SCHOLAE ACADEMICAE: OR UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. ©amtidDgc: PIUNTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A., AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. SCHOLAE ACADEMICAE: SOME ACCOUNT OF THE STUDIES AT THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES IN THE Cisl)tetntJ) Ctttturj). BY CHRISTOPHER WORDSWORTH, M.A. EECTOR OF GLASTON, BUTLAND SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE FELLOW OF PETERHOUSE AUTHOR OF " SOCIAL LIFE AT THE ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY." Antiquam exquirite Matrem.'"'— Veeg. CAMBRIDGE : AT THE UNIVEESITY PRESS. LONDON: CAMBRIDGE WAREHOUSE, 17, Pateenoster Row. CAMBEIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. 1877 [All Eights reserved.] L^'bi^' ^1 / ^^7 PEEFACE. No one who has any experience of the working and life of Cambridge can be ignorant how completely we have been removed from Cambridge of half a century ago, or that we have lost almost the last glimpse of what our University, even forty years since, was like. Not only has she changed, as all that lives must change, but one after another the men of advanced years or of clear memory (such as Dr Gilbert Ainslie, Francis Martin, Sedgwick, Shilleto and Dr Cookson) have passed away, leaving no such memoranda as Gunning or Pry me left, at least none which are at present generally accessible, to tell us what were the methods and processes of University Study through which were educated the minds which have done much to make our University and our Country what they are. In this quick transition of our academical methods, cus- toms, and institutions, the difficulty becomes intense when we set ourselves to attempt to picture either of our Universities (for the like holds good of Oxford^) at a period removed still further from us by two or three generations. ^ It is as well here (as elsewhere) to apprise the Reader that in the names of persons or colleges mentioned in this volume the itaJic tijpe has been reserved (except where no confusion was anticipated, e.g. on pp. 140 — 142, or in a reprint) for those which belong to Oxford or some foreign seminary. w. h vi PREFACE, Thougli I am conscious how unworthy my work is of the Universities, to the knowledge of whose history I desire even remotely to contribute, I have endeavoured to collect in this volume some of the materials wliich are requisite for a faithful account of Cambridge and Oxford in the Eighteenth Century, These lay scattered and isolated, partly in memoirs and mis- cellaneous publications, and I have taken some pains to bring to light some of the secrets of University history and of literary lore which have lain dormant in manuscripts, known perhaps to a few, and read, it may be, by fewer. The Table of Contents and the Index will enable the curious to use the volume as a book of reference. The following method of arrangement has been adopted : Six chapters (iT — Vil) are devoted to the history and method of the old Cambridge test and examination for the first degree in Arts, and of mathematics, the study predomi- nant ; after which a place is given (ch. Vlll) to the ' trivials ' (grammar, logic and rhetoric), which under the more ancient regime led the undergraduate on his four years' march. Classics and Moral Philosophy, the subsidiary studies of the old Tripos (x, xi), close this portion of the work. The elements of professional education are next considered, viz. Law (ch. xi), with which Oxford has taught us to associate modern history, thereby encouraging us to' give a place to the complete equipment of a man of the world (xii). Oriental Studies (xiii) supply so much of the special edu- cation of a Divine as can be well divorced from the topic of Religious Life, which is not here under our consideration. The elementary methods of the Physician's education are described in five chapters (xiv — XVIll) on physics, anatomy, chemistry, mineralogy and botany. PREFACE. Vii Special qualification for tlie second degree in Arts, though barely recognized at Cambridge, was more fully developed at Oxford (xix) ; but its antient ' quadriviar subjects were either •neglected, studied independently as music (xx), or anticipated in the course of astronomy, &c. (xxi). The concluding chapter (xxii) is miscellaneous and sup- plementary; while the nine Ajypendices contain documents relating chiefly to old courses and schemes of study, methods of examination and disputations, honorary degrees, Cambridge University Calendars, and the University Press. A collection of undergraduates' letters will probably interest several readers as they have beguiled me in transcribing them. In producing the present publication I have been enabled, by the generosity of the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, to complete the second of three works on University Life and Studies in England during the Eighteenth Century, which were announced in the Preface to a book on Social Life, published by Messrs Deighton, Bell and Co. in 1874, in compliance with the provision for the Le Bas Essay prize. Thg,t the day is not far distant when the materials which I have collected and published already will be worked up and turned to good account by one who is well qualified for the task, I have good reason to hope. For the present I will record my thanks to the Rev. Pro- fessor John E. B. Mayor of S. John's, and to Mr H. Jackson of Trinity, who with great patience and kindness have suggested improvements and corrections while the sheets have been pass- ing through the press : to Mr H. Bradshaw of King's, the University Librarian, and to the past and present Librarians of Gonville and Caius College ; to the Rev. H. R. Luard, the University Registrary, to Professor T. M°K. Hughes, Mr J. viii PREFACE. W. L. Glaisher, and the Kev. Ri. Appleton of Trinity, to the Rev. T. G. Bonney of S. John's, to Mr R. L. Bensly of Gon- ville and Caius, and to Mr J. D. Hamilton Dickson and the Rev. Arthur Lloyd of Peterhouse, as well as to the Rev. Pro- fessor J. R. T. Eaton of Merton, the Rev. Professor T. Fowler of Lincoln, and the Worshipful Walter G. F. Phillimore of All Souls College, Occon., for criticizing or supplementing certain sections -or passages; to the Rev. H. G. Jebb, rector of Chet- wynd, and to Mr F. Madan, fellow of Brasenose College, as well as to Professor John E. B. Mayor, the Rev. W. G. Searle of Queens', and Mr J. W. Clark of Trinity, for their liberality in communicating papers or MS. collections in their possession. My obligations to books are, I hope, sufficiently expressed in the text and notes of this work, unless it be to Mr Thompson Cooper's New Biogi-aphical Dictionary (1873), a work of most agreeable comprehensiveness. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. General Inteoduction 1 — 15 LiBRAEiES. Uffeubacli ...... 3 College Lectuees . 11 Gibbon and Gentlemen-commoners ... 15 II. The Teipos, name and thing 16 — 21 III. The Sophs' Schools before 1765 .... 22—31 A. de la Pryme 23 Ei. Langbtou, Byrom ...... 25 Dr Paris and Austey . . . . . . 26 Cumberland, Cbafin, and Fenn . . . . 27 — 31 IV. Acts and Opponencies after 1772 32 — 43 Scholastic latinity 40 — 43 V. The Senate-Hocse 44: — 58 VI. The Admission of Qcestionisxs. Huddling . . 59 — 63 VII. The Mathematicks 64—81 Introduction of Newton ..... 65 Clarke, Whiston, Nic. Saunderson, Ki. Laughton, &c., Waring, &c 67—71 Anti-Newtonianism . . ' . . . . . 69 OxTORD opinion 71, 72 The Limits of reading 73—77 Mathematical Text-books . ... . . 78—81 VIII. The Trivial Aexs 82—89 Grammar 83, 84 Logick 84—87 Ehetorick 87—89 IX. HtTMANITT 90-119 Foreign Classical Scholars and Eeviews, Euster, Euhn- ken, Wyttenbach, &c 92—119 English Magazines 96—98 X CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE Frankfort-on-Oder Jubilee 98, 99 Publick-Schools, Winchester aud Westmiuster, Vin- cent Bom-ne, latin verse . , . . . 100 — 101 Quantity aud Pronunciation 105 — 109 Person and Greek verse ..... 112 — 115 Aristotle, Xenophou, Cicero, Greek Plays, &c. . . 116 Lack of Examination in Greek .... 116, 117 Classical books at tbe end of the century . . . 118, 119 X. Morals and Casuistry 120 — 134: Text-books 121, 122 A Short and Easy Way at Oxford ... 123 Aristotle and Descartes ...... 124 ' ~~-- Locke's Essay 126 Paley, and Philosophical Essays .... 128 Text-books . . 129—132 Casuistry 132—134 XI. LawI 135—146 Canon 135—138 Civil 139—142 Common (and Civil) 142—145 International 146 Xn. Modern Studies 147—161 History . • 147 The King's Modem Professors aud Scholars . . 148 — 152 Political Philosophy aud Economy . . . 151, 152 Modern Languages ....... 153 Travellers and Travelling Studentships . . 154 — 156 Wits and Poets 156—158 Antiquaries ........ 158 Saxonists 159—161 XIII. Oriental Studies- 162—170 at Cambridge 163—167 at Oxford 167—170 XIV. PnYsiCK^ 171—181 XV. Anatomy ' . . 182—186 XVI. Cuemistry 187—195 XVII, Geology and Mineralogy 196 — 201 Ballad on E. D. Clarke . ..... 199—201 1 See also pp. 264, 265. " See pp. 266—268. 3 Sec also p. 264. CONTENTS. XI CHAPTER XVIII. Botant: at Oxford List of Puhlicatioiis at Cambridge List of Publications XIX. XX. The Degi-ee of M.A The Oxford Course . . , The M.A. Examination — Statute Vicesimus Knox on the Oxford Course . [Prof.] Conington's sagacious remarlcs on Oxford Cambridge ...... and ML'SICK Gradiaate Anthem- Writers Ballad on Ld. Sandwich's Concert XXI. Astronomy Cambridge Text-books, eir. 1730 List of Mathematical Publications (1731- -1809) XXII. Conclusion Work at Oxford, and Cambridge (cir. 1793) Hard reading ...... The Tutorial System Suspicions of Partiality .... Private Tutors. Tutorial Fees Professorships, Privileges and Disabilities . Supplementary notes to chapters xi, xiv (Law and Physick) and XIII (Orientalists) . . PAGE 202-212 203—206 206, 207 207—212 208, 209 213-234 215—221 222—227 228—233 233, 234 235-240 237, 238 238—240 241-251 248, 249 249—251 252—270 253—256 257, 258 259 260, 261 261, 262 262, 263 264, 265 266—268 APPENDICES. i. Kelliquiae Comitiales ex codd. Caiensibus ms.tis . 273—288 Duporti Praevaricatio desiderata. 1631.1 . . . 273 — 286. Shepheai-di Musiea Praelectio, Terrae-Filius, et Pliilo- soplius Eespondens Ealeigh. Oxoii. 1615 . 287, 288 ii. Letters from Persons in Statu Pupillari at Cambridge I70i— 1791 289—329 W. Eeneu (Jes.) to J. Strype, &c. . . . 290—312 T. Goodwin & T. Hinckesman (Trin.) to S. Jebb 312, 315, 318, 319 J. Hinckesman (Queens') to S. Jebb . . 313, 314, 316—318 W. Gooch (Caius), Letters, accounts, &c. . . . 319 — 329 ^ The ground or excuse for printing this 17ta century document in tho present collection will be found stated below on p. 273. xii CONTENTS. PAGE APPENDIX iii. A Stddent's Guide 170G— 1740 . . . • • 330—337 'Advice to a joxmg Student' [by D. Waterland (Magd.)]^ iv. 'EyKVKXoTraiSeia, or A Method of Instructing Pupils, 1707, by Dr Bo. Green of Clare Hall . . . 338—342 V. Trinity College Examinations 343—351 for Fellowships 343—346 Scholarsliips 346, 347 Directions for Study for T. Zouch (1756) . . 347, 348 Examination Paper for Fellowships (1797) . . 348, 349 Freshmen (1799) . . . 350, 351 vi. St John's College Examinations (1765—1775) . . 352—356 Old Examination Paper from a MS. in Gonville and Caius Coll. Library 357 vii. Antiquities of the Tripos Lists and Calendars . 358—367 Proctors' Optimes, Honorary and J^^grotat Degrees . 358 — 362 A Junior Proctor's Paper (1752) .... 363, 364 Notes on the earliest Cambridge Calendars . . 364 — 365 Cover of the Calendar for 1802 .... 366 A few peculiarities of later editions .... 867 viii. Antiquities of the Schools from MSS. in Gonville and Caius CoU. (1772—1792) 368—376 Specimens of the Arguments at the Acts . . 369 — 374 Names of Disputants 374, 375 Theses or Questions 375, 376 ix. Annals op the Cambridge Press 377 — 393 Chronological List of Classical and other works produced from the Universities (1701 — 1800) . 394 — 417 Index 418—435 1 This tract, or one with the same fall title, is ascribed in Watt's Bibl. Brit. 985 i. to W. Wotton, D.D., author of Reflexions on Autient and Modern Learn- ing, who graduated B.A. at Catharine-hall in 1679, and subsequently gained a fellowship at S. John's and a prebend at Salisbury. CORRIGENDA. for read second third the bishop's son prebendary of Salisburj' Bates, W. Emm. and King's, Bates, W. Emm. and Queens'. 1797 1794 Plane Spherical Plane and Spherical Phil. Eouquet Phil. Bouquet 264 n. 284 n. care cure It is fair to the credit of the Cambridge University Press to state that several grammatical or tyiiographical errors, which may be observed in quota- tions in this volume, are due not to inadvertence but to exact and careful reproduction of the originals. Page line from the 14 13 top 99 4 )) 129 12 .. 250 3 bottom 251 6 ,, 268 (anno 1715) 279 (note) 297 5 top UNIVERSITY STUDIES, CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. ' Books were there Eight many, and in seeming fair. But who knows what therein might he 'Twixt hoard and board of oaken tree ? ' The Ring given to Venus.— W. Moreis. The eighteenth century is hardly far enough removed from us to be canonized among ' the good old times,' and the tradition of abuses which have been since reformed or partially reformed, is sufficiently strong an advocatus diaboli to deter us even from beatifying it. Nevertheless, if we search into its records, we shall, I be- lieve, find no lack of interest in them, though in form (with the exception of such books as Boswell's Johnson) they are apt to be almost repulsive. Considering the two great shocks which England had sus- tained in the preceding sixty years, the last century, or at least the reign of Queen Anne, might be said to have opened hope- fully. Politically there was not sufficient cause for either Jacobite or Whig to despair for the future ; the star of the national army and navy was in the ascendant, and our commercial prospects had markedly improved even before the Revolution. The w. 1 2 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Church was improved in temporalities by the Queen, in re- spect both of her fabrics and of her poverty-stricken clergy : the Lower House of Convocation was making efforts to revive eccle- siastical discipline, and to repress immorality. The venerable Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge had originated in 1699 : a branch of it was already doing missionary work in the plantations of Maryland, and received a charter in 1701 as the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Hammond and Jeremy Taylor were dead, but Lake and Ken both lived, and the works of all of them were keeping alive a secret, but a very clear and strong, flame in the hearts of some of our men and women. In the province of literature, which more nearly concerns our present subject, matters were even more hopeful, except in the department of amusement, where Steele and Addison had not yet produced their wares as a set-off against the pernicious artificial comedy, nor had the Spectator as yet drawn the atten- tion of the public to the charms of Shakespeare and Milton. Clarendon's History of the Behellion, destined to become a source of twofold advantage to his own university, came out in 1702 — 4 ; while Burnet's 'romance,' as the staunch Church- men called it, had reached its second volume. Sir Isaac Newton had published his Principia in 1G87, and John Locke his Essay in 1G89 : — which two works were to mould the mind of Cambridge for the coming century. John Ray had j)ublished his important works, and was alive imtil 1705, two years before the birth of Linnaeus. Robert Boyle had died at the end of 1691. Among the 'heads' at Oxford the most noted was John Mill, principal of S. Edmund Hall. To him Richard Bentley ad- dressed an Epistle in 1690, and after publishing Boyle Lectures and Dissertations on Phalaris, was installed master of Trinity College, Cambridge, Feb. 1, 1699—1700. To his activity, as much as to the writings of Newton and Locke, we may attri- bute the revival of Cambridge studies since the Revolution. When Zachary Conrad von Uffenbach visited the English Universities in the summer of 1710, few things seem to have impressed him so much as the wretched state in which most of the college libraries were kept. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 3 The great exception, it is hardly necessary to say, was the noble library of Trinity College. But even here the librarian knew little of his charge, while at the smaller colleges the condition of things was most de- plorable. In ' Tschies Colledge,' (Kdse Collegium) as his servant called the enlarged foundation of Gonville, the librarian was not to be found, and all the books that were to be seen were in a miserable attic haunted by pigeons^, and so dusty that the German was forced to take off his ruffles^ So of the other colleges, with a few exceptions. In one he noticed that the illuminated initials had been snipt recklessly out of a manuscript of Aulus Gellius. But, alas ! ' Pembrocks- Colledge' is not the only place at Cambridge where this bar- barity has been committed ; nor is the Vatican the only library where the keeper has turned a dishonest penny by selling the paintings from the vellum. We can sympathize w^ith UfFen- bach's blunt aheat in malam crucem talis Bibliothecarius^ ! But what should we think now-a-days if Bodley's librarian employed his time as Hudson did in disturbing the readers with a noisy 'he! he! he!' or in making a profit from the sale of duplicates ? We should not then be surprised to find that the under-libra- rians, ill-paid and well-worked like master Crab and Tom Hearne, looked anxiously lest they should lose the expected 1 In T. Baker's Act at Oxford (1704) Small blame to chapters cut down to one of the characters talks of putting four or five elergyxnen.'-— Quart ei-ly up his horses in the College library at Rev. cclix. 249, 250. In Peterliouse Balliol on that festive occasion. library the gilding &c. of some of the 2 Uffenbach, i?t'i6'eHiii. 13 &c. (Ulm, initials of Fust and Schaeffer's Latin 1754). Bible (Mentz, 1462) has been scratched 3 Ibid. III. 59, 60 ; cp. 37. ' A great and mutilated in days when even bibliographer relates with glee how by choristers were allowed free access to a present of some splendidly bound the room, which was in sad disorder modern books he obtained possession of when Uffenbach visited it, Aug. 7, thechief treasures of a certain cathedral 1710. One of the offenders (a fresh- library. In that library you yet may man or a junior soph) has left not turn over volume after volume out of only his name but the date of his which the illuminations have been indenture in the burnished gold — sliced by the penknives of visitors. [Jacques] ' Spearman, 1732'. In that library you still see strata as Dr.W. Stanley, ex-master of C.C.C.C., it were of collections — plenteous ore in printed (at Bowyer's) in 1722, at his one generation from folios to broad- own expense, a catalogue of the Parker sheets, in the next tenuis argilla. . . . MSS. which Nasmith improved in 1774. 1—2 4 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. douceur. When such days return we may expect to see, as UfFenbach saw them, the country folk staring in amazement at the Bodleian 'like a cow at a new gate\' With Mr W, Dunn Macray's Annals of the Bodleian Li- hrary, Oxford before us, we cannot complain that there is lack of information about the past history of that institution. Some- thing of the same kind on a smaller scale has been contributed in behalf of the Cambridge University Library by Mr Bradshaw ; and it is to be hoped that he will not allow this to remain in so inaccessible a place as the pages of the University Gazette'^ of 1869. In 1870 Mr Luard edited for the university a Chronological List of the Graces, Documents, &c, which concern the Library. In Isaac Casaubon's time (1613) the Bodleian collection was meagre, but was more conveniently open for readers than those of Paris. Its appearance in 1691 is described by Mrs Alicia D'Anvers in Academia : or the Humours of the university of Oxford in Burlesque Verse (pp. 20 — 23). Its arrangement had varied little from what it was about 1675 when David Loggan sketched -it for his Oxonia Illustrata, the duodecimos on the lower shelves, the folios with chains at the top^ But in the more important respect of its contents it was in Hearne's time (1714) double what it had been when Casaubon was at Oxford a century before, i. e. at the latter date its manu- scripts were 5916, and printed books 30169. Uffenbach spent about two months at Oxford in the autumn of 1710, and some of his impressions of the Bodleian have been translated by Mr Macray from the Commerciuni Epistolare. A no less curious account, to which I have already made allusion, is contained in his German diary*, of which professor Mayor's summary is tarrying in the press. Uffenbach seems to have little higher opinion of 'bookseller' Hudson and Crabb than 1 Ihid. III. 88,' wie eine Kuli ein neu the back : tliey were airanged in the Thor ausahen.' Cp. 157. shelves -with their fore-edge outward, * Nos. IX— XV. pp. 69, 77, 85, 93, and on it was written the name or 101, 109, 117. class-mark. At Peterhonse a catalogue 3 Cp_ the Guardian, No. lx. (1713). of each shelf was written on the oaken The books in hbraries down to the be- panel at its end. ginning of last century had no titles on * Rciseii in. 87—179. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 5 Hearne himself had, but he commends the latter, and notices his great share (and Crabb's) in the new catalogue which came out eventually in 1738 (2 vols.) with no mention of him whatever. Uffenbach includes all three officials in the charge of over- anxiety for fees : but it must be admitted that they were miser- ably under-paid. After the foreigner had got formal admission as a reader he made his first regular visit, which he describes after the followmg sort : — I asked the way to the Baroccian mss. ; Mr Crabb told me that he would bring me any ms. I re- quired ; I told him that I wished to go through the principal mss. by the catalogue and make notes of each. At last he agreed to go up with me if I would give him a good present. So I was fain to open my purse and give him a guinea. I pre- ferred giving the profit to him, diesem armen Teufel, rather than to the head-librarian Hudson ; for first I must have given him more, and next I should have seen less ; for he does not always stay to the end : whereas Mr Crahb is poking about the whole time. Next morning I wished to return to the Baroc- cian mss. ; but as Mr Ci'abh was occupied with strangers and had much besides to do, I turned over the register of donations. It was probably most unfortunate for the library that Hearne, its most devoted worker, was excluded on some paltry charge of Jacobitism in 1715. Between 1730 and 1740 we learn^ that many days passed without there being a single reader in Bodley, and rarely above tAVO books per diem were consulted, whereas about 1648-50 the average was above a dozen. In 1787 complaints were formally lodged against the librarian for neglect and incivility by Dr T. Beddoes {Pemb.) the chemistry reader. New rules were drawn up, and matters began to improve^ about 1789. In 1794 we find the curators 1 Macray, 152. Tlie atlvantage wMch Worlcs i. 53). It was not until 1829 undergraduates enjoyed of easy access tbat B.A.s were allowed to have books to the Bodleian and other libraries on out of the Cambridge library, after a their tutors' introduction is insisted on two years' struggle for the privilege, by prof. Bentham [Divinity Lectures, In 1833 some rules were printed re- p. 37) in 1774, and by Philalethes in latiug to the admission of undergrad- answer (p. 7) to V. Knox's misstate- nates, and in 1834 it was ordered that ments, 6 Feb. 1790. Gibbon, as a they should ring a bell before entering gentleman-commoner, had a key of the library. Magdalen Ubrary in 1752 (Misc. ^ Macray's Annals, lb, 152. 6 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. in consultation with the librarians of the colleges respecting scarce books \ &g. Uffenbach had visited the Cambridge public library a fort- night before he went to Oxford. In those days, when the present Catalogue-room was still the Senate-house, our col- lection of books was, as he saw it, contained in 'two mean rooms of moderate size. In the first on the left-hand side are « the printed books, but very ill arranged, in utter confusion. The catalogue is only alphabetical, and lately compiled on the basis of the Bodleian catalogue. It is also local, indicating where the books are to be sought. In the second room, which is half empty, there were some more printed books, and then the MSS., of which, however, we could see nothing well, because the librarian, Dr Laughton (or as they pronounce it, Laffton), was absent ; which vexed me not a little, as Dr Ferrari highly extolled his great learning and courtesy. Uara avis in his terris. ' We met here however by accident the librarian of St Johns library, Mr Baker, a very friendly and learned man, by whose help we saw several other things ; for otherwise the maid, who had opened the door and was with us, would have been able to shew us but little.' He describes the Codex Bezoe, some Anglo-Saxon MSS., which he saw, and an untidy drawer of miscellaneous coins. The under library-keeper, who was there, gave him a leaf of an imperfect codex of Josephus written with thick ink, as a curiosity to take away^ ! We cannot but look with envy upon the donation-book and enriched catalogues of the Bodleian. Although the Gough and Douce collections did not come in until the present century (1809, and 1834), yet Hi. JRawlinson's (including Hearne's curious papers) was acquired in 1755, and the (original) Godiuyn collection was imported in 1770. But beside these, numerous smaller legacies, &c. came j^ouring in from Locke, Hody, Narcissus Marsh, South, and Grabe (1701! — 24), Tanner (1736), J. Walker (1754), and Browne Willis in 1760 : — not to mention many other less eminent donors. Mean- * Macray's Annuls, p. 200. 70 — 75, 81. Baker, Ferrari and New- ^ Rcisen iii. p. 20 (prof. Mayor's come eiiriclied St John's library in version, p. 140). Also pp. 33—40, 1740, '44, 'G5. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 7 while Cambridge came off very poorly, whether because she did not make such graceful speeches to her benefactors, or because the inexorable care with which Bodley kept the books within his walls pleased book-collectors better than the ex- cessively accommodating open-handedness' wherewith we lent, and practically gave away our treasures, — or from whatever cause, I cannot say. Since Holdsworth's books in 1649 and Hackett's in 1070 Cambridge acquired no considerable collec- tions with one grand exception^ and her treatment of that one was not very encouraging to future donors. In September, 1710, Sherlock received an announcement from Lord To>vnshend that King George I. was about to present to the University (whether out of regard to whiggish^ ration- ality or ignorance, the party wits could not agree) the valuable library of the late Bishop Moore of Ely, which he had pur- chased for 6000 guineas. This collection exceeded the number of thirty thousand volumes (including 17.90 MSS.), and was more than double of the existing stock of our University Library. In the course of fifteen years a new Senate-house* was built in order to set free the present catalogue-room for the reception of this noble gift; but, as Mr Bradshaw says, it 1 The convenience of our system was porfiry aocount is given by Eeneu to appreciated by tlie learned Oxonian, Strype in an appendix to this volume : Humphrey Wanley, in 1699. He testi- but it was not until a century later fies thus (Ellis' Letters of Lit. Men, that this part of the fund was applied 289) : ' The truth is, the Cambridge to this object. It is now worth about gentlemen are extremely courteous and a thousand pounds annually to the obhging, and, excepting those of Ben- libi-ary. net College [where they were bound by ^ It is curious that in 1718, the year sterner laws than the Bodleian], I can of Bentley's degradation, Philip Brooke borrow what books I please.' The in- (Joh.) the librarian was admonished convenient part of the Oxford eonserva- for neglect in July and resigned under tive system is much relieved by the a charge of tvant of loyaltij in Decem- use of the 'camera,' and the liberty ber, and the V.-C.(Gooch) was inhibited which the curators now have to lend by the proctor Towers on the same out MSS. and rare books when really plea for his leniency in dealing with wanted; while the jieril attending our him. Cambridge Liberty has been diminished * An account of expenses of building of late years by a wholesale draught- the senate-house, 1722 — 32, is in Caius ing-off of the rarer books into sur- Coll. Library, MS. 621, No. 10. Also veiUance. for fm-ther completion, 1767 — 9, ibid. 2 We might mention also the Worts' MS. 604 ( = 339 red), No. 53 ; MS. 602 benefaction (1709), of which a coutem- ( = 278 red),Y{o. 6 ; and MS. 621, No. 16. 8 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. was ' upwards of five and thirty years before the new library was ready for use, and during that time the pillage was so unlimited that the only wonder is that we have any valuable books left,' When at last the arrangement was completed (July, 1752) the MSS. were bundled into shelves with no care or order^ though a respectable inventory was made of them. At the same period (1748) no less than 902 volumes were reported as missing from the old library, so that our loss was not only from Bishop Moore's collection. Yet in that very year the new ' Orders for the publick library ' gave readers freedom of access to the books. Indeed it was not until 1809 that any special restriction was put upon the borrowing of MSS. The result was that at the review of the library in 1772 a large number of rare books were not forthcoming. Graduates were convicted of stealing books in 1731 and 1736 ; and in 1846 J. Dearie was transported for the same offence. 1 The following extracts from T. Baker's letters to J. Strype in 1715 and the following years, maybe thought interesting. Univ. Camb. MS. Add. 10, No. 95. * Cambr. Oct. 6th [1715] You see our university flourisheth, by the King's Eoyall bounty. It is indeed a noble gift, I wish we may finde as noble a Bepository to lodge it in, wcli is much talkt of, and I hope will be effected. In the mean while I doubt it will be some time before I can have the tui-n- ing of the MSS: otherwise I should hope to have somewhat to impart.' No. 96. ' Cambridge, Oct. 16. As to a new Library, I have nothing cer- tain to inform. The Law Schools have been spoke of, but as there is hardly roome enough, so they that think of that, seem neither to consult the honor of the Donor, or of the uni- versity. The great design wch is like- wise spoke of, is a new Building to front ye present Schools on either side the Eegent walks, with an Arch in the middle. For this money is wanting, and yet if it were begun, I should hope, such a public work would hardly stick for want of encouragement! In the mean while that wing of the Library is spoke of for the MSS : in the part of wch the present MSS. are lodg'd al- ready, and the printed Books remov'd.' No, 98. (18 Feb. 1715—16.) Baker regrets that he is stUl unable to get at the books. No. 99. [28 June, 1716.] 'We seem to have come to a resolution, to fit up the Law Schools for the Bp of Ely's Books, but as the execution will be slow, so I am sure that there will want roome for a great part of them.' No. 100, * Cambridge, Nov. 9, 1716. 'When the Bp of Ely's Books are opened (wch I doubt they will not be in hast) I shall hoi^e to meet with somewhat worth imparting.' No. 107. 28 Sept. 1717. 'not one book yet put up j nor one class towards receiving them, and when all is finisht will be a very unequal Eepository to so noble a gift.' And the King expected to visit Cambridge. No. 117. 8 Mar. 1717—18. 'One part ... almost finisht, tho' it will not hold much above half the Books, ' GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 9 In 1766 it was agreed to print a catalogue of the printed books, but no trace even of a commencement of the work is known to exist. It was not until 1794 that Nasmith undertook to make a fuller list of the MSS. on the basis of the then existing one. About this time the library hours were from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. In 1740 vols XXIV — XLii of Baker's MSS. were acquired, and the Askew classical MSS. in 1786. Donations are recorded from Mr Worthington (1725), Archd. Lewis (1727), Duke of Newcastle (1759), King Charles III. of Spain (1764), Duke of Marlborough (1782), Earl of Hardwicke (1798), and Sir R. Worsley (1799) for small presents, such as Oxford received in abundance. From the nature of the terms of admission into the Cam- bridge library^ it is impossible to measure the use made of it at any period as was done in the case of the Bodleian, but one of the causes which probably deterred some from frequent- ing that building in the more studious months, was not wanting here. The severity of cold in winter of which Mr Macray speaks had power to dishearten even the enthusiastic Thomas Baker, whose health was not good^ It was not until 1790 and 1795 that fire-places were put into our library, and warming apparatus was recommended in 1823, and 1854 — 6. About 1797 Marshall, the library-keeper, became perfectly crippled with rheumatism, and his assistants could not stay above three years in the library, which ' was so extremely damp that few persons could pass any length of time in it with impunity V But to return to Uffenbach's visit to England in 1710. The absence of librarians and others for the vacation at Cam- bridge obliged him to betake himself to other occupations, which he recounts in a no less interesting way. But even in term-time when he reached Oxford it was unfortunate that 1 In answer to K. Charles' quaere in University. If any strangers be per- Aug. 1675 the Cambridge heads de- mitted the use of the Library, it is by clared that ' No University members licence given them from the V. Chaa- under the Degree of Masters of Ai'ts cellor.' (Dyer Prir. i. 370.) have admittance to the use of the ^ MS. Add. 10, No. 62 (19 AprU, pubhck Library, and those upon no 1712). other caution but their Matriculation » Gunning Reminisc. Vol. Ii. ch. iii. oath, taken at their admission into the 10 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. when the visitor wanted to go to the Ashraolean museum, the under-librarian had gone oif to the Oxford races (SejH. 18), whither Uffenbach himself went in a barge to see the ' Smoak- race\' horse races, &c. Still more must we regret that he visited the universities in the long vacation, both for the credit of the country and for the knowledge which we might have gained of the manners of the time : — for though he attended a music party and met some of the celebrities of the day at the Greek's Coffeehouse and elsewhere, yet many of the senior members of the University were not in residence ; and of undergraduate-life we hear next to nothing, and that little not from personal observation. Soon after his arrival in Cambridge, — that wretched town which he described as about the size of Hochst near Frankfurt, — Uffenbach was astonished to hear from his cicerone, the Italian Ferrari, that there were no classes or lectures (collegia) in the summer, and in winter only three or four, and those generally delivered to the walls (die sie vor die Wdnde thun). It is possible that he had heard an account of what were at Oxford actually called WaM-lectures^ — the sex soUemnes lectiones of the statutes, ' read pro forma in empty school ' (1773) as a qualification for the degree of M.A., and the 'ordinaries' for D.D., which were performed in a slovenly way and to the bare walls, unless some tiresome visitor came in and shamed the student into a more serious exhibition of his proficiency, Ferrari, a foreigner, was not a good person to explain to another the manners and customs of Cambridge, which both in name and thing differed widely from those of the seminaries with which they were familiar. Suffice it to say that if they had made enquiry in term-time they would have found Roger Cotes of Trinity, Daniel Waterland of Magdalene, 1 Probably a smock-race : see The tweeu two running footmen who wore Scouring of the White Horse (by the even less covering than the athletes of author of ' Tom Brown'), which illus- the present clay — braccatos, ivimd ne trates the sports of Thames-country. braccatos quidem, as an Oxford proctor Compare also Uffenbach's account of called them. the contest ' der das garstigste Gesicht ^ [Bliss'] Oxoniana i. 62. Cp. Con- dazu macht' with ' grinning through sideration on the Public Exercises, horse-collars.' Also Hearne's account Oxon. 1773. p. x. (Diary, 20 Sept. 1720) of a race be- GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 11 Nicholas Sanderson of Christ's, Chr, Anstey (the elder) and J. Newcome of St John's, and I know not who beside \ with well-filled lecture-rooms in 1710. And if they failed to find in his college auditorimn their friend Eichard Laughton of Clare, the popular 'pupil-monger,' it would be only because then, as in the preceding year, he was proctor, and in his own person (as we shall see below) fulfilling the ofiice of moderator in the schools for the University at large, where he was en- couraging the senior sophs and questionists to adopt the New- tonian philosophy in the exercises for their bachelor's degree. I have shewn already in my University Life (pp. 83 — 87) that at the close of the eighteenth century a large number of professors at each University did not pretend to lecture. But though this was doubtless a bad state of things, and would have sounded still more deplorable to a foreigner who was ignorant of our English system of college tutors and lecturers ; still this would not prove that even at the dead time, a century after Uffen- bach's visit, all teaching-life was extinct at our Universities. There was always a svipply of college tutors who, like H. Laughton of Clare, fulfilled their duty . scrupulously, and consequently made their colleges popular with careful parents and aspiring students. Nor indeed, as I have previously shewn, was the common neglect by any means universal among the 'professors. In a small society it sometimes happened (as indeed it may now) that some precocious freshman* read faster than his tutor did in lectures with the bulk of the men of his year, and in the lack of the new intercollegiate system was excused attendance. But [Waterland's] Advice to a Young Student (a thoroughly practical and popular guide, which had a * run ' in MS. and print for at least thirty years) is only one among several witnesses which might be produced to prove that students relied upon their college tutors for initiation in each subject which they took up. Even Gibbon, when it was represented that he had generalized too much from his own 1 William Whiston of Clare, Lucas- autumn of that year. ian professor, published Praclectiones - e.g. Sir J. Fcnn, Caius, 1757 ; ,S(> Physico-Mathematlcac, Cautabrigiae IV. Jones, Univ. 1764 ; H. Gunning, in Scholis puhlicis hahitae up to that Chr. 1785. time, and was silenced only in the 12 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. brief and deplorable experience at Magdalen College, Oxford, whither he went in his fifteenth year in 1752, and remained but fourteen months, diversifying that short period by ' schemes ' or excursions to Bath, to Buckinghamshire, and four to London, — even Gibbon was able to mention the names of John Burton (D.D. 1752), who before his time had been a most painstaking tutor of Corpus Christi, Oxon. for fifteen years, and of Sir William Scott, M.A. 1767 (afterwards Camden Reader of History, and celebrated as a judge under the name of Lord Stowell), who after his time migrating from Corpus Christi became a good and popular tutor at University College, Oxon. One of his own tutors at Magdalen (for Gibbon had the misfortune to change his instructor) was T. Waldgrave or Waldegrave (D.D. 1747), whom he describes as *a good, sober man, but indolent ;' and who frequently walked with his pupil to the top of Heddington-hill and ' freely conversed on a variety of subjects \' though the lad was pleased to neglect his Terence lectures which others attended for an hour every morning. In Gibbon's second term his tutor went out of. residence and waa succeeded by a careless man as it appears. But at that very time George Home was a fellow of the college ; about the time Gibbon should have taken his degree Bi. Chandler, learned in inscriptions, came into residence, and at least two years before he lurote his ' Autobiography ^ ' Martin Joseph Bouth had edited the Euthydemus and Gorgias of Plato, and was already deep in theological research. Forty years earlier E. Holdsworth, a Wykehamist well versed in Virgil, had been a successful tutor at Magdalen (1711-15) until he chose rather to leave his demyship and the certainty of a fellowship than to take the oaths of allegiance ^ But, as we see, Gibbon had generalized unduly from the condition of the * monks of Magdalen ' (where no ' commoners ' were admitted) in 1752 to the normal condition of that and all ' the other colleges of Oxford and Cambridge.' In answer 1 Had he known his former pupil's ^ Gibbon seems to have commenced theological difficulties, Waldegrave his ' Autobiography ' after he went to would in 1753 have striven to dispel Lausanne in 1782. It was published them. (See Gibbon's Misc. Works, posthumously by Ld Sheffield in 1796. Vol. II. Letter xi.) ^ Nichols' Lit. Anecd. in. G7 n. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 13 to this assumption Dr Parr in note 84 to his Spital Sermon (Easter Tuesday 1800)^ has merely to array, with occasional comments, some three hundred and fifty names of eminent men of letters and science who had resided in the universities in his own time. The following list of certain subjects on which there were lectures at different periods in the colleges is taken at random from biographies &c., and is of course a mere specimen, 1710. 8t John's, Camb., for freshmen, M. Hierocles^ Tu., Th., Sat, Logic. In a later term, Algebra : for junior sophs, Ethics : senior sophs, Tacquet's Euclid^, Rohault's Physics, 1737. St Johns, Camb, Logic. 1738, Ch. Ch. Oxon. Paffendorf, 1747. Trin, Coll. Camb. Cicero de Officiis, 1752, Magd. Oxon. Terence for freshmen daily. 1755. Trin. Coll. Camb. Puffendorf, Clarke on the Attributes, Locke, Duncan's Logic. Daily early lectures in hall, with a weekly viva voce examination conducted in Latin. 1766. Trinity Hall, Camb, Cicero de Officiis. 1767. Feterhouse, Camb. Newton's Principia, Greek Testa- ment, 1770*. Christ's Coll., Camb, Classics and Locke alternate mornings. Two evenings, Greek Testament, one a Greek or Latin book. 1772, Jesus, Camb, Algebra, and Duncan's Logic. These, 1 Sydney Smith in the 1st no. of ^ Cambridge editions of Tacquet's theE(Zin&ur(;7ji?euiezy compared Parr's Euclid in 1702 — 3, 1710, by Wliiston sermon, with its abnormal notes, to (then Lucasian professor), with select the wig which its author wore : — 'while Theorems of Archimedes and practical it trespasses little on the orthodox corollaries, magnitude of perukes in the anterior •* This date and place are conjectural parts, it scorns even episcopal limits — from the Monthly Magazine, 1797, behind, and swells out into boundless i. p. 360 a. For the year 1772 one convexity of frizz, the ;ue'7a davixa, of authority mentions only two subjects barbers, and the terror of the literary at Jesus Coll., another mentions three ^orld.' others as well, and that for freshmen 2 i. e. the work of Eierocles the only ; which shews that we must not Neo-Platonist, edited by P. Needham, take the rest of my list as exhaustive, Gamh. 1709. 14 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. with classical books, Euclid and Arithmetic, were the freshmen's lectures at all colleges, the Logic, however, not being universally taught. 1780. Cath. Hall, Camb. Moral Philosophy. 1785. Christ's Coll.; Camb. Euclid, I — VI., Maclaurin's Al- gebra, Classics, Locke, Moral Philosophy, Grotius and Logic and (?) Chemistry. (Gunning's Reminisc, 1. 11.) 1793. Trinity College, C&mh. A junior soph, Euclid, XL It will be observed that our first and fullest list (Ambrose Bonwicke's at St John's, in 1710-13), just coincides with the time of which UfFenbach conceived so gloomy an impression. A glance at Waterland's Scheme, which will be found in the second appendix to this present volume, will give us a still clearer and more encouraging view of Cambridge College- lectures between 1710 and 1740. I have mentioned the weekly examination at Trinity, con- ducted in the Latin language. Yearly college examinations were the exception in that century, but some account of those established at St John's, Cambridge, in Dr Powell's days, will be found in another ai^pendix. Under Dr Postlethwaite yearly examinations of freshmen and junior sophs were instituted at Trinity in 1790. Bp Monk, when head-lecturer in 1818, extended the college examination to students of the third year\ We find, moreover, that throughout the century can- didates for degrees were examined sometimes nominally, some- times thoroughly, by the fellows of their own colleges before they were allowed to pass to the public examination of the schools or senate-house. Examples of college tutors examining their pupils privately to see whether they made proper progress are not wanting^. One of Gibbon's reflexions on his experience of Magd. Coll., Oxon. in 1752, is — *A tradition prevailed that some of our predecessors had spoken Latin declamations in the hall ; but of 1 Life of Bentley, ii. 424. the Dean once a week a Latin theme' ^ Gunning Reminisc. i. ch. i. In besides their lectures. This was just chapter ii. the same author says it two years before Gibbon icrote his 'Au- was the custom of his college (Christ's) tobiography. ' ' for the undergraduates to send in to GENERAL INTRODUCTION. LIBRARIES AND LECTURES. 15 this ancient custom no vestige remained : the obvious methods of public exercises and examinations were totally unknown.' If he referred to the order of gentlemen-commoners alone, we may make reply, as Evelyn testifies (anno 1637), that at Balliol they ' were no more exempted from exercise than the meanest Scholars there ' and Erasmus Phillips of Pembroke, nearer his own time, had in 1721 to take an essay to the Master, and to declaim in hall. But it is also true that in 1774 (fourteen years before Gibbon's Memoir was written) the fellow- commoners of St John's, Cambridge, were obliged to attend the examination : — in 1790, in all the colleges of Oxford, a more rigorous discipline was enforced upon noblemen and gentlemen-commoners than the amendments of V. Knox pro- posed, and in several the heirs of the first families of the king- dom submitted to the same exercises and the same severity of discipline with the lowest members of the society. In 1802, S. M. Phillipps, a fellow-commoner of Sidney, was 8th wrangler. Nevertheless, it must be admitted that even in later times, students of this rank were in some instances allowed to be idle or even encouraged in idleness. Indeed, the university as dis- tinct from their college examinations appear scarcely to have reached them, and it is even asserted that Felix Vaughan, of Jesus College (who was also a good classical scholar), was the first fellow-commoner whose name appeared on the tripos. He was eleventh senior optime in 1790, being two places below John Tweddell. James Scarlett (Lord Abinger, Exchequer Baron) of Trinity, who took his degree in that same year, though not in honours, is said by Peacock {Statutes, p. 71 n.) to have been the first fellow-commoner who in later times appeared in the scJiools. In 1750 however Gray mentions {Letter to Wharton, in. 78) the election to a fellowship at Pembroke, Camb., of E. Delaval, a fellow-commoner * who has taken a degree in an exemplary manner, and is very sensible and knowing.' Also T. Gisborne, fellow-commoner of St John's, B.A. 1780, was sixth wrangler and senior medallist. But if Gibbon's remarks related to all ranks of students impartially, the following pages must serve to limit the scope of his censure. CHAPTER II. THE TRIPOS. 'Cry you mercy, I took you for a joint-stool.' K. Lear, Act iii. Sc. 6. Before entering upon the details of tlie university exercises and examinations, we ought to try to divest ourselves of a modern opinion, that study exists for examinations rather than examinations for study. Indeed, to apply the measure of their prevalence and efficiency to the education of past generations, would be to commit an anachronism. We might look in vain for any public examination to justify the learning and research which in the seventeenth century made English students famous : — whose efforts were fostered, rather by the encouragement of tutors and friends, than by the disputations in the schools. Examinations in our modern ac- ceptation there were none. As books became cheaper, the quicker and the more diligent students discovered that they could acquire knowledge for themselves where previous gene- rations had been dependent on the oral teaching. Then arose the necessity of examination, and as this has come to be more scientifically conducted, and its results to be more public, and at last in a sense marketable, there has been a fresh demand for oral instruction. Again, the increased use of paper and of printing^, which has ^ There was a paper duty in Eug- cal part of tlie seuate-liouse examina- land from 1694 to 1861 (Haydn, Diet. tion was demonstrated on paper by of Dates). About 1770 the mathemati- the candidates, but the questions were THE TRIPOS. 17 (lone much to improve and facilitate the art of examining, lias in a great measure changed the character of the tripos itself. The Cambridge tripos is a development of the eighteenth century, and its growth may be fairly taken as a sign of the vitality of Cambridge. The ground in whi<3h it was nursed was the new senate- house, which was in course of preparation in the years 1722-30. The oiame of 'the mathematical tripos' was indeed unknown: for not only was it not exclusively mathematical until the intro- duction of the Previous Examination, nor was it called so until there was a classical tripos from which to distinguish it ; but the very name of tripos by no means implied an examination.- The history of its name is scarcely less remarkable than the development of the examination to which in process of time it came to be applied. In the ceremonies which were performed on Ash-Wednesday, in the middle of the sixteenth century, at the admission of questionists to be bachelors of arts, an important function was executed by a certain 'ould bachilour' who was appointed as first champion on the side of the examining and honour-holding university. He had to ' sit upon a stoole before Mr Proctours ' and to dispute first with the ' eldest son ' (the foremost of the questionists) and afterwards with 'the father' (a graduate representing the paternal or tutorial piety of the hall or college coming to the rescue of the young combatant) on the two questions thrown down as a challenge by the eldest son. At this period, the only ' tripos ' was the three-legged stool. When we next catch full sight of these proceedings a century later, soon after the Restoration of K. Charles II., we find the * ould bachilour,' if not recognised already as a licensed buffoon, yet needing to be exhorted by the Senior Proctor ' to be witty but modest withall.' Whether it was the contempt for cere- monies which was rife in England in the Reformation period, or the example of the royal patron of Ignoramus (who would, dictated orally by the moderator -who the year 1801 the problem papers (but sat at a table with them. At certain not the other questions) began to be times they were engaged by themselves printed. I do not remember to have with a problem paper, of which they seen one above eighty years old. must have obtained a MS. copy. Before w. 2 18 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. it may be supposed, have thoroughly eDJoyed the incongraities of a noisy Commemoration), or from these and other influences, the university Quadragesimal ceremonies, though not entirely stript of their religious character, (private prayer being sub- stituted for Mass and the de prqfundis,) had lost their dignity. We find in the second year of K. Charles I. (May, 1626) the Heads^ j)rotesting against this degeneracy. Not only had the ' eldest son ' or questionist, whom we may consider as the prin- cipal, handed over the conduct of his case to the 'father' whose client he was, but the serious exposition of the argument on the part of the university had now, by custom, fallen into the hands of the first and second regent Master of Arts, while ' the bachelor,' their junior counsel, was apt, in spite of the protests of disciplinarians, to open the case against the petitioner in a speech more remarkable for personalities than for artisprudence. For upwards of a century we find the university authorities scandalized by this functionary and falling foul of him. Ac- cordingly there was some appropriateness in the change of language which (apparently some time between 1560 and 1620) recognised him no longer as the ' old bachelor answering ' but as ' the tripos^ ' (or ' Mr Trij)os ' quasi dicer ent ' Mr Three-legged stool') according to the figure whereby important personages are sometimesreferred to as 'the Chair,' 'the Woolsack,' or 'the Bench.' We find the name Tripos or Tripus applied to the B.A. speaking at the ' prior ' and ' latter ' acts of Comitia Minora or Bachelors' Commencement, both colloquially and in academical documents, for a period of more than a century ^ Possibly ' Cooper, Annals, iii. 185, saj's Mr Leslie Stephen has pointed out) 8th May. — Dyer, PriviL i. 293, gives was 'tripos' at the later act, 'in the (late as 1" Mai. comitiis posterioribus' of the Bache- 2 When writmg r^Hii'.Zi/c, p. 41 jj.l, lors' Commencement— only he seems I was inclined to think that in Hearne's to have been something more than an day Triims had come to be used as an ould bachilour — a young M.A. J. eqiiivalent for Praevaricator or Varier, Byrom, who mentions the degradation the corresponding of disputant of the of ' one Law,' a M.A. and fellow of Major Commencement. A comparison Emmanuel, to he a soph, says that his with p. 231 in that volume makes me speech was ' at the Trypos.' conclude that this was no exception to 3 e. gr. 1620, 1626, 1G65, 1667, 1702, the ordinary distinction of the terms, 1740. See references in Univ. Life, but that Mr Law or Lawes (no other pp. 218, 220, 228—231. than the author of the Serious Call, as THE TRIPOS. 19 because of the capabilities which it afforded for puns and allusions classical to the Delphic Oracle, mathematical to tri- lateral, and personal to any one who in some way or another could be likened to the fylfot which quocumque ieceris stabit But this use of the title was not destined to continue. In the course of the period (a hundred and twenty years or more) which has been indicated as assigning the name Tripos to a personage, we find frequent references to the humorous orations delivered in the schools by those who filled this office. These at first were known as Tripos- Speeches (1713, 1740), but in pro- cess of time shared, if they did not finally appropriate, their composers' title. When it was that Mr Tripos ceased to take part in the argu- ments of the Sophs' schools I cannot exactly determine. I should conjecture that the custom was not allowed long to sur- vive the opening of the senate-house in 1730 and the improve- ment which took place in university examination between that date and 1750. For many years it had been usual to circulate copies of Latin verses {carmina' comitialia^) bearing reference to the formal 'questions' under disputation. Among other dis- putants the two Messieurs Tripos of the year were expected to produce each his two sets, which composition custom has con- tinued; and at the present time these verses (still known as Tripos-verses, though the writer is never called the Tripos) are the only reliques of the disputations which, so far as the Arts faculty is concerned, have been entirely superseded by the Pre- vious Examination and improved examination for the degree. These papers of verses about the middle of the last century afforded the single opportunity still conceded to the Triposes for giving vent to their wit and humour, and these broadsheets came (like the speeches of their predecessors) to usurp the title of their composers. About the year 1747-8 the moderators began the custom of printing honour-lists on the back of the two yearly triposes {i. e. sheets of tripos-verses) so that instead of the first Mr Tripos and his speech upon one of two questions at the former Act on Ash-Wednesday, and a second Mr Tripos and his speech more or less humorous upon one of two other questions at the latter Act 1 Such verses were published as early as the Ifith century. 2—2 20 UNIV^ERSITY STUDIES. of the Bachelors' Commencement in Lent, there were, in the middle of the last century and subsequently, two sets of Latin verses more or less humorous, composed by two nominees of the Proctors, upon two questions, and at the back a list of Baccalaurei quibus sua reservatur senioritas Coniitiis Priorihus who had done more than satisfy the moderators by their dis- putations in the schools during the previous year and in their subsequent examination, viva voce and on paper, in the senate- house. Their names in the year 1753 and subsequently were further distinguished as ' wranglers ' and ' senior optimes.' Se- condly two other sets of verses^ backed by a list of Baccalaurei quibus sua reservatur senioritas Comitiis Posterioribus or junior optimes and ol iroWot. Since 1859 the two papers (prior and posterior') have been combined ; and the lists (known as tripos- lists) are circulated entire at the June Commencement. Such interest as is now attached to them belongs rather to the verses than to the lists of the several triposes (for the name has now at last come to signify degree examinations) which have been circulated already severally. But in times when there was but one examination in the Arts faculty (viz. before the classical tripos was established in 1824, distinct from or rather in ad- dition to the mathematical and philosophical senate-house examination) the honour-list printed with the verses on the paper must have been a more precious document ; and in com- mon parlance an honour-man's name was said to stand in such and such a place in the tripos of the year, i.e. upon the back of the tripos-verses. And lastly, as the honour-list was considered as representing the examination itself, so the name has come 1 It was customary, at least about written audacious tripos-verses in tlie the close of the last century, for the previous year,beiag judged first). Gun- classical medallists to make Latin ning, Reminisc. i. vii. (cp. ii. iii.) says speeches or declamations in the law 'on the first Tripos day.' This I school after the distribution of verses think must be an oversight, for accord- on the second tripos day. They may ing to his own edition of WalVs Cere- have had some licence of si>€ech given monies, pp. 86, 90, the candidates for them as Mr Tripos had in earlier days. the Chancellor's Medals sent in their At all events, in 1790 Tweddell took names the day after the first tripos, that occasion to reflect upon the medals and the successful ones declaimed on examination, in which he was only the second tripos day. second medallist (Wrangham, who had THE TRIPOS, 21 in the last stage to be transferred^ from the list to the exami- nation, the result of which is published in that list. Thus step by step we have traced the word tripos passing in signification Proteus-like from a thing of wood {olim trimcus) to a man, from a man to a speech, from a speech to two sets of verses, from verses to a sheet of coarse foolscap-paper, from a paper to a list of names, and from a list of names to a system of examination. 1 However, as early as 1713 J. By- when speaking of Law's Jacobite speech rem of Trinity applies the term to an he says it was delivered ' at the Trypos, occasion and not to a i^erson or paper, a public meeting of the university.' CHAPTER III THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 'Bona noiia, Mater Academia, bona noua.' Bedell Buck's Book (16G5). In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries many students may have got their first degree in Arts with little examination or none at all^ Each was called upon to answer one question in 'Aristotle's Priorums' and to be able to walk through the Re- spondent's Stall ! In 1555 and 1665 we read of all candidates being required to keep the Lenten exercise of ' sitting in xl"^ ' (quadragesima), which ceremony is also described in D' Ewes' diary (1619), p. 67. 'It was the custom for the Bachelor com- mencers to sit in the Schools during the whole of Lent, "except they bought it out," and to defend themselves against all oppo- nents.' But it must have depended entirely upon the Regents whether any student was called upon to dispute ; and the argu- guments and questions which were uttered seem to have been often frivolous and undignified. At Oxford the proceediug seems to have been conducted in a still more unseemly manner. Just before Laud's cancellariate a number of 'necessary regents' in addition to the ' masters of the schools ' had to be called in to aid the proctors in quelling the fights and in checking the potations and lounging which disgraced the schools of that university^ 1 Some account of the early process eloquent exposition in his Terence) for degrees is given in my Univ. Life, have not been used since 1843. pp. 209, 213, 214, 217, 219. The in- ^ See Oxford Univ. Commission Ee- signia doctoralia (in spite of Bentley's port (1852), p. 57. THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 23 From the answers of Heads and Presidents, Aug. 9, 1675, to tlie enquiries sent by Monmouth the Chancellor on the King's command, it appears that it was then possible to receive a degree after putting in 'cautions for the performance' of the statutable exercises, and then forfeiting the payment, and that this was not seldom done at Cambndge\ One very curious thing which we must notice is, that the ' acts ' in the ' Schools ' as distinct from the examination in the senate-house were by no means exclusively mathematical. In Puritan times^ the mathematics were, comparatively speaking, neglected at Cambridge (though Ptolemy, Apollonius' Conies and Euclid were generally read), and in the latter half of the following century, after the mathematical revivals about 1G45 and 1708, metaphysical and moral questions began to monopolize the ' Schools.' The year 1680 brought one of the most important inno- vations, viz., the appointment of moderators. Up to that time the proctors had presided in the sophs' schools ex officio. Thus provision was made that the disputations should be conducted by persons chosen especially for their scientific qualificatioBS and judgment. The advantage of the new oflSce seems to- have been at once recognised, for in 1684 the moderators were appointed to take a prominent part in the examination of those who had passed through their disputations^. An account of the ordeal passed by a candidate for the- B.A. degree at the close of the seventeenth century is given in the Diary of Abraham de la Pryme. A summary of this is given in the Autobiographic Recollections (p. 55) of his de- scendant. Professor G. Pryme. The following fuller and more accurate edition was put forth by the professor's son Charles de la Pryme for the Surtees Society, 1869 — 70, vol. 54. p. 82. '1694. January. This month it was that we sat for our degree of bachelors of arts. We sat three days in the colledge [St John's] and were examin'd by two fellows thereof in retorick, logicks, ethicks, physicks, and astronomy ; then we were sent to- the publick schools, then to be examined again three more days 1 Dj'er, Privil. i. 369. Academiarum, 1654, c. 8. 2 Seth Ward (Sid. Cavib.; Prof. '•* See Monk's L'cHf/p.y, i.p. 11, Savil, Pres. Tria. Oxoii.) J'indiciae 24 "UNIVERSITY STUDIES. by any one that would. Then when the day came of our being cap'd by the Vice-Chancellor, wee were all call'd up in our soph's gowns and our new square caps and lamb-skin hoods on. [Till 1709 undergraduates wore round caps.] There we were presented, four by four, by our father to the A-^ice-Chancellor, saying out a sort of formal presentation speech to him. Then we had the oaths of the dutys we are to observe in the univer- sity read to us, as also that relating to the Articles of the Church of England, and another of allegiance, which we all swore to. Then we every one registei-'d our own names in the university book, and after that one by one, we kneel'd down before the Vice-Chancellor's knees, and he took hold of both our hands with his saying to this effect, " Admitto te," &c. "I admitt you to be batchellour of arts, upon condition that you answer to your questions ; rise and give God thanks." Upon that as he has done with them one by one they rise up, and, going to a long table hard by, kneel down there and says some short prayer or other as they please \ 'About six days after this (which is the end of that day's work, we being now almost batchellors) we go all of us to the schools, there to answer to our questions, which our father always tells us what we shall answer before we come there, for fear of his putting us to a stand, so that he must be either necessitated to stop us of our degrees, or else punish us a good round summ of monny. But we all of us answer'd without any hesitation ; we were just thirty-three of us, and then having made us an excellent speech, he (I mean our father) walk'd home before us in triumph, so that now wee are become com- pleat battchellors, praised be God ! ' I observed that all these papers of statutes were thus im- perfect at bottom, which makes one believe that they were very much infected with Jacobitism.' (This refers I suppose to the forms of the Oath of Allegiance.) 1 Each having dore 'his obeisance side of the Senate-House {Wall — Gun- to Mr V. C kneels at the upper table viiiff 1828, p. 78). Buck mentions that and ' giveth God thanks in his Private 'they which are admitted ad practi- Prayers &c.' Bedell Buck's Book 1665. canditm in Medicina vel Chirurgia do Perhaps this was the origin of the never kneel at the Table; neither do ceremony of the Esquire Bedells di- they which are incorporated.' reeling the questiouists to the South THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 25 It was Bentley's boast* that about 1708-10 by the example of Trinity College, ' the whole youth of the University took a new spring of industry... mathematicks was brought to that height that the questions disputed in the Schools were quite of another set than were ever heard there before.' Of the good part taken by Ri. Laughton, Whiston and Nic. Sanderson, in adding^ life to the mathematical teaching and exercises in our university, we shall have occasion to speak hereafter. It was at this period that John Byrom, scholar of Trinity, was looking forward to 'change this tattered blue gown for a black one and a lambskin, and have the honourable title of Bachelor of Arts.' Previous to that time he had read Plutarch, Locke's Essay, Grew's Cosmologia Sacra (prescribed by his father as an antidote), Ray's Wisdom of God in the Creation, Whear's Method of Reading Histories, his tutor's ms. Chronology, lectures in Geometry, the Tatler, British Apollo, and had composed themes, and declamations, besides reading French, Italian, Spanish and Hebrew. Writing from Cam- bridge to John Stansfield, 21 Dec. 1711, he had previously been 'busy in preparing to defend my questions, though I might have spared my pains ; for my first opponent was a sottish and the second a beaiiish fellow, neither of them con- jurers at disputing ; the third lad put me to my defence a little more tightly, but urged nothing that was unanswerable ; so I came off very gloriously, though I wish I had had better antagonists, for I think I could have maintained those ques- tions well enough. I most of all mistrusted my want of courage to speak before such a mixed assembly of lads. Bache- lors, Masters of Arts, &c., but I was well enough when once up. When I came down I was overjoyed that I had done the last of my school exercises in order to my degree.' A Trinity man had been stopped that week for insufficienc}^^ Three or four years later the royal addition to our Univer- sity Library led to a rearrangement of our public buildings, and it is very likely that the temporary disestablishment of the ' Ri. Bentley to T. Bateman, Xt.mas - Chctham Soc. 1854, pp. 15—17. Day [1712], Corresp, no, clxvi. p. 449. Byrova's Memoirs, i. 26 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. old senate-house and Pbysick, Law and Greek schools may- have contributed to the degeneracy and disorder of the acade- mical proceedings for the B.A. degree between 1715 and 1730. In July of the latter year the present senate-house was inau- gurated, and in December of the following year an attempt was made by Dr Mawson, V.-C, to improve the exercises of the sophs and questionists which had grown disorderly and irre- gular, partly (it may be) through the perpetuation in 1721 of a grace which had been passed on an emergency in 1G84, whereby the examinations, declamations, &c. were not held at one regular time for all. The publication of Johnson's Qiiaestiones points also to some temporary revival about 1730. In 1739, which, to judge from Gray's Correspondence, might be considered as the midst of one of the dark ages of Cam- bridge, in the decline of Bentley and Baker, there was light enough for some to see the need of revising or reviving the oath taken at degrees \ On Feb. 25, 1747-8, the form, in- volving a declaration on the part of the candidate, that accord- ing to the best of his knoAvledge he had performed the sta- tutable and customary exercises, was adopted ^ It is from this time that the honour-lists printed in the Camb. Univ. Calendar date. Dr Paris (who had been on the Oaths' Syndicate of 1739) was now Vice-chancellor, and exerted his influence to revive some of the exercises which had been disused for several years. Among these were the declamations to be made by bachelors for the degree of M.A. This revival was unpopu- lar with the bachelors ; and Chr. Anstey, junior, a fellow of King's, afterwards author of the New Bath Guide, took occasion to ridicule the authorities in two Latin declamations", April and June, 1748, which provoked his suspension. A few months later the Duke of Newcastle was elected Chancellor of Cambridge, and it appears from the ephemeral literature which sprang up about the reforms ushering in his cancellariate, that there 1 Cooper's Annals, it. 242. forcement of the regulation in Ms own * Ibid, 258. case as an infringement of the privi- 3 One of them was a mere rhapsody leges of King's Coll. (Cooper's Annals of adverbs in the fashion of the Ox- iv. 261, and Cole ap. Mayor's Bonwickc, onian humorist Tom Brown. It ap- p. 258.) pears that Anstey considered the en- THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 27 were some tokens of revived studiousness anions^ undersra- d nates \ It was at this time that Richard Cumberland (the dramatic writer and essayist), was an undergraduate at Trinity. He had received the elements of a sound and elegant scholarship at Bury under Kinsman, and at Westminster in the days of Nichols and Vincent Bourne, while his early holidays had been spent in playing battledore- and-shuttlecock in the lodge with master Gooch, the son of his grandfather's antagonist, in beating such undergraduates as he could get to run short races in the walks, and in listening to Bentley's learned conversation with his visitors. When he matriculated at the age of four- teen he was put into rooms in the turret-staircase, in close proximity to the ' Judges' Chambers,' where he had been born, and under the wing of his grandfather's successor, Dr Smith, and of his tutor, old Dr Morgan, who (being troubled by the gout, and, it may be, by his pupil's inattention at his lectures on Be OJJiciis) left him to his own resources until he took the living of Gainford. Cumberland was then handed over to Dr P. Young (Bp. of Norwich), then professor of Oratory, who paid him still less attention, and in his third year to James Backhouse the efficient Westminster tutor. He had not read the first proposition of Euclid when his name appeared among the 'opponents' for the 'act' which was to open the schools for that year. His tutor begged him off, and after some encourage- ment from the master (cousin of Roger Cotes, and founder of the Smith's prizes), he set to work and mastered 'the several branches of mechanics, hydrostatics, optics and astronomy' in the best treatises of the day, allowing himself only six hours' sleep, and dieting himself with milk and cold bathing. Having acquired the habit of making his notes, working his proposi- tions, and even thinking, in the Latin language, he no longer felt that terror which he had experienced before, though now he was called upon to keep not a mere 'opponency' but an 'act' itself, and though his first antagonist was 'a North-country black -bearded philosopher, who at an advanced age had been 1 [Green's] Academic, 1750, pp.23— 26, mentioned in Vuiv. Socielij, pp. 72, 610, 624. 28 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. admitted at Saint John's to qualify for holy orders (even at that time a finished mathematician and a private lecturer in those studies),' * After I had concluded my thesis which precedes the disputation' (says Cumberland in his Memoirs^), 'when he ascended his seat under the rostrum of the moderator I waited his attack amid the hum and murmur of the assembly. His argument was purely mathematical, and so enveloped in the terms of his art, as made it somewhat difficult for me to discover where his syllogism pointed without those aids and delineations, which our process did not allow of; I availed myself of my privilege to call for a repetition of it, when at once I caught the fallacy and pursued it with advantage, keeping the clue firm in hand till I completely traced him through all the windings of his labyrinth. The same success attended me through the remaining seven arguments, which fell off in strength and subtlety, and his defence became sullen and morose, his Latinity very harsh, inelegant, and embarrassed, till I saw him descend with no very pleasant countenance, whilst it appeared evident to me that my whole audience were not displeased with the unexpected turn which our controversy had taken. He ought in course to have been succeeded by a second and third opponent, but our disputation had already been prolonged beyond the time commonly allotted, and the schools were broken up by the Moderator with a compliment addressed to me in terms much out of the usual course on such occasions.'... ' Four times I went through these scholastic exercises in the course of the year, keeping two acts and as many first oppo- nencies. In one of the latter, where I was pitched against an ingenious student of my own college, I contrived to form cer- tain arguments, which by a scale of deductions so artfully drawn, and involving consequences, which by mathematical gradations (the premises being once granted) led to such un- foreseen confutation, that even my tutor, Mr Backhouse, to whom I previously imparted them, was effectually trapped, and could as little parry them, as the gentleman who kept the act, or the Moderator who filled the chair.' His second act was, like the former, for a time delaj^ed ; for 1 pp. 75, 76. THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 29 the junior moderator' made an unsuccessful attempt to compel him to comply with the custom of the schools by bringing forward one metaphysical in the place of a third mathematical question. In due course of time the senate-house examination came on, to supplement, rectify, or confirm the impressions given by the disputations in the schools. Cumberland says that it ' was hardly ever' his ' lot during that examination to enjoy any respite.' He 'seemed an object singled out as every man's mark, and was kept perpetually at the table under the process of question and answer ^' By the time he was convalescent from a fever induced by the exertions of his tardy application to mathematics, he learnt that his name would appear tenth at the back of the first tripos verses, viz. among the wranglers and senior optimes, for we have no formal distinction between them till three years later. The next glimpse that we get of the schools is in the year 1752, which, with the account of Fenn, ten years later, does not differ materially from Cumberland's account, except in some curious details which were peculiar to the several occa- sions, although they add to our general view of the proceedings, shewing as they do what accidents might diversify the public exercises and examinations. In the former, which is W. Chafin's (of Emmanuel) account of one of the preliminary acts kept in 1752, the writer says, ' I was keeping an act as respondent under Mr Eliot [Lawr. Elliot, Magd.] the moderator; and [W.] Craven [4th wrangler, after- wards Arabic prof, and master] of St John's was my second opponent. I had gone through all the syllogisms of my first, who was [W.] Disney [Trin., senior wrangler, and only four years later prof, of Hebrew], tolerably well ; one of the questions was a mathematical one from Newton's Principia, and Mr Craven brought an argument against me fraught with fluxions; of which I knew very little and was therefore at a nonplus, and 1 Cumberland, who bears testimony chaplain to the Abp. of Canterbury, to the generosity of this moderator, In the Univ. Calendar he appears as calls him the Reverend Mr Ray, fellow Thomas JVray, M. A. Chr. of Corpus C/niSf(... afterwards domestic ^ Ihid. p. 79. 30 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. should in one minute have been exposed, had not at that instant the esquire bedell entered the schools and demanded the book which the moderator carries with him, and is the badge of his office. A convocation was that afternoon held in the senate-house, and on some demur that happened, it was found requisite to inspect this book, which was immediately delivered, and the moderator's authority stopped for that day, and we were all dismissed ; and it was the happiest and most grateful moment of my life, for I was saved from imminent disgrace, and it was the last exercise that I had to keep in the schools \' Our next extract relates not to the acts in the schools but to the 'preliminary canter' in college and the Senate-house examination. Sir John Fenn (editor of the Paston Letters) took his degree at Cambridge (Caius) in 1761, sixty-seven years after A. de la Pryme. Having read the Cambridge books on Arith- metic, Algebra, and Geometry in his school-days, he received permission from the tutor, J. Davy, to absent himself from lectures when he pleased. In his Early Thoughts, &c. he says : — * The week we took our degree of Bachelor of Arts we sat in the little combination-room of the College for three days to be examined by such of the fellows as chose to send for us to their rooms. ' I sat my three days with the other questionists (or candi- dates for degrees) but was never once sent for during the whole time. I believe the fellows, not having lately applied them- selves to the studies of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, did not choose to examine those who were in the habit of those studies ; but be that as it may, I was the only one of the candi- dates not sent for^ ' On the following Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, we ^ Gent. Mag. Jan. 1818, p. 11. Being his year in that college. Perhaps the invalided by small-pox at the time of fellows wished only to make sure that the tripos, Chaiin received an ' hono- no one who would disgrace their col- rary senior optime,' Baher-Mayor, lege should be presented for the uni- II. 1090. versity competition. ^ There was no other honour-man of THE sophs' schools IN THE EARLY PART OF THE CENTURY. 81 sat in the Senate-house for public examination ; during this time I was officially examined by the Proctors and Moderators, and had the honor of being taken out for examination by Mr [W.] Abbott, the celebrated mathematical tutor of St John's College, by the eminent professor of mathematics Mr [E.] Waring, of Magdalene, and by Mr [J.] Jebb of Peterhouse, a man thoroughly versed in the academical studies, afterwards famous for his various writings and opinions unfavorable to the Established Church, of which he was sometime a member, but afterwards deserting it, resigned his preferment, and prac- tised as a physician. On the Friday following, the 23rd of January, 170 1, I was admitted to my degree and had the honor of being placed high [5th] in the list of wranglers.' J. Wilson of Peterhouse, afterward judge of the Common Pleas, was senior, T. Zouch of Trin. was third. Fenn was elected to an honorary fellowship at Caius, but did not reside- there much after taking his degree. We learn from the Gentleman's Magazine of 1766 (29 Jan.), that the sophs were to deliver copies of their 'theses' to be read at their disputations to the moderators, and that the best were to be printed by the university. At this time, by the efforts of Waring, Jebb, Law and Watson, our schools grew into a flourishing condition, which they retained until they quietly withered away in th« fresh growth of the Mathematical and Classical Triposes, CHAPTER IV. ACTS OK DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS IN THE LATTER PART OF THE CENTURY. ' See Gray, so used to melt the tender eyes, Stretcli'd on the orbit of a circle diesl And Goldsmith, whom deserted Auburn haled, See ou a pointed triangle impaled ! And to encrease their torment, while they're rackt Two undergraduate Devils keep an act: Who stun their ears with Segments and Equations. Moons horizontal, Tangents, and Vibrations, And all the jargon of your schools they're pat in; Bating they speak a little better Latin.' The Academick Dream (1774), p. 14, In the early part of the eighteenth century the examination for degrees was not in all cases adequate to the measure of knowledge or to the capacity of the candidates. In 1731, just after the new senate-house was in use, the exercises of sophisters and questionists were ordered to he per- formed in the Lent term on the same days and in the same form as in the terms after Easter and Michaelmas. Lent term 'for many years had been a time of disorder by reason of divers undue Liberties taken by the younger Scholars, an Evil that had been much complained of; and all Exercise had either been neglected or performed in a trifling ludicrous manner \' 1 Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. Camb., p. 196. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 83 Fifty years later we. find this trifling (so far as the degree of B.A. was concerned) confined only to the ' huddling,' which was done (as will be seen in due course) after a fair, though not fully statutable, modicum of solemn exercises and exami- nations. It might have been inferred from the condition of Oxford that Cambridge needed Jebb's agitation in 1774-6 to arouse hostile authorities to improve the time-honoured academical exercises. However, such was not the case ; and it is satis- factory to know that this great reformer had little fault to find with the existing trial of the Sophs' year. He felt the need of inquiry into the work of undergraduates in the earlier part of their course alone ; and for this the personal reminiscences of Cumberland and Paley are his justification. As it was, in Jebb's time (1772) the ordeal was not despicable nor despised, and idle men were apt to think themselves driven to take refuge in the ranks of the fellow-commoners (at that period not liable to examination) ; or else to declare their intention of proceeding in Civil Law as harry -sophs^. From such authorities as are mentioned in the foot-notes ^ we are able to gather a fairly complete and, in some respects, a minute account of the exercise required at Cambridge from Senior Sophs and Questionists in the last year of qualification for the degree of Bachelor of Arts, during the period which lies between the years 1772 and 1827. The first and very important ordeal through which all candidates had to pass were the Acts and Opponencies, or public exercises of the Schools, conducted in Latin under the superintendence of the two Moderators, who were usually senior or second wranglers of past time, and to whom also fell the 1 See my Univ. Life, pp. 556, 643, (copied largely from Jehh). 644. Gradus ad Cantab. 1803, 1824. 2 Jeib's Works (1772—87), ii. 284— [J. M. F. Wright's] Alma Mater, 300. 1827 (relating to 1818). Gunning's Reminisc. s. ann. 178G, Facetiae Cantahrigienses. 183G. 1787. Dr Whewell, '■Of a Liberal Educa^ Camb.Univ.Calendar,1802.1ntvod. Hon.' 1845. w. 3 34 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. chief responsibility of the public examinations of the senate- house, which constituted the final trial \ In the student's third year, after the Senate-house exami- nations of those lucky wights who were his seniors in university- standing by a twelve-month, the Moderators having received a list of the students aspiring to honours at the next examination from the tutors of the several colleges (King's^ excepted) by the hand of a Proctor's servant, with appropriate marks (such as reading, non-reading'^, hard-reading man, &c.) — send notice on the second and subsequent Mondays in Lent Term to five students to ' keep their act' on the five first days beginning with that- day-fortnight. The Moderator s man (who expects a fee of six- pence for his trouble, as well as eighteen-pence at the time of the act, and other fees from the three opponents) delivers the notice in the following form : Respondeat Gunning, Coll. Christ. 5^° die Februarii 1787. T. Jones, Mod", The ' Respondent' or ' Act,' as he now may call himself, is ready in the course of an hour or so to wait upon the Moderator with three copies of three subjects on which he purjDoses to argue (having selected them, perhaps, from the numerous ex- amples in Johnsons Quaestiones Philosophicae in Vsuni Juvent. Acad.*) — in the following form : 1 The last act for a B.A. degree at '^ E. H. C. writing in the Monthly Cambridge was performed in 1839. Magazine in 1797, p. 266, asserts that They must have been discontinued, as the so-called non-reading men were Mr H. Sidgwick has observed to me, generally studious, only they read by the mdependent action of the mode- other subjects than mathematics, rators of the time (T. Gaskin, Jes., and ^ Not that he would have found Joseph Bowstead, Pemb.), for these anything so modern as Paley there. — exercises were commended as a guide Tho. Johnson, of Eton, King's, and to the moderators in the report of the Magd. Colleges. His Quaestiones were Examination Syndicate in the previous printed at Cambridge (pp. 1 — 54, 8vo.) year, confirmed May 30, 1838. Modera- tyi^is Acad. 1732. The demand for such tors have been appointed annually since a manual, giving reference to authorities 1680. Up to that time the Proctors on certain stock ' questions,' may be held the responsibility of moderating, taken as a jn'oof of the good effect of and in 1709 — 10 Ki. Laughton, Clar. Dr Mawson's reformation of the Lent being proctor, chose to preside. disputations when he was V. C. in 2 Jebb adds ' Trinity-Hall.' 1730, 1731. