Group lV.No.157 Price 10 cents ATHI/ETIC I/IBRARY UV iiii'J P3 911 ■^mssr^ ?s Sis:-- HOW to PLAY LAWN;- Tennis ^^^ American Sports Publishing Co^^ S^t^W. I,,.".,^^^^ 2lWarren Street, New York. ir"N,>..,trfini Class Book Copyright}!^- COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. a^-T) Spalding's Athletic Library Anticipating the present ten- dency of the American people toward a healthful method of living- and enjoyment, Spalding's Athletic Library was established in 1892 for the purp'ose of encouraging ath- letics in every form, not only by publishing the official rules and records pertaining to the various pastimes, but also by instructing, until to-day Spalding's Athletic Library is unique in its own par- ticular field and has been conceded the greatest educational series on athletic and physical training sub- jects that has ever been compiled. The publication of a distinct series of books devoted to athletic sports and pastimes and designed to occupy the premier place in America in its class was an early idea of Mr. A. G. Spalding, who was one of the first in America to publish a handbook devoted to athletic sports, Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide being the initial number, which was followed at intervals with other handbooks on the sports prominent in the '70s. Spalding's Athletic Library has had the advice and counsel of Mr. A. G. Spalding in all of its undertakings, and particularly in all books devoted to the national game. This applies especially to Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide and Spalding's Official Base Ball Record, both of which receive the personal attention of Mr. A. G. Spalding, owing to his early connection with the game as the leading pitcher of the champion Boston and Chicago teams of 1872-76. His interest does not stop, however, with matters pertaining to base ball; there is not a sport that Mr. Spalding does not make it his business to become familiar with, and that the Library will always maintain its premier place, with Mr. Spalding's able counsel at hand, goes without saying. The entire series since the issue of the first number has been under the direct personal supervision of Mr. James E. Sullivan, President of the American Sports Publishing Company, and the total series of consecutive numbers reach an aggregate of considerably over three hundred, included in which are many "annuals," that really constitute the history of their particular sport in America year by year, back copies of which are even now eagerly sought for, constituting as they do the really first authentic records of events and official rules that have ever been consecutively compiled. When Spalding's Athletic Library was founded, seventeen years ago, track and field athletics were practically unknown outside the larger colleges and a few athletic clubs in the leading cities, which gave occa- sional meets, when an entry list of 250 competitors was a subject of com- ment; golf was known only by a comparatively few persons; lawn tennis had some vogue and ba^e ball was practically the only established field Spalding EDITORS OF SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY sport, and that in a professional way; basket ball had just been invented; athletics for the schoolboy — and schoolgirl— were almost unknown, and an advocate of class contests in athletics in the schools could not get a hearing. To-day we find the greatest body of athletes in the world is the Public Schools Athletic League of Greater New York, which has had an entry list at its 'annual games of over two thousand, and in whose "elementary series" in base ball last year 106 schools competed for the trophy emblematic of the championship. While Spalding's Athletic Library cannot claim that the rapid growth of athletics in this country is due to it solely, the fact cannot be denied that the books have had a great deal to do witl^ its encouragement, by printing the official rules and instructions for plajs^ the various games at a nominal price, within the reach of everyone, w^+h the sole object that its series might be complete and the one place'-^.yhere a person could look with absolute certainty for the particular boolik'"n which he might be interested. ^'" u In selecting the editors and writers for the various books, tikp. lead- ing authority in his particular line has been obtained, with the'r^^ult that no collection of books on athletic subjects can compare with Spalding's Athletic Library for the prominence of the various authors and their ability to present their subjects in a thorough and practical manner. A short sketch of a few of those who have edited some of the lead- ing numbers of Spalding's Athletic Library is given herewith : JAMES E. SULLIVAN President American Sports Publishing Com- pany; entered the publishing house of Frank Leslie in 1878, and has been connected continu- ously with the publishing business since then and also as athletic editor of various New York papers; was a competing athlete; one of the organizers of the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States; has been actively on its board of governors since its organization until the present time, and President for two suc- cessive terms; has attended every champion- ship meeting in America since 1879 and has officiated in some capacity in connection with American amateur championships track and field games for nearly twenty-five years; assistant American director Olympic Games, Piris, 1900; director Pan-American Exposition athletic department, 1901; chief department physical culture Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904; secretary American Committee Olympic Games, at Athens, 1935; honorary director of Athletics at Jamestown Exposition, 1907; secre- tary American Committee Olympic Games, at London, 1908; member of the Pastime A. C, New York: honorary member Missouri A. C, St. Louis; honorary member Olympic A. C, San Francisco; ex-president Pastime A. C, New Jersey A. C, Knickerbocker A. C; president Metropolitan Association of the A. A. U. for fifteen years; president Outdoor Recrea- tion League; with Dr. Luther H. Gulick organized the Public Schools Athletic League of New York, and is now chairman of its games commit- tee and member executive committee; was a pioneer in playground work and one of the organizers of the Outdoor Recreation League of New York ; appointed by President Roosevelt as special commissioner to the Olympic Games at Athens, 1906, and decorated by King George I. of the Hellenes (Greece) for his services in connection with the Olympic Games; ap- pointed special commissioner by President Roosevelt to the Olympic Games at London, 1908; appointed by Mayor McClellan, 1908, as member of the Board of Education of Greater New York. EDITORS OF SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY WALTER CAMP For quarter of a century Mr. Walter Camp of Yale has occupied a leading position in col- lege athletics. It is immaterial what organiza- tion is suggested for college athletics, or for the betterment of conditions, insofar as college athletics is concerned, Mr. Camp has always played an important part in its conferences, and the great interest in and high plane of college sport to-day. are undoubtedly due more to Mr. Camp than to any other individual. Mr. Camp has probably written more on college athletics th^n any other writer and the leading papers and maga- zines of xmerica are always anxious to secure his expert opinion on foot ball, t' ack and field athletics, base ball and rowing. Mr. Camp has grown up V ith Yale athletics and is a part of Yale's remarkable athletic system. V'nile he has been designated as the "Father of Foot Ball," it is a well Known fact that during his college career Mr. Camp was regarded as one of the. best players that ever represented Yale on the base ball field, so when we hear of Walter Camp as a foot ball expert we must also remem- ber his remarkable knowledge of the game of base ball, of which he is a great admirer. Mr. Camp has edited Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide since it was first published, and also the Spalding Athletic Library book on How to Play Foot Ball. There is certainly no man in American college life better qualified to write for Spalding's Athletic Library than Mr. Camp. DR. LUTHER HALSEY GULICK The leading exponent of physical training in America; one who has worked hard to im- press the value of physical training in the schools; when physical training was combined with education at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904 Dr. Gulick played an important part in that congress; he received several awards for his good work and had many honors conferred upon him; he is the author of a great many books on the subject; it was Dr. Gulick, who, acting on the suggestion of James E. Sullivan, organized the Public Schools Athletic League of Greater New York, and was its first Secretary; Dr. Gulick was also for several years Director of Physical Training in the public schools of Greater New York, resigning the position to assume the Presidency of the Playground Association of America. Dr. Gulick is an authority on all subjects pertaining to phys- ical training and the study of the child. JOHN B. FOSTER Successor to the late Henry Chadwick ("Father of Base Ball") as editor of Spald- ing's Official Base Ball Guide; sporting editor of the New York Evening Telegram; has been in the newspaper business for many years and is recognized throughout America as a leading writer on the national game; a staunch supporter of organized base ball, his pen has always been used for the better- ment of the game. EDITORS OF SPALDING' S ATHLETIC LIBRARY TIM MURNANE Base Ball editor of the Boston Globe and President of the New England Leagrue of Base Ball Clubs; one of the best known base ball men of the country; known from coast to coast; is a keen follower of the game and prominent in all its councils; nearly half a century ago was one of America's foremost players: knows the game thoroughly and writes from the point of view both of player and an official. HARRY PHILIP BURCHELL Sporting editor of the New York Times; graduate of the University of Pennsylvania; editor of Spalding's Official Lawn Tennis Annual; is an authority on the game; follows the movements of the players minutely and understands not only tennis but all other sub- jects that can be classed as athletics; no one is better qualified to edit this book than Mr. Burchell. GEORGE T. HEPBRON Former Young Men's Christian Association director; for many years an official of the Athletic League of Young Men's Christian Associations of North America ; was con- nected with Dr. Luther H. Gulick in Young Men's Christian Association work for over twelve years; became identified with basket ball when it was in its infancy and has fol- lowed it since, being recognized as the lead- ing exponent of the official rules; succeeded Dr. Gulick as editor of the Official Basket Ball Guide and also editor of the Spalding Athletic Library book on How to Play Basket Ball. JAMES S. MITCHEL Former champion weight thrower; holder of numerous records, and is the winner of more championships than any other individual in the history of sport ; Mr. Mitchel is a close student of athletics and well qualified to write upon any topic connected with athletic sport ; has been for years on the staff of the New York Sun. EDITORS OF SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY MICHAEL C. MURPHV The world's most famous athletic trainer; the champion athletes that he has developed for track and field sports, foot ball and base ball fields, would run into thousands; he became famous when at Yale University and has been particularly successful in developing what might be termed championship teams; his rare good judgment has placed him in an enviable position in the athletic world; now with the University of Pennsylvania ; dur- ing his career has trained only at two col- leges and one athletic club, Yale and the Uni-rersity of Pennsylvania and Detroit Athletic Club; his most recent triumph was that of training the famous American team of athletes that swept the field at the Olympic Games of 1908 at London. DR. C. WARD CRAMPTON Succeeded Dr. Gulick as director of physical training in the schools of Greater New York: as secretary of the Public Schools Athletic League is at the head of the most remarkable organization of its kind in the world; is a practical athlete and gymnast himself, and has been for years connected with the physi- cal training system in the schools of Greater New York, having had charge of the High School of Commerce. DR. GEORGE J. FISHER Has been connected with Y. M. C. A. work for many years as physical director at Cincin- nati and Brooklyn, where he made such a high reputation as organizer that he was chosen to succeed Dr. Luther H. Gulick as Secretary of the Athletic League of Y. M. C. A.'s of North America, when the latter resigned to take charge of the physical training in the Public Schools of Greater New York. DR. GEORGE ORTON On athletics, college athletics, particularly track and field, foot ball, soccer foot ball and trammg of the youth, it would be hard to find one better qualified than Dr. Orton; has had the necessary athletic experience and the ability to impart that experience intelligently to the youth of the land; for years was the American, British and Canadian champion runner. EDITORS OF SPALDING'S ATHLETIC LIBRARY FREDERICK R. TOOMBS A well known authority on skating, rowing, boxing, racquets, and other athletic sports; was sporting editor of American Press Asso- ciation, New York; dramatic editor; is a law- yer and has served several terms as a member of Assembly of the Legislature of the State of New York; has written several novels and historical works. R. L. WELCH A resident of Chicago; the popularity of indoor base ball is chiefly due to his efforts; a player himself of no mean ability; a first- class organizer; he has followed the game of indoor base ball from its inception. DR. HENJ^Y vS. ANDERSON Has been connected with Yale University for years and is a recognized authority on gymnastics; is admitted to be one of the lead- ing authorities in America on gymnastic sub- jects; is the author of many books on physical training. CHARLES M. DANIELS Just the man to write an authoritative book on swimming; the fastest swimmer the world has ever known; member New York Athletic Club swimming team and an Olym- pic champion at Athens in 1906 and London, 1908. In his book on Swimming, Champion Daniels describes just the methods one must use to become an expert swimmer. GUSTAVE BOJUS Mr. Bojus is most thoroughly qualified to write intelligently on all subjects pertaining to gymnastics and athletics; in his day one of America's most famous amateur athletes; has competed successfully in gymnastics and many other sports for the New York Turn Verein; for twenty years he has been prom- inent in teaching gymnastics and athletics; was responsible for the famous gymnastic championship teams of Columbia University; now with the Jersey City high schools. EDITORS OF SPALDING^ S_ATHLETrC LIBRARY CHARLES JACOBUS nn^'^^'^A'''* ^ ^^ *^® "Father of Roque;" one of America's most expert players win- TnTgol'" an^r^H^" Championship^'atVt'Loi^s in iyu4 an ardent supporter of the game and follows it minutely, and much of tTe success of roque is due to his untiring efforts- certainly there is, no one better qSflified to write on this subject than Mr. Jacobus DR. E. B. WAR MAN Well known as a physical training exnert- was probably one of the first to entefthe f eld ?eft-'V.^f author of many books on thlLi- he'coun S" ""^"^'-^^^ ^--"^ y--r all over W. J. CROMIE Now with the University of Pennsylvania- was formerly a Y. M. C. A. physical d^rlcto?' autW n?"^^"* ^£ ^^} gymnastic matters; the rphysicll"J?aTniSS:'^ ^" ^^^^'^^^^ ^-^-"^ G. M. MARTIN By profession a physical director of the Jtudent of^" fl ^^."^tian Association; a close student of all things gymnastic, and games for the classes m the gymnasium or clubs^ PROF. SENAC A leader in the fencing world ; has main- tained a fencing school in New York for years and developed a great many cham- pions; understands the science of fencing thoroughly and the benefits to be ('erived therefrom. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY CL Giving the Titles of all Spalding Athletic Library Books now ; j in print, grouped lor ready reference ^ — SPALDING OFFICIAL ANNUALS 1 Spalding's Official lA Spalding's Official IC Spalding's Official 2 Spalding's Official 2A Spalding's Official 3 Spalding's Official 4 Spalding's Official 5 Spalding's Official 6 Spalding's Official 7 Spalding 7A Spalding Base Ball Guide Base Ball Record Collegiate Base Ball Annual Foot Ball Guide Soccer Foot Ball Guide Cricket Guide Lawn Tennis Annual Golf Guide Ice Hockey Guide Official Basket Ball Guide Official Women's Basket Ball Guide 8 Spalding's Official Lacrosse Guide 9 Spalding's Official Indoor Base Ball Guide 10 Spalding's Official Roller Polo Guide 12 Spalding's Official Athletic Almanac I2A Spalding's Official Athletic Rules Group I. Base Bail No.l Spalding' s Official Base Ball Guide No. lA Official Base Ball Record. Collegiate Base Ball Annual. How to Play Base Ball. How to Bat. How to Run Bases. How to Pitch. How to Catch. How to Play First Base. How to Play Second Base. How to Play Third Base. How to Play Shortstop. How to Play the Outfield. How to Organize a Base Ball League. [Club. How to Organize a Base Ball How to Manage a Base Ball Club. How toTrain aBaseBallTeam How to Captain a Base Ball How to Umpire a Game. [Team Technical Base Ball Terms. Ready Reckoner of Base Ball Percentages. How to Score. BASE BALL AUXILIARIES No. 348 Minor League Base Ball Guide No. 352 Official Book National League of Prof. Base Ball Clubs. No. 340 Official Handbook National Playground Ball Assn. Group II. Foot Bail No.2 Spalding's Official Foot Ball Giiide No. 344 ADigest of the Foot Ball Rules How to Play Foot Ball. Spalding's Official Soccer Foot Ball Guide. How to Play Soccer. How to Play Rugby. No. IC No. 202 No. 223 No. 232 No. 230 No. 229 No. 225 No. 226 No. 227 No. 228 No. 224 r No. 231 No. 219 No. 350 No. 324 No. 2a No. 286 No. 335 FOOT BALL AUXILIARY No. 343 Official Rugby Foot Ball Guide. No. 332 Spalding's Official Canadian Group III. ^°°'^^"^"^^^ crlcKct No. 3 Spalding's Official Cricket Guide. No. 277 Cricket and How to Play It. Group IV. Lawn Tennis No. 4 Spalding's Official Lawn Ian- nis Annual. No. 157 How to Play Lawn Tennis. No. 279 Strokes and Science of Lawn Group V. ^^"""^^ Golf No. 5 Spalding's Official Golf Guide No. 276 How to Play Golf . Group VI. Hockey No. 6 Spalding's Official Ice Hockey Guide. No. 304 How to Play Ice Hockey. No. 154 Field Hockey. (Lawn Hockey. No. 188 < Parlor Hockey. (Garden Hockey. No. 180 Ring Hockey. HOCKEY AUXILIARY No. 256 Official Handbook Ontario Hockey Association. Group VII. Basket Ball No. 7 Spalding's Official Basket JSall Guide. No. 7a Spalding's Official Women's Basket Ball Guide. No. 193 How to Play Basket Ball. BASKET BALL AUXILIARY No. 323 Official Collegiate Basket Ball Handbook. ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF 10 CENTS SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY (roup VIII. Lacrosse No, 8 Spalding's Official Lacrosse Guide. No. 201 How to Play Lacrosse. Group IX. Indoor Base Ball Group X. No. 9 Spalding^s Official Indoor Base Ball Guide. Polo No. 10 Spaldinc's Official Roller Polo Guide, No. 129 Water Polo. No. 199 Equestrian Polo. Group XI. Miscellaneous Games No. 248 Archery. No. 138 Croquet. No. 271 Roque. ( Racquets. No. 194 < Squash- Racquets. ( Court Tennis. No. 13 Hand Ball. No. 167 Quoits. No. 170 Push Ball. No. 14 Curling. No. 207 Lawn Bowls. No. 188 Lawn Games. No. 189 Children's Games. No. 341 How to Bowl. Group XII. Athlellcs No. 12 Spalding's Official Athletic Almanac. No. 12a Spalding's Official Athletic Rules. No. 27 College Athletics. No. 182 All Around Athletics. No. 156 Athletes' Guide. No. 87 Athletic Primer. No. 273 Olympic GamesatAthens,1906 No. 252 How to Sprint. No. 255 How to Run 100 Yards. No. 174 Distance and Cross Country Running. [Thrower. No. 259 How to Become a Weight No. 55 Official Sporting Rules. No. 246 Athletic Training for School- No. 317 Marathon Running. [boys. No. 331 Schoolyard Athletics, No. 342 Walking for Health and Com- petition. ATHLETIC AUXILIARIES No. 349 Intercollegiate Official Hand- book. No. 302 Y. M. C. A. Official Handbook. No.313 Public Schools Athletic League Official Handbook. No. 314 Girls' Athletics. No. 308 Official Handbook New York Interscholastic Athletic Association. Group XIII. AHiietic Accompiishmenis No. 177 How to Swim. No. 296 Speed Swimming. No. 128 How to Row. No. 209 How to Become a Skater. No. 178 How to Train for Bicycling. No. 23 Canoeing. No. 282 Roller Skating Guide. Group XIV. Manly Sports No. 18 Fencing. ( By Breck.) No. 162 Boxing. No. 165 Fencing. ( By Senac.) No, 140 Wrestling, No. 236 How to Wrestle. No. 102 Ground Tumbling. No. 233 Jiu Jitsu. No. 166 How to Swing Indian Clubs, No. 200 Dumb Bell Exercises. No. 143 Indian Clubs and Dumb Bells. No. 262 Medicine Ball Exercises. No. 29 Pulley Weight Exercises. No. 191 How to Punch the Bag. No. 289 Tumbling for Amateurs. No. 326 Professional Wrestling. Group XV. Gymnoslics No. 104 Grading of Gymnastic Exer- cises. [Dumb Bell Drills. No. 214 Graded Call sthenics and No. 254 Barnjum Bar Bell Drill. [Games No. 158 Indoor and Outdoor Gymnastic No. 124 How to Become a Gymnast. No. 287 Fancy Dumb Bell and March- ing Drills, [Apparatus. No. 327 Pyramid Building Without No. 328 Exercises on the Parallel Bars, No. 329 Pyramid Building with Wands, Chairs and Ladders GYMNASTIC AUXILIARY No. 345 Official Handbook I. C. A. A, Gymnasts of America. Group XVI. Physical culture No. 161 Ten Minutes' Exercise for Busy Men. [giene. No. 208 Physical Education and Hy- No. 149 Scientific Physical Training and Care of the Body. No. 142 Physical Training Simplified, No. 185 Hints on Health. No. 213 285 Health Answers, No. 238 Muscle Building. [ning. No. 234 School Tactics and Maze Run- No. 261 Tensing Exercises, [nasties. No. 285 Health by Muscular Gym- No. 288 Indigestion Treated by Gym- No. 290 Get Well: Keep Well, [nasties. No. 325 Twenty-Minute Exercises. No. 330 Physical Training for the School and Class Room. No. 346 How to Live 100 Years. ANY OF THE ABOVE BOOKS MAILED POSTPAID UPON RECEIPT OF 10 CENTS SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY Group I. Base Ball \o. 1—Spaldins's Official Base Ball Guide. The leading Base Ball annual of the country, and the official authority of the grame. Contains the official playing rules, with an explanatory index of the rules compiled by Mr. A. G. Spalding; pictures of all the teams in the National, American and minor leagues ; re- views of the season; college Base Ball, and a great deal of interesting in- formation. Price 10 cents. No. lA — Spaldinsr's Official Base Ball Record. Something new in Base Ball. Con- tains records of all kinds from the be- ginning of the National League and official averages of all professional or- ganizations for past season. Illustrated with pictures of leading teams and players. Price 10 cents. No. IC— Spalding's Official Collegriate Base Ball An- nual. Contains matters of interest exclu- sively for the college player ; pictures and records of all the leading colleges. Price 10 cents. No. 202— How to Play Base Ball. Edited by Tim Murnane. New and revised edition. Illustrated with pic- tures showing how all the various curves and drops are thrown and por- traits of leading players. Price 10 cents. No. 223— HOTV to Bat. There is no better way of becoming a proficient batter than by reading this book and practising the directions. Numerous illustrations. Price 10 cents. No^ 232— How to Run tlie Bases. This book gives clear and concise directions for excelling as a base run- ner; tells when to run and when not to do so; how and when to slide; team work on the bases; in fact, every point Ef the game is thoroughly explained. Uustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 230— How to Pitcb. A new, up-to-date book. Its contents are the practical teaching of men who have reached the top as pitchers, and who Tcnow how to impart a knowledge of their art. All the big leagues' nitchers are shown. Price 10 cents. i\o. 229— How to Catch. Every boy who has hopes of being a clever catcher should read how well- known players cover their position. Pictures of all the noted catchers in the big leagues. Price l'^ cents. No. 225— How to Play First Base. Illustrated with pictures of all the prominent first basemen. Price 10 cents. No. 226— How to Play Second Base. The ideas of the best second basemen have been incorporated in this book for the especial benefit of boys who want to know the fine points of play at this point of the diamond. Price 10 cents. No. 227— How to Play Third Base. Third base is, in some respects, the most important of the infield. All the points explained. Price 10 cents. No. 228— How to Play Short- stop. Shortstop is one of the hardest posi- tions on the infield to fill, and quick thought and quick action are necessary for a player who expects to make good as a shortstop. lUus. Price 10 cents. No. 224— How to Play th« Outfield. An invaluable guide for the out- fielder. Price 10 cents. No. 231— How to Coach; How to Captain a Team; Hott to Manag^e a Team; Hofv to Umpire; Hovf to Or- ganize a Leag-ue; Tech- nical Terms of Base Ball. A useful guide. Price 10 cents. No 219— Ready Reckoner of Base Ball Percentages. To supply a demand for a book which would show the percentage of clubs without recourse to thearduous work of figuring, the publishers had these tables compiled by an expert. Price 10 cents. BASE BALL. AUXILIARIES. No. 348— Minor League Base Ball Guide. The minors' own girfde. Edited by president T. H. Murnane, .erf the New England League. Price 10 cents. SPALDING ATHLETIC OBRARY No. 3»8— Official Handbook of the National Lieagrae of Professional Base Ball Clubs. Contains the Constitution, By-Laws, Official Rules, Averages, and schedule of the National League for the current year, together with list of club officers and reports of the annual meetings of the League. Price 10 cents. No. 340— Official Handbook National Playground Ball Association. This game is specially adapted for playgrounds, parks, etc., is spreading rapidly. The book contains a descrip- tion of the game, rules and list of officers. Price 10 cents. Group II. Foot Ball No. 2— Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide. Edited by Walter Camp. I Contains the new rules, with diagram of field; All- America teams as selected by the leading authorities: reviews of the game from various sections of the country; scores; pictures. I Price 10 cents. No. 344— A Digest of the Foot Ball Rules. This book is meant for the use of officials, to help them to refresh their memories before a game and to afford them a quick means of ascertaining a point during a game. It also gives a ready means of finding a rule in the Official Rule Book, and is of great help to a player in studying the Rules. Compiled by C.W. Short, Harvard. 1908. Price 10 cents ^ So, 324— How to Play Foot Ball. Edited by Walter Camp, of Yale. Everything that a beginner wants to know and many points that an expert will be glad to learn. Snapshots of leading teams and players in action, with comments by Waltev Camp. Priee 10 cents. No. 2A— Spalding's Official Association Soccer Foot Ball Guide. A complete and up-to- date guide to the "Soccer" game in the United States, containing instructions for playing the game, official rules, and interesting news from all parts of the country. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. 286— How to Flay- No. Soc- How each position should be played, written by the best player in England in his respective position, and illus- trated with full-page photographs of players in action. Price 10 cents. No. 335— How to Play Rugby. Compiled in England by " Old Inter- national." Contains directions for playing the various positions, with dia- grams and illustrations. Price 10 cents. FOOT BALL AUXILIARIES. No. 332— Spalding's Official Canadian Foot Ball Guide. The official book of th« erame in Can- ada. Price 10 cents. No. 343— Official Rugby Foot Ball Guide. The official handbook of the Rugby game, containing the official playing rules, referee's decisions, articles on the game in the United States and pic- tures of leading teams. Price 10 cents. Group III. Cricket 3— Spalding'M Official icket Guide. The most complete year book of the game that has ever been published in America. Reports of special matches, official rules and pictures of all the leading teams. Price 10 cents. No. 277— Cricket; and How to Play It. By Prince Ranjitsinhji. The game described concisely and illustrated with full-page pictures posed especially fo» this book. Pric* 10 cents. No. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY Group IV. Lawn Tennis No. 4— Spalding's Official IiaTvn Tennis Annual. Contents include reports of all important tourna- ments; official ranking from 1885 to date; laws of lawn tennis; instructions for handicapping; deci- sions on doubtful points; management of tourna- ments; directory of clubs; laying out and keeping a court. Illus- trated. Price 10 cents No. 157— How to Play Lawn Tennis. A complete description of lawn ten- nis; a lesson for beginners and direc- tions telling how to make the most im- portant strokes. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 279— Strokes and Science of La-wn Tennis. By P. A. Vaile, a leading authority on the game in Great Britain. Every stroke in the game is accurately illus- trated and analyzed by the author. Price 10 cents. Group VI. Hockey Golf Official Group V. No. 5— Spalding's Golf Guide. Contains records of all Important tournaments, articles on the game in various sections of the country, pictures of prom- inent players, official play- ing rules and general items of interest. Price 10 cents. No. 276— How to Play Golf. By James Braid and Harry Vardon the world's two greatest players tell how they play the game, with numer- ous full-page pictures of them taken on th« links. Prica 10 csnts. No. 6— Spalding's Official Ic« Hockey Guide. The official year book of the game. Contains the official rules, pictures of leading teams and players, records, review of the season, reports from dif" ferent sections of the United-States and Canada. Price 10 cents. No. 304— How to Play Ice Hockey. Contains a description of the duties of each player. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 154— Field Hockey. Prominent in the sports at Vassar. Smith, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr and other leading colleges. Price 10 cents. No. 188 — Law^n Hockey, Parlor Hockey, Garden Hockey. Containing the rules for each game. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 180— Ring Hockey. A new game for the gymnasium. Exciting as basket ball. Price 10 cents. HOCKEY AUXILIARY. No. 256— Official Handbook of the Ontario Hockey Association. Contains the official rules of the Association, constitution, rules of com- petition, list of officers, and pictures of leading players. Price 10 cents. Group Vn. Basket BaU No. 7— Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide. Edited by George T. Hepbron. Contains the revised official rules, de- cisions on disputed points, records of prominent teams, reports on the game from various parts of the eountry. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY Jio. 7A— Spaldingr's Official Women's Basket Ball Guide. Edited by Miss Senda Berenson, of Smith College. Contains the official playing rules and special articles on the game by prominent authorities. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 193— How to Play Basket Ball. By G. N. Messer. The best book of instruction on the game yet published Illustrated with numerous pictures and diagrams of plays. Price 10 cents, BASKKT BALL AUXILIARY. No. 323— Collegiate Basket Ball Handl^ook. The official publication of the Colle- giate Basket Ball Association. Con- tains the official rules, records, All- America selections, reviews, and pic- tures. Edited by H. A. Fisher, of Columbia. Price 10 cents. Group VIIL Lacrosse No. 8— Spaldingr's Official La- crosse Guide. Contains the constitution, by-laws, playing rules, list of officers and records of the U. S. Inter-Collegiate Lacrosse League. Price 10 cents. No. 201— How to Play La- crosse. Every position is thoroughly ex- plained in a most simple and concise manner, rendering it the best manual of the game ever published. Illus- trated with numerous snapshots of im- portant plays. Price 10 cents. Group IX. Indoor Base Ball No. 9— Spaldingr's Official In- door Base Ball Guide. America's national game I is now vieing with other indoor games as a winter pastime. This book con- tains the playing rules, pictures of leading teams, and interesting articles on the game by leading au-l thorities on the aubjecl. Priee 10 centa- Polo Group X. No. 10— Spaldingr's Official Roller Polo Guide. Edited by A. W. Keane. A full description of the game; official rules, re- cords; pictures of promi- nent players. Price 10 cents No. 129— Water Polo. The contents of this book treat of every detail, the individual work of the players, the practice of the team, how to throw the ball, with illustrations and many valuable hints. Price 10 cents. No. 199— Equestrian Polo. Compiled by H. L. Fitzpatrick of the New York Sun. Illustrated with por- traits of leading players, and contains most useful information for polo play- ers. Price 10 cents. _ ^^ Miscellane- GroupXI. ous Games No. 271— Spaldingr's Official Roq.ue Guide. The official publication of the Na- tional Roque Association of America. Contains a description of the courts and their construction, diagrams, illus- trations, rules and valuable informa- tion. Price 10 cents. No. 138— Spalding's Official Croquet Guide Contains directions for playing, dia- grams of important strokes, description of grounds, instructions for the begin- ner, terms used in the game, and the official playing rules. Price 10 cents. No. 341— How to Bowl. The contents include : diagrams of effective deliveries; hints to begin- ners ; how to score ; official rules ; spares, how they are made ; rules for cocked hat, quintet, cocked hat and feather, battle same, etc. Price iOoenta* SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY No. 248— Arcliery. A new and up-to-date book on this fascinating pastime. The several varieties of archery; instructions for shooting; how to select implements; how to score; and a great deal of inter- esting information. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 194— Racquets, Sqnash- Racquets and Court Ten- nis. How to play each game is thoroughly explained, and all the difficult strokes shown by special photographs taken especially for this book. Contains the official rules for each game. Price 10 cents. No. 167— Q,uoits. Contains a description of the plays used by experts and the official rules. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 170— Push Ball. This book contains the official rules and a sketch of the game; illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 13— How to Play Hand Ball. By the world's champion, Michael Egan. Every play is thoroughly ex- plained by text and diagram. Illus- trated. Price 10 cents. No. 14— Curlingr. A short history of this famous Scot- tish pastime, with instructions for play, rules of the game, definitions of terms and diagrams of different shots. Price 10 cents. No. 207— Bo^vling on the Green; or. Lawn BottIs. How to construct a green; how to play the game, and the official rules of the Scottish Bowling Association. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 189— Children's Games. These games are intended for use at recesses, and all but the team games have been adapted to large classes. Suitable for children from three to eight years, and include a great variety. Price 10 cents. No. 188 — La-wn Games. Lawn Hockey, Garden Hockey, Hand Tennis, Tether Tennis; also Volley Ball, Parlor Hockey, Badminton, Bas- ket Goal, Price 10 cents. Group XII. Athletics No. 12— Spaldingr's Official Athletic Almanac. Compiled by J. E. Sulli- van, President of the Ama- teur Athletic Union. The only annual publication now issued that contains a complete list of amateur best-on-records; intercol- legiate, swimming, inter- scholastic, English, Irish, Scotch, Swedish, Continental, South African, Australasian; numerous photos of in- dividual athletes and leading athletic teams. Price 10 cents. No. 12A— Spalding's Official Athletic Rules. The A. A. U. is the governing body of athletes in the United States of America, and all games must be held under its rules, which are exclusively published in this handbook, and a copy should be in the hands of every athlete and every club officer in America. Price 10 cents. No. 27— College Athletics. M. C. Murphy, the well-known ath- letic trainer, now with Pennsylvania, the author of this book, has written it especially for the schoolboy and college man, but it is invaluable for the athlete who wishes to excel in any branch of athletic sport; profusely illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 182— Ail-Around Ath- letics. Gives in full the method of scoring the Ail-Around Championship; how to train for the AU-Around Champion- ship. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 15«— Athlete's Guide. Full instructions for the beginner, telling how to sprint, hurdle, jump and throw weights, general hints on train- ing; valuable advice to beginners and important A, A. U, rules and their ex- planations, while the pictures comprise many scenes of champions in action. Price 10 cents. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY No. 273— The Olympic Games at Athens. A complete account of the Olympic Games of 1906, at Athens, the greatest International Athletic Contest ever held. Compiled by J. E. Sullivan, Special United States Commissioner to the Olympic Games. Price 10 cents. No. .S7— Athletic Primer. Edited by J. E. Sullivan, Secretary- Treasurer of the Amateur Athletic Union. Tells how to organize an ath- letic club, how to conduct an athletic meeting, and gives rules for the gov- ernment of athletic meetings; contents also include directions for laying out athletic grounds, and a very instructive article on training. Price 10 cents. No. 255— How to Run lOO Yards. By J. W. Morton, the noted British champion. Many of Mr. Morton's methods of training are novel to American athletes, but his success is the best tribute to their worth. Illus- trated. Price 10 cents. No. 174 — Distance and Cross- country Running-. By George Orton, the famous Uni- versity of Pennsylvania runner. The quarter, half, mile, the longer dis- tances, and cross-country running and steeplechasing, with instructions for training; pictures of leading athletes in action, with comments by the editors Price 10 cents. No. 259— Weight Throwing. Probably no other man in the world has had the varied and long experience of James S. Mitchel, the author, in the weight throwing department of ath- letics. The book gives valuable infor- mation not only for the novice, but for the expert as well. Price 10 cents. No. 246— Athletic Training: for Schoolboys. By Geo. W. Orton. Each event in the intercollegiate programme is treated of separately. Price 10 cents. No. 55— Official Sporting Rules. Contains rules not found in other publications for the government of many sports; rules for wrestling, shuffleboard, snowshoeing. profes- sional racing, pigeon shooting, dog racing, pistol and revolver shooting, British water polo rules, Rugby foot ball rules. Price 10 cents. No. 252— How to Sprint. Every athlete who aspires to be a sprinter can study this book to advan- tage. Price 10 cents. No. 331— Schoolyard Ath- letics. By J. E.Sullivan, Secretary-Treasurer Amateur Athletic Union and member of Board of Education of Greater New York. An invaluable handbook for the teacher and the pupil. Gives a systematic plan for conducting school athletic contests and instructs how to prepare for the various events. Illus- trated. Price 10 cents. No. 317 — Marathon Running. A new and up-to-date book on this popular pastime. Contains pictures of the -leading Marathon runners, methods of training, and best times made in various Marathon events. Price 10 cents. No. 342— W alkinsr; for Health and Competition. Contains a great deal of useful and interesting information for the pedes- trian, giving the best methods of walk- ing for recreation or competition, by leading authorities. A history of the famous Fresh Air Club of New York is also included, with specimen tours, rules for competitive walking, records and numerous illustrations. Price 10 cents. ATHLETIC AUXILIARIES. No. 349— Official Intercolle- giate A.A.A.A. Handbook. Contains constitution, by-laws, and laws of athletics; records from 1876 to date. Price 10 cents. No. 30S— Official Handbook Nctv York Interschol- astic Athletic Associa- tion. Contains the Association's records, constitution and by-laws and other information. Price 10 cents. No. 302— Official Y.M.C.A. Handbook. Contains the official rules governing all sports under the jurisdiction of the Y. M. C. A., official Y. M. C. A. scoring tables, pentathlon rules, pictures of leading Y. M. C. A, athletes. Price 10 cents. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY No. 313— Official Handbook of the Public Schools Athletic L-easue. Contains complete list of records, constitution and general review of the season in the Public Schools Athletic League of Greater New York. Illus- trated. Price 10 cents, No. 314— "Girls' Athletics." Official Handbook of the Girls' Branch of the Public Schools Athletic League. The official publication. Contains': constitution and by-laws, list of offi- cers, donors, founders, life and annual members, reports and illustrations, schoolroom games. Edited by Miss Jessie H. Bancroft. Price 10 cents. Group XIII. Athletic Accomplishments No. 177— How to Swim.. Will interest the expert as well as the novice; the illustrations were made from photographs especially posed, showing the swimmer in clear water; a valuable feature is the series of "land drill " exercises for the beginner. Price 10 cents. No. aue— Speed Swimming. By Champion C. M. Daniels of the New York Athletic Club team, holder of numerous American records, and the best swimmer in America qualified to write on the subject. Any boy should be able to increase his speed in the water after reading Champion Daniels' instructions on the subject. Price 10 cents. No. 128— How to Row. By E. J. Giannini, of the New York Athletic Club, one of America's most famous amateur oarsmen and cham- pions. Shows how to hold the oars, the finish of the stroke and other valu- able information. Price 10 cents. No. 23— Canoeing;. Paddling, sailing, cruising and rac- ing canoes and their uses; with hints on rig and management; the choice of a canoe; sailing canoes, racing regula- tions; canoeing and camping. Fully illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 209— How to Become a Skater. Contains advice for beginners; how to become a figure skater, showing how to do all the different tricks of the best figure skaters. Pictures of prominent skaters and numerous diagrams. Price 10 cents. No. 282— Official Roller Skat- ing Guide. Directions for becoming a fancy and trick roller skater, and rules for roller skating. Pictures of prominent trick skaters in action. Price 10 cents. No. 178- How to Train for Bicycling. Gives methods of the best riders when training for long or short distance races; hints on training. Revised and up-to-date in every particular. Price 10 cents. Group XIV. Sports No. 140— Wrestling. Catch-as-catch-can style. Seventy illustrations of the different holds, pho- tographed especially and so described that anybody can with little effort learn every one. Price 10 cents. No. IS — Fencing. By Dr. Edward Breck, of Boston, editor of The Swordsman, a promi- nent amateur fencer. A book that has stood the test of time, and is universally acknowledged to be a standard* work. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 162— Boxing: Guide. Contains over 70 pages of illustrations showing all the latest blows, posed especially for this book under the super- vision of a well-known instructor of boxing, who makes a specialty of teach- ing and knows how to impart his knowledge. Price 10 cents. No. 165— The Art of Fencing By Regis and Louis Senac, of New York, famous instructors and leading authorities on the subject. Gives in detail how every move should be made. Price 10 cents. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY No. 336— How to Wrestle. The most complete and up-to-date book on wrestling ever published. Edited by F. R. Toombs, and devoted principally to special poses and illustra- tions by George Hackenschmidt, the " Russian Lion." Price 10 cents. No. 102— Ground Tumbling-. Any boy. by reading this book and following the instructions, can become proficient. Price 10 cents. No. 2SJ>— Tumbling for Ama- teurs. Specially compiled for amateurs by Dr. James T. Gwathmey. Every variety of the pastime explained by text and pictures, over 100 different positions being shown. Price 10 cents. No. 191— How to Punch tbe Bag:. The best treatise on bag punching that has ever been printed. Every va- riety of blow used in training is shown and explained, with a chapter on fancy bag punching by a well-known theatri- cal bag puncher. Price 10 cents. No. 200— Dumb-Bells. The best work on dumb-bells that has ever been offered. By Prof. G. Bojus, of New York. Contains 200 photographs. Should be in the hands of every teacher and pupil of physical culture, and is invaluable for home exercise. Price 10 cents. No. 143— Indian Clubs and Dumb-Bells. By America's amateur champion club swinger, J. H. Dougherty. It is clearly illustrated, by which any novice can become an expert. Price 10 cents. No. 262— Medicine Ball Ex- ercises. A series of plain and practical exer- cises with the medicine ball, suitable for boys and girls, business and profes- sional men, in and out of gymnasium. Price 10 cents. No. 29— Pulley Weight Exer- cises. By Dr. Henry S. Anderson, instructor in heavy gymnastics Yale gymnasium. In conjunction with a chest machine anyone with this book can become perfectly developed. Price 10 cents. No. 233— Jin Jitsu. Each move thoroughly explained and illustrated with numerous full-page pictures of Messrs. A. Minami and K. Koyama, two of the most famous ex- ponents of the art of Jiu Jitsu, who posed especially for this book. Price 10 cents. No. 166— How to Swing In- dian Clubs. By Prof. E. B. Warman. By follow- ing the directions carefully anyone can become an expert. Price 10 cents. \o. 326- Professional W^rest- ling. A book devoted to the catch-as-catch- can style; illustrated with half-tone pictures showing the different holds used by Frank Gotch, champion catch- as-catch-can wrestler of the world. Posed by Dr. Roller and Charles Postl. By Ed. W. Smith, Sporting Editor of the Chicago American. Price 10 cents. Group XV. Gymnastics No. 104— The Grading of Gymnastic Exercises. By G. M. Martin. A book that should be in the hands of every physical direc- tor of the Y. M. C. A., school, club, col- lege, etc. Price 10 cents. No. 214— Graded Calistheu- ics and Dumb-Bell Drills. For years it has been the custom in most gymnasiums of memorizing a set drill, which was never varied. Conse- quently the beginner was given the same kind and amount as the older member. With a view to giving uni- formity the present treatise is at- tempted. Price 10 cents. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY No. 254— Barnjam Bar Bell Drill. Edited by Dr. R. Tait McKenzie. Director Physical Training, University of Pennsylvania. Profusely illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 158 — Indoor and Outdoor Gymnastic Games. A book that will prove valuable to in- door and outdoor gymnasiums, schools, outings and gatherings where there are a number to be amused. Price 10 cents. No. 124— How to Become a Gymnast. By Robert. Stoll, of the New York A. C, the American champion on the flying rings from 1885 to 1892. Any boy can easily become proficient with a little practice. Price 10 cents. No. 287— Fancy Dumb Bell and Marching Drills. All concede that games and recreative exercises during the adolescent period are preferable to set drills and monoton- ous movements. These drills, while de- signed primarily for boys, can be used successfully with girls and men and women. Profusely illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 327— Pyramid Building Without Apparatus. By W. J. Cromie, Instructor of Gymnastics, University of Pennsyl- vania. With illustrations showing many different combinations. This book should be in the hands of all gym- nasium instructors. Price 10 Cents. No. 328 — Exercises on tlie Parallel Bars. By W. J. Cromie. Every gymnast should procure a copy of this book. Illustrated with cuts showing many novel exercises. Price 10 cents. No. 329— Pyramid Building Tvitlx Chairs, Wand.s ami Ladders. By W. J. Cromie. Illustrated with half-tone photopraphs showing many interesting combinations. Price 10 cents. GYMNASTIC AUXILIARY. No. .345— Official Handbook Inter-Colleg-iate Associa- tion Amateur Gymnasts of America. Edited by P. R. Carpenter, Physical Instructor Amherst College. Contains pictures of leading teams and individual champions, official rules governing con- tests, records. Price 10 cents. . Group XVL Physical Culture No. 161— Ten Minutes* GxeT- cise for Busy Men. By Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick, Direc- tor of Physical Training in the New York Public Schools. A concise and complete course of physical education. Price 10 cents. No. 208— Physical Education and Hygiene. This is the fifth of the Physical Training series, by Prof. E. B. Warman (see Nos. 142, 149, 166, 185, 213, 261, 290.) Price 10 cents. No. 149— The Care of the Body. A book that all who value health should read and follow its instructions. By Prof. E. B. Warman, the well-known lecturer and authority on physical cul- ture. Price 10 cents. No. 142— Physical Training Simplified. By Prof. E. B. Warman. A complete, thorough and practical book where the whole man is considered — brain and body. Price 10 cents. No. 261— Tensing Exercises. By Prof. E. B. Warman. The "Ten- sing" or "Resisting" system of mus- cular exercises is the most thorough, the most complete, the most satisfac- tory, and the most fascinating of sys- tems. Price 10 cents. No. 346— How to Live lOO Years. By Prof. E. B. Warman. Helpful and healthful suggestions for attain- ing a vigorous and happy " old age," with numerous instances of longevity and the methods and habits pursued by those who lived beyond the allotted span of life. Written in Prof. War- man's best style. Price 10 cents. SPALDING ATHLETIC LIBRARY No. ISo— Health Hints. By Prof, E. B. Warman. Health in- fluenced by insulation; health influ- enced by underwear; health influenced by color; exercise. Price 10 cents. No. 213—285 Healtli Answers. By Prof. E. B. Warman. Contents: ventilating a bedroom; ventilating a house; how to obtain pure air; bathing; salt water baths at home; a substitute for ice water; to cure insomnia, etc., etc. Price 10 cents. No. 238— Muscle Building:. By Dr. L. H. Gulick. A complete treatise on the correct method of acquiring strength. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. No. 234— School Tactics and Maze Running'. A series of drills for the use of schools. Edited by Dr. Luther Halsey Gulick. Price 10 cents. No. 325— Twenty Minute Ex- ercises. By Prof. E. B. Warman, with chap- ters on "How to Avoid Growing Old," and " Fasting ; Its Objects and Bene- fits." Price 10 cents. No. 285— Health; hy Muscu- lar Crymnastics. With hints on right living. By W. J. Cromie. If one will practice the exer- cises and observe the hints therein contained, he will be amply repaid for so doing. Price 10 cents. No. 288- Indigestion Treated by Crymnastics By W. J. Cromie. If the hints there- in contained are observed and the exercises faithfully performed great relief will be experienced. Price 10 cents. No. 290— Get Well. Well; Keep By Prof. E. B. Warman author of a number of books in the Spalding Ath- letic Library on physical training. Price 10 cents. No. 330— Physical Training for the School and Class Room. Edited by G. R. Borden, Physical Director of the Y. M. C. A., Easton, Pa. A book that is for practical work in the school room. Illustrated. Price 10 cents. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS LARNED, Champion of the United States, HOW TO PLAY LAWN TENNIS If Containing Practical Instruction from an Expert on Making Lawn Tennis Strokes. Brief Description and History of the Game and other useful information PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING COMPANY, 21 WARREN STREET, NEW YORK. Copyright, l&ll BY American Sports Publishing Company New York \ CONTENTS PAGE General Description of Lawn Tennis 5 A Brief History of the Game il A First Lesson for Beginners 27 How to Make the Most Important Strokes : I.— The Service . . . . ... . . 37 n.^-The Ground Stroke 41 HL-The Volley and Half- Volley .... 45 IV. -The Lob 47 The American Twist Service . . . . . . 49 How to Build and Keep a Court . . ' , . . . 52 New Thoughts on Training and Diet . . . . . 61 What to Use for Lawn Tennis . • . '. . . . 64 How to Play Lawn Tennis , General Description of Lawn Tennis. 7f Lawn tennis is played by two, three or four people (though very seldom -by three) on a smooth stretch of ground called a court. The playing surface of this court is 27 feet (for singles), or 36 feet (for doubles) in width and 78 feet in length, and it is laid out on a level surface of grass or turf, or occasion- ally on a board floor under a coyered roof in winter. The court is marked out with white lines on the ground indicating the boundaries, and the space is divided in two by a net three feet in height stretched across the centre from side to side. Each player is armed with a racket, which is a wooden frame about a foot long and eight inches wide, the oval open space being covered with a fine network of catgut strings, and the frame supplied with a handle about 15 inches long. With this racket the players strike a ball 2^4 inches in diameter, of rubber filled with compressed air and covered with felt. This ball is knocked from one side of the net to the other back and forth until one side misses it — that is, fails to hit it at all, or knocks it into the net, or out of the court. Either side scores a point when the opponent fails to return the ball into his court. The object of the game, therefore, is to knock the ball into the opponent's court so that he cannot return it. i^ The 'first player to hit the ball is called the server (he is chosen by lot) and he throws the ball up into the air and knocks it over the net and into the court on the opposite side. After this service is delivered, each side must strike the ball in turn, hitting it either before it touches the ground la volley) or after it has bounded only once. It is agamst the rule to How to Play Lawn Tennis 7 volley in returning the service, but after this second stroke of (ach point, it is optional with the players whether they volley or return the ball on the first bounce. The method of scoring is simple. The first point won for either side counts 15, and if each side should win one of the two first points, the score becomes 15 — all, "all" meaning "even" in every case. The server's score is always called first and the first point therefore makes the score 15 — love, or love — 15 (ac- cording to whether the server or his opponent wins the first point). "Love" means nothing in tennis scoring. The second point for either side is 30 and the third 40. If the server wins the first two strokes, the score is 30 — love; if won by the oppon- ent, it is love — 30; if each has won a point, the third count then makes the score 30 — 15, or 15 — 30, according to whether the server or his opponent is ahead. Thirty-all follows when each side has won two points ; 40 — 30 or 30 — 40 when one side has two and the other side three. Either side wins a game when it has scored four points, un- less each side wins three points, which would make the score 40 — all, but which is called "deuce" instead. Here lies the only intricacy in the method of scoring. When both sides are tied at 40, or three points each, the score is deuce, and one side must win two more strokes than the other from this point in order to win the game — in other words, if the score once gets even at 40, neither side can win by a single point. From deuce, the score becomes "vantage-in" or "vantage-out," according to whether the server or his opponent is ahead (the server is always "in" and the opponent "out"). With vantage in his favor, either side can win the game by capturing the next point, but if it goes to the other side, the score returns to deuce again, and so on in- definitely until one side or the other has won two points in suc- cession from deuce. When a game has been won, the other side becomes the server, the service alternating with the games. The score by games is called with the server's score first, or sometimes in matches with the side that is ahead first. When the games are even, the score is called at i— all, 2 — all, 3— all or 4 — all as the case may v>.-("*' ••// i-*^^ ©»*: 'Ji5^*« X ^^^'-sLt""*- ' l^.'^^ ■ '•"■' ^^ ^•^. '€^-' • *• ■ -- ^'^^fm- -'f^i^^- • ■ - %m:^''-' "=■ >»'i^BS'^r:^ McLoughlin vs. Brookes. Wilding vs. Long. DAVIS CUP MATCHES AT SYDNEY. How to Play Lawn Tennis be, Dut if it is even at 5— all then deuce and vantage games are played just as in points during the games. Five — all is deuce and from this, point it is necessary for one side or the other to win tw^o games in succession to take the set, that is, as in the games, the set cannot be won by a majority of one, the winner must score at least two or more games than the loser. Most matches are the best two in three sets, although some championship matches are the best three in five sets. The server must always strike the ball in the air before it touches the ground, but the opponent, who is known technically as the striker-out, is not allowed to strike the ball when first served until after it has bounded once. After these first two strokes, one from either side, the ball is always in play until one side or the other fails to return the ball properly and the op- ponent then scores a point. Either player, after the first stroke from either side, may play the ball before it has touched the ground, which is called a volley, or after it has struck and bounded once. If it is allowed to touch the ground a second time, the point is lost. A drive is a fast hard stroke played underhand from the back of the court, and a smash is an overhand volley played very hard and fast to "kill" the ball by the speed of the stroke. A lob is a ball knocked up into the air to pass over an opponent's head, when he is at the net, or to gain time. To cut the ball is to strike it sideways, so that it twists rapidly on its own axis, like a billiard ball with "English," which makes it bound crooked- ^m^^>^%^^mm:f^imm^ Wilding vs. McLoughlin. Brookes vs. Long. DAVIS CUP MATCHES AT SYDNEY. How to Play Lawn Tennis A. Brief History of the Game. Lawn tennis is essentially a modern game, for its origin dates back less than forty years. Its genealogy is rather obscnre. _ ' the best authorities disagree as to its direct parentage, ihe tirst record of any such game in Europe, however, occurs in the Middle ages, when a crude form of tennis was the favorite sport of the Italian and French feudal kings and nobles. The French seem to have borrowed the game from the Italians, and they called it la longue paume; in Italy it was known under the name of pallone. This French game was played with a cork ball, which was originally struck with the hand over a bank of earth, which served the same purpose as our modern net. Soon a crude racket with wooden frame and handle and gut strings was substituted, and in this form the game was introduced into England and flourished there for many years. Major Walter C Wingfield, of the British army, is popularly credited with the invention of lawn tennis, as we know it, for he patented the game in 1874- His original game was played on a court shaped like an hour-glass, 60 feet in length and 30 feet in width at the base-lines. In the center was stretched a net 21 feet wide and 7 feet high at its sides, which sagged to 4 feet 8 inches in the centre. The old method of racquet scoring was used, and the server was required to stand within a marked space in the middle of his court. In March, 1875, the first regular laws for the game were formu- lated by the Marylebone Cricket Club, of Lord's. The club's committee selected the name of lawn tennis, and promulgated a new set of rules that were accepted by Major Wingfield and a large majority of those who had taken up the new game. They set the length of the court at 78 feet, and there it has remained to this day; but they still preserved the hour-glass form, and the breadth required by their first rules was 30 feet at the base-lines Ho %v to Play L a iv n Tennis 13 and 24 feet at the net. The net was set at 4 feet high in the centre and 5 feet at the posts, and the service-line at 26 feet from the net. The racquet system of scoring, with one or two minor alterations, was also preserved. At the urgent suggestion of Henry Jones, who afterward be- came famous as the "Cavendish" of whist, the All-English Croquet Club, whose grounds at Wimbledon have since become famous the world over, opened its lawns to lawn tennis in 1875, and so popular did the game become that an All-England cham- pionship meeting— the first of the series which has represented the amateur championship of England— was held in July, 1877, the name of the club being then changed to the All-England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. This first tournament was eminently successful, and the All-England club assumed control of the new game. By common consent its decisions were uni- versally respected In 1883 an attempt was made to form a National Association, but as the All-England Club declined to enter into the project, it was a failure, and in fts place an annual meeting of club secretaries was held under the auspices of the All-England Club, for the purpose of legislation, until 1888, when the present English Lawn Tennis Association was formed as a national body to govern the sport. The authority of this organi- zation has never since been questioned, and its decisions have been accepted throughout the continent and British colonies. The only part of the world where separate laws are made is the United States, and even here the English rules and changes are carefully considered before any alteration is made. Major Wingfield's crude lawn tennis game first made its ap- pearance in America in 1874, the same year it came out in England. A Bostonian, who was traveling abroad, brought home a set of Wingfield's rules and implements for the game, and a court was laid out at his country home at Nahant, a seaside resort near Boston. Another court made its appearance at New- port the following spring, and the Staten Island Cricket and Base Ball Club, near New York, also took up the game in 1875. At Philadelphia, too, the game was introduced at the Young America Cricket Club's grounds, and soon grew popular. How to Play Lawn Tennis 15 During the first few years of its American existence lawn tennis was played under widely varying conditions, but the distance between the points of play being too great to let these differences become apparent until open tournaments were held. The nets hung at different heights, the courts varied somewhat in size, and the balls differed materially both as to size and weight. Local tournaments were held at Newport, Boston, Philadelphia and Staten Island, but it v/as not until 1880 when James Dwight and Richard D. Sears, of Boston, who were afterward so famous in lawn tennis, played at Staten Island and Philadelphia, that the full importance of this confusion became apparent. The following spring in May, 1881, a meeting was held in New York, and the present United States National Lawn Tennis Association was formed. The English rules, as then in vogue, were adopted afmo=t in their entirety and the English champion- ship balls were also accepted as official for all American tourna- ments. It was decided shortly afterward to hold an annual championship tournament at the Newport Casino, and a series was started that has since been continued regularly every year, becoming second in importance only to the Wimbledon event. Dwight and Sears were distinctly superior to all other players in America during this early period, and their only dangerous rivals for several years were the Clark brothers, of Philadelphia. But the game spread very rapidly in American soil, and new courts and new players sprang up on every hand, although Sears man- aged to retain his title as champion for seven successive years. During this time, the play developed rapidly and the skill of the players increased with wonderful speed, but Sears kept place with all improvements and managed to keep well ahead of all his rivals until an injury to his shoulder made it difficult for him to play, and he retired on his laurels unbeaten. During the first seven years of American lawn tennis, R. D. Sears was invincible. The first three seasons he played through each tournament at Newport, and each season won the champion- ship