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 BRACKENRIDGE PARK 
 
PRICE 25 CENTS 
 
 VISITOR'S GUIDE 
 
 AND HISTORY OF 
 
 San Antonio, Texas 
 
 From the Foundation 1689 
 to the Present Time 
 
 -WITH- 
 
 The Story of the Alamo 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY RYDER-TAYLOR 
 
 Third Edition — Revised and Enlarged 
 
 Published by 
 
 NIC TENGG 
 BOOKSELLER AND STATIONER 
 
 COMMERCIAL PRINTING 
 
 220 W. COMMERCE STREET, SAN ANTONIO. TEXAS 
 
 [Copyright] 
 
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 BUi3$A AXc, re. 
 COHY 8. 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1908 BY 
 NIC TENGG 
 
 SAN ANTONIO. - - TEXAS 
 

 PUBLISHER'S NOTICE. 
 
 Finding that the second edition of this guide is ex- 
 hausted, and it is still in great demand by reason of tia 
 brevity, accuracy, utility and reasonable price, I have 
 instructed Mr. Ryder-Taylor to prepare this, the third 
 edition. In the revision many new and interesting de- 
 tails have been added, the data has been completed to 
 the time of publication, and the work necessarily en- 
 larged. In the present form it will, no doubt, be more 
 useful and acceptable to the visitors and citizens of this 
 ancient, beautiful and romantic city. 
 
 For further and more complete details of the Alamo 
 and other missions I respectfully refer the reader to the 
 special work by the same author, published by me under 
 that title, and which can be obtained from all news 
 agents and curiosity dealers. 
 
 NIC TENGG. 
 
Grand Old San Antonio 
 
 Character of the people, social life, 
 numerous clubs and societies, past 
 greatness and greater future, premier 
 healthresort, scholastic advantages, 
 all churches, amusements, sports, 
 newspapers, Military Headquarters 
 of Department of Texas, Commer- 
 cial and Manufacturing Notes, Etc. 
 
 GREAT CITY of the SOUTH 
 
GRAND OLD SAN ANTONIO 
 
 '•' 'V '*' ■»• 
 
 AN ANTONIO is one of the oldest cities in the 
 State and one of the healthiest, cleanest and 
 most progressive. Without any adventitious 
 booming it grows in a most remarkably steady 
 and in a most solid way, and its progress is 
 discernable. The more it is seen the more 
 popular it becomes and the more its merits are known 
 the greater is the appreciation. Thousands of visitors 
 come here every year to view its remarkable sites and 
 scenes, to enjoy its balmy winter months and to share 
 its invigorating ozone. Many of them settle in the city 
 or in its adjacent commercial territory to embrace 
 some of the many chances of profitable investment or to 
 purchase the cheap farming and truck growing lands 
 obtainable in this district, which are remarkably fer- 
 tile. From these sources the population is materially 
 increased. 
 
 Location. 
 
 The city of San Antonio is located in a healthful val- 
 ley that has elevations on either side of it, and the San 
 Antonio River and San Pedro Creek run through it, 
 presenting no less than thirty miles of running water 
 and necessitating thirty-one bridges, eighteen of iron 
 and thirteen of wood. What is more, many bridges are 
 in demand and are gradually being added. Nature has 
 given a most beautiful site, and people are adding to its 
 beauties in a most appropriate way. 
 
 Extent. 
 
 The city covers thirty-six square miles and has 443 
 
 u 
 
miles of streets. Of this seventy-five miles are macad- 
 amized and fourteen miles are well paved with asphalt, 
 brick or mesquite blocks. The sidewalks are of cement, 
 gravel, mesquite blocks, flagstones, brick and tile. 
 There is one of the best sewerage systems, covering 
 eighty miles, and being continually extended. There is 
 a plentiful supply of water and gas. The telegraph 
 and telephone wires are being gradually placed under- 
 ground. 
 
 Elevation. 
 
 The elevation is considerable. The valley is 600 feet 
 above the level of the sea, rising to 800 feet on the sur- 
 rounding heights. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 The climate is most salubrious and pleasant. The 
 thermometer ranges from 27 degrees in winter, though 
 rarely so low, to 99 degrees in the summer. The cold 
 spells are of short duration, being the tail end of bliz- 
 zards, and the summer heat is tempered by the delight- 
 ful cool gulf breeze, invigorating and permitting re- 
 freshing sleep. The mean temperature is 68 degrees. 
 There is a peculiar absence of humidity that is mate- 
 rially beneficial. This is almost a land of perpetual 
 summer, for the weather bureau chronicled 250 clear 
 days last year. When Byron wrote : 
 
 "Seek roses in December ; ice in June," 
 
 he did not know Texas nor contemplate discoveries, for 
 in Texas roses bloom all the year round, and San Anto- 
 nio manufactures all the ice needed by her citizens. 
 The mildness of the climate enables early fruition and 
 profitable marketing of crops. 
 
 Exemption from Epidemics. 
 
 San Antonio is out of the range of cholera, yellow 
 fever and malaria, and zymotic diseases are rare. 
 
 12 
 
Cyclones and earthquakes are unknown and hail, snow 
 and frost are seldom seen. There is not a more salu- 
 brious city in the United States, nor one less liable to 
 epidemics or catastrophes. 
 
 Sanitation. 
 
 The Board of Health is a most efficient one, and the 
 wise sanitary ordinances are vigorously enforced. A 
 large force of sanitary inspectors visit all the meat mar- 
 kets, slaughter houses, hide dealers, fruit dealers, 
 dairies and restaurants, etc., to see that the sanitary 
 laws are observed and the pure food laws are enforced. 
 The residences of citizens are periodically visited for 
 observation. The streets are kept clean. There are 
 boxes for the reception of trash, and there is a fine of 
 $5 for spitting on the sidewalk and in public places. 
 The idea "be sanitary and be sane" prevails. 
 
 The Water Supply. 
 
 The most important factor in a city's health is pure 
 water, and in no place is to be found water that is 
 purer and more healthful. The water is drawn from 
 fourteen artesian wells from 750 to 2,000 feet deep, 
 and the yield is 44,000,000 gallons per day, which can 
 be increased. With such a climate, pure water and 
 strict sanitation it is no wonder that San Antonio is 
 the healthiest place to live in, and its death rate really 
 the lowest. 
 
 Hot Sulphur Wells. 
 
 San Antonio's value as a health resort has been en- 
 hanced by the opening of two sulphur wells, one near 
 the State Asylum and the other at Terrell's Ranch. 
 The former well is located on the asylum grounds and 
 piped to the Hot Wells Hotel and Sanitarium. These 
 wells are 2,000 feet deep ; the yield is 80,000 gallons per 
 
 13 
 
day; temperature 104 to 106 degrees, and is strongly 
 impregnated with sulphur. It has all the advantages 
 of the famous Hot Springs of Arkansas and far less of 
 its defects. In cases of impurities of the blood, kidney, 
 and liver diseases, female complaints, goitre, etc., the 
 hot wells have proved of great curative value and are 
 used by patients from all parts. 
 
 At Dullnig's Ranch is found sulphur, chalybeate and 
 iron waters which are of great medicinal value and ex- 
 tensively used. 
 
 Aid to the Sick. 
 
 The medical faculty is of high standard and under 
 association rules. There are two remarkably fine hos- 
 pitals, viz., the Physicians' and Surgeons' Hospital and 
 the Santa Rosa Hospital, conducted by the Sisters. The 
 poor are well treated in the city and county hospitals. 
 
 Safety for Life and Property. 
 
 In no place in the Union is law and order better 
 maintained, and, in proportion to the population, there 
 is less crime. This is remarkable, considering the cos- 
 mopolitan character of the city. There is a good fire 
 department, well equipped, fires are few and the loss, 
 as a rule, trifling. 
 
 Uses of Electricity. 
 
 Possibly in no city is electricity more extensively 
 used. The rapid transit system is in vogue here, and 
 electric cars cover all the main sections of the city, and, 
 by a system of transfer, at a 5 cents fare. For heating 
 and lighting gas and electricity are much used. The 
 streets are lighted by arc lights, and in the main streets 
 by arches and incandescent lights, extending over the 
 streets. There are myriads of illuminated buildings 
 and electric signs that at night give the city the glamor 
 of the Arabian Nights. In no city in the South is 
 greater splendor exhibited in that respect. 
 
 14 
 

 u 
 
Many Pretty Parks. 
 
 San Antonio has been called " the City of Parks," 
 and she deserves the name, for there are no less than 
 fourteen public parks in the limits of the city. Three 
 of these, Brackenridge Park, San Pedro Park and 
 Mahncke Park, are spacious and have no superior in 
 natural beauty and artistic effect. They are well kept 
 and "things of beauty and joy forever," useful to the 
 people and attractive to the visitors. 
 
 Public and Private Buildings. 
 
 All these are rich and attractive. The City Hall is 
 the grandest in the State; there is no finer Court House, 
 and the Postoffice is an artistic gem. There are large 
 and ornate stores and buildings, and the residences of 
 the citizens, in grandeur and elegance, will compare 
 most favorably with any other city of the same size and 
 then stand far ahead. 
 
 The Greatness of the Past. 
 
 While San Antonio has reason to be proud of her 
 present status, the whole, in grandeur and interest, is 
 overshadowed by a brilliant past and the monuments 
 that remain to this day. There is the immortal Alamo, 
 which tells of the great heroes who defended it against 
 the hordes of Santa Anna, and by their death and 
 funeral pyre lighted the way to the liberty and inde- 
 pendence of this glorious State ; there are the grand old 
 missions, justly venerated for spreading the Christian 
 religion and laying the foundation of our present high 
 state of civilization. All around are monuments of the 
 past, living and real, that illustrate the proudest phase 
 of Texan history. We are proud of them, and so are 
 visitors from all parts of the world who know the his- 
 tory of Texas and the services which the good old pa- 
 is 
 
triots rendered to the State in securing its freedom 
 from Mexican thraldom and tyranny and made Texas 
 the greatest State of the grandest Union that ever 
 adorned the world. The various stages of Texan his- 
 tory are found in other parts of the guide. 
 
 Blending of the Old and New. 
 
 One of the peculiar things of San Antonio is the old 
 blending with the new. , We find the old, narrow 
 crooked Spanish streets giving way to the wide, 
 straight streets of modern cities; the old, solid, one- 
 story adobe store is superceded by many-storied build- 
 ings of brick, rock and iron, and the little adobe cot- 
 tages give place to palacial residences. All is being 
 blended, the new with the old, until the new wholly 
 eclipses the past. In the same way, it is with people. 
 The old citizens get lost in the crowds of newcomers, 
 and the picturesque garb of the Texans, Mexicans, cow- 
 boys, plantation darkies, Orientals, etc., are giving 
 place to the average American costumes of the day, and 
 the true spirit of Americanism permeates all. This is 
 as it should be — a populace as a grand unit. 
 
 Mexican Population. 
 
 As San Antonio is of Spanish-Mexican origin, it is 
 natural that there are large numbers of that race in 
 the city. There are of two classes of the Mexicans, the 
 caballero of the upper class and the peons — laborers, 
 mainly of the Mexican Indian character. Many who 
 are termed Americans have a large percentage of Span- 
 ish blood in their veins. The cabellero are well edu- 
 cated, refined and courteous and will be found in the 
 principal county and city offices and in the professions. 
 The peons, as a rule, are courteous, industrious and 
 fairly, though not well educated, but there is a marked 
 improvement in the new generations. They are indus- 
 trious, and most of the unskilled labor devolves upon 
 
 16 
 
them. They are naturally artistic and musical. They 
 are good citizens as a body, but have a veneration for 
 Mexico. The two great celebrations of our sister Re- 
 public, the "Cinco de Mayo," celebrating the victory 
 of Diaz and Zaragosa over Maximilian's forces at 
 Puebla and the "Diez y seis Septiembre" (sixteenth of 
 September) , which celebrates the famous rising of Pere 
 Hidalgo against the Spanish rule in Mexico, are publicly 
 celebrated with great pomp and pride each year, and 
 the Mexican Magna Charta, February 5, is somewhat 
 observed. The Mexicans also participate in the Amer- 
 ican National holidays. In law ail "Mexicans" are 
 classed as "whites" and are not subject to the restric- 
 tions imposed on the negroes, and "whites" and Mexi- 
 cans often intermarry. 
 
 Mexican Sports. 
 
 Bull fighting and cock fighting were the principal 
 sports of the Mexican people in the city. The former 
 was prohibited long ago, and more recently public cock 
 fighting has been placed under the ban. The latter was 
 the most popular. Nearly every Mexican had his pet 
 belligerent roosters, and there were frequent cocking 
 mains at the cock pits and in various private places. 
 The combatants were armed with knives as "spurs," 
 and it was not unusual that one or both were killed in 
 the encounter. It is now unlawful, but it is said that 
 the "sport" is often privately enjoyed. 
 
 The Negroes. 
 
 Naturally, there are many negroes here, but not so 
 many as there are in other prominent Texas cities. 
 They range in color from the blackest to the octoroon. 
 The modern negro is not so honest, docile or faithful 
 as the plantation darkies, but they are fairly well educ- 
 cated and well behaved, live decently and in apparent 
 comfort. They are fairly temperate and industrious. 
 The better class are preachers, lawyers, doctors, and 
 
 17 
 
are found in various trades and professions, but the 
 majority are employed as mechanics, drivers, porters, 
 cooks, waiters, domestic servants, and the main part of 
 the unskilled and rough labor is performed by the ne- 
 groes and Mexicans. In schools, theatres, street cars, 
 railroad trains, the "whites" are by law seperated from 
 the negroes, and this policy is pursued as far as prac- 
 tical. But for all this, the negroes are well treated by 
 the whites, live comfortably, dress well, are allowed the 
 free privilege of the ballot and are prosperous. Misceg- 
 ination is illegal. 
 
 Homes and Their Protection. 
 
 San Antonio has a great element of success in the 
 number of permanent homes, far greater than in other 
 cities, and the great policy of the State has been to 
 protect the home. Land has been comparatively cheap 
 and building materials reasonable. Everything is fa- 
 vorable to the owning of a homestead. By law the 
 home is exempted from seizure for debt or anything ex- 
 cept for part of purchase money, improvements made 
 thereon and taxes. This exemption includes 200 acres 
 of land and improvements thereon, all household and 
 kitchen furniture, all tools, apparatus and implements 
 of industry and agriculture, two yoke of oxen, yoke and 
 chains, two horses, wagon and buggy or family car- 
 riage, harness, bridles and saddles, five milch cows and 
 calves, one bull, twenty hogs, twenty head of sheep, 
 goats, chickens, one gun, clothing and all forage and 
 food for home consumption. Current salary and wages 
 are also exempt from attachment. These provisions 
 are liberal and rigidly maintained. 
 
 Good Government. 
 
 The County of Bexar, in which San Antonio is situ- 
 ated, and the city, have good and liberal governments, 
 which do all possible to promote the interests of the 
 people. 
 
 18 
 
Commerce. 
 
 All the advantages herein detailed would be worth- 
 less if not backed by commerce and other sources of 
 wealth to provide necessary means for the citizens, 
 and in all these San Antonio is the richest city in the 
 State. There are fourteen banks, with a capital of 
 $4,000,000 and deposits of $14,000,000. The wholesale 
 nouses and factories have a trade territory that is 
 larger than the State of Ohio, and extends to Mexico 
 and the South American States. The duty paid here 
 for imported goods amounts to $30,000. Cotton, corn, 
 hides, cattle farm and truck products are a great source 
 of revenue. The Federal Government, at its offices and 
 the military post, expends millions of dollars in the 
 city, the railroads expend large sums for wages, etc., 
 and the visiting tourists are liberal contributors to San 
 Antonio's wealth. 
 
 Manufactories. 
 
 There are 150 factories in the city, which are exten- 
 sive employers of labor and the makers and distributors 
 of wealth. These include two of the largest breweries 
 in the South. There are other breweries, flour mills, 
 iron foundries, machine supply shops and wood work- 
 ers. There are also plants for the production of soda 
 water, candies, pickles, sauces, vinegars, ornamental 
 caps and artificial stone, bar fixtures, billiard tables, 
 cabinet work, barrel and tank factories, monumental 
 works, brick and sewer pipe works, broom and soap 
 factories, type foundries and a host of other necessities 
 that are manufactured right in the city. Returns from 
 twenty-five of the big factories show receipts of 
 $8,000,000 and an expenditure of $5,000,000 paid for 
 labor, much of which is unskilled. All the other indus- 
 tries would materially swell these figures. 
 
 What is Needed. 
 There is need of cotton and woolen factories, cloth- 
 
 19 
 
ing factory, tannery and boot factory, paper mills and 
 other industries to utilize the raw material here. The 
 discovery of oil will solve the power question. There 
 is here the finest kaolin for pottery and sand that will 
 make the finest glass. A bonanza awaits those who 
 enter on these industries. 
 
 Oil Discovery. 
 
 There is not the slightest doubt that oil and natural 
 gas exist in large and paying quantities, and that this is 
 of a high grade is proved by the discoveries at Mission 
 Field, Dullnig Ranch and in other places. When these 
 fields are developed they will add materially to the pros- 
 perity of the city. 
 
 Life in San Antonio. 
 
 With its delightful climate and its many sources of 
 wealth, San Antonio would be of little advantage with- 
 out its high state of civilization, congenial surround- 
 ings and the means to enjoy the good things that make 
 life worth living for both sexes and for all ages, and on 
 this line the city has no superior. 
 
 Character of the People. 
 
 The white people of San Antonio are intelligent, re- 
 fined, patriotic, liberal and hospitable. They have 
 the colonial pride, the Southern liberality and the Span- 
 ish courtesy all delightfully blended, and their sur- 
 roundings are such as to create and maintain a high 
 and commendable soeial status.. 
 
 Educational Facilities. 
 
 As a base of education San Antonio stands supreme, 
 and children are sent here from all parts of the State 
 and Mexico to enjoy the many advantages that the San 
 Antonio school system present. 
 
 20 
 
Wise Provisions. 
 
 The patriotic founders of the State provided liberally 
 for the free education of posterity by the setting aside 
 of school lands, and as a result Texas has a State school 
 fund of $64,000,000 in bonds and land that admits of a 
 grant of $5 to each child of scholastic age who attends 
 the public schools. This, of course, augments the 
 amount raised for such purpose by special taxation. 
 
 The Public Schools. 
 
 The system adopted for public schools is one of the best 
 in the United States, and the standard is very high. 
 There is one high school of a collegiate character and 
 no less than twenty-five other schools for the various 
 grades, and also a grammar school. The buildings are 
 spacious, well located and generally of brick or rock. 
 Provisions are made for the separate education of the 
 colored and white children. There are 198 teachers 
 employed, and the salary list last year amounted to 
 $140,000. The enrollment of pupils at this writing is 
 over 13,000, and addition will no doubt be made to the 
 list. Children of citizens receive tuition free of charge, 
 except for school books. If there is room pupils from 
 outside may be received, but for this a low charge is 
 made. The schools are managed by a board elected by 
 the people, but the members receive no salary for their 
 services. The board is independent of municipal con- 
 trol and is non-political, as it should be. 
 
