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 Copy ^ ■ 
 
 OFFICIAL PROGRAM 
 Fiftieth Anniversary 
 
 City of Cedar Rapids, Iowa 
 
 JUNE 10-16, 1906 
 
 Price 1 o cents 
 
SOUVENIR PROGRAM 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Fiftieth Anniversary 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INCORPORATION OF THE CITY OF 
 
 CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA 
 
 June 10th to 16th 
 
 1906 
 
 Adopted by the Semi-Centennial Executive Committee 
 June 9, 1906. 
 
 President. 
 
 Secretary. 
 

 I 
 
HON. ISAAC N. WHITTAM 
 Mayor. 1856 
 
 HON. AMOS H. CONNOR 
 Mayor, 1906 
 
PROGRAM 
 
 CHURCH DAY 
 
 SUNDAY, JUNE 10, 1906 
 
 In the morning at 10:30 o'clock, Memorial Services in the 
 several Churches. 
 
 In the afternoon at 3:00 o'clock, General Exercises in the 
 City Auditorium. 
 
 GENERAL EXERCISES 
 
 Formal Announcemert of Opening of the Remi-Cenlennial 
 Celebration — Hon. E. E. Clark, President of Executive 
 Committee. 
 
 Invocation, Rev. Frank S. Broner. 
 
 Hymn, "All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name," Sung by 
 Congregation and Chorus. 
 
 Responsive Scripture Reading, led by Rev. B. J. Clark. 
 
 Apostles' Creed, led by Rev L. A. Swisher. 
 
 Prayer, closing with Lord's Prayer in which the congrega- 
 tion joins. Rev. F. M. Archer. 
 
 Address, by the Chairman, Dr. U. R. Burkhalter. 
 
 Washington High School 
 
 Baylis— I'hoto. Copyright. 
 
SUNDAY. JUNE 10-Continued 
 
 Historical Sketch of the Churches, Rev. C. W. Maggart. 
 "The Church as a Moral Force," Rev. A. R. Paul. 
 Anthem, "Zion Awake," sung by the Jubilee Chorus. 
 "The Church as a Teaching Body," Rev. John Arthur. 
 "The Church as a Philanthropic Agency," Rev. T. F. Gunn. 
 "The Church as a Spiritual Power," Rev. E. J. Lockwood. 
 Addresses in the Bohemian Tongue, Rev V. Hlavaty and 
 
 Rev. F. Svrdlik. 
 Hymn, "Nearer My God to Thee," Congregation and 
 
 Chorus. 
 "The Church of the Present," Rev. G. B. Van Arsdall. 
 "The Church of the Future," Rev. J. P. Huggett. 
 Doxology. 
 Benediction, Rev. U. F. Smiley. 
 
 PROGRAM 
 
 HISTORICAL AND CIVIC DAY 
 
 MONDAY, JUNE 11th 
 
 9:00 A. M— Exercises at the Vardy Cottage, corner Third 
 street and Seventh avenue East. Address by Dr. 
 Seymour D. Carpenter ( 1849) , now of Chicago, 111. 
 
 10:00 A. M.— Exercises at the John Listebarger house, on north 
 First street West. Address by Robert Ellis 
 ' . (1839). 
 
 11:00 A. M.— Unveiling Memorial Tablet at Y. M. C. A. build- 
 ing. Address by Isaac N. Whittam (Mayor, 1856). 
 Response by Mayor Amos H. Connor. 
 
 11:30 A. M. — Dedication of Memorial Boulder and Planting of 
 Anniversary Elm in Washington Square. Ad- 
 dress by John M. Redmond. Response by Wm. 
 M. Krebs of the Park Commission. 
 1:00 P. M.— Opening of Museum at Free Public Library. Ad- 
 dress by Mrs. A. M. McKeel. Response by Frank 
 F. Dawley. 
 
MONDAY, JUNE 11 -Continued 
 
 1:45 P. M.— The Historical and Civic Procession will form in 
 front of the Public Library, in charge of John O. 
 Baxter, INIaster of Ceremonies, and James G. 
 Crozer, Marshal. Line of march to the platform 
 erected at northeast front of the High School, 
 where the exercises will occur as follows: 
 2:00 P. M. — Invocation— Oldest Visiting Minister connected 
 with a Cedar Rapids Church. 
 Music 
 
 Mayor A. H. Connor welcoming \'isitors and In- 
 troducing President of the Day. 
 President's Address— Col. Charles A. Clark. 
 The Historical Day Address— Rev. E. R. Burk- 
 halter. 
 Rem in iscen ces — 
 
 For the Pioneers of 1839— Read by Miss Emma Fordyce. 
 From 1840 to 1850— Col. Samuel W. Durham. 
 From 1850 to 1860-C. M. Hollis. 
 From I860 to lS66-Gen. John H. Stibbs. 
 From 1866 to 1906— Dr. Jesse H. Smith. 
 "Cedar Rapids of Today"— James H. Crosby. 
 "History-makers of Tomorrow"— Howard Clements. 
 Music 
 
 In connection with the above program it should be remem- 
 bered that the Linn County Old vSettlers' Association will be 
 present and participate in the events of the day. 
 
 Union Passenger Station 
 
 r.aylis— Photo. Copyright. 
 
PROGRAM 
 
 EDUCATION AND WOMAN'S DAY 
 
 TUESDAY. JUNE 12 
 
 Chairmen of the Day- 
 Mrs. Chas. C. Lootnis and Rev. J. P. Huggett. 
 
 Forenoon:— 
 
 Band Concert in the Business Section. 
 Alumni Reunions as arranged. 
 
 Noon: — 
 
 University Club Luncheon. 
 
 1:30 P. M. 
 
 Parade of Floats representing Educational and Benevolent 
 Institutions. David Turner, Marshal. 
 
 2:30 P. M. 
 
 Public Program at the Auditorium: 
 
 Preliminary Concert by the State University Band. 
 Invocation, Pres. William Wilberforce Smith. 
 Music, Mrs. Frank R. Watson. 
 Address, Mrs. J. J. Seerley, Burlington, Iowa. 
 Address, Prof. Thomas H. Macbride, Iowa City, Iowa. 
 Music, Trio, Mrs Frank R. Watson, Allan H. Metcalf, 
 and Harry P. McKnight. 
 
 4:00 P. M. 
 
 Reception in the banquet room of The Montrose to the 
 women of the city and visiting women. Mrs. H E- 
 Witwer, Chairman. 
 
 8:00 P. M. 
 
 Open Air Concert in Washington Square by the State Uni- 
 versity Military Band. 
 
PROGRAM 
 
 INDUSTRIAL DAY 
 
 WEDNESDAY, JUNE 1 3th 
 
 10:00 A. ]\I.— Openinar of Twentieth Annual Convention of Iowa 
 State Bankers' Association at Greene's Opera 
 House. 
 
 10:30 A. M. — Industrial Parade— T. A. Berkebile, Marshal. 
 
 7:00 P. ]\I.— Open Air Concert in Washington Square, by 
 Kurtz's Concert Band of Lisbon, Iowa. 
 
 8:00 P. M.— At the Auditorium— Banquet to the State Bank- 
 ers' Association, tendered by the Clearing Plouse 
 Banks of Cedar Rapids. 
 
 8:00 P. M.— At (yreene's Opera House— ^Meeting under the 
 auspicies of the Federation of Labor, Master of 
 Ceremonies, J. M. Carl. vSpeakers: A. L. I'rick, 
 of Des Moines, Iowa; Edwin Perry, of Oska- 
 loosa Iowa; Phil Carstensen, of Clinton, Iowa; 
 D. A. Melloy, of Dubuque, Iowa. 
 
 Masonic Temple— Home of Commercial Club Bayiis-Photo. copyright. 
 
PROGRAM 
 
 BOHEMIAN-AMERICAN DAY 
 
 THURSDAY. JUNE 14th 
 
 1. Salute, 21 guns, at 5:00 A. M. 127tli Anniversary of the 
 Stars and Stripes. 
 
 2. Serenade, at principal places in city by band. 
 Welcome of guests at depots and reception to farmers 
 cavalcades. Sight-seeing. 
 
 3. Riverside Park at 10:00 A. M. 
 
 Dedication of Memorial Boulder by E. Pazdera, President 
 
 of Association Bohemian Societies for Bohemian-American 
 
 Day. 
 
 Raising of American Flag. 
 
 4. Selection, Kouba's Band. 
 
 5. Address, in Bohemian and English, Jos. Mekota. 
 
 6. Song "Star Spangled Banner" by children of Bohemian 
 Schools. 
 
 7. Contests and drills by ladies and children of the Sokols 
 Gymnastic School. 
 
 AFTERNOON 
 
 Parade, starting at C. S. P. S. Hall, at 1:00 P. M., F. W. 
 Slapnicka, Grand Marshal, through principal streets to 
 Riverside Park, where following program will be rendered. 
 
 1. "Bohemian National Airs," Concerto, Kouba's Band. 
 
 2. Address of welcome, Hon. A. H. Connor, Mayor. 
 
 3. "America," selection, Kouba's Band. 
 
 4. Address, Hon. I. N. Whittam, first mayor of Cedar 
 Rapids, 1856. 
 
 5. Address, Prgf. B. Shimek, Iowa City, Iowa. 
 
 6. Contests and drill by C. R. Sokols, giving drill to be 
 given at Chicago contest, with lancets decorated -with. 
 National colors, B. Trefny, leader and instructor. 
 
 7. Songs, by children of Bohemian Catholic School. 
 
 8. Address by Rev. F. Svrdlik. 
 
 9. Exercises and drill by Bohemian Catholic Societies and 
 Cadets. 
 
 10. Music, Kouba's Band. 
 
 11. Address by Hon. J. L. Palda. 
 
THURSDAY. JUNE 14-Continued 
 
 12. National Bohemian Hymn,"Kde domov muj," by "Hlahol 
 Singing Society. ' 
 
 13. Drill by Foresters, Camp "Odvaha" 3869, M. W. A. 
 
 14. "America" by singing societies, school children and aud- 
 ience. 
 
 (rrand Festival for all, with attraction and gaieties of the 
 olden Bohemian da^'s. 
 
 EVEXINO. 
 
 Theatrical performances at C. S. P. S. Hall and the Cath- 
 olic School at 8:00 P. M. 
 
 Masonic Library 
 
 Bayiis— I'hoto. Copyright. 
 
THURSDAY EVENING-EXTRA 
 
 Cedar Rapids Semi-Centennial Jubilee Chorus of Two 
 Hundred Voices 
 
 f'.RAND POPULAR CONCERT— Thursday evening, June 
 14, 1906, at the City Auditorium, First Street between 
 First and B Avenues, at 8:15 o'clock. 
 
 ASSISTED BY 
 
 MARION (iREEN, of Chicago, Basso Cantante, 
 JlvNNIE THATCHER BEACH, of Chicago, Soprano, 
 Agnes Kouba, Pianist, and Schmidt's Concert Orchestra. 
 ERNEST A. EEO, Conductor. 
 
 3,000 Seats at 25 cents. Reserved seats 50 cents, at the music store of 
 A. H. Niles, 220 South Third Street. 
 
PROGRAM 
 
 FRATERNAL AND MILITARY DAY 
 
 FRIDAY, JUNE 15th 
 
 Reveille— 6:30 a. m. 
 Firing the Salute. Raising Flag. 
 
 Reception of Visitors 
 
 By the different Fraternal Societies at their headquarters and 
 at the Auditorium. 
 
 Music. 
 Bands all forenoon in various parts of the City. 
 
 Afternoon. 
 
 1:30— Forming of Parade. 2:00 o'clock sharp— Parade to start 
 on line of march. 
 
 Prizes. 
 Three o'clock — Prize Drills by competing military and uniform 
 bodies. 
 
 Addresses. 
 3:30— Addresses by noted speakers of the day. 
 Hon Martin J. Wade of Iowa City. 
 Hon. John D. Denison, of Dubuque. 
 
 Retreat— 7:15 p. m. 
 Sunset Gun. Lowering Flag. 
 
 Evening. 
 8:30— Grand Fraternal and Military Ball at Auditorium, which 
 will complete the celebration of the day. 
 
 Marshal for the Day 
 R. N. BUCK. 
 
PROGRAM 
 
 GALA DAY 
 
 SATURDAY, JUNE 16 
 
 No definite program has been arranged for this day. It is 
 set apart as a day for showing special hospitality to visitors 
 in the city, for re-union of former citizens who shall come 
 "home," for visiting the parks, and for general rejoicing. 
 
 Moreover, it is probable that some events named in the 
 program for earlier days in the week ma3^have to be postponed 
 until toda3% because of bad weather or other reasons. 
 
