BKJ, ...,..;.:,. ;■/; ■ '..' ::.^ IHllH YORK CITY ■■\''?V :'■■'"■ "It-^iilJji J t. -.G 'Hi^h. ■ Schbol ' Teachers' :-c-'i-/;tior» of New York Cin- Class _JiEi^2_202. Book Coppghtl^". COEflRIGHT DEPOSm The High Schools of New York City A Hand-book of Procedure and Personnel Published by the High School Teachers' Association of New York City Clyde R. Jeffords Newtown High School, Elmhurst, L. I, Claude F. Walker Boys High School, Brooklyn, N. Y Editors New York 1921 c^^''"^ CONTENTS • ' 5' PAGE Title Page 1 Contents 2 Preface 3 Introduction 5 University of the State of New York 6 Board of Education of New York City 7 Chronology 8 I. The Origin and Development of the High Schools 11 II. What the High Schools Teach 22 III. The Present Trend of High School Teaching 38 IV. Appointment and Promotion of High School Teachers 56 V. Salary Schedules and Conditions 65 VI. The Teachers' Retirement System of New York City 76 VII. The High School Teachers' Association of New York City; Other Teachers Organizations 85 Directory VIII. School Officers 99 IX. Administrative and Departmental Organization of the High Schools 101 X. Alphabetical List of High School Teachers 171 JUL 19 '21 G)CI.A622174 PREFACE It has been the custom of the High School Teachers' Associa- tion of New York City since its organization in 1900 to publish occasional bulletins dealing with high school activities and prob- lems, and in 1914 under the direction of President William T. Morrey, the Association issued a comprehensive "Directory of the High Schools of New York City." During the war, however, pub- lication was discontinued except for a few circulars issued during the salary campaigns. In the meantime many important developments affecting the High Schools took place. In 1917 the bankrupt pension system was replaced by a new plan based upon sound actuarial computations, the Education Law of the state was revised, and many changes were made in school organization. In 1918 the gradual reduction of salaries, which had been going on for nearly twenty years through depreciation in the purchasing power of the dollar, reached such a point that collapse of the whole system seemed imminent, compelling a readjustment of salary schedules in 1919 and again in 1920. Changes in economic conditions and in college entrance re- quirements brought about modifications of curricula. New high schools were organized and the teaching and supervising staff was enlarged and rearranged. The extent and complexity of all these changes necessitated the publication of a manual that should combine the features of a handbook of procedure, and a directory of per- sonnel. Consequently, as soon as war restrictions on printing were re- moved. President Clyde R. Jeffords, with the approval of the Board of Representatives and the Executive Committee, made preparations for publishing a new and comprehensive Hand-(book of the High Schools, that should summarize in compact form the more important changes, and show the status of the high schools today. Dr. Claude F. Walker was appointed editor, and in consultation with President Jeffords prepared a revised Directory, of which a limited preliminary edition, corrected to September 1, 1920, was distributed among the schools on the first day of the term. While the completed work is a joint product, each editor assumes entire responsibility for such special articles as appear over his signa- ture. The undertaking from the start has been conducted in cordial co-operation with the Division of High Schools of the Board of Superintendents. Associate Superintendent Clarence E. Meleney has read the descriptive part of the book, and has written an introduction. District Superintendent John L. Tildsley gave valuable advice, and read much of the manuscript. The material in the Directory has been compiled in co-operation with the Principals and with Mr. Frederic L. Mills, in charge of the Bureau of Records. Special acknowledgements are due to Superintendent of Schools William L. Ettinger ; to Directors Herman H. Wright and Lawrence E. Wilkins; to Examiners George J. Smith, James C. Byrnes and Walter L. Hervey, and Secretary Frank V. Daly ; to Auditor Henry R. M. Cook, Deputy Auditor Frederick D. Chambers, Director of Reference, Research and Statistics Eugene A. Nif enecker ; to Associate Superintendent Edgar Dubs Shimer ; to District Superintendent Edward Mandel; to Dr. James D. Dillingham, Principal of the Newtown High School; to Actuary George B. Buck; and to many of our colleagues in the high schools. For valuable information of an historical nature, the editors are indebted to Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, Mr. Charles Bulkley Hubbell, Mr. Henry W. Taft, Dr. Henry W. Jameson, Secretary A. Emerson Palmer and others. The High Schools of New York City is a testimonial to the hearty encouragement and practical assistance given by school officers and teachers, and by friends of the high schools outside the system. To all who have thus contributed, in whatever degree, the editors desire to extend the gratitude of the Association, and their personal thanks. C. R. J. Memorial Day, 1921. C. F. W. Copyright, 1921. INTRODUCTION Clarence E. Meleney Associate Superintendent in Charge of High Schools The project of a manual of the high schools of New York City is the inspiration of the High School Teachers' Association. The work has been undertaken by a committee of the Association, and has awakened a lively interest on the part of progressive teachers who have responded to the request to contribute the articles that make up the volume. In every chapter the author has displayed his enthusiasm for the accomplishment of a great and valuable work which has required a vast amount of research and the organization of data much of which has been buried in records and reports stored away in the archives of the Department of Education, includ- ing some that could be found only in unpublished documents. The members of the committee upon whom the labor and re- sponsibility rested and who have diligently searched and collected the material, deserve the highest commendation for their energy and perseverance. The High School Teachers' Association for many years has supported its officers and committees in the preparation and pub- lication of investigations and reports of the most valuable and illuminating character. This has been an important contribution to educational literature of interest to secondary school teachers and administrators. It has served to encourage research and ex- perimentation in a broad field and to keep progressive teachers in the advanced rank of the profession. The work of the Association by its meetings for the discussion of educational problems especially concerned with high schools, and its publications, is greatly appreciated by the supervising and admin- istrative officers. The development of courses of study and the pre- paration of syllabuses in all departments of study in the various high schools have been possible only with the aid of members of the Association. Committees have been at work constantly study- ing, experimenting, and formulating plans and outlines to enable the teachers to keep abreast of the most progressive workers in this field. The problems of administration have engaged also a vast amount of study and organization of material. A progressive school system can be maintained only when the department as a unit including the boards of control, the officers, principals and teachers co-operates heartily and sympathetically for the benefit of the whole. Responsibilities are distributed all along the line; high ideals, new ideas, mutual confidence and apprecia- tion must be realized. This manual published by The High School Teachers' Asso- ciation of New York City is a most valuable and useful document and will serve greatly to facilitate the proceedings of the depart- ment. The entire expense of the work has been sustained by the Association. UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK The State Education Department 1921 Frank B. Gilbert Acting President of the University and Commissioner of Education Deputy Commissioner and Counsel Augustus S. Downing Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education Charles F. Wheelock Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education Avery W. Skinner Chief of the Examinations and Inspections Division Regents of the University of the State of New York Pliny T. Sexton, Chancellor Albert Vander Veer, Vice Chancellor Charles B. Alexander Walter Guest Kellogg William P. Baker Chester S. Lord William Bondy Thomas J. Mangan Herbert L. Bridgman Adelbert Moot James Byrne William J. Wallin School District of New York City William L. Ettinger, Superintendent of Schools BOARD OF EDUCATION The City of New York 1921 Anning S. Prall, President George J. Ryan, Vice President Harry B. Chambers Mrs. Emma L. Murray Dr. John A. Ferguson Arthur S. Somers M. Samuel Stern A. Emerson Palmer, Secretary William L. Ettinger, Superintendent of Schools Division of High Schools Clarence E. Meleney Associate Superintendent in Charge of High Schools John L. Tildsley, District Superintendent Assigned to High Schools James P. Haney, Director of Art in High Schools Herman H. Wright, Director of High School Organisation Lawrence A. Wilkins, Director of Modem Languages in High Schools Special Assignments Frank A. Rexford, Agriculture, Civics, General Science Albert G. Belding, Commercial Subjects CHRONOLOGY The Origin and Progress of the Public School System in the City of New York; the Rise of the High Schools April 9, 1805 — Incorporation of the Free School Society in New York City — Trustees. (In 1826, the Public School Society of New York) (L. 1805, Ch. 108). May 19, 1806 — First Free School established in New York City. December 11, 1809 — First school building erected by the Society placed in use in New York City. June 9, 1812 — The Common School Law (L. 1812, Ch. 242). A system of com- mon schools in New York State — State Superintendent of Common Schools. April 11, 1842 — ^The Common School Law extended to the county and city of New York (L. 1842, Ch. 150). Board of Education in New York City- Commissioners, Inspectors, Trustees. March 23, 1842 — Board of Education in Brooklyn. January 27, 1849 — Free Academy opened in New York City (in 1866, the College of the City of New York). July 3, 1851 — City Superintendent of Schools and Assistant Superintendents in New York City (L. 1851. Ch. 386). June 4, 1853 — Board of Education in New York City required to take over schools and property of Public School Society (L. 1853. Ch. 301) (August 1, 18S3). February 14, 1870 — Daily Female Normal and High School opened in New York City (in 1871, the Normal College; April 4, 1914, Hunter College). May 11, 1874 — Compulsory Education Law (L. 1874, Ch. 421) (January 1, 1875). September 16, 1878 — Central Grammar School in Brooklyn opened (later, the Central School or High School). May 7, 1885 — Brooklyn Training School opened (Maxwell Training School for Teachers). January 5, 1891 — Boys' High School and Girls' High School established in Brooklyn. April 14, 1894 — Public School teachers' retirement fund established (L. 1894, Ch. 296). April 27, 1896 — "Pavey Law" (L.. 1896, Ch. 387) Board of Superintendents in New York City; provision made for high schools. (Trustees abolished.) May 4, 1897— Charter of the City of New York (L. 1897, Ch. 387) Central Board of Education; City Superintendent and Examiners; Borough Boards; Borough Superintendents; Borough Assistant Superintendents; Inspectors; special and general school funds; salaries controlled by Borough Boards, audited by Central Board (February 1, 1898). September 13, 1897 — Three day high schools opened in Manhattan and The Bronx— Boys', Girls' and Mixed (later, DeWitt Clinton, Wadleigh and Morris High Schools). September 12. 1898 — New York Training School opened. April 23, 1899— "Ahearn Law" (L. 1899, Ch. 417). Minimum and maximum salaries and increments, conditioned on "fit and meritorious" service, deter- mined by Borough boards. May 3, 1900— "Davis Law" (L. 1900, Ch. 751). Minimum and maximum salaries and increments, conditioned on "fit and meritorious" service determined by Central Board; salaries paid by Central Board through its Treasurer; four mills appropriation into the general fund mandatory. April 22, 1901— Revised Charter of the City of New York (L. 1901, Ch. 466). Board of Education (46 members). Local School Boards, Associate and Dis- trict Superintendents, Examiners. (Inspectors abolished.) Davis law part of the charter — salaries determined and audited by the Board, paid through Department of Finance. (February 3, 1902.) February 3, 1902 — First meeting of the Board of Education under the revised charter. (Last meeting December 26, 1917.) May 7, 1903— Amended Compulsory Education Law (L. 1903, Ch. 459). No child employed under 13 years; none employed between 14 and 16 who has not attended school 130 days after 13th birthday; employment certificates. 8 CHRONOLOGY October 6, 1903 — Decision, Court of Appeals (Gunnison vs Bd. of E, 176 N. Y. 12). The Board of Education, a separate and distinct corporation; while the city has custody of public money, the Board must administer and expend all school funds; the Board, not the city, the proper defendant in suits re- lating to school funds. March 8, 1904 — "Unification Law." (L. 1904, Ch. 40). Regents of the Uni- versity of the State of New York, New York State Education Department, Commissioner of Education. (State Superintendent of Public Instruction abolished.) February 23. 1904 — Decision, Court of Appeals (People ex rel Murphy vs. Max- well, 177 N. Y. 494). By-law of the Brooklyn Board of Education declaring vacant the place of a female teacher who marries declared vo'd. February 17, 1909— Education Law (L. 1909, Ch. 21; Ch. XVI, Consolidated Laws of N. Y.). Amended (L. 1910, Ch. 140). June 1, 1911 — Committee on School Inquiry of the Board of Estimate and Ap- portionment of the City of New York; Paul H. Hanus and associates com- mence work on educational aspects of the inquiry. (Completed July 1, 1912.) October 30, 1911 — "Equal Pay Law" (L. 1911, Ch. 902). Discrimination in salaries based on sex removed; increased salary schedule and incre- ments, conditioned on "superior merit" determined by a Board of Superior Merit. First attempt to equalize pay (January 1, 1912). April 18. 1912— "Anti-merging" Law (L. 1912, Ch. 455). "Eligible lists shall not be merged, and one eligible list shall be exhausted before nominations are made from an eligible list of subsequent date." July 9, 1913 — Teachers' Council established. May 15, 1916— "Welsh Law" (L. 1916, Ch. 5667). State Military Training Commission — physical training increased, military training required of boys above 16 and not over 19, in elementary and secondary schools (September 1, 1916). May 1. 1917 — Pension Law (L. 1917, Ch. 303). Retirement System in City of New York; Teachers' Retirement Association, Retirement Board (7 mem- bers). June 8, 1917— City School Law (L. 1917, Ch. 786. Article 33-A added to Ch. XVI., Consolid. Laws of N. Y.) Board of Education (7 members) ; Super- intendent of Schools with enlarged powers. (New York City School District.) January 2, 1918 — First meeting of Board of Education under amended Education Law. May 19, 1919— "Lockwood Committee Law." (L. 1919, Ch. 645, Article 33-B added to Ch. XVI. Consolid. Laws of N. Y.) Increased salary schedules and increments; increases spread over 3 years; "superior merit" abolished. Equalization of pay accomplished (January 1, 1920). March 23, 1920 — "Lockwood-Simpson Law" (Anti-Spreading Law). (L. 1920, Ch. 83). Spreading clause removed from Lockwood Committee Law, rendering maximum salaries payable June 1, 1920, instead of in three years. May 10, 1920 — "Lockwood-Donohue Law" (L. 1920, Ch. 680). Increased salary schedules and increments for teachers and civil service employes of the Board of Education; an appropriation made for state aid. direct tax of IVz mills imposed for support of the common schools. (August 1, 1920.) THE HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY School DeWitt Clinton Date of First Session Manhattan Principals Wadleigh High School of Commerce Washington Irving Stuyvesant Julia Richman George Washington Haaren Morris Evander Childs Theodore Roosevelt Boys High School Girls High School Manual Training Erasmus Hall Commercial Eastern District Bushwick Bay Ridge New Utrecht Girls Commercial Bryant Jamaica Flushing Richmond Hill Newtown Far Rockaway Curtis Sept. 13, 1897 John T. Buchanan* (1897-1908); John L. Tildsley (1908-1914); Francis H. J. Paul (1914-). Sept. 13, 1897 John G. Wight* (1897-1910); Stuart H. Rowe (1910-). Sept. 8, 1902 James J. Sheppard* (1902-1914); John L. Tildsley (1914-1916); Arthur M. Wolf- son (1917-1920); Harold E. Buttrick (1920-). Sept. 8, 1902 William McAndrew (1902-1915); Edward C. Zabriskie (191S-). Sept. 12, 1904 Frank Rollins* (1904-8); Ernest R. Von Nardroff (1908-). Sept. 8, 1913 Arthur M. Wolfson (1913-1916); Michael H. Lucey (191 7-). Feb. 2, 1920 Arthur A. Boylan (1920-) Sept. 13, 1920 R. Wesley Burnham (1920-). The Bronx Sept. 13, 1897 Edward J. Goodwin (1897-1904); John B. Denbigh (1904-1918); Elmer E. Bogart (1919-). Sept. 8, 1913 Gilbert S. Blakely (1913-). Feb. 4, 1918 William R. Hayward (1918-1920). Brooklyn Jan. S, 1891 Alec G. McAllister* (1891-1895); John Mickleborough (1895-1907); James Sul- livan (1907-1916); Arthur L. Janes (1916-). Jan. 5, 1891 Calvin Patterson* (1891-1902); William L. Felter (1902-). Nov. 14, 1893 Charles D. Larkins* (1894-1917); Horace M. Snyder (1917-). Sept. 14, 1896 Walter B. Gunnison* (1896-1917); J. Herbert Low (191 7-). Oct. 9, 1899 William L. Felter (1900-1902); Frank R. Moore* (1902-1909); William Fairley* (1910-1918); Gilbert J. Raynor (1918-). Feb. 1, 1900 William T. Vlymen (1900-). Sept. 12, 1910 Frank Rollins* (1910-1920); Milo F. Mc- Donald (1920-). Feb. 1. 1912 Harry A. Potter (1912-1917); Kate E. Turner (1917-). Sept. 13, 1915 Irving A. Hazen (1915-1917); Harry A. Potter (1917-). Feb. 2, 1920 Evelyn W. Allan (1920-). Queens Feb. 1, 1905 Peter E. Demarest (1905-). Nov. 27, 1907 Charles J. Jennings* (1907-1910); Theo- dore C. Mitchell* (1910-1918); Charles H. Vosburgh (1919-). . Dec. 1, 1907 John Holley Clark (1907-1920); Harold G. Campbell (1920-). Feb. 23, 1909 Isaac N. Failor (1909-1917); Irving A. Hazen (1917-). Feb. 1, 1910 James D. Dillingham (1910-). Sept. 17, 1920 Sanford J. Ellsworth (1920-). Richmond Feb. 1, 1904 Oliver D. Clark* (1904-1906); Harry F. Towle* (1906-1912); Daniel D. Feld- man (1913-). All high schools in Queens and Richmond were high school departments of elementary schools previous to the dates given. *Deceased 10 1 THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY The High Schools of New York City constitute a body of more than seventy-nine thousand persons. In twenty-eight administrative units distributed geographically in the more densely populated zones of five boroughs, these schools have grown with the metropolis, and become an inseparable part of its cosmopolitan life. In these schools are approximately three thousand teachers and seventy-six thousand pupils, from nearly six hundred lower schools. Educational Awakening in New York City The old City of New York, comprising the present Boroughs of Manhattan and The Bronx, until 1897 had no public high schools in its rapidly growing educational system. The College of the City of New York, for boys, and the Normal College, for girls, offered to a limited number of grammar school graduates academic instruction of both secondary and more advanced grade, and in many of the grammar schools advanced instruction was given in the last term. On December 3, 1890, the Board of Education adopted a resolu- tion offered by Commissioner Charles B. Hubbell, providing for a committee to visit school systems in other cities, and to make rec- ommendations for the improvement of the schools of New York City. President John L. N. Hunt appointed Commissioner Hubbell as chairman of the committee. This body, known thereafter as the "Committee of Seven," visited a number of cities, inspecting care- fully among other features the kindergartens and high schools, par- ticularly in Boston, where it observed eight high schools in opera- tion. On November 18, 1891, the committee made a detailed report, which had an important influence in stimulating public interest in the schools and shaping legislation which five years later was to re- organize the entire school system, and turn public attention to the necessity for establishing high schools. "In our opinion our school system could be made more symmetri- cal and might be greatly improved by the addition of the kindergar- ten at the bottom, and the high school at the top," wrote Commis- sioner Hubbell. After making definite suggestions for kindergartens, the report continues : "At the other end of the system we recom- mend the establishing of two or more high schools to be conveniently located with reference to centers of school population, in which there shall be taught complete courses of three years duration, beginning with the two highest grades now taught in our Grammar Schools. Ours is almost the only city in the country Avhere this grade of in- struction is not provided, and the need of it is patent to those most familiar with our system." The demand for secondary education thu^ created grew slowly, encouraged by a progressive administration and many interested citi- zens. On April 27, 1896, after an inquiry into school conditions by a State Commission, a bill, introduced by Frank D. Pavey, was passed, becoming effective July 1, 1896, establishing the Board of Superin- tendents in New York City, and giving the Board power to estab- lish high schools. On June 17, 1896, the Board of Education elected V 12 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY the members of the new Board of Superintendents. Among those elected were George S. Davis, Henry W. Jameson, Gustave Strauben- muller and all who had served as Assistant Superintendents previous to the enactment of the law ;^ Albert P. Marble and Clarence E, Meleney, who had been Superintendents in Massachusetts, and two Brooklyn men, Seth T. Stewart, and Walter B. Gunnison who in September resigned to become Principal of Erasmus Hall High School. Pursuant to the law City Superintendent John Jasper, Chair- man of the Board, appointed a Committee on High and Training Schools, with Albert P. Marble, chairman, and George S. Davis, sec- retary. First High Schools in Manhattan and The Bronx On October 7, 1896, the Board of Education referred to a com- mittee a resolution offered by Commissioner Charles B. Hubbell, de- claring the Board to be in favor of the establishment of two high schools — one for girls and another for boys — as soon as sites could be obtained and buildings erected. The resolution recited the fact that the establishment of the high schools had been made possible by the prevailing law, that both colleges were overcrowded, and that high schools were desirable to render the school system more useful and symmetrical. On October 27, 1896, President Robert McClay appointed Commissioners Charles B. Hubbell, Henry W. Taft and Auguste P. Montant, a special Committee on High Schools. The two high school committees held several joint sessions, at one of which representa- tives of the two colleges were present. On November 18, 1896, the Board of Education adopted resolu- tions authorizing the organization of three high schools, one for boys, one for girls, and a third undetermined. The resolution further pro- vided for inserting in the budget the sum of $75,000 to initiate the new schools, declared that the City of New York required eight high schools of from 1000 to 1500 pupils each, and requested the Board of Superintendents to submit an appropriate course of study. On December 9, 1896, the Board of Education established a per- manent Committee on High and Training Schools, and President Charles B. Hubbell appointed Commissioner Henry W. Taft chair- man of the committee. The committee resolved that a successful ex- perience in high school organization and management in large cities should be considered an essential qualification in candidates for ap- pointment to principalships of the high schools. John T. Buchanan, from Kansas City, was elected Principal of the Boys' High School; John G. Wight, from Philadelphia, and formerly from Worcester, Mass., of the Girls' High School; and Edward J. Goodwin, from Newton, Mass., of the Mixed High School. _ These schools later were named respectively, the DeWitt Clinton High School, the Wadleigh High School, and the Morris High School. The initiation of these three high schools in the old City of New York, on September 13, 1897, caused a stir of interest. The boys' school was opened in Grammar School 35, in West Thirteenth Street; the girls' school in Grammar School 47, in East Twelfth Street; and the mixed school at One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Street and Third Avenue, in The Bronx. On the teaching staff of the new schools were five First Assistants, eight Second Assistants, and fifty- one Third Assistants. Among those appointed were : Frank Rollins, James J. Sheppard, George J. Smith, GilVert S. Blakely, and John H. Denbigh, ORIGIN OF THE HIGH SCHOOLS 13 City Superintendent John Jasper comprehended the educational trend of his time. In 1896 he wrote : "The provision of the new school law contemplates the organization of high schools. * * * In my judgment the initial steps should be taken with a full under- standing of the utmost needs of the city. From the rapid growth of the school system, I am convinced that arrangements should be made for the distribution of these schools throughout the city in such a manner that by the beginning of the twentieth century not less than ten of them shall be in operation, or at least well on the way to com- pletion. It would be well that two of these schools should be set apart for manual training and other special purposes." Early High Schools in Brooklyn In Brooklyn high schools projects were further advanced. While in New York City public secondary education came slowly, on the other side of the East River there had been an even more gradual transition. In a rented building at Court and Livingston Streets, September 16, 1878, was bom the Central Grammar School, known later as the Central School, and occasionally as the Central High School. At this time in Brooklyn Ephraim J. Whitlock was Presi- dent of the Board of Education, and Thomas W. Field was Super- intendent of Public Instruction. The school, according to a peculiar system of administration that obtained, was placed under the dual control of a committee of the Board of Education, and a "local committee" of citizens. The purpose of the institution was to teach subjects of academic grade to boys and girls more thoroughly and through a more extended time than had been possible in the regular grammar schools. The first steps leading to its establishment had been taken as far back as 1849, the year of the establishment of the Free Academy in New York City. Dr. Robert F. Leighton was the first Principal of the Central School, and there were fifteen teachers on his staff. In 1886, under the principalship of Calvin Patterson, the school was divided into a girls' section, which was moved to the new building on Nostrand Avenue, and a boys' section, which re- mained in the old building under the sub-principalship of Alec G. McAllister. On January 5, 1891, the boys' section under Princi- pal McAllister became Boys' High School, and the girls' section under Principal Patterson became Girls' High School. Among the teachers employed in Boys' High School in 1891 were : Charles D. Larkins, Charles W. Lyon, Jr., Oliver D. Clark, and Harry F. Towle. In 1892 the Boys' High School moved into the new building on Marcy Avenue. On November 14, 1893, in the building vacated by the Central School, a manual training school was established, under the princi- palship of Charles D. Larkins, and on May 7, 1895, this became the Manual Training High School. One of the first teachers was James J. McCabe. In this undertaking Brooklyn had the benefit of the example of New York City, where manual training already existed, and where interest in the subject had been intensified by the report of the Committee of Seven. On September 14, 1896, Erasmtis Hall Academy, founded in 1786, in Flatbush, became Erasmus Hall High School, under the principal- ship of Walter B. Gunnison, with a staff of ten teachers. The academy buildings and grounds were made over to the city, and a new tem- porary building which has not yet been removed was erected. On October 3, 1882, William H. Maxwell became Associate Su- perintendent in Brooklyn, and September 6, 1887, was elected Su- perintendent of Public Instruction. He observed with gratification 14 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY the increasing demands for public high schools, he deplored the slow- ness with which the demand was met. He persistently and suc- cessfully fought to overcome the prejudice against manual training. He believed that the safety of the state as well as the development of the individual depends quite as much on secondary school training as on teaching in the elementary schools. "High School education pays for itself a thousand times over," wrote Dr. Maxwell, "not merely in the enhanced wage-earning powers of its graduates, but in the good influence they exert on the social and political life of the community." First Courses of Study These early high schools of pre-charter days were frankly in- tended for preparation for classical and scientific colleges and pro- fessional schools. They labored under courses of study that re- flected the most advanced academic ideas as to what pupils should undergo. Two external influences worked to shape these early high school programs. The first was the report of the Committee of Ten, de- signed to improve the efficiency of secondary school teaching. The committee prepared four typical four-year courses — Classical, Latin- Scientific, Modern Language, and English, based upon a foreign language requirement. The second influence was a course of study for high schools, approved by State Superintendent of Public In- struction Charles R. Skinner, based upon a minimum requiremen? for entrance to training schools for teachers, in accordance with "an act to encourage and promote the professional training of teachers," passed in 1895. One purpose of this law was to provide for the thor- ough training of prospective teachers in the high schools ibefore pro- fessional training should begin. Dr. Maxwell was himself chairman of the Committee of Superintendents that recommended the course of study. In New York and Brooklyn high schools, therefore, we find that English was stressed, Latin loomed large, with a modern language alternative — ^then came algebra, geometry, ancient and modern his- tory, music and drawing. Consideration was shown, however, to the many pupils whose interests lay more in the direction of business pur- suits. In New York City supplementing the four-year Modern, Clas- sical and Classical-Science courses, there was planned a four-year "business course." This was about one-fifth Latin and modern lan- guages; one-fifth English; two-fifth, algebra, history, science, draw- ing, music; one-fifth bookkeeping, commercial arithmetic, stenography, with a modicum! of typewriting. In Brooklyn a four-year language course was offered, while three years of work were prescribed, in English for girls, and in science for Iboys. In addition for both boys and girls, a two-year commercial course was laid down. Development Under the Revised Charter On February 1, 1898, the educational chapter of the first charter gathered into the public school system of Greater New York seven large city high schools in New York and Brooklyn, besides high school departments in elementary schools in Long Island City, Newtown, Jamaica, Richmond Hill, Flushing and Far Rockaway. Dr. William H. Maxwell had been called from Brooklyn to become City Super- intendent of the Greater City. In i8g8-i8p9 in a day school enrollment of 493,849 pupils, 13,731 or 2.8 per cent were in the high schools. These pupils were taught by 393 high school teachers, 4.3 per cent of the entire teaching force. ORIGIN OF THE HIGH SCHOOLS 15 Even under the difficult conditions of the original charter, during 1898-1901, high school registration increased enormously, and demands for literary and college preparatory courses were fully equalled by calls for commercial and technical training. During this period two high schools were opened in Brooklyn — Commercial High School, Oc- tober 9, 1899, under the principalship of William L. Felter, absorbed the commercial department of Boys' High School ; and Eastern District High School, February 1, 1900, under the principalship of William T. Vlymen, relieved the pressure in both Boys' and Girls' High Schools. Meanwhile the Charter Revision Commission had completed its work. The educational chapter was drafted by former School Com- missioner Henry W. Taft, who was chairman of the educational com- mittee of the Revision Commission. On February 3, 1902, the revised educational chapter of the charter went into effect. The City Super- intendent found himself at the head of a strongly centralized admin- istrative system, with responsibility direct and fixed, personnel con- trolled by a Board of Examiners, and policies formulated by a Board of Superintendents, the City Superintendent being chairman of both boards. The demands of the high schools immediately became insistent. Dr. Maxwell discerned four major problems : (1) Extension of high school facilities — organization and plant; (2) Uniformity of high school teaching; (3) Definition of requirements for graduation; (4) Articulation of elementary schools with high schools. There followed a program of extraordinary expansion and edu- cational adjustment. Associate Superintendent Albert P. Marble was assigned to take charge of the high schools, assisted by District Superintendent Henry W. Jameson. Dr. Marble had been chairman of the first high school committee of the former Board of Superin- tendents in 1896 and Dr. Jameson, who had served as secretary of the committee, had succeeded Dr. Marble as chairman in 1900. Each had borne in succession the burden of leadership during the difficult and trying period of the establishment of the high schools. In 1904 Associate Superintendent Edward L. Stevens was assigned to the division, and was assisted by Dr. Jameson until 1909, when Dr. Jame- son was succeeded by District Superintendent Darwin L. Bardwell. Great Specialized City High Schools City Superintendent Maxwell believed that a great specialized htgh school offered the most effective and economical means for absorb- ing the vast human tide that flowed in increasing volumes from the elementary schools in the congested zones. For the establishment ot such schools he found the way had been adequately prepared by the Board of Education of the old City of New York, which had en- couraged the policy of building new high schools as rapidly as pos- sible, and setting apart certain high schools for manual training and for commercial instruction. In 1897 the High School Committee of the Board of Superin- tendents in New York City had committed itself to the establishment of a Manual Training High School, to be located on the east side near Fourteenth Street, and to be called the Stuyvesant High School. The school was designed not to teach trades, but to teach along with science and mathematics and literature the mechanical principles that 16 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY underlie all trades and the appliation of art to industry, a school that should develop inventors, engineers, electricians. Under the prin- cipalship of Frank RolHns, Stuyvesant High School was organized September 12, 1904. In 1897 also the High School Committee of the Board of Super- intendents had looked forward to estabUshing "a definite nucleus of a commercial high school on broad lines." In 1901 a sub-committee of superintendents, with former Commissioner John L. N. Hunt as chairman, was appointed to prepare plans for a High School of Com- merce in Manhattan. The report of the sub-committee, drafted by Assistant Superintendent Clarence E. Meleney, was adopted on Jan- uary 10, 1902. Immediately after the reorganization, February 3, 1902, Dr. Maxwell proceeded to carry the project into effect, the un- dertaking receiving the active encouragement of President Miles O'Brien, of the Board of Education. The High School of Com- merce was organized September 8, 1902, under the principalship of James J. Sheppard, absorbing the commercial classes of DeWitt Clin- ton High School. Concurrently with the development of the idea of a boys' com- mercial high school, plans were made for a technical high school for girls that should give instruction in general academic subjects and in certain specified vocational lines, the initial purpose being to pre- pare girls for those occupations in which women readily find em- ployment. The first definite suggestion that such a school be formed came when the Wadleigh High School was transferred from an old structure in lower Manhattan into the first new building erected in that borough for high school purposes. The new institution, as the* Girls' Technical High School, today the Washington Irving High School, was organized September 8, 1902, under the principalship of William McAndrew, receiving its initial membership from Wadleigh High School. In outlying less densely populated boroughs, in which specialized high schools would not be practicable, it was planned to develop com- munity high schools of a composite type, in which general academic instruction should be supplemented by commercial courses and manual training. The chief function of all specialized courses was to diver- sify aim and method of teaching, to suit the needs of a cosmopolitan community. "Our specialized high schools," wrote Dr. Maxwell in 1902, "make no pretense of turning out finished men of business, or thoroughly equipped artisans. They endeavor to give, along with a good deal of liberal education — language, literature, science — consid- erable instruction in the application of art to industry. * * * fhe pupils leave school, not specialists in a narrow sense, but with minds humanized by liberal studies, and hands trained to bring intelligence to bear." Ten Yeaes of Expansion and Adjustment 1902-1911 In 1902 Superintendents Marble and Jameson found themselves confronted with problems of educational adjustments unprecedented and highly complex. In igos-1904, in a day school average register of 544,293 pupils, ^9)330 or 3.6 per cent were in the high schools. These pupils were taught by 742 high school teachers, 5.9 per cent of the entire teach- ing force. In the three larger boroughs were eleven high schools, of which the seven oldest averaged more than 1600 pupils each. Eight of ORIGIN OF THE HIGH SCHOOLS 17 the schools were split up into annexes housed in antiquated grammar school structures, widely scattered and unsuited to high school require- ments. All the schools were growing with extraordinary rapidity. Fortunately, for most of the new high schools sites had already been acquired, an initial appropriation of $2,500,000 having been made for high school purposes. Through the energy of Superintendent of Buildings C. B. J. Snyder an effective housing program was speedily undertaken. Mr. Snyder had traveled about to get ideas, and from his plans were produced school buildings unsurpassed for size, beauty and adaptability to school and community needs. In 1902 five new high school buildings, one in each borough, were under way, and by the close of 1906 eight high schools were permanently housed. The difficult task of assembling in each high school a permanent and adequate teaching personnel, that should attack vigorously the complex human problem that each school presented, was favored by two circumstances. First, the Davis law had guaranteed to every successful teacher tenure of office, and a fair salary with increments based upon length of service. Second, the Board of Examiners was now functioning smoothly, and nominations were made from eligible lists and were seldom reversed. High school teachers could feel that their positons were securely founded upon a merit system, that professional ethics would be respected, that for the eligible there existed a fair chance for promotion. Associate Superintendent Marble fitted new schools into old buildings; he supervised the distribution of text-books and supplies; he selected and assigned teachers, and heads of departments. He made an initial attack on two problems — the unification of aim and method of teaching, and the definition of requirements for gradua- tion. A uniform course of study for the general high schools was adopted, and specialized courses followed. That results might be ap- praised and standards maintained, examinations for graduation from high schools and entrance to training schools were initiated. Be- ginning in 1903 and extending until 1907 these examinations were give in January and June of each year, under the supervision of District Superintendent Jameson, the answer papers being marked by committees of teachers from the several high schools. Associate Superintendent Stevens assumed charge of the Divi- sion of High Schools in the fall of 1904. On February 1, 1904, Curtis High School had been organized with Oliver D. Clark as Principal, and February 1, 1905, the Long Island City High School, that had been independently established since 1898, became Bryant High School, Peter E. Demarest continuing as Principal. On September 12, 1910, Bushwick High School was organized with Frank Rollins as Principal. Meanwhile, the high school departments in elementary schools in Jamaica, Flushing, Richmond Hill and Newtown became independently organized, the total number of high schools being thereby increased to nineteen. With the problems of initial organization out of the way. Dr. Stevens and Dr. Jameson turned their attention to the internal ad- ministration and development of the high schools. The several pro- grams of study were watched with care, and courses were revised whenever they became unworkable or insufficient. Committees were appointed to prepare and revise syllabi in the several fields of in- struction, and conferences were arranged with representatives of the colleges. Principals and teachers entered heartily into this work, and there was initiated a co-operative effort that has continued to the present day. 18 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY In 1907 for the first time candidates for graduation from the high schools and entrance to the training schools took the examina- tions conducted by the State Examination Board, under the authority of the State Regents, the local academic examinations that had been previously held being discontinued. During the year ending June 30, 1908, of the nineteen high schools six had a total enrollment of more than 3O0O pupils, and five had enrolled between 2000 and 3000. Dr. Stevens repeatedly urged that no high school organization be maintained wtih a register of more than 2000. A committee of high school teachers in 1908 in a report on the need of high school accommodations in Brooklyn, called at- tention to the inefficiency of the over-large high school. The schools continued to grow, however, and grave congestion developed. Over- crowded main buildings and annexes in unsuitable structures became permanent factors in the high school problem. The teacher supply failed at times, a large proportion of substitutes was employed; there developed in the larger schools a need for additional supervisory and administrative officers. An excessive proportion of failures, and of discharges from school, particularly in the lower terms, suggested impaired efficiency in the high schools, and a lack of articulation with the elementary schools. The annual reports of Dr. Stevens and Dr. Jameson to the City Superintendent reveal the energy with which these growing problems were attacked during this first decade of the high schools. The status of the First Assistant Teachers was a subject of frequent in- quiry, and efforts were made to bring about a more regular promo- tion of assistant teachers to that grade. Excessive pupil failure and "mortality" were under constant investigation, and remedies were tried. Elementary principals were asked to advise prospective high school entrants ; student aid committees and vocational bureaus were encouraged; promotion by subject was made mandatory. In September, 1909, District Superintendent Darwin L. Bardwell was assigned to the Divison to assist Superintendent Stevens, suc- ceeding Dr. Jameson. In 1911, Paul H. Hanus, and associates, commenced for the City of New York an extended inquiry into the public school system, including the organization, administration and courses of study of the high schools. The investigation continued for one year, and the results fill three large volumes. The report on the high school courses of study was reviewed at length by a committee of high school principals and teachers, of which John H. Denbigh was chairman. The report on high school organization and administration was reviewed by a com- mittee of which John L. Tildsley was chairman. Principal James J. Sheppard wrote a review of the special report on commercial courses. Ten Years of Intensive Development ... 