silver) in one hand and the bayonet in the other, they compelled the farmers and mer- chants to sell them their merchandise — bacon, flour, FACTS FOR HISTORY. 93 wheat, corn, etc. The reign of plunder and terror did not stop here; Union men were disarmed, and paroled not to take up arms against the Confederacy while they occupied Kentucky. !^ About the 20th of August, Generals Smith and Bragg entered Kentucky; and simultaneously Gen. Buell, with his fine army, numbering about forty thousand men, left Murfreesboro and Nashville, Tennessee, and by forced marches reached Louis- ville, by way of Eiizabethtown, thence to Salt River, thence to the city. Here he met veteran troops and new recruits from the north-western states. In less than three weeks he had organized his grand and invincible army, and was ready to move against the enemy. He made his advance in three columns — the first on Bardstown, the second on Frankfort, and the third through Taylorsville and Maxville — all to converge toward Perry ville, whither Bragg had retreated and was preparing to give battle. On Saturday and Sunday, October 4th and 5th, 1862, Gen. Bragg, Gen. Buckner, Gen. Polk, Gen. Cheat- ham, Gen. Wood, Gen. Ledbetter, and others were busy choosing their ground and making arrange- ments for the great conflict. They had possession of two fine springs, the only good fountains of water in the neighborhood, as there had been a drought for many weeks. Gen. Bragg was heard to say that the ground he had chosen and held 94 SKETCHES. "was the finest for a defensive battle he had ever beheki." On Monday morning at sunrise the thunder of cannon was heard at Springfield. It was music to every loyal ear, and sent a thrill of joy to every loyal heart, while it sounded as a death-knell to the rebel hosts. On Tuesday morning the sound of the cannon came nearer and nearer, until the rebel pickets were driven in, and a portion of the Union army camped in the Springfield road within three miles of Perryville. Now every thing was ready for the decisive struggle. On Wednesday morning, the 8th, under an almost cloudless sky, picket-firing commenced, and the artillery duel was sharp and prolonged. This continued up to one o'clock, P. M., when the continuous roar of cannon and the rattle of small arms plainly told that a great battle was in progress. At the commencement of the battle some raw troops were repulsed by the rebels on the right, and this created much confusion for a short time; but, after considerable ground had been lost, that lion-hearted patriot. Gen. Rousseau, put his cap upon the point of his sword and dashed along the line, where shot and shell rained death, shouting, " My brave boys, I know you will never desert me in the day and hour of danger." Then the hottest of the conflict began. The wave of the rebel arms was stayed. The left of the Union army FACTS FOR HISTORY. 95 had been driven back over half a mile. While this was soinoc on, the Union array had driven back the rebels on its left about one mile. At one o'clock, when the battle commenced, the lines were south- west and north-east, and at the going down of the sun the lines were swung round, and pointed south and north. Two divisions only of the Union army, number- ins: not more than twentv thousand men, were engaged in the battle, while Gen. Buell, through obstinacy or a worse spirit, held back the finest troops ever mustered into the service, and suffered the brave men under Generals Rousseau and McCook to sustain almost a defeat. The night after the battle the rebel army began a precipitate retreat, and on the morning of the 9th only their pickets were to be seen. A visit to the battle-field on this day evinced that it had been a sanguinary conflict. The dead and wounded seemed almost balanced on both sides. Both were provided for, and the dead of either side buried as soon as possible. Bragg's army fled through Danville and Stanford, thence through Somerset. Thus ended the boasted rebel supremacy in Kentucky. This sketch is not intended as a detail of ihe rebel invasion of Kentucky, but only to give some of the prominent facts, to be hereafter recorded in 96 SKETCHES. history, of the great battle of Perry ville, or, as it is sometimes called, "Chaplin Hills," and its antece- dents. Some of the facts are from reliable sources, Tvhilc others are given from personal presence. CIIAPTEE, II. On the second morning after the battle of Perry- yilie, or Chaplin Hills, I visited the battle-field. In passing out on the Springfield road, the fencing was all leveled to the ground — here and there a dead rebel. After proceeding about one mile, I came to a com- pany of Union soldiers, who had collected ten or twelve of their dead comrades and were preparing to bur}^ them. Thence I proceeded to Mr. Peter's house, meeting on the way more than ten thousand Union troops, pressing toward Perryville; and, in the rear of these troops, hundreds of men who had fled from their homes during Bragg's occupancy of the state. They were now returning to their homes. The first hospital I entered was Mr. Peter's house. tiere were about two hundred wounded soldiers, lying side by side on beds of straw. Notwith- standing the}^ were wounded in every possible Avay, there was not heard among them a groan or com- plaint. In the orchard close by a long trench had been dug, in which to bury the dead; about fifteen were lying in a row, ready for interment. I passed on northward, and saw on either hand ;. I FACTS FOR HISTORY. 