 
 Cedar River and Train 
 
 Baylis — I'hoto. Copyright. 
 
ORGANIZATION 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 SEMI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION 
 
 About two years ago the idea originated in the Commercial 
 Club, which was later taken up by the Linn County Historical 
 Society, of celebrating the Semi-Centennial of this city. This 
 idea was later discussed by the city press and by a large number 
 of the old pioneers, some of whom were active in obtaining 
 the city charter in 1856, and are still living. Mayor C. 
 D. Huston then printed a call in the city newspapers for a pub- 
 lic meeting to discuss the matter of a celebration. This meeting 
 was held on September 27, 1905, in the auditorium of the Pub- 
 lic Library. At this meeting churches, secret societies, lodges, 
 orders, literary societies, professional societies, and nearly every 
 other organization in the city were represented by one or inore 
 duly authenticated delegates. It consisted of a representative 
 body of men and women in various walks of life, residents of 
 this city. At this meeting Mayor C. D. Huston was named as 
 chairman, and Luther A. Brewer as secretary. After a general 
 discussion by various persons of how the celebration should be 
 carried out, a motion was made and carried, to the efTect that 
 the chairman should be directed to appoint a committee of seven 
 persons, with full power to act and make a report at a future 
 meeting. On October 3, 1905, the chairman reported that he 
 had appointed a representative committee as follows, to-wit: 
 
 John M. Grimm, C. W. Bingham, Frank Hasc'-, George Mc- 
 Donnell, Martin Beck, Sr. , H. B. Soutter, John N. Hughes. 
 The committee of seven appointed on November 3, 1905, a 
 committee of twenty-one (21) to have charge of the contem- 
 plated celebration. This committee is made up as follows, to- 
 wit: 
 
Hon. Chas. D. Huston, 
 
 Mr. John S. Ely, 
 
 Mr. John M. Grimm, 
 
 Rev. J. P. Huggett, 
 
 Mr. J. F. Rail, 
 
 Mr. F. W. Slapnicka, 
 
 Mr. Frank J. Zobel, 
 
 Mr. Lew W. Anderson, 
 
 *Hon. John B. Henderson, 
 
 Mr. Henry Gundling, 
 
 Mr. A. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mr. E. E. Clark, 
 Mr. Walter L. Cherry, 
 Mr. C. W. Bingham, 
 Mr. George T. Hedges, 
 Mr. John W. Barry, 
 Hon. W. G. Dows, 
 Mr. Robert I. Safely, 
 Dr. J. J. Murphy, 
 *Mr. Joseph Vondracek, 
 Mr. C. Denecke, 
 Yarner. 
 
 The committee of twenty-one (21) organized on November 
 10, 1905, and elected the fcUowing permanent officers: to wit: 
 E. E. Clark, President, John M. Grimm, First Vice-President, 
 *Joseph Vondracek, Second Vice-President, Col. Wm. G. Dows, 
 Third Vice-President, Lew W. Anderson, Secretary, John S. 
 Ely, Treasurer. ^3) 
 
 *Resigned; vacancy not filled. 
 
 (3) R. T. Forbes elected Assistant Treasurer. 
 
 f : MH 
 
 Coe College 
 
 Haylis— I'hoto. I'opyright. 
 
SUB-COMMITTEES AND SPECIAL COMMITTEES: 
 
 On Program — C. G. Greene, Chairman; W. J. Maxwell, E. O. 
 Mansfield, F. V. Hasek, R. N. Buck. 
 
 Financial Committee — J. H. Taft, Chairman ; George Williams, 
 R. I. Safely, S. G. Armstrong, Frank Filip, W. G. Watt, 
 W. P. Powell. J. F. Rail, I. L. Mitchell, Frank Malley, E. 
 R. Moore, E. W. Virden, A. E. Nugent, W. G. Haskell, M. S. 
 Jackson, Dr. H. W. Bender, Jas. York, W. O. Clemans, Don 
 Barnes, H. D. Cone, E. A. Higley, A. T. Swenson, B. H. Wit- 
 wer, Jr., J. H. Crosby. 
 
 Historical and Civic Day — C. G. Greene, B. L. Wick, A. N. 
 Harbcrt, J. E. Morcombe, R. H. Holbrook, To this committee 
 was added T. Will Runkle, to succeed Mr. Holbrook. who re- 
 signed; A. H. Connor, J. H. Rothrock, J. W. Good, W. C. Byers, 
 D. A. Ross. 
 
 Church Day — Revs. E. R. Burkhaltcr, T. F. Gunn, E. J. Lock- 
 wood, John Arthur, A. R. Paul. 
 
 Educational and Woman's Day — Rev. J. P. Huggett, John 
 Broeksmit, John M. Redmond, W. R. Boyd, Jos. Mekota, and 
 Mesdames C. C. Loomis, J. A. Berry, W. H. McClintock, E. N. 
 McKim and Miss Emma FordA'ce. 
 
 Industrial Day — ")A. H. Newman, Chairman; E. C. Clark, 
 A. N. Watson, R. H. Snyder, H. S. Keffer. 
 
 Bohemian- American Day — Jos. Koslovsky, (2)p Hromatko, 
 F. J. Zobel, Jos. Simon, Jos. Naibert. 
 
 Fraternal and Military Day — R. N. Buck, Chairman; J. A. 
 Limback, R. T. Forbes, T. A. Berkebile, John Burianek. 
 
 Committee on Publicity — R. T. Forbes, Chairman; F. A. 
 Elson, E. A. Sherman. 
 
 Committee on Amusement — J. S. Ely, Chairman; C. W. 
 Binghain, Dr. J. J. Murphy. 
 
 Committee on Band Music — H. Gundling, Chairman; Col. 
 Wm. G. Dows. 
 
 Chorus Committee — Mrs. Frank Watson, President; W. R. 
 Beard, Secretary & Treasurer; Henry Gundling, Chairman; 
 Prof. E. A. Leo, Director. 
 
 (1) I. L, Mitchell appointedTvice A. H. Newman 
 
 (2) Resigned from Committee. 
 
'd.£ 
 
HISTORY OF CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA 
 
 A BRIEF FOREWORD 
 
 To bring the history of Cedar Rapids within compass of a 
 pamphlet is no small task. The difficulty is increased when but 
 a few days can be given to the work. It can not be hoped to 
 avoid inaccuracies when incomplete search and htirried writ- 
 ing are necessitated. Much time and great patience will be re- 
 quired to gather ^adequate and trustworthy material, and 
 especially in matters relating to the earlier years. But in a 
 sketch which is not expected to present more than an outline, 
 faults can be forgiven which, in a more serious form, would be 
 unpardonable. 
 
 To tell the full story of the resultful years will tax the resources 
 and test the ability of the most thoroughly qualified writer. 
 The flavor and romance of pioneer times can only be brought 
 out by one in sympathy with his subject, and having intimate 
 knowledge of the people, the manner of their lives, and the 
 events in which they had part. Within the narrowed horizon 
 of a community it is also possible for the historian to estimate 
 the value of personalities, where in a wider field the individual 
 is lost sight of, and only mass movements are considered. It 
 will be found, when the definitive history of the city is written, 
 that present stattis and prosperity w^ere niade possible because 
 of the devotion, self-sacrifice and superb faith of a few men 
 among the earliest settlers. To write the biographies of these 
 would be to tell the changing fortunes of the community. Yet 
 hardly more than bare mention of such lives and services for 
 the common good can be made in these pages. 
 
 Nor can we attempt here any analysis of the course of events. 
 The reader must draw his own deductions and judge for himself 
 on the facts presented. It has seemed better to arrange the 
 material in a broad classification rather than to follow through 
 the years in strict chronological order. The latter plan might 
 be more simple in the writing, but would be confusing to the 
 reader. Groupings of essential facts will facilitate reference, 
 and make this sketch of greater value. 
 
 It is not possible, within these limits, to avail ourselves of the 
 wealth of reminiscence which recent interest has developed. 
 The inclusion of such material would add a picturesque ele- 
 
ment, delightful to the reader, but would really give but small 
 increase to the stock of facts which it is desirable to present. 
 The work of the daily papers of the city for some time past has 
 opened up a rich vein of personal relation. Very great and 
 successful efforts are being made by these same newspapers to 
 gather all available material for semi-centennial editions. We 
 can also confidently expect that the sentiment aroused by this 
 celebration will result in bringing much more and valuable his- 
 torical data. All this will be used, doubtless, and put in per- 
 manent form when time shall allow for selection, verification and 
 recasting of all the varied material. 
 
 It is perhaps natural for each person to magnify out of due 
 proportion the particular subject or phase of a subject in which 
 he has greatest interest. To the historical student it would 
 seem that this semi-centennial celebration in Cedar Rapids is 
 important chiefly as it may set up a memorial of past time. 
 It is essentially retrospective, concerned with what has been 
 done and with the men of the town who are most worthy of 
 remembrance for things accomplished. Thus viewing the 
 motive of the event the present becomes only a summing of 
 past effort, while the future must as surely develop on lines es- 
 tablished in all these years. 
 
 If it were in place to dedicate this hurried and incomplete 
 sketch, and such decision rested with the present writer, it 
 should be to "The Pioneers" — to the memory of those who 
 tciled in the day of small things; whose labors can never be ade- 
 quately recorded, because they had neither time nor skill of 
 pen; whose sole record of life is told in dates of birth and death 
 on modest headstones. To these stalwart men and patient 
 women of the past, who first conquered the wilderness, whose 
 faith and labor built the city; who, without just knowing all 
 there was of dignity and grandeur in their days, yet did loyally 
 and with splendid results God's own work in filling and making 
 fruitful an empty land. Jos. E. Morcombe. 
 
 Cedar Rapids, Iowa, May 25, 1906. 
 
UJ 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
THE TIME OF BEGINNINGS 
 
 A resident of Cedar Rapids, the late J. L. Enos, wrote thus 
 in 1857 of the pioneers, who were even then departing: 
 
 "There is always more or less of interest connected with the 
 early days of any city, and it is not until after years that the 
 record becomes of value. The pioneer suffers privations and 
 perils of which future occupants can realize but little. In 
 fact the honor paid them is seldom equal to their merits. Often- 
 times they are as illy prepared to receive as others are to be- 
 stow sympathy and praise. Among some of the first settlers 
 of this city were some men of historic character. A few of 
 these are yet with us; others have moved further on to enjoy 
 what habit has taught them — a frontier life. A few have gone 
 down to the gate of common departure, their years being full, 
 and their memories yet linger to make us glad that we lived 
 with, knew and loved them." 
 
 There is a period of a few years following upon 1838 when 
 the first cabin was erected within the limits of the present city, 
 of which our material is meagre and fragmentary. Yet, if 
 it be still possible to discover new sources of information, or 
 to properly piece together the scattered data, the history of 
 these dim years will be a most valuable contribution to our 
 knowledge of frontier life. Its picturesque views are supplied 
 by the operations of a daring and criminal band whose head- 
 quarters were here fixed for convenience in depredation and 
 escape. The tide of immigration as it flowed over the middle 
 and further West, carried on its waves the detritus of humanity. 
 Restless and adventurous spirits, scorning the restraints of 
 law and fearing little its enforcement in the wilderness, were 
 really the advance guard of white settlement. The very na- 
 ture of their lives and their criminal pursuits precluded them 
 from permanence of location. The rising and advancing tide 
 bore them on to give the same background of violence and 
 lawlessness to the history of other communities. Some, indeed 
 tempted by habitude and past immunity from punishment, 
 venttired to remain. Between these and the early settlers there 
 ensued a few years of active skirmishing. Raids made upon 
 property and stock of the pioneers were followed by pursuit, 
 oftentimes by battle and other summary punishment. The 
 
first man to erect a white habitation upon the site of the pres- 
 ent city of Cedar Rapids was Osgood Shepard, a man of more 
 than shady reputation. Of this man and his companions, 
 James L. Enos, writing in 1866, had to say as follows: 
 
 "The crimes committed by Shepard and his gang were for 
 years a constant annoyance. John Young and a man named 
 Granger were his iinmediate associates. The islands in the 
 river, particularly the one above the dam, were used as places 
 in which to conceal their plunder. A great number of horses 
 and other property was stolen by them, and in most cases they 
 succeeded in so secreting and hiding their booty as to avoid 
 detection." 
 