1912-1921 The second decade under the revised charter has been marked by far-reaching influences and changes both within and without the educational system that have influenced the high schools profoundly. In 1911 the "Equal Pay" law was enacted, providing for salary increments conditioned upon "superior merit" and this remained in force until the passage of the "Lockwood Committee Law," in 1919. In 1916 the "Welsh law" was enacted, making military training or its equivalent obligatory in the high schools. In 1917 the Teachers' Retirement Association was established. In 1917 the "City School ORIGIN OF THE HIGH SCHOOLS 19 Law" was enacted, which provided for a small Board of Education of seven members, and for a Superintendent of Schools with en- larged powers. William H. Maxwell was made Superintendent Emeritus, and William L. Ettinger was elected Superintendent of Schools. The "Lockwood-Donohue Law," creating the present salary schedules and conditions, was enacted in 1920. Associate Superintendent Edward L. Stevens died April 3, 1914, and District Superintendent Darwin L. Bardwell died September 6, 1915. Associate Superintendent Clarence E. Meleney was assigned to the Division of High Schools in 1914, and continued until the close of 1916, when Associate Superintendent John L. Tildsley was assigned. District Superintendents Charles W. Lyon, John S. Roberts and William A. Boylan were successively assigned to assist the Associate Superintendent. In 1920 Herman H. Wright was elected Director of High School Administration, and Lawrence A. Wilkins was elected Director of Modem Languages in High Schools. The Bulletiyi of High Points, under the editorship of Director Wilkins, has been published monthly since January, 1919. During this decade eight new high schools were established: Julia Richman, George Washington and Haaren in Manhattan ; Evander Childs and Theodore Roosevelt in The Bronx; and Bay Ridge, New Utrecht and Girls' Commercial in Brooklyn. The high school depart- ment in Far Rockaivay became independently organized, increasing the total number of high schools to twenty-eight. In 1912-1913 in a day school average register of 709,37^_ pupils, 45,059, or 6.4 per cent, were in the high schools. These pupils were taught by 1822 high school teachers, 9.9 per cent of the entire teaching force. Although in 1912 the high schools were no longer in a formative state, their way was still beset with difficulties. Nearly all of the high schools continued to be over-crowded; the number of annexes constantly increased ; the double session plan was being rapidly extended ; the organization of new schools was becoming less frequent. In spite of all this, the reports of Dr. Meleney for 1914 and 1915 reveal a growing spirit of democracy and are replete with human interest. The important steps by which the program of studies was made more efifective will be outlined in another article. Principals and teachers were coming to realize that a high school should be made as home-like as possible. The pupils' General Organisation, which had been highly developed in Erasmus Hall High School and elsewhere became a feature of all the schools, and the Arista League increased its influence for character and scholarship. Organizations of high school teachers also were encouraged and commended, and excerpts from their proceedings were published. Much progress was made in establishing closer relations between the high schools and the business community. On February 1, 1915, the first co-operative high school class was organized in Washington Irving High School, under the supervision of Associate Superintendent John H. Haaren. In spite of greatly increased duties imposed by the "superior merit" provision of the new salary law. District Superintendent Bardwell found time to draw a statistical picture of high school development during a period of seven years. His published graphs show that between 1906 and 1913 the high school register in- creased 118 per cent., while the register of all the day schools increased only 25 per cent. ; that the high schools in Manhattan grew more rapidly than those of any other borough ; and that the increase in the number of graduates was more rapid than the increase in register. 20 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY In many schools the need of additional supervisors had become acute. Dr. Stevens in 1912 had requested that special supervisors be appointed in modern languages, commercial subjects, and manual arts for girls. Dr. Bardwell urged that more First Assistants be appointed, and that in certain of the larger schools one or more additional First Assistants be designated to serve as Deputy Principals to be intrusted with certain features of the executive management of their schools, and to receive additional compensation. This plan, held long in abeyance for lack of funds, led ultimately to the establishment of the position of Administrative Assistant. Dr. Bardwell insisted upon good scholarship as the test of efficient teaching. He valued the State Regents examinations, over which he had supervision, and his analysis of the examination results was most searching. He believed the high school library to be a most powerful educational agency, and at his request a survey of the duties of a high school librarian was made by a committee of librarians. He encouraged the spirit of experimentation and research, and published extended excerpts from the reports of the principals dealing with a variety of experiments undertaken in the several schools. In 1915 there was adopted a standardized plan of appointing Assistant Teachers, based upon a requirement of an average "pupil period load" of 720 per teacher (exclusive of music and physical training) in each school of over 2000, and an average of 660 in schools of less than 2000. The reorganized Board of Education, in 1917, as a policy making body, initiated a program designed so far as possible to do away with the hiatus between the elementary and the high schools by organizing certain elementary schools on the "6-Z-2)" plan. On Nov. 18, 1918, the Division of Training Schools for Teachers and Intermediate Schools was established, under the supervision of Associate Superintendent Gustave Straubenmuller, and District Superintendent John S. Roberts. In 1920 thirty-three public schools were either operating as intermediate schools, or contained intermediate departments. The intermediate schools have since been officially designated as Junior High Schools. In accordance with the desire of the Board of Education to secure greater efficiency. Superintendent of Schools William L. Ettinger as- signed the duties of the Associate Superintendents, and other school officers, so as to centralize control on a functional basis and stimulate local initiative and invention. Associate Superintendent Tildsley found the high schools laboring under the increasing strain of war time conditions. The register of pupils, which for nine years had shown an average annual increase of 4500, had become stationary. Nevertheless, there were in the high schools 66,000 pupils housed in buildings provided with approximately 39,000 seats. Experienced teachers were entering war service in large numbers, new appointees were declining to serve, the usually orderly school routine was becoming seriously interrupted by war activities and war relief drives of many kinds. The activities of the high schools during and subsequent to the war are too near to be viewed in perspective. Under the policy, instituted by Dr. Ettinger, of pyramiding responsibility and delegating authority, it was possible for each high school problem to be dealt with expedi- tiously and effectively. Dr. Ettinger encouraged the development in all the high schools of a comprehensive plan for teaching the duties of citizenship. We may mention, in outline, a few of the educational events and tendencies of this important period. ORIGIN OF THE HIGH SCHOOLS 21 Among the high points were : New plan for appointing high school Principals. A standardized method for appointing First Assistants. Appointment of Administrative Assistants. Increased emphasis upon departmental organization, and supervision by First Assistants. Extension of the school day to 9 periods of 45 minutes each. Intelligence tests of first year pupils; prognosis tests in modern languages; pre-graduation tests in practical efficiency. Increased realization by the teachers of their responsibility for the detection and remedy of physical defects. Experiments in supervised study and rapid advancement. Development of pupil self-activity by the organization of "service squads." Encouragement of a spirit of patriotism and loyalty throughout the high schools. The war activities of the high schools are described, in connection with those of all the schools, in a report of Associate Superintendent William J. O'Shea, presented in January, 1920. On March 31, 1921, in a day school register of 885,514 pupils, 76,400 or 8.6 per cent were in the high schools. These pupils were taught by 2,g87 high school teachers, 12.5 per cent of the entire teaching force. Mobilization for Democracy The High Schools of New York City are rapidly becoming mobil- ized in the service of democracy. Among the teachers there has developed not only a stronger group interest and co-operative spirit, but also a growing realization of responsibility for pupil wel- fare. The mere formal working out of pedagogical aims and values is giving way to the concrete and practical human task of safeguard- ing the physical health, mental development, and moral stalwartness of the great mass of adolescent population in the city. In adjusting curricula to meet the emotional and vocational requirements of in- dividuals there is a growing desire to appraise native ability and apti- tude against home and community backgrounds. In the great variety of pupil activity — athletic, literary, scholas- tic, and civic — that makes up the inner life of each high school, in- dependent initiative and responsibility on the part of teachers and pupils are encouraged. The wealth and variety of this organized service is revealed in the crowded pages of the Hand-books and school journals that are published frequently in nearly all the high schools, and in the annual reports submitted by the Principals. Each high school with its daily routine of duties and opportunities has become a microcosm, with an organic life of its own. The system of public secondary schools in the City of New York was founded upon the charter, and grew with the Greater City. It stands today as a living memorial to all who gave to it the eflfort of hand or brain, including that considerable number who laid down their lives in devoted service. Nearly twenty-five years have passed since the foundations were laid : years of extraordinary physical expansion and adjustments; of hurried attempts to provide buildings, equipment, teachers and programs abreast of the demand ; of de- pressed morale caused by vexatious delays in adjusting salaries to meet the cost of existence ; of splendid mobilization of resources to supply America's need and to defend her honor; of new spiritual awakening to the teacher's duty to ascertain and supply the social needs of every individual as a basic element in the broad task of national reconstruction. These have been years of real achievement, jus- tifying the expenditure in human effort and in treasure that the high schools have cost, and commending them to all who know that ma- turing boys and girls are a democracy's first defence. C. F. W. II WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH Introduction The world war emphasized to supervisors, principals and teachers the wisdom of adapting the high schools of New York City to vocational needs, and to the demands of enlightened citizenship. Far reaching changes in the program of studies, already notably modernized within recent years, have carried this conviction into effect. American history and civics, modern history and economics, in the advanced grades, and community civics in the first year are required in all high schools. The requirement in English has been increased to four periods per week for four years. Spanish has becoijie more important while the formation of new classes in German, sus- pended during the war, has been continued since February 1, 1921. General science and typewriting are elective in first term, short busi- ness courses are offered in several schools and physical training has been greatly extended to comply with the Welch law. The program of studies is designed to meet the specific require- ments of the individual, and is planned to encourage initiative and re- soui-cefulness on the part of principals and teachers. It recognizes that the high school aim is to train for service in a democracy — that cur- ricula must be so ordered as to stress American ideals and government. The plan is outlined in a circular issued by the Superintendent of Schools, entitled "Requirements for Graduation from High Schools," which embodies the underlying principles of the "unit system" sug- gested by Principal Charles D. Larkins, of Manual Training High School, chairman of a committee of the High School Principals' Asso- ciation, in 1914. It displaces the uniform system of studies adopted in 1902, revised in 1907 and thereafter. In answer to a recent questionnaire sent out by the Associate Superin- tendent in Charge of High Schools, teachers expressed themselves as agreed that the grouping plan of required and elective subjects now in force possesses six distinct advantages: (1) the school program is rendered flexible; (2) science and mathematics can be substituted for languages; (3) transfer of pupils is facilitated; (4) college entrance programs are more easily planned; (5) the interest of the pupil is aroused and sustained; (6) there are fewer "misfit" programs. Differentiation of Studies — General, Commercial, Technical The initial organization of specialized high schools to care for a rapidlj' increasing register committed the city to a differentiation in subjects taught, and in methods of teaching. In 1916 about three- fourths of all high school instruction was in the traditional non-voca- tional subjects; about one- fourth was vocational — i. e., commercial, technical, manual. While the greater part of the non-vocational teach- ing was in the so-called general high schools (including those that em- phasize college preparatory work), a large part of it was in the special- ized commercial, technical and manual training schools. Each high school today, under this system, has its own program of studies, the result of the cumulative constructive labor of principal and teachers through a series of years. The content, order and emphasis of each subject is detailed in a syllabus, prepared usually by a committee of teachers, tested experimentally, revised from time to time, and finally submitted for adoption by the Board of Superintendents. Such syllabi are under constant revision, and some of them are identical with those adopted by the State Education Department. 22 WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH 23 The state education law (sec. 848) provides that it shall be the duty of the Board of Education in a city to authorize the general course of study which shall be given in the schools, and to approve the content of such courses before they become operative. The law provides, moreover, that the Board of Superintendents in a city shall prepare the content of such course, recommend the course to the Board of Education for approval, and after ap- proval cause the course to be used in the schools for which it is authorized. The by-laws of the Board of Education (Sec. 7) provide for putting these provisions of the education law into effect. Supplying the Needs of the Individual The graduation requireinents adopted in 1916 were based upon the fundamental principle that diversity of talent, aptitude and aim in pupils can be met only through a flexible group of electives extending through the entire course, so arranged as to avoid the forced repeti- tion by pupils of subjects for which they have proved themselves un- fitted. Selections from each group are made by pupils individually under the expert guidance of teachers, with whom the pupils are brought into intimate and sympathetic contact. Pupil effort is jius concentrated where it will do the most good, and desultory or hap- hazard choosing of subjects is discouraged. Promotion by subject has become perfected and program making in each school under a corps of trained experts is an exact science. An effort has been made to strengthen student esprit de corps by ex- cluding those who, because of indolence or other sufficient cause, fail to sustain themselves. Enrichment and Adjustment of the Curriculum In 1908 the teachers in the high schools of New York City began to think constructively and in an organized way on the content, method of treatment and vocational adaptability of the subjects in the curricu- lum. A great impetus was given to this movement by the research of the Committee on Revision of the High School Course of Study of the High School Teachers Association, under the chairmanship of Walter H. Eddy, of the High School of Commerce. This work was initiated by John L. Tildsley, President of the association, in 1908, and was concluded under the presidency of Arthur L. Janes. The prin- ciple underlying the committee's recommendations was that pupils should concentrate their major effort upon a few worth-while sub- jects, developed in an orderly and concise manner. The keen spirit of inquiry and experiment on the part of high school teachers was kept consistently alive. In 1912 the High School of Commerce made the study of the daily newspaper a feature of the course in English, and the following year magazines were intro- duced. In 1913 in the same school mathematics was revised to fit a commercial career, and history was correlated in a practical manner with the national election. In 1913, in Jamaica, Latin and German were taught by the direct method ; in Wadleigh a home-craft course was established ; in Stuyvesant mathematics was made more directly practical in the first two years, and in the fourth year boys were permitted to specialize in such subjects as power plant drafting, mechanical and electrical engineering, foundry prac- tice, machine shop practice, forging and farm carpentering. In 1914 a committee of the High School Principals' Association, under the chairmanship of Charles D. Larkins, of Manual Training High School, recommended to Associate Superintendent Meleny a special course of study for the first term pupils, and this plan was approved by the 24 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY High School Teachers' Association. Principal Larkins also submit- ted a comprehensive grouping plan of studies covering four years, based upon a "sixteen unit" requirement for graduation. A syllabus in household economy, based upon the homecraft course in Wadleigh, was adopted. A revised course for commercial _ classes in general high schools (small mixed schools and commercial classes in girls schools) viras agreed upon, as a compromise between the recommen- dations of two different committees of commercial teachers. General Four Year's Course — The Seventeen Unit Plan The purpose of instruction in the general high schools is to train the pupil primarily by liberal studies to Hve the life of an intelligent and useful American citizen. Liberalizing studies are those which, while non-vocational, develop in the pupil vision, the ability to analyze and organize, to attack and solve new problems. A secondary purpose of these schools is to prepare for college and for professional and techni- cal schools. For purposes of selection, all subjects taught in the High Schools are arranged in the following groups : 1. English 8. Domestic Art* 7.. First Foreign Language 9. Domestic Science* ?>. Second Foreign Language 10. Manual 4. Third Foreign Language 11. Commercial ^. Mathematics 12. Stenography- 6. Natural and Physical Science 13. Physical Training 7. Social Science 14. Music IS. Drawing and Fine Arts * Domestic art and domestic science may be considered as one group. Pupils are graduated from the general high schools upon comple- tion of eight units of required work, and nine units of elective work. The eight units required are selected as follows : English 3 units American History and Civics 1 unit European History (January, 1922) 1 unit Economics Y2 unit Community Civics Vz unit Physical training (as prescribed by state law); drawing (2 periods a week for 2 years); music (1 period a week for 1 year) 2 units 8 units The nine units of electives are selected : From one group 3 units From a second group 2 units From a third group 2 units Additional from any group or groups 2 units 9 units By a "unit" is meant the satisfactory completion of five periods of pre- pared work, in one year, one period of unprepared work to be considered as equivalent to one-half a period of prepared work. A "group" includes_ all the courses enumerated in a single field, or in more than one field if joined together. The completion of the total of seventeen units of prepared work requires the attendance upon recitations, the doing of assigned tasks, the passing of satisfactory tests, and the passing of the New York state examinations (or examinations equivalent) in English (3 units), American History and Civics (1 unit), and in other prepared subjects (S units). Sixty per cent, is the passing mark in all subjects. Each graduate must pass an examination in oral English, must be shown by the school records to possess a good moral char- WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH 25 acter, and must sign a pledge of loyalty to the United States. Pupils enter- ing from another school in which the New York state examinations are not given need not take the New York state examinations in the subjects passed in the former school. Ratings gvien by the College Entrance Examination Board will be accepted in lieu of the state examination in those subjects. The course must be completed within a period of six years of school at- tendance. Adaptation of the Seventeen Unit Plan in Typical Schools The curriculum of any high school at any given time represents the individual interpretation given by that particular school to the general course of study prescribed by the Board of Education. Within those general limitations each Principal is encouraged to develop de- tails adapted to the specific character and problems of his school. The broad provisions of the grouping plan of studies have encouraged local experiments in methods, while conserving unity of aim and effort. The building of the curriculum for each school becomes an individual educational project by which the personality of the school and its teachers gives form and feature to the bare skeleton of the general prescription. Each high school has a course of study of its own. Detailed information regarding the course is made available by frequent pub- lication in the school Hand-books; special features of professional interest appear from time to time in the Bulletin of High Points; surveys of work under way, appraisal of results, and projected plans are the subJect of extended reports made by the Principals to the Associate Superintendent assigned to High Schools. Comments on these reports, and excerpts from them, are published in the Annual Report of the Superintendent of Schools. In New York City the "general four-year course" is given in DeWitt Clinton, Eastern District, Erasmus Hall, Evander Childs, Far Rockaway, Flushing, George Washington, Girls', Jamaica, Man- ual Training, Morris, Newtown, New Utrecht, Richmond Hill, Wad- leigh and Washington Irving. The general four-year course offers thorough instruction and training in general subjects ; it also prepares for admission to college, and to training schools for teachers, and to nearly all professional schools. In each school pupils who expect to enter higher institutions must select those subjects that are specifically required by the insti- tutions they expect to enter. In each school teachers are assigned to advise pupils in the choice of electives. In most of the high schools offering the general course there are electives in commercial subjects in the third and fourth years; in many of the schools there are elec- tive courses for girls in domestic science and art. The tabular presentation of the distribution of studies in two typical general high schools, illustrates in an interesting way the man- ner in which the grouping plan functions in courses of study already crystallized through years of slow formation. Boys' High School, the oldest public high school for boys in New York City, is primarily a college preparatory school of con- servative type, with a curriculum closely aligned with the require- ments of the state Regents and the College Entrance Examination Board. It is traditionally a stronghold of the humanities and of mathematics. 26 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Distribution of Subjects in Boys' High School, (Adapted from B. H. S. Hand-Book, 1919.) Figures refer to numbers of periods per week. Terms: I II III IV VI 4 1 5 5 S S VII VIII 4 4 5 or 5(Sx) 5 English 5 4 4 4 Elocution 1 1 1 French 5 5 5 5 German 5 5 5 5 Spanish 5 S S 5 Latin 5 5 S 5 Elementary algebra 5 S Intermediate algebra Advanced algebra Plane geometry Solid geometry Trigonometry European history American history and civics Economics Community civics 5 Biology Physics Chemistry . . 5 5 Drawing 2 2 2 2 Music 1 1 1 1 Physical Training S 5 5 5 5 S 5 5 Wadleigh High School, the oldest girls' high school in Manhattan, prepares for advanced institutions, at the same time offering a home- craft course and commercial electives. Distribution of Elective Subjects in Wadleigh High School (The Wadleigh Hand-Book, 1920-21.) Figures refer to numbers of periods per week. Years: I II III IV 1. First foreign language 5 S S S 2. Second foreign language 5 S S 3. Third foreign language . , 5 S 4. Mathematics : (a) Commercial and household arithmetic 5 (b) Algebra 5 or 5 (c) Geometry 5 or S (d) 1/2 Intermediate algebra .. S or S (e) J4 Advanced algebra . . S or 5 5. Natural and Physical Science: (a) Biology 5 (b) General science 5 . . . . . . (c) Chemistry S or S or S (d) Advanced biology (Sanitation) S or S (e) Physics . . 5 or 5 (f ) Physiography . . 5 or S (g) Advanced botany . . 5 or 5 6. Domestic Art and Science: (a) 2/5 Cooking 3 3 (b) 2/5 Sewing 2 2 (c) J4 Household management .. 5 or 5 (d) 2/5 Millinery 2 or 2 or 2 (e) Care and remodeling of clothing 2 or 2 or 2 (f) 1/2 Solid geometry .. .. 5 (g) Vi Trigonometry . . . . 5 7. Commercial branches: (a) Stenography . . 5 or 5 (b) J4 Typewriting 5 or 5 (c) Commercial geography . . 5 or 5 8. Drawing and Fine Arts. (a) Applied design 5 5 5 (b) 2/5 Costume design 2 or 2 (c) 1/5 Intermediate drawing .. 2 or 2 9. Music: (a) 2/5 Rudiments of music 2 or 2 (b) 3/5 Dictation and Melody writing 3 or 3 (c) 3/5 Elementary harmony 3 or 3 (d) 4/5 History of Music and Appreciation 4 or 4 WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH 27 10. Vocation Study S or 5 or 5 or 5 11. % Social Efficiency .. 5 or 5 12. ^ Community Civics (elective until June. 1923)... 5 13. 1/10 Current History 1 or 1 or 1 or 1 14. Ancient or modern history 5 The girls of Bay Ridge High School arc furnished with a similar tabular presentation, in which is shown the subdivision of studies under the several groups, and the distribution through eight suc- cessive terms. This school, like Wadleigh, while stressing college preparation, offers a broadly cultural course which includes home economics and commercial subjects as well as those required for en- trance to advanced institutions. Pupil Guidance Under the Grouping Plan The freedom of choice of subjects under the grouping plan has given a broader opportunity to Principals, grade advisors, graduation class advisors, and vocational experts, particularly in the larger schools, In Boys' High School every effort is made to develop in the boys an appreciation of their own responsibility in planning their future school life. The senior class advisor addresses the boys in the first term assemblies, and interviews personally all prospective graduates in the sixth term, and follows these boys term by term through the re- mainder of their course. Boys are advised to plan in the first two years courses that will count toward graduation from any high school, and toward entrance to any college. Two programs of this type are: First Year Second Year English English Algebra Plane Geometry First Language First Language Com. Civics % Biology 14 Biology Yz European History 5^ Minors Minors After second year boys whose future is definite determined and who expect to enter advanced institutions are advised to plan their own programs with the help of a table of maximum entrance re- quirements for each vocational course. Such a table, compiled from the announcements of the more important eastern colleges and pro- fessional schools, follows : Course Terms in HiRh School Language Mathematics Science Units Arts 12 6 2 17.6 Science 10 8 4 18.4 Engrineering 6 9 6 17.8 Architecture 6 9 4 16.9 Agriculture 6 6 6 16.6 Commerce 10 6 2 16.6 Optometry 10 8 4 18.4 Law 6 6 2 16.8 Medicine 10 6 4 17.6 Dentistry 10 6 6 18.6 Typical third and fourth year pupil programs, based upon these maximum vocational requirements and upon the distribution of sub- jects in Boys' High School, are as follows : Third Year Fourth Year ARTS— English. Eur. History J^, U. S. His- English, U. S. History J4, Eco- tory 14, 1st Lang.. 2nd Lang., Int. nomics ^-2. 1st Lang., 2nd Lang., 1 Algebra ^, Phy. Trng. Elective, Phys. Trng. SCIENCE English, Eur. History y^, U. S. His- English, U. S. History V2, Eco- tory l4, 1st Lang., 2nd Lang., Int. nomics yi, 2nd Lang., Solid Geometry Algebra J^, Trigonometry 5^, Phys. ^. Adv. Algebra J^, Physics, Phys. Trng. Trng. 28 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY ENGINEERING— English, Eur. History J4, U. S. His- English, U. S. History Yz, Eco- tory Yz, 1st Lang.. Int. Algebra Y2, nomics Y2, Solid Geometry Y, Adv. Trigonometry J4, Physics. Phys. Trng. ARCHITECTURE— English, Eur. History Yi, U. S. His- tory J4. 1st Lang., Int. Algebra Y2, Trigonometry Yt Physics, Phys. Trng. Algebra Y2 , Phys. Trng. Chemistry, 1 Elective, English, U. S. History Y2, Eco- nomics Y2< Solid Geometry Y2, Adv. Algebra Ys- Mech. Drawing, 1 Elec- tive, Phys. Trng. English, U. S. History Y2, Eco- nomics Y2, 2 Electives, Phys. Trng. English, U. S. History Yz, Eco- nomics Y2, 1st Lang, (for A. B.), 2 Electives, Phys. Trng. English, U. S. History Y2, Eco- AGRI CULTURE— English, Eur. History Y2, U. S. His- tory Yit 1st Lang., 1 Elective, Phys. Trng. COMMERCE— English, Eur. History Y2, U. S. His- tory Yiy 1st Lang., 1 Elective, Phys. Trng. OPTOMETRY— English, Eur. History Y2, U. S. His- tory Y^ Int. Algebra, 2 Electives, nomics Y2, 2 Electives, Phys. Trne. Phys. Trng. LAW— English, Eur. History Y2, U. S. His- tory Yi- 3 Electives, Phys. Trng. MEDICINE*— English, Eur. History Y2, U. S. His- tory J^, 1st Lang., Physics, 2 Elec- tives, Phys. Trng. DENTISTRY**— English, Eur. History Y2, U. S. His- tory Y- 1st Lang., Physics, 2 Elec- tives, Phys. Trng. English, nomics ; U. S. History Yz, Eco- , 2 Electives, Phys. Trng. English, U. nomics Y2, Phys. Trng. English, U. nomics Y, Phys. Trng. S. History Chemistry, 1 S. History Chemistry, 1 '2, Ejo- Elective, Y2, Eco- Elective * Electives must include two sciences; course must be followed by two years college work. ** Electives must include three sciences; course must be followed by one year college work after January, 1921. The guidance of boys for vocations, including those v/ho do not intend to enter higher institutions and those who do not complete the course, is a matter of great difficulty, since there is great divergence of opinion as to the relative value of subjects. The principal and teachers of the DeWitt Clinton High School have made a noteworthy attempt to furnish this guidance on a comprehensive scale. Specialized courses of study recommended by the faculty and based upon the current school program are suggested for the following twenty-two vocations, and a teacher-advisor is named for each course. Teaching Commercial Art Law West Point and Annapolis Journalism Music Pharmacy Forestry Dentistry Agriculture Medicine Civil Engineering Public Service or Politics Chemical Engineering Manager or Salesmanship Mining Engineering Accounting Electrical Engineering Stenographer or Secretary Mechanical Engineering Physical Director Sanitary Engineering Typical programs recommended for boys who intend to become teachers, physical directors, musicians and foresters, are as follows : Teaching— ^'English, 1-8; Mathematics 1-4 (correlated with emphasis on algebra and geometry); Latin 1-4; French 1-4; Science IG, 2G (General Science); Science 3A, 4A (Chemistry of common things); Science S-6 (Physics); Science 4x (Theoretical chemistry); Economics; Community civics 1-2; His- tory 1-2 (Ancient); History 3-4 (European); History S-6 (American History and *Civics). Physical Director — *English 1-8; Mathematics 1-4 (Correlated with _ empha- sis on algebra and geometry); Latin 1-2; French 1-6; **Science 1-2 (Biology); Science 3A, 4A (Chemistry of common things); Science S-6 (Physics); **Sci- ence 9-10 (Biology); Economics; Community civics 1-2; History 1-2 (European); History 3-4 (European); History S-6 (American History and Civics). WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH 29 Music — English 1-8; Mathematics 1-2 (Correlated with emphasis on alge- bra and geometry); Italian 1-3; Economics; French 1-6; Science IG, 2G (Gen- eral science); *Science SS (Theory of sound); 'Dictation and melody 1-2; *Elementary harmony 1-2; *History and appreciation of music, 1-2; Commu- nity civics 1-2; History 1-2 (European); History 3-4 (European); History 5-6 (American History and Civics). Forestry — English 1-8; 'Mathematics 1-4 (correlated with emphasis on alge- bra and geometry) ; 'Mathematics S (Intermediate algebra) ; "Mathematics 7 (Trigonometry) ; 'Mathematics 6 (Advanced algebra) ; 'Mathematics 8 (Solid geometry); 'Science 1-2 (Biology); 'Science 3-4 (Chemistry); "Science 5-6 (Physics); 'Science 4X (Theoretical Chemistry); Economics; Community civics 1-2; History 1-2 (European); History 3-4 (European); History S-6 (American History and Civics). In each specialized course, subjects of special, importance are marked with an asterisk (*), those of greater importance with a double asterisk ("), and subjects required for graduation are printed in heavy type. Boys failing in a subject marked with a. single asterisk (*) are advised to give serious con- sideration to another vocation. In Morris High School six parallel courses are offered, based on six major interests. Of these courses, four — the Classical, Modern Language, Mathematics and Science courses — are general ; and two — the Business and Hiousehold Arts courses — are voca- tional. These courses are tabulated in parallel columns for pupil guidance, and are annotated with respect to college entrance and vocational requirements. Curtis High School offers three model college entrance courses, basesd on the general course of study — a Model Course with Two Foreign Languages, a Model Course without a Second Foreign Language, and a Model Course with Commercial Electives; also two supplementary vocational courses — a secretarial course and a bookkeepers' course. Jamaica High Schoool has prepared a series of exhaustive graduation plans and accompanying term plans which provide for the adjustment of pupils' programs to the Regents' examinations and to college entrance requirements and vocational needs. Varying types of pupils are served by means of devices known as the special subject plan, the extension term plan, the short term plan, the make-up term plan, and the modified subject plan. Commercial Courses The purpose of the specialized courses of study in the high schools of New York City is to meet the vocational needs of pupils who are not fitted by aptitude, or permitted by circumstance, to follow the general four years' course. The special aim of the commercial courses is to prepare boys and girls for early participation in business. The subjects, clerical in the one-year course, are extended in the three and four-year courses to include the scientific principles of commerce. In all commercial courses the general requirements in English and the social sciences insures a proper balance of culture and general training. In 1920 7 percent, of all the pupils in the New York high schools were registered in commercial courses. There are five predominantly commercial high schools in .New York City — the Commercial High School and High School of Commerce for boys, Julia Richman and Girls Commercial for girls, and Theodore Roosevelt for boys and girls. In Washington Irving High School the commercial course is of equal importance with the general and techni- cal courses. Commercial courses, or isolated commercial subjects, are taught, however, in all the high schools with the exception of Boys and Stuyvesant. . . 30 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY A four-year commercial course is offered in Bay Ridge, Bryant, Bushwick, Commercial, Girls Commercial, High School of Commerce, Julia Richman and Theodore Roosevelt; a three-year commercial course in Bryant, Commercial, Curtis, Eastern District, Evander Childs, Far Rockaway, Flushing, George Washington, Girls', Girls' Commer- cial, Jamaica, Julia Richman, Morris, Newtown, New Utrecht, Rich- mond Hill and Washington Irving; a one-year commercial course in Bryant, Bushwick, Commercial, Curtis, Evander Childs, Far Rockaway, Jamaica, Julia Richman, Newtown, Richmond Hill and Theodore Roosevelt. The course of study for Commercial High School, adopted Jan- uary 2, 1900, was extended from three to four years in 1911, although a special three-year course continues to be offered, and there is a one- year_ course for boys who are compelled to enter business as early as possible. Eight subjects are specified as required in each of the four years, one elective is allowed in each of the first two years, and three electives in each of the last two years. Distribution of Subjects in Commercial High School The groups of three figures refer to the numbers of prepared recitations, unprepared recitations, and study periods respectively, in each subject per week. Electives are designated by an asterisk (*). Years: I II m ly English 3. 