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 85 Q. S/ Recte statuit Newtonus in 2^^ sectione Libri i. Recte statuit Newtonus in 3'^ sectione Libri i. Recte statuit Paleius de Utilitate. Except in such cases as that of Paley himself who, when a Senior Soph in 17G2, proposed to deny the eternity of Hell Tor- ments and the Justice of Capital Punishmenf^, (though, even in his case, the objection to this wa,s not raised by the Moderators — Jebb and Watson — themselves), but was induced to com- promise the matter by affirming the former question which ho had proposed to deny, so leaving the negative to the three opponents, who. were always expected to espouse the Worse Cause founded on some fallacy ^ ; — the Moderator generally ac- cepted the theses brought to him, and 'at his leisure' (says the garrulous Calendar of 1802, quoting Jebb, 1772) transcribes into his book the questions, together with the names of the Respondent, and of three other students whom, from enquiry of their tutors, he thinks suitable to oppose his arguments. To each of them he sends a copy of the questions with their own names and the words opponentium priimis, secundus, or tertius, denoting the order in which the three are to dispute. In earlier times there was Disputa- 'Utr. Aeternitas Poenarum contradicit tionum Academicannn Formulae hj Bi. divhiis Attributis? Origin of Evil in F. 8vo and 16mo 1638. Ap. § 2. Burnet de Statu Mortuorum 1 I suppose these initials meant xi. p. 290. Tillotson's, Fidcles's and Quaestiones sunt : qi. Wesley's Guide Lni^ton's Sermons on Hell Torments. to Syllogism, p. 109. S. CoUiber's Impartial Enquiry, p. 10.3, ^ Jebb's specimen, 1772, was and his Essay on Nat. and Revealed , Q g Religion, 142. Swindeu's Appendix to Treatise on Hell. Episcoi^ii Respons. ad Quaest. p. 67. Whitby's Appendix to II. Thess. Eymer's Revealed Reli- gion, VII. Nicholls's Conference, iii. . . .. 309. Scott's Chr. Life, v. § 5. 91. nomena som possnnt ex principiis r. i. , ,-> • . , ^ ■, Bates Existence of God, xii. Abp. opticis. „ , „ • „ ^ , . . ^^ ,. , . , . . . , Dawes s Serm. v. 73. Fabncius- f?c Non ucet magistratui civem morti tra Planetae primariae retineutur in orbi tis suis vi gravitatis, et motu pro jectUi. Iridis primariae et secundariae phae- dere nisi ob crimen homicidii. Resp. Jan. 10™°' Veritate Rel. Christ. 720.' ^ Facetiae Cantab, p. 120. Watson's Autobiog. Anecdotes, i. 31. Wesley's In .Johnson's Quaestiones {Metaphy- Guide to Syllogism, Appendix on sicae), 1732, reference is made to the Academical Disputation, p. 97. following authorities on the question: 36 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. The first Respondeat of the year, under the overwhelming responsibility which has devolved upon him — that of ' opening the Schools' — takes out a dormiat^ from the dean of his college, enabling him to sit up late at night to study, without thought of having to rise early to the chapel service. He then sets to work to practise and prepare himself for the coming encounter. In the covirse of the fortnight he asks the three opponents to take wine with him, partly perhaps to secure personal good- will, when the wordy encounter comes on, partly, it appears, to arrange the sham-fight beforehand ^ In 1782 'Jemmy' Wood (the future senior wrangler and Master of St John's) was the worse for one of these act's-wines, and subsequently and consequently more sober act's-hreaJcfasts^ were substituted for them. Soon after the beginning of this century it became usual for the three opponents to return the compliment in the form of 'tea and turn-out*.' From the last of these festive gatherings, the Respondent retired early to give the Opponents fair oppor- tunity of comparing their proposed arguments and making sure to avoid repetitions ^ When the fateful day arrives, the Moderator of the week, pre- 1 Cp.Gunning's iJemmsc. I. iii., and ' vulguses,' or sold by poor students, my Univ. Life, p. 590. or such characters as Jemmy Gordon. ^ This, however, was a comparative- At least, it is recorded of T. Eobinson, lylate refinement. 'The Rev. Reginald of Trinity, 7th wrangler in [Bp. Prety- Bligh, A.B.' in the advertisement (1781) man] Tomline's year 1772, as something at the end of his second frantic attack esxeiJtional that ' be always made his upon Plumptre and Milner for not own arguments when he kept an oppon- giving him a fellowship at Queens' enc?/' (Life by E. T. Vaughan, pp. 28, when he was one place above the 29). 'wooden-spoon,' accuses G. Law of ^ Gradus ad Cantab, ed. 1, 1803, having ' bribed his opponent to shew s. v. him his Arguments, and teach him to ^ j^_ e(j_ 2, 1824, s. v. take them off.' ^ Gnnmng Eeyninisc. a. a. 1787. Alma Not only were there stock subjects Mater, 11. 37. In Symonds D'Ewes' to which it was usual to resort, but time (1619) the Respondent treated the even the line of argument was provided combatants after the disputation. So either by references to standard loci also after his act in the College Chapel classici such as are indicated in John- of St John's, he entertained the f el- son's Quaestiones, or even by tradi- lows and fellow-commoners with sack- tional ' strings ' (as they were called at possets in the ' parlour ' or Combina- Oxford),which no doubt were preserved tion-room. (Diary, ed. HalUwell, 67, after the manner of Tom Brown's 68.) ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 37 ceded by the Proctor's man (or 'bull-dog') carrying the quarto volume of Statutes^ enters the Philosophical Schools at 3 p.m., (1 ^.m. in 1818), and, ascending his chair^ at the side of the room, says Ascendat Dominus Respondens. The Respondent accordingly mounts the rostrum on the op- posite side of the Schools, and reads a Latin thesis on whichever of his three subjects he prefers. This is usually ' the 7noral question^' — 'Recte statuit Paleius de Utilitate' in our supposed case : — if not from Paley, it is generally taken from the writings of Locke, Hume, Butler, Clarke, or Hartley. The thesis takes about ten minutes. Then the Moderator says, Ascendat Oppo- nentium primus, and the first Opponent enters the box below the Moderator's chair, and facing the Respondent. He opposes the thesis in eight arguments of syllogistical form, the Respond- ent attempting to 'take off' or reply to each in turn, the entire discussion being carried on in Latin more or less debased. The Moderator, who has been acting all the while as umpire, when the disputation has begun to slide into free debate, says to the Opponent, Probes aliter-*, whenever an argument has been disposed of. At last he dismisses the first Opponent with some such compliment as Domine Opponens, bene disputasti — (optinie ^ See above, p. 30. having already distinguished himself 2 Until 1669 the professor's original in mathematical argument, gothic stone chair with those of the * GunningjRemmisc.il. x. The forms opponent and respondent stood in the of syllogisms, &c. commonly in use Divinity School at Oxford. See "Wood may he found in Mr C. Wesley's Guide ap. Warton's Bathurst, p. 91. The to Syllogism 1832, pp. 99-106, and in wooden ones in the Cambridge Schools Notes and Queries, 1st S. vi. p. 55 still remain. Gil. Wakefield {Memoirs, 1804, ii. 75 n.' 2 As early as 1710-11 it needed all tells of ' a Moderator in the Astrono the influence of an enthusiastic proctor mical Schools at Cambridge, very ill and moderator (Ri. Laughton of Clare) quah'fied for his office, who was in to induce a soph (Sir W. Browne of capable of settling the debate between Pet.) to keep his acts in mathematical a resolute opponent and his respondent questions (Mc/to^s'Lif. ^jiecrf. III. 328). and to pacify the former was accus But by the middle of the century the tomed to terminate the controversy by Cambridge examination was so far a look of complacency on the opponent crystallizing into the mathematical tri- and this conciliatory decision : Domine pos that a questionist (R. Cumberland) opponens ! hoc fortasse veriim essepossit was enabled by academical authority in quibusdam casibus, sed non in hoc in 1750 to resist the demands of a casu. Probes aliter.' [' Probo,' I take moderator who had required him to it, is a misprint, and rerum for verum.] produce one metaphysical question, he 38 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. disputasti, or optime quidem disputasti), and his place is taken by the second Opponent, who has to array five arguments against the Respondent, and in his turn makes way for Dominus Opponentium tertius, of whom but three are required. The Respondent has to do his best to ' take them off,' as with his first Opponent ; and when his task is done, he is examined by the Moderator as to his mathematical knowledge, that he may be the better classed for the coming Senate-house examination : and at last is dismissed with Tu autem, doviine BespondenSy satis et optime quidem, et in Thesi et in Disputationihus, tuo officio functus es (in which case he may have good hopes of turning out a wrangler) ; or even summo ingenii acumine dispu- tasti, which may suggest very high expectations indeed; or with the more guarded praises of satis et bene, or simply bene, or satis, disputasti. Such compliments gave rise to the classification of students as senior and junior Optimes. In general optime quidem was the highest praise expected even by future wranglers ; but in 1790 W. Lax of Trinity intro- duced a fashion of giving high-flown compliments as moderator. He also extended the length of the Acts to two hours, which duration custom seems to have continued — so at least it was in 1820. In the eighteenth century an hour and ten minutes was the usual time. Was this a Jewish mode of reckoning a dispu- tation p)er tres horas consecutivas^ ? 'The distinguished men of the year appear et^/A^ times in this manner in the schools, — twice as Acts (or Respondents), and twice in each grade of Opponency. One act and three opponen- cies are kept before the Commencement (the beginning of July), and the other moiety in^ the October term. The ol ttoWoI (generally non-reading men) have less to do, some of them not appearing more than once or twice, except in the farce of huddling, which will be described below : and on some of them occasionally a Descendas^ is inflicted, or an order to quit the 1 Cp. Gunuiiig's Reminisc. i. v. and grace, Feb. 14, 1792, providing that JebVs account (1772), ' the Moderator the exercises should take place from appearing a little before two.' The 3 to 5 p.m. change of the usual dinner-hour (see ^ In the Calendar 'before' was au my Univ. Life, p. 657 ; Gil. Wakefield's erratum. Mem. ch. vii.) was the cause of this ■' Facetiae Cantah.\x Bi. Alma Mater alteration, which was effected by a ii. 129, and my Univ. Life, p. 588. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 39 box for incompetency. This, however, is not very frequent : whenever it does happen, the stigma is indelibly fixed on the unfortunate object\' I have ventured to expand an 'argument' of three 'con- ditional syllogisms' from the' last page of Mr C. Wesley's Guide to Syllogism. ' Quaestio tertia est : Recte statuit Paleius de Virtute.' The Respondent, having read his Latin thesis founded upon Paley's Moral Philosophy, is confronted by the first Opponent, who begins the attack at the Moderator's bidding. 'Ascendat Dominus Opponentium primus.' Op. ' Si Dei voluntas sit virtutis regula, cadit quaestio. Sed Dei voluntas est virtutis regula. Ergo cadit quaestio.' Mesp. ' Concede antecedentem, et nego consequentiam^' Op. 'Probo consequentiam : — Si Dei voluntas ideo nos astringat quia praemia poenaeque vitae futurae ex Dei arbitrio pendent, valet consequentia. Sed Dei voluntas nos astringit propter haece praemia et poenas quae ex arbitrio Ejus pen- deant. Ergo valet consequentia,' Resp. ' Concede antecedentem, et nego consequentiam.' Op. ' Iterum probo consequentiam : — Si igitur posito quod angelorum malorum princeps summo rerum imperio potitus esset, voluntas ejus nos pari jure astringeret, valent conse- quentia et argumentum. Sed posito quod Sathanas summo rerum arbitrio potitus esset, voluntas ejus nos pari jure astrin- geret. Ergo valent consequentia et argumentum.' Resj). ' Ut alia taceam, Deus homines felices vult ; ange- lorum malorum princeps, miseros; huic ut resistamus, lUi ut Even in the bachelors' schools the conditional syllogism. The argument Moderator in Nov. 1733 had to ad- given in the text seems exactly \o fit monish T. Ferrand, a fellow of Trin., the syllogistic form, ' Si A sit B cadit vfiih'3Iodestetegeras.'(Bjrom'sDianj.) quaestio,' &c. &c., which forms the 1 Univ. Calendar for 1802. Introd. subject of an inquu-y by ' M,' in Notes p. xvi. (ind Queries, 1st S. vi. 55 i. By later a The consequentia {=' avWoyia/jios, logicians the word minor is used in- collectio, conclusio. See also Ar. Rhet. stead of anfecedens. In earlier times II. xxi. Cic. Acad. Post. ii. 8, 9, 30) is the consequens was also called assertio, the connexion between the antecedent and the consequentia called loosely and consequent (consequens) of such a consequens. 4.0 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. obediamus, ratio et natura suadent. Priusquam angeloriim ma- lorura princeps hominum felicitatem velle possit, naturam suam se exiiat necesse est.' Mod. {to Opponent) ' Probes aliter/ &c., &c., to n argu- ments ; viz., in the last centviry, eight. If ever a mathematical question was chosen instead of the 'moral' one, a very small stock of Latin would suffice. An argument on the 9th Section of Newton, and another on the truth of the Differential and Integral Calculi, are given by Mr C. Wesley. In the latter the Opponent begins with 'Si inter limites x = a, x = h, 1 — fiat hoc loco j, cadit J X quaestio.' And the Respondent's final reply consists of six lines of algebraical symbols pure and simple, and then the conclusion — a'' — h^ 'Ergo valor fractionis , cum n = 0, non evanescit, sed ^ n fit hoc loco J , ideoque nulla discrepantia existit.' Though about 1830 men were called upon to defend all three of the questions on their papers against a limited number of 'arguments' ; it is easy to see why at the end of the previous century the third or 'moral' question was the popular one, and,, as a general rule, the only one discussed. However, we have seen above, p. 29, that in 1753 an act was kept in Newton with fluxions. In 1772 there does not seem to have been any general rule as to which question the respondent should choose. It may be that the grace of 19 Mar. 1779 may have given the first impetus to the study of Moral Philosophy, which about that time became the favourite subject for the acts. As to the Latinity of the schools, several typical anecdotes are current. W. Farish of Magdalene (afterwards professor of Chemistry^), who was moderator in 1783 and later years, usually figures in them. 1 W. Parish was vicar of S. Giles, church a paraboloid sounding-board, Cambridge, where he was well known which was hkened to a tin coal-scuttle for his nxechanical contrivances. He bonnet. Wliile it enabled all the con- put up over the pulpit in tlie old gregation in that most irregularly built ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 41 The faithful dog of some dominus opponentium tertius having followed his master into the schools, felt no doubt complimented when the astonished moderator in his own canine Latin ex- claimed : Verte canem ex ! Another choice phrase of Farish's was facinms tarn bene sine guam cum^. Yet again; a poll-man running into the Schools in haste having neglected to put on a small item of his academical habit, which was de rigueur on these occasions, was thus reminded : Domine Opponentium Tertie, non hahes quod dehes. — Uhi sunt tui...eh ! eh ! Anglich Bands ? He is said to have answered thus, hesitatingly, Domine Moderato7\ sunt in meo...Anglice Pocket. The following anecdote will give a notion of a certain class of arguments which were occasionally brought forward in this century, when the disputations were on their last legs, and the establishment of the Classical Tripos had given courage to clever men who had no special capacity for mathematics. I have heard it from Mr Shilleto, of Peterhouse, who (I had hoped) would have revised this account. He was then a scholar of Trinity keeping a second opponency under Francis Martin, who was then moderator (late bursar of Trinity, seventh wrangler in 1824). edifice to hear the weak voice of the the division from above, forgetful of preacher, it conducted not a few his guests on the upper floor, who whispers to his ear. His house (which awoke from their first sleep to find Dr Whewell was about to occupy when themselves bewitched into a double- Dr "Wordsworth resigned the master- bedded room. Such was his absence ship of Trinity in 1841, and is now of mind that on one occasion he gave inhabited by E. Wayman, Esq.) in the 'the measles' to his congregation in neighbourhood of the School of Py- place of ' the Blessing. ' His brother thagoras has still the grooves whereby was author of Toleration of Marriage, a partition was run up at pleasure ^ Alma Mater i. 198, Jacob Bryant through the ceiling of one floor to the records the following elegancy of a room above, or vice versa. One evening College Moderator of the same period having almost sat-out his dining-room (about 1789), 'Domine opponens non fire in some dynamical calculation, video vim tuum argumentum.' Nichols' being suddenly seized with a desire to Lit. Anecd, viii, 541. make liimself more snug, he let down 42 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. The question to be disputed was a trite and favourite sub- ject\ Rede statuit Paleius de Suicidiis. This last word is no doubt a barbarism, though to most English ears unequivocal, and sanctioned by time-honoured use in the Philosophical Schools. The Opponent aforesaid being called upon for an argument began thus : Non recte judical Dominus Respondens de suicidio, ut ego quidem censeo, et'go cadit quaestio : si sues eniiyi omnino non caedemus, unde quaeso pernam, hillas, sumen, unde in- quam petasonem sumus habituri ? Est profecto judaicum et, ut ita dicam ' — ' Erras, Domine Opponens / ' interrupts the Mode- rator, ' non enim de suibus caesis loquitur Respondens, sed de aliquo qui ultro sibi necem consciverit.' (All this while the Respondent, good mathematician and Johnian though he was, being unacquainted with the terms of Latin pork-butcher}'-, was puzzling his brain to think how he could 'take off' an argument which he could not well understand.) ' Quid est ergo suicidium' (continues the Opponent) 'ut latine nos loquamur, nisi suum caesio ? ' Mr Martin, who had won Bell's and Craven Scholarships, and might (it was thought) have been senior classic, if he had been a candidate for honours in that new Tripos, enjoyed the joke, which would have been thrown away on Professor Farish had he been the moderator. Jebb's opinion of- the worth of these acts in 1772 is interest- ing and satisfactory, as coming from a rigid disciplinarian and a radical reformer as times went. He says, 'These exercises are improving ; are generally well attended ; and consequently are often performed with great spirit. But many persons of good judgment, observing, with pain, the unclassical Latin, generally uttered by the student upon these occasions, have maintained that the knowledge of that language is not pro- moted by the present method of disputation; and have de- livered it as their opinion, that these exercises should be held in English in order to their absolute perfection.' ^ Cp. Alma Slater u. 36. In earlier in 1732 ou tlae Quaestio ' Utrum Siuci- times the only authority to which T. dium sit iUicitum?' was ^(Zams ow/SeZ/- Johnson referred ' the academic youth ' Murder. ACTS OR DISPUTATIONS IN THE SCHOOLS. 43 Forty-seven years later the Senate-house examination had so far left the disputations in the rear, that Whew ell said^ these had no immediate effect upon a man's place in the tripos, yet although the syllogisms were 'such as would make Aristotle stare, and the Latin would make every classical hair in your head stand on end,' still it was, he thought, ' an exercise well adapted to try the clearness and soundness of the mathematical ideas of the men, though they are of course embarrassed by talking in an unknown tongue.' ^ Wliewell's Writings and Letters (Todliuuter) ii. 35, 36. CHAPTER V. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATION. We'll send Mark Antony to the Senate house, And he shall say you are not well to day. Julius Ccesar, Act ii. Sc. 2. The candidates having been in the three terms beneath the scrutiny of two pairs of Moderators', at least in the capacity of opponent, have arrived at the dignity of Questionists by about the middle of January, six weeks before the First Tripos*^ is published. They breakfast with the 'Father' of their col- lege^ at 7 o'clock on the morning of Plough-Monday (ominous name to modern academical ears for the Monday after Epi- phany !) se'nnight. Then (though they are not yet formally admitted ad respondendum Quaestioni) the B.A. examination begins : the Admission of Bachelors taking place on the fol- lowing Friday, five weeks before 'the First Tripos comes out' ; this is the expression of the Univ. Calendar, but it does not mean the first publication of the honour list. The examiners have already made a preliminary assortment ^ Univ. Calendar, 1802. lutrod. ^ By Statutum Acad. Eliz. cap. l. xvi., xvii. § 28, the usual expense of breakfasts ^ As at the present day, the printing and dinners at the time of the dis- and publishing of the Tripos Paper putation is to be lightened and di- with its Verses was by no means con- minished by the Master and the ma- temporaneous with the settlement and jority of the Fellows, proclamation of the honour list. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 45 of the examinees, iuto ' classes' of six, eight, or ten, according to the notes made by the moderators at their acts (the persons in each class being arranged alphabetically), and half-a-dozen of these classes (eight, or so, in all) have been published at Deighton's, or elsewhere \ on the previous Thursday. Those who were placed by the Moderators in the 1st or 2nd classes were allowed on even a slight pretext to claim an aegro- tat Senior Optime' — 'a Nervous Fever, the Scald of a Tea-kettle, or a Bruise of the Hand, frequently put a period to the ex- pectation of their friends^' in the case of some who, having done well in disputation beyond their hopes, in greater discretion than valour thought good to retire with a vague honour degree, without being subjected to further examination. This was called ' gidphing it*' The following account of the Senate-house Examinations is quoted [with the exception of remarks enclosed in square brackets'] from John Jebb's account (1772), and the revision of it adopted in the Introduction to 'the Cambridge University Calendar for the year 1802/ and was true up to 1827. ' On the Monday morning, a little before eight o'clock, the Students, generally about a Hundred, enter the Senate-House, preceded by a Master of Arts, who on this occasion is styled the Father of the College to which he belongs. On two pillars at the entrance of the Senate-House are hung the Classes ; and a Paper denoting the hours of examination of those who are thought most competent to contend for Honors. ' Immediately after the University clock has struck eight, the names are called over, and the Absentees, being marked, are subject to certain fines. The classes to be examined are called out, and proceed to their appointed tables, where they find pens, ink, and paper provided in great abundance. In this manner, with the utmost order and regularity, more than two thirds of the young men are set to work within less than five minutes after the clock has struck eight. There are three chief tables, at which six examiners preside. At the first, the Senior Moderator of the present year and the Junior Moderator of the 1 Vniv .Calendar iov l%02,Tg^.-v{i\.\:L. dar, will be found in an Appendix. 2 A list of Proctor's Optimes and ^ Univ. Calend. p. xliii. aegrotats, omitted in the Camb. Calen- ■* Alma Mater, 1827, ii. 60. 4G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. preceding year*. At the second, the Junior Moderator of the present, and the Senior Moderator of the preceding year. At the third, the Two Moderators of the year previous to the two last, or Two Examiners appointed by the Senate. The two first tables are chiefly allotted to the six first classes ; the third or largest to the ol ttoXXoL The young men hear the Propo- sitions or Questions delivered by the Examiners [from books in their hands] ^ ; they instantly apply themselves ; demonstrate, prove, work out, and write down, fairly and legibly (otherwise their labour is of little avail) the answers required. All is silent; nothing heard save the voice of the Examiners; or the gentle request of some one who may wish a repetition of the enunciation. [The examination was conducted in English even before the year 1770.] It requires every person to use the utmost dispatch ; for as soon as ever the Examiners perceive any one to have finished his paper and subscribed his name to it, another Question is immediately given. A smattering de- monstration will weigh little in the scale of merit ; every thing must be fully, clearly, and scientifically brought to a true con- clusion. And though a person may compose his papers amidst hurry and embarrassment, he ought ever to recollect that his papers are all inspected, by the united abilities of six examiners, with coolness, impartiality, and circumspection. The Examiners are not seated (1802)', but keep moving round the tables, both to judge how matters proceed, and to deliver their Questions at proper intervals. The examination, which embraces Arithmetic, Algebra, Fluxions, the Doctrine of Infinitesimals and Increments, Geometry, Trigonometry, Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Optics, and Astronomy, in all their various gradations, is varied according to circumstances : no-one can anticipate a question ; for in the course of five minutes he may be dragged from Euclid to Newton; from the humble arithmetic of Bonnycastle, to the abstruse analytics of Waring. While this examination is pro- 1 Previous to 1779 the two Modera- Poll-men especially, tors of the year were the only regular ^ Alma Mater. examiners. At that date those of the ^ In Jebb's time (1772) the Modera- preceding year were given equal and tors sat at the same table with the final authority with them. In 1791 candidates, they had been deputed to examine the THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 47 ceeding at the three tables between the hours of eight and nine, printed Problems... are delivered to each person of the first and second classes ; these he takes with him to any window he pleases, where there are pens, ink, and paper prepared for his operations. It is needless to add that every person now uses his utmost exertion, and solves as many Problems as his abilities and time will allow.' In Jebb's time the examination by the Moderatoi^s was the least important ; when not engaged with them, any student was liable to be taken aside for an hour and a half together by the Father of some other college, to undergo a scrutiny in every part of mathematics and philosophy which he professed to have read. In like manner any M.A., or a doctor in any faculty, might subject him to the same ordeal. All such examiners were expected to give an account of their impressions ; — Fathers to Fathers, and other graduates *to every person who shall make the inquiry.' This plan was not always very satisfactory. John Frere (Caius), of Roydon, (M.P., F.RS., F.S.A. &c., elder brother of Lady Fenn, the writer of Cobwebs to Catch Flies and other delightful productions of 'Mrs Teachwell' and 'Mrs Lovechild'), was expected by many to beat Paley in 1763. 'He had already acquired singular fame in the schools, as well from the fluency of his language and his dexterity in repelling the arguments of an antagonist, as from a confidence in his own abilities, and an overbearing manner, which, till he very happily apologized for it in the thesis to his second act, had excited a general disgust... Mr Frere's tutor, who was one of the examiners, requested of Mr Paley on the morning of the first day, that in case any other gentleman offered to examine him he would say that he was engaged as he wished to examine him himself, though he never made good his intimation. He afterwards applied to the Moderators for permission to look over the Problems given to the first class (which consisted of Paley, Frere, Hutton and Hall, all of whom had distinguished themselves in the schools and gained the highest mark of excellency in the Moderator's book), together with the solutions which each individual had returned; a request which, as implying a suspicion of undue partiality, was instantly and peremptorily refused. Mr Paley's 48 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. tutor, on the other hand, though not a member of the Senate, by anxiously enquiring of one of the Moderators how his pupil had acquitted himself, was enabled to correct a mistake which had arisen from two sets of papers having been delivered with- out names, and the inferior set attributed to Mr Paley. When on being first called upon for examination, the first class came to the bottom of the stairs, which led up to the gallery where the Moderators were seated, Mr Paley, after some hesitation amongst the whole party, ascended first, Mr Frere followed, then Mr Hutton, and lastly Mr Hall. On the subsequent days of examination the same order was observed, a circumstance which appears singular, as their names were afterwards so arranged in the honour list. As soon as Mr Paley was an- nounced to be senior wrangler, one of the fellows of Caius accused the Moderators of partiality in giving him the pre- cedence of Mr Frere ; but that gentleman, on hearing the alter- cation, came forward and ingenuously acknowledged that Mr Paley was his superior.' He had been promised a handsome estate^ if he had been senior. 'The Moderators and Fathers^ meet atbreakfast and at dinner. From the variety of reports, taken in connection with their own examination, the former are enabled about the close of the second day (1772) so far to settle the comparative merits of the candidates as to agree upon the names of four-and-twenty, who to them appear most deserving of being distinguished by marks of academical approbation.' [These were the Wranglers and Senior Optimes. These together numbered only 12 in 1765 ; in 1759 — 60 they reached about 30 ; with those exceptions the aggregate numbers in each year from 1747-8 to 1776 never exceeded 28 nor fell short of 18 : but the exact number four- and-twenty was adhered to only four times in those twenty- nine years. The four honorary patronage degrees and occasional aegrotats (which then were classed) may have altered the num- bers somewhat ; but the numerical limit must have been found to be absurd. From the year 1777 there is hardly any sign of an attempt to control the number of the names on the ' first tripos paper.' In 1824 (the year of the institution of the Classical 1 £1000. Bp. Watsou's Anecd. i. 30. ^ Jebb's account is here resumed. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 49 Tripos) there were 59, thirty-one being wranglers, and twenty- eight senior op times : there were only seven junior optimes that year. Another statement of Jebb's, that ' in the latter list, or that of Junior Optimes, the number twelve is almost constantly adhered to,' applies with truth to a period of nineteen years (1758-76). There were two considerable exceptions ; 1760, when there were as many as 18 junior optimes, and the ver}' year in which he wrote (1772), when there were as few as six. The sketch of the examination questions given on pages 46, 50, refers to the year 1802. Jebb's account of them, thirty years earlier, when there were only two days and a half employed, is as follows :] * The examination is varied according to the abilities of the students. The moderator generally begins with proposing some questions from the six books of Euclid, plain (sic) trigo- nometry, and the first rules of algebra. If any person fails in answer, the question goes to the next. From the elements of mathematics, a transition is made to the four branches of philosophy, viz. mechanics, hydrostatics, apparent astronomy, and optics, as explained in the works of Maclaurin, Cotes, Helsham, Hamilton, Rutherforth, Keill, Long, Ferguson, and Smith. If the moderator finds the set of questionists, under examination, capable of answering him, he proceeds to the eleventh and twelfth books of Euclid, conic sections, spherical trigonometry, the higher parts of algebra, and Sir Isaac New- ton's Principia; more particularly those sections which treat of the motion of bodies in eccentric and revolving orbits ; the mutual action of spheres, composed of particles attracting each other, according to various laws ; the theory of pulses propa- gated through elastic mediums ; and the stupendous fabric of the world.' 'The subject-matter of the 'problems of those days was gener- ally the extraction of roots, the arithmetic of surds, the inven- tion of divisers, the resolution of quadratic, cubic, and bi- quadratic equations ; together with the doctrine of fluxions, and its application to the solution of questions " de maximis et minimis" to the finding of areas, to the rectification of curves, the investigation of the centre of gravit}^ and oscillation, and to W. 4 50 UNIVEESITY STUDIES. the circumstances of bodies, agitated, according to various laws, by centripetal forces, as unfolded and exemplified in the fluxional treatises of Lyons, Saunderson, Simpson, Emerson, Maclaurin, and Newton.' The first problem paper of 1802 contained fifteen questions, of which the following are specimens : 1. Given the three angles of a plane triangle, and the radius of its inscribed circle, to determine its sides. 7. The distance of a small rectilinear object from the eye being given, compare its apparent magnitude when viewed through a cylindrical body of water with that perceived by the naked eye. cl X 8. Find the fluents of the quantities - and a? . a" — aj* 15, From what point in the periphery of an ellipse may an elastic body be so projected as to return to the same point, after three successive reflections to the curve, having in its course described a parallelogram ? ' At nine o'clock the doors of the Senate-house are opened. Each man bundles up his papers, writes his name on the out- side sheet, delivers them to the examiners, and retires (only half-an-Iwur being allowed) to breakfast. [Many of the candi- dates, as we have seen, had already breakfasted with the Father of their college. But Gunning took his at 9 o'clock with a friend in Trinity, throughout the examination in 1786.] ' At half-past nine all return again to the Senate-house ; the roll is called over ; particular classes are summoned up to the tables [though not to the same tables and examiners which each had attended during their first session] and examined as before 'till eleven, when the Senate-house is again cleared ' The following are some of the specimens of miscellaneous questions dictated by the moderators in 1802 : Trisect a right angle. Investigate the rule for the extraction of the square root. Required the value of ,583 of a pound. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 51 Assign the physical cause of the blue appearance of the sky on a clear day, and its redness at sun-set. Clear the equation a;' - — + ^ _ r = of fractions. Compare the centripetal with the force of gravity. Given the altitude of the mercury in the barometer at the top and bottom of a mountain, to find its height. Prove the Binomial Theorem by the method of increments. Given a beam, and the weight that will break it, to find the length of a similar beam, which being similarly situated will break by its own weight. Find the fluxion of x''' when it is a minimum. * Some of the lower classes are mostly employed in demon- strating Euclid, or solving Arithmetical and Algebraical Ques- tions The examination being thus continued 'till eleven, an adjournment of two hours take place. At one o'clock the whole return. Problems are then given to the 8rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th classes, while the Table Examinations proceed nearly as before,' The third and fourth classes had tv/enty problems in the afternoon — among others, 1. Inscribe the greatest cylinder in a given sphere. 3. Given the declination of the sun, and the latitude of the place, to find the duration of twilight. 11, Let the roots of the equation x^ —px^ + qx — r = be a, h, and c, to transform it into another whose roots are a", h\ c\ 17. If half the earth were taken off by the impulse of a comet, what change would be produced in the moon's orbit ? The fifth and sixth classes had fifteen problems, e.g. 2, Every section of the sphere is a circle. — Required a proof, 6. Inscribe the greatest rectangle in a given circle. [Summation of simple series to n terms and ad infinitum, some very simple equations with one unknown quantity]. 1.5. How far must a body fall internally to acquire the vel. in a circle, the force varying j^^ ? 4—2 52 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. ' At three o'clock the Senate-house is again cleared for half- an-hour ; during which time the Proctors treat the Fathers and Compounders with tea and coffee \ On the return, the exami- nations are resumed, and continue till five o'clock, when the Senate-house Examinations break up for the day. 'At seven o'clock in the evening [6 p.m. in 1818] the first four classes... go' to the Senior Moderator's room [or the Com- bination-room of his college], where they continue till nine [or ten, 1818] to solve Problems ; and are treated with fruit and wine. [The number of students admitted to the evening pro- blem-papers became gradually less and less exclusive ^ In 1788 only those in the first two classes were admitted except under exceptional causes ; in 1802 we find four classes, and in 1818 six (i.e. all the candidates for honours). The entertain- ment provided became more formal in corresponding ratio. In 1788 the students helped themselves to wine and dessert at a sideboard, and in 1818 they were all given tea before beginning their twenty-four problems. At the earlier date it was con- sidered rather severe to be required to extract the square and cube roots as far as three places of decimals ! I give two speci- mens of those set fourteen years later (1802). 15. Construct the equation a^f — x^y — o.^ = 0. 16. Compare the time of descent to the center in the logarithmic spiral with the periodic time in a circle, whose radius is equal to the distance from which the body is projected downward. The work of Examination Tuesday was similar to that of the Monday, and so was that of the Wednesday until the year 1779, when it was determined to give more prominence to the examination in 'Natural Religion, Moral Philosojjhy, and Locke' which was at that time very superficial, consisting as it did at best of an occasional question or two in Locke, Butler's Analogy, or Clarke's Attributes, thrown in by the Moderator after he had 1 They were relieved from giving Hall, in the evening, to solve prohlems. more elaborate entertainments by a Similar examinations in the Moderators' grace of March 26, 1784. rooms in the evenings of Monday and * However in Gil. Wakefield's time Tuesday for the first six classes are {Memoir i. 109) ' the three first classes mentioned as late as 1828 in Wall- went to the Moderator's room at Clare Gunning's Ceremonies, p. 71. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 53 exhausted his mathematical stock. By grace of Mar. 19, 1779, the examination was continued till 5 p. ra, on a fourth day, Thursday ; and all Wednesday was devoted to the moral sub- jects \ At the same time the Moderators of the previous year were added to the regular official staff of examiners, and (by a grace of March 20) the system of brackets (' classes quam mini- mas') introduced. In 1808 a fifth day was added to the examinations ; and in 1827 an encroachment was made on the Friday and Saturday of the preceding week, leaving the Wednesday free. Other changes were made in 1832, 1838, and other years, until in 1868 we find no acts and opponencies (the last was kept in 1839), no viva voce examination, no previous classification (the old ' classes' were abolished in 1838), but the four days and the Jive days with a respite of ten days between. But from about 1780 until 1808 there were only four days (but longer days) spent in the senate-house. And here we will resume the course of the examination in the words of the Nar- rative of the Sixth Calendar of the University of Cambridge.] ' Examination Wednesday. The hours of attendance are the same this day as the former. The examinations are confined solely to Logic, Moi^al Philosophy, and points relative to Natural and Revealed Religion. The authors chiefly respected are Locke, Foley, Clarke, Butler, &c.^ Wednesday, comparatively speak- ing, is considered a day of leisure, though all are full employed at stated periods as usual. [Howbeit, Gunning and many others found the time hang heavy on their hands, and solaced 1 There is a tradition that in 1804 Reminisc. i. cb. vi. J. B. Hollingworth of Peterhouse ^ When Jebb wrote 1772-5 there was (afterwards Norrisian Professor and no special day for 'philosophy,' but Archdeacon of Huntingdon) won his after the other subjects 'the Moderator B.A. degree by his knowledge of Locke. sometimes asks a few questions in This however was considered extra- Locke's Essay on the Hwnan Under- ordinary, and he was placed no higher standing, Butler's Analogy, or Clarke's than next but one to the 'wooden- Attributes. But as the highest aca- spoon.' On the other hand James demical distinctions are invariably Blackburn of Trinity got his place as given to the best proficient in mathe- 14th senior optime in 1790 by solving matics and natural philosophy, a very one very hard problem. In consequence superficial knowledge in morality and of a dispute with his tutor he would metaphysics will suffice.' (ii. 292. ) attempt nothing but that. Gunning 64 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. themselves with teetotum ' below stairs V perhaps while Avaiting for their class to be called up for their one hour's examination.] Answers to the respective Questions are seldom given viva voce, but are required to be written down fully and legibly. It is expected in the examinations of this day, all persons, whether they be candidates for Honors or not, acquit themselves with respectability in the solution of the several Questions which the examiners may think proper to propose. The few subsequent Questions will give an idea of this day's examination. For what purpose does Locke recommend the study of Geometry and Mathematics ? Give the reasons which Gisborne urges against Paley's Prin- ciples of Moral Philosophy. What is Paley's opinion on Subscription to Articles of Religion ? Define simple and mixed modes : and shew wherein Identity consists. How is I^nthusiasm to be discovered ? 'The examinations of this day conclude, as usual, at five o'clock ; but the fatigue of the Examiners is by no means di- minished ; for during the whole of this, as on the preceding nights, they have a multitude of Papers to inspect, and to affix to each it's degree of merit ; according to which a new arrange- ment of the classes is made out called the Brackets. 'Examination Thursday.... At eight o'clock the new Classifi- cations or Brackets [an invention of the year 1779], which are arranged according to the order of merit, each containing the names of the candidates placed alphabetically, are hung upon the pillars [in the Senate-House. Should the Examiners wish to intimate that there is a magnum intervallum between two Brackets, they insert between them a number of lines propor- tionable to that interval. A 'bracket' may include only one name ; seldom more than ten are so classed together. In 1802 there were fifteen brackets in all : the names of two men after- wards in the fourth (final) class were unnoticed in the Brackets]. Upon the exhibition of the Brackets, disappointment or satis- faction is visible in the countenances of the Examined ; some 1 The Moderators sat in the gallery about 1763. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS. 55 think their merits are placed too low, while others rejoice in the Bracket assigned them. It seldom happens that a person either rises or falls from a Brachet ; his ultimate station being fixed somewhere within its limits. Each Bracket is examined [much as the Classes were on the preceding days], and when any one evidently appears to have distinguished himself above the rest [of those associated in his own bracket], his proper place is de- termined, and the Examiners give him no further trouble ; and in this manner the rest are arranged. Should any one however be dissatisfied, as frequently happens, he has the power of chal- lenging (often a dangerous experiment) any that he pleases to a fresh examination ; in which case the Moderators call to their assistance the Proctors and some Masters of Arts; who, after the most impartial and sometimes laborious scrutiny, determine the point at issue, and give judgment accordingly. [Isaac Mil- ner^ of Queens' was often thus called in to arbitrate : if he was hearing a challenge of some stupid men in the 5th or 6th classes he would call out to the Moderator at the other end of the room, In rebus fuliginosis versatus sum: — so translating his favourite expression ' Sooty fellows/' Fresh editions and revisions of the Brackets are published at 9 and 11 a. m., and 3 and 5 p. m., according to the course of the examination, liberty being given to any man to challenge the bracket immediately above his own on each occasion, until] 'at five o'clock the examinations are finished. ' The Proctors, Moderators, and Examiners retire to a room under the Public Library to prepare the list of Honors, and de- termine the situation of every person that has been examined. Thousands of the papers are frequently again produced, and their real character subjected to the keen criticism of an aggre- gate tribunal of eight learned men. The whole business is sometimes settled without much difficulty in a few hours; some- times not before two or three o'clock the next morning^ [The name of the Senior Wrangler was generally published at mid- night.] At this meeting it is determined whether all are to have their degrees passed; sometimes two or three are found deficient, in which case they are plucked, i. e. turned over to 1 A ferocious charge of unfairness his college in two pamphlets, 1780-81. was hurled at him by Reg. Bligh of ^ g^e w. Gooch's letters in Appendix. 56 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Ash Wednesday {Dunce's Day), or 'till such time as they have qualified themselves for their degree. It is scarcely necessary to add, that so little is required of these low men, that all com- passion on the defeat of their hopes, is totally out of the question. [At the end of the century^ 'two books of Euclid's Geome- try, Simple and Quadratic Equations, and the early parts of Paley's Moral Philosophy wei-e deemed amply sufficient. Yet in the year 1800 three students failed to pass even this test.' In 1774 a Syndicate was appointed to consider the case of such idle men 'secordia torpentibus' as well as that of those who 'read too high.'] ' In consequence of the insufiiciency of many of the Ques- tionists in 1799, Mr Palmer [Joh.], Senior Moderator, signified that for the future no degree should pass, unless the Candidate should have a competent knowledge of the first book of Euclid, Arithmetic, Vulgar and Decimal Fractions, Simple and Qua- dratic Equations, and Locke and Paley. This regulation was communicated to the Fathers in the Senate-House, January 18, 1799, and agreed to. ' Such being the case, it is esteemed a reproach, both to the Father and the College, to send any men without being qua- lified, at least to bear an examination such as that above prescribed ; for all Societies, some time previous to Examination Monday, try the merits of their own men, before they permit them to undergo the Senate-House Examination. A select number {thirty at least, Stat. Acad.) of those who have most distinguished themselves, are recommended to the Proctors for their approbation; and if no reason appears to the contrary, their names are set down according to merit, and classed in three divisions, viz. Wi'anglers, Senior Optimes, and Junior Op- times ; which constitute the three orders of Honor, The rest are arranged according to merit, but not having obtained any Honor, are styled the ol TroWoi, or multitude, [The position of ' Captain of the Poll' was one of distinction. The lowest honor, or last Junior Optime, obtains the appellation of the Wooden Spoon. The last three, four, &c. of the ol ttoWoi, who 1 G. Pryme's EccoU. p. 92. THE SENATE-HOUSE EXAMINATIONS, 57 are hard run for their degrees, are arranged alphaheticallij, and usually obtain some distinctive title ; such as the Alphabet, Ele- gant Extracts, Rear Guard, Invincihles, \_Constant Quantities^ and Martyrs'], &c., or sometimes their titles are deduced from their number and concurring circumstances of the day, as The Twelve Judges or Apostles, The Consulate, The Executive Di- rectory or Septemvirate ; &c. [if there was but one, he was called Bion, who carried all his learning about him without the sliaht- est inconvenience. If there were two, they were dubbed the Scipios ; Damon and Pythias ; Hercides and Atlas ; Castor and Pollux. If three, they were ad libitum the Three Graces ; or Th^ee Furies ; the Magi; or Noah, Daniel, and Job. If seven, they were the Seven Wise Men; or the Seven Wonders of the World. If nine, they were the unfortunate Suitors of the Muses. If twelve, they became the Apostles. If thirteen, either they deserved a round dozen, or, like the Americans, should bear thirteen stripes on their coat and arms^], &c. 'In the list of Honors, /owr*^ additional names used to be in- serted at the discretion of the Vice-Chancellor, the two Proctors, and the Senior Regent. Whether from abuse in bestowing these Honors, or the insignificance attached to the characters of those who have accepted this Cobweb Plumage, none at present [1802] are hardy enough to offer, and none so ridiculous as to accept them....' [These were known as Proctor s Senior Optimes^ or 'gratui- tous Honorati ' (Gil. Wakefield). In earlier times the number was not thus limited, nor the names always put at the foot of the Senior Optimes, but ' distributed ad libitum in various parts of the lists.' Tim. Lowten, a good classic, with considerable in- terest as a Johnian, seems thus to have been placed next the senior wrangler in 1761, and above T. Zouch of Trinity, who was properly second wrangler. Thus also in 1680, Ri. Bentley was hustled down from his proper place as third wrangler to 1 Oxf. and Camb. Nuts to Crack, in 1650 Dr Arrowsmitb, master of St p. 247. John's, ' by the jnoctofs indulgence 2 Wrangham's Memoirs of Zouch, had sent him unsought the seniority of p. xxxi. See my University Life, p. all his year,^ we have a plain pj-oof of 210. the lack of any formal examination at 3 When we read of M. Eobinson that that time. 58 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. sixth. In like manner in 1776 four names^ were placed between the senior wrangler and Gil. Wakefield of Jesus. Wakefield thought this was an artifice of the V. C, Ki. Farmer, and the senior proctor W. Bennet, both Emmanuel men, to make the interval seem greater between him and their senior wrangler (Archdeacon) John Oldershaw. Wakefield's editor, however, (1804) thinks that it was done with the purpose rather of giving Bp H. W. Majendie a lift. About 1710 Ri. Laughton, Proctor and Moderator, used ' a promise of the senior optime of the year' to induce (Sir) Wm. Browne, then a student of Peterhouse, to keep his acts on mathematical questions ^ Gunning, in his edition of Wall's Ceremonies, p. 72, n. (1828) says, that ' some years since a Person thus nominated claimed to be a Candidate for the Classical Medal. His claim was dis- allowed ; and in consequence of the discussion which took place on the subject, this absurd practice was shortly afterwards dis- continued.' However, our Appendix will shew some instances of honorary senior optimes winning the medal.] 'Those who take the degree of Bachelor of Arts at any other than this time, are called Bye-Term Men ; they are ar- ranged alphabetically in classes according to their supposed acquirements, either as Baccalaurei ad Baptistam [if admitted ad respondendum quaestioni after Ash Wednesday] or ad Diem Cinerum [if on or before that day, which was called Dunces Day]; and inserted in the list of seniority among the oi ttoWoI, [i. e. they, or any of them, may be placed before or after any one or other of the classes of the ' Poll.' They pay heavier fees to the junior proctor and marshall.] 1 The tripos for 1776 commenced Nic. Simons, Chr. thus — Gil. Wakefield, Jes. J. Oldersliaw, Emm. See below, Appendix on honorary do- 0. Isted, Trin. grees. H. W. Majendie, Chr. ^ Nichols' Lit. Anecd. in. 328. Bi. Eelhan, Trin. CHAPTER VI. THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. HUDDLING. Haec alii sex Vel plures uno conclamant ore Sophistae. Juvenal vii. 166, 167. It is unnecessary to go through all the details of the admission of the Questionists on Friday (afterwards Saturday) morning as detailed by Mr Raworth in the Calendar of 1802. Suffice it to say that the class-lists of the Questionists are hung on the pillars at 8 a.m. At 10 a Bedell calls up the Houses to hear the Moderator s Latin speech, and admit their SiippUcats which are approved, and carried to the Scrutators in the non-regent- house to be placeted. The Questionists come down from the gallery of the senate-house ; and at a given signal the hoodling begins, i.e. each man's bed-maker puts his rabbit's-fur hood over his head. The School-keeper gives all men so distin- guished a copy of the following oath : 'lurabis quod nihil ex iis omnibus sciens uolens praeter- misisti, quae per leges aut probatas consuetudines huius Academiae, ad hunc gradum quem ambis adipiscendum, aut peragenda, aut persoluenda, requiruntur, nisi quatenus per gratiam ab Acad em ia concessam tecum dispensatum fuerit. lurabis etiam quod Cancellario, et Pro-cancellario nostro comi- ter obtemperabis, et quod statuta nostra, ordinationes, et con- suetudines approbatas, obseruabis. Denique iurabis quod com- 60 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. positionem inter Academiara et collegium Regale factam sciens nolens, non uiolabis. Ita te Dens adiuuet et sancta Dei Euan- gelia,' The 'Fathers' present their 'Sons' to the Vice-Chancellor as 'tarn moribus quam doctrina\..idoneos ad respondendum quaestioni.' The Vice-Chancellor admits them authoritatively, ad respondendum quaestioni (after they have taken the oath aforesaid with those of Supremacy and Allegiance), thereby licensing them, somewhat tardily, to undergo examination. This doubtless vi^as a remnant of the ancient custom of admitting questionists to be examined in ' Aristotle's Pn'on^ms^' by the 'Proctors, Posers, and other Regents.' About the year 1555 {Bedell Stolcys' Book) it was the custom for the Father to add his conclusion upon the answer of his * chyldren,' and if he shewed signs of making any lengthy strictures upon them, the Bedell was expected to 'knock hym out,' i.e. to drown his remarks by hammering on the schools door'' ! This part of the proceedings was not more seemlily conducted in the 18th century. For as the Questionists were admitted they went to the Sophs scliools^ under the Univ. Library : the Father, Moderator, or some other Regent ascended the moderator's 1 ' A scliolar that was to take liis de- through some more serious acts and gree of B.A., was asked by the Dean, oppouencies in the schools ah-eady who was to present him to the con- and only made up the deficit in the gregation, with what conscience he statutable number by this fiction, but could swear him, who had spent his by some abuse of authority felloio- university career so unprofitably, to be commoners were admitted (1772) with fit for that degree both in learning and no other performance than this which in manners ? The scholar answered they despatched in the space of ten him, that he might well swear him to minutes ' reading in that time two he &t 'tarn moribus quam doctrina,' for theses, and answering sixteen argu- so the oath runs in Latin.' Reprint ments against six questions : hearing by Halliwell, from a 11th cent. Jest- also two theses, and proposing at least Book. eight arguments against six questions " See my Univ. Life, pp. 208, 217. in his turn. From the precipitation 3 One taking an ordinary degree in with which the candidate reads his a bye-term, ad diem Cinerum, or ad theses, answers and proposes argu- Baptistam, answered his question in ments, the whole of the ceremony is the Senate-House. Ceremonies. Wall- very expressively denominated, "hud- Gunning, 1828, p. 166. dling for a degree." ' Jebb's Works ^ ap. Notes and Queries, 2 S. viii. ii. 298, 299. At last they spoke such Most of the candidates had gone gibberish as Ins think-vs that-u?. THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. 61 pulpit and made a pair of them occupy the respondent's and opponent's boxes. The mock Respondent then said simply * Recte statuit Neivtonus,' to which the mock Opponent as simply answered ' Recte non statuit Newtonus! This was a disputation, and it was repeated as many times as the statutes required. The parties then changed their sides, and each maintained the contrary of his first assertion. 'I remember (adds the late Prof. A. Be Morgaii) thinking it was capital practice for the House of Commons.' By the side of this the specimen syllogism given in the Oradus ad Cantabrigiam, 1803, (s.v. Huddling), Asinus mens habet aures Et tu habes aures. Ergo: Tu es asinus meus — was quite rational. ' This, which Sir Thomas More says, was " the form of arguing used by yonge children in grammer schooles" in his time, would be thought very good huddling for old boys at the University,' (1803). According to the Cambridge Ceremonies (Wall-Gunning, 1828, p. 163), the huddling was performed in the case of candi- dates for an ordinary degree, who had not kept all their statu- table exercises, before their supplicats were presented to the Caput, They were got through in the Sophs' school in pre- sence of the Fathers of their colleges, a B,A., and a Soph. They were also examined by the moderators in their rooms, A young gentleman who was not conspicuous for mathematics was asked by the mock moderator in the mock Latin for which the schools were so famous, Domine respondens, quid fecisti in Academia triennium commorans ? Anne circulum quadrasti ? To which he made answer, shewing his trencher cap with its angles considerably the worse for rough usage, Minime, Domine eruditissime ; sed quadratum omnino circidavi^. On account of the shortness of the Lent Term, permission was granted in 1684 (Dec. 16), to make the work lighter by the passing of two graces'"*, allowing inceptors in arts to make their disputations with an M.A. any day in term-time in the Logic, Philosophy, or Law schools, from 7 to 9, or 9 to 11 a.m., and 1 to 8, or 3 to 5 p.m., in the presence of the Proctor (or a 1 Notes and Queries, 2 S, viii, 191, - Dyer Priv. Camh. i, 265,266. 62 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. regent his deputy) and at least six B.A.'s, and to hold disputa- tions or declamations of inceptors and questionists, even out of term, at the Proctors' pleasure, provided that the questions were duly posted on the doors and a Moderator present, as well as twelve Sophs at the Sophs' disputations, and six B.A.'s at the Bachelors' declamations. That day, thirty-seven years later, Dec. 16, 1721, these exceptional graces were made j)e?'pefwa^. But we find Bentley's opponent, Serjeant Miller, complain- ing as early as 1717, that * when the Students come to take the degree of B.A., among other things they swear^ that they have learned rhetoric in the first year of their coming to the University ; in the second and third, logic ; and in the fourth year, philosophy ; and that they have performed several other exercises, which through the multitude of scholars and the want of time appointed for them if they are performed at all, they are, the greatest part of them, in the manner which they call huddling — which is in a slighter manner than the usual meet- ings are in the inns of court.' It appears that the licence granted by the graces* of Dec. 16^ in 1684 and 1721 had brought the more ancient Lenten dispu- tations into contempt, so that just ten years after the latter date {i.e. on Dec. 16, 1731) it was ordered by a grace that the exercises of Questionists and Sophisters should be performed in that term as regularly as they were after Easter and Michael- mas ! All exercises had for some time been 'neglected or per- formed in a trifling and ludicrous manner^' There is no appearance of any cessation of these mock exercises up to the year 1840*. The question asked by the Moderator was usually some- thing ridiculous, and the answer quite immaterial. The com- monest question was Quid est nomen ? and the answer Nescio. About 1830 it was customary to ask a student whether he had 1 There is no reason to suppose tliat nations at Trinity between chapel and the students knew the statute well breakfast in 1755. Unw. Life, p. 117. enough to understand that all this * Dyer Privil. Camb. i. 265-6, 269. was impUed in their oath. In the ^ Masters' Hist. C. C. C. C. 196. - 18th cent, teachers in Khetoric, Logic, Cooper's Annab iv. 211. and Ethics, &c. were appointed at * The ' classes ' continued till 1839, Peterhouse every year. There were the ' acts ' till 1840. Logic and Locke lectures and exami- THE ADMISSION OF QUESTIONISTS. 03 been to the opponents' tea-party, and his expected answer again Nescio^. If any fun could be made of the student's name the opportunity was not lost. For example, Joshua King, [afterwards president] of Queens', senior wrangler in 1819, was asked Quid est Kex ? He answered boldly Socius Reginalis. J. JBrasse (sixth wrangler) was accosted in 1811 with Quid est aes 1 (then pronounced ease). Nescio, nisi finis examinationis was his reply. E. Hogg was attacked [1806] with Tu es porcus : to which he retorted (the moderating M.A. being a Johnian) Bed non e grege porcorum. It should be remembered that these jests were allowed only after the business of examinations was over. When a man was asked in the Senate-house to give a definition of Happi- ness, and answered ' an exemption from Payne ' — that being the name of an examiner — he was justly 'plucked' for want of discrimination in time and place*^. The art of playing upon names was carried to great perfection, and more opportunely, by the late registrary, Jos. Eomilly, at matriculations. A good specimen of his wit is found in his remark to a freshman (1834) who was asked how he spelt his name — one of no uncommon sound — and replied ' W, double 0, double Z).' ' I trust, Sir, that the simplicity of your character will make amends for the duplicity of your name*?' ^ Cp. WhewelVs Writings and Letters every thing, and was pronounced by (Todhunter) ii. 5. the moderator to have disputed magno ' Facetiae Cantab. 103, 142, 85. honore, I never had such a strain of Alma Mater ii. 103. Another man thought in my life. For the inferior ventured in the little-go of 1847 to opponents were made as sharp as their emphasize his translation of Livy's betters by their tutors, who kept lists ' horrida palus ' — that horrid Marsh, of queer objections drawn from all this being the examiner's name. quarters.' 'The real disputations,' says De 3 Cp. Morgan (Budget of Paradoxes, 305), ' One can think of the pun ' were very severe exercises. I was He would make just for fun ; badgered for two hours [1826] with One can think of his ever kind look arguments given and answered in La- And the pains he would take tin — or what we called Latin — against To prevent a mistake Newton's first section, Lagrange's De- As Jex put his name in thg book.' rived Functions, and Locke on innate Narrative of Mr Jex Jex of Corpus, Principles. And though I took off By A. C. D. Barde (1864) p. 14. CHAPTER VII. THE MATHEMATICKS. ' ' There is figures in all things.' K. Hennj V. Act vi. Sc. 7. A UNIVERSITY speech made probably in the year 1654 by Isaac Barrow^ (who a few years later had the singular fortune to be predecessor of Newton as Lucasian professor, of Bentley as master of Trinity, and of Porson as Greek professor) will give the reader a notion of the progress of Cambridge mathematics previous to the appearance of Newton. 'Nempe Euclidis, Archimedis, Ptolemaei, Dioplianti, horrida olim nomina iam multi e nobis non tremulis auribus excipiunt. Quid memorem iam uos didicisse arithmeticae oj)e, facili et instantanea opera uel arenarum enormes numeros accurate computare' &c. — After referring to astronomical studies, he continues — 'Sane de horribili monstro, quod Algebram nuncu- pant, domito et profligato multi e nobis fortes uiri triumpharunt : permulti ausi sunt Opticem directo obtutu inspicere ; alii sub- tiliorem Dioptrices et utilissimam doctrinam irrefracto ingenii radio penetrare. Nee nobis hodie adeo mirabile est, Catoptrices principia et leges Mechanicae non ignorantibus, quo artificio magnus Archimedes romanas naues comburere potuit, nee a tot saeculis immobilem Vestam quomodo stantem terram concutere potuisset.' 1 Worlis (Napier, 1859) ix. 43, 44. THE MATHEMATICKS:" 65 And, to speak the truth, this was a matter of congratulation for seventeenth-century Cambridge. For while we are not con- tent that it should now be considered as exclusively ' the mathe- matical university,' or that the tripos in the last century should be called ' the mathematical tripos,' it appears that about 1 635 it was not mathematical at all. Wallis, who was at Emmanuel at that time, says^ that mathe- matics were ' scarce looked upon as Academical studies, but rather Mechanical... Aw^ among more than Two hundred Stu- dents (at that time) in our College, I do not know of any Two (perhaps not any) who had more of Mathematicks than I, (if so much) which was then but little ; And but very few, in that whole University. For the Study of Mathematicks was at that time more cultivated in London than in the universities.' Wallis adds that he first learnt logic, and proceeded to ethics, physics and metaphysics, consulting the schoolmen on such points. But Aristotle and the Schoolmen were to be displaced within a very few years by the influence of Bacon and the discoveries of astronomy and physical science, and gradually in the Cam- bridge schools questions in moral and natural philosophy took the place of Aristotelian problems, and this (as Peacock ob- served^) without the slightest warrant on the part of the Statutes, or any formal alteration of them. During the latter half of the century when Barrow wrote, Descartes was in the ascendant, until just before its close, as we shall see, Newton was beginning to gain some footing in the academical disputations. And when Newton was established the schools first clave to the Principia and by degrees (but not for another half century) revelled in fluxions. Afterwards when the Senate-house ex- amination was getting the better of the Schools, the latter became almost exclusively ' philosophical ' (i. e. addicted to the moral and mental science of the day) until they perished in the present century ; while the mathematics migrated in a body to the Senate-house and have flourished there ever since\ 1 Hearne's Longtoft, i. pp. cxlvii. — bridge schools, of Lax the moderator cxHx. (mentioned p. 38), and the Senate- " Peacock On the Statutes, 60. house, is given in the letters of W. 3 An interesting picture of the Cam- Gooch (Cains), 1791, in an Appendix. w. 5 66 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. It will have been remarked that to get a degree in Arts at Cambridge in the last century a young man must have some knowledge of mathematics (indeed in the latter part of that period as much as or more than he could well acquire^), a trifle of colloquial Latin and of formal logic, as well as a little meta- physics ; — Newton, — at least a part of the Principia, — seems to have been always expected. In later times (1818) it was considered a great concession on the part of the moderators to allow an aspirant to mathematical honours — indeed the only honours then attainable — to ' keep' in the Eleventh Book of Euclid instead of in Newton. English mathematicians of the eighteenth century wor- shipped the genius of Newton, and few Cambridge men would have dreamt of such audacity as to attempt to advance upon his discoveries. And who shall blame them? But so it was that no progress was made. For example, with regard even to the mechanical part of his work in hydrodynamics, no advance was made in England upon the speculations of Newton until the time of Thomas Young^ (M.D. Gottingen 1795, Camb. 1808). This remarkable man, who was destined to shake the New- tonian Emission Theory of Light, wrote On Sound and Light for the Royal Society while he was an undergraduate at Emmanuel, aged 26, in 1799. Dr W. Heberden of St John's, writing of the examinations which he remembered about 1730, says that Locke, Clarke, and the most important parts of the four branches of natural philoso- phy were studied ; while 'Newton, Euclid and Algebra were only known to those Avho chose to attend the lectures of Prof Saun- derson, for the college lecturers were silent on them. The works ^ * You may do anything with young admixture of the study of natural phi- men by encouragement, by prizes, losophy, of classics and literature, and honours, and distinctions : see what that university honours should be ac- is done at Cambridge. But there the corded to all. One thing I always set stimulus is too strong ; two or three my face against ; and that is, exer- heads are cracked by it every year... cises in English composition.' Taley's some of them go mad ; others are conversation in 1797 ^oitli H. Best, reduced to such a state of debihty, Personal and Lit. Memorials, p. 171. both of mind and body, that they are ^ Whewell, Hist. Induct. ScienceSy unfit for anything during the rest of Vol. ii. Bk. vi. Ch. iv. § 2. their lives. 1 always counselled the THE MATHEMATICKS. 67 however of Dr Smith* and Dr Rutherford^ naturally introduced a greater attention to the subjects of which they treated in the two great colleges : ' which spread thence and soon became sub- jects in the public examination ^ Dr Whewell (disposing of Professor Playfair's misrepresenta- tions of Cambridge as if she were slow in recognising her hero*) shews that Newton probably taught the substance of the Prin- cipia in lectures at Cambridge before it was published in 1687, one or two of which had been heard in the publick Schools by Whiston [B.A. 1689], who became his deputy in 1699, and his successor in 1703 ; in which capacities he delivered lectures explanatory of Newton, which were published in 1707, 1710, iii usum juventutis Academicae. Whewell writes, 'About 1694 the celebrated Samuel Clarke [of Norwich], then an undergraduate, defended in the schools a question taken from the philosophy of Newton : a step which must have had the approbation of the moderator who presided at the disputa- tions : and his translation of Rohault with references to the Principia was first published in 1697; and not in 1718 as Pro- fessor Playfair has strangely supposed.' Rohault was indeed an expositor of the Cartesian philosophy^, and Whiston calls this a good edition of 'a Philosophical Romance:^ but the Newtonian Philosophy which had already crept into the notes was soon about to usurp the text, and to subjugate the editor. For he ^ Egbert Smith, B.A. 1711, a cou- System of Natural Philosophy (lectures Bin of Cotes, whom he succeeded as on mechanicks, opticks, hydrostaticks, Plumian professor of astronomy and astronomy) 1748, Institutes of Natural experimental philosophy 1716 — 60, Law (St John's College Grotius lectures) succeeded Bentley as Master of Trinity 1754 — 6, &c., &e. 1742 — 68. He increased the endow- * Strictures upon the Discipline of ment of the Plumian professorship, and Cambridge, 1792, pp. 42, 43. founded the Smith's prizes 1768. He * Whewell (1821) On the Statements wrote a System of Opticks 1728, and of Prof. Playfair respecting the Univ, Harmonicks, or the Philosophy of Mu- of Cambridge {Museum Criticum, ii. sical Sounds, 1760, 514—519.) Monk thinks that Bentley 2 Thomas Butherfobd, B.A. 1729, learnt the secret of Newton's disco- was one of the candidates for the veries from his professorial lectiu'es mastership of St John's 1765. He was before 1680. Life of Bentley, i. 8. Eegius professor of Divinity 1756 — 71. ^ I have mentioned elsewhere that He wrote Ordo Institutionum Physi- even the Tripos Verses attack the carum (dedicated to DrNewcome) 1743, Cartesian system as early as 169|. Kature and Obligations of Virtue, 1744, This is a most significant fact. 5—2 68 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. republished tlie book in 1702 ' with more copious ?.dJitious from the principles of Newton, which could hardly "escape the no- tice" of any body who saw the book, since they are mentioned in the title page,' says Dr WhewelP, We next find Dr Clarke translating Newton's Opticks into elegant Latin, a performance which so much pleased the author that he gave the translator 1001. for each of his five children 2. This was in 1706. Long before this, indeed in the year when Clarke took his first degTee (1694), E-i chard Laughton became tutor^ of Clare Hall, Whiston's college. His lectures ' had probably been on Newtonian principles for the whole or the greater part of his tutorship ; but it is certain that for some years [before 1710] he had been diligently inculcating those doctrines, and that the credit and popularity of his college had risen very high^ in con- sequence of his reputation.' The study of the new philosophy, and with it mathematicks generally, had gained some ground at our university when Sir W. Browne went there in 1707. It was about that time® that Laughton published 'a sheet of questions for the use of the {Soph Schools,' on the mathematical Kewtonian philosophy. It was in this year that ' the celebrated [Nic] Saunderson [LL.D.] having acquired an extraordinary portion of mathematical knowledge, came to Cambridge [Chr. Coll.] with the intention of fixing himself in the university by means of it,' And though the subject was already occupied by Whiston, the blind geome- ter® was encouraged with the permission of the professor himself ^ In a paper read before the Camb. system ; and according to him these Philosophical Society in 1851, and instructions were veiy late in receiv- priuted as ' Appendix G ' to his Philos. ing the impression of Newtonianism.' of Discovery, Dr Whewell has shewn Whcwell, Mus. Crit. ii. 517. how the Cartesian Theory of Vortices * Thoresby's Diary (8 July, 1714). was gradually (though very tardily) ^ Sir W. Browne's Speech, 1772. supplanted by the Newtonian system Nichols' Lit. Anecd. ni. 322. Cp. at Paris, when in 1741 a Cartesian Monk's Bentley, i. 288, ii. 30 n. Essay was rewarded with a prize along 6 jjig blindness came on when he with three Newtonian. was one year old. A portrait of Saun- 2 Whiston's Histor. Memoirs of derson with his eyehds closed, in Clarke, p. 13. bauds and cape, handling a skeleton- 3 ' The lectures of persons in that globe, was painted by Vauderbauck, capacity Prof. Playfair considers as engraved by G. Vauder Gutch. Saun- the only elective part uf the University derson's Elements of Alijchra were TfiE MATHEMATICKS; 69 to give a course of lectures ou ' the Principia, Optics, and Arith- metica Universalis of Newton ; ' Public exercises, or acts as they are called, founded on every 2)cirt of the Newtonian system, are spoken of by Saunderson's biographers as very common in 1707. By this time those studies were extensively diffused in the university, and copies of the Principia were in such request that in 1710 one which was originally published at ten shillings was considered cheap at two guineas. In 1709 and the following year Ri. Laughton was enabled to stimulate the progress of the science in an official capacity in the university as he had done in Clare Hall. He was elected proctor : and instead of deputing another person to moderate, according to the usual custom, he chose to preside in the schools in person, and to discharge the office of moderator himself. Among his college pupils^ were Francis Barnard, preb, of Norwich, and Martin Folkes, the cele^ brated president of the Royal Society in 1741. Another tutor of Clare, -Ro. Green, in his Principles of Natural Pldlosophy (Camb. 1712), opposed the Newtonian philosophy^ Meanwhile Saunderson was teaching 'numerous classes of scholars in private Lectures annually^' with great success; and when Whiston was removed from the chair of Barrow and Newton in 1710, he succeeded to the Lucasian professorship* And the testimony of the next generation was that, although mathematics had become more generally understood since his issued posthumously in 1740 (2 vols. gravity — he maintained also, and offers 4to.) and of its 'Select Parts' many proof of the possibility of squaring the editions were published. circle. He examined also various 1 Nichols' Lit. Anecd. iii.B28,n.578, other doctrines that are comprehended " Green's Principles of Philosophy in Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy aa of Expansive and Contractive Forces, that of Sound, Light, and Colour, the Camb. 1727, was reviewed soon after- Rainbow, Fluids, &c. He thought wards on the continent in Acta Erudi- that the new systems tended to under- tortim, 1729, No. vi. pp. 241 sqq. His mine the authority of Eevelation, iu Encyclopedia, or scheme of study for which he appears to have been a sin- undergraduates, 1707, will be found cere and zealous believer.' Dyer, reprinted in an Appendix to this pre- Privil. 11. ii. 200. Like H. Lee, Greeu gent compilation. opposed Locke's theory of the Mind, 'Dr Green maintained there is Saunderson said he was accounted mad,, neither a Vacuum, in the sense of the See De Morgan, Budget of Paradoxes^ moderns (Newton, Eaphson, Keil, &c.) 80, 81. nor a Plenum in the sense of Descartes ^ Dyer Priv. Cant. i. 539 n. — he held some peculiar notions on 70 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. premature death in 1739 (aged 56), yet Saimderson was 'justly famous not only for the display he made of the several methods of Reasoning, for the improvement of the mind ; and the appli- cation of Mathematics to natural Philosophy,' but by the ' reve- rential regard for Truth as the great Law of the God of truth ^, with which he endeavoured to inspire his Scholars, and that peculiar felicity in teaching, whereby he made his subject familiar to their minds.' It may be remarked that Cotes, Newton's friend and disciple, and Bentley,- who made Newton's pliilo- sophy known to the readers of general literature ^ resided in Cambridge in the first years of Saunderson's professorship, the one as Plumian Professor till 1716, the other (who survived both his colleagues) as Master of Trinity. Saunderson's Elements of Algebra and Treatise on Fluxions were published posthumously. Smith recommended E,i. Watson^, then a sizar of Trinity, to read the latter work in l7o7 soon after its publication, Saunderson's successor was J. Colson of Sidney and Emmanuel, who was brought to Cambridge by Dr Smith after being master of Rochester school and vicar of Clmlk. He edited Newton's Fluxions 1736, and decyphered Saunderson's Palpable Arithme- tic, prefixing it to the posthumous 'Algebra' 1740. Other works of his are mentioned in Cooper's Biographical Dictionary, The next Lucasian professor was E. Waring^ a senior wrangler, of Magdalene. He was appointed in 1760 at the age of twenty- five, before he got his fellowship. He wrote Miscellanea Analytica de Aequationibus Algebraicis et Ourvarmn Proprietatibus, Me- ditationes Algebraicae, Meditationes Analytical &c. The first chapter of his Miscellanea Analytica he circulated to defend the honour of the University, which had chosen so young a man to sit in the seat of Barrow, Newton, and Saunderson. Dr Powell of St John's attacked this production in some Observations, with which Waring grappled ' in a very able reply, for which he was indebted to Mr J. Wilson^, then an under- 1 Ei. Davies, M.D., Epistle to Dr ^ Whewell,\.c. p. 518. Hales [Bath, 1759,) p. 14. Dyer, how- 3 Watson's ^ncccL 1. 14. Dyer, Privil. ever, says that Sauuclerson was ' no ii. i. 206. friend to Divine revelation,' But he * Wilson (of the Theorem), sen. adds that ' he desired to receive the wrangler 1761, was Paley's private communion before he died.' Privil. tutor. A. De Morgan Budget of Para' Camh. II. ii. ( = Suppl. Hist.) pp. 142-3. doxcs, 132, 133. THE MATHEMATICKS, 71 graduate of Peter House, afterwards a Judge of the Common Pleas.' Powell had the last word\ In 1765 G. Wollaston, of Sidney, joined with two Peterhouse men, J. Jebb and Ro, Thorp, in editing Excerpta quaedam e Newtoni Principiis Fhilosophiae Naturalis, cum notis variorum, 4to. This became a standard work at Cambridge. Isaac Milner, of Queens' (senior wrangler, 1744), succeeded Waring, 1798—1820. He had been pre- viously professor of Natural Philosophy. He took little part in mathematical instruction, except so far as the examinations went. Long before this, Newton's name was familiar in the mouths of the most ignorant persons in the kingdom, such as Doiley in Mrs Cowley's Who 's theDupe? (Act ii. sc. 2, 1779), who exclaims ' Newton ! oh ay — I have heard of Sir Isaac — every- body has heard of Sir Isaac — great man — master of the mint ! ' At Oxford the Principia was not so well received^. David Gregory, secimdus, (editor of Euclid, &c., Savilian Professor), brought something of this philosophy from Edinburgh'; but the old Oxonians were somewhat jealous of his reputation. In one place Hearne admits that Newton was ' a very great mathematician:' but in another he states that Sir Isaac New- ton does not understand a bit of classical learning, only studies chronology for relaxation, and is beholden to others for the Latin of his books. Moreover that he took his Fi'incijna ' from hints given him by the late Dr Hook (many of whose papers cannot now be found), as well as from others that he received from Sir Christopher Wren, both of which were equally as great men as Sir Isaac*,' — and had the advantage of being educated respectively at Christ Church, and Wadham College, . Oxon. However J. Carswell or Caswell (Wadh. and Hart Hall), their Savilian professor of Astronomy (1709 — 13), did not give a very favourable character to Ro. Hooke ; for while he con- sidered him a good mechanician, he thought him inclined to overrate his own discoveries^ 1 Nicliols' Lit. Anecd. ii. 717. ' SirW. Browne (Pet. and Qiieens') 2 The anti-Newtonian J. Hutcliin- piiblished a translation of Gregory's eon's Mosis Principia appeared in two Catoptricks and Dioptriclis. parts 1724 — 7. He was followed by J. * Reliquiae Hearnianae ed. 2, ii. 216 Parkhnrst (Clare) in articles Jehova {anno 1724), 245, 277, 309, 310. Eloheim, &c., in his Hebrew lexicon, « Uffenbach, Reisen iii. 182, which and by G. Home and Jones of Nayland. passage gives evidence of this Oxford 72 JJNIVEESITY STUDIES. Jo. Spence of New College also gives currency to the ridi- culous popular Anecdote (p, 175) that Newton could not make up a common account for himself even when he was master of the Mint. If Cambridge desired to retort upon her sister she might with the advantage of truth on her side proclaim, that the learned and generous founder of the lectureships of geome- try and astronomy at Oxford, the warden of Merton and provost of Eton, Sir Henry Savile, publicly confessed that a course of lectures on the definitions, postulates, axioms and first eight propositions of Euclid was a task which almost overwhelmed him\ Dr Whewell, however, takes a more liberal view of his words, and attributes them to the absorbing process of the commentator! al spirit working in a critic long and earnestly employed on one author. Bp G. Home at the age of 19 wrote a Satire on Newton, 'The Theology and Philosophy in Cicero's Somnium Scipionis ex:j)lained.' Lond. 1751. Two years later when fellow of Mag- dalen he wrote the more mature 'Fair, candid, and impartial State of the Case between Newton and Hutchinson.' At the close of the eighteenth century, Dr Abram Robertson of Christ Church, Savilian professor of Geometry, and Dr Thomas Hornsby of Corpus, Savilian j>rofessor of Astronomy ^ were among those Oxford professors of whom Adam Smith had asserted in 1776 that 'the greater part... have for these many years given up altogether even the pretence of teaching.' Tetnpora mutantiw. Algebra^ lectures were begun at Cambridge on Lady Sad- leir's foundation at the following nine colleges, — Emmanuel, King's, St John's, Sidney, Trinity, Jesus, Queens', Peterhouse, and professor's interest in astronomical au account of certain Cambridge alge- and practical mechanics. braists — among them baron Francis 1 'Exolvi per Dei gratiam, Domini Maseres (fellow of Clare), aiitlior of A anditores, promissum ; liberavi fidem Dissertation on the Negative Sign in meam ; explica\T pro meo modulo, defi- Algebra, 1758, — and W. Frend (Jes.), uitioues, petitiones, communes senten- iiutlior of Principles of A Igebra, 1796-9. tias, et octo priores propositiones Ele- Both of these persons set themselves mentorum Euclidis. Hie, anuis fessus, against Saunderson, Maclaurin and the . cycles artemque repono.' Praelectiones, rest of the world ; for they rejected ne- See Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, gative quantities 1, - 1, no less than Bk.iy. ch. ii. v'-l; and, like Eo. Simson, 'made 2 Misprinted 'Anatomy^ in my war of extermination on all that dis- Vniv. Society, p. 87. tinguishes algebra from arithmetic.' 3 Dyer (Prti'iZ. II. ii.205— 200)give3 {Dc Morgan.) THE MATHEMATICKS. 