869 
 26 
 py 1 
 
 
 Fully Illustrated 
 
 How to Tell tue Pge of tlie Horse 
 
 Representation of all Blemishes 
 Standard Recipes. Etc. 
 
 Practical Hints to Purchasers. 
 
 *• 
 
HORSEMAN'S 
 
 HANDY BOOK 
 
 Fully Illustrated 
 
 THE AGE OF THE HORSE 
 AS INDICATED BY THE TEETH 
 
 A representation of all blemishes 
 
 the horse is heir to, together 
 
 with useful remedies for 
 
 its diseases. 
 
 PRACTICAL HINTS TO PURCHASERS 
 
r 
 
 3' 
 
 %' 
 
 Two Oopies <<ac«you I 
 
 AUG 251 1905 
 
 COFY 3. 
 
 Copyrighted 1905 
 By J. G. KEELER. 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
^P H E very practical interest which 
 ^^ attaches itself to this subject leads us 
 to believe that we have in this little book 
 something that no horseman, or intending 
 purchaser of a horse, can well afford to be 
 without. 
 
 As everyone knows, the principal guide 
 to the age of the horse, lies in the indica- 
 tions given by the teeth. 
 
 From birth to the sixth year the struct- 
 ural alterations taking place in the teeth 
 each year are so pronounced that there is 
 rarely any question as to the age of a horse 
 during this period; but, after the mouth is 
 fully completed, the age can only be ap- 
 proximately determined by the receding 
 gums, the effect of wear in altering the 
 teeth, and various other such signs. Hence 
 after six years old, a correct opinion can 
 only be formed by those who have given 
 the subject some time, thought and trouble, 
 and it is the aim of this book to spare 
 you as much of this trouble and time as we 
 possibly can by putting the subject before 
 you in the most practical light possible. 
 
 Back Teeth, Molars or Grinders. 
 
 These teeth are seldom referred to, 
 because their position at the back of the 
 mouth renders their examination inconven- 
 ient, and often quite difficult. Nevertheless, 
 it is useful to be acquainted with the struct- 
 ural changes of these teeth in cases where 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 
 
 there may be doubt as to the true age, as 
 indicated by the incisors, or front teeth. 
 
 The foal is born with two, sometimes 
 three, temporary molars in each jaw. About 
 twelve months old another molar, a perma- 
 nent tooth, appears and, before the comple- 
 tion of the second year, a fifth molar, also 
 a permanent tooth, shows itself. About 
 two the front temporary molars are replaced 
 by permanent teeth, and between three and 
 four the remaining, or third temporary mo- 
 lar is similarly replaced, and about the same 
 time the last, or sixth molar begins to ap- 
 pear. Thus, when the mouth is completed, 
 there are six permanent molars in each jaw, 
 or twenty-four in all. The mouth is com- 
 plete at four years old, and these teeth are 
 rarely considered in determining age after 
 this period. 
 
 Front Teeth, or Incisors. 
 
 The front teeth, or incisors, are six in 
 number in each jaw, when the mouth is 
 complete; and, in the rear of these, in 
 males, there is usually added one very pe- 
 culiar pointed tooth on each side in each 
 jaw, called a tusk (also bridle teeth). 
 Though there are two crops of incisors, 
 there is but one of tusks. 
 
 These teeth, though they begin to appear 
 at about four years old, are not usually 
 fully developed until the last permanent 
 incisor is more or less up. 
 
 We shall confine ourselves to the lower 
 jaw exclusively, as the structural changes 
 
horseman's handy book 5 
 
 which take place in the upper, are so 
 nearly similar. 
 
 How TO Distinguish between Tempo- 
 rary AND Permanent Incisors: Tempo- 
 rary, or milk, are easily distinguished from 
 permanent incisors by the following well 
 marked signs, i. ^., they are smaller, whiter, 
 and have more distinct necks. They are 
 smooth externally, and grooved on the in- 
 side. Their fangs or roots are small and 
 have but slight attachment to the gums. 
 These teeth are arranged in something like 
 a semi-circle. 
 