97 dead men and dead horses, canteens, muskets, car- tridge-boxes, broken ambulances, coats, hats, and shoes, scattered thick over the ground. I reached Mr. Russell's white house, that has been made famous in the report of General Buell. Here was the center of the great battle. Tlie house was dotted over with hundreds of marks of musket and cannon balls. All around lay dead bodies of the soldiers — Union and rebel. Many long trenches were ready-made for their burial. In a skirt of woods close by v,^ere scattered hundreds of the dead of both armies. The whole scene beggars descrip- tion. The ground was strewn with soiled and torn clothes, muskets, blankets, and the various accouter- ments of the dead soldiers. Trees not more than one foot in diameter contained from twenty to thirty musket-balls and bwck-shot, put into them during the battle. Farms all around were one unfenced common. I counted four hundred and ten dead men on a small spot of ground. My heart grew sick at the sight, and I ceased to enumerate them. I continued my visit in an easterly direction, and for more than a mile every-where the same evidences of battle and death were manifest. I noticed at one spot six dead horses, the entire team of a rebel cannon. Turning my steps south toward Perry- ville, I saw dead rebels piled up in pens like hogs. I reached my home, praying to God that 98 SKETCHES. I miglit never again be called upon to visit a battle-field. This is but tlie first part of the avvful drama. For more than ten days after the battle the field hospitals, except Antioch Church and Mr. Good- night's farm, were being cleared of the wounded; the two above excepted contained about three hun- dred of the wounded. All the churches and public buildings, together w^ith most of the private houses, in Perryville, were employed as hospitals. Thou- sands of the wounded were brou2;ht in and made as comfortable as possible. For months attentive surgeons and rich sanitary stores were furnished, together with voluntary contributions from the sur- rounding country. There was scarcely a house for ten miles around that was not encumbered, more or less, with the sick and wounded. All seemed to bear their burdens and contribute of their substance cheerfully to relieve the sufferings of the unfortunate soldier. For months hundreds of the wounded died every week. PERRYVILLE NxVTIONAL CEMETERY. In pursuance of orders from General Thomas, a corps of workmen, under the direction of Colonel R. N. Batcheldor, have just finished the noble and delicate work of collecting and re-interring the re- PERRYVILLE NATIONAL CEMETERY. 99 mains of Union soldiers who had fallen in the battle of the 8th of October, 1862. The spot of ground chosen for the cemetery is one mile and a half from the town of Perryville, on the Springfield turnpike, on an eminence overlooking the whole battle-field in a north-easterly direction. It is a square, con- taining just two acres, inclosed by a solid stone wall five feet in height, and two and a half feet thick at bottom and two at top, with a Jarge stone ca.p. On the north side are two gates, aff'ording entrance for footmen or carriages. In the center of the grounds is a vacant space fifty-two feet square, on which it is intended to erect a suitable monument. Leading to this vacant space are eight carriage roads, ten feet wide — one coming from each corner, and one from the center of each side. The grounds are thus divided into eight triangular plats, the apex of each stretching toward the monument, and its base par- allel with the outer wall. Just within the wall, and surrounding the graves, is a walk twelve feet in width. Commencing at this outer walk, the graves are arranged in rows, the feet toward the monu- ment, the length of the tiers successively decreas- ing to the center. A space of five feet is left between each tier, and two and a half feet between the graves themselves. By the order of General Thomas, agents em- ployed in this work were directed "to discharge L.iFC. 100 SKETCHES. their duty in the most careful and orderly manner; to pay the most scrupulous attention to the dis- covery and preservation of all marks of identity; to minutely record the precise locality from which each body may be removed, making a correct tran- script of all inscriptions which may be found on the head-boards, carved upon trees, or deposited with the body in the grave." To carry out this purpose, the officer directing the disinterment was furnished with a printed form, which was carefully filled out at the grave or trench, and transmitted with the bodies to the cemetery. The officer in charge of re-interment has entered against each name the section and number of the grave in which the body is deposited, and has set at the head of every such grave a stake, on which is carved the same number as that in the printed form. These forms are made out in duplicate, and attested by both of the above officers. By this system, in case any stake should be removed or destroyed, the grave may still be identified, and the marks re- placed. In all cases where it was possible, the dead of the same regiment or state have been buried in sections by themselves, in such a manner as to admit of monumental or other ornamentation by surviving comrades or the states in whose service they were enlisted. The number interred in the Perryville National METHODIST CHURCH IN DANVILLE. 