 Denominational and Private Schools. 
 
 In addition to the public schools there are a large 
 number of private and religious colleges and other 
 scholastic institutions for girls and boys, or for both. 
 These are found on good, healthy sites, and enclosed in 
 spacious grounds. They have good faculties, are well 
 managed, and the terms are reasonable. The Roman 
 
 21 
 
Catholic Church has several grand institutions, notably 
 the St. Mary's and St. Louis Colleges and those at Lake 
 View, Brackenridge Villa and the old Ursuline Convent. 
 It has also a theological seminary, by the Oblate 
 Fathers, for the training of priests. The Episcopalians 
 have the West Texas Military Academy for boys and St. 
 Mary's Hall for girls. There are many others of high 
 order. All the schools are well attended and the pupils 
 are another material source of revenue to the citizens. 
 
 Churches for All. 
 
 The religious of all denominations will find all neces- 
 sary accommodations. There are fifty-five churches, 
 which include Episcopalians (5) ; Methodist Episco- 
 palian (12), Roman Catholis (12), Baptist (5), Luth- 
 eran (3), Evangelical (3), Jewish (2), Christian (2), 
 Christian Science (2), Westminster (1), Presbyterian 
 (2), Methodist Episcopalian, South (1), Young Men's 
 Christian Associations (2) . The Salvation Army and 
 Texas Crusaders operate here, and Mormonism and 
 Dowieism are represented. 
 
 Social and Club Life. 
 
 Men, and even women, are social animals. Each want 
 those pleasures that give zest to life, and if they do 
 not find what they want in that line in San Antonio 
 they are blase and need seek no further. In addition 
 to the many delightful home functions there are public 
 sources of pleasure that are most creditable. For the 
 ladies there are the Women's Clubs for every conceiv- 
 able object, and there are the Colonial Dames, the 
 Daughters of the Confederacy, the Daughters of the 
 Republic of Texas and the Woman's Relief Corps. There 
 are also ladies' auxiliaries for nearly every secret so- 
 ciety. 
 
 The gentlemen are equally well provided for, and can 
 enjoy club life at the San Antonio Club, the Masonic 
 
 22 
 
Temple, and with the Elks. Much congenial entertain- 
 ment will be found for golfers at the Country Club in 
 its palatial quarters and grounds. The Officers' Club at 
 the military headquarters is another grand feature to 
 those who are fortunate enough to get the entre to it. 
 The San Antonio Turn-Verein, Beethoven Maennerchor 
 and Casino associations afford Germans a congenial 
 club life. Young men have their club at the Young 
 Men's Christian Association, the railroad men at the 
 Railroad Young Men's Christian Association, Roman 
 Catholics at the Catholic Club, and Union men at the 
 Trades Council Hall. Nearly every secret society or 
 trades union has a lodge or branch here, where mem- 
 bers can find congenial brethren. Many find intellec- 
 tual recreation at the Carnegie Library, and the philo- 
 sophical have a congenial resort in the Scientific So- 
 ciety. Then there are singing societies, bowling clubs, 
 cricket clubs, shooting, riding and fishing and hunting 
 clubs, golf, lawn tennis and polo clubs. Every man 
 can amuse himself to the fulness of his bent, and in his 
 own especial way. 
 
 It should be added that the British, French, Ger- 
 mans, Swiss, Poles, Irish and Mexicans have social and 
 benevolent societies for their respective compatriots. 
 
 Theatrical Amusement. 
 
 At the Grand Opera House, largest in the State, the 
 leading attractions are played in the season, and at the 
 Empire Opera House there is always a good stock com- 
 pany attraction at popular prices. There are also cheap 
 theaters and moving picture shows. The Lyceum attrac- 
 tions are presented in the city, and occasional special 
 concerts and entertainments are given in the public 
 halls. 
 
 Carnivals, Fairs and Sports. 
 
 The Spring Carnival and beautiful Battle of Flowers, 
 in celebration of San Jacinto's victory, is held here 
 
 23 
 
every year in April. It attracts many visitors and is 
 the source of pleasure and profit. In the fall the San 
 Antonio International Fair is opened, showing fine 
 agricultural and cattle exhibits. The Republic of Mex- 
 ico, also, courteously sends a grand exhibit. There are 
 many attractions, including a good midway, horse, bi- 
 cycle and automobile racing. There is a league and 
 other baseball teams, football matches, racing, shoot- 
 ing, bowling contests and athletic sports. 
 
 The Sportsman's Paradise. 
 
 Is surely located in this section; good fishing and 
 duck hunting can be had, by permit, at Mitchell's 
 or at the West End Lake. Small game is found on the 
 outskirts of the city and deer is taken there in season. 
 Between San Antonio and the Rio Grande and the coast 
 is the finest hunting and fishing grounds in the coun- 
 try. 
 
 Railroads. 
 
 The following railroads have direct connection with 
 San Antonio, viz., the Southern Pacific and Galveston, 
 Harrisburg & San Antonio Railroads, the International 
 & Great Northern and Iron Mountain Railroads, the 
 Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad, and the San An- 
 tonio & Aransas Pass Railroad. These are Northern, 
 Eastern and Mexican connections. The Southern Pa- 
 cific has a handsome depot here, used also by the 
 "Katy," and is erecting a new and spacious freight de- 
 pot to accommodate the ever increasing traffic. The 
 International & Great Northern has another grand de- 
 pot, erected at a cost of over $100,000, and ere long 
 the "Sap" will erect a new depot. The depots of San 
 Antonio are the largest and grandest in the State. 
 
 Hotels and Apartments. 
 
 The traveling public and tourists find good accommo- 
 
 24 
 
dation in San Antonio. In hotels there are the grand 
 old "Menger," the cosy "Bexar," the "New Maverick" 
 and the stockman's house, "The Southern." There 
 are numerous small hotels, apartment houses and lodg- 
 ing houses to suit the conditions of all. A million dol- 
 lar hotel, with all modern fittings in the style of the 
 Planters' Hotel, St. Louis, is to be erected on the site 
 of the old Mahncke Hotel, corner of Houston and St. 
 Mary's Streets. 
 
 Newspapers and Periodicals. 
 
 San Antonio is well supplied with newspapers and 
 other publications, and these are all excellent in their 
 way. They are as follows : 
 
 Daily — "Daily Express," (Independent Democrat) 
 with weekly and semi-weekly editions ; the "San Anto- 
 nio Gazette" (Democrat) , evening paper; "San Antonio 
 Daily Light," (Republican), evening paper;" Freie 
 Presse fuer Texas," (German), also weekly. 
 
 Weekly— "Southern Messenger" (Catholic), "Week- 
 ly Dispatch" (Labor), "Texas Staatz Zeitung" (Ger- 
 man), "Texas Banner" (German), "El Rigidor" (Span- 
 ish), "El Correos de Puebla (Spanish), "Passing 
 Show" (Social) "Stockman and Farmer, Katholische 
 Rundschau (German), 
 
 Monthly — Ryder-Taylor's International Magazine of 
 and for Texas, "The Freemason," "The Alamo." 
 
 Yearly — Appier's San Antonio Directory. 
 
 L'Envoi. 
 
 In the foregoing I have endeavored to give the stran- 
 ger some idea of what San Antonio is, the great ad- 
 vantages she enjoys and the many attractions that she 
 offers to visitors, who always find a cordial welcome, 
 but it is impossible to do the subject justice in the 
 brief space at my disposal. 
 
"Beautiful San Antonio" is the name given the city 
 by many delighted visitors, and those who know it will 
 say the title is well deserved. "Historic San Anto- 
 nio," some cry, and never was a city that had a more 
 romantic interest. "Healthy San Antonio," ex- 
 claims the grateful invalid, and no one will dare con- 
 tradict who knows its cool summer nights, its balmy 
 winter days, its perpetual sunshine and flowers, and its 
 benevolent sanitation. "Good old San Antonio" is a 
 general salutation, and it is certainly "old" and "good." 
 
 San Antonio stands today as the metropolis of Texas, 
 and grows greater and grander every day. She is 
 the grandest city in the greatest State of the best Re- 
 public that ever adorned the world. Nature has so 
 ordered it, and a free and intelligent people is complet- 
 ing the grand destiny assigned to it. 
 
 HENRY RYDER-TAYLOR. 
 
 26 
 
San Antonio's History 
 
 From its original foundation 
 in 1 689 to the present time 
 with all interesting details 
 involved in the tragic 
 
 STORY OF THE ALAMO 
 
SAN ANTONIO'S HISTORY 
 
 Original Inhabitants. 
 
 There seems to be every indication that this section 
 of Texas was inhabited by three different classes of 
 people in prehistoric days, and distinct traces of this 
 have been found at Leon Springs, on the Colorado and 
 the Rio Grande. One race had sun-dried bricks and 
 half -dressed stone, indicative of a Toltec or Aztec ori- 
 gin. Another race lived in long subterranean galleries, 
 always well protected by earthworks, and inhabited 
 places near the seacoast. Traces of their work is appar- 
 ent. These people dwelt in cities, which must have 
 been well populated. 
 
 The third race was older and autocthonius, and were 
 very numerous. They dwelt in small, mound-shaped 
 houses, with walls made of loose stones and mud and 
 roofs of grass and clay; the base of the houses were 
 about three feet in the earth on a plan similar to the 
 dugouts of Kansas. Miss Alma Ney has made consider- 
 able investigation of what is supposed to be an Aztec 
 city in the valley of the Colorado, near Marble Falls. 
 The remnants of a palace and temple have been un- 
 earthed. In them have been found broken antique pot- 
 tery, head of war pole and nude sculptures, apparently 
 of kings or chiefs. Nearby was found a temple, and the 
 indications were of sun worship. There was an altar 
 four feet high, with a solid top of granite seven feet by 
 six feet. Near the altar was a hook-nosed God, with 
 large ears and of monstrous appearance, supposed to 
 represent a war god. A large sacrificial knife of bronze 
 and several clay vessels were near the altar. The head 
 of a monarch, crudely sculptured, was found, and it is 
 
 29 
 
supposed to be that of Montezuma. There is an idea 
 that this may be one of the Cibola from which Monte- 
 zuma drew much of his golden treasure. There is much 
 speculation, but its is not unnatural that many ages ago 
 some Mexican or other races have settled in Texas. A 
 further investigation may throw more light on this in- 
 teresting subject. 
 
 Foundation of the City. 
 
 The early history of San Antonio is somewhat lost in 
 obscurity, but there is distinct evidence that long before 
 Columbus discovered America San Antonio was an In- 
 dian village. From the correspondence between John 
 Quincy Adams with Don Pedro de Cevallos and Don 
 Louis de Orris it appears that when the Montezumas 
 were all-powerful in Mexico the Nasonites and the 
 Aztecs had a bloody feud, and in the end the Nasonites 
 were defeated and driven northward out of Mexico, 
 with their wives, families and movable property. They 
 crossed the Rio Grande and came to the hills overlook- 
 ing what is now San Antonio. They found springs 
 yielding delightful, cool water, a beautiful river, splen- 
 did shade, fish, game and food of all kinds. The climate 
 was good, the ozone was delightful and vivifying breeze 
 so refreshing. 'Twas then they exclaimed "Tejas, 
 Tejas," which, in their language, meant ''land of the 
 blessed" (Paradise) , and Texas, the name of the State, 
 is the same in its corrected form. These Indians were 
 called by the Spaniards "Sanez Payez y Vanos." Here 
 Don Alonzo de Leon, Governor of Coahuila, found the 
 people in 1689, happy, prosperous and hospitable. 
 They received him with cries of "Tejas, Tejas," which 
 he understood to mean "welcome." He was then re- 
 turning from an expedition against the colony that La 
 Salle had endeavored to establish on the coast. 
 
 The First Settlement. 
 The location of the first settlement is disputed. Gen- 
 
 30 
 
erally it is placed at the Pueblos los Indos, on the San 
 Pedro, but there are reasons to believe that it was east 
 of the ford over the San Antonio River at what is now 
 Mill Bridge, going eastward, so that Villita Street, as 
 it now is, would be the center of the village. On the op- 
 posite side of the river, around the site of the presnt 
 Carnegie Library, was another village, known as "the 
 Puebla de San Fernando," which is mentioned in early 
 records, and was in existence when Don Domingo Ra- 
 mon made the plans for the laying out of the city in 
 proper form in 1716. This puebla may have been later 
 than the others, but in any case it was evidently the 
 most important and formed the nucleus of what was af- 
 terwards the city of San Fernando de Bexar. 
 
 First Mission Established. 
 
 De Leon was so pleased with the people and the coun- 
 try that he established a mission and placed Fra Da- 
 mien Marquenet in charge, calling it the Mission of 
 San Francisco de Tejas. Governor Domingo de Teran 
 succeeded De Leon, and visited the mission in 1691, 
 changing its name to San Francisco de la Espada (St. 
 Francis of the Sword). The site of this mission, it is 
 said, was near the mission that now bears that name. 
 Church history shows that this mission was for some 
 cause abandoned in 1693, and was not re-established 
 until 1716. This story of the early settlement of San 
 Antonio is confirmed by an official report of Count 
 Revillo-Gigido, Viceroy of Mexico, to the King of Spain, 
 dated December 27, 1793. 
 
 The First Main Road. 
 
 From these days until 1714 nothing definite is known. 
 Then St. Denis came here for military operations and 
 laid the old San Antonio road to Presidio, on the Rio 
 Grande, which was the first element in the civilization 
 that followed. 
 
 31 
 
Missions Established. 
 
 Two years later the Spanish government sent an ex- 
 pedition under the Right Rev. Father Antonio Margil 
 de Jesus, and these founded the old missions in and 
 around the city. It is said a military post was then es- 
 tablished here., first at San Pedro Springs, but, owing 
 to the frequent attack of Indians, it was then removed 
 to Military Plaza, and placed in a fenced pale. Any 
 way, it is quite clear that De Aiarconne operated here in 
 1718, and his mission was far from satisfactory. He 
 was ordered to establish a presidio with fifty soldiers, 
 master mechanics, blacksmiths and stone masons, to 
 teach Indians, but complaints were made that he 
 brought no workmen, and those men he brought were 
 worthless characters. Ultimately a change was made, 
 and thirty families were settled in the presidio, which 
 was enclosed in palings. When war broke out between 
 Spain and France the garrison was increased fifty- 
 three, under the order of the Viceroy, the Marquis de 
 Aguayo. 
 
 The Arrival of the Spanish Colonists. 
 
 The Marquis of Casa Fuertes visited the city before 
 he became the Mexican Viceroy and became interested 
 in it. It was mainly owing to his representation that 
 the Spanish government sent out sixteen families of 
 Spaniards from the Canary Islands, who settled here 
 in 1730. These were entitled to the prefix "Don" and 
 are the ancestors of the leading Spanish-Mexican fami- 
 lies of the city. The village was then named San Fer- 
 nando, in honor of Fernando III, King of Spain. A 
 presidio, or garrisoned town, called Bexar, after the 
 Duke of Bexar, then Viceroy, was created on November 
 28, 1730. The original colonists, according to the lists 
 in Guanitlan, Saltilio and Bexar, were Juan Leal Goraz, 
 Juan Cubelo, Antonio Santos, Manuel de Niz, Salvador 
 
 32 
 
 
Rodriguez, Juan Leal Alvarez, Joseph Padron, Antonio 
 Rodriquez, Jose Cabrero, Francisco Arocha, Vicente 
 Alvarez Travieso, Juan Delgado, Juan Leal El Moso, 
 Maria Rodriguez, widow of Juan Cabrero, Maria Rod- 
 riguez, widow of Juan Rodriguez Grandillo; Maria 
 Mealeano, Felipe Perez, Joseph Antonio Perez, Martin 
 Lorenzo De Armas. In addition to these were the fol- 
 lowing officers or traders, who settled in the presidio : 
 Pena, de Valle, Hernandez, Valdez, Nunez, Flores, Lo- 
 pez, Trevino, Ximenez, Caro, Menchaco Urrutia, Gon- 
 zales, de los Santos, Coy, Garza, Martinez, Guerrero, 
 Montez de Ochoa, Sanchez, Monte Mayor, de la Serda, 
 Chavez, Solis, Barrera, Musquiz, Seguin, Ruiz, Na- 
 varro, De Zavala Galan, Saucedo Ramirez, Herrera, 
 Silvero, Garcia, Huisar Cantu, Pereida, Pena, Rivas ? , 
 Villemain, Penalosa, Cervantez, Villanueva, Sandoval, 
 Alvarez, Villareal, Granado, Saenz, Zambrano, Delgado, 
 Gotori, Salcedo and others. Cassiano is not Span- 
 ish. The family are of Italian origin. Jose Cas- 
 sini was born in Genoa, Italy, of good family, ran 
 away from home and settled in New Orleans, where he 
 became a merchant and did considerable trading with 
 Texas. He sold out and settled in San Antonio and be- 
 came, in Spanish form, Cassiano. He married the 
 widow of Governor Cordero, and they had a son, Igna- 
 cia, who married Margareta Rodriguez, a colonel's 
 widow. From this union Jose Cassiano, ex-county- 
 collector, and Mrs. Gertrude Cassiano Smith (wife of 
 Captain C. P. Smith and mother of Alderman C. C. 
 Smith) were born. 
 
 Laying Out the City. 
 
 The Province of Texas, which included the New 
 Philippines, was created by Marquis de Casa Fuertes, 
 the Viceroy of New Spain, as Mexico was then called, 
 and the Marquis de Aguayo was appointed Governor. 
 That was in 1731, and the city was laid out in streets 
 and blocks. The town then seems to have consisted 
 
 33 
 
simply of what is now known as the Main and Military 
 Plazas. The eastern half, known then as the Plaza de 
 Los Islas (now Main Plaza) was reserved for the 
 church and ecclesiastical purposes (just where San Fer- 
 nando Cathedral now is) and for the Spanish immi- 
 grants who came from the Canary Isles, and it was 
 called "Plaza de Constitution." The western half was 
 known as the Plaza des Armes (Military Plaza), and 
 around this were the official offices and soldiers' quar- 
 ters. 
 
 An Interesting Relic. 
 
 A reminder of this is found in an old building on the 
 west side of military plaza and directly opposite the 
 City Hall, where the arms of Spain and Austria are 
 displayed over the door and an old hitching ring is seen. 
 This was the palacio of the famous Governor Cordero, 
 who resided there in 1749, and who, it is stated, was 
 later tried and executed for treason, his head being 
 placed on a pole where the City Hall is now located. 
 This is the story told by many historias. It is alleged 
 that Cordero was among those prisoners taken by the 
 Magee expedition, but he was no traitor, and was fight- 
 ing loyally for the King of Spain. Delgado is supposed 
 to have taken special umbrage at Cordero for alleged 
 cruelty and execution of his (Dejgado's) father, and 
 the inference is that the story may be true. The Cas- 
 sianos declare that Cordero escaped to Mexico and died 
 at Durango, where his grave is to be seen this day. 
 