 The permanent teeth are larger, broader, 
 wider in their necks, grooved externally 
 and smooth internally, and more discolored 
 than milk teeth. 
 
 Temporary, or Milk Incisors. 
 
 The foal is born with his teeth in a rudi- 
 mentary state in the gums. At periods 
 during the first ten months, the defiferent 
 temporary incisors appear. The yearling 
 has all six incisors, but several well marked 
 signs distinguish his mouth from that of the 
 two year old. The teeth at this period show 
 but little sign of wear. The corner teeth 
 are mere shells, having no inner walls, and 
 the teeth are in close apposition. They 
 also stand somewhat wide apart at their 
 necks because of the gradual growth of the 
 jaw in width. (Fig. A). 
 
 The Development of the Permanent 
 Teeth : A few months before three years 
 old the horse sheds the two center milk 
 
horseman's handy book 
 
 teeth, which are replaced by permanent. 
 Thus the jaw contains, at three years old, 
 two center permanent teeth and two milk 
 teeth on each side. (Fig. D). 
 
 Two months or so before four, the horse 
 sheds the next two milk teeth, which are 
 replaced by permanent. The jaw now con- 
 tains four permanent and one milk tooth 
 on each side. (Fig. E). 
 
 A few months before five, the horse sheds 
 the two remaining milk teeth, which are 
 replaced by permanent. Now the jaw is 
 complete with six permanent incisors, but 
 the corner teeth are mere shells, having no 
 internal wall. The absence of this wall 
 distinguishes the five from the six year old 
 mouth. (Fig. F). 
 
 A few months before six, the inner wall 
 of the corner teeth has grown up level with 
 the outer wall. 
 
 The mouth is now fully complete in 
 incisors, and no other siructural changes 
 take place in them; and, up to six years 
 old, we have seen that by the aid of these 
 structural changes there can seldom be any 
 doubt as to the age of the animal. 
 
 The Mark, or Infundibulum. 
 
 This is a peculiar hollow extending, when 
 the tooth first comes up, about one-half 
 inch down the temporary, and somewhat 
 deeper down the permanent incisors. The 
 sides and bottom of the infundibulum are 
 lined by enamel, the same substance cover- 
 ing the surface of the tooth. The rest of 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 
 
 the tooth consists of dentine, a substance 
 less hard than enamel and more like ivory. 
 When an incisor first comes up, the hollow 
 affords lodgment for the debris of food and 
 the juices expressed from it, and soon looks 
 black. As the tooth wears down the hol- 
 low disappears, but, the surface of dentine 
 immediately below the original hollow, be- 
 ing somewhat soft, has become stained for 
 some distance down. Thus there is still a 
 black mark. With the further wear of the 
 tooth, the stained portion of dentine wears 
 away, and the "mark" is then said to be 
 out. Thus, as may readily be seen, the 
 "mark" is constantly changing. In ex- 
 plaining the structural changes from foal to 
 the sixth year, we said nothing of the 
 "mark," not because it had no bearing in 
 distinguishing age during that period, but, 
 rather because we considered the structural 
 changes of much more importance. Be- 
 tween three and five years old the " marks " 
 are very plain in the permanent incisors. 
 (Figs. D, E and F). At six the "marks" 
 are wearing out of the two center, which 
 come up at three years old ; they are plain 
 in the next two, and perfectly fresh in the 
 two corner teeth. At seven the "marks" 
 have disappeared from the center teeth, are 
 wearing out of the next two, and are distinct 
 and plain only in the corner teeth. At 
 eight the " marks " have disappeared from 
 all but the corner teeth, in which they are 
 becoming indistinct. At nine the "marks" 
 are not usually found in any of the teeth. 
 
8 horseman's handy book 
 
 For about two years after the "mark" 
 has disappeared in each tooth, there may 
 still be seen in the form of a star a trace of 
 the enamel which lines the bottom of the 
 original hollow, and which underlies it for 
 some depth. 
 