101 Cemetery is nine hundred and sixty-nine. The same corps performed a similar work near Rich- mond, Kentucky, where they re-interred two hun- dred and thirty-four in a suitable cemetery. METHODIST CHURCH IN DANVILLE. The history of our beloved Zion in every locality should be a matter of interest. It is true, we have occasionally biographical notices of the pious dead, with some thrilling incidents in the lives of partic- ular individuals ; but, as far as I am advised, very few have taken it in hand to write the history of particular churches. The reason, perhaps, is that in doing so the narrator exposes himself to envious criticism. In full view of the responsibility to be incurred, I undertake to give some account of the great re- vival of religion in Danville, which commenced in the year 1826. Valentine Cook, that eccentric and holy man of God, came as one "crying in the wilderness. Pre- pare ye the way of the Lord." All the region round about Danville went out to hear him. He wore not soft raiment, neither did he lodge in kings' houses. Wherever he went he preached re- pentance, and told the people "The kingdom of heaven is at hand." He threaded the forests; he 102 SKETCHES. entered into the towns : all heard him gladly. Sin- ners were "pricked in their hearts;" and many cried out, " Men and brethren, what shall we do ?" His successor in the field of labor was that sainted father, Nathaniel Harris, whose holy life and urban- ity endeared him to the hearts of all. He was the very man to reap where Cook had sown. In 1825-6 he w^as appointed to the Danville circuit. His col- league was Evan Stevenson, a stripling of eighteen years. Here were contrasted the prudence and deep divinity of seventy years with the fervor and eloquence of youth. No wonder, then, that their labors were blessed in turning many to righteous- ness. They commenced preaching in the old court- house; but Father Harris was soon compelled to retire from the work because of the infirmities of age, and Lewis Parker, a laborer of the first class in his Master's vineyard, succeeded him. The court- house, though large, could not contain their hearers. The market-house was substituted. Deep impres- sions were made, and several precious sheaves were gathered. In 1826-7 Rev. Wm. Holeman and Rev. Henry S. Duke were sent to Danville circuit. They en- tered upon it in the spirit of their Master. The harvest was now fully ripe, and they thrust in the sickle and reaped bountifully. At this period the class consisted of Mrs. E. Fleece, Mrs. N. Crutch- METHODIST CHURCH IN DANVILLE. 103 field, Miss Elizabeth Wheeler, Miss Elvira Crutch- field, and Aunt Rachel Mcllvoy and Aunt Sarah Carter — the two latter colored women. "Jacob is small; by whom shall he arise?" Nearly all the members named assisted in prayer-meetings. They were not ashamed of the gospel of Christ. The first-fruits of their labors were Mrs. Robin- son, D. F. Robinson, Miss Polly Bradburn, Mrs. P. Tompkins, John Tompkins, Mrs. Dorcas Steward, Captain Wm. Steward, James Carter, his wife and four children. Dr. John Fleece, Thos. Gray and wife, and many others, whose Christian experience would fill volumes of deep interest. The Lord added to their number daily. Other denominations were watered. Candor compels the statement here, that at least half the fruit was gathered by the other denominations. Many came to us and said, " We have been convicted and converted under the preaching of your ministers; we love the Methodist Church; but your church is small: here are the college and learned ministers." I fear that motives like these prove a snare to thousands. Policy sends many to Tophet. Brother Holeman and Brother Duke labored as- siduously, and went from house to house, and the Lord was with them. Instead of six members, the church soon numbered over fifty. The common in- quiry on the streets was, " Who was converted at 104 SKETCIIE!?. class, or at tlie prayer-meeting, last niglit':'* '• Wlio joined the clmrch?" When the preachers were ab- sent. Brother James King, of precious memory, and the class-leader, assisted hv the sisters, conducted the prayer-meeting. On Sunday nights particu- larly the congregations were large. Shouting and loud praise to God crowned every coming together. Aunt Eachel and Aunt Sarah were heard with de- light *' giving glory to God." What church would tolerate such worship at the present day? Harrodsburg and Danville were now taken from the circuit and made a station. Good church edifices soon went up at both points, and Brother Holeman received the appointment to the new work. After him, through a series of years of prosperity and great peace, Peter Akers, H. H. Kavanaugh, Milton Jamieson. Jonathan Stamper, George McXelly, etc., filled the station, assisted at quarterly meetings by George C. Light, Wm. Adams, George Taylor, J. G. Bruce, etc. Who of the brethren named deserves the highest praise for their devotion to the interests of the station, it would be diflicult to decide. Suffice it to say, Danville and Harrodsburg at the present time make two good and prosperous stations. That gifted and rare specimen of human kind, J. X. Maffit, made two special visits to Danville. At each visit a great shaking among the dry bones was witnessed. Many this day bless God that they ever sat under his ministry. METHODIST CHURCH IN PERKYVILLE. 105 Finally, I may say that the foundations of the moral influences now operating in Danville, its public institutions, and the prosperity of the churches were all laid in the tears and p>rayers of the church, and amid the shouts of its membership. " The Lord knoweth them that are his." METHODLST CHURCH IN PERRYVn^LE. From an early date, the citizens of Perryville enjoyed occasionally sermons from itinerant preach- ers, as they passed through the country; but, from its close proximity to Durham's Chapel, little prog- ress was made in forming a distinct society until the year 1858, when that zealous man of God, John C. C. Thompson, was sent on the Perryville circuit. He commenced a protracted meeting, assisted by Dr. Hicks, then stationed at Danville, and Rev. Sniveley, of Xicholasville. From the beginning of the services great interest was manifested, which increased in intensity until the whole populace were moved. The number of converts and the ingather- ing into the church of all classes of society was great. The meeting continued for many