73 Pembroke Hall. The foundress was widow of W. Croune, M.D. of Emmanuel, and died Sept. 30, 1706 \ In the present century the remaining colleges were endowed with lectureships from the same foundation ^ They were commuted for a professorship about 18G0. Dr J. Green, bp of Lincoln, says in the Academic, 1750, (p. 23), that ' Matliematicks and Natural Philosophy are so generally and so exactl}'' understood, that more than twenty in every year of the Candidates for a Batchelor of Arts Degree, are able to demonstrate the principal Propositions in the Principia ; and most other Books of the first Character on those subjects. Nay, several of this Number, they tell you, are no Strangers to the higher Oeometry and the more difficult Parts of the Mathematicks : and others, who are not of this Number, are yet well acquainted with the Experiments and Appearances in natural Science. In Morality, Metaphysicks, and Natural Religion, the Authors whose Rotions are the most Accurate and Intelligible are generally read and well understood by many before they are admitted to this Degree. 'Logic they allow to be at present rather more neglected than it deserves ; as Men run but too commonly into opposite Extremes ; but the Error, they say, begins to be perceived and will probably be of no long Duration.' Dr Green is here men- tioning the current opinion of the studies at Cambridge in 1750 ; not controverting its truth, but its significance. For practical instances of their knowledge, as brought to the trial of examination, we have a tradition of Turner, tutor of Pembroke Hall in Pitt's time, that he thus advised an undergraduate, ' By all means do not neglect your duodecimals. I was Senior Wrangler in 1767 by knowing my duodecimals^' ^ The lecturer's stipend at all but against the doctrine of prime and ul- Emmanuel was at first £20, and in timate ratios as taught by one of our course of time was doubled. ablest mathematicians ; which (saya 2 Gamh. Calendar, 1802, p. 33. Coop- his biographer, E. T. Vaughan, 1816, er's Annals, iv. 77. p. 29), I am assured has never yet 2 Of T. Robinson of Trinity (seventh been satisfactorily answered.' Eobin- wrangler in 1772) it is recorded that he son ' gained great credit from his ma- was ' well acquainted with natural thematical disputations in the schools, philosophy, though but little with the year previous to his first degree,' analytics,' and that for one of his dis- (ihid. p. 28), yet rather from his rea- putations as an opponent in the soning powers than from any great schools 'he invented an argument proficiency in Algebra and Fluxions.... 71; UNIVERSITY STUDIES. In 1776 Wakefield, the second wrangler, retired from competition for the Smith's prizes because he ' was but a humble proficient in the higher parts of Algebra and Fluxions^.' Then ten years later there is the astonishment of the expectant wranglers at being required to extract roots to three places of decimals'^. And later we have a current story of an old fellow cautioning an aspiring student to make sure of his quadratic equations, because a hard quadratic equation made his fortune. This is no doubt a modern reproduction of the duodecimal story, but it was suited to the times (perhaps about 1815). However, the books read by candidates tell at once a more trustworthy and a more favourable tale. About 1756 Ri. Watson of Trinity read L'Hopital's Conic Sections. H. Gunning of Christ's (1784-8), who was fifth wrangler, does not give us much information on this point. He says merely that he read Euclid, Algebra, Newton and Paley. Maclaurin was their text-book in Algebra, supple- mented by MSS. examples. Parkinson, his tutor at Christ's, lent him a manuscrij)t on Mechanics (centres of oscillation, gyration, and percussion). On the eve of examination he crammed six forms out of Waring's Meditationes Algebraicae, with a view to the ' Evening Problems.' George Pryme of Trinity, B.A. 1803, is equally reticent, merely mentioning that ' one of the books then read for a degree was that of Roger Cotes, a great mathematician, who died at the early age of 33, of whom Isaac Newton said, "had Cotes lived longer we should have known something".' Dr Whewell considers the Cam- bridge mathematical course of that time to have included Newton's Principia, the works of Cotes, Attwood, Vince and Wood : ' by no means a bad system of mathematical education.' .As early as 1774 a syndicate was appointed to prevent men reading too high — ' in quaecunque recondita, quaecunque sub- limia, impetu quodam fervido ruentibus.' And a grace of March 20, 1779, informed them that they would get no credit for advanced subjects unless they satisfied the examiners in Euclid and elementary Natural Philosophy. About 1780, when the examination began to be conducted on paper to a greater Locke's Essay and Butler's Analogy, tiou. (p. 30.) whicli he liacl studied attentively, were ' Memoirs (1804), i. 111. also of service to him iu the examiua- ^ Guuuiug, Eeminisc. i. ch. iii. THE MATHEMATICKS. 75 extent, much dependence was placed upon Si/llahuses, tradi- tional treatises called in later times 'college manuscripts'; and men attempted to foretell pieces of book-work likely to be set. At the close of the century the works of Wood and Vince established something of a standard and system of study, and about 1808 the French analytical method was introduced. The tenth wrangler of 1796 mentions in his diary (1793-5) reading ' Trigonometry... Ratios and Variable Quantities... copied a syllabus of Mechanics (belonging to a friend)... Astro- nomy, Euclid XI (the college lecture subject)... Spherical Tri- gonometry... .Vince's Conic Sections Plane Trigonometry.... Fluxional Problems Cotes, Newton Opticks.... Hydrostatics.' His brother, W. Wordsworth (BA. 1791), had learnt Euclid, books I — IV, VI, and simple and quadratic equations, at Hawks- head school. He had therefore (as he afterwards lamented) a full twelvemonth's start of the freshmen in his year\ At that period a complaint was made^ against the mathe- matical method then in fashion. 'A short method of acquiring many truths is affected... it is deemed a terrible waste of time in training a youth for the examination of the Senate [House] to attempt to hamper him with the sound method of the antient geometricians. Algebraic calculations are generally effected, and attempted to be applied to every question, with the assistance of a little Geometry and Fluxional principles, which can be proposed in pure or mixed mathematics.... It is evident that no person can understand the Principia without the analysis I allude to. But I object to the excess of analytical expressions, which are little more than operose combinations of letters by the common signs of composition which convey no permanent or useful ideas. As an illustration of what I mean to inforce, let me relate a fact which happened not many years ago, and will have a greater force than any thing which I can offer further on the subject. ' A bachelor of arts was some years ago a candidate for a fellowship ; who had kept an exercise upon the Srd section of the 1st Book of the Princijna, and in the schools had occasion ^ Memoirs of W. Wordsworth, i. 14. By a Member of the Senate. 1788. ^ Considerations on the Oaths, &c. p. 18. 76 UNIVErvSITY STUDIES. to talk a good deal about the motion of a body in a parabola, and to shew some symptoms of knowledge of the fluxional calculus. I believe too he was a wrangler. He was asked by one of the senior Fellows to find the area of a given rectilinear triangle ; and to the astonishment of the poor old man, who thought him- self absolutely mocked by the answer, replied that he could do it by fluxions^. ^ The boys' schools about 1750, did little or nothing in the way of mathematical preparation. ' Mr Ayscough... writing in 1797 says^ Whatever may be the present usage [in grammar- schools], it is within recollection that fifty years ago there were sent from capital schools to the universities youths of good abilities, and not by any means wanting in grammar and classical learning, yet so little versed in common figures as to be obliged to have recourse to a master of a day school in the town for instruction in the four fundamental rules of arithmetic.'. But in 1792 Ingram complained* that the example of Cam- bridge had induced 'several of the schools in the kingdom' to study the mathematics to the neglect of the classics,. ' an evil of some magnitude.' About 1815-18, John M. F. Wright of Trinity (who but for untoward circumstances might have taken a very high place) gives a formidable list of books which he had read. When he came to Cambridge he had read only Ludlam's Elements and Walkinghames Tutor's Assistant. In his Freshman's year he added to this foundation Wood's Algebra with Ludlam or Bridge ; Woodhouse's Plane Trigonometry ; and learnt to write Newton's Binomial Theorem. In his second year he applied his attention to old examina- tion papers and ' College MSS.' and the problems in Bridge's Mechanics. For Statics and Dynamics he read Wood, Parkin- son, and Gregory. Then (after turning his mind to Paley's Evidences and Moral Philosophy, Locke on the Human Under- standing, and Dugald Stewart), he took up Parts ii, ill, iv. of Wood's Algebra and Spherical Trigonometry, Garnier's Algebra and Analyse Algdbrique, Lacroix's Algebra, Cresswell's Spherics. For problems and deductions he had recourse to Leybourne's 1 ibid. p. 19. ' Necessity of Introducing Divinity, 2 Hone's Year Book, col. 991. &c., by ii. A. Ingram, p. 101. THE MATHEMATICKS. 77 Mathematical Repository and Dodson's Repository. He com- piled for himself a ' College MS.' of book- work, &c. ; and read Conic Sections, Popular and Plane Astronomy in Bonnycastle, Laplace's Systeme du Monde, Newton's Priucipia, Sections i, II, III. In his last year he read the Jesuits' Newton, (the college lecture subject) ; Monge's Geometric Analytique, Lagrange's Mecanique Celeste ; Vince, Dealtry, Lacroix, Fluxions ; Fran- (^oeur's Mecanique and Mathematiques Pures ; Poisson, Gar- nier,Gergonne's Annales Mathematiques, Journal Poly technique, Leybourne's Mathematical Repository, Old papers, The ' small Lacroix' and his three large 4tos ; Bossut's Hydrostatique and Hydrodynamique. He attends the following lectures : — Parish on machinery, Clarke on mineralogy, and the Plumian Pro- fessor (S. Vince, Cai.) who explained experimentally Mecha- nics, Hydrostatics, Optics, Astronomy, Magnetism, Electricity, Galvanism, &c. Dr Parr, writing at the close of the last century, says with regard to the mathematical professors and teachers at Cam- bridge, that 'Dr [Ed.] Waring [Magd. Lucas. Prof] and Mr [Sam.] Vince [F.R.S., Caius, Plumian Prof. 1796] in their writings have done honour to the science, not only of their University, but of their age. The profound researches of Dr Waring, I suppose, were not adapted to any form of commu- cation by lectures. But Mr Vince has, by private instruction, been very useful both to those who were novitiates [sic\, and to those who were proficients in mathematics. Dr [S.] Halifax^ (Jes., Arabic and Civil Law), Dr [T.] Rutherford^ (S. John's, Divinity), and Dr [Ri.] Watson' (Trin., Chemistry and Divinity), 1 Bp. HaUifax published nomy, read in St John's Coll. 2 vols. Analysis of the Civil Law. 8vo. 4to. 1748. Camb. 31 plates. Camb. 1774. (Also Ogden's Sermons 4. Institutes of Natiu-al Law. 2 and an analysis of Butler's Analogy.) vols. 1754 — 6. " Dr Rutherford was the aiithor of ^ Bp. Watson printed 1. Ordo Institutionum Physicarum. Institutiones Metallurgicae. 1768. 4to. Camb. 1743. Theological Tracts, 6 vols. 1785. 2. On the Nature and ObHgations Chemical Essays, 5 vols. 1781,1782, of Virtue. 4to. Camb. 1744. 1786. 3. System of Natural Philosophy, (Also an Apology for Christianity, being a Course of Lectures in Me- 1776. Apology for the Bible, 1796. chauics, Optics, Hydrostatics, Astro- Christian Whig's Letters, 1772.) 78 UNIVERSITY STUDIES, very abundantly conveyed the information whidi belonged to their departments sometimes in the disputes of the schools, and sometimes by the publication of their writings.' Is. Milner of Queens', who sat in Newton's seat as Lucasian Professor, succeeding Waring in 1798, did not lecture, but took part in the Senate-house examinations, and got students to come and consult him. In addition to such assistance as the professors thus afforded, there were at the several colleges the Sadlerian lectureships already mentioned (p. 72), supplementing the efforts of indi- vidual tutors. The University also provided a lecturer in Mathematics^ in the person of the senior Barnaby lecturer with a stipend of £4 a year from the Vice-chancellor, the other Barnaby lecturers in Philosophy, Logic, and Rhetoric (or, previous to the Statutes of Edw. VI., in Terence), receiving only £3. 45. from the bursar of Jesus College. The text-hooks recommended by an anti-Newtonian at the commencement of the century will be found in the proper sections of Bo. Green's ^EyKVKXoTraLBeia, printed among the Appendices of this volume. The books (mathematical, physical, mechanical and hydro- statical) which were thought serviceable for the schools about 1730 I have digested in the following list from Waterland and Johnson. Similar lists of 02}tical and Astronomical works, and of Ethical and Metaphysical will be found below, at the close of two other chapters. BOOKS in use at Cambridge about the year 1730, for Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Physics, Mechanics, and Hydrostatics. Acta Eruditorum (Lipsiae) 1686, 1690, '91, '94, '95. Acta Philosopbica. Bacon, F. (Trin.), Historia de Ventis. Lug. Bat., 1638 ; Loncl. 1672, Sylva Sylvarmn, 1627, ed. 9, 1670, 1 In 1534-6 the mathematical lee- early part of the last centiiry (Caius tureship was commuted for lectures in Coll. MSS. 604) considered the stipend Greek or Hebrew. A writer in the as ' £4 entirely flung away.' BOOKS, ARITHMETICAL,. &C. 1730. 70 Bartholin, Gasp, nepos (Gopeuliagen) Physicks. Lond. 1703. Bentley, Ri. (Job. & Trin.) Boyle Lectures. Lond. 1693. Bernoulli, Jac. (Basle, Heidelb. ) de Gravitate Aetheris. Amst. 1683. Boerliaave, Herm. (Leydeu) Chymistry (Shaw) 4to. Lond. 1626. Boyle, Ro. {Oxon.) History of Cold. Lond. 1665, 1685. Physico-Mechan. Experim. Oxon. 1660. Coutin'3, 1669 ; Lond. 1682. • Principles of Nat. Bodies. Lond. 1674. Sceptical Chymist. Oxon. 1661, 1680. Works (abridged by Shaw) 3 vols. 4to. 1725. Bradley, Ri. (Camb.) on Gardening. Loud. 1626. Browne, Peter {T. C. D.) Procedure of the Understanding. Lond. 1728. Bm-guudiae Scbolae Philosophia. 2 vols. 4to. Niirub. 1682, Paris 1684, '7. Burnet, T. (Clare & Chr.) to Keill in Appendix to his own Theory. Loud. 1698. Theory of the Earth. Loud. 1681—9. Cartesius, Rcn^ (La Fleche) Principia. Amst. 1644, &g. Castellus,Beued. (Montp.) de motu aquae, ital. Rom. 1628. english, Lond. 1661. Caswell, J. {Wadh.) Trigonometry. Lond. fol. 1685. Chambers, Ejjhr. Dictionary (sub vocibus Air, Barometer, Circulation of Sap, Deluge, Dissolution, Diving Bell, Elasticity, Electricity, Fire, Fluid, Fossil, Gravity, Hatter, Perpetual Motion, Pump, Sound, Syphon, Tarantula, Thun- der, Vegetation) fol. 1728. Cheyne, G. (Edinb.) Philos. Princip. Lond. 1715. Clarke, S. (Caius) Letters to Dodwell. Lond. 1706. • Letters between him and Leibnitz. Lond. 1717. Clericus, Jean (Geneva) Physica. Cantab. 1700, 1705. De Chales (ChaUes), CI. Fr. Milliet (Turin) Cursus Mathematicus, fol. 4 vols. Lyons 1690. . EucUd. Oxon. 1685, 1704, &c. De la Hire, Philip. (Paris) Conic Sections. Paris, 1655, 1685. De Lanis, Fr. Tert. (S. J.) Magist. Nat. & Ai-t. Brescia 1684, 1692. De la Pryme, Abr. (Job.) in Philos. Transactions. De I'HOpital, Marquis, G. F. A. (Paris) Conies. London, 4to. 1723. Derham, W. {Trin.) Letters. (Ray's.) Lond. 1718. Desaguliers, J. Theo. {Ck. Gh.) trausl. of Marriotte's Hydrostatics. 1738. Descartes, see Cartesius. De Witt, J. Conies. Amst. 1659. Euclid, cura D. Gregory, fol. Oxon. 1703. Gr. and Lat. Friend (or Freind), J. (Ch. Ch.) Praelect. Chem. Oxon. 1704, 1709, et alibi. Gassendi, Pierre (Aix & Paris) Philos. Lond. 1658. Gordon, Patrick (? T. C. D.) Account of Trade Winds. ? Geography Anatomized 1693, 1716. 's Gravesande, W. Ja. (Leyden) Philos. Newton. Lond. 1720. Physic. Elem. Math. Lug. Bat. 1720. Green, Ro. (Clare) Principles of Nat. Philosophy. (Solid Geom.) Camb. 1712. ibid. 1727. Priuc. Philos. of Expansive and Contractive Forces. 80 UNIVEESITY STUDIES. Hales, Stepli. (C. C. C.) Vegetcable Staticks. Lond. 1727. Hammond's Algebra. Harriott, T. {S. Mary Hall) Ai-tis Analyticae Praxis. Lond. 16.S1. Harris, J. (S. John's) Lexicon Technicum (sub vocibus Deluge, Hydrostaticlcs, Perpetual Motion, Sprinrj, Thunder, Vegetation) 1708. Hawksbee, F. (F. E. S.) Phys. Mechan. Experiments. Lond. 1709, 1719. Helmont, J. Bapt. van (Louvain) Opera. Hooke, E. {Ch. Ch.) Micrographia (Elzevir 1648). Lond. 1665, 1671. Posthumous Works. Lond. 1705. Huet, P. D. (Caen) Censura Phil. Cartes, 1C89, Paris 1G94. Huyghens, Chr. (Lugd.) Opera Posthuma. Lug. Bat. 1703, Jones, W. (F.E.S.) Abridgment of Philos. Transact. . • Analysis per Quautitatum Series, Fluxiones ac Differentias. 4to. Lond. 1711. . Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos. Lond. 1706. Keill, Jo. (Balliol) Epist. de Legibus Attractionis. Oxon. 1715 ; 4to. Lug. Bat. 1725. . Examination of Burnet's Theory of the Earth. Oxon. 1698, Introd. ad Phys. Lect. (1701, 1705, 1726). Oxon. 1715. Kersey, J. Algebra. Lond. 1673—4, 1725. Law, Edm. (Job., Chr., Pet.) Translation of King's Origin of Evil. 1732, Le Clerc, see Clericus. Le Grand, Ant. (Douay S'. Edmund Hall, and figures in the * Oxford Sausage ' as the ' Gahy ' of Herbert Beaver's the ' Cushion Plot,' and as a 'convert' in politics. George Home was admitted at Univ. coll. in his sixteenth 1 Burnet, i. 332 = (folio) i. 192. professorship should undertake to Oxon. 1823. teach Chaldee as well as Syriack, the * There is in Letters from the Bod- alternate months throughout the year, leian (1813), ii. 49 — 52 a letter from ^ Like his namesake (p. 94) he Arthur Bedford {B. N, C. author of seems to have been a butt for the Scriptiire Chi-onology 1730, &c.) to Oxford wits on account of the latin Dr Charlett Vniv. (11 Dec. 1799.) re- version of his name. Biog. Univer- commending that the newly proposed selle. ORIENTAL STUDIES AT OXFORD. 169 year, and became fellow and president of Magd. coll. and Bp. of Norwich. He was a follower of Hutchinson the learned he- braist, opponent of the Newtonian system, which Home attacked in the ironical 'Theology and Philosophy in Cicero's Somnium Scipionis explained,' 1751. Soon afterwards he entered into a dispute with Kennicott, but ultimately they became fast friends. In 1776 appeared his ' Commentary on the Psalms ' (2 vols. 4to). Benjamin Kennicott entered at Wadham, but he won his fees^ for B.A. and a fellowship at Exeter by his Dissertation 'On the Tree of Life ' and ' On the Oblations of Cain and Abel ' in 1747. Subsequently he was keeper of the Radcliffe library, preb. of Westminster and (by exchange) canon of Ch. Ch. He undertook the enormous work of examining the hebrew mss. of the Bible, and finally brought out the hebrew Bible with Pro- legomena and various readings in two vols, folio 1776 and 1780. But while the work was in progress he had brought out sj^eci- mens of his researches from time to time : — ' The State of the printed hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered.' Oxon. 2 vols. 1753 — 9. 'Annual Accounts of a Collation of Hebrew MSS.' 1761—9, collected 1770. 'Dissertatio Generalis in V. T. Hebr.' Oxoii. 1780. Beside his controversy with Home he had a 'Correspondence with an Abbe' (Rome), 1771 — 3, and a ' Letter to J. D. Michaelis' on his strictures on the edition, 1777, and pamphlets were interchanged between him and our T. Butherford (Joh.) on the Samaritan Pentateuch. 1761-2. Robert Lowth was elected to New College from Winchester in 1730. As professor of poetry he signalized himself by taking up the subject of hebrew compositions I His Prselectiones ' De Sacra Poesi Hebraeorum ' came out in 1753, in which certain passages relating to the book of Job were violently attacked by Wai-burton in an appendix to the last vol. of his second edition of the ' Divine Legation of Moses.' Lowth pub- lished a trenchant letter to the bishop in 1765. He became bishop of S. David's, Oxon. and London. Sir W. Jones, F.R.S., removed from Harrow to Univ. coll. where he obtained a fellowship. When an undergraduate he ^ Cp. the obsolete Camb. expression tion as if the oriental professorships * to save one's groats.^ were genei'ally regarded almost as * Lowth speaks in his Crewian ora- sinecui-es at that time (1751). 170 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. was permitted to study arable instead of attending the college lecture, and he was appointed tutor to lord Althorp (E. Spencer). About 176G he began his Commentaries on Asiatic Poetry, after the example of Lowth's hebrew praelections. He was em- ployed to translate the K. of Denmark's eastern ms. life of the Nadir Shah. He was appointed judge in the court of Bengal, and at Calcutta instituted a Royal Society of Oriental Litera- ture and Science, and applied himself to the study of Sanskrit. He died suddenly in 1794 (aged 48): a monument by Flaxman was put up in his college chapel. Joseph White, D.D. {Wadh.), arable professor 1774 — 1814, published the Syriac N. T. Vers. Philoxen. from the Ridley mss., several miscellaneous works, and his lecture de Utilitate Ling, Arab, in Studiis Theologicis . . . Oxon. in Schola Linguarum 117 D. Also Institutes of Timour or Tamerlane from the Mogul through Dr Hunter's Persian ms. by W. Davy. Oxon. 1780. And Abollatiphi Hist. Aegypt. Compendium. Oxon. 1800. Beside later productions. He gave persian lessons to Cary (1794). The first volume of tlie Oxford catalogue of Oriental MSS. (hebrew, chaldee, syriac, aethiopic, arable, persian, turkish and Coptic) was begun in 1766 by John Uri (a hungarlan, pupil of Schultens of Leyden), and issued in 1787\ The first part of the second volume by Dr Nicoll came out in 1821, and the conclusion by Dr Pusey in 1835. Uri's part is said to be incorrect, and rendered less valuable by the discovery of many forgeries palmed upon almost all orientalists except Pococke. 1 Notes and Queries, S. iv. ix. 379, tises) 2 vol. 4to. Plates, &c. Greg. 380. Macray's Annals of the Bodleian, Sbarpe, LL.D. pp. 199, 233. There was also Notitia 1775 Lexicon Aegyptiaco-Lat. a M. V. Librorum Hebraeorum, Graec. et Lat. Lacroze, ex cura C. Scholtz notas Saee. xv., et Aldi7i. in Bodl. published et indices adj. C. G. Woide. 4to. at Oxford, 1795. We may also men- 1778 Scholtz Gramm. Aegypt. cura tion the following books proceeding C. G. Woide, 4to. from the Clarendon press. ,, Testamenti Novi Versio Syriaca 1716 Testameutum Novum Aegypti- Philoxeniana. J. White. 4to. um, vulgo Copticum ex MSS. Bodl. ,, Albucasis de CMrm-gia. Arab, et D. Wilkins. Lat. J Channing (C/^. Ch.) 4to. 1767T.Hyde,SyntagmaDissertationnm 1790 Pentateuchus Hebraeo-Samarit. (Arabic, Hebrew and Chinese trea- charactere hebraco.B.Blayney,8vo. CHAPTER XIV. PHYSICK. ' How ! you uuderstand surgery,' answers the doctor, ' and not read Galen and Hippocrates V ' Sir,' cries the other 'I believe there are many surgeons who have never read these authors. ' ' I believe so too, ' says the doctor, ' more shame for them ; but thanks to my education, I have them by heart, and very seldom go without them both in my iDocket.' ' They are pretty large books,' said the gentleman. H. Fielding's Adventures of Joseph, Andrews, i. xiv. The English universities, while aiming at educating profes- sional men, never pretended in old time to give the final prac- tical training which is requii'ed for every profession. Even in the education of the clergy, to which they gave their special attention, they attempted to educate them in scientific Theo- logy rather than to impart even the elements of the pastoral profession. So it was that young men intending to practise medicine or surgery, though they might receive the grounds of a valuable education, and some theoretical instruction, in one of the uni- versities, were obliged to look elsewhere for practical knowledge to qualify them for their profession. A Quarterly Reviewer stated in 1827 (p. 235) that of all the physicians then practising in England (three hundred licentiates of the College of Physicians and numerous unlicensed country practitioners) about one hundred had been educated at Oxford or Cambridge ; while of the six thousand members of the 172 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. College of Surgeons not six bad graduated at either of our universities. Let us see what were the relations in which the former of these learned colleges stood with our own in earlier times. In 1701 (18 Nov.), it was ruled by Sir J. Holt that a university graduate in physic might not practise in London, or within seven miles of it, unless he had a licence from the College of Physicians \ 29 Nov. 1715, the Senate agreed to support our M.D.s' claims against such prohibition^, and a similar course was adopted at Oxford. However, in l7jy the universities were again defeated in the person of Dr West by the College of Phy- sicians in the Court of King's Bench ^. More friendly overtures were made between the two learned bodies in 171^, the College offering to appoint their fellows entirely from the list of University Doctors*, and the University of Cambridge undertaking, through the Public Orator (March 1), to make her degrees in medicine strictly conformable with the statutable qualifications. In 1750, on the demand of our Uni- versities, the College agreed to exclude graduates of foreign universities®; and in 1753 it was decided in the case of Dr Isaac Schomberg of Trinity that an academic M.D. cannot claim to be enrolled F.R.C.P. as a matter of rights There were but three Regii Professores of Physic at Cam- bridge in the last century^ (Chr. Green, Cai. 1700: Pussell Plumptre, Qu. 1741: Sir Isaac Pennington 1793 — 1817), which speaks well for their professional treatment of themselves, but I do not know that they ever lectured. Indeed most of our men 1 Cooper's Annals, iv. 47, 48. early observations on the nervous sys- 2 Van Mildert's life of Waterland tern which have since been univer- p. 16. sally adopted. {y^hevieW, Hist. Induct. 3 CooiDer's Annals, iv. 142, 145. Sciences in. 427, 428.) William Har- 4 Ibid. p. 168. This was enforced vey who discovered the circulation of in the King's Bench in Easter term, the blood (1615-28) had been educated 1797. Gunning's Reminisc. ii. ch. iii. at Caius (and Padua), and was elected 5 Cooper's Annals, iv. 281. King Warden of Merton in 1645. Glisson Charles II. had made a similar order said that Wallis (Emmau. 1635 ; fel- in favour of the universities' monopoly low of Queens') was the first of his Feb. 12, I675. Ihid. in. 566. ' sous ' who defended the then new doc- ^ Nichols' Lit. Anecd. in. 27 n. trine of the Blood (Hearne's Langtoft, 7 In the preceding century professor i. cl.). F, Glisson (Caius), 1636-7, had made PHYSICK. 173 learned in medicine found a field for their powers away from the University. However, it appears that when Is. Pennington held another professorship (that of Chemistry) in 1773 — 93, he found a deputy who gave satisfactory lectures in that sub- ject, — J. Milner of Queens'*; while some years earlier we find a Botany Professor, E,i. Bradley, delivering and printing (at Bowyer's press 1730)^ 'a Course of Lectures upon the Materia Medica...in the Physick Schools at Cambridge upon the Col- lections of Dr Addenbroke and Signer Yigani' deposited in Catharine Hall and Queens' College. Among the colleges at least one (Peterhouse) had in past times a laudable custom of urging her fellows to determine themselves in the line of some faculty — going on 'the Law line,' or that of Physick, or of Divinity. Two physicians celebrated for their good-nature and other social and moral qualities were residents (though not fellows) in that society for some time. Sir Sam. Garth (B.A. 1679, M.D. 1691, Harveian Oration, 1697, The Disi^ensary, 1699), and Sir W. Browne (B.A. 1710, M.D. 1721), founder of the classical medals, and translator and editor of Gregory s Elements of Catoptricks and Dioptricks. By his will he gave the college two ^' kut i^o-^^rjv Non-travelling^' Physic Fellowships^. Among resident practitioners was Ro. Glynn (Clobery) fellow of King's (B.A. 1741, M.D. 1752, Seatonian Prizeman ' The Day of Judgment,' 1757) who was physician to the poet Gray. Though he was a doctor of repute his favourite panacea was 'emplasma vesicatorium amplum et acre.' He was conspicuous for his gold-headed cane, scarlet cloak and three- cornered hat. In rainy weather he wore pattens, which is possibly the reason why until 1872 there hung at the gate of his college a notice forbidding their use. His funeral in 1800 was the last performed by torchlight in Cambridge. Like the author of the Dispensary he shewed much professional kindness to the poor. In [Mathias'] Pursuits of Literature Glynn is celebrated as ' dilectus lapis' and larpLKcoraTO';, (f)t\68u)po what was then a haud;=omc sum from manufactured a winged dragon out 204) UNIVERSITY STUDIES. a gardener than a botanist. However he was devoted to his occupation, and pubKshed the work of his more scientific pre- decessor Kob. Morison\ The plants seemed to Uffenbach pretty numerous, but not to be comjDared with the treasures of Leyden and Amsterdam. Some specimens intended for the former place had found their way to Oxford, having been captured by a French privateer ; afterwards when they were recognized Bobart kindly restored them to professor Hermann of Leyden. Biittner did not see a dozen plants which he con- sidered rare, Morison died in London Nov. 10, 1683, and the second professor Edwin Sandys of Wadham was not appointed by the University till 1720, if we may rely on an old Oxford Calendar. Jacob Bobart the younger (above-mentioned) succeeded Mori- son at least in the work of the place. His father Jacob, who died in 16^, had also published (1048) a catalogue of the plants at Oxford, more than twenty years before the first professor was appointed. The botanical gardens seem to have descended from father to son in quite a patriarchal style. Beside the Linngei at Upsal, and the Martjms at Cambridge, there were at Oxford the Bobarts, and Humphrey and John Sibthorp, father and son (1747, and 1784 — 96). These last were preceded by John James Dillenius of Darmstadt, who had followed Sherard to England in 1721, of whose foundation he was first professor in 1728. He had undertaken an edition of Ray's Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. He entered at of a rat's skin which deluded several of the Koyal Gardens, and ' first naturalists and was deposited in the director of the Botanical Garden at museum. (Grey's Hiidlbras i. 125 n.) Oxford.' He wrote ' Eemarks on the Cp. Terrae-FUius sxvi. Mistakes of the two Bauhins ' (16G9), 1 However Cuvier and Whewell do and ' Plantarum Historia universaUs not speak very highly of his system Oxouiensis ' (the original volume) fol, of classification. ' The most distinct Clarendon Press, 1680. part of it, that dependent on the fruit, Morison was the Duke of Ormond's was probably borrowed from Caesalpi- candidate for the Sedleian professor- nus.' (Whewell Hist. Ind. Sciences iii. ship. Ealph Bathurst wrote to the 296.) Morison was an Aberdeen man duke (their Chancellor) 16 Nov. 1675, wounded near Dee bridge in the Eoyal to explain that botany was not enough cause. — He retired to France where for a professor of Natural Philosophy, Charles II. found him, and after his and that they elected Dr Millington. Hestoratiou made him superintendent {^Yo,y:ton's Bathurst, i. 138.) BOTANY. 205 St John's, and in 1735 received the degree of M.D. He died in 1747, having publisht Ilortus Eltliamensis, and a liistoi^y of Mosses. We have a quaint account of the dutch appearance of the Oxford Physick Garden in 1707, from the pen of Thomas Tickell {Queen's), in his poem of ' Oxford.' ' How sweet tlie landskip ! where in living trees Here frowns a vegetable Hercules ^ ! There fam'd AchiUes learns to live again, And looks yet angry in the mimic scene ; Here artful birds, which blooming arbours show, Seem to fly higher while they upward grow, From the same leaves both arms and warriors rise ; And every bough a different charm supplies. So when our world the great Creator made' &c. &c. The 'Pocket Companion for Oxford' 1761 (pp. 22 — 24), dilates upon the architectural glories of the Physick Garden adorned by the Earl of Dan by, 1632. ' The Garden is divided into four Quarters, with a broad Walk down the Middle, a cross Walk, and one all round. Near the Entrance, one on the R. and the other on the L. H., are two elegant and useful Greenhouses, built by the University for Exotics ; of which there is as considerable a Collection, as can be met with any where. One of the large Aloes was blown in 1750, and grew to the Height of 21 Feet. In the Quarters within the Yew Hedges, is the greatest Variety imaginable of such Plants as require no artificial Heat to nourish them, all ranged in their proper Classes, and numbered. At the lower end of the middle Walk, near the Iron Gates, are two magnificent Yew- Trees, cut in the Form of Pedestals (but of Enormous Size) with a Flower-Pot on the Top, and a Plant as it were growing out of it.... Eastward of the Garden, without the Walls is an excellent Hot-House; where tender Plants, such whose native Soil lies beneath the Tropics, are raised and brought to great Perfection ; viz. the Anana or Pine-Apple, the Plan- tain, the Coffee Shrub, the Caper Tree, the Cinnamon, the 1 Mrs Alicia D'Anvers {Academia : of a Giant the Face Alabaster ' in tlio or Humom-s of the Univ. of Oxford Physick Garden, and another in the in Burlesque Verse, 1691, p. 16 n.) shape of a crane. speaks of ' A Tree cut into the shape 206 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Creeping Cereus, and many others. These Pine-Apples have nearly the same delicious Flavour as those in warmer Climates ; the Caper and the Coffee-Shrub also bear well. ' The Earl settled an annual Revenue for the Maintenance of the Garden, and furnished it with Plants and Herbs, for the Use of such Gentlemen of the University who study Botany, as a necessary Branch of Physic. This useful Foun- dation has been much improved by the late Dr Sherard, who brought from Smyrna a valuable Collection of Plants. He built a Library adjoining to the Garden, for Botanical Books, and furnished it with a curious Collection. One End of this Building hath, within a few Years been altered into a conve- nient Apartment for the Professor whose Salary is paid out of the Interest of 3000^. given by Dr Sherard for that Purpose. The Assistant to the Professor is paid by the University.' In 1764 Israel Lyons the younger, a native of Cambridge, lectured on botany at Oxford to a class of sixty or more, at the instance of [Sir] Joseph Banks who had learnt that science from him. He had some reputation as a mathematician. The following botanical works were produced at Oxford : — IG'lS. Catalogus Horti Botanici Oxon. (by Jacob Bobart the elder.) 1658. Catalogiis &c. priore duplo auctior. (by P. Stephan, W. Browne aud Bobart. ) 1672. Plantarum Umbelliferarum Distributio Nova. Eo. Morison. 1678. Plautarum Historia Universalis Oxoniensis, fol. Vol. i. (by E. Morison : posthumoits.) 1690. Plantarum Hist. Universal. Oxon. Vol. ii. (by Jacob Bobart the younger.) 1699. In Historian! Plantarum Adnotationes Nomiuum singularum plantarum liuguii Arabica, Persica, Tui-cicri, by T. Hyde D.D. Queen's, oriental professor and keeper of the Bodleian. 1713. Vertumnus. An Epistle to Mr Jacob Bobart, Botany Professor of the univ. of Oxford and keeper of the Physick-Garden. (frontisp.) 12mo. pp. 1—33. 1732. Hortus Elthamensis. J. J. Sherard Dillenius^. 1740. Historia Muscorum. J. J, Sherard Dilleuius. 179-4. Flora Oxoniensis exhibens Plantas in Agro Oxon. Auctore Jo. Sib- thorp, M.D., F.E.S. 1 Professor Dillenius of S. John's country round Oxford. Dr Alcock •whom Sherard brought from Giessen used to find the plants when he went and appointed his first professor was botanizing about 1740. Memoirs of created M.D. in 1735. He scattered Nathan Alcock (1780) p. 24. foreign and indigenous seeds in the BOTANY. 207 1808. Flora Graeca & Florae Graecae Prodromus, vol, i. Svo. J. Sibthorp (the characters by yir J. E. Smith.) Ill the middle of the seventeenth century, Matthew Eobin- son, of St John's, was an ardent botanist at Cambridge, and pursued the study after he left the university \ Adam Buddie, whose botanical collection UfFenbach saw in the British Museum in 1710 {L'eisen iii. 202) took his degree at Catharine Hall in 1681. Among the records of permission for non-residence, which were granted at Peterhouse from time to time, is the licence of * W. Vernon on the approval of the Visitor to be absent for three or four years to improve his Botanick Studies in the West Indies,' with the proviso that he shall certify yearly that he is alive and unmarried. (Dated 23 Dec. 1697.) Vernon collected plants in Maryland, as Hans Sloane did in Jamaica, and John Banister in Virginia^ Of the minor botanists of Cambridge in the last century we may notice Benjamin Stillingfleet the younger, whom Gray described as a cheerful, honest and good-hearted man. His grandfather was the bishop of Worcester, whose ex-chaplain Bentley invited this young man to Trinity and then used his influence to prevent his election to a fellowship, observing that ' it was a pity that a gentleman of Mr Stillingfleet's parts should be buried within the walls of a College.' The colour of his stockings has been immortalized in our language as the sohinquet for learned ladies such as delighted in his company. He made in 1755, and published in 1761, the Calendar of Flora, in Swedish and English, Miscellaneous Tracts by mem- bers of Upsal University, translated from the latin 1759, &c., and other works. He was one of the first (in 1757) to bring the system of Linna)us into notice in England '\ At the end of the century James Lambert, a senior fellow of Trinity and regius professor of greek, was much addicted to this study*. The Quarterly Reviewer said in 1827 (p. 263), that the study of botany was then 'just awakened out of a thirty years' slumber.' 1 Mayor's M. Robinson pp. 31, 106. ^ Boswell's Johnson, sub anno 1781. 2 Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, Nichols' I/ff. J need. u. 336. III. p. 291, ed. 1837. * Gunning's Reminisc. ii. oh. iv. 208 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. The following books relating to Cambridge and Cambridge- shire botany have been printed : — 1660. Catalogus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nasceutiiim I. Raius. 8vo. 1663. Eay's first Appendix ad Catalogum &c. 8vo. and 12mo. 1667. Edmuudi Castelli Oratio. (Scripture botauy elucidated frora oriental writers i.) 1685. Eay's second Appendix. 1716 — 27. Five Decads of a Historia Plantarum Succulentarum...quae in Horto sicco coli non possuut. (R. Bradley.) 4to. 1727. Methodus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam uasceutium (J. Martyn) 8vo. and 12mo. 1734. Bradley's Hist. Plant. Succulent, (reprinted posthumously). 1741. The Georgicks of Virgil with a Translation and Notes (partly botanical) by J. Martyn. 1749. The Bucolicks (ditto). 1754. On the Sex of Holly, by J. Martyn (Philos. Transact.) 1763. Plantae et Herbationes Cantabrigienses. T. Martyn. A Short Account of Dr Walker's Donation to the Botanick Garden. T. Martyn. Fasciculus Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentiiim quae post Raium observatae fuere. Israel Lyons juu. (Bowyer). 1764. Heads of Botany Lectures (privately printed). T. Martyn. 1771. Catalogus Horti Botanici Cantabrigiensis. T. Martyn. 1772. Catalogus &c. editio secunda. (With Lectm-es and a Plan of the Gardens prefixed.) 1775. The Elements of Natural History. T. Martyn. Cavib. 8vo. 1782. Heads of Lectures on Botany, Natural History and Fossils. T. Martyn. 1785. Rousseau's Letters on Elements of Botany. To a young Lady. T. Martyn. 1788. Thirty-Eight Plates to illustrate Linnteus' System of Vegetables and Rousseau's Letters, T. Martyn. 1786 — 93. Three parts of Flora Cantabrigiensis by R. Eelhan (collected in 1802 and 1820.) 1787. Heads of a Course of Botanical Lectures delivered at Cambridge by R. Relhan. 1792—4. Flora Rustica. T. Martyn. 1793. The Language of Botauy. A dictionary with critical Remarks. T. Mar- tyn. 1794. Horti Botanici Cantab. Catalogus^. Account of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge''. 1802, 1820. Relhani Flora Cantabrigiensis, see above. 1804, 1807. Hortus Cantabrigiensis ; or a Catalogue of Plants Indigenous and Exotic, by James Donn, Curator. 1807. T. Martyu's edition of P. Miller's Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionarg. (A Ust of Fen-plauts by W. Marshall, Esq. of Ely is given in G. Pryme's Recollections, pp. 147, 405.) ^ A copy in Queens' Coll. Library, ^ Queens' Coll. Library, Hh. 3. 31. M. 14.36. 3 ihid.V. 5. (11). BOTANY. ■ 209 1829. A Catalogue of British Plants arranged according to the Natural System, with the Synonyms of De CandoUe, Smith and Lindley. By Prof. J, S. Henslow. Camb. 8vo. pp. 40. It appears that about 1588 John Gerard the herbalist tried to move lord Burleigh to establish a botanical garden in Cambridge, and to recommend him as 'Herbarist\' but his project came to nothing, and the letter which he com- posed never had the Chancellor's signature. A similar attempt to establish a physic garden at Cambridge was made a century later (1695), which also met with no success ^ Ri. Davies M.D. of Queens', writing to Dr Hales in 1759, on the General State of Education, &c., says ' Oxford indeed has long enjoyed a Botanic Garden^ which since the time of Mr Sherard's donations has been properly supported. There has also been lately erected there a magnificent pile of Building by the donation of a celebrated Physician of the last age. But it has not proved a real enlargement of the School of Science.' — The Library founded by John Radcliffe, M.D., Line. 1682, was originally entirely the Physical Library. It was opened April 13, 1749. The ground for the garden at Cambridge was actually measured and the plan drawn in 1696, but through some unknown impediment the scheme failed ^ But the hopes of a later generation were raised when the title of Professor of Botany was conferred on Hi. Bradley ^ F.R.S., by a grace dated Nov. 10, 1724. He was author of a large number of miscel- laneous works on botany and agriculture. He died in 1732, Nov. 5, while measures were being taken to deprive him on account of his irregularities. It is said that he was chosen pro- fessor 'by means of a pretended verbal recommendation from Dr Sherard to Dr Bentley, and pompous assurances that he would procure the University a public Botanical Garden by his own private purse and personal interest... with the mere view 1 Cooper's Annals, ii. 458, 459. * Bradley's most important research 2 Baker MS. xlii. 138 b, ap. Cooper's related to exotic succulent plants. Annals, iv. 30. See preceding page, s. a. 1734, and ' Cole MS. xxsiii. 26, Athcnae iii, Nichols' Lit. A need. i. 446??. 312. W. 14 210 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. (it should seem) of obtaining the Botanical Cliair \' How thoroughly Bentley was alive to the importance of this as of other branches of science may be seen from his correspondence {Wordsiu. pp. 620 — 625) with the Rev. John Lawrence on Silphium and Lasevpitium. Bradley publicly repeated his promise in his lectures in 1729, but nothing was done. And as he usually neglected to read lectures the university made no difficulty to permit another person to do it. Mr John Martyn, F.R.S., who in his early days as a counting-house clerk had herbarised in St George's Fields, was 'recommended by Dr Sherard and Sir Hans Sloane as a proper person to execute the office. Accordingly in the next year (1727) in the Anatomy Schools he gave the first course that ever had been read there in that Science, with a view to restore this study on the spot which should seem most adapted to its growth, as having nourished the most eminent of all our english Naturalists, the excellent Mr Ray.' It appears, however, that Bradley was shamed into reading a course of Lectures on the Materia Medica in 1729, which he published in 1730. John Martyn entered at Emmanuel in 1730. In the fol- lowing year he had several conferences with Dr Mawson, the V. C, and Phil. Miller of the Chelsea garden^ about the pro- jected physick gai'den at Cambridge, but the ground (Brownell's) designed for it, was secured for some other purpose. In 1733 on Bradley's death J. Martyn was elected professor, H. Goddard of St John's and T. Parne of Trin. retiring. He continued to lecture only till 1735, when other employ- ment enffagfed his time. However, he did not lose his interest in the subject, but soon afterwards opened a correspondence with Linnaeus : and in 1741 he sent forth his botanical edition of Virgil's Georgicks dedicated to Mead, the astronomical por- tion being submitted to Halley. In 1749 his translation and notes of the Bucolicks followed. He had a valuable botanical library (200 vols.) which with J Gorham's Memoirs of the Martyns Bentley, wliicli tlie latter terminated pp. 31, 32... 113. Cooper's Annals, iv. abruptly with the celebrated ' Walker, 185. my hat,' is narrated by Monk (Life ii. ■■' The interview between Miller and 406, 407). BOTANY. 211 his Ilortus Siccus of foreign plants be bequeathed to the Uni- versity on his resignation. The lack of a garden was still felt : indeed we are told that W. Heberden's course of experiments on Medicinal plants of Cambridgeshire, about 1748, was spoilt for want of one \ But it was left for Martyn's son to supply it. In 1761 Thomas Marty n (5th senior optime, Emman. 1756), tutor of Sidney, succeeded his father Joh. Martyn of Emmanuel (who survived exactly six years) as professor of Botany. In the following year Dr Ri. Walker, Bentley's Vice Master, en- dowed the new garden, where many plants had already been put in, and a greenhouse partially erected. He appointed T. Martin (sic) as first reader, and C. Miller first curator^. T. Martyn introduced the Linnaean system^ into his first lecture in 1763, contemporaneously with professor Hope in Edinburgh. Young Martyn's publications have been enumerated above, so far as they relate to Cambridge. In May 1766 he had but few pupils, and those inattentive. His curator C. Miller went to the East Indies in 1770, and the professor gratuitously supplied his place, receiving (till 1793) nothing but lecture-fees. Soon after he married the sister of the master of his college and took the incumbency of Triplow, but continued to lecture, though his subject was not at all popular : indeed in 1782 (if not in other years) he was forced to include natural history and geology in his course in order to secure an audience. Miller (who was son of the Chelsea curator) had worked satisfactorily for eight or nine years before his resignation. A good account of Sumatra was pirated from his papers for Philos. Transact. Lxviii. 160*. In May, 1784, a syndicate was appointed to build a lecture- room for the Botanical and Jacksonian Professors ^ The Calendar of 1802 states that T. Martyn lectured in this room ® ^ Gorham's Martyns 117. Philosophia Botanica and the Species - ibid. 32, 33, Plantarum effectually drew him over ^ Linnaeus when visiting England to Linnaeus. in 1736 had been coldly received by ^ Gorham's il/ar<2/)?s 111,114 n. Hans Sloaue, and Dillenius the Oxford s Cooper's Annals iv. 412. professor refused to accept the sexual ^ jx^ Gorham however says that system. Thomas Martyn was a Eayian he delivered his last lectm-es in 1796. about 1750, but about 1751 — ^3 the He died in 1825, and was succeeded 14—2 212 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. during the first half of the Midsummer term at 4 p.m., explaining the elements of Botany, and elucidating Linnaeus' system. The doctrine of the Sexes in Plants, being the foun- dation of that system, was proved. The Theory of Vegetation and other matters relative to the Physiology of Plants were detailed ; and finally, the more curious and useful species were selected and exhibited. When he got old, Thomas Martyn lent his lecture-room to E. D. Clarke, the professor of mineralogy. A controversy between Sir J. E. Smith, M.D. (President of the Linnaean Society^), and professor J. H. Monk (1818, 1819), on the Cambridge Botanical Professorship, is bound up in a volume of pamphlets^ in the library of Trinity College, Cam- bridge. It arose from the successful opposition of the tutors of most of the colleges', refusing to allow their pupils to attend the lectures of one who was a member neither of the University nor of the Church of England ; Thomas Martyn having nomi- nated Sir James as his substitute. by J. S. Henslow the mineralogist. iv. 520, 521. Gorham's Martyns Perhaps Ei. Eellian of Trin. was 242 — 9. Martyn's deputy at this time. 3 Queens', Clare Hall, Benet Coll., ^ He purchased the herbarium and Magdalene and Downing were not collections of Linnaeus. represented. * X. 14. 10. Cp, Cooper's Annals, CHAPTER XIX. THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. * Non stabit pro forma.' Specimen of Early Latin. That candidates for the degree of B. A. had some instruction in Philosophy (probably as much as they ever had) we have already seen. But since the Reformation there does not seem to have been any great effort made to incite bachelors to spend their three years in the statutable pursuit of the University quadriuium of Music Arithme'tic, Geometry and Astronomy. Still in 1787 the University still required of candidates for a Mastership in Arts three years continuance as B.A., and (in that capacity) Three Respondencies against M.A. Opponents. Two .... B.A. . One Declamation \ Hence we gather that even M.A.S were called upon to dis- pute ^ (See Statut Acad. cap. L.) Accordingly the colleges^ bade their bachelors to exercise themselves in Acts within their walls. It was in order to remunerate M.A. Fellows who acted as moderators in these college disputations, that college fees for M.A. degrees were levied originally from B.A.s. But, as I have observed, when 1 Considerations on the Oaths. ..hy a ceremonies of Admission and Sub- Member of the Senate. Camb, 1788, scription to the xxxvith Canon; — p. 43. Appendix I. and for an ordinary M.A. ' performed 2 But these ' acts ' were huddled privately ' before his ' supplicat ' was tlirough all at one time, after the offered. Ceremonies Wall-Gunning style of ' Hodiissime, Omnes Magistri pp. 167, 168 (1828). estote' {Qovbei's Ballad. 1615), for ^ The Statutes of University College an ad eundem degree in the presence Oxon. ordered that a moderator of the of an M.A. and a B.A., between the bachelors should be appointed to pre- 214 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. undergraduates began to be admitted at a manlier age, tbere was a tendency at Cambridge to anticipate the course of stiidy, and to require from undergraduates that mathematical know- ledge which according to the statutes belonged rather to gradu- ates. Shall we say that Oxford went further \ and expected her undergraduates to be qualified as bachelors in the arch- science of Divinity ? It is not surprising that a man of Gray's calibre should rebel against the thraldom of mathematical and metaphysical lectures (1736) ; but towards the close of the 18th century, there was a growing vehemence in the protest against that state of affairs which continued until the foundation of the Classical Tripos in this century. I have read two pamphlets of the year 1788, in which this complaint is set forth — that at Cambridge mathematics was made the only standard of merit and 'the only Introduction to a Fellowship ^,' ' Mathematics ^ with a little Logic, Metaphysics, and Moral Law, constitute the sum of the course of lectures : for Divinity, History, and Classical Knowledge scarce enter into the plan; Civil and Common Law never: so that unless . a student have a taste for mathematical studies, he may as well not attend the public lectures.' And the like testimony was borne by R. Acklom Ingram of Queens' in 1792*. But if at Cambridge mathematics were dominant, this was not so at Oxford : while on the other hand she could not boast any more than her sister that she was free from the abuse of huddling^, though she did not perhaps recognize the name. If I mistake not, the Cambridge Schools had the dust swept from them and the daylight let into them many years before the Oxford examination was made efficient. It has been stated, that real examinations may have taken Bide over the disputatious of the ^ The Necessity of Introducing Di- bachelors. Dr Stauley informed the vinity into the regular Course, &c. Commifsioners in 1852 that the office by E. A. Ingram. Colchester &c. 1792. was still retained in name. p. 122. 1 Cp. [Southey's] Espriella ii. 79. ^ Dr Knox (ap. Gradus ad Cantab. ^ Rcmarhs on the Enormous Expence s. v. Huddling) says that at Oxford in Education, 1788, p. 13. ' droll questions are put on any sub- ^ Considerations on the Oaths, 1788, ject ; and the puzzled candidate fur- p. 16. nishes diversion by his awkward em- THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 215 place ill Oxford up to the thirteenth century, but they had completely fallen into disuse at all events after the end of that century^ Two years after the statutes of 1636'"' a supple- mentary statute introduced at Oxford a principle which had been recognized at Cambridge a century before : viz. that of a real examination for the degree in arts ; the degree having depended virtually upon a plurality of votes, although nomi- nally upon the old scholastic exercises, which for a long time past were become a practical nullity \ And it would not now have been prudent politically to encourage the freedom of disputations. So pass examinations were established. It seems a startling statement, but so far as I am aware there was no such thing at Oxford as an honour examination for degrees until the nineteenth century^ The same wave of interest in university examination which distressed Powell and Jebb at Cambridge about 1770, seems to have stirred a ripple on the tranquil waters of Isis. In 1773 was printed Considerations on the Public Exercises for the First and Second Degrees in the University of Oxford. This pam- phlet was circulated in Cambridge, and was considered by Jebb as 'an ingenious performance*.' The writer mentions that the question had been mooted at ' an occasional meeting of several respectable Members of the University,' and had been subse- quently commended by the V. C. to the serious consideration of the Heads of Houses and the Proctors, He proposes to make the examinations really public by having fixed days for their performance, a change which would also induce men to com- mence their residence at one time of year: that there should be two regular Examiners or Censors holding office perhaps for three years. The first Aveek in Lent Term should be an exami- barrassment. I have known ' (he tronomy, Metaphysics, Natural Philo- ' the question on the occasion sojihy, Ancient History and Hebrew, to consist of au enquiry into the as well as the continuation of the pedigree of a race-horse.' study of Geometry and Greek which 1 English Univ. V. A. Huber (F. W. were to occupy the latter part of the Newman, 1843) ii. pt. 1, p. 59. undergraduate course. 2 The statutes of Laud required as ^ See Bp. Mant's Life (Trin. Coll. a qualification for M.A. three years Oxon. 1797 ; fellow of Oriel) p. 62. study after the degree of B.A. As- * Jebb's Works ii. 301. 216 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. nation-week for all who were candidates for a bachelor's degree the ensuing year, and another week or four days in Act (Trinity) Term for candidates for their second degree. The examinations to be held in presence of Congregation in the Theatre or the Nat. Philos. Schools, to be conducted generally by the Examiners, any member of Congregation having a right to take some part in examining (as under the then existing regime at both Universities). It would have been a formidable ordeal if conducted in latin in the Theatre, each examinee appearing in one rostrum and answering the two examiners who were to sit in the other rostrum. Private examination would the more grow into disrepute if it were reserved for those who had been 'plucked' in the public scrutiny. The author approved on the whole the matter prescribed by the statutes for examination. He wished however to make mathematics a more important subject than it was then made at Oxford. He proposed there- fore six books of Euclid, the nature and use of Numbers, par- ticularly vulgar and decimal Fractions, and the Elements of Algebra, reserving (as we shall see) higher subjects for the second degree. In addition to the other recognized subjects (grammar, rhetoric, logic, ethics, greek classics, and speaking latin) he proposed to examine in the historical part of the New Testament, and in the xxxix Articles. And to arrange the names of the successful candidates in three classes — the 1st and 2nd only being published : — thus virtually making the modern distinction between 'jmss and class! So much for the author's proposal (in 1773) for a new examination for B.A. at Oxford. Let us pass to the state of things which then was, and which continued to be till the beginning of the present century. The Oxford statutes re- quired from candidates for the degree of B.A. — I. disputationes in parviso ['generals' and 'juraments']\ a ' Wood records that this exercise, once prior opponent. At that time the having been in early times tlie pride proctors appointed certfiin M.A.s as of Oxford, fell into desuetude but was Supervisors. (Wood ii. 271, 291, 726 revived in 1601, and in 1606 each — 8.) About 1615 acts and exercises candidate for B.A. was required to were discontinued, and all under- Bwear that he had ' answered' in Par- graduates under sixty years of age visiis or generals, or at least had been were on military duty. {ibid. n. 475.) OXFORD EXERCISES FOR B.A. 217 disputation on three questions in grammar or logic from 1 to 3 p.m. Each Student was to hear others perform in his 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years. This was systematically neglected. In his 3rd year he was to be created a senior soph after performing these disputatious twice himself (this was called generals); after which he was to keep one such disputation (juranients) every term. The questions were trite and uninteresting, and when a student was once Senior Soph he merely went into the schools every term and proposed one syllogism juramenti gratia, and was said to be 'doing juraments.' One great defect in the working of this statute was the frequent absence of proctors and regent 'masters of the schools,' so that as a general rule there was no one to watch the proceedings. II. ansiuering under bachelor. The student disputed upon three questions in grammar, rhetoric, ethics, politics, or (more often) in logic, a B.A. taking the office of moderator. This was performed twice in the Lent of his third or fourth year for an hour and a half The proctors and masters visited the schools in Lent more often than in parviso, but still they did not always watch the entire time. (j). 56.) III. Examination in grammar, rhetoric, logic, ethics, geometry, greek classics, fluency in the latin tongue. The proper examiners were three regent masters, but as the custom of the regents taking this duty by rotation had long since become obsolete, the candidate usually chose his own three examiners, and then got their liceat from the proctor. This examination was quite private. This was the main point which the author of the 'Considerations' wished to reform. He proposed to add to the statutable exercises, one latin and one english declama- tion to be delivered publicly in the Theatre in Act Term. The writer of another Oxford pamphlet of that period^ remarked that at Cambridge 'they are generally supposed to expect more than we [Oxonians] do from a Candidate for the First Degree, in proportion as they expect less from a Candidate for the Second.' Doubtless the statutable exercises (viz. three respondencies to an M.A., two respondencies to a B.A., and one declamation) for a Cambridge M.A. were trifling'^, and generally ^ Considerations on the Residence Oxford 1772 — p. 19. usuaUy required for Degrees, &c.— * Stat. Acad. Cantab. 1570, cap. 7. 218 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. stultified by 'huddling' or by the forfeiture of caution-money, and indeed of no account except so far as some of the Colleges kept their bachelors employed by 'acts' and 'declamations.' We may gather from these Considerations on the Exercises (1773) that if the statutable requirements for an Oxford M.A. "were not inconsiderable, they were in the last century by no means so creditably observed as were the Cambridge exercises for the first degree. Our university indeed seems never to have pressed the revival of the exercises of those who, being bachelors, were proceeding to their next degree in Arts. For a long while — even almost till 1840 — 'the incepting masters of arts crowded {huddled) to the schools, sometimes on a day preceding, some- times within a few minutes of the presentation of their suppli- cats, to kee'p, juramejiti c^atid, the statutable exercises\' It was allowed that the repetition of two lines of Virgil's first Eclogue or the same quantity of Aen. I. would do for a declamation ; and as for the three disputations or 'acts' which the statute (cap. 7) required, they might be summarily despatched in one compen- dious form^ — the 'respondent' asserting ' Recte statuit Newtonus — Recte statuit Woodius — Recte statuit Paleius.' The 'opponent' was allowed to attack these all-embracing positions with a scarcely less positive 'Si non recte statuerunt Newtonus, Woodius, Paleius, cadunt quaestiones. Sed non recte statuerunt Newtonus, Woodius, Paleius. Ergo cadunt quaestiones.' Between such combatants it would have been sheer pre- sumption for a moderator to interpose. It remained only for the opponent to become respondent (and vice versa), and to go through the same nonsense — and there were six acts and two declamations finished, and two supplicats eai'ned, in less than two minutes ! It needed only that the first and second dispu- tants should have said the same couplet of Virgil for their 1 Vesicock onthe Statutes, 18il,]y.8(}. wliile it emulated these moclern Can- 2 Person's juvenile theme — tabs in brevity, hail the advantage of ' Nee bene fecit Brutus occiso them in wit. (See Facetiae Cantab. Caesare, nee male fecit, sed inter- p. 199.) fecit ' — HUDDLING FOR M.A. 219 declamations to reduce the formula to its lowest and simplest terms, and to absolute barrenness. It seems strange that the 'bold interpretation' of the Heads in 1608 (25 May), which virtually excepted the clause 'iustum trium annoruni spatium' (cap. 7) from the apparently plain prohibition 'nee plures jwo- ponant terininos in quihus studuerint in academia' &c. (cap. 21), should not have been imitated by abrogating the remainder of cap. 7 of the University Statute, rather than that the farce of 'huddling' should continue in the 18th and part of the 19th centuries to rival the promenade 'ad opposituni whereby the commencers of the 16th century almost to our own time have mounted to the degree of doctor (or M.A.). Yet we might be inclined to regret that the university had the heart to improve away that quaint old step worn by so many worthy feet, now that the doctorate is dignified by an ascent of more becoming altitude. The Oxford requirements for M.A. were I. determination. A solemn exercise opening with prayers and contio in St Mary's on Ash Wednesday. Then the dean of each college walks in procession to the Schools, at the head of his determining bachelors, and there holds a disputation for the tedious period of four hours. He reads a copy of verses, pro- poses arguments upon three questions to every determiner of his house: which questions are to be defended against him by a determined or senior bachelor, who responds for the determiner and is therefore called his Aristotle. [' Aristoteles pro me respon- debit.'] In the course of Lent the determiner is required to hold two disputations, each on three questions in grammar, rhetoric, ethics, politics, or (more often) logic; in which he is always to maintain the doctrine of Aristotle and the Peripa- tetics. Though the questions themselves and the arguments were not good for much, the exercises of Ash Wednesday itself were respectable, the V. C. being usually present as well as the deans and a fairly large audience of determiners, &c. ; but the other days in quadragesima were comparativel}'- neglected and made to do double duty as 'answering under bachelor' for the degree of B.A., and as 'determinations' for M.A. This exer- cise was often held in the afternoon, — an inconvenient time. 220 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. II. disputationes apud Augustinenses * — to be performed from 1 to 3 p.m. for the degree of M.A. by a determined Bache- lor. He might be called upon to repeat the exercise in the subsequent years of his trienniiim. No one was present except the candidate and the moderating master of the Schools. It was an exercise which might well be discontinued. III. disputationes quodlibeticae — responding to a certain regent master on three questions, and to any other disputant on any question whatsoever. This had become the merest farce, and might (it was urged) be dropped with advantage. IV. sex solennes lectiones — three original dissertations in Natural, and three in Moral philosophy, to be delivered in the Schools between 1 and 2 p.m. These were intended to stimu- late original invention and research, but had so degenerated that they were held pro forma in an empty school, and had long since obtained the title of Wall Lectm'es'^, being then 'scarce known by any other name. An attempt has lately been made in one of our Colleges to restore it to its ancient dignity and utility, by obliging every Bachelor to read his solemn lectures publicly in the College Hall: a regulation which does honour to the Society^.' The author proposed to have these lectures read publicly in the Theatre, and to give honours of some sort for excellency therein. V. hinae declamationes — to be delivered (at 2 p.m.) without book before the proctor on a thesis assigned or approved by him. This was intended as an exercise in polite learning and elegant composition. In old times one candidate affirmed the thesis, a second denied, and a third arbitrated ' in the way of amhigitur' It was suggested that this system should be re- 1 When dean FeU was V.C. in 1646, Univ. Life pp. 315, 317.) 1G47, lie revived for a time the strict " See above, p. 10. discipline and the interest of this ex- ^ This was a provision of the Rules ercise, vulgarly known as doing Aus- and Statutes of Hertford College (Hart tins. It took its name from the Hall) as early as 1747. See my Univ. custom of scholars at Oxford dis- Life p. 576. At Christ Church to- puting with the Augiistinian monks, wards the end of the centui'y a man who had a reiDutation for exercises of (apparently an undergraduate) was this kind. The proctor appointed a chosen to read an essay each week in B.A. as his ' collector in Austins ' who hall. While H. F. Gary was in resi- had authority to match the disputants dence {Memoir i. 66) Canning was tcgether at his discretion. (See my frequently thus distinguished. OXFORD EXERCISES FOR M.A. 221 vived, the declamations held publicly in the Theatre in Act Term, and one of the two made in the english language. VI. examination — as for B.A., only the subjects are geo- metry, natural philosophy, astronomy, metaphysics, and history (including geography and chronology), greek classics, and he- brew, and latin conversation yet more perfect. The writer of the pamphlet proposed to regulate the examination, as has been stated on p. 216, and to add to the fixed subjects Euclid xi, xii, some system of Conic Sections, Trigonometry, Logarithms, and Algebra applied to Geometry. Also the Epistles in the New Testament, the xxxix Articles, and the book of Genesis in hebrew. This scheme seems to have produced no immediate effect at Oxford in 1773. Accordingly we find Mr G. V. Cox, the Oxford esquire bedel, recollecting the sad decay at Oxford \ when Cambridge examinations for B.A. were in a comparatively healthy condition. At Oxford ' it seems (1868) the trial is strict when one takes a Master's or Bachelor's, but slack when you come to the Doctor's Degrees, and vice versa at Cambridge.' But at Oxford in 1797 there were traditional schemes, skele- tons, or 'strings' of questions, examples of syllogisms, used by the Examiners or Masters of the Schools, as well as by the examinees^ — sometimes wound up by a latin epigram. ' It is well known to be the custom for the candidates either to present their examiners with a piece of gold, or to give them a hand- some entertainment.' Cox quotes a contemporary english epigram (jy}). 36, 37), supposed to be spoken by a well satisfied examiner. In 1799 (he continues) the examination for the B.A. degree, under the old system, * had dwindled into a formal repetition of threadbare "Questions and Answers" (in Divinity, Logic, Grammar, "et in omni scibili"), which had been transmitted in manuscript from man to man, and were unblushingly admitted, if not adopted, ^ Cox's Collections and Recollections were to be had ready made and were of Oxford, pp. 34, 35. called ' strings.' ' Schemes ' are de- 2 In the Gent. Mag. vol. l. pp. 277, fined as ' collections of all questions 278, an example is given of an ' argu- which will be probably asked in the meut ' in Generals at Oxford. These sciences.' 222 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. even by the "Masters of the Schools.'" These were Regent- Masters of the year, whose duty it was by virtue of their Regency to go through this ceremony, for a mere ceremony it had be- come. The more scrupulous, joining in the increasing cry for a new Examination-Statute, hung back from the farce ; but each year was sure to produce a few Masters who did not object even to dine with the examined after the fatigues of the morning ! "Well might such a state of things expire witli the expiring century ! ' The " New Examination-Statute " was already on the anvil, and was being worked into shape ; Dean Cyril Jackson [Ch. Ch., 1783—1809], Dr [John] Eveleigh [provost of Oriel, 1781—1814], and Dr [John] Parsons [Mr of Ball., 1798—1819], were labouring hard for the revival of scholarship and the credit of our Alma Mater' [Oxon.]\ The new Public Examinations Statute came into action rather feebly indeed at first in 1802; but the claimants for honour degrees were, in the years from 1802 to 1806, only two, four, three, one, three respectively. Professor F. W. Newman bears witness to the efforts of Eveleigh and Jackson in the interest of Oxford examinations. He bestows also deserved praise upon Dr Eveleigh's successor, the provost of Oriel, Dr Coplestone (bishop of Llandaff)^ He says, translating Huber's English Universities, ' In proof of the degeneracy of the University Studies in the last cen- tury^, I need only refer to Kuettner's Beitrdge zur Kenntniss von England. Kuettner's account refers more immediately to the second half of the 18th century ; but if any alteration had by then taken place, it was for the better : so that the earlier ^ Gent. Mag. xlix. pp. 35, 37, 45. University College?" I stated (though, 2 Huber and F. W. Neicman, English by the way, the point is sometimes Universities, 1848, vol. ii. part ii. pp. doubted) "that King Alfred founded 513,514; 501. it." "Very well, Sir," said the Ex- 3 'Mr John Scott [Lord Eldon] aminer, "you are competent for your took his Bachelor's Degi-ee in Hilary Degree."' Horace Twiss' life of Ld. Term, on the 20th February, 1770. Eldon, i. 57, quoted in the Oxford "An Examination for a Degree at Univ. Coinmission Report, p. 59. Mr Oxford," he used to say, " was a farce G. V. Cox {Recollections,, p. 34 n.) in my time. I was examined in He- loyally regards the anecdote told brew and in History." " What is the against his university as a mere 'post Hebrew for the place of a skull?" prandivm ioke.'' I replied "Golgotha. " "Who founded THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 223 period a fortiori deserves the severest censure justly applicable to the later.' After quoting Amhurst's example of an Oxford disputatio qiiodlihetica, ' a short string of syllogisms, upon a common o^ue^tion, An datur actio in distans,^ iis, it was disputed about 1718^; — Huber adds, 'Such jokes as these are among the less ordinary effusions of talent. Generally the whole party — Moderator, Opponent, and Respondent — passed the pre- scribed half-hour in reading or talking'^ ' Doubtless the young men who carried off the various Uni- versity and College prizes from the year 1801 to the end of the war, were morally superior to the mass ; yet of these but few can have become permanent residents in Oxford, as so few Fellowships were as yet thrown open to any sort of fair com- petition. The first College which in this respect became cele- brated was Oriel.' The same movement, at the beginning of this century, which improved the B.A. examinations in Oxford, revived also for a time the qualification for the M.A. degree. We happen to have a minute account of their working in the life of Daniel Wilson (bp. of Calcutta), who was born in 1778. It will be as well to sketch his studies up to that time^. ' He continued during the six months of his student life [as private pupil of Josiah Pratt, in 1798] to rise at 5 o'clock and retire at 10 o'clock. One hour's exercise in the day sufficed him. At breakfast the Spectator and Johnson's Lives of the Poets were read through. Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and element- ary parts of mathematics occupied the morning. The after part of the day was assigned to divinity, logic, history, natural philo- 1 Terrae Filiua, 1721, No. xxi. The have been, we must not omit to notice Respondent chooses to maintain the that individual Societies were more negative, and simply says negatur particular. In 1720 we^ find John viinor, negatur antecedens, &c. after Wesley acquiring skill in logic at each syllogism. The opponent takes Christ Church, and improving it in as his example the power of the fear 1726 — 8, when as 'Moderator of the of the Vice Chancellor upon a student Classes ' in Lincoln Coll. Oxon. he who has committed a breach of the presided at disputations six times a statute by wearing a hat (galenis). week. (Life bij Southey, Coleridge and The Moderator ends with a ridiculous C. C. Southey, 1846. p}}. 27, 37, 39.) distinctio about the bedels and the ^ Batsman's Life of D. Wilson, imagination of the offender. 1860. pih 49 — 67. - However lax the University may 224 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. sophy, geograpliy, and general literature. The books read were, The Holy Scriptures in Hebrew and Greek, Hooker's Eccl. Polity, Doddridge's Lectures, Fuller's Calvinism and Socinianism, Rowning's Natural FJdlosopJii/, Drallois' Epitome of Logic, Chisseldon's Anatomy, Adam's Geography, Anacharsis' Travels, Wilcock's Rome, Bisset's Life of Burke, Blair's Lectures, and Payne's Epitome of Llistory. ' Seventy or eighty years have witnessed great changes and improvements in our universities. All testimony goes to shew that towards the end of the last century religion had little life there, and learning little encouragement \ The Classes and the Tripos which now gauge a man's ability and assign him his proper place were then unknown. At Oxford . . . the examina- tion was a mere form. A man chose not only his own books, but his own examiners. It was consequently the very general cus- tom to choose the easiest books and the most indulgent ex- aminers. There was no audience. The three Masters of Arts, who were the examiners, and the undergraduates to be ex- amined, were alone present ; and it was not unusual to proceed to the Schools from a pleasant breakfast, or to adjourn after a successful termination of the day's labours to a good dinner ! " Quid solidus angulus ? " Such was the question of an examiner in the schools : and receiving no answer from the respondent, he answered himself by grasping the corner of the desk at which he stood, and saying, " LLic solidus angulus" ' Such is a specimen of the traditionary stories of the day ; and it might be capped by many of the same kind ' Before the last century had closed many changes had begun, and many abuses were corrected. The authorities of the university appointed examiners, and publicity was given to the examination. Though there was not as yet any fair and im- partial criterion of ability, such as the Classes have since presented, yet the opinion of the Examiner was publickly ex- 1 It will, I think, have appeared from the foregoing pages that this remark does Cambridge scant justice. THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 225 pressed, and sent through the university the gradually widening circle of commendation or disgrace. ' It was in November, 1798, that Daniel Wilson entered into residence at Oxford ... in St Edmund's Hall. It was but a small society, and perhaps at that time better known for its piety ^ than its learning. Still he says that he found the men reading what required from him five hours' preparation daily. 'During the short vacation in March, 1799 ... he was giving more time to Hebrew and Greek. He makes also a successful application [to his father] for permission to have a private tutor, in order to work at Thucydides. " I am perfectly well," he says, " in health, not as yet experiencing any inconvenience from my studies. Very few days pass when I do not walk for about an hour." 'In 1799 he leaves Oxford for the Long Vacation, July 1st, and returns October 17th, to set to work at Herodotus, and Livy, the Hebrew Bible, Hutton's Mathematics, and RoUin's Ancient History. He now also began to talk Latin familiarly with his friends, Bull and Cawood. Tradition says that he translated and re-translated the whole of Cicero's Epistles. In the vacation he had devoted his mornings, from 9 o'clock till 2; — the first hour in Hebrew, the second in Greek, and the third in Latin ; reading French and then English after dinner if time allowed.' He had fortunately acquired regular habits by being in business in his early youth. He was examined for his B.A. degree early in June, 1801 ; and for that of M.A. about the same time in the following year. It appears that in May, 1800, an examination statute pro- vided that there should be a strict public examination for the degree of M.A. at Oxford as well as for that of B.A. This regulation induced men to forego their second degree, or to seek it at Cambridge, so that the decree fell into neglect and desuetude. ' But Daniel Wilson came vmder its operation whilst it was in vigorous action, and we are thus enabled from his second ^ It was famous for the expulsion of University Religion in the 18th Cent.). six 'pious students ' in 1768, (a trans- Few of the larger societies could have action more proper to the records of found so many to expel. W. 15 226 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. examination to supply what was lacking in the details of the first. ' He writes to his friend Cawood and makes very light of it. " You seem," he says, " to make a great deal more of the ex- amination I have just passed than it deserves. I can scarcely help smiling at what you say, and at the anxiety you feel. I only gave three days for direct preparation, and you need not give one. But since omne ignotum jjjv niagnifico, I will tell you what really took place." He then goes on to say that he was examined with his friend Wheeler and a Christ Church man. The books he took up in Greek were Thucydides and Herodo- tus. But in Latin he made no selection ; he took up all : omnes optimae aetatis auctores — omnes aureos auctores — are the ex- pressions he employs. His friend Wheeler followed his example in the Latin, and took up Sophocles and Longinus in the Greek. In Hehretu Daniel Wilson stood alone. ' A book was first put into his hand called tlie Gentleman'' s Religion, and he turned a page of it into Latin. The Greek Testament followed. He read part of St Mark xiii, and an- swered questions about the Temple erected in the time of Vespasian and the prophecies concerning it in the Old and New Testament. Livy was then opened and a page translated. This led to many historical questions. Up to this time, he confesses, he was not without apprehensions, not knowing where the examination might lead liim : but now all fears subsided. Latin being finished, Hebrew came on. He took up the whole He- brew Bible: but the examiner (wisely perhaps for himself) confined his examination to the first Psalm, and some gramma- tical questions which were readily answered. His friend having passed a similar ordeal, they were now bid to sit down whilst others were called on, approbation being expressed with what they had done. 'Whilst sitting apart the junior examiner, as if casually, asked whether Wilson had read Physics, and then put certain questions such as "Whether the angle of refraction was equal to the angle of incidence ?" " Whether a ray of light passing from a thin into a denser medium would be deflected from the per- pendicular ?" &c. ; all of which were of course answered. Mathe- matics, Logic and Metaphysics were passed by ; one of the THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 227 sciences only being required by the statute. When he was again formally called up, the third Book of Thucydides was selected, and he was put on at one of the speeches. Neither this nor the historical questions connected with it, gave him any difficulty. Xenoplion followed instead of Herodotus (which was his book) : but he took things as he found them ; and the pas- sage selected was (he says) neither obscure nor difficult. ' Thus ended the examination : and the Senior Examiner confirmed his former sentence by saying in a loud voice that Wheeler and Wilson had done themselves the greatest credit, and obtained the highest honour. The Christ Church man gained his testamur, but nothing more ; and six men were rejected. There were about one hundred auditors.' This new examination for the Oxford M.A. degree seems soon to have degenerated, and existed barely for half-a-dozen years. Mr G. V. Cox in his Recollections (p. 57) speaks of it as ' fast becoming an " examination made easy," for it never, I believe, ended in plucking, and seldom attracted an audience.' This testimony of an accurate observer shews how fast and utter was its decline, for Mr Cox was admitted to New College only two years after Wilson saw six men rejected and a hundred persons present. The M.A. examination was discon- tinued towards the end of 1807 \ *A Gentleman in the Gity^ writing 'to his Friend in Oxford',' Nov. 25, 1700, says ' I am glad to hear from you that the study of the Mathematicks is Promoted and Encouraged among the youth of your University^.'' He concludes however {p. 33) that mathematics must be 'more generally study'd at our Universities than hitherto they have been.' Still it is below the dignity of those Bodies, that their students should be 'taught the practice of any rule without the true and solid reason and demonstra- tion of the same.' So that the common Compendiums are to be reprobated ^ ^ See also Abp. Whatehfs Evidence were men of middle age, and many (p. 25), Oxford Univ. Commission 1852. clergymen.' 'In fact it was 7iot public, all the ^ ed. 2. 1721. Bodl. Godwin Pam- Undergraduates and Bachelors making phlets, 22. it a point of delicacy never to attend, ^ ihicl. p. 35. becarse several of those examined 15—2 228 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. It is amusing to compare with the foregoing pages au ac- count of the Oxford examinations when they had come to be empty forms, as they are indignantly described by Vicesimus Knox in his seventy-seventh Essay {ed. 1782). He had taken his M.A, degree at >S'. Johns, Oxon. in 1753. 'The youth whose heart pants for the honour of a Bachelor of Arts degree must wait patiently till near four years have revolved. But this time is not to be spent idly. No ; he is obliged during this period once to oppose, and once to respond in disputations held in the public schools — a formidable sound, and a dreadful idea ; but on closer attention the fear will vanish and contempt supply its place. 'This opposing and responding is termed in the cant of the place doing generals. Two boys or men as they call themselves agree to do generals together. The first step in this mighty work is to procure arguments. These are always handed down from generation to generation on long slips of paper, and consist of foolish syllogisms on foolisli subjects of the formation or the signification of which the respondent and opponent seldom know more than an infant in swaddling cloths \ The next step ^ 'These commodious sets of syllo- great rarity), and was, I believe, made gisms are called strings, and descend by the disputant himself, from undergraduate to undergraduate in a regular succession ; so that when Intrent Opponeus Eespondens et any candidate for a degree is to exer- Moderator, cise his talent in argumentation he Opponens. Propono tibi, domine, hanc has nothing else to do but to enquire quaestionem, (viz.) among his friends for a string upon — An datur actio in distans. such or such a question, and to get it Eespondens. Non datur actio in dis- by heart, or read it over in his cap... tans. I have in my custody a book of strings 0pp. Datur actio in distans ; ergo upon most or all of the questions dis- falleris. cuss'd in a certain college very famous Resp. Negatur antecedens. for their ratiocinative faculty; on the 0pp. Probo antecedentem ; first leaf of which are these words, Si datur fluxus virium Agentis cum Ex dono Eichardi P e primae distat Agens, tum datur actio in dis- Classi Beuefactoris munificentissimi. tans. ...I will present the reader with a Sed datur fluxus virium agentis cum short string of syllogisms upon a com- distat agens. mon question as it was disputed about Ergo datur actio in distans. three years ago ; Dr B[aro]n being Resp. Negatur minor, then vicech[ancello]r (1715 — 18.). ..it 0pp. Probo minorem ; was really a new one (which... la a very Vice-Cancellarius est agens ; THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 229 is to go for a liceat to one of the petty officers called the Regent- Master of the Schools, who subscribes his name to the questions and receives sixpence as his fee. When the important day arrives the two doughty disputants^ go into a large dusty room, full of dirt and cobwebs, with walls and wainscot decorated with the names of former disputants, who to divert the tedious hours cut out their names with their penknives or wrote verses with a pencil. Here they sit in mean desks opposite to each other from one o'clock till three. Not once in a hundred times does any officer enter ; and if he does he hears one syllogism or two, and then makes a bow and departs, as he came and remained, in solemn silence. The disputants then return to the amuse- ment of cutting the desks, carving their names or reading Sterne's Sentimental Journef/ or some other edifying novel. Seel datui' fluxns virium Vice-Can- cellarii cum distat Vice-Cancellarius. Ergo datur fluxus virium ageutis cum distat agens. Resp. Negatur minor. 