 A close analysis of the few facts available would indicate that 
 Shepard was a cautious fellow, and not the controlling spirit of 
 this band. He furnished to others a place of resort, used his 
 facilities to secure information as to plunder and pursuit, and 
 shared with the more active criminals in their gains. With a 
 broad-minded tolerance the first bona fide settlers distinguished 
 between him and his guests. It does not appear that Shepard 
 suffered molestation while relentless war was declared. Rev. 
 George R. Carroll adds something to our knowledge of this man 
 by describing him as large built, a sandy complexion, good- 
 natured in disposition, and accommodating and agreeable as 
 a landlord. To finish with Shepard, it is known that he left 
 the embryo town in 1840 after having disposed of his "squatter 
 rights" to the claim which now comprises the main part cf 
 the city. Many years after he is said to have reformed and 
 become religious. He was killed by a railroad train in Wis- 
 consin and doubtless died in the ardor of sanctity. 
 
 Next to make permanent settlement at this point was Robert 
 Ellis, who came during the spring of 1838. He found one, 
 John Ycung, claiming the land running south along the river 
 from what is new Third avenue. Mr. Young had a partner 
 named Granger. Both were members of the band of criminals 
 above mentioned. The two remained but a short time, dis- 
 appearing simultaneously with a half-dozen horses belonging 
 to various settlers. Young is believed to have been hanged 
 for murder in a neighboring state and Granger was sentenced 
 to a term in the penitentiary in Alton for passing counterfeit 
 money in Chicago. Williain Stone, who is believed to have been 
 a settler in the immediate locality even before Shepard, had a 
 claim on the west side of the river, extending north to the bluff. 
 
Post Office Building 
 
 Baylis— I'hoto. Copyrieht. 
 
A Mr. Galloway was also located on the west side, the lands 
 which he held by shady title running south along the river 
 bank and indefinitely into the interior. One, Philip Hull, was 
 here at the time, but his was only a transient location. The 
 persons thus named were the only occupants of land lying in 
 or near the site of the future city at the time of Mr. Ellis' 
 arrival. To this pioneer, living yet to celebrate with us this 
 Semi-Centennial occasion, having a knowledge of Cedar Rapids 
 for sixty-eight years — the full period of white habitation — 
 the wonder at the growth and progress must come with the great- 
 est force. Owing to the fact that Mr. Ellis was absent from the 
 locality and state during long periods of the early years, his 
 knowledge of the early events is incomplete and the reminiscent 
 chain is broken now and then at its most interesting point. 
 
 O. S. Bowling conies next on the list of early settlers, finding 
 a location during the summer of 1838 on the west side of the 
 river, at about what is now Twelfth avenue. In April, 1839, 
 Joseph H. and John Listebarger reached this place and soon after 
 erected a cabin, also on the west side. Another brother, 
 Isaac Listebarger, came later in the same year, and also made 
 claim. Almost immediately after (June 18, 1839) Thos. 
 Gainor and David W. King took up permanent abodes in the 
 city. Mrs, Rosehanna Gainor was the first white woman to 
 find a home on the west bank of the Cedar River. Mr. King 
 also located on the west side, opposite the island, and Mr. 
 Gainor a short distance back upon the prairie. Farnum 
 Colby was another settler in 1839, locating in what is now the 
 north-west portion of the city. 
 
 The year 1840 brought several persons to reinforce the little 
 group clustered near the ford of the river, just below the rapids. 
 Among these were Levi Lewis, who built a cabin near the 
 present entrance to the Oak Hill Cemetery. During these years 
 also came Nicholas B. Brown, Porter W. Earle and others. In 
 fact it may be said that from the year 1840 dates the history 
 of the town as a settled center to which emigrants were attracted. 
 With infinite temerity, hard now to understand, this little 
 group of individuals began to put forward feelers of trade and 
 industry. The water power of the rapids, having been a 
 source of attraction for those having crude engineering skill, 
 in 1842 the first dam was put across the river at this point. 
 Immediately upon its completion a saw mill was erected and 
 as soon as the crops were raised, and the need existed, so soon 
 
flour mills were built. These infant industries brought settlers 
 from the surrounding country to this place for trade. In 1842 
 the first stocks of merchandise were exhibited in the town, and 
 the first merchants were Joseph and George Green, followed 
 closely by Charles Mulford. Nor were the inoral or educative 
 necessities of the infantile community neglected. The first 
 divine service was held in 1840 by Rev. John Hodges, a Meth- 
 odist circuit preacher. During the next year he gathered those 
 of his particular faith together into a coherent class ; the first 
 indication of a religious organization. Alinost before there 
 were children of a number svifficient to be taught, arrangements 
 were made for schools. The first classes in the village were 
 taught by Miss Emily Coffman. In 1842 a school house was 
 erected just north of the present city, and in '46 a more am- 
 bitious building was prepared for the children, in the heart of 
 the city. It is not possible in a sketch of this kind to follow 
 out the various details showing the growth of all of the neces- 
 sities which go to make up the life of the city. Suffice it to 
 say that the pioneers with their splendid faith in themselves 
 and in the future, neglected nothing which was within their 
 reach. That which they in their days deemed of great worth 
 and of exceeding magnitude, must of necessity appear small in 
 our eyes, yet they must be judged by their surroundings and 
 their times. If there is one thing more than another upon 
 which this community has reason to pride itself, it is the inaster- 
 ful personality of the men who first assumed control. They 
 leave an abiding impress upon all of the affairs of the city, and 
 started its interests along a definite line which even now is 
 being pursued, all unconscious of the beginnings. 
 
U'firw 
 
 Ul 
 
CEDAR RAPIDS IN 1856 
 
 The year named above, opening the semi-centennial period 
 now being celebrated, really gives to the enquirer first solid 
 ground of local history. Of that which precedes, as in some 
 prehistoric tiine, what has survived is fragmentary, oftentimes 
 fictitious. A very rapid survey of the city, its business inter- 
 ests, and the subjects of community interest will allow com- 
 parisons to be made at will or fancy of the reader. 
 
 Rapid growth of the town made demand for labor far in 
 excess of the supply. Word was sent to Chicago and further 
 East that men willing and able to do hard work were needed, 
 and that liberal wages would be paid. This news and the gen- 
 eral attractiveness of the new country brought many to Cedar 
 Rapids whose coming added much to its potentialities at that 
 time, and whose subsequent identification with the best in- 
 terests of the growing town has had abiding and beneficial 
 influence. 
 
 During the summer of 1S56 the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska 
 Railroad Company was organized, and in everything having 
 reference to this project the citizens of Cedar Rapids of that 
 time had vital interest. The officers and board of directors of 
 that corporation were named as follows: President, Charles 
 Walker, Chicago; vice-president, James Purdy, Mansfield, Ohio; 
 directors, L. B. Crocker, Orange, N. Y. ; Thomas D. Davis, 
 Syracuse, N. Y. ; A. S. Mitchell, St. Louis, Mo.; H. A. Tucker, 
 Chicago; John Weare, Jr., William Greene, H. G. Angle and 
 Sampson C. Bever, Cedar Rapids; Charles A. Lambard, John C. 
 Bucher, and Jonathan L. Pearce, Jr., Clinton; V. D. Bonesteel, 
 Pough'.ccpsie, N. Y. ; Isaac P. Hazard, Newport, R. I.; B. F. 
 Carver, Chicago; D. A. Mitchell, New York; Austin Myers, 
 Syracuse, N. Y. ; Cyrus Clark, Buffalo, N. Y. It was three 
 years from this time before the rails were laid over the inter- 
 vening eighty-odd miles between the Mississippi River and 
 Cedar Rapids. But in spite of all delays and discouragement, 
 the faith of the people in ultimate success never wavered for a 
 single day. Other projects attracted attention and even 
 secured s^ome support, but not until the line connecting with 
 the East and its markets was completed, did the leaders of 
 public opinion allow a diffusion of energies. 
 
u 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
On the evening of Tuesday, June 1, a meeting was held for 
 determining the sentiment of the different sections of the city 
 as to the boundaries to be named in the charter to be asked from 
 the legislature. At this meeting it unexpectedly developed 
 that certain interests were in favor of dividing the town into 
 separate municipalities. It was proposed that one part should 
 retain the name of Cedar Rapids, the other moiety to be known 
 as Valley City. This proposition fortunately lac!:ed weight 
 of influence and was promptly repudiated by the people. 
 
 The question of free bridge vs. toll bridge was a live and 
 weighty one during this year 1856. On the 25th day of Janu- 
 ary, 1855, a law was enacted in the Iowa legislature authoriz- 
 ing the construction, by voluntary contributions, over the Cedar 
 River at this point. On the 5th of February following, H. G. 
 Angle secured from the county judge a license to construct a 
 toll bridge. An appeal was at once taken from the action of 
 the Linn County judge in granting such license. This necessi- 
 tated submission of the question to the people. In the mean- 
 tiine the following assignment was made: 
 
 "On the 24th dayof June, A. D., 1856, comes in to court H. G. 
 Angle and makes application to this court for an order author- 
 izing him, to transfer to George Greene, John Weare, Wm. 
 Greene, P. W. Earl, A. F. Stedman, H. G. Higley, N. B. Brown, 
 Lowell Daniels, Lawson Daniels, E. H. Dobbs, James J. Child, 
 and Jesse P. Rogers, who are about to form themselves into a 
 corporate company, under t he name and style of the Cedar 
 Rapids Bridge Company — the same power, rights and author- 
 ities as are granted to said Angle by license granted him by 
 this court bearing date February 5, 1856. 
 
 "It is therefore ordered by the court that said Angle is auth- 
 orized to make said transfer to said company, to be enjoyed 
 and exercised by them," etc. 
 
 This license was granted for the term of twenty-five years, 
 fixed an unalterable schedule of tolls for a period of ten years. 
 It was likewise provided that within or after seven years the 
 collected tolls should have paid all cost of construction and 
 maintenance, and 20 per cent per annum on all money expended, 
 the structure should pass at once to the ownership and control 
 of the city and become a free bridge. 
 
 The articles of incorporation provided that any person who 
 might within six months give in cash or proper security $25 to 
 the bridge company should be entitled to free perpetual pas- 
 
u 
 
 > 
 
sage for himself and family. Several took advantage of this 
 offer, and ten years after, when the company was recognized, 
 secured by a court order respect for their rights. 
 
 The city officers of Cedar Rapids at the beginning of the year 
 1856 were: George Greene, mayor; R. C. Rock, Joseph A. Love 
 and J. F. Charles, councilmen, and W. D. Watrous, recorder. 
 In April, 1856, Isaac N. Whittam was elected maj^or, B. Bryan, 
 recorder; J. T. Walker, W. W. Smith and A. Hager, councilmen. 
 This was the last election under the town charter. At first 
 meeting of the council, held May 3, 1856, Mr. Bryan sent in his 
 resignation as recorder and D. W. Mcintosh was chosen for 
 the place. 
 
 There was evidently a spurt to reform in city government. 
 Mayor Whittam was instructed to make proclamation that on 
 and after the 26th day of May "all ordinances heretofore passed 
 will be strictly enforced, and all delinquent tax collected as 
 provided by law." At the same time Stephen L. Pollock was 
 notified that he must pay the amount due the city for ferry 
 privileges. These privileges for 1856 were in the hands of 
 Messers. Bowling & Gilbread, and the license cost these gentle- 
 men $20.00 for the year. 
 
 The matter of conducting auction sales was important. At 
 council meeting of May 10th, H. W. Perkins & Co. prayed for 
 "exclusive privilege as public vendue masters " for and within 
 the town of Cedar Rapids. This was placed on file and the 
 recorder was instructed to prepare a "proper ordinance regu- 
 lating sales at vendue within the corporation, and providing 
 for the selection of vendue masters." 
 
 The city marshal in his zeal had gathered in several hogs and 
 pigs running upon the streets and belonging to Isaac Milbourne. 
 These he had sold for benefit of the city, and the owner pre- 
 sented a bill for their value. The action of the marshal was 
 sustained, and the council refused to receive or entertain the 
 same. 
 
 There has been for some years dispute as to authorship of the 
 charter under which the city has operated since 1856. This it 
 is now possible to settle positively and from the official record. 
 At the meeting held June 14, 1856, "on motion of Alderman 
 Walker, the recorder was instructed to employ J. J. Child, 
 Esqre., to prepare an amended charter for the corporation, to 
 be submitted to the next meeting of council." 
 
 At that next meeting held June 28th, "James J. Child pre- 
 
Scene Looking North on Third Street 
 
 BayliB— Photo. Copyrigh 
 
sented for the consideration of the council a charter for the 
 'City of Cedar Rapids,' which was on motion accepted. On 
 motion it was resolved that William M. Wood be employed to 
 copy the same. On motion D. M. Mcintosh was instructed 
 to take the said charter as soon as copied and procure the pas- 
 sage of the same by the legislature of the State of Iowa, at its 
 special session in July, A. D., 1856." 
 