 The City's Charter. 
 
 In 1733 a charter was granted to the city by the King 
 of Spain, the city being officially styled San Antonio de 
 Bexar. Its existence has been proved by law, but the 
 original charter has not been seen since 1834. A garri- 
 son of 117 men, under Captain Don Antonio de Alma- 
 zon was then located here. 
 
 34 
 
First Americans Seen. 
 
 The first Americans seen here was in 1801. These 
 were survivors of the company of Phil Nolan, who were 
 prisoners, and were en route to Mexico under guard. 
 There are reasons, however, to believe that white 
 traders had previously visited the Indians. 
 
 Pike's Visit. 
 
 In June, 1807, the great explorer, Lieutenant Zebulon 
 Pike, was in San Antonio on his surveying trip, and was 
 the guest of Governors Cordero and Herrera. He re- 
 ports a city of perhaps 2000 souls, most of whom reside 
 in mud houses, with grass roofs. He was well received 
 and pleased with the reception. 
 
 Casas' Remarkable Revolution. 
 
 On Jan. 22, 1811, there occurred in this city, then 
 called San Fernando de Bexar, one of the most remark- 
 able revolutions that are known in the world's history. 
 The originator of this was Captain Juan Bautista Ca- 
 sas, an officer of the garrison, and he, by false pretext, 
 gained the soldiers to support his cause. He then 
 arrested Lieut. Col. Manuel De Salcedo and Lieut. Col. 
 Simon de Herrera, two ex-governors, several Spanish 
 officers and citizens and put them in the Alamo as 
 state prisoners. He then caused himself to be pro- 
 claimed governor pro tern, and assumed the office. 
 Then, in his proclamation as governor, he denounced 
 the Europeans (Spanish) and declared a policy that 
 was really "Texas for the Texans," but at the same 
 time he professed loyalty to the Spanish king and the 
 Roman Catholic church. Soon after it was evident 
 that he was in correspondence with a revolutionary 
 leader in Mexico, Lieut. Gen. Mariano Ximinez. He 
 sent the Spanish prisoners from the Alamo to the Pre- 
 
 35 
 
sidio Del Rio Grande, at Laredo, then in charge of 
 Major Pedro Antonio Aguilas, an insurgent of Mexico. 
 He also sent soldiers to La Bahia and Nacogdoches to 
 arrest the commanders of the garrisons there and cer- 
 tain specified citizens. The government was of a cha- 
 otic character and growing worse. Then Father Zam- 
 brano secretly organized a junta for government of 
 the city, composed of the leading citizens who had es- 
 caped arrest, and it was as follows: Juan Manuel 
 Zambrano, president ; Jose Antonio Saucedo, secretary ; 
 members: Antonio Saenz, Ignacio Perez, Miguel Mus- 
 quiz, Luciano Garcia, Erasmus Seguin, Louis Galan, 
 Manuel Barrera, Juan Jose Zambrano, Garino Delgado, 
 Vicente Gorton. The junta worked secretly and well, 
 gained the favor of the soldiers and then, on March 
 20, 1811, two months after his assumption of power, 
 arrested Casas and confined him in the Alamo on a 
 charge of treason. It then issued a proclamation and 
 took charge of the presidio. On May 14 following, 
 Casas was brought before a court martial in San Fer- 
 nando de Bexar, charged with high treason. Casas 
 endeavored to get the hearing deferred on a plea of ill- 
 ness, but he only succeeded in getting the case trans- 
 ferred to Monclova, Mexico. There he was put on 
 trial July 29, 1811, and on August 1 he was found 
 guilty, and condemned to be degraded, shot in the back 
 as a traitor, and that after death his head should be 
 severed from his body by the public executioner and 
 sent to San Fernando de Bexar. His estate was also 
 declared forfeited to the government. The sentence 
 was duly carried cut on August 3, 1811, and the head 
 of Casas was sent from Monclova to San Fernando de 
 Bexar in the charge of two soldiers. These facts are 
 given in no other history, and have only been lately 
 known by the translation of an important state paper 
 from the archives of Bexar county that are now cared 
 for in the capitol. 
 
 The head of Casas was sent to San Fernando de 
 Bexarin accordance with an ancient custom of expos- 
 
 36 
 
ing the heads of traitors as a warning to the people 
 but there is no record of any such exposure. There 
 is, however, a story told that about this time the head 
 of a traitor was placed on a pole, where the city hall 
 now stands and it has been asserted that the head was 
 that of ex-Governor Cordero; and it is so recorded in 
 some histories, but as Cordero was no traitor and his 
 relatives declare that he died in Durango, Mexico, 
 where his remains were certainly buried, it may be 
 fairly assumed that the ghastly head exhibited was that 
 of the traitor Casas, and it was placed there in pursu- 
 ance to the sentence of the court martial of which, 
 strange to say, Cordero was president. The Spanish 
 prisoners taken by Casas were released, but most of 
 them, having been afterward taken prisoners by the 
 Magee invaders, were massacred in the following year 
 by the infamous Delgado, contrary to the usages of 
 war, and this massacre was the main cause of the 
 failure of the Magee expedition to capture Texas and 
 make it an independent American state. 
 
 The Magee Expedition. 
 
 Then followed Major Kemper, the Magee expedition, 
 who marched into San Antonio, defeated General Sal- 
 cedo at the battle of Rosalio, and captured San Antonio 
 in 1812. This was followed by the murder of loyal 
 Spaniards by Delgado and the retirement of the leading 
 Americans in disgust. This is the instance in which it 
 is alleged Governor Cordero was executed. 
 
 Battle of the Alazan. 
 
 The Spaniards, under General Elisondo, who cap- 
 tured and shot Pere Hidalgo and the leaders of the 
 revolution of 1810, made an attempt to recapture San 
 Antonio, and on June 4, 1813, arrived at the Alazan 
 and camped there. Under a flag of truce Elizondo 
 demanded the unconditional surrender of the city, and 
 
 37 
 
the citizens were given until next morning to answer 
 the demand. Captain Perry of the American forces, 
 reinforced by Mexicans, under Guiterez and Menchaca, 
 at night, stole out of the city and attacked the Span- 
 iards while at matins. The Spaniards were surprised 
 and routed, losing 1,000 men in killed, wounded and 
 prisoners. The remainder of Elisondo's army fled to 
 the Rio Grande. Perry's army lost about fifty killed, 
 and the same number of men were wounded. Had 
 Elisondo made a prompt attack on the Americans in- 
 stead of giving them time to reorganize it is thought 
 the conditions would have been reversed. 
 
 Soon after this General Arredondo organized an- 
 other and larger Spanish army and, aided by Elisondo, 
 marched against San Antonio and camped on the Me- 
 dina, formed his army in the V shape, which permitted 
 a most dangerous trap, and which the impetuous con- 
 fidence of the Americans, bolstered by victory over 
 Elsondo, led them right into. The Americans, too, 
 made the mistake of attacking Arredondo instead of 
 awaiting the Spanish general's attack. 
 
 Arredondo Recaptures the City. 
 
 The revolutionists were commanded by General To- 
 ledo, and consisted of 300 Americans, under Colonel 
 Perry and 600 Mexicans, commanded by Colonel Men- 
 chaco. The armies met in combat on the Medina August 
 18, 1813. General Toledo and his force were defeated, 
 and General Arredondo marched in triumph to San An- 
 tonio. Arredondo, in a spirit of revenge, treated all 
 with great severity. Seven hundred people were ar- 
 rested and imprisoned, and many were shot without 
 pretence of trial. Three hundred prisoners were con- 
 fined one night in one house, and eighteen died of suffo- 
 cation. The women did not escape persecution. They 
 were confined in a prison derisively called La Quinta. 
 This prison was located on Dwyer Avenue, near the 
 Court House. Five hundred of the wives and daughters 
 
 38 
 
of colonists were so confined for four months, and com- 
 pelled to convert twenty-four bushels of Indian corn 
 daily into tortillas for the army. The property of citi- 
 zens was also confiscated. Gradually, however, the 
 prisoners were released and a more benevolent ruling 
 prevailed, but the rebellion was never forgiven or for- 
 gotten. 
 
 AfosEs Austin Arrives. 
 
 But the dawn of liberty was approaching. Early in 
 1830 Moses Austin, formerly of Connecticut, but more 
 recently of Mississippi, visited San Antonio. He de- 
 sired to establish an American colony, and sought the 
 sanction of the government and a grant of land for that 
 purpose. He saw Governor Antonio Martinez and he, 
 ever suspicious of Americans, not only refused, but or- 
 dered Austin to leave under threats of imprisonment 
 if he failed to do so. He had almost given up his 
 project when he met Baron de Bastrop, whom he had 
 known in New Orleans, and who induced the Governor 
 to reconsider the matter, and eventually the desired per- 
 mission was given and the grant of land was made. 
 Moses Austin, however, died before he could accomplish 
 his purpose, and the project was left for his son, 
 Stephen Fuller Austin, to complete. 
 
 Austin's Colony. 
 
 Stephen F. Austin and nis colonists arrived at Aus- 
 tin Creek, near Brenham, .December 21, 1821, and soon 
 laid out San Felipe. The proper papers not having 
 arrived, Austin went to the City of Mexico, and then, 
 owing to revolutionary times, he had difficulty in secur- 
 ing them. He, however, got them. Austin was made 
 chief judge and Baron Bastrop was appointed commis- 
 sioner to issue land titles. Favorable legislation fol- 
 lowed in 1824 and 1828, guaranteeing protection and a 
 liberal allotment of land. Then came freedom from 
 
 39 
 
import duties on all family supplies and exemption 
 from taxation for two years. Texas and Coahuila were 
 made one of the federated States, were allowed two 
 representatives, and State headquarters were estab- 
 lished in Bexar. The colonists were happy, contented 
 and prosperous. They built nomes, raised crops, and 
 their progress was most satisfactory. They were loyal 
 citizens and took care not to mix in any of the many 
 political revolutionary schemes that were prevalent 
 in those days. Had the Mexican authorities kept faith 
 with the colonists there would have been no revolution 
 against Mexico. 
 
 Changes for the Worse. 
 
 The success of the Mexican revolution and the rise 
 of Santa Anna to the dictatorship had a material 
 effect upon Texas. It was attached to Coahuila 
 and Saltillo became the capital. By this change 
 
 San Antonio lost not only the governor, but the as- 
 sessor or judicial counsel. The latter was the greatest 
 loss, for he had frequently to be consulted, and to do so 
 meant an overland journey of 600 miles and incurring 
 the danger of Indians and wild beasts. The danger 
 from Indians was then very great, for in ten years 
 ninety-seven people had been murdered by them. An- 
 other grievance was want of schooling, and up to 1832 
 there was only one teacher, who was barely competent 
 and badly paid. 
 
 Bowie on the Scene. 
 
 In 1830 Colonel James Bowie and his brother, Reinzi 
 B. Bowie, arrived in the city. James married the pretty 
 daughter of Don Veramendi, of the Veramendi House, 
 and became popular by his geniality, liberality and per- 
 sonal bravery. He was the inventor of the Bowie knife, 
 bo long popular in the South. Bowie afterwards joined 
 the Texan army, fought bravely and became a Colonel 
 
 40 
 
in rank and was in joint command of the Alamo 
 when it fell. He was sick at the time, and Travis, who 
 was Lieutenant Colonel, was in actual command. It is 
 generally supposed that Bowie was a man of giant 
 statue.. It is a mistake. In fact, he was tall, thin and 
 weighed only 140 pounds. His victories in his famous 
 duels were due more to his catlike agility than his great 
 strength. 
 
 The Constitution Violated. 
 
 The Constitution of 1824 guaranteed colonists free 
 title to the land on which they settled and improved, 
 but now money was demanded for titles, taxes became 
 oppressive and commerce was restricted. All this 
 created dissatisfaction, because it was directed against 
 the colonists, and this increased when the colonists 
 were required to surrender their private arms, the only 
 means they had of defense from the incursion of the In- 
 dians. The conditions grew worse and unbearable 
 under the tryrannical rule of Santa Anna. He hated 
 the colonists strove to crush them. He intensified 
 American feeling when he ordered the arrest of Lo- 
 renzo de Zavala, R. M. Williamson, W. B. Travis, Mor- 
 ley Baker, R. H. Williams, Joe Zambrano, I. M. Carava- 
 hal, Frank W. Johnson, John H. Moore, who were 
 undesirable citizens in the eyesT of the Spanish ty- 
 rant. Santa Anna's spite was especially directed 
 against De Zavala, who was a prominent Spaniard, and 
 who was a loyal friend of the Texans, and served them 
 faithfully and well. He was the grandfather of Miss 
 Adina de Zavala, and the local chapter of the Daugh- 
 ters of the Republic of Texas is named in his honor. 
 General Ugartecha was in command of San An- 
 tonio, with an army of 500 men, and enforced action 
 against the colonists, going so far as to arrest several 
 citizens without real cause, merely because they were 
 opposed to Mexican tyranny. 
 
 41 
 
Opening of the War. 
 
 General Ugartecha was succeeded by Governor Per- 
 fecto de Cos, brother-in-law of Santa Anna, who came 
 with increased forces, and he sent a detachment of sol- 
 diers to Gonzales to demand a "four-pounder" that the 
 citizens had to protect them from the weekly raids of 
 Indians. The demand was refused, and the soldiers at- 
 tempted to take it by force. They fired on the citizens, 
 a fight ensued, and the soldiers were routed and re- 
 turned to San Antonio. This was open rebellion. The 
 Texans organized their forces, and, choosing Stephen F. 
 Austin as commander, prepared to fight for liberty or 
 death. It was then decided that San Antonio must be 
 taken and held, and Austin, with only a force of 600 
 men, marched on to San Antonio and encamped at the 
 Mission San Francisco de la Espada. De Cos had 
 then over 1,000 men, and was looking for reinforce- 
 ments from Mexico. Austin sent a flag of truce to De 
 Cos, but the latter refused to recognize Austin. Then 
 the war began in earnest. 
 
 Battle of Mission Concepcion. 
 
 After some little skirmishing, on October 27, 1835, 
 General Austin ordered Colonel James Bowie and Cap- 
 tain J. W. Fannin, who was afterwards massacred with 
 his command at Goliad, to take ninety men and recon- 
 noitre the old missions to find a more suitable place for 
 camping. The party arrived at the Mission Concep- 
 cion and encamped there on October 28. In the morn- 
 ing they found themselves surrounded by Mexicans on 
 three sides and the river in the rear. To retreat meant 
 death. They would not surrender, and they at once 
 formed and vigorously attacked the enemy. A terrible 
 hand-to-hand fight ensued, but the colonists succeeded 
 in routing the enemy, who fled, leaving its guns and 
 ammunition. Of the ninety-two Americans only one 
 
 42 
 
man, Robert Andrews, was killed. The Mexicans had 
 400 men in action. Of these sixty were killed and forty 
 wounded. 
 
 The Grass Fight. 
 
 On the 26th of November, 1835, followed the famous 
 Grass Fight, so called because the colonists came upon a 
 party of 100 Mexicans who had been sent to cut fodder. 
 It was at first supposed to be Ugartecha's reinforce- 
 ments from Mexico. The enemy was about a mile from 
 the city, and took refuge in a ravine, and were rein- 
 forced from the city. The colonists, under Bowie, at- 
 tacked the enemy, who retreated, fighting, to the city, 
 where, under protection of heavy guns, they entered. 
 The force on this occasion was about equal. The col- 
 onists' loss was one killed, two wounded. The Mexi- 
 can loss was fifty killed and several wounded. 
 
 Burleson in Command. 
 
 At this time General Austin, being appointed Com- 
 missioner for the United States, resigned, and the com- 
 mand devolved on General E. R. Burleson, and it was 
 decided to capture the city. After a stirring address 
 by Captain W. H. Jack a call for volunteers was made, 
 and 450 gallant men responded. Among them were 
 some of the noted New Orleans Greys, and it was de- 
 cided that the attack should be made at dawn next day 
 (December 3, 1835). 
 
 During the night it was reported that some one had 
 left camp, and it was feared that the plans had been 
 betrayed. Some were in favor of falling back on Go- 
 liad, so the plan was abandoned. Next day Maverick, 
 Holmes and Smith, who had been imprisoned by De Cos 
 and released, came into camp and gave important infor- 
 mation as to De Cos' garrison and defenses of the city. 
 
 Ben Milam to the Front. 
 Colonel Milam ("Old Ben Milam" ) suggested ac- 
 
 43 
 
tion, and General Burleson gave consent. Colonel 
 Milam gave an immense hurrah that drew the men 
 around him, and then shouted : "Who will go with old 
 Ben Milam into San Antonio?" In an instant 300 dar- 
 ing, sturdy men were at his side, pledged to the attack. 
 Colonel Milam was selected to lead the attack, and he 
 and his glorious 300 encamped that night on the old 
 Molino Blanco, which was then situated at the corner 
 of Ninth and Oakland Streets. The remainder of the 
 force was held in reserve. 
 
 Milam's Attack on San Antonio 
 
 In accordance with a well-arranged plan, at 3 a. m., 
 December 5, 1835, Colonel Neill and a party of the re- 
 serves crossed the river and made an attack on the 
 Alamo to draw the enemy's force to that side, and he 
 kept up the attack until 9 a. m., when he retired in good 
 order to camp. In the meantime Colonel Milam, with 
 his men in two divisions, one commanded by Major 
 Morris and the other by Major F. W. Johnson, crossed 
 the river and proceeded by two routes to the main 
 part of the city. Arriving where the corner of 
 Houston Street and Main avenue now is, one di- 
 vision attacked the Garza House, corner of Main 
 Avenue and Veramendi Street, and the other the Vera- 
 mendi House. They were met with a heavy fire of 
 grape and musketry, and little progress could be made. 
 The second day the enemy were firing at them from the 
 tops of houses and directing steady cannonading at 
 them. All the colonists could do was to return the fire 
 and strengthen their position. It was then decided to 
 take houses as they came to them and make egress with 
 pickaxes and dash at the next house. On the next day 
 Ben Milam was shot through the head and killed. There 
 are different accounts of the killing, but the story told 
 by the late Sam A. Maverick is no doubt correct. At 
 the time Ben Milam was talking to Major Johnson 
 and Mr. Maverick was beside him, in the door of the 
 
 44 
 
Veramendi Palace. A Mexican sharpshooter was con- 
 cealed in a big cypress tree that was then on the river 
 in the rear of the de la Zerda homestead, next to the 
 Maverick homestead, now the Kampmann building, 
 and, taking deliberate aim at Milam, fired the fatal shot. 
 The ball passed through Milam's head and he fell dead 
 into Mr. Maverick's arms. The body was buried in 
 the courtyard of the palace till exhumed and buried in 
 Milam Square. Major Johnson then assumed command 
 of the expedition. The first division then forced its 
 way to the house of Don J. Antonio Navarro, corner of 
 North Flores and West Commerce Streets, and pos- 
 sessed it. The morning of the 8th was cold and wet, 
 and the men who had taken the Navarro house, aided 
 by the New Orleans Greys, advanced and occu- 
 pied the Zambrano Row (North Flores Street, occupied 
 now by T. C. Frost building) in spite of a heavy fire of 
 artillery and musketry. The second division also took 
 the priest's house (Main Plaza). When the priest's 
 house was taken it was vigorously cannonaded. Then 
 the enemy sent a flag of truce and capitulated. By the 
 terms of General De Cos, his officers and men who de- 
 sired to leave were released on parole and permitted to 
 take their arms and private property with them. De 
 Cos' force evacuated the city on December 14th. De 
 Cos broke his parole afterwards by fighting at San 
 Jacinto. 
 