 The star, of course, decreases in size 
 with the wear of the teeth. About twelve 
 or thirteen the last traces of the enamel 
 have usually disappeared even from the 
 corner teeth, but it may remain sometime 
 longer. Many casual circumstances, how- 
 ever, cause a certain degree of deviation 
 from these rules. 
 
 The time which the "mark" takes to 
 wear out will vary in different horses ac- 
 cording to the hardness, or otherwise, of the 
 teeth, and according to the nature of the 
 food on which the animal is kept. 
 
 In grass-fed horses the "mark" usually 
 remains at least a year, and sometimes two 
 years longer than those fed on hard food. 
 Again, in parrot-mouthed horses — that is, 
 where the upper overlaps the lower jaw — 
 the "marks" may remain for many years. 
 On the other hand, some horses which have 
 a trick of biting the manger, (cribbing) wear 
 down their teeth very rapidly and, therefore 
 lose their "marks" very early. Horses 
 fed on salt marshes where the sea sand is 
 washed up among the grass, or on sandy 
 plains or meadows, are affected by the in- 
 creased friction on the teeth caused by the 
 sand. Most of these and other causes of 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 
 
 irregularity of wear which might be men- 
 tioned, are at once apparent to a careful and 
 accurate observer, and will scarcely prevent 
 his forming nearly a correct opinion of the 
 age. 
 
 The upper incisors are considerably 
 larger and longer than the lower, and the 
 infundibulum is nearly twice as deep; the 
 "marks," therefore, remain longer than in 
 the lower teeth. We mention this in pass- 
 ing, lest the reader should be misled if he 
 should, by chance, refer to the indications 
 given by the upper teeth, to corroborate or 
 correct any opinion as to age, about which 
 he may be in doubt from the appearance of 
 the lower jaw. The mouth, taken as a 
 whole, is broader at seven years old than 
 at any other period ; after this it gradually 
 narrows with age. 
 
 Bishoping. 
 
 "Marks" on the incisors are occasionally 
 simulated by means of caustic or hot iron 
 by dealers, with the view of deceiving the 
 unwary. This fraud is readily detected be- 
 cause, though it is easy to make a black 
 mark on the crown of the teeth, yet it is 
 impossible to restore the wall of pearly 
 enamel which, as has been explained, sur- 
 rounds the natural " mark," or infundibulum. 
 
 The Fang-hole. Root-hole, or "Secondary 
 Mark." 
 
 About nine years old, in consequence of 
 the wearing down of the teeth, a slight trace 
 of the fang-hole appears, usually in the center 
 
10 HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 
 
 teeth, and somewhat later in the other teeth. 
 It is indicated by a slight discoloration of 
 the tooth at the above point. There is, 
 however, no actual hole because, with ad- 
 vancing years, the upper part of the original 
 cavity has become filled up with a sort of 
 spurious dentine, which is more yellow than 
 the true material, of which the body of the 
 tooth consists. As age increases, this indi- 
 cation of the fang-hole — which is sometimes 
 called the "secondary mark" — becomes 
 rather more plain. It, however, affords no 
 reliable data by which to judge of the age, 
 and is only mentioned in this place lest the 
 reader should mistake it for the remains of 
 the infundibulum. The enamel, it will be 
 remembered, is pearly-white, while the 
 mark of the fang-hole is brownish-yellow. 
 
 Further Changes Indicating the Age. 
 
 It will be seen that about nine the 
 "marks" entirely fail us, and, indeed, after 
 seven or eight they can hardly be said to 
 afford any reliable data. From eight years 
 old and upwards the best indications of the 
 age are given by the general alterations 
 which take place in the shape of the teeth 
 from wear and in the closing of the mouth. 
 
 Lateral Breadth. Etc. 
 