weeks. At its close, the brethren proposed to erect a suitable church in which to worship. Accordingly, a large subscription was raised and the house pjut under contract. A gentleman — Jordan Peter, Esq., one 9 106 SKETCHES. of the new converts — besides giving a large sum of money for the enterprise, gave his whole soul to the superintendence of the work, and by the fall season the house was dedicated to God by a sermon from C. B. Parsons, of Louisville. The sermon w^as perhaps the most happy and eloquent of his many pulpit efforts. Text, "There shall be an handful of corn in the earth upon the top of the mountains; the fruit thereof shall shake like Lebanon : and they of the city shall flourish like grass of the earth." Psalm Ixxii., 16. After this, Perry ville became a rendezvous of Methodism, and prospered greatly under the pas- torate of many ministers. In the year 1864 that noble-hearted, pious lady, Mrs. Margaret McGinnis, died, and bequeathed to the church her beautiful cottage residence as a par- sonage. The chapel at Durham's was now removed, and the whole membership identified with the Perryville church. Among the departed may be mentioned Mrs. Mitchell, Mrs. McGinnis, Mrs. L. Stockton, Mrs. E. Polk, Mrs. Peter, and Jordan Peter, Esq. It may be thought invidious to mention Jordan Peter, Esq., as a large contributor to the erection of the Methodist Church in Perryville to the ex- clusion of the names of other brethren. He has woman's rights. 107 gone to Ms reward; tliey still survive, and can not wish eulogies on their liberality held up before their eyes. The Methodist Church at the present time (1867) ought, from the number of its members, its nice church-building, and its parsonage, to form one of the strongest stations in Kentucky. WOMAN'S RIGHTS. "Fee simple, and a simple fee, And all the fees in tail, Are nothing when compared to thee, Thou best of fees — fe-male." Every woman has a right to a husband. Every woman has a right to a home. Every woman has a right to a well-furnished larder. Every woman has a right to a good garden. Every woman has a right to pocket-change. Every woman has a right to thread and needles. Every woman has a right to convenient furniture, beds, bedding, cooking untensils, cupboard-ware, etc. Every woman has a right to carry the keys, direct the cooking, and superintend the arrangements of the house, as well as govern the children — subject to an appeal. Every w^oman has a right to the company of her husband, except during business hours. Every woman has a right to exemption from the polluting breath of the drunkard and from profane oaths. Every woman 108 SKETCHES. has a right to kind words and the confidence of her husband. Every woman has a right to a new bon- net! Accord to women these rights, and there Avill be but few unhappy matches. "Know, then, tliis truth (enough for man to know), That woman's rights is happiness below." MAN'S RIGHTS. "Though fools spurn Hymen's gentle powers, We who improve his golden hours By sweet experience know That marriage, rightly understood. Gives to the tender and the good A paradise below." Every man has a right to a wife. Every man has a right to a comfortable living. Every man has a right to rule his own house. Every man has a right to disburse the money of the family. Every man has a right to the smiles of his w^ife when he returns home from business. Every man has a right to talk politics and vote at elections. Every man has a right to hold office, provided he is capable of filling it. Every man has a right to respect, accord- ing to his merits. Every man has a right to obedi- ence from his children. Every man has a right to clean shirts ; to have his buttons all on ; his unmen- tionables patched; his socks darned; to wear his beard long or short; to gallant his own wife; to • CHILDREN'S RIGHTS. 109 think she is pretty; to talk in her presence; to speak his opinion freeij; to call her duck, honey, dear, dearest, or angel — then to have a sweet kiss for his manliness. "0, pleasant is the welcome kiss When day's dull care is o'er, And sweet the music of the step That meets us at the door!" CHn.DREN'S EIGHTS. "I sported in my tender mother's arms, I rode a-horseback on my father's knee; Alike were sorrows, passions, and alarms. And gold, and Greek, and love, unknown to me." Every child has a right: 1. To the tender care of its parents; 2. To its mother's breast; 3. To stronger food at proper age; 4. To cry or laugh, as surrounding objects fret or please; 5. To loose gar- ments; 6. To go barefoot; 7. To run, jump, and play in the open air; 8. To be exempt from that family plague, a nurse; 9. To chase butterflies and pluck wild flowers; 10. To gather nuts; 11. To eat ripe fruits; 12. To go to grandpa's. These rights denied, 0, how miserable is child- hood ! Parents should avail themselves of every help to rear their children with reference to the develop- ment of their physical and moral natures. The first right of a child is perhaps properly appreciated and 110 SKETCHES. acted upon. The second is too often denied- Fash- ionable ladies leave the nursing of their children to serrants. and gossips that step in to see the little stranorer. Every thing but a mother's breast is artificial food. The third, strong food, is not ap- propriate for all children at the same age. The derelopment of the w/rniora and molo/m indicate the proper time to change. The fourth are natural emotions of the mind. Thej develop and expand the lungs. They may be restrained, but should never be entirely suppressed- The fifth is a plai^ dictate of common sense. The sixth hardens and invigorates the nervous system. The seventh affordB«aU not paru, iwr turn of r.'-'.-i. But er*n in infanej ^tbt^tf-At Wk»t tbi«, whiat th' other Ji-oft r;.