 It was a glorious victory; 300 Texans against over 
 1,000 Mexicans, well armed and having heavy artillery, 
 snowed the courageous calibre of the men who were 
 then fighting for freedom and independence. 
 
 Arrival of Crockett. 
 
 David Crockett arrived in San Antonio just after this 
 and was an enthusiastic advocate of the independence 
 of Texas. He frequently mounted a box on the Main 
 Plaza and harrangued the crowd, urging freedom and 
 independence. He was a forcible speaker and very 
 popular. 
 
 45 
 
STORY OF THE ALAMO 
 
 The loss of San Antonio was naturally mortifying to 
 Mexico, and the position of the colonists endangered 
 Mexico's supremacy. General Santa Anna determined 
 to reclaim San Antonio and to put down what he called 
 the rebellion, so, taking the pick of his army, about 
 6,000 men, he marched upon San Antonio, arriving on 
 the heights on the 22d of February, 1836, the anniver- 
 sary of Washington's birth. He made his headquarters 
 where Wolfson's store is now located. As senior officer 
 Colonel Bowie was in actual command, but owing to his 
 serious illness, both he and Lieutenant Colonel W B 
 Travis were jointly named. They had only 145 efficient 
 men, among them being the famous David Crockett, 
 Bonham, Evans and some well-known Texas fighters. 
 Travis and his men at once retired to the Alamo and 
 dispatched couriers to Goliad and Washington (Texas) , 
 then the capital of the State, detailing his condition 
 and asking for aid. In these reports he said : "I shall 
 never retreat or surrender." He managed also to se- 
 cure eighty bushels of corn and about thirty beeves. 
 Santa Anna soon displayed his flag on San Fernando 
 Cathedral, and it was fired on by the Texans. The 
 usual Texas flag flew over the Alamo. It was not the 
 "Lone Star," as many suppose, but the Mexican tri- 
 color of 1824, with the date prominently displayed. The 
 same flag was used by Houston at San Jacinto. There 
 was a Lone Star flag there,but it was borne by patriotic 
 supporters from Mobile, Ala. This may perhaps have 
 suggested the design of that flag, which was then a 
 most appropriate one. 
 
 The reader must remember that in those days the 
 land between the Alamo and San Fernando was open, 
 and there was only a few shanties intervening. There 
 was an exchange of cannonading, and the third day 
 Santa Anna reconnoitred and the Texans made a sortie, 
 
 46 
 
burning some wooden shanties, killing two Mexicans 
 and wounding six others. An attempt was made to di- 
 vert the ditch supplying the Texans with water, but it 
 failed. Bombardment had begun in earnest by the 
 Mexicans, but the Texans, though they frequently re- 
 plied, were economical with ammunition. On the sixth 
 day Travis sent Juan N. Seguin to Goliad. On the 
 eighth day the gallant Texans were encouraged by the 
 arrival of thirty-two citizens from Gonzales, who came 
 to aid Travis and his band of heroes. On the same day 
 a shot from the Alamo struck the house in which Santa 
 Anna was quartered. 
 
 It was about this time, according to the story of a 
 man named Rose, that Travis drew a line and called for 
 those willing to defend the Alamo till death to cross it. 
 All crossed except Rose and Bowie. The latter was sick 
 and helpless, but he begged his companions to carry his 
 cot across the line, and it was done amid great cheer- 
 ing. Rose was then permitted to escape. This state- 
 ment was made in latter years, and has been accepted 
 by some historians. Travis and the heroes had re- 
 solved "never to surrender or retreat" from the first. 
 It was then dangerous to leave the Alamo, for Lieuten- 
 ant Dickenson, who attempted to escape by jumping 
 from an upper window in the rear of the Alamo to a 
 ditch below it, was shot by the besiegers and killed. 
 The latter story is told by some historians, but it is de- 
 nied. Mrs. Dickenson, in talking to Mr. H. A. McArdle, 
 the celebrated artist, said : "There is a yarn about that 
 my husband jumped from the wall with a child on his 
 back. That is a lie. We didn't have but one child, and 
 that I brought out of the Alamo." Mrs Susan Sterling 
 of Nogales, Arizona, writing to the author, says that her 
 grandmother told her that just before the fall of the 
 Alamo her husband came and said : "All is lost; if you 
 are saved take good care of the child, ,r and that she 
 never saw him again. This is no doubt true, for an at- 
 tempt to escape would have been futile and cowardly. 
 
 On the eleventh day the bombardment was continued 
 
 47 
 
with vigor, but the Texans, saving ammunition, rarely 
 replied. That night Santa Anna and his generals had 
 a council of war, and it was decided that an attack 
 should be made at dawn next day, Sunday, March 6, 
 and that the entire force in six columns should par- 
 ticipate in the attack. At dawn the party set out, 
 headed by Santa Anna, who encouraged the soldiers 
 and led the attack. The black flag was flying, indi- 
 cating no quarter. After a half hour's desperate 
 fighting Castrillon's division made a breach in the 
 upper walls — some say on the south side ; others on the 
 west side — and the Mexicans scaled the walls. Then 
 came desperate hand-to-hand fighting, such, perhaps, 
 as was never seen in the world's history. The fre- 
 quent shot, mingled with the clash of steel and shrieks 
 of the wounded and dying, made the old church a 
 pandemonium. Travis, some say, was killed on the 
 walls, directing the guns ; other say that he fell by the 
 side of Crockett, surrounded by a pile of dead Mexi- 
 cans. Bowie, who was sick, killed several ere he died. 
 The late J. P. Newcomb, the well-known Texan editor, 
 says he was told on good authority that Colonel Cas- 
 trillon found Bowie alive and reported the matter to 
 Santa Anna. That infernality was very angry that 
 Bowie had been spared, and ordered him to be taken 
 and shot, which was done. It is further said that it 
 was Bowie who made a proposition to surrender when 
 Santa Anna made "unconditional surrender" the basis, 
 which was rejected, and this added to his wrath. 
 Bonham also yielded his life dearly. Evans was caught 
 just as he was carrying a torch to the powder maga- 
 zine. It is reported the Texans had agreed, as a last 
 resort to escape Santa Anna's cruelty and to deci- 
 mate the Mexican army, to blow up the Alamo, and 
 that Evans was gallantly trying to do so when killed. 
 It is also said that De Cos tried to save the lives of 
 Crockett and Travis, but Santa Anna had them shot 
 down in cold blood. 
 
 After the battle the Mexicans erected a huge funeral 
 
 48 
 
pyre. A layer of fence rails and brush was made, and 
 on it was laid the bodies of the dead Texans, and so 
 layer after layer was made, the whole was fired and 
 the bodies of the heroes thus consumed. Some say this 
 was done on the Alamo Plaza; others that it occurred 
 in front of the present St. Joseph's Church. There is 
 an idea that the burning really occurred in the convent 
 grounds, and this is not unlikely. The pyre, it is said, 
 burned for two whole days and made the air obnoxioua 
 to the citizens. 
 
 The loss of the Mexicans must have been tremen- 
 dous. The Alcalde of the city, Don Pancho Ruiz, says 
 that 2,000 fell in the assault. He burned some bodies 
 in the trenches ; others were stripped and thrown into 
 the river. 
 
 Santa Anna's official report to the Secretary of the 
 Navy, General Jose Maria Tome, is a sufficient testi- 
 mony to Texan bravery. S 
 
 "They met with a stubborn resistance. The combat 
 lasted more than an hour and a half, and the reserves 
 had to be brought into action. The scene offered by 
 this engagement was extraordinary. The men fought 
 individually, vieing with each other in heroism." Then 
 he falsely adds : "More than 600 corpses of foreigners 
 were burned in the ditches and entrenchments, and a 
 great many who had escaped the bayonets of the in- 
 fantry fell in the vicinity under the sabres of the cav- 
 alry. * * * We lost about seventy men killed and 
 300 wounded, among whom were twenty-five officers." 
 
 It has been said that "Thermopoele had her messen- 
 ger of defeat, the Alamo had none," and this is true as 
 regards the Texan combatants, but it must not be sup- 
 posed that there was none others in the Alamo. Mrs. 
 Dickenson, wife of the ill-fated Lieutenant Dickenson 
 and infant, known later as "the child of the Alamo," 
 and a negro servant, permitted to leave unmolested by 
 Santa Anna, were certainly in the Alamo at the time 
 of its fall. According to the story of Enrique Es- 
 parza, who claims to have been the son of a Mexican 
 
 49 
 
who fought and died with the Texans, and who was in 
 the Alamo, says that there were also in the Alamo 
 Mrs. Alsbury (adopted sister of Bowie's wife), and 
 one child and sister, Mrs. Concepcion Losoya, her 
 daughter and two sons, Mrs. Vitona de Salina and 
 three girls. 
 
 The Heroes of the Alamo. 
 
 The official roster gives the following as the garri- 
 son who held the Alamo at the time of its memorable 
 fall, 1836: 
 
 Commanders: Col. James Bowie, Kentucky; Lieut. 
 Col. W. B. Travis, South Carolina. 
 
 Aide de Camp: Charles Despalier. 
 
 Lieutenant Adjutant: J. G. Baugh. 
 
 Master of Ordnance: Robert Evans (Ireland). 
 
 Lieutenant Quartermaster: Elial Melton. 
 
 Assistant Quartermasters: Anderson and Burnell. 
 
 Sergeant Major: Williamson. 
 
 Surgeons : D. Michison, Amos Pollard, — Thompson. 
 
 Colonels: J. Washington, Tennessee; J. B. Bonham, 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Captains: Forsyth, New York; Harrison, Tennes- 
 see; William ,Blazeley, Louisiana; W. C. M. Baker 
 Mississippi; S. B. Evans, W. R. Carey, S. C. Blair, 
 Texas; — Gilmore, Tennessee; Robert White. 
 
 Lieutenants; Almaron Dickenson, John Jones, Lou- 
 isiana (N. 0. Greys) ; George C. Kimbell. 
 
 Ensign: Green B. Jemison, South Carolina. 
 
 Privates : David Crockett, Texas ; E. Nelson, Nacog- 
 doches; — Nelson, Texas; W. H. Smith, Georgia; 
 Lewis Johnson, Pennsylvania; E. T. Mitchell, Georgia; 
 F. Desangue, Pennsylvania; Thruston (or Thurston), 
 Kentucky ; — Moore, Christopher Parker, Mississippi ; 
 C. Huskell (or Haskell)' (Moses ?) Rose, Texas; John 
 Blair, Texas; — Kiddison (or Kedeson), Wm. Wells, 
 Tennessee; E. Cummings, Pennsylvania; Valentine 
 (pr Vuluntine) , — Cockran, S. Hallaway, Isaac White, 
 
 50 
 
— Day, Robert Muselman, New Orleans; Robert 
 Crossman, New Orleans; I. G. Garrett, New Orleans; 
 Robert B. Moore, New Orleans; Richard Starr, Eng- 
 alnd; Richard Dimkin, England; W. Linn, Massachu- 
 setts; — Hutchinson, W. Johnson, Pennsylvania; E. 
 Nelson, Geo. Tumlinson, William Deardoff, Daniel 
 Bourne, England; — Ingram, England; W. T. Lewis, 
 Wales; Chas. Zanco, Denmark; Jas. L. Ewing, Robert 
 Cunningham, S. Burns, Ireland ; George Neggin, South 
 Carolina; — Robinson, Scotland; — Harris, Ken- 
 tucky; John Flanders, Isaac Ryan, Opelousas; David 
 Wilson, Texas; John M. Hayes, Tennessee; — Stuart, 
 Navidad, Texas; W. K. Simpson, New Orleans; W. D. 
 Southerland, Texas; D. W. Howell, New Orleans; — 
 Butler, Chas. S. Smith, — McGregor, Scotland; — 
 Rusk, — Hawkins, Ireland; Samuel Holloway, — 
 Brown, T. Jackson, Ireland, Johnson Linley, Mecahjah 
 Autrey, Lewis Duel. 
 
 There was also the Gonzales contingent, who en- 
 tered the Alamo on the eighth day of the seige, under 
 command of Lieutenant Kimbell. These were James 
 George, Dolphin Ward, Tom Jackson, G. W. Cottle, 
 Andrew Kent, Thos. R. Miller, Isaac Baker, William 
 King, Jesse McCoy, Claiborne Wright, William Fish- 
 back, Isaac Millsapps, Galba Fuqua, John Davis, Al- 
 bert Martin, William Fuhbach (or Fabaigh) , — John, 
 B. A. M. Thomas, John G. King, Isaac Durst, M. L. 
 Sewell, Robert White, A. Devault, John Harris, 
 David Kent, and William E. Summers, who also per- 
 ished. It is stated that an American, D. W. Cloud, 
 perished here, but there is no record. 
 
 There are old citizens who declared that several 
 Mexicans were in the Alamo when it fell, and this is 
 not improbable, as the patriots had many Mexican 
 allies, open ancl secret, and some may have been em- 
 ployed in domestic service. Madame Candalaria, a 
 Mexican, who claimed to have been there as the ser- 
 vant of Col. Bowie, declared that Elijo or Elias Lo- 
 soyo, of San Antonio, Texas; Jose Maria Cabrera, 
 
 Si 
 
of Tula, Mexico; Jose Maria Ximenez, of Mexico, and 
 a Mexican named Jacinto, who came from the coast, 
 perished in the Alama. 
 
 Enrique Esparza says that his father, Francisco, 
 mother, self, then 8 years old, and brother, were in 
 the Alamo. His father, a combatant, was killed, 
 but the mother and children were released. His 
 father was a friend and follower of Smith, possibly 
 Deaf Smith, who rendered Travis such good service. 
 He also says a Mexican, Brigido Guerrero, was 
 taken prisoner by the Mexicans and released on the 
 plea that he was a non-combatant. This man after- 
 wards secured a pension. 
 
 Pablo Diaz, an aged Mexican, says that he had sev- 
 eral friends in the Alamo, and among them was one 
 named Cervantes, whose descendants now live on 
 Losoya Street. 
 
 There may have been other Americans there when 
 the Alamo fell, but the records in those days of strife 
 and action were badly kept. They show one strange 
 feature, however, that no less than eleven Britishers 
 were in that garrison, and there are reasons to believe 
 that many others were also there when it fell. 
 
 THE FUTURE OF THE ALAMO. 
 
 The Alamo and Convent grounds are now the pro- 
 perty of the State, and nominally in the hands of the 
 Daughters of the Republic of Texas. The main idea 
 is to make them a sacred and grand monument to 
 the illustrious heroes who perished there. In this 
 the "Daughters" are agreed, but unfortunately there 
 is a difference in the opinion as to how this can be 
 best done. One section would restore all to pres- 
 tine condition with its picturesque convent front gal- 
 lery, doors and towers, with a patio, using the build- 
 ing as a historical museum, gallery of fame, making 
 it useful and ornamental. The other desire the Con- 
 vent razed, the whole turned into a garden displaying 
 
 52 
 
only the Alamo, and probably a monument to the 
 heroic dead. Some definite action will soon be taken 
 in the matter, and in any case a creditable State 
 monument will adorn the view. 
 
 THE ALAMO BELL RESTORED. 
 
 The original bell of the Alamo has been restored 
 to its old home, after being absent for 62 years. It 
 was found in the river by John Twohig, who kept 
 it until 1852, when he gave it to his father-in-law, 
 Major J. S. Calvert, of the Magnolia Hotel, Seguin, 
 Texas, and hung in front of the hotel until 1900, 
 when an attempt was made to steal it, and it was 
 taken inside to preserve it. Major Calvert gave the 
 bell to his daughter, Mrs. C. K. Johnson, who pre- 
 sented it to her younger son, T. L. Johnson, who re- 
 cently gave it to the Alamo. 
 
 The Dickenson Aftermath. 
 
 Mrs. Dickenson and other ladies and children were 
 taken to the house of Ramon Musquiz, located on the 
 southeast corner of West Commerce street and Main 
 Plaza. In a letter from her granddaughter, Mrs. Susan 
 Sterling, to the writer the former says that her grand- 
 mother was shot in the calf of the right leg, suffered 
 much and it was long before she could walk. The la- 
 dies were taken before Santa Anna and ordered re- 
 leased. It is said that Santa Anna wanted to adopt 
 "the child of the Alamo," but the offer was respect- 
 fully declined. Mrs. Angelina Dickenson was mar- 
 ried twice afterwards, once to Percy Bellis and then to 
 J. W. Hannig of Austin and San Antonio. The child 
 of the Alamo was married twice, first to Dr. John 
 Maynard Griffith, and secondly to Oscar Holmes. By 
 the first marriage she had three children : Susan, mar- 
 ried to Fred Sterling of Nogales, Arizona; Joe Grif- 
 
 53 
 
fith of Austin and Dick Griffith of Alvin, Texas. As 
 a result of the second marriage she had a daughter, 
 Sallie Holmes, who married Manuel D. Barrera, a 
 printer of San Antonio. 
 
 Why They Were Absent. 
 
 It has been often asked why such great patriots as 
 the late Sam A. Maverick and Col. Juan A. Navarro 
 were not found defending the Alamo. The answer is 
 that at that time, in conjunction with W. Smith, they 
 were attending the convention at Washington, Texas, 
 as delegates from Bexar, and were among those who de- 
 clared "the Independence of Texas." Otherwise they 
 would doubtless have perished in the Alamo. 
 
 The dawn of liberty was fast approaching. The 
 Texans, horrified by the Goliad massacre and the in- 
 humanity to the Alamo's dead, nerved the heart and 
 hand for a decisive battle. The Texan army, under 
 General Sam Houston, met Santa Anna's forces on 
 April 21st, 1836, and after a terrible fight the Mexi- 
 cans were routed. A little later Santa Anna was 
 taken prisoner. Then a treaty was signed by which 
 Texas became a free and independent republic. 
 
 The Last Indian Fight. 
 