 Then again on July 22nd, there is this entry: "The charter 
 of the city of Cedar Rapids, as passed by the legislature, was 
 presented and accepted. On motion an election was called, 
 to be held at Carpenter's Hall in Cedar Rapids on July 28th, 
 A. D., 1856, for the adoption or rejection of said charter." 
 
 Such election was held on the date named and the vote was 
 canvassed by the council June 29th. On the question of adopt- 
 ing or rejecting the charter "it appeared there were forty-seven 
 votes polled, of which forty-five were 'for the amended charter, 
 and two against the amended charter,' whereupon it was de- 
 clared that the said charter was adopted. 
 
 "On motion it was resolved that an election be held at the 
 office of James J. Child, in the city of Cedar Rapids, on the 7th 
 day of August, A. D., 1856, (the polls for said election to be op- 
 ened between the hours of eight and ten a. m., and to be closed 
 at four o'clock p. m. of said day) for the election of corpora- 
 tion officers, as provided by the said charter." 
 
 The vote of this election was canvassed Atigust 12th at last 
 meeting held of the old town council. As a last act the bill of 
 William M. Wood for copying the charter of the city of Cedar 
 Rapids ($3.00) was received, accepted and ordered paid. The 
 election result is thus stated: 
 
 For mayor 204 votes were cast, of which Isaac N. Whittam 
 received 120, and W. W. Smith 84. 
 
 For recorder and assessor, D. M. Mcintosh received 123 votes, 
 F. P. Huntington 73, T. N. Bates 1, George Livensbarger 1, 
 and S. C. Koontz 1. 
 
 For treasurer and collector, S. C. Koontz received 121, John 
 P. Conkey 79, and F. P. Huntington 1. 
 
 For marshal Charles Weare received 131 votes, J. D. Hoppe 
 69, S. Lampson 1, and C. F. Spaethe 1. 
 
 For alderman first ward, J. T. Walker received 86 votes, H. G. 
 Angle 46, J. J. Snouffer 46, Mike Bryan 1. 
 
 For alderman second ward, Alexander Hager received 69 
 
QQ 
 
votes, J. F. Charles 67, J. V. Hollenbaugh 1, and David Mike- 
 sell 1. 
 
 For alderman third ward, Henry S. Ward received 41 votes, 
 W. D. Watrous 21, and W. W. Smith 19. 
 
 These facts were certified to and the officers elected were noti- 
 fied to appear and qualify on Thursday evening, August 14, 
 185(5, at the office of the recorder. The tie vote between J. J. 
 Snouffer and H. G. Angle for alderman of the first ward was 
 decided by the new council in favor of Mr. Snouffer. On the 
 date last named the city governinent of Cedar Rapids under 
 its present charter had its beginning. 
 
 A business directory for the year 1856 has been found, a 
 mere leaflet which has survived the vicissitudes of fifty years. 
 It gives the names of merchants and their places of business, as 
 follows; 
 
 DRY GOODS STORES. 
 
 Shattuck & Dewey, Commercial street. 
 L. Daniels & Co., Commercial street. 
 
 C. E. Livingston, Carpenter's Block, Commercial street. 
 Partridge & Cook, Commercial street. 
 
 Leach & Wood, corner of Washington and Eagle streets. 
 Elder & McClelland, corner Iowa avenue and Commercial 
 street. 
 
 GROCERY STORES. 
 
 C. W. Stebbins, corner Front street and Iowa avenue, Kings- 
 ton. 
 
 A. C. Keyes, Carpenter's Block, Commercial street. 
 Bever & Rowley, Coinmercial street. 
 J. H. Atwell, Commercial street. 
 
 CLOTHING STORES. 
 
 David Kahn, Commercial street. 
 
 Bangs & Bixby, Cominercial street. : 
 
 HARDWARE STORES. 
 
 Rock & Camp, Cominercial street. 
 C. P. Spaethe, Commercial street. 
 A. H. Brown & Co., Commercial street. 
 
 DRUG STORES. 
 
 J. p. Conkey, No. 3 Commercial Block. 
 James L. Enos, No. 4, Iowa avenue. 
 
OQ 
 
JEWELRY STORES. 
 
 J. T. Walker, Commercial street. 
 L. H. Keyes, Commercial street. 
 
 BOOK STORE. 
 
 James L. Enos, No. 4, Iowa avenue. 
 
 BANKING HOUSE. 
 
 Greene & Weare, Commercial street. 
 
 Wood, Bryan & Co., Commercial street. 
 
 W. A. Dodge Carr & Co., Commercial street. 
 
 LAND AND GENERAL AGENCY OFFICES. 
 
 Whittam & Belt, Commercial street. 
 Bates & Tousley, Commercial street. 
 Carpenter, Lehman & Co., Commercial street. 
 H. Mount & Co., Washington street. 
 
 FURNITURE WARE ROOMS. 
 
 John Boyce, Iowa avenue. 
 
 J. AUoway, Commercial street. 
 
 BUILDERS, JOINERS, ETC. 
 
 W. D. Watrous, designer and builder. Carpenter's block. 
 Smith & Williams, S on Madison, W on Washington street. 
 Elihu Robbins, residence Washington street. 
 Hyatt & Moore, shop on Commercial street. 
 
 BLACKSMITH SHOP AND PLOW FACTORY. 
 
 Stephen L. Pollock, Linn street. 
 
 LUMBER YARD. 
 
 Charles & Carroll, Commercial street. 
 
 CARRIAGE MANUFACTURERS. 
 
 Roswell Tibbetts, Benton street. West side. 
 J. M. Chambers, Linn street. 
 
 HOTELS. 
 
 Empire House, W. M. McMahon, corner Washington and 
 Market streets. 
 
 Greene's Hotel, Coffman & Smith, Commercial street. 
 Rapids Hotel. 
 
 INSURANCE AGENTS. 
 
 S. C. Bever, Franklin and Marine. 
 
 E. N. Bates, Hartford Fire. 
 
 J. L. Enos, Iowa Insurance Co., Oskaloosa. 
 
BAKERY AND RESTAURANT. 
 
 Alexander Clinton, Commercial street. 
 
 Walter D. Thompson, No. 6 South Commercial street. 
 
 MILLINERY. 
 
 Mrs. E. A. Emery, Brown's Block, Kingston. 
 Miss Mary E. Stewart, Rapids Hotel. 
 
 PHYSICIANS. 
 
 S. C. Koontz, ofifice Carpenter's Block. 
 
 J. H. Camburn, residence Washington street. 
 
 W. D. Barclay, residence Iowa avenue. 
 
 J. W. Edes, residence Washington street. 
 
 Smith & Larrabee, office Commercial street. 
 
 R. R. Taylor, office Carpenter's Block. 
 
 H. Mount, oculist, Washington street. 
 
 McCauley & Pulsifer, dentists. Commercial street. 
 
 ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELORS. 
 
 James J. Child, Commercial street. 
 Bater «&: Tousley, Commercial street. 
 Henry Lehman, Commercial street. 
 D. M. Mcintosh, Commercial street. 
 
 NURSERIES. 
 
 Central Iowa Nursery, J. B. Gate, proprietor. On West side, 
 near city. Was established 1853. 
 
 Mound Nursery, George Greene, proprietor. Two miles 
 north of the city. 
 
 PLANING MILL. 
 
 Alexander Hager. Shop 45x50 feet; two engines, one of 
 9 and the other of 24 horsepower. Capital invested in plant 
 and machinery, $10,000. 
 
 LUMBER MILLS. 
 
 Greene & Graves, located at upper end of city. Mill 40x50 
 feet, two stories high; engine house, 24x60 feet, one story high. 
 Had capacity of 5,000 feet of lumber per day, with lath, shin- 
 gles, etc., in proportion. 
 
 This establishment also included a machine shop 35x70 feet, 
 three stories high; foundry of brick, 30x60 feet, and a brick 
 blacksmith and plow shop 25x35 feet. Capital invested, 
 S25,000. 
 
 J. J. Snouffer — One saw, cutting 200,000 feet of lumber 
 
during three months, ending June 30, 1856. A circular saw 
 for plow beams, wagon felloes, etc. 
 
 SAW MILL AND CHAIR FACTORY. 
 
 Dobbs & Dewey. — Capacity, 10,000 feet of lumber a week. 
 During year had turned out 8,000 chairs, 1,000 bedsteads and 
 other articles. Fifteen hands employed. Capital, $12,000. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 Presbyterian (Old School) — Rev. R. H. Morrow, pastor. 
 Worships in Daniels' Hall. Subscription of $2,700 secured for 
 a building, which with cite is expected to cost $3,500. Mem- 
 bership 46. 
 
 Episcopal — Rev. S. Starr, rector. Church a fine structure 
 and furnished in the neatest manner. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal — Destitute of pastor temporarily. More 
 than one hundred members; largest congregation in city; more 
 than 150 in attendance at Sabbath School. 
 
 Baptist — West Side — Rev. J. Woodward, pastor. Temp- 
 porary edifice to be erected present season. Membership be- 
 tween thirty and forty. 
 
 Presbyterians (New School) — Rev. L. F. Dudley, pastor. 
 Church building small; was first to be erected in the city. Affairs 
 in a flourishing condition. 
 
 Presbyterians (Seceders) — Rev. H. Sturgeon, pastor. Church 
 edifice just erected and pews sold. 
 
 SECRET SOCIETIES. 
 
 Cedar Rapids Lodge No. 25, A. F. & A. M. (organized 1850), 
 Hiram Deem, W. M. ; Isaac N. Whittam, secretary. Meets first 
 Monday after new moon. 
 
 Hope Lodge No. 201, L O. O. F., organized 1851. Hiram 
 Deem, N. G. ; Joseph G. Davenport, secretary. Meets every 
 Tuesday evening. 
 
 SELECT SCHOOLS. 
 
 Misses Farnham — In rooms under the Episcopal church. 
 Miss H. Latshaw — On Washington street. 
 
 BUILDINGS ERECTED IN YEAR. 
 
 William Stewart, brick store, one story; R. C. Rock, brick 
 store, three stories; J. F. Ely, two brick stores, three stories; 
 A. Hager, machine shop, brick, three stories; Gabriel Carpenter, 
 three stores, brick, four stories; S. C. Bever, store, brick, three 
 
I 
 
stories; H. G. Angle, store, brick front, two stories; Bates & 
 Tousley, banking house, brick, three stories; Shattuck & Dewey, 
 two stores, three stories; P. W. Earl, store, three"stories above 
 basement; S. L. Pollock, addition to plow factory; Greene & 
 Graves, stone machine shop, three stories; Greene & Graves, 
 blacksmith shop, and foundry; public school building, brick, 
 three stories. 
 
 Brick Dwellings — F. A. Lee, William Greene, James Bates, 
 B. E. Baker, W. & S. Johnson, EHhu Robbins (two), M. Ohler, 
 Ezra Havens, H. G. Angle, Watrous & Gillett, A. Whitensack. 
 
 Frame Dwellings — H. Rcifcnsthall, W. W. Smith, John 
 Graves, Lowell Daniels, G. W. WcstlaLe, H. L. Bryan, A. J. 
 Reed, P. W. Reeder, W. Harvey, Henry Ward, S. A. Shattuck, 
 D. S. Bryan, G. Dewey, Rev. Samuel Starr, Freeman Smith, 
 — Jordan, J. Crabil, Mary Lucore, Mr. McDougal, Mary Clark, 
 Mr. Coon, Mr. Seabury. 
 
 As yet, however, the improvements were confined to but a 
 small portion of the present city. Iowa (First) avenue had 
 l:)een used as a sand bank, at the convenience of builders, and 
 being left in ridges and hollows was impassable to teams. Lot 
 owners on Eagle street (Second avenue) were urged to cut out 
 the underbrush in the street so that wagons might pass, and 
 thus that section of the city became attractive for residences. 
 
 To promote morality, the city council passed an ordinance 
 inaking it the duty of the city marshal to arrest all intoxicated 
 persons, who were to l^,e fined ten dollars or less, at discretion of 
 the mayor. 
 
 The city was divided into two school distiicts, in which were 
 768 persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years. The total of 
 population was 2,575. 
 
 In closing this review of the year 1856 it is possible to give 
 statistics of the cotmty which are directly of interest. 
 
 GENERAL FIGURES. 
 
 No. of dwelling houses. . .2518 Aliens 215 
 
 No. of famihes 2612 MiHtia 2795 
 
 No. of males 791 1 Deaf and dumb 
 
 No. of females 6791 Blind 1 
 
 Colored 6 Insane 1 
 
 Married 5110 Idiotic 14 
 
 Widowed 307 Owners of land 1824 
 
 Native voters 2946 Paupers 3 
 
 Naturalized voters 236 Total pop. of county. . . . 14792 
 
Ui 
 
AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 
 
 Bushels harvested 212, 
 
 Acres winter wheat 
 
 Bushels harvested 1 
 
 Acres oats 5, 
 
 Bushels harvested 180, 
 
 Acres corn 24, 
 
 Bushels harvested. . . 1,025, 
 
 Acres of land improved 66,132 
 Acres of land unim- 
 proved 155,991 
 
 Acres of meadow 3,871 
 
 Tons of hay 8,551 
 
 Bushels of grass seed .... 306 
 Acres spring wheat 14,739 
 
 LIVE STOCK FIGURES. 
 