^,. i>; iJST. Tt: . , _ ___ /,; K\>vSv y , - ^. . : 2fc >se:;:>r:ieii5 oi" Kerb's "It. His :l - ,L KAY. He i$ eagaig^e^ ia ^eilis^ a ^iirt^aj: i!iC£j,^t v>iie mile est^^ v>f ^itte^e we sto^w s^ii. .3^^ v^" iW tVrf Wi }>!3iaie\i 3i s^^fcill ifeeM e< vvmix p«v>- :^^:- ^ ' ^^ :V5KV. Tise steJvi - \ -^^ :^-- ^ -- -;:i.^ 3i]avi iw\> itnti-- ;?. Oae Kes»ft^it\al sass^er^s ^s^vM^iia^ «» oW ?s\>^>^^2i^3i!ai r^Toh :^f <^:"~^ 'r'^ . ^ ■ : " '' . - : " ' - ' ~ ' ; :^ -^ :r^:v:v , . . . . ,^ ihiia^ ri^i, I li^ $!i?>e« s^^jg^ i^ exe*iia^ Wivw? lii^jii c\^xiiav>?\i xae iJicsk? lnvfecjms we^re m lite aei^gV V>r>>>vi^ s\> I Ki3i ctfcB ,^^ '":^ ,^M S.\ :v*hr5i3Ui *avi s-ee if :ifcl) w^st weH. As^ I , ,\^ ihe field I ^w\ ;jk)K>ttl IW\> ikiillkxttw) TtMvk i» ;j|vtv^Uft\V v>f Mie^ *ttd be^weea i»e wid i^-. /' V :»ri;uvs T^^rii^v He Ve^>i cji ^l^^. . ^ *a ^,-#» ^^^,'. 112 SKETCHES. the Scotchman when plowing toward him, then he moved nearer as the Scotchman went toward the other end of the fiehl. This maneuver the savage performed three different times. Each time as the Indian advanced on the Scotchman I advanced on the Indian. The decisive moment, had now come, as I was not more than fifty yards from the Indian, and the Indian not more than fifty yards from the Scotchman. I saw the Indian attempt to level his rifle, but as quick as thought I let off my old trusty Bessy. At its sound the Indian sprang forward and fell, discharging his rifle as he fell, but without effect. The Scotchman let go the handles of the plow and ran with such force as to make a breach in the brush fence. I called to him several times, which seemed only to increase his flight. I followed, and when I arrived at the fort the Scotchman was telling his fellows about his escape from a whole band of In- dians. I explained the whole affair, but they would not believe me until I conducted them to the field and gave them a full account. We took the dead Indian's scalp and returned in triumph to the fort." The old hero rises and says to the company: *' Gentlemen, when I meet you again, I will give some more incidents connected with border life and Indian fighting." THE BATTLE OF THE BOARDS. 113 THE BATTLE OF THE BOARDS. In the early settlement of Kentucky, when the Indians still roved through our dense forests, plun- dering and murdering the white . inhabitants, three men left Harrbd's Station to search for their horses that had strayed off. They pursued their trail through the rich pea-vine and cane, that every- where abounded, for many miles. Frequently on their route they saw signs that a party of Indians were in their vicinity, hence they took every step cautiously. Thus they traveled all day. Toward night fliey were many miles from home, but they continued their search until darkness and a cold rain that began to fall drove them to take shelter in an old deserted log-cabin, thickly surrounded by cane and matted over with grape-vines. After they had gained this pleasant retreat they held a consul- tation, and agreed not to strike a fire, as the Indians, if any in the neighborhood, knew the location of the cabin, and, like themselves, might take shelter in it, and murder or expel the white intruders. Finally, the three now in possession concluded to ascend into the loft of the cabin, the floor of which was clapboards, resting upon round poles. In their novel position they lay down quietly side by side, each man holding his trusty rifle in his arms. Thus arranged, they awaited the results of the night. 10 114 SKETCHES. Thej had not been in their perilous position long when six well-armed Indians entered the cabin, placed their guns and other implements of warfare in one corner of the house, struck a light, and began to make the usual demonstrations of joy on such occasions. One of our heroes wished to know the number of the Indians — he was the middle man of the three, and was lying on his back — and, as hilarity and mirth "grew thick and fast" among the Indians, he attempted to turn over and get a peep at things below. His comrades caught him on each side to keep him from turning over, and in the struggle one of the poles broke, and with a tremen- dous crash the clapboards and the three men fell in the midst of the Indians, who with a loud yell of terror fled from the house, leaving their guns, and never returned. The three men who had thus made a miraculous escape from the savage foe remained all night in quiet possession of the cabin, and in the morning returned to the station with their trophies. Whenever the three heroes met in after life they laughed over their strange deliverance, and what thev called Tlie Battle of the Boards. This story was related to me by Dr. Tomlinson, late of Harrodsburg, Kentucky, who received it from the mouth of one of the parties. GLAD I OWNED NO HORSE. 115 GLAD I OWXED NO HORSE. On the day of , 18 — , Judge J and myself left Perryville on horseback to go into the country about five miles. We had heard that horse- thieves were in the neighborhood, and we took great care to watch our horses, and not leave them alone. We arrived at a gentleman's house just at twelve o'clock. The family was called to dinner. The gentleman had a beautiful and accomplished daugh- ter, his only child. She had just returned home from a boarding-school, where she had received a diploma from able instructors. The father's heart was filled with joy. It was a reception dinner. The gay, the beautiful, and the elite of the neigh- borhood were present. We were announced by a servant. The gentleman came out. Judge J , my traveling companion, told him the object of our visit was to see his daughter's diploma, as we had been told it was very flattering and very beautiful. The delighted father invited us to alight and dine with him. We