 The teeth, originally, are broad laterally 
 at their upper surfaces, otherwise called their 
 crowns, or tables, and thin from front to 
 rear. They narrow gradually toward their 
 necks and fangs, or roots; hence, as their 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK II 
 
 upper surfaces wear off, the teeth become 
 narrower year by year. In very old horses 
 there is often a positive interval between the 
 teeth, and they appear like sticks in the jaw. 
 The amount of wear on the upper surface 
 of the teeth is greater in the young mouth 
 than it is afterwards because, in youth the 
 teeth meet more fairly than in after years. 
 It gradually decreases as years increase, 
 because, the teeth do not meet so directly, 
 but, on the contrary, project more and more 
 forward and something like two parallel 
 lines. For example, a quarter of an inch 
 will usually be worn off the surface between 
 five and six years old, whilst, probably, not 
 more than that quantity will be worn off 
 between twenty and twenty-five years old. 
 
 Triangularity. 
 
 A further very well marked indication of 
 increasing age is given by increasing depth 
 from front to rear in the upper surfaces, or 
 crowns, of the teeth ; further wear causes the 
 crowns of the teeth to assume a triangular 
 form. The teeth, though they diminish in 
 lateral breadth, increase in thickness from 
 front to rear all the way from the crown to 
 the fang. At six, and up to eight years old, 
 the teeth are all broad laterally at their upper 
 surfaces. Up to this time the exact year, 
 as the reader will recollect, is pretty well 
 known by the "marks." At nine, when 
 the "marks" fail, the alterations in the 
 crown surface or table come to our aid. 
 The two center teeth, which come up at 
 three, become somewhat triangular; at ten 
 
12 horseman's handy book 
 
 the two next teeth show similar signs; at 
 eleven the corner teeth have become some- 
 what triangular; at twelve the triangularity 
 has increased in all the teeth. This altera- 
 tion continues to increase in all the teeth 
 until, in very old horses, the depth from 
 front to rear exceeds the lateral width of 
 the teeth. 
 
 Length. 
 
 Again, as age increases, the teeth, not- 
 withstanding they really wear down, be- 
 come apparently longer. This effect is due 
 to the fleshy parts of the gums receding 
 faster than the teeth wear down. In ex- 
 treme age, however, when the gums have 
 receded as far as they can, the effect of 
 wear causes the teeth to become visibly as 
 well as really shorter. 
 
 Slope. 
 
 An alteration also takes place in the 
 position, or "slope," of the teeth, as regards 
 their closing; this is due to the effect of 
 wear. In the original form of the tooth 
 its upper portion is nearly perpendicular, 
 whilst the lower part lies in a more hori- 
 zontal position. Hence, in youth the teeth 
 meet directly, whilst in extreme age they 
 can scarcely be said to meet at all; their 
 stumps project forward in two almost par- 
 allel lines. Up to twelve years old there 
 can scarcely be much difficulty in forming 
 a correct judgment as to the age. 
 
 After that time it requires more time, 
 practice and opportunity than most people 
 
THE FOAL 
 A 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 1 7 
 
 have at their disposal to obtain the requisite 
 knowledge. Suffice it to say, that the gums 
 continue, year by year, to recede, the teeth 
 becoming apparently longer and longer and 
 really narrower, and consequently, the 
 intervals between them increase and they 
 project forward more and more in a straight 
 line. About twenty-four, and in some in- 
 stances a good deal sooner, the teeth which, 
 up to this period, have apparently increased 
 in length, begin to grow visibly shorter, 
 because the gums are so far absorbed that 
 they can recede no further; hence, all 
 further wear shows its effect by diminishing 
 the length of the teeth. 
 
 Loss of Circularity. 
 
 In the very young horse the teeth are 
 arranged almost in a semi-circle; year by 
 year this form decreases, until in old horses 
 they are arranged in something like a 
 straight line. 
 
 The Tusl(s. 
 