 Number hogs sold 16,905 Number of cattle sold. . 3 
 
 Value of hogs sold $127,942 Value of cattle sold .. $ 79 
 
 FARM PRODUCTS. 
 
 Pounds butter made . . 153,646 Value of domestic manu- 
 
 Pounds of wool sold . . . 14, 143 factures $7 
 
 Pounds of cheese sold. .25,506 Value of general mfrs 212 
 
 NATIVITY OF POPULATION. 
 
 Ohio 3,758 
 
 Indiana 1,320 
 
 Pennsylvania 1,914 
 
 Iowa 2,770 
 
 New York 1,209 
 
 Maine Ill 
 
 New Hampshire 83 
 
 Vermont 189 
 
 Massachusetts 188 
 
 Connecticut 124 
 
 Rhode Island 7 
 
 Virginia 436 
 
 Kentucky 242 
 
 Illinois 453 
 
 Michigan 87 
 
 Alabama 1 
 
 Louisiana 2 
 
 Mississippi 4 
 
 North Carolina 59 
 
 South Carolina 23 
 
 Tennessee 55 
 
 Missouri 40 
 
 Georgia 2 
 
 Maryland 208 
 
 New Jersey 178 
 
 Wisconsin 51 
 
 Delaware 10 
 
 England 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Wales 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Germany 
 
 France 
 
 Austria 
 
 Russia 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Norway 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Holland 
 
 On the Ocean 
 
 Canada 
 
 New Brunswick 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Denmark 
 
 West Indies 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 Nova Scotia 
 
 Prince Edward Island 
 District of Columbia . 
 
 Poland 
 
 Moravia 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Unknown 
 
 573 
 249 
 532 
 854 
 674 
 251 
 375 
 
 284 
 273 
 
 ,269 
 ,795 
 
 166 
 
 204 
 
 4 
 
 72 
 278 
 
 11 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 161 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 139 
 
 52 
 8 
 4 
 1 
 6 
 5 
 1 
 
We may catch something of the thought and sentiment which 
 stirred the people half a century ago, and thus appreciate and 
 understand their daily lives. First and foremost, there was in- 
 sistence upon all that the future held for Cedar Rapids The 
 belief in great things to be inspired all labor, entered into all 
 calculations. This city represents no haphazard, accidental 
 growth. It was planned for from the beginning, and became an 
 article of faith for men in control of affairs through all the chang- 
 ing years. There was sharp struggle, long continued, before the 
 community was sure that its efforts would secure predominance 
 over near-by rivals. While others were satisfied with words 
 and promises, the men responsible for the life of Cedar Rapids 
 were insistent upon deeds and materialization of projects. To 
 gain the ends desired their time and means were spent, and per- 
 sonal and community credit pledged. All then accumulated, 
 and all that the future might hold, was staked upon the business 
 judgment and hard work of the makers of the town. And this 
 in no gamester's spirit, but because a business prescience pointed 
 out the course of coming years. All through this time of a half 
 century ago we can still detect a constant mild enthusiasm 
 among the people, an eager waiting for whatever might be an- 
 nounced as of present or futvire benefit, magnificent courage in 
 the face of great difficulties and discouragement and an im- 
 plicit trust in the business capacit}'^ and integrity of those who 
 were the natural leaders in thought and action. 
 
 There were stirring events in the nation, too, for this year of 
 1856 — events to rouse strong feeling and to prepare men's 
 minds for troul)lous times. Only five years in the future held 
 for final solution by the manhood of America the problem of 
 government which had gathered force toward the issue since 
 the very beginning of the republic. Already the sky was over- 
 cast and intelligent observers forecasted the fury of the storm. 
 Already men were hardening their hearts against the daj^ of 
 battle. Beyond all lies and specious arguments of politicians, 
 all plans of trimmers and temporizers we may best discern, in 
 jvist such simple communities as our own, the steady settling 
 of the north and west to determination that government was in- 
 tended to be by and of and for the people. The question of 
 slavery was incidental to this larger issue. Yet by both sides 
 to the controversy this incidental ])hase was accepted as the 
 test of conviction. 
 
 In 1850 the premliminary skirmish of the greater battle was 
 
fought out in Kansas. Eagerly the people of our little town 
 waited for news. It was realized that extremists of both 
 sides were responsible for the collision, and that between the up- 
 per and nether millstones of fanaticism and sectional hatred, 
 men of moderate opinion were being ground to dust. It was 
 the first inovement of a flood which would sweep away all 
 petty barriers of compromise and time-serving. But the 
 first news of excesses and outrages in Kansas found the entire 
 people of Cedar Rapids sympathizing with the sufferers. As 
 the news came in there was at the beginning no thought of 
 politics involved — only a great sympathy for the sufferers. 
 And so we find all the people of Cedar Rapids attending mass 
 meetings and giving freely of their means for those who were 
 victims in the new territory where a slave-holding aristocracy 
 strove with free labor for the possession of the virgin soil. But 
 within a few weed's wc see that politics and policy had crept 
 into our community to destroy this charitable unanimity. Spe- 
 cious arguments were heard from those who withdrew sympathy 
 and support from the sufTering, lest it should affect party for- 
 tunes. The great majority of the people of Cedar Rapids stood 
 then as they stood five years afterwards, for what the decision 
 of battle and the verdict of the generation has since declared was 
 right. But a few there were — honest and sincere, doubtless, in 
 their convictions — who held with the south. It should be re- 
 membered that in the settlement of our city and its vicinity 
 a strong and important element was from the south. That ele- 
 ment brought a rich strain of blood, and means and intelli- 
 gence into the raw community. And with this clement the 
 force of tradition and pride of race and early education held to 
 accepted ideas of their section. One good result wc may dis- 
 cern — these preliminary local debates fitted men to decide — 
 when the time for decision came, with full knowledge of all that 
 might be said on every side of the question. 
 
 If now the reader has followed with some care this haphazard 
 sketch, he may understand something of thought and action in 
 Cedar Rapids fifty years ago. And understanding, he will give 
 credit due at this time of ingathering to those who laboriously 
 prepared the soil and planted the seed and tended the first 
 showings of growth in that day of small things. 
 
A BROAD RETROSPECT 
 
 Very much material has been gathered for this work which 
 would really have given to this pamphlet the size and dignity 
 of a volume. The writer was under the impression that more 
 space could be allowed but at the last moment is forced to 
 cut his material to the exigencies, to the time allowed, and the 
 demands of the printer. So far we have briefly stated the 
 beginnings of things in Cedar Rapids, and have given a pen 
 picture of the city as it existed in 1856. It is only possible now 
 to take up the growth and progress and indicate here and there 
 where the greatest advancement has been made. All these 
 years have been filled with activities, and sometimes they 
 present serious and very important events. Hardly had the 
 town grown beyond its village stage when its people were called 
 tipon to consider and take part in the tragic drama of the Civil 
 War. Many, now living, remember that period and can appre- 
 ciate what was meant by the great questions of the day. We, 
 who are younger, must studj^ deeply before we can grasp the 
 full significance of the events. The Sphinx of History spoke 
 then to the manhood of America and demanded that the rid- 
 dle of existence and national life be newly solved ; with destruc- 
 tion of all that was dear as the bitter alternative. Nor was 
 there doubt or delay in that answer. The stalwart pioneers 
 of the north and west joined with their brothers of the east 
 to decide that desperate struggle and the justness of their 
 cause. These years of bitterness and strife brought affairs in 
 the village almost to a halt. It was not possible at that time 
 with the limited population to supply the drains of warfare 
 and pursue peaceful avocations. The business of this town, like 
 many others, was held in suspense until the God of War had 
 spoke his final word. But with the return of peace there came 
 a period of unprecedented growth which put the town in a posi- 
 tion to achieve prominence, not only in this county but in this 
 section of the state, a position which has never been imperiled 
 since that time. In the former chapter mention was made of 
 the beginning of the Public School System. It was not until 
 1859 that a graded school had existence in Cedar Rapids, and 
 not until 1861 that this system assumed definite form. In 
 the latter year the Washington School building, predecessor 
 
of the present High School, was completed. In the early- 
 fifties Rev. Williston Jones, at that time pastor of the First 
 Presbyterian Church, took into his family a number of young 
 men with the idea of giving them an education superior to 
 that which could be obtained in the public schools. Develop- 
 ment followed, and the Cedar Rapids Collegiate Institute was 
 the result. This was first taught by Mr. David Blakely. In 
 that institute was the germ which later developed into the splen- 
 did growth of Coe College. The town also had given of its 
 means and had sent some of its most brilHant young people 
 to the two other colleges of Linn; that of Western and Cornell, 
 at Mt. Vernon. 
 
 As also indicated elsewhere, the religiously minded pioneers 
 had early gathered together and formed tentative congregations. 
 The first class was organized in 1841 by the Methodists and 
 in 1843 the adherents of that denomination were converted 
 into a definite society. This was the first church established in 
 the city. The Presbyterians followed; their day of organization 
 being July 9, 1847. At which time nine persons covenanted to 
 walk together in gospel ordinances. The first pastor of this 
 church, having permanent location here, was Rev. Williston 
 Jones, who came in 1849. Grace Episcopal church had its date of 
 organization in 1850, at which time Rev. James Keeier gathered 
 together the worshipers of that phase of the faith. The corner- 
 stone of this house of worship was laid with becoming ceremony 
 by Bishop Kemper in 1851. In the last-named year (April 19) 
 the United Presbyterian was organized by Rev. John D. Cunning- 
 ham, with eleven members. The Second Presbyterian Church, 
 then known as the "old school", dates from May 27, 1855, when, 
 by authority of the Presbytery of Cedar, Rev. Joshua Phelps or- 
 ganized a congregation with some twenty members. The Bap- 
 tist denomination had its first congregation in 1856, in the 
 town of Kingston, now west Cedar Rapids. The east side church 
 beginning with a membership of twenty-eight, was organized 
 on the 3d of June, 1860. The first service of the Lutherans was 
 held on the fourteenth day of September, 1856, at which time 
 services in German and English were conducted by Rev. S. 
 Ritz, of Tipton. Usually the adherents of the CathoHc faith 
 are among the first to organize themselves in a new community, 
 but in this case the church only dates back to 1857. In that 
 year mass was first celebrated in the house of Alex. Hager, but 
 having made a beginning, the church very rapidly gained ground 
 
in the community. In the following year a congregation was 
 organized, ground leased and a building erected. Two years 
 later, in 1860, this ground was purchased, and an addition Avas 
 made to the building. All other denominations are of later 
 date, but have proven in quality equal to their predecessors, 
 and have had their share in the moral development of the city. 
 
 The first fraternity to find lodgment here was the Masonic. 
 In November, 1850, Cedar Rapids Lodge No. 25 (now Crescent) 
 was organized under dispensation by Grand Master McCord; 
 George Greene being named as the first Master. Within a month 
 from that time Hope Lodge I. O. O. F. followed. These 
 offshoots of the tw'O greatest organizations among men, were 
 for many years the only representatives of fratcrnalism in the 
 town. The Masonic Lodge has had a continuous existence, and 
 has now developed to be one of the strongest in the state. That 
 of the Odd Fellows, depleted by the patriotism of its members 
 during tbe years of war, consolidated with a new body and its 
 old identity w^as lost in the present Cedar Rapids Lodge (No. 
 141). Within recent years Cedar Rapids has become known as 
 a fraternal town. Very few organizations have existence but 
 are represented here, and generally with strong organizations. 
 It makes a splendid show'ing for any community when its citi- 
 zens are banded together for the purpose of mutual assistance 
 and relief. Higher ideals are insensibly taught, and find a place 
 even outside the lodge rooms, and in the life of the community 
 at large. Together with the churches and schools these fra- 
 ternities were influential for good citizenship and the better- 
 ment of men. 
 
 It will not 1)C in place here to review the business interests of 
 the town, as these are indicated in other ways. There follows 
 a synopsis of present conditions, prepared by Mr. B. L. Wick, 
 which, in comparison with that of ISofi, really tells the full 
 story of growth. 
 