1, 1 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 Community Civics 3, 1, 1 , Commercial History of Europe 3, 1, 1 American History and Civics 3, 1, 1 Economics 3,1,1 Business Calculation 3,1,1 Business Practice and Accounting* , 0, S, Bookkeeping 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 Penmanship 0, 4, Accounting* 0, 5, Stenography* 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 Typewriting 0,4,0 0,5,0* Commercial Law (^) 3,1,1 Social Problems (54) 3, 1, 1 General Science and Hygiene 3, 1, 1 Commercial Geography 3, 1, 1 Raw Materials 0, 2, Chemistry (Commercial) 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1* Physics* 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 Biology 3,1,1 Algebra* 3,1,1 3,1,1 Geometry* 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 Arithmetic (Review) French* 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 Spanish* 3. 1, 1 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 Commercial Design 0,2,0 0,2,0 0,5,1* Mechanical Drawing and Construction* 0, 5, 0, 5, 0, 5, Music 0,1,0 0,1,0 Physical Training 0, 3, 0, 3, 0, 3. 0, 2, The four-year course in the High School of Commerce is the result of eighteen years of continuous experimenting by successive principals and teachers, and is highly specialized. The aim is "to build up on a foundation of mercantile accounts a training in business organi- zation and practice which will fit young men for employment in the more progressive types of business organization in this community." The course was first adopted in 1902, was revised in 1906, 1915 and 1918, and is still in an experimental stage. The course follows a group- ing plan similar in form to that prescribed for the general high schools. For graduation, 19.7 units of work are required, of which 12.7 are specified requirements and 7 are electives selected 3 from one group, 2 from another group and 2 from any of the groups. The 12.7 units required are distributed as follows : 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 0, 3. 3, 1, 1 3, 1, 1 0, 5, 0^ 0, 5, WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH 31 Year I English 9 Civics 1.0 Mercantile Accounts 1.0 Typewriting S Commercial Design 2 Music 1 Physical Training and Hygiene 5 Histsry Economics 12.7 Distribution of Subjects in the High School of Commerce (Compiled from "The Commerce Hand-book," 1920) Electives are designated by an asterisk (*), figures refer to numbers of periods per week: II III IV Total .9 .9 .9 3.6 1.0 .0 2.0 .5 .?. .4 .1 .2 .3 .5 .5 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 10. 11. Terms: I English English 5 Elocution Commercial Branches Mercantile Accounts (inc. Arithmetic) S *Business Organization . . . . *Law Stenography Typewriting and Office Practice S * Stenography and Type- writing Economics Commercial geography ... 5 Theory of Economics 'Foreign and Domestic Trade "Marketing and Mer- chandising "Industrial Organization.. .. "Banking and Insurance.. .. •Transportation "Foreign Trade History and Civics Civics and Vocational Studies 5 •Commercial History History (European) History (American) Modern Languages "German, French, Spanish. 5 Science •General Science 5 "Chemistry •Physics "Materials of Commerce.. .. Mathematics "Mathematics Arithmetic Commercial Art Commercial Design 2 Physical Training Physical Training and Hygiene 5 Music Music II III IV V VI VII VIII In this experimental course mercantile accounts, with arithmetic, is fundamental, while merely routine bookkeeping, stenography and type> writing are of secondary importance. Typewriting and office practice, however, are stressed early in the course for the benefit of boys who leave at the end of the first year. The theory of economics is devel- oped in the third year, clearing the way for a variety of electives in 32 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY economics and commerce the fourth year. Provision is made by means of a system of bonuses for graduation at the end of three and one-half years. In a special circular issued to pupils the course is differentiated along the lines of nine vocations: (a) Office assistants; (b) Account- ants; (c) Wholesale and retail trade (general); (d) Wholesale and retail trade (textiles) ; (e) Wholesale and retail trade (chemical) ; (f) Banking, brokerage, insurance; (g) Transportation; (h) Foreign trade; (i) Commercial design and advertising. Pupils are encouraged to choose a vocation tentatively at the end of the first year, and under the guidance of teachers of Civics and Vocational Studies, each pupil's course is so shaped as to prepare for the vocation selected. The problem of training girls for business was attacked with great thoroughness by the principal and teachers of the Julia Richnian High School, and there resulted the present course of study, adopted in 1918. The purpose of the course is to make business subjects the core of the course for knowledge and technique, and for culture and general training, and to make the work largely elective by groups to allow concentration on accounting and secretarial work. There are eleven groups of subjects, generally similar to the groups in the High School of Commerce, except that mathematics is eliminated and domes- tic science is included. The requirement for graduation is 16 units, of which 8^ units are specified requirements and 7j^ units elective. Distribution of Subjects in Julia Rich man High School asterisk (*); figures refer to number of II III IV 5 S S Electives are designated by periods per week. Years: I 1. English Group English S 5 2. Stenography Group ^Stenography S Typewriting 5 S Office Practice 2 3. Commercial Branches Group * Calculations and Accounts S *Bookkeeping 5 *Advanced Commercial Arithmetic 5 •Elementary Accounting ^Commercial Credits *Statistics *Business Organization •Commercial Law 4. Modern Language Group *French, German, Spanish S 5 5. Science Group Hygiene 1 1 •Commercial Biology and Sanitation. . . . S •General Science 5 •Physics 5 •Chemistry •Physiology 6. Economics and History Group Community Civics _ 3 •Commercial Geography and Industrial His tory 35^ Modern History 2J^ American History and Civics Economics 7 Commercial Art Group Drawing 2 •Household Art 2^ •Design 8. Domestic Science Group •Domestic Science 2y2 •Household Economy 9. Physical Training S 10. Music 2 254 2J4 5 1 5 2Y2 2V2 "2V2 S 1 5 5 or 2J4 254 WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH 33 A special intensive secretarial course of one term is offered to graduates of academic high schools and students or graduates of col- leges and training schools for teachers. The subjects taught are: stenography, 10 periods ; typewriting, 10 periods ; office practice, 3 periods ; business organization, 3 periods ; commercial English, 3 periods; physical training, 2 periods. The one-year business course, offered in nearly all the high schools in which commercial subjects are taught, is designed to benefit the large numbers of commercial pupils who leave school prematurely. It is expected that the course shall immediately and directly function in the job the boy or girl takes on leaving school. The provisions for this course, which went into effect February 1, 1919, are : Figures refer to number of periods per week. Term I Term II English 5 5 Community Service 5 Local Industries or Stenography S Business Calculations and Accounts S 5 Typewriting S 5 Office Practice 3 3 Elementary Science or Commercial Geography S 5 Commercial Design 2 2 Physical Training and Hygiene 5 S "35 35 One period each week is devoted to supervised study in each of the four major subjects. A similar prescribed outline for a three-year commercial course is now under consideration by a committee of teachers. The one-year outline serves generally as the basis of both the one- year and the three-year course in most of the high schools. For example, Evander Childs offers the approved one-year course, a three- year course with an optional fourth year, and a regular four-year business course. In Washington Irving there is a three-year commer- cial course, with an optional fourth year, in which pupils at the begin- ning of the second year elect work in the bookkeeping branch, or the stenography-typewriting and office practice branch, for the remainder of the course. In Commercial and in Curtis there are a three-year secre- tarial course and a three-year bookkeepers' course. The three-year commercial course in New Utrecht may be taken as a typical illustration : Commercial Three- Year Course in New Utrecht High School Figures refer to numbers of periods per week. Years: I II III English 5 4 4 Bookkeeping 5 5 Commercial Arithmetic 5 Modern Language or Typewriting 5 . . . . Stenography 5 5 Typewriting 4 Commercial Economics 2 Language or Science or Mathematics or History II 5 .. Law and Salesmanship • • 5 American History _. _. • • 5 Language or Bookkeeping or Typewriting • • 5 Drawing 2 Civics 2 . . • • Physical Training 3 3 3 Music 1 1 34 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY New Utrecht offers a general four-year course, a one-year com- mercial course and a three-year commercial course. Advanced com- mercial subjects are open to academic pupils on the principle that some attention to commeixial subjects is necessary in a well-rounded educa- tion, and strictly commercial pupils are advised to pay some attention to liberal subjects. The policy of New Utrecht is to break down the barrier between the strictly academic and commercial subjects by judicious combination of the two branches. Manual Tra/imng, Technical and Industrial Courses The distinctive aims of manual, technical and industrial training in the high schools of New York City is to meet the vocational needs of those persons who are especially benefited by motor activity and who possess an aptitude for mathematics, applied science or constructive arts. The specialized four-year manual training, technical and indus- trial courses are: Manual training, technical and industrial, in Stuy- vesant, Bushwick, Manual Training, Bryant, Newtown and Flushing; applied science in Stuyvesant ; technical, in Manual Training; home- craft, in Wadleigh; library work, in Washington Irving. The three- year courses are : Dressmaking, costume design and millinery, in Washington Irving; industrial are (including costume illustration and commercial design), in Washington Irving; domestic science and art, in girls and mixed high schools other than Wadleigh and Morris. The purpose of Stuyvesant High School is "to provide a broad training for boys whose aptitude and tastes for mathematics and physics suggest the choice of a professional career in some field of applied science." Boys in this school may prepare to enter any college or technical school, open to high school graduates, or may elect special advanced courses in science and thus prepare themselves for employ- ment in selected professions upon graduation. Mathematics is in- volved in all the characteristic courses in Stuyvesant, and success of pupils in this school is dependent upon acquired power to solve practical mathematical problems. The requirements for graduation from Stuyvesant are distributed as follows : Terms Units English 7 3.5 One Foreign Language 6 3 . Elementary Algebra 1 Plane Geometry 2 1 Physics 2 1 Chemistry or Second Foreign Language 2 1 History (European and American) 3 1.5 Community Civics 1 5 Physiology and Music 1 5 Gymnasium 4 1 Mechanic Arts (10 periods a week) 6 3 Elective 1 S Other prepared subjects in Stuyvesant are advanced elocution, intermediate algebra, solid geometry, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, applied mechanics, applied electricity, advanced biology, ad- vanced music, advanced physics. "Unprepared subjects include joinery, wood-turning, pattern-mak- ing, mechanical drawing, machine design, architectural drawing, topo- graphic drawing, ship design, freehand drawing, art metal work, foundry, building construction, forging, machine shop, instrument making. WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH 35 Specific courses of six periods per day, for eight terms, are recom- mended for each of the following professions : Patent Law Mechanical Engineering Dentistry Klcctiical Engineering Chemical Engineering Mining Engineering Civil Engineering Architecture Medicine and Surgery Government Physicist The purpose of the technical courses in Manual Training High School is to prepare for entrance to technical schools and colleges, and also for immediate entrance on graduation into such practical occcupa- tions as building construction, surveying, electrical installation and shipbuilding. The school is in transition from a manual training high school, with the traditional blending of general subjects with a definite proportion of shopwork in wood and metal, to that of a real technical high school with courses directly vocational. The new technical course for boys in Manual Training High School, adopted February 1, 1919, is now in force as follows : Distribution of Subjects in the Technical Course for Boys in Manual Training High School (From the Manual Hand-book, 1919-20) Figures refer to periods per week; electives are designated by an asterisk (*). Years: I II III IV English 5 4 4 4 Mathematics 5 5 5 *5 Science (Chemistry, Physics) 5 S American History and Civics . . . . 5 Civics 2 Geography, Industrial 5 Foreign Language . . *S *5 Drawing 6 6 2-4 2-4 Shop 10 10 "e-lO *6-10 Technical Subjects .. *5-10 *10-20 Economics (1 term) .. .. *5 Physical Training and Hygiene 3 3 2 2 Technical electives include strength of materials, surveying, steam and gas engine, generation and distribution of electrical power, alternating current. The aim of the technical course in Bushwick is to provide a thorough training for boys who do not expect to continue their study beyond the high school course. This is not a trade course, but is adapted to develop mechanical intelligence, and to provide systematic training in the processes fundamental to many industries. It is not designed to develop primarily machine workers, but to teach mechan- ical drafting, and the construction, operation and repairing of ma- chines, so that a technical knowledge of machines and tools, together with a general training in related academic subjects, will enable the boys to advance rapidly to responsible positions. The course includes as an elective special instruction on the gas engine, and the operation and repair of automobiles. Since February 1, 1920, students in Bushwick in any course have been permitted to select special work offered in any other course, and work of this kind is credited toward graduation. Students in the general course are thus permitted to take work in the commercial department or in the shops, and technical students and commercial students may drop these subjects and enroll in the academic course. This flexibility of the program permits to a large degree the cultiva- tion of special interests. In Bryant there is a manual training course of four years, and a combined commercial and technical course of four years for girls, in addition to the general course. Manual training students have six 36 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY periods of shop work weekly throughout the course, except that in the fourth year mathematics may be substituted for shop work. Manual training students must have studied at least one foreign language for at least three years in order to graduate. Girls who so desire may secure a three-year technical diploma after three years of satisfactory work in the commercial and technical course. The Washington Irving High School is a composite school with a general course of four years and commercial and industrial courses of three years, with an optional fourth year. There are three in- dustrial courses — the dressmaking, costume design and millinery course, the home and trade course in food and cookery, and the in- dustrial art course. Distribution of Subjects in the Three Industrial Courses in Washington Irving High School. Figures refer to periods per week; electives are designated by an asterisk (*). Subjects Common in the Three Courses Years: I II HI IV Optional English S 5 S 3 Physical Training 2 2 2 2 Elocution 1 Music 1 Drawing 2 Physiology and Hygiene 1 Community Civics 2 French, German, Italian or Spanish 5 5 5 5 American History and Civics • • S Additional Subjects in the Dressmaking, Costume Design and Millinery Course Domestic Science and Art 5 Elementary Dressmaking 4 .. .. •• Costume Design and Dressmaking 20 15 25 Modern European History* Elocution* Drawing* Music* Millinery* Costume Illustration* Applied Chemistry* Biology* Science* Additional Subjects in the Home and Trade Course in Food and Cookery Sewing 5 Cookery 4 .. .. Foods and Cookery '■■^ "^^ • • Lunch Room Service • • • • ■' Biology ^ Bookkeeping* ^ Typewriting* | Household Decoration* ^ . . Chemistry* • • -• Additional Subjects in the Industrial Art Course Domestic Science and Art 5 aIT^^^'^/^'!.::::::":::""';""^;.--"-'--' .. 26 is 2s Modern European History* Music* Elocution* Sewing and Millinery* Applied Chemistry* Biology* Art* 20 IS 5 or S 5 or S 5 or 5 5 or 5 5 or 5 "s or 5 5 or 5 5 or S 20 IS S or 5 5 or 5 5 or S S or 5 5 or S S or 5 5 or 5 WHAT THE HIGH SCHOOLS TEACH 37 The aim of the dressmaking, costume design and millinery course is to give an insight into the modern processes of the dressmaker's trade. In the end a girl can design and model the patterns for all the gowns she makes. The home and trade course in food and cookery prepares a girl for an assistant managerial position in homes, hotels, tea-rooms and hospitals, and also for the duties of an efficient housewife. The industrial art course allows a girl to fit herself definitely for costume illustration, commercial design or textile design. There is a large commercial field for a girl with an aptitude for this work, and every effort is made to bring the student up to trade standards. Newtown High School, located on the border of an area of inten- sive market gardening in Queens, has developed a unique four-year course in Agriculture for the benefit of pupils wishing to make prac- tical application of this course on nearby farms, or intending to enter a school of agriculture later. Part Time Co-operative Classes On September 13, 1920, all part time co-operative classes which had been conducted in Bay Ridge, Bushwick, Commercial, Erasmus, Julia Richman, Manual, Morris, Newtown, Stuyvesant, Theodore Roosevelt, and Washington Irving high schools, were transferred, with the exception of those in the Manual Training High School, to a new co-operative high school in Public School No. 44, Manhattan, known as the Haarcn High School. The teachers who had been acting as co-ordinators in their respective high schools were temporarily assigned to the new school until a permanent organization could be effected. Public School 44 is located at Hubert and Collister Streets, within three blocks of the Canal Street station on the Seventh Avenue subway and within walking distance of the iSixth and Ninth Avenue elevated, Broadway and Lexington Avenue subways. The aim of the school is to prepare pupils for business in the most prac- tical way possible and enable them, at the same time, to earn enough money to pay their expenses. Both three-year and four-year courses are offered in commercial subjects and in merchandising and selling. A diploma is given upon the satisfactory completion of any course. Pupils are sent out to work every other week in business offices, shops, retail and wholesale selling establishments. The outside work of pupils is carefully supervised by a co-ordinator and an attempt is made to correlate classroom instruction with business experience. Pupils are paid for the time that they work in industry, from $10 to $20 a week, according to the grade of work done. Many of them receive occasional bonuses and commissions. 'Not only does the school provide an opportunity for pupils to enter from elementary schools, but it also encourages graduates of the one-year commercial course in other high schools, and graduates of Junior high schools, to continue their education on the co-operative plan. In addition, an effort is made to reach all pupils who are in financial difficulties. C. F. W. m THE PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING There is apparently little doubt that secondary education is on the verge of a radical readjustment. 'Almost every department is under fire and compelled to defend not only its position, but even its existence. Since the trend as a whole is simply a continuation of an educational reform inaugurated by our Colonial ancestors, it seems worth while to review briefly the foundation of secondary education in America before discussing specific tendencies. Colonial Latin Grammar Schoolsi The same democratic spirit which declared that all men are cre- ated free and equal was manifested in the early establishment in the American colonies of common schools for all the children of the community. In 1633 the first Dutch schoolmaster arrived at Man- hattan and the first school tax of four pounds was levied and collected. In 1635 the town of Boston, having arrived at the school age of five years, employed a public schoolmaster, Philemon Pormort, "for the teaching and nurturing of children with us," and opened the Boston Latin School, which is now in its two hundred and eighty-sixth year of successful work. In 1647 the colony of Massachusetts ordered that "every township. . .of fifty householders shall appoint _ one within their towne to teach all such children as shall resort to him to write and reade, whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in general. . . and it is further ordered that where any towne shall increase to the number of one hundred families or householders, they shall set up a gramer schoole. the master thereof being able to instruct youth so farr as they may be fited for the university:." Similar grammar schools, whose function was to teach sufficient Latin, Greek, and religion for admission to Harvard and other col- leges, were maintained in other colonies, and represent the beginning of secondary education in America. The Private Academy Being preparatory solely for a college course leading to the ministry or other learned professions, the Latin Grammar School was never popular, and the demand for a more liberal education soon led to the opening of many private academies animated by a broader, freer spirit more in accord with the ideals of the developing Ameri- can democracy. The first academy was started in Philadelphia in 1751 along lines formulated by Benjamin Franklin, and later de- veloped into the University of Pennsylvania. The academy was the forerunner in the development of the idea of practical secondary edu- cation for all classes, and spread so rapidly that by 1830 there were more than 500 academies, chiefly in New England, New York and Pennsylvania. Free Public School Systems The success of the private academy along non-classical lines, and the willingness of a large part of the people to pay for such instruc- tion, seems to have suggested the establishment of the complete free public school system as an extension of the district schools. In 1784. within a few months after the treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States had been signed, the State of 'New York adopted a constitution providing that "The legislature shall provide 38 PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING 39 for the maintenance and support of a system of free common schools wherein all the children of this state may be educated." In 1798 Connecticut passed a law providing for the establishment in any school district of a higher school combining the curricula of the grammar school and the academy. Before 1820 several states had passed laws providing what Huxley called "the great educational ladder with one end in the gutter and the other in the university," but the actual establishment of a complete system of free public schools was very slow and is not fully completed yet in many parts of the United States. The First High Schools Boston was the first city to extend the public school system far enough to include the broad general training furnished by the pri- vate academies. In 1821 a school was established imder the name of "The English Classical School," and later called "The English High School," offering a three-year course designed "to give a child an education that shall fit him for active life, and shall serve as a foundation for eminence in his profession, whether Mercantile or Mechanical." The rest of the country soon endorsed the idea of a public school to prepare for life as well as for college, and after 1860 the growth of the high schools was phenomenal. They supplanted the academies, as the latter had superseded the grammar schools, because they sat- isfied a real need of democratic society. Most of the academies which survived became either private boarding schools or special college preparatory schools. Secondary Education in New York One of the most peculiar and interesting phases of the trend of American secondary education is to be found in its development in the state of New York. The establishment in the state constitution in 1784 of the University of the State of New York, with its Board of Regents, presents in its full development "the most thoroughly organized state system of secondary education yet developed on American soil." Based on the conception of a university put forth by Diderot and other great French writers of the latter half of the eighteenth century, it makes provision for the unification and con- trol of all primary, secondary and higher education within the state, excepting schools of a purely private character. Its growth has been conservative but steady, and has exerted a great influence on later state systems. In 1847 the Board of Education of New York City requested the legislature to authorize the establishment of "a High School or Col- lege for the benefit of pupils who have been educated in the public schools of the city and county." The memorial presented stated that "one object of the proposed free institution is ..to more completely popularize the common schools. It is believed that they will be regarded with additional favor and attended with increased satisfaction, when the pupils and their parents feel that the children who have received their primary education in these schools can be admitted to all the benefits and advantages furnished by the best endowed college in the state, without any expense whatever." In 1849 a Free Academy, authorized 'by a special act of the state legislature and ratified by the vote of the people of the city, was opened in New York to receive pupils directly from the "academic departments" of the common schools, which corresponded to the high schools of other states. In 1886 the name of the Academy was 40 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY changed to "The College of the City of New York," but it still con- tinued to admit pupils from the public schools, completing the "edu- cational ladder" from the kindergarten to the college degree. In 1870 a similar school for girls was opened, called at first the Daily Female Normal and High School, later the Normal College, and now Hunter College. The Scope of Secondary Education In connection with the development of these secondary and higher schools the question arose as to the legitimate scope and extent of free public education, many contending that secondary and higher education is not a proper field for governmental agency. The legal question was settled in the Kalamazoo case in the Supreme Court of Michigan,_ where it was decided that "Neither in our state pohcy, in our constitution, nor in our laws do we find the primary school districts restricted in the branches of knowledge which their officers may cause to be taught, or the grade of instruction which may be given, if the voters consent in regular form to bear the expense and to raise the taxes for the purpose." Although we are fully committed to the policy of free education in all grades, the question is still open and hotly contested as to what subjects, both required and optional, constitute a liberal education, and to what extent the capacity of the individual to assimilate in- struction should determine the obligation of the state for his educa- tion. The general trend at present seems to be away from the old general course and toward an early differentiation into specialized courses leading to a definite occupation. Ideas as to the quantity, quality, and methods of purely cultural training in secondary educa- ■ tion are still vague and undefined. There is a very distinct tendency, however, toward yocational guidance and limitations based on mental measurements or intelligence tests for the purpose of preventing the pupil from undertaking a line of work for which he is obviously unfit. A large part of the failures in high school can be eliminated by scientific mental diagnosis and prognosis before high school work is begun. The idea of one free public school system for all children alike is typically American, and was born and has grown up with our theory of democratic equality. It has the same fundamental weakness that has vitiated so many similar idealistic projects — the stubborn fact that no training, no equality of opportunity, no leveling of environment, no enrichment of advantages, can so far modify Nature's endowment as to make six-story minds where the Creator put but three. We have learned the futility of forcing all types of mentality and temperament into one educational mold, and are readjusting our system to provide for each pupil the kind of training which will enable him to make the most effective development of "the gift which bounteous nature hath in him closed." Standardized tests and scientific men- tal measurements have shown us how widely and persistently children differ in capacity for education, and our greatest problem at present is to determine the kind of education necessary to fit each child for his proper place in life. The practical spirit which prompted the change from the gram- mar school and academy is still operating on the high school curri- culum_ and will probably bring about further changes in the same direction. What the general trend is in each subject is shown in the following special articles. C. R. J. PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING 41 Agriculture; Community Civics; General Science Frank A. Rex ford Assigned to Assist in the Supervision of Agriculture, Community Civics and General Science A department of agriculture is an integral part of the organization of a public high school. Such a department is found in the Newtown High School. Here are city boys studying agriculture as a part of their regular high school work. For boys who elect this course in vocational agriculture provision is made for at least six months of directed or supervised practice in one of two ways : (a) Boys preparing to engage in agriculture as a vocation imme- diately on graduation from high school are placed on selected farms under supervision of the teacher of agriculture during the summer months each year. (b) For those boys who are taking the course as a preparation for entering a college of agriculture the "project method" is followed where each boy works out his own problems with his own plot of ground or animal project as the case may be with the aid and advice of the agricultural instructor. Throughout the high schools the teachers of civics are studying government as a living organism. Emphasis is being placed on the spirit and functions of government rather than on its form. Civics has ceased to be a purely informational subject. Special attention is given to the activities of government and to the reciprocal obligations of government and the citizen. The boys and girls of the high schools are taught that they are citizens. Every effort is put forth to create a spirit of co-operation in gov- ernmental affairs. We, the people, pay and it is our duty to partici- pate. Is there waste? Someone is responsible and that someone is our representative. If in our teaching of civics we do not develop fine ideals of American citizenship we are failing in our duty. Some specific aims of the course as outlined in the syllabus are: (1) To train the pupil to observe more carefully and to understand more clearly organized government. (2) To enable the individual to think straight on civic problems. (3) To arouse an interest in our community affairs and in- stil an appreciation of the benefits accruing to the individual through community action. (4) To create in the pupil a desire not merely to reciprocate by fulfilling his obligation to the community, but to give ever the last full measure of devotion. (5) To inculcate American ideals. General Science as the name implies, seeks to supply the first year high school student with such scientific knowledge as will be useful to him in his every day life, and, at the same time, form a basis for future intensive scientific study should he so elect. The course has been in operation in fourteen high schools since September, 1918. A committee has been working on outlines and syllabi during the past two years. It is probable that the results of their work will be reported soon. 42 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Art James Parton Haney Director of Art In High Schools It is a mistaken idea to hold that art is the business only of tihe artist. As a matter of fact, the principles of art touch every individual and are used more or less consciously by all. The house- wife has to decorate her home. She may use the principles of decora- tion well or ill, but use them she must, in the adornment of her house, in her clothes, and even in the flowers which she plants in her garden or hangs in her window boxes. The business man cannot escape from the use of art's principles for a single day. If he would "dress" a shop window, get up a circu- lar, design a letter-head, or arrange a newspaper advertisement, he must consciously or unconsciously use the rules which art has devised in design, color and arrangement. Art, in other words, is not for "the few." It is for "the many," for the many have to use it. It is not held that the training of the high schools will produce artists, but it is held that it will raise the standards of taste throughout the community. Higher standards of taste mean advance along many lines. We cannot have a people with such standards without an effect on trade. People who know better things, demand better things. Thus the art teaching of the public schools has a practical relation to the business interests of the community. Besides this, there is a civic value in art teaching. One cannot raise standards of taste without having that taste affect civic inter- ests. The man or woman who strives to make his house better takes pride in having his town made better. Every civic "booster" knows that there is nothing which stimulates the interest and pride of citi- zens more than a consciousness of the growing beauty of the town in which they live. The art teaching of our high schools is founded on the beliefs expressed above. Every device is used to cause the entire group of teachers to work as a unit, and every device is used to cause the in- dividual to do independent thinking and contribute the result of such thinking to the good of the whole. What is sought is unity, not uniformity. The general course of study aims to train taste in "the many," but dozens of specialized courses have been introduced to capture the talented. Competitions have been encouraged, scholarships multiplied, a score of outside organizations affiliated with the department, trade advisers have been brought in, and aesthetic standards in every school tried against the best work of the best teachers. The service of the individual to the group has been made a test of efficiency, and every art teacher made to realize the duty of the group to aid in distant fields. iN'ew York City is a cynosure. Its work is known and studied by a hundred other cities. An unseen audience follows every success. The raising of local standards aids teachers in far distant schools and thus the members of our art de- partment share a genuine responsibility. They are teachers of teach- ers, and teachers of a public extending far beyond their ken. I believe my associates keenly reahze this responsibility, and that they perform this service with a constantly growing professional pride in its well- doing. PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING 43 Biology George C. Wood Commercial High School The question of the teaching of biology for its own sake has been settled as far as secondary education is concerned. In spite of this, many reasons formerly given for the presentation of biological facts and principles from the standpoint of their scientific and disciplinary values are still valid and ever will be so long as science is recognized as fundamental to world progress. In fact, there are at the present moment broader grounds for insisting upon accuracy of observation and greater powers of generalization than at any former time. The complex life of to-day with its attendant dangers demands a proper understanding of life principles and processes because of their obvious bearing upon individual well-being and efficiency and their powerful influence upon the outlook of the individual, as developed and changed from day to day in his contact with other individuals in the community. From this standpoint, biology takes first rank with any and all sub- jects either as to content or methods of presentation. The thorough-going teacher of biology knows that the scientific value of biology is of a high order. He or she also knows that new individual and community problems of a biological nature are justly claiming our attention. Biology had addressed itself to the solving of those problems in terms of the education of the individual. Evolution, the now stalwart offspring of biological investigation, has profoundl}^ influenced every line of institutional growth and miracles have been wrought through a proper understanding and ap- plication of its underlying principle to every activity of life. And it is no less a remarkable fact that the parent itself has through the work of its intelligent advocates, adapted itself to the work of ac- tually solving these ^ever-pressing problems of individual and public health and well-being. To-day, biology stands as a broad, efficient and modern humanizing subject and the essence of its teachings is service to the individual and service by the individual to the welfare of the community and the state. For this reason biology is fundamental to all human endeavors because it is a study of Life and Life Relations. Without life there can be no activity and no purpose. Without wholesome and complete life conditions there can be no steady progress or complete achieve- ment, either for the individual or the race. Grant that the physiological well-being of the individual is all important (and there are few who do not accept this at present) it follows that all progress in Applied science, art, literature, industry, education, government, religion and in the home must be fundamentally related to the principles of applied biology. For this very reason, there has been a marked change in the content and methods of presentation of biology during the last dozen years. Through this change, some have claimed that the subject has lost something of its value as a science. If this be granted, it is, however, undeniably true that it has immeasureably gained as a prac- tical alleviator of physical ills, and a messenger of happiness and well-being. It has entered every home through a multitude of ave- nues little suspected by the average citizen. Government — federal, state and city — all contribute in a general insistence upon better living conditions. Corporations have assumed responsibility for the health and efficiency of their employes and philanthropic organizations the 44 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY country over are competing for a chance to do big things to aid the pubHc school in its noble work of increasing human happiness through a proper understanding and practice of the simple laws of hygiene and health. All these authoritative and philanthroipic and industrial influences are being made effective by the personal and persuasive influence of the teacher of biology who encourages the youth of the country by proper precepts and example to begin life as a healthy animal and to function later as a useful citizen. The keynote of biology to-day is the conservation of the individual and of the Race through a prac- tical knowledge of biological principles put to use in the home and in the community. Biology has become an applied science in every valid sense of the term. Business (Subjects Albert G. Belding Assigned to Assist in the Supervision of Commercial Subjects. While the question as to what constitutes the best training for business has been a subject of much discussion and controversy, the trend has been constantly in the direction of definite vocational curricula for commercial students. Not only have there been important modifications of academic subject matter, but there has been a gradual shift in the construction of commercial courses of the academic ele- ment from the required to the elective group of subjects, and in some notable instances the academic