 In horses, as distinguished from mares, 
 great assistance in determining the age is 
 derived from the presence of tusks, which 
 are generally wanting in the latter. The 
 tusks usually begin to appear in a very 
 slight degree, about three and a half or four 
 years old; their sharp points then just 
 pierce the gums, and they continue to grow 
 until fully developed at about five or five and 
 one-half years old. They do not meet like 
 other teeth, and, therefore, do not suffer 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 
 
 from wear from that cause. They are af- 
 fected, however, from wear in the course of 
 mastication and, in fact, undergo greater 
 changes than any other teeth, and so form a 
 valuable guide as to age. The tusk is a very 
 peculiar shaped, elongated tooth; internally 
 it consists of dentine, and is protected on 
 the outside only by enamel; the enamel, 
 however, overlaps the dentine, and hence 
 arises the sharp edge or hook of the newly 
 developed tusk, which may be felt if the 
 finger be brought round it from behind. 
 Sharpness gradually wears off; after seven 
 it has disappeared, and in each succeeding 
 year the tusk becomes, not only rounder 
 and blunter, but its upper portion wears off. 
 It also appears yellow on account of the 
 dentine becoming exposed by reason of the 
 enamel wearing off from its exterior surface. 
 The tusks, unlike other teeth, do not appa- 
 rently increase in length with years, but 
 become shorter and shorter; in fact, the 
 effect of wear is greater on them than on 
 other teeth, and is also greater than the 
 process of the receding gums. In very 
 old horses the tusk is very little above the 
 level of the gums. Mares sometimes have 
 four small rudimentary tusks. 
 
 Collateral Circumstances to be Taken 
 Into Consideration. 
 
 In judging the age of the horse by the 
 teeth every collateral circumstance requires 
 to be taken into consideration — such as the 
 form of the mouth, the way in which the 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 1 9 
 
 teeth meet and close on each other, the 
 food on which the animal has been kept, 
 any irregularity in the upper teeth which 
 may cause increased or diminished wear on 
 the lower teeth, and, also the habits of the 
 horse in the stable. The teeth of animals 
 which bite at the rack or manger whilst 
 being cleaned, invariably present appear- 
 ances of wear beyond their real age. 
 
 The body, also, presents many indications 
 of the age which may assist us in forming 
 an accurate opinion, and sometimes may 
 enable us to correct an erroneous impres- 
 sion produced by some abnormal appear- 
 ance of the teeth. The young horse is 
 fleshy about the gums and head, and the 
 hollow over the eye is shallow. Year by 
 year, as age increases, the gums lose their 
 fleshiness, the head becomes more lean and 
 the hollow over the eye deepens; the 
 shoulders lose much of their thickness and 
 become finer and assume an appearance of 
 greater length; the hind quarters in like 
 manner lose some of their roundness, and 
 the animal generally gains an appearance 
 of more breeding than he had in his 
 younger days ; the back becomes more or 
 less hollow, a result partly due to the effect 
 of weight, especially in long bodied animals, 
 and partly to loss of fleshiness in muscles 
 which run along the spine. Again, as the 
 horse becomes old, the fullness in the chin 
 under the mouth disappears. Lastly, the 
 general appearance of the aged horse is 
 much influenced by the work he has done 
 
20 HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 
 
 and the treatment he has received. Age 
 must not be judged by any one sign, but 
 by an average judiciously struck between 
 all the signs, and by a careful consideration 
 of all the circumstances. 
 
 From these pages the reader will perceive 
 that, after six years old, i. e., after the struct- 
 ural changes in the mouth are completed, 
 it is impossible to lay down any one single, 
 definite rule by which the age can be ascer- 
 tained. Still, with a little trouble and 
 attention, there is no real difficulty in 
 acquiring the knowledge of a horse's age 
 up to a comparatively late period of his 
 life. Such a knowledge is always valuable 
 to an intending purchaser. Horses of eight 
 or nine years old are still in their prime; 
 but, from want of knowledge of the means 
 of ascertaining the real age and from very 
 natural distrust of what the owner may tell 
 them, the public are shy of buying such 
 horses; and, consequently, they may gen- 
 erally be obtained far below their real value ^ 
 
 The author is well aware of the popular 
 feeHng in favor of young horses; but, in his 
 opinion, a moderately aged horse is gen- 
 erally a much more useful, presently 
 available, and, therefore, more really valu- 
 able animal than a young, untried horse 
 with all troubles, ailments, diseases, and 
 liability to disease, before him. 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 21 
 
 STANDARD RECIPES. 
 