 We must not forget that an element of very great worth and 
 virility has been added to the town and to the quality of its 
 people by foreign immigration. Even in the early fifties the 
 first of the Bohemian population began to make an appearance 
 in and about the village. These men and women, driven from 
 their native habitat by oppression, and strengthened by the de- 
 sire to find a place where they might indulge in freer ideas and 
 ideals, came to the West with latent power which has been of 
 immense value to our communitv. Thev have had the faculty 
 
of rapidly adapting themselves to new environment; of grasp- 
 ing the best there is in our thought and manner of living, while 
 yet preserving their own vigorous vitality. They have borne 
 their share in peace and in war, and the present prosperity of 
 Cedar Rapids owes considerable to their capacity for thought 
 and labor. 
 
 Although the Germans have not been as important a factor 
 in the building of the town as the Bohemians, it has been on ac- 
 count of their smaller numbers. Yet they have taken a con- 
 spicuous part in the financial and social affairs of the city. 
 Cann and Freund were in the clothing business here more than 
 fifty years ago. One, Jos. Schneider, built the first brewery in 
 1856, and others all through the years have been representa- 
 tive of Teutonic perseverance and shrewdness. They, like the 
 Bohemians, have preserved the best. there is in their nationality 
 by means of churches, schools, fraternities and special social or- 
 ganizations. A most desirable element, also, has been sup- 
 plied by the Scandinavian race. These, though few in number, 
 have been of sufficient importance to impress themselves in- 
 delibly upon the life and institutions of the city. 
 
 If it were possible to take up and present in necessary detail 
 all the public institutions which have served the life and interests 
 of the community, to follow them through the days of growth 
 into their present strength, it would make a story of engrossing 
 I interest. All this and more awaits the historian of the future. 
 To him will be committed the agreeable task of following out, 
 in every line, the growth of the city, and to estimate the value 
 of men's lives and the parts they played in building the town, 
 i It is to be hoped that this sketch, rapid and imperfect as it may 
 I be, will develop some love for the history of the town, and 
 prompt others to search out that which is little known. The 
 materials for local history have hardly yet been developed. 
 This Semi-Centennial Celebration should bring out the ancient 
 stores of our people and make it thus possible to produce a defi- 
 nitive volume, worthy of the town, worthy of the men whose 
 lives were devoted to its upbuilding, and worthy, too, of the 
 future which promises so abundantly in every direction. 
 
CEDAR RAPIDS AS A BUSINESS CENTER 
 
 BY B. L. WICK. 
 
 Cedar Rapids is easy to access, having the main Hne of the 
 Chicago and Northwestern; and Hnes of the Chicago, Milwau- 
 kee & St. Paul, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, and 
 the Illinois Central, and two interurban electric lines in 
 operation. The hotel facilities are the best in the state, while 
 as a convention city it cannot be excelled, with hotel accommo- 
 dation, with a spacious auditorium with a seating capacity 
 of 5,000 people, with parks, river facilities for summer out- 
 ings. 
 
 Cedar Rapids is an ideal city of 30,000 inhabitants, where 
 nature has done much, and its wide-awake people the rest, to 
 make it a city unexcelled as a city of homes, standing in 
 the front rank as a commercial city as well. 
 
 FINANCIAL. 
 
 Cedar Rapids is gradually becoming a financial center, is 
 a reserve city for national banks, and has a well organized 
 Clearing House. The city has three National and seven 
 State and Savings, with an aggregate capital of $1,400,000 
 upwards and deposits of $12,000,000. The total clearings for 
 the past year were over $28,000,000, including only checks on 
 the Clearing House Banks, which represents about one-third 
 of the actual volume of business transacted. It will therefore 
 be seen that the actual volume of business would be around 
 $84,000,000.00 per annum. Besides the banking interests. 
 Cedar Rapids has large financial institutions in the Farmers' 
 Insurance Co., Cedar Rapids Life Insurance Company, Order 
 of Railway Conductors, Fraternal Bankers Reserve Society, 
 the High Treasury of the Catholic Order of Foresters, etc. 
 Cedar Rapids enjoys a further distinction in connection with 
 its financial interests, that stands almost without an equal, 
 in the fact that it has never had a bank failure. 
 
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 Cedar Rapids has 36 churches, representing nearly all de- 
 nominations, many of which are housed in fine modern build- 
 ings; a $50,000 Y. M. C. A., two hospitals, St. Luke's and 
 Mercy, with equipments costing nearly $100,000 each. The 
 Home for the Friendless, caring for homeless children, the 
 Home for Aged Women; Sunshine Mission, a non-sectarian 
 City Mission, carrying on the work of organized charity, all 
 occupy their own modern buildings. The Federal Build- 
 ing, Post Office and Federal Court, is modern, and will soon 
 be enlarged by a liberal appropriation from Congress of $200,- 
 000. The post office receipts surpass those of 75 cities of the 
 United States having a greater population. The Free Public 
 Library, recently built at a cost of $75,000, contains 14,000 
 volumes, and is a thoroughly up-to-date library in all its de- 
 partments. Greene's Opera House, recently remodeled at a 
 great expense, with a seating capacity of 1,600, furnishes the 
 residents of Cedar Rapids and nearby towns the very best 
 attractions on the road. Besides Greene's we have the People's 
 Theater, being a modern vaudeville, the Chautauqua, and the 
 Alamo Park, a summer resort. 
 
 WHOLESALE. 
 
 Cedar Rapids has justly earned the reputation of being the 
 leading wholesale center of Iowa. Nearly every line is repre- 
 sented by one or more wholesale houses. The following 
 figures will give an idea of the proportions to which the whole- 
 sale and jobbing business has grown in Cedar Rapids: 
 
 Gross amount of business done annually $10,000,000 
 
 Capital employed 2,000,000 
 
 Employes 625 
 
 Paid in wages and salaries 5,000,000 
 
 Gross tonnage of cars merchandise handled 23,000 
 
 MANUFACTURING. 
 
 While ranking fifth in size among the cities of Iowa, Cedar 
 Rapids ranks first in the value of manufactured products, 
 with a total output of over $16,000,000 worth during 1905. 
 Seventy-five factories employ nearly 3,000 people, receiving 
 close to $2,000,000 in wages annually. Cedar Rapids has the 
 largest cereal mills in the world; the finest independent starch 
 works in the United States; the largest independent meat 
 packing plant in the country; the largest and best wire fence 
 
])lant west of the Mississippi; a large candy factory, and con- 
 trol of the pump, windmill and iron pump trade of the West. 
 Some of the other goods manufactured in Cedar Rapids: Bank, 
 Store and Office Fixtures; Camp and Lawn Furniture; Cornice; 
 Corsets; Egg Cases; Fence Posts' (Concrete) ; Flour; Foundry 
 and Machine Supplies, Furnaces, Furniture, Galvanized Iron, 
 Gasoline Engines, Hardwood Specialties, Electrical Supplies, 
 Manure Spreaders, Overalls, Plaster, Shirts, etc., Milk Weigh- 
 ers and Starter Cans, Oil Pumps, Photo Paper, Plumbers' 
 Brass Goods, Roasted Coffee, Spices, Baking Powder, Sash, 
 Doors and Blinds, Skirts, Steel Baskets and Tanks, Stoves, 
 School Books, Umbrellas, Vinegar, Wagons and Carriages. 
 The Pawnee Cereal Company will erect in 1906, a $400,000 
 plant. 
 
 The following figures will give an idea of the building improve- 
 ments in the city for the year of 1905: 
 
 Manufacturing 81,005,157 
 
 Commercial 675,410 
 
 Residence 611,230 
 
 Municipal 178,418 
 
 Miscellaneous (churches, etc.) 144,250 
 
 Total 82,614,465 
 
 Scene During Carnival 
 
 r.riylis— I'hoto. Copyright. 
 
CITY OFFICIALS FROM 1849 TO 1906 
 
 The civic life of Cedar Rapids dates from January 15, 1849. 
 Before that time it was mere township. The Legislature of 
 Iowa, at its session of '49, having granted a town charter, a 
 mass meeting of citizens was called for the day named. This 
 was, so says the old record, "to elect one mayor, recorder and 
 three councilmen, for the incorporation of Cedar Rapids." 
 William P. Harmon was called to the chair. Arvin Kennedy, 
 John H. Brooks and John G. Cole were appointed judges of 
 the election, and were duly qualified by Homer Kennedy, town 
 clerk. Eber L. Mansfield was chosen clerk of the election, 
 and qualified by Arvin Kennedy, "whereupon the judges or- 
 ganized the election and proceeded to receive votes." 
 
 The figures of the votes were not given, but the judges' 
 certificate declared Martin L. Barber elected mayor. Homer 
 Kennedy, recorder, and Stephen L. Pollock, Joseph Greene 
 and James Leverich, councilmen. 
 
 This is given thus in detail as being the first corporate act 
 of the village, and from that first meeting has grown all of 
 subsequent civic life. 
 
 Again an election was held at the school house April 30, 1850, 
 and for that time it is possible to give the figures. For mayor, 
 Martin L. Barber received 39 votes and Johnson Hill 27; for 
 recorder John Palmer had 63 and Lawson Daniels 1 ; for council- 
 men Stephen L. Pollock was given 39, Joseph Greene 36 and 
 Charles C. Cook 50; George H. Ely had 24, Thomas Downing 
 41, Isaac Cook 1 and W. P. Harmon 1. The councilmen elect- 
 ed therefore were S. L. Pollock, C. C. Cook and Thomas Down- 
 ing. 
 
 April 8, 1851, the votes were again canvassed by the council. 
 Nicholas B. Brown Avas elected nriayor, S. C. Koontz recorder, 
 and Benjamin Weiser, Michael Bryan and Joseph Love council- 
 men. 
 
 For the year 1852 there was no election, there evidently 
 being no interest in affairs of the town, and the old officials held 
 over. 
 
 The next election occurred April 6, 1853, at which time W. W. 
 Smith was chosen for mayor, S. C. Koontz recorder, and S. C. 
 Bever, Johnson Hill and j. F. Ely for the council. 
 
 On April 3, 1854, W. W. Smith was re-elected mayor, William 
 M. Wood elected recorder, and William Greene, Absalom Sines 
 and Daniel Lothian for the council. 
 
 Between that time and the election held April 4, 1855, the 
 records of council only fill two brief pages. On latter date 
 George Greene was elected mayor, W. D. Watrous recorder; 
 R. C. Rock, Joseph A. Love and J. F. Charles for council. 
 
 The date for April, 1856, on which election occurred is not 
 
given. But at the time Isaac N. Whittam was elected mayor, 
 B. S. Bryan was chosen recorder but decUned to serve, and 
 D. M. Mcintosh was appointed to fill that office. T. J. Walker, 
 Alexander Hager and W. W. Smith were the councilmen 
 elected. 
 
 This was the last election under the old town charter. The 
 new act was passed in June, 1856, and on Tuesday, August 12, 
 1856, a new election was held. The officials through the years 
 since have been as follows : 
 
 1856! Isaac N. Whittam, mayor; D. M. Mcintosh, recorder; 
 Charles Weare, marshal; S. C. Koontz, treasurer; J. J. Child, 
 city attorney. Aldermen, J. T. Walker, J .J. Snouffer, J. F. 
 Charles, A. Hager, H. S. Ward, W. D. Watrous. 
 
 1857. Isaac N. Whittam, mayor; F. P. Huntington, re- 
 corder; S. C. Lampson, marshal; S. C. Koontz, treasurer; E. N. 
 Bates, city attorney. Aldermen, J. J. Snouflfer, John G. Graves, 
 S. D. Carpenter, J. J. Child, Wm. Richmond, A. Whitenack. 
 
 1858. R. C. Rock, mayor; George Seymour, recorder; C. T. 
 Kellogg, marshal; S. C. Koontz, treasurer; A. S. Belt, city at- 
 torney. Aldermen, J. J. Snouflfer, John G. Graves, D. N. 
 Sprague, R. R. Taylor, Wm. Richmond, S. A. Shattuck. 
 
 1859. D. N. Sprague, mayor; George Seymour, recorder, 
 Wm. McMahone, marshal; S. C. Koontz, treasurer; E. N. 
 Bates, city attorney. Aldermen, John G. Graves, T. Z. Cook, 
 D. M. Mcintosh, Charles Weare, S. A. Shattuck, G. Livens- 
 barger. 
 
 1860. E. H. Stedman, mayor; George Seymour, recorder; 
 Benjamin Darnell, marshal; J. S. Wattles, treasurer; I. N. 
 Whittam, city attorney. Aldermen, T. Z. Cook, A. Hager, 
 W. B. Mack, R. P. Kingman, G. Livensbarger, J. P. Coulter. 
 