subjects have been almost entirely elimi- nated. The one-year course, which was authorized for commercial students in 1918, is intended primarily to meet the needs of pupils who remain in school only a short time. And while it contains none of the traditional subjects, except English, we have the testimony of at least one of the largest dommercial high schools that this course "offers a thoroughly satisfactory foundation upon which the later years of a four-year course can be built." The high schools offering commercial courses are also beginning to recognize not only the diverse aims and aptitudes of students, but also the great variety of occupations which will engage these students in the future. We have as a result in a number of schools a much wider range of subject matter from which students may elect one re- lated group of subjects as a preparation for some definite vocation. Apart from the usual requirements in English and social science, this plan enables students to confine their efforts to correlated subject mat- ter, such, for example, as accounting, commercial mathematics, economics, and law, as an adequate preparation for counting-room work; stenography and typewriting, vocational English, 'office organi- zation and practice, as a foundation for secretarial duties; a modern language, economic history and geography, and related business pro- cedure, to prepare for foreign trade positions. Special groups are also offered as a training for wholesale and retail selling, banking, trans- portation, and other business activities. While this program offers a curriculum of wider scope as a preparation for the manifold activities of business life, it also insures more intensive and thorough work within such fields of endeavor as the abilities of students permit. Another important experiment in vocational training has culminated in the part-time or co-operative high school. What has been done successfully in industrial and engineering schools is being attempted in the New York commercial high schools. Alternate periods of study PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING 45 and office practice hold pupils longer in school ; make them more studious, resourceful and self-reliant; give them an earlier start in business than they would otherwise obtain, and insure more rapid promotion. It is hoped also that this type of school will collect and organize material for instruction purposes and provide the means whereby commercial teachers may make a first hand study of the things which they are supposed to teach ; that it will study apprentice- ships and promotions in business to better inform our high schools of vocational opportunities for commercial students. English. Ellen E. Garrigues DeWitt Clinton High School The tendency in the teaching of English during the last ten years has been markedly towards teaching the child rather than the subject. Possibly the pendulum has swung as far as it should in this direction. We must seek a golden mean. Those constructing curricula must beware of so restricting them that they cannot be adapted to the needs of each actual child or group of children to be taught. However, at least a minimum of attainment of suitable sub- ject matter should be required in each grade and is being established by many schools. The teaching of the vernacular in any country is based on the two broad ends of teaching: first, ease in acquiring the ideas of others and second, facility in expressing one's own ideas. These two aims again divide themselves. Both the power to assimilate and the power to express may be acquired either for their practical or their cultural value. We may read to gain information or to appreciate beauty. We may wish to express ourselves in speech or writing for purely vocational or for more social or artistic purposes. We may aim to speak and write correctly, or to become orators, actors, or authors. A complete course in English might include the most advanced of these aims. But time and abilities are limited. A generation ago, colleges and high schools left the practical aims of teaching English to the home, to elementary schools, and to experience. Secondary schools in our large cities can no longer assume so much. The num- bers who do not speak English in their homes and the numbers forced into high school by the advancing of the compulsory school age, have compelled an adaptation of material to very practical needs. Elocution has become first, oral English, and latterly, speech im- provement. It is more important to the race and to the individual that the vocal organs should be properly trained and used than that children should recite pieces or even give glib orations. Formal gram- mar is taught only as the basis of a strenuous fight against vul- garisms, provincialisms, and inaccuracy in speech and writing. In literature, a wider range of reading both for class-room study and as supplementary to it, has taken the place of the few uniform clas- sics prescribed by the colleges as a basis for their cultural teaching. The aims in study and reading are to fill up the time a pupil has for reading with something good and interesting in order to keep him from poorer reading, to widen his vocabulary, to help him to use books with ease, to furnish models for writing and finally to enable him to acquire a fair adult taste and capacity for good reading. In the writing of compositions the aims are, first, a clear concept of the idea or picture to be expressed; second, a good arrangement of the 46 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY material, and last, a natural and correct expression. Rhetorics have given place to books of composition, which include practical lessons in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and paragraph structure. The teaching of figures of speech, loose, periodic, and balanced sentences as ends in themselves has been superseded by attempts to suit ex- pression to clear and vivid thinking. It is desirable, perhaps, that the main business of an English high school course should confine itself to correct speech, clear writ- ing and a good taste in Hterature. But for the very brilHant, there should be courses which will carry them farther afield in the history of literature, in the study of special subjects such as drama, journal- ism, writing of stories, writing and delivery of speeches. In the upper classes, therefore, variation and differentiation are desirable and should be based on abilities and tastes of pupils. History and Civics. Alfred C. Bryan High School of Commerce The re-estimation of values in education which has been in process now for about ten years has brought about perhaps the most striking changes in the social sciences. In the first place, the social sciences as a group have for the first time attained a place of real re- cognition in the curriculum of the secondary school. The meagre atten- tion given to history in the old days looks weak indeed in compari- son withour strong present-day program in History and Government, Community and Vocational Civics, Economic Geography and Econ- omics, theoretical and appHed. The importance of sound citizenship in civilized life has become so emphasized that we may perhaps say without much dissent that the social group of studies is assuming the strongest position in most schools, next to the English language. The same criterion — the search for the highest social values — ex- plains also the changes in material and method which have occurred recently in the sub-divisions of the social science group. The historical point of view in History and Government has given place to the social. The present aim is to give the pupil the strongest grasp possible of the world in which he plays his part, rather than to unfold to him the development of civilization. Much of the story of man remains untold to the secondary school pupil, but a choice between knowledge of earlier times and the present was necessary. By the same decision our attention becomes fixed upon the modern period of history and the emphasis falls upon the most recent period, the present. The rapid expansion of international relationships in recent years, not only in politics but in commerce, religious and social matters and in all manner of human interests, has broadened the horizon of the in- dividual and made us citizens of the world. Our participation in the World War has brought a realization that we no longer live apart from other peoples and that their concerns are ours as well. Every pupil is therefore taught the broader movements of world history, as well as the development of our own country. Along with this expansion of the field of secondary school history has come a much clearer conception of the relative values of the various phases of history. Inasmuch as all lines of human activity assume a political complexion at one time or another, political his- PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING 47 tory will always absorb a large part of our attention, yet in the more progressive schools commerce, industry, social, intellectual and hu- manitarian interests are dividing the field more and more insistently. The transformation in the teaching of civics has been very similar to that in history and it is accounted for by the same general considera- tions. The old informational work with its emphasis upon the ma- chinery or functions of government, taught too frequently as cata- logues of offices and activities, has given way under the spur of na- tional danger to something more vital and human. The approach is now rather from the standpoint of the part of the citizen in civic life. Our effort now is to develop in the pupil a realization of present citizenship and of the obligations and opportunities of today. Through training in habits of service and co-operation the pupil is led into knowledge of the great objects of community life, into appreciation of official and private service and into some insight into sound political principles and the methods of their application. Perhaps nothing has contributed more to the enlivening of the work in history and civics than the constant touch with actual civic interests which many teachers have obtained through the frequent use in class of the newspaper and magazine. Most of the principles and institutions which we study are alive today in some form and they may be much more realistically studied as matters of present-day civic action or discussion than as a heritage from the past. We may study the method of electing the President as a part of the Con- stitution or we may study how we are electing a President today. The situation in the whole field of social science in the secondary school is one of transition. The secondary school is working out its own curriculum in much greater independence than formerly, and a more valuable body of material for its purpose is rapidly being evolved. Home Economics Meriel W. Willard and Florence Willard Washington Irving High School Home Economics should be made a large factor in the liberal education of young women. It includes instruction and training in the occupations of the home. It is designed to promote higher standards of appreciation and to develop right conceptions of the importance of the home and to show wherein the arts and sciences have practical application in domestic life. The city home is no longer a work shop where the young girl may serve as an apprentice. The High School therefore has assumed this training and organized such courses as will give technical home training and at the same time make for mental development and physical health. In order to live healthfully, a girl should know how to select, prepare and use proper clothing and food. A large part of her in- come is spent for food and clothing, and a girl should have definite training along these lines. In the Home Economics courses in the High School a girl learns the kind of food necessary to meet the body needs, the minimum cost of such food, and the selection and preparation of it. It is not the aim to develop a special technique in housekeeping, but to develop appreciation and insight intothe problems of home making. Girls of today need to have a sane attitude of mind towards their responsibilities in and outside of the home both as producers and as consumers. 48 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY In the work in clothing, girls are given a survey of the living conditions of our city. As consumers the women of today must know and appreciate their influence on the great textile and clothing indus- tries. They should know the laws that govern these industries in which so many women gain their livelihood. Important foundations are laid for better tastes, appreciations and higher standards. It is most_ interesting to watch the development of High School girls along the lines of good taste and fitness to purpose expressed in the gowns which they wear. The dresses and hats may be those made in school or the ones they may purchase in some shop. Simplicity of line and color combinations become part of their concept before they are aware of it. They become examples to their families and create an influence which extends further than they can ever know. In the Washington Irving High School there are courses not only for the vocational training for the future home maker, but trade courses in cooking ; cafeteria and lunch room management ; costume design; dressmaking and millinery. New York City is the center of the clothing trades. Wonderful opportunities are open to the skilled worker who can design and construct clothing. There are many girls of ability and talent who are eager for these lines of training. Latin Clyde R. Jeffords Newtown High School One of the most radical and far-reaching changes in the high school curriculum was the simplification of the Latin syllabus by the removal of mere technicalities from the first year work and the in- troduction of a large amount of analysis and study of English words derived from Latin. The revision of the ancient language syllabus of the State of New York in 1917, in which the Latin teachers of the New York City high schools played a large part, makes training in English grammar and diction the prime purpose and justification of the study of Latin in secondary schools, as suggested in the follow- ing statement in the introduction : "The fact is beyond question that by far the larger proportion of young people who take up the study of Latin do so because of their belief in its value as an instrument of general education and as a most valuable means toward acquiring a better command of the English language. The syllabus is designed to meet the needs of these people." This point of view is still further emphasized by the report of the committee on the Junior High School Syllabus in Latin (June, 1920) which states that (1) "Latin should not be studied as an end in itself," and that (2) "the work of any term should be determined not by the needs of those who will continue the work through the following year, but by the needs of those who wiU not go beyond the work of that term." This is brought about by the elimination from the required vo- cabulary of practically all words that have no common English derivatives, by parallel presentation of Latin and English grammar and word formation, by the use of text for translation that has a maxi- mum of historical content, and a minimum of grammatical techni- cality, and by examinations which compel training for power rather PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING 49 than memoriter cramming. By these means the study of Latin is put on a basis as broad and general in its application as the study of English grammar and composition, and Is given a practical value for every student who needs complete training in English. A revision of the Latin syllabus for Junior High Schools, includ- ing the MTork of the first year in high school, is now being made, and will probably put still more emphasis on the practical application of Latin study to training in the vernacular. The work in Latin in sec- ondary schools must eventually be divided into two distinct phases, (1) an integrating course for the purpose of teaching thoroughly the elements of vocabulary and syntax common to both Latin and Eng- lish, and (2) a dififerentiating course designed to furnish a classical background and the fluency and accuracy in oral English which is so necessary today for successful leadership. The first course will be primarily for the great majority who study Latin solely for the super- lative training it affords in fundamental grammatical concepts; the sec- ond course will be for the sm.aller select group for whom classical training was originally designed and among whom it has always been conspicuously successful. In this wav it will be possible to offer to every pupil the practical side of Latin study, stripped of all techni- calities, and to reserve the finer points and more difficult problems for prospective leaders for whom such training is almost indispensable. Mathematics David H. Moskowitz Boys' High School The teaching of mathematics in secondary schools is no longer justified on the ground of formal discipline alone. It has in recent years been subjected to a most painstaking scientific investigation as a result of criticisms advanced both by its proponents and opponents. After much experimentation both the curriculum and the methodology have passed or are passing through transitional stages that are jus- tified on two bases: (1) psychological principles; (2) social utility. The content of the elementary courses in mathematics has been simplified by the elimination of extraneous material and material deemed to be beyond the intellectual capacity of young students because of inherent difficulties. On the other hand some of the more difficult concepts which are nevertheless of great importance in the scientific aspect of mathematics have been rendered more sirrtple by new methods of approach and easier stages of development. Reference is here made to such subjects as complex numbers in algebra, and the theory of ratio and proportion and incommensurable magnitudes in geometry. Emphasis is placed particularly on those tonics which are thought to be able to function in the lives of the students. For example in algebra, while the formula and the graph had always formed part of the subject matter, new value is now attached to these subjects by reason of their utility and their interest. The formula is a widely used industrial instrument, and the appearance of the graph exten- sively in the public press attaches to this study a larger social value than it has heretofore occupied. In addition such new appraisal and reassignment of emphasis and values furnishes new material for ap- plying the strictly mathematical instruments to the demands of mod- ern society. 50 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY An atteiTtipt Is likewise made to ease up the approach to demon- strative geometry by the introduction of prepaedeutic geometry and by the formulation of a larger number of assumptions which are really demonstrable theorems. The theory is that such an approach adds in- terest to the subject by removing the initial difficulties due to the nov- elty and rigor of a geometric demonstration. In accordance with these ideas, therefore, only such subjects are to be em;phasized that are justified by practical utility and by a neces- sity for further development of the subject matter. It is quite pos- sible, however, to go too far in the path of elimination and simplifica- tion. Over-emphasis on the formula results in the study of algebra as an adjunct of the formula, and as a mere practise in arithmetic substitution and computation to a degree that limits the vitality of the algebraic instrument. Extensive work in "inductive" geometry may give the impression of a "snap"-course in geometric drawing and may rob demonstrative geometry both of valuable time and of its real sub- stance. The extension of assumptions and the elimination of diffi- cult material may mean the loss of some of the most powerful mathe- matical concepts. For example, large numbers of students of mathe- matics are entirely innocent of such important concepts as incommen- surable magnitudes and geometric transformations. These concepts are important in the sense that they are matheinatical substance and necessary for a correct appreciation of mathematics not only as a science but as an instrument. Should these be ruled out because they d© not have immediate practical utility? It is maintained that the line of demarcation between the practical and the theoretical or pure mathematics is not justified by the his- tory of the science. Anything that tends to destroy the real substance of mathematics by a dilution of the life-blood cannot fail to weaken mathematics as an instrument and as a social utility. A subject which is so intimately bound up with the progress of civilization should be studied for its own sake. Mathematics is fully justified on the ground of its inherent intellectual and social values. Mechanic Arts and Technical Subjects Albert L. Colsten Manual Training High School The present aim of high school instruction in Mechanic Arts is radically different from that of a decade or more ago. The function of manual training for general culture which was_ in vogue in the high schools at an earlier period has been or is being taken over almost entirely by the elementary schools, thus leaving the high schools free to develop their courses along technical lines. These courses present a serious vocational aim to the high school student and this new purpose has caused a decided change in the methods and material of instruction, in the nature of the projects, and in the general reaction of the pupils to the courses offered in Me- chanic Arts. An effort to more fully realize this vocational aim is resulting in a complete revision of the older sjdlabi not only in mechanic arts but also in such subjects as mathematics, physical science, language and drawing, in order to secure proper co-ordination of the various parts of the course of study. PRESENT TREND OP HIGPI SCHOOL TEACHING 51 Another logical result of such an aim is shown in the addition of entirely new subjects to ihe curriculum of secondary education. In- dustrial geography, including a study of the sources of the materials used in industry and in the school shons. is now i^ivcn in the first year of high school. Applied Mechanics and Strength of Materials, special courses in chemistry and in electricity, field practice in surveying, and special drafting courses in architecture, structural design, etc., are now offered among the electivcs of the last two years of the high school course. These electives are grouped "vertically" so that the indi- vidual student may be given a consistent course of instruction which will help him to follow out his particular line of work. At the Manual Training High School we have completed two years of our new technical course. Thus far we have seen the more serious attitude of the students reflected not only in the type and quality of the work turned out in the shops but also in the work of the allied subjects as well. Sufficient time is given to shop work to enable the pupils to grasp certain elem.ents of quantity production — to work in groups under foremen and to turn out work which is of value not only for the training received in the making but also as equipment for the shops or other departments of the school. When working in a group on a construction each individual must do his part accurately according to the drawing in order that it may fit the parts made by others of the group. Team work and experience in planning for effi- cient production arc considered as essential to the newer aim of in- struction. The organization of technical high school courses and the realiza- tion of specific vocational aims have been made easier by the more liberal attitude of the technical colleges during recent years. Many instructors realize that the stronger enthusiasm for training in me- chanic arts comes at the high school rather than at the college age. Much of the high school shop work is now accepted for technical college preparation. At present the boy who is not going to a higher institution need not feel the warping influence of the college upon his course of study — and the boy who eventually studies a technical profession in a uni- versity may defer his decision as to college entrance until the last two years of his course. This enables the technical high school to do fuller justice to that large number of students who never go to higher institutions. At the same time it is possible to give those who do go to the university a more practical experience upon which to build the higher theoretical training of the technical college. The effect of the transition therefore from the older manual train- ing courses to the newer technical courses in our high schools has been to give a fresh impetus to the teaching of mechanic arts. The change in the attitude of the pupils has already been noted. The teacher of shop work or of drawing had often found his subject an unrelated ap- pendix to a group of academic studies and not infrequently considered as a time filler rather than a vital part of a complete plan of instruc- tion. The time alloted to him was so meager that he found it hard to get results of much practical value. In the newer technical courses the inspiration of the teacher of mechanic arts has increased ten-fold. He finds his subject a center of interest about which many of the other subjects are grouped. The more generous amount of time given to his work has made it possible to accomplish results that are worth while and the serious aim of the course has brought him a more earnest group of students. 52 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Modern Languages Lawrence A. Wilkins Directoi- of Modern Languages in High Schools. Now, more than ever before in our historj^, is a knowledge of foreign languages necessaiy to the citizens of the United States. Whether we seek it or not, our country at present maintains the leading position in the manufactures and commerce of the world. With the perfection of an efficient mercantile marine service, we shall become one of the leading nations in international commerce. Our contact with France during the recent war formed for us closer ties of community of interest and mutual appreciation than were ever known before. During the same period we rose to be the chief na- tion in traffic with South American countries. Commerce forms usu- ally the first point of contact between nations. Wliat our future is to be in international affairs will be deter- mined in large measure by our ability to get the point of view of the foreign country with which we shall have to deal. To secure a com- prehension of that point of view, probably two things are of basic importance : first, a knowledge of the life and customs and of the culture that characterize these foreign nations ; second, a knowledge of their languages on the part of a considerable body of our citi- zenry. The two purposes are at the base of the study of modern lan- guages in our high schools. The Syllabus of Minima in Modern Languages designated for guidance in this instruction, expresses the general aim, in part, as follows : "To effect that thorough mental discipline imparted by a study of grammar, idiom and sj-ntax, and to so develop that ready and accurate facility of ear, tongue and eye, that, all combined, will make the present and future use of the lan- guage and progress therein both possible and certain. . . . We should so train a student that he may apply his knowledge of the language to any one end or to several ends with the self-confidence (conscious or unconscious) that he can easily gi-ow up to any de- mands that may be made upon his knowledge of the language. In addition, we should inform him of the culture and spirit animating the foreign nation or nations using the language." Teachers of modern foreign language realize keenly the im- portance of using the foreign language in conducting the work of the class from the first da}^ of the course to the last. Oral practice is constantly employed, but solid grammatical training is not neg- lected. The use of much so-called rcalia material is common. This and illustrative material, depicting the life and customs of France, Spain and Spanish America serve to "inform of the culture and spirit ani- mating the foreign nation or nations using the language." A traveling exhibit of such material has supplied much inspiration and informa- tion. Lectures in Spanish, French and English on these countries are given in the schools with the aid of slides and films, a large number of which are available for use gratis. Many opportunities are presented in this cosmopolitan city for the use of French and Spanish and for hearing those languages in lectures and plays. Spanish and French daily and weekly publications are used in class room and supple- mentary work. Some of our schools place easily in commercial positions those graduates who have done good work in a three or four-year course in French or Spanish. This is particularly true, of course, of the commercial high schools. PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING 53 But our aim is not merely to train boys and girls for commer- cial positions in which they may use their foreign languages. We hope above all to widen the cultural and spiritual horizon of these young people by means of this contact at first hand with the languages of other nations. Music George H. Gartlan Director of Music For many years music in high schools suffered because emphasis was laid on the technical side, rather than on the side of apprecia- tion. It is difficult to understand the technique of this subject until an artistic and emotional background has been created. The approach to the subject of appreciation naturally comes through the singing and hearing of artistic songs. Therefore, emphasis is laid on singing. Through this means we develop an appreciation for the beautiful. In past years about all the high school pupils could get in the way of music was community singing, and a slight knowledge of the history and appreciation of the subject. Today it is possible for a student in New York to receive through the State Board of Regents, a music diploma. This means that he may graduate from high school with music as a major subject. It is also possible for talented pupils to receive class instruction in voice training and instrumental practice. In addition a pupil may receive credit toward his gradua- tion for applied music. A system has recently been worked out by the Board of Regents whereby any pupil who studies piano, violin, voice, organ or any orchestral instrument outside of the regular in- struction provided during school hours may, upon certification of his teacher and examination by the high school authorities, receive credit for this intensive study. In place of general community singing we are now organizing selective choruses for each of the four years of an academic course. Colleges and universities are now willing to recognize music as an entrance requirement. At a recent meeting of the Music Council of the New York State Teachers' Association, a resolution was adopted approving a course in the appreciation of music as a required high school subject, and this resolution was forwarded to the Music Council of the State Board. This move marks a great step in advance for the subject in secondary education. The previous arrangements were as follows: First year: Rudiments of music. Second year : Dictation and melody writing. Third year : Elementary harmony. Fourth year : History and appreciation of music. For a student to qualify for credit toward graduation or to re- ceive a music diploma it was necessary for him to take all of the above courses in the order in which they were presented, regardless of any beneficial effect which they might or might not have on his training as a musician. A great many pupils took the first course ; a few took the second ; and those who took the third and fourth were so far in the minority as to be hardly worthy of mention. When the above suggestions are officially adopted it will mean that the great majority of high school pupils will have received during their sec- ondary education not only a proper understanding of what consti- tutes real music, but it will be a well defined preparation for their cultural development. 54 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY It has been possible to properly articulate the develoment of music in secondary education with what is going on in the outside world of music. In New York City 1500 students who played in the various high school orchestras practised under the direction of their individual leaders the following program : 1. Overture : Raymond Thomas 2. Symphony : Unfinished Schubert 3. String Ensemble : Andante Cantabile Tschaikowski 4. Triumphal Scene : Aida Verdi When they had accomplished their study, the New York Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Dr. Walter Damrosch, placed this program for these students, thereby making it possible for the high school pupil to form a criterion of correct judgment as to what con- stitutes a perfect orchestral ensemble. This is the type of "model lesson" which makes education worth while. Physical Science. Raymond B. Brownlee and Robert W. Fuller, Stuyvesant High School The outstanding feature of Chemistry teaching in recent years has been the introduction of the subject into the third or fourth term of the school, instead of postponing it until the last year. In DeWitt Clinton and Stuyvesant High Schools, this procedure has been in successful operation for years, and other schools also have found in desirable to introduce Chemistry early. This makes it possible to lay the foundation for advanced courses in Chemistry as well as to prepare for correlated subjects, like Home Economics. In addition to the conventional systematic general Chemistry, an increasing number of schools have developed courses dealing with the chemistry of common life. In the systematic courses themselves, greater emphasis is being placed on practical applications. _ A number of the larger high schools give advanced elective courses in chemical analysis and chemical technology, and a gratifying number of pupils elect these courses. Experience has taught that the placing of Chemistry before Physics entails less repetition than the reverse order. It has been found, for example, that previous chemical training is of more aid in the comprehension of voltaic cells and the chemical effects of the elec- tric current than the previous knowledge of the gas laws is in chem- ical calculations. In schools where a diminution in the number of students in Physics followed when the subject had been made elective, this dimi- nution has been in considerable degree proportional to the adherence to the presentation of the subject as a rigid body of discipline, rather than as a living interpretation of the facts of nature and life. The reduction in the number of required topics for Regents examina- tion, brought about largely by the influence of New York teachers, has made possible an enrichment of the Physics course by means of well-planned and well-executed demonstrations and by the study of a wider range of practical applications. In the technical high schools, the work in Physics is flourishing, and there is a considerable amount of advanced elective work being done, particularly in the appUed phases of the subject. There is every reason to expect a return of Physics to its previous prestige, because of the large number of points at which it touches modern life. This return will be largely condi- tioned on securing teachers who can make the first Physics course a live subject. PRESENT TREND OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHING 55 Physical Training A. K. Aldinger, M. D. Director of Physical Training The examination of men for the National Army disclosed facts that have served to stimulate an interest in a broad outlook for the teacher of Physical Training. Thirty-four per cent, of the men ex- amined were found physically unfit for military service. Many of these were rejected on account of physical defects. A large propor- tion were also lacking in strength, endurance and general organic vigor. The authorities recognized this need for more time to be given to physical education throughout the State, and, as a consequence, the Welsh Law was enacted. Prior to the enactment of the Welsh Law, two 40-minute periods of Physical Training per week were scheduled, in which to teach Physical Training activities (including formal gymnastics, games, athletics, dancing, etc.), to make physical examinations, give floor talks on hygcnic habits, follow up physical defects, hold term prac- tical examinations, etc. It was impossible to carry out this program completely in the time allowed. The Welsh Law calls for one 40-minute period per day for Physi- cal Training, or 200 minutes per week. With a program of this kind, it is possible to hold the Physical Training Department responsible for results. Notable work in health inspection and follow-up has been accom- plished by the various High Schools during the past two years, in addition to the regular Physical Training program. The Girls' High School, Washington Irving, Julia Richman, Bushwick, Erasmus Hall, Eastern District, Bay Ridge, Newtown, Morris, De Witt Clinton, Stuy- vesant, High School of Commerce, Theodore Roosevelt, George Washington, and others, have made definite drives for the discovery and correction of physical defects, and the establishment of health habits. Notwithstanding the limitations of the physical equipment and play space, the tendency has been to reach out and expand, correlating all the forces for the promotion of hygiene, so that our students today may receive the best physical training possible, under existing condi- tions. It would be a grave mistake to reduce the time now devoted to Physical Training, by repealing the Welsh Law. It is true that some of the older schools cannot carry out its provisions entirely, but the results that are obtained in schools which are able to give full time, amply justify the time that is required by law. (New York City is becoming more and more congested; play- grounds, gj'mnasiums, play space and areas for recreation, are becom- ing more and more congested. Plans should be made for expansion, by including adequate gymnasium facilities in the new school build- ings. The teachers of Physical Training in our High Schools are ready and willing to carry out the best possible program of Physical Edu- cation, and I reiterate that the time and equipment should not be curtailed, if the High Schools are to be held responsible for the correction of physical defects, the teaching of hygiene habits, and the development of a vigorous and sound body. IV APPOINTMENT AND PROMOTION OF HIGH Tl Prineipals and teachers are appointed for service in the high schools of New York City by the Board of Education upon nomination by the Board of Superintendents. High school principals are selected from a number of candidates who make application and who submit evidence of qualifications for the particular school in view. Teachers of the several ranks are appointed from eligible lists, which are pre- pared by the Board of Examiners, for each subject or group of sub- jects taught. Separate lists are prepared of men and women, and each person nominated must be among the first three names available on the list. A temporary license, vaUd for three years, is issued by the Super- intendent of Schools to all persons whose names have been placed upon an eligible list. Licenses that have expired because of non-ap- pointment may be renewed for another three years, and names of per- sons whose licenses have been renewed are replaced upon the eligible lists. One eligible list must be exhausted before nominations are made from a list of subsequent date. The positions or salary grades in high schools for which licenses are issued by the Examiners are: (1) Principal; (2) First Assistant Teacher; (3) Assistant Teacher; (4) Clerical Assistant; (S) Laboratory Assistant; (6) Library Assistant; (7) Placement and Investigation Assistant; (8) Substitute Teacher; (9) Teacher in Training. All applicants must be citizens, and an oath of allegiance to the constitution of the United States, and to the constitution of the State of New York, is required of all. With certain exceptions in favor of persons who have taught in elementary schools, or who have served as substitutes, applicants must be not less than twenty-one and not over forty-one years of age. Principals are invariably selected from First Assistant teachers, or Assistant Teachers, in the high schools, or from principals of ele- mentary schools. First Assistant teachers with few exceptions have been selected from Assistant Teachers, and many Assistant teachers have been promoted from the ranks of clerical, laboratory,^ library or placement assistants in the high schools, or of teachers in the ele- mentary schools. High school principals and teachers are appointed for a proba- tionary period of three years. At the end of the third year of suc- cessful service licenses are made permanent by vote of the Board of Education upon recommendation of the Board of Superintendents and the appointees continue to hold their respective positions during good behavior and efficient and competent service, and cannot be removed except for cause and after a hearing. The services of any person ap- pointed may, however, be discontinued at any time during the pro- bationary period by a majority vote of the Board of Education upon recommendation of the Board of Superintendents. The Board of Examiners and Its Work The Board of Examiners stands at the foundation of the unified school system, initiated by the charter of 1898 and made effective by the revised charter of 1901. The powers of the board have been far- reaching, and under its interpretation of the law it has exercised a large degree of initiative and firmness of policy. The original board consisted of four members who were appointed in 1898 upon nomina- tion of the City Superintendent of Schools, from an eligible list pre- pared by the Municipal Civil Service Commission. Under the charter the City Superintendent of Schools was a member of the board, and 56 APPOINTMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS 57 presided at its sessions, but under the city school law today the Board of Examiners is constituted of seven members, and the Superintendent is not a member. The broad aim of the Board of Examiners has been to supply an adequate number of the best teachers procurable, to keep out of the system those who are unfit, to encourage self-improvement of teachers, to guide those institutions that prepare candidates for exam- inations, and in general to maintain a merit system of appointment to the best advantage of the schools. The specified duties of the Examiners are : (1) To hold examinations whenever necessary; (2) To prepare all necessary eligible lists; (3) To grant salary allowances for experience in other schools than those of New York City, and (4) To perform such additional duties relating to examinations as the Board of Education may require. In a recent hearing before a representative of the State Educa- tion Department Examiner James C. Byrnes described in outline the general method by which the Board does its work. 