without the loss of a set. In 1884 the present system of barring the champion out of the all-comers' tournament was adopted and Sears successfully defended his title against the How 1 P I a y Lawn Tennis 17 challenge of H. A. Taylor, who was the first challenger for the American championship. Sears beat Taylor rather easily by three sets to one, and the following year he repeated. his success over C. M. Brinley, who was the challenger for 1885. In 1886 R. L. Beeckman won the Newport tournament and cTiallenged in turn f9r the championship title. Again was Sears invincible, Beeckman meeting the same fate as both of : hi 9 predecessors, although he forced the champion to the fir it close match he played at Newport. A, year later H. W. Slocum, Jr., challenged for the title, and he was badly beaten by Sears in straight sets, aUhough he had beaten all of the other leading players of the country in the all-comers' tournament. Sears's reign ended in 1888, when he voluntarily relinquished his claim to the American championship. He had injured his shoulder and neck somewhat and was forced to give up severe play. Slocum won the Newport tournament again and took the championship by default in Sears's absence. This began the second era in American championship tournarrients. Slocum's "tenure of office" lasted only two years. In 1889 Q. A. Shaw, Jr., won the all-comers' tournament at Newport, and wa^s beaten three sets to one by Slocum in the challenge round, but a year later O. S. Campbell, who had been runner-up to Shaw the year before, earned the right to challenge the champion and managed to wrest the championship title from him by three sets to one. Campbell's successful innovation of extreme net play was the first of many experimental stages American players had yet to go through. He cultivated volleying far beyond his ground- strokes, yet his methods were startlingly successful at home, and he proved invincible for three years. In 1891 Clarence Hobart challenged him for the championship, and was beaten in ?. five-set challenge match, and the following year F. H. Hovey, of Boston, met a similar fate, although only four sets were re- quired this time to settle the question of supremacy. The following sunsmer. R. D. Wrenn won the all-comers' tour- nament, beating Hovey une-xpectedly in the finals, but before the' challenge match could be played, Campbell announced his retire- ment, so the championship passed into 'Wrenn's hands by de- How to Play Lawn Tennii ^^ fault. Wrenn was another voUeyer, but with a good command also of ground-strokes, and the modern era in America then began with Wrenn's advent in 1893, but his style was not fully appreciated until the following year, when M. F. Goodbody, the visiting Irish expert, went through the Newport all-comers' tournament, beating three of the crack American players, Hovey, Ilobart and Larned, by superior steadiness. When Goodbody challenged Wrenn, however, it was a different story, and the persistent methods of the American champion showed his style of net play to be a distinct advance over the former American school. Hovey had learned the lesson of steadiness better than others by the time the next tournament came around, winning the New- port tournament with the loss of only one set, and then chal- lenged Wrenn and beat him in straight sets for the champion- ship. In 1897, the season was made memorable by the visit to Ameri- can courts of a team of British players composed of W. V. Eaves, H. S. Mahony and H. A. Nisbet. They were beaten in the international tournaments held at Hoboken, N. J., and Chi' cago. 111., and also in an open event at Longwood, Mass., be- fore the championship meeting at Newport. Here Eaves beat Nisbet in the finals and Mahony was retired in an earlier round by M. D. Whitman. Again was Wrenn, the champion, called on to defend the national honors against a challenging Englishman and again he succeeded in defeating the foreigner. A year later, the war with Spain broke out and both Wrenn and Larned were among the volunteers who went to the front in Cuba. In their absence, the younger generation of Ameri- can experts had matters very much their own way, and M. D. Whitman loomed up out of the group as the steadiest and in many respects the cleverest. He won the Newport tournament after one or two close matches and so fell heir to the cham- pionship title in the absence of Wrenn. The new champion made a wonderful record during 1898, 1899 and 1900, playing steadily through all of the most important American and Canadian tour- I, N. W. Niles and (2) A. S. Dabnev, Jr., VVii pionship. W. C. Grant and (3) T. R. Pell, championship. r.ers Eastern Doubles Cham- Winners Southern Doubles How to Play Lawn Tennis 21 naments during the three seasons, and losing three matches the first year, none the second and only one the third. The season of 1899 was Whitinan's most remarkable one, for he not only did not lose a single match, but was not once forced close in tournament play. With unbroken success he defended all of the many challenge cups he had won the previous year, and when he came to defend his championship title he was considered invincible. The season of 1900 was made notable by the first officially recognized international matches in the sport. Through the generosity of D. F. Davis, an International Challenge Cup was offered and a challenging team was sent to America ta try for the new trophy. This was composed of A. W. Gore, E. D. Black and Ho R. Barrett, Black being a Scotchman and the other two English. The international matches took place at Longwood, Mass., the first week in August. The American team won the first three matches played, giving them the victory before the last two matches of the series were finished. Two of the foreigners, Gore and Black, were also entered for the championship event at Newport, but made a poor showing there. W. A. Earned had an easy road to the finals, winning the all-comers' and challenging Champion Whitman. Again the champion proved invincible and although Larned's brilliancy car- ried off the second set in fine style, his spasmodic attack finally broke down before Whitman's wonderful defence and the cham- pion retained his honors without great difficulty. This, his third successive victory, gave him possession of the fourth American championship challenge cup, its predecessors having been captured by Sears, Carripbell and Wrenn. The following year, 1901, witnessed Larned's triumph in taking the championship, for which he had played many years. He came through the tournament, meeting Beals C. Wright in the final, and then upon the default of Champion Whitman, the first holding of the newly offered cup went to Earned. In the same tournament, Holcombe Ward and Dwight F. Davis won the doubles honors, for the third consecutive year and became BEALS C. WRIGHT. How to Play Lawn Tennis 23 the possessors of the twin cups presented by Col. John Jacob Astor, the most valuable trophies ever offered in the sport. After the lapse of a year, the English again tried for the Davis International Cup, in 1902, the team being composed of the most famous exponents of the game in England, Reginald F. Doherty and Hugh Lawrence Doherty, while the third player of the team was Dr. Joshua Pim. The matches were played on the courts of the Crescent Athletic Club, at Bay Ridge, N. Y., the Americans successfully defending the trophy by winning three of the five matches.' In the singles, Larned lost to R. F. Doherty, after having him two-love on sets, when the contest was stopped and delayed until the next day by a thunderstorm. Whitman in his matches defeated Dr. Pim and R. F. Doherty, while in the doubles. Ward and Davis were defeated by the Doherty brothers. This last contest was witnessed by thirteen thousand spectators, the largest number ever assembled about a tennis court in the world. In the national championships at Newport, R. F. Do- herty came through the tournament a winner, defeating Whit- man in the final, but being unable to win the title from Larned. The season of 1903 proved a disastrous one for the Americans, and the Britons made a complete sweep of the courts. Playing both the singles and doubles alone, although H. S. Mahony accompanied them, the Doherty brothers won the International Cup on the courts at Longwood, Boston, by four matches out of five. The American win was a default to Larned by R. F. Doherty after he had injured his shoulder. Robert D. Wrenn, playing in the singles with Larned, was defeated, and paired with his brother, George L. Wrenn, Jr., they went down rather easily before the British pair. As the Dohertys had won the Eastern doubles the year previous and the national championship in that event, they defended that honor successfully and also took the singles by the defeat of Larned by H. L. Doherty, who won the tournament after meeting W. J. Clothier in the final. No American challenge for the lost cup was made in 1904. The championship in singles went to Holcombe Ward by the riefault of H. L. Doherty, after Ward had defeated Clothier in How to Play Lawn Tennis 25 the final of the tournament. A new pair also came to the front in doubles, as Ward paired with Beals C. Wright, and gained the title by the defeat of Kriegh Collins and Raymond D. Little, the Western champions, in the East vs. West match. The first American challenge for the lost cup was made in 1905, and the team sent in quest of it was composed of Ward, Larned, Wright and Clothier. The Americans failed to win a single match of the challenge round against the Dohertys and Frank L. Riseley, although they won their way to the privilege of becoming challengers by in turn defeated Belgium, France, and Australasia. Austria was also represented, being defeated by Australasia. In igo6 America tried again for the international trophy, send- ing Beals Wright, Kriegh Collins, Raymond Little and Holcombe Ward. As far as the chances of the American team were con- cerned, the contests were decided before the team left America by the accident that befell Beals C. Wright at the Crescent Athletic Club, Brooklyn, N. Y., and the lack of form that Kriegh Collins displayed. The Dohertys again were triumphant. In 1907 Beals C. Wright and Karl Behr journeyed to Great Britain, in an effort to regain the Davis trophy, but were unsuc- cessful, being defeated by the Australian team — Brookes and Wilding — the Doherty brothers not contesting. The cup having gone to Australia, a journey to the Antipodes was necessary in the efifort to restore the trophy to its own country, and accordingly a team composed of Beals C. Wright of Boston and Frederick B. Alexander of New York set out in September, 1908, for Melbourne. The pair put up a great battle against Brookes and Wilding, but the latter finally prevailed. MISS MAY SJJTTON, Winner of the Pacific Coast Championship, and the World's Champion. How to Play Lawn Tennis 2'p A First Lesson for Beginners. To begin right is half the game in lawn tennis, and if one wants to learn to play the game well, it is important to begin correctly. Some of the simplest matters are the most im- portant, and if these are mastered at the start the improvement in skill will follow quickly after, and the development be gradual but rapid. To accumulate bad habits of play when first learning the game is only to handicap a beginner indefinitely, for it is much harder to give up bad habits and alter the style in these small matters than to begin all over again and learn anew. Some of the most important of these minor details are the smallest and the most likely to be overlooked. They are not child's play, by any means, and should not be ignored because they seem simple. Even the best experts had to learn them first and must observe them as well as the beginner. First and most important of all, the racket should be firmly gripped in making all of the strokes. A loose grasp ruins other- wise good play, and no habit interferes with progress more than that of holding the handle loosely. The slightest relaxation in the grasp will often let the racket turn in the hand while mak- ing a stroke, and it is failure in consequence. It should be held by the extreme end always, the "butt" or leather binding at the end resting against the ball of the hand. Fl" all forehand strokes, or those made when the ball is on the . .ght side of the body, the hand should rest diagonally along the handle, with the first finger separated from the others and extended an inch or two further along the racket, but also wrap- ped around it; it should never rest its full length along the handle, as we sometimes see beginners doing. The finger nail^ w^en at rest on the handle, should face at the moment the ball is hit in the direction in which it is to fly. For backhand strokes, those made when the ball is on the left 28 Ho w to Play Lawn Tennis side and the arm and racket must be drawn across in front of the body, the fingers should be closed together and the thumb ex- tended out straight along the handle behind the racket, in order to give more force and better direction to the ball. In backhand play, the second or middle knuckles should face when the racket meets it in the direction in which the ball is to be driven. In changing the grip after one stroke for another on the oppo- site side, it is necessary to shift the grip somewhat, but this is easily accomplished as the racket is carried across in front of the body. It is the custom of almost all good players to balance the racket between strokes in front of the body, with the upper part of the handle at the "splice," as the fork where the wood of the handle spreads out into the frame is called, resting lightly in the left hand. After every stroke it is well to return the racket to this posi- tion, and the shift in the grip between strokes will never be found difficult if this is done. In the heat of the play, the effort of shifting the hold becomes almost unconscious and does not dis- tract attention from the strokes themselves Nearly all experts condemn as bad form the habit of playing both forehand and backhand strokes with the same grip. In actually making the stroke, the racket should start as far behind the point which the ball is to be hit as possible, and swing as far beyond it after the blow as the full reach will permit. In forehand strokes, the full length of the arm should be ex- tended behind the body to start the swing with plenty of impetus and the stroke should be finished well up over the left shoulder, the racket even turning in the wrist and dropping down back of the head to stop its impetus. The swing for backhand stroke should be almost exactly the reverse, the racket starting over the left shoulder and ending at the extreme length of the arm extend out beyond. The body, however, should be turned around in exactly the opposite direc- tjon, so as to face the ball for each stroke, and the position of the feet should be shifted so as to give the firmest balance and the freest motion of the body. The feet should be spread well apart and the body bent forward at the hips just before the ball H o zv to Play Lawn Tennis 29 is struck, so that its weight is added to the impulse of the racket in making the stroke. As in golf, the weight of the body is carried on the rear leg and foot before the stroke, and as the racket swings toward the ball, it is thrown forward, shifting to the other, so the added force of the body greatly increases the power of the stroke. A long swinging sweep of the arm and racket should be cultivated so as to meet the ball squarely and with a powerful impact as it comes toward you. All side motion of the recket is lost power ; as in golf, the head of the racket and the wrist that guides it should travel as nearly as possible in the direction the ball is to go just before the stroke, while actually hitiing the ball and as long as possible after the impact. The "follow through" is nearly the same in ten- nis as in golf and quite as important. Greater freedom in swinging the weight of the body while making the stroke is possible in tennis, for the. left arm is free to help recover the balance, while in golf both ar€ required in holding the club. A tennis stroke is made while the body is in motion, too, instead of being still, as in golf, so the weight is carried still further forward and checked by bringing the rear foot o utin front of other. In making a fast tennis stroke forehanded, the weight starts on the right foot, shifts to the left as the ball is hit, and is finally checked again on the right, which takes a step forward to recover the balance just after making the stroke. In making lawn tennis strokes, it is vitally important to keep away from the ball. One of the most common errors among beginners — even with some experienced players — is that of getting too close to the ball while playing. The cramped elbow that results from this ruins many more strokes than ever spoiled by being too far away from the ball. A splendid maxim laid down by an expert player is that every player should go to the ball in making a stroke, and never let the ball come to him. Even when one finds himself in the right position to take the ball, it is better to step back as it approaches and then forward again to meet it, for this insures the correct position, with better speed and direction with the weight moving forward when the stroke is EX-CHAMPION W. J. CLOTHIER. H 7v to Play Lawn Tennis 3^ made. If the flight or bound of the ball is a little further than calculated, the player will still be in the right position and not too close. In every stroke of the game, the position should be that of meeting the ball; no fast stroke can be made while mov- ing backward or even with the weight thrown backward. The actual position of the racket in the hand while the stroke is being made is very important. In the preliminary swing anA in hitting the ball, the head of the racket should be nearly level with the wrist, and the end of the swing should finish with the racket well above the wrist. This requires an upward motion of the racket's head as well as the forearm, and it is this motion that lifts the ball over the net, while turning of the wrist to one side or the other directs it to the right or left. As the racket meets the ball, its head should be drawn slightly upward so that the strings are dragged across the face of the ball as they hit it, and this slight side motion gives the ball a twist that keeps it from "sailing," and makes it drop soon after crossing the net. In some of the "lift" strokes or "drop" strokes played by experts,- like the famous "Lawford" stroke, for in- stance, this drop is much exaggerated, and the ball describes a rainbow arch in its flight, dropping suddenly after crossing the net. Much power is wasted in such strokes, but a little twist is generally necessary to hit the ball hard and still make it fall inside of the court-lines. The height at which the ball should be taken depends on the height of its bound, which in turn depends on the hardness of the court. On most grass courts, the bound in fast play reaches about to the knee, and this is the best height at which to hit the the ball. Even on harder courts, of "dirt," sand or boards, it is better to let the ball drop to this height before hitting it, al- though the longer bound keeps the player further back in his court, which is not often desirable. ^Sometimes, it is necessary to hit. the ball at the level with the hip to prevent being driven too far from the net, but no stroke should ever be made under- hand with the ball higher than the hip. The eyes should be kept on the ball all of the time as it ap- proaches; even up to the time of hitting it, one should watch LARNED'S BACKHAND STKOK.B. How 1 P lay Law n Tennis 33; the ball, not the racket or the opposing player. It is some- times necessary to look up for a second to see the direction in which it is to be placed and where the opponent is, but this, ghould be done before the stroke begins, not while it is being made. A player often reads his opponent's intention from the direction in which he is looking, and if one looks where he plans to place the ball, he may betray his thoughts and the op- ponent anticipate the stroke by going directly to the spot. Perhaps the best way for one who wants to play tennis well, is to practice strokes against a blank wall— high fence, the side of a house, or some obstacle of that kind— batting the ball up against it again and again, hitting it from the bound each time it returns. Nothing can possibly afford better practice than this kind of play. Experts use it constantly in the spring, and find it a better way of getting into form, of "getting their eye on the ball," as they say, than even regular practice on a regular court. The ball always comes back at the corresponding angle to that at which it struck the wall, and with much greater regu- larity than any human opponent could return it. In all forms of practice, whether against a wall or an antago- nist, the method of making the strokes should be kept in mind all of the time. Every stroke made in bad form is just so much wasted practice, and if a faulty style is contracted, the longer it is allowed to continue without correction, the more danger- ous it becomes. Bad form in lawn tennis is as difficult to over- come as bad habits in anything else. Some of the simplest and least offensive of mannerisms, too, often develop into mjurious habits if not checked at once. Holding the racket loosely in the hand, swinging it or twist- ing it sidewise before making a stroke, jumping a little just be- fore the stroke instead of while it is being made, taking the eyes off the ball, and even momentary lapses of indifference while playing are all dangerous habits to contract, and each will de- velop into a bad fault if not checked at once. The questions of placing the ball and of covering court so as to prevent the opponent from out-placing you are very impor- tant, and both permit unlimited .