hesitated to leave our horses unpro- tected; he insisted; and, after a short parley, we hitched not ten yards from his door, and entered the stately mansion. We were well received, and never before had my eyes beheld such an assem- blage of youth and beauty. The fair graduate had not yet left her seat at the piano, where she had 116 SKETCHES. been playing sweet airs for the enraptured com- pany; her delicately-tapered and snowy-white fin- gers still rested on the keys. She arose, and at the announcement of our names advanced with a smile that rivaled that of Venus, and soft yet sparkling eyes that would have sent light and heat into the darkest and most frigid recesses of a bachelor's heart. She conducted us to choice seats at the table. The viands were delicious, and as change after change was made, each dish had a better flavor than the one that preceded it. We ate and quaffed and talked, and ate and quaffed and talked again, until we exclaimed : "We can not think of sorrow now, and doubt If e'er we felt it; 't is so dazzled from Our memory by this oblivious transport." The sun was now beginning to cast its shadows toward the east. The diploma was brought forth and presented with a modest grace that bespoke a sensitive mind, and at the same time conscious merit. The crowd read, admired, and praised — " the parchment was almost transparent; the plate on which it was printed was beautiful in design and neat in execution ; the signatures of the professors were elegant." The conversation was then turned to other subjects, and the visitors began to disperse. The Judge and myself enjoyed the feast, the wine, and social mirth, but we were extremely delighted GLAD I OWNED NO HORSE. 117 with the gracious smiles and sweet music of the fair graduate. "But it is past — bright transient gleam Of sunshine in life's dreary waste, Even as some half-remembered dream Of happier times — 'tis past! 'tis past!" We bade adieu to all. But, horror of horrors ! my horse was gone ! My horse was stolen, saddle and bridle — all gone ! Judge J and myself in- dulged in many surmises — "We were sold; we were taken in a snare." All this was whispered in an undertone of voice, for many that had dined with us stood round about condoling with us, and won- dering at the boldness of the thief. They threatened to pursue and lynch the rascal if found. I declined their services. But Judge J kindly offered to let me ride behind him, and we would pursue the track of the horse, and perhaps recover him. We started off at full gallop. The Judge seemed to be very comfortable before; but, me! it did not fare so well with me behind. We had proceeded thus about four miles, through thick forests and across dangerous streams, when suddenly we came upon a camp of gypsies, about one hundred in number, reclining upon their packs, their fire-arms in their hands. We approached, but very cautiously, you may be sure. When, shade of Morgan ! what did I behold ? My own favorite Matchless in the midst of the camp, the saddle and 118 SKETCHES. bridle not yet stripped off. The Judge and I were in a fix; and, as you know "prudence is the better part of valor," we politely asked to have our for- tunes told. The eldest witch in the company told us to " cut the cards,^' and the Judge went forward and cut for us both, while I held the horse. After looking very grave for a few moments, and occa- sionally casting her eyes toward heaven, as if con- sulting her guardian spirit, she said : " Gentlemen, I perceive you have been attending a convivial dinner party; you were well feasted; the music was enchanting; the diploma was beautiful." Then she cast her eyes again upon the cards that lay spread before her, when she started back, as if some new vision or revelation was just made to her mind, and said : " I perceive you lost a horse at the party. You will never recover him, as he is now twenty miles from this place." This was too much, for I could at that moment have reached out my hand and stroked the glossy skin of my highly-prized MatcJiless. My prudence forsook me — my blood was at 100 Fahrenheit — I was preparing a blow at the old woman's head — when I awoke, and ivas glad I owned no horse, and that it was all a di^eam ! "Dreams are but interludes which fancy makes; When .monarch Reason sleeps, this mimic wakes; And many monstrous forms in sleep we see Which neither were, nor are, nor e'er can be." drunkard's dream. 119 "DRUNKARD'S DREAM." I RETURNED home one night from a saloon and threw myself down upon my bed, undressed, and was soon in a profound sleep, when I dreamed that years before that date I had married a beautiful wife, one of my own choice; that my ample fortune not only supplied us with the necessaries but the luxuries of life. I dreamed that we took position in the best society, and were courted and flattered by a large circle of friends. We were thought to be the happiest pair in all the land. I dreamed that my wife was known in the streets by her buoy- ant step and cheerful countenance; our children grew up like "olive plants about our table;" they were proud to call me father. I dreamed I pros- pered in business — my name was associated with all that was good and great — I had unbounded credit; posts of honor were bestowed upon me by the voice of the people; I was elected to Congress; I was elected Governor; I was elected to the Senate of the United States. I dreamed that by electioneer- ing for these oiBices I had acquired my first habit of dram-drinking. At first I only tasted, to show myself sociable. But I had so many friends — they must all be treated alike. Then landlords were so clever — they controlled a great many votes. I dreamed that the practice of drinking and treat- 120 SKETCHES. ing thus stole upon me ; so from