'Wearly 20,000 applicants come before the Board of Examiners yearly," Mr. Byrnes stated. "The number of subjects is very large. In the evening schools alone there are 110 different subjects. It is essential to the proper performance of its work that the Examiners employ assistants. Most papers are examined by them. In the Exami- nations for the more important licenses, and in those where the num- ber of applicants is small, and also whenever it is possible, the mem- bers of the Board of Examiners personally examine the papers. "Generally, however, papers are passed upon by the assistants. We use the horizontal plan of rating. That is, we give the first question to one assistant to rate, the second to the second, and so on. Each assistant receives written or oral instructions and usually the type answer given by the Examiner, who prepared the questions, and also a schedule of points with instructions as to their distribution. Their ratings are tabulated by the clerical staff. "Notice is given all candidates who fail- that they may file appeals upon certain days within a specified time limit. Forms of appeals are supplied. Appeals are sent to an Examiner other than the one who first passed upon the papers. The Board of Examiners, as far as the written examination is concerned, functions largely as an appeal board." Qualifications. Candidates in order to be appointed to teaching positions in the high schools must be eligible under the by-laws of the Board of Edu- cation. The prescriptions as to eligibility apply to several classes of persons: (1) college graduate; (2) normal, training school, or pro- fessional school graduates; (3) persons with a prescribed amount of vocational experience (who intend to teach vocational subjects). In each of these classes certain additional qualifications, of education or of teaching experience, are required. The detailed qualifications for eligibility to each grade of position in the high schools, as prescribed in the most recent announcements of the Board of Examiners, are given below. Since the qualifications for any given position involve much detail and are subject to change, prospective candidates should obtain from 58 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY the Board of Examiners the circular of information hearing upon any examination in qiiestion. How AN Examination is Given The determination of the position upon an eligible list of a candidate for a license to teach in the high schools is based upon four elements : record, knowledge of the subject, teaching ability and personality. The candidate's previous experience and accomplishment is described by the candidate upon an application form, and this information is sup- plemented by facts obtained from principals and superintendents who have supervised the candidate's work. Knowledge of subject is in part tested by a written examination, the papers being graded by special as- sistants employed for the purpose. A written examination in the science of education was required for many years, but at the present time this is omitted. Teaching ability is determined by means of a class-rpom test, in which the candidate is required to teach a lesson on an assigned topic, usually an advance lesson, a period of about forty minutes having been allowed the candidate for preliminary preparation with the aid of the text-book used by the pupils. Personality and general equipment are rated by means of an oral examination, which deals with the subject in which the license is sought and the methods of teaching the subject, and includes such tests in reading and ex- planation as may be needed to determine fitness. A medical exami- nation is required of all candidates. Answer papers are usually read by high school Principals, or First Assistant teachers, who serve for the purpose as assistant examiners; class-room tests are usually conducted by First Assistant Teachers; and oral tests are conducted by members of the Board of Examiners. All answer papers that have received grades between ten points below pass- ing, and from five to ten points above passing, are usually reviewed, and all doubtful cases are considered at a meeting of the board. All candidates who fail by less than ten points may file appeals with a specified time limit. Appointment of High School Principals No exactly standardized method for appointing high school prin- cipals has been adopted. In recent years prospective candidates have been invited to make written application to the Board of Superintend- ents, and to present their claims personally to the several members of the Board. Candidates for appointment to a high school already estab- lished have been invited to visit the institution in question to observe its class-room work, study its organization and curriculum, and make a written report, stating conclusions and offering recommendations for improvement in the school, or change in its aim, policies and practices. These written reports were filed for reference and for the guidance of the new principal when he shall have been appointed. Candidates whose applications were approved were invited to attend a meeting of the Board of Superintendents at which members of the Board of Edu- cation were present, and to address the members of both boards on topics selected from several relating to the high school in question. From among the candidates who appeared one was nominated by the Board of Superintendents for appointment to the principalship. The Board of Examiners conducts a written and an oral exami- nation for each person who has been nominated for appointment as principal. To be eligible for license as principal of high schools the applicant must have graduated from a college or university recog- nized by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, and must have had ten years' satisfactory experience in teaching or supervision, at least five of which must have been in secondary APPOINTMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS 59 schools, or in the position of superintendent or examiner in the City of New York. In the case of applicants who are serving as prin- cipals of elementary schools in the City of New York, two years' experience as principals of elementary schools may be accepted in lieu of two of the required five years of experience in teaching or super- vision in secondary schools. Candidates for license as high school principal must be not less than twenty-five nor more than fifty years of age. Examinations for License as First Assistant Teacher Examinations for license as First Assistant teacher in high schools have been held at intervals of from three to five years. The procedure adopted at the examination, and the academic and professional quali- fications required have been detailed in circulars of information issued for each examination. Applicants who have been teaching in the high schools of the City of New York for ten years must be less than fifty-six years old; all other applicants must be more than twenty-five and less than fifty-one years old. la the examination for First Assistant's license held May 24, 1918, there was a comprehensive paper, containing optional questions or topics, certain of which were required to be answered in extenso, in which opportunity was given the candidate to describe some investigation or research made in his own field. Certain of the questions related to recent thought, tendencies and developments in the field of the special subject covered by the license. The scope of the paper included: the special subject selected, the application of the science of education to the teaching of the subject, the making of curricula, the organization and supervision and conduct of a high school department. Candidates in the major academic subjects must have graduated from a college or university recognized by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, and must have completed one year of satisfactory post-graduate study (which may be concurrent with teach- ing experience), and must have taught successfully for a required length of time in secondary schools or colleges, or in the seventh, eighth or ninth grade of the elementary schools in the City of New York. Five years of successful teaching is required of candidates who have taught successfully for three years in New York City high schools; seven years of successful teaching is required of all other candidates. Candidates in the other subjects — music and physical training, commercial branches and vocational and technical subjects — who are not college or university graduates, must have graduated from a satisfactory high school (or institution of equal or higher rank), and also from a course of professional training of at least two years in the special subject selected, must have completed additional courses of not less than 300 hours in the special subject, and must have had ten years of successful teaching experience in secondary schools in the special subject, or eight years of successful teaching of the subject in N&w York City high schools. Candidates with professional or trade experi- ence in the subject for which a license is sought may offer such experi- ence year for year in lieu of not more than four years' teaching experience. Study of medicine and experience in the practice of medi- cine may be offered within certain limits in lieu of experience in teach- ing by applicants for license in physical training. The examination of May 24. 1918, included the following subjects: Major Academic Subjects: Biological science, classical languages, economics, modern languages, physical science. The examination papers in science included questions on the social and practical or industrial applications of principles, and the contributions of noted scientists. Candidates in modern languages chose as 60 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY a major subject French or German or Spanish, and as a minor Italian. Spanish French or German. Economics included the history of its scientific method, and the history of commerce and commercial geography. History included ancient, medieval and modern history, constitutional history, the science of government', practical civics, and the philosophy of history. Mathematics included tests of mathematical ability within the range of algebra, plane and solid geometry, and plane and spherical trigonometry. Candidates in physical science chose a major and a minor subject from the three subjects, physics, chemistry, physiography. Other Academic Subjects: Fine arts, music, physical training. The exami- nation in fine arts included drawings from life and still life with crayon and pencil, water color painting, mechanical drawing; history of art; design; color. The examination in music included persnnal performance both vocal and instru- mental (piano and organ); methods; theory of music; conducting. Physical training included theory and practice; history of physical training, personal hygiene, school hygiene, athletics, gymnastics. Vocational Subjects (commercial and technical) : Accounting and commer- cial _ law, domestic art, domestic science, mechanic arts, stenography and type- writing. Accounting and commercial law included problems in accounting and auditing, commercial law and procedure, business practice, elementary economics. Stenography and typewriting included the Isaac Pitman and Gregg systems, one as a major, the other a minor. The major questions included theory and practice of stenography, a practical test in the system, English grammar, rhetoric, compo- sition; typewriting; business corresjpondence and ofiice procedure. The minor questions related only to the principles of the system. Candidates in domestic science and art were examined on important fields of the subjects, including voca- tionaj training and_ guidance in these subjects. Candidaies in mechanic arts were examined in practical forge-work, machine shop, wood-working, pattern-making, moulding, mechanical drawing. Examinations for License as Assistant Teacher Examinations for license as Assistant Teacher of the several subjects in the high schools of the City of New York are held usually twice each year, in the spring and in the fall. Certain fundamental academic and professional qualifications are required of all candi- dates. Full information regarding each examination is detailed in a circular sent to all prospective candidates who apply for it. Applicants for license to teach major academic subjects must have graduated from a college or university recognized by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, or from a normal or city training school approved by the State Commissioner of Education. In the case of teachers of modern languages the equivalent of a col- lege education may be accepted. College and university graduates must have had: (1) not less than 160 days of satisfactory teaching experience in secondary schools or colleges; or, (2) not less than 300 hours of post-graduate work in a recognized college or university, of which time at least 60 hours was devoted to methods of teaching the candidate's specialty; or (3) not less than 80 days of satisfactory experience in teaching in sec- ondary schools, or in colleges, together with not less than 150 hours of satisfactory post-graduate work in a recognized college or uni- versity, including at least 60 hours in methods of teaching the sub- ject; or (4) two years' experience in teaching in the grades of the last four years in the elementary schools of the City of New York, and not less than 150 hours of satisfactory university, college or post- graduate work in the candidate's specialty, including 60 hours in methods of teaching the subject. Candidates who have taught in secondary schools or colleges and who completed courses in methods of teaching in the senior years of the undergraduate course equiva- lent to 60 hours may have this experience accepted in lieu of 60 hours of post-graduate work. Normal school and city training school graduates must present 5 years' satisfactory experience in teaching, including either one year APPOINTMENT OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS 61 in the grades of the last two years of the pubUc elementary schools of the City of New York, or two years of teaching in secondary schools other than public high schools of the City of New York; and the completion of not less than ISO hours of satisfactory college or university work in the candidate's specialty, including not less than 30 hours in the science of education. Applicants for license to teach music and drawing, physical train- ing, certain vocational subjects, commercial branches, stenography and typewriting, cooking, sewing, dressmaking or millinery, may qualify as provided for applicants in major academic subjects, or if not grad- uates of a college or university or a normal or training school they may be eligible if they have graduated from a high school course approved by the State Commissioner, and have graduated from a two years' professional course in the subject, and have had in addition four years' experience in class teaching in the subject ; Vv'ith the ex- ception that applicants in physical training need have had only two years' experience in teaching the subject. An academic education equivalent to a high school course will be accepted in lieu of a grad- uation from a high school, and two years of business practice, or two years of post-graduate study may be accepted in lieu of two years of teaching. Applicants for license to teach those vocational subjects that include the arts and sciences in their application to industries must have had a general education satisfactory to the Board of Exam- iners, and six years' practical experience in the subject to be taught. Examinations for license as Assistant Teacher held during the past two pears have included the following subjects: Major academic subjects: biology, chemistry, economics, elocution, English, French, history. Latin, mathematics, physics and Spanish. Minor academic subjects: freehand drawing, music, physi- cal training. Vocational-commercial: accounting and business practice, mer- chandizing and salesmanship, stenography and typewriting. Vocational — frch- nical: agriculture, architectural drawing, art metal-work, forge- work, foundry- work, instrument-making, joinery, machine-shop practice, mechanical drawing, millinery, power plant draughting, topographical drawing, wood-turninEr and pattern-making. The scope of the examination in each subject is detailed in the special circulars of information issued by the Board of Examiners at the time of the several examinations. Qualifications for License as Clerical Assistant, Laboratory Assistant, Library Assistant, Placement and Investigation Assistant Examinations for license in the grades lower than that of as- sistant teachers are held concurrently with those for the assistant teacher's license. Candidates for license as Clerical Assistant must have graduated from a satisfactory high school or institution of equal or higher rank, and have had two years' satisfactory experience in office work subsequent to graduation ; or must have graduated from a college or university recognized by the Regents of the University of the State of New York. Candidates for license as Laboratory Assistant must have had a satisfactory high school or equivalent academic education, and two years' satisfactory experience as substitute laboratory as- sistant; or must have had a satisfactory college or university educa- tion, and have completed satisfactory courses in physics and chem- istry, or in biology, and in practical mechanics, Candidates for license as Library Assistant must have graduated from a recognized college or university, and have completed a one year's course in an approved library school, or have had three years of 62 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY successful experience as head librarian or reference librarian of a library approved by the Board of Examiners; or, must have grad- uated from a satisfactory high school or equivalent institution, and completed a two years' course in an approved librai'y school. One additional year of library experience may be accepted in lieu of the second year of professional training. Candidates for license as Placement and Investigation Assistant must have had three years' satisfactory experience in placement and industrial work, together with a general education satisfactory to the Board of Examiners. Qualifications for License as Substitute Teacher and as Teacher in Training To be eligible for license as substitute teacher in high schools the applicant must have graduated from a college or university recognized by the Regents; or in the case of applicants to teach certain subjects, graduation from a satis- factory high school or other institution, or a satisfactory amount of profes- sional training, together with a certain amount of teaching experience, may be accepted in lieu of college graduation. Applicants to teach manual and com- mercial branches must have taught satisfactorily for two years; applicants to teach wood-work or metal-work must have had five years, successful experience in wood- work or metal-work as a journeyman wage-earner, or an equivalent thereof; applicants to teach drawing, music and physical training, sewing or cooking, must have had two years, satisfactory professional training in the special branch. Applicants to teach physical training, however, are qualified if they hold elementary license No. 1, and have completed a satisfactory course in physical training of at least 90 hours; or if they have had satisfactory teaching experience in physical training. To be eligible for license as substitute machine shop assistant the applicant must have had five years experience as a journey- man machinist, together with a satisfactory general education. A teacher in training shall be a graduate from a college or university recognized by the Regents of the University of the State of New York, and shall have spent, during his last two years in college or during post-graduate work, or partly in one and partly in the other, at least 300 hours in studying the subjects comprised within one of the groups for which licenses are issued to Assistant Teachers in high schools. Such teachers in training shall be required to hold a license granted by the Board of Examiners, and such license may be issued upon the recommendations of the appropriate heads of departments or professors in the college from which the applicant has gradu- ated, approved by the chief executive officer of the college, and upon euch other investigation as the Board of Examiners may deem necessary. C. F. W. 2 "" Greek 1, 3 Greek 3 yrs. a Greek comp. Italian 2, 3 Ancient history Minor sequence in hist., 1st year Phys. geography Commercial lasv Hist, of education K in fin-: Greek 2 Hebrew 2 German 2. 3, 4 Business writing Thursday 9.15 A. M. El. botany El. zoology Phys. and hyg. Hist. Eng. lang. and literature Business English Physics Chemistry Applied chemistry Economics Civics French 2, 3, 4 Com'l geography Cliorus singing and rud. of music >• . w < z; Geography El. algebra Plane geometry Adv. botany Adv. zoology Adv. biology Bookkeeping 2 Psychology El. mech. drawing < J O < w c" z; El. U. S. hist, with civics a Latin prose comp. a Latin prose at sight a Latin verse at sight Mod. hist, 1, 2 Hist. G. B. and I. Major sequence in hist.. Course A Major sequence in hist.. Course B Trigonometry Typewriting Int. drawing 3 in Arithmetic Com'l arithmetic Spanish 2 English grammar Am. history with civics Major sequences in hist.. Course C b Hist, of music and appreciation Spelling Latin first 2 yrs. Latin 3, 4 Latin 3 yrs. Latin 4 yrs. a Latin grammar Spanish, 3. 4 Biology Bookkeeping 1 b Diet, and melody writing >- s < . Int. algebra Adv. algebra Solid geometry Shorthand 1 and 2 El. representation b El. harmony Oiri Elem. English English 2, 3, 4 English 3 yrs. English 4 yrs. ooo CO CD^ o o o <=? o <^ ^ Oi CO CO > X oooo ooo o CD CD CO O OOOO OO CD »0 1-1 T-H (M OOOOO ooooo CTi'^ lO oo 1-H (M (M T-H lO ooooo ooooo i-H CD O t^ O X OOO OOO CSl (M (N V* S^ "v^ rS rS rS k>( k> k>< rS rS rS lO lO lO »0 lO lO iC lO lO K5 OOOOO OOOOO OiOi Oi a Oi v__i ct3 c3 cd c3 >^xxxx OOOOO 00 00 00 O 00 r)H Tji OOOO OOOO T-H T-H CJ CO OOOOO OO OOOO Ci '^j-^ CD CI O OOOO OOOO lO lO lO lO CO I— I T-H T-H oooooo 000 T-H ^ T-H T-H T-H AJ^ CZ3 CO CO CO c.ioiciooT-Hooooio oooooo 00O5(MCOC<)00(MCOCDCDO51^ t^COC^l-^iO (NtMCOCOCOT-HCCKNCOCOCO-^ CO^-*J0 00 o o o T-H T-H (N T-H lO ooooooooooo OCMOOOOCOOOOiOOOCOCO (Mt-Ht-Ht-Ht-HiMt-Ht-Hi-Ht-Ht-H OOOOOOOOOOOO OiOOOO OOOOOOCOCOOO Oi^ OOOOO lO CD 05 O O (M lO lO T)H ^ t-^ !>. 0> "^l (M -rlH lO T-H T-H T-H (>) T-H T-H T-H l-H CO CO CO CO T— I C^ CO T-H lO OOiJOiOOOOOiCOO oo'^coco^oo'^oaco O0CH OO cS w .2o -t-J 03 00 <1^<5 ^^'^<4H w .ri 03 "ji .apHg^ OJ t3 pin •Ot a;.^ « -d s - i=l - •Ofi ,— I M Ph ^ -rt ™ 0) m w CO .p .s-;^j m'^'d ^^ ^ 2 t:) o3 rt -z: cd •d Q>f_l^ cS+^PPh o3r^ 'is M ^ o3 -< § H u ■ 1 1 ►J ' / 5^ / / / ^s / / y P3 y X X J < 4 /g /// ^ ^ «3 3 > < -I < ^ F < > i3 1 1 1 1 1 Q S5 H4 ,^/ \ 1 ! = I H I I 1 ? 5 •5 1 > > i S i i % § % SALARY SCHEDULES AND CONDITIONS Under the present interpretation of the law, the basic control of the salaries of public school teachers in New York City rests with the state legislature, acting through the State Department of Educa- tion and the local Boards of Education, Estimate, and Aldermen, as indicated in the following sections of the law: State Constitution, Article IX : Sec. 1. The legislature shall provide for the maintenance and support of a sys- tem of free common schools, wherein all the children of this state may be educated. Sec. 2. The corporation created in the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four, under the name of the Regents of the University of the State of New York, is hereby continued under the name of the University of the State of New York. It shall be governed and its corporate powers, which may be increased, modified, or diminished by the legislature, shall be exercised by not less than nine regents. As the law provides that there shall always be three more regents than there are judicial districts in the state, there are at present twelve regents (see page 6), of whom one is elected each year by joint ballot of the assembly and senate during the second week in February, to serve for twelve years. Education Law of 1917 Until 1917 there was no general law regarding the regulation and management of the various school systems of the state. By Chapter 786 of the Laws of 1917, about 600 pages of special laws were re- pealed and one uniform act, applying to all the cities in the state, was substituted. The following sections apply to New York City: The Board of Education 865. A board of education is hereby established in each city. The educa- tional affairs of each city shall be under the general management and control of a board of education to consist of not less than three nor more than nine members. 866. In a city having a population of one million or more and divided into boroughs, there shall be a board of education consisting of seven members .... The mayor shall appoint such members on the first Wednesday in January . . . , for a term of seven years. 868. Subject to the provisions of this chapter, the board of education in a city shall have the power, and it shall be its duty to perform any duty imposed upon boards of education or trustees of common schools under this chapter or other statutes, or the regulations of the University of the State of New York or the Commissioner of Education so far as they may be applicable to the school or other educational affairs of a city, and not inconsistent with the provisions of this article. School Moneys 877. (1) The board of education in each (other) city shall prepare annually an itemized estimate for the ensuing fiscal year and file the same on or before the first day of September. Such estimate shall be for the following purposes: a. The salary of the superintendent of schools, .... and the salary, fees, or compensation of all other employes appointed or employed by said board of education, b. Other necessary incidental and contingent expenses (7) In a city which had, according to the federal census of 1910, a pop- ulation of one million or more, such estimate shall be filed with the board of estimate and apportionment. If the total amount requested in such estimate shall be equivalent to or less than four and nine-tenths mills on every dollar of assessed valuation of real and personal property in such city subject to tax- ation, the board of estimate shall appropriate such amount. If the total amount contained in such estimate shall exceed the said sum of four and nine-tenth mills, . . . . such estimate shall, as to such excess, be subject to such consideration and such action by the board of estimate and apportionment, the board of alder- men, and the mayor as that taken upon departmental estimates submittjd to the board of estimate and apportionment. 65 66 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Inadequate Financing Unfortunately, the sum of four and nine-tenths mills on each dollar of assessed valuation in the City of New York, together with the state allotment for salaries (now $700 per teacher), is not, and for many years has not heen, sufficient to meet the absolutely neces- sai-y expenses of running the schools, so that the school budget has to be included in the regular city budget and is handled in the same way as the funds for all other departments. Since it is highly de- sirable that the teaching and supervising staff in the public schools of the city be free from the fluctuations that attend changes in the political complexion of the city administration, there has been a long series of amendments to the city charter and the state education law, tending toward standardization and stabilization of salary schedules and schedule conditions. The Davis Law The first step in this legislatiop was the establishment of mandatory schedules and schedule conditions. The Greater New York Charter, adopted at the time of consolidation of the various boroughs in 1897, contained the following provision regarding teachers' salaries : Each school board shall have power to adopt by-laws fixing the salaries of the borough and associate superintendents, of principal and branch principals, and of all other members of the teaching and supervising staff, and such salaries shall be regulated by merit, by the grade of class taught, by the length of service, or by the experience in teaching of the incumbent in charge, or by such a com- bination of these considerations as the school board may deem proper. Said sal- aries need not he uniform throughout all the several boroughs, nor in any two of them, nor throughout any one borough. This lack of uniformity produced such inequalities that remedial legislation was sought at Albany, resulting in passing finally in the state legislature the Ahearn Law in 1899, followed by the Davis Law in 1900, establishing minimum salaries and increments, and permanent tenure of office. This was an epoch-making accomplishment and put the New York schools on a plane far above the rest of the country. Inasmuch as the Davis Law is the Magna Charta of the public school teachers of New York City, it seems worth while here to quote the report made on this law by the City Superintendent of Schools, William H. Maxwell. Perhaps the most important event of the school year was the passage hy the legislature of the Davis Law. . . . Stated in general terms, the main provisions of this statute are as follows: 1. It provides a more equitable plan for distributing the school fund among the various boroughs than that set forth in the original charter, the quota for each qualified teacher being made $600 instead of $100. 2. It provides that the amount to be raised each year for the general school fund shall be not less than four mills on the dollar of the assessed real and personal estate of the city. 3. It provides for the various classes of teachers that there shall be a stated minimum salary for the first year of service, a minimum salary after the lapse of a certain number of years, and that in each class between these two points the salary shall increase by an equal amount each year. 4. It provides, also, that no teacher's salary shall advance beyond a certain point "unless and until" the teacher's service is approved as "fit and meritorious" by the borough board of superintendents. No measure regarding teachers' salaries so sweeping and liberal in its pro- visions was ever before passed by any legislature. Not unnaturally, therefore, it may be inferred that there must have been something extraordinary in the local conditions to call for the enactment of this statute by the legislature, and the governor — in spite of the veto of the mayor and the strenuous opposition of the comptroller, and in opposition to the majority of the members of the school boards of Manhattan and The Bronx, and of Brooklyn. Such was indeed the case. Stated briefly, the most obvious reason why the teachers had the support of the press and the public and the sympathy and co-operation of the governor was that the board of estimate and apportionment had failed to provide the SALARY SCHEDULES AND CONDITIONS 67 funds necessary to carry into full effect a comparatively mild measure regarding teachers' salaries which the legislature had passed in 1899. This statement is the exact truth, and it was this truth that appealed so strongly to the press, the public, and the legislative authorities. But there was much more than this imme- diate cause that had a profound influence in urg^ing the teachers to action and in determining the trenci of public opinion. In the City of New York, prior to consolidation, a schedule of salaries complex in its arrangements almost beyond description had been in force. Under this schedule a teacher's salary depended partly on the grade of the school, partly on the grade of class taught, and partly on the order of appointment. * * * « Thus, if there were twenty teachers in a school, the last teacher appointed ranked as twentieth assistant and received the lowest salary. That salary remained practically unchanged, unless the teacher was transferred to higher (so called) grade of school, or until another teacher left the school, when the twentieth assistant became the nineteenth, with enhanced rank and pay, and so on The most monstrous injustices had developed during the course of years In Queens and Richmond the salary question at the time of consolidation appeared to be in an almost hopeless muddle. In the territory now embraced in the Borough of Queens there were before consolidation as many as sixty-seven sep- arate and independent school boards . . . All these different boards paid dif- ferent rates of salaries to their teachers. None of them, however, as far as I have been able to learn, had a schedule of salaries in the sense in which that word is now used. Each board made the best bargain it could with the teacher it desired to engage. The natural result was the most extraordinary inequalities in the rates of pay in different localities for precisely similar service To the great body of teachers in Queens and Richmond the Ahearn Law was most disastrous, because, with the limited amount of money at the disposal of the school boards, they were obliged to cut down the salaries of those teachers who were not protected by law in order to pay the salaries of those teachers who were so protected. As a matter of fact, the teachers of Queens and Richmond received no pay whatever from the 30th of September, 1899, until some time in January, 1900, and finally obtained remuneration for their services during this period only through the beneficent act of the legislature and governor in passing a law for their relief For many years prior to the agitation that commenced in 1897 for a revision of the salary schedules, there had been gradually taking shape in the minds of the teachers certain notions that were the direct result of the conditions and events just described They may be gathered up under five headings: 1. The feeling that the average salary paid in former years was altogether too low as a remuneration for the service rendered and too low to be consistent with the dignity of the teaching profession. 2. The feeling that the various salary schemes formerly in force resulted in widespread injustice which in turn led to constant unrest. 3. The feeling that the wire-pulling which was too often necessary to secure promotion and consequent increa.se in salary was unworthy of a body of self- respecting public servants, and ought to be eliminated. 4. The feeling that all of these things were impairing the usefulness of each individual teacher, and that the system, as a whole was suffering in con- sequence. 5. The feeling that no matter how willing the school board might be to remedy abuses, no matter how wisely they might plan new salary schemes, the financial authorities of the city would not grant the money necessary to correct the abuses and put the revised schedules into effect Nothing could be more unjust than the sweeping statements of men high in office that the teachers, in appealing to the legislature, were actuated solely by greed for money. It is not so. The teachers deserved better salaries. They desired and asked for better salaries; but in doing so they sought not personal advantage alone, but the good of a city which they love and the good of the schools to which they have dedicated their energies. Unequal Pay The Davis Law had one provision which occasioned twenty years of agitation and made harmony among the different teacher groups practically impossible during that time. The maximum salary of male teachers in the elementary schools was made the same as that of assistants to principal and male high school teachers, $500 more than that of female high school teachers, and $960, or 66?^ per cent greater than the maximum salary of a female elementary school teacher doing the same work. This discrimination was irritating to the 68 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY whole corps of women teachers and brought about an effective or- ganization of ten thousand women teachers, led by Grace Strachan, to fight for "Equal Pay for Equal Work." Commission on Teachers' Salaries, 1910 One equal-pay bill was passed by the legislature in 1907, vetoed by the Mayor, repassed over his veto and finally vetoed by Governor Hughes, on the ground that it should be left to local authorities, or "Home Rule." Little progress was made with the question until in 1910 a commission on Teachers Salaries, appointed by the Board of Estimate, made a very exhaustive investigation of the situation and recommended salary for position, and additional compensation for teachers of boys' classes, giving all teachers of seventh and eighth grade bovs the same salary as was being paid to 8B men teachers, teachers 'oi high school girls $1000-2500, boys' classes $1500-3000, and putting high school laboratory assistants in the same schedule as teachers. These recommendations, submitted in a report of over 143 pages, probably constitute the most exhaustive study ever made of New York teachers' salaries. No action was taken on this report, however, and the appeal was again made to the legislature. The "Equal Pay" Law After several unsuccessful attempts an "Equal Pay" bill was finally passed by the legislature in 1911, providing that "in the schedules of salaries hereafter adopted there shall be no discrimination based on the sex of the member." The schedules adopted, however, prevented the law from accomplishing even the purpose for which it was in- tended. The bonus for boys' classes was discontinued, and new "Equal Pay" schedules at a figure about 14 per cent, above the former salary of elementary school women and high school men were adopted. A series of amendments later to the equal pay law protected elementary school men in their former salaries, and left the problem still un- settled. The minimum salary for high school assistant teachers was reduced to $900, and was for many j^ears the lowest minimum salary paid to any regular teacher in the whole system. The high schools were further affected by the provision that only those who had been declared teachers of "superior merit" should receive the full salary advances and increments. The condition which produced the whole controversy remained unchanged, since practically no new men came into the elementary schools under the equal pay schedules, and those already in, or on the eligible lists, or in training school or college preparing for the examinations, received the old salaries, which were still far above the new equal pay schedules. Shortly after the adoption of the equal pay schedules the col- lapse of the retirement fund occurred, and before that was settled the increased cost of living had become so serious that general ad- justments seemed imperative. The Minimum Wage Fallacy The Davis Law was passed with the express purpose of establish- ing a minimum wage high enough to guarantee teachers a fixed and attractive standard of living, and neither at that time, nor to any noticeable extent since, does it seem to have occurred to advocates of a minimum wage law that a fixed number of dollars did not inevitably SALARY SCHEDULES AND CONDITIONS 69 guarantee a fixed standard of living. In New South Wales, Justice Heydon of the Court of Industrial Arbitration handed down a deci- sion in March, 1914, that "as to the rise and fall of the laborer's wage in Sidney, I think on the whole that it should go up and down with the Commonwealth Statistician's tables on the purchasing power of the sovereign," but apparently no such action has ever been initi- ated. The Danish Parliament has recently discussed the same proposi- tion, but has stopped with the discussion. While it is true that teach- ers of Political Economy have repeatedly called attention to the weak- ness of our gold standard dollar, reminding us that it was really no more of a fixed standard than the primitive use of the "gird" of the king's waist as a standard yard, or the length of his pedal extremities as a foot, our legislative leaders blissfully ignored the patent fact that our whole stupendous financial system was built on a foundation as shifting as sand. The Shrinking Dollar One need not be a financier or college professor to see that the worldwide war has brought about an utterly unprecedented rise in the general price level, due primarily to an enormous increase in cur- rency and credits, and consequent decrease in the purchasing power of the dollar. The same change occurred in Europe in the sixteenth cen- tury, following the exploration and conquest of the New World; a similar change followed our own Revolution in the eighteenth century and our Civil War in the nineteenth century. None of these, however, was so universal or extreme as the present tidal wave of price in- creases. The former changes were due largely to a sudden influx of gold and silver or inflation by paper currency, while the present crisis is marked by an enormous extension of credits and greater use of checks as currency. Prices have increased in a curve exactly parallel with that of the increase in the circulating medium. The effect has been an economic disturbance whose scope, magnitude and duration exceed in seriousness any other phase of the war. Owners and manu- facturers of commodities have been enriched by a vast unearned increment, while everj'one living on a fixed income or salary has suffered an automatic, gradual reduction in salary on account of the diminishing purchasing power of the dollar. The Subminimum Wage of New York City Teachers In order to determine whether our recent salary increases are real or apparent, it is necessary to go back to some previous level of prices as a base, and then compare all changes in salaries with changes in the cost of living. Since fixed salary schedules begin with the Davis Law in 1900, we may take that as representing the base, or 100 per cent., for salarie.'