^tudy ; in fact, the cleverest of L. H. WAIDNER, Chicago. In the Western Championship Tournament. How to Play L a iv n T e n n { s^ 35 tournament players never stop working on these problems. After every stroke from one side of the court or the other, one should immediately hurry back to the centre of the base-line, so as to be ready to start for the next ball, no matter where it is placed. If she is caught too far away from the centre, the opponent will surely win the stroke by placing the ball to the other side of the court and out of her reach. Not long ago I discovered an expert tournament player re- peatedly stood still after making a stroke from one side of the court, and waited to see the result of his play, instead of hurry- ing back to the centre of the base-line in anticipation of his opponent's next stroke. By this error, he constantly left his court open at the opposite side for a well-placed ball that would win the point. When badly pressed for time or too far out to one side of the court to get back again, a lob is always useful, and it gives a player plenty of time to get back into position for -the next play. Beginners should all learn to lob well, as thih is an invaluable stroke and can always be resorted to for a dei^nse. An overhand service is practically necessary for those who want to play the game well, although some players learn to serve underhand with such a sharp twist that it is difficult to make a hard return from the low erratic bound. The ball should be thrown up in the air as straight as possible over the right shoulder for the overhand service, and hit just as it pauses in the air before falling. To throw it much higher and hit it as it falls is much more difficult and less effective. An overhand service should be made as fast as the player can control the ball within the boundaries of the proper court. The second service, too, after a first fault has been served, should be made in the same way but slower. To serve in a different way only tends to upset the accuracy of the first service as well as the second, and weakens both. I, H. T. Mollenhauer; 2, Prof. L. Perry; 3, F. DeRham; 4, C. C. Pell. How to Play Lawn Tsnnit 3^ How to Make the Most Important Strokes. I. — The Service. Having first mastered the rudiments of the game, one is soon led on to the more intricate points of play. In hitting the ball, there are very many variations possible, of course, but the whole list of strokes can be divided safely into four classes: (i) The service, (2) horizontal ground strokes, (3) the volley and the half-volley, and (4) the lob. Let us consider the service first, as it is the opening stroke in every play. The service is restricted by the rules of the game more closely than any other play, and it is w^ell that it is so, for there have been many attempts to take advantage of the attack given to the server by his being allowed to make the first stroke of each series. The service rule (No. 6) has had to be changed repeat- edly to keep the server from infringing on the rights of his opponent. In the modern game it is considered a great ad- vantage to get up the net to volley as soon as possible after the service has been delivered, and the American experts a few years ago carried this plan of attack so far that they served on the run, and a new rule (that which is at present in force) had to be adopted to stop their onslaught. It has always been the intention of the rules to make the server stand at the base-line when he delivered his service, and the wording has been changed only to define this position more closely, so that he shall remain there until after the ball has been delivered. Otherwise, he is allowed to hit the ball as he pleases, and it is a good service if the ball drops in the service- court diagonally opposite him, and does not touch the net in crossing. • Naturally, the faster the service the more difficult it is to return, and all efforts have been directed toward getting greater speed in the delivery without forcing the ball to strike out of the required court. There used to be many methods of underhand twist services i 1 9 ^^^^^B^K' «i^-M^^^B r«Bii'iii»^^^H H jBf - M ^V j ■ J ^ Jf J P 'K £ m-m ^H ■B^l ^BBSi.Mmk '<<^^^^H I, Hal Braly, a Southern California crack; 2, Winfred Mace; 3, O. V. Vernon; 4, Drummond Jones. How to may Lawn Tennis 39 used, much like those of rackets and courts tennis, and it was intended to make the ball bound up from the ground at an erratic angle that would make it more difficult for the opponem to return. These twist services passed out of use, however .vhen faster return strokes and harder drives came mto use and have been only occasionally revived for special uses, sometimes against women in mixed doubles, or occasionally agamst a player who finds it difficult to hit the heavily cut ball. It is also occasionally useful to serve an underhand twist ball when the sun shines brightly in the server's face, and makes it difficuh to look up for an overhand service. The American twist service is a newer and more scientific development of these old-fashioned ^wist deliveries, but the ball is served overhand and very fast. A special chapter has been devoted to this one play. The most useful and commonest service used by good players is an overhand delivery almost straight with a slight cut to the right that keeps the ball from "sailing" in the air. A ball always travels faster and truer if it turns on its own axis, and this same principle which is used in ''rifling" guns is brought into use m serving a tennis ball. The player should reach as high as pos- sible, even serving up on the right toe, and strike the ball at the extreme length of this racket. The server should reach up a little above the ball, too, so that the pressure of the racket shall be slightly on top as well as on the right side of the ball. This top twist helps to bring the ball down into the court, when sometimes it might otherwise go out and be a fault. ^ This overhand cut service curves slightly to the (servers) left and its tendency is to draw the opponent out slightly in that direction in order to return it. If a player can combine this service with a "reverse" service, which is made by drawing the racket across the ball in the opposite direction, from left to right he can fool the adversary wonderfully by varying the two, and keep him guessing almost constantly. This gives the server a big advantage, for the opponent is unable to anticipate his delivery and finds it more difficult to make a strong return. It is important to have a strong second service, and too many 40 How to Play Lawn Tennis players neglect this feature of their play, serving so slowly and "softly" in their anxiety to be certain to avoid the double fault, that their second service is very easy to kill. The second service should be as nearly like the first as possible, only mod- erated enough to be certain of not missing making a double fault. I know a number of good tournament players whose game shows the woeful weakness of a second service that can be killed often by a fast drive from the slow high bound. It is doubly important that the second service should be as long as possible, that is, following as near the service-line as possible; and that it should not bound high so as to offer a tempting mark to drive at. Many players try for exceptional speed with their first service, when they know that the chances are heavily against their making the stroke count. The result is that the second service, when they miss, is so much softer than the first that it is easy to kill. It is better to make the first a little slower and be more sure of bringing it in, and then to make the second more nearly like the first if the latter should be a fault. If the server plans to run in on his service and to volley the opponent's first return, there are other considerations than mere speed and twist to consider in making the service. Direction and placing are even more important than either speed or bound, for the ball must be carefully placed to make the server's posi- tion safe at the net. It is generally the safest in running in, to serve to the centre of the court, for it is always more difficult for the opponent to pass a volleyer at the net from the centre of the court than from either edge, where the side-line is always open. If the opponent is particularly weak on his backhand, or if he stands well over toward the centre of the court to anticipate a delivery to this point, it is well to vary the direction of the service to the extreme edge of the right-hand court. This will often force him out of court to make the return, and its unex- pected direction wiH make it more difficult for him to handle the ball well. ff0w to Play Lawn Tennis 11. — The Ground-Stroke. At least three-quarters of the game is made up of ground- strokes, and upon a player's skill in this department of the game depends much of his success. It is impossible to play the game well without good ground-strokes, and very few men have ever succeeded with only volleying to back them up. To win a rally by volleying at the net requires, first, good ground-strokes to make the opening when the volleyer will be safe at the net. To be sure, there is only one stroke in each rally that is required by law to be played off the ground — the return of the service- but few men are able to volley so well that they can reach the net safely after every service and first return, and it is prac- tically necessary to earn the position for a smash or volleyed ace by good ground-strokes that lead up to the winning position. The straight horizontal drive is the most useful of all the ground-strokes, and this can be made either forehand or back- hand. It needs a full, long swing, a clean-hit ball and as much body swing and "carry through," as the golfers call it, as it is possible to get in the stroke. The ball is best taken at about the height of the knee, and a little "lift" put on it at the end of the stroke. Many players have a habit of striking the ball much higher than the knee, often higher than the waist, but this not only makes the stroke more difficult to execute, but it also in- creases the chances of putting it into the net. In making this stroke, I want to emphasize once more, however, the importance of getting the weight of the body into the stroke and of throw- ing it forward so that the weight follows the racket as long ?s possible. Most beginners in lawn tennis have a tendency to push the ball rather than to hit it, and the effect is to ruin what might otherwise be a good stroke. The impact against the ball should be clean-cut and sharp, but the racket should follow the ball until it is well started on its course. The drop stroke, often erroneously called the "Lawford" stroke, is an exaggeration of this side-strike that has become 42 How to Play Lawn Tennis very commonly used; in fact, more often seen than the true stroke. In making this, the racket meets the ball with a diag- onal sweep, striking it a glancing blow with a sharp up-twist that drags the ball along with it and gives it a sharp spinning motion, like a "follow" shot in billiards. By some tennis players this is so much exaggerated that the ball describes "a sharp, rainbow- like course as it crosses the net and dips quickly after crossing, so that many balls that seem to be going out of court ultimately fall inside the boundaries. This stroke is very useful for passing an opponent at the net, for it is doubly difficult to volley a falling ball like this sends, but against an opponent at the back of his court, it takes un- necessary risks without proportionate gain, for it accomplishes no more, save, possibly, a little greater speed than the straight side-stroke. The chop-stroke is another method of striking the ball after it has bounded which has found a great many devotees. The ball is hit with a downward chopping motion like that made by a woodsman swinging an axe. The head of the racket is bevelled and meets the ball at a sharp angle, striking a glancing blow that gives the ball a sharp back-spinning motion, opposite to that given by the drop or lift stroke, and like the spin of a billiard ball after it has been played for a draw-shot. This stroke is a corruption of the English method of striking under the ball rather than over it, as so many Americans do, and it has been exaggerated until some players "chop" nearly every ball they play. The tendency of this stroke is to keep the ball up, rather than make it drop into court, and unless it is played slow or from well above the net, it often sails out of court. The player has a little better command of the ball, per- haps, but less speed than with the straight side-stroke. In backhand play, the straight side stroke is the most useful of all but more difficult than the chop-stroke. The drop-stroke is very difficult to play on the back-hand side and few players ever use it except on the forehand, while the cut or chop stroke is the ' '^iest and most often used on the back-hand. The Eng- How to Play Lawn T e nn ♦-? lish players use it a good deal, cutting much more in their back- hand play than on the other side of the body. The chop-stroke is the most difficult of all to handle at the back of the court, because of the twisting ball and low bound, but it is very easy indeed to volley if an opponent plays it when one is waiting at the net. The straight side-stroke is the best of all for driving against a base-line player and the drop- stroke for passing. It is difficult, however, to combine both, and few players have succeeded in doing so. A man must choose one or the other to gain success and stand or fall by that. It takes a wonderful amount of practice to perfect either stroke and if one divides his time and attention between two different styles, he is likely to imitate the "Jack of all trades, master of none." e In receiving the service, the ground-stroke must be used al- ways, and it depends upon the style of the opponent which is the best play to use against him. If the server runs in to the net to volley after each service, a side-line passing drive or a short cross-court stroke will generally prove the best answer to his attack. Such a return makes the ball drop so soon after crossing the net that it is very difficult for him to volley the stroke, and even if he does succeed, he generally hits the ball below the level of the net and his volley becomes less dangerous because he must lift the ball up again somewhat in order ti^ keep it from going into the net. If he volleys too well to pass, then a lob must be resorted to. If the opponent is a base-line player and does not run in at once to volley, the drop-stroke is not so useful for attacking or opening upon an attack for a winning volley at the net, as either the chop-stroke or the straight side-stroke. It adds to the chance of error without increasing the force of the attack. The drop-stroke spins out a good deal after it has struck the ground and loses much of its speed when it rises the second time for the opponent to return, while the chop-stroke "shoots" faster than ever from the ground and the straight side-stroke holds most of its place after bounding. 44 How to Play Lawn Tennis The question of length is of utmost importance m making good ground-strokes, and for this purpose the straight side- stroke is the most powerful of all ground-strokes. Both the chop-stroke and the drop-stroke depend on their twist to keep them within the boundaries of the court, while the side-stroke is aimed for the spot it is intended to strike. In using the drop- stroke, the player aims many feet beyond where he expects the ball to fall, and depends upon the drop to bring it into the court, while with the chop-stroke, it is just the reverse, for the player has to aim the ball many feet short of the base-line in order to bring it inside of the line, as the under-twist makes the ball "sail" somewhat. For all-round uses, therefore, the straight side-stroke is the most useful, but it does not follow that no cut should ever be used with it. On the contrary, it 15 possible to use a little of either cut with this stroke, and thus get part of the effect of either of the other two strokes, while with either of the exaggerated styles, the other is almost impossible to acquire. Many players who have mastered the straight side-stroke, and who follow through after the ball the longest in making it, vary its use a good deal by twisting the ball slightly according to the position of the opponent. Against a man at the net, they finish the stroke with the racket drawn somewhat up toward the left shoulder, and this gires the ball a top twist that makes it drop slightly after crossing the net, although not nearly so much as with the regular drop-stroke. When the opponent is at the base-line, a little under twist keeps the ball from bounding high and makes it shoot so from the bound that it will be forced further away and find it more difficult than ever to make a safe return. With this straight side-stroke, the player has the best control of the ball that can be secured, and if he follows it well with his racket in hitting it, he can direct the ball very closely to where he wants it to go. How to Play Lawn Tennis ^r III.— The Volley and Half- Volley. The most thoroughly American stroke of all those which are used in lawn tennis is the volley, and much of its modern de« velopment is due to American methods. Our players volley with much more aggressiveness than the Englishmen and their attack- is much stronger and more effective in consequence. A great part of the volleying abroad is underhand, the ball being struck from below the level of the net and must be lifted back over its top again before it can seek a vulnerable point of the adver- sary's court. This naturally lessens its power of attack and makes it more of a defensive stroke. Americans, on the other hand, rush in much closer to the net and volley sharper and faster, hitting the ball at the top of its flight and driving it downward with a sharp stroke. They smash much more, too, than their English cousins and seldom fail to take advantage of an opening for a killing stroke, when the foreigners often satisfy themselves by keeping the ball in play with underhand volleys that do not kill. My advice to any young player who wants to learn to volley underhand is — don't do it at all. At best it is a defensive stroke, and a volley should never be allowed to be defensive. If driven back from the net so far that it is impossible to reach the ball before it has fallen so low as to make an underhand volley necessary, it is much preferable for the player io fall back still further and make a ground-stroke instead of a low volley. The position is stronger and stroke is likely to be much better. Horizontal volleying is the most important of all, and upon his skill at that depends a large pait of a player's success at net play. Once safely ensconced at the net, all fast returns offer horizontal volleys and only the lobbed balls give openings for overhead volleying or smashing. The most important point in horizontal volleying is to hold the wrist very stiff and to meet the ball with a rigid racket that does not give at all from the impact. One should never volley upward either; it is better to strike a little downward and if the ball is too close to the net to direct it downward at once, the face of the racket can be 46 How to Play Lawn Tennis bevelled slightly upward to keep the ball from going into the net. The racket should be drawn back eighteen inches or two feet as the ball comes toward you, and then brought forward with a quick, determined stroke that meets the ball with a sharp blow and follows it as far as possible. To merely stop a ball without striking it, or even after striking it, to relax the grip of the racket so that it gives when the ball meets it, means to rob the volley of all its life and snap, and to make a weak return of the stroke. Except for the tricky "stop-volley" which is rapidly coming into use for grass court play against a base- line player, the ball should always be hit firmly and sharply and the direction controlled by turning the wrist in- one direction or another at the last second before striking the ball. These stop-volleys are made by close net players by holding the racket rather loosely and merely stopping a fast drive at the net and allowing the ball to fall just over into the opposite court and drop there lifeless with little or no bound. If the opponent is far back in his court and not expecting this play, he is seldom able to get up to the net in time to reach the ball before it bounds the second time. It is possible to bring off these stop- volleys successfully, however, only when the volleyer is very close to the net, so close in fact that he is in danger of having the ball lobbed over his head. The correct play against a volleyer who gets in so close as this is always to lob over his head, for he is seldom able to back away in time to volley the ball, and generally has to let it bound and return it with another lob. Overhead volleying or smashing is much like serving. The player should reach as high as possible over his head and strike the ball from over his right shoulder with as much force as possible. In smashing, the weight should be thrown far forward and the additional impetus of the body's swing added to the force of the blow. The object of a smash is to kill a dropping ball by the sheer speed of the blow, rather than the accuracy of its plac- ing, but many well-smashed balls are returned by the opponent, and the player should not lose his balance entirely, for then he How to Flay Lawn Tennis Al will not be ready for the next stroke in case his antagonist should return his first smash. It is never safe to risk a smash if behind the service-line, and a ball that is going to fall further back than that should be volleyed rather than smashed. Smashing