 For the time peace existed. The only trouble was 
 with the Indians, and the Comanches had indicated 
 that they desired peace. Word was sent that if they 
 brought in the prisoners they held the trouble would 
 be settled. On the 19th of March, 1840, thirty-two 
 Indians, some squaws and children, came to the city 
 and met the commissioners appointed by President 
 Lamar, in the old court house on Main Plaza, situated 
 on the east side, about half way between West Com- 
 merce and Market Street, but they only brought in one 
 captive, Miss Lockhart, some say that a boy Herrera 
 was also produced, though they were known to hold 
 
 54 
 
others in captivity. The commissioners soon saw that 
 the Indians had brought the prisoners for a ransom, 
 and a heavy one, and were holding back the other 
 prisoners for the same purpose. The Indians were 
 told that they must bring in all white prisoners, and 
 until they did so twelve Indians would be detained 
 as hostages. One of these Indians attempted to pass 
 the sentinal who stopped him, and the Indian drew 
 a knife and stabbed him. The Indians were all armed, 
 drew weapons, and then a fierce and bloody fight 
 ensued and ended on the street. The women fought 
 as hard as the men. In the end the Americans lost 
 seven killed and eight were wounded. The Indians 
 lost thirty-two fighting men, three women and two 
 children, who were killed. Twenty-seven women and 
 children and two old Indians were also taken prison- 
 ers. The latter were held some time and 
 afterwards permitted to leave. The remaining white 
 prisoners were roasted by the Indians. Only two 
 escaped, a boy named Webster and a girl named 
 Putnam, who were spared because they had been 
 adopted by the tribes. There was one advantage in 
 this contest. It practically ended the Indian troubles. 
 
 Vasquiz's Invasion. 
 
 Notwithstanding the peace treaty with Santa Anna, 
 Mexico still claimed Texas as one of its provinces, 
 and March 5, 1842, General Vasquiz, with a few hun- 
 dred men, appeared before San Antonio and demanded 
 its surrender, promising to protect the citizens in 
 their civil rights. Col. Jack Hays, then in command, 
 deemed it advisable to withdraw, with his limited 
 force, to the Guadalupe. Vasquiz took formal pos- 
 session of the city, and kept faith with the citizens, 
 protecting them and their property. He changed 
 the city government and in two days retired from the 
 city, returning to Mexico. 
 
 55 
 
Woll Takes the City. 
 
 All was quiet until Sunday, Sept. 10, 1842, when 
 a Mexican came to the district court, then in session, 
 and raised the alarm that a large force of Mexicans 
 were coming to the city. The first impression was 
 that robbers were coming and 75 men were armed 
 and ready to give a warm reception, and the river 
 was barricaded at the ford, near Yturri Street. The 
 defenders slept under arms where Market Street is 
 now, between the Plaza and Yturri Street. At dawn 
 there was a severe cannonading and soon a body of 
 men passed into the Main Plaza, by the northern side 
 of the church. The Texans were ready and opened 
 fire. It was very foggy at the time and the Texans 
 could not see what was coming. To their dismay 
 they soon found that they were firing upon General 
 Woll and his army of 1500 Mexican soldiers. Soon 
 Colonel Carasco came forward under a flag of truce 
 and demanded the surrender of the city. Of course 
 resistance was impossible, and Maverick, Van Ness, 
 and Jones were detailed to explain and arrange for 
 capitulation. General Woll was angry. He had not 
 expected resistance and twelve men had been killed, 
 twenty-five wounded and a number of horses were 
 lost. The Texans had to surrender on the pledge, 
 and about fifty-five armed prisoners were taken. The 
 others managed to escape. 
 
 General Woll appears to have treated the prisoners 
 well, except those found under arms. The citizens, 
 however, resented this invasion and assembled con- 
 siderable force on the Salado. On the 17th of Septem- 
 ber Woll marched out with his army to disperse this 
 force. The fight commenced at ten o'clock and a 
 severe battle raged for about an hour, and then the 
 enemy retreated. The Mexican loss was great, while 
 the Texans had none killed and only ten wounded. 
 In retiring to the city, Woll came upon Captain Daw- 
 
 56 
 
son and fifty-five Texans, who were on their way to 
 join Caldwell. The Mexicans attacked the party and 
 Dawson raised a flag of truce to capitulate, but was 
 fired upon. Thirty-three Texans were killed, includ- 
 ing Captain Dawson (who was at San Jacinto), and 
 fifteen surrendered. The others escaped. At day- 
 break on the following day Woll evacuated San An- 
 tonio, taking with him his San Antonio prisoners. 
 The prisoners were marched to the Castle of Perote, 
 Mexico, and were compelled to undure many hard- 
 ships and privations, many dying on the way. At 
 Mier came the black bean episode. One hundred and 
 fifty white beans and seventeen black beans were 
 placed in a vessel and every prisoner had to draw 
 a bean. Those who got black beans were taken out 
 and shot. The remainder of the living prisoners, 120, 
 were released by Santa Anna, Sept. 16,1844, it is 
 said at the instigation of his beautiful young wife, 
 but it is generally supposed that the American am- 
 bassador was the potent influence that secured the 
 release. The bodies of the unfortunate men who 
 drew black beans now lie in a vault on Monument 
 Bluff, opposite La Grange City. A misunderstanding 
 prevented pursuit of Woll after the Dawson mas- 
 sacre, and he was permitted to escape to the Rio 
 Grande, otherwise the Mier prisoners would have 
 been released. Since then Mexico has never dared 
 to invade Texas. 
 
 Texas as a State. 
 
 The great State continued as an independent Re- 
 public until 1845, when it became one of the United 
 States. In the war between the United States and 
 Mexico, it became an important place as a base of 
 supply, and prospered. It became the headquarters 
 of Federal troops in Texas until it seceded and joined 
 the Confederacy when General Twiggs, then the com- 
 mand, retired. 
 
 When the civil war was over Texas renewed her 
 
 57 
 
allegiance to the government and was reinstated to 
 statehood. The Federal garrison of Texas was re- 
 stored and San Antonio has not been in any way 
 troubled by war until the "Spanish- American" trou- 
 ble. Then the Belknap Rifles went to sustain "Old 
 Glory," and many of the gallant sons of San Antonio 
 joined the army and navy, to defend the country. 
 
 Presidents, Grant, Harrison, McKinley, and Roose- 
 velt have visited the city and have practically tested 
 the sweets of Southern hospitality. They were de- 
 lighted with with the city and the reception accorded 
 to them. 
 
 It was here that Colonel Wood and Lieut-Col. Roose- 
 velt (now President) organized the famous Rough 
 Riders, and for some time the regiment was quartered 
 at the fair grounds, prior to their departure to Cuba. 
 
 In 1905 the Rough Riders held their annual conven- 
 tion in the city and President Roosevelt came to fra- 
 ternize with his old comrades at the original rendez- 
 vous in the Fair grounds. He was naturally appre- 
 ciated. The "President" became host in the "old 
 colonial" way, even more, they all became as man to 
 man, and all were well pleased. 
 
 5b 
 
The Famous Missions 
 
 1 
 
 The Alamo 
 Mission Concepcion 
 Mission San Jose 
 Mission San Juan 
 Mission De La Espado 
 San Fernando Cathedral 
 
 + 
 
 ORIGIN AND OBJECT 
 
THE FAMOUS MISSIONS 
 
 The Missions of Texas were established by nine 
 Franciscan fathers, who came here in 1716, under, 
 under the Right Reverend Father Antonio Margil de 
 Jesus, and they established six missions in the north- 
 ern part of what was then the province of Texas. 
 Three of these missions, Concepcion, San Juan, and 
 Espada, were transferred, in 1730, to the banks of the 
 San Antonio river. 
 
 Y^ The Alamo. 
 
 The leading mission is, of course, the Alamo, which 
 is aptly called "the Cradle of Texas Liberty," and 
 which is baptized with the blood of those who gloriously 
 fell in its defense March 6,1836. It was originally known 
 as the Mission of San Antonio de Valero, being named 
 after San Anthony, of Padua and the Duke de Valero, 
 a Spanish Viceroy. 
 
 It is said to have been first established in the 
 Cienagua of the Rio Grande, 1703, thence removed to 
 San Ildephonso and thence to the Rio Grande. Then 
 (1818) Fray Antonio de Benoventura y Olizarez, in 
 pursuance to orders of the Viceroy, removed the 
 Xumanez Indians and everything from the Mission 
 San Francisco Solaro on the Rio Grande to San Fer- 
 nando de Bexar (San Antonio), locating it at San 
 Pedro Springs. He removed it to the Military Plaza, 
 and thence to its present location. The foundation 
 of the first building was laid in 1744. That of the sec- 
 ond building was laid in 1757, when the former build- 
 ing collapsed. The present foundation stone bears the 
 latter date. 
 
 61 
 
Alamo means cottonwood, and it is said that the 
 name of the building was derived from the fine cot- 
 tonwood trees that surrounded the building, but it is 
 more probably that it was called from the first garri- 
 son that came here from Fort Alamo de Parras in the 
 Province of Coahuila, to which Texas was then attach- 
 ed. It was first used as a church and for protection 
 from Indians, but it afterwards became a fortress, 
 and was the scene of many conflicts between the Tex- 
 ans and Spaniards and Mexicans. 
 
 The Alamo that we see today is not the Alamo that 
 was originally founded. The foundation stone of that 
 building was laid on May 8, 1744, and was completed 
 in 1757. It was of the style of Mission Concepcion, 
 had two large towers and moresque dome, with an 
 elaborate facade, probably by Huica. Soon after it 
 collapsed and in its stead the present structure arose. 
 The architecture is very plain, if we except the beau- 
 tiful carved doorway and pillars. In the niches were 
 statues, but these have been destroyed. There were 
 only upper windows at one time, to prevent the Indians 
 from snooting the inmates. Indeed it is thought by 
 many that all the lower windows are innovations. 
 The main chapel is laid out in the form of a cross, 
 and is 70x62 feet. The walls are 4 1-2 feet thick 
 and 22 1-2 feet high. Originally the chapel had an 
 arched ceiling, covered by a flat gravel roof. Adjoin- 
 ing it on the north side was the spacious 
 convent grounds, and around these was a stock- 
 ade and wall, enclosing a large part of the Plaza. 
 This convent part is that part of the Alamo recently 
 purchased by the State for the Daughters of the Re- 
 public. In this was the prison and barracks. Santa 
 Anna's bombardment destroyed the arched roof of 
 the chapel and considerably demolished the walls. 
 Some years after a roof was put on the chapel, an 
 upper flooring put in and it was used by the military 
 department as a warehouse, and later by the late 
 Honore Grenet for the same purpose, much to the 
 
 62 
 
disgust of visitors, who regretted the desecration. 
 The property belonged to the Roman Catholic diocese 
 of San Antonio. The Hugo Schmeltzer Company 
 bought the site of the convent, where the store is, 
 and the State purchased the Alamo. It was then 
 cleared of the debris and fittings of a warehouse, and 
 placed as it is seen today. Many interesting relics were 
 exhibited there, and the city placed the building 
 in charge of a custodian. In 1905 the State Legisla- 
 ture appropriated $65,000 for the purchase of that 
 part of the Alamo known as the convent grounds, and 
 occupied by Hugo-Schmeltzer Company, and it became 
 the property of the State. Then the Alamo and con- 
 vent grounds were placed in custody of the Daughters 
 of the Republic of Texas, subject to future legislation, 
 and that body has nominal charge of both properties. 
 
 Mission Conception / 
 
 is the ordinary name for the Mission of Nuestra 
 Senora de la Concepcion Purissima de Acuna, so called 
 in honor of the Virgin and Juan de Acuna, a Spanish 
 Viceroy, but is commonly known as the first mission. 
 It is situated on the left hand side of the San Antonio 
 river, about two miles from the city, and was originally 
 founded in 1716, but moved to its present site in 1730, 
 the foundation being laid in 1731. The style is mo- 
 resque. It is a square front, with dome covered bel- 
 fries on either side, one being used for vestments, 
 the other as a baptistry. The front door is surmounted 
 by a triangle of great merit, and in the center of the 
 arch is a coat of arms. The walls are covered with 
 cement, ornamented with geometric signs, and the 
 floor covered with native tiling. The entrance is 
 through a large vestibule, but the auditorium is not 
 large. There is a curious stone altar, and service is 
 occasionally held here, but time and vandalism are 
 rapidly destroying the building. This mission was a 
 favorite resort of patriotic Texans. It was here that 
 
 63 
 
Bowie defeated the Mexicans, Oct. 28, 1835, and it has 
 been the scene of several Indian fights. 
 
 Mission San Jose 
 
 or second mission, is the Mission San Jose de Aguayo, 
 so called in honor of St. Joseph and Governor de 
 Aguayo, and is the most beautiful of all the missions, 
 for the sculpture is the work of the celebrated Spanish 
 sculptor, Huica, or Huisar. Some of his descend- 
 ants reside in the city, who was sent from Spain for 
 that purpose. It was founded in 1720, and took eight 
 years in building. It is located on the right hand side 
 of the San Antonio river, and is about four miles 
 from the city. The principal door was a masterpiece 
 of art, and was of live oak, covered with cedar. Around 
 it were six statues, St. Ann (gone), St. Joaquin 
 (headless), the virgin and child, St. Joseph, St. Nanoa 
 and San Domingo. The window here was pronounced 
 by Oscar Wilde, a recognized art critic, when he visited 
 San Antonio, to be unequaled by anything that was 
 in Europe. The spiral stair case and cedar ladder, 
 by which visitors ascend to the roof, is a reminder of 
 its early days. From the roof a nice view of the sur- 
 roundings is seen. This mission is four times larger 
 than the others and more in a state of ruin, half the 
 walls having fallen, but it will especially delight the 
 antiquarian and the artistic. 
 
 Mission San Juan. 
 
 The Third Mission, or Mission San Juan de Capes- 
 trana, is six miles from the city, and located on the 
 right or west bank of the San Antonio river. It was 
 erected in 1716, and is now practically in ruins, but 
 the belfry and walls remain as a monument of the 
 skill and zeal of those who erected it, and the scene 
 is most picturesque. 
 
 64 
 
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Mission Espada. 
 
 Fourth Mission or Mission San Francisco de la 
 Espada. There was an old mission erected near this 
 in 1689, but it has long since passed away. The new 
 mission is on or near the site of the old mission. 
 
 The present mission was originally established in 
 1716, on the banks of the Medina, but owing to re- 
 peated attacks of Indians it was removed to its pres- 
 ent site in 1730. Only portions of its walls and sword- 
 shaped tower remain, but these afford much interesting 
 study. 
 
 In connection with the missions, it should be noted 
 that the De Zavala Chapter of the Daughters of the 
 Republic are raising a fund to restore and protect 
 them. 
 
 The best way to see the missions is to take a hack, 
 which can be hired at a reasonable price, or an auto- 
 mobile that makes periodical trips to them. The Hot 
 Wells electric car takes the visitor to a point not far 
 distant from the first and second mission. The third 
 mission can be seen by taking the San Antonio and 
 Aransas Pass train for Berg's Mill, as it is within, 
 easy walking distance from that depot. 
 
 San Fernando Cathedral. 
 
 Though not a mission, San Fernando Cathedral de- 
 serves to be classed with those sacred edifices. It was 
 originally built by subscription in 1732, but only the 
 sacresty, the portion that now faces the city hall, 
 remains of the old building. The old church was serious- 
 ly damaged by fire and flood. The foundation stoie of 
 the new building was laid on the 27th of Sept., 1868, 
 and it was built by Ed Tynan from Giraud's plans. 
 It was originally the parish church, but when San 
 Antonio was created a Roman Catholic bishopric and 
 the Right Reverend A. D. Pelicer was installed bishop* 
 
 65 
 
it attained the rank of a cathedral. Orig- 
 inally there was only one high tower, and the other 
 was almost level with the roof, the church was other- 
 wise in an unfinished state, the plans of the architect 
 having never been completed. The old church was a 
 silent witness of the Texan struggle for independence. 
 On the old tower, in February — March, 1836, was dis- 
 played the black flag of Santa Anna, in the memorable 
 siege of the Alamo. The church has a very fine altar 
 proper and some minor altars, the gift of grateful par- 
 ishioners. The new church (cathedral) has recently 
 been altered in accordance with its original designs. 
 It has now two ornate towers, has been otherwise 
 ornamented and a statue of San Fernando, the patron 
 Saint of San Antonio, when it was San Fernando de 
 Bexar, has been placed in the long vacant niche above 
 the main doorway. In the upper story and the rear 
 of the church were rooms for the priests, and many 
 resided there until the bishop's house on Dwyer ave- 
 nue was built. Among these was the late Bishop 
 Neraz. 
 
 There was originally a cemetery around the church, 
 hut it was abandoned, and a Roman Catholic cemetery 
 opened where Santa Rosa Hospital now is, and re- 
 mained there until removed to its present site on the 
 Alazan. In that cemetery the leading Spanish citi- 
 zens are buried. 
 
 The bishop's residence and clergy house is on Dwyer 
 Avenue, two blocks south of the Bexar County Court 
 house. 
 
 66 
 
Historic Plazas 
 
 Interesting things that can 
 be seen there. : : : 
 
 
 PRETTY PARKS 
 

The Military Plaza. 
 
 The principal plaza is the Military Plaza, which was 
 the Plaza des Armes, and which was laid out in 17*1 
 by the royal commissioners, Don Jose Antonio de Vilie 
 and Senor Sanchez, and in the center of it now is the 
 magnificent City Hall, considered one of the finest 
 in the South, erected at the cost of $225,000, where 
 are located the civic offices, police headquarters and 
 jail. Around this were the quarters of the army, the 
 palacio of the governor and residences of civil officers. 
 On the west side, near the northwest corner, is a low 
 building with a coat of arms above the door. There 
 is also an old hitching ring nearby. There are rem- 
 nants of the palacio of Governor Antonio Cordero, 
 Here Rough and Ready Ignacia Cassiano lived. On 
 the northwest corner is an old building that was 
 erected about 1735, and used as the quartermaster s 
 department of the government. On the opposite cor- 
 ner was the Navarro house, which figured prominently 
 in Milam's attack on San Antonio in 1836, and on the 
 other corner is the remains of the old De Soto and 
 Trevino homes, erected about the same time. The east 
 side shows the original part of the first San Fernando 
 Church, and at the southeast corner is the Southern 
 Hotel. In the northwest corner of the plaza was the old 
 police headquarters and court house, or bat cave, as it 
 was called, which was pulled down when the new City 
 Hall was erected. In the old time the plaza was simply 
 a primitive market place, by no means attractive, and 
 the change to its present condition is appreciated. The 
 
 69 
 
chili stands are located here, and have a quaint appear- 
 ance at night, but the famous pert and vivacious chili 
 queens are scarce. 
 