^, and the average of wholesale prices for the preceding ten years — 1890-1899 — as the base, or 100 per cent., for the cost of Hving. Using the index figure of wholesale prices of 300 staple commodities, prepared by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, we get the following significant figures for the actual value of teachers' salaries in New York City from 1900 up to and including 1920: Year 1900 '01 '02 '03 '04 'OS '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 Index figure of Nominal Salary 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inde.x figure of Cost of Living Ill 108 113 114 113 117 123 128 123 127 132 130 Index figure of Real Sal- ary 90 93 88 88 88 85 81 78 81 80 76 77 70 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Jan. July ,, to July, to Dec, Year 1912 '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 '18 '19 1920 1920 Index figure of Nominal Salary 114 114 114 114 114 114 114 118 135 217 Index figure of Cost of Living 138 136 135 137 170 240 267 290 352 348 Index figure of Real Sal- ary 83 84 84 83 67 48 43 41 38 62 Under such conditions the nominal minimum wage is an economic delusion and a farce, being in reality a subminimum wage contrary to the spirit and purpose of the law, since the actual minimum salaries guaranteed to teachers by the Davis law have never been paid in full purchasing value, and the deficit has grown from 11% in 1900 to 62% in the first half of 1920, as shown above. The blame for this wholesale reduction, however, can not be fastened on any individual or group of individuals, but must be attrib- uted primarily to a currency system less scientific than the wampum or cattle currency of primitive days. Had our currency been so stand- ardized as to be a stable medium of exchange, we might have been spared practically all the disturbances and hardships occasioned by the general advance in prices. Our trouble is due not so much to the advance in prices as to the difficulty in bringing about the universal standardization in prices and wages which must come before any eco- nomic peace is possible. The Crisis. The enormous increase in prices began in November, 1915. At that time the index figure of wholesale prices of all commodities (using January 1, 1900, as a base = 100) was 140, about the same as it had been since 1913. By the end of 1916 it had climbed to 198, and by December, 1917, to 249. In the fall of 1917 the suffering from reduced salaries had become so general and the complaints so insistent that it was quite apparent that further amendments to the state education law would be necessary. Consequently, at the meeting of the Directors of the Federation of Teachers' Associations in May, 1918, the president of the High School Teachers' Association moved that a committee be appointed to unify the efforts of all groups of teachers in securing adequate salary legislation at Albany. After long discussion, the motion was finally carried, and the following October a committee of 25, representing all groups of teachers, began work. The Downing-Malone Teachers' Salary Bill The committee was unanimously in favor of complete equal pay schedules and the elimination of the old Davis Law schedules VT ($1005-2160) and VH ($1500-2400) for men by the creation of a new 7A-9B, or intermediate school group. The chief point of disagreement was the question of additional compensation for boys' classes, which was left to a referendum vote of all city teachers. The result was overwhelmingly in favor of additional compensation for teachers of boys' classes above the fourth year, and a bill contain- ing that provision, full equalization of salaries, an average increase of about $600 per teacher, and many much-needed schedule-condition changes, was introduced by Senator Downing and Assemblyman Malone. After the customary hearings and amendments the Educa- tion Committee of the legislature abandoned the Downing-Malone bill at the last minute as too radical, and reported out a loosely drawn committee bill without bonuses, definite schedule conditions, or any SALARY SCHEDULES AND CONDITIONS 71 increases for superintendents. An average increase of about 40 per cent, was to be distributed equally over three years, beginning January 1, 1920. The bill also provided for the elimination of the former "superior merit" provision by a paragraph borrowed from the Downing- Malone bill. Formerly all high school teachers had been considered unsatisfactory until formally approved by the supervisors. The new law provided that the teacher "shall receive for any given year of service the salary and increment provided for the year which cor- responds to his year of service, unless his services for the year imme- diately preceding have been declared by a majority vote of the board of superintendents to be unsatisfactory, after opportunity to be heard." The Lockwood-Donohue Teachers' Salary Bill Before the new salary schedules made in 1919 took effect several bills had been drafted by teachers asking for still greater increases in 1920. The first one to be passed by the 1920 legislature was the Lock- wood-Simpson Bill, which repealed the three-year spreading clause of the 1919 law after June 1st, 1920. This gave an increase of about 40 per cent, over the 1919 schedules. Meanwhile a Merger Committee of all teachers' associations had agreed on a new bill providing 40 per cent, increase on all salary schedules having a maximum not exceeding $2,260, 30 per cent, on those not exceeding $4,000, and 20 per cent, for all others. As in the previous year, the bill drafted by the teachers was finally replaced by a hastily drawn committee bill somewhat less favorable in its terms and much more irregular in its schedules. This bill, called the amended Lockwood-Donohue bill, was passed and signed by Governor Smith, to take effect August 1st, 1920. In accordance with this law, the Committee on Finance, Salaries and Supplies of the Board of Education of the City of New York presented the following report and resolutions on June 16, 1920, and the resolutions were adopted : The Committee on Finance. Salaries and Supplies respectfully reports that it has given careful consideration to the provisions of the State Education Law as amended by Chapter 680 of the Laws of 1920. which law provides, in part, as follows: "The board of education of such city shall adopt schedules and schedule conditions to become effective on and after the first day of August, nineteen hundred and twenty, which schedules and schedule conditions shall fix the com- pensation or salaries of the members of the teaching and supervising staffs, as specified and required in the foregoing schedules, and shall also fix the compen- sation or salaries of all other members of the teaching and supervising staffs and of other employes of the board of education, whether on a per annum or a non- per annum basis, including, in addition to those falling within the foregoing schedules, the superintendent of schools, all associate, district or other superin- tendents, members of the board of examiners, assistant examiners, directors, assist- ant directors, inspectors, supervisors, special instructors, special teachers, admin- istrative assistants, clerical assistants, librarians, attendance officers, secretaries, auditors, clerks, teacher clerks and_ all officers and employes of said board of education, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary contained in the charter of such city or in any act relating to such city or in any general, special or local act." Your Committee offers for adoption the following RESOLUTIONS Resolved, That Section 65 of the By-Laws of the Board of Education be, and it is hereby, stricken out in its entirety and that there bd and is hereby adopted, in lieu thereof, the sub-joined new Section 65, to take effect August 1, 1920. Resolved, That Section 65o of the By-Laws of the Board of Education be, and it is hereby, stricken out in its entirety and that there be. and is hereby, adopted, in lieu thereof, the sub-joined new Section 65a, to take effect August 1, 1920. Salaries — General Regulations Sec. 65. 1. The salary, including the annual increment, to which a regular (not substitute) member of the supervising, teaching, or examining staff shall 12 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY be entitled under a specific salary schedule existing at the time of the adoption of these by-laws shall not be reduced by reason of the operation of the schedules of salaries set forth in this section; nor shall a reg^ular teacher in service at the tiLJe of the adoption of these by-laws, on appointment or promotion to a higher position, receive a salary less than such teacher would have received by reason of experience if appointed or promoted to such higher position prior to the adoption of these by-laws. 2. Teachers' annual salaries shall be paid in twelve equal installments, one installment for each month in the calendar year. The installment for July shall be paid, as nearly as m.ay be, on or before the 30th of June of each year. The installment for August shall be paid, as nearly as may be, on or before the first school day of the following September. In the case of a teacher who is dismissed frorn the service for cause, salary shall cease from the day of suspension from service. _ In case a teacher's license is not renewed, salary shall cease with the termination of actual service. 3. One-twenty-fifth of a month's salary shall be deducted for every day of absent.^ on the part of a principal, supervisor, or teacher, unless such principal, supervisor, or teacher is excused for adequate cause, in accordance with these by-laws; but the aggregate deductions for all purposes in any one month shall not exceed the salary for that month. 4. Subject to the conditions set forth in this section, a member of the super- vising and the teaching staff, or an attendance officer, serving under a schedule which provides for annual increments shall receive for any given year of service the salary and the increment provided in said schedule for the year which cor- responds to his or her year of service in such schedule, unless his or her services for the year imrnediately preceding have been declared by a majority vote of the Board of Superintendents to be unsatisfactory, after opportunity to be heard. 5. No person serving in a supervising or teaching position at the date on which these schedules take effect, who shall have previously served in a lower position, shall receive for the higher position a salary less than the amount in the higher schedule next above that to which he or she would be entitled in the lower position. 6. A teacher _ appointed or promoted to a higher position who shall have previously served in a lower position, the maximum salary of which is greater than the minimum salary of the higher position, shall be placed upon the appro- priate salary schedule at the salary next above that to which he or she would be entitled in the lower position, and shall thereafter advance in salary in accord- ance with the salary conditions applicable to the higher schedule. The date of annual increase in the higher schedule shall be the date fixed for the annual increase in the lower schedule. 7. Salaries of newly appointed teachers shall begin on the date of the begin- ning of actual and personal service; the annual increase of all teachers shall begin on the anniversary of the date of commencement of service after appoint- ment, or on such equated date of appointment as shall result from an adjustment of allowance for experience. 8. The certificate of the Superintendent of Schools that a principal, a super- visor, or a teacher has been credited by the Board of Examiners with a certain number of years of experience for service in schools other than the public schools of the City of New York, and the certificate of the Superintendent of Schools that a principal, a supervisor, or a teacher has rendered any number of years of satisfactory service in any part of what is now the City of New York, shall entitle such principal, supervisor, or teacher to the salary prescribed for the stated year of service by these by-laws. In reckoning service in the public schools of the City of New York, service as a substitute teacher rendered prior to January 1, 1919. or as a teacher or principal in evening schools or vacation schools or playgrounds, or years of service formerly allowed in any borough in consideration of graduation from any training school, normal school, or college, shall not be counted. For substitute service rendered in day schools in the City of New York, or in clerical work in the schools or in the offices of the Board of Education, subsequently to January 1, 1919. the Board of Superintendents may, on applica- tion, grant a regularly appointed teacher credit for such service, year for year, not exceeding the equivalent of five school years (1,000 school days). In deter- mining the allowance for outside experience to be made to persons appointed as teachers in the day public schools, including elementary schools, high schools, vocational or trade schools, and schools for the deaf, the Board of Examiners may count one or more years of satisfactory service in a profession, or in a mechan- ical or mercantile occupation, or in a trade, as the equivalent of a certain num- ber of years of experience in teaching in the respective type of day public schools the subject or subjects related to the appointee's former profession, occupation, or trade. 9. Teachers temporarily assigned to higher positions to which they have not been regularly appointed in accordance with law shall have no claim to the higher salary. SALARY SCHEDULES AND CONDITIONS 73 Annual Salary Schedules Professional Control Superintendent of Schools $12,000 Associate Superintendent 8,250 Member of Board of Examiners 7,700 District Superintendent 6,600 A District Superintendent assigned as Assistant to the Superintendent of Schools (during the continuance of the assignment) 7.500 Director of Attendance 7,000 Assistant Director of Attendance ._ 5,500 Director of Reference. Research and Statistics 7,000 Assistant Director of Reference, Research and Statistics 5,000 Director of Lectures 6.600 Assistant Director of Lectures 4,500 Superintendent of Libraries. . 5,000 Director of Vocational Activities 7,500 Director of Community Centers. Vacation Schools and Vacation Play- grounds 6,000 Director of Evening Schools and Continuation Classes 6,000 Medical inspectors of ungraded children 3,600 Physicians to examine candidates for licenses 2,600 Executive Officials Secretary of Board of Education 6,500 Assistant Secretary of Board of Education 5,000 Chief Clerk of Board of Education 4,000 Superintendent of School Bu.ldings. . 11,000 Deputy Superintendent of School Buildings 5,500 Deputy Superintendent of School Buildings 5,500 Deputy Superintendent of School Buildings 5,500 Deputy Superintendent of School Buildings 5,500 Deputy Superintendent of School Buildings 4,500 Superintendent of School Supplies 8,250 Deputy Superintendent of School Supplies 4,000 Superintendent of Plant Operation ^'599 Auditor 7,500 Deputy Auditor 6,000 Service Year High and Training Schools Ud Hal lib Ua Uc Principals Adm. Asst. 1st Asst. Asst.. Mod. Cler., Lab., Crit. Lib., PI., Inv. 1st $5,500 2nd 3rd ♦th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th , 10th Ilth 12th 13th and subsequent yrs $2,405 $3,200 $1,900 $1,400 6,000 2,600 3,400 2,050 1,500 6,500 2,680 3,600 2,200 1,600 6,500 2,760 3,800 3,350 1,700 6,500 2.940 4,000 2.500 1,800 6,500 3,120 4,200 2,650 1,900 6.500 3.300 4,200 2,800 2,000 6,500 3.480 4200 2,950 2.100 6,500 3,660 4,200 3,100 2,200 6.500 3,840 4,200 3,250 2,300 6 500 4 020 4.200 3,400 2,400 6.500 4,200 4,200 3,550 2,400 6,500 4,380 4,200 3,700 2,400 Schedule Hal shall apply in all cases only during the continuance of assign- ment by the Board of Education, on the recommendation of the Board of Super- intendents. In schedule lib credited gross teaching service in high or training schools over and above five years shall be counted. First assistants placed in charge of annexes or assigned as administrative assistants shall receive a maximum of $4,380 after five years' service as such. Regular teachers permanently employed in continuation classes or schools shall be paid in accordance with schedule I& (Min. $1,600, Incr. $150, Max. $3,250). (Other annual salary schedules will be found in the table on page 64.) Evening Schools Schedule VII Per Evening Principals of evening high and evening trade schools $9.10 General assistants in evening high and evening trade schools 6.50 Teachers in evening high and evening trade schools 6.50 Laboratory assistants in evening high and evening trade schools 3.90 Principals of evening elementary schools . . ._ 7.80 Teachers in charge of evening elementary schools having no principals but having twelve classes or more 6.50 74 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Teachers in charge of evening elementary schools having no principals but having less than tw^elve classes $5.20 General assistants in evening elementary schools 3.90 Teachers in evening elementary schools 3.90 Supervisors of special subjects 7.80 Substitute teachers of trade subjects in evening high and evening trade schools 6.50 Substitute teachers of other subjects in evening high and evening trade schools 3.90 Substitute teachers of trade subjects in evening elementary schools 3.90 Substitute teachers of other subjects in evening elementary schools 2.60 Toolboys 1.95 18. The schedules, schedule conditions, and provisions in this section con- tained, adopted pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 680 of the Laws ©f 1920, shall not be considered or construed as providing an increase in any salary beyond that specified in the said schedules and schedule conditions unless such increase is expressly and specifically hereinbefore set forth. Anning S. Prall, John A. Ferguson, Geo. J. Ryan, Committee on Finance, Salaries and Supplies. Auditor Cook estimates that the new salary legislation will in- crease the teachers pay roll from $43,800,000 on December 31, 1919, to $77,250,000 on December 31, 1921. Elementary schools advance from $37,625,157 to $67,941,118, about 80%. High Schools go from $6,191,140 to $9,321,630, an increase of a little over 50%. These figures include, of course, the regular growth and expansion of the school system, the actual increase in salary schedules being somewhat less. If general price levels eventually fall, as has been predicted, about 40% below their highest peak in 1920, it will leave the elemen- tary salaries somewhat better, and the high school schedules consider- ably lower, proportionately, than they were in 1900. The teachers who succeeded in weathering the cyclone of high prices by sacrificing in- vestments, savings, insurance, and even homes, have only the consola- tion that they learned to practice a degree of economy which would have seemed absolutely impossible in advance. Perhaps it will enable them eventually to get back a small part of the many thousands of dollars which the shrinkage in salary values cost every teacher. The loss to the school children who went through that period of diminished teaching efficiency is irreparable, and it will be many years before its disastrous effects have entirely disappeared. Radical Changes Needed A fair and adequate system of salary schedules and conditions for public school teachers should have at least the following elements : 1. Uniform mandatory minimum salaries, based on standards of living. 2. Fixed annual increments, automatic unless service is declared unsatisfactory after an impartial hearing of both sides of the question. 3. Pay for position, regardless of sex. 4. An initial salary high enough to attract first-class men and women. 5. Additional compensation for extra difficulties or requirements. 6. Differentials based on eligibility requirements and the character of the work, including the dignity of the position. 7. A margin far enough above the legal minimum to protect teachers from the usual fluctuations in price. 8. Such financing as will guarantee generous support for educa- tion without legislative campaigning by teachers and their friends. SALARY SCHEDULES AND CONDITIONS 75 Twenty-five years ago New York City had none of these essentials. Well-organized work by teachers and supervisors secured the first three points by order of the state legislature, after twenty years of persistent fighting. The campaign has been started for some other reforms, and the next session of the legislature will probably see con- siderable radical school legislation. The ultimate goal toward which all progressive school legislation must tend is the elevation of teaching to a real profession, with stand- ards and ideals commensurate with the unparalleled importance of the work. The foundation of genuine democracy is liberal education, and only the highest types of men and women should be entrusted with (he paramount function of public education. Teachers should be the most perfectly developed, highly paid and highly honored citizens of the state. In order to reach this goal, we must have a gradual rais- ing of standards and salaries for teachers until the teaching profes- sion is able to attract and hold the best men and women our col- leges can produce. The public must be educated up to the point where they realize that in teaching as well as in industries cheap labor is the most expensive and the best talent available is usually the cheap- est in the end. 'Some day parents and other taxpayers will under- stand that our children are entitled to the best education that money can buy, and that funds spent in improving our schools should not be considered an expense, but rather an investment whose dividends, in the form of better citizenship, represent the most profitable and beneficent use for which money can be employed. C. R. J. THE TEACHERS' RETIREMENT SYSTEM OF NEW YORK CITY The modern pension system is a product of tiie industrial revolu- tion of the nineteenth century which transferred to the corporation and the municipality the functions of the private employer, including his paternal interest in the welfare and happiness of his workmen. Old age pensions for workmen are practically universal in Europe, Ger- many having the most complete and successful system. The United States is the only great nation today that has no national system of old age and disabihty insurance. The pensioning of school teachers is based on the following facts of sociology: 1. Teachers will not save enough to protect themselves and depend- ents imless forced to do so by some system of compulsory savings. This is due largely to the fact that the teacher is generally in a much higher plane socially than financially, having little contact with money- making enterprises. Consequently, every salary increase or surplus is already mortgaged to the attainment of a higher standard of living. 2. Municipalities will not dismiss faithful teachers who lose their efficiency but _ have no resources other than their salaries. Political, religious, social and charitable influences almost invariably outweigh the cold-blooded principles of business efficiency in such cases, although a worn-out workman does more harm in school than in any other occupation. 3. For psychological rather than mathematical reasons, the ideal pension system should be supported by equal contributions from em- ployer and employee. Since the money to pay pensions comes primarily from the employer, the administration of a pension fund would be much simplified if the funds passed directly from the employer to the annuitant, eliminating all the clerical work entailed by a contrib- utory plan of any kind. The objections made to this method are that it looks too much like charity; that it ignores a valuable oppor- tunity for co-operation between employer and employee; that it benefits a few at the expense of many, and that it tends to prevent salary increases. These objections, which are more academic than practical, are met by the partly-contributory system, in which half the expense of the pension comes theoretically from the teacher's salary, and is to a certain extent under his supervision and control. Although the difference is largely a matter of bookkeeping, the fact that the contri- butions come nominally from the employee's salary before passing into the pension reserve fund gives the employee a voice in the management of the fund and a genuine interest in its permanency and solvency. The history of municipal pension systems in New York City begins with the Police Pension Fund in 1857 and the Fire Department Relief Fund in 1871. Brooklyn teachers attempted to establish a retirement fund in 1879 but nothing came of it until 1894, when a half pay pension, not to exceed $1000, was provided for New York City teachers, to be supported chiefly by absence deductions. A similar plan, calling for a 1% deduction from teachers salaries, was instituted in Brooklyn in 1895- 76 TEACHERS' RETIREMENT SYSTEM 77 In 1901 both funds were consolidated on a new basis, and in 1905 further changes were made, providing for a half pay disability pension and also a service pension after 30 years. This fund was to be main- tained by deductions of 1% from teachers salaries and 5% of the city's excise money. It was not based on actuarial computations, but was conducted in much the same hand-to-mouth way as the thousands of fraternal assessment and mutual benefit organizations whose wrecks characterize the history of amateur life insurance projects. The fundamental fallacy in all assessment insurance schemes is the failure to reckon all members, including "new blood," as liabilities. The promoters of these "mutual benefit" orders ignore the fact that every contributor is not only a present asset, but to a much greater extent a future liability, and that the addition of "new blood" to a system not actuarially sound adds liabilities faster than resources. Eventually the members of every assessment company learn that the only cheap insurance is safe insurance, and tliat the only safe insur- ance is that backed by a legally enforceable contract to pay a definite sum in return for a definite consideration. A mutual agreement be- tween members to share losses equally does not constitute an enforce- able contract to pay annuities, as many an annuitant has learned when it was too late. The only permanent pension system is that resting on a contractual obligation, with a definite consideration based on actuarial coniputations. The truth of this statement has been estab- lished by sad experience in many foreign countries, especially England and New South Wales, and by the failure of state pension systems in Maryland, Virginia and New Jersey, and of city systems in Boston, Providence, Newport, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, San Francisco, Phila- delphia and New York. It took New York City sixty years, from 1857 to 1917, to learn the futility of the cash disbursement plan for employees' pensions. The Police Fund, established in 1857, could not fail, as the city was bound by law to make up any deficiencies. The Teachers' Fund, estab- lished in 1894, had no such guarantee, the law stipulating, on th^ contrary, that the number of annual retirements should be so limited that the entire amount of annuitizes to be paid in any one year should not exceed the estimated income of the fund in that year. The fund was never actuarially solvent, and was practically bankrupt by 1910, when there was a deficit of $48,142. A full account of the, matter will be found in the Report on the Teachers' Retirement Fund, made by Mayor Gaynor's Committee on Pensions in 1915. In 1917 a bill prepared by the Mayor's Pension Committee, in co-operation with the Federation of Teachers' Associations, was passed by the legislature and became a law under Section 1092 of the Greater New York Charter, establishing the present Teachers' Retire- ment Association of the City of New York. The following are the main provisions of this act: Membership 1. All members of the teaching and supervising staff of the public day schools of the City of New York holding permanent licenses, in- cluding "all employees of the Board of Education appointed to regular positions in the service of the public schools, at annual salaries, and whose appointments were made, or shall hereafter be made, as the result of examinations held by the Board of Examiners of the Depart- ment of Education." 78 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY 2. "All teachers without a permanent license who shall file a state- ment in writing with the Retirement Board consenting to membership in the Retirement Association and to reductions for annuity purposes provided in the act." 3. "All transferred contributors." (From other city departments.) All who were in the school system on August 1, 1917, are classed as present teachers. Those who entered subsequent to that date are new entrants. Managemekt The business of the Retirement Association is handled by the Retirement Board, consisting of the following members for 1921 : The President of the Board of Education — Anning S. Prall. The Comptroller of the City of New York — Charles L. Craig. Two members appointed by the Mayor (one of whom must be a member of the Board of Education) — Thos. W. Churchill and John A. Ferguson. Three teacher members — Frederick Z. Lewis, Agnes M. Craig, and Rufina A. Carls. One teacher member is elected each year in the following manner : On the first Thursday in May the contributors in each public school meet in their respective schools at 3 P. M. and elect from their number, by ballot, one delegate for each ten contributors or major fraction thereof in said school. On the second Thursday in May the school delegates in each district meet at 3 P. M. at one of the schools in the district and elect from their number a district representative and alternate. On the following Thursday the district representatives meet at 3 p. M. at the hall of the Board of Education and elect a contributor to serve as a member of the Retirement Board for three years. Funds 1., Contributed by the city: (a) An amount sufficient to provide for each contributor a pension of 25 per cent, of his average* salary for service retirement, or 20 per cent, for disability retirement. (b) An amount sufficient to provide for "present teachers" an additional pension of five-sevenths of one per cent, of the average salary for each year of service prior to August 1, 1917. (c) An amount sufficient to meet all other obligations imposed on the city by the provisions of the pension law. 2. Contributed by teachers : (a) New entrants contribute such a percentage of their annual salary as will be sufficient at the time of retirement to provide an annuity of 25 per cent, of the average salary. * "Average salary" shall mean the average annual salary earnable by a con- tributor for the ten years immediately preceding retirement, except that in case a contributor shall retire prior to the first day of January, nineteen hundred and twenty-two, average salary shall mean the average annual salary earnable by the contributor since the first day of January, nineteen hundred and twelve. TEACHERS' RETIREMENT SYSTEM 79 (b) "Present teachers" have the following options: A. Three per cent, of the earnable salary. B. Such a per cent, of the earnable salary as will be sufficient to provide at age 65 an annuity which, when added to the pension given by the city, will furnish a retirement allowance of 50 per cent, of the average salary. C. Any amount greater than 3 per cent. Benefits A. Disability Retirement : Teachers who have had ten years or more of city service may be retired for disability on certification of the medical board that the contributor is physically or mentally inca- pacitated for the performance of duty. The disability retirement allowance is : (1) A pension of 20 per cent, of the average salary. (2) An annuity actuarially equivalent to the sum of the teacher's accumulated contributions at the time of retire- ment. (3) An additional pension for "present teachers" of five- sevenths of one per cent, of the average salary for each year of service prior to August 1, 1917. B. Service Retirement : Any contributor may be retired for service upon written application to the retirement board ; provided (1) He has reached or passed the age of 65 years; or (2) If he was in service on August 1, 1917, and has a total service of 35 years or more ; or (3) If an entrant since August 1, 1917, he has a total service of 35 years or more, at least 20 of which shall have been city service. Compulsory service retirement takes place at the age of 70, or at the end of the term in which the age of 70 is attained. Service Retirement Allowance : (1) A pension of 25 per cent of the average salary. (2) Same as for disability. (3) Same as for disability. C. Death Benefit for Contributors Eligible for Retirement : "Upon the death of a contributor before retirement there shall be paid to his estate or to such person as he shall have nominated by written designation duly executed and filed with the retirement board (a) his accumulated deductions; and in addition thereto (b) an amount equal to the salary earnable by him during the six months immediately pre- ceding his death, provided that at the time of his death he had attained the age of 65 years, of had a total service of 33 years and was eligible for service retirement." This provision differs very radically from the procedure required by state law for insurance companies under similar circumstances. The teacher eligible for retirement has earned and paid for what is in effect a matured endowment policy payable in annual installments. Such policies are made non-forfeitable and non-lapsing in the state law, and the full face value of the policy is the property of the in- sured as completely as if it were deposited in a savings bank in his name. The teacher's pension, on the other hand, by the provisions of this section, reverts to the city, with the exception of one-half a year's salary, which in most cases the city would have already saved by the decrease in the number of annuities payable. New entrants would lose half their retirement allowance, and "present teachers" would lose a much higher proportion. Since the present rates were computed 80 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY on the basis of no pension or annuity payments for teachers not ac- tually retired, it would probably be necessary to charge a higher rate for those who wished to have the retirement benefit considered as a matured endowment at the completion of the service period. This could be handled as an additional option obtainable at any time by payment of the extra amount or rate required. It would also be possible, and in most cases very desirable, to provide another option under which a term policy of life insurance maturing at the date of the completion of the service period, could be offered in conjunction with the endowment feature, thus protect- ing the dependents of the teacher under all circumstances. D. Retirement after Thirty Years' Service: Any contributor may, if a present teacher, retire on written application to the retire- ment board after he has completed 30 years of service upon a retire- ment allowance consisting of (1) An annuity which shall be the actuarial equivalent of his accumulated deductions ; and in addition thereto (2) Such pension as shall be certified by the actuary of the re- tirement board to have an actuarial value equivalent to the reserve which would be in the contingent reserve fund had the city contributed on account of such present teacher from the date of his entrance into service in such manner as is provided for the city's contributions on behalf of new entrants in subdivision F, paragraph 2, of this act, the amount determined by the actuary of the retirement board to be necessary to provide for the death benefit and the pension reserve required at the time of retirement to pay the pension allowable by the city as provided in this act. In determining the amount of the reserve the actuary of the retirement board shall base his calculations on the tables then in use as the basis for determining the rates of contribution required of the city on account of new entrants." Here again the teacher loses part of his earned and accrued pen- sion, since the annuity purchasable by his own accumulated deduc- tions is comparativel}' insignificant for present teachers, the deficit being made good under regular retirement conditions by the additional five-sevenths of one per cent, provided by subdivision. M, paragraph 1-c. At present the 30-year retirement allowance amounts to about 25 per cent. E. Return of Contributions : On the termination of a contrib- utor's membership in the retirement association in any way, his accu- mulated deductions are returned in full with compound interest at 4 per cent. In case of dismissal he receives also the amount of his con- tributions to the old pension fund prior to August 1, 1917. It is especially noticeable that under benefits C, D and E, the teacher's contributions and the city's contributions to make up previous deficiencies in teacher contributions are treated as deferred salary, returnable in all cases to the teacher, on the savings bank plan, while the pension proper, as distinguished from the annuity, is treated as a gratuity on which the teacher has no claim until retired. This reduces the cost to the city materially without decreasing the retirement allow- ance. It also puts a premium on the completion of the full service retirement period. TEACHERS' RETIREMENT SYSTEM 81 F. Options : Since the teacher who applies for retirement at the completion of the service requirement is entitled to the full reserve fund accumulated for his benefit, he is given the privilege, as in an insurance company, of selecting the method of payment. He may select any modification of the method of paying his retirement allow- ance, "provided such other benefit or benefits, together with such lesser annuity, or lesser pension, or lesser retirement allowance shall be certified by the actuary of the retirement board to be of equivalent actuarial value, and shall be approved by the retirement board." The following typical variations are suggested in the law : Under Option I the teacher receives in lieu of his ordinary retire- ment allowance a smaller allowance, with the provision that if he should die before he has received in monthly payments the amount of the reserve on his allowance at the time of retirement, the balance shall be paid to his estate or his beneficiary. For example, a man teacher eligible for an ordinary service allow- ance of $1,000 a year upon retirement at age 60 would be entitled to a benefit having a reserve of $9,233.00. If he chose Option Number I he would receive $780.30 per year instead of $1,000; but if he should die at the end of one year there would be paid to his estate or to some designated person having an insurable interest in his life, $9,233.00 less $780.30, or $8,452.70, which is the balance of the reserve. If he should die at the end of 5 years, $5,331.50 would be payable to his estate, and so on until he had received payments to the amount of $9,233.00, after which there would be no payments in the event of his death. The annual allowance of $780.30, however, would continue to the pensioner as long as he lived. Option II provides for taking in lieu of the ordinary retirement allowance, a smaller allowance with the provision that upon his death the allowance shall be continued during the lifetime of such person as he shall have nominated at the time the option was chosen. For example, if a teacher at age 60 and eligible for $1,000 service allowance should elect Option Number II and nominate a person at age 56 having an insurable interest in his life as his beneficiary, he would receive an allowance of $681.40 per year, instead of $1,000 per year, during his lifetime, and upon his death $681.40 per year would be paid to the beneficiary as long as she lived. Option III gives the privilege of taking in lieu of the ordinary retirement allowance a smaller allowance, with the provision that it shall be continued at one-half the rate to any person nominated at the time the option was chosen. For example, if a man teacher at age 60, eligible for $1,000 service allowance, should elect Option Number III and nominate a person at age 56, having an insurable interest in his life, as his beneficiary, he would receive an allowance of $810.60 per year, instead of $1,000 per year, during his lifetime, and upon his death $405.30 per year would be paid to the beneficiary as long as she lived. A teacher desiring to select an optional benefit must do so before his retirement allowance is officially approved — preferably at the time of making application for retirement. If no option is selected the an- nuitant receives the maximum allowance purchasable by his reserve as long as he lives, whether he dies before or after the period of his expectancy. His death terminates the city's obligation on his account, since by the law of averages nis reserve would be all paid out by tnat time. NOTE: The figures given in the examples illustrate the case of a man and his wife. 82 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Rates of Contribution New entrants are required to contribute a rate computed to give them a full allowance of at least one-half the average salary on service retirement. Present teachers are not required to pay rates which will provide the full allowance, but may reduce their contributions to as low as 3 per cent, or to such rate as will insure half the average salary upon attaining age 65, if that age is attained after more than 35 years of service. Present teachers who reduce their rates below the required figure will receive reduced allowances on retirement, and no teacher paying only 3 per cent will receive a full allowance at the end of 35 years of service. Rates of contribution to obtain a full allowance which are applicable to present teachers are not published because they depend upon and vary with the past contributions of the teacher, the prior service, the subsequent service and the age of the teacher. Individual rates are figured for teachers who make appli- cation to the retirement board. Subject to such terms and conditions and to such rules and reg- ulations as the retirement board may adopt, any contributor from time to time may: (a) Increase or decrease his rate of contribution to the annuity savings fund, but in no event shall the contribution of a present teacher be less than the minimum contribution, nor shall the contribution of a new entrant be at a rate less than the per centum rate provided for said new entrant in subdivision F-five-b. (b) If a present teacher, withdraw from his individual account in the annuity savings fund the amount in excess of his minimum accu- mulation. (c) Withdrawn, after having become eligible for service retire- ment, such part of his accumulated deductions as shall be in excess of the amount necessary to procure for him an annuity which, if added to his prospective pension, will yield a retirement allowance of 50 per centum of his average salary. The following tables show the rates for new entrants. The amount indicated is the minimum necessary to provide half pay on retirement after 35 years of service, and is deducted monthly from the teacher's salary check. C. R. J. TEACHERS' RETIREMENT SYSTEM 83 ■CM(Nl(M^-l.