occasional drinking I became a regular customer at the bar. I had many boon companions ; they flattered and praised me more than ever. I stayed out late at night, and only returned home to chide my angel of a wife, if I could only find the least thing wrong in her manner of housekeeping. Then I dreamed my children began to shun me ; my wife no longer wore her wonted smile; my popuhxrity waned; my acceptances were no longer at par. All saw that I was hurrying on to bankruptcy and ruin. I dreamed my wife's health failed. The doctor told us she was laboring under heart-disease. I proposed to travel, to visit medical springs. My mind was bewildered, for I still loved her. I made many resolves to reform — to do better. I would decline office; I would take the 2^^^'^9^ > ^ would join the temperance society. I dreamed that in a few weeks my wife died, broken-hearted. Still I visited the grog-shop, indeed every place where whisky and brandy were sold. My poor orphan children were neglected, and not half provided for. I could not bear to hear their cries, so I went again to the grog-shop. I found there my old companions. We quafied the flowing bowl, and indulged in the indecent jests and ribaldry of such places. I dreamed I returned home at twelve o'clock at night, and threw myself down upon my bed, cursing bad luck, cursing God, and THE ONLY GHOST I EVER SAW. 121 cursing my associates who had led me to ruin. I dreamed my eyes were bloodshot, my face — indeed my whole body — bloated, and sent out a strong stench of whisky and brandy. I awoke, and lo ! it was all reality. "0, brandy! Tbrandy! bane of life, Spring of tumult, source of strife; Could I but half thy curses tell, The wise would wish thee safe in hell." THE ONLY GHOST I EVER SAW. When Kentucky was almost a wilderness, the people were in the habit of gathering their neigh- bors together to help them build their log-cabins, and roll the logs on the new ground they were clearing. When the labors of the day were over, the violin was introduced, and boys and girls, old men and their wives, partook of the fun and frolic. "Alike all ages, dames of ancient days Have led their children thro' the mirthful maze; And the gay grandsire, skilled in gestic lore, Has frisked beneath the burden of three-score." The dance had continued until a late hour of the night, and the company began to leave. I had a dark and unbroken forest to travel throuo;h in order to reach home. I had no one to accompany me. I took the small beaten path, and had proceeded about 122 SKETCHES. a mile, thinking on tlie pleasures of the past, and wondering who, of all the rosy-cheeked and bright- eyed damsels that night in the dance, would become my wife, when I heard the piteous cry of some lost child, as I supposed. I turned round and beheld a form about three feet high, standing erect not five feet from me. I first spoke to it; no answer. I approached it; it receded from me, but still kept up its piteous cry. I walked on, for I could not quicken my pace on account of the profound dark- ness ; it followed. I began to think of all the ghost stories I had ever heard. I frequently turned round and attempted to catch it in my hand, but without success. Once, when it seemed to stand still, I reached out my open hand, and poising it directly over the head of the apparition, I carried it down slowly nearly to the ground. I felt nothing. My hair stood on end; a cold tremor ran through my whole frame; all the errors and sins of my life crowded into my mind in an instant of time. I thought of home and friends far away. What to do I could not tell. However, I ventured forward, and soon came to an open spot of ground. Still the child, animal, ghost, or whatever it was, cried after me. I turned round again, reached out my hand as before to grasp it; but, horror of horrors! my hand descended lower and lower, I grasped and grasped, and felt nothing until my hand reached the LOVE POWDERS. 123 ground, when I picked up — what do you think? A ghost. No, gentle reader, a poor little half-starved kitten! From that time forth I have never believed in ghosts. LOVE POWDERS. It is not perhaps known to one in a hundred of the youth of the present time (1867) that this wonder-working medicine was ever used by the fathers at the first of the present century. It was discovered by a poor mechanic of G , a native Kentuckian. Notwithstanding he enjoined great secrecy on those who purchased and used it, yet his fame and the utility of his medicine got abroad, and he had many customers. I was so fortunate as to be indentured as an ap- prentice in the very town in which he lived. I was a well-grown boy, about seventeen years of age, and it was my habit to visit my aged mother once a fortnight, who lived four miles in the country. About half-way between the village and my mother's house there lived rather a wealthy farmer, Mr. C , who had two beautiful daughters, Mary and Rebekah. Mary was the eldest, and very lovely in form and feature. Rebekah was her junior by about two years. The family record, into which I got a sly glance months afterward, made her twenty-four 124 SKETCHES. years old, altliougli slie called herself eighteen. She had an exquisite form, auburn hair, hazel eyes, a delicate hand, small foot, the neck of a swan, her mouth handsomely chiseled, and her teeth rivaling pearls. To see her was to love her. " Love drew her image on my heart of hearts, And memory preserves it beautiful." One day, as I was passing to the country, I ven- tured to call at the gate and ask for a drink of water. Miss Rebekah came to the door and invited me into the house. I declined, telling her it was late and I must get on. She then asked me if I would have a glass of sweet cider. I thanked her, and she brought it out. I drank it, bade her good evening, and passed on. That night, you may be sure, my mind was troubled; for, after the cidey-, love entered into me. I rolled and tossed upon my bed until midnight, occasionally uttering a half- suppressed groan. My mother, who was very infirm, and consequently a wakeful person, called to me to know if I was sick. I answered, " Not muchr I then heard her say, "Poor boy, he labors so hard, the walk home is too much for his feeble frame." Ah! dear fathers and mothers, you little know what it is that most troubles the hearts of youths, unless you remember your own youthful ailments forty years ago. LOVE POWDERS. 