 In the early days in this plaza was the corral on the 
 south side, fenced in; the exchange was on the west 
 side, and on the northwest corner the guardhouse was 
 situated (Amagura Street). Where St. Joseph's Or- 
 phanage now is was the celebrated priest's house taken 
 by Milam's brigade in the capture of San Antonio. 
 Bishop Oden of Galveston and Archbishop of New Or- 
 leans lived here. In this plaza there resided Masmela, 
 the Flores, Bergara, De la Gardo, Buenos, Perez, Rod- 
 riguez, Urrutia, Seguin, Navarro, Minon and others of 
 the old Spanish Families. The soldiers' barracks were 
 on the east side of the plaza, and their rear was to the 
 San Fernando Cathedral. The centre of the~military 
 and social life was in this plaza and that adjoining — 
 Main Plaza — and there was general activity, progress 
 and prosperity. 
 
 Main Plaza. 
 
 i 
 The second plaza is what is known as the Main Plaza. 
 It was originally called the Plaza de los Islas, because 
 in was the main place where the principal members of 
 the sixteen Canary Island immigrants were located. 
 These immigrants, who figured so prominently in 
 Milam's attack on San Antonio, were really of Norman- 
 French descent, as the Canary Islands were discovered 
 by Jean Betehncourt, a Norman navigator, and peopled 
 by many Normans. The French government refusing 
 to aid him, he sought aid, and received it, from Spain, 
 who assumed sovereignty. The names of the Normans 
 assumed a Spanish form in time. Thus, in the original 
 Spanish settlers came "Betehncourt" became Betan- 
 court, "De la Rocha," Arocha, "Cuvier" Cubelo, "De la 
 Garde" Delgado, "De L' Isle" Leal, "De la Anieze" 
 Alinas, "D'Armes" Dearmas and so on. On this plaza 
 were the Montez de Ochoa, Florez, De la Rosa, Martinez, 
 
 70 
 
Bustillos, De Soto, Yturri, De Granados, Arrocha and 
 other important families. 
 
 This plaza is, if anything, rather more historic than 
 the other. Passing from Commerce Street southward, 
 half way between that point and Market Street, we find 
 the site of the old court house, where the famous Indian 
 fight occurred. At the southeast corner of Market 
 Street was the old family residence of the Montez de 
 Ochoa, which passed into the Flores family by marriage. 
 This fine old building, erected in 1730, was razed to 
 make room for the Washer Bros, building. A little 
 further on is the French building, which for many 
 years was used by the city for the Mayor's office and 
 by the United States for the Federal court of the 
 Western district of Texas, where many famous trials 
 have occurred. On the southeast corner is the hand- 
 some Moresque brown stone court house for Bexar 
 County, erected at a cost of $610,000, the largest and 
 best in Texas, where is found the district, and county 
 courts and county officers. This is built on the site of 
 the Rodriguez de Granados homestead. We pass on 
 westward by the old San Antonio Herald office to the 
 Southern Hotel, formerly the Cassiano homestead, the 
 Bustillos place adjoining, and then come to the De Soto 
 homestead, occupied now by the Frost National Bank. 
 At this corner Evans had his store (1845), and his 
 daughter, Augusta Evans (now Mrs. L. M. Wilson of 
 Georgia) lived with him, and there, under the shadow 
 of the San Fernando Church, wrote her famous novel, 
 "Inez, or a Tale of the Alamo/' Her sister, Mrs 
 Tarleton, resides here. Crossing to Wolfson's cor- 
 ner, which was Santa Anna's headquarters in 
 1836, we come to the site of the De la Rosa and 
 Yturri place, and when we get near the cor- 
 ner of Soledad Street, the old Arocha homestead, we 
 come to the site of the old Vaudeville theatre, famous 
 in the bloody annals of the State for the Ben Thomp- 
 son accidents. The Elite Hotel was the site of the drug 
 store of James Devine, where he killed J. S. McDaniel. 
 
 71 
 
It was also there that Mayor Sweet, father of Alex S. 
 Sweet of the Texas Siftings, arrested a noted desper- 
 ado, armed only with a walking cane. 
 
 Where the Bank of Commerce now stands was the 
 home of Governor Barrera, and the Dauenhauer build- 
 ing, opposite, where Frank Bros/ store is, was Gov- 
 ernor Musquiz's home. 
 
 Some part of the Indian fight occurred on this plaza, 
 and there were many stirring scenes enacted here dur- 
 ing the struggle for Texas independence and during 
 the days of the vigilance committee, when the citizens 
 made a fight against the tough element for law and 
 order and nearly annihilated desperadoes. 
 
 A few years ago this plaza, which was then a barren 
 waste, was placed by the city administration in its 
 present ornamental condition, much to the gratification 
 of the people. 
 
 The street cars from the Southern Pacific depot to the 
 International and Great Northern Depot and from 
 South Heights to Beanville pass through these two in- 
 teresting plazas. 
 
 Alamo Plaza. 
 
 The third plaza of note is the Alamo Plaza. Com- 
 mencing at the corner of Houston Street, we strike 
 first the Federal building, erected at a cost of $275,000, 
 the finest in the State. Here is the postoffice, the Fed- 
 eral court and the various Federal offices. This build- 
 ing is to be enlarged, the present being too limited to 
 accommodate the necessary officials and their work. 
 Turning southward we come to the site of the Alamo 
 Convent grounds and old Alamo grounds, both of which 
 were recently purchased by the State. Continuing south- 
 ward, we come to the old Menger Hotel, one of the best 
 modern hotels in the State. In the rear of this Hotel in 
 the '50s, was the first local brewery, originated by Wil- 
 liam Menger and run by Charles Degen. Crossing Blum 
 Street, we get to the Gallagher building, used for a long 
 
 72 
 
time as the postoffice, but now the local ticket office of 
 the International and Great Northern Railroad. Cross- 
 ing westward, we come to the ticket office of the Katy 
 Then, going northward, we find the Knights of Pythias 
 Castle, at the corner of Crockett Street arid catch 
 a good view of the new Masonic Temple. By the way, 
 on this street, not far down, are the offices of the Daily 
 Light and the Daily Express. On the opposite corner is 
 found the San Antonio Club, the leading social organi- 
 zation of the city, and the Grand Opera House, opened 
 December 20, 1856, the handsomest and best equipped 
 theatre in the State, and the ticket office of the Southern 
 Pacific Railroad. Adjoining it was the Trevino home- 
 stead, which has been torn down by Dr. F. Herff and a 
 new modern store erected in its place. 
 
 This plaza has been the scene of many memorable 
 instances, the last being the address of President Mc- 
 Kinley a little time before his death, and of President 
 Roosevelt in April, 1905. It is the main scene of the 
 Battle of Flowers, which occurs annually on San Ja- 
 cinto day, April 21st. A few years ago it was a barren 
 waste, till placed in its present pretty condition. 
 
 The electric cars from Tobin Hill to the San Antonio 
 and Aransas Pass depot, the Southern Pacific depot 
 and International and Great Northern cars and those 
 from South Heights to Beanville and Nolan Street 
 cars to Government Hill pass through this plaza. All 
 other cars run within a block of it. 
 
 PRETTY PARKS 
 
 San Pedro Springs. 
 
 San Antonio is often called the City of Parks on ac- 
 count of the many ornamental parks and plazas with 
 which it is adorned. 
 
 The principal of these is the San Pedro Springs, but 
 it is not the largest at present, for the reason that the 
 
 73 
 
city has lost much of it by litigation. It was given to 
 the city by a royal Spanish grant in 1729. At that time 
 it consisted mainly of a large grove of remarkably fine 
 pecan trees, at the headwaters of the San Pedro creek. 
 These waters and the delightful shade made it in for- 
 mer days a favorite resort of the Indians. Here the 
 Mexican army has frequently camped. Santa Anna was 
 here on his way to besiege the Alamo, and it was here 
 that the Confederate local forces assembled before they 
 marched to the gory field. Today it is often used for 
 military spectacles of a different character, the exer- 
 cises of the volunteers and for reunions of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic, Confederate and Spanish War 
 Veterans. 
 
 For a long time the park existed in its wild native 
 state, until the late Mr. J. J. Duerler cleared out the 
 springs, made some pretty lakes, cleared the grounds 
 and otherwise improved the place. Mayor Hicks took 
 pleasure in the old park, and had it laid out and im- 
 proved at a cost of several thousand dollars. While the 
 park has lost much of its natural beauty and sylvan 
 character, it has gained much in artificial beauty, ac- 
 cording to modern ideas, and is pronounced by many to 
 be one of the most beautiful parks in the country. A 
 zoological garden of merit and interest is near the park. 
 It is well worth a visit, and is convenient of access, as 
 the San Pedro Springs car runs to and from the main 
 entrance, and the North Flores Street car passes by the 
 rear entrance. 
 
 Brackenridge Park. 
 
 This is the largest park, containing 259 96-100 acres. 
 It was the gift of Colonel G. W. Brackenridge of San 
 Antonio to his fellow citizens. It is a natural park, 
 with fine oak, hackberry, pecan, cypress and other 
 trees, and the beautiful San Antonio River serpentines 
 its way through it. The scenery in many cases is beau- 
 tiful and is of especial interest to the artistic and the 
 
 74 
 
devotees of the camera, and is quite a popular resort. 
 
 The city is rapidly improving the grounds by the 
 clearance of the underbrush, etc., and is establishing a 
 deer park, buffalo pen, avaries and other interesting 
 additions. The park is reached by the River Avenue 
 electric car, which connects with all other electric cars 
 at the corner of Houston Street and Avenue C. 
 
 Mahncke Park. 
 
 Another fine park has been recently added, and is 
 called the Mahncke Park, in honor of the late Park 
 Commissioner, so named. It contains 93 76-100 acres, 
 and is connected by a driveway with Brackenridge 
 Park, and is in close touch with the military post and 
 the government drill grounds. It was donated to the 
 city by Colonel George W. Brackenridge, and forms a 
 delightful rustic resort. 
 
 Travis Park. 
 
 Travis Park is really a large plaza, and in it is the 
 grand monument to the memory of the Confederate 
 dead erected by the Daughters of the Confederacy. On 
 the northeast corner is St. Mark's Episcopal Church, 
 the foundation stone of which was laid in December, 
 1859, but it was not until Easter Day, 1875, the church 
 was opened. The rectory adjoins the church. In the 
 church is a fine old bell, made from a gun found in the 
 old Maverick homestead, then corner of Houston and 
 Avenue D, and is supposed to have belonged to the 
 Magee expedition, 1813. Some very fine memorial win- 
 dows are also seen there. On the southeast corner is the 
 new and handsome Temple Beth El, erected in 1902, 
 and on the southwest corner is the large and convenient 
 Travis Park Methodist Church. The park is one block 
 north of Houston Street, and is reached by the way of 
 Jeffersan Street or Navarro Streets. 
 
 75 
 
Milam Park. 
 
 Milam Park is another large plaza, and is the site of 
 the first Protestant cemetery in the city. In its repose 
 the remains of gallant Ben Milam, which are covered by 
 a handsome and substantial monument, erected by the 
 Daughters of the Texas Republic. Ben Milam was 
 killed near the Veramendi House on December 7,1835, 
 and his remains were buried in the courtyard of the 
 historic building. On December 5, 1849, the remains 
 of the honored dead were exhumed by the Masonic fra- 
 ternity, of which Milam was a member, a detail of the 
 United States Army acting as a guard of honor, and 
 they were laid in the centre of what was then the old 
 City Cemetery, and about eight feet from the base of 
 the monument. When the use of the cemetery was dis- 
 continued Milam's remains were undisturbed and the 
 place renamed Milam Park. Over Milam's grave the 
 Daughters of the Texas Republic have erected the me- 
 morial that adorns it. Many Americans who perished in 
 the colonist wars of 1835-36 were buried near Milam's 
 grave. On the north side of the monument is the Santa 
 Rosa Hospital and Infirmary and Orphanage, which is 
 erected on the site of the old San Fernando Cemetery, 
 while on the south side is the new City Market House 
 and Convention Hall. Near by is the wood and hay mar- 
 ket, and here can be seen in the evening the famous chili 
 queens, who dispense the famous piquant and caloric 
 Mexican dishes. Milam Park is at the beginning of 
 the trans-San Pedro district and near the quarters of 
 the poorer Mexican residents. The electric cars run- 
 ning from the Southern Pacific depot to the Interna- 
 tional and Great Northern depot run close to this park. 
 
 Maverick Park. 
 
 Another park, or rather plaza, of some note is the 
 Maverick Park. It is one of the many pretty breathing 
 
 76 
 
places. The electric cars from San Pedro Springs and 
 River Avenue pass through it. 
 
 There are many other little parks or plazas that 
 ornament the city, but these, though very pretty, are 
 not worthy of more than a passing mention. All the 
 parks and plazas bear testimony to the skill and care 
 of former Park Commissioner Ludwig Mahncke, now 
 deceased. j 
 
 
 
 + 
 
 77 
 
TOWER AT FORT SAM HOUSTON 
 
THE BRIGADE POST 
 
 Historical sketch of Military Headquarters of 
 
 Department of Texas, varied sections, 
 
 Hospital, Chapel donated by 
 
 citizen, Arsenal, Etc. 
 
 FORT SAM HOUSTON 
 
MILITARY MATTERS 
 
 The Army Centre. 
 
 San Antonio has ever been a military centre, and, 
 in view of its healthfulness and its strategic value as a 
 defence to our Rio Grande border, it is not surprising 
 that the United States government, after the Mexican 
 War, realized its advantages and held it as a military 
 post. It remained so until the Civil War, when the 
 Confederates controlled it. After the war ended Fed- 
 eral troops were again quartered in the city, but there 
 was no permanent quarters and no organization as 
 there is today. The headquarters of the commanding 
 officer were first at the Du Mazier building, on South. 
 Alamo, and then at the Vance house, corner of St. 
 Mary's Street, the French buildings, Maverick Hotel, 
 and to it permanent quarters. Other military officers 
 were quartered at the Vance building, on Soledad 
 Street, corner of Losoya and Crockett Streets, where 
 the Daily Light office now is, to the Arsenal, the Alamo 
 and to the rear of the department officers' headquarters 
 Fort Sam Houston. Then the troops were a part of 
 the Department of Louisiana and Texas, but in 1872 
 the independent Department of Texas was created^ and 
 since then Louisiana, Kansas and Oklahoma had been 
 added to it. In 1878 Fort Sam Houston was built and 
 occupied as an army post, and the department found 
 permanent quarters there. Since then the post has 
 been materially extended until it became the second 
 largest post in the country. The former policy of the 
 War Office was to garrison various forts on the Rio 
 Grande to secure a quicker action than could be had 
 from Fort Sam Houston, but now, with the extension 
 
 81 
 
of the telegraph system and railways, troops can be 
 sent to any particular spot from Fort Sam Houston 
 sooner than from the garrisoned forts. The present 
 policy of the government is to abandon the border gar- 
 risoned forts and concentrate all troops at Fort Sam 
 Houston, and it is a wise one. 
 
 Now Fort Sam Houston is made into a brigade post 
 and the provisions made for its extension, so that it 
 covers 18,082 acres, and additional officers' quarters, 
 barracks and buildings are being added. There is also 
 one of the best hospitals in the country and a new 
 church, the gift of San Antonio, which, when not so 
 used, can be converted into a lecture hall and reading 
 room. In comfort and sanitation for officers and men 
 Fort Sam Houston cannot be excelled. 
 
 The brigade post will quarter one regiment each of 
 cavalry and infantry, with regimental headquarters 
 and bands, two batteries of artillery and their con- 
 tingencies. It is calculated that the officers, privates, 
 clerks, etc., will exceed 3,000 men. The advantage of 
 this to San Antonio is great. The old pay list was 
 calculated at $17,000 per month ; the new pay list will 
 be over $50,000 per month. Most of this is spent 
 here. This does not include supplies, much of which 
 is purchased from local dealers. The government has 
 already spent over $1,000,000 on this post and is now 
 spending $1,250,000 on extensions and improvements. 
 A large target range, lying at Leon Springs, about fif. 
 teen miles from the city, is attached to the post and is 
 much used for practice and recuperation. 
 
 When completed the Army Post, as it is now called, 
 will be the equal of any in importance and extent and 
 the superior in climatic comfort and social pleasure 
 for the people of San Antonio, and the garrison have 
 always affiliated in a most cordial way. 
 
 The grounds at the post are very pretty, the view 
 and breeze delightful and the parades draw crowds of 
 visitors and citizens. 
 
 The Department of Texas now controls Louisiana, 
 
 82 
 
Kansas and Oklahoma. The Army Post and Nolan 
 Street electric street cars run to the Upper and Lower 
 posts. 
 
 The Arsenal. 
 
 The United States Arsenal was for many years lo- 
 cated on the corner of Soledad and Houston Streets, a 
 little north of the Veramendi place, but in 1859 the 
 government purchased sixteen acres of ground on 
 South Flores Street, near what is now Arsenal Street, 
 from Governor Bell and Dr. G. P. Devine and subse- 
 quently (1871) four more acres from the heirs of 
 Tournat Beauregard. The offices were not built until 
 1860, and when the Civil War opened the magazine 
 was not completed. It was finished by the Confeder- 
 ates. From 1871 to 1874 the arsenal was completed 
 as it now stands. It is enclosed in a handsome sym- 
 bolical iron and rock fence. Mere is the supply of ord- 
 nance, repair shops for small arms and factory for 
 making and repairing saddles, bridles, etc. It is pro- 
 posed to extend the arsenal, and this will be necessary 
 to meet the requirements of the new brigade post. The 
 North Flores Street electric car passes the building. 
 
 Distinguished Soldiers. 
 
 Many distinguished officers have done duty in San 
 Antonio. Among these are Generals Zack Taylor, U. S. 
 Grant, both afterwards President; W. R. Shafter, 
 David E. Twiggs, Robert E. Lee, Albert Sidney John- 
 ston, Harney, Worth, Wesley Merritt, J. J. Reynolds, 
 C. C. Augur, H. C. Corbin (afterwards adjutant gen- 
 eral), J. C. Clous, Phil Sheridan, E. 0. C. Ord, Mc- 
 Kenzie, Schofield, Lawton, D. S. Stanley, Frank Whea- 
 ton, A. McArthur, Bliss, Graham, Best, McKibbin, 
 Whiteside, Wheelan, Luther Hare, J. G. Lee and Myers. 
 
 Noted Confederates. 
 
 Before the opening of the Civil War both Robert E. 
 Lee and Albert Sidney Johnston were attached to the 
 
 83 
 
military headquarters then located at the northeast 
 corner of Houston and St. Mary's Streets. Johnston 
 resided at 225 St. Mary's Street, near the headquarters, 
 but Lee lived at the Howard house, on South Alamo 
 Street. It was in this house that he wrote the resigna- 
 tion of his commission in the United States army, and 
 he left it to head the Confederate army in the fearful 
 war that followed the rupture between the Northern 
 and Southern States. 
 
 84 
 
PLEASANT 
 
 DRIVES 
 
 To Laurel Heights, Head 
 of the River, Government 
 Hill, the Hot Wells and 
 other Suburban resorts.... 
 