is very much over- done anyway. It is quite unnecessary to smash many short lobs that come to a player during the course of a game, for an ordi- narily fast overhead volley to some remote part of the court where it is well out of the reach of the opponent is quite as effective as a smash, and reduces materially the chance of error without weakening the chances of winning the ace. When a volley will kill the ball, a player should never risk a smash or waste his strength on the play either. Half-volleying is only a makeshift at best to cover up a mistake in position. A player should never half-volley if it is possible to make any other stroke. He should go back and play off the ground, or run forward to meet the ball and volley the return. Some of the English players half-volley aggressively from choice, even when it is possible for them to avoid the stroke, but this play has been fostered and practiced because of the volleying position of the Englishmen, many feet further from the net than that which the Americans prefer. The conse- quence is that many balls drop at their feet when they are in their customary position for volleying, at the service-line, and they get used to half-volleying instead of shifting position to get the ball either on the volley or after it has risen well from the ground. IV. — The Lob. The lob is a stroke that used to be considered only useful for defence, but modern American methods have brought it into common -play both for attack and defence, and it has now become recognized as a general stroke of the game. Primarily, it is used either to get the ball out of the reach of an opponent at the net waiting to volley it, or to save time by knocking the ball high into the air while you get back into position or recover your "wind," if out of breath. • 48 How to Play Lawn Tennis Some players find it difficult to kill a lobbed ball, and in a tournament match the ability to lob well may prove of great advantage against an antagonist. If hard pressed, it also fur- nishes a breathing spell that may be just enough to save the set. The ball should be played high into the air and well back, in the opponent's court. The lob short is sure death, and one had better not lob at all than to lob short of the service-line. The ball should be hit with confidence and with force behind it, not hesitatingly, as though the player were afraid the stroke would be a failure. This uncertain way of lobbing is the most dangerous of all. Of recent years, however, still another use has come into play for the lob, and this is the result of the American habit of getting in close to the net to volley. Once the opponent gets in closer than the usual net position, when less than ten feet from the net, the overhead attack can be started by lobbing, and he can quickly be driven away from his advantageous posi- tion. A low lob, just out of his reach, sometimes scores a clean ace, and even a high one will often force him to turn and run back in his court to return the ball. A young player should always practice lobbing enough to be certain of the play. It is always useful and one can never tell when he will have to bring the stroke into use. Nothing is more demoralizing, too, than to lob short and have the bah killed so hard that you have not a chance to reach it. Before an import- ant match, it is a good plan to practice lobbing for some time, and the question of length should be watched closely, for a good lob should always fall between the service-line and the base-line — better yet, within ten feet of the base-line. I have often spent an hour with a patient friend on the other side of the net, practicing just this one stroke, and the result justified all my hard work, for it gave me command of a play that served me in good stead whenever I got into any kind of difficulties. It is the most perfect defence that can be found, and against any but a very strong smasher, it often becomes ^ strong attack. H o 10 to Play Lawn Tennis 49 The American Twist Service There has been a good deal of mystery surrounding the Ameri- can twist services which have recently become so prominent in the international matches. As a matter of fact, there should be no mystery at all in regard to this play, as it is simply a scien- tific development of the common underhand twist strokes adapted for overhead play with the additional speed which has made the new stroke so formidable. It is a common error to call these deliveries "reverse twists," for, as a matter of fact, the only re- verse twist overhead service in use among the experts is that de- livered by Champion Whitman, while the twist service used by Davis, Ward and Alexander have all the natural out twist. As Davis is a left-handed player, his service "breaks" from the ground in the opposite direction from those deliveries by right- handed players. Ever since the early days of baseball the scientific theory of curving a ball in the air has been well understood. The top of a carriage wheel travels faster than the bottom, because its axis is moving ahead all of the time, and in the same way the friction on the side of a ball which is twisting on its own axis is greater on the side which is going fastest through the air— the right- hand side in a right-twist delivery and vice versa. The rougher the surface of any spherical body the more it will curve in the air, because the friction becomes greater against the particles of the air itself. The rough felt covering of a lawn tennis ball causes more friction than a leather-covered baseball and conse- quently the tennis ball curves more in the air. The secret of success in making this new twist service is not to make the ball curve so much to one side or the other as to curve downward in its flight, like the "drop" of a modern base- ball pitcher. It is necessary to make a tennis ball drop quickly after crossing the net if it is to be served with much speed and 50 Ho w to Play Lawn Tennis still strike within the boundary of the service court. To accom- plish this the ball must be hit on top as inuch as possible, and the secret of the new twist service lies in reaching over the ball and striking it from above as well as one side. The racket strings are drawn across the cover of the ball as much as possible, the ball taking the strings near one edge of the frame and leaving at the other side. To do this a very quick side motion is required, and it is this that gives the ball its rapid spinning motion. It has been a mystery to many why a tennis ball should bound in the opposite direction from its curve, but if one will apply the principle of the "English" in billiards he will understand at once the reason. In the overhand out twist, as served by Ward and Alexander, the ball spins sharply on its own axis, combining the effect of right-hand English and the "follow" shot in billiards — in other words, it spins exactly like a billiard ball when hit for a follow shot with right English. It curves to the (server's) left in seeking the line of the least resistance (which is a comnion rule in all physics) because of the greater friction on its right side, and it curves downward in its flight because of the greater friction on its top side. Instantly the ball strikes the ground it breaks to the right be- cause the spinning motion drags it that way when it comes in con- tact with the ground, just the same as a billiard ball with right English will rebound to the right when it strikes the cushion of the table. Thus we have the double motion in this new twist service, which has puzzled so many who have played against it. The reason why its effect has been greater with American than with English balls is because the surface covering of the Ameri- can ball is rougher than that of the English, and the resistance in going through the air becomes greater in consequence. The ball gets a sharper twist from the racket because the rougher cover makes it cling longer to the string. The service used by Whitman has the reverse twist, his racket removes from (his) right to his left, the ball curves from left to right, and breaks again to the .left as it leaves the ground. Davis's service has the same curves and the same effect as Whit- man's, but Davis reaches very much further over the ball, hitting How to Play Lawn Tennis 51 it faster and making it bound deeper. It is an out twist and not a reverse twist, however, because Davis plays with his left hand and the racket travels away from his body, not across it. The service used by Ward and Alexander is an out twist made with the right arm, the racket traveling away from the body to the (server's) right; the ball curves from right to left, and breaks sharply to the right again after leaving the ground. In Whitman's case the racket travels across in front of his body and the tendency in making this reverse twist is to throw the server off his balance, and to make it doubly difficult for him to run in to the net to volley the first return. In the case of the out twist, it is just the reverse, and Ward is said to have in- vented this service in an effort to get the impetus of the racket to help him get in motion quicker after serving in his hurry to reach the net for the volleying position. In each case where this out twist service has been successful the server bends very far backward and drops his racket down far behind his back before making the stroke. In each case, too, he reaches well up over the ball, and the more he hits it on top, the more speed he can secure and still make the ball drop enough to fall inside of the service court. There is a tendency also to ease up slightly on the inside edge of the racket so that the strings will follow the ball longer and give it a sharper twist in making the stroke. This new American twist service is physically very severe on its users, and tires the muscles of the back and stomach more than those of the arms, because of the sharp bending backward as the stroke is made. There is no secret about it, however, and the fact that Alexander has successfully learned to use it simply through watching Ward make the service and practising it steadily is proof that any other player can learn this stroke who will give enough time and conscientious effort to learn it. The keynote to success, however, lies in hitting the ball well on top with a very sharp twist, the ball rolling across the entire face of the strings before it leaves it, and in striking it very much harder than would be possible to bring an ordinary service within the court. 52 How to Play Lawn Tennis How to Build and Keep a Court Nothing is more important for the full enjoyment of lawn tennis than a satisfactory court, and none of the other accessories of the game offers a wider variety. Many important consider- ations come up even after the kind of court to be built, and the cost, have been decided upon. No matter how much is to be spent on the ground, nor what the surface is to be, the most important things to consider first are space, light and drainage. The back-stop nettings should never be nearer than fifteen feet from the lines, and if good players are expected to use the court, particularly if tournament matches are to take place on it, the space behind the base-line should be 21 feet at each end. At the sides at least 6 feet, if possible 12 feet should be allowed beyond the side-lines for doubles of each court. A well- appointed court for tournament play should be centered in an unobstructed space of not less than 60 x 120 feet. Wire back- stop netting 10 or 12 feet high should surround it at these distances from the lines. If there are two or more courts to- gether, there should be at least 12 feet between their side lines, and one netting can surround all. In selecting a site for a court, a spot should be chosen where there is always plenty of sunlight, and where at no time of the day does any shadow cross the ground on which the court is to be laid. Green or black is a preferable background to play against, but any dark and even color will do. A court should never be laid out with any very light background within a short distance at either end, or close at either side. Nor should a site be selected with a badly mixed or moving background. Shade trees are useful near a court only if their shadow is a solid one, not constantly checkered by flecks of sunlight glittering through moving branches, which constantly confuse the players. Never How to Play Lawn Tennis ij, should they be allowed near enough to cast any shadows on the playing surface. One more cardinal point should be remembered. The court should invariably be laid out north and south — never east and west. If this warning is disregarded, the player at one end or the other will be hopelessly blinded by the sun. The question of drainage is one of the most important consid- erations in selecting a site of this kind. On the natural facilities depends largely the cost of laying out a good court. If the natural soil be sandy and well drained, or if it is on high ground Vv^hich slopes away near by, artificial drain pipes will not have to be put in, and this saves much of the cost, but if it be thick clay that holds moisture long, or on low ground with neighboring slopes that drain toward it, the court will be useless for many hours after each rainfall unless artificial drain pipes are put in. After the site has been selected, it must be decided whether a grass or "dirt" court is to be built. If the natural sod is lux- uriant and the soil favorable for its growth, or if the court is not to be used enough to wear oflf the grass, a turf court will gen- erally be found preferable, but if the ground is to be constantly in use, the sod will wear off and become "bald" unless there is space enough on the lawn to shift the court frequently. When good turf cannot be had or will not stand the wear, a substitute must be found, and sand or dirt courts are most often used. On well-drained land, one can sometimes cut away the top surface, level the ground and roll it until well hardened and the court is ready for use, but more preparation is necessary to build a permanent court that will not be constantly losing its proper level. For such a court the earth should be cut away to a depth of one foot if no drains are required. After leveling it carefully with a spirit level, to be sure that the grade is right, a layer of jix inches of broken stone should first be laid and pounded down hard. Ordinary trap-rock used for macadmizing roads is perhaps the best for this purpose, but any broken stone, ranging in sizes from a walnut to an ^^%, will answer the purpose. This should S4 How to Play Lawn Tennis be covered with a three-inch layer of coarse gravel or fine broken stone, which should be thoroughly pounded and watered for several days before being covered. Before any surface is put on the court, the greatest care should be taken to see that the foun- dation is perfectly level, or, rather that the center of it is hot more than one inch lower than at the ends. Any holes or de- pressions that appear from rolling and pounding should be fil/,ftO in before it is covered. Every well-built court should be graded toward the net, and a drain-pipe well-protected with broken stone should be sunk at "ight angles to the court, dividing it in halves at the net. To- ward this gutter the surface of the court should be drained and the drain-pipe in turn should be tilted enough to carry the water to one side well off the grounds, into some lower spot, or be connected with some sunken hogshead or regular sewer. A sur- face grade of one inch is enough to keep the average couit dry, The base* lines therefore should be one inch higher than the ground at the net, and if the soil is sandy enough to take up most of the water from the average rainstorm, no drain but that under the net will be necessary. Some players prefer the court to drain from end to end, in which case the court should grade gradually so that one end is two inches lower than the other. If artificial drainage is necessary to keep the court dry, drain- pipes can be laid in the foundations of the court. This can be done by getting six-inch stone sewer-pipes cut in halves, or stone gutters used on tiled roofs, and sinking them in the ground, open side up, immediately under the foundation of broken rock. Two or three should be placed on each side of the net, parallel with the side-lines and graded down toward the center gutter under the net. These pipes should be filled with coarse pebbles or cracked stones about the size of walnuts, and they keep the drains from filling up with earth. The water will then trickle through the coarse sand and stones to the pipes and be carried down to the main gutter and so off the court. The covering for a gravel or sand court should be not less than three nor more than six inches in thickness, and of sandy How to Play Lawn Tennis loam and clay mixed The proportions depend on the quality of the clay. If it is very binding and sticky, one part of sand to two of clay are preferable, but for the average ingredients they should be mixed about four parts of clay to one part of sand. When the court is finished, if it is found to be too soft but dry, more clay should be added; while if it drains poorly and stays muddy too long after rain, or its surface is too sticky for the player's feet, more sand should be added on the surface. When a court is finally covered, it should be thoroughly watered and rolled alternately twice every day for two weeks before it Is played on at all, and any depressions or uneven spots corrected as fast as they appear from the settling. After the first heavy rain-storm it should be gone over and releveled most carefully, for then it is most likely to develop new faults. The fine seashore sand will seldom be found satisfactory for the surface of a court, for it works loose too quickly under the players' feet, and can only be made to bind when mixed with a larger proportion of clay, which will make the drainage more difficult, as water percolates very slowly through clay. If the soil upon which a court is being built is very rich and worms promise to work through to the surface above and injure the court, it is well to lay a layer of fine cinders, those from a rail- road engine preferred, between the foundation and the sandy surface layer. These cinders effectually prevent worms from coming through to the surface. It is also well to use coarse sifted ashes mixed with the stones in the drain-pipes. . The construction of a grass court is less difficult, but varies much more in process. If cost need not be considered, it should be built by a professional, and will be laid on deep-laid founda- tions ; if it is desired to build an economical court on an available lawn which is fairly level, the cost will not be heavy. The sod should first be carefully removed in squares of about eighteen inches, from a space at least 50 by 100 feet, cutting down to a depth of about six inches. The ground should then be turned with a spade to a depth of eighteen inches or two feet, and after all stones have been removed, and the earth carefully raked over 5fc How to Ptay Lawn Tennis and leveled, it should be packed and rolled with a heavy roller It cannot have too much leveling and rolling, and the rolling should be kept up for several days with plenty of soaking by rain or hose-pipe. Any inequalities which the heavy pressure of the roller produces should be filled in or cut down before the sods are relaid. After the ground has been rolled sufficiently the sods should be replaced. In doing this it is important to get the edges close together, so that no seams or open cracks can be found. These sods should be relaid in the afternoon and well drenched with water. The next day the ground should be rolled again ; and this should be followed by alternate drenching and rolling for several days. Even when the ground finally appears firm and level, the court should not be played upon until new blades of grass appear in considerable numbers. If depressions appear, the sod at that spot should be lifted, fresh earth inserted to the proper grade and the sod replaced, watered and rolled till level and flat again. Bad spots are often found where the grass is thin or where malignant weeds obstruct its growth, and in this case fresh sods should be bought or cut elsewhere and substituted. Sometimes large patches of ground must be renewed in this way, but it will be found much less expensive if all the turf is bad to sow the new court down with lawn seeds, and seeds will often help out thin spots in the grass if the court is not to be used too soon after the sowing. It is better to make a grass court in the fall whether it is to be sown with seed or sodded. The winter storms will then settle it thoroughly, and after a little releveling in the spring it will be ready for use. Grass seeds should be sown between the middle of March and the first of May, or better yet, in the autumn, between the middle of Auguit and the first of October. It takes about 20 pecks of good lawn seed to cover a space 60 by 120 feet. The sowing should be gone over twice, the second time at right angles to the first. Clover seeds should be avoided, as this grass does not wear well, and guano should not be used for fertilizing, for it tends to bring up coarse blades in patches. How to Play Lawn Tennis 57 As soon as the young grass Is high enough to be topped, a scythe or sickle should be used, being at first better than the mowing machine. After the new grass is well hardened, how- ever, the latter should be constantly in use, never less than once a week, and in moist warm weather nearly every day. With every precaution weeds are sure to appear, but these can gen- erally be held in check by constant mowing. The more formidable weeds, however, must be cut with a knife one by one about an inch below the surface, and care being taken to remove as much of the root as possible. A pinch of salt dropped on the