0pp. Probo minorem ; Si Disputans Parvisiis vel aliquis Galero indutus timet et patitur, dato spatio inter Vice-Cancellarium et Dis- putantem vel Galero iudutum, turn datur fluxus virium Vice-Cancellarii, cum distat Vice-Cancellarius. Sed Disputans Parvisiis vel aliquis Galero indutus timet et patitur dato spatio inter Vice-Cancellarium et Dis- putantem vel Galero indutum : Ergo datur fluxus virium Vice-Can- cellarii cum distat Vice-Cancellarius. Resp. Negatur turn minor, tum se- quela. 0pp. Constat minor ex perfectissima Academiae discipliua et experien- tia; et valet sequela quoniam in- cutere tlmorem alicui est agei'e in aliquem. Moderator. Distinguendum est ad tuam probationem. Terror non procedit a fluxu sive ex effluvio Vice-Cancellarii; sed Bedelli forsitau (viz. Wkintllcru]-? et M — ck I\Iuss[encli]nus) baculis suis incutiunt terrorem. Et dico secundS quod imaginatio Disputantis sibi incutiat terrorem ; quippe nihil est materiallter terrificum vel in Baronio vel in WMstlero, vel (utcunque obeso) in Mussendino ; sit quamvis forvialiter.' (Ten-ae Filius, xx, xxi. ) 1 Knox says nothing of any modera- tor who according to Amhurst's account (1721, March 24.) is always present and ' struts about between the two wordy champions during the time of action, to see that they do not wander from the question in debate, and when he perceives them deviating from it to cut them short, and put them into the right road again ; for which purpose he is provided with a great quantity of subtle terms and phrases of art such as quoad hoc, and quoad illud, formaliter and materialiter , jiraedica- mentaliter and transcendentaliter, actu- allter and potcntialiter, directe and per se, reductive and per accidens, entitative and quidditative, dx. all which I would explain to my english reader with all my heart, ij I could.'' 230 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. When this exercise is duly performed by both parties they have a right to the title and insignia of Sojjhs ; but not before they have been formally created by one of the regent masters, before whom they kneel while he lays a volume of Aristotle's works on their heads and puts on a hood a piece of black crape hang- ing from their necks and down to their heels ; which crape it is expressly ordained by a statute in this case made and provided shall be plain and unadorned either with wool or with fur. ' And this work done a great progress is made towards the wished-for honour of a bachelor's degree. There remain only one or two trifling forms and another disputation almost exactly similar to doing generals, but called answering under bachelor previous to the awful examination. 'Every candidate is obliged to be examined in the whole circle of the sciences by three masters of arts of his oivn choice^. The examination is to be held in one of the public schools, and to continue from nine o'clock till eleven ^ The masters take a most solemn oath that they will examine properly and im- partially. Dreadful as all this appears there is always found to be more of appearance in it than reality ; for the greatest dunce usually gets his testimonium signed with as much ease and credit as the finest genius. The manner of proceeding is as follows : the poor young man to be examined in the sciences often knows no more of them than his bedmaker, and the masters who ex- amine are sometimes equally unacquainted with such mysteries. But schemes as they are called, or little books containing forty or fifty questions on each science are handed down from age to age from on© to another''. The candidate to be examined em- 1 ' It is a notorious truth that most noon, if the examiner thinks fit, as candidates get leave of the proctor by long as he pleases.' Ibid. paying his man a orown (which is ^ ' As I told my reader, that for dis- cftUed his, perquisite) to choose their pittaJ/ons they have ready-made s^nnjrs own examiners, who never fail to be of syllogisms ; so for examination they their old cronies and toping com- have the skeletons of all the arts and pauions It is also well-known to sciences in which they are to be ex- be a custom for the candidates either amined, containing all the questions in to present their examiners with a eaoh of them which are usually asked jriece of gold, or to give them an upon this occasion and the common hunAsome entertainment.^ Terrae-Fili- rt);sit,*ers that are given to them ; which us, No. xLii. (8 June, 1721). in a week or a fortnight they may get " ' and again from one ui the after- at their tongue's end.... Many a school- THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 231 ploys three or four days in learning these by heart, and the examiners having done the same before him when they were examined, know what questions to ask, and so all goes on smoothly. When the candidate has displayed his universal knowledge of the sciences he is to display his skill in philology. One of the masters therefore desires him to construe a passage in some Greek or Latin classic, which he does with no interrup- tion just as he pleases and as well as he can. The statutes next require that he should translate familiar English phrases into Latin. And now is the time when the masters shew their wit and jocularity. Droll questions are put on any subject and the puzzled candidate furnishes diversion by his awkward em- barrassment. 1 have known the question on this occasion to consist of an enquiry into the pedigree of a race-horse. And it is a common question after asking what is the simimum honum of various sects of philosophers, to ask what is the summum honum or chief good among Oxonians, to which the answer is such as Mimnermus would give\ This familiarity however only takes place when the examiners are pot-companions of the candidate, which indeed is usually the case ; for it is reckoned good management to get acquainted with two or three jolly young masters of arts, and supply them well with port pre- viously to the examination. If the vice-chancellor and proctors happen to enter the school, a very uncommon event, then a little solemnity is put on very much to the confusion of the masters as well as of the boy who is sitting in the little box opposite to them. As neither the officer nor any one else usually enters the room (for it is reckoned very ungenteel) the examiners and the candidates often converse on the last drink- ing-bout or on horses, or read the newspaper or a novel, or divert themselves as well as they can in any manner till the clock strikes eleven, when all parties descend and the testi- monium is signed by the masters. With this testimonium in his possession the candidate is sure of success. The day in hoy lias done more tliau this for bis reOvalriv ore /xoi /xtiK^Ti raCra /xeXoi breaking u]} task J' Terrae-FiUus, KpvirTadiri (pLXdrrj^ Kai /j.dXLx<^ 5wpa. XLii. Kal eCvi] — ^ ris 5e jSt'oj, t[ di Tepirvbv drep xP^- Mimnermus, Fr. 1. arjs 'AcppodLrrjs ; 232 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. which the honour is to be conferred arrives ; he appears in the Convocation house, he takes an abundance of oaths, pays a sum of money in fees, and after kneehng down before the vice- chancellor and whispering a lie, rises vip a Bachelor of arts. 'And now if he aspires at higher honours (and what emulous spirit can sit down without aspiring at them?) new labours and new difficulties are to be encountered during the space of three years. He must determine^ in Lent, he must do quodlihets, he must do austins, he must declaim twice, he must read six solemn lectures, and he must be again examined in the sciences, before he can be promoted to the degree of Master of Arts. 'None but the initiated can know what determinhg, doing quodlihets, and doing austins mean. I have not room to enter into a minute description of such contemptible minutiae. Let it be sufficient to say that these exercises consist of disputa- tions, and the disputations of syllogisms, procured and uttered nearly in the same places, time and manner as we have already seen them in doing generals. There is however a great deal of trouble in little formalities, such as procuring six-penny liceats, sticking up the names on the walls, sitting in large empty rooms by yourself or with some poor wight as ill employed as yourself, without having anything to say or do, wearing hoods and a little piece of lambskin with the wool on it, and a variety of other particulars too tedious and too trifling to enumerate. ' The declamations would be an useful exercise if it were not always performed in a careless and evasive manner. The lectures are always called Wall Lectures, because the lecturer has no other audience but the walls. Indeed he usually steals a sheet or two of Latin out of some old book, no matter on what subject, though it ought to be on natural philosophy. These he keeps in his pocket in order to take them out and 1 Amhurst vcLeni'iovLB [Terrat-FUlus, tbey posted or clogged the poor men XLii) some abuses connected with the (t. e. assigned to them the opening or quadragesimal deterHu'nafions ; the iin- closing day of the period) and never statuteable fees and treats of the col- gave them commodious schools in the lectors (the two determiners who ar- scheme. In the preface to his edition ranged the classes for the proctors) of 1726, he says that he hears that and their partiality in assigning since 1721 ' the collectors have been //j'flcioifcj (/(/?/■'' (li'^lf-^'ii^ie days) to those lately curb'd in their exorbitances.' who paid them handsomely, while p. xviii. THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. 233 read them if a proctor should come in ; but otherwise he solaces himself with a book, not from the Bodleian but the circulating library. ' The examination is performed exactly in the same manner as before described; and, though represented as very formidable, is such a one as a boy from a good school just entered might go through as well as after a seven years' residence. Few how- ever reside ; for the majority are what are called term-trotters, that is, pei'sons who only keep the terms for form-sake, or spend six or eight weeks in a year in the university to qualify them for degrees according to the letter of the statutes. 'After all these important exercises and trials, and after again taking oaths by wdiolesale, and paying the fees, the academic is honoured with a Master's degree, and issues out into the world with this undeniable passport to carry him through it with credit. 'Exercises of a nature equally silly and obsolete are per- formed in a similar manner for the other degrees \' That it was most unfair to speak of ' our English universi- ties' as though Cambridge in 1782 were in the same condition as Oxford with respect to the process for degrees, is manifest, and is scarcely excusable on the plea of ignorance. With regard to Oxford, in an improved condition, a Rugby boy destined to be an eminent professor of that university wrote the following sagacious remarks comjjaring it with Cambridge in May, 1843. 'I have been led from attentive observation lately to look upon the two rival systems of Oxford and Cambridge as being neither of them perfect in themselves, from their being each confined to one part of education. Cambridge, I should say, from its verbal criticism and philological research, as well as its mathematical studies, imparts a system of education valuable not so much for itself as for the excellent discipline which pre- pares the mind to pass from the investigation of abstract intel- lectual truth to the contemplation of moral subjects. Oxford, on the contrary, seeks without any such medium to arrive at ^ V. Kiiox, Essayn Moral and Lite- of the Discipline in our English Uui- raryi. 332—6. (1782) 'Ou Some Parts versities.' 234 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. the higher ground at once, without passing through the lower, leading the mind before it has been sufficiently disciplined to investigate the highest and most sacred subjects at once. Cam- bridge men too often view the intellectual exercise as sufficient in itself, instead of as a preparation for higher things ; Oxford men without any such preparation, which they affect to despise, proceed to speculate on great moral questions before they have first practised themselves with lower and less dangerous studies. And this, I look upon it, is the cause of the theological novelties at Oxford — men apply to the most sacred things powers which ought first to have been disciplined by purely intellectual ex- ercises. The one, if I may so express myself, raise a scaffolding and too often rest contented with that ; the other endeavour to build the house either with no scaffoldiug at all, or at least a very slight one — and a most unsubstantial structure it generally proves. The fault of Cambridge, you see, is not the fault of system, but its abuse ; in Oxford the plan seems to me radically wrong, and consequently, if followed out to the full, cannot do much good. Cambridge appears to have seen that the province of a university is not to give a complete education, but to fur- nish the mind with rules, drawn from lower subjects, to be applied in after life to higher; Oxford wishes to give a complete education, and by attempting too much, does the whole very imperfectly^' 1 The Miscellaneous Writings of J. Couington 31. A. i. xvii, xviii. CHAPTER XX. MUSICK. " Mvs cauit, Ar numerat, Geo ponderat, As colit astra." Wk will now pass to the consideration of those studies which in mediaeval times were named the Quadrivium^ and con- sidered as the most advanced treasures attainable by the seeker after Arts, though 'smally regarded' by the universities in the Elizabethan era. Music, the art intended by mediaeval scholars, was some- thing very different from the sweet tones which cheer many modern mathematicians ; and even from the knowledge of har- monics, nodal lines, strings, and thorough bass, which has a charm for the intellects of some of them. The musice which a bachelor in ancient times had to study in order to qualify him- self as Regent Master was little more than an acquaintance with metre. It was however necessary that all clerks should be at least 'bene can.', i.e. able to sing well": accordingly, in the 16th century, the determiners were ' examined in Songe and wrightynge^' on the 5th thursday in XL™^ Bishop Cosin, in his zeal for divine service, took care in like manner that the scholars of his foundation should have instruction in i^lionasco. The rule still existed in some of the old institutions — as at 1 W. Harrison's Bescription, Holiu- bert Tunstall {Ball. Oxon. and King's shed's Chronicle (1577) 73 &. Cooper's Hall Camb.), de arte siipputandl Annals, ji. 351. The Cambridge Uni- (1522, commended in De Morgan's list), versity statutes of 1570 prescribed or Jerome Cardan of Pavia; &c. if {cap. IV.) that the professor of matlie- geometry, Euclid ; if astronomy, Pto- matics, if he were teaching cosmo- lemy. graphy, should expound Mela, Pliny, ^ YisimngionNugac Anticiuae, li.lbQ. Strabo or Plato ; if arithmetic, Cuth- ^ Bedell Stokys' Book. 23G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Winchester College in the present century, where the ' children' before admission being asked if they could sing, answered, as a matter of course, somewhat indirectly, by saying a stanza of 'All people that on earth do dwell.' Degrees in Music seem at all times to have been rather un- common in England, and lectures from the professor in that faculty still more rare. Of the so-called ' Musick Lectures ' at Oxford in the 17th century, an account will be found in my Univ. Life, p. 308. It will there be seen that voices and violins were employed. An act in musick at Cambridge in 1620 is described, ibid., p. 280; but Bedel Buck (16G5) speaks of a Music Act as not always forthcoming in Die Comitiorum^. So in his account of the Oxford Commencement (1714), Dr Ayliffe says, ' if there he any Person taking a Musick Degree, he is to perform a Song of Six or Eight Parts on Vocal and Instru- mental Musick, and then he shall have his Creation from the Savilian Professors, &c.' In Walmisley's time (1836 — 56), these exercises at Cambridge were usually performed in Trinity Chapelt Dr Eo. Smith, the master of Trinity, who printed a book on Harmonics (1749, &c.) had a correct ear. He would not use a harpsichord until, by a contrivance of his own, he had divided the semitones into their proper flats and sharps. Bishop Spencer Madan (Trin. 3rd wrangler 1749 — 50) had a great passion for music, and sang welP. Dr Smith instructed and patronized Joah Bates (fellow of King's, Craven scholar, 1760), who was director of the original Handel Festival in "Westminster Abbey, and the Pantheon, and founder of the 'Ancient' concerts in Tottenham Street*. 1 At Cambridge there is a grace been seen in the schools * the face of 'Cum in Academia millus sit in Masica any lecturer in any faculty, except in Doctor, Placeat Vobis, ut A.B. Senior j^oetry and musick, for three years Procurator, istiusmodi Doctoris munus past ; that all lectures besides vrere pro hac vice suppleat. ' (Wall-Gnu- entirely neglected.' ning Cerem. 1828. p. 124. In a statute ^ MS. note in the Kegistry, by of 1608 it was ordered that the comt/m Eomilly. 'Father' (Bernard) Smith or great Commencement should be was a member of Beutley's London closed with a musick act, cum hymno Club and built the chapel organ which ab huiusce facultatis inceptore. A was completed by Chr. Schrider his letter in Amhurst's Terrac-Filius, no. son in-law. Monk's Bentley, i. 205. X, dated ' Wadham-collegc , Jan. 22. ^ Cumberland's Memoirs, 109, 105. 1720—21,' says that there had not ^ Gunning's Beminisc. i. ch. ii. MUSICK. 237 Among the deans of Christ Church, H. Aklrich was fond of music, and composed anthems and certain well-known catches. Cyril Jackson, on the other hand, publicly manifested his igno- rance and his contempt for the art^. Dyer relates how the music professor, J, Randall (King's), attended Gray regularly for three months in 1768 to set music to the poet's ode for the Installation of the D. of Grafton ; he complied with the author's taste in adapting the music to the Italian style ; but when he came to the chorus, Gray exclaimed, 'I have now done : — make as much noise as you pleased' For some account of the increased taste for music and 'fiddling' at both universities in the middle of the last century, and Tom Hearne's contempt for ' one Handel a foreigner ' in 1733, I may again be permitted to refer to my University Life, pp. 199 — 204. J. Byrom ordered Corelli's Sonatas when he was a scholar of Trinity in 1710. For the following list, I am indebted to the Compilers of a Collection of Anthems for the Cathedral Church of Lincoln 1875^ Graduate Autliem Writers. J. Alcock, organist of Lichfield and Tamwortli Mus. B. {Magd.) 1755. H. Aldrich, dean of Christ Church, died 1710. S. Arnold (Chapel Eoyal), director of the K. A. of music 1789, Mus. D. {Magd.). T. Attwood, pupil of Mozart at Yienna, organist of S. Paul's 1795. J. Christmas Beckwith, organist of Norwich, Mus. D. (? Magd. Hall.) W. Boyce, Chapel Eoyal, Mus. D. Camb. 1749. J. (Whitfield) Clarke, Mus. D. Dublin, organist of S. John's and Trinity and pro- fessor of Music at Cambridge. W. Croft, organist of Chapel Eoyal and Westminster Mus. D. {Christ Church) 1713. W. Crotch, Mus. D. {S. Mary Hall), professor of music at Oxford, 1797. Mam-ice Greene, organist of S. Paul's and Chapel Eoyal, Mus. D. and professor at Cambridge 1730. Manchester Register, i. 58 (Chetham ^ The collection of 570 anthems Soc.) Cooper's Diet. Biog. contains 15 by Boyce, 14 by Greene, 1 H. Best's Memorials, no. xxii. 10 by Croft, 9 by Attwood, 8 each by 2 Privil. Camb. ii. pt. iii. ( = Sup- W. Hayes and Nares, 7 each by Crotch plement to Hist. Camb.) p. 36. A and Kent, 4 each by Aldrich, Whit- friend of Southey's {Ball. Coll. 1794) field-Clarke and Weldon, 2 each by had a harpsichord in his rooms. Such Beckwith and King, one each by instruments were still in use at Ox- Arnold and P. Hayes; none, so far ford as late as 1805. W. Battle had a as I observe, by Alcock, Norris or spinnet at King's about 1724. Stephen. 238 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. W. Hayes^ organist of Christ Church and Magdalen, Mus. B. (Magd.) 1735, pro- fessor at Oxford. Philip Hayes (son), organist of Magdalen, Mus. B. (Magd.) 17G3, professor at Oxford. Ja. Kent, organist of Trinity College Cambridge and of Winchester. C. King, choir of S. Paul's, Mus. B. (Merton) 1707. Ja. Nares, organist of York and Chapel Royal, Mus. D. Cambridge 1757. T. Norris, organist of Christ Church and S. John's, Mus. B. Oxon. J. Stephens, organist of Salisbury, Mus. D. Cambridge 1763. J. Weldon, pupil of Purcell, organist of Neiv College about 1705. King's College Anthems were published in 8vo. Camb. 1706. The following lines, of wliicli a ms. copy is preserved among Dr Webb's Collections in the University Library, may he thought worthy of notice for the reference which they have to Joah Bates, ' Jemmy Twitcher/ Beverly, &c.^ ' J/r Jennar's Song. Sung at Lord Sandwich's ^. Ye Friends of sound Harmony, Mirth and good Chear ; Who -would sing out the old and sing in the New Year. You that Piddle for pleasure, for Fame, or for Bread ; Come and list at Lord Sandivicli's Kettle Drum Head, derry down down derry down. 1 The music professors Hayes, father (1813. ix. 391, 392) of the 2nd ed. of and son, had been preceded in that pro- Meadley's Life of Paleij, has some fessorship (1682, 1718,) at Oxford by interest in this connexion. two Richards Goodson likewise father ' "When the hall of Christ's College, and son, organists of Christ Clnirch. which had been promised through the " The Persons mentioned are as interest of Dr Shepherd, was fitting follows, — up for a benefit concert for Ximenes, Felice Giardini, violinist, born at a Spanish musician, warmly patronised Turin 1716, died at Moscow, 1796. by Lord Sandwich, Mr Paley and Mr Joah Bates, fellow of King's, B.A. Law peremptorily insisted that the 1764. Secretary to Ld. Sandwich. promise should be recalled unless C. Jenner, Pemb., B.A. 1757. satisfactory assurance was given that Ld. Sandwich, Trin. LL.D. 1769. a lady then living with his lordship, ? T. Champness, Trin. B.A. 1762. and who had been openly distributing Wade Gascoigne, Trin. LL.D. 1757. tickets, should not be permitted to ? C. Norris, fellow of Trin. B.A. 1766. attend. At first the senior tutor, who J. Beverly, Chr., 1767. was in habits of intimacy with Lord Busy. Sandwich," (a very reputable con- Desborough. nexion for a divine and an instructor Ant. Shepherd, B. A. Job. 1743. of youth) " objected to the idea of M.A. Chr. 1747. (Plumian Prof. 1760.) excluding any lady from a public con- Bokeby. cert : but afterwards when they urged ? J. Ward (Dudley), LL.D. 1769. that standing in a public situation as 3 The following anecdote (about instructors of youth it was their duty 1770), quoted in the Quarterly Eeview to discountenance every sort of immo- LORD sandwich's CONCERT. 239 For now from the Cares of the Helme he descends ; And blowing his Whistle, he summons his Friends ; And nothing he leaves them to wish or desire, Except for Giardini a little less Fire. Now the Masters all mount in a terrible Row, And tun'd is each Fiddle, and Eosin'd each Bow, And Giardini when got in his fTantrnms andf Fits Frights the poor Dilettanti quite out of his wits. At the Harpsichord now Joah Bates takes his place : Tho he casts a Shee^j's Eye on his dear Double Bass, To the Heart Strings it grieves him to quit it so soon, For tho he mayn't play it, he'll put it in tune. But when he begins to sprawl over a Chorus And lays the whole matter so clearly before us : No Hearer so stupid but soon understands. He's full Son to Briareus, and Heir to his Hands. Charles Jenner sits trembling close to his right side, And soon as a hard Solo passage he spied, He swore that alone he could do it all right, Tho' he makes the same Blunder but every night. Sam Champness comes lagging, but well propt with Ale He will roar you as sweet as a young Nightingale ; While Gascoigne who plays on the Hoarse Tenor Fiddle And for ever is coming in wrong in the middle ; With more Wit than Musick is cracking his Jests, Which he thinks better Fun than dry counting of Rests. John Beverly^ long had been Fidling the Bass, But his Fingers so long seldom hit the right place ; So the great double Bass to take up he did beg, Where he measures the Stops by the length of his Leg. Giardini for Absentees now looks about, If Desborough's call'd to a worse crying out ; Or if any loose Straglers, the jDractise would balk, If Eokeby or Ward take a Ride or a Walk. rality, and threatened to appeal to' pions of morality and decorum, the the Society in case of his refusal, the older [W. Paley] was then no more assurance was given and the arrange- than twenty-eight.' ment suffered to proceed." Be it re- ^ The notorious Esquire Bedell membered, that of these two cham- (1770), to whom Gunning devotes part 240 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Lord Sandwich mean time ever active and steady Eyes the Drums with impatience, and cries an't yon ready? Knows who are alert, and who always ask pardon ; And who are the Men must be fetch'd from the Garden. When the Band is all marshall'd from front to the rear, And Miss Eay^, and Norris, and Busy appear ; When impatience to start shines in ev'ry man's Face, Steals in Dr Shepherd a tuning his Bass. But now hush'd is each noise, and on each raptm-'d ear Break such sounds as the angels stand list'ning to hear ; Handel rouses, and hearing his own Thunder roar, Looks downward from Heaven, and calls out encore. Dr Webb's collection in the University Library contains, beside the foregoing song (vol. i.), a ^ programvia' (W. Richard- son, Coll. Pet., V.C.) forbidding persons in statu pupillari from attending a public concert, 30 June, 1770 : — Also the programme of a Concert held in the hall of Trinity College on Friday, 26 June, 1772, at 6 p.m.: — Another (three pages 4to) of a concert in the same place 30 June, 1775. of the 5th chapter of the first vol. of 1790. She was shot (1779) when his Reminiscences. Beverly got an coming from Covent-Garden theatre honorary degree from the jn-octors by an unhappy admirer. She was in 1767, and a good deal of money doubtless the person whom Paley from the heads of colleges, &c. in and J. Law obliged Dr Shepherd to various years. exch;de from the concert in their col- 1 MissiJfltfj/jOrWrayjmotherof Basil lege hall. Montagu, Q.C. (Chr.) 6th wrangler, CHAPTER XXI. ASTRONOMY. Sir Roderick {examining Immerito, a candidate for preferment). Sirrah, boy, write him down a good astronomer. Page {aside, writes) 'As colit astra.' The Return from Parnassus (1602), i. 3. Though of old time the subjects of Arithmetic and Geo- metry were reserved for Bachelors in Arts to study, we have already said all that we have to say thereanent on the topic of the Mathematical Tripos. Concerning Astronomy we have still a few remarks to make. The Cambridge professors seem as a rule to have done their duty by this science. First and foremost we have Newton, who by exact scientific reasoning proved the guess of Descartes^ in his general hypothesis of matter and motion to be true, but in a different sense for the material universe. Isaac Newton of Trinity was Lucasian Professor 1669 — 1702, and had his private observatory in the college ^ ^ In illustration of the question in gather depends.' Some Observations dispute between Whewell and Playfair upon the Answer to an Enquiry into on the hold which Cartesianism had the Grounds and Occasion of the CoU' at Cambridge I omitted (p. 125) Each- tempt of the Clergy 1671, p. 144. Cp. ard's (Master of Oath. Hall) humorous above p. 176. description of the 'yoimg pert Soph' ^ Humphrey Wanley was staying in criticizing the country parson's Easter Cambridge in Sept. 1699. He wrote Sermon. 'What a good Text was thus to Dr Charlett of Univ. CoU. here spoyled to divide it into this and Oxon. ' Here was a gi-eat preparation that, and I know not what, when it for observing the EcHpse, a room would have gone so easily into corpus darkened, telescopes fixed and every- and inane ; or into the three Cartesian thing put in order on purpose, and elements. Besides, like an old dull happy that man that could be ad- Philosopher, he quite forgat to sup- mitted ; but after some hours waiting pose the motion of the vortexes upon for black Wednesday parturiunt mon- which the grand business of the tes, the gentlemen having dined with Hypothesis of the Resurrection alto- Duke Humfrey came out very gravely w. IG 242 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. His deputy and successor W. Whiston, of Clare, took in- terest in this pursuit. He records ^ how Sam. Clarke and his father Alderman Clarke, of Norwich, about 1707 or 1708, * happened to be viewing Saturn's Ring at Norwich, with a Telescope of 15 or 16ft. long; when without any prior Thought or Expectation of such a thing, as Mr Clarke assured me, they both distinctly saw a fixed star between the Ring and the Body of that Planet : which is sure evidence that the Ring is properly distinct from the Planet, and at some distance from it : which, tho' believ'd, could hardly be demonstrated before.' When Whiston was deprived of his professorship and cate- chetical lectureship Oct. 80, 1710, he retired to London, and gave astronomical lectures, which were attended by Addison and Sir R. Steele. But just before this he published his Pi^aelectiones Physico-Mathematicae, and three years earlier (1707) he had been especially energetic, editing Newton's nine years' professional lectures on Algebra under the title of Arith- metica Universalis, as well as Praeleciiones Astronomicae^ of his own. In the month of May of that year he and Roger Cotes the young Plumian professor began a course of experiments, from which each of them composed a dozen lectures in hydro- statics and pneumatics. Roger Cotes, of Trinity 1706 — 16, just mentioned, is num- bered among our professors of Experimental Philosophy\ He into the warm sun cursing their Newtoni Mathcmatica explicatins tra- tables, &c., and were as well laughed ditur ; et facilius devionstratur. Come- at as the Sons of Art in London, who tographia etiam Halleiana Commen- hired the monument for the same tariolo illustratur. In Vsum JuvenUi- pui'pose.' Letters from the Bodleian, tis Academicae. Typis Academicis I, 97. 8vo. Prctium 4s. 6d. An english ed. 1 Whiston's Memoir of S. Clarke Lond. 1716, (1730), p. 14. Wliiston lectured also on the Ancient ^ PraelectionesAstronomicae,Ca.ntsi- Eclipses of the Sun and Moon for brigiae mi Scholis publicis habitae, about a year before he was banished Quibus accedunt Tabulae plurimae 1709—10. 3Iemoirs of the Life of Astronomicae Flamstediauae correc- W. Whiston (1749), i. pp. 135, 173, tae, Hallianae, Cassianae, et Stree- 181. His Neio Theory of the Earth tianae. In Usum Juventutis Aca- (1695) continued to be read at Cam- demicae. Pretium 5s. 6d. 1707. bridge. Praelcctiones Physico-Mathematicae , * Cotes was elected unanimously the Cantabrigiae in Scholis pv.blicis hahi- year after he had taken his first de- tae. Quibus Philosophia Illustrissimi gree ! Beutley calls him ' Post mag- PROFESSORS OF ASTRONOMY. 243 is very widely celebrated for his 'property of the circle,' and on the continent Gauss has done honour to his interpolation method for the value of integrals. Mr J. W. L. Glaisher informs me that a method which is even now just beginning to find its way into Cambridge teaching, the treatment of optics by the methods of modern geometry, of which Gauss is the modern founder, is really due, so far as its principles are concerned, to Cotes. Cotes by his College observatory and experiments ' involved himself in a debt^ which his modesty permitted to prey upon his health ; and which put an end to that valuable life at the age of thirty-four. A Person renowned for his great skill in classic literature [Bentley] then presided in the College ; a spectator of Cotes s distress : Into which he had been plunged upon expectations or promises that the expenses should be born {sic) by that opulent College. But the only regard paid him was by the Epitaph composed in classic elegance ; which is inscribed on his monument in Trinity College Chapel. After death every Virtue is sure to meet its reward ^' Monk's life of Bentley (i. 202, 401) hy no means hears out this imputation. In 1714 the Plumian and Lucasian Professors were con- num ilium Newtonum Societatis hujus Philosophica was not printed till sixty spes altera et decus gemellum ; cui years later. (WheweU Hist. Induct. ad summam doctrinae laudem Omnes Sciences, Vol. n. Bk. vi. Cli. vi. § 10; morum virtutumque dotes In cumu- Bk. viii. ch. ii.) lum accesserunt ; Eo magis specta- ^ There was a college observatory in biles amabilesque, Quod in formoso the 2nd court of S. John's (1765), of corporeGratioresvenirent.' (Epitaph.) which Isaac Pennington (then a Soph) Vincent Bourne also wrote epitaphic had charge in 1766 with a stipend of lines in his memory. Three years be- £15 per annum. He was required to fore Cotes' death Brook Taylor (LL.B. dehver observations to the master and St John's) had discovered (simultane- seniors. In 1764 a pair of 16 in. ously with John BernouUi and James diam. globes were ordered, price not Hermann of Basle) the centre of exceeding 10 gmneas ; but it was two oscillation of bodies in motion rigidly years before they were procured, connected by a lever, Taylor published £aker-3Iayor, 1071—1073. in his Method of Increments, 1715, a ^ Ei. Davies' General State of Edu- problem in vibrating strings. He was cation in the Universities with a par- the discoverer of the theorem which ticular View to the Philosophic and bears his name. He contributed to the Medical Education : to Dr Hales. Philos. Transactions, 1712—23. He Bath. 1759. Sold by M. Cooper, London, died in 1731, but his Contcmplatio {Bodl. GoughCamb. G(j),i>. AS. 16—2 244 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. stituted ex officio of the Commission foi' discovering the longi- tude at sea. (Cooper's Annals, iv. 120). Antony Shepherd (M.A. Chr., B.A. Joh.) printed in 1776 ' A description of the experiments intended to illustrate a course of lectures on the principles of natural philosophy, read in the observatory at Trin. coll. Cambridge,' as Plumian pro- fessor^. At the close of the century another of the successors of Cotes as Plumian Professor, Sam. Vince of Caius (1796 — 1822), used to lecture inter alia upon Astronomy ; giving experiments and explanations of instruments^ He printed a ' Plan ' of his course, Camb. 1797. It may have been on account of Vince's suffi- ciency that the special Professor of Astronomy of the later (Lowndesian) foundation, W. Lax of Trinity (1795 — 1836), gave 'no lectures'' at the end of the last century. It certainly was on account of Vince's lectures that "Wollaston the Jackson ian professor lectured in chemistry only instead of alternating with experimental Philosophy, and in his turn Farish took to Me- chanics. The first who had held the office of Lowndes' professor of Astronomy, was Dr Roger Long of Pembroke (1750 — 71), the friend of Gray. His famous ' Zodiack,' constructed with the help of Jonathan Munns, the tin-plate worker, has been noticed in Univ. Life, p. 662. It has only recently been discarded by the society to which he bequeathed it. Until Vince was appointed Plumian Professor, F. J. H. Wollaston of Trin. Hall, professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy (1792 — 18), gave alternate courses on Astronomy with Chemistry, but in 1795 he abandoned the former. An account of the work of their successors at the commencement of the present century- may be found in [Wright's] Alma Mater, ii. 84 (relating to 1818), and Facetiae Cantab. 1836,^3. 159. In 1792 Mr Ingram complained * that our University had need of a good Observatory, and a convenient room for the pro- 1 The covenant of Trin. Coll. with * Camb. Univ. Calendar, 1802, pp. the Plumian Trustees, Feb. 9, 1705, is 23, 24. gi\eii in Cooper'' s Aiinals, IV. 69 n. The ^ Ibid. y). SO. Observatory over the King's Gate is * The Necessity of Introducing Di- meutioned. vinity, &c. p. 108 ?i. ASTRONOMY. 245 fessors in Divinity and the professors of Civil Law and Common Law to read their lectures in. In 1768 there had been a project for building a Music Room and Amphitheatre for professional lectures, started by Walter Titley's donation, but it fell through. There were small Observatories in our principal Colleges — over the 'great ' or ' King's ' gate of Trinity, and in St John's *. The former was erected by subscription of Bentley and his friends (Jan. 170f) and stored with the best astronomical instru- ments which science could at that period produce, — partly at the expense of the library fund. Beneath this Cotes, and after him his cousin Ro. Smith, Bentley's successor, resided as Plumian Professor. Sir I. Newton, and after him Yice-master Walker, occupied the rooms to the north of the gate, and W. Whiston those to the south ^ The following list may interest Oxonian Astronomers and Geometricians : — A Catalogue of lustruments Made and Sold by John Prujean near New- College in Oxford. With Notes of the Use of thcm^. Holland's Universal Quadi'ant, His Arithmetick Quadrant, serving to take Heights hy inspection. Oughtred's Quadi'ant, His Double Horizontal Dial. Gnnter's Quadrant, His Analemma, His Nocturnal. CoUins's Quadrant. Mr Halton's Universal Quadrant for all Latitudes with Mr Haley's notes. Orontia^s Sinical Universal quadrant. Napier's Rods. Mr CasioeVs Nocturnal. Mr Haley's Nocturnal. Mr Tomson's Pantametron. Mr Pound's Cylinder-Dial. Mr Edward's Astrolohe. [sic.] Mr Hooper's Dialing Scales. Scales for Fortification. Scales for Surveying, Dialing, &c. And most other Mathematical Instruments. John Keill (1671 — 1721), born at Edinburgh, studied under David Gregory at the university there, and following him to Oxford, entered at Balliol, and exhibited experiments illus- trative of the Newtonian philosophy by means of an apparatus of his own invention : he also examined Burnet and Whistou's Theories of the Earth. In 1700 he lectured on natural phi- 1 Baker-Mayor 1041, 1073. ^ Advt. at the end of Globe Notes 2 Monk's Bentley, i. 202, Bentley's by R. HoUaud, Oxford, Printed for Corresp. pp. 448, 449, 786. Walker Henry Clements, 1701.— Bodl. Godwin preserved Newton's rooms as far as Pamph. 1238. Another list will ho possible in statu quo, adding Bentley's found among W. Gooch's remains in famed hat to his relics. the Appendix to this volume. 246 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. losophy as deputy for the Sedleian Professor, Sir T. Millington. In the following year he published Introductio ad veram Phy- sicam. Having been elected F. R. S., he took the part of Newton against Leibnitz in the Fluxional Controversy (1708). After paying a visit to America (1709) as treasurer to the ex- iled Palatines, he returned to Oxford, and was made Savilian Professor^ of Astronomy the same year. He again took up the cudgels for Newton against the Cartesians, in a Paper before the Royal Soc, On the Rarity of Matter, &c. In 1711 he be- came Decypherer to the Queen ; and in 1713 took the degree of M.D. Two years later he edited Euclid ; and in 1718 he read an 'Introduction to the true Astronomy, or Astronomical Lectures in the Astronomical School of the Univ. of Oxford,* which was published in 1721, the year of his death. He is said to have been the first who introduced the love of the Newtonian Philosophy at Oxford by his lectures in 1704, laying down very simple propositions which he proved by experiments and from those he deduced others more complex, which he still confirmed by experiments ; till he had instructed his auditors in the laws of motion, the principles of hydrostatics and optics, and some of the chief propositions of Sir I. Newton concerning light and colours. This account of John Keill's positive method is given by his successor Desaguliers in the Preface to his Course of Ex- perimental Philosophy. John Theophilus Desaguliers (1683 — 1749) was born at Rochelle, brought to England after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and sent to Christ Church. B.A. Ordained Deacon 1710. The same year, having removed to Hart Hall, he read lectures on Experimental Philosophy, as successor in that readership to John Keill, who was visiting New England. Having married and taken his M.A, degree in 1712, he com- menced lectures in London in 1713; was made F, R. S. under Newton's presidency in 1714. Published Fires improved, and quarrelled with Edmund Curll for advertising it too much. 1 Keill's master, David Gregory of Carswell) who succeeded Gregory left Balliol, had held this professorship a very favoiu'able impression on (1691 — 1709). The chair had been Uffenbach, who conversed with him fiUed in earlier times by Seth Ward on telescopes in 1710. Beisen, iii. and Chr. Wren. Jo, Caswell (or 180. ASTRONOMY. 24-7 Lectured before K. Geo. I. in 1717. B.C.L. and D.C.L., 1718. With Dr Stephen Hales he invented and exhibited an engine for sea-soundings in 1728. His electrical experiments and papers in the Philos. Transactions, &c. are enumerated in Kippis' Biog. Brit. James Bradley of Balliol, who succeeded Keill as Savilian Professor of Astronomy in 1741, made constant obervations, and discovered and settled the aberration of the fixed stars (1727) from the progressive motion of light combined with the earth's annual motion, and the nutation of its axis (1737). He succeeded Halley as astronomer royal. Two of the Savilian professors of Geometry also held that post-^Edm. Halley of Qu. himself, and his successor in the professorship (1742), Nat. Bliss of Pembroke. Halley, while at Oxford, had published ob- servations on a spot in the sun, by which its motion on its axis was established, in 1676 — two years before he was admitted M.A., and just before his important visit to St Helena. On the evening of June 3rd, 1769, the tower of New Col- lege was used by Mr Lucas a fellow, and Mr Clare of St John's, to observe the transit of Venus ; the Savilian Professor Hornsby was in the Schools' Tower ; and Mr Nitikin (a Russian) and Mr Williamson of St Alban Hall, in the Infirmary\ Cyril Jackson, then A.B. and Student of Ch. Ch., and several others, were stationed in other places, not particularly fitted for the purpose^ This shows how much a proper observatory was then needed at Oxford, The foundations for such an one (the Radcliffe) were laid soon afterwards, in June 1772. In Sept., 1750, a Cambridge man wrote to the Student or Oxford Monthly Miscellany (l. 339) commending the study of astronomy to future country gentlemen, and to all university men. He says, ' I fancy they will find it no inelegant transition from a chapter in Smigletius to a lecture in Keil.' He con- cludes by proposing to commence astronomical communications to the Student, afid refers to an account of the early history of the science by G. Costard ^ fellow of Wadham, in his Two Letters to Martin Folkes, Esq., 1746. 1 Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, W. of = ibid. p. 29. Wykeham and his Colleges, pp. 335, ' Vicar of Twickenliam ; author of 336, [Green's] Oxford during the Last Observations illustrating the Bk. of Job, Century (Slatter aud Eose), p. 22. 17^7. Hist, of Astronomy, 1767, &c. 248 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. A list of Books m use at Cambridge about the year 1730 for Optics and Astronomy. Acta Eruditorum Lipsiae. anno 1683. Bentley, Ei. (Trin.) Boyle Lectures, Serm. viii. Lond. 1693. Boyle, Eo. (Oxon.) Works, abridged by Shaw. 1725. Bullialdus, Ismael (Boulliau) Be Lineis Spiralibus, Paris, 1657. Burgundiae Philosophia. (Cf. p. 79 supra.) Biunet, T. (Clare and Cbr.) Theory of the Earth. Lond. 1681—9. Cartesius, Eenat. (La Fleche) Dioptricks. • Meteor. • Principia. Amst. 1644. Chambers, Epkr. Diet, (sub vocibus Halo, Light, Moon, Parhelion, Eainhow.) 1728. Clarke, S. (Caius) Demonstration of Sir I. Newton's Philos. Clericus, J. (Geneva) Physica. Cantab. 1700, 1705. De Chales, C. F. M. (Soc. Jesu, Turin) Cursus Mathem. Lyons, 1690. Derham, W. (Trin.) Astro-Theol. Lond. 1714, 1726. Domekins, G. Peter. Phil. Newton. Lond. 1730. Fabri, Honorat. (Eome) ii. de Homine. Paris, 1666. Flamsteed, J. (Jes.) 1672—1713. Gassendi, P. (Aix and Paris) Astron. 1702. 's Gravesande, W. J. (Leyden) Physico-Math. Lug. Bat. 1720. Gregory, Dav. (Edinb., Oxon) Astron. foho Oxon. 1702. engl. Lond. 1715. • Catoptricae et Dioptricae Sphericae Elementa. Oxon. 1695. (Lond. 1705, 1715, 1735.) Harris, J. (S. John's) Astron. Dial. (ed. 3. 1795.) Hooke, E. (Ch. Ch.) Posthumous Works. 1705. Huyghens, Christian. Discursus de Causis Gravitat. Lug. Bat. 1724—8. ■ Opusc. Posthuma. Lug. Bat. 1703. Planetary Worlds, or Cosmotheoros. Hagae. 1698. Lond. 1699. Johnson, T. (King's, Magd.) Quaestiones (Opticae pp. 27, 28). (Astronomicae pp. 32, 33) Camb. 1732 ; ed. 3. 1741. Keill, John (Balliol) Examination of Theorists on the Earth. Oxon. 1698. Introd. ad Astron. Oxon. 1715. Lowthorp, J. (Joh.) Abridgment of Philos. Transactions, 3 vols. 4to. Lond. 1716. Malebrauche, Nic. (Sorbonne) Search after Truth. (1674), Trausl. T. Taylor. Lond. 1720. Miscellanea Cvuiosa (Halley, Molyneux, &e.) Molyneux, W. (F. E. S.) Dioptricks. 4to. Lond. 1692. in Misc. Curiosa, ii. 263. Musschenbroeck, P. van. (Leyden) Elem. Physico-Math. Newton, Is. (Trin.) Lectiones Opticae. Opticks, 4to. Loud. 1704. Optice. lat. ed. S. Clarke. Loud. 1706, 1728. Principia Math. Lond. 1687. Camb. 1713. Ode, Ju. Phil. Nat. Principia. Traject. ad Ehen. 1727. ASTRONOMY, &C. 249 Pemberton, H. (Leyden, Gresliam Coll., F.R.9.) View of Newton. Lend. 1728. Philosophical Conversations. -— Transactions. Eiccioli, Giov. Bapt. (Parma) Almagestum Novum. Bologna 1651 — 69. Eizzett, Giov. de Lumiuis affectionibus, or the present State of the Eepublick of Letters. (Rizzett, Giov.) a Confutation of. Eohault, Jac. Physica. ed. 4. (by S. Clarke) 1718. Eowniug, J. (Magd.) Opticks. Smith, R. (Trin.) Opticks, Camb. 1728, 1738. Tacquet, Andr. {Soc. Jesu, Antwerp) Catoptricks (1669). Wallis, J. (Emm. Qu. Savil.) Opera Mathemat. Oxon. 1687—99. Whiston, W. (Clare) Praelectiones Astronom., Camb. 1707. . Physico-Mathem., Camb, 1710. New Theory of the Earth. Lond. 1696, 1725. Worster, Ben. Princip. PhUos. Loud. 1730. It may be well to supplement this index, and that on pp. 78 — 81, with a chronological list of Some Mathematical Books printed since 1730. 1731. Euchd Oxon. L. Trevigar, Conic Sections (in usum juvent. Acad.) Camb. 1734. Is. Barrow's (Trin.) Mathematical Lecttires (Bowyer). Inquiry into the Ideas of Space. Treatises by J. Clarke, E. Law, &o. 1737. W. Whiston (Clare) New Theory of the Earth. Camb. 1738. Ro. Smith (Trin.) Complete System of Opticks (ed. 1. 1728). Camb. Roger Cotes (Trin.) Hydrostatical and Pueumatical Lectures (Bowyer). 1739. R. Dunthorne (Dr Long's servant, Pemb.) Astronomy of the Moon. Camb. Tables of the Moon's Motion. Camb. 1740. Nie. Sanderson (Chr.) Elements of Algebra. 1741. 2 vols. 4to. with Memoir. 1742. Roger Long (Pemb.) Astronomy, 4to. vol. i. Camb. Colin Maclaurin (Glasg. Aberd.) Complete System of Fluxions. Lond. 1744. R. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics. Camb. P. Parsons (Sid.) Astronomic Doiibts. Camb. 1747. J. KeiU (Ball. ) Euclidis Elementa. ed. 4. Oxon. Ralph Heathcote (Jes,) Historia Astronomiae. Camb. 1748. Colin Maclaurin (Glasg. Aberd.) Accoimt of Newton's Discoveries. Lond. ■ Algebra, in 3 parts. Lond. • Geometra Descriptio Curvarum (ed. 2. with Life.) Lond. H. Owen (Jesus) Harmonia Trigonometrica. T, Rutherforth (S. Joh. ) System of Nat. Philosophy. Camb. 1749. R. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics. Camb. Edm. Halley (Queen's) Tabulae Astronomicae. 4to. Lond. 1752, Astronomical Tables, 4to. Lond. 250 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 1756. James Ferguson, Astronomy on Newton's principles. Lond. (also 1757, 1764, 1772, 1778.) 1758. Meuelai Spbaerica. E. Halley, J. Costard. Oxon. 1759. B. Smith (Trin.) Harmonics ed. 2. Camb. Isr. Lyons junior. Treatise on Fluxions. 1760. W. S. Powell (S. Job.) Observations on Waring's Miscellanea Analytica. James Ferguson, Lectures on Mecbanics, Hydi-ostatics, Pneumatics and Optics. Lond. 1762. E. Waring (Magd.) Miscellanea Analytica de ^quationibus algebraicis et curvarum Proprietatibus. 4to. Camb. W. Jones, Essay on Nat. Pbilosopby. Oxon. 1765. Excerpta quaedam e Newt. Priucipiis. J. Jebb et R. Thorpe (Pet.) G. WoUastou (Sid.) 4to. Camb. 1767. Syntagma Dissertationum. (partly scientific). Hyde. Oxon. 1768. James Ferguson, Easy Introduction to Astronomy. 1769. Astronomical Observations at Camb. 1767, 68. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) Lond. 1770. E. Waring (Magd.) Meditationes Algebraicae. 4to. Camb. James Ferguson, Introduction to Electricity. Lond. 1771. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) Hadley's Quadrant, with Supplement. Lond. 1772. E. Waring (Magd.) Proprietates Algebraicarum Cm-varum. 4to. Camb. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) On the Power of the Wedge. Lond. 1774. The Academick Dream (a poem against the excessive study of Mathe- matics) 4to. Camb. 1776. E. Waring. Meditationes Analyticae. 4to. Camb. 1778. T. Kipling (S. Joh.) Elementary part of Smith's Optics. 1780. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) on Newton's Second Law of Motion. Lond. J. Bonnycastle, Scholar's Guide to Aiithmetick. 12mo. Lond. 1781. S. Viuce, Conic Sections. Camb. 1782. E. Waring, Meditationes Algebraicae (ed. 3.) 1783. J. Bonnycastle, Introduction to Algebra. 12mo. Lond. 1784. G. Atwood (Trin.) Eectihnear Motion. Camb. Analysis of Lectures on Nat. Philosophy. Eoger Long's (Pemb.) Astronomy, 2 vols. Camb. (see 1742 — 64.) 1785. E. Waring (Magd.) Meditationes Analyticae. ed. 2. 4to. Camb. T. Parkinson (Chr.) System of Mechanics and Hydrostatics, 2 vols. 4to. Camb. W. Ludlam (S. Joh. ) Eudiments of Mathematics. Lond. 1786. J. Bonnycastle. Introduction to Astronomy in a Series of Letters. Lond. 1787. W. Ludlam (S. Joh.) Eudiments of Mathematics. Camb. 1789. F. Wollaston (Sid.) General Astronomical Catalogue. Lond. J. Bonnycastle. Elements of Geometiy. Lond. 1790. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) on Practical Astronomy. Camb. and Lond. 1792. Archimedes cum Eutocii Ascalou. commentariis. J. Torelli. Oxon. 1793. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Plan of Lectures on Nat. Philosophy. Lond. F, Wollaston (Sid.) Universal Meridian Dial. 4to. 1797. T. Newton (Jes.) Short Treatise on Conic Sections. Camb. E. Waring (Magd.) On the Principles of Human Knowledge (Sup- pressed). MATHEMATICAL BOOKS (1731 — 1800). 251 1794 — 1852. S. John's Coll. Algebraical Equation and Problem Papers. W. Eotherham (Camb. 1852.) 1795. James Wood (S. Job.) Algebra, vol. i. Camb. S. Viuce (Cai., Sid.) Fluxions. Camb. (=vol. ii. of Wood's series). 1796. T. Manning (Cai.) Arithmetic and Algebra, i. Lond. James Wood (S. Job.) Mechanics. Camb. ( = in. i.) S. Vince (Cai. and Sid.) Hydrostatics (= Wood's Series iii. ii.) 1797. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Astronomy vol. i. 4to. Camb. 1798. T. Manning (Cai.) Algebra, vol. ii. Lond. Astronomical Observations (Greenwich 1750—02) J. Bradley (Ball.) and N. BHss, Oxon. James Wood (S. Joh.) Elements of Optics. Camb. (=iv. i.) 1799. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Principles of Astronomy (complete = Wood's Series, IV. ii.) 1800. S. Vince (Cai., Sid.) Plane Spherical Trigonometry. Logarithms. Camb. Principles of Hydrostatics. Camb. of Fluxions. Camb. J. Stephens (? S. Joh.) Method of Ascertaining the Latitude of the northern hemisphere. 4to. Camb. F. WoUaston (Sid.) Fasciculus Astronomicus, 4to. Lond. CHAPTER XXII. CONCLUSION. Eeliquum est 'ZirdpTa.v iXax^s, Taijrav KSafiei. M..T.C. ad Atticum, iv. 6. While we thoroughly accept the position that, if Cambridge is our mother, Oxford is our aunt^; and while we admit the vigour of the latter in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, we shall hardly be considered unfairly prejudiced if we declare our opinion that there were more certain signs of vitality and usefulness in our north-easterly university in the eighteenth century, at least in the latter half of it. Matters at Cambridge are apt to be at a level (not always of necessity a dead level), shewing something of the natural characteristics of the country and the town in which her lot is cast. Their beauty is retiring, and the point from which they may be seen is sometimes far to seek. The elegancies and the virtues of Oxford are more prominent, more obvious, even to those who do not look for them. We may draw a parallel similarly for the intellectual cha- racter as it is trained by the traditional method of each uni- versity. Oxford shews her sons how they may make the most of each point of excellence and turn the smallest details to advantage. Cambridge may be colder and duller, but her pur- pose is to aim immediately at nothing higher than preparing the ground with care and laying the foundation conscientiously. The one aims at producing all, and is in danger of losing the whole : the other is content with one thing at a time; — that at least is gained, though often nothing is built upon it. Again, let us carry the contrast of the sister universities ^ Lakes' Ballad in answer to Ei. universities in 1614, 1615. Cp. Ful- Corbet on K, James I's visits to tlie ler's Hist. o/Camb., preface, 1655. CONCLUSIOX. - 253 into comparison with the genius of the two centuries preceding our own ; Oxford beauty and Cambridge plainness, the Athenian and the Spartan, may be thought to correspond with similar characteristics, — the one of the seventeenth, the latter of the eighteenth century. To take for example one particular where the comparison favours Oxford; a particular where Oxford had a right to pre- eminence, on the ancient and noble theory that to aim at all science is to aim at Theology : we may observe that theological controversy, the study of the sacred languages by raw students, and even reverent care for ceremonial details, was a growth of the seventeenth rather than of the eighteenth century, and seemed more at home at Oxford than at Cambridge. A similar backwardness (we should hardly call it a deficiency) was, I believe, noticeable in our university with regard to physical science. In mathematics (if not in metaphysics) Cambridge could turn the tables on her sister, at least in the latter half of the seventeenth century. But these were the foundations on which all subsequent study, in Theology and the other sciences, was to be built. To these subjects she clung, the like foundation she con- tinued to lay, under the guidance of more skilled master- builders, and with greater energy, during the eighteenth century. In that period a new species of Theology, of a character exclusively protestant and alarmingly negative, the product of the Revolution, was taking the place of the anglican Divinity of Laud or of Cranmer. It was not a great step from Hoadly to Clarke, and so to Theophilus Lindsey to Gilbert Wakefield and William Frend. Those were men of Cambridge education, though no doubt their university was not well satisfied with the superstructure which they raised upon her grounding. How far she produced any better theologians we may perhaps consider hereafter: suffice it to say that when she next produced a decided 'school* of notability, it was not a school of able and learned theolo- gians, but a band of earnest men whose strength lay not in science but in subjective religion. As for Oxford, if the theo- logical bent of eighteenth century character was not agreeable to her traditions, she was content to slumber; at least she raised 254) UNIVERSITY STUDIES. no powerful opposition to the floods which for a season were overwhelming the field of Divinity with a dull and level surface of dead water. But now let us look to the work of 'preliniinary training which rightly or wrongly Cambridge did pretend to do exclu- sively. We may take for example the year 1793 (when Kipling, Is. Milner and others called Frend to account for his pamphlet, and refused the use of the Cambridge University press to a fasciculus of Wakefield's Silva Critica), a time which was allowed to be in the dark ages of the Universities. At Cambridge were circulated the following notices, of which I have printed copies before me; and I know not how many similar evidences of vitality may have perished in the dust-heap. Of the three instructors thus advertising their courses of lectures, one, namely Yince, was not a professor in 1793. He was promoted three years later and continued to lecture and publish as Plumian professor. ' Cambridge, Oct. 10. 1793. On Monday, Nov, 18, at four o'Clock in the Afternoon, The Rev. S. Vince, A.M., F.RS., Proposes to begin his Philosophical Course of Public Lec- 'tures in the Principles of the Four Branches of Natural Philosophy, With the Application to a great Variety of Pro- blems, and on the Principia of Sr. I. Newton, with the most useful deductions. To be continued every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. That Part of the Course which contains the Lectures on the Principia, will for the Conveniency of those who shall then have commenced Sophs, be given at the End of the present and Beginning of the next Term. And on Tuesday, Nov. 19, at the same Hour, he proposes to besrin his Mathematical Course of Public Lectures on the Prin- ciples of Arithmetic, Algebra, Fluxions, Trigonometry, plain and spherical, Logarithms, Ratios, &c., &c. To be continued every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday. Each Course to be attended a second Time gratis. CAMBRIDGE TEACHING IN 1793. 255 Terms of attendance are 5 Guineas for each Course. They who purpose to attend are requested to send in their Names\' The next notice tells that the Jacksonian Professor (F. J. H. Wollaston) will begin to lecture on the same subjects to candidates for the degree of B.A., and in the ensuing January will instruct questionists. Another (preserved accidentally like the others) signifies that the Professor of Anatomy (Busick Harwood) will lecture on Human Anatomy and Physiology. This shows that some attempt at least was made to supply professional education. Such is a specimen of the pabulum which was provided in the University. If in the next place we peep into the private diary ^ of a scholar of Trinity written that same month of November, 1793, we find him reading 'Ratios and Variable Quantities,' transcribing a Syllabus of Mechanics, attending certain lectures and declamations, beside other literary reading and conver- sation. The diary breaks off in the middle of the month and is resumed in the following spring, when the writer appears to be studying Euripides Hippolytus, Sophocles Oed. Coloneus, Lowth de Sac7'a Poesi, Grecian History, Locke, Astronomy, and attending Mr Tavel's college lectures on Euclid Bk. xi, and Spherical Trigonometry, and professor Wollaston's public lec- tures aforementioned. But, not to confine our investigations to one college, we find that at S. John's there were the annual examinations which had been established nearly a quarter of a century before : 1 A similar notice dated 'Trinity Part: or 8 Guineas the whole course.' Jfa7Z, Nov. 2, 1793,' informs students This was I suppose a private venture that the Eev. F. Wrangham, with the ofWrangham and Montagu. The former Assistance of Basil Montagu, M.A. lost his election three days after this Chr. will dehver (at 4 p.m.) a Course date. Shortly after this the friends of Lectures upon— formed an elaborate plan of taking 'Mathematics and Natural Philoso- pupils at Cobham (Gunning's iiemimsc. phy. The Mathematical Part will in- ii. 1). On seeing their latter pros- chide Algebra, Fluxions, &c. The pectus Sir James Mackintosh re- Philosophical Part the Four Branches, marked 'A boy thus educated will be Newton's Principia, &c. , Illustrated by a walking encyclopaedia.' a Variety of Problems. « Printed in my Univ. Life, 589 Terms of Attendance 5 Guineas each 591. 256 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. These were conducted viva voce except in the mathematical subjects, in which we have evidence that printed papers were set as early as 1793- The following S. John's examination paper for 1794 (or a year or two earlier^) has been preserved by Mr W. Rptherham. ' S. John's College. Cambridge. * (cir. 1794.) , on 7a;' A 352 -12x ^- ^ 2 12 I 15a; - 8)/ = 3o ^— ^ I xy- 7a;/ -945 = 763) • xy -y =12 / 4. A shepherd had two flocks of sheep, the enialler of which consisted entirely of ewes, each of which brought him 2 lambs. Upon counting them he found that the number of lambs was equal to the difference between the two flocks, and that if all his sheep had been ewes and had brought him 3 lambs apiece, his stock would have been 432. Required the number in each flock. 5. A countryman, being employed by a poulterer to drive a flock of geese and turkeys to London, in order to distinguish his own from any he might meet on the road, pulled 3 feathers out of the tails of the turkeys and 1 out of those of the geese, and upon counting them found that the number of turkey feathers exceeded twice those of the geese by 15. Having bought 10 geese and sold 15 turkeys by the way, he was surprised to find as he drove them into the poulterer's yard, that the number of geese ex- ceeded the number of turkeys in the proportion of 7 : 3. Required the num- ber of each. 6. Two persons, A and B, comparing their daily wages, found that the square of A'b wages exceeded the square of £'s by 5; and that if to the square of the sum of the fourth powers of their wages, there wag added 4 times the rectangle contained by the square of the product of their wages and the square of the difference of the squares of their wages, augmented by 12 times the 4* power of the product of their wages, the aggregate amount would be 1428£ Is. Required the wages of each.' If our scholars in the eighteenth century did not pretend to the studiousness of some in earlier days, — such as Henry Hammond who spent thirteen hours in study when he was in 1 '■Algebraical Equation and Prohlem year 1794 to 1852.' pp. 1, 2. See the Papers proposed in the examinations of preface, p. ii. St John's College Cambridge, from the HARD READING. 2o/ residence in Magthden College Oxon\ or even of Robert San- derson (eighteen years his senior), who was content with eleven hours while at Lincoln College^ (M.A. 1608) ; — we find that a wrangler of the year 179G read (at least while a questionist) on an average nearly ten hours per diem; once or twice, as much as twelve hours and a half. About ten years earlier. Gunning having remarked that some people supposed Vickers of Queens' would run Brinkley (of Caius) hard for the senior wranglership as he read twelve or fourteen hours daily, Parkinson, the tutor of Christ's observed, "If he means to beat him, he had better devote six hours to reading, and six hours to reflecting on what he has read^" Probably the books then required in the tripos were more exhausting than those studied in the seventeenth century. However, we find that in the early part of the eighteenth century Waterland expected students to study in the vacations as hard as they did in term-time, while Sir W. Hamilton complains that in the latter part (called somewhat strangely 'the Augustan Age of Cambridge*,') the mathemati- cal examination entailed too severe a strain upon the brains of the examined^: and this was before the French analytical studies had become popular®, and even before Waring's works were published. Paley indeed, as quoted above, p. 66, did in his later 3'ears make some such statement as to the severity of the preparation, but he did so not altogether as blaming the system or its requirements, and I should venture to think that he over- stated the havoc made among weak brains. He himself was quoted^ as an instance of exceptional immunity from the dele- trious effects of being senior wrangler, which may remind us of the Cambridge 'Don's' tale of the no less disastrous effects attributed to a contest of later times, when one old university man represented himself as the only survivor of a certain crew who had rowed a hard race against Oxford not very many years ' Fell's^ammo??/^, ed. 2. (1662), p. 8. " Playfair had stigmatized the iieg- - [Bliss] Oxoniana, iv. 84. lect of analysis in England in his le- ' Gunning's Eeminisc. i. ch. i. view of La Place. Edinb. Rev. vol. xi. * Quarterly Review,0ct.lS17. xvtii. Jan. 1808. •235. 7 QunrterJtj Ri'vifir, .July 1813. ix. * Edivhin-iih Rcvietr. 3tKI. w. 17 2o8 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. before. His hearer was inclined to think that there must be some truth in this charge of destructiveness against boating, f(jr he had been told in confidence a similar tale by jive of his friend's seven colleagues. Of one thing there could be no doubt, that the coxswain was no more. We may be inclined to think in the other case that the brains imported to have been cracked would have given w^ay without the tripos coming in contact with them. In addition to the evidence which we have just now brought forward, our Appendices on the Trinity fellowship and scholai*- ship elections, and the S.John's 'May' examinations, Avill supply some information (supplementary to what has been already printed at the beginning of this compilation) about the measure of study pursued at Cambridge in the last century, especially in individual colleges. Even now we have no regular admission examination pre- vious to matriculation except at Trinity and Trinity-hall; we learn* that there were such examinations at Cambridge about 1787, but they were not universal nor efficient: such a system is indeed established generally in Oxford, but the Quarterly Reviewer Tiailed it as a comparatively recent innovation at some colleges {e.g. Oriel and Balliol) in 1827 (p. 259.) The same writer speaks also of terminal examinations, the Oxford 'collec- tions V in the colleges of both universities, ^ Considerations on the Oaths re- and so the whole work was clone. We qnired by the Univ. of Canihridge, &c., go to Lecturs every other clay hi &c. by a Member of the Senate, 1788. Logics, and what we hear one day we p. 9. Abraham de la Pry me thus de- give an account of the next. Besides, scribes his admissioia a century earlier we go to his [our tutor's] chambers in May, 1690. every night and hears the Sophs and 'I was admitted member of St John's Junior Sophs dispute, and then some College the day following. First I was one is called out to conster a chapt in examined by my Tutor, then by the the New Testament which after it is Senior Dean, then by the Junior Dean, ended then we go to prayers, and then and then by the Master [Dr Gower]; to our respective chambers.' Surtees who all made me but construe a verse Soc. (1870) liv. p, 19. or two apiece in the Greek Testament, ^ CoUections. An examination ivt except the Master, who asked me both the end of term on the subjects of in that and in Plautus and Horace college lectures, &e, Cp. the Wyke- too. Then I went to the Eegisterer hamical term ' gatherings.' to be registered member of the College, THE TUTORIAL SYSTEM. 259 The system of tuition uuderweut some modifications, I suppose it was within fifty years of the establishment of our Elizabethan academical constitution (1570 — 1620) that the college tutors^ supplanted the university teachers and professors, and undertook their work^: so much so that enrolment under a tutor as sponsor was required. However, it was not until 1630 that each«student was obliged to be under a tutor of his own college (the Laudian system). As 'pupil-mongers' the college- tutors took classes more or less formal; — in fact something between our modern college-lectures and private tuition. When the age of admission became later, and students and tutors no longer 'chummed' together in the same rooms, the parental relationship in which the tutor stood to his pupil was lost (it had died out probably before the accession of George II.), and only one or two tutors (such as Paley and J. Law at Christ's) made any attempt to revive it^. In days when non-residence* of fellows was unusual, and the senior tutor's lectures became obsolete, and when the importation of fresh mathematical lore made the contest of the tripos dependent on less obvious ^ The earliest tutor's accoitnts which I know are those of several pupils of Whitgift (1570—76) when he was Master of Trinity. See British Mag. xxxii. 361, 508, 650. from MSS. in Lambeth library. - That is, the formal lectures which are universal in our larger colleges. In colleges where there are but two or three men engaged upon one subject, <)r a few men so slow or so backward as not to be able to profit by the inter- collegiate or other lectures, the tutors iind it desirable to adopt something very like the older system in addition to the now more ordinary formal lec- tures for those who can use them. 3 The tutorship at Christ's was held about the middle of the century by Dr Ant. Shepherd (B. A. 1743, Plumian Prof. 1760-96. Cp. p. 238). After the eminent W. Palexj (senior wrangler, 1763) and J. Law (2"'* wrangler and senior medalist, 1766 ; Bp. of Elphin) had undertaken respectively the mo- ral philosophy and divinity, and the mathematical and natural philosophy lectures for some time, they demanded to be taken into partnership. Paley continued his work till 1776, but Law went out of residence in 1774, and was succeeded by T. Parkinson (senior wrangler, 1769 ; archdeacon of Leices- ter) the writer of a treatise on me- chanics (4to. Camb. 1785) who was H. Gunning's tutor. The lectures in classics, logic and moral philosophy, Grotius, &c., were taken by J. B. Searle, the writer on metres, who was 2"'^ medallist and 7"^ wrangler in 1774. ■* Leave of non -residence was granted in the 17'^ centm-y only under very exceptional circumstances. See par- ticulars concerning Bo. Mason of S. John's (1624-7), Mayor's Baker, 491 ?. 11, 494 1. 30. It would be interesting to know when the present relaxation of the rule of residence began. 17—2 260 UNIVERSITY .STUDIES. methods of preparation, the private tutor rose into correspond- ing importance. In 1782 and 1795 we find newly-admitted bachelors of arts taking one or two pvipils even before they were elected fellows, from which body alone the regular college- tutors were taken. Watson himself^ took pupils when he was only a junior soph in 175G. Professor G. Pryme sa.ys^ that in 1800 he and many others found the regular college-lectures in term-time sufficient in- struction without private 'coaching,' He was sixth wrangler in 1803. Bp. Watson, who prided himself on his liberality, puts forth a general charge of unfairness in examining against 'the Johnians,^ instancing the result of his own tripos (1759) as a case in point. W. Abbot the moderator had, he affirms, placed Millington Massey^ of his own college, and one of his private pupils, as senior wrangler, 'in direct opposition to the general sense of the examiners in the Senate-House,' who declared in Watson's favour. I doubt whether the professor was correct in styling Abbot 'the leading moderator*.' However, he says that the case was notorious, and that old Dr Smith, the Master of Trinity, sent for him, and told him 'not to be discouraged, for that when the Johm'ans had the disposal of the honours, the second wrangler was always looked upon as the first.' I am afraid we must admit that a Trinity moderator (Lax in 1791) was similarly charged by a Caius man. Our Cambridge examination system, with its accurate and absolute arrangement of honour-men in the class-list, a system devised or adopted by the sagacious masters of continental ^ Anecdotes, p. 16. — J. Evelyn had J. Willey, M.A. Chr. ) ^ ' / Proctors at BalUol in 1637 a private tutor who T. Metcalf, M.A. Joh. ) had not then heen elected fellow. Adam Wall, M.A. Ch. ) 2 Eeminisc. p. 48. W. Abbot, M.A. Joh. ) * 3 Millington Massey was of Man- D^ W. Stevenson, Joh. '\ V.C. and Chester School. He was afterwards S. Berdmore, Jos. I proctors' chaplain to visct. Weymouth, rect. of Nic. Browne, Chr. | Honorary Corsley Wilts (CflTH^. Chron. 21 Mny, J. Ha wes,t7es. (medallist) J 'optimes.' 1768) and died 26 Dec. 1807 (Hoare's M. Massey, Joh. (senior wrangler). Modern Wilts, iii. (1) 18.) Ei. Watson, Trin. * The tripos for the year l7r)9. P. Forster, Jes. Lvufurd Caryl, D.D. Jes. V.C. cVc. &c. PRIVATE TUTORS. 2C1 education*, is of necesssity liable to suspicion of unfairness, but it is gratifying to know that such a charge has been very rarely brought against its decisions. Watson was of opinion that a plan which he introduced in 1763, whereby the preliminary 'classes' (pp. 45 — 53) under examination were composed no longer of all the men of one college, but of groups of men whose proficiency had been ascertained to be approximately equal, tended to do away with an element of inequality^ Such instances of partiality as that to which he referred were particularly attacked by a grace of 21 June, 1777, which prohibited any examiner from having as private pupil any one who was within a year of his tripos. However there seems to have been occasion soon afterwards (when the Smith's prizeman T. Catten, or Cattou, afterwards tutor of S. John's, who was expected to be senior wrangler, was put below two others) for a more stringent law (25 Jan. 1781), incapacitating from his degree any student' who should read with any private tutor as a senior soph or questionist, indeed within two years of his degree-time; but no security was demanded ^ By graces of 9 April 1807, 3 July 1815, and 19 May 1824, the prescribed period was reduced from two years to a year and a half, then to one year, and finally to six months; and so I suppose it still stands in the ordinance-book. ^ Tlie university of Louvain {found- to the number twelve in each year, ed in 1425) which presents a singular (see above, p. 49,) icas strictly true of instance of our English collegiate sys- the Louvain second class. tern among foreign universities, and ^ Anecdotes of 'Ri.V^atson {1818), 1.29. which was said to have been recently ^ Dr Webb's collection contains a under the influence of the Jesuits, for printed copy of a grace to abolish whose church Leopold William laid private tutors for any except pension- the first stone in 1650, possessed a aril maiores (fellow-commoners) and complete tripos system at least as early noblemen ; and, in favour of the as 1627 (Vernulaeiis, ii. 6. ap. Sir W. ' coaches ' — Queries addressed to Every Hamilton's Discussions, Appendix, iii. Impartial Member of the Senate, 24 B). There they strictly prescribed Jan. 1781 (4to pp. 3). Also The Tri- even the quota to be furnished by umph of Dulness, a Poem : occasioned each college to the first and second by a late grace. ..1781. (4to. pp. 15.) class. It is curious to observe that •* Whewell, University Education Jebb's curious statement that the (1837), p. 75. Of a Liberal Education Cambridge senior optimes were limited (1815), §§ 269 — 275. 202 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. The office of college-tutor* being often monopolized by a senior fellow (for few juniors can have had the spirit which enabled Paley to insist on being taken into partnership), and residence being the lule, there was some temptation for newly-elected fellows to indulge in idleness after the severe tax which the tripos is said to have laid upon them, and then to take one or two private j^ujiils, instead of pursuing their own studies, as the constitution of the university required. I have said that the establishment of tutors on the part of the colleges tended to make the lirofessorsliips on the part of the university superfluous so far as lecturing went. At the end of the last century, I believe not more than one in three of tlie Oxford Professors gave lectures ; several of them are not reported to have written or studied in their chairs. Some particulars on these points I have given in another place^. At the same period nearly one half of the Cambridge pro- fessors gave lectures; of the rest, Person, Watson, Hailstone, Lax, and (perhaps) Milner', were doing useful work. One inter- esting particular has been pointed out, i. e. that out of the thirty- three professorships now enumerated in our Cambridge Calen- dars no less than twelve* (or fourteen) owe their origin to the 1 The TUTORIAL FEES per qnarter appear to have varied thus in the years 1570-76 1721-67 1767-1802 1802 1877. s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Nobleman 13.4 6.0.0 8. 0.0 7.10.0 10. 0.0 Pensioner |- "^^^^Jo^ 10. 3.0.0 4.0.0 3.15.0 7.10.0 ( •? minor 6.8 1.10.0 2.0.0 1.17.6 4.10.0 Sizar ? ? 15.0 ( . 15 . 18.9 1.10.0 ( aft. 1?. The statistics for the period 1697-1721, I have not been yet able to discover. 2 University Social Life in the xviii'^^ 1749. Norrisian, Divinity, 1777. Jack- Cent. 83 — 87. souian, Natural and Experimental 3 Frend and Reginald Bligh severally Philosophy, 1783. Downing, Laws, charged Milner in print with ineffici- (1788) 1800. Downing, Medicine, 1800. eucy; but either of them had a per- To these may be added Sadlerian, sonal griidge against him. Mathematics, 1710, and Hulsean Di- 4 Chemistry, 1702. PlumianAstron. vinity (Christian Advocate), 1789, both and Exper. Philos., 1704. Anatomy, re-modelled in 1860. "Whitehall Preach- 1707. Eoyal, Modern History, 1724. er, 1724.— The Battle Scholarships Ld. Almoner's Arabic, 1724. Botany, were founded in 1746, Seatonian 1724. Woodwardian, Geology, 1727, Prize, 1749. Chancellors' Medals, 1751. Lowudean, Astronomy and Geometry, Members' Prizes, 1752. Worts' Tra- PROFESSORSHIPS. 263 eigliteenth century, while Oxford was endowed with only seven ^ in that period, as compared with eight founded in the seven- teenth century when Cambridge gained only four. Perhaps the donations to the Bodleian in the last century made up this inequality to Oxford, though we must not forget the royal present of books to the Avhiggish university. However, Cam- bridge did not owe her professorships to her politics: at least she received no more from the Crown than did her tory sister. Indeed lord Macclesfield proposed by his scheme in 1718 (see Univ. Life, pp. 5G8, 5G9) to bribe students from disaffection in both universities by government favours. How far this scheme of the lord chancellor's was carried into effect I cannot say. Perhaps his representations may have suggested the establish- ment of the Modern History and Languages professorships in 1724^ To what extent the Universities were affected by the pri- vileges or the disabilities which characterized the age, it is no easy task to estimate. Of the territorial assignment of endowments in the way of county fellowships, &c., we shall have occasion to speak else- where ^. The paucity of lay-fellowships, so far as it was a disadvantage to the university and the church, produced such results indirectly rather than immediately. This matter will fall more naturally under the head of religious life. However, veiling Bachelorships, 1766, Smith's lor's Prizes, 1768. Bampton Lecturer, Prizes, 1768. Sir W. Browne's Medals, 1780. and Scholarship, and Hulsean Prize, 2 jt jg interesting to find that two 1774. Non-isian Prize, 1780. Mr Potts of his suggestions (1718) anticipated enumerates ahout seventy benefactors the princii^les of modern changes (1860) to the colleges, some of whom founded in the most ancient foundation of more than one exhibition, prize, Ac, Peterhouse : — -the limited tenui-es of in the last century. fellowships (10 years for laymen, and 1 At Oxford: — Birkhead, Poetry, 20 for clerical fellows, compulsory ac- 1708. Royal, Modern History, 1724. cording to his scheme, which, however, Eawlinson, Anglo-Saxon and Lee's provided strict rules against non-resi- Anatomy, cir. 1750. Vinerian Laws, dence) and the life-long tenure for the 1755. Litchfield, Clinical, 1772. Lord tutors after 15 years' service. The Almoner's Arabic, 1775. We might rotation of college offices, which is now add, the modifications in tlie Oxford practically a rule, was also one of his Botany Professorship in 1728 and 1793. devices. Eadcliffe's Travelling Fellows, 1715. ^ Appendix V. ■Whitehall Preacher, 1724. Chancel- 264 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. it must be confessed that Cambridge and Trinity college came near to lose Porson, ostensibly at least through scarcity of lay- endowment \ The condition of celibacy, which is even now with a few exceptions required in fellows, found some assailants in 1765 — 6, 1783, and 1793 — 8^; but it is not unlikely that its abolition at such a period would have had disastrous effects: at least, to judge from Gunning's picture of society in Cambridge, many of the dons would, in all probability, have fallen an easy prey to undesirable matrimonial connexions to an extent hardly to be anticipated in the present day. The abiding part of the society in each college being clergymen, it was to be expected that the education there should be either theological, or at least not such as should train students and their teachers for any pro- fession rather than for Theology. To this perhaps we may attribute the smalln^s of the effect produced by the Universi- ties upon the professions of Law and Physic, and upon the studies of those professions. (See above, Chapters xr. and xiv.) It was observed (p. 173) there were 'phy sick-fellows' in one of the colleges. We may add that at S. John's college, Cam- bridge, there were two law and two medical fellowships, not indeed yet quite extinct. In 1627, K. Charles issued a mandate to the college to exempt from the necessity of proceeding to holy orders John Thompson, M.A., who had applied himself to the study of civil law^ and was employed in the King's service, being M.P, for Cambridge ; and in 1635 two fellowships were assigned to law by royal letters ^ K. Charles II. likewise continued his fellowship for an M.D., Henry Paman, while he travelled in 1662^ 1 H. F. Cary of Cli. Ch., the trans- learned Fellow of College; and lator of Dante, tried unsuccessfully found near the Senate House. March for a lay-fellowship at Oriel in 1794, 21, 1798.' pp. 8. In it ' Toleration of Memoir by his son, i. 53, 61. Marriage,' the pamphlet by C. Farish 2 University Life, 353 — 7. To the (Qii-)» brother of the professor, is bibliography of this subject there given ridiculed. we may add the title of the following ^ The act of Hen. VIII. allowed pamphlet, of which there is a copy in Ecclesiastical jurisdiction to D.C.L.s Peterhouse library [e. 10. 23 (8)], ' A in spite of marriage. Fragment on Matrimoiu/: Supposed to * Mayor's Baker, 293 n. ; 493, I. 30. have fallen out of the pocket of a * Ibid. 542, I. 40. LAW AND PHYSICK (ADDITIONAL). 265 We read occasionally in earlier time of Cambridge doctors of Civil Law\ but our university still keeps up a nominal recog- nition of Canon Law by dubbing all and every one of her legal graduates bachelor, or doctor, of Latvs (LL.B., LL.D.). Oxford, however, has not kept up even this semblance, for she knows only the degree in Civil Law (D. C. L.); nevertheless when one of her doctors of Civil Law becomes an Ecclesiastical Judge he adopts almost always (as Dr W. G. F. Phillimore informs me) in legal documents the Cambridge style of doctors of Laws. Chichele's foundation for canonists at All Sotds has, under the University Commissioners, been applied to fellowships for proficiency in Law and Modern History. But we are warned not to wander in either direction beyond the limits of the eighteenth century. Suffice it therefore to say that we hope if Mr Mullinger continues his early history of the University, he will give us some account of the influence which the clergy and the universities have exercised upon the practice and the study of laws. Sir Robert Phillimore has already given a brief historical outline (which might be perused with much profit at the present time when the question of the history of ecclesiastical and lay courts is so important) in the Preface to the 1st volume of his Commentaries upon International Law (1854) pp. xix. — xxxvi". ^ e.g. the primary representatives in Sir Ja. Eyre, Commoner of Wintou parliament of the university, at the and Merton (M.A. 1759). beginning of the reign of James I. Jer. Bentham, Queen's (B.A, 1764, aged Cooper's Annals, ii. 3. 16), attended Sir W. Blackstone'a " The list of authorities there given lectures. and the pages referred to in the Sir Sovdden Lawrence, Job., 'legista,' text suggest several of the following or Law fellow, B.A. 1771, son of the names of some judges, advocates, eminent Oxford anatomical reader, writers on international or ecclesiasti- H. Addington, Vis'. Sidmouth, (Com- cal law, &c., who though educated at moner of Winton and B.N.C., univ. one or other of our universities, have prize essay. 1779). not been commemorated either in Sir Job. Littledale, Job. (B.A. 1787). chapter xi, or on p. 134 among the Sir Alex. Croke, Oriel (B.C.L. 1787). canonists, &c. Sir N. C. Tindal, Trin. (B.A. 1799). Sir G. Hay. Joh. (B.C.L. 1737). Sir Lane. Shadwell, Job. (B.A. 1800). D' J. Bettesworth, Ch. Ch. (B.C.L. Some among these (like others men- 1744). tioned in ch. xi.) took high places in D"' G. Harris Oriel (B.C.L. 1745) trans- the Cambridge tripos and were fellows lated Justinian's Institutes. of their Colleges, as may be seen from 266 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. When professor Mayor's 'Cambridge in the Reign of Queen ■Anne' is in the hands of the public the name of John Marshall of Christ College will, I presume, be better known among Indian scholars. Although he was in advance of his age* we must be content for the present to relegate him to the seventeenth century, when he travelled, until he is formally introduced in the company of Uffenbach with proper dignity by the professor himself. The discoverer and editor of the Missing Fragment of the latin translation of the ivth book of Ezra has kindly sent me a memorandum of the following testimony of Ewald in praise of our Cambridge professor, Ockley's version^ of the Arabic trans- lation of that book barely mentioned above. 'Es freut anerkenncu zu konnen, dass Ockley, welcher den faclikennern audi als iibersetzer der Wagidiiischen geschichte der eroberung Syriens bekannt ist, hier eine im ganzen nicht bios lesbare sondern audi zuverlassige iibersetzung gegeben hat. Zwar irrt er einige mahl ziemlich stark: fiir seine zeit aber, muss man sagen, war er nach diesem zeugnisse ein ausgezeich- neter kenner des arabischen. Auch nierkt man leicht, dass er hier iiberall mit Hebe arbeitete.' It appears that the recovered fragment had been seen in a Complutensian MS. by John Palmer (Joh.), who held the Adams professorship of Arabic (1804 — 19), and afterwards aug- mented its endowment by his bequest. His journal has been recently brought to light, and its contents have been described in the Journal of Philology. Mr Bensly, to whose unsparing kindness I am indebted for the following information also, has shewn me that there is much interesting matter to be collected relative to Cambridge and •the Univ. Calendar, ■wbicli will also tioned — W. Murray Ld. Mansfield testify to the early honours of many of (born 1705) of Ch. Ch., J. Freeman our judges at the commencement of Mitford Ld. Eedesdale (born 1748) of the 19"" century. A complete list of Netv Coll., and Ro. Plumer Ward (born our 18"* century imiversity jurists 1765) of Cli. Ch. would probably contain many eminent ^ See above pp. 156, 162, 163 n. names here omitted. ^ Printed in the Appendix to vol. iv. Among those who did not- stay at of Winston's Primitive Christianity Oxford long enough to take a degree Revived. Loud. 1711. . (see above, p. 144 n.) might be men- ORIENTALISTS (ADDITIONAL). 