 DELIGHTFUL VIEWS 
 
INTERESTING DRIVES 
 
 To Laurel Heights. 
 
 The reader will find a pleasant drive and see consid- 
 erable of the city if he will start from Alamo Plaza, go- 
 ing south on South Alamo Street, passing Scholz's Gar- 
 den, and then turning west on Commerce Street (also 
 known as Main Street) . Here will be found the leading 
 stores, banks, telegraph offices and express companies. 
 Arriving at the Main Plaza, the Bexar County Court 
 House, San Fernando Cathedral and the beautiful or- 
 namental garden are seen on the left hand. Turning 
 down Main Avenue, northward, crossing Houston Street, 
 catching here a glimpse of the First Presbyterian 
 Church on the left. Onward the visitor will go, and 
 when near the junction of San Pedro Avenue he will 
 pass a large square rock building, which is the San 
 Antonio High School. A little further, on the other 
 side of the way, is one of San Antonio's fire stations 
 in a quaint Elizabethian building, and as the visitor 
 turns on to San Pedro Avenue he will catch a good 
 view of the handsome new domed building of the Chris- 
 tian Church, which lies near the intersection of Main 
 Avenue. As the visitor passes along San Pedro Avenue 
 he will find that he is riding over one of San Antonio's 
 fine asphalt streets, amid some very pretty residences. 
 Soon he will pass the baseball grounds on the left hand, 
 the Electric Park and summer theatre on the right 
 hand, and come to the handsome fence of the San Pedro 
 Springs Park. Here he can rest and view the natural 
 and artistic beauties that are here presented. When 
 ready to go on his way he will see that opposite the park 
 
 87 
 
is the car sheds of the traction company. Turning into 
 Locust Street, he will follow the street car track east- 
 ward and pass the palatial stone residence of Otto 
 Koehler, president of the San Antonio Brewing Asso- 
 ciation (City Brewery). The visitors will notice that 
 he is gradually rising and that the air is cool and pleas- 
 ant. He will now turn north again into Main Avenue 
 and pass one of San Antonio's fine public schools on 
 the left hand side. Winding with the road on the right 
 he catches a fine bird's eye view of Fort Sam Houston 
 and district, the City Brewery and an interesting pano- 
 rama. Then he comes to Craig Place. If then he turns 
 East he can proceed via Broad Avenue to the poor house 
 or wind around to Brackenridge Park and Government 
 Hill. Here he is on Laurel Heights. It is still better 
 to follow the street car track, turn westward on Craig 
 Place, then north on Howard Street and go right to the 
 famous golf links, and even farther, to Beacon Hill. 
 In this part of the drive he will see many of the hand- 
 some residences of the leading citizens, catch many fine 
 views of the city and inhale the delightful air. 
 
 In returning to the Alamo Plaza the visitor will find 
 it pleasant and convenient when he turns from Craig 
 Place into Main Avenue to continue on its until he 
 reaches the fire engine house at the junction of Main 
 and San Pedro Avenues. Then turn east on Romana 
 Street to Augusta Street, passing by the Ursuline 
 Convent, which has been extended in a very handsome 
 and appropriate way, and Douglas colored schools. 
 Thence south on St. Mary's Street and east on Pecan 
 Street into Travis Park, where he will view the Con- 
 federate monument, St. Mark's Episcopalian Church, 
 Travis Park M. E. Church and Temple Beth El. Thence 
 he can go south into Houston Street, and going east 
 will soon be in Alamo Plaza. 
 
 Government Hill. 
 
 A drive to Government Hill is an interesting one. 
 For that purpose the visitor leaves Alamo Plaza and 
 
 88 
 
proceeds northward down Avenue D, passing another 
 of San Antonio's public school buildings on the left 
 and the handsome H. D. Kampmann residence on the 
 right, until he comes to the street car track on Tenth 
 Street. Then he follows east with it, turning north- 
 ward into Austin Street, where he passes the old South- 
 ern Pacific depot on the right ; also the Railroad Y. M. 
 C. A., roundhouse and machine shops. He keeps on 
 until he gets to Grayson Street, and then turns into it, 
 going east. He soon strikes Muth's gardens on the 
 right and the old officers' quarters of Fort Sam Hous- 
 ton on the left. He can drive in it and around by the 
 old parade ground. As he does so he will notice nearly 
 opposite, St. Paul's Episcopalian Church and the pala- 
 tial residences of the Hon. E. H. Terrell, ex-United 
 States Ambassador to Belgium, and Colonel Bullis. He 
 also catches a view of the West Texas Military Acad- 
 emy. He will continue his drive until he comes to the 
 department offices and the quartermaster's department. 
 Here he should alight and ascend the high tower, get- 
 ting a fine bird's eye view of San Antonio and the sur- 
 rounding country. He can then visit the barracks at 
 Fort Sam Houston, known commonly as "the Post," 
 and see the magnificent officers' quarters and barracks 
 of the new post and the new chapel, hospital and addi- 
 tions to the brigade grounds. Here he will find much 
 to please and interest, and courteous officers will show 
 him around the place and give all necessary informa- 
 tion.. The return home can be varied in a somewhat in- 
 teresting way by going south on New Braunfels Avenue 
 and following the street car track to the city, though 
 there is little worthy of note to be seen until the visitor 
 gets on Nacogdoches Street, near its Junction with 
 Houston Street, where the handsome new Turner Hall 
 is located. The visitor can, if he chooses, use the new 
 and pleasant driveway to the post via Avenue B, True- 
 heart and Grayson Streets. It is a fine, quick drive, 
 but there is not so much of interest to be seen. 
 
 89 
 
River's Source. 
 
 Another drive of great interest will be found by the 
 visitor leaving Alamo Plaza and passing one block west 
 to Avenue C. He will find himself then upon another of 
 San Antonio's line asphalted streets. Going north, he 
 will soon come to Maverick Park, and at its far cornet 
 is Grand Avenue. Here will be seen the Lone Star 
 Brewery, just a little way down the avenue, and if the 
 visitor so desires he can cross the bridge over the river 
 and visit it. He will be courteously received and 
 shown over the brewery. Having done this, he should 
 drive back to Maverick Park and turn northward into 
 River Avenue, following the street car track. A little 
 distance on this avenue to the left is the famous City 
 Brewery, which the visitor should see, and where he 
 will meet a cordial reception, but it is advisable to defer 
 this call until the return journey, for San Antonians 
 are very hospitable and San Antonio beer is very en- 
 ticing and refreshing. The Schober Brewery is located 
 on Josephine Street, south side of Brackenridge Park. 
 On the right side going outward will be seen the new 
 and imposing Country Club, which stands on a com- 
 manding elevation. It is a handsome and convenient 
 building recently erected at a cost of $30,000. 
 A good view of the park is seen in passing it. 
 On the other side is Union Park, a private pleas- 
 ure resort much used by the local shootists for 
 practice and matches, and has recently been leased to 
 the Trades Council to be used as a resort for 
 union members. Further on he comes to the 
 Brackenridge Place, and there finds the magnifi- 
 cent Incarnate Word College and Roman Catholic build- 
 ings. Then he arrives at the famous springs — the 
 source of the San Antonio River — and to that most pic- 
 turesque spot that is known as the Head of the River, 
 which has ever been a favorite place for picnic parties. 
 Here, too, is the power house of the San Antonio Water- 
 works Company and the residential section known as 
 
 90 
 
Alamo Heights. Some very fine kodak views can be se- 
 cured here that will be a pleasant souvenir of a visit 
 The return home can best be made in the same way as 
 the visitor came or west via Josephine Street and Broad 
 Avenue to Laurel Heights, or turning east Xo Govern- 
 ment Hill. 
 
 Fair Grounds. 
 
 A pleasant drive over a fine road or the Hot Wells 
 electric car takes the visitor to some few interesting 
 attractions. The first is the Fair Grounds, where each 
 year, in the fall, the International Fair is held, and 
 where Colonel Wood and Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt 
 organized the famous Rough Riders. President Roose- 
 velt was also here in April, 1905, at the Rough Riders' 
 annual convention. But there is not much worth seeing 
 except at fair time. 
 
 Riverside Park, one of the prettiest natural sylvan 
 retreats, adjoins it, and the lovers of nature find it very 
 attractive. It is now being converted into residences. 
 
 The next point of interest is the famous Hot Wells. 
 The hotel is modern and excellent, the cusine of the 
 best, and the baths are well arranged for all kinds of 
 bathing. The hot sulphur water comes from three ar- 
 tesian wells in the ground of the Southwestern Asylum, 
 and is leased from the State. These wells are at a depth 
 of from 1,800 to 2,200 feet and give over 800,000 gal- 
 lons per day of hot sulphur water, ranging from 104 to 
 106 degrees. The curative property of these waters 
 have been fully demonstrated, and an analysis shows 
 them in many respects superior to the Hot springs of 
 Arkansas. The Hot Wells are pleasantly situated in 
 picturesque grounds, and are worth a visit. 
 
 Scheuermeyer's Park. 
 
 The next point of interest is Scheuermeyer's Park, a 
 popular road house, much frequented by the citizens, 
 especially in the hot weather. 
 
 91 
 
State Asylum. 
 
 The final point of interest is the Southwest Texas 
 Asylum, where the State cares for the insane of this 
 district. It is one of the largest in the State, and is 
 open for public inspection. A visit to it will prove inte- 
 esting and instructive. 
 
 Other Pleasant Drives. 
 
 There are other minor drives of interest and pleas- 
 ure. 
 
 (1). Via South Flores Street, passing the United 
 States Arsenal, "Sap" depot, the Catholic Home for the 
 Aged, Connor's Grove, Beanville and Englewood. 
 
 (2). To West End, by following the street car 
 track, passing the City Hospital, en route to the West 
 End residential section, the West End Lake, St. Louis 
 Roman Catholic College, Peacock Military School and 
 other large educational establishments. 
 
 (3) . To the cemeteries via East Commerce Street, 
 passing St. Joseph's Church, St. Joseph's Hall and the 
 new Southern Pacific depot. In the same district will 
 be found the City Cemeteries and those of churches and 
 secret societies. The Military Cemetery is near by. 
 
 (4) . Prospect Hill and Lake View are pleasant ob- 
 jective points for a drive, but there is little of public 
 interest or importance to be seen in these sections, ex- 
 cept the new grand International & Great Northern 
 Railroad depot and the Academy of Our Lady of the 
 Lake at Lake View. 
 
 92 
 
mMm rW ^ M 
 
 
 cm :m b :,w> 
 
USEFUL ADDENDA 
 
 containing notes of customs, 
 notable buildings, societies 
 and other points of general 
 interest. 
 
 PROMPT POINTERS 
 
THE ADDENDA 
 
 In this section we give some interesting notes that 
 cannot be given elsewhere, and yet will be found of in- 
 terest to visitors. 
 
 The Pastores. 
 
 In December of each year the Mexican citizens pre- 
 sent "The Pastores," which is a passion play, illustra- 
 tive of the Nativity. Where the play is presented 
 with intelligent direction and with suitable surround- 
 ings it is reverential, romantic and instructive, but in 
 most cases it is presented by ignorant peons, with 
 scant, fantastic costumes, in small jackals, and in such 
 a way as to excite more ridicule than reverence. For 
 this reason the Pastores are prohibited in many Mexi- 
 can dioceses unless given under direction of priests. 
 The custom is an old one and has been in vogue here 
 for over a century. In this city they are presented by 
 peons in the northern and trans-San Pedro districts, 
 and often only as a source of revenue. The houses in 
 which they are held are distinguished by a candled 
 lantern. The exhibit is interesting as a quaint and 
 amusing feature of Mexican life. 
 
 Convention Halls. 
 
 San Antonio is a popular city for conventions, and 
 in 1890 a great convention hall was erected on the 
 Krisch property at the northwest corner of Houston 
 and North Flores Streets. It was there the great con- 
 vention was held which nominated the late Governor 
 Hogg. The building was found far too small for the 
 
 95 
 
purpose and inconvenient. In building the new Mar- 
 ket House the city arranged for a splendid auditorium 
 over it which will seat 4000 people, and this is now 
 used for conventions and public entertainments. It is 
 easily reached by the International & Great Northern 
 Depot car. 
 
 Beethoven Maennerchor. 
 
 On the east side of South Alamo Street is the very 
 attractive Beethoven Hall, a massive and convenient 
 structure designed by the late Albert Beckmann, and 
 erected in 1894. It is the club house of the Beethoven 
 Maennerchor, founded in 1865. It contains rooms, 
 bar for the convenience of members and has a magnif- 
 icent hall and a fine stage. It is used for dramatic 
 presentations, concerts, balls and public meetings. 
 When boycotted by the theatrical clique, Sarah Bern- 
 hardt and her company played at this house. A bowl- 
 ing alley and a very pretty garden are attached. 
 
 The Turn-Verein. 
 
 Another old and popular organization is the San An- 
 tonio Turn-Verein. It was organized at a meeting 
 held at the Veramendi Palace in 1865. It has con- 
 tinued growing greater, more popular and more use- 
 ful. After being tossed about for several years it 
 found a permanent home at the corner of Houston 
 and St. Mary's Streets, extending back to College 
 Street. The Empire Opera House occupies the old 
 place. Here the Turners had a large hall for meet- 
 ings and athletic sports, capacious stage, bowling al- 
 ley, dining and club rooms and a nice garden on the 
 east side. Responding to popular call the hall was 
 turned into a theater, and for many years it was 
 known as the Turner Opera House, and was the only 
 place in the city for legitimate attractions, though 
 some few played at the Casino Hall. Nearly all the 
 
 96 
 
great attractions from 1875 to 1900 played here. 
 Soon after the opening of the Grand Opera House its 
 mission as a theatrical centre was at an end, and the 
 Turners sold the property for $60,000. They then 
 secured a spacious site on Nacogdoches Street, near 
 Houston Street, and erected a handsome and capa- 
 cious club house from the plans of Mr. J. Wahrenber- 
 ger. The building is of brick and stone, of an ornate 
 style stands in a pretty garden. It provides for 
 club rooms, dining room, saloon, hall for gymnastic 
 exercises, etc. On the upper story is a very hand- 
 some hall that is used for Verein receptions, balls and 
 for public meetings. A bowling alley is attached 
 which is much used. There are schools for turning 
 used by children and by older members of the club. 
 
 St. Mary's Church, College and Residence. 
 
 On the left hand side of St. Mary's Street and cor- 
 ner of College Street, is St. Mary's Church, which 
 was founded in 1856 and is in charge of the Oblate 
 Fathers. It is much attended by Irish and American 
 Catholics, and is spacious and beautiful in interior ar- 
 rangement. On the north side, fronting College 
 Street, is St. Mary's College, a prominent Catholic 
 educational institution from which many of the lead- 
 ing citizens graduated. It was founded in 1849 over 
 a livery stable on Military Plaza, moved to its present 
 site 1850, and has gradually grown to its present great- 
 ness. On the south side of the church is the hand- 
 some clergy residence, which has recently taken the 
 place of the old structure. On this site many distin- 
 guished prelates have rested, notably Cardinal Gib- 
 bons, Monsignor Falconi (Apostolic Delegate), Arch- 
 bishops Corrigan, Farley and Janssens and Bishops 
 Begen, Gallagher, Beavens, Meerscheidt, Pellicer, For- 
 est, Neraz and Horstmann. Bishop Pellicer of San 
 Antonio died here in 1880. 
 
 97 
 
The Casino Association. 
 
 Is another of the old German societies. It was es- 
 tablished in 1854 and chartered in 1857. The hall is 
 a spacious rock building, located near the river at the 
 lower end of Market Street. The building includes 
 a very handsome ball room anpl stage, which at one 
 time were used for theatrical purposes, and many 
 noted actors and lecturers have appeared there. On 
 the east side is a bar room, reading room, etc., and 
 on the west side are a handsome suite of parlors, din- 
 ing rooms and other necessary offices. 
 
 New Presbyterian Church. 
 
 The Presbyterians had a fine castellated brick church 
 at the corner of Houston and North Flores Streets. It 
 was erected in 1860 and has been used ever since, but 
 it got inconvenient, so the church has been sold and 
 a new church is being erected at the corner of Avenue 
 D and Fourth Street. It is of white limestone and will 
 seat 1,000 people. The estimated cost is $75,000. 
 
 Veramendi Place. 
 
 On Soledad Street, nearly opposite Veramendi Street, 
 is a formidable plain, one-story building with a large, 
 massive, panelled double doors. This is the remains of 
 the Veramendi Palace, the former residence of Gov- 
 ernor Veramendi, and one of the most historic houses 
 in the city. It was here that James Bowie wooed and 
 won the Governor's daughter, and it was the first 
 place that Ben Milam attacked when he essayed to 
 capture San Antonio from the Mexicans. It was in the 
 rear of the main entrance that Milam was killed, shot 
 through the head, and it was here that his remains 
 rested until exhumed and buried in the old Protestant 
 cemetery at Milam Square. The old doors, pierced by 
 
 98 
 
many bullets during Milam's attack, are still in .place, 
 and a legend says that they have swung on the same 
 toses since 1714, but that is scarcely probable seeing 
 Safthe city was not then laid out. The probabilrty 
 is that the building was erected about 1724. The spa 
 cious sewan, some of the rooms and the spaciou ^patio 
 still remain. The immense thickness of the walls used 
 in thosTdays are visible. The building has been used 
 and altered for all kinds of business and allowed to 
 go to Premature ruin. The front wall obstructs the 
 fidewalk and makes the street too narrow at that 
 noint There is an objection— and a considerable one— 
 to tearing the old building down, and it is proposed to 
 build a sidewalk through the front , of the palace , in the 
 form of the portales, as in the old buildings of the City 
 of Mexico, and it is probable that the building will be 
 strengthened and otherwise restored to its pristine 
 form If this were done its historic value would be 
 enhanced and it would be a good revenue producer. 
 The Daughters of the Republic have affixed a marble 
 tablet to the outer walls, indicating the leading his- 
 torical events associated with it. 
 
 The Garza House. * 
 
 is in the block nearly opposite the Veramendi Palace, 
 and is bounded by Houston, Soledad and Veramendi 
 Streets and Main Avenue. The original Garza home 
 is found on the western half of the block, but the 
 o-rounds extended for a considerable distance north on 
 Soledad Street, almost to the old Chavez nome. It was 
 built by Geronimo de la Garza in 1734. The Mexican 
 soldiers were here when Milam attacked the city and 
 drove them out, and some of the old doors show the 
 marks of bullets and axes made at that time. There 
 are also traces of the attacks of Indians. The building 
 is of plain architecture, one story high, and the usual 
 thick defensive walls are apparent. 
 
 99 
 
Famous Horn Collection. 
 