125 In the morning my purpose was fixed — I would marry Miss Rebekah, that I would. I immediately thought of Dr. B 's love powders. Perhaps they might greatly assist me. After breakfast I hurried off to town to consult the doctor. He told me he had none of the powders on hand, but on the next Saturday he would have a package ready, and give me directions how to administer them. That was an anxious and tedious period of my life — minutes seemed lengthened into hours, and hours into days. The auspicious day at last arrived. It was not my usual time to go to see my mother, but I ventured to ask the foreman to grant me the privilege. He at first refused, but immediately said, " If you will catch and saddle my horse, and Mack my boots, you may go." Jacob did not perform his task for Leah and Rachel with greater alacrity and delight than I did for the foreman. My servitude for the day was ended. I put on my best " Sundays," washed and powdered my skin, stuck a small vial of bergamot drops in my pocket, and then stood before the glass for a few moments adjusting my stand-collar and combing my hair. I then went straight to the doctor's office. He had the love powders prepared, wrapped up neatly in a piece of white paper, labeled '' Br. B 's magic love poivders, warranted to cure where the directions are strictly followed." The doctor then delivered his prescription verbally. It 126 SKETCHES. ran as follows: "You must prepare yourself with some stick-candy, candy-kisses, and some raisins — figs will do. Roll the whole in the powder. Visit the lady at her father's house. The first dose must be stick-candy; then draw your chair a little closer, and incline your head toward her, if her parents are not in sight; then take her by the hand, gently pressing it; then administer the other two doses — the candy-kisses first, and the raisins or figs last. The two last need no manifestation; the work is accomplished, and you have nothing to do but to consult the old people." I paid my half-dollar for the package and de- parted, the happiest of men. I started straight for the country. It was sundown when I arrived at Mr. C 's house. Miss Rebekah was at home : she received me graciously. After the common sal- utations, I began to tell Miss Rebekah of the many pretty girls I had made the acquaintance of in town. I was fond of their company, but did not think I could ever love any of them. I did not think they were calculated to make their husbands happy — to all of which Miss Rebekah assented with a smile. I ofi'ered her a stick of candy. She took it in her delicate fingers and looked at it as much as to say, "What does this dust on the candy mean?" For a few moments I feared that the cheat was found out, but my fears were removed when she ate it, asking LOVE POWDERS. 127 no questions. I then leaned toward her and at- tempted to take her hand; she declined, and I made no further advances. She then informed me that she had an engagement to attend a party that even- ing. I asked her if she would accept of my com- pany. With a gracious smile she accepted. It was in the month of October: there had been a Ions: drought; the leaves were beginning to fall. She soon prepared herself — putting her shoes, and then her hose, knit by her own delicate fingers, and a coarse towel, into her reticule — and we departed for the place of fun and frolic. When we had traveled about half the journey I gave forth the candy-kisses. She ate them, and put the love verses they contained in her bosom. Xow I was a happy man. I was sure the love poivders had. hegan to work. We went on, and soon reached the point of destination. Before we entered, she sat down and wiped the dust off her feet with the coarse towel. She then drew on her hose and shoes. I modestly turned my head aside while she thus prepared her- self, but I could not help casting a dy glance at her beautifully-tapered ankle and delicate foot. We entered. The youngsters were in the midst of a play — " tired of ray corapany'' As we changed and whirled about, I thought I noticed that Miss Rebekah was never '■Hired of her company'' when I was by her side, and I am sure I could have sat 128 SKETCHES. there forever. Before she was compelled to leave my side I administered the last dose, the raisins. Next was introduced, '•'paying pawns.^^ This was my favorite play — there was so much kissing in it. The first article was held over Miss Jones's head, and the question asked, "What must he do that owns this?" Answer, "He must kiss Miss Rebekah C ." That was too good, for it was my own red bandana. You may depend upon it our lips soon met, but not in silence, for it was an old- fashioned Kentucky buss, which threw the whole house into a titter. After some other amusements the company broke up. It had rained very hard while the frolic was going on. Miss Rebekah and I started for her father's house. Before she left the yard she shed off her hose and shoes, and placed them again in her reticule. I would have given a kingdom, had I possessed it, to have been permitted to carry the precious treasure, but she kept it in her own hands. We had not gone far w