 ALTERATIVE BALL. 
 
 Powdered nitre 4 drams 
 
 Tartarized antimony i dram 
 
 Linseed meal i dram 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. One each daj' 
 for a week. 
 
 ALTERATIVE POWDERS. 
 
 Nitre 4 ounces 
 
 Sulphur 4 ounces 
 
 Black antimony .^ 4 ounces 
 
 Powdered resin 4 ounces 
 
 Mix. Dessert spoonful daily in feed. 
 
 COUGH BALL. 
 
 Powdered digitalis i^ dram 
 
 Powdered camphor i dram 
 
 Tartarized antimony i dram 
 
 Nitre 3 drams 
 
 Linseed meal ^ dram 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. One a day. 
 
 COLIC MEDICINE. 
 
 Sweet spirits nitre I ounce 
 
 Laudanum i ounce 
 
 Linseed oil 8 ounces 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. 
 
22 HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 
 
 CATHARTIC BALL. 
 
 Powdered aloes .^ 6 drams 
 
 Powdered ginger 2 drams 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. Give fasting. 
 
 COOLING LOTION. 
 
 Sal ammoniac i ounce 
 
 Vinegar i ounce 
 
 Spirits of wine 2 ounces 
 
 Water ^ pint 
 
 Mix. Use twice daily. 
 
 COLIC DRENCH. 
 
 Nitre (spirits) 6 ounces 
 
 Assafoetida 2 ounces 
 
 Laudanum i ounce 
 
 Whiskey i pint 
 
 Warm water i pint 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. 
 
 FEVER BALL. 
 
 Powdered nitre 4 drams 
 
 Tartarized antimony i dram 
 
 Camphor 2 drams 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. One a day. 
 
horseman's handy book 23 
 
 hoof dressing. 
 
 Tar % pound 
 
 Beeswax % pound 
 
 Lard i]4 pounds 
 
 Glycerine 3 ounces 
 
 Melt and mix carefully. 
 
 INDIGESTION POWDERS. 
 
 Arsenic 5 grains 
 
 Sulphate of iron 2 drams 
 
 Nux vomica 10 grains 
 
 Bicarbonate of soda i dram 
 
 Nitrate of potash i dram 
 
 Mix. As one powder, morning and 
 evening, for ten days. 
 
 LAXATIVE BALL. 
 
 Powdered aloes 4 drams 
 
 Powdered nitre 2 drams 
 
 Powdered ginger i dram 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. 
 
 MIXTURE FOR WORMS. 
 
 Oil of turpentine 2 ounces 
 
 Oil of linseed . 10 ounces 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. Give fasting. 
 
<?4 HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 
 
 SPRAIN LOTION. 
 
 Alcohol .- 2 ounces 
 
 Acetic acid 2 ounces 
 
 Oil of origanum 2 drams 
 
 Armenian Bole 4 drams 
 
 Water 6 ounces 
 
 Mix. Apply once daily. 
 
 TONIC BALL. 
 
 Powdered sulphate of iron 4 drams 
 
 Camphor i dram 
 
 Gentian i dram 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. One a day 
 for ten days. 
 
 TONIC BALL. 
 
 Sulphate of quinine 20 grains 
 
 Sulphate of iron i dram 
 
 Powdered gentian 2 drams 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. One daily for 
 two weeks. 
 
 WORM BALL. 
 