cut root will generally stop the growth. When the turf becomes worn In spots a small shift In the lines of the court will relieve vhe pressure and enable the grass to grow again; at the end of the season all of the bare patches should be resown. There are several other kinds of court sometimes built when turf cannot be had. Cinders, clay, concrete, cement and asphalt are also sometimes used, while board courts are built under cover for winter use. Concrete and cement are open to many objections. They are very hard on the eyes and legs, and often make the player's feet sore; the surface generally wears out the balls and shoes quickly, and It Is also liable to crack with frost. Cinder courts are cheap and easy to construct, but the surface is so gritty that It burns the feet of the players and soon uses up the balls. They are also very dirty. Asphalt courts are expensive and much affected by heat and cold, sometimes even cracking with the frost. In Australia courts have been made of cracked blue-stone, while a cheaper substitute has been found In England in what is called a brick rubble court. Once the court Is finally built and ready for use, it must be properly marked out. In every case, unless It be of grass, and the lines are to be constantly shifted to prevent bare spots, net- posts should be permanently sunk in the ground. They should be not less than two feet under the ground nor forty feet apart. A double court contains every line used for singles, and so it is customary to mark a court for doubles, except occasionally 58 How to Play Lawn Tennis for important tournament matches in singles, when the outside lines are left off. In order to lay out a court properly the middle of the space should be measured and the two posts set down for the net. Then cord should be stretched along one side just inside the post and pegs driven down into the ground each 39 feet from the net. In order to prove that the side-lines are at right angles with the line of the posts where the net is to cross it should be proved by measuring with a tape-line or cord the diagonals from the opposite net-post to the corner peg at each end of the side- line, which should agree. A very useful implement for measuring is Spalding's Patent Angle Steel Measuring Tape. With it, any one can secure accurate right angles, yet it is also available for straight or any kind of measuring. It is 50 feet long, graduated in feet, inches and eighths of an inch, and is enclosed in hard leat'ier case, with all mountings nickel-plated. The price is $4.00. The pegs from the other two corners should be driven down y.ext by measuring 2i^ feet at right angles from each end of the side-line already planned. Then you have a hollow square, but before marking any of the lines it should be proved again. The long diagonals, from corner to corner, should be carefully meas- ured to agree, in order that the court shall be exactly rectangular, not diamond shaped. Each side-line and each base-line should be gone over again to prove its length accurate, and then the lines of this hollow square should be marked out. If the posi- tion of the court is not to be shifted it is a good plan to sink small angle plates to mark these four corners so that when a hard storm washes away the lines, they will not have to be laid out all over again. The inner side-lines should be put in next, each parallel with the outer lines, and 4^ feet inside, measuring them at the base- lines and at the net to prove them parallel. One each of these pegs should be driven down just 18 feet from either end, and then they should be measured the other way to prove that each is 21 feet from the net and 42 feet from that at the opposite end. Across from each of these to that on the opposite side should be marked the service-lines, and then dividing these service-lines in half, the half-court line should be marked, its How to Play Lawn Tennis 59 distance being 13^ feet from each inner side-line. The court will then be completed and ready for use. A good dirt court should be swept, watered, rolled and freshly marked out after every eight or ten sets of play, and oftener in very dry weather, Instantly a depression is discovered it should be filled in and roHed down before playing is continued, for it is almost as dangerous for the players as the court to continue with it uneven. A court should never be rolled in the condition ^.he players leave it after play. A player's heel raises a little fump ; if the roller goes over this before it is swept down even again, a hard ridge results and the ball will bound unevenly from it. It should be swept over first, until all the lumps are leveled down, before the roller is allowed on its surface. One of the best sweepers is made of a heavy joist of wood with a dozen thicknesses of old jute bagging or coarse cloth frayed out at the bottom edges, fastened to its bottom and trail- ing on behind it. This should be drawn over the court with a handle or rope several times. If it is pushed, the groundsman's feet will leave tracks after it; if he goes ahead the sweeper will erase them. Before the lines are marked out fresh, the old ones should always be swept off with a broom, but if the broom is constantly used along the lines in a parallel direction, it wil' gradually wear away little grooves in the court where the lines are and the balls will bound improperly from them. The sweep- ing should be done lightly across the court, at right angles with the lines. A grass court cannot have too much care. It is advisable to wet it thoroughly several times a week and roll it as often. It should be watered at night, cut in the morning, and rolled after cutting and before watering. The best way to repair a ba,re strip of ground is to lay fresh turf, and this should be done in the fall or as early as possible in the spring. Good tough turf, laid In February or early in March, will be fit for use by the first of June. In the early spring grass roots both in new turf and old may be greatly benefited by a good dressing of manure well worked in, but regular manuring should also be done in the fall. 6o How to Play Lawn Tennis Worm casts are very bad for good tennis turf. Particularly in fertile ground or after a storm, the little mounds will appear on the sod, and if the roller passes over them or they are trodden down little hard lumps are formed which spoil the surface of the court. The turf should always be swept before rolling, and in rich soil every morning. This scatters the mounds effectually. Where it is necessary to get rid of the worms, lime water should be sprinkled on the ground. They will then come to the surface and can be swept away. When a horse mowing machine is used it is well to have the horse's hoofs covered with soft pads to prevent their cutting into the turf and leaving prints that affect the bound of the ball. The groundsman at work on good lawn tennis courts, particularly when the turf is soft, and always on a sand court, should be required to wear rubber-soled shoes without heels. Mow to Play Lawn Tennts ©i New Thoughts on Training and Diet By Eustace H. Miles. [From the London Daily Mail.] Before I outline my system of training let me also say that 1 have put it to very severe tests. It has held good in the sever- est heat (in New York) and in the severest cold (in New York, Tuxedo, and Montreal). At Montreal I played three complete racquet matches (not games) in succession without a break. And in the United States I several times played three hard tennis matches in one day. Moreover, I can keep up this stan- dard of endurance without regular practice of the games. At the beginning of last year I lived an almost utterly sedentary life for three months, and then went off and played tennis hard for two hours. Nor have I ever found it necessary, because of the training, to discontinue my brainwork, even up to the very day of an important competition. Nor have I had a single breakdown, or indeed any appreciable staleness — the bugbear of athletes— since I changed my diet. In diet I do not hold to the absolute ideal, but I never go very far from it. A "hygienic ideal" would cut me off from most social meals altogether, and also perhaps from all stuffy and smoky rooms. So I keep myself slightly on the human side of supreme pinkness. I prefer two meals a day, at lo — ii and 4 — 5, or (with perhaps a fruit breakfast) at 12— I and 6:30 — 7:30. But I can eat five meals. I do not eat either flesh foods (fish, flesh, or fowl), or meat juices (in soups or otherwise), or eggs. Why not eggs? Because they do not suit me. Why not flesh foods? For the same rea- son and for many others. Instead of the undeniably nourishing and stimulating flesh foods I substitute what I find to be a not less nourishing basis and staple to give me proteid or albumen which shall rebuild 62 How to Play Lawn Tennis the blood and cells of my body and repair its waste. We might, indeed, live on proteid matter alone, and with it, with the help of a few minerals (e. g., phosphates), renew every cell of the body, says Professor Sir Michael Foster. Professors Gamgee, Pavy, and Bunge, and Dr. Robert Hutchin- son, like most other authorities, insist on the importance of prd- teid, and set down our average daily amount at 4 to 5 ounces. This amount I easily get from milk-proteid (I use Plasmon), cheese, nuts (often milled or in nut-foods), wholemeal bread, or biscuits, peas or haricot beans or lentils (sometimes) ; the other elements of food I obtain chiefly from fruits, but some- times from well-prepared vegetables. Stimulants such as tea I do not altogether avoid. I never have smoked for more than a few seconds ; all attempts have al- ways made me ill. I can eat slowly ; for several days I gave my mouthfuls over sixty bites each. But to two practices I must adhere — to the deep full upward breathing through the nose ; and also to the daily air-and-light- bath for the whole body, together with rubbing, self-massage, sharp exercises, and stretching exercises. One of the greatest shocks of my life was when I was performing thus on the sands near Hunstanton and suddenly say two undergraduates looking ^at. me in fear and wonder from behind a rock. I now air-bathe in my bedroom. I can find no air-bath near London, queer London. As to exercise, I never lift or carry weights except when I go shopping with ladies — this I do rarely. I consider that most weight-lifting tends to slowness and stiffness. My movements are chiefly brisk and full. Equally important in my system is muscular relaxing; not mere stillness and not mere slackness, but freedom and econ- omy. Of course, in athletics we should relax most of the unused muscles. But I go further. I purposely relax my arms and hands, my legs and feet, my neck and spine. I relax my face, and smile (when I am alone). Why should I be tense and clench ' my fist.<« and look almost as fierce as great American millionaires How to Play Lawn Tennis 63 and politicians do in their photographs? I cannot see a reason. So I try to look calm and not waste valuable energy in a worse than valueless way. During brainwork I almost invariably aim at repose of the muscles — open channels through which, as through unknotted in- dia-rubber pipes, the life-forces may smoothly flow. It is easiest to relax during the slow breathing outwards. It seems vital for me to relax both before and after great physical or mental efforts. That is a personal experience. Here, as with diet, I dare not suggest a law. I dare only suggest a plan worth trying. Experieni'ia docet. Experience must be our teacher. By their fruits ye shall know them. If worry and anxiety be thus re- moved, have we not here the cheapest of all nerve sedatives? Water seems to me to have at least two distinctive functions. Warm water serves to soothe, and to cleanse. Let it be soft, whether it be rain-water or water distilled or else softened by oatmeal or some "salts," and let it be used with pure soap and friction. Cool or cold water serves to invigorate and harden. Cool or cold water should be used after warm water. The body may be sponged part by part, just as air-baths may be partial. And then should follow rubbing, and perhaps exercise, and certainly stretching of the limbs. How sadly we need it! Sandals may be worn v/henever one has the courage. Though one of the greatest pleasures of my life was to have done over sixteen hours of hard brainwork in a day — once I reached eighteen— yet among the greatest pleasure I also reckon the consciousness of energy and endurance, i utterly disbelieve in the negative theory of health — that one should not be aware of the body. It ought to be a real joy to live. I love to feel each muscle tingle and thrill.. I love to have to move briskly every now and then especially with the shoulders and the legs, from sheer vitality. Sureiy our healthy nerves should be to us a joy rivalling the joy from taste or music. StKUHE SPALDING QUALITY Spalding IHE SUCCESS we have met with in put- ting out this racket accompanied by the broadest guarantee ever given on an article of this kind is the best evidence as to the truth of our assertions re- grarding the great care which we exercise in watching every detail of its manufacture. The racket is sold upon its own reputation and the Spalding Guarantee is your assurance of satisfaction. The difference between ... Styles A and B is in the additional strings remforcmg the central portion of the latter. Handles 5 and 5% inches in circum- ference. Stringing of clearest and absolutely best quality lambs gut. Tag attached to each racket, giving particulars of special in- spection. Each racket enclosed in special quality mackintosh cover. We use a dogwood insertion in shoulders, after proving to our satisfaction, by experience, that it is far superior to cane or other material, for the purpose. HIa rH/l « EITHER STYLE A OR WO. Ijlfi. STYLE B STRINGING. Each, $8.00 WE guarantee Lawn Tennis Rackets for a period of 30 days from date of pur- chase by the user. The v|j™™ Guarantee Tag attached ^^5 to each Spalding Lawn ^^13 Tennis Racket reads as follows: If this Racket proves defective in work- manship or material within 30 days from date of purchase, pleasfc return, transportation charges prepaid, to any Spalding Store, and the defect will be rectified. Imperfectly strung Rackets will be restrung, and in thi: eveiit of a broken frame due to workmanship or defective material, the Racket will be replaced. Notice.— This Guarantee does not apply to Rackets weighing less than 13 ounces. We urge that at the conclusion of play this Racket be rubbed dry, and when not in use be covered with a Waterproof Cover, placed in a Racket Press, and the gut occasion- ally varnished. T/EEP TOUR RACKET IN A. DRT PLACE, otkerwtoe the Guanuitee Is Told. PROMPT mENTION GIVEN TO ANT COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A. G. SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES! SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK Prieat in effect January 5, 1911. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian price* tee tpecial Canadian Catalogue, Stu?e THE SPALDING TRADEMARK TZf 'Tcrfcct Spalding 3 Haekett and Alexander Model Racket No. OGM •tTCNTtO JANUANY 3. I SOS ,ADE in the SPALDING "Perfect Oval" Model with walnut throat piece, dogwood reinforce- ment and vellum wrapped shoulders. We claim that this is a scientifically per- fect lawm tennis racket, and the experience of two of the most successful players in this country who use this racket in their most important matches goes far to prove the truth of our assertion. Handles 5 and 5^ inches in circumference. Stringing of clearest and absolutely best qual- ity lambs' gut. Each racket is enclosed in a special quality mackintosh cover. \tl OdVI Spalding "Perfect Oval" ilV. VUlfl* hackett- and f,j^ eO AA Alexander Model Racket. '^0*vU SpaldlnoSSL' Oval Model Racket NO.GME j^^!^HIS racket Q M >* I made exactly m J the same as ^^^^^ our Gold Medal ^^•^^ models No. A B except as to stringing and shape of the head, which is made oval to meet the demand for that shape. > The stringing is double style, similar to that in thd Gold Medal Model No. B. Handles 5 and 5% inches in circumference.' Stringing of clearest 'and absolutely best qual- ity lambs' gut Each racket is enclosed in a special quality mackintosh cover. 1\Ia I^IVIF Spalding Gold Medal llU.UlTlIj* Oval Model Racket. $8.00 PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS mi Price* in •ffect January 5, 191 1. Subject to chan«« without notice. For Canadian prjce* tee *peoial Canadian CaUlofue. sSbKe THE SPALDING TRADEMARK "^IllK^^ QUALITY ^TCNVce JATIUARY^ a. The Spalding Tennis Rackets 'J'HE good points in the following rackets can be vouched for by some of the most successful of last season's players. In all of them quality of material and workmanship is superb and perfect balance a,ssure(}. Each frame made of finest white ash, highly pol- ched; combed Spanish cedar handle, leather capped. Model GX. Gold Medal shape. Taped shoulders; strung with best lambs' gut. This racket is equal to the best of any other make. Each,_ $5.Q0 Model DH. Hand made throughout and strung with- special quality lambs' gut. Modeled after style racket used exclusively- by some of the greatest players in the world. Extra stringing. in central portion of racket,. Each^ $5.00 No. 11. The Tournament. Taped shoulders; strung with good quality lambs' gut. A very popujar model Each, $4.00 No. 8. The Slocum. Oval shape, good quality frame, strung with special Oriental gut. A very superior racket at a moderate price. Extra string- _ ing in central portion of racket, ^ach, 83. 6 O GUARANTEE We guarantee Lawn Tennis Rackets for a period of 30 days from date of purchase by the user The Guar- antee Tag attached to each Spalding Lawn Tennis Packet reads as follows: If this Racket proves de- I'orkmanship or material within 30 days from date of purchase, please return, transportation charges prepaid, to any Spalding Store, and the defect will be rectified Imperfectly strung Rackets will be restrung, and in the event of a broken frame due to workmanship or defective material, the Racket will be replaced. NOTICE This Guarantee does not apply to Rackets weighing less th^n 13 ounces. We urge that at the conclusion of play this Racket be rubbed dry. and when not in use be covered with a Water- proof Cover, placed in a Racket Press, and the gut occa- sionally varnished. Keep Your Racket In a D17 Place, OtbecirUe The Guarantee is VoM. PROItlPT AUENTION GIVEN TO ANY COMMUNICATIONS • ADDRESSED TO US- A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES I FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK tSUHE SPALDING TRADE-MARK "^K^v^^ QUALITY PATCNtCD JANUA The Spalding Tennis Raclcets GUARANTEE We guarantee Lawn Tennis Rackets for a period of 30 days from date of purchase by the user. The Guarantee Tag attached to each Spalding Lawn Tennis Racket reads as follows: If this Racket proves detective in workmanship or material within 30 days from date of purchase, please return, transportation charges prepaid, to any Spalding Store, and the defect will be rectified. Im- perfectly strung Rackets will be restrung, and in the event of a broken frame due to workmanship or defective material, the Racket will be replaced. NOTICE This Guarantee does not apply to Rackets 1 ing less than 13 ounces. i'gh- We urge that at the conclusion of play this Racket be rubbed dry, and when not in use be covered with a Waterproof Cover, placed in a Racket Press, and the gut occasionally varnished. Keep Yonr Racket in a Dry Place, Otherwise The Guarantee Is Void. No. 7. The Oval. Oval shape, good quality white ash frame, strung with special Oriental gut. Made with extra stringing in central portion of racket. . Each, $2.50 e===s o g=**:S a (5==*=S) ' ' i "THE following rackets are all excellent quality. Frames of the finest selected white ash, highly polished, with combed Spanish cedar handle, leather capped; stringing of good quality Oriental gut. i-h-' No. 5. The Lakeside. . , . » Each, $3.0O No. 4. The Greenwood. j, . « 1 " 2.00 No. 3. The Geneva. . , . " I.50 Spalding Junior Champion Racket Made particularly for juvenile use, with small grip and in weights from 10 to 12 ounces inclusive, only. Frame of selected white ash, highly polished Oriental gut stringing. A good playing racket for boys and girls. No. OJ. Each, $2. CO PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS AOORESSEO TO US A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK Price* in effect January 5, 1911. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian prices tee (pecial Canadian Catalogue, SZ THE $PAL DING(il)TRADEMARK ''ZinT Spalding Championship Tennis Ball I perfect INFLATION COVERING SEWING ON the record made by the Spalding Cham- pionship Tennis Ball so far we are willing to base our claims for superiority, and wherever the ball is used, either in a tournament or regular play, we are certain our judgment will be con- firmed. Absolutely best in every particular of manufac- ture and made by people who have been in our employ, many of them, for twenty years and over, we place the Spalding Championship Ten- nis Ball before the most critical clientele in the ath- letic world with perfect con- fidence that it will give ab- solute satisfaction.. No. 00. Per dozen. $5.00 Three balls only, . $1.25 One or two balls. Each, .45 Wright & Ditson Championship Tennis Ball No. 5. So well known that com* mentas to its qualities is unneces- sary. Per dozen, S 5. 50 On orders for NOT less than t gross. Per gross, $60.00 Tournament Tennis Ball No. O. In the manufacture of the Spalding Championship Ball only those which are absolutely per- fect in every particular are allowed to pass, and the "culls" or "throw-outs" are stamped simply Tournament and do not bear the Spalding Trade-Mark. These balls will answer for practice or for ' children's use but should not be used for match play. Per dozen, S3. 