 Where the old arsenal was erected prior to its re- 
 moval to South Flores Street now stands the Soledad 
 Block, corner of Soledad and Houston Streets. It is a 
 little north of the Veramendi Palace. In the corner is 
 the Buckhorn Saloon, conducted by Mr. Albert Fred- 
 erick. It is remarkable for the large and extraordinary 
 collection of horns that are exhibited there and for 
 which an offer of $15,000 has been refused. It is prob- 
 ably the largest and most varied collection of horns in 
 the world, and all are well mounted. The place is ex- 
 tensively visited by visitors of both sexes, and the pro- 
 prietor or his assistants take pleasure in describing 
 the collection. No charge is made. 
 
 New Driveway to Fort Sam Houston. 
 
 The city, by cutting through private property, has 
 opened a new and pleasant boulevard to Fort Sam 
 Houston. This goes via Avenue D to Thirteenth 
 Street; thence to Trueheart Street, and by Grayson 
 Street to the post. It is a shorter and more direct 
 route. 
 
 The Carnegie Library. 
 
 This public library is a large and handsome building, 
 located on Market Street, near the river. It was 
 founded in 1900 upon the gift of $50,000 from Andrew 
 Carnegie, who, in 1906, made an additional donation of 
 $20,000 for necessary enlargements to the building. 
 It contains 20,000 volumes, and these are loaned free 
 to all citizens who give bond for return of the books. 
 A reading room for newspapers and magazines and a 
 lecture hall is attached. The library is under the 
 control of the city and supported by a special tax of 2 
 cents on the $100. Visitors are allowed to borrow 
 books by leaving a cash deposit to secure the return of 
 the book loaned. 
 
 100 
 
The Novel Cafe. 
 
 There is no finer bar in the South than that of the 
 Menger Hotel, which is dignified with the more inno- 
 cent title of "cafe." It is a separate building, erected 
 in the garden, and is essentially English in its style. 
 The woodwork is of cherry finish, panneled and hand- 
 somely mirrored, and the paving is of Moravian tiles. 
 The heavy beams of the roof show and are panneled 
 as in Hampton Court Palace,, near London. There are 
 three "snugs," such as are found in English bar par- 
 lors, richly upholstered, and capable of holding three 
 people on each side, and a table is between the seats. 
 Above is a gallery, paved with rubber tiles, and with 
 chairs and tables for guests. There are also a number 
 of incandescent lights on the ceiling and around the bar 
 and the effect, especially at night, is brilliant. Every- 
 thing is elegant and the barkeepers are attired in 
 Tuxedo coats. The bar is surmounted by a roof gar- 
 den. The cost of this bar is given at $30,000. It has 
 already become one of the show places of the city. 
 
 Our Country Club. 
 
 The San Antonio Country Club is one of the latest 
 attractions of the city, and is designed for the rustica- 
 tion of citizens and strangers and the promotion of golf, 
 lawn tennis and other invigorating sports. The club 
 house is a handsome building, with modern comforts 
 and conveniences, and was erected at a cost of over 
 $30,000. It is charmingly located upon an elevation 
 in a tract of 133 acres lying between New Braunfels 
 Avenue and the Austin road, a little north of the new 
 section of the army post. It has reception rooms, bil- 
 liard parlor, cafe and all necessary offices, and there 
 are forty dormitories, and the furnishings are elegant. 
 There are large golf links, lawn tennis courts and 
 bowling alleys. Admission to members only or on 
 tne introduction of members. It can be reached by 
 
 101 
 
the River Avenue electric cars or by the Army Post 
 cars to New Braunfels Avenue. 
 
 The Terrell Hot Well. 
 
 The Terrell Hot Sulphur Well is located on the Pleas- 
 anton road, about five and one-half miles southwest of 
 the City Hall. The water is drawn from a 1900-foot 
 well, naving a capacity of 800,000 gallons per day. The 
 temperature ranges from 105 to 110 degrees. Chem- 
 ical analysis shows that it differs materially from the 
 other hot well, having a larger percentage of iron and 
 greater tonic effect. Experiments have proved that 
 the water has great curative value in liver and kidney 
 complaints, rheumatism, blood and skin diseases, ner- 
 vous affections and female disorders, etc. At pres- 
 ent there are only private individual baths, but the 
 property, consisting of 2200 acres, has recently been 
 purchased by the Terrell Hot Well Company, who pro- 
 pose to erect an hotel and sanitorium on the ground 
 and surround it with a new suburban addition and run 
 a street car service to connect with the Traction Com- 
 pany's lines at its terminal on South Flores Street. In 
 the meantime the Terrell Well can only be conven- 
 iently reached by private conveyance or by the com- 
 pany's automobile, which leaves the leading hotels sev- 
 eral times daily to convey passengers to and from the 
 well. The charge is 50 cents for the round trip. 
 
 Way to See the City. 
 
 The San Antonio Traction Company runs an obser- 
 vation car twice each day in the season, and it covers 
 the city from the postoffice to Laurel Heights, then to 
 Brackenridge Park and Government Hill, and thence 
 to the Hot Wells. It is a two-hour ride, traverses 
 thirty-five miles of the leading streets of ban Antonio. 
 The fare is only 50 cents for the round trip. A guide 
 accompanies the car to point out the principal points of 
 interest. 
 
 102 
 
A Good Adviser. 
 
 The Business Men's Club is located in the Chandler 
 building, near the southwest corner of Losoya and 
 Crockett Streets. It is an organization of the citizens 
 for the purpose of developing the city and disseminat- 
 ing authoritative information as to the merits of this 
 section of the State. It is always open to the calls of 
 visitors for the furnishing of general information in 
 regard to the city and the country around it, and will 
 give profitable advice to strangers. Some interesting 
 exhibits will be found in the club rooms. 
 
 H. R.-T. 
 
 103 
 

 
 
 
 STREET CAR DIRECTORY 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 t 
 
 ^hat Elecflric Cars to tak( 
 o reach important and in 
 eresting points. .'. .'. .' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TOURIST'S HAND BOOK 
 
 
 
 
 
STREET CAR DIRECTORY 
 
 In order that the travel of visitors may be facilitated the 
 editor presents the routes of the various electric cars and a 
 directory of such places as they may desire to find. Above each 
 route is the abberviated titles of the routes and such abbre- 
 viations will be found in the directory to indicate the car that 
 should be taken to reach the desired point. The cars are 
 labelled on the elevation of the roof or on the right hand side 
 of the front and indicate where the car is going. 
 
 "SAN PEDRO" — "A. P." 
 
 (1) Laurel Heights to Government Hill, Army Post, la- 
 belled "SAN PEDRO" — "ARMY POST." 
 
 "N. S." — "B. H." 
 
 (2) From North Pine Street (Government Hill) via Nolan 
 Street to North Flores Street, thence by loop to Beacon Hill 
 and Fredericksburg Road to North Flores Street and Govern- 
 ment Hill. Labelled "NOLAN STREET"— "BEACON HILL." 
 
 "S. P." — "I. & G. N." 
 
 (3) Prospect Hill to the Cemeteries. Labelled "S. P. DE- 
 POT"— "I. & G. N." 
 
 "T. H."— "S. A. P." 
 
 (4) From the San Antonio and Aransas Pass ("Sap") de- 
 pot, via South Alamo Street, Houston Street, Madison Square, 
 Rock Quarry Road and Laurel Heights Terrace. Labelled 
 "TOBIN HILL"— "S. A. P. DEPOT." 
 
 "S. H." — "S. P." 
 
 (5) South Heights to Beanville on South Flores Street. 
 Labelled "SOU1H HEIGHTS"— "SOUTH FLORES." (Auto- 
 mobiles meet the car at South Flores Street to take passengers 
 to Terrell's Wells. Fare, 20 cts.) 
 
 "R. A." — "W. E." 
 
 (6) Brackenridge Villa to West End. Labelled "RIVER 
 AVENUE" — "WEST END." 
 
 "H. W." 
 
 (7) From the State Insane Asylum, via Hot Wells, Fair 
 Grounds, South Presa and Garden Streets, thence through 
 Nueva Street, via Main Plaza, Houston and Navarro Streets 
 to Garden Street and returning to the Asylum. Labelled 
 "HOT WELLS." 
 
 The street car fare is 5 cents each trip. Transfers free from 
 
 107 
 
one line to another for continuous trip. Passengers should 
 tell the conductors where they wish to go and they will he 
 put off at, or near, the desired point. 
 
 The OBSERVATION CAR leaves twice daily for a two hours' 
 tour over the various lines, covering 35 miles of track, and 
 passing many points of interest. Fare, 50 cents for the round 
 trip. 
 
 ACADEMIES: See Colleges. 
 
 ALAMO: On Alamo Plaza, T. H. — S. A. P.; S. P. — I. & 
 G. N.; S. H. — S. F. 
 
 ALAMO HEIGHTS: Residence suburb N. E. of the city, 
 R. A. 
 
 ALAMO PLAZA: T. H.— S. A. P.; S. P.— I. & G. N.; S. 
 H. — S. F.; N. S.— B. H. 
 
 ARSENAL (U. S. A.)- South Flores Street. S. H. — S. A. P. 
 
 BANKS: Alamo National Bank, City National Bank, Groos' 
 Bank (private), D. Sullivan & Co.'s Bank (private), Emmett 
 Bank (private). These are all located on Commerce Street 
 and are best reached by alighting at St. Mary's Street and 
 going south till that street is reached. All cars pass Lock- 
 wood National Bank, West Texas State Bank and Trust Co. 
 and State Bank and Trust Co., located on Houston Street. 
 Bank of Commerce, S. P. — I. & G. N.; S.- H. — S. F. Frost's 
 National Bank, S. P. — I. & G. N.; S. H. — S. F. 
 
 BASEBALL GROUNDS: Electric Park; front SAN PEDRO; 
 rear B. H. 
 
 BEETHOVEN HALL: T. H. — S. A. P. 
 
 BREWERIES: City, Lone Star and Schober Breweries all 
 reached by R. A. — W. E. cars. 
 
 BRIGADE POST: See Fort Sam Houston. 
 
 CARNEGIE LIBRARY. Market street; alight from cars on 
 South Alamo and walk west two blocks. 
 
 CASINO HALL: Market Street, one block from T. H. — 
 S. A. P. and S. H.— S. F. cars. 
 
 CEMETERIES: East of the city. S. P. — I. & G. N. cars 
 pass them. National Cemetery, little north of them. 
 
 CHURCHES: Roman Catholic — San Fernando Cathedral, 
 S. P. — I. & G. N.; S. H. — S. F. St. Mary's Church, all cars, 
 alight at St. Mary's Street and go one block south; St. Joseph's 
 Church, S. P. Episcopalian — St. Mark's, all cars, alight at 
 Jefferson Street and walk two blocks north; same for Temple 
 Beth El; St. Paul's Church, A. P.; Central Christian Church, 
 SAN PEDRO, alight at juncture of Main and San Pedro Ave- 
 nues; First Presbyterian Church, W. E. and N. S.; First Bap- 
 tist Church, A. P., alight at Fifth Street and go west; Trinity 
 M. E. Church, R. A. and A. P.; Westminster, H. W. 
 
 CITY HALL: Military Plaza, S. P. — I. & G. N.; S. H. — 
 S. F. 
 
 108 
 
COLLEGES: West Texas Military Academy, A. P.; Pea- 
 cock's Military School, W. E.; Harrison Female College, W. 
 E.; St. Louis College, W. E.; Ursuline Convent, SAN PEDRO, 
 alighting at Girard Street and going one block east; Academy 
 of Our Lady of the Lake, I. & G. N. ; Academy of the Incarnate 
 Word, R. A.; St. Mary's College,' all cars, alighting at St. 
 Mary's Street and going one block south; St. Mary's Hall, all 
 cars, alighting at Navarro Street and walking three blocks 
 north; San Antonio High School, A. P. and S. A. P. 
 
 COLUMBUS HALL: Knights of Columbus, corner of Com- 
 merce and North Presa, alight from T. H. — S. A. P. and S. 
 H. — S. P. cars and walk two blocks. 
 
 COMMERCE STREET. Often called Main Street, T. H. — 
 S. A. P. and S. H. — S. F. ; West End. 
 
 COUNTRY CLUB: Between New Braunfels Avenue and Aus- 
 tin Road, SAN PEDRO — A. P.; R. A. — W. E. 
 
 COUNTY COURT HOUSE: Military Plaza, see that note. 
 
 COUNTY POOR FARM: T. H. — S. A. P. 
 
 ELECTRIC PARK: SAN PEDRO CARS. 
 
 ELKS CLUB: Ave. E., N. S. — B. H., within one block. 
 
 EXPRESS COMPANIES: "Wells Fargo, "Pacific," 
 "American," all cars, alight at Navarro Street and walk south 
 to Commerce Street; all are located near each other 
 
 FAIR GROUNDS: South Presa Street, H. W. 
 
 FEDERAL BUILDING: Alamo Plaza, T. H. — S A P ; 
 N. S.— B. H.; S. P.— I. & G. N.; S. H.— S. F. 
 
 FIRST MISSION: Hot Wells car, alight on South Presa 
 Street, within easy walk 
 
 FORT SAM HOUSTON: A. P. 
 
 GARZA HOUSE: Corner of Main Avenue and Veramendi 
 Street, S. P.— I. & G. N.; S. H.— S. F. 
 
 GOVERNMENT HILL: Residence section, A. P.; N. S. 
 
 HEAD OF THE RIVER: Source of San Antonio River, 
 R. A. 
 . HICKS' BUILDING: All cars. 
 
 HORN EXHIBITION: Buckhorn Saloon, corner of Houston 
 and Soledad Streets; all cars. 
 
 HOSPITALS: Santa Rosa Infirmary, W. E.; Physicians' 
 and Surgeons', T. H. — S. A. P.; City Hospital, W. E. 
 
 HOTELS: "Menger," T. H.— S. A. P., S. H.— S. F. and 
 s - P— : I- & G. N.; "Bexar" and "New Maverick," all cars; 
 
 "Elite," and "Southern," S. P. — I. & G. N. ; S H S F* 
 
 "Mission," S. P. — I. & G. N. 
 
 HOT SULPHUR WELLS AND HOTEL: South Presa 
 Street, H. W. 
 
 HOUSTON STREET: All cars. 
 
 109 
 
INTERNATIONAL & GREAT NORTHERN RAILROAD? 
 
 Ticket Office, Alamo Plaza, S. P. — I. & G. N., S. H. — S. F.; 
 Depot, West Commerce Street, S. P. — I. &. G N. 
 
 KAMPMAN BUILDING: Commerce Street and Main 
 Plaza, S. P. — I. & G. N., S. H. — S. P. 
 
 LAUREL HEIGHTS: Aristocratic residence section; SAN 
 PEDRO. 
 
 MAIN PLAZA. S. P. — I. & G. N., S. H. — S. P. 
 
 MARKET HOUSE AND AUDITORIUM: S. P. — I. & G. N. 
 
 MASONIC HALL; Losoya Street, one block from cars on 
 Houston or Alamo Plaza. 
 
 MEXICAN CONSULATE: Alamo Plaza, T. H. — S. A. P.; 
 S. H.— S. P.; S. P. — I. & G. N. 
 
 M. K. & T. R. R.: Trains leave Southern Pacific depot, 
 S. P.; Ticket Office, South Alamo Street, T. H. — S. A. P.; S. 
 P. — I. & G. N. 
 
 MDLAM (BEN) MONUMENT: Milam Square, W. E., S. 
 P. — I. & G. N. 
 
 MILITARY PLAZA: S. P.— I. & G. N.; S. H.— S. F. 
 
 MISSION CONCEPTION: See First Mission. 
 
 MISSION FIRST: See First Mission. 
 
 MOODY'S SANITARHJM: Brackenridge Ave., R. A. and 
 W. E. 
 
 MOORE BUILDING: All cars. 
 
 MUTH'S GARDENS: A P. 
 
 NEWSPAPER OFFICES: Daily Express, Crockett Street, 
 H. W.; Light, Crockett Street, one block from Alamo Plaza, 
 Gazette, East Comemrce Street, one block from South 
 Alamo Street cars. 
 
 ODD FELLOWS BUDLDING: Houston Street, all cars. 
 
 OPERA HOUSES. Grand, S. H. — S. F.; S. P.— I. & G. N., 
 T. H. — S. A. P.; Empire, all cars. 
 
 PARKS: San Pedro, SAN PEDRO; Brackenridge, R. A.; 
 Mahncke, R. A.; Travis, all cars, alight at Jefferson or Na- 
 varro Streets and walk one block; Maverick, A. P. and R. A.; 
 Milam, W. E., S. P. — I. & G. N. 
 
 POST OFFICE: Alamo Plaza, all cars except H. W., A. P. 
 and R. A. 
 
 PROSPECT HILL: Western residence section, I. & G. N. 
 
 PYTHIAN HALL: Knights of Pythias, Sauer Building, 
 Alamo Plaza and Crockett Street, S. P. — I. & G. N.; S. H. — • 
 S. F.; T. H. — S. A. P. 
 
 SAN ANTONIO CLUB: Alamo Plaza, S. P. — I. & G. N.; 
 
 O XT O P . Ti II Q A "P 
 
 SAN ANTONIO & ARANSAS PASS DEPOT — T. H— S. A. 
 
 P., S. H. — S. F. ; Ticket Office; Bexar Drug Store, corner of 
 Houston Street and Alamo Plaza. 
 
 110 
 
SCHEURMEYER'S PARK: Near State Asylum, H. W. 
 
 SCHOOLS: See Colleges. 
 
 SOUTH HEIGHTS: S. E. residence section, S. H. — S. F. 
 
 SOUTHERN PACIFIC DEPOT: S. P. — I. & G. N.; Freight 
 San Pedro, A. P.; Ticket Office, corner of Crockett and Alamo 
 Plaza. 
 
 S. W. TEXAS INSANE ASYLUM: H. W. 
 
 TEMPLE BETH EL: Travis Park, all cars, alight at Jef- 
 ferson Street and go one block north. 
 
 TENGG, NIC: Publisher of this work, 220 W. Commerce 
 Street. 
 
 TERRELL'S HOT WELLS: S. H. — S. F. to end of lines 
 anda utomobiles carry passengers remainder of the trip. 
 
 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, O. M. A.: Laurel Heights, 
 SAN PEDRO; alight at Magnolia Avenue and walk north to it. 
 
 TRACTION COMPANY: Office, Houston Street, all cars; 
 power house, S. H. — S. F.; T. H. — S. A. P.; car sheds, SAN 
 PEDRO. 
 
 TRANSFER CO.: Carter & Mullaly, phone 123, N. S. — 
 N. F. 
 
 TURNER HALL: N. S. — B. H. 
 
 VERAMENDI PALACE: S. P. — S. H. 
 
 WEST END: W. E. 
 
 WEST END LAKE: W. E. 
 . WASHER BUDLDING: S. P., S. H., H. W. 
 
 ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM: San Pedro Park, N. S. — B. H.: 
 SAN PEDRO— A. P. 
 
 .>£^'*^2«. 
 
 Ill 
 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 014 649 341 5 
 
 m 
 
 mm