2G7 Oxford oriental studies in the period preceding that with which we are specially concerned. The following remarks, however, relate more closely to the 18th century \ Dr Humphrey Prideaux asserted" that he had the offer of the hebrew professorship vacated by Pococke, and ultimately filled, as we have seen (p. 168), by D"" Hyde, but that he refused it because he 'nauseated' at once the study of hebrew and residence in Christ Church, which would have been his abode, as it had been in the days when he published the Marmora Oxoniensia. Mention ou^ht to have been made above of Jean Gamier, a Parisian orientalist who renounced his orders on account of the obligation to celibacy, and declared himself a protestant. 'His principal works' (says AP Thompson Cooper) 'are an edition of Joseph Ben Gorion's History of the Jews,' with a Latin translation [4to Oxon. 1706]; an edition of Abulfeda's "Life of Mohammed," in Arabic and Latin [fol. Oxon. 1723]; and Vindiciae Kircheri- anae, sen defensio Concordantiarum Graecarum Conradi Kir- cheri, adv. Abr. Trommii animadversiones." [1718.]' Gagnier received the degree of M.A. at Cambridge per litteras regias in 1703, and afterwards settled at Oxford^. He died 2 March, 1740. The work done by the oriental professors as university officers was not great: they may have been discouraged, as Castell was in the previous century, by some decline in the interest shewn by students in their special study, till (as we have seen) they lost the habit of lecturing, and satisfied their consciences, or the requirements of the age, by contributing their copy of verses to the collection of liictus et gratidationes* and the like, on those public occasions which were found for them indeed with toler- ^ W. Betlwell made vast collections p. 150. for an arable lexicon, wliicli are now ^ Among the Graduati Oxonienses among the MSS. in the University is 'Gagnier (John) Wadli. B.A. Oct. Library. These materials Castell used 24, 1740.— MA. July 2, 1743;' who for the arable portion of his polyglott was, I suppose, son of the above-men- lexicon. See H. J. Todd's Memorial tioned orientalist. of Brian Walton, i. 106. Pattison's * One of these collections, that on Is. Casaubon, p. 329. Q. Anne's accession in 1702, has been For a notice of the arabic taylor, already noticed pp. 164, 165 ; and a H. Wild, who came from Norwich to list of such collections of verses, none Oxford, see Macray's Annals of the of them of course exclusively oriental, Bodleian, pj). 141, 142. may be found in my University Life, 2 Letters to Ellis, Camd. Soc. (1873), pp. 609—10. Mr Bensly has kindly 268 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. able regularity. At least one of them went so far as to give up for a time even the pretence of residence, and to take pupils in Edinburgh \ taken the trouble to note tlie names of does not speak very highly of the corn- oriental versifiers in several more of position, these sets at different periods. He anno. 1697. A hebrew poem, auctore T. Bennet A.M. coll. Joh. Soc. 1700. hebrew P. Allix, coll. Eegin. alumno. ^^^^^"^l Simon Ockley, A.B. Coll. Begin. arable ) hebrew Greg. Clarke, Aul. Cath. alumno. 1715. hebrew \ (gi-eek andl Phil. Bouquet, S.T. et ling. S. Prof. latin) j hebrew Jo. Wake, Coll. Jes. alumno. 1751. arable Leon. Chappelow. hebrew Th. Harrison, A.M., Coll. Trin. Soc, Ling. S. P. hebrew Fleetwood Churchill, Aulae Clar. alumno. hebrew Bob. Hankinson, Coll. Chr. Soc. arable Bi. Forester, A.M., Aul. Pemb. hebrew B. Sutton, Trin. Coll. hebrew Th. Evans, A.B., Coll. Jes. 1760. arable L. Chappelow, Ling Arab. P. hebrew Gull. Disney, Ling. Hebr. P. hebrew S. Hallifax, Aul. Trin. Soc. hebrew Ja. Sheeles, A.B., Coll. SS, Trin. 1761. arabic L. Chappelow. hebrew Gull. Disney, Ling. Hebr. Prof. Beg. hebrew H. FUtcroft, C. C. C. Soc. Comm. arabic Jo. Wilson, Coll. Trin. alumno. 1762. arabic L. Chappelow, Ling. Arab. Prof. hebrew Guil. Disney, Ling. Hebr. P. Beg. hebrew J. Cowper, A.M., C.C.C. hebrew H. Flitcroft, A.M., C.C.C. hebrew Ja. Eaton, Coll. Div. Pet. alumno. arabic J. Wilson, A.B., Coll. Trin. 1763. arabic L. Chapellow, Ling. Ar. Prof. hebrew Guil. Disney, Ling. Hebr. Prof. arabic S. Hallifax, Aul. Trin. Soc. hebrew T. Bennett, Coll. Trin, ' His advertisement (on the fly-leaf Begins Hebrew Professor, at Cam- of The British Indian Monitor, vol. i, bridge, continues to receive into his 1806) is thus expressed, house a limited Number of Pupils, 'Education. who may require a complete Private The Bev. Henry Lloyd, D.D. former- Education, or to be prepared, either ly a Fellow of Trinity College, and now for an English Public School or Uui- CONCLUSION, 2G9 It will be seen that this statement, with which this con- cluding chapter must now be brought to an end, touches ujjon a blot in Cambridge history. Before he began to search the records themselves, the writer, trusting to vague report, expected to find those records disfigured with very many blots of this kind. He rejoices to say that he now believes that the annals of Cambridge study in the eighteenth century (like some ancient manuscript more spoken of than read) on closer inspection shew more fair pages and reveal more honest work than he at least had hoped to find. As for the sister university : it is difficult even at Sparta not to praise the Athenians. But modern Oxford needs no praise from the writer; while he has already said how dim he thinks her glory had become a century ago. It may be that those who have a deeper knowledge of Oxford history and records will find grounds for modifying his belief in the unfavourable accounts of Oxford which have been quoted in this book. Some of them no doubt were penned by enemies of Athens. Possibly the writer himself, if he could have accepted the invitations of hospitality which were not wanting, would have found some records of late eighteenth century activity at Oxford which escaped him when he last had leisure to search her treasure- houses. As to his own work, he would be well pleased if, of the subjects so imperfectly and unskilfully treated in the several chapters of the present book, each one were properly handled in a monograph by one who had given his attention to that special versity, the East India College at No. 1. South Side, George Street. Hertford, or the Seminaries in Edin- Edinburgh.' burgh. With a view to facilitate the D' Henry Lloyd fellow of Trinity, progress of Oriental Literature in his 10* wrangler in 1785, was Ling. Heb. native City, and render himself essen- Prof. Eeg. 1795 — 1831. He proposed tially useful to those of his young to translate Eichhorn's Introduction countrymen who may have, or expect to the Old Testament. See Classical appointments to India, D"" Borthwick Journal, iii. 243. Life of Geddes, pp. Gilchrist, formerly Professor iu the 545, 546 {Geddes to Eichhorn). Sir College of Eort William, &c. &c., has W. Hamilton's Discussions (ed. 1. offered his occasional Assistance, in 1852) p. 508. this Branch of Instiuction. 270 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. branch of science or literature. Each monograph tlien might shew what advances have been made since the commencement of the nineteenth century, and we should see how in the places where a century ago were blots and blanks (as in the instance of Cambridge oriental studies cited above), the vellum is clear, the letters now painfully and severely traced are beginning to follow one another, and by the blessing of the Divine Illuminator whose is 'the silver and the gold,' the glory will at last crown the work of the faithful hearts and hands labouring in our Colleges and Universities. And to Cambridge men this page would say SpARTAM . NACTVS . ES HANC . EXORNA. APPENDICES. I. Fraevaricatio M''' Duport, Trin. coll. Socii. 1G31. Notes of a Musick Speech, Terrae Films and Philosopher's speech Oxon. 1G15. II. Letters, &c. from Cambridge Undergradiiates [J. Strype,] W. Reneu (Jes.), T. Goodwin (Trin.), J. Hinckesmau (Qu.), T. Hinckesman (Triu.), and W. Gooch (Caius). _170|— 91. III. A Student's Guide by Dan Waterland (Magd.) 1706—40. IV. 'EyKVKXoTratSeta. A Scheme of Study by Ro. Green (Clare) 1707. Y. Examinations foi* Fellowships and Scholarships at Trinity College, Cambridge. Zouch's scheme. The Annual May Examination, &c. VI. Annual Examinations at S. John's College, Cambridge, 1765 — 75. Old examination pap>er fi-om Caius Coll, Library. VII. Proctor's Honorary Senior Optimes and Aegrotat Degrees. 1750—97. Junior Proctor's Memoranda. 1752. Old University Calendars 1796, &c. VIII. Specimens of the Schools ylr^?(wie?zfe. 1772 — 92. IX. Chronological Memoranda relating to the University Press, List of Classical editions and Publications, 1701 — 1800, APPENDIX I. Relliquiae Comitiales Duport 1631 ; Sliefheard & Raleigh 1615. RELLIQUIAE COMITIALES. SaEC. XVII. 1. Duport's praevakicatoe's speech. Camb 1G31. 2 — 4. Notes of Shepheard's musick-speech, the terkae-hlius, andEaleigh'a philosopher's speech, O.TOM. 1615. When I was hunting up the antiquities of the Cambridge comitla, and especially particulars relating to the B.A. disputant 'Mr Tripos' and the M.A. Fraevaricator or Varier, which are jirinted in my University Life, pp. 207 — 307, I mentioned, on dean Peacock's authority, what he called 'a beautiful specimen' of a praevaricator's speech by Dr James Duport. 1 felt no doubt that it was a well-known MS., but to my surprise on enquiry no tidings of its habitat could I find, until after a lapse of two years my eye was attracted by a record of it in the Donation- book in the library of Qonville and Cains. Through the kindness of the ]iast and the present libi-arians, E. J. Gross, Esq. and the Rev. H. B. Swete, I am able to print the production; but in what sense the foruior dean of Ely called it a beautiful specimen the reaxler (if there be one sufficiently gentle and patient) will judge. It is certainly curious as the somewhat juvenile production (as M.A. of the first year) of one who was, as I have elsevvliere described him, 'Greek professor (1639 — 54), vice-master of Trinity (IGS.")), prebendary of Langford Ecdesia in Lincoln Cathedral, archdeacon of Stow and dean of Peterborough. His earliest important publicatiiai was an epitaphium on the death of Bacon, and his last act at Trinity "was to take part in the election of Newton to a scholarship in 16C-4; and almost his last deed was in 1679 to send Barrow a subscription of .£200 for the building of Trinity library. While he Avas an mider- graduate in 1622 — 6 he wrote several carniina comitialia, wliich we call usually "tripos verses."' He was also a royal chaplain, a popular tixtor of Trinity, and, in 1668 — 79, master of Magdalene. His fathei-, Dr John Duport, had been master of Jesus college (1590 — 1618), where James Dixport was born in 1606. The 'Musae Subsecivae seio Poefica Stromata auctore J. D.' were priuted in 1676. Many of them have a comitial character. The entire composition may be compared with the speech of Darby of Jesus (thirty years later), which has been pi'inted from the Hunter ms. (44.9) by the Surtees Society, Hutton Correspondence, prefice x — xvi, and with the more juvenile /)ro/?mo in feriis aestivis (1628) in Milton's Prose Works. W. 18 274 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Caius Cloll. Library M.S. G27 ( = 250, red.) PRAEVARICATIO M"^^ DUPORT Trin. Coll. Socij. Anno Dom. 1631. Quaestio sic se habet. Aurum potest produci per artem Cliymicam. Salve Dignissime Doctissimeque — Quern si vel nominare audeam suspensus sim : Salvete et vos Procuratores ambo. Tii im})riinis Senior Procurator qiii me creasti antequam esses Pater. Tu etiaiii qui €t erepou sedes, siimil et Magistri Eegentes et non-Eegentes et vos qui propter gravitatem videiniui Patres, et vos qui propter levita- tem estis : necnon et vos Viri Oxonienses, qui Bicipitis Parnassi culmen habitatis alterum, alterunique hoc jam praegnans specta- tum venistis, et Jovis instar gravidum Minerva caput. Parturit hodie mous noster, parturiet modb vester. Parturiuiit montes en ])rodit ridiculus mus. Ergo quid mihi vobisciiml Ego non sum vester Praevaricator, quia non sum gigas (re) Terrae-Filius'. Heu habuistis virum Terrae-Filium Gigantem scilicet virum statura emi- nenti at secuudus Praevaricator inter iios (si id nescitis) est sui Anni ffilius natu minimus. Corpulentus ille plura secum adduxit corpora, ego unum tantummodo, idque perexiguum". Jamque ad vos descendo Fluctuans et inconstans Academicorum vidgus, quorum tautum vertices mii)i apparent. Quidni ego vos dicam capita Aca- demiae? Video equidem vestrum omnia ora atque oculos in me esse conversos. Liceat mihi celsitudinem etiam vestram salutare, qui nos omnes despicitis qui tarn attenti hue mihi adestis et veluti oculis ac aiiribiis suspensi inter furaos ab ore meo pendentes. Liceat milii vobis valedicere antequam scala nostrae orationis convertatvir. Ego humil- limus vester Praevaricator vobis aliquot gradibus superior jubeo vos male audire. Foeminas utcunque heri in primo loco j)0sitas ego tamen posthabeo quippe cum nihil fere audiunt nee intelligunt tantum vident id manticae quod a tergo est. et cert^ opus est vestra patientia quae tam diu sedetis et nihil intelligitis. Aures vestrae non sunt vobis usui, qiiaeso eas mihi accommodate : ego aurum ex illis extraham. Ab eis enim subjectum nostrae quaes- tionis viz.: Aurum dependet; ex iis igitur aurum potest produci. Quid plura? Corona undique Spectatissima, Spectatissimaeque, valere plurimum jubet Hodiernus Praevaricator qui quantus est totus totus est vester; sed non vacat diutius salutationilms immorari. Causi- dicus sum non Aulicus, nam pro Auro causam ago. Hesternus 1 One of the jests of Tom Brown, following extract from Pepys' Diaiy the u-reguLir CVf. (7i. wit (cir. 1(5K0), was (8 Feb. 1062 — 3) notices this personal an argument in favonr of the greater pecnliarity to which Dnport himself so antiquity of Oxford as compared with goodhnraonredly alludes. 'I walked Cambridge on the ground that Adam to White Hall to chappell where there was terrae jilius before he became a preached little Dr Duport of Cambridge praevarieator. ...the most flat dead sermon both for 3 Barrow frequently alludes to the matter and manner of delivery that short stature of Duport his preceptor ever I heard, and very long bej-oud his and predecessor in the greek professor's hour, which made it worse.' chair. irorA-s (Napier), ix. 37, 141. The DYPORTI PEAEVARICATIO. 1G31. 275 Prae\'aricatoi' ad compotationem vos invitavit, nee minim cum fuit Viiiitor at cibum vobis non apposiiit, quare non mirum si adhuc ijise esuriat, uti dixit, cum in Corpore Academico nondnm sit completus Venter (i.) comjiletus Magister Artis', Vinum vobis non dedit, fortasse quia non venistis cum pavata pecuniu. Convivium vobis paravit, sed Academici vix solvendo esse solent. Ut igitur fidem cum illo servetis, aurum apporto quod pro symbolis detis, nam si desit vobis pecunia Aurum potest produci per Artem Chymicam. Bonum meliercule omen in ipso limine Qiiaestiouis aurum reperio. Cum igitur aurum viltro se tractandum offerat, quis nisi mentis iiiops oblatum respuiti Sic itaque aggredior. Pulcherrima Domina, amor et deliciae humani generis, splendor tui vultus perstringit oculorum meorum aciem. At quid est obsecro quod tam subito palles 1 La- boras eo morbo qui dictur JVoli me tangere, et recte mones, nam excellens sensibile corrumpit sensum^ Ego vero Auditores (fatebor enim) jamdiu Auri amore captus carmen hoc encomiasticum de eo scripsi, quod, si placet, recitabo. Si quid est quod nos amamus, Illud Aurum appellamus : A urea aetas aiireum vellus Et in vere Aurea Tellus. lutonsus fflavus est Apollo Quoniam aureum habet Polio, Nam ut Crinis est tonsui'a Sic et Auri est caesura. Sed haec magis crimiualis, Licet utraque Capitalist Est et Pegi Aureus stultus Et nonnullis aizreus vultus. Si agit aureus fluit sermo Ut Caiisidici in Termo. En et Patri Aureus ^^ileiis* Et ad dexti-am aureus filius. Aureus Annulus est Doctori' Xpvaovv (TTOjxa Professori. Habet Papa aureas Bullas Quae nunc liabent vires nullas. Legendam auream Papistae Qui obtrudunt sunt sopliistae. ^ Alluding to the introduction to ■* '/?t Vcsperils Comitioriim... The Persius' Satires. V. C, not being a Father is in his 2 Mr H. Jackson refers us to Aris- Scarlet Gown, his Cap being garnished totle, — TiHv a'i.adr)Twv at inrepl3o\al lex; sub- jectum capax et subjectum tenax. Subjectum capax, \xt Procurator Causidicus. Subjectum tenax ut avarus. De Avaritia liaec obser- ventur. 1" Avaritia est virtus Cardinalis, et Avarus qui Aurum colit est Papista qui abhinc Cruces' inde adorat Imagines. 2° Avaritia esb omnium malorum materia prima, quia ejus appetitus numquam satiatur. 3" Avaritia Graece non dicitur cl>iXoxpv(jia sed <^tXapyvpta, quia eo tolei*abilius est Aurum, quam Argentum ; quo magis meretur veniam qui vino inclinatur quam qui cerevisia. Motus Auri, ut est omnis corporis gravis, duplex est, vel naturalis a superiori ad inferio- rem. et tendit ad perfectionem. Yel violentus^ et contra naturam ab ijaferiori ad superiorem, et tendit ad corruptionem, ut Academijs qui- busdam transmarinis (non dico nostris) motus Auri a Discipulo Collegij ad Magistrum. Sed videtur Aurum ut et Angeli moveri in instanti, qui nullam invenit resisteutiam ; Nam Aui-o omnia cedunt. Sed respondeo revocando Aurum ad Lydium Lapidem Phy- losophicum, quia successio motus non tantum provenit a resistentia medij ; Nam quod Aurum non usque adeo in instanti movetur ad mauum Causidici, ratio est ob intercapedinem terminorum. Sed quis locus Auri? Aurum vbi es? De Auri loco seu vbi, sunt hi Canoues. Aurum meum nescio ubi est. Senior Frater plerumque habet Aurum ad vnguem. Aulicus Phan tastes ]>lus habet Auri ad calcem qiwm ad manum. Aurum Aulici non est in suo loco, quia gravitat, nam a Crumena decidit ad calcaria. Inter Nobiles et Generosos tam Aulicos quam Academicos, mos nuper obtinuit nee cultrum in vagina gestare, nee Aurum in Crumena. Judex ciim suo Auro est in loco Definitive. Aurum signatum est in loco cum titulo Regis circumscriptive. Aurum nunquam est in Crvimena mea repletiv^. Quaeritur hie a Chymicis an Aurum possit nutrire hominem ] puto, quia primb adraittit concoctionem. 2" Quod possit in succum et sanguinem converti illud potest nutrire. Aurum potest in succum ^ Cniccs. on the reverse of the coin. Cudworth Int. Syst. Praef. ad mit. So the coin itself. See p. 204 /;. Aristot. Eth. Nic. i. v. 7. '^ For uioleutus = nou-uatural cf. 280 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. et sanguiuem una converti go': 3" Aurum est nutritivum quia est somnificuni, exempli gi'atia, exliibeat aliquis petitionem ad Senatum alicujus Vrbis aut Academiae, auiuuique eis poi-rigat pro suppositorin, et statim annuent graviora capita. Praeterea Judex qui alioqui etiam dorraire solet super Tribunal, sumat inediocrem quantitatem Auri et facile connivebit. Vnus adliuc scrupulus de Auro restat. (viz.) Cur apud Homerum Apollinis sacerdos Xpuo-?;? dicitur, vates KdXxo-'il Quid aeri cum vate, quid auro cum Sacerdote'? Ego certe dicere nolo, vos dicite Pontifices in sacris^quid facit Aurul Piofecto facit sacerdotem. Sed num Homerus hoc vidit 1 Sed ego nimis prodigus sum et vos de Auro meo plus satis accepistis et faeminarum aures jam antea Auro sunt oueratae. Post Aurum sequitur 'Potest' sive Potestas sequitur Aurum, immo Aurum quid non potest 1 Potest est duplex, aut potest hoc, aut potest nihil ; verbi gratia, si quis quaerat quid potest hominem ad sacerdotiiim promovere '] dico Aurum potest hoc. At Virtus sine Auro potest nihil. Aurum potest, ex. gr. quid si Aequitas causae vincere nequit in Judicio] Aurum potest. Quid si Virtus nequit hominem ad honorem evehere'? Aurum potest. Qiud si Docti-ina nequit Soeium, aut Discipulum CoUegij eflficere ? Aurum potest. Tantum potest Aurum, et tantum de 'potest.'- Jam ad productionem producendus est sermo. Auriim liotest produci, sed quaedam limitationes adhibendae sunt. Nam Ex Avarorum loculis In caeteris casibus quaestio tenet Ex Praevaricatoris joculis Aurum produci iJotost. Et ex pleuis poculis, t^ t, i ■ c^■ I, ^ f . ' Ex eciieroso ratris iilio Aurum produci non potest. -c j x n * • i ^ ^ Ex quadrato Patris pueo Ex mendaci sfl,eculo Ex oblougo Bedelli Bacillo Ex meo subligaculo Aurum potest produci. Ex nostra cista communi Aurum iiroduci non potest. Circa modum producendi Aurum quaerittir an Auri productio sit cum motu Vel sine motu. Respondeo. Aurum non I'e-sidentium producitur per quiet«m sine motu, quia nullus niotus est discon- tinuus. Aurum Judicis produci tur per motum circularem. Aurum Causidici vel producitur per motum directum a termino ad terminum, vel per motum obliquum, sen indirectum et sine termino. Aurum Tabernarij pi'oducitur, vel per motum irregularem quorundam Plane- taruni errantium ab uno signo ad Aliud; vel per motum circularem. Capitis sub mitra. Cum autem sex sunt species motus, sc : Generatio et Corruptio, &c.^ Auri productio fit per omnes has sex species. Aurum meretricium, seu Anrum Laidis, producitur per Genei-a- tioneni; sed hoc Aurum est spuiium et adulterium. Aurum Ma- gistratuum producitur per corru])tionem. Aurum Foeneratoris pro- ducitur per augmentationem, sed hoc meJi non interest. Aurum Tonsoris pi'oducitur per incrementum capillorum, aut jDotius per exci'e- mentum. Auram Mancipij producitur per diminutionem lerculi. Aurum etiam producitur per diminutionem et eclipsin. Praevaricator non producit sibi aurum per praevaricationem. Denique Aurum ^ [)f> : — , Ergo ualet consequentia. ing is sancto. (al. sacro, al. aanctis). * Persius ii. 68, 6'J : where the read- ^ Aristot. Cater), c. 11 ad iitit. APPENDIX I. 281 Tabellarij producitur per motum lationis. Oritur hie Controversia inter Chymicos, an Aurum potest produci a nihilo 1 puto, nam qui potest nihil in Aurum convertere, ille potest Aiiriim ex nihilo pro- ducere, sed aliquis potest nihil in Anrum convertere. Major patet, minor probatur. Qui Aurnm suum jam in nihil convertit, ille potest nihil in Aurum convertere, sed aliquis Aurum suum jam in nihil convertit ; et hoc liquido constat. Deinde Malum est nihil et Aurum est bonum, sed aliquis potest bonum ex malo producere, ut Causidicus ex malo consilio potest bonum Aurum producere, idque per conversionem, niutando scil : tinitos in infinitos. Sed objiciat ali- quis. Quomodo ex malis caiisis bonum eflectum, vid : Aurum, potest pi'oduci 1 Respondeo, hoc fit per Artem Chymicam, aut enim est fallacia nou causae pro causii,, Aut Cliens supponit quod non est supponendum. Quanquam vero Aurum potest fieri ex nihilo, tamen non potest produci in instanti. Si quis ad Sacerdotium cito pervenire nequit ne miremini : Aurum non potest produci in instanti. Si hoc Anno laboremus penuria Doctorum ; ne miremini ; Aurum non potest produci in Instanti. Dicet Advei"sarius Aurum hodie producitur per Creationem, et Creatio est productio momentanea, et fit in instanti. sed haec ratio nullius est momenti. Nam etsi pater Great, tamen ffilius aliquid praesupponit. Deinde Aurum non pro- ducitur in Instanti, quia gradatim et successive acquiritur. Nam Pater acquii-it Aurum per gradus, senior ffrater per successionem, Hactenus de Auri pi-oductione. Productionem Auri sequitur 'Per' sive unusquisque persequitur Auri productionem. Aurmn potest jjto- duci Per ' Per ' est duplex, per fas, per nefas. Aurum utroque modo producitur. Per iterum est triplex. Per se, per Alium, per Accidens. Vt in Academijs quibusdam exoticis, ignavum quoddam pecus, quod fucus dicitur, degunt in Collegijs ; qui fructum et pro- ventum societatum capiunt per se, concionantur, reliquisque exercitijs funguntur per alium, student per Accidens. Ignavi praelectores Academiae legunt nee per se, nee per alium, si quando legunt, legunt per Accidens. sed nimiiim fortas^e de Per, seu patris Per nimium. Aurum potest produci per, sed per quid ? Non cuivis contingit adire Coiinthum, nee cuivis est Aurum fecere. Immo hoc Artis opus, non Virtutis. Aurum potest produci per Artem. Et primum hoc supponimus pro fundamento Aurum necessario esse habendum. Ergo aut per Artem, aut per Naturam, sed Aurum nou est a Natura, quia quod est a Natura, non est in nostra potestate sed Aurum est in nostra potestate. Quod sumitiir in electione est in nostra potestate, sed Aurum frequenter sumitur in Electione. go'. Deinde nullus Habitus est a Natura, sed Aurum est habitus quia acquiritur lougo studio et industria et est diiBculter et aegre mobile a subjecto. Aurum saltern acquiritur. Aurum est habitus in procu- ratore, quia augetur, et intenditur per additionem gradus ad gradum. Sed hie Cautione opus est, nam si actus intenditur a Magistro, iste Iliibitus Procuratoris diminuitur. 1 i.e. Ergo the Kyllogism is proved. 282 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Quid si dicamxis Aurum non esse ipsnui habitum sed disposi- tionem, hoc est gradum ad habitum, vel dispositioueju ad gradum sine qua nemo aut habitum ant gradum sumat. Nam ut agens per naturam, non inducit ad formam in materiam, nisi dispositam, ita agens per Artem, Bedellus soil., non imponit habitum aliouj, nisi per aurum priiis recte disposito et praeparato. 2". Generaliter sic arguo, quod producitur per apprehensionem sim[)licem, per compositionem et Divisionem, per propositionem, aut per discursum, producitur per operationem Intellectus, et ex Conse- quenti per Artem sed Aurum ita producitur go' e.g. Aurum Phar- macopolae producitur per apprehensiouein simplicium. Aurum quo- rundam Olticiariorum Academiae producitur per Compositionem. Aurum Sociorum producitur per Divisionem. Vt voluntas sequitur dictamen intellectus, ita Seniores Collegij (ut par est) sequuntur dictamen Magistri. Intellectus proponit voluntati huiic vel ilium eligendura, et per banc propositionem Aurum saepe |)roducitur : Denique Aurum Dunkerkorum" producitur per discursum, discuriendo ab uno cubiculo ad aliud. 3°. Aurum producitur vel per Artem, vel per Scientiam. Non per Scientiam, nam facile producitur sine Scientia vt Medicus, si habet Praxin, potest producere Aurum sine Scientia. ^Vgo relin- quitur quod Aurum producitur per Artem. Propterek vt Artes ti'actantur methodo Anal3^tica, sic Aurum, et quandocunqiie ego num- muni produco ex Crumena mea — si forte quis Aureus^ exit, quando haec rara avis est — si quis tamen Aureus exit, statim vtor methodo Analytica, resolvo Aurum in solidos, et solidos in denarios. Sed hoc est contra regulam Chymicorum, qui dicunt Aurum fieri ex argento vivo, non contra ai'gentvim ex Auro. Pesp. Ai-gumentum meum non est vivum, imb fere mortuum est, nam diu fuit consump- tione. Jam Artes per quas Aurum producitur sunt vel manuales vel mentales. Artes manuales sunt mechanicae, nam Aurum acquiritur ttovti TpoTrw kol fx.e-^avrj (nic) praecipue vero sunt duae furandi et ludendi in quibus Aurum producitur dexteritate quadam ex materia viscosji, et vnctuosa, contemperata cum Argento vivo, seu Mercui'io, et hoc propria est Aurum facere. Ai-tes mentales sunt multae, ut adulandi, mentiendi, fallendi, pejerandi, simulandi, dissimu- landi, aequivocandi, etc. In his Artibus Aurum producitur virtute lapidis Phylosophici, per reservationem specierum in Intellectu, seu per verbum mentis, seu (ut loquitur Faber in libro ttc/jI ;[(puo-o7roti7TiKo{)) per mentalem reservationem, seu per commutationem quandam Geo- metricae proportion] s, qua verba damns pro Auro. Fidicines, et notarii Aurum producunt per Artes instrumentales ; Aurum non producitur per Artes liberales, quia clientes hodie non accipiunt Aurum, sed dant, et Patroni non dant Aurum sed accipiunt. Quales demum sunt ipsi Patroni, hi tamen sunt quos hodie pascunt homines. Gaudeo si quid tibi feci aut facio quod placeat, et id gratum fuisse ^ Ergo, the syllogism is pro veil. * Dunkirk privateers. See Nares. 3 A parody on Persius i. 45, iG. APPENDIX I. 283 adversiim te Labeo gratiam, vfc Socivis in Collegio, dicerem vt Socia' in Comoedia Sinionj. Aurum itaqne per multas Artes prodvicitur, sed doti.ssimum per Artem Chymicam. Martiuljs^ in laudem bujiis Artis nullibi sic cecinit. Barbaras aurifluas sileat Pactolus arenas Ostentet flaviim Gens nee Ibera Tagnm. Nee Floi'ae teniplo molles laudentur bonores, Dissimulet quaestum vrbs cornibus ipsa frequens. Acre nee vacuo totidem pendentia signa Laudibus immodicjs avis'^ ad astra ferat. Nee nimiiim jactet currus Hobsonus avitos Vnde tot extraxit fulva talenta senex*, Nempe omnis Cbymicae eedat labor Aurificinae ; Vuum pro cunctis fanxa loquatur opus. Lapis Phylosopbicus est bujus Artis materia prima, et certe eas tantiim in potentia ; hunc tamen vt inveniant Alcbymistae nullum non movent lapidem, Sed non ex quovis ligno fit Mercu- rius, nee ex quovis lapide fit Pbylosopbus, ut loquuntur Cbymici, Vbi igitur reperitur 1 Kesp : effoditur ex Aureis montibus in Eutopia ; sed quia ejus figura nee longa, lata, nee profunda, nee quadrata nee rotunda, sed quadrangulo-circularis, aut quadratura circulo aequalis. Ex boc lapide pbylosopbico Aurum producitur vel per Conversionera vel per Extractionem : per Conversionem sic sutor producit aurum per conversionem vestimentorum. Bedelli per Conversionem capuciorum. Per extractionem sic (ni fallor) Al- chymista aliquis ex Patiis pileo Aurum extraxit, heri enim fuit Aureus. Sic duo litigantes sunt duo lapides Pbylosopbici, ex quorum mutuo afiiictu efc collisione Causidicus Aurum exti-ahit per Artem Chymicam. Videntur autem bi lapides non esse pbyloso- phyci quia non quiescunt in propiiis locis, sed sursum feruntur ad Londinum contra natui'am. Sed respondeo, ascendunt ne daretur vacuum in aula Westmonasteriensi. Johannes de lapide scripsit, sed nihil de Lapide philosophico. Et Chymici cum tot ubique videant lapides non possunt invenire philosophicum. Ego tot invenio Philosophos ut vix possim videre lapides prae lapidibus. Nam omnes sumus lapides et cum Paedagogis loquor ex poeta. Genus durum sumus et documenta damus. Magistratus seu Priores vii'i sunt Magnetes. Sed magnetes nostri aurum attraliunt non ferrum. Quaedam ex fibemiuis sunt adamantes. Eidus Amicus ^ Sosia. The quotation is from ^ Hobson had died on the 1st of Terence Andrla, i. 1. 1-4, 15 (=41,42). January last past (1630—31), and had 2 This is however a parody of the been bm-ied by Fuller in S. Benet's opening of his Spectacula. chancel notwithstanding the plague. s Professor Mayor suggests that The rhymes under one of his por- Rome proper name (as in Martial) is traits, no less than his benefactions here intended — such as Davis or to Cambridge, bear testimouy to his Clauius. thrift. 284) UNIVERSITY STL'DIES. Achates. Quid quot in hoc fluctuant pelago, tot capita veluti saxa video, et scopulos prominentes 1 Quaedam acutae sunt Chax-ybdes, quaedam obtusae Syllae. Video et maimora (ni fallor) budautia, et si fi-onte ulla tides, sunt inter vos lapides pretiosi, smaragdi et carbunculi. Sed quid video lapides in sublimi peudeutes? Ni fallor, uon sunt philosopliici, ni forte ascendant ad bonnm naturae com- munis, scil : ut prospiciant Vnivei'sitati. Supponamus iam hosce lapides cadere (cadere enim possunt nisi aliquid supponeretur) contendo ego, quod etiam si daretur vacuum, motus eorum taraen asset in tempore, quia per aliquot horarum spatium moverentur. Praevaricator vester videtur esse lapis philosopliicus, nam si vllus sit lapis Philosophicus, profecto ilie lapidus est, imb lapillulus et fere null us. Vos etiam lapides qui in centro estis videmiui Philosopliici tarn quia estis in proprio loco naturali, tarn quia id etiam sedulo cavetis a quo maxime abliorret philosophia (viz :) ne quis locus sit vacuus. Videmur inquam ego et vos lapides esse philosophici, sed non sumvis, nam a vobis ne quid gry' quideni Auri extrahi potest, imo nee per Artem Chymicam. Vos graviora capita lapides vere philosophici cavete Vubis, aderit mox Alchymista, qui si vos videat, probe contusos et contritos dabit, vt quintessentiam a vobis extrahat. Sed durum est haec dicere. Nam quid hoc est nisi lapides loqui ? Satis ergo de lapide Philosophico. Videainus jam quaenam genera homiuum optime hanc artem callent. Papa qui ex peccatis venia- libus, seu potius venalibus aurum extrahit, optimus est Chymicus. Promus CoUegialis, qui ex panum exustulis" aurum potest extrahere, et ex doliorum faecibus suum aurum expromere, novas homo est, sed vetus Chymicus. Ignis ille fatuus Causidicus bene lectus est in Arte Chymica, qui Aurum de crumena extrahit, et tamen causa non patet. Qui Aurum adulterinum cudit est malus Chymicus, quoniam est suae fortunae faber. Nam qui sic Aureas fingit cruces'\ ligneam habebit pro mercede, et qui oblique lineam secat crumenae prope nodum altorutrum in via ecliptica vt Aurum extrahat virtute Chymica, peudebit in linea recta cum nodo sub ca})ite virtute carni- ticis. Qui coram mendico manum in crumena imponit, et nihil extrahit est malus Chymicus. Oppidani per miram quandam Artem Chymicam Aurum ex suis cornibus producunt. Nam bos Oppidanus non pacatur, nisi Aurum iu ejus cornua fundatur. Vespasianus"* et Virgil ius * # # fuerunt optimi Chymici. Liceat mihi par ex Chymicorum epigrammate proponere. 1 ou5k ypv. Aristoph. Plutus 17. Jmt. Not a peny, not a peny: you * exustulis (sic) probably an error are too iinpatieut to beare crosses. for frustulis or crustulis. Cp. Earle's The second Part of King Henry character of 'An old CoUedge Butler,' the Fourth. Act i. Sc. iii. Microcosmographie (1628). Clo. For my part, Ihad rather beare * ' Crosses' were coins marked some- with you, then beare you : yet I should thhig like the reverse of our florin (cp. beare no crosse if I did beare you, for kreuzcr). So Shakespere I think you have no money in your Fal. Will yom' Lordship lend mee purse. As you like it. Act ii. Sc. iv. a thousand iiound, to furnish me forth? ■* Sueton. Vcsp. 23. APPENDIX I. 2S5 Xpvtrov ai'ijp evpMV cAtTTf l3po)(nv, avrap o )(^pva6v ov XtTTCv ouk' eupwi/ ry(//€i', oi^ tvpe, [ipoyov. Quod sic transfero, ' Keperiens Aurnm,t reliuqnit laqneum ille aperto" Aui'um qui aniisit se perimit laqueo. Circa banc Chyniicam niulti sunt scrupuli, 1° quando ille laquoum suum in aurum mutaiiit. Ilespon: fuit conversio per Accidens;. 2° Quando alter Aurum suum iu laqueum mutavit. Resp. fuit conversio simplex. 3° Quaeritur an js qui Aurum amisit, potuit se suspendere proj^ter negligentiara, liic est nodus difficultatis. Resp. Tamen si laqueum stricte sumas, potuit; aliter non. Deinde iu- ventio fuit in tensione, sed applicatio laquei fuit in executione. Vsus Artis Cliymici probatur lijs experimentis. Primo. Sumat aliquis grana meritorum, 10 uncias Absolu- tion\im, et sex pondera Indulgentiarum, vna cum faseiculo reliquia- rum, vnguento, sale, et saliva bene contempei-atis, haec omnia ponantur in pileum Cardinalis, et simul concoquantur in Aqua lustrali super ignem purgatorij, qui exufiletur ab incendiai'ijs Jesuitis spiritu seditionis, et sic ebulliant donee ad nibilum redigantur, et extrahetur Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. Secundo. Sumat Causidicus septem scrupulos Controversiae 12 gi'ana ignorantiae, et sex uncias fraudis, et Mercurij, cum pari quantitate plumbei cerebri, et perfrictae frontis et pert'ractae con- scientiae, vna cum aliquot subpaenis, Demurris, et Returuis ; liae omnia in pera vulgo dicta Buckramia bene vncta simul conco- quantur super Ignem contentionis, ex spinis Quaestionura legalium compactiim, et sic ebulliant a mense Michaelis ad Octavas Hylarij et extrahetur Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. Tertio. Sumat Calendariographus, seu trivialis Astrologus 10 pondera mendaciorum cum totidem scrupulis dubiorum, et duobus fragmentis eclipsium, et aliquot sectionibus et minutis motus diurni, tum frustum zodiaci amputetur falce saturnica, particula Aurei circuli et aequatoris, haec omnia colligat zona virginis, simul con- coquantur in sinistro cornu Arietis, super fascem Lunaris hominis ascensum et sic ebulliant a soLstitio byemali ad aequinoctium vernum et extrahatur Aurum optimum per Ai-tem Chymicam. Aurum inquam couflabitur ex ventis ; idque cito, quia ex tempore, et opportune, quia tempestate. Quarto. Sumat Foenerator 20 libras Avaritiae cum totidem minis extortionis, Aequali pondere oppressiouis quae Argento vivo, sulphure, et Plutone (mercurio dicercm) proportionaliter temperata commolautur ad pulverem, vna cum aliqua portione novi haeredis, haec omnia simul concoquantur in vetere Marsupio in lachrymis viduae, sine igne, ut parcatur sumptui, et sic decoquantur a centum 1 for ovx-.-v^ev &c. Let us hope epigram is in ^?ii7io7. P((^ ix. 44. Cf. that the copyist and not the future Anson. Epigr. 22. Greek professor was responsible for ^ Unqint...reperto. the cacography and accentuation. The 286 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. .ad decern, donee ffoeneratori aliqnid inde ultra Princijiale ebulliat, liaeres A*erb totum decoxerit. Vuum praetei'ea est observauduin. Ingeminet fFoenerator hoc verbuiu hebraicuni a Judaeis olim hujus Artis Magisti-is nsurpatinii 3n 3n (i) Da, Da. et tunc extvaheretur Aurum optimiiui pei' Avteni Chymicam. Quinto. Sumat Philosoplius lapidem suum, et qnadi-atiiram circiili, cum duobus nncijs Ideae Platouicae, item aliquot scrupulos Quidditatum, cum uullo pondere Argumentorum, item duos asses fX€T€ix\l/vx^cr€w? Pythagoricae, et 9 atomos Democriti Spliaerarum hai'uiouia bene temjjeratos, Evellat praeterea 12 crines in sua barba, eosque inter caetera iiigredientia (velut coquus quidam) artificiose peimisceat, liaec omnia simul ponantur in vacuum et contundantur in infinitum, donee resolvantur in matei'iam primam, tunc Anaxa- gorae inpendat aquam, ex nigra nive genitam et in ea concoquantur super Tgnem fatinim qui exutiiatur foUe Curiositatis et sic ebulliant vsque ad Annum Platonicum et extralietur Aurum optimum per Artem Chymicam. Ergo Philosoplius facit aurum ; sed iium Aurum facit pliiloso- phura ; dubito, dico tamen. Aurum in poteutia aliquando facit Philosoplium in actu. Dico 2" : Aurum in habitu non facit Philosoplium, quod sic probo. Aurum est Senior Frater inter metalla, vt jam dictum est, et vlterius etiam probari potest, quia aetas aurea fuit prima. Aurum inquani in habitu est senior frater, et Senior Frater nunquam facit philosoplium, et ratio est quia liaeres possideat Terram tenura, Libera, Philosoplius vero tenet in cajiite. Nil obstat tamen quin Senior frater aliquando sit Alchymista, nam (ut inqiiit ille) in satyra quidam Prodigus haeres est 0])tiinus Chymicus, Terram qui vertit in Aurum. Quod si Veritas Quae- stionis adhuc in dubio est, statim probabitur experientia. Si quidem Philoso})lius Aurum soliduui et grave producit per Artem suam (meum quantumvis leve ne respuatis) et fruatur ille per me licet auro sue, si niodo aliquid per artem suam hodie possit producere, non equidem invidebo, miror magis '. Certe Praevaricator vaster est imperitus Chymicus, et credibile est emendari tempora, cum per lianc praevaricandi artem Aurum non producitur, sat (mihi fuerit) si aurum in fronte vesti-a (id est) serenitatem produxero. Aurum meum Intentionale est non reale. Et hoc aurum aequaliter inter vos divido. Junior socius, si modo sit bonus socius, et si capax sit, erit aequalis seniori, aliter authoritate mihi commissa suspendo ilium ab omni Auro tam suscepto quam suscipiendo. Et hue usque Chjmiicus vester arti suae insudarit, et pro ea, qua est facultate ludhl, aurum nihil, inio nee solidum produxit, Vestrum solummodo calculum in lucro ponit ; Vobis (vix) placuisse illi erit instar Auri, et Albus Favoris vestri lapillus pro lapide Philosophico. Dixi, The other documents in the volume (ms. 627, Gonv. & Cai.) which contains (i.) ' Pruevaricat'w Mri Duport.' are 1 Vergil. Ed. i. 11, AN OXFORD MUSICK-SPEECH. (1G15.) 287 (ii.) Oratio ad Augnstissinium Potentissimum Serenissimnni luvictissinmin Monarcham Carolum ab Oratore Pub- lico Dre Cvitton', edita (pp. 1 — 3). (iii.) Oi-atio habita 5" Nov. Anno 1617 in Collegio Trin. Au- thore Edm. Stubbs, A.B. (pp. 1 — 7). The following rough notes of a ' Musick Speech' at Oxford about IGl.'), and of the laboured jests of a ' Terrae-Filius' are likewise preserved among the mss. of Gonville and Gains College. Though the text is a mere memorandum, such documents are now so uncommon, and these relate to a circumstance of such literary interest, that I have determined to print them, leaving emendation to the reader. Caius Coll. ms. 73 (74). fol. 341. MUSICA PKAELECTIO. Shepheard. Coll. Lincoln : Oxon. Textiis Ex libro Boetij de Music : P Commendatio Authoris Boetii. ( 1. Modulatio 2° In Verbis Spectatur Musices-^ f Doricus I 2. Modus < T • ( lonicus, 3" Modus Doi-icus [Jacoho Regi gratissimus) est sedatum genus musices et grave. Cantio. 4" Modus lonicus (qui modernis usitatior) musices genus malae, foemininuin lasciviohxm. Eius exemplum quid aliud, quam Cantus ille famosissiinus de adventu Regis ad Oxon. factus a Cantebrigien- sibus, cuius quidem modum potius Ironicum quam lonicum dixero. Nomen illius. Neque cantus est neque cantio, neque cantilena, neque harmonia, srd anglice a Ballad. Cantebrigienses sunt balati'ones. Auscultemini vero paulisper, et modulamen liujus Ballad audibitis ; audivistis fidicinem agit (fides gemit) modulatio praemittitur, inde mox crescit Ballad. Vnum vobis praemoneo. Hunc ipsum Canta- brigiae Ballad (postquam Oxoniam venit) latine loqui didicisse. Nam Cantabrigienses nee Musices professoiem habent qui possit ilium fidi- bus canere" nee ilium ipsi possuut latinam linguam docere : Sed »ic est. Oxoniam advenit Eex cum nobilium choi'o Plenus huic occurrit grex in oppidi foro Eusticani Oppidani qui vocantur Aldermani Convenerunt uti ferunt & Jacobo obtulerunt. [Haec nobilissima ilia cantio in qua Cantebrigienses stupidi ho- munciones Academiam nostram florentissimam derident luduut &...'^] ^ Ri. Creyghtou, Trin., Public Ora- fore must be used loosely as equiv- tor, 1627 — 39, succeeding Herbert. alent to doctorem, as it is commonly - It is true that the Cambridge in the title 'S.T.P.' iu the theological music professorship was not founded faculty. At Cambridge there was the till 1684; but that at O.rford even was provisional gi-ace quoted above p. 236 not in existence in 1G15, nor indeed note 1. till 1(526. The term ^jro/csA-o?'*'?*; there- ■' er«.sC(? 2d;i manu. 288 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Sed si minus accuratus forsan factns fuisset sub sordidis Cantabrig. Ejus verbum] tigellis, ab iugeuiis jHiludinosis^ . fecerat nostro Guilieluio lit opinor qui in consilium vocato. ic. in opprobrium Cantiibripieu- sium nulla babita personarum differentia distiuctioneve, k totius Utii- versitatis Cantebrigiae". Haec Yiri egregii Oxonienses volui silentio seivasse. Sed postquam Sicelides musae paulo asperiora canebant esse niei duco et virorum omnium haec ita agitare &c. Nuper enim egregium quidem virum nostrum Caecilius non privato sermone sed publicis Comitiis inter suos Cantebrigienses vellicaret. Sed quid tu homo Caeciii^? Oh. Novimus & qui te*. Apud Oxoniam studuisti ali- quid literarum parasti, nunc instar prolis asininae in matrem recalci- tras me. to reprint tliem here from the origi- She is my Lauudresse make her wel- nals instead of the common inaccurate come, and tell her how y" would have copies. my huuin washed, as y" were saying Endorsed ' 1662. One of my first in y'' letter, I am very glad to hear Letters to my Mother from Jesus Coll. y*- y" & my Brother Johuso do agree so Cambr.' well, y' I believe y° account an un- Good Mother, usuall com-tesie y' he should have you Yours of the 24"' instant I gladly out to the cake-house, however pray received expecting indeed one a Week Mo, be carefuU of yi'selfe and do not before, but I understand both by over walk yrselfe for y' is wont to bring Waterson and yrselfe of y'' indisposed- y° upo a sick bedd. I heare also my nesse then to write. The reason y" Bro Sayer is often y"" visitor : truly receive this no sooner is, because I I am glad of it, I hope y children may had a mind (hearing of this honest be comforts to y"* now y° are growing woman's setting out so suddenly for old. Remember me back again most London from hence and her business' kindly to my Bro Sayer. Concerning laying so neer to Petticoate lane,) that y"- taking up of my things, tis true APPENDIX II, W. RENEU TO THE STKYPES. 293 [For M'"^ Stiype, on the same slieet] Hon"? M'? I am glad that you ai"e got pretty well again of your fever which you had when I was with you last. And I am much obliged to you I gave one shilling to much in y« 100, but why I gave so much, I thought in- deed I had given y" an account in y' same letter : but it seems I have not. The only reason is, because they were a schoUers goods : it is comou to make y"" pay one shill more than the Townes people. Dr Pearson himself e payed so, and severall other ladds in this Coll. and my Tutor told me they would ex- act so much of one being a schollar and I found it so. Do not wonder so much at our comons : they are more y" many colledges have. Trinity it selfe (where Herring and Davies are), w* is y« famousest Coll. in j" Uni- versity, have but 3 halfpence. We have roast meat, dinner and supper throughout y'= whole weeke ; and such meate as y° know I do not use to care for ; and y' is Veal : but now I have leanit to eat it. Sometimes nevei-y"- lesse, we have boyled meat, w* jjot- tage; and beef and mutton, w* I am glad of: except Frydays and Saturdays, and sometimes Wednesdays ; w* days we have Fish at dinner, and tansy or puddings for supper. Our parts y" are slender enough. But there is y' reme- die ; wee may retire into y" butteries, and there take a halfpenny loafe and butter or cheese ; or else to the Kit- chin and take there what wee will y' y^ Cook hath. But for my part I am sure I never visited the Kitchin y', since I have been here, and y"= but- teries but seldom after meals ; unlesse for a Cize [or Size, or Sice'] y' is for a Farthingworth of small-beer : so that lesse than a Penny in Beer doth serve me a whole Day. Neverthelesse some- times we have exceedings : then we have 2 or 3 Dishes (but y'' is very rare) : otherwise never but one : so y' a cake and a cheese would (as they have been) be very welcome to me : and a neat's tongue, or some such thing; if it would not reqiiire too much mony. If y° do entend to send me any thing, do not send it yet, until y° may hear further of me : for I have many things to send for w'' may all I hope be put into y' box y" have at home : but w' they are, I shall give y" an account hereafter, w" I v.'ould have y'" sent : And y' is w" I have got me a chamber ; for as yet I am in a chamber y* doth not at aU please me. I have thoughts of one, w* is a very handsome one, and one pair of stahs high, and y' looketh into the Master's garden. The price is but 20 shill. per annum, 10 whereof a knight's son, and lately admitted into y'CoU. doth pay : though he doth not come till about Midsum- mer, so y' I shall have but 10 shill to pay a yeare besides my income which may be about 40s. or there abouts. Mother I kindly thank y" for y'" Orange pills y" sent me. If y" are not to straight of mony send me some such thing by the Woma, and a pound or two of almonds and raisons. But first ask her if she will cany y™, or if they will not be too much trouble to her, I do much approve of y'' agreeing with y^ carrier quarterly ; he was indeed telling me of it, y' y" had agreed w"' him for it: and I think he means both y""^ and mine. Make your bargaines sure w"' him. I understand by y Let- ter y' y° are very inquisitive to know how things stand w"^ me here. I be- lieve y° may be weU enough satisfied by y° woman. My breakings out are now all gone, indeed I was affraid at my first coming it would have proved y^ Itch : but I am fairly rid of it. But I fear I shall get it, let me do what I can : for there are many here y' have it cruelly. Some of y"" take strong purges y' would kill a horse, weeks together for it, to get it away, & yet are hardly ridd of it. At vay first coming I laid alone: but since, my Tutour desired me to let a very clear lad lay w"^ me and an Alderman's sou of Colchester, w^*^ I could not deny, being newly come: he hath laid w* me now for almost a fort- niglit, and will do till he can provide himselfe a Chamber. I have been w"' all my acquaintance who have entreated me very courteously : especi- ally Jonathan Houghton. I went to his Chamber y« Friday night I first came, and tliere he made me stay and supp w"' him, and would have had me laid w-'' hiui tliat night, and was ex- traordinary kind to nice. Since we 294 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. for your kind offer of sending me a Cake, wliich you may be sure wlien ever it comes will be very wellcome for tliough we have pretty good Commons yet we have not such a vast deall but we can make shift with a bit of Cake after y"? Pray my humble service to M'" [sic] Susanna and M" Hester Stryp. I remain Hon^ M"" Yours at command W. Reneu. [On the third page, for J. Strype.] I have sent you as you were pleased to order me y® inscriptions of }'® monument of Mr Rustat and Boldero, yf"^ are accurately and exactly written. Mr Rustat's monument is written all in great Letters and is as follows. Tobias Rustat yeoman of y® Robes To King Charles the Second Whom he served w*"*" all duty and fxithfulneas In his Adversity as well as prosperity The greatest part of the Estate he gathered By God's blessing, y'' Kings favour, and his own industiy He disposed in his Life time in works of Charity have been together pretty often. He excused himselfe y' he did not come to see me before he went, & thcat he did not write to me since he had been come. Hee hath now, or is about ob- taining £10 more from the Coll. Wee go twise a day to Chappell; in the morning about 7, and in the evening about 5. After we are come from Chappell in y" morning w* is towards 8, we go to y<= Butteries for oixr break- fast, w* vsually is 5 farthings ; an halfpenny loafe and butter, & a cize of beer. But sometimes I go to an honest house neere y'' Coll, and have a pint of milk boyled for my breakfast. Truly I was much troubled to hear y' my Letter to Ireland is not yet gone. I wish if Mrs Jones is not yet gone, that it might be sent some other way. Indeed I wish I could see my Cosen James Bonnell here within 3 or 4 years, for I believe our University is lesse strict to observe Lads that do not in every point conforme, y" their's at Dublin, though our's be bad enough. Pray remember me to my Uncle, and all my friends there, w" y" write. Remember me to my cozen James Knox, I am glad y* he is recovered fro his dangerous sickness, w'soever it is; for I cannot make any thing of it as y° have wi'itten it. And then, for want of Paper, I end, desuing heartily to be remembered to all my friends, excuse to my BrC an sister, y' they have not heard from me yet, next week I hope to write to y"" both. Excuse my length, I thought I would answer youi" Letter to y* full. I remain y"" dutifull Son, J. Strijp. These P^or his honoured Mother M'' Hester Strijp. Widdow, dwelling in petticoate lane, right over against y" 5 Ink-Hornes Without Bishopsgate, In London. [Baumgartner Papers, 7. Corre?p. iv. i, 8.] Strype APPENDIX II. RENEU TO THE STRYPES. 295 And found y* more he Bestowed Upon Churches, Hospitalls, universities and Colleges The more he had at the years end. Neither was he uumindfull of his kindred and Relations In making y"" provisions out of what remained. He dyed a Bachelour y« 15*'» of March In y^ year of our Lord 1697 aged 87 years. M"^ Boldero's Monuments inscription in little letters Teri-a quam premis, Lector, sacra est Memoi'iae Edmundi Boldero S. T. P. Viri (saeviente Bello civili) de Ecclesia Anglicana optime meriti, utriq Carole Devotissimi, & hujus Collegij Custodis Dignissimi, qui obijt 5^° die Julij, A.nno Christi 1679 ^tat. suae 72"^^ Desine plura inquirere, et te talem praestes. Quod superest deest sed resurgam. 5.] MS. Add"- III. Part ii. letter 266. Endorsed 'Will Reneu's Letter to me March 1705 before his' going to Frankford. Eecepi Mar. 23. 1705-6.' These For ye Rever'\<' M'' John Strype at his house in Lowleyton In Essex Vir ornatissime Tempore fere bimestri intennisso cujus spatium, antea tibi re- sponderem, mihi concessisti, jam iterum ad te Literas do. Eadem adhuc utitur Methodo Tutor mens optimus, qua oliin, ife omnimodis seipsum verum & lidelem amicum mihi & toti nostrae familiae ostendit & quantum ad me attinet, puto, nullam majorem felicitatem mihi evenire potuisse quam Cantabrigiam venienti ilium fore Tutorem; quandocunq mecum ambulet vel sedeat (ut non raro) non de nugis & rebus inanibus (ut solent plurimi) Loquitur, sed ^ A slight inaccuracy. At least in Brunswick (Cooper's Ajuials iv. 75 n.) this letter Eeneu speaks of going as wliile the rest of the deputation from far as Harwich. His tiitor Mr Grigg Cambridge attended tlie Jubilee of went farther and fared worse, for he Frankfort-on-Oder University. See had a fall which detained him at above p. 08. 296 UNIVEKSITY STUDIES. tantum de rebus optimis & utilissimis & de ijs, quae summa mihi commoda afferant. Scribis mirai'i admodum in E7riypa<^Tj RVSTATI nullam adferri Rationem corpus ibi humandi. Ratio quidem haec est, Rustatus monumentum. in Domo sua per octo aunos habuit et ipse scriptionem fecit jussitq ne Yerbum quidem ad earn Inscriptionem addi vel niutari post mortem ejus — Scribis etiam Lineam ultima Inscriptionis Bolde- rianae intellectu difficilem esse, puto autem illam nill aliud velle nisi hoc; Quod superest, i.e. Reliqua pars mei, nempe anima, de qua nihil hie fertur Deest, i.e. non in hoc tumulo jacet sed resrirgam, i.e. sed etsi separantur' nee simul esse posswnt' in hoc tumulo anima et corpus Resurgam totus anima et corpore conjunctis. Amicus tuus dominus Salterns £100 huic collegio Legavit. Multum dolet Uxoris tuae Dominae Stryp aegritudo, praesertim cum jam Longo tempore male se habuit. Tutor mens D""^ Gtrigg Contubernalisq Trenchard Francofurtum versus juxta Yiadrum fluvium in Germania ituri sunt Ab Academia ad Jubile die vicesimo tertio mensis Apr: servandum, me Comite usque ad Harwich. Saluta totam famiJiam optimam tuam nomine nieo, Tutoris and Contubernalis. Vale. Mensis Martij die 21 1705-6 6.] MS. Add'' III. ii. 279. Endorsed 'From W" Reneu July 9 1706 ReC*. July 11.^ For y* Reverend Mr John Strype | Minister [ at Low Leighton In Essex. Cambridge July 7"" 1706 Hon", S' I received yours of y® 2"^ of this month and am obliged to you for accepting so small a present in good part. I humby thank you for your kind admonition viz: to write my Father a Letter of thanks for being at y" expence of my Journey &G But I have done it already, I have also kept a Journall of my travails part of which I copied and sent my Father beleiving it woukl please him. You make an Apology for continuing my Monitor still; I am not such a one as Horace gives a description off Who is Monitoribus Asper but instead of that I humbly thank you & own myself infinitely obliged to you for your care and kindness to me and you may be 1 seTp&rentnr and possint are fainthj in the original suggests that Eeneu suggested secunda manu. The irregu- stopped pretty frequently to consult lar way in which this letter is written his Littleton. APPENDIX II. RENEU TO STRYPE. 297 sure there is notliing that gi-eives me moi'e than to think I can make no Return for such I'epeated favours. I am very glad to hear your Lady is in a way of Recovery from a very dangerous fit of sickness by drinking Asses milk, pi'ay God it may perfect her care. I am glad to hear Daniel improves in Behaviour and Learning, Pray my Love to him &, service to M'' and M" Moreland when you see them. I have not heard whether I shall go to London or not as yet, for my part I shall be very glad to see my old freinds but very content also to stay if my Father had i-ather I should. Pray my humble service to your Lady and two Daughters and please to accept y" same from Your very much obliged and July 9* M''Grigg goes humble servant to London this week or W? Reneu next and I dont know but I may come along w* him. 7.] MS. Add^- IIL ii. 285, From W. Reneu to J. Strype written from Putney Sept''^' 9"^ 1706. [Received Strype's last letter when making a stay of three weeks in London. Sends transcripts of the monumental inscriptions in Putn ey Church ] 'I believe, M' Strype, you will be at a Loss for y^ Coats of Arms belonging to these monum'f, which you know I cant Blazen, there- fore I believe this must be your Remedy; to come hither, and because the succussation of your Horse is so great, only to come to london upon him, and come hither by water one day, and go away y® next, tho we should be much gladder of your longer stay with us. Pray present my humble service to M"'" Strype & your two Daughters & please to accept y" same from S"") you.r most obliged humble servant W7 Reneu My Tutor is at the Bath and writes he shall not return till about a fortnight hence, at which time, I shall accompany him to Cambridge. 8.] Ibid. in. iii. 293. For y^ Rever'? M'" John Stryp Minister att his house In Lowleyton Essex. Jes: Coll: Jamiary 2. 1706 [i.e. 1706-7.] Hon-! Sf The great and noble work you are about, and ye lyttle news I 298 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. have liad to send you of Cambridge hath been y* Cause of my not writing to you thus long. I'm sure, good S'', you cant adinitt y' thoughts of my having forgotten a person, whom I have y*' greatest reason to, & I dare say, always shall remember with all y" Reverence & Respect imaginable. But I 'm thoroughly persuaded you '11 beleive me therfore will not detain you any longer on that Subject. Cambridge at present is pretty quiet but abovit a quarter of a year ago, there was a little stri" about one Tudway Mr of Musick who having been accused by one Plumtree Dr of Physick of some scandalous and Toriacall Reflections on y^ Queen, was degraded & expelled y^ University by y® Vice Chancellor & y'' Heads. Most of y° Tory or rather lacobite party blame their proceedings very much as too rigorous upon him but y® Whigs say just y'' contrary, but in fine y" thing is done & ii-revocable. I believe since I wrote to you last I have taken other Books to read, being now at length climbed up to y" degree of Junior So^jhista. At which time we begin to study Physicks & naturall Philosophy. I go to lectures to Mr Grigg (whom I love entirely & and who strives in all things to gmote my welfare & Learning T'me sure) every morn- ing In Clark's physicks, to Mr Townsend in y" afternoon in Rohault's Physicks; and I am not a little taken with y" study of naturall Phi- losophy. The Books I read by my self are Tull : Tusculan Questions & Plomer. besides english Books. We have no Books coming out at present as I hear off. Be pleased to present my very humble service to M™ Stryp & y" young Ladies. If you have any service to command me here at Cambridge I am and always shall be Reverend S') your most ready, faith full and obedient humble servant jcfe freindej I wish yoii all an happy new vear. 9.] MS. Add'- III. i. 140. Endorsed 'W"^ Renew Fro Jesus Coll.' These For y" Rev"* M"" John Strype Minister of Low ley ton In Essex t)er London ay y" 6'.*^ 1707. Hon-! S^ I received a letter from you about G weeks agoe, and have deferred y^ answering of it till now, least by my too frequent letters I should interrupt you in perfecting y' noble & Learned work you are about to present y^ publick with. This reason I am persuaded will keep you from imputing my long silence from discsteem or for- getfulness of you. APPENDIX II. KENEU TO STRYPE. 299 I liumbly tliank you for telling me y° right use I sliould make of Philosophy which ^yas to admire the great Creator of all things whose Power goodness and wisdom so eminently shone in them; I shall make this use of it, and shall also take care not to let it swallow up all my time; for I am sensible I shall receive abundance more ad- vantage from y" study of y^ Languages than from y® study of that; but I should not so wholly neglect it, as when I come up in y" Hall or Schools not to be able to say one word. I have bought Patrick's Grotius which I think very well answers your Caracter of it. M'" Newcome and I hold very good acquaintance, we give one another a visit every now and then; he is a very studious and sober Lad : Another of my School-fellows is admitted of Emanuell fellow-Com- moner, he was 3 forms below me at school (but fellow-commoners are seldom extraordinary scholars). There is another y' was form-fellow w*** me, admitted pensioner of Katharine Hall, he is an extraordinary ingenious Lad, and M"" Moreland expects hee'll be a great Honour to his School. — My year is so very large y* though I have been half a year Junior Soph I have not gotten a Scholarship, nor can't expect one these 6 months. Its Largeness has brought another inconv*enience upon me, viz. that I neither have nor shall keep much exercise in Colledge which would have helpt to wear off y* faulty Bashfulness which I have. I don't know whether I may expect a fellowship, for there are several to be served before me, if they stay. My Tutor went to London about a month agoe, and from thence to y® Bath. I received a letter from him on Sunday night last, dated ye 28"» Ap'. wherein he wrote, he intended to leave Bath in about 3 weeks. I'me very sorry for my Uncle's misfortune, which I may be sure is no small affliction to my poor mother and all our Family, I pray God support them under it; nothing I doe here shall be an additionall greif to them if I can help it. Here is a sad accident has happened to 2 Lads', one of Sidney colledge and another of ours, who going to y® Tavern got most sadly drunk, and about 11 of y° Clock at night meeting a man (the poor man was going to the Chandlei'S for a little Tobacco, and coming out again) one of y" stuck him into ye breast, and not being able to make his Knife enter there far enough because of a bone that hindered; he run behind him and stuck him into y" Back between one of y^ small Ribs, upon w""" he run away to colledge, but y® other lad, being so drunk y' he could not run, was taken and carried to y" Tolebooth ; y'' poor wounded man bled (its thought) one g part of y" Blood in his body and was given over by y" surgeon, but y® Blood stooping he's thought to recover, w* I pray God he may ; for if he does not, y^ Lads will go nigh to be hanged; if he does recover, it will cost y" £30 a piece, if not more, to make him amends to pay y*^ surgeon. My humble service to Mrs Strype and the young Ladies, and accept this Long Letter from S' Your much obliged humble servant W. Reneu. ^ Remmgtou (Sidney). Lister (Jesus). 800 UNIVERSITY STUDIES, The lad y' did it, is said to be of Sidney colledge not of ours. He of our Colleda;e is not under M'' Townsend. I believe they will both [be] either expelled or Rusticated, though one did not stab him. All this happened on friday night last. Since I wrote this letter I hear that they were both expelled privately yesterday in y^ Afternoon by y" Caput. 10.] MS. Add' III. iii. 300. ' Billy Reneu in Greek & liatiu ' These For M"" John Stiyp Living At Low= Leigh ton near y" Stocks Essex [28 Dec. 1707.] w"' care FouXteX/Aos o Pev€VLOV tov StSacTKaXov aiSotoraTov dcnrd^et Tas crov CTTtoToAas Trjys TrapaKXi^criws (TOV X'^P'-^ ^^'- ^X^ jxeyaXrjv. Mathematica onines meas horas otiumque, quod aliter scribendo collocarem consumant nee aliquod inter omnia mea studia illis difficilius est, sed, etsi nunc multi sudoris sunt, alacriter illis Laborem impendo ; animo evolveus, quantas voluptates et commoda jjostea mihi praebebunt. Pater Materq fratrera Danlelem a Dom. Memmingi schola removerunt ; nam non omnino doctior factus est, quantum ad Literas Eomanas, etsi quatuor annos apud Illu manserit. Et Dom. Morlandus, Patre cupiente in domum accepit. Ita ut jam Sodales sumus. Totas Literas Graeco Idiomate scripserim, sed putavi res non tarn congvuas esse illi stilo. Ideoque partim Latiue scripsi. Saluta, precor, meo & totius familiae nomine Dominam tuam Domi- nulasq. Omnes nostrae Domus bene se habent; idemq de tua opto. Vale, Londini mensis Decembris Die vicesimo octavo. APPENDIX II. RENEU TO THE STRYPES. oOl 11.] Ibid. III. part iii. n°. 338. Eudorsed ' W™ Reneu 1 708 His Questions w'' he kept liis Act.' For y« Raver"! M' John Strype at his house in Low = Leighton Essex. by London Hont Sir Since ray Last you have not done me y^ favour to let me hear from you : I hope I need not imj^ute it to any thing, but your having abundance of business on your hands which has engrossed all your time and kept you from thinking of Cambi-idge. We are very quiet here this vacation and have y" best opportunity of studying that can be. I hope I shall make good use of it and fit myself to take my Degree honourably at Chiistraas. In order to it I have kept an act in y^ Schools upon these Questions. Philosophia naturalis non tendit in atheismu, Materia non potest cogitare. Materia est divisibilis in infinitum. I was baited 2 or 3 hovirs by 3 opponents and then came down without much disgrace. Next term I shall be opponent once or twice perhaps and then I shall have kept all my exercise in y® Schools ; till I come to be middle Bachelour. I remember you told me 'twould not be ungratefull to you to hear how we performed here, y' you might see y° Difference between your time and mine, otherwise I had not troubled you w*** this impei-tinence. I have a peice of very ill news to send you i.e. viz. y' one Wkiston our Mathematicall Professor, a very learned (and as we thought pious) man has written a Book concerning y" Trinity and designs to print it, wherein he sides w'*' y° Arrians ; he has showed it to severall of his freinds, who tell him it is a damnable, heretical Book and that, if he prints it, he'll Lose his Professorship, be suspended ab officio et beneficio, but all won't doe, he saies, he can't satisfy his Conscience, unless he informs y® world better as he thinks than it is at present, concerning y® Trinity. M"' GIrigg gives his humble service to you. Be pleased to give mine to M" Strype and y^ young Ladies. And believe me to be as I truly am, Sir Your I'cspectfull freind & Serv* Jes: Coll: Aiig: lOl"^ 1708. "W™ Reneu. 802 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 12.] MS. Add'- III. part ii. letter 146. Endorsed by Stryj^e '1708 Jan. VV" Renew Bach of Art. My Book of y" Annals Y^ Judgm* thereof at Cambridge.' For y^ Rev'! M"" John Strype Minister of Low = Leyton In Essex [25 Jan. 1708-9.] by London Honoured S') Last fryday I got over all y° Troublesome busi- ness attending my Degree and was capped by y" Vice Chancellour ; news I fancy that won't be very ungrateful to you ; who have alwaies shown such a kind concern for my wellfare & happiness. Preparation for my Degree has kept me hitherto from reading your learned His- tory &c a book, all y" most ingenious men confess y" selves mightily obliged to you for ; & willingly own it to be a woi'k no one could un- dertake & perfect, but y"" self, as you have certainly done to all their satisfactions ; I intend within a little while to set about it and read it over, I don't doubt, w"* a great deal of Pleasui-e. But I believe I shall first see you at your own house ; for I intend to be at London (if y° Weather alters and mends y^ Roads) within ten dayes. In y^ mean time I fancy, my Father would be glad you'd diiie w*** him one day, and you'd particularly oblige me, if you'd tell him he must expect pretty large Bills, this Degree-time'. I have this day sent him up a very large one, which I don't know how hee'll like. But intend he shall have no more such ; for now I me" Bachelour, I know I can find severall ways to retreave my Expences, and live for threescore p**' p" Ann : very handsomely, and that he's willing to allow me. Please to present my humble service to M" Strype and y® Young Ladies, & excuse y" freedom taken w**" you (in pretending to employ you) from Your afF:"'" humble Serv* W. Reneu Jes : coll : Jan : 25 : 170S-9. ^ Not only because of fees, but for sometimes spelt " I'ie," but with the treats to the ' fathers ' disputants and apostrophe ; ex. gr. in Nevile's Poor friends in college. SclioJer (1662), ii. 4. ^ I me = I'm. Similarly " I'll " was APPENDIX II. RENEU TO STRYPE. 303 13.] Ibid. III. ii. 159. Endorsed 'M-" W" Reneu Oct 4. 1709 M' Wort's 3000£ how dis2:)0sed iu Charity to y*' University. Reneu fair for a Soiithern Fellowship at Jesus Coll.' Dear & Honoured Sir, Whether I writ to you, or you to me, last, I can't tell ; however I'me sure if I did your good nature will easily excuse a supermimerary Letter, & y® same, I hope, will forgive me, if I was in your debt. As for College matters (about w'^'' (upon my account) you used to be kindly inquisitive) there's little or no alteration in them : I have not got a better Scholarship, nor is there any Southern fellow- ship dropt ; so y' I continue in statu quo : But I can tell you a piece of news w''^ I dare say won't be disagreeable ; y* now if a Southern Fellowship should drop, I have no senior to oppose me ; and I'me persuaded no Junior can turn me out, by reason of y" Master's good opinion of me (how well I deserve it I don't know) & my acquaintance with near half the fellows, things neither of y" despicable : so y' in all probability I shall be coelected y^ next vacancy. To promote this my kind Father, upon my Request sent y® Master i a Chest of Florence and as much to M' Grigg ; which you may be sure won't be to my Disadvantage in y' particular, if it does me no signall piece of service. I thank you S"" for your service sent by M' Wyat, who would not be so kind as to call upon me, tho he was but 2 doors off; othei-wise we had drunk y"" Health together. M"" Grigg desires to be remembred to you ; he continues as true and substantiall a friend as ever, and watches all ojjportunities of doing me service as far as he's able. I beleive you have not heard of a noble Charity left us by M' W" Worts deceased, formerly Master of Arts of Caius College in this univer- sity; and in his Will as well dispos'd of, in y^ opinion of every body as 'twas possible it should be, it was thus. This gentleman II left 3000 in y^ Bank thus to be disposed of. When y* interest of I I I y" 3000 amount to 1500, y* 1500 is to be laid out to build Gal- leries for y® Bachelours of Arts and undergraduates in S' Maries Church. This it will doe in 7 or 8 years. The 3000 still lying I _ I in y* Bank till y* Interest of it amounts to 1500 more; this 1500 is to be spent in making a Causeway from Emanuell College to Hog Magog : and y* 3000 is to continue in y^ Bank, till y^ Interest I I amounts to 800 more, w'^'' 800 i.s to be out at use & will bring in 304 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. I at common interest 40 p' Annum foi* y" Repair of y" Causeway & Galleries. After this y^ 3000 is to remain in Bank till it raises I lb 4000 or 200 \y Annum for ever which is to bear y® Charges of two persons to be sent out by y" Vice Chancellour to travell into foreign parts, who are obliged to send a Jouniall of their observa- tions every month to him. They are to be out 3 years and then other two are chosen by M"' Vice Chancellour and they are to come I home. When y® 3000 has yielded y® above-mentioned Interest 'tis to be put into y® University Chest. The Vice Chancellour &. master of Trinity for y^ time being, and others y® most substantiall heads of y" University are made Trustees. Now I think no Charity of y' value could have been better disposed off. For as to y" Build- ing of Galleries in S' Maries, y' you know was as much wanted as any thing could be ; for besides y" undecency of seeing so many Gentlemens sons standing in y° Isles ; y® want of seats brought in y' ill Custom of talking & walking about y* Church all y® service, so y' there's is often such a noise, one can hardly hear y* minister, let him have never so good a voice ; but by this means this will be regulated. Then you know y° causeway to y® Hills is very necessary, for by means of Coaches & Carts & y® Chalkiness of y^ Road in winter time 'tis hardly possible to get to them ; and they are y® Pleasantest places as well as wholesomest y' we have about us. The other Parts of his Charity you can see the use of as well as I can tell you, therefore I'll conclude ; and I had need, I fancy, for this long i-elation will tire you. My humble service to M" Strype & your Daughters. I am Your Respectfull freind & serv' W Rexeu Camb: oct 4 . 1709 M"" Barker Senior fellow and President of Magdalen College died last night ; he was almost about y'' standing, therefore I acquaint you with it, and you may possibly know him. — Verbum non amplius addam. 14.] MS. Add'- III. part iii. n°. 353. To y" rev* Mr John Strype Minister of Low Leyton In Essex. Febr: 10"^ 1709—10. Dear & honoured Sir, I should not have deferred answering y"" Last kind Letter and thanking you for y'' token you. sent by D' Newcombe thus long, had not I been plagued almost ever since with greivous APPENDIX II. RENEU TO STRYPE. 305 sore eyes. I have been bloodied in y" Temple veins & in y^ Arm, been purged almost a dozen times & been blistered and used all y remedies imaginable for this last Q'' of a year & have haixUy diverted y* Humour so much, but y* upon y^ least Cold it threatens me with a return. I have left olf all y^ exercises as shooting hunting coarsing football &c which can possibly endanger my catching cold ; so y* I hope I may have an opportunity of fixing to hard Study now ; which I have left off so long, y* I am perfectly tired of non-studying ; having drained my whole Storehouse of amuzements. To di-aw y® Rheum & humours from my Eyes I am advised to smoak very much which I dare not let my Father know, he's so averse to it y' I beleive he had as live see me dead or at least blind (and to be so, is death to a Student) as with a pipe in my mouth : I have smoaked, so y* I can receive no prejudice any other way, than by his anger, but I'll take care to conceal it from him, if possible, whenever I taka a pipe. I would have writ to you when D' Newcome' went home, but my eyes were bad & I had some business on my hands which prevented me : He took his degree very honourably, and I believe will have an optinie ; you have not forgot how those are disposed of^ T see you are again employed at y" Printers for a good while ; I shall see you either there or at your own house very shortly I hope, for I intend to make my freinds a visit y® latter end of this or y^ beginning of next month. I won't detain you any longer from y' Arch B^. Parker for fear y" Publick should suffer by my means. I am D'' Sir Your respectfull freind & Servant W. Reneu. My humble service to M" Strype & y"" Daughters. 15.] Ibid. III. iii. 372. Endorsed by Strype ' May 1710 M' Reneu of Jesus His Exercises [as Middle B.A.] To make y« Speech May 29.' H^S: I waited upon y' freind M' Baker as soon as I could conveniently, and delivered him y" Papers you sent by me; y' half guinea he desired me to retiu-n you (w""" I have sent to my B' John for you) and to tell you, one of y' Books will be a much more acceptable present to y^ young Painter. I have been so pestered with exercise in College and in y^ Schools ever since I came down y* I have hardly had time to write to any one otherwise you might have 1 H. Newcome, Emman. B.A. 1709. that these complimentary marks of M.A. 1713. distinction were conferred in Strype's ^ An early instance of a reference to time (B.A. 1C65). Cambridge honours. Eeneu implies w. 20 303 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. assured yourself of a Letter before this, I have very little time to spare at pi-eseut for I am preparing a Thesis for the Bachelour Schools, being to come up y® Beginning of May & besides have a Speech for y" twenty ninth of May upon my hands for our Hall : I shall take w* pains I can to make a good one, it may possibly do me some service against I set for a fellowship. Little Brown' is come to Coll : I shall take cai-e to miss no opportunity of doing him Service, since you have recommended him to me — I hope M" Stiype has got rid of y° Distemper she was afflicted w*"" w" I saw you last. I wish you both all health and happiness, and am sincerely y Respectfull & aff"'^ humb': Serv'. W. Reneu Pray my Service to all freinds but particularly D' ]S"ewc(»me. Apr. 25*'' 1710. IG.] IIL iii. 384. Endorsed by Stiype 'June 1710 Mr William Reneu from Canibr. Thanks for my directions in delivering his Speech May 29 To i-ecomend him to y*^ Bp. Ely.' Hon-? Sir, I should be very much to blame if I did not take the first opportunity of writing to you to thanke you for your last kind Letter, wherein you showed so many proofs of y" Sincerity of your affection to me in y'' good wishes & advice : I take it very kindly I'll assure you, that you'd trouble y"" self to write me word what method you thought properest for me to take in my speech for y® 29"" of last month ; it was finished before j" Receipt of y"" kind instructions, but I had y** satisfaction to see y® method I had taken in making it did not differ very much from y' you prescribed. I found a great deal of benefit by y" latter part of y'' advice about pronunciation and moderate action, and laid aside in great measure y' fearfuluess I am so unfortunately prone to, by being forewarned of it by you. I thank you for y'' kind representation of me to my Father & Mother I hope they'll have no reason to complain of me for any thing I do here. My Father is a little hard upon me in making me find my self Cloaths and all sorts of conveniences & necessaries out of the SO"* p'' An; he allowes me and y" scholarship I have w''*' is about lO"* more; I wish he don't hinder me of y® fellowship, I expect by forcing me to live so close in College for fellows expect to be treated now & then by youngsters that expect to be members of their Society. Ill try all wayes I can to save money but fear my Father must allow me ten pounds pr An. more. Please to oixler y'' Bookseller to deliver y^ book I subscribed for, to my Father ; I have no time to look it 1 T. Browne, Jes., B.A. 1713. APPENDIX II. RENEU TO STRYPE. 807 over yet, being engaged in studies preparatory to an examination, if a fellowship should chance to drop quickly. If y" Bp of Ely knows my Name, it may be of Service to me, I should be obliged to you if you'd let him know, I was under your care heretofore. I have had a little feaver for these five or 6 dayes, but I thank God its gone of, and I hope to set to Study very hard to morrow morning, and to continue it all siimmer. I have y" best opportunity y' can be for there's hardly any one left in y® College because of y** long vacation. I shall notwithstanding be ready & willing to spare you an honr as often as usuall to converse with you by letter. I hope M" Strype &, y" yonng Ladies are well, please to give ray service to y'? Mr Grigg gives his to you. I sent to my B"" Reneu to pay you the ^ Guinea I rec''. of you for y" Painter, M" Baker expects you'll send y^ Book to him y' he may give it y" Young Gentleman. I am Your respectfull freind & humb. Serv*. W. Reneu Jun: 11"^ 1710. 17.] Ibid. III. iii. 400 Endorsed 'Oct 1710 M"^ W" Reneu To speak on his behalf to y' Bp of Ely.' Jes: coll: oct' 31: 1710. Honf Sir, Tliongh yonr not answering my last letter shows you are very busy and don't care to be disturbed, yet I can't forbear troubling you with this, to let you know you may do me a very signal! piece of service without much inconvenience to yourself. The thing is this ; y' when you wait vipon y® Bp. of Ely (w"" I think you visit pretty frequently when he's at London) you'd be so kind as to mention me as your freind and Scholar and one whom you would fain have fellow of Jes: coll: I think you told me you mentioned me heretofore to his Lordship ; but I beg of you to take y" first opportunity to do it again; for if his Lordship be a little prejudiced in favour of me I shall certainly be fellow very shortly ; for J/"" Darhy^ y^ person y' was praeelected, has got preferment which incapacitates him for a fellowship, so that I am next oars now and may probably be elected in 6 months time : If it should happen so I'm sure 'twould be a very agreeable surprize to all my freinds, to my Father especially who would gladly be at less charge for my education. You see, Sii', how free I make with you, but 1 H. Darby, M.A. Jes. 1707. 20—2 308 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. I know yovi'll excuse it since I had no freind y* was intimate with y® Bishop as yourself or I beleive so lieartily desirous of my success in y' point as your self. — Be pleased to give my humble service to M" Strype & your Daughters : I am Hon-^ Sir, Your respectfull & affectionate freind Poor M"" Whiston and Servant being resolved not W. Reneu to recant is to be expelled in 2 or 3 days. 18.] MS. Add^ III. iii. 402. Endorsed 'Nov. 1710 M" W" Reneu from Cambr. About coming up for a Fellows^ & going w**" me to y« Bp of Ely.' Dear and honoured Sir, The news of a Gentleman's (Southern' fellow of our College) being so ill y' his Life is despair'd of, has made M"" Allix" (another fellow) resolve to hasten to London to make w* interest he can for a Brother of his my Jun' : My Tutor advises me to be as quick in my motions as allix ; I intend therefore (if y* Letters y' come in tomorrow night bring word of his death) to be in London on niunday night ; in order to wait upon y^ Bp. of Ely y® next day : if I could have y® happiness of your company thither it would be mightily for my interest I'm sure and I should be very extraordinarily obliged to you. If you'll meet me at ten a clock on Tuesday morning ; after we have drunk a dish of Chocolate, wee'll set out for Ely house, if you please: for there's nothing like striking while y® Iron is hot. My humblest Services to y' good Lady & Daughtei'S, I am Hon^ Sir Y' afl"^® humble Jes: 18: 9': 1710 Servant W. Reneu ^ i.e. australis. See below, Appen- fellow of Jesus, D.D. 1717. His bro- dix V. ther William was B.A. at Jesus 1709, 2 Peter Allix (B.A. Queen's 1702) but never got a fellowship. APPENDIX II. THE RENEUS TO STRYPE. 309 19.] Ibid. III. iii. 406. Endorsed 'Nov. 1710 M"" Peter Eeneu To assist w"" y" Bp of Ely in pcuring a FellowP for W" Reneu' [his son] Sir) London 20"' Nouember 1710 Yesterday Receaued the Inclosed from my sonn from Cambridge for you, hee aduises that Doctor Stanhopes curate is very 111 whoe is a fellow of Jesus colledge att the Receit of said letter I went to Docter bradford' & hee & I went to the bisshopp of Ely, & desired him if said curate should dye to prefferre my sonn to the said fellowshipp hee would not lugage noe farther than only this that when a vacancy comes the colledge Recommends two & hee gives to him that has the best capacity & Recommendation, wee weare half ann houre with the bishopp only wee three I told hiui that you had spoaken with him in behalf of my Sonn, 'tis vncertain or vnknowne weather said curate bee dead or not if dead then my sonn will bee here this night or will aduia how it goes with the said curate by the post, you shall know p tomorrow what aduis wee haue either by my sonn or by the j^ost which I think is necessary before you take any further trouble, seeing that Doctor bradford & I haue already bein with the Bishopp my service to m7 strippe & y"" Daughters accept the same from) Your hiimb Servant P Reneu Sir my wife Giues you and mad® stri^jpt & y' Daughters her seruice. 20.] Ibid. III. iii. 405. Letters from (j8) W. Reneu and (a) his father Peter Reneu ' concerning a fellowsP of Jesus Coll w* he obtained.' (a) London 20"' november 1710 Sir) Tis now about six of the clock in the Evening. I wrote to you this morning a Letter now this serves to acquaint you that my sonn is come from Cambridge & says the Gentleman that was a 1 S. Bradford of Bene't, D.D. 1705. in succession, bp. of CarUsle and afterwards Master of his College and Rochester. 310 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. fellow of tlieir colleJge is dead, I have acquainted you wliat doctor bradford tfc I had done yesterday with the Bishopp of Ely. J Eeffere you to what my said sonn writhes you — iii this Letter & Rest Your humble seruaut P PtENEU. Sir Honf Sir, The gentleman I wrote to you about died last Saturday morning : In my letter I desired you'd please to call upon me on Tuesday morning, but my Father having been w*'' y" Bp of Ely I believe you need not put your self to any inconvenience of y' sort: If you are acquainted with our Master you speaking a good word for me to him, may be of use to me, but I believe nothing else you can do will reward your pains ; However if you come to town I shall not excuse you unless you let me see you. I am very heartily tired with my Journey, therefore can't write you any particulars of y* Pi'oceedings at Jesus Coll : since y® death of this Person but shall be glad to acquaint you with y™ tomorrow or y" next time you come to London over a dish of Thea or Chocolate ; My humblest service y"^ Lady & daughters. I am H? Sir Y"" humb' Servant W" Reneu Lond: 9' y« 20 . 1710. 21.] MS. Add«. III. iii. 409. Endorsed 'Dec 1710 M' W. Reneu. Upon his being Fellow of Jesus. The trouble y'' Bp of Ely put him to. The Master his Friend His Thanks to me.' Honf Sir, I have been in such a continual hurry of business upon my coming into my fellowship, that I have hardly had time to think of my freinds, much less to write to them. My Father told me upon his acquainting you with my success you expressed a very great satisfaction, w'^'" I am much obliged to you for : I shall always very gratefully I'esent y'' kind Care of me and think my self now more particularly obliged to repeat my thanks for all your kindnesses. Your visit to y" Bp of Ely' had not y" good effect 1 John Moore, 1707—1-1. APPENDIX II. THE RENEUS TO STRYPE. 311 you &, I expected for he gave me all y*^ trouble he possibly could, put off my business from day to day and at last sent me to 1)" Clark in order to baulk me of y° fellowship; I have forgiven him, but I have resolved never to have any thing to do w"" him if I can avoid it. All y^ fellows blame and are vexed at him heartily and I be- leive respect me the more for coming of so well, and I don't doubt but I shall live very comfortably & happily among y™. y® Master likewise takes more than ordinary notice of me &, has promised to direct me in my Studies & is every Avay as kind as I can desire. My humble services to your good Lady & Daughters, I wish you all a hajjpy new year & am Your respectfull humb 31 Dec^ 1710 Servant Mr Grigg gives his humble W Reneu service to you. 22.] Ibid. III. part iii. n" 432. Endorsed 'Aug. 1711 M' W" Reneu from Cambr Congratu I ati on . His intent of taking Orders A Living to be held w*'' his Fellowship.' To the reV^ M'' J-f Stryi^e Minister of Low=Leyton in Essex present 2 D . C. Hon"! Sir, 'Twas with y" greatest reluctance I left London without taking my leave of you, but my Journey was so sudden that I could not pay my respects to half my freinds, so y' I hope you wont take it ill. I most heartily congratulate you upon y' institvition into y' new living, I'll assure you Sir it was one of y^ most agreeable peices of news I met with all y*" while I was in town ; long may you live to enjoy it, blest with health and all y" comforts this world can afford. M"" Grigg gives his humble service to you and joins in y" same wish. I am now retui-ned to College in much better health than I left it, and am in hopes nothing will prevent me of half a years hard study to prepare for holy orders, thei-e's a small College Living will be void aljout y' time, & I beleive 'twill fall to my share if I'm capable of it, and for y' reason I shall put on a Cassock y® sooner the value of it is just 20 per anm, it is three 312 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. miles distant from Cambridge and a place where there are no Criticks so y' a young man need not be mnch. concerned tho' his sermons are not extraordinary, and may emprove his preaching faculty there better than any where else where there's a more awfnll as- sembly. You see, I take y'^ freedom to acquaint you with all my designs, as thinking I shall hardly prosper in y" unless you approve of y". My humble service to y"" good lady and Daughters— I am H*! Sr Your most respectfuU humb. Sei'vant Aug: 3. 