 1861. Homer Bishop, mayor; M. A. Higley, recorder; Ben- 
 jamin Darnell, marshal; J. S. Wattles, treasurer; I. N. Whit- 
 tam, city attorney. Aldermen, S. C. Bever, H. E. Higley, R. P. 
 Kingman, I. W. Carroll, J. C. Adams, George Dewey. 
 
 1862. T. Z. Cook, mayor; S. C. Koontz, recorder; J. Hogen- 
 dobler, marshal; J. S. Wattles, treasurer; A. S. Belt, city attor- 
 ney. Aldermen, S. C. Bever, H. E. Higley, I. W. Carroll, 
 H. B. Stibbs, George Dewey, S. G. McClelland. 
 
 1863. Mowry Farnum, mayor; George C. Haman, re- 
 corder; A. Laurance, marshal; Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; 
 no city attorney elected. Aldermen, S. C. Bever, D. Denlinger. 
 H. B. Stibbs, I. W. Carroll, S. G. McClelland, Thomas Slonaker. 
 
 1864. Mowry Farnum, mayor; George C. Haman, recorder; 
 A. Laurance, marshal; Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; I. N. 
 Whittam, city attorney. Aldermen, S. C. Bever, E. H. Sted- 
 man, D. Denlinger, Jos. Hollan, S. G. McClelland, Thos. Slon- 
 aker. 
 
 1865. H. Church, mayor; George C. Haman, recorder; T. M. 
 Parsons, marshal; Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; J. J. Child, 
 city attorney. Aldermen, S. C. Bever, E. E. Leach, D. Den- 
 linger, Chas. Weare, G. Livensbarger, J. C. Adams. 
 
 1866. A. R. West, mayor; George C. Haman, recorder; J. O. 
 
Stewart, marshal; Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; J. J. Child, 
 city attorney; Aldermen, J. J. Snouffer, J. Wetzel, H. B. 
 Stibbs, N. S. Mershon, J. C. Adams, J. H. Hart. 
 
 1867. A. R. West, mayor; D. A. Bradley, recorder; A. 
 Laurance, marshal; Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; I. N. Whit- 
 tam, city attorney. Aldermen, J. J. Snouffer, J. Wetzel, H. B. 
 Stibbs, E. Robbins, J. A. Hart, L. Wallace. 
 
 1868. J. P. Coulter, inayor; D. A. Bradley, recorder; A. 
 Laurance, marshal; Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; I. N. Whit- 
 tam, city attorney. Aldermen, J. Wetzel, A. C. Churchill, E. 
 Robbins, E. E. Leach, Wm. Stewart, James Albright. 
 
 1869. A. R. West, mayor; George C. Haman, recorder; A. 
 Laurance, marshal; Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; I. N. Whit- 
 tam, city attorney; P. C. Lusk, chief engineer. Aldermen, A. C. 
 Churchill, E. S. Hill, E. E. Leach, D. Denhnger, Wm. Stewart, 
 J. F. Charles. 
 
 1870. Wm. B. Leach, mayor; W. B. Stewart, recorder; A. 
 Laurance, marshal; Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; M. P. Mills, 
 city attorney; George A. Lincoln, chief engineer. Aldermen, 
 E. S. Hill, J. J. Snoutter, E. E. Leach, E. Robbins, Wm. Stewart, 
 Elihu Baker. 
 
 1871. T. Z. Cook, mayor; H. J. Harvey, pohce judge; Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, treasurer; Hiel Hale, chief engineer; J. C. 
 Stoddard, recorder; A. Laurance, marshal; R. H. Gilmore, city 
 attorney. Aldermen, J. J. Snouffer, L H. Shaver, E. E. Leach, 
 C. C. Cook, Wm. Stewart, J. L. Bever, James Bell. 
 
 1872. E. S. Hill, mayor; A. St. Clair Smith, pohce judge; 
 Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; George L. Stearns, chief engineer; 
 J. C. Stoddard, recorder; Hiel Hale, marshal; L N. Whittam, 
 city attorney. Aldermen, J. L. Bever, C. H. Clark, L H. Shav- 
 er, C. C. Cook, W. Stewart, George Dale, G. M. Howiett, E. E. 
 Leach. 
 
 1873. J. F. Charles, mayor; A. St. Clair Smith, police judge; 
 Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; Geo. L. Stearns, chief engineer; 
 J. C. Stoddard, recorder; Hiel Hale, marshal; West «&; Eastman, 
 city attorneys. Aldermen, J. L. Bever, C. C. Cook, C. H. Clark, 
 George Dale, Henry Forsythe, S. T. Wier, G. M. Howiett, W. S. 
 Bradley. 
 
 1874. A. B. Hull, mayor; H. J. Harvey, pohce judge; Ben- 
 jamin Harri30n, treasurer; E. S. Hill, chief engineer; J. C. Stod- 
 dard, recorder; Hiel Hale, marshal; A. D. Colher, city attorney. 
 Aldermen, F. J. Upton, C. C. Cook, C. H. Clark, W. S. Bradley, 
 M. P. Mills, J. H. Smith, E. L. Mansfield, C. H. Clark, Geo. A. 
 Lincoln, S. T. Wier. 
 
 1875. J. H. Smith, mayor; L N. Whittam, pohce judge; 
 Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; Hiel Hale, chief engineer; A. G. 
 Plum, recorder; Hiel Hale, marshal; F. C. Hormel, city attorney. 
 Aldermen, R. Cornish, A. T. Averill, U. C. Blake, G. A. Lincoln, 
 M. P. Mills, W. S. Bradley, S. T. Wier, C. H. Clark, F. J. Up- 
 ton, E. L. Mansfield. 
 
 1876. J. H. Smith, mayor; L N. Whittam, police judge; 
 Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; Geo. A. Lincoln, chief engineer; 
 
A. G. Plumb, recorder; Hiel Hale, marshal; F. C. Hormel, city- 
 attorney. Aldermen, J. J. Snouffer, U. C. Blake, E. K. Lari- 
 mer, W. S. Bradlev, A. Mann, O. C. L. Jones, S. T. Wier, M. P. 
 Mills, R. Cornish, "D. H. Richards. 
 
 1877. W. S. Bradley, mayor; W. B. L-each, superior judge; 
 Benjamin Harrison, treasurer; C. W. Eaton, chief engineer; 
 A. G. Plumb, recorder; Hiel Hale, marshal; F. C. Hormel, city 
 attorney. Aldermen, C. Magnus, E. K. Larimer, A. R. Foote, 
 U. C. Biake, O. C. L. Jones, D. H. Richards. J. J. Snouffer, D. T. 
 Brown, A. Mann, Frank Witousek, D. B. Ramsdell, Samuel 
 Miller. 
 
 1878. J. T. Ha:nilton, mayor; W. B. Leach, superior judge ; 
 A. G. Plumb, treasurer; C. W. Eaton, chief engineer; George 
 A. Lincoln, recorder; H. C. Morehead, marshal; L N. Whittam, 
 city attorney. Aldermen, J. J. Snouffer, C. Magnus, D. T. 
 Brown, W. W. Smith, U. C. Blake, A. R. Foote, O. C. L. Jones, 
 H. G. Bowman, E. R. Earl, Frank Witousek, James Morton, 
 E. L. Mansfield. 
 
 1879. O. N. Hull, mayor; W. B. Leach, superior judge; 
 A. G. Plumb, treasurer; C. W. Eaton, chief engineer; J. C. Stod- 
 dard, recorder; Spencer Jackson, marshal; L N. Whittam, city 
 attorney. Aldermen, John Meehan, W. W. Smith, E. R. Earl, 
 John Gates, John Dale, Jas. Morton, A. Van Vleck, L. E. 
 Jenkins, H. G. Bowman, J. J. Snouffer, O. C. L. Jones, E. L. 
 Mansfield. 
 
 1880. J. H. Smith, mayor; W. B. Leach, superior judge; 
 A. G. Plumb, treasurer; C. W. Eaton, chief engineer; J. C. Stod- 
 dard, recorder; Spencer Jackson, marshal; C. J. Deacon, city 
 attorney. Aldermen, J. J. Snouffer, John Gates, John Dale, 
 P. Mullaly, A. Van Vleck, L. E. Jenkins, Wm. Stewart, Jas. 
 Morton, E. R. Earl, John Meehan, E. L. Mansfield, W. A. Fulk- 
 erson. 
 
 1881. J. H. Smith, mayor; W. B. Leach, superior judge; 
 A. G. Plumb, treasurer; C. W. Eaton, chief engineer; J. C. Stod- 
 dard, recorder; Spencer Jackson, marshal; C. J. Deacon, city 
 attorney. Aldermen, John Meehan, Wm. Stewart, E. R. Earl, 
 John Gktes, J. M. Searles, E. L. Mansfield, J. R. Morin, M. P. 
 Mills, Jas. Morton, J. J. Snouffer, A. St. Clair Smith, W. A. 
 Fulkerson. 
 
 1882. Charles A. Clark, mayor; W. B. Leach, superior judge ; 
 A. G. Plumb, treasurer; G. H. Murphy, chief engineer; J. C. 
 Stoddard, recorder; Spencer Jackson, marshal; J. J. Powell, 
 city attorney. Aldermen, J. J. Snouffer, John Gates, J. M. 
 Searles, P. Martel, J. R. Morin, M. P. Mills, A. Van Vleck, T. M. 
 Giberson, E. R. Earl, John Meehan, C. D. Van Vechten, W. A. 
 Fulkerson. 
 
 1883. John W. Henderson, mayor; W. B. Leach, superior 
 judge; A. G. Plumb, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; 
 J. C. Stoddard, recorder; P. H, Francis, marshal; J. J. Powell, 
 city attorney. Aldermen, John Meehan, P. Martel, M. P. 
 Mills, John Gates, A, \'an Vleck, James Fair, Frank Kou1)a, 
 
J. M. Searles, T. M. Giberson, J. T- Snoiiffer, C. D. Van Vechten, 
 W. A. Fulkerson. 
 
 1884. C. W. Eaton, mayor; W. B. Leach, superior judge; 
 J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Avers, chief engineer; John. D. 
 Blain, recorder; P. H. Francis, inarshal; I. N. Whittam, city 
 attorney. Aldermen, J. J. Snotxfifer, John Gates, W. A. Fulker- 
 son, G. M. Olmsted, Frank Kouba, J. M. Searles, A. Van 
 Vleck, T. M. Giberson, M. P. Mills, John Meehan, C. D. Van 
 Vechten, C. B. Kennedy. 
 
 1885. F. C. Hormel, mayor; J. T. Stoneman, superior judge ; 
 J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; John D. 
 Blain, recorder; Michael Healy, marshal; A. R. West, city at- 
 torney. Aldermen, H. T. Brown, G. M. Olmsted, C. F. Earl, 
 Joseph Moore, John Gates, A. Van Vleck, T. M. Giberson, A. H. 
 Connor, J. W. Shapley, J. R. Morin, A. J. Mallahan, W. A. 
 Fulkerson, A. D. Stevens, E. I. Foster, J. J. Snouffcr, M. P. 
 Mills, C. D. Van Vechten, J. F. Vondracek. 
 
 1886. C. W. Eaton, mayor; John T. Stoneman, superior 
 judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; 
 John D. Blain, recorder; P. H. Francis, marshal; M. P. Smith, 
 city attorney. Aldermen, H. T. Brown, J. R. Morin, C. F. 
 Earl, Joseph" Moore, Geo. W. Bever, J. M. Miles, R. J. Thomp- 
 son, J. F. Vondracek, A. D. Stevens, John Gates, A. J. Mallahan, 
 M. P. Mills, J. W. Shapley, H. C. Waite, G. M. Olmsted, H. F. 
 Sutliff, C. D. Van Vechten, A. H. Connor. 
 
 1887. C. W. Eaton, mayor; John T. Stoneman, superior 
 judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; 
 John D. Blain, recorder; P. H. Francis, marshal; I. N. Whit- 
 tam, city attorney. Aldermen, Geo. W. Bever, J. M. Miles, 
 R. J. Thompson, J. F. Vondracek, Frank Horak, Geo. A. Lin- 
 coln, W. A. Fulkerson, A. Matvk, H. C. Waite, G. M. Olmsted, 
 H. F. Sutliff, M. P. Mills, A.'H. Connor, E. I. Foster, John 
 Gates, Wm. King, C. D. Van Vechten, W. C. Byers. 
 
 1888. P. MuUally, mayor; John T. Stoneman, superior judge; 
 J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; John D. 
 Blain, recorder; P. H. Francis, marshal; L N. Whittam, city 
 attorney. Aldermen, Frank Horak, Geo. A. Lincoln, M. P. 
 Mills, A. Matyk, C. Magnus, J. F. AlHson, F. W. Harwood, 
 Edward Roddy, E. L Foster, John Gates, Wm. King, W. A. 
 Fulkerson, W. C. Byers, H. C. Waite, G. M. Olmsted, H. V. 
 Ferguson, R. J. Thompson, J. E. Lapham. 
 