60 . ^ - : Each, .30 PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS AODRESSEO TO US A.G.SPALDING &. BROS, STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF Tins BOOK Price* in effect January S, 1911. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian prices (ee ipecial Canadian Catalofue. sSBsa THESPALDING(ii)TRADE- MARK^lf Spalding Racket Coven No. 7 No. GM No. 14 No. 5 No. O. Brown and mixed colored canvas cover, full s\t€. Each, $ .35 No. I. Soft felt cover, full size .50 No. GM. Good quality mackintosh material, and same exactly as we fur- nish with our Gold Medal Rackets , Each, $.1 .OO No. I 4. Canvas cover, neatly bound, with extra pocket to hold balls, I .OO No. 6. No. 7. Stiff leather, for one raicket. Stiff leather, for two rackets. Each, 5.00 7.00 English Leather Tennis Bag No. I 2. Made of special quality leather and with compartments to hold rackets, balls and suit. Each, S I 2.00 No. I. No. 2, Rackets Restrung We make a special-' ty of restringing rackets of every known make. The work is done by our most scientific stringers, and none but first quality gut is used. When sending rackets to us to be re- strung- be sure to pre- pay charges on the package and mark with your name and address. Write us under separate cover full particulars regarding restringing. Oriental G-:t, White only. Each, S I .OO Lambs' Gut, White only. Each, $l.50 Best Lambs' Gut. White Each. S2.50 mmmmmm^^^mwmKi Rubber Handle Cover No. 3. For covering racket handles to secure a better grip. Made of pure gum rubber, corrugated. Will give excellent satisfaction. Each, 50c. Rubber Adhesive Tape for Racket Handle Grip No. A. Made especially for this purpose, 1 inch wide. Piece 4 feet long in individual box. . Each, J Oc . Varnish to Preserve Stringing Apply immediately after playing, as it takes a little time to dry thoroughly. Two-ounce bottle of special quality varnish, complete with good brush in box. Per bottle, 26c. Spalding Lawn Tennis Score Books Official Lawn Tennis Score Book, paper cover, 16 sets. I Oc . Extra Tennis Score Cards, 4 sets. Per dozen, I Oc. No. 3. only. No. 4. Special Expert Stringing, White only. Each^3.50 Racket Presses The most effective press in use to-day.- Rackets should be kept in one of them when not in use to prevent warping, especially when they have been exposed to moisture or used at the seashore. No. I R. For one racket. $ I .OO No. 5R. Superior quality. Made of finely polished walnut, with brass fittings. Suitable for either one or two rackets. Each. $2.60 Spalding "Club" Racket Press < Invaluable for Clubs Conducting Tournaments. No. C-P. This is a most substantial affair and is arranged for any number of rackets up to 24. The proper thing for clubs where it is necessary to keep a number of rackets in proper shape all the time. Each, $25. OO PflOMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSEO TO US A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STOBES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK Price, in effect January 5, 1911. Subject to ch«n«« without notice, •'"r C«Mdi»n pric«* ••• «p««i«l CsMdiut Cl4«lofu«. sSbSe THE SPALDING Spalding Hand Made Nets We recommend most strdn^ly our hand made nets. Quality of material and workmanship is absofutely the best, and they are well worth many times the additional cost over the ordinary machine made styles on account of their greater durability. If posts are placed just 42 or 36 feet apart, nets will fit exactly when drawn taut/ j Spalding Patent^Double Center Nets (Hand Made) Cat Shows Doable Center Net with No. A Posts and No. 3-0 Center Strap These have double twine^^ knitted together from 11 to 13 feet, atcordiin' to the size of the n'^t. Will outlast two or more ordinary nets. ^^k. White, 21 Thread, Double Court. each]] White, 15 Thread, Double Court. EACH 42 ft. X 3 ft., double center 13 ft. S6.50 No. 3C. 42 ft. x 3 ft., double center 13 ft..' S6.00 36 ft. X 3 ft. double center 11 ft. 6. CO It No. 2C. 36 ft. x 3 ft., double center lift. AJ^O No. 3D. Spalding Canvas Bound Nets NOT Double Centerj ■Top bound %vith heavy 2-inch canvas strip. \Uo. SB.. Double Court, hand made, 42 ft. x3 ft., 21 thread, white. 1^0. 2B. Double Court, hand made, 36 ft. x3 ft., 21 thread, white. Spalding Machine Made Nets EacK $4.60 '4.00 Cut Shows Canvas Bomd Net with No. t Posts and No. 2-0 CcLcer Strap Top and bottom bound tvith heavy cotton rope— White, 'fi Top bound with heavy 2-inch canvas strip— White. No. I. Single Court, 27 ft, , 12 thread. Each.Sl.OO No. 2A, Double Court, 36 ft., 15 thread. Each, S 1 .76 No. 2. Double Court, 36 ft., 15 thread. -"1.25 ' , ^ ,. « ^,^ No. 3. Double Court, 42 ft. , il5 thread. " 1 .50 ^ No.3A. Doub-<; Court, 42ft.. 15 thread.. 2.00 PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I ANr COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST Of STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS Boot Pricci in effect January 5, 1911. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian prices «ee special Canadian Catalogue, Stu?e THE SPALDING TRADEI^ARKTuTiTf SPALDING BLACK TWINE CLUB NETS Spalding Club Nets— Black Twine (Hand Made) Nets are dyed with fast coloring matter and by a special process which adds to their durability. Bound at top with a doubled band of 8 oz. white duck, 2 in. wide and equipped with heavy tarred manilaropes top and bottom. No. 2-0. 36 ft. X 3^ ft, 21 thread, double center 11 ft., black twine, hand made '. " Each, $7.50 No. 3-0. 42 ft. X 3h ft., 21 thread, double center 13 ft, black twine, hand made < ' Each, $8.00 No. 4-0. 36 ft.x3% ft, 30 thread, single center, black twine, hand made. . .•«■>- Each, $7.50 No, 5-0. 42ftx3%ft, 30 thread, smgle center, black , twine, hand made. > . ■^^ ^ ;.^Each, $8.00 Galvanized Steel Cable for Top Cords Pull length %-inch galvanized steel cable, five strands of seven wires each, twisted tightly. With metal loop at each end and manila r©pe ends to fasten to post. Each, S3.50 Posts and No. 3-0 Center Strap Spalding Tarred Nets Tarred nets are hand made, bound with 10 oz. duck at top; furnished with galvanized wire cable instead of or- dinary rope top cord. Full measurement as listed below. No. 6-0. 33 ft x3Jf ft. 21 thread. Each, $9.00 No. 7-0. 42ft6in.x3Jift,21thread. " I O.OO Spalding Twine Nets for Backstops No. 4. Machine Made, White, 50 feet long, 7 feet high, 9 thread. . ..■ "■ . Each, S2.50 No. 5. Machine Made, White, 50 feet long, 8 feet high. 12 thread. . ...-^ Each. S3. 50 No. 5X. Tarred. Machine Made, 50 feet Iong,.8feet high, 12 thread. . Each. $4. CO Spalding Wood Backstop Post No. BS. Backstop Post only; wooden. Each. 9 l'.25 Spalding Guy Ropes and Pegs No. 3. For use with Backstop Posts ; cotton ropes, fancy pegs.. For one pair of Posts./ Per set 85c. SPALDING "ANCHORED'^ BACKSTOPS Method of fastening uprights in ground is similar to that employed with our No. AP Tennis Posts, shown on Page 56. This style of construction we consider the most practical of any for first-class tennis equipment ' * " o »..^. ,..• "~" V ^b ?! ! 4V 2 20? 25f 1 f-n> 1 4V f -124-*— — i- ♦ 1 4'.1 1 ■■■w> ^21- 4'ii Equipment Nc No. 4 1 . 376 ft., 8 ft. high, posts 8 ft. apart, in- cluding corner posts and gates. Shipping weight, 3650 lbs ' $285. CO For greater or less qoantity than 376 It., add or dedocl al the rate oi 63 cents per loot. No. 40 I . Same as No. 41, but 10 ft. high, posts I weight. 4050 lbs. For greater or less qaantity than 376 ft. ol 10 ft. high, add or dedaci at the rate ol 73c. per loot. . Prices for the*e sets of "Anchored" Back Stop eqalpment are on board cars New York City, ■p of theae fences, also bine prints showing location of posts and all details, are fnrnlshed with each order. Any Intelligent ' aalc followlncr these Instrnctlons can set the fence. We will, however. If desired, supply men to do this work, onr ctaars* for which la 98.00 per day and expenses (travellne and board) for two men— man and helper. Equipment No. 42 No. 42. 160 ft.. 8 ft. high, posts 8 ft apart, including end and corner posts. Shipping weight. 1850 lbs. .$ 1 40.00 No. 402. Same as No. 42, but 10 ft high, posts 8 ft. apart. Shipping weight 2050 lbs. . , $ I 60.00 Complete Instrnctlons for setting PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING &. BROS, STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COYER OF THIS BOOK Pricei in effect January 5, 1911. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian price* tee special Canadian CataloBue. ACCEPT NO SUBSTITUTE *:S5^ ' Spalding ^^Championship^' Tennis Posts This style post is in use on the courts of the most prom- inent clubs in this country. The uprights are of heavy 2-inch japanned steel tubing, pointed at lower end so as to go 24 inches into ground and equipped with wheel at top. Ratchet for tightening net has a particularly strong lev- erage. Iron hooks and cleats for fastening ropes. By means of triple claw clutches, made of heavy wrought iron, there* can be no shifting or shaking once THE SRftLDINGiiJTRADEMARK ''Ziuf Spalding "AutO-lOC" I Tennis Posts pdsts are placed in position, and the tighter the net is drawn the more rigid the posts become. iio. A. Per pair, $20.00 's'^We recommend these posts especially for private courts or wherever it is desirable to remove posts immediately after play is finished. The "Auto- Loc' ' tightening ratchet is a patented device which permits the closest adjustment in tightening and regulating the height of the net, and locks auto- matically and mstantly as soon as released. The spade-shaped iron sockets with which these posts are equipped are driven into the ground in the proper position for the posts, which are fitted with iron bases terminating in square iron extensions which fit exactly the sockets in the spade bases and keep the posts -absolutely, rigid when placed in position. When posts are removed from sockets there is no projecting obstruction, and we furnish a block of wood to be inserted in the hole in each socket as soon as the posts are taken up. We also furnish hooks with handles for removing sockets from ground whenever it may be necessary to do so. No. AL. Per pair, S I 8.0O Spalding "Anchored** Steel Tennis Posts Furnished with the most reli- able and rigid method of fasten- ing upright posts permanently that has ever been brought to our attention. Posts are made of galvanized steel tubing, 2V inches in diameter, and are driven into ground where they are held securely in place by anchor stakes driven through sockets on the sides of the posts. One post in each pair is fitted with a special ratchet for tight- ening the top rope and with cleat for bottom rope, the other post being fitted with twocleats. No. AP. Per pair. ^ 1 O.OO The Spalding Tennis Posts Our "Club" Tennis Posts are made of best quality 2%-inch square ash, nicely polished and varnished, equipped with jap- anned braces so as to make posts absolutely rigid, and when set in position the posts extend 30 inches into the ground. We call particular attention to the extra heavy brass rat* chet with which we equip this style post It is made after an English de- sign, and is the same as supplied by our London House to some of the best clubs in Great Britain. No. B. Per pair, 9 1 0.OO PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TOl ANT COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES fOR COMPLETE LIST OP STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER Of THIS BOO! Price, in effect January 5, 1911. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian price, .ee .pecial Canadian Catalogue, fORESlI 'ER I ACCEPT NO SUBSTITUTE ETHESPALDINGt l DTRADEMARK^'aif A properly equipped Lawn Tennis Court needs properly made Posts, sometliing more tlian two sticks of wood Spalding "Casino" Tennis Posts No. C. Extra heavy square wood posts, painted red and nicely varnished and striped. Pulley wheel at top of each post to take top cord of net. and reel of improved pattern, to tighten net, attached to one post. Extra heavy japanned iron brackets to steady posts, which ex- tend 30 inches into the ground when set up. Per pair, $7.60 f Spalding .Tennis Poles No. E. Finely .polished, solid, spiked tennis poles. Packed complete with guy ropes and peg§. Per pair, S2.00 No. F. Good quality solid 9 tennis poles. Packed com- plete with guy ropes and pegs. Per pair. $ I .CO Indoor Tennis Poles No. G. Made with iron base and spike to fit into iron plates in the floor. ■■^ Complete with plates, tees. Tguy ropes and everything necessary for setting up. No. E Per pair. $2.50 no. Spalding Tennis Posts No. D. Square posts of wood, handsomely painted in red, with black striping: jap- anned iron bracket braces to steady posts, which are inserted 24 inches into the ground. No guy ropes are necessary with these tennis posts, Per pair. S4.00 Spalding "Side Line" Tennis Posts No SL. By using these posts it is possible on a court laid out with posts and net for "doubles" to pat the net at the proper height for a single court game, and that without takmg down net or removing regular double court posts 'Per pair. 7oc. Guy Ropes and Pegs for Tennis Nets a No. I . Cotton ropes, plain pegs. Set, 25c. No. 2. Cotton ropes, plain pegs. Set, 50c No. 3. Cotton ropes, fancy pegs. Per set. S6c. H -ma (No. 3 will answer for Backstop Nets.) No. 2. Pulleys and Axles No. O. Japanned pulleys, complete with axles, for top of tennis posts. Per pair. 35c. automatically at place set. Reels for Tennis Posts No. L. "Auto-Loc" Patented Reel for Tennis Posts. Made with automatic locking ratchet device, which makes it possible to adjust height of net exactly and locks Each. S5.00 No. R. Regulation style, japanned finish, wooden handle. Each. Si.60 Canvas Center Straps No. 2-0. This device for holding center of net at regu- lation height, three feet, is vastly superior to the ordinary center iron ; does not chafe the net, and cannot possibly cause the ball to glance off and strike out of court. Each, $ I .CO No. 3-0. Tournament Pattern, same as No. 2-0, only fitted with a turn-buckle, with which height of net can be adjusted to a hair. Very desirable for tournament or match games Each, SI. 26 Iron Center Forks No. 2. Good quality, iron fork. Each, 9 I .CO n PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO I ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADORESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING &, BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS iOOt Price* in e«ect January 5. 191 1. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian price, tee .pecial CanadUn Catalofua. llimii!li-l:;jlill.Ve<( Spalding Lawn Tennis and Outing Shoes particularly suitable for lAwn Tennis, Yacbtlag and general Oatlng pnrposes. No. WB. Low cut. White buck, of English tanning. Will not turn yellow. Best quality white rubber soles. Hand sewed and strictly bench made. Per pair, $8.00 No. AH. High cut, russet leather, with best red rubber flat sole. Hand sewed and of absolutely best grade material throughout. Per pair, $6.60 We recommend also our No. BBH Special Cricket Shoe, Ball Shoe, No. A. Low cut, russet leather, with best red rubber flat sole. Hand sewed. Quality same as No. AH. Per pair, 85.0O and our No. AB Special Basket as very suitable indeed for vie as tawn Tennis and Outing Shoes. No. CH. High cut, best white can- vas, fine quality white rubber flat sole. Hand sewed. Pair, S4.60 No. C. Low cut, best white can- vas, fine quality white rubber flat sole. Per pair, $3.6 O No. D. Low cut, white canvas, red rubber flat sole. Per pair, 81 .60 Spalding Sweat Band Useful for players who are obliged to wear eye glasses and who are troubled in play with perspiration dropping on them and blur- ring the vision. Used by some of the most prominent players. No. I . Each. 60c. PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO I ANr COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSED TO US A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BODK Prices in effect January 5. 1911. Subject to change without notice. For Canadian price* »ee special Canadian Catalogue. n 3amM£L(^E^"">^^^^'<-«»a| SPALDING'S NEW ATHLETIC GOODS CATALOGUE I give an idea of the great variety of ATHLETIC GOODS manufac- tured by A. G. SPALDING & BROS. SEND FOR A FREE COPY. (See list of Spalding Stores on inside front cover of this book.) 'HE following selection of items from Spalding's latest Catalogue " \THLET1 Archery sa Asli liars 109 Atbletlc Library , 126-127 Attachm'ts, ChestWelght HO Indoor , . Jlidlclne . riaygrouod Wnter Polo Ball Clfnocr. Golt Itnndngi'S, Elastic Utii' Heirs . . . r.nrSlnlU . . . liars— Horizontal . . rnrnlltl . . . rmlilns Suits Uais— l;n«.>nnll ns Cage. Dase Ball Water I'olo Center Forks. Iron Center Strops. Canvas Chost Weights . - Circle. Seven-Foot Clock Golf . . Coats, Base Ball Collars. Swimming Cork Cross Bars Discus. Olympic Kmbroidery . , Kquestrian Polo Eserclser. Home Felt Letters ; , Prnclnu Sticks Field Hockey College . . . Foul. Base Ball Uarking, Goi: . College . . . . , Foot Hall Goal' Nets' Koot Ball Timer . , Classes, Base Ball Sun Golf . . . Handball . Hockey. Ice Atbletic . . . Golf • jy Ropes and Pegs Kandle Cover. Rubber 'Inngers for Indian CinlM 109 tats. Iniversity Kole nim. Golf •nrse. Vaulting Hurdles. Safety '"S?ii : : ; Knee Protectors . , Knli kcrs. Foot Ball Lace. Foot Call . . Lacrosse . . . . I.anes for .Sprints . Lawn Howls . . , Basc'Balf"". . . Cricket . . . . Foot Ball . . . Letters — i Embroidered . , Felt Equestrian Polo . inkeis. Tennis ' ! .Masks — Base Bail . . , Nose .".'.'.'. Ma.sseur. .\bdonjlnal Mattresses . . , i .Base Ball . . , Haodhall . . Striking Bag . . MoDoerams' '. '. '. Mouthpiece, Fotrt Ball Volley Ball . . , Numbers, Competitors' ■•ads— Chamois. Fencing . Pennanls. College Polo. Roller, Goods . Posts- Backstop. Tennis Indoor Base Ball . . Thumb 'roteclion. Run'ng Shoes Foot Ball. Soccer' . . 100 I CuliV. Tennis Net rushl . Cha ttees. Golf . . . . ; Quoits ' Racket Covers ... f llnckets. Lawn Tennis 48-." Racket presses ... ; Rackets Restrung . . f Keels for Tennis Posts ll.terces- Whistle . Kings — Kxercisiog . . . Sacks, for Sack Racing Sandow numb Bells .Score Books — Base B.'iU .... Basket Ball , . . Crlekct Golf Score Tablets. Base Bali Base Ball . , linsket Ball nowllng . . Clo* . . . , Cross Country Cricket . . . Fencing Cricket. Measuring Marking. Tennis . Measuring Steel . Tight Atl Fu iiboggan Cushions ■apeze. .Vdjustable ;olIscrs.^v".Vl.C.A. '. Batlling . , , Velvet .... I'mplre Indicator Lruforms, Base Ball for Gut . . Wands. Callsthenic . ■■ Stop . . ngs . . 56-lb. . . Whistles, Referees" Spalding Exercisers "'■—ling Equipment Wrist Machine PROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO ANY COMMUNICATIONS ADDRESSEO TO OS A. G.SPALDING & BROS. STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK Pricei in effect January 5, 1911, Subject to change without notice. For Canadian prices see »pec'-^\ Canadian Catalogue. II I3» standard Policy A Standard Quality must be inseparably linked to a Standard Policy. Without a definite and Standard Mercantile Policy, it is impossible for a manufacturer to long maintain a Standard Quality. To market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a profit for the jobber as well as the retail dealer. To meet these conditions of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list price on his goods to the consimier. To enable the glib salesman, when booking his orders, to figure out attractive profits to both the jobber and retailer, these high list prices are absolutely essential; but their real purpose will have been served when the manufacturer has secured his order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured his order from the retailer. However, these deceptive high list prices are not fair to the consumer, who does not, and, in reality, is not ever expected to pay these fancy list prices. When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading but alluring high list prices, the retailer begins to realize his responsibilities, and grapples with the situation as best he can, by offering "special discounts," which vary with local trade conditions. Under this system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer and the jobber are assured; but as there is no stability maintained in the prices to the consumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably leads to a demoralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are practically eliminated. This demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. -)The jobber insists on lower, and still lower, prices. The manufacturer, in his turn, meets this demand for the lowering of prices by the only way open to him, viz. : the cheapening and degrading of the quality of his product. The foregoing conditions became so intolerable that, ten years ago, in 1899, A. G. Spalding & Bros, determined to rectify this demoralization in the Athletic Goods Trade, and inaugurated what has since become known as "The Spalding Policy." The "Spalding Policy" eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding Goods are concerned, and the retail dealer secures his supply of Spalding Athletic GVORLD A. G. Spalding ^ Bros. VJAINTAIN WHOLESALE and RETAIL STORES /n the FOLLOWING CITIES: NEW YORK CHICAGO ST. LOUIS BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY PHILADELPHIA DETROIT SAN FRANCISCO NEWARK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES BUFFALO CLEVELAND SEATTLE SYRACUSE COLUMBUS MINNEAPOLIS^ BALTIMORE INDIANAPOLIS ST. PAUL WASHINGTON PITTSBURG DENVER LONDON, ENGLAND BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND MANCHESTER, ENGLAND EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA Factories owned and o; Trade -Marked Afhle TLANTA DALLAS LOUISVILLE NEW ORLEANS MONTREAL, CANADA TORONTO, CANADA & Bros, and where all of Spaldinj/'s located in the fo.ltowinj; cities: CHICAGO FRANCISCO,, CHICOPEE^ BROOKLYN BOSTON " PHILADELPHIA LONDON, ENG.