1711. W-" Reneu. 23.] MS. Add^ IV. (i.) 40. A letter from W. Reneu to Strype dated March 12 1711—12, condoling with Strype on his own sevei-e illness and the sudden death of his eldest daughter. 24.] Ibid. IV. (i.) 60. A letter from Reneu to Strype ^ Dear and ever honoured freind & ffather,' dated Jes. Coll Cambridge Octf 28: 1712. advising Strype to take better care of his health on recovering from fever. ' I have got two pieces of preferment since I saw you viz : Steward of y® College & Taxor of y® university. A College living lb likewise of 20 per Ann stales for me.' The next seven letters have been kindly communicated to me by the Rev. H. Gladwin Jebb, rector of Chetwynd. They give a vivid picture of Cambridge undergraduate life in 1739—46. 25.] Thomas Goodwin [B.A. 1740, afterwards fellow of Trinity.] For M' Samuel Jebb at M"- Jebb's in Chesterfield Derbyshire by Caxton Bag. Oct"' y° 7"" 1739 Dear Jebb. I have made bold to trouble you w**" a Letter w*^"^ considering the friendship subsisting between us & the APPENDIX II. T. GOODWIN & J. HINCKESMAN TO S. JEBB. 313 News I shall impart I judg'd woii'd not be wholly unacceptable to you. Yesterday came on the Election for fellowships when there were seven Vacancies & nine Candidates : one of y" persons y' were thrown out was Leigh \ y^ Other you don't know— We have had here since yon left College a veiy malignant Distemper of w'^'' have died two of S' John's whose names I have forgot, & of our own College Sharp in whose place is succeeded Wakefield", & a great many others have been dangerously ill but are recover'd — my self having far from enjoyed my health all the Summer — Tiiere is a current Report at our Table w"*" I am far from crediting & hope is groundless y' you intend no more for College, your Uncle having wrote to M" Wilson^ to cut out your Name — M'' Leigh is just recovered of a fit of Sickness but I believe not y*^ Common one, who sends his service to you w'^'' is all at present worth communicating from your affectionate friend & Serv' Trin Coll. Camb : T. Goodwin. 26.] To the same from John Hinckesman* of Queens'. Cambridge Queen's [sic] College May IS"* 1740 Dear Sf I would not have neglected so long to write to you if I had not been at a Loss for sometliing to fill up a Letter with, for I do assure you we have had very little news ever since I came up. This is y° only reason why I have deferr'd writing so long, it is not because you have not answer'd my Last Letter, for be assur'd I stand, upon Punctilio's as little as any man can do, which are (as you very Justly say) very pernicious &, tend to y® total Devasta- tion of all Friendship &, Correspondence. I believe I have hitherto forgot to inform you y* y° Gownsmen & Townsmen quan-ell'd & had a pretty good Battle, tho' not very long which begun in this manner. 2 of King's College were ■walking upon y^ Regent Walk one Sunday in y" Dusk of y" Even- ing and happened to meet with some of y^ sink of y® Town (for as you know very toelP none of y^ Tradesmen wou'd be guilty of so base an Action, it being as much as their Credit is worth) who had y® impudence to oppose them, upon this a Great number of 1 Timothy Lee, Trin. B.A. 1736; he would not cut his nephew young D.D. 1752. Samuel Jebb's name out of the boards 2 G. Wakefield, Trin. B.A. 1740. in spite of his father Joshua Jebb's a J. Wilson (Trin. B.A. 1717 ; D.D. letter, but should wait till he saw him. 1749) wrote Aug. 28, 1739 to John Jebb * B.A. 1742. [B.A. Joh. 1725, *Chr., afterwards dean ^ The paper is torn and the words of Cashell] at Mansfield, to say that in italics are conjectural. 314) UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Gownsmen, wlio were in y* Theatre Coffee House, riisli'd out and drove y® Pitiful Scrubs all round y® Town ; who when they saw that y^ Togatae had y" better of y** Battle, run into Houses for Weapons and more assistance, and acted y^ parts of Cowards so much y' they even fought with Spits & Fire Shovels. The Vice Chancellor iuterpos'd and put an End to y* Battle. Lee although he promis'd so fair that he would pay me y® money that he owes you in a short time ; has never so much as mention'd it since, he & I have broke of Acquaintance long since & I don't know why, unless it be because I woud not lend him money, when he wanted .it. he also has been y" cause of Hurst ' doing so too. I hope now in a Month or 6 Weeks time I shall be at my desir'd Haven, & enjoy your pleasant Company; which will afford me no small delight. I am your sincere Friend & Humble Servant J. Hinckesman. P.S. Be pleas'd to give my Service to all your good Family; & to all Enquiring Friends. & should take it as a Favour if you wou'd give my Humble Service to M' Burrow^ & all y^ Family^... 27.] J. Hinckesman 'to M' Samuel Jebb at Chesterfield in Derbyshire. Per Caxton Bag.' Cambridge Queen's College May 9. 1741. Dear Sf I receiv'd yours of 22 of la.st month ; and am fully con- vinc'd that your not writing to me was wholly owing to your long hurry of Business ; and that you are very excusable upon this account. — I was very much amused with y® Sketch that you gave me of your London Journey, and shoud have been very glad if you cou'd have so contrived as to have come down by Cambridge; assur- ing your self that no one cou'd have met with a more welcome reception than you, my very worthy Friend. — but since it was not consistent with your Business to return this way home; I must still desire to enjoy your pleasant company, hoping that my longing desire in process of time will be in some measure gratified ; Gratified did I say 1 how can I ever be satisfied with your en- gaging Company, your mellifluous Tongue good Nature, & all y^ aimiable Qualifications y* adorn our Social Life. — which you are possessed of. — but 'tis time to proceed to Business. I fancy you must with great reason think that I am very much to blame in not sending you your Life of Tully* before this time, 1 Perhaps Thomas Hurst, a freshman - Mr Burrow was Vicar of Chester- fit Trinity, Tim. Lee's and (lately) Sam. fiekl. Jebb's college. ^ Two or three words torn off. ^ Middletou's ; a new publication. APPENDIX II. THE HINCKESMANS TO S. J EBB. 315 and that I do you a great deal of Injury in depriving you of both y" Adv^antage & pleasure of this Admirable Cotnposure ; I confess I am to be blam'd about this affair, when I consider that I hinder you from perusing a Book worthy of Tully himself; but Sr, be pleas'd to pardon my neglect, assuring you that I have never had an opportunity of sending it to you ; altho' M"" W. Burrow has been up twee since it was publish'd and is now up, he has never l^eeii so Civil as to let me know when he came up neither of these Times, nor has never sent to ask whether I had any thing to send into y'' Country ; which I am much surpriz'd at. — The Books I have very safe, & have had them very neatly Bound by M' Wilson's order. — Be pleas'd to give my Service to your Father and all y^ family, with a great many Thanks for my Bill, We have no news or else shoud have been glad to have given you a hint. — I am, Sir, Y" most sincerely J. HiNCKESMAN. 28.] Thomas' [brother of John] Hinckesman To M"" Samuel Jebb At his Fathers house By Caxton J In Chesterfield Bagg ( Derbyshire These. Sir I hope These will find you, with the Rest of your family in good health and all our Frieuds in Chesterfield. — I intended to have wrote to you, before this time. But imagined you was scarce settled after youre Journey ; and another Reason was, we have been sitting for Scholarships lately, and I have now the pleasure to acquaint you, that I am Elected Into that Number. There were tliirteen of us satt it proved A general Election. — as To The Ex- amination you know the Nature of it very well, and therefore shall say no more to that, But hope to talk that over with you in the Vacation, and then shall have an Opportunity of Thanking you for your kind assistance iu Directing me to A College which in my Opinion Is preferable to all in the University. — My Bro' is veiy well and Desires his Service To all your Family, but you in particular, and says he will answer for himself about not writing. As to what news we have stii-ring here I think there is not much lately ; we have had A famous Consert In oure Halls per- form'd by two singing women from London, — their Names were Chiara's very much liked by all that heard them, joined with several Instruments of Musick, which made it very agreeable. My Bro'' and I was at it, they performed three Nights in the University. — this is most of the News we have except a Fellow of Queens College is 1 T. Hiuckesman, Trin. A.B. 1745. SIG UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Dead of the Small Pox'. — M' Wilson is very well, and when I was at his Room and told him that you had taken a joiirney to London he said he hoped you would take Cambridge in your Return home, he shoud have been glad to see you here, and Desired his service to you. By this time T have tired your patience, Therefore in the Conclusion I am Your very humble in haste Serv', Tho', Hinckesman Cambridge Trinity College May the G*"^ 1742 PS) As to the night in which we are to have our Treats it is next Monday night, I Believe ; we are to be swore in" to morrow. I had the Two Bournes, Wood, & Heathcote^, at my Room lately, and they were all very well. 29.] John Hinckesman to M"" Samuel Jebb at Chesterfield in Derbyshire p Caxton Bag. Cambridge Queen's Coll : May 15. 1742. Dear S' I am very sorry to think that I have been y® Cause of so long & so profound a silence betwixt you and me ; I cou'd not have thought that such a Trifle as this of writing first shou'd have pre- vail'd betwixt you and me ; especially when I had so often in my former Letters acquainted you that I shoud always take y" op- portunity of writing to you, when I had any thing that woud afford you pleasure in y® Perusal. I own that I have committed a fault in not writing to you sooner, & that you have Just reason to give me the name of a very bad Correspondent, but Sf if you will give yourself leave to consider how troublesome it is to a man to sit down to write a Letter when he has nothing of Novelty to entertaia his Friend with ; nothing that can afford j" least pleasure ; I hope you will think me in some measure excusable, & put a better coDstruction upon this Misdemeanour. — you may assure yourself if I cou'd have sci'ap'd together any tolerable Stock of Cambridge Occurrences to have furnish'd a Letter out withal I should not have been so long y" De- linquent. — but to proceed to Business. — 1 Carewdied 5 April, 1742. He was 1744, fellow. buried in the college chapel. John Bourne, S. John's. B.A. 1745. 2 Sc. Jure discipulorum in fundat. John Wood, S. John's, LL.B. 1747- Coll. Trill. ' Ralph Heathcote, Jesus, B.A. 1744, 3 Laurence Boiu-ne, Queens', B.A. D.D. 1760. APPENDIX IT. J. HINCKESMAN TO S. JEBB. 817 My Brother is now settled in College, & Likes College very- well : he keeps in y'' first Court np one pair of Stairs in y^ Turret which is but one Stair Case from where you kept. — I fancy my Brother told you that he had had success, & about his proceedings in it. So that I need not dwell upon this. We have had 3 very fine Consorts here, one of which was perform'd in your Hall ; which my Brother and I had the Curiosity to go and see. The vocal Musick perform'd by y^ Italians was really exquisitely fine, & sung with a great deal of Humour & Judgement ; y® Instrumental Likewise was prodigiously entertaining : in short it was a continued Scene of Mirth & Gaiety. — they found such Great Encouragement that they wou'd very gladly have perform'd a fourth time if they cou'd have got Leave from y" Yice=Chancellor. — they stay'd here so long after their performance & was so much caressed by y® Gownsmen, that y® Proctor's intended to have visited them, if they had not Just gone of in nick of Time. I am very sony to hear that you are likely to be depriv'd of your Bosom Favourite B. B. you know whom I mean, but hope that you are a man of so much resolution, that you can bear up against these strong byasses, & not sufier yourself to be overturn'd by y" wheel of Fortune. — I hear that 'twill certainly be a match betwixt her &, M'' Watts, and likewise 'tis Just upon y'' Point. — I have wrote to my mother by this Post to desire your Father to £ draw a 14 Bill, which I shou'd be glad if you woud hasten him in ; Be jileas'd to pay my Compliments to him &, all y® Family. — I saw M"" Goodwin of your Coll : the other Day he has been in Coll : about a Fortnight. I am your very Humble Servant in haste) J. Hinckesman. M' Wilson desires his Service to you. 30.] John Hinckesman To M' Samuel Jebb at Chesterfield By London in Dei"byshire. Westcammel Nov' 5'? 1745. Dear Friend Jebb I humbly beg your pardon for not writing to you before this time, but I hope, you will think me somewhat excusable when you know the true reason of it. I have been pretty much taken up since I came here in making preparation for Priest Orders, which I took at Michaelmas, and the more so, because not only the Bishop but the Dean and Chapter examine the Candidates at Wells. This made me take some pains in Qualifying myself for such an examination. 818 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Perhaps it may not be disagreeable to give jon a hint of the metliod they have here. The Bisliop upon one of the days examines all the young Geiitle- men privately himself; and then y^ next day following the Dean •' {lardies, Jones. From the Commencement to Christmas. i{Le Clerk, Lock, Metaphysicka j -i m ± r • • i a ^ \ rn -J- £ -xir- )i Uiios. irausact. LeipsicK Acts, and Chymistry oi Mine- -{n ^ r r< if • r^ • rals, Plants and Animals. P^^^^' Lemmery, CoUegmvi Curiosum. C (Keil, Gibson, Blankard, Drake., I P'. of Animals ■< Cowper, Harvey, Borellus de 2^^ Anatomy and I ' '''''^'* Animalium. PI .. / -, i 2°''. Plants and jGrew, Fhilos. Trans. Miscell. ' ^ "^1 Vegetables ( Ctirios. I 3'''^. Minerals, their (Hook's Mici'ograjih, L minute parts \Lewenhoek. From the Commencement to Chx-istmas. 1"' O +■ V T)' + •■ V (^^'^^^''i/5 Rohault, Decliales, BarrovSs a L i. •' I \\ \ ' T • \ Lectures, Newton, Cartes, Hwiens, Latoijtricks, Colours, ins. j ^^ , \r i ' n- ! • / ^ ' ' ( Aepler, Molyneux s JJioptricks. 2""*. Conick Sections, and the (De Witt, De la Hire, Sturmius, Marquis Nature of Curves. ( de VHopitall, Newton, Millnes, Wallis. Exercise. Translate every Week a piece of Demosthenes into Latin to be explain'd every Monday Morning betwixt 10 and 11, besides other Exei-cises appropriated to the Studies of this Year. Every Sunday and Holiday thro' the Year. P'. Explain half of the Epistles and Revelations, those to the Jiomaus, Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Golossians. 'P*. Give an Ecclesiastical History of") the Primitive Discipline and Government and Constitution of the Church, and then of the present Churches and compare 'em. '. Of the Practice, Worship, Virtues,] Ccive's Prim. Christ. Suflerings, &c. of it and of the I ^^"'.^.^/^,^f^^- present Basilius Marjn. suinma Bevei'idge's Apostolical Canons, English Canons. moraliuni. 342 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. FOURTH YEAR From Christmas to tlie Commencement. P'. Mechanical Philosophy, Staticks, Hydro- staticks, Flux and Reflux, Percussion, Gravitation, &c. Marriot, Kell, Hugens, Sturmius, Boyl, New- ton, Ditton, Wallis de mot u, Borelliis, II alley s Miscell. Curiosa. 2-. Fluxions, Infinite series, ) ^'.ff^' f''"'Z'- ^''P^';.'\/^'''^'' . .^, ' . 1 c T n -^ r Ditton, J 07ies,i\ieuwentius,m3Lrqixi3 Aritlimetick oi infanites. l i ru \ -, i, ) de I hointalL From the Commencement to Christmas. rSpherical "] Gassendus, Mercator, Bullialdus, ^ ^t , J Hypothetical I Horoccius, Flamslead, Newton, J I Practical f Gregory, Whistoit's Praelections [physical J and Kepler. iSturmius, Briggs, Vlacq, GelJi- hrand, Harris, Mercator, Jones, Newton, Caswell. Exercise. Declaim in Latin every Monday from 10 to 11, besides other Exercises adapted to the Studies of the Year, as resolving of Pro- blems by Fluxions, &c. Every Sunday and Holiday thro' the Year. P'. Explain the other half of the Epistles and Revelations, those to the Thessalonians, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, those of S' James, S' Peter, S' John, S' Jude, and the Revelations. nn^ i-i- T71 1 • i- 1 XT- J. 1 J^u Bin, Baronius, Cavers Lives 2 . Give an Ecclesiastical History /.,, U .7 rr- . t-^ ^ ., r^ -1 ^ ^^ \ of the r athers, llistor. Literar., of the Councils and others h- • 7 n t • ^ nr 71 ™ .. • ^1 m 1 hiscioLa, Genturxat. Maqdebur- Iransactions m the Cnurcli. "^ J genses. Conclude the Night Lecture with an OfBce out of Dr Hichs^s Reform'd Devotions, and the Prayer for Christ's Holy Catholick Church. Instead of the Lessons in Dr Hicks, let every one in his turn read a Lesson out of the Greek Testament in. the same place where they are presciib'd. Add to this Method on Thursdays ri. Theocritus, Hesiod, Homer, V^. Lecture on the Greek\ p j. j Pindar, &c, 2""*. Lecture on the Latin) ' 1 2. Virgil, Horace, Juvenal, Per- \^ sius, ttc. So that the first half year may be either employ'd in Classicks, as is before prescrib'd, or devoted to other Studies.' APPENDIX V. EXAMINATIONS FOR FELLOWSHIPS AND SCHOLAR- SHIPS, &c. AT TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. ZOUCH'S HINTS. THE ANNUAL 'MAY' EXAMINATION FOE FEESH- MEN AND JUNIOE SOFHS. OLD EXAMINATION PAPEES, &c., &c. Until tlie present century' Trinity was the only college in Cam^ bridge where the fellowships were open without territorial appropria- tion. All the other colleges* (with the exception of King's) filled up each vacancy by electing if possible some one whose name had been matriculated as belonging to the same county ''as the outgoing fellow. The counties were thus distributed for Peterhouse in 1630 (by a statute superseding Warkworth cap. xii.) into north (Boreales) and south (Austi-ales) by a*line drawn from Yarmouth to Machynlleth. Northern. Bedfoi-d, Cheshire, Cumberland, Derby, Durham, York, Hunts, Lancaster, Leicester, Lincoln, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, Notts, Rutland, Salop, StaflTord, Warwick, West- moreland, Worcester, — Anglesea, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Merio- neth, Montgomery. Southern. Berks, Bucks, Cambridge, Kent, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Essex, Gloster, Herts, Hereford, Middlesex, Monmouth, Oxon, Southampton, Surrey, Sussex, Suffolk, Somerset, Wilts, — ■ Brecon, Caermarthen, Cardigan, Glamorgan, Pembroke, Radnor. ^ However the system of 'close ' fel- tion was gi-anteil, in 1639, to S. John's, lowships and scholarships had hocu and iu 177G that society resolved (if denounced as early as 1759 in the the master thought it worth while) to Epistle of Ei. Davies M. D. to Dr petition the sovereign for the removal Hales (p. 23) : and iu 1788 the author of the restriction of counties. Mayor's of Remarks on the Knormous Expenee Baker pi?. 523, 1072. inthe Education. .. atGixxQ\)T:\i\Q3 {\).'ii()) 3 Hooker appears {Kchle i. 15.) to suggested the parliament should in- have been entered at Corpus, Oxon. as terfere. of two counties, Devon and Suuth- ^ In one instance a royal dispcusa- amptou. 344 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. There niiglit be four fellows at one time from Middlesex or Cambridgeshire, but only one each from tiny of the others (the whole of Wales conntiijg as one) except by royal dispensation. If it happened that there was no candidate of the right connty ready, the election would I suppose lie between the men of any northern (or southern) counties which had no representatives in the existing body of fellows. In 1785, Henry Gunning did not enter at S. John's because Cambridgeshire was filled by the bishop of Ely's fellow, and a pi"o- fessor's son, already admitted, was prepared to step into his shoes. He went therefore as a sizar to Christ's, where the Cambridgeshire fellow was likely soon to vacate his berth. This state of things con- tiuued at S. John's till the end of the century, when Dr Wood was scandalized at their finding themselves precluded from electing Inman the senior wrangler of 1800. In the middle of the seventeenth century *a fellowship examina- tion included versification, vivd voce questions and other exercises,' but the election was liable to be influenced by the party spirit which then ran very high, as well as by personal interestj'. When Bentley was made Master of Trinity in 1700, he found the custom of examining the candidates for fellowships (and scholaiships) in the chapel vivd voce before the master and seniors. In order to give an opportunity for the perfoi^mance of written exercises and time to weigh and deliberate upon the merits of the men, Bentley soon after his appointment ordered that they should be examined by each of the electors at his own a2:)artments^. We have in the memoirs of his grandson Ei. Cumberland a full account of the working of the scheme under his successor Dr Smith iu 1752. Although on rare occasions^ even a junior bachelor had been in- vited to stand for election and had been successful, it was until that year contrary to rule that middle bachelors even should be eligible. 'It would hardly be excusable in me' [says Cumberland] 'to detail a process that takes place every year, but that in this instance the novelty of our case made it a matter of very great attention. When 1 Mrjox^s Blatt. Robinson, 28 n, 3Gn. jimiority, S'' Jones the northern was At S. John's there is some evideuce of elected. laxity iu fellowship elections about When Dr Gooch (l)p. of Bristol) 1622, but in 1634 and 166| we find claimed the right of examining Mr reference to examination. Mayor's Gibbs or any other candidate for a Baker 488 1. 15; 604 1. 26; 543 1. 12. fellowship as master of Cains in 1737, In Dr Wortliington's Diary we find a the fellows rejected his declaration at brief account of a fellowship examina- a Chapel-Meeting, 5 Sept. Cains MSS. tion at Emmanuel in puritan times. 602 (10). Nov. 18, 1657, afternoon, Sir Jones ^ Monk's Bentley, i. 159, 160. (co. Lancaster), Sir Gibson (co. Suf- ^ Isaac Newton 1667, Ri. Bentley folk), Su- Pulling (co. Hertford), sat in jnn. 1723, Rogerson Cotter (M.P. for the parlour for a fellowship. They Charlesville) 1771, T. Eobinson (of were examined by Mr Shelton the Leicester) 1772, Ri. Porson 1782. In dean and Mr Jewell the lecturer, and the present century there were only a they answered in an equality. Next few instances, until 1830 when there day, after chscussion among the master were ten vacancies and the rule was and fellows, who gave their votes by abolished. APPENDIX V. TRINITY FELLOWSHIPS. 345 the day of examination came we went our rounds to tlie electing seniors; in some instances by one at a time, in others by parties of three or four; it was no trifling scrutiny we had to undergo, and here and there pretty severely exacted, particidarly, as I well remem- ber by Doctor Charles Mason', a man of curious knowledge in the philosophy of mechanics and a deep mathematician.... He gave us a good dose of dry mathematics, and then put an Aristophanes before lis, which he opened at a venture and bade lis give the sense of it, A very worthy candidate of my year declined having anything to do with it, yet Mason gave his vote for that gentleman, and against one, who took his leavings. Doctor Samuel Hooper gave us a liberal and w^ell-chosen examination in the more familiar classics.... ' The last, to whom in order of our visits we resorted to, was the master*; he called us to him one by one according to our standings, and of coui"se it fell to me as junior candidate to wait till each had been examined in turn. When in obedience to his summons I attended upon him, he was sitting, not in the room where my grand- father [Bentley] had his library, but in a chamber uj) stairs, encom- passed with large folding screens, and over a great fire, though the weather was then uncommonly warm : he began by requiring of me an account of the whole course and progress of my studies in the several branches of philosophy, so called in the general, and as I proceeded in my detail of what I had read, he sifted me with questions of such a sort as convinced me he was determined to take nothing ujion trust ; when he had held me a considerable time under this examination, I expected he would have dismissed me, but on the contrary he proceeded in the like general terms to demand of me an account of what I had been reading before I had applied myself to academical studies, and when I had acquitted myself of tliis question as bi-iefly as I could, and I hope as modestly as became me in presence of a man so learned, he bade me give him a summary account of the several great empires of the ancient world, the pei'iods when they flourished, their extent when at the summit of their j)Ower, the causes of their declension and dates of their extinction. When summoned to give answer to so wide a question, I can only say it was well for me I had worked so hai'd upon my scheme of General History This process being over, he gave me a sheet of paper written through in Greek with his own hand, which he ordered me to turn either into Latin or English, and I was shewn into a room containing nothing but a table furnished with materials for writing, and one chair, and I was required to use dispatch. The passage was maliciously enough selected in point of construction and also of character, for he had sci"awled it out in a puzzling kind of hand with abljreviations of his own devising : it related to the arrangement of an army for battle, and I believe might be taken 1 C. Mason, B.A. 1722, D.D. 1749, lathfi, and in bell-ringing. Woodwardian Professor 173Jt. ' A true " llobert Smith, B.A. 1711, LL.D. modern Diogenes' who exercised him- 1728, D.D. 1739, Pluniian Professor self at bis blacksmith's forge and 1716, Master of Trinity 17-12, 34G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. from Polybiui?, an author I had then never read. When I had given in my translation in Latin, I was remanded to tlio empty chamber with a subject for Latin prose and another for Latin vei-se, and again required to disjjatch them in tlie manner of an impromptu. The chamber into which I was shut for the performance of these hasty productions was the veiy room', dismantled of the bed, in which I was born. The train of ideas it revived in my mind were not inappositely woven into the verses I gave in, and with this task my examination concluded.... 'The next day the election was announced, and I was chosen together with Mr John Orde, now one of the masters in Chancery When I waited upon the electing seniors to return my thanks, of course I did not omit to pay my compliments to Dr Mason ^.' When he had become superannuated Cumberland was invited by his Trinity friends to offer himself a candidate for the Lay -fellowship then vacant by the death of Mr Titley the Danish envoy. There were only two fellowships of this description. He was successful against a considerable number of competitors ; but he soon afterwards vacated it by marriage^. When T. Robinson was a successful candidate in 1772, Ave find the examination for Trinity fellowships still conducted by the electors 'separately and privately. Mr [Stephen] Whisson [ex-tutor and bursar] did not examine by formal and set questions, but rather in the way of conversational inquiry : and his questions were much calculated to ascertain the degree of general knowledge which the student had obtained. " Can you tell me, sir, what were the dis- criminating tenets of the ancient philosophers 1" and the like*.' This system of examining was obviously liable to objections, and at last in 1786, ten of the junior fellows had occasion to remonstrate that some of the seniors had taken part in the election without examining the candidates. Their representation after some heai-t-burnings" was speedily eflectiuil, and a new master, Dr Postleithwaite, about three years latei', instituted the public fellowship-examinations, which have ever since prevailed at Trinity. The scholarship election went through a similar change. Pro- fessor Pryme contrasts the formal sitting in hall, which had already become established in his own time (1800), with the irregular pro- ceedings which his uncle Owen Dinsdale remembered (B.A. 1762) when Dr Smith was master, and when the seniors sent for one, and sometimes two or three students together, and examined them in some Greek or Latin book in their own rooms, and afterwards they ^ The Jtuh/i's' Chamber in Trinity Visitor (coram lord Thurlow). See Lodge. Cooper's Annals, iv. 424, 425. Guu- ^ Memoirs of Ri. Cumhcrland, 4to. iiing's Remirdsc, vol. ii. chap. iv. 1806, pp. 106—110. Monk's Beutlei/, ii. 423, 424. _ The 3 Ibid. 148. memorial of the junior fellows is re- * E. T. Vanghan's Life of T. Eobiri- corded in the Cicutleman's Magazine, son, pp. 32, 33. lvi. 1138. ® Involving an appeal to the Eoyal APPENDIX V. scholars' ELECTION 1709, 1760. 347 would say to each other, " So and so has done well, I think he will do for a scholar," or the contrary, as it might be'.' We may now turn to a still earlier record : — John Byrom, almost before he was matriculated, was one of nine- teen candidates who ' sat ' (so the phrase was even in Bentley's time) for ten vacancies among the scholars in 1709. They carried their latin epistles to the master and seniors at the end of April. On May 7th he had been 'examined by Dr Stubbs the vice-master already, and he promises fair.' The following Monday and Tuesday were appointed for more regular examination, which was conducted by Bentley, Stubbs, and Smith (then one of the seniors). On Wednes- day they ' made theme for Dr Bentley, and on Thursday the master and seniors met in the chapel for the election ; Dr Smith had the gout and was not there. They stayed consulting abo^^t an hour and a half, and then the master wrote the names of the elect, who (con- tinues Byrom) shewed me mine in the list. Fifteen were chosen and four rejected, two of them pensioners, Mr Baker's pupils, the other two sizars, one Sophister, the other a Lancashire lad of our year. * Friday noon we went to the master's lodge, where we were sworn in in great solemnity, the senior Westminster reading the oath in Latin, all of us kissing the Greek Testament. Then we kneeled down before the master, who took our hands in his and admitted us Scholars in the name of the Father, Son, &c. Then we went and wrote our names in the book and came away, and to-day gave in our epistle of thanks to the master. We took our places at the scholars' table last night. To-day the new scholars began to read the lessons in chapel and wait in the hall, which offices will come to me pre- sently.' (Ghetham Soc. 1854, pp. 5, 6.) The following is a Scheme of Study preserved in Wrangham's Zouch'\ It relates apparently to Trinity College about the middle of the century. 'Mr Zouch's Directions for Study.'' (Drawn up for Thomas Zouch, perhaps by his brother Henry, about 1756, in which year the latter was admitted a Pensioner of Trin. Coll. Camb., under the tuition of the Rev. Stephen Whisson ; and elected Scholar of that society in the ensuing year.) ' Read authors according to a method. Be particularly cautious to read tliem slowly, and if possible, never pass over a dithculty ; but sto]j till by your own endeavours, or the instruction of others, you have overcome it. Thus will you proceed in your studies with ecpal pleasure and improvement. 1 Autobiographic ReeoUections of G. ingham and prebendary of Durham, Pi-j'me, p. 47. with a Memoir by the Re2\ Frauds 2 The Works of the Rev. Thomas Wranghain, pp. xxviii, xxix. Zouch, D.D., F.L.S., rector of Scray- 848 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. ' Read a chapter in the Greek Testament every day. Let this rule be invariably observed. ' Spend very few evenings in company, ' Read with critical accin-acy the following books in tlie course of the ensuing year, exclusive of all due attention to your Lectures : Demosthenes, and Select Orations of Cicero; Select Tragedies of Sophocles, and Euripides; Juvenal and Persius. Horace will be always in your bands. * Be particularly accurate in all your compositions. Litera scrijyta TYianet. Propose to yourself subjects for Themes and Declamations. Your stile can only be foi"med by continual use. * Occasionally read some of our best English Poets, whenever you find yourself fatigued with more severe studies. 'Always attend Lectures, whether classical or philosophical. If you omit them once or twice, you will be at a loss to proceed with your Lecturer. 'Endeavour to be clear in your knowledge, and answer the questions proposed to you with diffidence and timidity. ' Converse with yourself as much as possible, and learn to think. When you return from Lectures, examine yourself strictly, whether you understand them or not. Recall the subjects of them often to your mind, and familiarise them to yourself by frequent meditation. ' When you have heard a Sermon, Declamation, or other Acade- mical Exercise, endeavour to recollect the heads, and copy them into a book a^^propriated to that use.' The following are the earliest Trinity College examination-papers that I have seen. Questions at the Fellowship Examination Trinity College Cambridge 1797. {Set hy W. Collier, bth ivranyler 1762, reyius professor of hebrew.) Questions Historical. 1. What wei'e the different forms of Government under which tlie Jews lived by various names? what were those names'? what were the successions of tlie forms of Government, and at what ^^eriods did they appear ? 2. What are the four ancient Monarchies ? what is their date, succession, and by what means and events did Cyrus establish his empire ? 3. Whence proceeded the colonies of the East into the West, or Greece 1 what were the names of the Colonists 1 where did they respectively settle, and when 1 4. Why was the southern part of Italy called Magna Graecia ? and whence in the middle, or more northern parts, did the Etiniscans ])rooeed 1 APPENDIX V. TRINITY COLLEGE. 349 5. Whence arose the war Ijeiween Athens and Sparta 1 G. What was the rise of the Pnnic wars 1 what was their final event ] and what effect did that event produce on the Roman Republic 1 7. How many were the families of the Caesars, and with whom did they begin and end 1 8. By what Nation was the Roman Empire finally destroyed 1 and what were the principal causes which brought it to it's fall 1 Questions Geographical. 1. What is meant by the River and the Sea in the Sacred writings ? 2. What is the relative situation of Jerusalem and Samaria? and what the names of the mounts in them, on which the respective temples were built 1 3. What are the sources and dii-ections of the principal rivers 1 and the general directions of the chains of the mountains in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the two Americas 1 4. Which are the principal Istmi on the face of the earth 1 5. What are the Islands in the Aegean Sea renowned for the birth or habitation of illustrious writers 1 G. What is the situation of the Fortunate Islands 1 what is their modern name ? and what is there most distinguished in one of them? 7. What places in the earth appear to have been contiguous to Continents, and are now divided by some great convulsions of natui'e 1 8. What are the principal volcanoes on the surface of the globe? Questions Grammatical. 1. Is language most probably a gift of the Creator, or an effect of human institution ? 2. Whence arises the diversity of languages, and in what man- ner was it most likely effected ? 3. What was the most ancient form of characters to express ideas ; and what improvements ensued ? 4. What was the most ancient alphabet, the number of the first letters ? and the additions afterwards made ? 6. What is l3ovcrTpo(j>rj8ov, and what instances [of it have been discovered ?] 6. What is the digamraa? why so called [? and what examples do you know of its] application in Latin from the Greek 1 [The paper contained jive other questions ivhich are torn in the copy'.] 1 There is no n° 7. owing to a typo- by the] Grammarians ? graphical error, the rest so far as I can 9. What is Marklaud's doctrine of coujectui'e ran as follows : the [ '8. What is the smallest number of ] from the Latin? the [ acknowledged 10. What is the use of particles in 3.50 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. The May Examination. The 'May' examination in lecture-subjects was introduced at Trinity under JDr Postletlnvaite in 1790, that for the junior-sophs was in the main mathematical ; until 1818 senior-so]ihs were not examined. Prof. Pryme gives the following instances of the minute questions set in 1800. * Give the names of the four Roman Legions that were stationed in Britain when Agricola was governor.' And two or three years later, — ' What was the year, month and day of the birth of Cicero V Until 1809 only about one-half of the names were classed, those in the first class receiving prize books which were pi-esented between the courses of the Commemoration dinner, while the band in the gallery played See the Gonqueri7ig Hero comes and Rule Britannia (the only tunes beside God save the King which they knew) alter- nately. In 1809 professor Pryme with good effect increased the number of classes from four to eight, with a ninth below the line ; and ever since 1813 that system has become established'. The following was an early college examination-paper. FRESHMEN. Trinity College Cambridge, 1799. {Set hy T. Yoimg, M.A. 1797, \'2th wrangler 1791, afterwards tutor.) Demosthenes Be Corona. 1. What was the origin and ground of the accusation 1 Date the accusation and trial by Olympiads, and by years before Christ. Give the outlines of the cause ; state its merits ; and mention the event of the trial. 2. Cicero says, " Hanc mulctam Aeschines a Ctesiphonte petiit quadriennio ante Philippi Macedonis mortem." Can this be right 1 3. Give a sketch of the lives of Aeschines and Demosthenes ; and compare their merits as statesmen and Orators. 4. Give some account of the causes and jn-ogress of Philip's suc- cess, from his coming to the throne of Macedon to his death. 5. What was the extent of Alexander's power and influence in Greece and Asia at the time of this oration 1 6. What was the state of Thebes at the same time 1 And how, and by whom, was it brought into that state? all lan[guages ? and what are your own cellence [of the writings of Virgil, and opinions] on the subject? which of the] imperfections of Lu- ll. What is the best manner of cretins did he avoid ? rendering [ and what - Cp. Monk's Bentley, ii. 424. is the rule] for applying Hie et Ille? Pryme's Autohiog. Recoil, pp. 52, 53, 12. What is the distinguishing ex- 90, 91. APPENDIX V. TEIN. COLLEGE EXAMINATIONS. 351 7. Give the Geography aiul history of Cirrha, and the Cirrhaean ])lain. 8. What was the relative situation of the following 2;)laces — Thermopylae, Delphi, Amphissa, Elatea, Thebes, Athens, Eleusis, Cheroueal And what the distances of Eleusis and Elatea from Thebes 1 9. Demosthenes says, Kat /xcra ravra evOv; 8wa/xtv o-uXXe^as, xat Zuape\6v (OS 67ri tt^v Kippaiav, cppo)cr6ai (f)paaa<; ■nroA.Aa Kat Kippaiots Kat AoKpois, Tr)v EXaretav KaTaXafxfSavet. Does this imply that Philip entirely neglected the punishment of the Amphisseans ? 10. Explain the following terms, from the Athenian antiquities : Ap^ovres. Ap^j^ovros. Mi'jycrtf^tAou. ^vyKXrjrov cKKXT/crtas. JlpuTavets. %vpLp.opLaL. 'Ot TptttKOcrtot. 11. Describe the constitution of the Athenian democracy, as settled by Solon ; and state the proportion wliich those who enjoyed the benefits of it bore to the whole population of Attica. 12. Give an account of the origin, constitution, and political use of the Amphictyonic council. 13. Demosthenes says — Ovre yap rjv OTpco-yStia ttrpos ovSei'a a-jre- (TTaXixevrj tote twv 'EWrjvwv. Aeschines, speaking of the same time, says — Xlpefr/Jetag, as rjre €K7rc7rojU,^oT€s Kar' eKecvov tov Kaipov €ts rrjv 'EAXaSa, How is this to be accounted for? 14. What is the strongest reason for thinking that in the decree of the Byzantines, we ought to read Ev ra dXia, instead of Ei'reaA.ta ; and Kracrtv yas Kat olklolv, -urpoeSpiau €V rots aywcri, znoOoSov wotl rav (SoyXav Kat tov Sajxov, tuparots fJ-era ra tepa, instead of KTactv y<2s, Kat otKetav -nrpoeSpiav cv rots aywcrt ■utotl rav SoXov, ZuOTL rav /JajXcDV Kat tov Sa/xov, zaapa TOts OTcpt Ta tepa 1 15. Of what materials was the crown composed 1 APPENDIX VI. ANNUAL COLLEGE EXAMINATIONS AT S. JOHN'S, CAMBRIDGE, 1765-75. D"" William Samuel Powell, B.A. 1738, was elected master of S. John's College Cambridge in 1765. ' In the very first year of Lis mastership he applied himself to the establishment of those college examinations which before his time were unknown in our university, and which form so excellent a test of proficiency in the various subjects of lectures. The examination lists still preserved in S. John's, which were all drawn up with great care and consideration by D"" Powell himself, as long as he presided over the college [till 1775], bear strong testimony to the acute discrimination, the strict impartiality and the resolute industry with which he conducted and perfected this his favoui-ite scheme.' By prizes and punishments he overcame the opposition which the young men at first presented. ' He allowed the studeuts of no year to pass without examination in one of the Gospels, or the Acts of the Apostles ; no talents or acquirements being permitted to compensate for the neglect of this.' The entity in the S. John's coll. conclusion-book is as follows. 5**" July, 1765. ' Agi'eed that the examiners annually chosen shall by themselves or their sufficient deputies examine the under- graduates, both fellow-commonei-s and others publickly in the hall twice a year, the time and subjects to be determined by the master.' In 1772, John Jebb of Peterhouse, being concenied to think that so many young men spent the early part of their course (and fellow- commoners the whole of it) idly or viciously in default of any intel- lectual interest, drew up a scheme to the following effect : — That there should be an annual examination to engage every student every year (no exemption being made in favour of Kingsmen, noblemen or fellow-commoners') to be conducted by six or seven ^ At Cambridge in 1675 exercises For the mnversity, Ei. Watsou were required of fellow-commoners in (Trin.) when he was moderator bad some of the colleges, but not in others. advocated the examination of noblc- (Dyer Privil. Camb. i. 368. ) men and fellow-commoners, and the APPENDIX Vr. POWELL AND JEPB. 353 examiners (chosen according to the proctorial cycle) before the di- vision of the May term. It should comprise the law of nature and of nations, chronology, set periods of history, select classics, meta- physics, limited portions of mathematics and natural philosophy, moral philosophy, and metaphysics. In their last examination before the tripos all should shew a knowledge of the four Gospels in Greek, and of Grotius de Veritate. Candidates for holy Orders to have special lectures after their first degi-ee in arts. About one third of the men might have honours, and prize-books should be given stamped with the university arms. The examination to occupy three days; from 9 a.m. to 12, and from 3 to 6 p.m. Any candidate when not actually under scrutiny of the examinei'S might be sum- moned to the library or to some part of the senate-house by any regent or non-regent for private examination. Jebb's scheme met with much opposition from Farmer and other Emmanuel men, Whisson the librarian and prof. Hallifax, but espe- cially from D"" Powell and other Johnians, who were jealous for their own college examination', which did much to recommend their society to the public. Accordingly in 1774, Jebb modified it in certain technicalities, changing also the time fi'om May to November, re- ducing the subjects to latin and greek classics, elements of geometry and algebra, and (if I rightly comprehend it) proposing not to ex- amine the students of all years, but only to give one previous exami- nation before the degree, except for noblemen and fellow-commoners who should have a second one in Locke, natural philosophy, and modern history". D' Powell died in 1775, but Jebb by renouncing his Orders in that year had not improved the prospects of his scheme. In 1773 he had seen a syndicate appointed without opposition, but in 1774 his propositions having passed- the caput were thrown out by one institution of a general annual exami- desideratum at Cambridge. This, nation, in 1766 and earlier years. which was Dr W. S. Powell's panacea, Autobiog. Aiieccl. i. 47. was made tlie argument against Jebb's Thomas Jones (see p. 123), who had project for a yearly compulsory uni- been an undergraduate of S. John's but versity examination. See Mayor's took his degree (1779, senior wrangler, Hist, of St John's, pp. 1066 — 1068. being private tutor to the 2nd) from ' One Master in Cambridge ' (con- Trinity, where he became senior tutor, tinues the MS. , referring to Dr Powell, having a larger ' side ' than any of his Master of S.John's 1765 — 1775,)'intro- predecessors, was moderator in 1786, 7, duced such Examinations in his own and introduced a grace by which fel- College some years ago, soon after his low-commoners were subjected to the Election to the Mastership there : the same academical exercises as other Master assigns the books and subject undergraduates. Memoir hy Herbert for the Examination a sufficient time Marsh, Aikin's Athenaeum, 1808, xin. beforehand, appoints proper Exami- 261, cf. ibid. 539. ners iu the several branches. ...The 1 A writer in the P. S. to a Letter Master has allways [sic] made it a in the Gentleman's Magazine, April 14, Rule to be Present himself at these 1774 (copied in Bodl. Goitgh Cambr. College Examinations.' 67) speaks of 'Open Examinations in "^ J. Jebb's Works, i, { = Memoir) private Colleges at which all the 45—51, 59—82, 88—91, 110—118. n. Scholars must and all the Fellows 255—390. in. 268—282. Cooper's may be present ' as supplying the Annals, iv. 367, 369, 371, 382. w. 23 354 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. vote in the non-regent hoiTse. But all his efforts, and his clever wife's, were of no avail ; his own vote was declared forfeited by- statute in Feb. 1776, and he retired from Cambridge. In 1821 D"' Wordsworth's scheme for an examination in Classics and Theology was rejected in the non-regent house, but in May 1822 he and others procured' the establishment of the Classical tripos, and Homer and Virgil for the ' Poll,' and two months earlier the Grace for the Previous Examination was passed ^ Account of Annual Examinations in S. John's at the time of Jebb's movement 1773—5. From a ms. paper in the Bodleian^. 'Dec. 1773. ' The subjects for the Examination in June 1774 will be For ^Plain and Physical Astronomy the -< Butler's Analogy Sophs. (3" 10''' and 13"^ Satyres of Juvenal. J . ^Mechanics Q , •< P' voL of Locke bopns (ci^3g^.Q.g 2"^ Philippic. {Algebra Logic Demosthenes rrepi o-re^avou. * For all years the last 14 Chapters of St Matthew.' [Then commences on the same page an official report of the result of the examination, written in a fair clei'kly hand ; but dated ' June 1774 ' by the writer of the list of subjects.] * 0/ the third year'^ Sheepshanks, Hall, Mr Burrell and "Wright 2dows j-gjg^ £qj, secundus] have the prisies. Phillips, Hai-t and Caulet are the next. These seven distinguished themselves as having studied Physical Astronomy and even also are superior to the rest in all the subjects. But Wilkinson was very near them in plain Astronomy and Butler : Tighe, Willis, and Bateman did well and Thornhill also in the Classic' [We have omitted to transcribe the report *of the 2"'' year' and 1 Whewell, Of a Liberal Education, § 218; Sermons (1847) p, 381. * Baker's Hist, of S. John's, Mayor, 1055, 1071. 3 Gough Cavib. 67. the contents of which volume relate mainly to Jebb's Examination Schemes. * The Johuiaus who went out in the * fellows. tripos of 1775 were as follows ; — Wranglers. Sen. optt. *Coulthm-st 2"'» Wilkinson 4th * Sheepshanks i"" Phillips gth Hart 8"' * Heberden 9"> Jim. opt. Hall lO'h * Tighe gth APPENDIX VI. S. JOHN'S COLL. EXAMINATIONS. 355 'of those who were now examined for the first time,' but tlie following extracts may be profitable] 'Collins would have been thought before some of the others. But though it was verily ill health Avhich prevented him from being examined at Christmas he could not be considered in the distribution of the prizes Burton... should not have neglected the Greek Testament. Mr Townshend was thought to be the best in Cicero but he had not studied the other pai-ts. Of those examined for the first time " No one ajipeared to deserve a prize for the ms." [? = Mathematicks']. ' Pyke obtained a prize and one of the best exhibitions by his con- stant attendance at Chapel Cooke, Collins, Boston and Smith sen'., who were next to him in regularity, have also exhibitions on this account. ' The behaviour of the Fellow Commoners ^ in this point has been observed, as notice was given last year that it would be, * Among them Lord Midleton and Lord Powis whilst they stayed here were exemplary. Mr Broderick also has deserved much praise, and some who have been but a short time have given reason to expect from them like behaviour. * There is no other part of their conduct by which they can merit greater honour or shame.' [Then in the original hand follow : — ] 'Subjects of the next examination Dec. 1774. * Hydrostatics and optics 2"^^ Vol of Locke Antigone of Sophocles 6 first books of Euclid Hutchinsons Moral Philoso})hy 21 Book of Livy Stanyans Grecian history except ye P' Bk. of ye P' vol. Horace's Art of Poetry For all the years S* Marks Gospel,' [There is subsequently a .short report of the examination in the above subjects.] 'Of the So2)hs ... ' Mr Kinnersley would have received more praise, had it not been remembered how mvich better he appeared last year. * Mr Townshend by his translation of Sophocles showed his abilities 1 An algebraical proLlem attributed moners also sometimes receive instrnc- to Dr Powell commencing ' A silver- tiou in the chamber of the public tutor, smith received in payment for a certain but are never called upon by the uni- weigbt of wrouglit plate' is inserted in versrhj to give any public proof of their Bland. See preface to W. Eotherham's proficiency in learning.' For the re- S. John's Coll. Papers, 1794 — 18o2 form introduced in this matter ten and p. 256 supra. years later see above p. 88, and com- * At tills period (says Jebb, Wor'ks, pare pp. 14, 15. III. I.e.) 'the noblemen and fellow-com- 23—2 856 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. to be of the firstrate, ami tliou left everyone to lament tliat lie had not applied them to any other subject. ' Lord powis appeared very well in Sophocles. Of the Second year. ' Seven excelled in every part, they were Portal, Mr Broderick, Hughes jT, Mr Yilliers, Mr Otley, Pigott, Smith sen''. The third year is only distinguished into classes ... 'The subjects of the examination in June 1775 will be ^ ,, ( Plain and Physical Astronomv. i^or the 1 T> xi 5 A / iJutler s Analogy. The two first books of Lucretius. Sophs, For the i Mechanics. T r <^ 1 ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ volume of Locke. P ' ( The Phoenissae of Euripides. For the Freshmen. Algebra. Logic. Mounteney's Demosthenes. For all the year's St Lukes Gospel ' ', I have selected the following specimen from half a dozen ms. EXAMINATION PAPERS iu Caius Coll. Library [731 7'ed], probably of the end of last century. I cannot say with any certainty whether the said papers were produced or used originally in the College of Viuce and Gooch. There is in the Gonville and Caius College Library a collection of latin exercises, epitaphic verses ikc. by Emmanuel men and others ; also notes of Chemistry lectures by a student of Trinity, as well as the miscellaneous reliques of the Schools, of which specimens are given below in our eighth Appendix. ^ On the same page and in the same usual time & his grace will not then be hand, but dated 1769 Dec"^'". ' It was allowd unless he comes to the 3 uext hoped y' y'' Instruction given last year examinations with the year below him to such of the present Sophs as then & behaves himself better y" he has appeared very much unprepared wd. yet done. W. C. A. and M. must be have been sufficient to have mad em examin'd in private about Ladyday, more diligent. But as it seems to that it may then be determind whether have had no Influence some fui'ther they can or cannot be aUowd to pro- trial must be made to do em good. ceed to their degree. I. must be ex- J for a total neglect of his studies amin'd hereafter with his own year & for an obstinate refusal to be ex- & y'= same is thought proper for P amined is Suspended from taking a tho he is not so deficient as the others degree till y end of May term after the here named.' APPENDIX VI. EXAMINATION PAPER, C. 1790. 357 (1) To find the area of a Parabola generated by a line revolving about the focus. (2) SupiDose that within the Earth's Surface the force of Gravity- varied inversely as the Cube of the distance, to find the absolute time in which a Body would descend thro' the Space S. (3) To find the time of oscillation in an Epicycloid. (4) To find the force by which the oscillations of a Pendulum would become isochronal in any Curve. (5) To find the attractiol^ to a Sphere, the attraction of each particle varying inv^ as Dist. (6) Prove that Within a Spheroid the attraction vaiies in the same right line as the distance from the Center. (7) To find the Latitudinal Aberration of a ray incident parallel to the axis of a Spherical Refiector. (8) Find the effect of the Precession of the Equinoxis upon the right Ascension and Declination of a given star. (9) Prove that the altitude is the Log. of the Rarity, the Modulus being the Height of an homogeneous Atmosphere. APPENDIX VII. ANTIQUITIES OF THE TRIPOS-LISTS AND CALENDARS. PEGCTORS' SENIOR OPTIMES. HONORARY AND AEGROTAT DE- GREES, 1750—97. JUNIOR PROCTOR'S MEMORANDUM, 1752. SOME NOTES ON THE OLD UNIVERSITY CALENDARS, 1796, &c. HONORARY AND AEGROTAT DEGREES. As the jiroctors^ optimes (or degrees granted without examination, by the prerogative of the vice-chancellor, proctors and moderators) and aegrotat degi'ees ai'e (\vith very few excejitions) omitted from the lists as they are printed in the Cambridge University Calendar, it may be as well to publish the following list of them extracted from the records in the Registrary's office. The dagger represents a mys- terious mark in the subscription-book. I have added the asterisk for those who obtained fellowships, and the /* for medallists. This column shews in what colleges the imtronage for the year was vested. 1750-51. *Adam Wall, Chr. *G, Hedges, Pet. *E. Delaval, Pernbr. t*H. Pelham, Corpus. 1753. Is. M. Rebow, Tri7i. W. Amos, Jes. *G. Robinson, Trin. W. Chafin, Emm.'^ 1754. C. Hope, Joh. t/^*S. Halhfax, J"cs.» *Fleetwood Chinchill, Clare. ■\i^'*R. Emsall* Joh. 1 These four names are printed in the Ca7('«darbetween the senior-^vl'ang- ler's name and Cardale's (Pembr.). In the Grace Book K. , they sign their names even before the senior-wrangler Hewthwaite. Adam Wall wrote University Cere- monies, 1798. Y.C., Pet.; Proctors & 1 Moderators, Pemb. & Chr. \l n Jes.; Jes., and Trin. Kimfs and Matjd. Jes. ; Clare and Joh. fH. Pelham was fellow of Peterhouse. E. Delaval, see p. 15. " Chafin (see pp.29, 363) is put at the head of the senior optimes ; the other three stand above the 2'"' wrang- ler. Chafin's was practically an ae- grotat degree. 3 Hall if ax, fellow also of Trin. H., APPENDIX VII. HONORARY OPTIMES. 359 1755. m*East Apthorpe^ Jes 1756. Obad. Laue -, Emm 1757. Walter Rawlinson, Triiu J. Rouse, Kiiufs Humfrey Primatt', Clare 1758. J. Hepwortb, Corpus *G. Leycester, Trin. Ri. Harvey, Corpus. 1759. W. Stevenson, Joh. *S. Berdmore, Jes. *Nic. Brown, Chr. IJ.*J. Hawes, Jes. 1760. *S. Reeve-4, Caius F. Dods worth, Chr. 1761. E. Bourchier, Chr. t*J. Wycherlys, Qu. J. Castell, ) ^ . E. Heaton, ( ^'^"'*- 1762. Jos. Locke, Qu. T. Wagstaff, Chr. *J, Twells, Em7n. *W. Strong, Trm. 1763. G. Scnrfield, Joh. Booth Hewitt, Jes. *Hopkins Fox, Trin. Ro. Lewis, Jes. 1764. C. Pigott Pritchett, W. Colchester, :f-^E^ll I Clare *J. Freeman ) 1765. Matthias D'oyly, Corpus *J. V. Bruttou, Sid. J. Wright, Chr. Julius Hutchinson, Sid. (Bar*. 1766. T. Craster, Joh. C. Foot, Joh. ? Emm. Ro. Tilyard, Cains t*Ri. Halke^, Corpus 1767. W. Johnson, Caius J. Beverly 7, Chr. 1768. *Edm. Smith^, Magd. J. Lingard, Cath. J. Burrows, Trin, 1769. H. Byne, Jo7i. *Bert. Russel, Trin. Ro. Outlaw, Qu. G. Metcalf, Trin. Joh. Chr.; Qu. and Sid. Pet. ; Caius and Emm. Kingh ; Cath. and King's. (the 'conduct' nominated by King's as moderator, was rejected. Corpus; Pet. and Tri7i. Jes.; Chr. and Joh. Caius; Corpus, and Pcmb. Magd.; Queens' and CZar^. Queens' ; King's and Magd. ; Pet. and Magd. Clare; Jes. and Trin.; Pet. and 2'rm. professor of arabic & of law, Bp. of Gloster and S. Asaph; — his name is printed in the Calendar, perhaps be- cause be was a medallist. Yet cp. 1755, 1759. * \Elmsall stands at the head of the senior optimes : be was fellow of Emmanuel. 1 E. Apthorp advocated S. P. G. in print 1765 ; wrote Discourses on Pro- phecy, 2 vols. 1786, and Sermons. ^ Lane comes after the 3''' wrangler. Sid.; Pet. and Joh. Corpus; Chr. and Sid. Trin. and Sid. Joh. ; Caius and Emm. ; Caius and Sid. Caius; Pet. and Trin. Trin. Hall; Cath. and Trin. Pet. and Trin. Trin. ; Queens' and Joh. ; Pet. and Joh. 3 H. Primatt wi'ote Mercy to Ani- mals, 1766. * Sam. Reeve (suicide at Commence- ment, 1789, when senior proctor.) — His name follows the senior's, and Dodworth's comes after the 2nd wrang- ler's. 5 fj. Wycherley, fellow of Sid. 6 *Ri. Halke, fellow of Clare. 7 /. Beverley, the notorious esquire bedell 1770—1826. 8 Edm. Smith, D.C.L. 0.von. 3G0 1770. 1771. 1772. 1773. 1774. 1775. 1776. 1777. 1778. i77y. 1780. 1781. UNIVERSITY STUDIES. T)i7i. *G. Watsoui, Trin. C. E. de Coetlogon, Pcmhr. J. Peuneck^, Trin. "J. Stauhawe Watts, Caiu.^. m. Wish, Trin. (t. Cuthbert, Chr. H. WiUiams, Trin. G. Bryant, Corpus. Nic. Lechmere Grimwood, Joh. G. Whitcher, Pcmhr. J. Pettiward, ) H. [Boultou] Crabb, ) W. Avarne, Emm. *J. Mirehouse, Clare. *T. J. Mathias^, Trin. W. Hickin, Magd. W. Dickinson, Trin. Egerton Leigh, Sid. *E. Balme, Magd. G. Isted, Trin. *H. W. Majendie^ C/ir. Ei. Eelhan5, Trin. t*Nic. Simons^, Chr. *W. Grigsou, Caiits S. EdmnndsonHoijkinson, Clare J. Forster, Tri?;. *ffoliott-Herbert CornewalF, Joh. Ja. Culliim, Chr. Jos. Lodiugtou, .S'irf. *J. Prettymau^ Penihr. *T. Crick, Cains. 3. Eaper, j W. England 9, ( J. NeweU Puddicombe^", Peinh. *T. Horncastle Marshall, Clare Hor. Hammond, Corpus. J. Beevor, C/(r. Ei. Eaton, ) y i C. Curtt'is, \ Joh. *Walt. Whiter, Clare, aegr. Bethel/ Eobiuson, Clir. J. Greame, Trin. ?E. Jacobs Pembr. J. Lomax, Cath. Emm. ; C7w. and Pet. ; Trin. and Chr. King's; Clare and King's; Clare and Jo/;, Pemh.; Corpus and Jo/i. ; 2VJ?e. and Corpus. King's; Magd. and t/o/t.,- Corpus and t/o/t. Jesus; Pcmhr. andJcs.; Joh. and C/tr. Magd.; Queens' and Jes. ; Jolt,, and Jes. T. RoLiusou", Joh. I t*A. Owen 3, Ghr. ) *Matt. Wilson, Trin. ' aegrot. in 1™'' classe Walthall Gretton, Trin. aegrot. in 2''^ classe Joh. Hugh Owen, Ja. Salt, Johnson Towers, Queens' *J. Haggitt, Clare T. Ewbank, Cath. *Jos, Twigger, Cath. T. Harrison, Trin. aegrot. in I™'' classe. S. Heyrick [Hill] Trin. aegi'ot. in 3'* classe. Baistist J. Proby, Trin. Barry Robertson, Joh. G. WoUaston, Clare Roger [Frestou] Howman, Peinbr Ja. Losh, Trin. aegi'ot. in 2'''' classe Ro. Bradstreet'*, Joh. Chr. Wilson, Sid. T. Whitaker. Emm. Ja. Reeve, Joh. J. Longe, Trin. T. Wallace, Corpus J. Vachell, Pemhr. *Wilfrid Clark*', Pet. J. As/ipiushaw^, Emm. Lane. Pepys Stephens, Pembr. J. Hughes, Qu. J. Milnes, Jes. 't.K;."?';.. !-er«t.iu2-.ctase. P. [W.] JoUiffe, Joh. C. Hayward, Caius. J. Crawford, Joh. J. Bennetf, Clare 'W. Pugh, Trin. aegrot. in 1"' J. Rideout, Jes. Nath. Stackhouse, ^ j , Alex. J. Scott 7, ['^''"^ Ro. Bransby Francis, Corpns *T. Butler, I'rin., aegrot. in 1°>^ classe. Quaestiouistarum cen- sebantur a Modera- toribus. ' classe". Jes. ; Queens' and Magd. Clare; Cath. and Pt'(.; Bid. and Trin. Magd. ; King's and Sid. Queens' and Sid. Penibr. ; Trin. and Emm. ; Trin. and Magd. Sid. ; Chr. and Joh. , Trin, and Joh. Emm.; Pembr. and Clare; Joh. and Trin. Hall. Pet.; Caius and Corpus ; Trin. and Trin. Hall. Jes.; King's and Qn.; Trin. and Qn. J F. IF. Blomberg was D.D. - T. Robinson, author of Sketches in Verse 1796, religious treatises, &c. 3 ^A. Owen was fellow of £7)1- manuel. * Ro. Bradstreet, author of The Sabine Farm, a Poem, 1810. 5 J. Ashpinshaw was LL.D. 6 'I heard him keep his Act, in which he displayed extraordinary learning, but no great knowledge of the subjects under discussion ; hence he considered tliat Hailstone had con- ferred on hiin pi'<>i'riato honour when, after complimenting him on the composition of his The- sis he added, " Erudite disputasti." Pugh's name did not appear on the Tripos, probably on account of ill health; but he was elected Fellow..., and it was understood he had pass- ed a remarkably good examination. ^Vhen he took his B.D. degree [? 1799] he read a very learned and eccentric Thesis, which was enthely written on the covers of letters.' Reininisc. 11. ch. ii. by H. Gunning, who gives other anecdotes of Pugli. " .1, ./. Scott was D.D. per xcu. litt. 18(16. 362 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 1791. *W. Gray, Pet. ) Eo. Haukinson, Trin. > aegrot. in 1™" classe. T. Wingfield, Joh. ) T. Caiiston, Joh. \ W. Heath Marshy Corpus I t i rr ■ ^ t T.Be^^'icke, Jes. \ Joh.; Trm. and Jes. *Jos. Gill, Joh. / 1792. W. Townley, Trin. \ H. J. WoUaston^, SiU f Trin.; Pet. n,nA Joh.; Ja. Drake, Joh. C Sid. and Joh. Warre Squire Bradley, Joii. ) J. Taylor, Trin. aegrotat. 1793. *J. Hepworth, Cuius, aegi'ot. iu l"" classe. 1794. Hi. Ashworth, Emm. ) , . ,,,, , Legh Eichmond3, Trin. \ ^^S^°^- ^^ ^ '^^^s^^- 1797. Dewhurst Bilstorrow^, T/'iK. {Caius; Clare tind Emm.; Pet. and Joh.) *W. Webb, Clare, aegrot. in 1""* quaestionistarum classe. At this point tlie record of honorary "and aegrotat degrees breaks off. Of the former the ITidversit)/ Calendar of 1804 (p. 141) testifies that the custom of conferring them had of late years been abandoned. Of aegrotat degrees no record was kept subsequently until Mr Luard became registi'ary, and they are not printed in the Calendar with the exception of the name of R. Ivalley Miller of Peterhouse (1867) who was first Smith's prizeman. They now appear however on the back of the tripos-verses as of old, though that custom was discontinued after 1797 for many years. It will be observed that among the early medallists three members of Jesus College had been somewhat questionably qualified for competition by an honorary degree. The name of S. Hallifax (1754) is even printed in the Calendar as if he had been third wrangler, while East Apthoq^e (17^5) and J. Hawes (1759) are not so immortalized. In the years 1757, '58, '61, '62, '64, 1766—8, 1770—72, '76 the names of the ' gratuitous honorati ' stand immediately after the senior wrangler's. In a few years (1754, '59, '63, '65, '69) they are even put before him ! In 1773 — 5 and 1777 — 82 they stand at the head of the senior optimes. In 1783 they are degraded to the head of the junior optimes, and after 1797 they disappear. It will be seen that a smaller proportion of the gratuitous honorati had gained fellowships latterly. The fii-st aegrotat degree was registered in 1778. Others, as will be seen, were granted in 1781, 1782, 1783 (the class, see p. 45, being recorded for the first time and the names placed above the senior optimes, while those of the * proctors' optimes ' were put down to head the junior optimes), 1785, 1786, 1788 — 94, 1797. From that date the record is not kept until we come to the tripos papers of the present century. I W. H. Marsh translated the Abstinence of Anue Moore, 1813, Ser' Satires of Juvenal into English Verse, mons, &c. 1804. 4 I). Bilshorrow mentioned in Dr - H. J. Wollaston, King's Chaplain. Wordsworth's Diary, ap. Univ. Life, ■* Let)h PichiHond wrote Siij^po.tcd 588, 589. APPENDIX VII. JUNIOR PROCTOR'S MEMORANDUM. 3G3 Many original lists of the old ' classes ' have been preserved by the late Dr Webb of Clare Hall in the first of his large albums or, more strictly speaking, blue-books, which are now in the University library. The following document is perhstps a unique Junior Proctor's paper (1752). R D' Postlethwaite Disuey Preston Smith Craven Pilgrim Comirton Senbouse Hadley Bell Pemberton Green Trin. Coll. St John's Coll. Cains Coll. Xt. Coll. Queens' Coll. Mag:CoU. Peter House Rebow Robinson Brown Faber Marishall Nairn Newman Denne Fisher Walker Chevallier Amos Hooke Chaffin Trin. Coll. S'. John's Coll. Caius Coll. C. C. C. Queens' Coll. Magcl. CoU. Jesus Coll. Cat Hall Eman, Coll. Moxon iMawer Burkley Knapp Trin Coll. Coll. Regal. Ewin Thestlethwaite |.Le Hunt Edwards Harper j Bullock \ Symonds Barker Mason Boys Hough Goldwire I Locke JoUaud Fletcher jCamm i Downes Barnwell Shuckford Ransome Home ■1 Parslow Green Newman j Butler Weeler Sanderson Sanderson J"". Haynes Bulkley ; Walter Langton { Halford Waugh Cockshutt Kempton j Marsh j Atcherley ■I- Gwynne j Bennett Malyn Richardson I Gee Bowles Milbomne Mansell j Rider S'. Juo. Coll. >■ Caius Coll. )■ C. C. c. Clare HaU. X'. CoU. Queens'. Magd. Coll. Jesus Coll. Peter House. Pem: Hall. Eman: Coll. M: Meredith ProC". Jun"".' The above w.as preserved in the Univei'sity Registry by Mr Romilly, who says in a note ' I have no idea of the meaning of this.' 304 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. I think las attention must have been distracted by some of the frequent intemiptions to which his office is subject, or he would speedily have conjectured that ' R ' stands for respondents, ' O ' for op2)onents. I suppose it was a memorandum taken from the reports supplied by college-tutors (see above y>- ^^) foi' ^1^6 guidance of the moderators in pitting opponents against respondents for the acts. All the names above the lower line in the left-hand column, twenty-six in number {cf. j). 48), after some shuffling in order, wei'e dignified with a place on the first tripos, in coin. 2)rior. ; all these respondents and four of the opponents being distinguished as the wranglers of the year. 'Chaffin...Eman. Coll.' is W. Chafin whose act has been described (pp. 29, 30), and whose name appeared among the gratuitous honorali of his year (1753) though not with the first trio of them, Rebow, Robinson and Amos. The names beginning with Moxon (inclusive of those in the right-hand column) afterwards appeared in the poll. \i^\ Those to which an inverted obelisk is prefixed ai'e erased iti the original ms. Their owners mounted up to be junior optimcs (in Go7nitiis posterioribus), which Mr Romilly did not observe. The following, without appearing on this Junior Proctor's Paper, were added to the list of the ' poll.' Were they bye-term men ? J. Longe Magd. J. Casbonie Emman. J. Cradock ) r< 4^ J- Hallam ] ,. E.Tyrwhitt r"*"- .J. Foster s ^""'"'^ ■• E. Sherman Clare. THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CALENDAR. Although a complete series of these Calendars is not very com- monly to be found, there are such collections in the University library and at Peterhouse and Pembroke. Dr Edlcston of Gainford also possesses a set. The fii'st issue (like a few of the subsequent ones) was the venture of a private member of the University. "This was in 1796. Edited by G. Mackenzie, B. A., Trin., pp. 190. It commences with two pages on the Origin of the University. 1797. By J. Beverley (esquire bedell), pp. 248. Mr Romilly ascribes this also to Mackenzie. 1798. No publication. 1799. By B. C. Raworth, Trin. Hall, assisted by Ri. Sill and W. Webb of Clare, pp. 161 (purposely abridged). 1800. By a member of Trinitv Hall [B. C. Raworth], pp. 120. 1801. B. C. Raworth, pp. 108. Dedicated to Arclid. Grettoii, Master of Magdalene, V. C. APPENDIX YII. THE CAMBRIDGE CALENDARS. 30) 1802 (Feb. 15). B. C. Raworth, price 5s., dedication to D. of Gloster, pp. i — Iviii, 1 — 205, index, ■ list of college servants (Butlers, Cooks, Poi-ters, Chapel Clerks, Bai-l)ers, Jips, or Bed- Makers, favouring the derivation from yu)/'', Master of the Union Coffee House), List of London Coaches. This Calendar is by far the most entertaining, by reason of the circumstantial Introduction founded upon Jebb's account 1773^. Such authorities have furnished much information for this present compilation. In the 'Advertisement' prefixed to the Calendar for 1801 Raworth had made this queer reference to Is. Milner. Complaining that he ' should be obliged in some instances, to withhold anj/ expression of gratitude ' — he continues, ' A remark of this sort seemed necessary to account for the laconicism which characterises the statement at * Queen's college in imrticular. To obviate any charge of inattention the Editor feels himself bound thus publicly to declare, that application (he believes) was made not as hitherto, to the communicative Vice-President [F. Knii^e, B.D.], but to the highest authority, the President; from whom {considering his usual activity in University Affairs), informa- tion was confidently expected. A reservedness on this occasion, might possibly proceed from Indisposition.' '* A Librarian's place of 10£ per annum and several Scholarships... are con- sidered as amongst the number of Omissions. For the truth of these assertions the Editor has however no authority to state, and less inclination to make any comments. Such is the report ! ' The Calendar for 1802 in its Advertisement says: '...Through the polite permission of the Rev. and Right Worshipful the Vice- Chancellor, the several names in the Triposes have been again com- pared with the Subscription Book in his possession ; yet, notwith- standing this precautioa, the capricious manner in which some living Characters have therein subscribed, with regard to the spelling of their names, renders in some few instances, accuracy an impossi- bility... ^ Four well-known Publications have been freely consulted... ' Our Sister University having done iis the honor to adopt our Examinations as her model, and to publish a List (though incom- plete, the Bachelors being omitted) of her Graduates ; it is hoped she will soon exhibit as fair, candid and impai'tial a statement of her Colleges, Emohiments and Honors as is this year presented of the University of Cambridge. ' Trinity Hall, February 15* 1802.' The book was published in stiff paper boards, bluish grey, bordered by a running pattern of arrow-heads, with a salmon-coloured back, in the form shewn on our next page, only with a height (6f inches) which our procrustean sheet has warped. ^ Some of the earliest Calendars ^ Works ii. 285 — 299. It appeared contain a note ou the words tripos and .also in Gent. Mag. See above, pp. 33, harrisoph. 45. o ^ ^5 0) .in H CJ E^ ("-I S5 ^ m r-> (11 -u EH H 00 H -TS o « 'u ?; tH w g; ^ g H Ci 03 P m ^ ^ eg IS ;3 H f^ m '•* Ft .1-4 £ ai a a N ^ o q »«2 ;5 q O H ce >;, ,^^ rn 3 £ s '3 o i s 02 i3 O ^ C5 iOS 5H CQ ^ .s 2 S jd (^ 2 ==1 cj cc o ^ 03 CO ,= -q 1=1 a o is a 3 .2 ... Major Premis. used incorrectly. Also it would be A \s B Minor Premis. more correct to say that the proper .-. C is i)! Conclusion. meaning of consequentia being for- gotten it was sometimes used loosely The connexion between the Conclu- for consequens. In the latter days of sion and Premises is called the consc- the 'schools' there was considerable ^u??!tm,or in a Hypothetical Syllogism carelessness or ignorance of the termi- the term is also used of the connexion nology displayed. Professor Fowler between the Antecedent and Coni=e- has kindly furnished the following quent of the Major Premis. w. 24 370 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Proho allter : — Si posito quod corpus describit semickculum ad centrum virium xy = - , cadit quaestio. sja^ - x^ X^ X Si igituT fluxio temporis t = — -^=::^ , valet consequentia. Si distincta hac fluxione in duas partes fiat X \la^ — ar a^ x valet consequentia. Si divisa etiam area VCI tempus repraesentante in duas partes, quorum altera est sector circularis, altera triaiigulum, fluxio sectoris sit aequalis parti ultimae hujus expositae fluxionis, fluxio autem trianguli non sit aequalis parti primae, valent consequentia et argu- mentum. Proho aliter : — Si aequatio ad Apsides sit hujusce formulae a;""*^ — ax^ + 6 = 0, cadit quaestio. Si posito 71 + 3 numero impari negative, et P maxima distantia plusquam infinita, fiat haec aequatio hujusce formulae x" - ex"'-' + d^0, valet consequentia. Si haec aequatio duas habeat possibiles radices affirmatiA^as, valent consequentia et argumentum\ [Probo] Contra Secundam [Quaestionem], Si crescente x uniformiter crescat x^ accelerato motu, cadit quaestio. Si totum iiicrementum of aequetur incremento genito velocitate ^ The Caius collection contains an- tertio Propositionis quadra gesiinae pri- other paper of four arguments against viae in spirali Elliptica, anguhtvi de- Newton i. 8., inz, the 1st and 2nd of scrii^tum a Gorpore in Ti'ajectoria pro- the above repeated and two others aa portionalem esse seu in data Ratione follows : — ad Sectorem EUipticuin seu ad angxi- ' Si Equatio Apsidum cum corpus lum correspondentem Circuli, posito projiciatur cum Velocitate per plus- qu6d Secans hujusce posterioris anguli quam Infinitam Distautiam cadeudo distantiae semper sit aequalis, cadit acquisitum (!) sit hujusce formulae quaestio. a.n+3 + rta;2 - 6 = 0, cadit quaestio Si posita hac Eatione 2 : 1 distantia r^n+3 , an+ia;2 _ ^n+1 . .,«+ l „2^oi corporis a centro fiat mfimta quando L 1"/' f -r • 1 i- jjj Trajectoria perfecerit duos rectos, Si posi to n= - 3 haec Equatio fiat .^alet consequentia. p2 Si ad hunc unguium distantia fiat aJ^ - 1 +- ^ • 2 - 0, valet consequentia. Ciuvae asymptotes, igiturque Velocitas „.,-,-,,. ... finita ad infinitam Distantiam sit ad _ Si ex hac Equations semper sit Ap- ^^;,, .,„,,„, g^i^am ad finitam Distan- sis, valent consequentia et argumentum . ^.^^^ .^ j^^^^^^^^ .^^^^. ^^^^^^^ ^^,^^^ Proho Aliter: consequentia et argumentum,^ Si sumat Newtouus in Corollario APPENDIX VIII. schools' ARGUMENTS, 1782. 871 prima uniformi + incrementum' genitum acceleratione sola, valet con- sequentia. Si liaec incrementa sint fluxiones, prima et secunda, ideoque per methodum fluxionum totum incrementum x^ = 2x x + '2, ii' valent con- sequentia et argumentum. Proho aliter : — Si fluxio areae hyperbolicae inter 1 et 1 + x contentae, vel fluxio logaritlimi 1 + x, sit aequalis r-- — , cadit quaestio. Si liac in serie infinita extenso et snmptu fluenti, fiat fluens X^ S(? 03 —„- + — — et cetera, valet consequentia. — X x^ a? Si eodem modo inventa fluens .; fiat -a; + ^-^ + ..., valet \-x 2 3 consequentia. Si igitur sumpto x ex utraque parte 1, areae hyperbolicae inter ordinatas ad tria ista puncta ductas contentae, sint aequales : vel quod idem est Ratio l~x : 1 sit aequalis Rationi 1 : 1 + x, valent consequentia et argumentum. [Probo] Contra Tertiam [Quaestionem]. Si in pictura lineae inter se parallelae repraesententur lineis ad punctum quodvis convergentibus, cadit quaestio. Si nota sit talium linearum proprieta, quods utpote ex diversa parte eas spectes, nunc prorsum nunc retrorsum videntur convergere, valet consequentia. Si igitur hae lineae, mutate loco dissimiles figuras ad oculos, similem vero semper figuram ad tactum repraesentent, valent con- sequentia et argumentum. Wollaston, Sid. Coll. Opponat primus. Wilson, Trin, Coll. Respondeat. Oct'. 30, 1782. Gambier, Sid. Coll. 0pp. 2. 7. Milner, Mod', Massey, Coll. D. Joh. 0pp. 3.' The above are the arguments which F. J. H. Wollaston, who came out senior wrangler in 1783 (and was Jacksonian pi'ofessor 1792-1813) brought against Matthew Wilson of Trinity {aegrotat in the first class) when he kept his act under Milner of Queens' the senior moderator. It will be observed that as fii'st opponent he brought only five ' arguments ' against the Jlrst ' question ' ; but two against the second, and one against the third to make up the usual eight. (See above pp. 37, 38). Our next selection introduces Joseph Watson (also of Sidney) who was destined to be third wrangler in 1785 and fellow of his college, posing Sewell of Christ's who seems to have taken no degree. He was to be followed on the same side by Lax of Trinity (the senior wrangler, subsequently moderator) who when keeping one of his own ^ The symbol + seems already to the genders and terminations in the have become prepositional. However MS. are hardly classical. 24—2 372 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. acts on another occasion, at an interval of a few weeks perhaps, met in Watson liis own 0])ponent. 'Quaestiones Sunt. (1) Solis ParaHaxis ope Veneris intra Solem conspiciendae a Methodo Halleii recte determinari potest. (2) Recte statuit Newtonus in tertia sua Sectione libri primi. (3) Diversis sensibus non ingrediuntur Ideae communes. [Probo] Contra primam [Quaestionem]. Si asserat Halleius Venerem cum Soli sit proxima Londini visam, a centro Solis qnatuor minutis primis distare, cadit qiiaestio. Si in Schemute posuit semitam Veneris ad os Gangeticum qnatuor etiam minutis priniis distare, valet conseqnentia. Si spectatoribus jiositis in diversis parallelis Latitudinis non eadem appai-eat distantia atque non licet eaiidem visibilem sumere distantiam iu hisce duobus locis, valent consequentia et anjumentum. Aliter : Si in Figiira Halleiana centi'um Solis correspondeat cum loco Spectatoi'is in Tell u re, cadit quaestto. Si locus centri Solis a vero centro amoti ob motum Spectatoris fit curva linea, valet conseqnentia. Si com[)osito motu Veneris uniformi in recta linea cum motu Solari in curva. linea fit Semita Veneris in disco Solis curva linen, valet consequentia. Si Longitudo hujusce lineae non rect^ determinari potest, valent coJisequentia et argunientam. Aliter : Si Spectatori ad os Gangeticum posito ob terrae motiim motui Veneris contrarium contrahatur transitiis tempus integrum, cadit quaestio. Si assumat Halleius conti-actionem hanc duodecira minutis primis temporis aequalem, et delude huic Hypothesi insistendo eidem tempori aequalem probat, valent consequentia et argumentum. Aliter : Si posuit Halleius eandem visibilem semitam Veneris per Discum Solarem ad os Gangeticum et portum Nelsoni, et hanc semitam dividat in aequalia horaria sj)atia, cadit qicaestio. Si motus liorarius Veneris acceleratur vel retardatur per motum totum Spectatoris in medio transitu, quo magis autem distat, minus acceleratur vel retardatur, valet conseqiientia. Si igitur ob motum Veneris acceleratum ad os Gangeticum et retardatum ad portum Nelsoni hi motus non debent representari per idem spatium, valent consequentia et argumentum. Aliter : Si secundum constructionem Halleianam spectatori ad pdrtiim Nelsoni, posito tempore extensicjuis majore, major etiam fit transitus duratio, cadit quaestio. APPENDIX VIII. schools' ARGUMENTS, 1784 &C. 373 Hi socunflum eandem constnictionem posito qnhd Spectatori ad os Gaiigeticum tein])us coutractionis majus sit duodeciiu miniitis priinis, evadat tempus durationis majus etiaiu, va/et consequeutia. Si bae duae conclusiones intei' se pugnent, valent coiisequentia et aryumentum. [Probo] Contra Secundam [Quaestionem]. Si vis iu Parabola ad lufiaitam Distantiara sit infinitesimalis secundi ordiuis, cadit quaestio. Si Vis sit F^ [or F** ; ? variabilis, or verticalis] igiturque a*» tit ^ tm ] ah l ^ ' ^ (A. Wood, Maya., 6"^ seu. opt. {*F. J. H. WoUaston, Sid., senior wrangler, Jacksonian Prof. J. E. Gambler, Sid. Roger Massey, Joh. , last wrangler. - _Q , ( * Jo. Watson, Sid., 3'"'' wrangler. n? ! o'n\ W. SeweU, Chr. \*W. Lax, Trin., senior , Lownd. Prof. (^''^- 20) I *Ei. Riley, Joh., 5* was that punishments are merely con- Greek quotations spelt in western ventioual securities for social or poll- characters, for the convenience of any tical convenience. who shoiild aspire to the B.D. degree 1 There are, or there were until with ' small latin and less greek.* lately, presei-ved in a college at Oxford - Numella, the pUlory, was the sta- certaiu traditional theses for common tuteable punishment for perjmy, a use in the Divinity Schools, through- more serious offence (it is ui'ged) than out which compositions the quantities some which were in those days visited oj all words were marked and the with capital punishment. APPENDIX VIII. NAMES OF DISPUTANTS. 375 *W. Lax, Trin. ( ? ? ) senior wrangler, &c. 1791. *T. Allsopp, Emm. (Nov. 15) 11"" wrangler. „ Ja. Stanley, Pet. (Nov. 18) < wooden-spoon'. „ F. C. Wilson, Trin. (Nov. 28) 3''<> wrangler. „ *G. F. Tavel, Trin. pec. 1) 2" 1''. *S. B. Hemming, Joh. & Cai. ) *C. Isherwood, Magd., 5* wrangler |2nd H. Scott, Pemh., 3"-^ senior opt. \ Paul Belcher, Joh., 12* sen. opt. 3"\ *H. Atkinson, Caws, 6* senior opt. * J. G. Perigall, Pet. , 4* junior opt. Mountain, Corpus. (? = S. J. M. Caius.) [*T. Dickes, Jes., 11* wrangler. *H. Hasted, Chr., 6* I W. W. Ciu-rey, Qu. [ Paul Belcher, Joh., 12* senior opt. *C. Isherwood, Magd., 15* wi-angler. j *G. Grigby, Caius, 2"^ senior opt. i T. T. Fenwicke, Joh., 4* wrangler. J. Maule, Chr., 16* , tutor. ' C. H. Wollaston, Sid., 14* . Tlie following is a list of the theses or questions mooted, in the Caius collection, so far as they can be easily ascertained. It will give a fair specimen of the subjects argued in the Cambridge arts or philosophy 'schools' in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. From Newton's Principia, Book I, Sections i ; ii and iii (1791) ; iii alone (1784, 1792); vii 1791 &c.; viii 1782, 1791 &c. ; xii Prop. 1_5 1780 ; Prop! 39, 40 ; 6G and six foil, corolla ; 66 and seven- teen coroll/l780. Book ii. Prop. 34 (n. d.). 37G UNIVERSITY STUDIES. From Cotes Prop. 1 &c. ; Centripetal force; fiv^e trajectories 1791. Parabola of projection 1791. Halley's determination of the Solar Pai'allax 1784. Correction of the aberration of rays by Conic Sections. The method of Fluxions, Smith de focalibus distanfcibns. MaclmiHn (i9.\). iii. Sectt. 1 — 8, 11 — 22. Morgan on Mechanical forces ; on the Inclined Plane. Hamilton on Vapour. Berkeley on Sight and Touch 1782. Montesquieu Laws I. 1. 1791. From Locke Faith and Reason 1771 ; Can matter think? 1780; Signification of Words vol. ii. chh. 1, 2. Wollaston sec. 2. On Happiness. From Paley On Penalties; On Happiness 1791; On Promises 1792. Free Press 1771. Imprisonment for Debt. Duelling. Slave Trade. Common Ideas do not enter by different Senses, 1784. Composite Ideas have no absolute existence. Immortality of the Soul may be inferred by the light of nature (two years). But no more than that of other animals (once). The Soul is Imnaaterial. Omnia nostra de causa facimus. APPENDIX IX. BRIEF ANNALS OF THE CAMBKIDGE UNIVEESITY PEESS, A CHKONOLOGICAL LIST OF CLASSICAL AND OTHER WORKS PRODUCED CHIEFLY AT THE UNIVERSITIES OR BY MEN OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN THE 18th CENTURY. THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. Before coming to our chronological list (sucli as it is) of classical and other books printed at the Universities and elsewhei'C, I will put together a few notes relating to the University Press which have occurred in the course of my investigations, as any aderpiate account of this institution is still a desideratum, and materials for such a sketch are scattered, if not scanty. Edmund Carter in his Hist, of Camb. p. 4G7 (175.3), having thrown out a hint that Caxton (whom he calls a native of Cambridge- shire) might have erected a press here, states that ' the first Book we tind an Account of, that was Printed here, is a Piece of lihetoric, by one GuU. de Haon% a Minorite; Printed at Cambridge 1478; given by Archbp. Parker to Bemtet College Libraiy. It is in Folio, the Pages not Numbered, and without Ketch Word, or Signatures.' This statement has been shewn to be fallacious. Not only was Caxton on his own testimony a man of Kent, but this Rhetorica Nova though ' Compi latum ...in alma Universitate Cantaljrigie, Anno Domini 1478V was ' Impressum ... a]nid Villam Sancti Albani, Anno Domini 1480'.' While therefore we acknowledge that a printed book was pro- duced at Mentz in 1457, at Westminster in 1477, at Paris in 1470, ' In 1480 (6. Nov.) it was forbidden In 1.510 Wynk^Ti deWorde printed in by statute for the keeper of the Caml). London liohcrti A II 1/711/ ton Oxoniensis I'uiv. Chest to accept books printed or Soplusnuita cum annirqaentiis : iu Ubiuu written on pnper as a caution or pledge. Bcholae CautabrigieuBie. (Cooper's Annals, 1. 224.) 378 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. and at Oxford in 1478', Cambridge must fall back upon Carter's next jDaragraph. ' There was one John Sibert, a Printer at Lyons, in the year 1498 ; who Probably was the John Siberch that Settled here, and stiled himself the First in England^ that printed both Greek and LatinJ' It does not appear that he printed any book here entirely in Greek character. He was a friend of Erasmus, who mentions him and his brother Nicholas in a letter written to Aldrich (afterwards Bp. of Carlisle) from Bale 25 Dec. 1525. Croke who lectured in greek is said to have brought him over. Siberch printed at Cam- bridge in 1521 (with the royal arms) Galen de Temperamentis, translated by Linacre, Abp. Baldwin de Sacramento altaris. (Trin. Coll. Lib. G. 8. 