 1889. P. Mullaly, mayor; John T. Stoneman, superior 
 judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; 
 John D. Blain, recorder; P. H. Francis, marshal; I. N. Whittam, 
 city attorney; G. A. Mitchell, city engineer. Aldermen, C. 
 Magnus, J. F. Allison, F. W. Harwood, Edward Roddy, J. J. 
 Snouffer, Geo. A. Lincoln, Geo. W. Noble, F. W. Slapnicka, 
 H. C. Waite, G. M. Olmsted, H. V. Ferguson, R. J. Thompson, 
 J. E .Lapham, F. A. Simmons, Warren Harman, F. J. Shefler, 
 M. Ottmar, W. C. Byers. 
 
 1890. J. J. Snouffer, mayor; John T. Stoneman, superior 
 judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; 
 
John D. Blain, recorder; J. W. Hayes, marshal; N. W. Mclvor, 
 citv attorney; J. D. Wardle, city engineer. Aldermen, J. J. 
 Snouffer, M. O'Brien, W. Harman, A. St. Clair Smith, G. A. 
 Lincoln, Geo. W. Noble, F. W. Slapnicka, J. F. Allison, J. B. 
 Henderson, Joseph Zbanek, F. A. Simmons, F. J. Shefler, M. 
 Ottmar, W. C. Byers, J. A. Roach, T. C. Munger, A. B. Van 
 Albada, Frank Dietz. 
 
 1891. John B. Henderson, mayor; John T. Stoneman, su- 
 perior judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Avers, chief engi- 
 neer; John D. Blain, recorder; J. W. Hayes, marshal; N. W. 
 Mclvor, city attorney; J. D. Wardle, city engineer. Alder- 
 men, M. O'Brien, J. F. Allison, P. H. Francis, J. Zbanek, J. J. 
 Snouffer, Geo. W. Noble, F. A. Simmons, F. W. Slapnicka, J. R. 
 Amidon, T. C. Munger, M. Ottmar, Frank Deitz, A. St. Clair 
 Smith, F. J. Shefler, A. B. Van Albada, G. H. Spalding. 
 
 1892. John B. Henderson, mayor; John T. Stoneman, su- 
 perior judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief en- 
 gineer; J. D. Blain, recorder; A. W. West, marshal; N. W. Mc- 
 lvor, city attorney; J. D. Wardle, city engineer. Aldermen, 
 J. J. Snoliffer, Geo'. W. Noble, F. A. Simmons, F. W. Slapnicka, 
 M. O'Brien, Warren Harman, M. S. Jackson, J. Zbanek, J. R. 
 Amidon, F. J. Shefler, M. Ottmar, A. F. Schindle, A. St. Clair 
 Smith, Ed R. Shaw, L. W. Richards, J. B. Leverich. 
 
 1893. Wm. P. Daniels, mayor; Thos. M. Giberson, superior 
 judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; J. D. Blain, recorder; A. R. 
 West, marshal; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; Lewis Heins, city 
 attorney; J. D. Wardle, citv engineer; board of public works, 
 J. L. Hardwick, chairman, "C. H. Swab, W. P. Clark. Alder- 
 men, M. O'Brien, Chas. Bednar, F. H. Juckett, S. J. M9,loney, 
 J. Kozlovsky, D. F. Anderson, J. W. Gerber, F. S. Salda, F. W. 
 Harwood, Ed R. Shaw, L. W. Richards, J. B. Leverich, A. St. 
 Clair Smith, J. F. Shefler, L. J. Zika, A. F. Schindler. 
 
 1894. Wm. P. Daniels, mayor; Thos. M. Giberson, superior 
 judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; L. M. Ayers, chief engineer; 
 J. D. Blain, recorder; Thomas Farmer, marshal; Lewis Heins, 
 city attorney; J. D. Wardle, city engineer. Board of public 
 works, Hosmer Tuttle, chairman. Aldermen, Jos. Kozlovskv, 
 D. F. Anderson, J. W. Gerber, F. S. Salda, G. M. Sc)iumm, 
 Geo. Eakle, F. H. Juckett, S. J. Malonev, F. W. Harwood, F. J. 
 Shefler, L. J. Zika, A. F. Schindler, Charles Weare, S. L. Ru- 
 dolph, W. A. Smith, J. B. Leverich. 
 
 1895. Geo. A. Lincoln, mayor; T. M. Giberson, superior 
 judge; J. C. Stoddard, treasurer; Thomas Farmer, marshal; 
 J. D. Blain, recorder and assessor; Wm. McGowan, chief en- 
 gineer; Warren Harman, citj^ attorney; E. P. Boynton, city 
 engineer. Board of public works, Charles Weare, chairman. 
 Aldermen, G. M. Schumm, George Yuill, John B. Turner, S. J. 
 Maloney, Ed H. Smith, Geo. Eakle, J. W. Gerber, Joseph Ku- 
 bicek, F. W. Harwood, V. W. Johnson, James Monilaw, C. F. 
 Hutchens, Chas. Weare, S. L. Rudolph, W. A. Smith, J. B. 
 Leverich. 
 
 1896. Geo. A. Lincoln, mayor; Thos. M. Giberson, superior 
 
judge; Thomas Devendorf, treasurer; Wm. McGowan, Jr., chief 
 engineer; J. D. Blain, recorder; Thomas Farmer, marshal; 
 Warren Harman, city attorney; E. P. Boynton, city engineer. 
 Board of public works, Charles Weare, chairman. Aldermen, 
 Ed H. Smith, Geo. Yuill, W. G. Haskell, S. J. Maloney, W. G. 
 Dows, Geo. W. Eakle, John B. Turner, Joseph Kubicek, F. W. 
 Harwood, V. W. Johnson, James Monilaw, Henry J. Rapps, 
 C. W. Burton, David W. King, Joseph Pithk, C. F. Hutchens. 
 
 1897. Geo. A. Lincoln, mayor; Thomas M. Giberson, su- 
 perior judge; Thomas Devendorf, treasurer; Thomas Farmer, 
 marshal; J. D. Blain, recorder; J. L. Starman, chief engineer; 
 W. Harman, city attorney; E. P. Boynton, city engineer. 
 Board of public works, Charles Weare, chairman. Aldermen, 
 W. G. Dows, Geo. W. Eakle, W. G. Haskell, John Juza, R. N. 
 Buck, R. D. Mills, Joseph Pithk, S. J. Maloney, F. W. Har- 
 wood, David W. King, J. Y. Kennedy, J. B. Leverich, C. W. 
 Burton, V. W. Johnson, J. H. Rothrock, Jr., Henry J. Rapps. 
 
 1898. John M. Redmond, mayor; T. M. Giberson, judge 
 superior court; J. D. Blain, recorder; Thos. Devendorf, treas- 
 urer; J. A. Hildebrand, assessor; Jos. Kozlovsky, marshal; 
 John L. Starman, chief of fire department; John N. Hughes, 
 city attorney; G. H. Merridith, city engineer. Aldermen, 
 J. F. Alhson, M. Ottmar, R. N. Buck, Geo. T. Hedges, R. A. 
 Wallace, Chas. D. Huston, W. G. Haskell, Joseph Pithk, F. W. 
 Slapnicka, L. M. Rich. 
 
 1899. John M. Redmond, mayor; T. M. Giberson, judge 
 superior court; J. D. Blain, recorder; Thos. Devendorf, treas- 
 urer; J. A. Hildebrand, assessor; Jos. Kozlovskj'', marshal; 
 Jos. P. Cook, chief fire department; Henry J. Achter, auditor; 
 John N. Hughes, citv attorney; G. H. Merridith, city engineer. 
 Aldermen, J. F. Alhson, M. Ottmar, R. N. Buck, Geo. T. Hedges, 
 R. A. Wallace, Chas. D. Huston, W. G. Haskell, J. P. Grissel, 
 F. W. Slapnicka, L. M. Rich. 
 
 1900. John M. Redmond, mayor; James H. Rothrock, 
 judge superior court; J. D. Blain, recorder; Thos. Devendorf, 
 treasurer; J. A. Hildebrand, assessor; Jos. Kozlovskv, marshal; 
 Jos. P. Cook, chief fire department; Henry J. Achter, auditor; 
 John N. Hughes, city attorney; G. H. Merridith, citv engineer. 
 Aldermen, J. F. Alhson, M. Ottmar, R. N. Buck, Geo.'T. Hedges, 
 R. A. Wallace, Chas. D. Huston, W. G. Haskell, J. P. Grissel, 
 F. W. Slapnicka, L. M. Rich. 
 
 1901. Chas. D. Huston, mayor; Henry J. Achter, auditor; 
 Thos. Devendorf, treasurer; George L. Mentzer, recorder; J. A. 
 Hildebrand, assessor; Jos. P. Cook, chief fire department; 
 James H. Rothrock, judge superior court; John N. Hughes, city 
 attorney; T. F. McCauley, city engineer. Alderinen, J. F. 
 Allison, H. Cushman, James H. Hughes, W. L. Cherry, F. E. 
 Cerny, C. H. Chandler, Porter Hamilton, John Easker, F. W. 
 Slapnicka, John F. Powers. 
 
 1902. Chas. D. Huston, mayor; Henry J. Achter, auditor; 
 Thos. Devendorf, treasurer; Geo. L. Mentzer, recorder; J. A. 
 Hildebrand, assessor; Jos. Kozlovsky, marshal; James H. 
 
Rothrock, judge superior court; John N. Hughes, city attorney; 
 T. F. McCauley, city engineer. Aldermen, J. F. Allison, H. 
 Cushman, Jas. H. Hughes, W. L. Cherry, F. E. Cerny, C. H. 
 Chandler, Porter Hamilton, John Easker, F. W. Slapnicka, 
 
 1903. Chas. D. Huston, mayor; Henry J. Achter, auditor; 
 Thos. Devendorf, treasurer; Geo. L. Mentzer, recorder; J. A. 
 Hildebrand, assessor; Jos. Kozlovsky, marshal; James H. Roth- 
 rock, judge superior court; Jos. P. Cook, chief hre department; 
 John N. Hughes, city attorney; T. F. McCauley, city engineer. 
 Aldermen, H. Cushman, C. O. Johnson, Jas. H. Hughes, W. L. 
 Cherry, George Lightner, D. A. Ross, W. C. Byers, F. W. Barta, 
 D. Feiereisen, John F. Powers. 
 
 1904. Chas. D. Huston, mayor; Henry J. Achter, auditor; 
 Thos. Devendorf, treasurer; Geo. L. Mentzer, recorder; J. A. 
 Hildebrand, assessor ; Jos. Kozlovsky, marshal; John N. Hughes, 
 city attorney; T. F. McCauley, city engineer; Jos. P. Cook, 
 chief fire department; James H. Rothrock, judge superior 
 court. Aldermen, H. Cushman, C. O. Johnson. J. H. Hughes, 
 W. L. Cherry, Geo. Lightner, D. A. Ross, W. C. Byers, F. W. 
 Barta, D. Feiereisen, J. F. Powers. 
 
 1905. Chas. D. Huston, mayor; Henry J. Achter, auditor; 
 Thos. Devendorf, treasurer; H. S. Keflfer, recorder; J. A. Hilde- 
 brand, assessor; Jos. Kozlovsky, marshal; John N. Hughes, 
 city attorney; T. F. McCauley, city engineer; Jos. P. Cook, chief 
 fire department; James H. Rothrock, judge superior court. 
 Aldermen, H. Cushman, C. O. Johnson, J. H. Hughes, W. L. 
 Cherry, Geo. Lightner, D. A. Ross, W. C. Byers, F. W. Barta, 
 D. Feiereisen, J. F. Powers. 
 
 1906. Amos H. Connor, mayor; Jas. B. Gourley, auditor; 
 Thos. Devendorf, treasurer; H. S. Keffer, recorder; J. G. Crozer, 
 marshal; Jos. P. Cook, chief fire department; James W. Good, 
 city attorney; T. R. Warriner, city engineer. Aldermen, Jas. 
 H. Hughes, W. G. Rowlev, George Lightner, D. A. Ross, W. C. 
 Byers, F. W. Barta, J. K." Starman, D. Feiereisen, L. W. Ander- 
 son, Chas. H. Campbell. 
 
 ERRATA 
 
 Committee on Decorations— M. M. Thompson, Chairman; 
 Chas. Gramling, H. D. Cone, AL Franchere, A. N. Watson. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 016 086 423 
 
 T. S. Metcalf, Printe r-Bi mdeh 
 Ceoar Rapios, Iowa