 Powdered gentian 2 drams 
 
 Powdered quassia 2 drams 
 
 Powdered camphor 2 drams 
 
 Sulphate of iron 2 drams 
 
 Mix. Makes one dose. One each 
 day, fasting, for three days. 
 
HORSEMAN S HANDY BOOK 2 5 
 
 SUGGESTIONS TO THE HORSE BUYER 
 
 A broad, well developed chest suggests 
 lung power and a capacity to endure long 
 drives. 
 
 Select a horse short between the pastern 
 joint and hoof, to avoid ringbone and 
 sprains. 
 
 A loose, large hock -joint indicates a ten- 
 dency to spavin and thorough pin. 
 
 A narrow forehead, with eys close to- 
 gether, indicates a tendency to balkiness 
 and bad disposition. 
 
 Select a horse with a heavy tail, as the 
 tail is always an indication of the size of 
 the back bone, which should be short. 
 
 The strength and endurance of the horse 
 depends largely upon well formed quarters, 
 short barrel, ribbed close to the hip. 
 
 Roan, bay, in different shades, to brown 
 are more noted for endurance, while the 
 light chestnut and whites usually have less 
 capacity for extraordinary demands. 
 
 A flat, broad forearm, with straight front 
 limbs, indicates less danger of becoming 
 knee-sprung. 
 
 A broad, open nostril, with a wide 
 muzzle, indicates ability to take a large 
 supply of air into the lungs, and is a pro- 
 tection against heaves and other impairment 
 of the horse's wind. 
 
 A broad, well developed hoof at the heel 
 is less liable to contract or quarter-crack. 
 
26 horseman's handy book 
 
 FIGURE OF A HORSE. 
 
 Showing the External Diseases. 
 
 (i) Dental Fistula. (2) Salivara Fistula. 
 (3) Mumps, Parotitis. (4) Swelling of 
 the Neck. (5) Veinous Fistula. (6) 
 Fungus, caused by pressure of the 
 harness. (7) Fistulous Withers. (8) 
 Injuries caused by pressure of the 
 saddle. (9) Rat's-tail. (10) Fungus on 
 the knee. (11) Crown-scab. (12, 12) 
 Contraction of the Hoof (13) Tumor 
 at the point of the Elbow. (14, 14) 
 Curb. (15, 21) Malandres. (16) 
 
 Exostosis. (17, 22, 24) Bursal Enlarge- 
 ments. (18) Timber-toe. (19) Injury 
 from pressure of the girth. (20, 20) 
 Warts. (23, 27) Capped Hock. (25) 
 Ringbone. (26, 33, 34) Cracked Hoof, 
 Sand Crack. (28, 29) Spavin. (30, 31) 
 Cracked Heel, Grease. (32) Coronal 
 Fistula. 
 
horseman's handy book 
 
 27 
 
28 horseman's handy book 
 
 STABLE SUPPLIES FOR ONE HORSE. 
 
 FOR THE HORSE. 
 
 Halters, two — leather and web ;^ 2 oo 
 
 Blankets — day, ;^2.5o; night, ^1.50; 
 sheet, $1.50; cooler, $1,7 S) 
 
 roller, $1.50 10 75 
 
 Hood 2 GO 
 
 Bandages — two sets 2 00 
 
 ^16 75 
 
 FOR GROOMING. 
 
 Curry-comb, 75; body brush, ^3 __ $3 75 
 
 Dandy brush 50 
 
 Mane comb, 30c.; rub cloths, 60c. _ 90 
 
 Sponge, 50c.; scraper, 25c 75 
 
 Scissors, ;^i.oo; hoof-pick, 30c i 30 
 
 $7 20 
 
 FEEDING, CLEANING, ETC. 
 
 Two-quart measure $ 25 
 
 Pails, two, at 45c 90 
 
 Two forks, $1.25; broom, 50c.; 
 
 shovel, 50c.; stall cleaner, 50c.; 
 
 basket, 25c. 3 00 
 
 Soap 75 
 
 $A 90 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 002 837 458 6