15.) Oratio ad Card. Wolseium per H. Bullock^, cum annotationibus marginalibus. Cantabrigiae, per Joaunem Siberch. (4to. S. John's Coll. Lib. S. 3. (1).) Erasmus de conscribendis epistolis, Cantabr. Mense Octobri. Watt records three other books under Sibert's name in this same year, and one (Papyrii Gemini Eleatis Hermathena) in the next. Mr Cooper {Amuds i. 304) says that he printed two books in 1522. No books of Siberch appear after 1522. Seven or eight years later the proctors' accounts mention proceedings against one Sygar Nicholson of Gonville hall, stationer of Cambridge, for harbouring lutheran books ; and faggots for burning them cost the university a groat*. About the same time, in the year 1529, the university petitioned Wolsey in the interest of sound doctrine, to procure the royal licence for three booksellers, men of reputation, gravity, and foreigners (under the provision 29 Ric. III. c. 9), who might value books properly and import foreign publications. In 1530 (4 May) the king summoned to London twelve commissioners from each university to consider the propriety of licensing certain theological works ^ In 1534 (20 July) the King by letters j^atent licensed the uni- versity to elect from time to time three stationers and printers who were to reside and to print and sell books licensed by the Chancellor and his vicegerent or three doctors. Accordingly Nicholas Speryng, Garrot Godfrey and Segar Nycholson were appointed". Nevertheless we find no record of any book printed after the days of Siberch 1522 till the year 1584^. At Oxford there was a still longer cessation (1519 to 1585). And at Cambridge it is said that the Stationers' Company on some complaint of privilege seized the university printing-press. 1 Bowyer and Dyer pleaded for the ^ Annals, i. 342 — 3. correctness of the date mcccclxvui. on '^ Ibid. i. 368 — 9. Fuller {Hist. Jerome's Exposicio in Sinibolum, but Camb. § i) on the authority of Coke S. W. Singer's tract has confirmed the asserts that ' This University of Cam- opinion of Conyers Middleton. bridge hath power to print within the ^ ' Jo. Siberch primus iitriusque liu- same " omnes" and " omnimodos li- guae in Anglia impressor.' bros" ; which the University of Oxford 3 The Bovillus of Erasmus, fellow of hath not.' Queens' about 1506. 7 Dyer, Suppl. Hist. Camb.=Privil. * Cooper's Annals, i. 329. Athenae ii. fascic. iii. p. 17. I. 51. APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1521 — 88. 379 "When Ro. Wakefield migi'ated from Cambridge to Oxford and delivered hebrew lectures, his oration de utilitate linguae arabicae et hebraicae was printed, in 1524, not at either university but in London l)y Wynkyn de Worde, and even there a third was omitted for lack of hebrew type : what he had was cut on wood. In 1577 (18 July) lord Burleigh wrote' to discourage our authorities who were proposing to employ Kingston (a London printer) under academical privileges to print psalters, prayerbooks, and other english books in spite of the royal patents of W. Seres, Ri. Jugge, J. Day, &c. He thought, however, that they might employ a man on schools' notices, &c. 3 May 1582 Thomas Thomas (Thomasius, called ' that Puritan Cambridge printer ' by Penry, Martin JIarpi-elate Ep. i.) was licensed sole printer at Cambridge. He was fellow of King's. While he was engaged on a book of Whitaker's and had other works announced, the press, &c. was seized by the Stationers' Company of Loudon ^ After some overtures for confei'ence and arbitration in the summer of 1583, lord Burleigh inspected the charter and gave his protection to the university printer in Mai'ch (? 1583-4:). About the same period the university authorities made regulations respecting booksellei's, bookbinders and stationers at Cambridge. The following books printed at Cambridge by Thomas are in Trinity College library. Yves Rouspeau and John De I'Espine. Two Treatises of the Lord his holie Supper. Translated from the French, small 8vo. 1584. [H. 2. 26.] An Exposition upon certain chapters of Nehemiah. ByBp. Ja. Pilkington. 4to. 1585. [5. 16 a. 7.] Harmony of the Confessions of Faith of Christian and Reformed Churches. 8vo. 1586. [D. 1 a. 14.] Thei'e is a full notice of Thomas in Coopei"'s Athenae Cantab, ii. 29, 543. As Wolsey had anticipated that the introduction of printing would strike a blow at the peace of the church, so the fears which [mutatis mutaiulis) Abp. Whitgift entertained were verified in the printing of a book in the presbyterian interest by Walter Travers. It was seized while in progress at Legatt's press in 1584^ 11 Feb. 1585 — 6, the senate followed the example of Oxford in prohibiting the purchase of such books as were printed in London, &c., when an edition had ah-eady been brought out, or should be in contemplation at the university presses*. In 1586 Abp. Whitgift wrote to pro- hibit the publication at Cambridge of the Harmony of Confessions which had been stopped in London. Mr Cooper sugge.sts ^ that he afterwards revised and passed it. At all events there is the copy already mentioned in Trinity library. On May-day 1588 the V. C. and heads wrote to lord Burleigh to complain that the Loudon Stationers had pii'ated the latin dictionary of which Thomas the ^ Cooper's Annals, ii. 357. (p. 424) the Star-chamber had most - Ihld. II. 393, sq. ^ Ibid. Ii. 400. narrowly restricted the number of * Ibid. II. 415. presses and apprentices at each Uuiver- ^ Ibid. II. 425. Six weeks earlier sity to ' one at one tyme at tlie most.' 380 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Cambridge printer himself was compiler, and other books, whereby he was 'almost utterly disabled'.' Thomas died soon afterwards, having injured his health by the assiduity with which he compiled his dictionary ^. He was buried in Great S. Mary's Church, 9th Aug. 1.588. He was succeeded at the university press by John Legatt or Legate, a London Stationer, who married Agatha, daughter of Chr. Barker, the royal printer. Copies of Legatt's small Terence were seized in London by the Stationers' Company, who threatened again to reprint Thomas' dictionary in 1589 — 90. The university invoked the aid of lord Burleigh and of J. Aylmer, Bp. of London^ In 1591 Legate in his turn was accused by the Stationers of having violated Barker's pri- vilege to print the Bil)le and N. T., and Day's by publishing the Psalms in metre*. Sir Ro. Cecil vindicated the university and her pi'inter. At the close of the year (6 Dec. 1591), the Stationers passed a self-denying ordinance, granting to Cambridge the privilege of choosing foreign books from the Frankfort mart for reprinting \ Li 1596 (22 Nov ) the Ecclesiastical Commissioners charged the university printer with having infringed the right of the Queen's patentees by printing the Grammar and Accidence, but after diligent search no copies could be reported ". Among books printed at Cambridge before the close of the six- teenth century by the elder John Legatt (who was the first to use the device of the Alma Mater Cantahrigia and Hinc Lucem et Pocula Sacra round it) were the following. (Watt sujjplies a list four times as long; Bibl. Brit. ii. 595 y — 596(7.) Terentii Comoediae (nonpareil roman). 24to. 1589. Ciceronis de Oratore (copies described as 18mo. Trin. Coll. 24to, Queens' Coll. , 32° Cracherode ap. Dibdin.) 1589. W. Perkins' Golden Chaine, transl. R. Hill. 12mo. 1592. G. Sohn's A Briefe and Learned Treatise of the Antichrist. Transl. from the Lat. by N. G. 12mo. 1592. Dr Cowell's Antisanderus. II. dialop^os continens Venetiis habitos. 4to. 1593. The Death of Usury ; or the DisK^'ice of Usurers. 4to. 1594. W. Whitaker's Pro Auctoritate S. Scriptnrae adv. T. Stapletou. 1594. W. Perkins' Exposition of the Creed. 1595. I. R. De Hypocritis vitandis. 4to. 1595. R. Abrahami praecepta in monte Sinai data Judaeis negativa et affirmativa ; Lat. Phil. Ferdinand. 4to. 1597. W. Perkins' Exposition of the Creed. Now edition. Svo. 1597. A Reformed Catholike, Svo. 1598. De Praedestinatiouis Modo et Ordine, &c. 18mo. 1598. Job and Ecclesiastes paraphrased, &c. Theod, Beza. 12mo. 1600. Although John Legate did not die until 1626 Cantrell Legge (called Legate by Dyer) succeeded him in 1607 or 1608. John ' Ibid. II. 456, 7. English Latin dictionary. " Thomas' dictionary went throiigh ^ Cooper's Annah, ii. 477, 478, five impressions in eight years (1580 — * Ibid. ii. 491, 492. 88). To the 10"' was added, beside ^ //,/,;. u. 510, 511. Ijegate's improvement, a supplement " Ibid. 11. 559. by Philemon Holland with a new APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1588 — 1G37. 381 Legatt the younger having obtained a licence to print Thomas' dictionary went and settled in London. Iq 1620 — 21 (29 Jan.) the university by G. Herbert confided their apprehensions from the Stationers, who were grasping at a monopoly for foreign books, to Abp. Abbott and Ld, Ch''. Yerulam '. In 1621 and the following year the university obtained redress by the king's grant for selling their cheap and correct edition of Lilly's grammar, but J. Bill, Bonham Norton, \V. Barrett, Clement Knight and other London printers combined to refuse the book ^ ; whereupon the university ordered all graduates to use no other edition than their own, and university authors to offer their copy in the first instance to the university press : copy-right, &c., to be enjoyed by the printer only while he remained in office and not to descend to his family. A royal proclamation, 1 April 1625, in answer to the represen- tation of the universities, forbad the importation of cheap and inferior reprints of latin books. This was repeated 1 May, 1636^. About 1627 Thomas Buck of Catharine-hall and Roger Daniel entered into partnership as university printers. In 1628 — 9 they (with John Buck) were accused by the Stationers of having broken a decree of the Star Chamber, but the lord Chief Justices, after consultation with six other judges, advised the Privy Council (18 March) that no patent for sole printing restrained the privileges of the university press under the licence of the Chancellor or Y. C. and doctors*. However in 1629 (16 April) the Privy Council limited the privilege of the university to a yearly impression of 3,000 Lilly's Grammars ; and Common Prayers with singing -psalms in 4to. and medium folio, without restraint of number, only on condition that the Bible was bouud with them *. In 1632 Buck used beautiful hebrew type for the quotations in Mede's Clavis Apocalyptica. In the same year he printed an 8vo. Greek Testament'^. In 1635 Dr Beale, V. C, was blamed for licensing Five Discourses by Ro. Shelford of Peterhouse, on account of their anti-puritanical tendency '^. In 1637 the Star Chamber defined the jurisdiction of university licences", and exempted from their cognizance * Bookes of the 1 Ibid. in. 138, 139. that were not required in Cambridge " Ibid. III. 142—4. itself. (Gutch, Collectanea, i. 284, 3 Ibid. III. 175, 17fi; 275. quoted in Cooi^er's Annals, in. 266.^ 4 See the charter of 6 Feb. 1627—8, About 1636-7 the Stationers hired ilnd. III. 199. these monopolies for a term of three 6 Ihid. III. 218. years. — Cooper's Annals, in. 285. 6 In 1634 when ' the practice held in '' Cooper's Annals, in. 268. Cambridge for printing almanacks, &c.' ^ Ayliffe in his Antient and Present was drawn up for the information of State of Oxford, Part 3, Vol. ii. p. 242, Oxford, the following particulars were informs us that the University of Cam- added — All other school books so many bridge was more prudent and observant as they can print with one press : and than his own in having the defect in almanacks (such copies as are brought the charter of 14 Hen. VIII. rectified so them) without restraint of number. as to secure great privileges for the There was then however a three years' Press. King Charles I. in 1635, at covenant to print only 500 reams the suggestion of Abp. Laud, enlarged yearly, the Londoners to purchase all the privileges of the Oxford printers. 382 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Common Law, or matters of State '.' Roger Daniel was summoned before the Commons and reprimanded in 1642 (Aug. and Sept.) for printing *tlie Book set forth in the Defence of the Commission of Array ^.' A few months later he was arrested for printing Resolves in Cases of Conscience by Dr H. Fern, afterwards Bp. of Chester. The blame was shifted to the V. C. Dr Holdsworth, and Captain Cromwell was instructed to send the doctor njj in safe custody at his own charges. In 1649 a parliamentary ordinance (29 1 20 Sept.) recognized the universities (with London, York and Finsbury) as privileged printing places^, and this was more clearly asserted 7 Jan. 1652— 3 \ It was in 1642 that Buck and Daniel printed a fine edition of Beza's Greek and latin Testament*. Ten years later Buck sent forth exquisite and correct editions of Gataker's Antoninus and the Poetae Gh-aeci Minores : also Stephens' Statins a little earlier. In 1650 Buck had become sole printer, but he resigned in 1653 (though he survived till 1688) and was succeeded by John Field. Field took a lease of the ground near Queens' College and built the house and printing-office, which was in use until the present century. In 1662 — 3 there were unsatisfactory overtures between oiir printers and the London Stationers relative to the Order in Council of April 1629, in which lord chancellor Clarendon and Dr Sancroft (Emm.) &c. corresponded ^ Field printed a good variorum edition of Andronicus Rhodius in 1679, but his attention was mainly devoted to small Bibles and Prayer Books (of which he executed a greek edition). Twelve errata in the Cambridge 4to Bible (1663) are noted on a page in vol. xviii. Letters and MSS. of the D. of Northumberland at Alnwick Castle. Ri Atkyns' work on the Origin of Printing came out in 1664. About 1669 'it appears that there was a treaty pending between the London Printers and the University, which was broken off on the 7th of July, when the Heads agreed that John Hayes should have the printing for £100 a year^ Carter mentions Edward Hall as a printer about 1688 : he says also that while Hayes was still printing in the house which Field had built, Cornelius Crownfield, a dutch soldier, was at work in 1696 in another building (which was known afterwards as ' the Anatomy School and Elaboratory ') until Hayes' death in 1707, when he removed to what then became the only university printing-house. Jonathan Pindar seems to have had some status as a Cambridge printer; he lived a few months after the death of Crownfield, who was an excellent typographer. Crownfield had printed Joshua Barnes' Uuripides (1694) which was considered a very fine edition. Two years later Bentley worthily 1 Cooper's Annals, in. 287, 288. ^ Ibid. in. 429, 453, This was more clearly expressed after ^ As to the Saxon type about this the Kestoration by a temporary act in period see above p. 159. 1662. ibid. 501. « Cooper's Annals, in. 506, 507. - Ibid. III. 332. 7 Ibid. iii. 537. 3 Ibid. HI. 336, 337. APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1G42 — 1700. 383 directed his energy to renovating the university press'. Improve- ments were made in the bviildings, presses and type obtained by a public subscription, aided by a loan of <£1,000, secured by the Senate ; and Syndics of the Press were appointed by a Grace of 21 Jan. 1697 — 8^, which is given below. Crownfield appears to have been * Inspector of the Press' both before and after the death of Hayes ; his stipend in that capacity was fixed 9 Nov. 1698 at lOs. a week to be paid monthly or quarterly, Bentley, to whom a complimentary grace had given absolute discretion in this particular, prociu-ed from Holland ' those beautiful types ^ which appear in Talbot's Horace, Kuster's Suidas, Taylor's Demosthenes, &c.' (Monk i. 74.) It appears* that Matthew Prior of S. John's (the poet) was engaged A. D. 1700 in a negotiation for procuring greek type for us from the Paris Press. ' " With the History of the Cambridge press," adds [T. Philipps] the Historian of Shrewsbury, " I am not acquainted. In the year 1700, that learned Body applied to the French Ministry for the use of the Greek Matrices, cut by order of Francis I. This application, owing to national vanity, proved unsuccessful. See extracts of French King's MSS. Vol. i. p. 101. But the Unirersity appear to have procured others of greater beauty, from that country. The type of Dr Tayloi^'s Demosthenes is precisely the same which John Jullieron, printer of Lyons, employed in 1623 in Nicholas Ase- manni's Edition of the Anecdota of Procopius for Andrew Brugiotti, Bookseller at Rome.'" Nichols' Lit. Anecd. iv. 663, 4. The following extract, which is taken from the preface to the Medea and Phoenissae of Euripides edited by W. Piers ^, Cantabr. Typis Academicis, 1703, and dated 'e Coll. Emman. Cantabr. 3 Novembi'. 1702/ testifies to the advance which was made at this time. ' Si Typorum elegantiam mireris, gratias meritb ingentes habeto Illustrisshno Fi'incipi Carolo Duci Somersetensium munijicentissimo nostrae Academiae Cancellario, cui Cordi est wosirwwi imo suum dQiiuo revixisse Typographeum *.' 1 Monk's Bentley, i. 73, 74, 153 — 6. Annesley, Representative for the Uni- Cooper's ^jinaZs, IV. 34. varsity; and Virqil by J. Laughtou 2 Theta, p. 428. of Trinity.' Monk's Bentley, i. 154. There is another grace 2 Dec. 1749 Watt Bihl. Brit, attributes the Virgil (Kappa, p. 123). See also the year 'Henr. Lonthouo'. These classics (in- 1737. eluding an edition of Talbot's Horace) ^ 'Already (1701) some handsome came out in 4 vols. 4'° 1701. editions of Latin Classics had been * Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque du printed with those types and dedicated Roi, Paris, 1787, i. xciii. seq. to the use of the young Duke of Glou- ^ The editor wrote his name Peirs cester. Terence 1701 had been edited (A.B.) 1684, and Peii-se (A.M., S.T.B.) by Leng of Catharine Hall, afterwards 1688, 1695. He was fellow of Emman. Bishop of Norwich; Horace [1699 4'° ; and rector of N. Cadbmy. and 1701 4'° and 12"">] by Talbot, the ^ There was printed twice at least at Hebrew Professor; Catullus Tibullns Oxford a 'Specimen of the Several and Propertius by the Hon. Arthur Sorts of Letter given to the University ' 384 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Here the earliest extant minute-books of tlie Curators of the Cambridge Press supply some interesting information about this revival of typography which was promoted, as we have just seen, under the noble patronage of the Chancellor by the agency of Dr Bentley, who as yet had his residence in his 'librarian's lodgings' at St James', when he was employed to order types on behalf of the Senate. Bentley was preaching the Commencement Sermon the Sunday after the Duke of Somerset wrote the following letter; — which, with the other extracts, Mr Clay has with the permission of the Syndics of the Press kindly copied from their Order Book \ Petxworth June the 29"" 1696. Gentlemen, As I have y° honour to be a servant to you all, soe am I ever thinking of w' may be most for y' interest, and for y® support of that reputation, and great character w""*" ye University have soe worthily deserved in y^ opinion of all good, and of all learned men : & in my poore thoughtes, noe way more effectuall, than the recovering y* fame of y*" own printing those great, and excellent wri tinges, y' ai'e soe frequently published from y® Members of y' own body; w"*" tho' very learned, sometimes have been much prejudiced by y'' unskillfull handes of uncorrect printers. Therefore it is, y' I doe at tliis time presume to lay before you all, a short, and imperfect Scheame (here enclosed) of some thoughtes of mine, by way of a foundation, for you to finishe, and to make more perfect ; w''*' tho' never soe defective at present, yett they have mett with aprobation among some publick spirited men (much deserving the name of friends to us) who have freely conti-ibuted eight hundred pounds towards y® Carying on this good, and most beneficiall worke. Now, Gentlemen, their is nothing wanting of my part, to en- deavour the procuring the like sunie againe from others, but y' apro- bation, and consent, to have a Presse once more erected at Cambridge : and when that shall bee resolved on, then to give a finishing hand (like great Masters as you are) to my unfinished thoughtes, that I may bee proude in having done some thing, y' you think will bee for your service; w''*' I doe hope will bee a meanes to procure mee a general pardonn fx'om you all, for laying this Matter before you, having noe other ambition, than to bee thought your most obedient and most faithfuU humble servant, Somerset. of Oxford, by Bp. Fell, i'" 1695, 8'" Saxon type of tins time see above 1706. p. 160 ?i. The Clarendon Printing-House was i For the knowledge of the exist- eommenced 22 Feb. 17-J4. (Ayliffo's ence of these interesting records I am Antient and Present State of Oxford, indebted to the observation of Mr Tart n. Vol. i. pp. 176, 7.) On the C, J. Clay, M.A. University Printer. APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1C96 — 8. 385 Grace for appointment of Syndics Placeat vobis, ut D°"' Procancellarius, Singuli Collegiorum Praefecti, D"' Professores, M' Laugliton Coll. Trin. Academije Archi- typographus, D' Perkins Regin. M' Talbot and M' Lightfoot Trin. M' Nurse Job. M' Beaumont Petr. M' Moss CCC. M' Banks Aul. Pemb. M' Leng Aul. Cath. M' Pierce Eman. M' Wollaston Sidn. M'" Gael Regal, aut eorum quinque ad minus, quorum semper unu3 sit D''"' Procancellarius, sint Curatores Prteli vestri Typograpbici. lect. & concess. 21 Jan. 169|- [Tbe names of T. Bennett, T. Sberwill, and Laughton of Clare were added by a Grace of Oct. 10]. Aug. 23^M698 1 Agreed tben at a meeting of y^ Curators of y" University- Press, y' M' Jacob Tonson have leave to print an edition of Virgil, Horace, Terence, Catullus, TibuUus and Propertius in 4'" with y" double Pica Letter: he paying to such persons as shall be appointed by y^ said Curators 12* p. Sheet for y° impression of 500 copies: 14* for 750; and so in proportion for a greater Number': and y* D"" Mountague, D' Covell, M^ Leng, M' Laughton and M' Talbot shall sign y* Articles of y^ agreement above mentioned, on y^ part of y° University. 2 Agreed at y^ same time, y* M' Edmund Jeffries have leave to print an Edition of TuUy's works in 12'"° with the Brevier Letter: he paying V, 10'. y^ sheet for 1000 Copies. 3 That Cornelius Crownfield have leave to send to Roterdam for 300' weight of y" double Pica letter in order to y^ Printing of Virgil, Horace, &c in y® manner above mentioned. Placeat vobis, ut Auditores Cistaj communis audiant etiam quot- annis computum officinee typographicse lect. & concess. 10 Octob. 1698. Octob. 17. 98. Present D' James Vicechancellour, D' Covell, D' Blithe, D' Roderick, D' Smoult, D' Perkins, M' Barnet, M^ Laughton, M' Leng, M'' Beaumont, IVP Pearse, M/ Wollaston, M^ Talbot, M' Bennett. 1 Agreed y' all resolves made at any meeting of y*" Curatours for the press be entered in y'' Register for y^ Press. 2 That y ' Major part of y*= Curatours present at any Meeting shall determine who shall write y^ resolves then made into ye said Register. 1 A few weeks later (9 Nov.) it was at y^^ press' Is. 6d. a week, ordered that the compositor should An earlier and fuller statement on receive 4s. 6d. and the corrector 9d. the cost of printing, drawn up by the per sheet. The press man 2s. 8d. per Cambridge University printer in 1622, 'PJieam' for printing both sides of forms part of Mr Thompson Cooper's each sheet. communication to the Bookseller, 24 The next week they found they must Feb. 1860. allow ' a boy for attending y'' workmen w. 25 386 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 3 That all graces granted by y" Senate I'elating to y^ Press be entered into y^ said Register. 4 That there shall be a general meeting of y^ Curatovirs upon y* first Wednesday in every Month. 5 That y® general monthly meeting shall determine, \v* persons shall be delegates for y^ said Month. 6 That the s** delegates appointed by them shall meet weekly on Wednesdays at 2 of y^ clock in y* afternoon. 7 That every Editour shall appomt his own inferiour Correctovir to attend y* press. 8 That no Editonr shall have power to appoint any inferiour Correctour to attend y^ Press, but such as shall be ap})roved by the delegates, & y' y^ allowance for y*^ Correctours labour be set by y° delegates. The delegates for this month are M'' Vice-Cliancellour, M'' Peirse, M' Leng, M'' Talbot, M' Bennett. [Piers, Laughtou, Banks and Bennett were ordered to attend the next month.] Wednesday Octob. 26. 1698. 1 Ordered, y* M' Cornelius Crownfield do go to London to procure an Alphabet of Box flourish't Letters, and to retain Work- men for the Press, and to take care for y^ Carriage of M"' Tonson's Paper : and to hasten y® return of y" double Pica Letter from Holland. 2 Upon y« proposall of M' Talbot of B' Penny' to be his correctour for y" edition of Horace with y® approbation of y" dele- gates; agreed, y' the said D^ Penny be spoken to to undertake y" said office of Correctour. Wedn. December y« 7^^ 1698 Mem'^"'^ That C James [the ex-V.C] delivei-ed in a number of papers & letters (which had been in his custody) relating to y*^ press, which were put in a paper box to be kept in y** drawer. January y« 4'*^ 1698 At a meeting of Eight of y® Curators — Ordered that Mr Talbot have full power to treat al^out & procure a Kolling press fit for y^ service of y® Printing house the charges thereof to be defrayed out of such money as he shall receive upon subscriptions to y^ press at London. ^ At the next meeting, this young general meeting!?, ptudent of Queens' (afterwards pre- Will this circumstance in any way bendary of Norwich) was assigned [dd. , account for the paradox started by or] I of the compositor's allowance Prof. A. De Morgan in Notes and for each sheet carefully corrected. Queries (3"' S. vol. iv. p. 170,) that At the same time (2 Nov. 1693) Ro. ' Maps' (John Nicholson, son-in-law of Nicolson was appointed ' Messenger of Ro. Watts) was porter of the university the Press ' to summon the Curators library all his life ? (not being Heads or Professors) to the APPENDIX IX. THE CMIBRIDGE PRESS, 1G98— 1708. 387 Agreed also that 4 pence n week for copy money be allowed to y= workmea at y'' Press & half a crown p Quarter for cleaning y** Pi'ess. March 4 1G98 1 Orderd, that a particular account of each Body of Letter, & of all Tooles & Moveables belonging to y'^ New Printing House be taken in writing in y*' presence of the Delegates for y® weekly meetings of this Month, and y' it be entered into y"' Journal Book by y^ person appointed to keep that Book : and y' y** said account be sign'd by y® Delegates, & Mr Crownfield y'' Printer 3 Order'd, That all Combinations, Verses, and other exercises upon Public Occasions be printed only at y*^ University's New Printing House. May 3'^ 1C99 Ordered— that 400 lbs. weight of Paragon Greek Letter be sent for to the Widow Voskins iu Holland. At a general meeting of the Curators June 7*^^ 1699 Order'd that D"" Green & D"" Oxenden or either of them do ex- amine D"" Bentley's account in relation to our Press, and upon his delivery of the Youchers relating to it, and all other things in his hands belonging to the University Press ; give him a full discharg ; and likewise take a discharg of him for the Summ of four hundred and thirty three pounds received by him of the University. 1 ' At a General Meeting of the Curat" SepteV y« G^i^ 1 699 'twas then agreed y' Mr Crownfield be order'd to buy twelve Gallons of Linseed Oyle and a rowl of Parchment. 2 Order'd y* y" Sashes be renew'd 3 Order'd y* twenty shillings per aunu be allow'd to Printers for their weigli-goes',' 'Feby 12"" 170| Agreed then also y' foreign booksellers be treated with for an exchange of an hundred Suidas's, for a number of bookes w'^'' shall be esteem'd of equal value, & y*^ Catalogues of proper bookes w**" their respective prises, be procur'd from them to be appro v'd of by y" CJniversity.' (At p. 31 of the Syndics' Minute Book is given a list of books to be sent over by Mr Wetstein in exchange for 100 copies of Suidas.) 'June 15"" 1708 Agreement with Profr. Barnes to print the Odyssee & Iliad of Homer. 1 The printers' jvay-goose, or jour- memorated in Hone's Every-day Book neymen's entertainment, allowed origi- i. 1133. Halliwell lias ' Way-goose. naily for making new paper windows An entertainment given by an appreu- at Bartleray-tide, has been duly com- tice to his fellow-workmen. JVest.' 25—2 388 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. 'Marcla 2'^'^ l^'^if Agreed y* Mr Crownfield have leave to publisli his proposals for y' Reprinting Rob*. Stejihens's Thesaui'us of y® Lat: Tongue, Dr Kuster of Rotterdam Editoi*. 'March 31, 1725 Entered then Terence in 4*° with Dr Bentley's notes for M' Crownfield.' Many of the publications of the press after this period will be found recorded in the following pages'. There are however no entries in the minute-book from Api*il 24, 1725, to Jan. 15, 173f. In 1735 Conyers Middleton wrote on the origin of printing. In 1737 a syndicate was appointed with plenary powers for three years^. Within that period (viz. 12 Geo. II.) an Act of Parliament repealed the clause of the Copyright Act of 1710 (8 Ann. c. 21) whereby vice-chancellors had been empowered to set and reform the prices of books ^ A grace of 27 May, 1752 {Kappa p. 184) provides that the major part of a quorum of the Press Synclics (five, including the V. C.) have power to transact business. (Gunning, Cerein. p. 406.) "When Cx'ownfield died in 1742* his successor had already been found, viz. Joseph Bentham. He was appointed ' Inspector of the Press in the room of M"^ Cornelius Crownfield' by an order of the Curators (28 March 1740"*), on condition that, if the profits of the place should not arise to £60 ^:)er annum, the Univ. should make good the deficiency. The following entries are taken from the Curators' minute-boob. * Memorandum— Jan. 26, 1741—2 Mony due to the University Deer 24, 1741 from the Jour- neymen in the Printing House being chiefly what was advanced to them in the time of the Frost last winter, and when there was a deficiency of work.' 'Deer. 15, 1742 Entered the ninth edition of D'^ Bentley's Phile- leutherus Lipsiensis, for Mr Thurlbourn.' Feb. 19, 1749 Amongst other books is entered 'Mr Masters's List of y^ Members of CCC Joseph Bentham" was free of the Stationers' Company. Carter says [Hist. Camh. 1753, p. 470) of him : 'He is allowed by all Judges to be as great a Proficient in the Mystery as any in England; which the Cambridge Common Prayer Books and Bibles, lately Printed by him, will sufficiently evince.' Thus in his time the Curators agreed (11 Dec. 1740) to print small Bibles 9000 price 2s. 1 Bentley's iTorrtcctOTe?r?!C(?,Davies' ^ Nichols, Lit. Anrcd. viii. 451. & Pearce's editions of works by Cicero, Dyer, Priv. Camb. Vol. ii. fascic. ii. Taylor's Demosthenes and Lysias may p. 85 : fascic. iii. pp. 24, 25. He be here mentioned. jirinted his brother James' history of 2 Monk's Bentley, i. 156 n. Ely their native place in 1765. Their 3 Cooper's Annals, iv. 241. ibid. 96. other brother was Dr E. Bentham, of * He was buried in the chancel of Ch. Ch., C. C. C, and Oriel, editor of S. Botolph's. Orationes Funebre.^i, and some instruc- 5 Carter says Hist. Camb. that Ben- tive works, tham was ' chose in 1739.' APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 17jf — 82. 389 and 1000 on large paper at 2^. 6d. Half a year later, nonpareil Bibles 11000 small paper, 1000 large paper. Dyer mentions S. Squire's Plutarchns cle Iside et Osiride, wliich was printed in 1744 by Bentham, In 1743 a bill was filed against him by T. and Ro. Baskett the royal printers, for having brought out in 1741 an abridgment of certain Acts of Parliament. After pro- tracted hearings it was decided in the Court of King's Bench (24 Nov. 1758) that the University is 'intrusted with a concurrent Authority to print Acts of Parliament and Abridgments ' within the university, by letters patent of K. Hen. VIII. and K. Chailes I. \ In 1775, in consequence of a decision in the Common Pleas ^, by which it was ruled that the Crown has no control over the printing of almanacks, the Company of Stationers ceased to pay the annual sum (above £500) for which they had hired the University's share of the monopoly (which Ld. North attempted to re-establish in 1779^). In the same year an Act of Parliament * secured for the universities the copyright of school-books, &c., bequeathed to them. Bentham died 1 June 1778, after which John Archdeacon (a native of Ireland) conducted the typographical department for Cambridge. In 1781 Gutch's Collectanea Curiosa, containing inter alia (i. 282 seqq.) several papers and documents on the subject, was published at Oxford. In tliat year (though Mr T. Carnan the litigious bookseller of S. Paul's Churchyard had twice overthrown the universities' pri- vilege) a new almanack duty act * granted £500 per aimuyn to each university, which sum was at Cambridge by the grace of 11 June, 1782, placed at the disposal of the Syndics of the Press for the publi- cation of new works or editions of old works. The grace is printed in Gunning's Ceremonies, p. 407, and in Ordinationes Academiae Cantabrigiensis, (7«p. ix. Sect. 2. v. 5 (1874, p. 153) as follows : June 11, 1782. 'Government Annuity. Cum ad gi'aves librorum imprimendorura sumptus sublevandos omnigenaeque adeo eruditionis studium promovendum, annuo quin- gentarum librarum reditu Academiara nuper auxerit munificentia publica ; ne aut nostra negligentia deflorescat tantns publico habitus Uteris lionos, aut in alios usus transferatur quod doctrinae ampli- 1 Cooper's Annals, iv. 301. (Stat. 21 Geo. III. c. 24) allowed a 2 Ihid. IV. 374 ; cp. 390, 391. drawback to the Universities in respect 3 Basil Montagu {Enquiries, &c. re- of paper used in jDriutiug books in t]ie spectiug tlie Univ. Libr. 1805, p. in.) latin, greek, oriental or northern Ian- attributes to Bp. Law a pamphlet guages. Cooper's ^HHrt/.s, iv. 402. lu Observations conccrnhu/ Literary Fro- 1794 another act added 'Bibles, Testa- pertij. Cambridge, 1770. ments. Psalm-books, and Books of •^ Stat 15 Geo. III. c. 53. Common Prayer' to the list. ibid. iv. 5 Cooper's Annals, iv. 390 n., 401. 451. Since the abolition of the paper Stat. 21 Geo. III. c. 56. duty this advantage has been lost to The paper duty act of the same year the University. 390 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. ficandae sacrum esse oporteat; placeat vobis ut Typographici Preli Curatores in hac etiam parte Syndic! vestri constituautur, atque ut quingentae quotannis librae, si ipsis necessarium videatui*, vel in novas veterum scriptorum editiones apparandas, vel in recentiorum opera divulganda insumendae iis boc nomine e Communi Cista ero- gentur ; ita tamen lit singulis annis ante finem mensis Junii quicquid ab iis in hujusce negotii procuratione factum fuerit ad vos in scripto referre teneantur.' Dr Eo. Plumptre, Pre* of Queens', in his Hints concerning Uni- versity Officers, 1782, p. 10, suggested that the Vice-chancellor should be exempted from his official presidency of the Press Syndi- cate. It appears from Porson's history that in 1783 a syndic of the Press did not understand the distinction between collating and col- lecting mss. Watson's Forson, p. 39. In 1783 the University Statutes were printed in 4to, Dr Webb's Collection (Univ. Lib.) contains a copy of the grace of 1782 concerning the £500. Also a V. C's notice to the Syndics of the Press in the autumn of that year. A grace-paper proposing to appoint more competent syndics 23 Dec. 1784, on the ground that the house purchased (in 17G2) in Silver St. was damp, and injury had been done to the contents. In the same collection among docu- ments belonging to the year 1785 there are a few whicli relate to the management of the press, viz. ; (rt) A grace to regulate the Press Syndicate, appointing for three years only. (h) Eemarks by the proposers (4to. pp. 3). Of the existing Syndicate 3 were appointed in 1761. 3 „ „ „ 1765. 3 „ „ „ 1776. 7 „ „ _ „ 1782. (A duplicate is filed s. a. 1790 probably by mistake). (c) Dr P. Plumptre who had been V.C. in 1762, made answer (7 Feb. 1785) in four 4to psges, that only £20 damage had been reported in 1778, and no fiu'ther mischief had occurred. He would gladly be dismissed, but not with disgrace. {d) In rejoinder the complainants assert that substantial repairs had never been made in the Silver Street buildings. (4to. pp. 3.) The last page (56) of Considerations on the Oaths (1787) displays the following ' Extract from the Account of the Syndics, laid on one of the tables in the Senate House, June 27, 1787. £ s. d. To Mr Eelhan towards the expences of printing his Flora Cant 50 To Sig. Isola towards printing a new edit, of Tasso's Gierusalemme Liberata . .50 To Profess. Waring new edit. Med. . . .52 Prof. Cook's ed, Arist. Poet. . , . .25 10 8 11 APPENDIX IX. THE CAMBRIDGE PRESS, 1782 — 1800. 391 £ s. d. Mr Ludlam's Introd. to Algeb. and an Introd. to the first six books of Euclid . 24 5 11 Mr Ormerod's Rem. 14 Sect, of Dr Priestley's Disquisition . . . . . 4 19 Tliis is an account of the expenditure of the Government annuity commuted as we have seen from the almanack-duty and augmented in 1782. To a grant made by the Syndics from this fund the publication of the present Compilation is due. Some objections were made against the title of the University to enjoy this grant by the writer of Considerations on the Oaths, Lond., 1787, p. 39. He objected also to the way in which it had been spent ; viz. upon the ^facsimile of the Beza manusci-ipt,' and ' Italiau sonnets.' Dr T. Kipling's iiei'formance as editor of the former of these productions was at the time severely criticised from various quarters, and Mr Scrivener on a closer examination (in emendandis) has seen cause to confirm that censure which in the first instance ■was probably provoked as much by the man and his preface as by the exercise of any powers of discernment in Kipling's contempo- raries such as Porson then, and our modern critic more recently has brought to bear upon his work. But this is a topic for the study of Divinity, the Frend controversy, &e. However, so far as the press is concerned, the ' facsimile ' in 2 vols, folio in 1793, is a very fine piece of work in uncials. Sig. Agostino Isola's Tasso {f(jr which £b() was granted) was grudged also by the writer of Strictures on the Discipline of the Univ. of Cambridge, 1792, p. 47. Dyer also complained in 1824, Frivil. Camb. Yol. n.fascic. iii. p. 36, that the fund (which he says was called the Poor's fund) was devoted to printing 5 vols, of Simeon's Skeletons of Sermons, 1796, and Joseph Milner's History and Sermons, while it had been refused to Gilbert Wakefield for the 4th and 5th numbers of his Silva Critica. But Dyer would have been shocked to hear from the later editor of Lucretius that Wakefield was a poor Scholar in more senses than one. In the latter part of the eighteenth century W. Ludlam (Joh.) complained that the press was extremely defective in mathematical types', so that he was actually obliged to make many a brass rule himself. This (says Dyer) had been fully remedied before 1824 when he wrote. For some time (e.g. in 1794) J. Burges' name was coupled with J. Archdeacon's, and when the former retired Burges succeeded to his post". 1 Nichols' Lif.^?!CC(r7. VIII. 414, Dyer, Rudivients of Mathematics for the use Privil. Camh. Vol. ii. fasc. iii. p. 25, of Students in the Universities. 1785. Ludlam published at Cambridge, i)/«t«i?- ^ Mr Ai'clideacon retired to Heming- maftcaZ £.ssrt-!/s (Ultimate Ratios, Power ford, Hunts., where he was buried as of the Wedge, &c. &c.) 1770, 1787. Joshua Barnes had been. 392 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. In 1800 tlie university nndertook the publication of Hooge- veen's Dictionarium Analogicum in 4to'. The celebrated english Porson greek, or ' Great Person Greek ' type was designed by its eponymous hero, (who like the late Mr Shilleto was as fine a calligrapher as he was a scholar,) and cut under his direction by Austin of London, with the assistance of Mr Watts, then University Printer^. However it was not used until after Porson's death. Monk's IIi])pol>/tus (1811), and the second edition of C. J. Blomfield's Prometheus (1812), were the earliest works on which it was employed. In 1804 the secret of the method of maniifacturing stereotype plates was bought from Mr Wilson, of Duke St., Lincoln's Inn Fields, and he was employed to teach the process, and two presses, Earl Stanhope's invention, were purchased. 'At the same time too ' (says Dyer) ' it was agreed u2)on by the Syndics, that certain premises which hitherto had served the purpose of a warehouse should be converted into a printing-office, the old printing-office being then in a ruinous condition ; which appointment therefore gives at the same time the date of the first designing of a new printing-house by the University, and of their commencing the stereotype printing ; — for they agreed upon both at the same time^'— In the same year (4 Mar. 1804) the privilege of the Universities solely to publish Bibles, New Testaments, and Common Prayer Books was upheld in the House of Lords against the Richardsons and Tegg, who had sold in London such books printed by the King's printer in Scotland*. In 1805 Basil Montagu (Chr.) published a pamphlet (pp. 1 — 21, 1 — 20) of Enquiries and Observations respecting the univ. library, and its right to a copy of eveiy book published *. It was resolved at a meeting at the Thatched-House Tavern at whicli the Marquess Camden presided (18 June, 1824), to apply part of the surplus fund contributed for the Statue of Pitt erected in London, to the building a new Univei-sity Press in Cambridge. On 1st July the Senate appointed a Syndicate to purchase the houses in Trumpington Street, between Silver Street and Mill Lane. The first stone of the Pitt Press (designed by E. Blore) was laid 18 Oct. 1831, and it was opened (also by the Marq. Camden) 28 April, 1833, and the key was formally delivered to Dr Webb the vice-chan- cellor". 1 Oxford hacT done as mucli for Wyt- ^ Cooper's Annals, iv. 480. tenbach's Plutarch, 1795, &c. and ^ A copy iuPeterhouse library E. 10. afterwards published Caravella's Index 23 (12). B. Montagu shews that legis- Aristophanis, Creutzer's Plotimis, and lation (1662 — 1775, and the case of Beveral editions by Bekker and Din- Beckford v. Hood 1798,) had not di- dorf. minished the privileges of the three 2 Dyer [Privil. ii. iii. 33) speaks of libraries, but that not six per cent, of a ^brevier Porson greek' used in Lon- the books published in London about don for Valpy's Stephani Thesaurus, 1803 (he gives a list) were in the and a fount of ' great Porson greek ' Cambridge University Library. cast for tlie Clarendon Press at Oxford. ^ Cooper's Annals, iv. 572, 573. 3 Dyer, Privil. Camb. u. iii. 30, 31. APPENDIX IX. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRINTERS. 393 The following list of — CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRINTERS may perhaps provoke those who are able to correct and complete it. [John Siberch 1521 and 1522] Nic. Speryng ) Garratt Godfrey [ 1534 Segar Nicholson, Gonv. ) Kic. Pilgrim ) .„q Kichard Noke i ^^'^^ Peter Shers 1546 John Kingston 1577 Thomas Thomas, King's 15S2— 8 ('15S3' B.; '1584' Carter) John Legate 1588—1607 [John Porter 1593] Cantrel Legge 16U7— 27 ('1606' i?. ; '1608' Z)//^r) Thomas Brooke, Clare, esquire bedelF, cir. 1614 Leonard Green 1622 John Buck, Cath. esquire bedell, 1625 Thomas Buck, Cath. esquire bedell, 1627— 53 ('1625' 7?.) Roger Daniel 1627—50 ('1632' B.; cf Cooper's Annals in. 21.3), Francis Buck 1630 John Legate 1650 (B.) Carter calls T. Buck ' sole printer' at this time. John Field 1653 ('1655' B.; '1654' Carter and Dt/er) John Hayes 1669—1707 Matthew Whinn, Joh. registrary, 1669 John Peck, Juh. esquire bedell, 1680 Hugh Martin, Pemb. esquire bedell, 1682 Dr James Jackson 1683 Jonathan Pindar 1686, died in 1743 [Edward Hall, cir. 1688] Henry Jenkes 1693 Cornelius Crownfield 1696 — 1742, 'Inspector of the Press' 1698— 1740 ('1706' B. ; 'sole printer 1707 ' Carter) Joseph Bentham, Inspector of the Press 1740 — 78 ('1739' Carter) John Baskerville 1758 John Archdeacon 1766—1793 John Burgess 1793 — 1802 (' Burges' Univ. Calend.) Richard Watts 1802—1809 John Smith 1809—1836 Ji.hn WiUiam Parker 1836—1854 Charles John Clay 2, Trin. 1854. Eor several of the earlier names in the above list I am indebted to a paper on the Cambridge University Press in the Bookseller of 24th Feb. 1860, contributed as I understand by Mr Thompson Cooper. Where a date differed from what I had put down indepen- dently, I have added it with the letter B. I have omitted 'John Deighton 1802' as belonging more properly to the list of Agents. * For the convenience of university nership with Mr Clay and Mr G. business, when the working manager Seeley, under a Grace passed 3 July was not a matriculated person, it 1854, Mr Seeley acting as the London seems to have been a common practice Agent. On Mr Seeley's retiring in 1856 in the 17th century, before a Press a new partnership between the L'ni- Syndicate was in existence, to nomi- versity and Mr Clay was effected by a nate a university officer as Inspector Grace of 12 Mar. 185G, which has bteu of the Press. confirmed by subsequent deeds of part- ■■^ The University entered into part- nership. Cf. Gunning's Ccrcm. 248. A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF ENGLISH XVIII™ CEN- TURY EDITIONS OF ANCIENT CLASSICS, &c. &c. The following list lias been corapiled in tlie main from the annals of Bowyer's ])ress, Nichols' Lit. Anecd. vols. I — iii., Saxii Onomasticon Lilerarium, Dibdin's Introduction to a Knowledge of Rare Classics, &c., edd. 1802, 1827. The Classical Collector's ^Vade-Mecum, 1822, Watt's Blhliotheca Brltannica 1824, Dr P. Bliss' Sale Catalogue 1858, and some MS. collections kindly lent by Professor J. E. B. Mayor. A few patristic, literary and scientific bonks are included, as well as the titles of other educational books mentioned already in the body of this volume. Names belonging to Oxonian (or continental) editions are printed in italics, since it is supposed that the list will give a tolerably fair impression of the proportion of classical works produced each year or series of years in the several English universities, or by men of university training or connexions. It will be observed that if Oxford was behind-hand in developing her educational system as a universiti/, she was none the less most productive of individual literary enterprise. When no size is registered the book is inferred to be in octavo ; the compiler however does not feel perfect confidence in his authori- ties on this score, as accuracy is not very common in this particular, 8vos being often described as 4tos, and 4tos as folios. One is tempted to think that the collectors sometimes classed their books according to the sizes of the shelves which their extra large 2^ci,p^'>' copies occupied unread and undisturbed. 1701 Catullus Tibullns et Propertius. 4to. Camb. Horace. Ja. Talbot (Trin.). 2 eclds., 18mo. Camb. Orationes ex Poetis Latinis. Oxon. Phaedrus. T. Jobnsou (King's and Magd.). Eton. Puffendorf de Off. Homiuis et Ciuis. Ed. 6. Camb. Eoman History. W. Wotton (Job.). Sallust. W. Ay erst {Univ.). Oxon. De Snida Diatribe. L. Kuster (Camb.). 4to. Camb. Terence. J. Leng (Catb.). 4to and 8vo. Camb, Yirgil. J. Laughton (Trin). 4to. Camb. "Vii-gil (Tonsou). Camb. Cosmologia Sacra, Nebem. Grew (Pemb.). Lond. De Veteribiis Cyclis. H. Dodwell (T. C. D. and Oxon.). 4to. Oxon. Geograpby. E. Wells (C/i. C/i.). Oxon. Introdnctio ad veram Pbysicam. J. Keill (Ball.). Vocabiilarium Giil. Sumner, cura T. Benson (Qu.). 1702 Catullus Tibullus et Propertius. A. Anuesley, earl of Anglesea (Magd.). 4to. Camb. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 395 Epictetns, Cebes, &c. Gr. Lat. 18mo. Oxon. Eaclia, Tacquet. W. Whiston (Clare). Camb. Ireuaeus. J. E. Grabe {Oxon.). Fol. Oxoii. Lycophron, ed. 2. J. Potter (Line). Fol. Oxon. Annales Tbucj'd. et Xeuoplion. H. Dodwell (T, C. D. and Oxon.). Oxon. Virgil. 4to and 8vo. Camb. Cartesius De Metbodo. Camb, '. Clareudon's History (1702—4). Oxon. Conic Sections. Ja. Milnes (Oxon.). Oxon. Astrouomia, D. Gregory (Edinb. and Oxon.). Fol. Oxon. 1703 Novum Test. Graecmn. J. Gregory (Maqd. H.). Fol. Oxon. Cyril Hierosol. T. Milles (3 indices T. Hearne). Fol. Oxon. Apjaian. Translated by J. Dryden (Trin. ), Ascbami et Stm-mii Epistolae. Oxon. Euclidis Opera. D. Gregory (Edinb. and Ball.). Fol. Oxon. ■ Tacquet. W. Whiston (Clare). Camb. Enripidis Medea et Pboeuissae. W. Piers (Emm.). Camb. Eutropius and Messala Corvinus. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. Geograpbi Minores. J. Hudson (Qu. Univ. and aZ7.). Oxon. Introd. ad Pbys. Lect. J. Keill (Ball.). Oxon. Demostbenes et Aescbines de Corona. P. Eoulkes and J. Friend (Ch. Ch.). Ed. 2. Oxon. Cicero de Fiuibus. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. . de Oratore. Ja. Proust. Ox-on. Doctrina Pbilosopborum ex Cicerone. Oxon. Epictetus. E. Ivie (Ch. Cli.). Oxon. Euripidis Medea and Pboeniss. Josbua Barnes (Emm). Lond. Herodoti Cbo. Camb. Musaeus Hero and Leauder. Engl. Verse. A. S. Calcott. Oxon. Catullus, TibuU. Propert. Micb. Maittaire (Ch. CIi.). 12mo. Loud. Virgil. Id. Florus. Id. Ovid. Id. 3 vols. ? Horace, Id. Nepos. Id. Dictionary of Classical Geography. L. [and S.] Eacbard (Chr.). S/ceXeros (Jautabrigieusis. Ki. Parkeri. Ed. T. Hearne. Oxon. Puffendorf de Oil'. Camb. Euclidis Elem. J. Keill (Ball). Oxon. Catoptricks, etc. D. Gregory (Edinb. and Ball.), engl. ed. 2. W. Browne (Pet.). Lond. 1716 N. T. Coptice. David Willdns (Camb.). Oxoji. Aristotelis Etbica. var. G. Wilkinson. Oxon, Cicero De Oliiciis, var. ? J, Cockmau ({7»('ti.). Oxon. ■ De Senectute, engl. S. Hemming (Qu.). Oxon. De Oratoi'e. Zacb. Pearce (Trin.). Camb. De Claris Oratoribus. Ja. Proust. Oxon. Horatius. Micb. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). 12mo. Loud. Caesar. Id. Q. Cm-tins. Id, Juvenal. Id. Martial. Id. Atlieuae Britt. History of Oxford and Cambridge Writers. Miles Davies. Lond. De dea Salute. G. Musgi'ave. 0.ton, Hist. Plant. Succulent, (decas i.). B. Bradley (Camb,). 4to. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 399 1717 Baskett's Imperial Bible (vellum). 2 vols. Folio. Oxon. Ai'istotelis Ethica Nicom. W. Wilkinson (Qii.). Oxon. Cicero De Officiis, &c. T. Tooly [Joh.). Oxon. ■ De Amicitia, &c. T. Tooly [Joli.). Oxon. Dionysius Periegetes. J. Hudson {Qn., Univ. and S. Mary II.). Oxon. Ovid Metamorpli. transl. S. Gartli (Pet.). Fol. Lend. Aristarcbus Anti-Bentleianus. Ei. Johnson (Joh.). Autieut and Present Geograi^by. E. Wells [Ch. CIi.). Musae Anglicauae. Oxon. ElKihv HcoKpaTLKri. S. Catherall. Oxon. Treatise on Opticks. Is. Newton (Triu.). Bowyer. Loud. 1718 Aesop. J. Hudson {Qu., Univ. and S. Martj !£.). Oxon. Aesop. 12mo. Oxon. Cicero De Nat. Deor. J. Davies (Qu. ). Camb. De Fiuibus. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. . De Finibus, Paradoxa. T. Beutley (Triu.). Camb, Ebetorica. Ja. Proust. Oxon. Horace Odes, engl. H. Coxwell. 4to. Oxon. Louginus, J. Hudson {Qu., Univ. and S. Mary 11.). Oxon. Phalaris. C. Boyle [Ch. Ch.). Physica Aiistotelica mod in usum Juv. Acad. Taswell. Bowyer. Loud. Miscellanea in Usum Juvent. Acad. J. Pointer [Mert.). Oxon. Virgil Aen. engl. Jos. Trapp (Jfadh.). Remarks on Italy. Jos. Addison [Macjd.). Lond. . Optica Newton., lat. S. Clark (Caius). Ed. 2. Bowj-er. Lond. Pharmacopoeia Bateana. T. Fuller, M.D. Cantab. Bowyer. Loud. Clemens liomanus. H. Wotton (Job.). Camb. Lactautius. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Kay's Correspondence. W. Derbam (Trin.). Lond. Pbysica Ja. Kobault. S. Clarke (Cai.). Ed. 4. 1719 Apostolical Fathers, &c. W. Wake [Ch. Ch.). Ed. 3. Bowyer. Loud. Ignatius, &c. Justin M. Dialogues. S. Jebb (Pet.). Bowyer. Loud. Clavis Ling. Sanctae. Nic. Trott [D. C. L.). Fol. Oxnn. Dissert, ad J. Clericum Epist"^. de QuinctUiano. Mich. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). 4to. Lond. De Asse. J. Ward (Gresbam). Lond. Hierocles. P. Needham (Job.). Camb. Lucan. M. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). 12mo. Lond. Pomponius Mela. J. Reynolds (? King's). 4to. Lond. Saxon Homilies. W. Elstob (Cath. H., Qu. and Univ.), &c. 1720 Vet. Test. Vob 3. ?G. Vv^igan (C7f. C7t.). Lond. Bibliotheca Biblica. B. Parker (B. N. C). 4to. Oxon. Cambridge Concordance. Fol. Origines Ecclesiasticae. Jos. Bingham (C7?iU'.). Bowyer. Lond. Theologia Speculativa, Body of Divinity. Ei. Fiddes (Univ.). Lond. Valesii, Eusebii, &c. Hist. Eccl. W. Beading. 3 vols. Fol. Camb. De P. Pilati epist. T. Woolston (Sid.). Loud. Cebetis Tabula. T. Johnson (King's and Magd.). Eton, Lond. Cicero De Senect. &c., eugl. S. Parker (B. N. C.). Oxon. Josephus. J. Hudson (Qa., Univ. and S. Mary H). 2 vols. Fol. Oxon. Textus Roffensis. T. Hearue (Edm. H.). Chrouologieal Tables. A. Blaudy (Pemb.). Oxon. Institute of the Laws of England. T. Wood (New C). Canons Ecclesiastical. J. Johnson (Magd. and Benet.). 1721 Proposals for Gk. Test. E. Bentley (Job. and Triu.). 4to. Lond. Anacreon. Josh. Barnes (Emm.). Ed. 2. Camb. Batracbomyomachia gr. lat. M. Maittaire (Ch. Ch.). Lond. Cicero De Divinat. et De Fato. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Demosthenes Fals. Legat. H. Brooke {B. N. C. and All S.). Oxon, Demostbenis Orationes lxii. Oxon. 400 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Inscriptio Sigea. Edm. CliishuU {Corpus). Lond. Carmina Comitialia. V. Bourne (Trin.). Introduction to True Astronomy. J. Keill {Ball.). On the Usefulness of Matliematical Learning. Ed. 2. M. Strong {Line). 0x0 n. Petra Scandali (Schism. Eccll. Orient, and Occident.). Arabic version. J. Gagnier. Oxon. Leges Saxouicae. D. Wilkins. (Camb.) 1722 Inquiry into Authority of Complutensian N. T. Ei. Bentley (Joh. and Trin. and Wadh.). Lond. Beda Hist. Eccl. J. Smith (Joh.). Bo^v3^er. Lond. and Camb. A Kempis Imit. Xti. and Three Tabernacles. W. WiUymot (King's). Bo\vyer. Loud. Eibliotheca Litteraria I. II. S. Jebb (Pet.), &e. (Camb.). Bow'yer. Lond, Justin M., Trypho. Stj'an Thiiibj' (Jes.). London. Tertulliau adv. Haeret. et Tiieophili Apol. J. Betty {Exon.). Oxon. Theophilus ad Autol. engl. Jo. Betty {Exon.). Oxon. Aelius Ai-istides. S. Jebb (Pet.). 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. Oppian Haheutica. W. Diaper and J. Jones {Ball.). Oxon. PUni Epp. et Panegyr. M. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). Lond. Vidae Poemata. T. Tristram {Pcmb.). E. Owen (Joh.). Oxo7i. Miscell. Graecor. Scriptt. Carmina, gr. lat. Mich. Maittau'e (Ch. Ch.). 4to. Lond. De Obligatione Juramenti. Eo. Sanderson {Line). Lond. Euchd. Andr. Tacquet (Antw.), W. Wliiston (Clare). Ed. 3. Camb. 1723 Ai-etaeus Cappadox (medical). J. Wigan {Ch. Ch.). Fol. Oxon. Bibliotheca Litteraria III. — VI. S. Jebb (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. Cicero (Manutii). F. Hare (King's). Camb. Disp. Tusc. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 2. Camb. Epictetus. E. Ivie {Ch. Ch.). Ed. 2. Oxo7i. Epistola Critica ad F. Hare (King's), Jer. Markland (Pet.). Camb. Euripidis Medea et Phoeniss. W. Piers (Emm.). Ed. 2. Camb. Terentius. J. Leng (Cath.). Camb. Carmina Quadragesimalia. C. Este {Ch. Ch.). Oxon, Vida de Arte Poetica. 12mo. Oxon. Hemiugii Chartularium Vigorn. T. Hearne {Edm. H.). English Particles. W. Willymott (King's). Lond. Conic Sections. Ja. Milnes (Oxon.). Oxon. 1724 Anthol. Graec. Delectus Westmonast. Oxon. Antiquitates Asiaticae. E. ChishuU (Corpus). Bibliotheca Litteraria VII. — X. Bowyer, Lond. Britannia Eomana. J. Pointer {Mert.). Oxon. Longinus. Zach. Pearce (Trin.). Lond. Terence. Fr. Hare (King's). 4to. Lond. Eeligion of Nature Delineated. W. Wollaston (Sid.). 1725 Anacreon. Mich. Maittaixe (Ch. Ch.). Lond. Anthol. Poem. Gr. Minor. Westmon. Oxon. Cicero Quaestt. Acad. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. [Horace. John Pine. 2 vols. Loud.] Phileleutherus Lipsiensis on Collins' 'Freethinking.' Ei. Bentley (Joh. Trin. and Wadh.). Ed. Camb, Theophrastus trausl. H. Gaily (Benet), Lond. Vida Christiad. E. Owen (Joh.). Oxon, Gradus ad Parnassum. Lond. New Theory of the Earth. W. Whiston (Clare). Ed. 2. Lond. 172G Ignatius. Oxon. Sum and Substance of IV Evangelists. Oxon, Liber Precum Eccl. Catliedr. Oxon. Oxon. Petra Scandali. J. Gagnier. Ed. 2. Oxon. Three Sermons and Preface. Jos. Butler (Oriel). Euripidis Hec. Orest. Phoeu. J. King (King's). 2 vols. Camb. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 401 Isocratis, &c., Orationes Selectae. Phil. Fletcher. Oxon. Demosth. et Aeschinis Oratt. P. Foulkes and J. Freind {Ck. Ch.). Oxon. Terence, Phaedrus and Publ. Syi'us. E. Bentley (Trin.). 4to. Camb. Sibylla Capitoliua. Oxon. Poemata Card. Maffaei Barberini. Jo. Brown (Qu.). Oxon. Urban VIII. Tasso's Aminta. P. B. Du Bois {S. Manj H.). Oxon. J. Faber. Oxon. Astro-Theologia. W. Derham [Trin.). Lond. Terrae Filins. N. Amhurst [Joh-I. Ai-ithmetick. E. Wells (Ch. Ch.). Lond. Geography. E. Wells [Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Principia Mathem. Is. Newton (Trin.). Ed. 3. Camb. 1727 Holy Bible. 2 vols. fol. Oxon. ^ arranged for the Clementine Libr. by E. Warren {^ Bras.). 4to. Oxon. The Sacred Classics defended and illustrated. Ant. Blackwall. Lond. Caesar. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 2. 4to. Camb. Cicero De Legibus. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Cato Major, &c., engl. S. Parker {Bras.). Oxon. Xenophon Cyropaed. T. Hutchinson (Line). Oxon. and Anabasis. T. Hutchinson (Line). 4to. Oxon. Oeconomics, engl. Ei. Bradley (prof. Camb.). Lond. Journey of Cyrus, engl. Oxon. Physico-Theologia. W. Derham (Trin.). Lond. Catalogue of Oxford Graduates, 1603 — 1726. Oxon. Principles of Philos. of Expansive and Contractive Forces. Eo. Green (Clare). Camb. Vegetable Staticks. Ste. Hales (Benet.). Lond. Historiae Plantarum Succulent, decas 5ta. Ei. Bradley (prof. Camb.). 4to. 1728 De Bened. Patriarchae Jacob conjeett. G. Hooper yC/i. Ch.). 4to. Oxon, Novatian. J. Jackson (Jes.). Lond. Antiquitates Asiaticae. Edm. Chishull (Corpus). Bowyer. Lond. Aristotelis Poetica, editio 2do Goulstoniana. Camb. Ehetorica, var. ? W. Beattie (Magd.). Camb. Cicero De Finibus. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Dionys. Halicarn. Ja. Upton (King's). Bowyer. Lond. Q. Horatius Flaccus (an edition of Bentley's). Amst. Plato Parmenides. J. W. Thomson. Oxon. Statii Silv. Jer. Marklaud (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. Foundation of Moral Goodness. J. Balguy (Job.). Annals of University Coll. W. Smith. Newcastle. System of Opticks. Eo. Smith (Trin.). Optice Newtoni. S. Clarke (Caius). Lond. 1729 Common Prayer. 07:o7i 8vo. and 12mo. Antiquities of Constantinople. J. Ball (Corpus). Bowyer. Lond. Aeschylus Choe. ; Soph, and Eurip. Electra Westmonast. Oxon. Ciceronis Orationes. Delphin. Camb. Homer. Vol. I. S. Clarke, sen. (Caius). 4 vols. 4to. Isocrates, var. Vol. I. (see 1749). W. Battle (King's). Camb. Plutarchi Vitae (1723—9). Aug"^. Bryan (Trin.). 5 vols. 4to. Lond. Sophocles engl. G. Adams (Joh.). Bowyer. Lond. Instit. Logicae. J. Walhs (Emm. and Qu. and Oxon.). Oxon. De Laude Univ. Oxon. Metrice. Ed. T. Hearne (Edm. H.). Oxon. Parecbolae Statut. Univ. Oxon. Oxon. Ambr. Bonwicke (Joh.), A Pattern for Young Students. Lond. 1730 Aelius Aristides. 3 vols. 4to. Oxon. Cicero De Divinatione var. ) Tusculan. Disp. > J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Philosophica. ) w. 26 402. UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Longinus. J. Hudson (Qn., Univ. and S. Mary II.). Ed. 2. Oxon. Luciau. N. Kent (King's). Camb. Sallust (Minelli). 24mo. 0.mn. Xenopbou Cyropaedia. T. Hutcbiuson {Line). Lond. Viudiciae Antkiiiit. Acad. Oxon. T. Cai. Ed. Hearne. 2 vols. Oxo7i. Keill's Oxf. Astron. Lectures. Edm. Halley (Qu.). Bowyer. Loud. Cambridge Lectiires on Materia Medica. Prof. Ei. Bradley. Bowyer. Musick Speecbes by J. Taylor (Job.) Scripture Cbrouology. A. Bedford (Bra-^.). Articuli XXXIX. E. Welcbman {Mert.). Ed. 5. Oxon. A System of Ecclesiastical Law. Ri. Grey {Line). A New Institute of Imperial or Civil Law. T. Wood {New C). Ed. i. Bowj'er. Lond. 1731 Cicero's Dialogues (s. a. 1727) tr. S. Parker (7?ra.s-.). 4to. O.ron. Demostbenes Select Oratt. var. R. Mounteuey, Cambr. Oxon. Horatii Carmina. G. Wade (Cbr.). Bowyer. Lond. Tbucydides. Jos. Wasse (Qu.) and Duker. 2 vols. fol. Amst. Observatioues Miscellaneae (Dutcb Pbilol. Journ.) trausl. J. Jortiu (Jcs.), &c. (Camb.) Conic Sections. L. Trevigar. Camb. Eternal and Immutable Morality. Ka. Cudwortb (Emm., Clare and Cbr.). Tertullian adv. Praxeau. Camb. Euclid. O.xon. On Moral Obligation. T. Jobnson (Iving's and Magd.). Camb. Origin of Evil. W. Iving (T. C. D.). Engl. Edm. Law (Job., Cbr. and Pet.). 4to. 1732 Apparatus ad Ling. Graec. G. Tbompson, assisted by Prof. Pilgrim (Trin.). Bo^^'J'er. Lond. Cicero De Oratore. Z. Pearce (Trin.). 2 ed. Camb. De Nat. Deor. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Offices, trs. T. Cockman {Univ.). Ed. 8. Bowj'cr. Lond. Homeri Uias. Vol. 2. S. Clarke (Caius). Gemmae Antiquae. G. Ogle (? Sid.). Paris (see 17-11). Livy. Micb. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). 6 vols. Loiiginus. Z. Pearce (Trin.). Marmora Oxoniensia. Ed. 2. Micb. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). Fol. Bowyer. Harmouia Mensurarum. Hog. Cotes (Trin.). 4to. Camb. Hortus Eltbamensis. J. J. Slierard Dillenius (Job.). Oratio Woodwardiana. Convers Middleton (Trin.). Bowyer. Lond. Origin of Evil. W. King (t. C. D.). Engl. Edm. Law"(Joli-. ^^^^'- and Pet.). Ed. 2. 2 vols. Lond. Observatioues in Comment. Gr. Demosth. Ulpiano v. adscriptae. J. Cbap- man (King's). Oxonia Depicta. W. Williams. Fol. Quaestiones Pbilosopbicae in Usum Juvent. Acad. T. Jobnson (King's and Magd.). Camb, Tbucydides (Duker). 1733 Indices III. ad Cyrillum. T. Hearne {Edm.). 0.ron. Appendix ad Marmora Oxoniensia. Bowyer. Lond. Bacon Opus Majus. S. Jebb (Pet.). Fol. Bowyer. Lond. Bellus Homo et Academicus, etc. Bo\vj'er. Lond. Cicero Nat. Deor. Ed. 3. J. and Ei. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Epist. Critica. Jer. Markland and Fr. Hare (Horace emended). Camb. 1734 Some Tbouglits concerning... stuelying Divinity. W. Wotton (Job.). Anacreon. Josb. Barnes (Emm.). Loud. Pandect and Parergon. J. Ayliiie {Nmu C). 2 vols. Fol. Poematia. V. Bourne (Trin.). Westmon. Historia Plantarum Succulent. Ei. Bradley (prof.). Eeprint. Matbematical Lectures. Is. Barrow (Trin.). Bo^v;v'er. Lond. Oratio Woodwardiana. C. Mason (Trin.). 4to. Camb. Inquiry into tlic Ideas of Space. J. Clarke, E. Law, &c. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 408 1735 BiLliotheCca Biblica. S. P.arlver. 5 vols. 4to. Oxon. Tho. h Kempis' Cliristian Pattern. J. Wesley {Ch. Ch., Line). Eo. Stepliani Thesaurus Ling. Lat. Augmented and emended by Edm. Law (.Job., Chr., Pet.), J. Taylor (.loli.), T. Johnson (King's, Magd.), and Sandys Hutchinson (bibl. Trin.). The Scholar's Instructor, Hebrew Grammar. Isr. Lyons. Camb. Ant. Blackwall De Praestantia Classic. Auct. trs. G-. H. Ayrer. Lipsiac. Usefulness of Mathematical Learning. Is. Barrow. Tr. J. Kirkby (.Joh.). Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer. Ant. Blackwall (Emm.), Josephus, transl. W. Whiston [Clare]. Bowyer. Lond. Origin of Evil. W. King (T. C. D.). Engl. Camb. Puffeudorf De Off. Hominis et Civis. Johnson. Camb. Quaestiones Philosophicae. T. Johnson (King's and Magd.) Camb. Ed. 2. Xenophon Anabasis. T. Hutchinson (Line). 4to. Agesilaus. 8vo. Oxon. Catoptricks, &c. D. Gregory [Ch. Ch.). Pieflecting Telescopes, &c. J. T. Desaguliers [Cli. Ch., Hart. H.). Lond. Critical Eemarks on Capt. Gulliver's Travels. E. Bentley (Trin.). Camb. 1736 S. Scripturae Versio Metrica. J. Burton {CorpuH). Oxon. Dissertationes et Conjectt. in Librum Jobi. S. Wesley (Exon.). Bowyer. Solomon de Mundi Vauitate. Mat. Prior (Joh.), W. Dobson (? Nexo C), 4to. Oxon. Psalmi Hebr. Lat. Fr. Hare (King's). Lond. Cicero Academica. J. Davies (Qu.). Camb. Lysias. Jer. Markland (Pet.). Loud. Newton's Fluxions. J. Colson (Sid. and Emm.) Praelectiones Poeticae. Jos. Trapp (IFarf/(.). 2 vols. Loird. Catalogue of Oxford Graduates. Oxon. 1737 Graecae Linguae Dialecti. Mich. Maittaire (C/j. C/f.). Ed. 2. Lond. Hesiod. T. Eobinscn (Line, Mcrt.). 4to. Oxon. Xenophon Cyr. T. Hutchinson (Li/ic). 4to. Oxon. La Secchia of Tasso. 2 pts. 1 vol. Oxon. On the Sacrament. D. Waterland (Magd.). Poems. W. Shenstone (Pemh.). Oxon. Concilia. D. Wilkins (Camb.). 4 vols. New Theory of the Earth. W. Whiston (Clare). Camb. 1738 Catalogus luterpp. S. Script. Bodl. Eo. Fysher (C7t. 67;.). 2vols. fol. Oxon. Census habitus uascente Christo. J. Eeinoldius (? King's, and 0.roH.). Oxon. Cicero Disp. Tusc. em. Bentl. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 4. Camb. Lingua Etruriae. J. Swinton (CTi. C/*.). Oxon. The Scholar's Instructor, Hebrew Grammar. Isr. Lyons. Ed. 2. Camb. Bodleian Catalogue. Oxon. Travels in Barbary. T. Shaw [Qu. and Edm. Hall). Hydrostatical and Pneumatical Lectures. Eog. Cotes (Trin.). Bowyer. Complete System of Opticks. Eo. Smith (Trin.). 2 vols, Bowyer. Loud. 1739 Discourse on Anc. and Mod. Learning, from MS. of Jos. Addison (Magd.). De antiq. et util. Ling. Arabicae. T. Hunt (Ch. Clt,., Hart H.). Oxon. Epictetus. Ja. Upton (Exon.). Loud. Epictetus, Cebes and Theophrastus. Jos. Simpson (Qu.). Oxon. Lysias. J. Taylor (Joh.), Jer. Markland (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. Manilius. E. Bentley (Joh., Trin. and Wadh.). 4to. Lond. Pomponius Mela. J. Eeynolds (King's). 4to. ed. 3. Lond. Tryphiodorus Troja. J. Merrick. Oxon. Origin of Evil. W. King (T. C. D.). Engl. ed. 3. Edm. Law (Joh., Chr. and Pet.). Camb. Astronomy of the Moon and Tables of the Moon's Motions. E. Dun- thorue (Pemb. Lodge). Camb. 1740 Historiae Litterariae. Ed. 2. Vol. 1. W. Cave (Joh.) and H. Wharton (Caius). Oxon. Anacreon. Mich. Maittaire (C/(. C/i.). Ed. 2. Lond. Epictetus, Cebes, Prodicus and Theophr. Jos. Simpson (Qu. ). Oxon. Eefl. on Logickm the Schools. E. Bentham (CJi. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. 26—2 404 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Lysiai5. J. Taylor (Job.). Camb. Maximi Tyrii Dissertt. J. Davies (Qn.), Jer. Marklaud (Pet.). Bowyer. On Antique Paiutiug. G. TurnbiiU ('? Exon.). Lond. Historia Museornm. J. J. Sberard Dillenius (Job.) N. Sanderson's (Cbr.) Palpable Aritb. and Algebra. J. Colson (Sid. and Emm.). 4to. Camb. 1741 Callimacbus Tbeognis, Galen of Pergamos, &c. T. Bentley (Triu.). Loud. Cicero De Finibus, var. J. Davies (Qu.). Ed. 2. Camb. De Diviuatione. J. Davies (Qa.). Ed. 3. Camb. De Legibns, &c. Camb. Epistola. Ja. Tunstal (Job.) ad Middletonnm, e. dissert, de aetata Ciceronis de Legibus. J. Cliapman (King's and Oxoii.). Camb. Defence of tbe Autient Greek Cbronology, and Enqiiiry into tbe Origin of tbe Greek Language. S. Squire (Job.). Camb. Carmina Quadragesimaba. Vol. i. ed. 2. C. Este {Ch. Ch.). Lond. Epictetus and Ai-rian. Ja. Upton {Exon.). 2 vols. Lond. Gemmae Antiquae. G. Ogle (? Sid.). Ed. 2. Lond. Plutarcbi Apopbtbegmata Regum. Micb. Maittaire {Ch. Ch.). Lond. Trypbiodorus, var. tr. Ja. Merrick {Trlii.). 0.coii. Virgil's Georgicks, engl. J. Martyn (Emm.). 4to. Xenopbon Memorab. Gr. Lat. Bolton Simpson {Qu.). Oxon. Elements of Algebra. N. Saunderson {Chr.). "Witb memoir. 2 vols. 4to. Logicae Artis Compendium. R. Sanderson {Line). Oxon. Quaestiones Plxilosopliicae. T. Jobuson (King's and Magd.). Camb. Ed. 3. Expence of Univ. Education Reduced. Ri. Newton {Ch. Ch., Hart. II.). ed. 4 (ed. 1. 1727). O.ron. 1742 Nov. Test. Graec. J. Gambold. 12mo. 0.wn. Anacreou, gi'. lat. Camb. Cicero and Brutus. Conyers Middleton (Trin.). Lond. Commentarius ad Legem Xviralem, &c. J. Taylor (Job.), R. Bentley (Job., Trin. and Wadh.), &c. Camb. De Graccis lUustribus. Hum. Hody {Wadh.). Bowyer. Lond. Observations upon Liberal Education. G. Turnbull (? Exon.). Lond. Pliilo Judaeus. T. Mangey (Job.). Bowyer. Lond. Poetry Lectures in Scbol. Pbilos. Oxon. Jos. Trapp {Wadli.). Bowyer. Astronomy. Roger Long (Pemb.). 4to. Camb. 1743 Cave Historia Literaria. 2 vols. fol. Oxon. (s. a. 1740.) Demostbenes in Midiam and Lycurgus c. Leocr. J. Taylor (Job.). Camb. Junii Etymologicon. E. Lye {Hart. H.). Fol. Oxon. Marmor Sandvicense et De iuope Debitore dissecando. J. Taylor (Job.). Camb. Ordo lustitutionum Physicarum. T. Rutberford (Job.). 1744 Cicero De Nat. Deor. var. Ed. 2. Camb. De aetate Ciceronis De Legibus. J. Cliapman (King's and Oxon.). Camb. On tbe Geniiineness of Cicero's Epp. ad Brutum, Ja. Tunstall (Job.), agamst Middleton, and On tbe Numerals of tbe Legions. J. Cliap- man (King's and Oxon. ). Bowyer. Lond. Cf. 1741, Jurisprudentia Pbilologica. R. Eden {Line, Unii\). 4to. Oxon. Antiquities near Bisbopsgate. J. Woodward, M.D., Oxon. (Ed. 1. 1712.) Marmor Estonianum in agro Nortbampt. J. Nixon (? King's). Lond. Plutarcb Vitae Parallelae Demostb. Ciceron. gr. lat. P. Barton. (?) Oxon. Plutarcb De Iside et Osiride. S. Squire (Job.). Camb. Nature and Obligations of Virtue. T. Rutberford (Job.). Genuineness of Clarendon's Hist. J. Burton {Corpus). Oxon. Sbakespeare. ed. Sir T. Hanmer {Ch. Ch.). C vols. 4to. 0.con. Harmonics. R. Smitb (Trin.). Camb. Astronomic Doubts. P. Parsons (Sid.). Camb. 1745 Cicero De Officiis. Z. Pearce (Trin.). De Legibus, var. J. Da^^es (Qu.). Ed. 2. De Oratore, var. Lond. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 405 Remarks ou the Ei)istle3 of Cicero and Brutus, aucl four Orations. Jer. Markland (Pet.). Bowyer. Lond. Dissertations of Bentley exam''. C. Boyle (Ch. CIi.). Ethices Comjjendium. 12mo. Oxon. Laugbaeuii Ethices Compendium et Methodus Ai'g. Aiistot. J. Hudson {Qu; Univ., S. Marij II.). 24mo. Oxon. Xeuophon's Anab. T. Hutchinson (? I,<«c.). Ed. 2. Oxon. Miscellanea Critica. It. Dawes (Emm.). Camb. Moral Philosophy. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. Platonis Dialogi v. var. Nat. Forster {Corpus). Oxon. Mithridatium et Theriaca. W. Heberden (Joh.). 2 vols. Lond. Ent^uuy into Anglo-Saxon Government. 8. Squire (.Joh.). 1746 Specimen of an Ed. of Aeschylus. Ant. Askew (Emm.). Lug. Bat. Cicerouis Quaestt. Acad. var. Camb. De Priscis ilom. litteris. J. Swinton (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Sophocles Tragg. VII. T. Johnson. Bowyer. Lond. Thucydidis, Platonis Lysiae, Orationes Funebres. Oxon. , Engl. Notes. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. Virgil's Georgicks. J. MartjTi (Emm.). Lond. Pope's Ode on S. Caecilia's Day, lat. Chr. Smart (Pemb.). 4to. Camb. Two Letters to M. Folkes. G. Costard (Wadh.). Appendix Liviana. N. Forster (Co/7:>«s). O.ron. 1747 Calasio's Hebrew Concordance. W. Romaine (Ilert. and Ch. Ch.) and E. R. Mores (Qit.). 4 vols. 4to. Lond. Demostheuis Selectae Orationes. Ri. Mounteney (King's). Bowj'er. Loud. Demosth. Aesch. Deinarch, &c. J. Taylor (.Joh.). 3 vols. Camb. Polymetis. Jos. Speuce (New Coll.). Fol. Travels in Turkey and back. E. Chishull (Corpus). Ed. Ri. Mead, M.D. Xenojahon Cyropaedia. T. Hutchinson (? Line). Ed. 4. Lond. Euclid. J. keill (Ball.). Ed. 4. Oxon. Historia Astronomiae. Ra. Heathcote (Jes.). Camb. Observations on Job. G. Costard (JFarf/t.). Oxon. On S. John ch. VI. 'R.'ELntclihis (All S., Line). Oxon. Euclides. Oxon. Rules and Statutes for Hertford College. Ri. Newton (Ch. Ch., llert.). Oxon. Isis. W. Mason (.Joh,, Pemb.). Triumph of Isis. T. Warton (Trin.). 1748 Aristarchus. T. Bowles (Oxon.). Bion and Moschus, var. J. Heskin (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Carmina Quadragesimalia, vol. ii. A. Parsons (Ch. Ch.). Demosthenes and. Aeschiues. J. Taylor (Joh.) (no vol. i.) (Ch. Ch.) Oxon. System of Natural Philos. T. Rutherforth (Joh.), Camb. Harmonia Trigonometrica. H. Owen (Jes.). De Patrum Auctoritate. J. Bear (? £.ro». ). Oxon. De Doctorum Auctoritate. C. Whiting (Trin., Oriel). Oxon. De Usu Dialectt. Orientalium. T. Himt (Hart H., Ch. Ch.). 4to. Oxon. Astronomy among the Autients. G. Costard (JFad/;.). Oxon. Letter to a Young Gentleman. E. Bentham (Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. (and 1749.) Epistolae II. E. Bentham (Corpus, Oriel). O.von. Nomina NobQium, sub Edv. IH". G. R. Mores (Qu.). 4to. (and 1749.) 1749 Cicero Ad Familiares. J. Ross (Joh.). Camb. Isocrates. W. Battle (King's). Vol. 2. See 1729. Bowj-er. Lond. Pindar, &c., engl. verse. Gil. West (Ch. Ch.). Lond. Virgil's Bucolicks, engl. J. Martyu (Emm.). 4to. Lond. Xenophon Memorabilia, var. Bolton Simpson (Qu.), Ed, 2. Oxon. Harmonics. Ro. Smith (Trin.). Camb. Tabulae Astronomicae. Edm. Halley (Qu.). 4to. Lond. Ob3ervati(ms on Man. D. Hartley (.Jes.). 2 vols. Josephus' Account of Christ, N, Forster (Corpus). Oxon. 406 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, Easter, 1G97. H. Maundrell (Exon.). ed. 7. O.von. Poetae Eleg. and Lyr. Miuores. Xenophou's Memorabilia, var. Bolton Simpson (Qu.). Oxon. 1750 Biblia Hebraica sine iiunctis. N. Foster [Corpus). 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. Evaugeliorum V. Gothica. E. Lye {Hart H.) Oxon. New Testament. 12mo. T. Baskett (also 1763). O.ron. Catalogue of the Bodleian Coins. F. Wise (I'vin.). Oxon. Homer Odyssea. Oxon. Metilia...e uumis vet. et Inscriptiones Citieae accedit De Numis Samarit. et Plioenieiis. J. Swinton (CT. C/;.). Oxon. On the Eoman Senate. T. Chapman (Magd.). Camb. Vii-gil. G. Sandby (Mert.). Xenophon Oeconomicus, gi'. lat. Oxon. Elogium Jacci Etonensis. E. Bentham (Ch. Ch., Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. Notae in Terentium. J. Graevius (Devent., Utr.j. Oxon. Persiau-Ai'ab.-Engl. Dictionary. J. Richardson. Oxon. Delineation of Universal Law. Fettip. Belters. Oxon, Turnus and Drances. W. Beare (Corpus). Oxon. Artis Logicae Compendium. H. Aldrich (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Olvos KpWivos. S. Rolleston {Or., Mert.). 4to. Oxon. De Tabe Glandular! et Atjua Marina. Ri. Russell (M.D. Camb.). Oxon. also nm. Essay on Collateral Consanguinity. W. Blackstone {Pemh., All S., Qu., Neiv C). Oxon. Several Cambridge Pamphlets, 1750 — 52, are noted in Wordsworth's Univ. Life, pp. 613—632. The Student or Oxford (and Cambridge) Monthly Miscellany. Ri. Raw- linson (Joh.), T. Warton (Trin.), S. Johnson (Pemh.), B. Thornton and G. Colman (Ch. Ch.), and Chr. Smart (Pemb. Hall). 2 vols. 1750—51. 1751 Elihu, Luiuiry on Job. W. Hodges (Oriel). Some Conjectures on a Coin found at Eltliam in Kent. C. Clarke (Ball.). Horace ad Augiistum et ad Pisones. Ri. Hurd (Emm.). Bowyer. Lond. Dissertatio de Oriuua Carausi Uxore. C. Clarke (Ball.). Lond. In Pindari Pyth. L ? W. Barford (Qu.). Camb. Terence. G. Sandby (Mert.). The Theology and Pliilos. in Cic. Somu. Scip. explained (anti-newtonian). G. Home (Magd.). Lond. Grammatica Hebraea sine punctis. G. Wilmot (? Wore). Oxon. Originals Phys. and Theol. B. HoUoway (Line). 2 vols. Oxon. Pindar's Isthmian Odes in engl. v. 4to. Oxon. Modius Salium. Ant. Wood (Mert.). Oxon. Drj'den's Alexander's Feast, lat. J. Hughes (?). 4to. Oxon. Argument from Prophecy. J. Rotheram (Qu.). Oxon. also 1754. Interpretation of 'Elohim.' W. Hodges ('? Ortc?). 4to. Oxon. 1752 M. Aiitoniuus. T. Gataker (Job., Sid.). Camb. Inscriptt. Gr. Lat. Numism. Ptolemaeorum. Ri. Pococke (Corpus). Fol. Hist. gr. et lat. Litt. et Vita Homari. J, Reynolds (King's, Oxon). Eton. Elfrida. W. Mason (Joh. and Pemb.). Translations in Verse. T. Tyrwhitt (Qu., Mert.). Lond. Astronomical Tables. Edm. Halley (Qu.). 4to. Loud. Aristotle's De Vu-t. et Vitiis. S. Fawconev (3Iert.). Oxon. Plato's Dialogues. N. Forster (Corpus). Oxon. Memoirs of Learned Ladies. G. Ballard. 4to. Oxon. 1753 State of the Hebrew Text. B. Kennicott (Wadh., Ex. and Ch. Ch.). Oxon. De S. Poesi Hebraeorum. Ro. Lowth (Neiv C). Oxon. Eu(iuiry into Anglo-Saxon Government. S. Squire (Job.). Horace. Ri. Hurd (Emm.). Ed. 2. (See 1751.) Ruins of Palmyra or Tadmor. Ro. Wood. Loud. Progymnastica Hellenica. R. Hiugeston (Pemb.). Camb. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 407 Virgil. Jos. Warton (Oriel) nnd Cbr. Pitt (Nnv C). 'Fair. ..State of Case betw. Newton and Hutchinson.' G. Home {Elagd.). III. Quaestioues [de baptism.] in Vesp. Comit. H. Savage {Bras.). 4to. O.von. Letter and Spu-it. B. Holloway {Line). Oxon. Theological worlis of J. hotter {Univ., Line). 3 vols. Oxon. AoyoL iiriTacpioi (see 1746, 1768), gr. lat., uotis angll. E. Beutbam {Cor- jnis, Oriel). Oxon. Virgidemiarum Satires. Jos. Hall (Emm.), ed. Oxon. 175-1 Homer. S. Clarke (Caius). Ed. 2. 4 vols. Lond. Institutes of Natural Law. T. Rutherford (Job.). Theoplirastus, Gr. Lat., engl. notes. Ri. Newton (Hart H.). Oxon. Dissertation on Greek Accents. H. Gaily (Benet.). Lond. The Sacred Hebrew (against Hunt). B. HoUoway {Line). Oxon. De Ling. Graecae Institutionibus (from Iter Surriense, Lond. 1752). J. Burton {Ch. Ch., M.D. Rheims). Oxon. Xenoi:ihon's Opuscula. Bolton Simj^son {Qu.). Oxon. Antiquities of Cornwall. W. Borlase {Exon.). Oxon. Several Pamphlets relating to Exeter College. 1754 — 5. 1755 Aeschines and Demosthenes De Corona, engl. Portal. Greek Accents. H. Gaily (Benet.). Ed. 2. Lond. Roger Long (Pemb.). Oxon. Phaedrus Fables, Lat. Eng. Camb. English Dictionary. S. Johnson (Pemb.). W. King and the ' Society of Informers.' Justin Martyr c. Tryphou. trs. H. Brown (Line. ). 2 vols. Oxon. Advice to a Young Student. D. Waterland (Magd. Camb.). 2nd ed. Oxon. Sale Catalogue of Library of Roger Bouchier {Olo. II.). Oxon. On Logick. E. Bentham (Corpus, Oriel). Oxon. also 1740, De Aqua Marina. J. Speed (Joh.). Oxon. MeXeTT^fjLara. J. Burton (Cli. Ch., M.D. Rheims). Oxon. 1756 Euripides Hippolytus. S. Musgrave (Corpus, Univ.). Oxon. Justinian, engl. G. Harris (Oriel). 4to. Lond. Institutes of Natural Law. T. Rutherford (Job.). Ordo Instit. Physicarum in privatis Lectionibus. T. Rutherford. Ed. 2. 4to. Camb. Compendium Anatomico-Medicum. C. Collignon (Trin.). Apology for the Hutchinsonians. G. Hodges (CIi. Ch.). Oxon. Reply to Huddesford on Delegates of the Press. Ben. Buckler (Or., All S.). 4to. Oxon. Ben Jonsou's Works. 7 vols. Oxon. Letter to Univ. of Camb. on a late Resignation (D. of Newcastle's). Oxon. and Loud. Observations on the Island of Scilly. W. Borlase (Exon.). 4to. Oxon. 1757 Demosthenes and Aeschines. Vol. 3. J. Taylor (Job.). Camb. Horace, with notes, 2 vols. Ri. Hurd (Emm.). Camb. Travels in Barbary and the Levant. T. Shaw [prof. Gr. Qu. and Edm. H.). Ed. 2. Bowyer. Lond. On a Parthian Coin. J. Swinton (Ch. Ch.). Lond. The Scholar's Instructor, Hebrew Grammar. Isr. Lyons. Ed. 3. Camb. Poems. W. Thompson. Oxon. Sacerdos Paroecialis. J. Burton (Corpus). Oxon. Works of bp. G. Hooper (Ch. Ch.). fol. Oxon. Comment, in Plutarchi Demosth. and Cic. P. Barton (? Neio C). Oxon. 1758 Dio. Halicarn. (preface and Gk. Accents). E. Spelman. Imitations of Horace. T. Nevile (Emm., Jes.). Bowyer. Lond. De Literarum Graec. lustitutione. J. Burton (Corpus). Oxon. Pentalogia (Greek Plays). J. Burton (Corpus). Oxon. Discourse on the Study of Law. W. Blackstone (Pemb., All S., Qu. and New Inn). 4to. Oxon. Menelai Sphaerica. E. Hallcy (Qu.), G. Costard (IVadh.). Oxon. 408 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Origin of Evil. W. Kiug (T. C. D.) eug. Edm. Law (Job., Chr., Pet.). Camb. Plan of Cbemistry Lectures. J, Hadley (Qu.). Camb. The Negative Sign in Algebra. F. Maseres (Clare). Tracts by W. Hawkins [Pemb.). 3 vols. O.von. Praelectiones Poeticae. W. Hawkins (Pemb.). O.von. Poems by W. 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The XIX Tragedies and Fragments of Euripides, engl. Mich. Wodhul (£ras.). 4 vols. De Graecae Ling. Studio praelect. J. Eandolph (Ch. Ch.). Introd. to writing Greek for Winchester. G. Is. Huntingford (Netv C). 2 parts. Oxon. Syllabus of Lectures. Martin Wall (Neic C). Oxon. Homeri Odyssea, Gr. Lat. Ed. 2. Oxon. Chemical Lectures. Ei. Watson (Trin.). 414 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Experiments on Mercury. Ja. Price (? Marjd. H.}. Oxon. Heads of Lectm-es on Botany, Nat. Hist, and Fossils. T. Martyu (Emm. and Sid.). Meditationes Algebraicae. E. Waring (Magd.) Ed. 3. 1783 Praxis [latin exercises]. H. Bright (New C). Oxon. Preacher's Assistant. J. Cooke. 2 vols. Oxon. Progress of Refinement, a poem. H. J. Pye (Magd.). 4to. Oxon. Cicero. J. T. Oliveti (.S". J.). 10 vols. Oxon. In Strabouem conjecturae. T. Tyrwhitt (Qa. and Mert.). Lond. Gemmarum Antiquarum Delectus. Jacob Bryant (liiug's). Blackstone's Commentaries. Ri. Burn (Qu.). 4 vols. Oxon. Dissertations in Chemistry and Medicine. Mart. Wall (New C). O.ron. De Graecae Ling. Studio praelect. J. Randolph (Ch. Ch.). 4to. O.von. A Fair Statement on Celibacy. Camb. 1784 Analysis of Greek Metres. J. B. Seale (Chr.). Camb. Jeremiah and Lamentations, tr. B. Blayney (Wore, and Hcrt.). 4to. Oxon. View of our Saviour's Ministry and Mission. T. Randolph (Corpus). Oxon. Manners and Government of the Greeks, De Mably, tr. Chamberland. Oxon. Cure of Apoplexies and Palsies. B. Chandler. Camb. Plato Euthydemus et Gorgias. Martin Jos. Routh (Magd.). Oxon. Plan of Education. G. Croft (Univ.). Wolverhampton. Letters on Infidelity. G. Home (Univ. and Magd.). 8vo. and 12mo. Oxon. Rectilinear Motion. G. Atwood (Trin.). Camb. Analysis of Lectures on Nat. Philos. G. Atwood (Trin.). Astronomy. Roger Long (Pemb.). 2 vols. Camb. Mechtationes Analyticae, E. Waring (Magd.). Ed. 2. 4to. Camb. 1785 Aristotle Poetica. W. Cooke (King's). Camb. Greek Metres. J. B. Seale (Chr.). Camb, Roman Law. A. C. Schomberg. Oxon. Xenophon Auab. var. T. Hutchinson (? Line), R. Person (Trin.). Camb. Memorabilia. E. Edwards and H. Owen (Jcs.). Oxon. Moral and Political Philosophy. W. Paley (Chr.). Lond. Flora Cantabrigiensis. R. Relhan (Trin.). Camb. Rousseau's Letters on Botany. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). Rudiments on Mathematics. W. Ludlam (Job.). Lond. System of Mechanics and Hydrostatics. T. Parkinson (Chr.). 2 vols. 4to. Camb. Prize Essays on Gambling, Duelling and Suicide. Ri. Hey (Sid., Magd.). Camb. 1786 Euripides Hippolytus. Hon"" F. H. Egertou (Ch. Ch., All S.). Oxon. Shakespeare. Jos. Rann (Trin.). Oxon. Diversions of Purley. J. Home [Tooke] (Job.). History of Oxford. A. Wood (Mert.) J. Gutch (All S.). 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. Maritime Laws of Rhodes. A. C. Schomberg. Oxon. Clinical Observations on Opium. Mart. Wall. Oxon. Chemical Lectures. R. Watson (Trin.). Florae Cantabrigiensis I. R. Relhan (Trin.). Lond. 1787 Catalogue of Oriental MSS. Oxon. J. Uri. fol. Oxon. Historical Account of Textus Roffensis with mem. of the Elstobs and J. Johnson. S. Pegge (Job. ). Heads of Botanical lectures. R. Relhan (Trin.). Camb. Rudiments of Mathematics. W. Ludlam (Job). Lond. 1788 Conspectus Critt. Observationum in Scripturas, Gr. and Lat. T. Bm-gess (Cor2)us). The Proverbs from the Hebrew. Ber. Hodgson (Ch. Ch., Hert.). 4to. Oxon. Initia Homerica. T. Burgess (Corpus). Longinus. Jonathan Toup (Exon. and Pemb., Camb.). 4to. Oxon. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 415 Scntentiae Philosophorum ecod. Leidensi Vossiano. T. Burgess (Corjnts). 12mo. Milton's Samson Agonistes in Greek Verse. J. H. Glasse (Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Virgil Georgicon. Gil. Wakefield (Jes.). Camb. Xeuopbon Anabasis. T. Hutcliinson, &c. Memorab. B. Simpson. Oxon. Anticpiariau Tracts. F. Wise {Trin.). 2 vols. Oxon. Italian Selections transl. by Camb. gentlemen. Ag. Isola. Camb. XXXVm Botanical Plates. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). Considerations on the Oatbs and Discipline. By a Member of the Senate. Camb. Kemarks on Enormons Expence in Cambridge. 1789 Aristotle's Poetics. T. Twining (Sid.). 4to. Oxon. Aualj'sis of Greek Metres. J. 13. Seale (Cbr.). Camb. Ariosto. Orlando Furioso. Ag. Isola. (Camb.). Elementa Arcbitecturae Civilis. H. Aldrich (Ch. Ch.). P. Smyth. Oxon. SaUust. H. Homer (Emm.). Silvae Criticae I. Gil. Wakefield (Jes.). Camb. Elements of .Jurisprudence. Ri. Woodeson (JIagd.). General Astronomical Catalogue. F. Wollaston (Sid.). Lond. Bibliotheca Classica. J. Lempriere [Pcmh.). 1790 Pentateuchus Hebr. Samarit. charact. Hebr. B. Blajiiey. (Wore, and Hert.). Oxon. Ecclesiastes, from the Hebrew. Bern. Hodgson (Ch. Ch., Hert.). Oxon. Marmorum Oxon. Inscrr. Graecae. W. Roberts (? Pemb. H., Mert.). Oxon. Sophocles Oedipus, engl. G. S. Clarke (Trin.). Oxon. Emendationes in Suidam et Hesych., &c. Jonathan Toup (Exon. and Pemb. Camb.). T, Tyrwhitt (Qu. and Mert.). E. Person (Trin.) 4 vols. Oxon. Tacitus. H. Homer (Emm.). On Practical Astronomy. S. Vince (Cai. and Sid.). Camb. and Lond. Treatise on Gaming. C. Moore (Trin. ) 1791 A List of Books for the Clergy dio. Chester. W. Cleaver (Magd., Bras.). Oxon. Demosthenis Orr. selectae. Hi. Mounteney (Iving's). Eton. Marmorum Oxon. Inscriptiones. W. Roberts (? Pemb. H., Mert.). Oxon. Plutarch de Educ. Liberorum. T. Edwards (Clare, ? Jes.). Camb. Shakespeare's Plays. Jos. Rann (Trin.). 6 vols. Oxon. Trypbiodorus. T. Northmore, F. S. A. Oxon. 1792 The Book of Daniel Translated. T. Wintle. 4to. Oxon. A List of Books, &c. Ed. 2 with Dodwell's. W. Cleaver (Magd., Br.). Oxon. Enchiridion Theologicum (tracts). J. Randolph (Ch. Ch.). 5 vols. Oxon. Ai'chimedes. J. Torelli (Padua). Fol. Oxon. Aristotle's Poetics gr. lat. T. Tyi-whitt (Qu., Mert.). Oxon. Maured Allatafet...Annales Aegypt. J. D. Carlvle (Chr. and Qi;.). Flora Rustica. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). Vol. 1. Lond. Grayinae Opuscula. T. Burgess (Corpus). Horace. Combe. 2 vols. Lond. Musei Ox,ou. fasc. 1. T. Burgess (Corpus). Strictures on the Discipline, Cambridge. [W. Heberden (Job.)]. Lond. Tour from Oxford to Newcastle on Tyne in the Long Vacation. J. Briggs (S. 3Iarij H.). Oxon. Herodotus, trs. with notes. Vol. 1. J. Lempriere (Pemh.). 1793 ArticuU XXXIX. E. Welchman. Oxon. Works of Ri. Hooker (Corjnis). 3 vols. Oxon. Flora Cantabrigiensis iii., R. Relhan (Trin.). Lond. Silva Critica iv. &c. quibus accedunt Hymni Orphici tres. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Lond. Systematic View of the Laws of England. Ri. Woodeson (Magd.). 3 vols. Plan of Lectures ou Natiu-al Philosophy. S. Vince (Cains and Sid.). Lond. 416 UNIVERSITY STUDIES. Sectiones Couicae. A. Eobertson (? Ch. Cli.). 4to. Oxon. Uuiversal Meridian Dial. F. WoUastou (Sid.). 4to. Peace aud Union. W. Frend (Jes.). Alma Mater. T. Castley (Jes.). Camb. On Kipling's Preface. T. Edwards (Triu. H.) 179-i Holy Bible. Oxon. The Ch. of England Man's Companion, or a Eational Ulnstration of the Book of Common Prayer, by C. Wheatley {Joh.) [ed. 1. 1710]. Oxon. An Attempt to render the daily reading of the Psalms more intelligible to the unlearned. F. Travell {? Exon.). Oxon. Aristotelis Poetica, var. T. Tyrwhitt [Qa. and Mert.), T. Burgess {Corpus) and bp. J. Eandolph (Cli. Ch.). 4to and 8vo. Oxon. Horace. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Lond. Flora Oxonieusis. J. Sibthorp [Line, and Univ.). Flora Eustica. T. Martyn (Emm. and Sid.). 4 vols. Lond. Horti Botauici Catalogus. Camb. Catalogue of Oxford Graduates. J. Gutch [All Souls). Oxon. Parecbolae Statutorum. Oxon. Tragoediarum Graec. Delectus. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Lond. Short Treatise on Conic Sections. T. Newton (Jes.). Camb. Letter on Cehbacy of Fellows. Camb. 1795 Notitia Librorum Hebr. Gr. Lat. saecl. xv., et Aldin. Oxon. Bion and Moschus. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 8vo. and 12mo. Lond. Chaucer modernized by W. Lipscomb (Corj3Hs). 3 vols. Oxon. Translations from Petrarch, Metastasio, &c. T. Le Mesurier [New C). Oxon. Plutarchi MoraHa. Dan. Wyttenbach. 5 or 7 vols. 4to. ; 13 or 15 8vo. Oxon. Virgil, Heyne. 2 vols. Oxon. Phin. Pett [Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Analysis of Paley's Moral and Polit. Pliilos. ed. C. V. De Grice (Trin.). Camb. Analysis of Eoman Civil Law. S. Hallifax (Jes. aud Triu. Hall). Elements of Algebra I. Ja. Wood (Joh.). Camb. Fluxions. S. Vince (Caius and Sid. ). Camb. 1796 Novum Testament. Vvdgatae Edit. Oxon. Job transl. C. Garden. Oxon. XXXIX Articles. Gil. Burnet (Aberd.). Oxon, Specimens of Arabic Poetry. J. D. Carlyle (Chr. aud Qn.). Cambridge University Calendar. Camb. On the Cheltenham Waters. J. Smith. Oxon. Dissertation concerning the War of Troy. Jacob Bryant (King's). Euripidis Hippolytus. Hon. F. H. Egerton [Ch. Ch., All S.). 4to. Oxon. Lucretius. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 3 vol. 4to. Lond. On the Prosodies of Greek and Latin. [S. Horsley (Trin. Hall)]. Lond, Virgil. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. 12mo. Lond. W. Blackstoue's Commentaries, ed. E. Christian (Joh.). Lond. Syllabus of Locke's Essay. 12mo. Camb. Chronological Tables from Solomon to Alexander the Great. J. Falconer. 4to. Oxon. Arithmetic and Algebra. T. Manning (Caius). Principles of Algebra. W. Frend [Jes.]. Hydrostatics. S. Vince (Caius and Sid.). Principles of Mechanics. Ja. Wood (Job.). Camb. 1797 Bibha Graeca. Eo. Holmes [Neiv C. and Ch. Ch.). fol. Vol. 1. Oxon. Jeremiah, Lamentations, with Daniel. B. Blayney (IForc. and if erf.). 4to. Oxon. Zechariah, transl. B. Blayney (irorc. and iferf.). 4to. Oxon. Zechariah, ch. ii. T. Wintle (Joh.). Oxon. On the Creed. J. Pearson (lung's and Trin. Camb.). ed. Oxon. Origines Sacrae. E. Stillingfleet (Joh. Camb.). 2 vols. Oxon. APPENDIX IX. PUBLICATIONS. 417 Aeschylus typis quos voeant honieric's. [R. Porsou (Triu.)]. Foulis. Glasg. Euripidis Hecuba. Ri. Purson (Trin.). Lond. lu Eur. Hec. Diatribe Extcmpuralis. Gil. Wakefield [Jes.]. Loud. Homeri Odyssea. 2 vols. Oxon. Musei Oxon. fasc. ii. T. Bur|i;ess (Corpus). Oxon. Voyage of Hauno. T. Falconer {Corpus). Oxon. lutrod. Lectui-e on Chemistry. R. Bourne {Wore). Oxon. Syllabus of Lectures on the Laws of England. E. Christian (Joh.). Lond. On Plants, &c. Analogy between Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms. Ro. Hooper (? Pemb.). Oxon. Complete Analysis of Adam Smithes Wealth of Nations. Jer. Joyce. Camb. Cambridge University Calendar. Astronomy. Vol. 1. S. Viuce (Caius and Sid.), 4to. Camb. Astron. Observations at Greenwich 1750 — 62. Ja. Bradley {Ball.}. 2 vols. fol. Oxon. 1798 Vet. Testamentum Graec. vol. 1. Ro. Holmes {Neic C, Ch. Ch.). Oxon. Greek Testament, vol. i. (Gospels). J. White (Wadh.). Oxon. Method of Settling Canonical Authority of N. T. Jer. Jones (nonconf.). Oxon. T. Tyrwhitti Conjeeturae in Aesch. Eurip. and Aristoph. ed. 1. T, Bur- gess (Corpus). Aristotelis II^TrXos sive Epitaphia. T. Burgess (Corpus) . Euripidis Orestes. R. Porsou (Trin.). Lond. Demosthenis Olynth. ii, iii ; Philipp. ii. Jer. Wolf, &c. Oxon. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, ed. T. Tyrwhitt {Qu., Mert.). ed. 2. 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. Saxon and EngHsh illustrative of each other. S. Henshall (Bras.). Interview with the Jeshoo Lama. Capt. S. Turner. 12mo. Oxon, Algebra, vol. II. T. Manning (Caius). Lond. Elements of Optics. Ja. Wootl (Joh.). Camb. Greenwich Observations. J. Bradley (Ball.). N. Bliss, vol. 1, fol. Oxon. Reflections on the Caelibaey of Fellows. Camb. 1799 Act. Apost. and Epistt. versio Syr. Philoxen. J. White (Wadh.). vol. 1. 4to. Oxon. Appendix ad N. T. e cod. Alexandr. C. G. Woide (Haffn., Oxon.). ed. H. Fovd (Ch. Ch., Marid. H.). fol. Oxon. Diatessaron. J. White (Wadh.). Oxon. Horae Biblicae. C. Butler (Douay). Oxon. History of the Interpr. of Prophecy. H. Kett (Trin.). Oxon, Common Prayer with Psalms in Metre. Oxon. Antonini Iter Brit., ed. T. Reynolds (Line, and Camb.). 4to. Euripidis Phoenissae. R. Person (Trin.). Lond. Moliere. 2 vols. Oxon. Cambridge University Calendar. Principles of Algebra. W. Frend [Jes.] Principles of Astronomy. S. Vince (Caius and Sid. ). The Sizar : a Rhapsodv. 12mo. Camb. 1800 Abollatiph Hist. Aegyp't. Jos. White {Wadh.). Oxon. Diet. Graec. H. Hoogeveen (Leyd.). 4to. Camb. Homer. Grenville. Oxon. Livy. H. Homer (Emm.). Oxon. Sophocles, S. Musgrave (Corpus, TTniv.). Oxon. Cambridge University Calendar. Fasciculus Astronomicus. F. Wollaston (Sid.). Lond. Latitude of the N. Hemisphere. J. Stephens (Joh.). Camb. Principles of Fluxions ) a Princi Plane pies of Fluxions )„ tt- /^ • ^ ' , f TT 1 i i- f S. Vince (Cams and pies of Hydrostatics > q'l/ f i and Spherical Trigonometry and Logarithms... ) ^ ''' ^™ ' w. 27 INDEX. •»• Names, &c., in italics refer to the University of Oxford. Under the names of the Colleges or Halls it has not heen thought necessary to give a reference to each page on which any alumnus is mentioned, though this has heen done in some instances ; the use of the brackets in this Index and in the foregoing List of Publications will enable any one to compile such a hst without mucli labom- if it be thought worth the while. Abbott, W. (Joh.), 31. Abinger, see Scarlett. 'Academic' [Green's], 150. accents, 113. acts — comitia, 18. acts (in the schools) 15, 34 — 43, Gl, 69, 218, 301, 321, 322. act's breakfast, 36. Adams, G. (Joh.), 42 ?i. Adams, Sh- T. (Camb.), 1G3. ad Baptistam, 58, 60 n. Addenbrooke, J. (Oath.), 173, 176. ad diem cinerum, 58, 60 n. Addiugton, H. (Bras.), 2G5n. Addison, Jos. {Qu. & Magd.), 157. ad eundem, 213 m., 225. admission, 24, 60, 347. See matricu- lation. ad oppositum, 219. aegrotat, 44, 45, 48, 35871., 360, 362. afternoons, 331. Ainsley, Mont. F. (Trin.), 374. Alcock, J. (Magd. ), 237. Alcock, Nathan (Leyden and Jes.), 185, 206?!. Alderson, Jonath. (Pemb.), 375. Aldrich, H. (Ch. Ch.), 237. algebra, 13, 14, 40, 72—80, 356. Allen, J. (Trin.), 375. Allison, Ja. (Joh.), 375. AlUx, P. (Qu. and Jes.), 164, 268 «., 308. AUsopp, T. (Emm.), 375. All Souls, 265. 'Alma Mater Cantabrigiae ', 367, 380. almanack = duty, 389. ' alphabet', 57. America, South, 327. Amhurst, Nic. [Joh.], 156, 223. Amos, W. (Jes.), 358, 363. analytical mathematics, 74 — 77, 257. anatomy, 174, 178, 182—186. Ancient Concerts, 236. ' Anglic fe "bands'", 41. Anstey, Chr. (Joh.), 11. Anstey, Chr. (King's), 26, 156. answering, 217 (cf. 'respondent'). anteeedens, 223 71. , 228 «., 369 ?t. anthems, 237, 238. antiquaries, 158. Apollonius' Conies, 23. apostles, 57. Apthorpe, East (Jes.), 359, 362. Aquinas, T., 86. arable, 163—170, 266-268. Archdeacon, J. (printer), 389, 391, 393. Arden, Ri. P. (Trin.), 142. arguments, 35—40, 321, 368—374, 376. Aristotle, 22, 65, 115, 124—126, 219, 230. Arnold, S. (Magd.), 237. articles of religion, xxxix. ; 216, 221. asoendat, 37. Ash, E. (Ch. Ch.), 155 n. Ashmolean, 10. Ashpinshaw, J. (Emm.), 361. Ashton, C. (Jes.), 97. INDEX, 419 Ashworth, Ki. (Emm.), 3G2. Askew, Ant. (Emm.), 116, asses' milk, 207. Astley, H. N. (Chr.), 154 n. astronomy, 23, B5n., 46, 241—251, 326;(., 356. Atcherley, Ja. (Magd.), 363. Atkinson, H. (Caius), 375. Atwood, G. (Trin.), 250. Austins (Augnstiuenses), 220. Avarne, W. (Emm ), 360. Ayloffe, T. (Trin. H.), 140. Aynsworth or Ainswortb, Ro., 100. Ayscough, Sam., 76, *E. B. Plulomed.' 185 m. B. A., 62, 82—84, 118, 154, 213—233, 241, 261, 273, 302, 324, 336. bachelor, old; — 'of the stool,' 17. bachelor's schools, 39 n. Backhouse, Ja. (Trin.), 27, 28. Bacon, Fr. (Trin.), 78, 126. Baker, T. ('Act at Oxford') 3n. Baker, T. (Job. 'eiectus'), 6—9, 158, 305, 307. Balguy, J. (Joh.), 122, 129. ballad, 199. 238, 252 n., 287. Balliol College, 3 m., 15. Balme, E. (Magd.), 360. bands, 41. Banks, Jonat. (Pemh.), 385, 386. Banks, Jos. [Ch. Ch.), 206, 327. Barker, E. H. (Trin.), 97 w. Barker, S. 97. Barker, W. B. (Joh.), 363. Barlow, T. (Qii.), 134. Barnaby lectures, 78, 83, 89. Barnard, F. (Clare), 69. Barnes, Josh. (Emm.), 94, 387, 391 n. Barnet, S. [Univ.], 157. Barnwell, F. (Caius), 363. Baronius, Vine. (0. S. B.), 129. barristers, 144 n. Barrow, Is. (Pet. and Trin.), 64, 105 n., 188, 248. Bartholin, Casp. (Copenhagen), 79. Baskerville, J. (printer), 383. Bateman, S. (Joh.), 354. Bates, Joah (King's), 236, 239. Bates, W. (Emm. and Qu.), 35 n., 129. Bath, 12, 297. , bishop of, 318. Bathurst, Ra. {Trin.), 157. Battle, W. (King's), 177, 237 n. Baxter, Ri., 133. Bearblock, Ja. (King's), 158. Beaumont, (Pet.), 140, 385. Beaver, Herb. {Corpus), 157, 168. Beckwith, J. C. {Magd. U.), 237. Beddoes, T. {Pcmh.), 5. bedel], esquire, 117, 276, 280, 282. Bedford, A. {Bras.), 168 «. Bedwell, W. (Trin.), 287 m. Beevor, Aug. (Benet), 322. Beevor, J. (Chr.), 360. Belcher, P. (Joh.), 375. Bell, J. (Trin.), 85 w. Bell, Ri. (Clare), 359. Bell, W. (Magd.), 361. Belward, Ri. (Caius), 326, 329. 'bene disputasti,' 38. Benet. See Corpus Christi College Cambridge (322). Bennett, Ja. (Jes.), 363. Bennet, T. (Joh.), 268 7^. Bennet, W. (Emm.), 58. Bennett, Ja. (Jes.), 363. Bennett, J. (Clare), 360. Bennett, T. (Joh.), 268??., 385. Benson, T. {Qu.), 159, 160. Bentham, E. {Ch. Ch., Corpus and Oriel), and Ja., 388 n. Bentham, Jer. {Qu.), 365 n. Bentham, Joe. 388, 389, 393. Bentley, Ri. (Joh., Trin. ; Waclh. ), 2, 22 H., 25, 57, 67 m., 79, 92, 95, 97, 102 n., 112, 129, 148, 207, 209, 210, 248, 344, 347, 383, 384, 387, 388. Bentley, T. (Trin.), 110, 111. Berdmore, S. (Jes.), 359. Berkeley, G. (T. C. D.), 121, 129, 321, 369, 376. Berkley, C. (King's), 363. Bernard, E. {Exon.),'d2. Berney, Sir J., 320. Bernouilli, Ja. (Bale, Heidelb.). 79. Bettesworth, J..(C/t. Ch.), 265??.. Beverley, J. (Chr.), 239, 359, 364. Bewicke, T. (Jes.), 362. Bezae, codex, 6, 391. bibliotheca critica, 93, 96. bibliotheca literaria, 96, 97. Bilsborrow, Dewh. (Trin.), 362. binomial theorem, 51, 76. ' Bion,' 57. Bircham, S., 201. Blackburn, Ja. (Trin.), 53 ?z. Blackstone, Ja., (Neio I. H.), 144. Biackstone, W. {Femb. All S., Qu., New I. H.), 143, 144. Bland, ? {Corptis), 149 ?i. Blayney, B. (Wore, and Hart H.), 168, 170. Bhck, R. G. {Pet.), 375. Bligh, Reg. (Qu.), 36j?., 55m. Bliss, Nat. {Pevib.), 247, 251. Bhthe, 385. Blomberg, F. W. (Joh.), 360. Blomefield, F. (Caius), 158. Blomfield, C. J. (Trin.), 97 m. Blomfield, E. V. (Cai. and Emm.), 97m. blood, circulation of, 172 n., 174. 420 INDEX, blood, transfusion, 184. blood-letting, 305. blne-stockiugs, 207. Blunders (Tiverton), 102. Bhmt, J. (Job.), 360. ' boards,' 313. Bobart, Ko. (O.ron.), 204, 206. Bobart, Eo. (Oxon.), 203, 204, 20G. Bodleian Library, 3 — 7. Boerbaave, Herm. (Leyd.). 79. Boetbius de Musica, 287. •bona nova,' 277. Bonnyeastle, J, ('Aritb.' 1780.), 46, 77, 250. Bonwicke, Aipbr. (Job.), 14. book-lists 1—10, 76—81, 129—132, 160, 161, 206, 208, 248—251, 325, 326 H., 328—336, 394—413. Borlase, G. (Pet.), 132. Bcseawen, W. {Exoii.), 144 n. Bossut, 77. botany, 154, 154 »., 178, 202—212. Bourcliier, E. (Cbr.), 359. Bourdieu, J. (Clare), 375. Bourne, J. (Job.), 316. Bourne, Laur. (Qu.), 316. Bourne, Vincent (Trin.), 27, 102—104, 106. Bouquet, P. (Trin.), 268 n. Bowles, W. Lisle {Triu.), 102. Bowles, W. (Pet.), 363. Bowstead, Jos. (Pemb.), 34 m. Bowtell, J., 176. ' box' (in tbe Scbools), 37, 39, 231. ' bax-floimsb't ' type, 386. Boyce, W. (Canib.), 237. Boyle, Ro. {(Xxoii.), 248. Boys, Ei. (Job.i, 363, brackets, 53 — 55. Bradford, S. (Benet), 309, 310. Bradley, Ja. {Ball.), 247, 251. Bradley, Ei. (Camb.), 79, 173, 209, 210. Bradley, W. S. (.Job.), 362. Bradstreet, Eo. (Job.), 360. Brasenose College, Oxon., 86. Brasse, J. (Trin.), 63. breakfasts (acts'), 36 (fatber's), 50. brevier tyjje, 385, 392 n. Bridge, Bewick (Pet.), 76. Brinkley, T. (Caius), 257, 320- 323. Brockett, L. (Trin.), 150. Broderick, ? (Job.), 355, 356. Brome, W. (Job.), 157. Brooke, P. (Job.), 7 n. Brooke, T. (Clare), 393. ' brotbers,' 276, 279, 281, 286. Brown, Nic. (Triu.), 363. Brown, Nic. (Cbr.), 359. Brown, T. (Ch. Ch.), 26n., 156. 'Brown,' Tom (Eugby), 36 n. Browne, C. (Ball.), 138. Browne, Is. Hawkins (Trin.), 157. Bro\\ue, J. (Trin.), 154 ?i. Browne, Pet. (T. C. D.), 79, 129. Browne, T. (Jes.), 306. Biowne, Sir W. (Pet.), 37, 58, 68, 71 n., 155, 173. Browning, F. (King's), 154 n. Broxbolme, N. [Ch. Ch.), 155 n. Bruttou, J. V. (Sid.), 359. Bryant, Jacob (King's) 93, 106, 158. BryJges, Sir Egerton (Qu.), 158. Buck, Ja. (Caius), 326. Buck, J. &T. (Catb.), printers, 381, 382, 393. Fr. 393. Bucklaud, C. (Sid.), 374. Buddeus, J. F. (Halle and Jena), 129. Buddie, Adam (Catb.), 207. Bulkt'ley, S. (Clare), 363. bull-dog, 34, 37. Bullock, J. (Job.), 363. Burgersdicius, F. (Leyden), 85. Burges, G. (Trin.), 9. Burges, J. (printer), 391, 393. Burgess, T. (Corpus), 94, 95, 98, 101. Burkley, C. (King's), 363. Burlamaqui, J. J. (Geneva), 122. Burleigb, lord, 379. Burman, P. (Leyden), 92, 97. Burman, P. (Franeker) 93. Burn, Ei. (Qu.), 138 w. Burnaby, J. (Oriel), 149 ». Burnet, Gil. (Aberd. and Glasg.), 129, 149. ? Burnet, T. (New C), 99. (or Mert.). Burnet, T. (Clai-e and Cbr.), 35 n., 79, 129 (emend.), 248. Burrell, Pet. (Job.), 354. Burton, Dan. (Ch. Ch.), 149 n. Burton, J. (Corpus), 12, 101, 325. Burton, H. (Job.), 355. Bury Scbool, 27, 101, 162, 183 h., 189 n. (also E. Leedes). de Bussiferes, Jean (S. J.), 148. Butler, Jos. (Oriel), 37, 52, 53, 121, 122, 129, 354, 356. Butler, Jos. [Milner] (Benet), 363. Butler, T. (Trin.), 360. butteries, 105 n., 284, 294 n. bye-term men, 58, 60 n., 364. Byne» H. (Job.), 359. Byrom, J. (Trin.), 21 «., 25, 152 n., 347. Byron, G. Gordon, Id., (Trin.), 88. cadit quaestio, 39, 40, 369, &c. Caedmon, 160, 161. Caius College, Gonville and, 3, 30, 47, 48, 172 «., 182, 188, 273, 286— 288m., 319—344 n., 356. Caldwell, G. (Jes.), 154 n. calendar, Cambridge University, 33, 48,59, 323 n., 364-367. INDEX. 421 Camm, J. (Job.), 363. canonists, 134, 135, 142 m., 265. cap, 24, 303. caricatiu-ists, 158. Carlyle, Jos. Dacre (Chr., Qu.), 164, 166. Carlyon, Clem., (Pemb.), 154 n. Carnan, T. (bookseller), 389. Carr, J. (Job.), 123. Carr, Nic. (Pemb. and Trin.), 108. Carswell, or Caswell, J. {U'adh. and Hart H.), 71, 246 w. Carter, T. (Trin.), 361. Cartes. See Descartes, 'cartbarge paper,' 329. Carver, C. (Cai.), 323. Gary, H. F. {Ch. Ch.), 153, 170, 264 n. Cary, J. H. S. (Cbr.), 375. Casaubon, Meric [Ch. Ch.), 159, Casborne, J. (Emm.), 364. cassock, 311. Castell, Edm. (Emm, and Job.), 163, 208, 267 n. Castell, J. (Caius), 359. Castellus, Bened. (Montp.), 79. 'Castor and Pollux,' 57. casuistry, 132 — 134. Caswell, J. (Wadh.), 79. Catbarine-Hall, Saint, 173. Cato (Addison's), 102. Catten, or Catton, T. (Job.), 261. Caulet, J. (Job.), 354. Causton, T. (Job.), 362. cautions, 23, 218. Cavendisb, H. (Pet.), 187, 192. Caxton, W., 377. Caxton post-bag, 312, sqq, Cecil, Sir Eo., 380. Cecill, (Job.), 288 »i. celibacy, 178, 264. Cbaffin, or Cbafin, W. (Emm,), 29, 30, 358, 362, 363. cballenging, 55, 102. cbamber-fellow, 291. Cbamberlayne, J. (Trin.), 160. Cbambers, Epbr., 129. Cbambers, Sir Eo. (Line, and Univ.)^ 144. Cbandler, Ei. (Magd.), 12, 156. Cbanning, J. {Ch. Ch.), 170 «., 181. Cbapman, Bened. (Caius), 325. Cbapman, C. J. (Benet), 322. Cbappelow, Leon. (Job.), 164, 268 n. Cbarles II., K. 172 n., 264, Cbarles III., K. of Spain, 9. Cbarlett, A. {Univ.), 127, 158. 'Cbatbam' sloop, 327. 'Cbeese College,' 3. Cbeke, Sir J. (Job., King's ~Ch. Ch., King's Camb.), 106—109. cbemistry, 174, 176, 178—195. cbest, the King's Coll. , 174. cbest, tbe University, 280, 304. Cbestney, J. (Pet.), 361. Cbevallier, Temple (Magd.), 363. Cbevallier, T. (Pemb. ), 375. Cbeyne, G. (Edinb.), 79, 129. Cbiara, 315, Cbisbull, Edm. {Corpus), 155. cbocolate, 308, 310. cbopsticks, 165, cboristers, 3 n. Christ Church 13, 86, 102, 104, 114 n., 146, 237, 267. Christ College, 13, 68, 123, 125, 238 n., 259 m. Christian, E. (Job.), 142, 145. chronology, 25, 117. Chubb, T., 129. Churchill, Fleetwood (Clare), 268 re., 358. Cicero, 13, 27, 85 w., 87, 326 »., 354. civilians, 135, 136, 139—142, 145, 264, 265. Clare Hall, 52 n., 67—69, 71n., 139 «., 212 re., 338. Clarendon Press, 94, 96, 384 n. Clarendon's History, 2. Clarke, E. D. (Jes.), 77, 156, 192 m., 198—202, Clarke, Greg. (Cath.), 168 m. Clarke, J. [Wbitefield] (T. C. D., Job. and Trin.), 237. Clarke, S. (Caius), 13, 37, 52, 53, 67, 68, 79, 121 M., 124, 129, 242, 298. Clarke, Wilfrid (Pet.), 361, Clarkson, T. (Job.), 128. •classes,' 45—48, 50, 53, 260, 261, 868. Classical Journal, 97 n. classics, 9, 13, 90, 225, 331—334, 337, 354. Clay, C. J. (Trin.), printer, 393. Cleaver, W. (Bras.), 95. Clerke, J. (Pet.), 177. Clinton, H. Fynes (CJu Ch.), 102 n. Clobery. See Glynn, close fellowships, &c., 343. Clubbe, W. (Caius), 157. Cocksbutt, T. (Chr.), 363. de Coetlogon, C. E. (Pemb.), 360, Colbatch, J. (Trin.), 132. Colchester, W. (Job.), 359. Cole, W. (Clare and King's), 158. Cole's Dictionary, 326 n. Coleridge, S. T. (Jes.), 84, 121, 123, 157. Colladon, Theod. (Geneva), 189. collections, 119, 258 n. collectors, 220 n., 232 m. 'college mss.', 75 — 77. Colliber, S. 129. Collier, Arthur, 130, Collier, Jer. (Caius). 158. 422 INDEX. Collier, W. (Trin.), 166. Collignon, C. (Trin.), 183. CoUins, Ant. (King's), 129. Collins, Brian Bury (Job.), 355. Collins, W. (Qu, and Magd.), 157. Colman, G. {Ch. Ch.), 156, 157. Colson, J. (Sid. & Emm.), 70. ColweU, J. (Trin.), 155 n. Comber, T. (Trin.), 163 w. combuiatiou-room, 30, 52. combinations, 387. Comings, T. (Trin.), 375. comitialia, carmina, 19, 103. comitia maiora et minora, 18, 38. commencement, 18, 38. ' commodious schools,' 232 n. common law, 142 — 145. common-place-books, 331, 332. commons, 291, 293 n., 319. compendiums, 227. composition (see 'classics'), 225, 332. compounders, 52. Compton, W. (Cains), 363. concerts, 238—240, 245, 315, 317. confession, 133 n. conic sections, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 326 ?i., 336, 376. Couington, J. {Corpiis), 233, 234. consequeus and cousequentia, 39, 369 n. ' Constant Quantities,' 57. ' consulate,' 57. cook, a college, 321, 324. Cook, capt. Ja. 325, 329. Cooke ? (Job.), 355. Cookson, H. W. (Pet.), 91, 198. Copley, J. Singleton (Trin.), 154 n. Cornwall, Ff. H. (Job.), 363. Cornwall, C. W., 327. Corpus Cbristi or Benet College, 175, 188, 212 n. Cosin, J. (Cai., Pet.), 235. Costard, G. (JVodh.), 2i7. Cotes, Eoger (Trin.), 10, 49, 70, 74, 242, 243, 245,326 m., 376. Cotter, Eogerson (Triu.), 344 m. coimties, 343, 344. CoveU, J. (Cbr.), 162 ?i., 385. Coventry, Fr. (Magd.), 183. Coveutry, H. (Magd.), 183 w. Cowell's Institutio Juris, 143 n. Cowper, J. (Benet), 268 n. Crab, 3, 5. Crabb, H. B. (Trin.), 360. Cradock, J. (Catb.), 364. Crasbaw, Ri. (Pemb., and Pet.), 163 n. Craster, T. (Job.), 359. Craven, W. (.Job.), 29, 164, 166, 363. Crawford, J. (Job.), 361. creation, 281. Creech, T. {Wadh.), 157. Cresswell, spherics, 76. Creygbton, Ri. (Trin.), 287. cribbage, 324, 327. Crick, T. (Caius), 360. Croft, G. (Univ.) 87 n., 144. Croft, W. (Ch. Ch.), 237. Croke, Alex. (Oriel), 265 n. Croke, Ri. (King's), 106. crosses (coins), 279, 284 n. Crotcb, W. (S. Mary H.), 237. Crowutield, Corn, (printer), 282—288, 382—388, 393. Cubit, J. (Caius), 375, Cudwortb, Ra. (Emm., Clare, Cbr.), 121*1., 125, 130. Cullum, Ja. (Cbr.), 360. Cumberland, Ri. (Magd.), 130. Cumberland, Ri. (Trin.), 27-29, 33, 37 n., 102, 344—346. Cumming, Ja. (Trin.), 194. curate, 309. Cm-rey, W. W. (Qu.), 375. Cm-teis, C. (Job.), 360. Cutbbert, E. (Jes.), 375. Cutbbert, G. (Cbr.), 360. ' Dffidalus,' H. M. S., 327, 329. ' Damon and Pytbias,' 57. Daniel, Roger (printer), 381, 393. Davies, Ri. (Qu.), 177, 1/8. Davey, J. (Caius), 30. Dawes, Ri. (Emm.), 35 n., 95, 114. Dawes, Sir W. (Joh. and Catb.), 130. days in tbe tripos, 53. dean, 88 n., 89, 166 n. Dealtry, W. (Trin.), 77. Debreczin Univ., 99. decimals, 52, 56. declamations, 26, 88, 89, 213, 220. 'decus et tutamen,' 105. Degge, Sir Simon, 139. degrees, 172. Deigbton's, 45 ; J. Deigbton (booksel- ler), 393. Delaval, E. (Pemb.), 15, 358. Demostbene.s, 326, 354, 356, 383. Deuue, J. (Benet), 363. Derliam, W. (Trin.), 130. Desaguliers, J. Tbeo., (Ch. Ch.), 246. Descartes, Rene (La Flcclie), 65 — 69, 79, 121, 125 n., 129, 176, 241 n. ' descendas,' 38, 39, 145 n. D'Ewes, Symonds (Job.), 87, 90. Dibdiu, T. Frognall (Joh.), 3 n. Dickes, T. (Jes.), 375. Dickins, F. (Trin. H.), 140. Dickinson, W. (Trin.), 360. dictionaries, 100, 328. digamma, 112 n. Dillenius, J. J. (Darmst., Gics., Oj;on.) 204, 206, 211 n. INDEX. 42Z dinner-hour, 38 n. Diopliautus, 92. disjunctive syllogism, 86. Disney, W. (Trin.), 29, 166, 2687(.,363. disputations, 145, 220—223, 291. disputationum formulae, E. F., 35 7i. Dixon, J. (Qu.), 375. Dobree, P. P. 92 n. Dodson's Kepository, 77. Dodsworth, F. (Chr.), 359. ' dogging,' 232 n. Donn, Ja., 208. dormiat, 36. Douglass, J. (Ball), 149 n. Dowdaswell, G. (Ch. Ch.}, 155 h. Downes, (Job.), 363. Downing Professor of Laws, 145. D'Oyly, Matt. (Benet), 359. Drake, Ja. (Job.), 362. Ducarel, Andr. C. (Job.), 158. duelling, 123, 128, 376. Duncan's logic, 13, 85, 87 n., 127. 'dunce's day,' 56, 58. Duncombe, J. (Corpus), 157. duplicity, Mr Woodd's, 63. Duport, Ja. (Trin. and Magd.), 273— 286. Duport, J. (Jes.), 273. dutcb, 97, 100, 386. Dyer, G. (Emm.), 157. Dymoke, Nedham (Job. ), 154 n. Eacbard, J. (Catb.), 176, 241 n. Eaton, Ja. (Pet.), 268k. Eaton, Ri. (Job.), 360. Ediubm-gb, 211. Edmund Hall, S., 2, 92, 126 ?i., 127, 225. Edwards, Ei. S. (Job.), 363. Edwards, T. (Clare), 94, 95. Edwards, Jonatb. (Ch. Ch. and Jes.), 99 ?i. 'elabatory,' 187 n. election, 280, 281, 306—310, 313, 315, 345, 347. electricity, 190. ' elegant extracts,' 57. EUiot, Lam-. (Magd.), 29. EUis, T. (Cains), 154 n. Ebnsall, H. (Job.), 358, 359 «. Elstob, Miss E. 159, 160, 161. Elstob, W. (Catb. and Univ.), 158— 161. Ely, bp. of, 306—311, 344. Emerson, W. (matb.), 50. Emmanuel College, 18, 29, 58, 65, 344 w. Encyclopaedia, Green's Scbeme, 338 — 342. Encyclopaedia Brit., 326 Jt. England, W. (Job.), 306. enthusiasm, 54. epigrams, 103 — 105. Episcopius, 35 11., 130. Erasmus, Desid. (Eoterd., Qu.), 87 7J. Ernesti, J. A. (Leips.), 92. ethics, 14, 62 n., 65, 333, 336. 'etists,' 107. Eton, 104 n., 105 n. Euclid, 23, 46, 66, 73—75, 355. Euripides, 356. Evans, T. (Jes.), 268 n. Evans, W. (Cbr.), 375. Eveleigb, J. (Oriel), 222. Ewbank, T. (Catb.), 361. Ewin, W. H. (Job.), 363. examinations, 14, 16, 33, 46, 49—56, 114 n., 116, 215, 217, 221—222, 256, 258, 262, 322, 323, 343—357. ' executive directory,' 57. Eyre, Ja. (Mert.), 265 ?i. E. F. 35 n. Faber, T. (Job.), 363. Fancourt, T. (Qu.), 375. Fancourt, S., 130. Parish, C. (Qu.), iln., 264 «. Farish, W. (Magd.), 40—42, 77, 190— 192, 201. Farmer, Ki. (Emm.), 58. ' father,' 24, 44, 47, 50, 52, 275, 281. Fawcett, ? Ja. (Job.), 122 ?i. Fawkes, Fr. (Jes.), 157. fees (college), 213, 262 m. fellow-commoners, 15, 33, 88, 200, 299, 352. fellowships, 178, 262—265, 280, 281, 299, 306—311, 343—346, 348. Felton, H. {Edm. H.), 130. Fenn, Sir J. (Caius), 11 n., 30, 31, 47. Fenton, Elijah (Jes. and Trin. H.), 157. Fenwicke, T. T. (Job.), 375. Ferguson, Ja., 49. Feme, H. {S. Mary H., and Trin. C. Camb.), 134. Ferrand, T. (Trm.), 39 n. Ferrari, Ant., 6. Fiddes, Ei. (Univ.), 35 n., 130. Field, J. (printer), 382, 393. 'fights,' 102. Filmer, Su- Eo. (Trin.), 130. Finch's Discomse, 143. fireworks, 322. Fisher, Edm. (Benet), 363. Fitz-Herbert, Alleyne, (Job.), 154 n. Flaxman, J., 201. Fletcher, Carter (Job.), 363, FHtcroft, H. (Benet), 268 n. ' florence,' 303. Floras, 325 n, fluxions, 29, 40 n., 46, 49—51, 65, 73 n., 77, 369—371. Folkes, Martin (Clare), 69, 176. 424. INDEX, Foote, C. (Job. ? Emm.), 359. foreigners, 98—100, 172, 204, 247, 322. ^ forma,'' stare pro, 213, 220. 'form-fellow,' 299. Forester, J. (Trin.), 860. Fortesciie, Sir J. 143 n., 144. Foster, J. (Qu.), 364. Foster, J. (King's) 111, 112. Fox, Hopkins (Trin.), 359. Fox, T. (Gatli.), 375. Francis, Eo. Bransby (Benet), 361. Francks, Wa. (Mert.), 149 n. Franclin, T. (Trin.), 116. Francoenr, 77. Frankfort on Oder, 98, 99, 295. Frankland, T, 327. Freind, J. (Ch. Ch.), 175. Freeman, J. (Clare), 359. french language, 25, 153, 225, 324, 326. french mathematics, 74, 75, 79, 80, 257 m. Trend, W. (Jes.), 72 m., 253, 254. Frere, J. (Cains), 47, 48. Frere, Sheppard (Trin.), 189. Frewin, Hi. (Ch. Ch.), 176. Friend, 187 «., 189. ' furies,' 57. Gael, Eldred (King's), 385. Gagnier, Jean, 267. Gainford (co. Durham), 27. Gaisford, T. (Ch. Ch.), 96. Gaily, H. (Benet), 111, 112. Gambier, J. E. (Sid.), 371, 374. gardens, 202—206. Gardiner, Stephen (Trin. H.), 107. Ciarnier, algebr., 76, 77. Gascoigne, Wade (Trin.), 239. Gaskin, T. (Jes.), 34 n. Gastrell, Fr. (Ch. Ch.), 130. Garth, S. Fet., 157, 173. Gee, W. (Pet.), 363. Geldart, Ja. W. (Tr. H., Cath.), 145. ' (jenerah,' 217, 229. Gentilis, Alb, (Perig. , New Inn II.), 243. geogi-aphy, 147. geology, 196—198. geometry, 25, 30. George I., 7. Gergonne, 77. Giardini, Felice, 239. Gibbon, Edm. (Magd.), 5 ??,, 12, 15. Gibson, Edm. (Qu.), 138 «., 159. Gifford, W. (Exun.), 157. Giles, Saint, Camb., 40, 41 n., 108. Gill, Joseph (Job.), 362. Ginkcll, or Gingell, 324. Gisborne, T. (.Job.), 15, 54, 122, 177. Glisson, F, (Cains), 17?. Glynn (Clobery), Eo. (King's), 173, 174, 177. Godfrey, Garrot (printer), 378, 393. Godolphiu, J. (Glon. II.), 139, 143. Goldwyer, G. (Job.), 363. Gooch, sii- T. (Caius), In., 27, 153. Gooch, W. (Caius), 55 ?(., 319—329. Goodson, Ei. (Ch. Ch.), 238. Goodwin, T. (Trin.), 312, 317. gooseberries, preserved, 327. Gordon, Jemmy, 36 n. Gorham, G. Corn. (Qu.), 198. Gough, Ei. (Benet), 158. Grabe, J. E. (Oxoti.), 99, Graces, Three, 57. '■ (jracious days,' 232 ?j. grammar, 88, 84. ' gratuitous honorati,' 362. Graves Ei. (Pemb.), 157. 's Gravesande, W. J. (Leyd.), 130. Gray, T. (Pet. and Pemb.), 26, 32, 150 152, 153, 157, 173, 237, 327. Gray, W. (Pet.), 321, 362. Greame, J. (Trin.), 3()0. greek, 84, 106—118, 290, 300. Greek's coifee-house, 10. Greek Testament, 350—855. Green, Chr. (Caius), 172. Green, J. (Job. and Benet), 73, 150. Green, Leon, (printer), 398. Green, Maur. (Cambr.), 287. Green, Eo. (Clare), 69, 127, 180, 338. Green, T. (Pet.), 363. Green, T. (Trin.), 198. Greene, J. (Benet), 363. Gregory, Dav. (Ch. Ch.), 71, 99 «., 149, 178, 24671. Gresham College, 176. Gretton, Phil. (Trin.), 130. Gretton, Walthall (Trin.), 361. Grew, Neh. (F.E.S.), 25, 130. Grey, Ei. (Line), 138?;. Grigby, G. (Caius), 375. Grigg. W. (Jes.), 98, 290, 291, 295 n. Grigson, W. (Caius), 860. Grimwood, Nic. L. (.Job.), 360. 'groats,' to save, Wdn. Grotius, Hugo (Leyd.), 14, 121, 130, 143 »., 146, 299, 358. 'gulphing it,' 45. Gunning, H. (Chr.), 11 7?., 34, 53, 54, 58, 257. Gwynne, Jonath. (Magd.), 863. gyp, 365. Hadley, J. (Qu.), 188, 189, 363. Haggitt, J. (Clare), 861. Hailstone, J. (Trin.), 198. Hale, sir M. (Magd. II.), 130, 143. Hales, Stephen (Benet and Oxon.), 174, 175. INDEX. 425 Halford, Pet. (Chr.), 363. Hall, E. (printer), 382, 393. Hall, Jos. (Emm.), 133. Hall (Job.), 354. Hall, W. (Joh.), 47. Hallam, J. (Qu.), 364. vou Haller, Alb. (Gott.), 185. Hallev, Edm. (Qu.), ddn., 210, 247, 372, 376. Hallifax, S. (Jes.), 77, 141, 142, 164, 268 71. Hamilton, Hugh (? T. C. D.), 49, 376. Hammond, H. {Magd.), 256, 257. Hammond, Hor. (Benet), 360. Handel, 236, 237, 240. Hankinson, Ro. (Chr.), 268)?. Hankiuson, Eo. (Triu ), 321, 322, 324, 362. Hardcastle, T. {Mcrt.), 161. Hardwicke, Id., (Benet), 9. Hardy, T. (Sid.), 154 w. Hargrave, Jos. (Magd.), 375. Harlaud, R. , 327. Harlestou school, 320. Harper (Joh.), 363. liarpsichord, 236, 237 n., 322. Harris, G. {Oriel), 265 n. Harris, J. (Joh.), 160. Harris, S. (Pet.), 149. Harrison, T. (Trin.), 361. Harrow school, 101, 169. liarry soph, 33, 140, 365 n. Hart, R. C. (Joh.), 354. Hartley, David [Jes.), 37, 122, 123, 127. Hartley, David {Mert), 123 ?i., 155 n. Harvey, W. (Caius, Padua, 3Iert.), 123 n., 155 n. Harwood, Busick (Chr.), 179 71., 183, 184, 255, 324. Hasted, H. (Chi-.), 375. Hawaii, 329. Hawes, J. (Jes.), 359, 362. Hawkins, J. {Pcmb.), 157. Hawkins, W. (Pemb.), 158. Haworth, J. (Bra:^.), 155 n. Hay, G. (Joh.), 265 Ji. Hayes, J. (printer), 382, 393. Hayes, S. (Trin.), 128. Hayes, P. {3Iag(l.), 238. Hayes, W. {Ch. Ch. and Magd.), 238. Haynes, Hopton (Clare), 363. Hayward, C. (Caius), 361. Hearne, T. {Edm. H.), 3—5, 71, 127, 158, 160, 185. Heathcote, Ra. (Jes.), 316. Heaton, R. (Caius), 359. Heberden, C. (Job.), 375. Heberden, W. (Job.), 66, 177, 179— 181. Heberden, W. (Job), 177. bebrew, 162—170, 215 n. , 222 /;., 224— 226, 267, 268, 335, 379. Hedges, C. (Pet.), 358. HeUins, J. (Trin.), 326 h. Helsham, Hi. (T. C. D.), 49. Heming, (Job.), 324. Hemsterbuys, Tib, (Amst., Franeker, Leyd.), 92, 95. Henley, J. (Job.), 160. Hensball, S. {Bras), 161. Henslow, J. S. (Job.), 209. Hepworth, J. (Caius), 362, 375. Hepwortb, J. (Benet), 359. Herbert, G. (Trin.), 87. ' Hercules and Atlas,' 57. Herman, J. Godf. Ja. (Leips.), 112. Hertford College, 89. Hewitt, B. (Jes.), 359. Hey, Ei. (Magd. and Sid.), 128. Heywood, J. {Pemb.), 157. Hickes, G. {Joh., Maqd. C, Magd. II. and Line), 159, 160. Hickin, W. (Magd.), 360. Hickman, Matt. {Qu.), 155 h. Hierocles, 13. Hill, S. Heyrick (Trin.), 361. Hiuckesman, J. (Qu.), 313—315, 316— 318. Hinckesman, T. (Trin.), 315, 318, 319. 'bine lucem et pocula sacra,' 367, 380. history, 147—157, 158, 215 n., 222 n. Hoadley, B. (Cath.), 130. Hoadly, J. (Benet), 157. Hobbes, T. {Mat/d. H.), 121, 130. Hobson, T., 283. ' bodiissime,' 213 w. Hody, Hum. {Wadh.), 134. Hogg, E. (Pet.), 63. Holcombe, S. (Trin.), 149 h. Holdsworth, E. {2Iagd.), 12. Holford, P. (Chr.), 363. Holliugwortb, J. B. (Pet.), 53 n. Holme, J. (Pet.), 199. Holmes, Ro. {New C. and Ch. Ch.), 157. Holmes, W. {Joh.), 149. Holwell, W. {Ch. Ch.), 157. Homer, 325 n. boodling, 59. hoods, 24, 25, 59. Hooke, P. (Catb.), 363. Hooke, Eo. {Ch. Ch.), 71. Hooper, Fr. (Trin.), 89, 345. honorary optimes, 30«., 57, 58, 358 — 363. honours, honour-list, 55, 215, 216, 224, 260, 305 n., 321—325. Hope, C. (Job.), 358. Hopkinson, S. E. (Clare), 360. Horace, 355. Home, G. {Ciiir. and Magd.), 12, 71 n., 72, 168. 426 INDEX. Home, T, (Caius), 363. Home [Tooke], J. (Joh.), 160. 'liorrida Palus,' 63 ?i. Homsby, T. {Corjms), 181, 247, 327. Horsley, S. (Trin. H.), 112. Hough, H. (Joh.), 363. hom-s, 38, 45, 47, 50, 225, 256, 257. Howe, Ei. (Eton), 327. Howell, L. (Jes.), 134. Howmau, Eoger Freston (Pemb.), 361. Luddlmg, 33, 38, 59—62, 213 «., 214, 218. Hudson, T. {Qu., Univ. and S. Mary H.), 3—5, 110. Huet, P. D. (Caen), 130. Hughes, J. (Qu.), 361. Hughes, T. (rrin.), 185. Hughes, T. (Joh.), 356. Hugouots, 149. humanity ('literae humaniores '), 87, 90—225. Hume, David, 37. Huut, T. (Hart H.), 168. le Hunt, J. (Joh.), 363. Hurdis, Ja. A. (Maqd.), 158. Hui-st, T. (Trin.), 314. Hutcheson, Fr. (Glasg.), 121, 130. Hutchinson, J. 71 n. ? 355. Hutchinson, Jul. (Sid.), 359. Hutchinson, (Trin.), 85 n. Hutton, J. (Joh.), 47. Hyde, T. (King's and Qu.), 168, hydrodynamics, 66. hydrostatics, 46, 75. lapis (= Glynn), 173. Ingram, Eo. Acklom, (Qu.), 151, 214. insignia doctoralia, 22. inspector of the press, 383, 388. instruments, mathematical and astro- nomical, 245, 325. international law, 146. ' luvincibles,' 57. Isherwood, C. (Magd.), 375. Isola, Agostino, 153, 327, 390, 391. Isola, C. (Emm.), 153. Isted, G. (Trin.), 360. italian, 150, 152, 327, 390, 391. Jack, T. (Joh.), 375. Jackson, Ja. (Camb.), printer, 393. Jackson, J. (Jes.), 163 71. Jackson, J. 130, 131. Jackson, Cyril {Ch. Ch.), 222, 237, 247. jacobitism, 24, 298. Jago, Ei. (Univ.), 157. James I., 287. James, H. (Qu.), 140, ?386. Jebb, J. (Pet.), 31, 33, 35, 42, 71, 85, 12571., 16171., 164, 166, 177, 183 ?i., 215, 352—355. Jebb, J. (Joh. and Chr.), 149 7J., 313 n. Jebb, Joshua, 313 7i. Jebb, S. (Pet.), 96, 109 71., 177. Jebb, S. (Tvin.j, 312—318. Jeffries, Edm. (? Pemb., Pet.), 385. Jeukes, H. (printer), 393. Jenner, C. (Pemb.), 238. Jesuits, 77, 261 n. Jesus College Cambridge, 13, 83, 86, 201 71., 290—311. Jesus College, Oxon., 126. Jewel, J. (Mert. and Corpus), 87. ' jips,' 365. B.John Evangehst College, Cambridge, 6, 13—15, 23, 36, 83, 85, 87, 123, 243?(., 255, 256, 260, 264, 321, 322, 344, 352—356. Johnson, J. (Magd. and Benet), 134, 160, 161. Johnson, S. (Pemb.), 156, 157, 160. Johnson, T. (King's and Magd.), 26, 34, 131. Johnson, W. (Caius), 359. Jolland, G. (Joh.), 363. Jolliffe, P. W. (Joh.), 361 Jones, Owen (Jes.), 361. Jones, T. (Joh. and Trin.), 123, 128, 353 n. Jones, W. (Univ.), of Nayland, 71 n. Jones, Sir W. (Univ.), 11 n., 127, 169. Jortin, J. (Jes.), 97. Journal Polytechnique, 77. journals, classical, 97, 98 nn. Jowett, Jos. (Trin. H.), 141. Joyce, Jer., 152 7i. juraments, 216, 217. Jurin, Ja. (Trin.), 99 n., 147 n., 148. Justinian, 143. Juvenal, 354. Karakakooa-bay, 329. 'Kiise Collegium,' 3. Keckerman's logic, 85. Keill, Ja. (Edinb., Leyd., Oxon., Camb.), 182, 187. Keill, J. (Ball), 49, 245, 246. Kempton, T. (Qu.), 363. Kennett, White (Edm. H.), 158. Kennicott, B. (Wadh., Exon. and Ch. Ch.), 94, 169. Kent, Ja. (Trin.), 238. Kepple, ? 327. Kerrich, T.- (Magd.), 154. kettle-drum, 238. Kidby, J. (Ball.), 155. Kidd, T. (Trin.), 97. Kidgell, J. (Hert.), 157. Kidman, C. (Benet), 127. Kilbye, Ei. (Line), 167. King, C. (Mert.), 238. lung, Joshua (Qu.), 63. INDEX. 427 King, W. {Ch. Ch.), 176, 194. King, W. (T. C. D.), 35 n., 121, 131. Kingdom, Eoger (Joh.), 151 ?i. King's College, Cambriclge, 26, 34, 83, 162, 173, 174, 238, 313, 343, 352. Kingston, .J. (printer), 393. Kinnersley, ? (Joli.), 355. Kinsman or Kyunesman, Arth. (Trin.), 27, 183. Kipling, T. (Joh.), 86, 250, 251, 391. Knapp, H. (King's), 363. Knight, S. (Trin.), 158. Kuipe, F. (Qu.), 365. kuocking-out, 60. Knox, Vicesimus (Joh.), 5n., 15, 214;(., ■ 228—233. Kuster, Ludolph (Camb.), 97 «., 98, 387, 388. laboratories, 175, 176, 183, 187—189. Labntte, Eene, 153. Lacroix, 76, 77. 'lads,' 291, 294:71. Lag.ange, Jo. L. (Turin), 77. Lambe, W. (Joh.), 85 ?!. Lambert, Ja. (Trin.), 207. Lane, Obad. (Emm.), 359. Langley, S. (Femb.), 157. Laugton, W. (Clare), 363. languages, 25, 150, 152, 153, 163 n. Laplace, P. S. (Paris), 77. latin, 27, 28, 32, 37, 40—43, 59, 66, 87 n., 90—92, 94. Laud, W. (Joh.), 159, 167, 381 n. Laughton, J. (Trin.), 6, 385. Laughton, Ri. (Clare), 11, 25, 34 9i., 37h., 58, 68, 125,385. laureat, 87. Lavater, J. C. , 185. law, 33, 134—146, 214, 264, 265, 285, 331. Law, E. lord Ellenborough (Pet.), 142. Law, Edm. (Pet.), 31, 128, 132, ? 164. Law, G. (Qu.), 36 «. Law, J. (Chr.), 238 Ji., 259 n. Law, W. (Emm.), 18 7i., 21 ii., 103, ?122, 131. Lawrence, Soulden (Job.), 265?;. Lax, W. (Trin.), 38, 244, 260, 321, 323, 373, 375. Layard, C. P. (Job.), 128. lay-feUows, 263, 264, 346. lectures, 10—14, 86—89, 122«.— 121, 179—181, 244, 259, 281, 292, 342, 348. (See 'programma'). Lee, H. (Emm.), 69 n., 127, 131. Lee, or Leigh, Tim. (Trin.), 313. Legat, J. and J. (printers), 379, 380, 393. Legge, Cantrell (printer), 380, 393. Legrice, C. Val. (Trin.), 89 ?i., 151 h. Logrew, Ja. (Joh.), 375. Leibnitz, Godf. W. (Leips. and Jena), 131. Leigh, Eg. (Sid.), 360. Le Hunt, J. (Joh.), 363. Le Neve, J. (Trin.), 158. Leng, J. (Cath.), 383 n., 385. lent. See 'quadragesima.' letters from Cambridge, 289—329. Lewis, G. (archd".), 9, 165. Lewis, Eo. (Jes.), 359. Leybourne's Mathematical Eepositorv, 76, 77. Leycester, G. (Trin.), 359. Leydeu, 99. Lhuyd, E. (Jes.), 196. libraries, 2 — 10, 55. Uceat. 217, 229. light, 66, (;9 7t. Lightfoot, Ro. (Trin.), 385. van Limborch, P. (Utrecht), 131. L^nacre, T. {All S.), 84. Liudewood's Constitution, 139. 'line' ( = faculty), 173. Lingard, J. (Cath.), 359. Linnaeus, C. von Linuc, 2, 203, 207, 210, 211 71. linseed-oil, 387. Littledale, J. (Joh.), 265 n. Li\-y, 355. Lloyd, C. (Caius), 157. Lloyd, H. (Trin.), 166 n., 268, 269 «. Locke, J. (Ch. Ch.), 2, 6, 13, 14, 25, 37, 52—54, 62;;., 76, 86, 87, 121, 122 7)., 124, 126—128, 131, 187 h., 326 7j., 353— 356. Locke, Jos. (Qu.), 359. Locke, Eo. (Joh.), 363. Lotliugtou, Jos. (Sid.), 360. Loft, Capel (Pet.), 157. logic, 13, 14, 23, 62 n., 65, 66, 84—87, 127, 226, 333, 336, 356. Lomax, J. (Cath.), 360. Lombard, Peter (Paris), 86. Long, Eoger (Pemb.), 49, 103, 111, 189 «. Louge, J. (Magd.), 364. Longe, J. (Trin.) 361. longitude. Board of, 327. Lort, Mich. (Trin.), 115. Losh, Ja. (Trm.), 361. lounging, 331. Louvain, 107 «., 261 n. Lowten, Tim. (Joh.), 57. Lowth, Eo. {New C), 157, 169, 255, Lucas, Ei. (Jes.), 131. Lucas, Ei. (Caius), 323, Lucian, 325 n. Lucretius, 356. Ludlam, W. (Joh.), 76, 391. ' lumber-hole,' 188. 428 INDEX. Liipton, W. (Qu,, Line), 35 n., 131. Lye, E. {Hart //.), 160. Lynch, lio. (Corjnis), 155 n. Lynclliurst. See Copley. Lyons, Isr. 50, 166, 167. Lyons, Isr., 206, 208. Lyttelton, G. (Ch. Ch.), 157. Macclestield, T. Parker, earl (Trin.), 146, 158, 159;;., 160 7i., 263. Mackenzie, Gr. (Trin.), 364. Maclaurin, Colin (Glasg. , Aberd., Edin.), 49, 50, 72h., 373, 376. Madau, Spencer (Trin.), 236. magazines, 96 — 98. S. Mary Magdalen College Cambridge, 183, 190, 212 «., 330. S. Mary Magdalene College, Oxon., 12, 13, 89. Majendie, H. W. (Chr.), 58, 3r;0. Malebranche, Nic. (Sorbouue), 131. Maltby, E. (Pemb.), 375. Malyn, Ko. (Jes.), 363. Manning, O. (Qu.), 160. Manning, W. (Cains), 375. Mansell, J. (Emm.), 363. Mansfield, lord, {Ch. Ch.), 266 n. ' Maps,' 386 n. Marisball, Edm. (Joh.), 363. Markham, W. {Ch. Ch.), 86. Markland, Jer. (Pet.), 96. Marlborough, J. Chu. duke of, 9. Marriott, Sir Ja. (Trin. H.), 138/(.,327. Marsh, Herbert 154, 353. Marsh, Ja. (Qu.), 363. Marsh, W. H. (13enet), 362. Marshall, Edm. (Joh.), 363. Marshall, J. (Chr.), 155. MarshaU, T. H. (Clare), 360. Martin, Era. (Trin.) 41, 42, Martin, Hugh (Pemb.), printer, 393. Martyn, J. (Emm.), 208, 210. Martyn, T, (Emm. and Sid.), 184?;., 198, 208, 211, 212. Maryland mission, 2. Masclef's liebrew grammar, 167. Maseres, Era. (Clare), 72?*, 141. Maskelyne, N. (Cath., Trin.), 326/;., 327. Mason, C. (Trin.), 189, 190 n., 197, 345. Mason, W. (Joh.), 363. Mason, W. (Joh. and Pemb.), 157. Massey, Millington (Joh.), 260. Massey, Eoger (Joh.), 371, 374. Masters' Hist, of C. C. C. C, 288. masters of arts, 213—215, 218—227, 232—234, 275. masters of the schools, 22, 217, 229. materia medica, 173, 179, 210, mathematics, 23, 40, 49—52, 56, 64— 82, 84, 90—92, 214, 225, 226, 235 u.. 249—251, 254, 255, 292, 300, 322, 333—336. matriculation, 63, 258. Matthias, T. J. (Trin.), 153, 360. Maty, P. H. (Trin.), 154 «. Maule, J. (Chr.), 375. Mawer, J. (Trin.), 363. Mawson, Matthias (Beuet), 26, 32, 34«., 183, 210. 29"' May, 306. May examination, 350. Mayer, Tob. (Gott.), 326 n. Mayo, C. (Joh.), 161, Mead, Ei., 92, 210. mechanics, 64, 77, 255, 326 ?«., 356; practical, 190, 191. medals (BroT.^ne's), 115, 173. (Chancellor's), 20 ?i., 91??. medicine, 171. Meeke, W. (Emm, and Downing), 154 n. Meredith, Moore (Trin.), 363. Merrick, J. {Joh.), 149 n. metaphrases, 105. metaphysics, 23, 29, 40, 52, 53, 120— 127, 226. Metcalf, G. (Trin.), 359. Meyrick, W. (Joh.), 375. Mickleborough, J. (Qu.), 188, 189. Middleton, C. 327. Middleton, Conyers (Trin.), 153, 165, 197, 314, 315, 378. Middleton, ladv 320. MiiUeton, lord "(Joh.), 355. Milbourne, T. (Pemb.), 363. Mill [or Mills], J. {Edm. H.) 2, 92, 126 n. Miller, C, 211. Miller, P., 210. Milles, Is. (Joh.), IGSn. Milles, T. {Edm. //.), 126. Milman, Era. {E.von.), 155 n. Milner, Is. (Qu.), 36 »., 55, 71, 193, 365, 371. Milnes, Jos. (Qu.), 173, 190, 391. Milton, J. (Chr.), 85, 121, 131, 273. mineralogy, 18, 196—201. Mirehouse, J. (Clare), 360. Miscellanea Critica, 95. Miseellaneae Observationes, 97. Mitchell, J. (Qu.), 197. moderators, 19, 23, 28, 30, 83—42, 44—49, 52, 228 n.., 229 n., 321, 322. moderators of bachelors, 213 ii. moderator's man, 34. ' modern schollars' (see ' languages '), 149 n. ' modeste te geras,' 39 n. Molineus' logic, 85. Monge, Gasp. (Beaune, fee), 77. Monk, Ja. H, (Trin.), 212. INDEX. 429 Monro, J. (Joh.), 155 n. Montagu, Basil (Clir.), '210h., 255h., 389;*., 392. Moore, J. (Clare), 7. mootings, 62. moral philosophy, 40, 52—54, 120 — 128, 355. moral (luestlon, 29, 37, 40, 373, 376. moral theology, 1.33. More, H. (Chr.), 121, 125, 131. Morell, T. (King'ts), 95. Morgan's Mechanics, 376. Morgan, J. (Triu.), 183. Morris, Edm. (Triu.), Win. Morris, E. (Pet.), 154 n. Morris, Morris Drake, (Triu.), 158. Morrison [Morisou, or Morisone], lio. (Aberd., Aujou and Univ.), 204. Moryson, Fynes (Pet.), 154, 155. Moss, (Benet), 385. Mountague, J. (Triu.), 385. Moxou, Ro. (Trin.), 363. Mules, C. (Cath.), 375. Mundy, E. esq., 320, 322. Musae Cantabrigieuses, 115. Musae Etouenses, 104 n. Museum Criticum, 97 n. Museum Oxoniense, 98. Musgrave, S. (Corjnis), 93—95, 155 u. miisic, 235—240, 245, 315, 317. musick-act, musick-lecture, 236. musick-speech, 287, 288. Nairn, Ri. (.Toh.), 363. Nares, Ja. (Camb.), 238. Nasmith, Ja. (Benet), 3, 9. natural philosophy, 30, 254, 255, 298. natural religion, 52, 53. Neale, Edm. {Ch. Ch.), 156. Nelson, Ro. (Trin.), 16071. ' Neocorus.' See Kuster. nervous system, 172 7i. ' nescio,' 62, 63. New, Capt°., 327. Neio College Oxon. , 247. Newcome, H. (Emm.), 304, 305. Newcome, J. (Joh.), 6n., 11, 122. Neiv Inn Hall, Oxon., 143, 144. Newman, S. (Cains), 363. Newman, T. (Benet), 363. Newton, sir Is. (Trin.), 2, 11, 29, 35, 40, 46, 49, 50, 65—72, 92, 121, 127, 131, 175, 189, 241, 245, (at Oxon. 246), 254, 326 71., 344 n. neiv-y ear's gift, 114 «., 176, Nicholls, F. {Exon.), 185. Nichols, C, M.P., 320. Nichols, T. (Jes.), 196. Nichols, W. (Wadh.,Mert.), 35 n., 131. Nichols or Nicoll, .J. {Ch. Ch.), 27. Nicholson, Is. (Qu.), 375. Nicholson, Ro. (press messenger), 386. Nicholson, Begar {Gonv. H.), 378, 399. Nicholson, J. ('Majis'), 380?*. Nicholson's Lending Library, 366. ' Noah Daniel and Job,' 57. noblemen, 88. Noke, Ri. (printer), 393. 'non habes quod debes,' 41. nonjurors, 5. non-reading men, 34, 38. non-residence, 233, 259 n., 323. Nootka, 329. Norman, J., 134. Norris, J. {E.ron.), 131. Norris, T. {Ch. Ch. and Joh.), 2.38, ?240. North, J. (Caius), 154??., 326. north and south, 308, 343. 5'^ November, 317, 318. Novell, T. {Oriel), 149. Nourse, Pet. (Joh.), 385. Nycholson, Segar (Gonv. II.), 378, 393. oars,' ' next, 307. oath of allegiance, 316. observatories, 241, 243 m. — 245, 247. Ocldey, Simon (Qu.), 163, 266. Ode, Ja. (Utrecht), 131. Ogden, S. (Joh.), 197. Ogle, G. (Sid.), 157. Okes, T. (King's), 181. Oldershaw, J. (Emm.), 158. opponents, 25, 27, 35, 37—41, 321, 322. optics, 35 ?i., 46, 64, 243, 248, 336, 355. optime, 305, 321. optimes, senior and junior, 20, 29, 38, 49,56, 57, 261JJ. orange pills, 293 n. Orde, T. 327. Orde, T. (King's), 158. orders, holy, 311, 312, 317, 331, 335, 336. ordinaries (lectures), 10, 83. Oriel College, Oxon., 222, 223. oriental studies, 162 — 170. Osterwald, J. F. (Neufchatel), 131. Otley, ? (Joh.), 356. Otter, W. (Jes.), 85 n. ' ould bachilom-,' 17. Outlaw, Ro. (Qu.), 359. Owen, A. (Chr.), 361. Owen, Hugh (Job.), 361. Owhyhee, 329. Oxford (' our aunt'), 252, 378, 392».,, 394. Oxford races, 10. ' Oxford Sausage,' 157. 1-30 INDEX. Paget, Miss (Lynn), 321. painting, lof*. Palev, W. (Chr.), 33, 35, 39, 47, 53, 54, GG, 75, 76, 105, 121, 122?;., 123, 127, 128, 133 7L, 151, 238?*,, 257 7(., 374, 376. Palmer, J. (Job.), 56, ? 166, 266. palmer and rodcle. papers, 16, 256, 345, 348-351, 356. pai-agou type, 387. parclimeut, 387. Paris, J. (Triu.), 26. Parker, S. (Magd.), 131. Parker, T. See Macclesfield. Parker, J. W. (printer), 393. Parkburst, J. (Clare), 71 »., 165. Parldnson, T. (Cbr.), 74, 76, 257, 259?i., 326?j. parliamentary debate, 124. parlour, 36. Parr, S. (Job.), 13, 100. Parslow, T. (Benet), 363. Parsons, J. (67*. Ch.), 186. Parsons, J. (Ball.), 222. partiality suspected, 260. party spirit, 291, 298. parvis, 135?;., 216, 217. pattens, 173. pauperistae, 139. ' paving,' 101. Peacock, D. M. (Trm.), 321—324. Pears, J. (Magd.), 375. Pearson, Ben. (Qu.), 149. Pearson, (King's and Triu.), 131. Peck, F. (Trin.), 158. Peck, J. (Job.), printer, 393. Pegge, S. (Job.), 116, 158. Pegge, S. (Job.), 161. Pelbam, H. (Benet), 358. Pemberton, Andr. (Pet.), 141, 363. Pemberton, Jer. (Pemb.), 142. Pembroke College, Oxon., 15, 156. Pembroke Hall, Camb., 3, 15, 73, 89 ?i., 128. Penneck, J. (Trin. and Pet.), 360. Pennington, Sir Is. (Job.), 172, 173, 190, 243 /(. Penny, Nic. (Qu.), 386. Penrice, H. (Trin. H.), 98. Penry, J. (Pet. ; Alb. H.), 379. irei'TaXoyia (Biu'ton and Burgess), 94, 101, 116. Pepper, J. (Jes.), 375. peppermint-drops, 327. Perigall, J. G. (Pet.), 375. Perkins, W. (Cbr.), 133 ?i. Perldns, ? W. (Job.), 385. Pern, Andr. (Pet.), 319. Peterbouse Cambridge, 3??., 4?;., 13, 37, 53?)., 58, 62??., 70, 71, 89, 132, 133, 149, 151, 157, 1G6, 173, 177, 198, 199, 207, 319?!., 321, 343, 352, 381. Peters, C. {Ch. Ch.) 155 n. Petberam, J. 159. Pettiward, J. (Trin.), 360. Petty, W. (Job.), 175. Pbilaletbes, 5?;., 123. Pbileleutberus Lipsiensis, 388. Pbilips, Ambr. (Job.), 157. Pbillips, Erasm. (Pemb.), 15. Pbillips, J. (Job.), 354. Pbillips, S. M. (Sid.), 15. pbilosopber's stone, 187, 188, 279 — 284. philosophical society, Oxon. 175. pbilosopbus respoudens, 288. pbilosopby, 65, 254, 299, 322, 331 n. pbilosopby (experimental), 193. pbrenology, 200. pbysiciaus' college, 172, 177. pbysick, 171—181, 331. pbysick-fellows, 155, 173, 264. pby sick-garden, 205, 209, 210. pbysics, 23, 65, 226, 229, 333. pica, double, 385. Piers, W. (Emm.), 383??., 385. Pigott, ? (Job.), 356. Pilgrim, J. (Job.), 363. Pilgrim, Nic. (printer), 393. Pindar, Jonatb. (printer), 382, 393. Pitt, Cbr. [Neio C), 156, 157. Pitt, W. (Pemb.), 152, 367. [Place's] Complete Incumbent, 139 n. de la Placette, J., 131. Plato, 12, 115, 121, 131, 235??. Playfair, J. (St. And., Ed.), 67, 68??., 125. Plott, Ro. {Magd. II.), 187 n., 196, plougb monday, 44. plucking, 25, 55, 227. Plumptre, H. (Qu.), 98. Plumptre, Eo. (Qu.), 36??., 106, 133, 390. Plumptre, Eussell (Qu.), 106 n., 172, 183 ??. 'plus,' 371??. Pococke, E. (Corims), 168. poets, 156—158. points, bebrew, 167. Poiret, P. (Heidelb. and Pall), 131. Poisson, S. D., 77. political economy, 151, 152, 367. poll, ol TToWol, 38, 46, 56, 58, 116, 128, 323, 354, 364. Polwbele, E. {Ch. Ch.), 157. 'Polymetis' (Spence's), 158. ' Pompey tbe Little,' 183. Popbam, E. (Oriel), Person, Ei. (Trin.), 92, 95, 96, 100, 112—114, 156, 190??., 344??, Person type, 392. INDEX. 431 Portal, W. (Job.), 356. Porter, J. (printer), 393. Porter, J. (Triu.), 166. 'posting and dogi/lnri,' 282 n. Poston, A. (Joh.), 355. Postlethwaite, T. (Trin.), 11, 316, 350, 363. Potter, J, (Univ.), 100. Potter, E. (Emm.), 157. Powell, W. S. (Joh.), 14, 70, 71, 215, 352. Powis, lord (Joh.), 355, 856. prae-election, 307. praevaricator, 18, 273—287. press, Cambridge Uuiversity, 99, 377 — 393. Preston, W. (Trin.), 183, 363. Pretender, 319. Pretyman, J. (Pemb.), 36, 152, 3G0. previous examination, 116. Prideaux, Humf. {Ch. Ch.), 267. Primatt, Humf. (Clare), 359. Primatt, W. (Sid.), 112. printing, 159, 376, 377—393. Prior, Mat. (Joh.), 383. priorums of Ai'istotle, 60. Pritchett, C. P. (Joh.) 359. private tutors, 259—261, 322, 324. prizes, 66, 321. 'probes aliter,' 37, 40. problems, 49—52, 74. proctors, professors in moral philoso- phy, 123, 363, 364. proctor's man, 34, 37. proctors' optimes, 30 n., 57, 58, 358 — 362. professional education, 171, 194, 255, 264. professorships, 262, 263. programma, 162, 163, 174, 179, 244, 254, 255. prominciation, 106 — 112, 149. 'propria quae maribus,' 100. prosody, 105, 106, 110—113. Puffendorf, S. (Leips., Jena), 121, 146. ' pulpiteers,' 101 ?i. Putney, 297. Q. E. ( = quaestio est), 35. Q. S. ( = quaestiones sunt), 35. quackeries, 179. quadragesima, 16, 19, 22, 32, 61, 62, 219. qtiadragesimalia, Carmina, 104 n. quadratic equations, 74, 75. quadriennium, 82. quadrivials, quadrivium, 82, 83, 213, 235. quantity, 105, 106 ; cp. 235. Queen's College, Oxon., 117, 124, 159, 160. Queens' College, Cambridge, 36 7i. , 55, 71, 90, 173, 188, 197, 198, 203 »., 212 m., 313—316, 365. questiouists, 26, 44, 59 — 63. questions, 11, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 34— 37, 39, 42, 103 ;i., 214 ?i., 274, 301. 'quid est Nomen?— Bex? — acs?', 62, 63. Quintilian, 87, 326 n. quiz, 323. quodlibets, 220, 232. Eadcliffe, J. (Univ., Line), 155, 209. Bamus, Pet. (Navarre), 85. Kaudall, J. (King's), 237, Pandolph, J. {Ch. Ch.), 157. Eansome, W. (Caius), 363. Eaper, J. (Joh.), 360. Eaphson, Jos., 131. ratios, 73 n., 75. Eawhnson, Chr. (Qu.), 159. Eawlinson, Ei. (Joh.), 149, 158, 161. Eawliuson, Wa. (Trin.), 359. Eaworth, B. C. (Trin. H.), 152, 364, 365. Eay, J, (Cath. and Trin.), 2, 25, 133, 182 n., 203, 211 ?i. reading men, 34, 257. ' Eear-Guard,' 57. Eebow, Is. M. (Trin.), 358, 863. 'recte statuit,' 35, 42, 61. Eede lecture, 19. Eedesdale, lord (Neiv C), 266 ?i. Eeeve, J. (Job.), 361. Eeeve, S. (Caius), 359. regent-walk, 313. Eelhan, Ei. (Trin.), 208, 212 n., 360, 390. Eeneu, P., 289, 290, 309, 310. Eeneu, W. (Jes.), 289—312. respondeat, 34, 364, 371, 373. respondent, 34, 288, 368, 364. respousal stall, 22. Eeynolds, ? H. (Neio C), lA.'dn. rhetoric, 23, 27, 62 n., 82, 87—89, 337. Eichardson, Alex. (Benet), 154;;. Eichardson, Alex. (Pet.), 363. Eichardson, W. (Emm.), 158. Eichmond, Legh, (Trin.), 362. Eider, Edm. (Emm.), 863. Bideout, J. (Jes.), 361. Biley, Bi. (Joh.), 373, 374. ring, 275 ?i. Bobertson, Barry (Joh.), 861. Bobertson, Ja. {Qu.), 155 n. Bobinson, Bethel (Chr.), 360. Eobinson, G. (Trin.), 358, 368. Bobinson, M. (Job.), 67 n. Eobinson, T. (Trin.), 36 n., 73 n., 344 n., 346. Eobinson, T. (Joh.), 861. 432 INDEX. Eodorick, C. (King's), 385. Koduey, G. Brydges, 3'27. Kobault's Physics, 13, G7, 132, 298, 333, 336. rolliug-press, 386. Eomilly, Jos. (Trin.), 63. Eoss, G., 327. Eoss, J. (Job.), 95. rostrum, 102. See 'box.' Eouse, J. (King's), 359. Eoutb, Mart. Jos. {Magd.), 12. Eoyal Society, 175, 176, 194, 195. Eubnkcn, Dav. (Leyd.), 93—96, 100. Eussel, Bert. (Triu.), 359. Eust, G. of Camb., 132. Eustat, Tobias (.Jes.), 294, 296. Eutberford, T. (Job.) 67, 77. Eymer, T. (Sid.), 35h., 132. Sadler, or Sadleir, lady, 72. Sanderson, Ant. (Clare), 363. Sanderson, or Saunderson, Nic. (Cbr.), 11, 25, 50, 66—70, 133. Sanderson, J. (Douay), 84 n. Sanderson, J. (Clare), 363. Sanderson, Eo. (Line), 84;/. 85»),, 121, 132, 133, 134, 257. Sandwicb, lord (Triu.), 238, 204. Sandys, Edwin [Wadk.), 204. Sandys, Fr. (Camb.), 185 n. van Santen, L. (Amst. and Leyd.), 93. sasbes, 387. ' satis et optimfe,' 38. Saunders, W. (Wadh.), 149 n. Samiderson. See Sanderson. Savile, sir H. [Mert.], T2. saxon, 158 — 161. Scarlett, Ja. lord Abinger (Trin.), 15. scbemes, 11, 221 /;., 230. scbolarsbips, 343, 344, 346. Scbomberg, Is. (Trin.), 172. scbools, 22—43, 60, 140, 228—233, 306, 321, 322, 335. scbools, public, 76, 100—105. Scbiildbam, Fr. (Caius), 324. Scbulten, H. A. (Leyd. and Oxon.) 93, 164 H.., 170. ' Scipios,' 57. Scott, Alex. J. (Job.), 361. Scott, J., lord Eldon ( Univ. ), 222 n. Scott, Sir W., lord Stowell, (Corjms and Univ.), 12, 148. scribbling-paper, 323. Scurfield, G. (Job.), 359, Sedgwick, A. (Trin.), 121??., 192??., 198. Seeley, G. (bookseller), 393 n. Selden, J. (Hart H.), 132. senate-bouse, 6, 7, 25, 26. 44 — 5-5, 05, 323 ; gallery, 54, 59. Senbonse, Humf. (Cbr. and Peui.), 363. ' Septemvirate,' 57. Seton's logic, 85. ' Seven Wise Men,' ' Seven Wonders,' 57. Sewell, W. (Cbr.). 373, 374. Sbadwell, Lane. (Job.), 265 n. Shaftesbury, A. A. C, 121. Sharp, J. (Cbr.), 132, ' Shavius,' 94, 168. Shaw, G. (Maqd.), 177. Shaw, T. (Macjd.), 94. Shaw, T. (Qn. a.nd E dm. H.), 155, 168. Sheeles, Ja. (Trin.), 268 «. Sheepshanks, T. (Job.), 354. Sheustoue, W. (Pemb.), 157. Shepbeard, ? (Line), 287. Shepherd, Ant. (Job. and Clu-.), 238 n., 240, 244, 327. Sherard or Sherwood, W. (Jolt.), 206. 209. Sherman, E. (Clare), 364. Shers, Pet. (printer), 393. Sberwill, ? T. (Cbr.), 385. Sbrewesbury, 101 h. Sbilleto, Ei. (Trin. and Pet.), 41, 42, 392. Shuckford, S. (Caius), 363. Sibert, or Sibercb, J. (printer), 378, 393. Sibthorp, Humf. (Magd.), 204. Sibthorp, J. (Line, Univ.), 204, 207, 155 n. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 15. Sigean inscription, 155. Sike, H. (Trin.), 165. Simons, Nic. (Cbr. & Clare), 360. Simson, Eo., 50, 72 n, singing, 235—240. slave-trade, 128, 376. Sleep, Ant. (Trin.), 288 n. Sloane, sir Hans (Oxon.), 175, 195, 207. smallpox, 316. Smigleciiis, 86. Smith, Adam (Ball), 152. Smith, Edm. (Magd. and Oxo7i.), 359. Smith, J. (Qu.), 132. Smith, J. (Job.), 363. Smith, J. (Caius), 327. Smith, J. (? Job.), 160. Smith, J. (printer), 393. Smith, sen. (Job.), 355, 356. Smith, sir J. E., 212. Smith, Eo. (Trin.), 27, 49, 67, 236, 260, 345. Smith, Sydney (Neic C), 13 n. Smith, T. (Qu.), 106—138. Smithson, T. (Emm.), 321, 324. anioak- (i.e. smock-) race, 10. INDEX. 433 smoking, 299, 305. Smoult, T. (Joh. ), 385. ' smugglers,' 101 n. Smyth, W. (Pet.), 148/1., 151, 199. ' solidus anriulus,' 22-4, Somerset, C. duke of, 383, 384. Somervme, W. {New C), 157. sous, 60. See 'father.' ' sooty-fellows,' 55. soph, junior, (sophista), 298, 299. Sophocles, 325 n. , 355. sophs, 26, 62, 354. sophs schools, 60. Soiith, E. (Ch. Ch.), 175, 194. Southern, T. (Pemb.), 157. Southey, Eo. {Ball.), 157. S. P. C. K. and S. P. G., 2. Spanheim, Ez. (Geuev.), 99. Spanish, 326, 327. Spearman, Jac. (Pet.), 3??. Spelman, Sir H. (Triu.), 159, Spelman, Eoger, 159. Spenee, Jos. {New C), 72, 149, 157, 158. Speryug, Nic. (printer), 378, 393. spinuet, 237 )i. Spinoza, Beuet (Amst.), 121, 132. Squire, S. (Joh.), 160, 161. Stackhouse, Nat. (Joh.), 361. ' standiugup,' 101. Stauger, Edm. (Joh.), 375. Stanhope presses, 392. Stanley, Ja. (Pet.), 375. statutes, 30. Steele, sir Ei. {Mert.), 87. Stephens, Ja. {Corj)us), 155 n. Stephens, J. (Camb.), 238. Stephens, L. P. (Pemh.), 361. Stephens, P., 327. Stephens, Ei. {All S.), 99j(. Stephens' Thesaurus, 388. Stephenson, Josh. (Joh.), 154 n, Stevenson, W. (Joh.), 359. Stewart, Dugald (Edinb., Glasg.), 76. Stillingfleet, Ben. (Triu.), 207. Stilliugfleet, Ed. (Job.), 132. 'stool.' See 'bachelor' and 'tripos,' Stowell, see Scott. 'strings,' 36h., 221, 223, 228 n. Strong, W. (Triu.), 359. Slrutt, S. {Mert.), 132. Strvmesius (Fraukft. on Oder), 98, 99 n. Strype, Hester, 292—294 n. Strype, J. (Jes. and Cath.), 158, 289— 312. Stubb's, H. (Triu.), 347. Student ox0.rford [and Camb.] Monthly Miscellany," 97, 167, 185, 247. Student's Guides, 330—337, 338—342, 347, 348. W. Sturm, J. Chr. (Altd.), 99 n. subscription, 24, 54, 59. ' suicidium,' 42. ' Suitors of the Muses,' 57. supplicat, 59, 61. surgery, 171, 172. Sutton, C. Manners (Emm.), 154 n. suspension, 356 n. Swiuburne, H. 'On Testaments,' 143. Swinden, Tob. (Jes.), 132. Sykes, A. Ashley, (Beuet), 165. Sykes, Godf. (Sid.), 375. syllabus, 75. syllogism, 35, 39. Sj'mouds, J. (,Joh. and Pet.), 148;/., 150, 151. Symonds, J. (Joh.), 363. synaphea, 112. Tacquet's Euclid, 13. ' take off an argmueut,' 37, 42. Talbot, Ja. (Triu.), 383 n., 385. Tamehameha, 329. ' tam moribus quam doctriua,' 60??. Tauner, T. {Qu. and All S.), 158. tar-water, 175. Tasker, W. {E.ro7i.), 157. Tatham, E. {Qu., Line), 85 n. Tavel, G. F. (Triu.), 375. Taylor, Brook (Joh.), 243 n. Taylor, Jer. (Cains), 121, 132, 133. Taylor, J. (Joh.), 383. tea-parties (act's), 36; cf. 52, 275, 321. tee-totum, 54. Templer, J. (Trin.), 132. Tenuant, Smithson (Emm.), 151, 193, 199. Terence, 12, 13, 78, 83, 383. term, 322. term-trotters, 233. terrae-filius, 274, 278, 288. testamur, 227. testimonium, 230, 231. thea, 310. Theatre Coffee-House, 314. themes, 347, 348. Theology, 162, 171, 331—336. theses, 35, 37, 88, 306. 'thin, perhaps Turkish,' 164 h. Thirlby, Styau, (Jes.), Thistlethwaite, Eo. (Joh.), 363. Thomas Thomasius (printer), 379, 393. Thornhm, J. (Joh.), 354. Thornton, Bounel {Ch. Ch.), 156. Thorp, Eo. (Pet.), 71. Thwaites, E. {Qu.), 159, 160. TickeU, T. {Qu.), 157. ' tigellis paludiuosis,' 288. Tighe, T. (Joh., Pet.), 354. Tillotson, J. (Clare), 35 «., 132. Tilyard, Eo. (Gains), 359. 28 434 INDEX. Tyudal, N. C. (Triu.), 265n. Titley, Wa. (Triii.), Tiverton school, 102. Todhuuter, Jos. (Qu.), 159. ' togatae,' 314. Tomliue, J. [Pretyman] (Pemb.), 36 n., 152, 360. Touson, Jacob, 385. toriacall, 298. Torriano, C. (Trin.), 166. Totty, J. (Wore), li9 n. Toup, Jouath. [Exon. ; Pemb. H. ), 93 n., 94. Towers, Johnson (Qu.), 361. town and gown, 313. Towusend, S. (Jes.), 164, 298. Townshend, J. (Joh.), 355. translators, 157. Trapp, Jos. (]Vadh.), 157. travelling-fellowships, 154, 155, 264. treats, 36 n. , 302. Tremenheere, W. (Pemb.), 157. Trenchard, ? (Jes.), 291, 292, 296. triennium, 82, 219. Trinity College, Cambridge, 2, 3, IS- IS, 21, 25, 62 71., 67, 240—245, 313, 316, 343—351. Trinity Hall, Cambridge, 13, 34 «., 138 H., 139 H., 255;?.. tripos, 16—21, 44, 103, 261, 323. tripos, mathematical, 17. ' Triumph of Dulness,' 261 n. trivials, trivium, 82, 83. ' Tschies Colledge,' 3. Tudway, T. (King's), 298. Turkey, 155. Turner, Jos. (Pemb.), 73. Turner, Shallet (Pet.), 150. Tm'ner, Sharon, 161. Turner, W. (Chr.), 375. turret-staircase, 317. Turton, J. [Qit.), 155 n. tutor, 11, 12, 258 ?f., 259— 262, 290- 293 ?i., 295, 313, 315, 330, 331, 353 n. Tweddell, J. (Trin.), 20 n., 101 n. Twells, J. (Emm.), 359. ' Twelve Judges, ' 57. Twigger, Jos. (Cath.), 361. T^vyford school, 102 n. Tyrwhitt, E. (Cath.), 364. Tyrwhitt, Eo. (Jes.), 93, 94. Tyson, Mich. (Benet), 158. von Uffenbach, Zach. C, 2—5, 9—11, 71. Vnirersity College, Oxon., 127, 155, 222 n. university church, 304. Uri, J., 170. Urry, J. (Ch. Cli.), 158. vacation, 306, 322. Vachell, J. (Pemb.), 361. Vancouver, Capt"., 327. varier. See ' praevaricator.' ' varying,' 105. Vaughan,C. E. {Mert.fmdiAllS.), 155 ?i. VeUy, T. [Qu.], 149 n. vepers, uesperiae. See ' comitia.' Verelst, A. C. (Clare), 152. Vernon, W. (Pet.), 154, 207. verse composition, 103 — 106, 113 — 115, 344. 'verte canem ex,' 41. Vigani, J. F., 173, 188. ViUiers, J. C. (Joh.), 356. Viuce, S. (Caius), 74, 75, 77, 193, 244, 250, 251, 254, 320, 326. Vinerian larofessor, 143, 144. Virgil, 325 n., 383 n. uiua uoce examination, 117, 224, 258, 344—346. Vivian, J. {Ball.), 149. 'vortices,' cartesian, 68 n., 125 ?i., 241. Voskius, widow, 387. ' vulgus, ' 104. Wace, H. (Joh.), 91?^. WadJtaiii CoUciic, Oxon. 175. Wagstaff, T. (Chr.), 359. Wake, Is. (Mert.), 288 ?j. Wake, J. (Jes.), 268 n. Wake, T. (Caius), 288. Waketield school, 101 ?!. W^akefield, G. (Trin.), 313. Wakefield, Gil. (Jes.), 67, 58, 74, 100, 113, 157, 167, 391. Wakefield, Eo. (Camb. and 0,ro«.), 379. Waldegrave, T. (Maf/d.), 12. Walker, Chr. (Qu.), 363. Walker, Ei. (Trin.), 132, 208, 210/i., 211, 245. Walkiugham (arith.), 76. W^xll, Adam (Chr.), 358. Wallace, T. (Benet), 361. n-all-Iectares, 10, 185, 220, 232. Waller, J. (Benet), 188. Wallis, J. (Qu. and E.i-on.), 65, 172?;., 175. Walter, P. (Clare), 363. Walton, Brian (Magd. and Pet. and O.rott.), 163. Wanley, Humf. {Univ.), 7, 158, 159, 160. Ward, Eo. Plumer (Ch. Ch.), 266 n. Ward, Seth (Sid. and Trin.), 132, 175. Waring, E. (xMagd.), 31, 46, 70, 74, 77, 183, 323, 327, 390. Warton Jos. (Oriel), 101, 156. Warton, T. (Magd.), 157. Warton, T. (Trin.), 87, 148, 156, 157. Wasse, Jos. (Qu.), 96, 97. INDEX. 43i Wateiiaud, Dan. (Magd ), 10, 11, 330. (Advice to a Young Student), xii. n., 406. Watson, G. (Trin.), 360. Watson, Jos. (Sid.), 371, 373, 374, 375. Watson, Ei. (Triu.), 31, 35, 77 n., 106, 183, ISy, lyo, 260, 352 n. Watts, Is., 132. Watts, J. Stauliawe (Cains), 360. Watts, E. (printer), 386 ?i., 392, 393. Waugh, J. (Clir.), 363. Webb, W., (Clare), 174, 392. Webster, W. (Caius), 132. weigli-goes, 387. Weldon, J. (New C), 233. Wells ordination examination, 317, 318. Wentworth's 'Executor,' 143. Wesley, C. (Chr.), 35 7*., 37, 39, 87. Wesley, J. [Line), 175, 223 h., 337. Wesley, S. (Ch. Ch.) 102, 156. West, Gil. [Ch. Ch.), 149 /(., 157. West, ? T. {Ex., Mert.), 172. Westminster school, 27, 101—105, 162, 347. Wetstein, J. Ja. (Amst.), 387. Wbateley, Ei. (Oriel and Alb. H.), 86. Wbear, Deg. (Exon.), 25. Wbeeler, Ben. (Magd.), 157. Wheelocke, Abr. (Trin. and Clare), 159, 163. Wheler, C. (Clare), 363. Wheler, G. (Line), 156. Wliewell, W. (Trill.), 41 n., 43, 67. Whinn, Mat. (Job.), printer, 393. Wbisson, Steph. (Trin.) 346, 347, 353. Wbistler, J. (Mai/d. II.), 149 ". Wbiston, W. (Clare), 11 n., 25, 67, 242, 245, 308, 326 n. Whitaker, T. (Emm.), 361. Whitby, Dan. (Trin.), 35 «., 132. Whitcher, G. (Pemb.), 360. White, H. Kirke (Job.), 88. White, Jos. (Wadh.), 170. Whitehead, W. (Clare), 157. Whiter, Wa. (Clare), 96, 360. Whitheld, J. (Ch. Ch.), 158. Whitgift, abp. J. (Pemb., Pet., Trin.), 379. WUkins, Dav. (D.D.), 138 «., 160, 163, 164, 170 ?i., 175. Wilkins, J. (New Inn, Magd. H., Wadh. and Trin.), 132. Wilkinson, (Job.), 354. WiUiams, H. (Trin.), 360. Willis, Browne (Ch Ch.), 158. Willis, T. (Job.), 354. Willughby, Fr. (Trin.), 182 n. Wilson, Chr. (Sid.), 361. Wilson, Dan. (Edia. H.), 223—227. Wilson, F. C. (Trin.), 375. Wilson, J. (Pet.), 31, 70, 106, 142. Wilson, J. (Trin.), 2G3n., ?313ji. Wilson, Mat. (Trin.), 361, 371, 374. Wilson, T. (Trin.), 106. Winchester school, 12, 101,104, 236,238. wines, 36. Wiugtield, T. (Job.), 321, 362. Winstauley, T. (Hertf.), 94. Wise, Fr. (Trin.), 160. Wish, Ei. (Trin.), 360. wits, 156, 157. Wittenberg, 99. Woahoo, 329. Wollaston, C. H. (Sid.), 275. Wollastou, F. (Sid.), 250, 251. Wollaston, G. (Clare), 361. WoUaston, G. (Sid., Qu.), 71. WoUaston, F. J. H. (Trin. H. and Sid.), 190, 193, 194, 244, 255, 371, 374. Wollaston, H. J. (Sid. and King's), 362. Wollaston, W. (Sid.), 132, 376. Wollaston, W. H. (Caius), 193. Wolsey, T. cardinal, 379. Wood, A. (Magd.), 374. Wood, Ja. (Job.), 36, 74, 75, 76, 323. Wood, T. (New C), 138, 142. Woodcock, T. (Sid. and Cath.), 375. Woodds, 63. wooden-spoon, 56. Woodeson, Ei. (Magd.), 144. Woodford, W. (New C), 185. Woodbouse, Eo. (Cai.), 76. WoodhuU, Mich. (Line), 157. Woodward, J., 196, 197. Wordsworth, Chr. (Trin.), 75, 255, 354. Wordsworth, J. (Trin.), 97 ?t., 165. Wordsworth, W. (Job.), 75, 153, 157. Worsley, sir E. benefactor, 9. Worthiugton, benefactor, 9. Worts, W. (Caius), In., 154, 303, 344 ; (travelling bachelors, 154?*., 304). Wotton, W. (Job.), 97, 160. Wrangbam, Fr. (Magd., Trin. H., Trin. C), 20m., 142 h., 255 n. wranglers, 33, 48, 49, 55, 73, 321—323, 362. Wright, ? W. (Job.), 354. Wright, J. (Chr.), 359. Wyatt, (Ch. Ch. and S. Mary H.), 99. Wycherley, J. (Qu. and Sid.), 359. Wyndham, G. (Wadh.), 149 ?t. Wynne, J. (Jes.), 126. Wyntle, Eo. (Mert.), 155 «. Wyttenbach, Dan. (Leydeu), 93—96. WyvUl, J. (Trin.), 98. Yalden, T. (Magd. C), 157. Yardley, J. (Trin.), 188;;. Young, P. (Trin.), 27. Young, T. (Emm. and Gbtt.) 66, 178 n. Zouch, T. (Trin.), 31, 57, 317. PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, University Press, Cambridge, November, 1877. 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SELECT PRIVATE ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES, with Introductions and English Notes, by F. A. Paley, M.A. Editor of Aeschylus, etc. and J. E. Sandys, M.A. Fellow and Tutor of St John's College, and Public Orator in the University of Cambridge. Part I. containing Contra Phormionem, Lacritum, Pantaenetum, Boeotum de Nomine, Boeotum de Uote, Dionysodoruni. Crown 0(5lavo, cloth, bs. "The fame of Mr Paley as one of the best practical Grecians of this age wonld alone be sufficient to secure attention for this book among the Head Masters of our Public Schools and the Tutors of our Colleges .... It contains, in the small compass of 240 pages, six of the speeches of the great Athenian orator, which are less commonly read than his 'Philippics' and the ' De Corona,' be- cause they rank among his ' private orations.' And yet, equally with the greater speeches of the same orator, they will be found to illustrate not only the details of finance, loans, interest, banking, and other mercantile transactions in Greece in the time of Philip, but also the laws and general polity of that Athenian State, which was the model of the ancient world We gather from the Preface that the task of illustrating these speeches from external sources, such as Boeckh's work on ' The Public Economy of Athens' and from other German books, has fallen upon Mr Sandys. We may add that the introductions prefixed to the Speeches, and also the English foot-notes, leave very little to be desired by the student in the interpretation of the author's mean- ing. " — Times. " Mr Paley's scholarship is sound and accurate, his experience of editing wide, and if he is content to devote his learning and abilities to the production of such manuals as these, they will be received with gratitude throughout the higher schools of the country. Mr Sandys is deeply read in the German literature which bears upon his author, and the elucidation of matters of daily life, in the delineation of which Demosthenes is so rich, obtains full justice at his hands We hope that this edition may lead the way to a more general study of these speeches in schools than has hitherto been possible. .... The index is extremely complete, and of great service to learners." — Academy. Part II. containing Pro Phormione, Contra Stephanum I. II.; Nicostratum, Cononem, Calliclem. yj. 6d. " The six selected Orations, aided by introductions and notes which supply all that is needed for understanding the original te.xt, will place clearly before the student some tolerably complete pictures of life and lawsuits at Athens in the fourth century B.C. For those who are preparing for the Cam- bridge Tripos, the assistance which this volume can give will be found of the utmost value." — Tillies. " the edition reflects credit on Cambridge scholarship, and ought to be ex- tensively used. '' — A tliencenin. "In this volume we have six of Demo- sthenes' private speeches, well selected and very carefully edited. The notes are very full and minute, and the introductions to the speeches will reward careful study." — Spec- tator. "To give even a brief sketch of these speeches {Pro Phormione and Contra Ste- phaiaiiii] would be incompatible with our limits, though we can hardly conceive a task more uselul to the classical or professional scholar than to make one for himself. .... It is a great boon to those who set them- selves to unravel the thread of arguments pro and con to have the aid of Mr Sandys's excellent running commentary .... and no one can say that he is ever deficient in the needful help which enables us to form a sound estimate of the rights of the case [The speeches against Conon and Callicles] seem to us eminently to de- serve introduction into higher school read- ing ; if read with the notes and comments of the edition before us, they would give the tiro no vague idea of life as it was in Demosthenic Athens and Attica It is long since we have come upon a work evincing more pains, scholarship, and varied research and illustration than Mr Sandys's contribution to the ' Private Orations of Demosthenes'." — Saturday Review. London: Cambridge IVarc/iouse, 17 ratcrnosicr Row. THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. ARISTOTLE. THE RHETORIC. With a Commentary by the late E. M. COPE, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, revised and edited for the Syndics of the University Press by J. E. Sandys, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of St John's College, Cambridge, and Public Orator. With a biographical Memoir by H. A. J. MuNRO, M.A. Three Volumes, Demy 06lavo. ^i. i\s. 6d. " It is into the Commentary, then, that by untimely fate. Besides the revision of Mr Cope has thrown all his strength. Nor Mr Cope's material already referred to in his do we require to read far in order to reahze own words, INIr Sandys has thrown in many our anticipations with regard to his scholar- useful notes; none more useful than those ship and diligence. Mr Cope was familiar that bring the Commentary up to the latest with Aristotle and with Greek: scholarship by reference to important works but in these volumes the proof is most con- that have appeared since Mr Cope's illness vincingly present throughout the handling of put a period to his labours. When the the matter and the manner of his author. original Commentary stops abruptly three He was familiar also with the best Aristo- chapters before the end of the third book, telian scholarship of the Continent, and he Mr Sandys carefully supplies the deficiency, has liberally shared this advantage with his following Mr Cope's general plan and the readers Mr Sandys has slightest available indications of his intended performed his arduous duties with marked treatment. In Appendices he has reprinted ability and admirable tact, so that it may from classical journals several articles of Mr fairly be doubted whether the Commentary Cope's ; and, what is better, he has given the really suffers from want of the author's own best of the late Mr Shilleto's 'Adversaria.' editorial care. He has everywhere tried, In every part of his work — revising,^ supple- with reverent fideHty, to do as Mr Cope menting, and completing— he has done ex- would have done, had he not been prevented ceedingly well." — E.raminer. P. VERGILI MARONIS OPERA cum Prolegomenis et Commentario Critico pro Syndicis Preli Academici edidit BENJAMIN Hall Kennedy, S.T. P., Graecae Linguae Professor Regius, Extra Fcap. 0(ftavo, cloth, 5^-. M. T. CICERONIS DE OFFICIIS LIBRI TRES, new edition, much enlarged and improved, with Marginal Analysis, an English Commentary, and copious Indices, by H. A. HOLDEN, LL.D. Head Master of Ipswich School, late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Classical Examiner to the University of London. Crown O (Slave, ^s. 6d. PLATO'S PH.EDO, literally translated, by the late E. M. COPE, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Demy Oflavo. 5.S-. SANSKRIT. NALOPAkHYANAM, or, THE TALE OF NALA ; containing the Sanskrit Text in Roman Characters, followed by a Vocabulary in which each word is placed under its root, with references to derived words in Cognate Languages, and a sketch of Sanskrit Grammar. By the Rev. Thomas Jarrett, M.A. Trinity College, Regius Professor of Hebrew, late Professor of Arabic, and formerly Fellow of St Catharine's College, Cambridge. Demy Ocftavo. los. London: Cambridge Warehouse, 17 Pa/ernosfer Row. PUBLICATIONS OF ARABIC. THE POEMS OF BEHA ED DIN ZOHEIR OF EGYPT. With a Metrical Translation, Notes and Introduction, by E. H. Palmer, M.A., Barrister-at-Law of the Middle Temple, Lord Almoner's Professor of Arabic and Fellow ' of St John's College in the University of Cambridge. 3 vols. Crown Quarto. Vol. I. The Arabic Text. Paper covers, \os. 6d. ; Cloth extra, 15^. Vol. II. The English Translation. Paper covers, \os. 6d.; Cloth extra, 15^-. " Professor Palmer's activity in advancing Arabic scholarship has formerly shown itself in the production of his excellent Arabic Grammar, and his Descriptive Catalogue of Arabic MSS. in the Library of Trinity Col- lege, Cambridge. He has now produced an admirable text, which illustrates in a remark- able manner the flexibility and graces of the language he loves so well, and of which he seems to be perfect master.... The Syndicate of Cambridge University must not pass with- out the recognition of their liberality in bringing out, in a worthy form, so important an Arabic text. It is not the first time that Oriental scholarship has thus been wisely subsidised by Cambridge." — Indian Mail. " It is impossible to quote this edition with- out an expression of admiration for the per- fection to which Arabic typography has been brought in England in this magnificent Ori- ental work, the production of which redounds to the imperishable credit of the University of Cambridge. It may be pronounced one of the most beautiful Oriental books that have ever been printed in Europe : and the learning of the Editor worthily rivals the technical get-up of the creations of the soul of one of the most tasteful poets of IslAm, the study of which will contribute not a little to save the honour of the poetry of the Arabs. Here first we make the acquaintance of a poet who gives us something better than monotonous descriptions of camels and deserts, and may even be regarded as superior in charm to al Mutanabbi." — Mvthologv among the He- brews {£7/^/. TransL), p. 194. " Professor Palmer has produced the com- plete works of Beha-ed-din Zoheir in Arabic, and has added a second volume, containing an English verse translation of the whole. He thinks, and we believe rightly, that this is the first time a translation of the entire works of an Arabic poet has ever been pro- duced in England ; and he has done his work well. It is a difficult problem how to trans- late an Eastern poet. A prose version is generally unreadable ; and if verse be chosen, it IS still hard to give any notion of the movement of the original. Professor Palmer has, we think, grappled successfully with the problem It is time the English public altered their views about Oriental poetry. A fair translation has enlightened them about Omar Khayyam and Persian poetry; and now Professor Palmer's very able rendering of Beha-ed-din should .show them that they have been under an illusion about Arab poetry. It is very different from Persian ; in some respects not so fine ; but it is certainly worthy of careful study. And Beha-ed-din is a good specimen of the later style of Arab poetry. It is only fair to add that the book, by the taste of its arabesque binding, as well as by the beauty of the typography, which reflects great credit on the Cambridge Uni- versity Press, is entitled to a place in the drawing-room. " — Times. "For ease and facility, for variety of metre, for imitation, either designed or un- conscious, of the style of several of our own poets, these versions deserve high praise We have no hesitation in saying that in both Prof. Palmer has made an addition to Ori- ental literature for which scholars should be grateful ; and that, while his knowledge of Arabic is a sufficient guarantee for his mas- tery of the original, his English compositions are distinguished bj' versatility, command of language, rhythmical cadence, and, as we have remarked, by not unskilful imitations of the styles of several of our own favourite poets, living and dead." — Snt?irday Re7'ic7ti. "Zoheiris exhibited by Mr Palmer as a bold, lively, and versatile writer, who casts an un- expected lighton the varied moods of thought and feeling that could gain popularity among intelligent men :\i Cairo in the thirteenth century of our asra." — 'J'ke Gicardian. London: Cambridge JVare/ioiise, 17 Paternoster Row. THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL SCIENCE, &c. A TREATISE ON NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. Volume I. By Sir W. Thomson, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, Fellow of St Peter's College, Cambridge, and P. G. Tait, M.A., Professor of Natural Phi- losophy in the University of Edinburgh; formerly Fellow of St Peter's College, Cambridge. New Edition in the Press. ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. By Professors Sir W. THOMSON and P. G. Tait. Part I. 8vo. cloth, gj-. "This work is designed especially for the trigonometry. Tyros in Natural Philosophy use of schools and junior classes in the Uni- cannot be better directed than by being told versities, the mathematical methods being to give their diligent attention to an intel- limited almost without exception to those of ligent digestion of the contents of this excel- the most elementary geometry, algebra, and lent vade iiuxniii. " — Irou. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON QUATERNIONS. By P. G. 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THE MATHEMATICAL WORKS OF ISAAC BARROW, D.D. Edited by W. Whewell, D.D. Demy Octavo. Ts. 6d. London : Cambridge Warehouse, 1 7 Fater nosier Roiv. PUBLICATIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF COMPARATIVE ANA- TOMY, VERTEBRATE AND INVERTEBRATE, for the Use of Students in the Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. Second Edition. Demy Octavo, cloth, is. 6d. A SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKS, by the Rev. Adam Sedgwick, M.A., F.R.S., formerly Woodwardian Professor, and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; with a systematic description of the British Palaeozoic Fossils in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge, by Frederick M<^Coy, F.G.S., Professor of the Natural Sciences in the University of Melbourne ; formerly Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the Queen's Uni- versity in Ireland; with Figures of the New and Imperfectly known Species. One volume, Royal Quarto, cloth, with Plates, ^i, is. A CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF CAMBRIAN AND SILURIAN FOSSILS contained in the Geological Museum of the University of Cambridge, by J. W. Salter, F.G.S. With a Preface by the Rev. Adam Sedg- wick, LL.D., F.R.S., and a Table of Genera and Index added by Professor MORRIS, F.G.S. With a Portrait of PROFESSOR Sedgwick. Royal Quarto, cloth, 7s. 6d. CATALOGUE OF OSTEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS contained in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Cam- bridge. Demy 06lavo. 2s. 6d. ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS made at the Observatory of Cambridge by the Rev. James Challis, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experi- mental Philosophy in the University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Trinity College. For various Years, from 1846 to i860. London : Cambridge Warehouse, 1 7 Paternoster Row. THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 13 LAW. THE FRAGMENTS OF THE PERPETUAL EDICT OF SALVIUS JULIANUS, collected, arranged, and annotated by Bryan Walker, M.A. LL.D. Law Lecturer of St John's College, and late Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo., Cloth, Price 6s. THE COMMENTARIES OF GAIUS AND RULES OF ULPIAN. (New Edition, revised and enlarged.) With a Translation and Notes, by J. T. Abdy, LL.D., Judge of County Courts, late Regius Professor of Laws in the University of Cambridge, and Bryan Walker, M.A., LL.D., Law Lecturer of St John's College, Cambridge, formerly Law Student of Trinity Hall and Chancellor's Medallist for Legal Studies. Crown Ocftavo, i6s. "As scholars and as editors Messrs Abdy of Gains and Ulpian from the Cambridge and Walker have done their work well. University Press indicates that the Universi- For one thing the editors deserve ties are alive to the importance of the move- special commendation. They have presented ment, and the fact that the new edition has Gains to the reader with few notes and those made its appearance within four years from merely by way of reference or necessary the original production of the book, should explanation. Thus the Roman jurist is encourage the Syndics to further efforts in the allowed to speak for himself, and the reader same direction. The auspices imder which feels that he is really studying Roman law Messrs Abdy and Walker produce their book in the original, and not a fanciful representa- are a guarantee that it is a scholarly and tion of it." — Athenceuvi. accurate performance; and Mr Abdy's prac- " The number of books on various subjects tical experience as a County Court Judge of the civil law, which have lately issued from supplies a link between theory and practice the Press, shews that the revival of the study which, no doubt, has had a beneficial effect of Roman jurisprudence in this country is upon their work." — Law yoimtal. genuine and increasing. The present edition THE INSTITUTES OF JUSTINIAN, translated with Notes by J. T. Abdy, LL.D. Judge of County Courts, late Regius Professor of Laws in the University of Cambridge, and formerly Fellow of Trinity Hall ; and Bryan Walker, M.A., LL.D. Law Lecturer of St John's College, Cambridge ; late Fellow and Lecturer of Corpus Christi College ; and formerly Law Student of Trinity Hall. Crown Odlavo, i6s. " We welcome here a valuable contribution Instead of a general historical summary in to the study of jurisprudence. The te.xt of the form of an Litroduction, we find a num- the /«.?;'//«;'« is occasionally perplexing, even ber of disquisitions on various points, partly to practised scholars, whose knowledge of historical and partly purely legal, in the classical models does not always avail them Appendix at the end. We conceive that in dealing with the technicalities of legal these short essays, treating o{ patria potestas, phraseology. Nor can the ordinary diction- marriage, adoption, and the like, will be of aries be e.xpected to furnish all the help that much service to the student, as presenting, is wanted. This translation will then be of in a compendious form, yet not too scantily great use. To the ordinary student, whose to be useful, that which would otherwise attention is distracted from the subject-matter have to be gleaned with labour from a large by the difficulty of struggling through the surface. The new book is also distinguished language in which it is contained, it will be by another special feature; an 'Analysis of almost indispensable." — Spectator. the Institutes' is given, in a tabular form, at " The notes are learned and carefully com- the beginning. . . The 'Analysis' is, undeni- piled, and this edition will be found useful ably, a useful addition, and the authors de- to students. " — Laiv Times. serve credit both for the idea and for the " Dr Abdy and Dr Walker have produced style of execution." — Atheneeum. a book which is both elegant and useful. . . GROTIUS DE JURE BELLI ET PACIS, with the Notes of Barbeyrac and others ; accompanied by an abridged Translation of the Text, by W. Whewell, D.D. late Master of Trinity College. 3 Vols. Demy Ocflavo, 30.5'. The translation separate, \os. London : Cambridge Warehouse^ 1 7 Paternoster Row. 14 PUBLICATIONS OF HISTORY. LIFE AND TIMES OF STEIN, OR GERMANY AND PRUSSIA IN THE NAPOLEONIC AGE, by J. R. Seeley, M.A., Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Cambridge. \_In the Press. SCHOLAE ACADEMICAL: Some Account of the Studies at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century. By Christopher Wordsworth, M.A., Fellow of Peterhouse ; Author of " Social Life at the English Universities in the Eighteenth Century." Demy octavo, cloth, 15^. HISTORY OF NEPAL, translated from the Original by MuNSHi Shew Shunker Singh and Pandit Shri Gunanand; edited with an Introductory Sketch of the Country and People by Dr D. WRIGHT, late Residency Surgeon at Kathmandu, and with numerous facsimile Illustrations from native drawings, and portraits of Sir Jung Bahadur, the King OF Nepal, and other natives, from photographs. Super-royal octavo, cloth. Price 2IJ-. "The Cambridge University Press have much of Nepal during his ten years' sojourn done well in publishing this work. Such as the strict rules enforced against foreigners translations are valuable not only to the his- even by Jung Bahadur would let him see." — torian but also to the ethnologist; Dr Indian Mail. Wright's Introduction is based on personal "Von nicht geringem Werthe dagegen sind inquiry and observation, is written intelli- die Beigaben, welche Wright als ' Appendi.x' gently and candidly, and adds much to the hinter der 'history' folgen lasst, Aufzah- value of the volume. The coloured litho- Unigen namlich der in Nepal iiblichen Musik- graphic plates are interesting." — Nature. Instrumente, Ackergeriithe, Miinzen, Ge- "The history has appeared at a very op- wichte, Zeittheilung, sodann ein kurzes portune moment... The volume... is beautifully Vocabular in Parbatiya uud Newari, einige printed, and supplied with portraits of Sir Newari songs mit Interlinear-Uebersetzung, Jung Bahadoor and others, and with e.xcel- eine Kiinigsliste, und, last not least, ein lent coloured sketches illustrating Nepaulese Verzeichniss der von ihm mitgebrachten architecture and religion." — Examiner. Sanskrit-j\lss., welche jetzt in der Universi- " In pleasing contrast with the native his- tiits-Bibliothek in Cambridge deponirt sind." tory are the five introductory chapters con- A. Whber. tributed by Dr Wright himself, who saw as Literattirzeitung, Jahrgang 1877, Nr. 26. London: Cambridge Wardiouse 17 Paternoster Row. THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 15 THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE ROYAL INJUNCTIONS OF 1535, by James Bass Mullinger, M.A. Demy 8vo. cloth (734 pp.), i2j-. "We have hitherto had no satisfactory book in English on the subject. . . . 'J'he fourth chapter contains a most interesting account of "Student Life in tlie Middle Ages," but an abstract of it would take up so much space that we must refer our readers to the book itself. Our difficulty throughout has been to give any adequate account of a book in which so much interesting information is condensed, and we must for the present give up any hope of describing the chapters on 'Cambridge at the Revival of Classical Learning' and 'Cambridge at the Reformation,' though a better accoimt nowhere exists of one of the most eventful periods of our history. . . . We trust Mr Mullinger will yet continue his history and bring it down to our own day. " — A cademy. "Any book which throws light on the ori- gin and early history of our Universities will always be gladly welcomed by those who are interested in education, especially a book which is so full of varied information as Mr Mullinger's History of Cambridge. He has brought together a juass of instructive details respecting the rise and progress, not only of his own University, but of all the principal Universities of the Middle Ages We hope some day that he may continue his labours, and give us a history of the Uni- versity during the troublous times of the Re- formation and the Civil War." — Atliejicouvi. " Mr Mullinger's work is one of great learning and research, which can hardly fail to become a standard book of reference on the subject. . . . We can most strongly recom- mend this book to our readers." — Spectator. HISTORY OF THE COLLEGE OF ST JOHN THE EVANGELIST, by Thomas Baker, B.D., Ejected Fellow. Edited by John E. B. Mayor, M.A., Fellow of St John's. Two Vols. Demy 8vo. lA.s. and it will be of great use to members of the college and of the university, and, perhaps, of still greater ilse to students of English history, ecclesiastical, political, social, literary and academical, who have hitherto had to be content with 'Dyer.'" — Academy. " It may be thought that the history of a college cannot be particularlyattractive. The two volumes before us, however, have some- thing more than a mere special interest for those who have been in any way connected with St John's College, Cambridge; they contain much which will be read with pleasure by a far wider circle. Many of the facts brought under our notice are of considerable value to the general historical student. . . . Every member of this ancient foundation will recognize the worth of Mr Mayor's labours, which, as it will appear, have been by no means confined to mere ordinary edi- torial work. . . . The inde.v with which Mr Mayor has furnished this useful work leaves nothing to be desired." — Spectator. " It may be doubted whether there is any MS. in existence which Cambridge men have been more an.xious to see committed to the press, under competent editorship, than the History of St John's by that Socius Ejectus Thomas Baker, whose life Walpole desired to write It is perhaps well for Baker's reputation . . that it was reserved for so pecu- liarly competent an editor as Mr Mayor to give this history to the world. . . If itbe highly to the credit of the Syndics of the Pitt Press to have printed the book, the manner in which he has edited it reflects no less credit upon Mr Mayor." — Notes and Queries. "To antiquaries the book will be a source of almost inexhaustible amusement, by his- torians it will be foimd a work of considerable service on questions respecting our social progress in past times ; and the care and thoroughness with which Mr Mayor has dis- charged his editorial functions are creditable to his learning and industry." — Athenceum. " The work displays very wide reading, THE ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGES OF CAMBRIDGE, By the late Professor Willis, M.A. With numerous Illustrations. Edited by John Willis Clark, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. [In the Press. London : Cambridge Warehouse, 1 7 Paternoster Ro7V. i6 PUBLICATIONS OF CATALOGUES. CATALOGUE OF THE HEBREW MANUSCRIPTS preserved in the University Library, Cambridge. By Dr S. M. SCHiLLER-SziNESSY. Volume I. containing Section I. The Holy Scriptures; Section ll. Coiiunentarics on the Bible. Demy 0(ftavo. (js. 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