-lT-(0000^0\a^OOOOOO '"^ CVJ'-H^rHOOO O^O^O^000000^^t^ t^ 00 r-i \p CO O 00 00 0\ Q --I •* O OS <*5 ■ """ '-^'-»t^t^vO 'OO0s0\0\000000l^l>.C^t^^0OO *^ o ooNONOsoooooor^r^t-^t^soooo o u rt Cti w o ^ bo r Ph ■£ 00 W PQ ■oso\ONodo6odtosdsd"^"^ ■CvjLO^LDfMT-Hi— i(Mi-00\roOM-orO'— I • ■^O\qrr}OrN.Tf;.-<00L0r0O00v0-^ 'O\<:>odododt^t^t->!vo^d^vd>-oioui t^ • • • O 'i- 00 Tf CM O 1— I CVl U-) 0\ -3" O t^ uTTf • • ■■-oqLoro^ ■ ■ ■ Os 00 00 00 t^ t< r^ O -O O Oio un LTJLO • • O LO O O -^ ro ro lo 00 (M 00 "^ '— I O 0\ • \0 . •oq■^'-^^>.•^^oqu^c^^o^%Loc^)'-^oq • ■ ■ 00 00 00 1< tv! r>i o vd sd \d "J^ >J^ "^ uS -^ ' • .— it^ -^ r-i Os 00 ON O -^ 00 -^ O 00 t^ \0 • • lo .uor-Hoqio^oq"^«^otv.iocoooq\p • • ■ 00 00 l~>i I< t^ O -d O nO LH u-j U-) u-i -^ -rf ■ ■ Tf »-( On t^ vO "-O O 00 "— I vO fM OM^ O lO • • • Ti-cMO\u-)(MO\vOfoooqiJ^coooqNp-^ • • • 00 1>! tvi r->; vd o no no LTJ u^ Lo "^ -^ ■^ ■^ * \0 LT) -^ -^ rf- <-0 r^ •— I >o CM ONt^ nO nO • • • • co\pcoOr^^<-;oqNqrO'— lOOvq-^fvi • • • • t-x t>^ tvl vd vd vd "^ lo "S i-o Ti- -"i^ ■^ Tf PO ro ■* LO vO 0\ rO 00 ■* ■— 1 0\ ON On <\j^oqiJO(NJON-0-^»-;Osr>.-^rJ \d sd vd LT) "S lO U-) -^ -rf Tt" Tt- Tj- fO "^ O On i— I NO ■— I t-^ lO CO fO ro 1-H \0 fo o r> to CM O {> "^ ro >-; On \d vd nO "S Lo "^ "i '!*■ ""t^ -^ ■^ f^ nO On CM U-) O O CM O 00 00 On o<--!• '!l- Tf -^ '*• -^ flH 84 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY 2 < 03 CKj « 03 H r/1 ^ 'A M-l O M & a; C M w rt y, C c PS u w o ii u. o 03 o U3 UJ -) 03 m « -a o U U X u m o •P0fVl.-iO0QiO'-iLOO\P0\OO\CMv0O •r-HOONrvJOrOONU^OiOOv^OOnoO •COi— iO\t^TfCMOOO"^rOOOOu-)CO»-i ■cKoNodododododi>;Kt^t^«>.'voo\dvd^tv^r^t-^\doo'OvdLrj»JO"^Ln •'^OOOvOTj-coOOOOrffO'-Hr-ioO ■t^rNlr>I\0^00\00"S'-oi/i>J^i-0"^Ti- ■t^t^vOOOvOvOuTJT-oioin-rf"^^ •^OMOlMOM^iOPOi-iOOO'-iC^jrO • o^^o^^>;"^<^^ooq^q-*c^^ooqo■^c^^ •u-)0\0u^li^Ll->Tt•Tl-T^■^-^f^^'5> A ^ s B M P3 03 5^ q O, W ■^ CO >> S^ ^0^ mn fr'^ a ffl C3f«3 2 O'^ .2 _^ ^ W m ■s p ^ ; ■HH c! 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Perry, Vice-President, George Washington High School Paula C. Lambert, Secretary-Treasurer, Julia Richman High School ASSOCIATION OF FIRST ASSISTANT TEACHERS OF ENGLISH Edwin Fairley, Chairman, Jamaica High School ASSOCIATION OF FIRST ASSISTANT TEACHERS OF HISTORY Ernest D. Lewis, President, Evander Childs High School Leon J. Wayave, Vice-President, New Utrecht High School L. Louise Arthur, Secretary-Treasurer, Bryant High School ASSOCIATION OF MALE FIRST ASSISTANTS William T. Morrey, President, Bushwick High School Edward J. McNamara, Vice-President, Girls Commercial High School A. Broderick Cohen, Secretary- Treasurer, Eastern District High School ASSOCIATION OF WOMEN HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS Anna E. McAuliffe, President, Newtown High School, Queens Celeste C. Swenson, Secretary-Treasurer, Newtown High School, Queens CHEMISTRY TEACHERS' CLUB Frank P. Bunker, President, Mount Vernon High School. Ernest L. Dinsmore, Vice-President, Boys' High School. Carl O. Vogelin, Secretary, Central Commercial and Manual Train- ing High School, Newark, N. J. Charles P. Ritter, Treasurer, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn. EVENING HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION Stephen F. Bayne, President, District Superintendent. Benjamin Fromberg, Secretary, DeWitt Clinton High School James D. Laird, Treasurer, DeWitt Clinton High School HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION 95 HIGH SCHOOL CLERICAL ASSISTANTS' ASSOCIATION M. Eva Glen, President, Richmond Hill High School James V. P. Smith, Vice-President, Stuyvesant High School M. Louise Glazier, Secretary, Evander Childs High School Marion Johnson, Treasurer, Erasmus Hall High School HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPALS' ASSOCIATION Arthur L. Janes, President, Boys' High School. Elmer E. Bogart, Secretary, Morris High School. Gilbert J. Raynor, Treasurer, Commercial High School MALE HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION Harry B. Penhollow, President, DeWitt Clinton High School Louis D. Truckenbrodt, Secretary-TreasuTer, Washington Irving High School MODERN LANGUAGE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION Jacob Greenberg, President, Asst. Supervisor Mod. Lang. Helen I. Buck, Secretary-Treasurer, Washington Irving High School. NEW YORK ASSOCIATION OF BIOLOGY TEACHERS Nelllie p. Hewins, President, Newtown High School, Queens. Mary Hamilton, Vice-President, Theodore Roosevelt High School, Bronx. Emily Platt, Recording Secretary, Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn. Isabel Larsen, Corresponding Secretary, Newtown High School, Queens. John N. Tietz, Treasurer, De Witt Clinton High School, Manhattan. NEW YORK ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS OF ENGLISH Jacob C. Tressler, President, Newtown High School Elizabeth E. King, Vice-President, Wadleigh High School Mary V. Riblet, Secretary-Treasurer, Bryant High School NEW YORK ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS OF GERMAN J. B. E. Jonas, President, DeWilt Clinton High School May G. Wendell, Secretary, Stuyvesant High School NEW YORK CHAPTER OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS OF SPANISH William A. Barlow, President, Curtis High School Florence E. Beiler, Vice-President, Washington Irving High School Hymen Alpern, Secretary-Treasurer, Stuyvesant High School Gracia L. Fernandez de Arias, Corresponding Secretary, New Utrecht High School % HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY NEW YORK CLASSICAL CLUB Arthur A. Bryant, President, De Witt Clinton High School. Jane Gray Carter, Vice-President, Hunter College. George H. Beale, Secretary-Treasurer, De Witt Clinton High School. Margaret Y. Henry, Censor, Wadleigh High School. NEW YORK PHYSICAL TRAINING TEACHERS ASSOCIATION Henry J. Silverman, President, Jamaica High School. John J. Ellert, Vice-President, George Washington High School. George Copeland, Secretary-Treasurer, Jamaica High School. PHYSICS CLUB OF NEW YORK Morris Meister, President, Teachers' College Floyd L. Darrow, Vice-President, Polytechnic Preparatory School Guy R. Thomas, Secretary, New Utrecht High School UNION FRANCAISE DE L'INSTITUTE FRANCAIS AUX STATS-UNIS Henry A. Todd, Chairman Board Trustees, Museum of French Art McDouGALL Hawkes, Vice-Chairman, Museum of French Art Lawrence A. Wilkins, Vice-Chairman, Board of Education WOMEN FIRST ASSISTANTS' CLUB Annah p. Hazen, President, Eastern District High School Nellie P. Hewins, Vice-President, Newtown High School Rosemary F. Mullen, Secretary-Treasurer, Washington Irving High School ♦♦♦ooo^^ D I RECTORY ♦♦♦00^#4 ABBREVIATIONS Grades of Licenses and Special Assignments p Principal (Actg) Acting 1 A First Assistant (Adm) Assigned to Administra- A Assistant tive Duties Adm A Administrative Assistant (Chg An) Teacher in Charge of An- CIA Clerical Assistant nex Lab A Laboratory Assistant (Ch) Chairman of Department Lib A Library Assistant (Coord) Coordinator Subjects o£ Licenses Ace & Bus Tr Accounting and Business H Practice Ital B Biology Joinery C Chemistry L Cv Civics M Class Lang Classical Languages MD Coml Commercial Branches Mod Lang Cooking Cooking Mu D Dravi'ing Pattrn Mkg Dress Mkg Dress Making PT E English P Sc Ec Economics P FA Fine Arts Physiog FHD Free-hand Drawing Physiol F French Sp G German StTp Gr Greek Sewg Sewing History Italian Joinery Latin Mathematics Mechanical Drawing Modern Languages Music Pattern Making Physical Training Physical Science Physics Physiography Physiology Spanish Stenography and Type- writing High Schools BofE Board of Education Bldg. Girls Girls BR Bay Ridge GComl Girls Commercial Boys Boys HSC High School of Commerce Bry Bryant Haaren Haaren Bwk Bushwick Jam Jamaica Coml Commercial JR Julia Richman Curtis Curtis MT Manual Training DWC De Witt Clinton Ms Morris ED Eastern District Ntn Newtown EH Erasmus Hall NU New Utrecht EvC Evander Childs RH Richmond Hill FR Far Rockaway Stv Stuyvesant Fig Flushing TR Theodore Roosevelt GW George Washington Wdl Wadleigh WI Washington I rving Dates of Service Dates without parentheses refer to commencement of service in the high schools; dates with parentheses refer to service in New York City public schools previous to entering high schools, and to promotion in the high schools. 98 VIII SCHOOL OFFICERS The central office of the Board of Education is at 500 Park Ave., Man- hattan. Tel.: Plaza 5580. The Brooklyn office is at 131 Livingston St. Tel.: Main 5890. Board of Education Harry B. Chambers, 205 E. 176th St.. Bx Tel. Tremont 3611 115 Broadway, Mn. Tel. Rector 433 1005 East 180th St., Bx. Tel. Fordham 3566 Dr. John A. Ferguson, 932 Boshwick Ave., Bn Tel. Bushwick 193 Mrs. Emma L. Murray, 500 Park Ave., Mn Tel. Plaza 5580. Anning S. Prall (President), 160 College Ave., Westerleigh, S. I. Tel. Port Richmond 1304. George J. Ryan (Vice-President), 236 Lincoln St., Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 1387. 46 Jackson Ave., L. I. City. Tel. Hunters Pt. 3451. Arthur S. Somers. 988 Sterling PI., Bn Tel. Lafayette 7519. 100 William St., Mn. Tel. Beekman 780. M. Samuel Stern, 2013 Fifth Ave., Mn Tel. Harlem 869 1547 Broadway, Mn. Tel. Bryant 6360. A. Emerson Palmer, Secretary, 68 Montague St., Bn...Tel. Main 5832 Thomas A. Dillon, Chief Clerk, 722 St. Nicholas Ave., Manhattan. The meeting room of the Board, and the offices of the Commissioners and of the Secretary, are on the second floor of the Board building. Board of Superintendents William L. Ettinger, Superintendent of Schools (chairman ex- officio), 790 Riverside Dr., Mn. Hours: Thursday, 3-5 P. M., Room 403, B. of E. Andrew W. Edson 400 West 118th St., Mn. Hours: Thursday, 3-5 P. M., P. S. 10, Eagle and 163d St., Bronx. Satwr- urday, 9 A. M.— 12 M., Room 510, B. of E. William McAndrew 2758 Kingsbridge Ter., Kingsbridge, Bx. Tel. Kingsbridge 3466 Hours: Tuesday. 3-5 P. M., Room 506, B. of E. Clarence E. Meleney 2714 Bedford Ave., Bn. Hours: Thursday, 3-5 P. M., and Saturday, 9 A. M.-12 M., Room 515, B. of E. William B. O'Shea, 145 W. 88th St., Mn Tel. Riverside 6364 Hours: Monday. 3-5 P. M., P. S. 17, 327 W. 47th St., Mn.; Wednesday, 3-5 P. M., Saturday, 9 A. M.-12 M., Room 511, B. of E. Edward B. Shallow, 1090 Dean St., Bn Tel. Prospect 2555 Hours: Monday, 9 A. M.-12 M., Room 525, B. of E.; 4-5 P. M., 131 Liv- ingston St., Bn. Edgar Dubs Shimer, 104 Union Ave., Jamaica, L. I. . .Tel. Jamaica 303 Hours: Monday. 3-5 P. M., P. S. 82, Kaplan Ave. and Hammond St., Ja- maica, L. I., Tuesday, 3-5 P. M., 131 Livingston St., Bn.; Saturday, 9 A. M.12 M., 131 Livingston St,. Bn. Gustave Straubenmullek, 169 W. 88th St., Mn...Tel. Riverside 8506 Hours: Tuesday, 3-5 P. M., Saturday, 9 A. M.-12 M., Room 508, B. of E. 99 100 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY John H. Walsh 8502 Ft. Hamilton Ave., Bn. Hours: Friday, 3-S P. M., P. S. SO Driggs Ave. and S. 3d St., Bn. Satur- day, 9 A. M.-12 M., 1331 Livingston St., Bn. Office, Room 403, B. of E. Thomas E. Bussey^ Secretary 21 Cliflf Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. Office: Room 512, B. of E. The meeting room of the Board, and the offices of the several members and of the Secretary, are on the fifth floor of the Board building. A number of the Superintendents also maintain offices in Brooklyn. Board of Examiners The offices of the Board of Examiners are on the fourth floor of the Board building. James C. Byrnes 80 Franklin PI., Flushing, L. I. Hours: Wednesday, 2-4:30 P. M., Room 419, B. of E. Mrs. Grace Strachan Forsythe 20 W. 72ncl St., Mn. Tel. Columbus 257. Hours: Friday, 2-4:30 P. M., Room 422, B. of E. Robert J. Frost 276 Sterling Place, Bn. Tel. Prospect 6002 Hours: Monday, 2-4:30 P. M., Room 421, B. of E. William R. Hayward, 186 Hamilton Ave., New Brighton, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 2699. Hours: Saturday, 9:00 A. M.-12 M., Room 422, B. of E. Walter L. Hervey 351 W. 114th St., Mn. Hours: Thursday, 2-4:30 P. M., Room 417, B. of E. Joseph H. Sheehan, 12 St. Charles Place, Bn. Tel. Prospect 250-W Hours: Tuesday, 2-4:30 P. M., Room 421, B. of E. George J. Smith (Chairman) 260 W. 57th St., Mn. Hours: Saturdays, 9:00-12 M., Room 415, B. of E. Frank V. Daly, Secretary 133 Leflferts Ave., Bn. Office: Room 422, B. of E. District Superintendent Assigned to High Schools John L. Tildsley, Spuyten Duyvil, Bx Tel. Kingsbridge 132- W Office: Room 515, B. of E. Directors of Special Branches Herman H. Wright, Director of High School Organization, 238 Amity St., Flushing, L. I. Office: Room 515, B. of E. Lawrence A. Wilkins, Director of Modern Languages in High Schools, 598 W. 191st St., Mn. Tel. Wadsworth 2150. Office: Room 305, B. of E. Special Assignments Frank A. Rexford, Agriculture, Civics, General Science, 445 3d St., Bn. Tel. South 2131-W. Office: Room 305, B. of E. Albert G. Belding, Commercial Subjects, Winchester PI., Lawrence, L. L Tel. Far Rockaway 2615. Office: Room 515, B. of E. IX ADMINISTRATIVE AND DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HIGH SCHOOLS BAY RIDGE HIGH SCHOOL Fourth Avenue and Sixty-seventh Street, Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 1131 Kate E. Turner, Principal Hotel Woodstock, Manhattan Tel. Bryant 3010 Mabel R. Ben way. Administrative Assistant 62 Pierrepont St., Brooklyn Tel. Main 5832 Annex P. S. 104, FIFTH AVE. AND 92ND ST., BROOKLYN Tel. Shore Road 1273 Ida M. Stahl, Teacher in Charge 152 Lincoln PL, Brooklyn Tel. Sterling 2145 CoNANT, OcTAviA M Clerical Assistant Denham, Sidonie B Clerical Assistant Isles, Edith W Clerical Assistant Potter, Sadie R • • Clerical Assistant Crooks, Muriel A Library Assistant McKnight, Elizabeth B Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Emil Gluck, Chairman 1590 Amsterdam Ave., Manhattan Tel. Audubon 5824 Ackerman, Dorothy S. Hunt, Lucille R. Arnold, Edith S. Putz. Edward H. Baker, Helen M. Stahl, Ida M. BIOLOGY Louisa Bkuckman, Chairman 209 West 97th St., Manhattan Tel. Riverside 3265 Baggs, Martha Barclay, Margaret 101 102 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY CIVICS LoLABEL H. Hall, Chairman 466 74th St., Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 4108 Garrett, Sara Reed, Nellie M. Kupfer, Ernestine C. Wheat, Grace A. COOKING Margaret Williams, Chairman 240 78th St., Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 1215-W DRAWING Alma L. Hamilton, Chairman 362 Senator St., Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 247 Black, Edna A. Isles, Maude M. Combs, Adelaide M. W. Munger, Ethel T. ELOCUTION Marion I. Weeks, Chairman 511 8th St., Brooklyn Tel. South 3323-M Briley, Elsie N. ENGLISH Mabel A. Bessey, Chairman 64 Monroe St., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 5213-J. Brady, Helen E. Mix, R. Grace Coffin, Isabelle P. Murphy, Edith H. Harding, Helen E. Phillips, Sara J. Heilbrunn, Stella Powers, Florence M. Higgins, Frances C. Ryan, Monica Wicks, Helen D. HISTORY Emberson E. Proper, Chairman 478 Washington Ave.. Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 6204 Donovan, Bernard J. _ Murphy, Florence S. Rubinstein, Jacob LATIN Anna L. Hardy, Chairman 705 St. Mark's Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 9451 Allen, Winifred S. _ Medalie, Carrie K. O'Brien, Josephine G. MATHEMATICS Elmer Schuyler, Chairman 87 71st St., Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 2773-W Back, Elizabeth M. Watrous, Louise E. Mackay, David L. Weaver, Robert L. BOYS' HIGH SCHOOL 103 MODERN LANGUAGES Marion Hackedorn, Chairman 424 Senator St., Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 1092 Balbin, Florinda Henrlchs, Edna Blodget, Bertha Morrill, Frances U. Bruning, Emilie E. Noto, Rosa Faust, Charlotte C. Scharff, Violette E. Fleming, Gemma H. Tobin, Kate H. MUSIC Eugene C. Morris, Chairman 813 Putnam Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Bushwick 6447 Thompson, Miriam A. PHYSICAL SCIENCE Maurice W. Kearney, Chairman 606 72nd St., Brooklyn Cassett, Edith Robinson, L. Archibald PHYSICAL TRAINING Ruth W. Smith, Chairman 144 E. 22nd St., Manhattan Tel. Gramercy 1574 Cuno, Violette B. Morris, Constance Hamilton, Mercedes W. Randall, Bernice E. Harris, Miriam Schilling, Helen Smith, Ruth W. SEWING Carrie Gaynor, Chairman 165 Prospect Pk. West, Brooklyn Tel. South 6649 STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Conrad J. Saphier, Chairman 1062 Carroll St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 3585 Catren, Ida M. Keenan, Irene D. Cawley, Charles A. Morrill, Abbie A. BOYS' HIGH SCHOOL Marcy and Putnam Avenues, Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 690 Arthur L. Janes, Principal 275 Clinton Ave,, Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 4164 104 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Edward B. Parsons, First Assistant 488 Macon St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 301 7- W Harold C. Sprague, Assistant 10020 Garrison St., Mollis, L. I. Tel. Mollis 6380-M David H. Moskowitz, Assistant 1544 President St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 1065 Menry T. Alden 185 Quincy St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 6582 Annexes P. S. 3, BEDFORD AVE. AND JEFFERSON AVE., BROOKLYN Tel. Lafayette 7736 Robert I. Raiman, Teacher in Charge 248 Park Place, Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 1147--W P. S. 33, MEYWARD ST., NEAR BROADWAY, BROOKLYN Tel. Williamsburg 3082 Charles E. Mughes, Teacher in Charge 474 Eighth St., Brooklyn Tel. South 6469-W Cetron, Celia .Clerical Assistant FiTZGiBBON, Mary A Clerical Assistant Greenburg, Sophia Clerical Assistant Miller, Adelaide Clerical Assistant Parker, S. Ridley Library Assistant Pope, Seth E Library Assistant BIOLOGY Francis T. Hughes, Chairman 303 East 5th St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 9111-W Fish, Joseph B. Kaine, Joseph M. Manna, Albert S. Pasternak, Jesse Hughes, Charles E. Richardson, Roy S. Jordan, C. Victor Winston, Samuel CHEMISTRY Ernest L. Dinsmore, Chairman 436 Lewi* Ave., Brooklyn Cook, Charles G. Stannard, J. Ellis Paucek, George Steigman, Max BOYS' HIGH SCHOOL 105 CIVICS Frederick Z. Lewis, Chairman 29 Winthrop St., Brooklyn Benjamin, Julliet Bryan, Jennie B. Katz, Milton J. DRAWING Reuben R. Purcell, Chairman 99 Vanderbilt Ave., Floral Park, L. I. Beemer, Edwin F. Hubbard, Florence Boyd, Maurice C. Messenger, John Emmons, Bertha E. White, Walter C. L. ELOCUTION W. Palmer Smith, Chairman 330 East 19th St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 6689 Maxwell, Rose de C. Strauss, Joseph B. Wolf son, George ENGLISH William W. Fisher, Chairman 828 Lincoln PI., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 492-J Bowie, Arthur Johnston, Henry H. Clark, Agnes E. Korey, Abraham J. Clark, A. Mortimer Littwin, Maxwell F. Crouch, Frank M. Lucas, Hardin Clarke, Tames J. McCartney, Hoge Crane, George J. Munson, Daniel G. Dooley, Raphael C. Neumann, Joshua H. Esselstyn, Henry H. Pohl, Frederick J. Hanson, George C. Riecker, William Hess, Leonard L. Wilson, Catherine Zehner, Dorothy HISTORY WiNFiELD L. Rice, Chairman 36 Sidney PI., Brooklyn Tel. Main 3389 Becker, Clarence H. Marness, Louis Bernstein, Louis Murphy, Mane E. Brummer, Sidney D. Owens, J. Louise Grimshaw, Henry E. Parsons, Herbert H. Jacobs, Leo Ryan, Willmm J. Jewell, Marion D. Smallheiser, Albert Lee Swanton, Richard L. LATIN Ernst Riess, Chairman 221 West 113th St., Manhattan Tel. Cathedral 8385 106 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Barrow, John B. Hoadley, Harwood Conway, Joseph A. Jones, Frederick B. Child, Andrew M. Lind, Jacob J. Daniels, Ernest D. Mann, Jacob Edwards William H. Schrsrver, George O. Hobson, George P. F. Stevenson, J. Allison Hoplcins, Walter D. Stryker, Russell F. MATHEMATICS Merle L. Bishop, Chairman 279 McDonough St., Brooklyn Bergstresser, Clinton A. Kaplowitz, Maurice Blanchard, D. Hiram Kennedy, Patrick J. Cahill, John Leskowitz, Albert Dickler, Nathan N. Levy, Abraham Downing, George B. McCabe, John P., Jr. Dolgenas, Jacob A. Moskowitz, David H. France, San ford D. Stone, Limond C. Freilich, Aaron Thompson, Arthur H. Johnson, Eliis A. Wilson, Sinclair J. Kaplan, Samuel R. Woodruff, Frank E. MODERN LANGUAGES Charles E. Overholser, Chairman 171 Kingston Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 2877-R Bechert, Alexander O. Klein, Leopold Courtenaye, Juanita Muller, Walter J. Carpentier, Marius A. O'Neil, William R. Eaton, Arthur L. Reynolds, Lewis G. Fontaine, Andre C. Rosenthal, Frances C. Haller, Ralph W. Swann, Harvey J. Kerby, Joseph J. Tausk, Alfred M. Wilson, Charles B. MUSIC George C. Funt, Chairman 401 Macon St., Brooklyn Tel. Decatur 1722 Dailey, Frances A. Martin, Paul PHYSICAL TRAINING William H. Andrews, Chairman 265 Hawthorn St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 7151-W Carroll, Arthur T. Kersey, P. Joseph Fairchild, Ralph P. Kinoy, Albert Friedman, Saul Robinson, Harry W. Gallin, Jacob Roe, Paul E. Gemson, Irving Skipp, Francis E. Wellington, Guy PHYSICS Claude F. Walker, Chairman 75 Downing St., Brooklyn ^ Tel. Prospect 6012 Curtis, Henry S. Holt, Henry L. Sprague, Harold C. BRYANT HIGH SCHOOL 107 BRYANT HIGH SCHOOL Wilbur Avenue and Academy Street, Long Island City Tel. Astoria 40 Peter E. Demarest, Principal 11 East 87th St., Manhattan Tel. Lenox 2961 Emma W. Heermance, Administrative Assistant 47 West 49th St., Manhattan Peters, Lucy E Clerical Assistant Tanzer, Edith P Clerical Assistant Thayer, Anne M Library Assistant BIOLOGY Bertha Carter, Chairman 287 Jamaica Ave, Long Island City, L. I. CHEMISTRY Loughran, Vincent J. CIVICS Joseph, Myrtle J. COMMERCIAL BRANCHES Bertha F. Courtney, Chairman 20 Hillside Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. Fink, Anna H. Marck, Sophia Gerken, Albert Robinson, Nathaniei Griffith, Elizabeth M. Rosenbluth, Henry Guilfoy, Anna Saul, Gertrude Kramer, Herman Speyer, Henrietta H. Stager, Selda COOKING Mclntyre, Edith A. DRAWING Elizabeth Gowans, Chairman 434 West 120th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 8440 Price, Anna G. Simon, Madelyn ECONOMICS Waters, Anna M. ELOCUTION Carll, L. Adele 108 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY ENGLISH Harry K. Munroe, Chairman 54 Woolsey St., Long Island City, L. I. Tel. Astoria 1710-W Acker, Margaret K. Vincent, Charlotte M. Johnston, Marie Wilmot, Mabel E. Riblet, Mary V. Wresher, Helen E. HISTORY L. Louise Arthur, Chairman 107 West 11th St., Manhattan Dickinson, Florence Dickson, Tenny V. LATIN McMahon, M. Mabel MANUAL TRAINING Charles A. Vogt, Chairman 60 Franconia Ave., Flushing. L. I. Tel. Flushing 3474 Cohen, Henry Drucker, Max Norman, Gerald F. MATHEMATICS Alberta M. Welch, Chairman 153 East 71st St., Manhattan Tel. Rhinelander 9578 Bingham, Nellie H. Byrne, Margaret C. Garrity, Julia F. MODERN LANGUAGES Daniel C. Rosenthal, Chairman 425 West 114th St., Manhattan Adler, Frieda Gambler, Louise M. Dayhoflf, Elsie Schroeder, Anita L. Snow, Ella M. MUSIC Banghart, Elizabeth PHYSICAL TRAINING Cornelia F. White, Chairman 500 West 122nd St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 4630 Gerstenzang, Robert Wendel, Mary M. PHYSICS Finch, Anna O. PHYSIOGRAPHY Darrin, Mary R. SEWING Noble, Helen G. BUSHWICK HIGH SCHOOL 109 BUSHWICK HIGH SCHOOL 400 Irving Avenue, Brooklyn Tel. Evergreen 2988 MiLo F. McDonald, Principal 23 Randall Ave., Rockville Center, L. I. Tel. Rockville Center 606-W Arthur L. Crossley, Administrative Assistant West 3d St., Hicksville, L. I. Tel. Hicksville 101-R Annexes P. S. 75, EVERGREEN AVE. AND GROVE ST., BROOKLYN Tel. Evergreen 6231 William T. Morrey, Teacher in Charge 362 Riverside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Academy 1841 P. S. 129, QUINCY ST. AND GATES AVE., BROOKLYN Tel. Bushwick 3514 Lucy F. Mohan, Teacher in Charge 401 Macon St., Brooklyn Tel. Decatur 4521 Clark, F. Grace Clerical Assistant Connor, Edith B Clerical Assistant Fine, Abraham M • • Clerical Assistant Greines, Rebecca Clerical Assistant Williams, Lillian E Clerical Assistant Brower, Jane Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Elizabeth C. Houley, Chairman 554 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 8585 Friedman, Samuel L. Lundy, Edwin S. Goldberger, Louis K. McCaffrey, Philip E. Goldensohn, Joseph A. Miller, Charles Healy, Thomas F. Primoff, Walter Kanzer, Edward M. Ravett, Irving Rohenhaus, Maximilian DOMESTIC ART Mattie B. RrvES, Chairman 9 Prospect Park West, Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 1591 DOMESTIC SCIENCE Gertrude S. Hoeg, Chairman 1280 Dean St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 9633 110 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY DRAWING Helen S. Hutchinson, Chairman 363 Grand Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 2263 Bertschy, Maude Hendrich, Paul Casey, Ellen R. Littig, M. Josephine Locke, Alice G. ENGLISH Elias Lieberman, Chairman 10 Bleecker St., Brooklyn Tel. Bushwick 6173 Benjamin, Edith S. Jones, May T. Britton, Josephine Kane, James J. Cohen, Joseph Lieberman, Max Collier, Katharine B. Linnell, Wilhelmina A. Dietrich, Bertha K. Mills, Emily W. Doyle, Thomas S. Putnam, Edith C. Grooms, Mary T. Schneider, A. Arthur Hannah, Florence Skilton, Clara M. Hendersion, Hazel Woodbury, Ella A. HISTORY AND CIVICS Philip Nanes, Chairman 473 Hancock St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 4436-R Gore, Anna W. McGill, James V. Hecht, Anna Thompson, Lucy I. Johnson, Julius M. Wilson, Anna T. LATIN George M. Falion, Chairman 78 72nd St., Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 844-R Smith, Louise MATHEMATICS Thomas A. Humason, Chairman 235 Brooklyn Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 9383 Briggs, Eva E. Goodman, Arthur Cohen, Bertha Stevens, William S. MECHANIC ARTS George W. Norton, Chairman 8425 112th St., Richmond Hill, L. I. Bruce, G. Garden Green, John C. Cady, Henry D. Hillyer, Frank H. Gordon, John J. Howe, Charles B. Mersereau, Samuel F. MODERN LANGUAGES John A. Bole, Chairman 194 South 9th St., Brooklyn Tel. Williamsburg 1656 COMMERCIAL HIGH SCHOOL 111 Berkowitz, Louis Riegger, Elisabeth Dewing, Edward O. Schradieck, Helen E. Goldsmith, Elizabeth Seaman, Mary E. Otten, Henry L. Swenson, Mary E. Peterson, Dorothy K. Zorn, Freda MUSIC Arthur M. Taylor, Chairman 103 Montague St., Brooklyn Romm, Edith PHYSICAL SCIENCE Harvey Newcomer, Chairman 14 Lattin Drive, Yonkers, N. Y. Tel. Yonkers 757-R Brace, Charles T. Peavy, Evelyn Brodoski, Alexander Smith, Myrtle A. Southwell, Etta E. PHYSICAL TRAINING William B. Durand, Chairman (Boys) 371 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 9632 Cohen, Jacob Mary P. Green, Chairman (Girls) 493 Washington Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 5684 Bidstrup, Elsa Clark, Helen A. Brown, LuNette M. Langdon, Dorothy C. McConville, Lillian L. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Etta M. Fowler, Chairman 1344 Pacific St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 1585 Allaire, Ruth Fiedler, John L. Blodnick, Morris Geffin, Nadia Clement, Fannie M. Greenwald, Benjamin Conant, M. Sybil Hall, Henrietta Dempsey, Josephine A. Langdon, Ruth J. Dundish, Rachel G. Nevins, Nannie R. Squires, Martha U. COMMERCIAL HIGH SCHOOL Albany Avenue and Dean Street, Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 3732 Gilbert J. Raynor, Principal 1340 Pacific St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 8431 112 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Clifford H. Coon, Administrative Assistant 1032 Mansfield PI., Brooklyn Tel. Midwood 3919-W Annex P. S. 15, 3RD AVE. AND SCHERMERHORN ST., BROOKLYN Tel. Sterling 701 Charles H. Teeter, Teacher in Charge. 683 East 14th St., Brooklyn Tel. Mansfield 1320-J. Brownrigg, Jeanette S Clerical Assistant Eagar, Mary M Clerical Assistant Greines, Lottie Clerical Assistant Kaplan, Isabel D Clerical Assistant ScHONERT, Ida H Clerical Assistant Brevoort, Carson Library Assistant Fletcher, Sheldon Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Roy R. Male, Chairman 3813 Avenuei I, Brooklyn Tel. Midwood 6974-R Adkins, Coston B. Jenkins, Clyde C. Anderson, Woodford D. Keane, Thomas W. Booth, Frederick M. Kibby, Warren J. Bradley, Frederick E. Kip, Arthur R. Callanan, Thomas J. Loveland, Alfred E. Corliss, Charles E. Ross, William A. Eisenmann, Max J. Thompson, Burt M. Gates, J. .Vincent Townsend, Charles W. Greene, Hugh G. Van Houten, Charles M. Haupt, George Waltz, G. Edward Hoffman, Alfred L. Weiss, Morris E. Honerkamp, William E. Zarnitz, George H. BIOLOGY AND GENERAL SCIENCE George C. Wood, Chairman 798 Lincoln PI., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 9985 Beam, Rachel Hutton, Sarah E. Brown, Albert M. Lasswell, Arthur C. Cattell, James E. Puorro, Michael Donvan, Walter J. Shircas, Hyman Tewksbury, Carl H. CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS John A. Clark, Chairman 811 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn Behnken, H. Emile Munger, Van Vechten Dillon, Sidney Newman, Joseph Hall, James H. Reynolds, Paul G. A. Kelley, Charles B. L. Russell, George P. COMMERCIAL HIGH SCHOOL 113 DRAWING— FREEHAND Morris Greenberg, Chairman 563 Howard Ave., Brooklyn Cass, Harry Reser, Edward N. Reichenbach, Charles A. Trostler, Emil DRAWING— MECHANICAL Charles C. MacGregory, Chairman 550 East 9th St, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 2762-W Buchbinder, Anton ENGLISH Robert P. St. John, Chairman 815 East 14th St., Brooklyn Bagenstose, Harvey L. McKelvy, Esther A. Boland,Joseph McNally, Edward Brown, G. Victor Melvin, Floyd J. Campbell, Calvin V. Moffett, John D. Conant, Frederick R. Noonan, Raymond L. Hammond, Robert J. Supnik, Henry F. Jones, Daisy Urdang, Harry Lynch, Thomas F. Vaughan, Henry J. FRENCH Robert B. Marvin 826 Marcy Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 8055-W Carrel, M. Louis HISTORY AND CIVICS Thomas C. Trask, Chairman 1081 Park PL, Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 7775-J Attner, Bernlce M. Langer, Viola M. Corwin, Roswell Max, William D. Cottrell, Royal L. O'Toole, Joseph H- Donovan, Herbert D. A. Polk, Ellery C. Hopper, Herman T. Taylor, Edward F. Humphries, L. Kyle Tobin, James L. Wayave, Leon I. MATHEMATICS Ralph P. Bliss, Chairman 2312 Ave. Q, Brooklyn Tel. Coney Island 1G91-M Lee, Joseph B. RosanoflF, Lillian Simpson, Julia MUSIC Edward J. A. Zeiner, Chairman 1295 Pacific St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 6225-W Wilson, George A. 114 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY PHYSICAL TRAINING Charles H. Carey, Chairman 300 Parkside Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 6330-M Brennan, Francis Schindler, Samuel Lehrer, Isadore D. Shapiro, Philip S. Maier, Augustus Shean, Chauncey C. SPANISH Earl S. Harrison, Chairman 107 Queens Road, Queens, L. I. Tel. HoUis 6130-J Bsve, Anthony J. Finney, Arthur E. Colon, G. Torres Hagens, Fritz Day, Isabelle M. Latzke, Pauline Eells, Burr G. Mercado, Julio Sternberg, George STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Edwin A. Bolger, Chairman 426 Kosciusko St., Brooklyn Tel. Bushwick 1772 Arond, Michael McNamara, Sylvester Chestnut, D. Howard Melson, George W. Denenholz, Alexander O'Ryan, WilHam P. Finnegan, William E. Shea, John J. McKenna, Charles J. Shearer, Robert J. CURTIS HIGH SCHOOL Hamilton Avenue, New Brighton, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 351 Daniel D. Feldman, Principal 19 Belmont Terrace, New Brighton, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 1537 William F. Tibbetts, Administrative Assistant and First Assistant 8 Sherman Ave., Fort Wardsworth, S. I.. Tel. Tompkinsville 1158-M Annex P. S. 20, PARK AVENUE, PORT RICHMOND, S. Tel. West Brighton 1467 FRANas E. Brewer, Teacher in Charge 41 Hamilton Ave., New Brighton, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 2069 CURTIS HIGH SCHOOL 115 Handy, Edith B Clerical Assistant Reinhold, Alida B Clerical Assistant Phillips, Julia T Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Howard M. Tracy, Chairman 403 Oakland Ave., West New Brighton, S I Tel. Port Richmond 907-M Clark, Henry F. Halloran, William Duggan, Edward Kinnan, Wilmer DRAWING Crosbie, Edith Ostrander, Agnes ECONOMICS Kerr, Frank E. ELOCUTION Nichols, Eda L. ENGLISH Frances H. Abbot, Chairman 9 St. Mark's PI., New Brighton, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 41S-R Burrows, Helen J. Robins, Florence L. Close, Maud M. Stagen, Ruth M. Craig, Mary C. Whitmore, Clara H. Philp, Mary I. Williams, Helen W. HISTORY William W. Rogers, Chairman 26 Scribner Ave., New Brighton, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 689-W Curtis, Osborn Marcus . Goodwin, W. Grant Meade, Mary E. LATIN Marion Pratt, Chairman 112 Stuyvesant PL, New Brighton, S. I. Corcilius, Inez Gallagher, Ellen M. Goode, Elizabeth MATHEMATICS Edward A. Hook, Chairman 11 Winter Ave., New Brighton, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 62-J Burdick, Mabel G. O'Brien, Charlotte E. Kane, Thomas F. Russell, Helen MODERN LANGUAGES William M. Barlow, Chairman 302 Stanley Ave., Tompkinsville, S. I. Blanpied, Ethel O. French, Linda M. Cordera, Gu stave Halloran, Hetta S. Daley, Eva L. Hummel, Francis M. 116 HIGH SCHOOLS OP NEW YORK CITY MUSIC Dare, George S. PHYSICAL TRAINING Ker, Bertha L. Malloy, John F. Morris, John W. SCIENCE Abel J. Grout, Chairman 90 Third St., New Dorp, S. I. Tel. Dongan Hills 330-J Dowell, Philip McMillen, Harlow Fisher, Ruth B. Walthall, Margaret V. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING William Flanagan, Chairman 102 Westervelt Ave., New Brighton, S. I. Augenstem, Michael Crennan, Margaret A. DEWITT CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL Fifty-ninth Street and Tenth Avenue, Manhattan Tel. Columbus 5049 Francis H. J. Paul, Principal 35 Bow St., Forest Hills, L. I. Tel. Boulevard 6722 Oscar W. Anthony. Pirst Assistant Plandome, L. I. Tel. Manhasset 348-J Aaron I. Dotey, Pir^t Assistant 48 Adrian Ave., Manhattan Tel. Marble 764 Harry B. Penhollow, Administrative Assistant 122 West 114th St., Manhattan Tel. Cathedral 8132 Annexes P. S. 37, 113 EAST 87TH ST., MANHATTAN Tel. Lenox 7198 Charles E. Timmerman, Teacher in Charge 269 North Grove St.. East Orange, N. J. P. S. 58, 317 WEST 52ND ST., MANHATTAN Tel. Circle 1231 Alfred S. Roberts, Teacher in Charge 1109 College Ave., Bronx Tel. Jerome 1526 DEWITT CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL 117 Herzog, Charles Assistant WoRSTELL, Helen S Assistant Brady, Anna F Clerical Assistant Griswold, Caroline • • . . Clerical Assistant GuiRY, Lillian A Clerical Assistant Margolies, Fred B Clerical Assistant MuLLiN, Mary V Clerical Assistant Nash, Morris Clerical Assistant O'Connor, John P Clerical Assistant Arden, Harriette Library Assistant Van Vliet, Florence E Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE William Volckhausen, Chairman 433 West 162nd St., Manhattan Tel. Wadsworth 6052 Brody, Alexander BIOLOGY AND GENERAL SCIENCE Edgar A. Bedford, Chairman Cherokee Ave., HoUis, L. I. Tel. Hollis 6147-W Atwood, Walter S Landowne, Julius Barber, Henry G. McCarthy, John D. Bruggeman, Josephine Mason, Lucius J. Donaldson, George Osborn, Ralph Germann, Franklin P. Parmelee, William J. Hingsberg, Olga H. Sharpe, Richard W. Hopping, Aleita Smith, Marguerite Klein, Nelson S. Tietz, John W. Tuthill, Dorothy P. CHEMISTRY Jesse E. Whitsit, Chairman 146 West 55th St., Manhattan Tel. Circle 4118 Broadhurst, Philip H. Mantel, Herman E. Fleissner, Gustav L. Mayforth, Valentine Goldfarb, Israel Schmidt, Clara H. Harrow, Benjamin Smith, Herbert O. Whitney, Harold H. CIVICS AND ECONOMICS Edmund W. Foote, Chairman 93 Lincoln St., Montclair, N. J. Tel. Montclair 2685-W Abelson, Louis Landesman, Abraham Burns, Jerome F. Murphy, Thomas P. Deshel, Morris C. Stauff, John H. DRAWING George K. Gombarts, Chairman 300 East 163rd St., Bronx Tel. Melrose 5066 118 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Adams, Milly Baldwin, Mary M. Blumenkrantz, Adolph Fox, Alice E. Spector, Thomas ENGLISH Green, Bernard I. Klein, Morris McCrae, Anne Schwartzenbach, Peter A Ellen E. Garrigues, Chairman 35 Mt. Morris Park W, Manhattan Benjamin, Claude T. Biggs, James A. Bildersee , Isaac Boylan, Frank Bricker, Harry Clarke, Harold A. Copeland, Lillian S. Crahan, Mary G. Davidson, Henry M. Dore, Edward S. Dyer, Cecil B. Easterbrook, George H Frank, Maude M. Freynick, Julius A. Hall, Helen L. Johnson, Walter R. Kelly, Katherine Kinney, Patrick R Knox, Jason Korn, E. Mildred F. Lapolla, Garibaldi M. Lewis, Dorothy R. Loughran, John Mantinband, Frank Marine, Merle McTiernan, Thomas Nurnberg, Maxwell Perrine, Frederick J. Pickens, Rose K. Schoenchen, Gustav G Smith, Anna H. Stevens, Florence E Stone, Wilmer T. Watson, Mary H. Whalen, Frank Works, Austin M. W. Wright, Kenneth W. FRENCH CoLMAN D. Frank, Chairman 80 Washington Square East, Manhattan Barras, Moses Hyde, Charles W. Chamberlain, Sophie T. Jackson, Eugene Chankin, Victor Lieberman, Max Donner, H. Montagu Nahon, Zarita Goldberger, Elias Schwartz, Isadore A. Zacharie, Jean B. GERMAN J. B. Edward Jonas, Chairman 529 West 179th St., Manhattan Campbell, Ralph HISTORY Fayette E. Moyer, Chairman 87 Grove St., Montclair, N. J. Tel. Montclair 2238-M Del^^'^ey, Edward C. Hourihan, Daniel B. Fay, Harrison G. Kelley, Frank B. Goldbloom, Simon L Lamm, Lucien Guernsey, Irwin S. Long, Leslie O. Hamm, William A. Newman, Charles Herbert, Le Roy S. Radenhausen, Paul Thomas, Harrison C DEWITT CLINTON HIGH SCHOOL 119 LATIN Arthur A. Bryant, Chairman 120 Convent Ave., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 4576 Beal, George H. Deixel, Arthur A. Giovanoly, Max Leavitt, William M. Yokel, Arthur Solomon, Michael Stevens, Henry J. Wedge, Alfred S. Wilford, Herhert E. MATHEMATICS Randolph F. Clark- Chairman 194 Christie Heights, Leonia, N. J. Tel. Leonia 532-R Berry, James R Houston Jessie F. Carlson, Carl O. Hovey, Horace M. Decker, Nicholas Krause Arthur K. Eisner, Harry Laird James U. Frank, Julius \f"''^^' ^^""^ ,. r Goldman, Samuel MacLaren Donald C. Grow, Frederick S. Manguse, Wi ham P. Haas, Arthur Morgan Gwilym S Harris, Sadie ParelhoflF, Bernard M. Heller, Harry Pokorny, Rudolph C. Herrmann, Hattie Salzano, Francis b. Spivack, Louis B. MUSIC Harry A. Jennison, Chairman 3 West 104th St., Manhattan West, Louis F. Williams, Homer E. PHYSICAL TRAINING Edwin H. Hastings, Jr., Chairman 11 Maitland Ave., West Englewood- N. J. Bernstein, Isador girsch, James A Cairns, Alexander Hooks, David M. Cook, William T. f,^"/""^"' u""'^ Eberly, Joseph Miklowitz, Harry Haug, Emanuel Palmer, Leonard L. PHYSICS Thomas H. Currie, Chairman 344 Harrison Ave., Hasbrouck Heights, N. J. Tel. Hasbrouck Heights 136-W Chamberlain, Raymond Hirschberg, Arthur Tortora, Albert SPANISH Max A. Luria, Chairman 505 West 124th St., Manhattan Andrade, Manuel J. 5'"?i ^aI'I'vIIS" Byrne, Reuben M.. Kr?l , Abraham Figarda, Carlos K. O'Bnen, Katharine E. Kaufman, Paul D. Ross. Joseph 120 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY EASTERN DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOL Marcy Avenue and Keap Street, Brooklyn Tel. Williamsburg 4565 William T. Vlymen, Principal 379 Front St., Hempstead, L. I. Tel. Hempstead 689 Stuart Wilson, Administrative Assistant 703 Sterling Place, Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 9217-W Annex P. S. 51, MEEKER AVE. AND HUMBOLT ST., BROOKLYN Tel. Greenpoint 5549 Anna L. Phillips, Teacher in Charge 34 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prosipect 3300 Bannon, Agnes R Clerical Assistant Lewis, Ethel F Clerical Assistant McGee, Anna F Clerical Assistant O'Brien, Eugenie M Clerical Assistant Bertemy, Laura M. J • • Library Assistant BIOLOGY Annah p. Hazen, Chairman 68 Washington Square, Manhattan Tel. Spring 1021 Brace, Edith M. Osborne, Mabel E. Burlingham, Gertrude Trowbridge, Cornelia Meigs, Katherine H. Van Duyn, Evelyn Warner, Margaret B. CIVICS Eugene A. Colligan, Chairman 531 Ocean View Ave., Woodhaven, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 2258-M Smith, Mary J. COMMERCIAL BRANCHES Walter Jacobson, Chairman 977 Tiffany St., Bronx Tel. Intervale 4242 Blumenberg, Frieda Kretschmar, Magda Buckley, Florence R. Lemowitz, Nathan H. Coltiletti, Mary Loughran, Agnes M. Cusack, Gertrude Rafter, Hermia Fay, Margaret G. Ribber, Emma Harrison, Ethel M. Russell, Louise S. Unger, Gertrude N. EASTERN DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOL 121 DRAWING Alice M. Burn, Chairman 469 Washington Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 5600 Faulkner, Eunice F. Manahan, Mary G Muller, Catherine ELOCUTION Dithridge, Rachel Hall, Ethel R. Wellwood, Elizabeth ENGLISH Charles S. Hartwell, Chairman 685 iN.ostrand Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 7165-W Ayres, Mary S. Myers, Willard I,. Clarke, Madge S. Nelson, Hazel W. Helmuth, Lou Santee, Eloise B. Hincken, Elsie O. Stratford, Aline Mandel, Bertha E. Warren, James P. Zollinhoflfer, Sophie HISTORY Frederick H. Paine, Chairman 185 Gates Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 8799-M Beeckman, Florence L. Rubel, Jacob A. Klock, Claude W. Watson, Alice D. LATIN Charles E. Dixon, Chairman Brokaw and Lowell Aves., Floral Park, L. I. Tel. Floral Park 79-W Davenport, Florence C. King, Helen L. Genung, Ina E. Pinch, Minnie Hoy, Elizabeth R. Stepanek, Beatrice MATHEMATICS Edward Fleisher, Chairman 1074 New York Ave., Brooklyn Baxter, Mary Johnson, Margaret E. Graham, Mary C. Sullivan, Mary Gurnee, Blandina H. Weiss, Rose F. MODERN LANGUAGES A. Broderick Cohen, Chairman 41 Clarkson St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 9100 Davenport, Helen V. Kuhn, Adelina Dreyfus, Jeanne Lanz, Jeanne M. Duffy, Katherine H. Russum, Ruth E. Greene, Henry Wagenschutz, Anna Kiso, Freda Weymann, Lynda C. 122 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY MUSIC Mary G. Ennis, Chairman 36 Rutland Road, Brooklyn Tfel. Flatbush 730 Campbell, Joseph A. PHYSICAL SCIENCE William A. Kauffman, Chairman 183 Keap St., Brooklyn Branower, Solomon PHYSICAL TRAINING Charles Model, Chairman 427 Knickerbocker Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Evergreen 3263 Brown, Herman Smallheiser, Annette Leveridge, Ethel Sperling, Harry Partridge, Marie Zenker, Helen Zuckerman, Rose ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL Flatbush Avenue, Near Church Avenue, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 288 J. Herbert Low, Principal V77 Woodruflf Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 1381 Katharine I. Hodgdon, Administrative Assistant 314 East 21st St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 1786-J Harton, Amy M Clerical Assistant Hook, Mary A Clerical Assistant Johnson, Marion Clerical Assistant McKechnie, Elizabeth M Clerical Assistant Kingsbury, Mary A • • Library Assistant BIOLOGY Cyrus A. Kjng, Chairman 387 East 5th St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 3905-J Hurty, Kathleen Tompkins, Elizabeth M. Marsden, Nellie S. Tredick, Helen F. O'Connell, Eugenie Vedder, Estella M. Piatt, Emilie L. Walker, Ruth N. Stanton, Anna E. Young, Mabel A. ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL 123 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS AND PHYSIOGRAPHY John H. Stocker, Chairman 197 East 17th St, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 1S76-W Bryant, Frank L. Jaquish, Ben M. Hancock, William J. Levy, Harry A. Huntington, Fred W. Ritter, Charles P. CIVICS J. Lewis Stockton, Chairman 248 Stratford Road, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 8316 Elbert, William Holmes, Mary H. DRAWING Alix S. Cameron, Chairman 34 Wellington Court, Brooklyn Tel. Mansfield 2243-J Beebe, Dee Herrington, Agnes M. Currier, Clara L. Latham, Elizabeth B. Doggett, Allen B. Loveill, Katherine A. Merchant, Manton E. ELOCUTION Foster, Florence C. MacNamara, Elizabeth ENGLISH Preston C. Farbar, Chairman 421 East 18th St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 8337 Barber, Cora L. Hewitt, Helen F. Bates, Grace M. Kennedy, Paul A. Battell, John M. Lauder, Mary A. Boughton, Willis Mastin, Florence J. Boxold, Agnes Moore, Henry C. Cashman, Joseph F. Moore, Sabra M. Crockett, Esther M. Nussey, Herbert V. Earle, Willis Scovill, Florence M. Everett, Edith M. Slade, Una C. Ferry, Orlando E. Smith, Natalie A. Forcier, L. Ethel Stebbins, Charles M. Goll, Bertha C. St. John, Emily P. Haskins, Theresa H. Weirich, Marjorie C. FRENCH Beatrice S. McGill, Chairman 428 E. 17th St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 3192 Allen, Luella M. Geer, Helena Browne, Frances E. Sparks, Minnie E. de Lautreppe, Waldemar Taylor, Marion L. Douglas, Clara M. Weberman, Benjamin Wight, Walter A. GREEK Leggett, Blanche G. 124 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY HISTORY George E. Boynton, Chairman 304 East 18th St., Brooklyn Boyle, Isabel Fay, Charles R. Chesley, Mabel L. Haviland, Edith Corey, Grace Hood, Josephine Crane, Ella E. Knowlson, Walter S. Cunningham, Maude M. MacColl, Grace B. Davis, Jennie M. Madden, Marie R. LATIN Eugene W. Harter, Chairman 121 Marlborough Road, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 448 Beardsley, Frank J. Neiswender, Ada B. Connell, J. Wesley Peabody, Susan P. Estes, Charles S. Scott, Izora Harley, Walter S. Stacey, Sidney G. McCarty, Maria C. Stone, Katharine W. McGill, Franklin C. Townsend, Arthur M. Volentine, Mary F. MATHEMATICS Stephen Emery, Chairman 317 E. 21st St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 8593 Berg, Harriet Behr, Elsa Brickelmaier, Alice G. Cerow, Georgia Crespi, Alberta R. Duncan, Edith M. Dunn, Lillian C. Edgell, Frank D. Fiebig, Emma Wilder, George F. Jeffs, Eva E. Keck, Fred R. Lasher, William R. MacLean, Donald C. Rosenblatt, Sallie Rothholz, Meta Stone, Mary M. Strom, Carl A. W. Whitney, N. Bell Elmer, Lewis MUSIC Carl G. Schmidt, Chairman 246 Hancock St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 6988 Mulligan, Mary C. PHYSICAL TRAINING Katharine C. Edgell, Chairman 1418 East 17th St., Brooklyn Tel. Midwood 2633 Austin, Mary E. Dibble, Margaret L. McGlue, Anne Wolf, S. Louise Smith, Madelein W. Warner, Elma L. Watters, Edith Richard E. Elliffe, Jr., Chairman 310 Mosholu Parkway, Bronx Tel. Fordham 2547 Batchelor, Charles B. Croohe, Maxwell A. Beinert, John L. O'Connell, Edward J. Stratton, William EVANDER CHI IDS HIGH SCHOOL 12S SPANISH Alice C. Howe, Chairman 275 Ocean Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 7681 Cameron, Margaret Fiebig, Anna Coleman, Cora L. Holcke, Harriet A. Dennis, Julia B. Perkins, Helen L. Varney, Grace D. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Sarah P. Foster, Chairman 1819 Beverly Rd., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 7434 Bradburn, Grace Schenone, Adelaide L. EVANDER CHILDS HIGH SCHOOL 184th Street and Creston Avenue, Bronx Tel. Fordham 641 Gilbert S. Blakely, Principal 2207 University Ave., Bronx Tel. Fordham 228-W Henry I. Norr, Administrative Assistant 1893 Washington Ave., Bronx Tel. Tremont 2262 Alice G. Van Santvoord, Clerical Assistant 244 South Broadway, Yonkers, N. Y. Tel. Yonkers 6489 Annexes P. S. 8, MOSHULU PARKWAY, BRONX Tel. Fordham 6188 Henry W. Keigwin, Teacher in Charge 24 North Ninth Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Tel. Mt. Vernon 2270-M P. S. 16, 240TH ST. AND MATILDA AVE., BRONX Tel. Woodlawn 1075 Jesse H. Haley, Teacher in Charge 2831 Valentine Ave., Bronx Tel. Fordham 1037 P. S. 46, 196TH ST. AND BRIGGS AVE., BRONX Tel. Fordham 2034 Clayton G, Durfee, Teacher in Charge 732 East 234th St., Bronx Tel. Woodlawn 1880 126 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Byron, Lillian V Qerical Assistant Glazier, M. Louise Clerical Assistant Healy, Margaret E. G Clerical Assistant Hess, Luise E Clerical Assistant Sabin, Daisy B .Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Frank P. Baltz, Chairman 371 West 119th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 3771 Altholz, Nathaniel Jason, Simon J. Beitel, Helen S. Kurke, George S. Donohoe, John A. Lipschutz, Berthold Guldner, Charles M. Long, Reuben L. Humphries, George F. McQuade, Regina F. Van Tuyl, George H. BIOLOGY Paul B. Mann, Chairman 2293 Sedgwick Ave., Bronx Tel. Fordham 1252 Gluck, Marguerite L. Merchant, Isabel L. Hastings, George T. Pingrey, Cora E. High, Caroline Y. Russell, Helen G. DOMESTIC SCIENCE Low, Clara M. Nightingale, Irene L. ENGLISH Dudley H. Miles, Chairman 70 Morningside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Morningside 1100 Blauvelt, William H. Raubicheck, Charles W. Dillon, Olive Schamus, John B. Durfee, Clayton G. Sergent, Nellie B. Gross, Elizabeth H. Spear, Dorothy A. Haley, Jesse H. Stapleton, Christopher R. Hickey, George H. Thorndike, Mildred L. Kirkpatrick, James D. Tracy, Mary L. Knickerbocker, Edwin V. Wechsler, Philip D. Morris, Gertrude E. White, Ruth E. , Quimby, Ernest S. Wylie, Stella M. DRAWING SiLviE G. DE Coster, Chairman 2390 Creston Ave., Bronx Tel. Fordham 886 McDonald, H. Rosabell Mtirray, Isabelle M. Main, Hugh D. O'Rourke, Norine Owens, Ethel I. HISTORY AND CIVICS Ernest D. Lewis, Chairman 109 West 45th St., Manhattan Tel. Bryant 3247 EVANDER CHILDS HIGH SCHOOL 127 A. Everett Peterson, Chairman 42 West Fordham Rd., Bronx Tel. Fordham 2550 Ackerle, Ida V. Pabst. Grace Cunniffe, Katherine Reese, Clare H. Fernschild, William H. Stamm, Caroline L. MacGregor, Isabel M. Thompson, Annie S. Moran, Marion F. Whiffen, Edwin T. Woodman, Sophie P. JOINERY Arnold, Fred C. LATIN Henry R. Pyne, Chairman 1115 Boston Road, Bronx Tel. Intervale 5200 Bowman, Nina Siedler, Charles W. Branson, Roswell H. Strong, William M. Evans, Austin H. Williams, Joseph S. MATHEMATICS Philip R. Dean, Chairman 206 East 200th St., Bronx Tel. Fordham 3446 Arenwald, Mesmin Keigwin, Henry W. Bowman, Leon Lippe, Adolph A. Brand, Josephine Marks, Ethel R. Fabricius, Alma Norr, Henry I. Grant, Eva M. Vermilya, Mabel Withers, Samuel C. MODERN LANGUAGES Robert H. Keener, Chairman 209 West 97th St., Manhattan Tel. Riverside 1470 FRENCH Bogle, Winifred Hall, Margaret W. Eldridge, Paul Heuermann, Helena F. Hubbard, Marion L. SPANISH M. MoRiTZ Greditzer, Chairman 1370 Prospect Ave., Bronx Tel. Intervale 2578-W Cheitman, Philip Mazzoranna, Adele Herrmann, Anna L. Reifler, Elizabeth B. MacKay, Jennie K. Tea, Mary A. Marin, Rafael Waldman, Mark MUSIC Gerald L. Reynolds, Chairman 2464 Grand Ave., Bronx Tel. Fordham 2852 Kramlich, Emma F. Moersberger, Grace L. 128 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY PHYSICAL SCIENCE Walter S. Hannan, Chairman 121 Mt. Hope PL, Bronx, Tel. Tremont 2693 Birnbaum, Simon Branson, J. Hood PHYSICAL TRAINING Wallace A. Manheimer, Chairman 2028 Grand Concourse, Bronx Tel. Fordham 1500 Barry, Bertha B. O'Connell, Genevieve A. Carroll, Ethel M. Ross, Herbert M. Cohn, Harry M. Schulman, Herman Edmunds, Maude A. Snow, Rose Lichtman, Flora Watters, Dorothy PHYSIOGRAPHY Bryan, Mary M. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Horace G. Healey, Chairman Crestwood, N. Y. Beygrau, Frederick R. Kelly, John F. Bruce, Walter A. McDermott, Annie Goldberg, Ida C. Smith, Harriet K. Hirschfeld, Samuel C. Weiser, Samuel FAR ROCKAWAY HIGH SCHOOL Far Rockaway, L. I. Tel. Far Rockaway 85 Sanford J. Ellsvv^orth, Principal 1209 MvNeil Ave., Far Rockaway, L. I. Tel. Far Rockaway 455. Herts, Alma B Clerical Assistant COMMERCIAL BRANCHES Eldon M. Van Dusen, Chairman 43 State St., Far Rockaway, L. I. Tel. Far Rockaway 2615 Cutts, Susan R. Kiser, Frederick G. Jeschke, Martha L. Meyrowitz, Isidor DOMESTIC SCIENCE Rogers, Sarah L. DRAWING Rogers, Lorana G. FLUSHING HIGH SCHOOL 129 ENGLISH AND ELOCUTION Elias N. Caplan, Chairman 179 Hancock St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 7275 Ashe, Emma B. Crim, Adelaide Merrell, Katharine HISTORY, CIVICS AND ECONOMICS LuDWiG Kaphan, Chairman 1611 11th Ave., Brooklyn Tel. South 4486-M Dann, Roland LATIN Lucy M. Prescott, Chairman 1123 Bayport PL, Far Rockaway, L. I. Tel. Far Rockaway 3296 Smith, Florence M. MATHEMATICS Emily M. Jennison, Chairman 1013 Prospect PI., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 9800 Barbanell, A. Irving White, Dorothy E. MODERN LANGUAGES Sophia L. Bodler, Chairman 1515 Mott Ave., Far Rockaway, L. I. Tel. Far Rockaway 3875 Brooks, Lea L. Bushong, Alice M. PHYSICAL TRAINING Rachel M. French, Chairman 1369 Cedar Ave., Far Rockaway, L. I. Tel. Far Rockaway 793 Luft, Harry L. SCIENCE Edwin A. Barnes, Chairman 155 Crescent St., Far Rockaway, N. Y. Tel. Far Rockaway 2030 Bromall, Laura B. Hopkins, Rubert H. FLUSHING HIGH SCHOOL Broadway, at Whitestone Avenue, Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 456 Harold G. Campbell, Principal 257 Madison Ave., Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 3065 130 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Hynes, Katherine M Clerical Assistant Zenner, Henry W Clerical Assistant Ely, Jean Library Assistant BIOLOGY Hood, Edward C. Pulvermacher, William Dean COMMERCIAL BRANCHES Anthony W. Klein, Chairman 931 Fox St., Bronx Tel. Intervale 1144 Carey, Margaret E. O'Neill, M. Alice Deihl, Frank E. Tuerck, William B. DRAWING Gardner, Gertrude G. Swick, Mary S. ENGLISH Warren W. Read, Chairman 4 Cedar Court, Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 1573-W Boynton, Carolyn Hartill, Rufus M. Emrick, Anna Jones, Blanche A. Flanders, Addie E. Klein, Margaret A. Fountain, Emma A. Schuh, Elsa Valentine, Anne E. HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE Frank H. Miller, Chairman 9 Bullard PI., Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 1636-J Chapman, Frances E. Murphy, Henrietta Freygang, Mildred Riley, Eugene B. HOUSEHOLD ARTS Palmer, Mabel B. LATIN Paul R. Jenks, Chairman 41 Mitchell Ave., Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 689-W Case, Florence L. Lay, Wilfrid MANUAL TRAINING Thorne, Frederick MATHEMATICS Elena P. Nearing, Chairman 171 Union St., Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 1101-J DeHoff, Leon Palmer, May T. Steeneck, Adelheit M. GEORGE WASHINGTON HIGH SCHOOL 131 MODERN LANGUAGES John Baumeister, Chairman 402 Amity St., Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 919 Bardenheuer, Clara E. Green, Helen Ferry, Alice M. Reimers, Helene M. Ross, Annie MUSIC Barry, Mary PHYSICAL SCIENCE Howell R. Wood, Chairman 171 Union St., Flushing, L. L Barmeyer, George H. Killen, Arthur H. PHYSICAL TRAINING Alanson L. Fish, Chairman 204 Amity St., Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 1940-R Livermore, H. Louise Rhodes, L. Maude Schawaroch, John T. GEORGE WASHINGTON HIGH SCHOOL P. S. 52, Broadway and Academy St., Manhattan Tel. Wadsworth 2165 Arthur A. Boylan, Principal 976 Anderson Ave., Bronx Tel. Jerome 2666-W Ellison, Ethel L Clerical Assistant HoRGAN, May Clerical Assistant ACCOUNTING AND COMMERCIAL LAW Osgood, Charles R. Schottland, Max Tanz, Louis BIOLOGY Frank M. Wheat, Chairman 2483 University Ave., Bronx Halbert, Louise Swett, Carolyn P. DRAWING Bebarfeld, Anna Collins, Mary Rose Murphy, Virginia 132 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY ENGLISH Hughan, Jessie W. Pickens, Lila Jones, Frances E. Sunderland, Florence Pendleton, Margaret Trowbridge, Cornelia R. HISTORY Hiram H. Bice, Chairman 345 West 70th St., Manhattan Bennett, Martha C. Mej^er, E. Pennington Molwitz, Ernestine S. LATIN Hiram H. Bice, Chairman 345 West 70th St., Manhattan Kavanagh, Edward J. Orleans, Joseph B. MATHEMATICS Kelly, David F. Reed, Edna Shaw MODERN LANGUAGES Edward O. Perry, Chairman Clarmont and Walworth Aves., Hartsdale, N. Y. Brandeis, Clara Miller, Maud Kane, Julia A. O'Donnell, Margaret Schrej'^er, Emma A. MUSIC Conway, Catherine PHYSICAL SCIENCE Illich, Louis L. Scudder, John C. PHYSICAL TRAINING Ellert, John F. Pulvermacher, Delores STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Auslander, Armin Gordon, Machen Brand, Louis Jackson, Agnes A. GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL Nostrand Avenue and Halsey Street, Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 372 William L. Felter, Principal 294 Greene Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 8869-M Mabel Wright, Administrative Assistant 1383 Dean St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 5530 GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL 133 Clarke, Teresa A Clerical Assistant Patterson, Mabel L Clerical Assistant Solomon, Augustina H Clerical Assistant Hall, Mary E Library Assistant Kneil, Margaret M • Library Assistant Newton, Mary I Library Assistant BIOLOGY Marguerite T. Lee, Chainnan 66 West 95th St., ManhattctTi Tel. Riverside 3562 Byrnes, Esther F. Hoffman, Margie E Goodrich, Charlotte Jud, Friedolina C. Steers, Edna L. CHEMISTRY Jcnness, Jennie M. COOKING Ober, Alice M. Perkins, Fannie D. DRAWING Maude Gardner, Chairman 1113 Prospect Place, Brooklyn Tel. Decatur 4374 Ketchum, Daisy T. Spencer, Mary Stevenson, Beulah E. ECONOMICS Jenkins, Manford M. ENGLISH Cordelia Wendt, Chairman 226 Garfield PI., Brooklyn Tel. South 5635 Cann, Bertha Miller, Mabel Clinton, Fanny L Roth. Helen M. Cranch, Alice R. Stone, Lulu M. Holman, Mabel L. Taylor, Jeannette S. Lupton, Olive M. White, Bessie R. Meyers, Marjorie B. Witherbee, Reta ELOCUTIO'N Rae, Anne M. FRENCH Earl L. Cushman, Chairman 63 Eighth Ave, Brooklyn Abbot, Marguerite W. Junge, Antonie Daggett, Mabel C. McCullough, Mary H. 134 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY HISTORY AND CIVICS Rose H. Cahill, Chairman 989 Sterling PI., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 5566 Carter, Effie A. Evans, Beatrice B. Cooper, Irma J. Lyle, Edith K. Couch, Anne M. Sheely, Jane V. Denfeld, Charlotte S. Way, Mary J. Winslow, Julia E. LATIN Celia Ford, Chairman 84 Downing St., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 5376 Briggs, Emily E. Lumley, Eleanor P. Dame, Lydia M. Wakeman, Susan E. Willard, Gladys MATHEMATICS LoRiNG B. Mullen, Chairman 917 Rugby Road, Brooklyn Tel. Midwood 2281-W Barker, M. Ellen Ingalls, Margaret L. Chatterton, Minnie E. Miller, Maud Hayes, Helen M. Sullivan, Bessie Wilson, Zada J. MUSIC Camp, Cafrie M. Joannes, Jules S, Mattes, Max H. PHYSICS Evans, William F. PHYSICAL TRAINING Caroline M. Wollaston, Chairman 47 Hancock St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 6072-J Astroff, Mae Huntington, Belle Flana^-11. Marv A. Parsons, Sidney T. Hawksley, Alice Treadwell, Flora G. PHYSIOGRAPHY Schumer, Jacob H. SEWING Wilson, Bessie G. - White, Jessie C. SPANISH Grace F. Luby, Chairman 56 LeflFerts PI., BrookljTi Tel. Prospect 4530 Harris, Florence B. Ohl, Rosina Wisthaler, Johanna S. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Miss Frank L. Davis, Chairman 988 Bergen St., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 6927-W GIRLS COMMERCIAL HIGH SCHOOL 135 GIRLS COMMERCIAL HIGH SCHOOL P. S. 42, St. Mark's and Classon Avenues, Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 5926 Evelyn W. Allan, Principal 106 Ft. Greene PI, Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 9665 Casey, Emily A Clerical Assistant Fergenson, Ethel Clerical Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Florence M. Kilburn, Chairman 1224 Pacific St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 9369- W Bucksey, Addie M. Seamans, Mary A. Childs, Lelia M. Turner, Eva G. Connelly.Eulalie M. Waterbury, Nellie Miller, Grace H. Wood, Georgiana BIOLOGY AND GENERAL SCIENCE Lenda T. Hanks, Chairman 950 Marcy Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Decatur 1406 Supplee, Mary R. CIVICS Eletz, Anna McCann, Adelaide Padve, Meyer DRAWING Ina W. Johnston, Chairman 12 Clifton Place, Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 1451-M Pond, Pearl F. ENGLISH Helen W. Bryant, Chairman 272 Lewis Ave., Brooklyn Baker, Katherine S. McLaury, Mabel Conklin, Agnes Seymour, Macy I. Lewis, Effie L. Thoma, Wilhelmina McGinn, Catherine A. Wood, Mabel HISTORY Ruth G. Hardy, Chairman 228 Henry St., Brooklyn Tel. Main 9786 Beck, Sadie * Kennedj^ Anna J. MUSIC Marie M. Merkert, Chairman 736 Macon St., Brooklyn Tel. Bushwick 2064 136 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY PHYSICAL TRAINING Agnes Wilson, Chairman 489 6th St., Brooklyn Tel. South 1133-j O'Leary, Alice R. Reed, Mary A. MODERN LANGUAGES Anna S. Jenkins, Chairman 427 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 10269 Babcock, Maude R. Leistner, Ida Roman, Louis STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Edward J. McNamara, Chairman 1809 Avenue O, Brooklyn Tel. Midwood 2744 Humphrey, Ethel M. Slocum, Miriam McKee, Louise Steinecke, Jeannette A. Sears, Theresa C. Wilcox, Stella Woerner, Matilda E. HAAREN HIGH SCHOOL Hubert and Collister Streets. Manhattan TeL Canal 4136 R. Wesley Burnham, Principal 1801 Dorchester Road, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 6405 Frank L. Bickmore, Co-ordinator 1159 Dean Street, Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 5200 Laura E. Carpenter, Co-ordinator 103 Morningside Ave., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 5084 Maude McCain, Co-ordinator 250 Riverside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Riverside 2493 Arthur J. Mackey, Co-ordinator 247 74th St., Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 540-R Ellen L. Osgood, Co-ordinator 20 West 10th St., Manhattan Tel. Stuyvesant 5170 Ida Trautvetter, Co-ordinator 250 West 55th St., Manhattan Tel. Circle 6060 HAAREN HIGH SCHOOL U7 Lewis C. Williams, Placement Assistant 98 Rutland Road, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 3774 Industrial Annex MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL, SEVENTH AVE. AND 4TH ST., BROOKLYN. Tel. South 1380 Henry T. Weed, Co-ordinator 1298 Dean St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 765-R Violet Haver Clerical Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Bentley, Mildred McCain, Blanche DRAWING Siegel, Fred ENGLISH RowENA K. Keyes, Chairman 260 Gates Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 9291-W Harlo, Nanette F. House, Nathan C. Thompson, Corinne A. HISTORY AND ECONOMICS Margaret A. Lindquist MECHANIC ARTS Hovi^e, Charles B. MODERN LANGUAGES Pasner, Samuel D. MUSIC Roselle, Chilion PHYSICAL TRAINING Bort, Beatrice E. PHYSICS Williams, Lewis C. SALESMANSHIP Kaylin, Alexander Putnam, May M STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Harry W. Leyenberger, Chairman Daisy Ave., Floral Park, L. I. Tel. Floral Park 157-J Arnold, Frank T. Singer, Ray Messing, Mildred K. Wolfe, Ruth 138 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY HIGH SCHOOL OF COMMERCE 155 West Sixty-fifth Street, Manhattan Tel. Columbus 2932 Harold E. Buttrick, Principal 1258 President St., Brooklyn Tel. Decatur 1625 John D. Minnick, Administrative Assistant 418 West 118th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 6656 Annexes P. S. 67, 120 WEST 46TH ST., MANHATTAN Tel. Bryant 8114 Grosvenor B. Hill, Teacher in Charge 247 Barclay St., Flushing, L. I. Tel. Flushing 63-J P. S. 166, 89TH ST., NEAR COLUMBUS AVE., MANHATTAN Tel. Riverside 7615 Israel Appell, Teacher in Charge 41 St. Nicholas Terrace, Manhattan Tel. Morningside 5334 Becker, Edith P Clerical Assistant BiEBER, Regina Clerical Assistant Collins, John A. C Clerical Assistant Harnett, Richard Clerical Assistant Herts, Esther V Clerical Assistant Shwitzer. Myrtle Clerical Assistant Winter, May Clerical Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Russell T. Greene, Chairman 54 Highwood Ave. Ridgewood, N. J. Amster, Isadore Kalman, Lasser Candee, Benjamin K. King, Merville S. Edelson, Emanuel M. Kirby, J. Albert Glatzer, David J. Poutasse, Louis Gottlieb, Maurice Rogers, Charles E. Hughes, Carl C. Schwager, Harry Jonas, Louis Weinstein, Reuben HIGH SCHOOL OF COMMERCE 139 BIOLOGY Frank O. Payne, Chairman 1819 Dorchester Rd., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 1299 Clough, Harvey B. Hahn, Clarence W. Firman, Arthur B. Hartwell, Fred W. Levine, Michael CHEMISTRY Joseph S. Mills, Chairman 572 Van Courtlandt Park Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. Tel. Yonkers 1305 Bennett, R. Grant Horton, Ralph Wilson, George W. CIVICS Alfred C. Bryan- Chairman 416 Clermont Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prosfpect 4490-M Beier, Abraham LIndquist, Harold S. Gray, Nomer Lippman, Louis G. Levy, Helen M. Sayre, J. Frank DRAWING Clarence H. Sprague, Chairman 1827 E. 15th St., Brooklyn Ahern, Harry H. Payant, Felix Cooperman, Henry Shoudy, Theodore Grant, Forest Wallace, C. Earl ECONOMICS Alexander L. Pugh, Chairman Pomona, N. Y. Tel. Spring Valley 49-F-2 Alexander, Edward Lobsenz, Johanna Brennan, Alfred T. V. Mendenhall, Raymond Golan, Joseph B. Regard, Leon Wibert, Abraham ELOCUTION Kane, Edwin A. ENGLISH Benjamin A. Heydrick, Chairman 900 Summit Ave.. Bronx Tel. Jerome 3133 Beer, Morris A. Griswold, Esther D. Berk, Louis B. Hall, Henry Marion Blohm, Albert Harmon, Lena M. Buskin, Nathan E. Lindsey, Frederick R. Carleton, Guy M. May, Alfred Cherington, Frank B. McNeill, John F. Dox, Elmer A. Raphael, Arthur Drew, Celia A. Reynolds, Ruth Foley, John L. Sable, Amelia P. Gordon, Margery Wharton, William P, 140 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY HISTORY Alfred C. Bryan, Chairman 416 Clermont Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 4490-M Dressner, Samuel Patterson, William A. Lefkowitz, Abraham Wilson, Martin L. Masters, Raymond W. Wyckoff, Harriett E. MATHEMATICS William S. Schlauch, Chairman Hasbrouck Heights, N. J. Tel. Hasbrouck Heights 37-R Bowles, Frank C. Lagerwall, Charles J. Buchsbaum, Nell E. Lewis, Alfred H. Duschatko, Alfred McCormick, Thomas Fallon, George P. Pichel, Margaret Hance, William Robinson, Robert Hurwitz, Joseph Shipley, James Koch, Ernest H., Jr. Smith, L. Brewster MODERN LANGUAGES Erwin W. Roessler, Chairman 418 Central Park West, Manhattan Tel. Riverside 4164 Blume, Julius Morales, Maria T. Busch, Ella A. Rallion, Harriet Fedter, Brunt Remy, Alfred Kaplan, Abraham A. Rochow, John P. Montross, Charles Skinner, Herbert C. Mintzer, Joseph Thomas, Anita MUSIC Harry W. Millspaugh, Chairman 25 Greenvale Ave., Yonkers> N. Y. Tel. Yonkers 1163 R Bridgman, William C. PHYSICAL TRAINING Harry E. Aldingee, Chairman 309 Park Ave., Manhattan Alperin, Daniel Pincus. Max Hendrian, August W. Reynolds, Percy L. Mulholland, James V. Rotherhan, Philip J. E. Van Dam, Emanuel PHYSICS Henry C. Cheston, Chairman 89 Bruce Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. Tel. Yonkers 1560-R STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING C. Warren Kean, Chairman 140 High St., Leonia, N. J. Tel. Leonia 713-W. JAMAICA HIGH SCHOOL 141 Baldwin, Edwin F. Goldblatt, Joseph Bryon, Thomas Markett, Mark I. Cohen, Henry Mechler, Walt H. Craver, Edwin H. O'Keefe, David H. Foerster, John Rosen, Alexander Fromberg, Benjamin Shepard, Oscar C. Gilmore, Agnes M. Silverman, Mollie JAMAICA HIGH SCHOOL Hillside Avenue, Jamaica, L. I. Tel. Jamaica 165 Charles H. Vosburgh, Principal 11709 85th Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 274-R RoscoE A. Grant, Administrative Assistant Pennsylvania Ave., Hempstead, L. I. Tel. Hempstead 7Sl Hallinan, Irene Clerical Assistant Lee, Martha Clerical Assistant Schrage, Dorothy Clerical Assistant JosLYN, Rosamond Library Assistant BIOLOGY AND GENERAL SCIENCE Ella A. Holmes, Chairman 4 John St., Jamaica, L. I. Tel. Jamaica 814-W Schaumloeffel, Mildred B CIVICS Gkorge D. Luetscher, Chairman 8419 112th St., Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 2467-W Loos, Richard F. COMMERCIAL BRANCHES Warren L. Starkey, Chairman 464 East 26th St., Brooklyn Tel. Kenmore 966 Bagnell, William J. Foley, Henry J. Cowles, Clarence E. Kent, Fannie Dunbar, John G. Loring, Jacob M. Van Deusen, Edwin W. DRAWING Edna E. Sandry, Chairman 80 Cambridge PI., Brooklyn Clary, Margaret E. 142 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY ELOCUTION Ward, Ada W. ENGLISH Edwin Fairley, Chairman 282 Quincy St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 6481 -W Bawden, Sarah E. Gauvran, Ethel H. Bradley, Susan M. Hiochderffer, Mary J. Brown, Adelaide Kibby, Minnie R. Flynn, Margaret K. Thorp, Benjamin HISTORY Antoinette Lawrence, Chairman 26 McDonough St., Brooklyn Bernhard, Mabel Edgerton, Myra T. Timmerman, Ruth B. LATIN Edward C. Chickering, Chairman 76 Herriman Ave., Jamaica, L. I. Corcilius, Irene Reynolds, James I. Root, Lydia F. MATHEMATICS Josephine D. Wilkin, Chairman 51 Park Ave., Jamaica, L. I. Brown, Charles G. Busbee, Christiana Gay, Laura S. MODERN LANGUAGES Carl A. Krause, Chairman 1042 A Sterling Place, Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 9298 Bose, Henry P. Dilger, Marie Davidson, Edna Hartung, Ernest W. Maschmedt, Marie MUSIC MacConnell, Marie F. PHYSICAL SCIENCE Kirk W. Thompson, Chairman 54 Columbia Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I. Maynard, Ernest Mendel, Martin PHYSICAL TRAINING Henry J. Silverman, Chairman (Boys) 53 Orchard St., Jamaica ,L. I. Tel. Jamaica 171 Copeland, George A. Gertrude Jacob, Chairman (Girls) 13 Hollis Court, Boulevard, Hollis, L. I. Tel. Hollis 6315-R Adriance, Anna Earle, Ruth M. JULIA RICHMAN HIGH SCHOOL 143 JULIA RICHMAN HIGH SCHOOL 60 West Thirteenth Street, Manhattan Tel. Chelsea 4478 Michael H. Lucey. Principal Bay View Place, Tompkinsville, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 2684-M Annexes 60 WEST THIRTEENTH STREET, MANHATTAN Tel. Chelsea 4478 May E. Brockman, Teacher in Charge 619 East 127th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 2920 P. S. 9, 82ND ST. AND WEST END AVE., MANHATTAN Tel. Schuyler 8437 Elizabeth Donaldson, Teacher in Charge 51 Burns St., Forest Hills. L. I. Tel. Boulevard 6514-W P. S. 66, 421 EAST 88TH ST., MANHATTAN Tel. Lenox 9214 Abbie S. Hodgetts, Teacher in Charge 450 First Ave., Long Island City, L. I. Tel. Astoria 1751-R P. S. 87, 77TH ST. AND AMSTERDAM AVE.. MANHATTAN Tel. Schuyler 1175 Frank L. Bailey, Teacher in Charge Suffern, N. Y. P. S. 96, 81ST ST. AND AVE. A, MANHATTAN Tel. Rhinelander 8330 Anna Goldberg, Teacher in Charge 106 Rodney St., Brooklyn P. S. 117, 170 EAST 77TH, MANHATTAN Tel. Rhinelander 4880 Mary B. Underhill, Teacher in Charge 87 Hamilton PI., Manhattan Tel. Audubon 1200 P. S. 179. lOlST ST. AND AMSTERDAM AVE., MANHATTAN Tel. Riverside 5978 David L. Arnold, Teacher in Charge 802 West 181st St., Manhattan Tel. Wadsworth 9818 144 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Fereigan, Angela Clerical Assistant Hayes, Genevieve • • Clerical Assistant McCoRMACK, Christine Clerical Assistant Miller, Rose S Clerical Assistant O'Hara, Mary F • • Clerical Assistant Reedy, May R Clerical Assistant Schlesinger, Ethel Clerical Assistant Christopher, Katherine Library Assistant Elder, Vera Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE John Linker. Chairman 175 East 79th St., Manhattan Tel. Lenox 3197 Bailey, Frank L. Kysor, Dania Benner, Charlotte Lubin, Anna S. Berall, Louis McMahon, Grace Clark, Naomi Rosenthal, Terese Donovan, Helen Sacks, Sarah L. Duffy, Elizabeth Smith, Ethel Filfus, Nathaniel Smith, Harry D. Gribben, Helen Smith, Frederick Hamill, Annie Smith, Isabel Kelban, Sophia Waxer, Madeline Klein, Edward C. Wicksman, Paul BIOLOGY Benjamin C. Gruenberg, Chairman 418 Central Park West, Manhattan Tel. Riverside 23 Frank, Jeanette Topp, Emily DRAWING Ada L. Hastings, Chairman 137 West 12th St., Manhattan Tel. Chelsea 5774 Frost, Anna Lowenthal, Rebecca Holmes, Clara Maloney, Katherine ELOCUTION Moorhead, Phyllis L. Raubicheck, Letitia ENGLISH John M. Avent, Chairman 2 Valley Road, White Plains, N. Y. Tel. White Plains 3055-J Allen, Martha Christianson, Addie Allen, Mary K. Clarke, Eleanor Borklund, C. Arthur Dahlberg, Inga J. Center, Stella De Fremery, Henrietta R. Chater, Ellen McR. Donaldson, Elizabeth JULFA RICHMAN HIGH SCHOOL 145 Donohue, Eleanor Dougine, Genevieve Everette, Isabelle Franklin, Edna K. Harrow, Caroline S. Hodgetts, Abbie S. Wayt, Hazel I. Howes, Emily King, Marie Lessing, Edna Robinson, Anna Sanborn, Mildred Starrat, Rose HISTORY AND CIVICS Augustus S. Beatman, Chairman (History) 953 Anderson Ave.- Bronx Tel. Melrose 9094 Mary J. Morse, Chairman (Civics) 415 West 115th St., Manhattan Tel. Cathedral 7127 Abelow, Samuel P. Fleming, Carrie O. Axel, Tamah Gross, Esther S. Brauman, Rebecca Hale, Harriet Clabault, Gwendoline Herring, Alice M. Doyle, John W. Maeder, Emily Tenrosen, Daniel MODERN LANGUAGES Isabella Hyde, Chairman 125 Washington PI., Manhattan Accurso, Catherine Kelley, Edith Borges, Remedies C. Lambert, Paula Boyd, Martha Martinez, Mariela Collins, Helen B. Moscowitz, Bertha Colon, Maria Sandal, Caroline Crocker, Nellie J. .Saxton, Margaret Ford, Anna Whipple, Bernice Horwitt, Pauline White, Isabelle MUSIC Frances Gould, Chairman 115 Montague St., Brooklyn Tel. Main 1560 Bennett, Eva Frisbie, Eva PHYSICAL TRAINING Carrie Van R. Ashcroft, Chairman 525 West End Ave.. Manhattan Tel. Schuyler 2877 Bavier, Margaret Mars, Helen Hazen, Charlotte Palmer, Caroline Healey. Helen Ryan, Loretta C. Krebs, Matilda Skahan, Mary R. McMillen, Eleanor Smith, Edith Weill, Blanche SEWING Charlotte A. Waite, Chairman 419 West 119th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 7700 Walter, Louise Weller, Ethel C. 146 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Mary F. Cahill, Chairman 2 Beckman PI., Manhattan Tel. Plaza 8820 Beihoff, Belle Langdon, Ruth J. Clauder, Fannie N. Lieberman, Mildred Cohen, Louis R. McGill, Florence Ecker, Rose McGivney, Virginia Evans, Sarah Maher, Adelaide Farrell, Agnes Mandel, Benjamin Frankel, Rachel S. Mulcahy, Mary- Goldberg, Anna Rice, Mabel Greenglick, Louis Richards, Elsa Harrington, Ada M. Ruggeri, Agnes Hayes, Bertha F. Sleeth, Addie Hiler, Fannie Solon, Sarah Holstein, Samuel Sonnenthal, Pauline Kahn, Jeanette Strelitz, Hattie Kennedy, Agnes Sugarman, Arthur Krivulin, Katharine Ullman, Selma Krupp, Sadie White. Mabel MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL Seventh Avenue and Fourth Strtet, Brooklyn Tel. South 1380 Horace M. Snyder, Principal 863 East 18th St., Brooklyn Tel. Mansfield 1418 Louis S. Odell, Administrative Assistant 1827 East 15th St., Brooklyn Tel. Coney Island 732-M Willard B. Nelson, First Assistant Sll Second St., Brooklyn Tel. South 4480-J Albert L. Colsten, First Assistant 1556 73rd St., Brooklyn Tel. Bensonhurst 7220-J Henry T. Weed, Co-ordinator 15 Hawthorne St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 8895-M Annex P. S. 94, PROSPECT AVE. AND REEVES PL., BROOKLYN Tel. South 24 J. Clarence Smith, Teacher in Charge 430 Fourth St., Brooklyn Tel. South 3315-W MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL 147 Hertzfield, Leonore H Clerical Assistant McDermott, Thomas W Clerical Assistant Mangan, Mary de C Clerical Assistant Massouneau, Robert L., Jr Clerical Assistant Schwartz, Frances Clerical Assistant Hazen, Ella M Library Assistant BIOLOGY Arthur E. Hunt, Chairman 82 Hawthorne St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 5054-R Apisdorf, Alexander Dunnet, Christina Baily, Anna E. Rider, Lloyd A. Braman, Mary L. Smith, M. Helen Conley, William E. Wolcott, Henry G. DRAWING— FREEHAND Florence L. Coding, Chairman 304j^ Clermont Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Prospect 118-J Evans, George C. Pasternak, Nathaniel Murphy, Margaret L. Putnoi, Ezra Partridge, Edith J. Tuthill, Mary E. Wright, Helen S. DRAWING— MECHANICAL Abbott, Frederick B. Jacobson, Harry Abrahams, Isaiah S. Mackby, Julius C. Coan, Charles W. Taylor, Harold E. Taylor, Louis ENGLISH Herbert Bates, Chairvian 11 Lake Ave., Brooklyn Andersen, Lorentius O. Kemlo, Elizabeth W. Beisheim, William F. Luther, Edith M. Bergoffen, Herman Maby, Amelia H. Boole, Florence A. McDonald, John J. Cambern, J. Raymond Meneely, John H. Cotter, Julia T. Meserve, Martha C. Dumond, Helen Mageworth, J. Otis Fletcher, Mann O'Donnell, J. Emmctt Gnade, Agnes O'Keeffe, Marion T. Graham, Ruth E. Peck, Emily S. Hampshire, John W. Taylor, Nettie Hoffman, Mark Wolfe, Alice J. HISTORY AND CIVICS Ernest E. Smith, Chairman 186 Maple St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 2935-R Fahey, Sara H. O'Mahoney, John P. Fanning, Grace M. W. Puig, Louise M. Hall, Mary A. Reed. William E. Keenan, Patrick J. Schaible, Godfrey C. McDonald, Genevieve A. Stone, Maudie L. Marquardt, Florence Yarrington, Adrian M. 148 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY LATIN Edgar S. Shumway, Chairman 472 East 18th St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 8830-J Bryant, Elizabeth E. Richardson, William C. Dickinson, Henry N. Russell, Warren L. Dithridge, Caroline M. Smith, J. Clarence MATHEMATICS Albert L. Colsten, Chairman 1556 73rd St., Brooklyn Tel. Bensonhurst 7220-J Aldridge, Vincent Tones, Walter R. Baker, Eleanor R. MacColl, Robert J. Browne, Mabel E. McCreary, Herbert J. Cohen, Morris Nevins, Dora R. Cooley, Helen W. Odell, Louis Davis, Eunice M. Salman, Frances Freeberg, Sigrid C. Shimberg, Jeannette Geiss, M. Paula Snow, Minnie Jahr, Alfred D. Solomon, Charles Jewell, Edith Walton, Georgiana C. Zaslaw, Myer MODERN LANGUAGES William W. Lamb, Chairman 225 Argyle Road, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 6828-J FRENCH Allen, John Trevette Bachelder, Mary A. Maginn, Elizabeth M. Yost, Clemens A. Schwartz, Edward E. Soule, Bertha L. Stern, Regine GERMAN Muller, Ernest G. Morrell, Henry B. Oswald, Frederick W., Jr. Peters, Frederick A. Reynolds, Alice M. Schwartz, Beatrice Simonpietri, Marie L. MUSIC Charles S. Yerbury, Chairman 215 McDonough St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 844-M Van Olinda, James E. PHYSICAL SCIENCE WiLLARD B. Nelson, Chairman 511 Second St., Brooklyn Tel. South 4480-J Bersohn, Robert Foster, Oscar R. CHEMISTRY Thun, Irene M. Holly, Harold A. Mattuck, Jacob A. MORRIS HIGH SCHOOL 149 PHYSICS German, Charles C. Lindler, William Gray, J. Newton Mangus, James Holzman, Abraham Schaiimloeffel, John H. Tucker, Charles PHYSIOGRAPHY Brown, Merton A. PHYSICAL TRAINING Wilfred L. Foster, Chairman 675 Putnam Ave., Brooklyn Bloom, Isidor Harrigan, Joseph F. Colony, M. Elizabeth Innerman, Mary I. Foster, Baily B. Marks, E. Jeannette BOYS' METAL SHOP Bertram A. Lenfest, Chairman 1524 76th St., Brooklyn Tel. Bensonhurst 5106 Billingham, Frank L. McCall, Carleton C. Hierholzer, Carl O. McSherrv, Lawrence McArdell, Wesley E. Robinson", John T. Vieillard, J. Frank BOYS' WOOD SHOP Alfred T. Robinson, Chairman 1344 East 17th St., Brooklyn Tel. Midwood 5469-J Austin, Harry W. Foster, Edwin W. Boecker, Alexander Gilson, Channing W. Brundage, Howard D. Hagen, William C. Cauvet, William H. LeRoy, Walter I. Edwards, Sidney Wigle, George C. GIRLS' SHOP Florence Green, Chairman 165 Prospect Park West, Brooklyn Tel. South 6649 Stone, Mabel Terrel, Lillian A. MORRIS HIGH SCHOOL 166th Street and Boston Road, Bronx Tel. Intervale 238 Elmer E. Bogart, Principal 227 South Columbus Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Tel. Hillcrest 2485-M Frank M. Surrey, First Assistant 593 Riverside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Audubon 3402 150 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Harold E. Foster, Administrative Assistant 270 Garden Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Tel. Hillcrest 2353-J B ASHEiN^ Martha H Clerical Assistant Ferris, Florence L » Clerical Assistant Glendenning, Helen F Clerical Assistant HiMMELMANN, Marie Clerical Assistant Jarck, Elsa a Clerical Assistant Spear, Alice B Clerical Assistant Hamlin, M. Louise Library Assistant Hathaway, Bertha F Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Herman M. Elkan, Chairman 758 Kelly St., Bronx Tel. Melrose 4950 Kessler, Harry Strom, Nathan Schatteles, Arthur Tasch, Ulysses S. Weiss, Mary T. BIOLOGY James E. Peabody, Chairman Carhart Ave., White Plains, N. Y. Tel. White Plains 998-W Banning, Laura Kroeber, Elsbeth Fink, Albert ' Muller, Theodore Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth T. Read, Edith Hixon, Kate B. Thompson, Martha Innian, Charles G, Weinstein, Israel CHEMISTRY Michael D. Sohon, Chairman 1334 Chisholm St., Bronx Tel. Intervale 1285 Cohen, Theodore Hess, J. Ammon CIVICS Fred C. White, Chairman 470 East 161st St., Bronx Tel. Melrose 990 Caldwell, Ruth E. Moritz, Mercedes I. Conway, John J. O'Donnell, Agnes T. DOMESTIC ART Magrane, Mary E. DOMESTIC SCIENCE Story, Helen M. MORRIS HIGH SCHOOL 151 DRAWING Dela p. Mussey, Chairman 672 St. Nicholas Ave., Manhattan Tel. Audubon 4312 Ames, Jessie T. Henoch, S. Stella Ferris, Mary D. Parker, Margaret B. Fueslein, Leonie Van Allen, Katherine C. ELOCUTION Raymond N. Kellogg, Chairman 2364 Valentine Ave., Bronx Tel. Fordham 1779-J Bates, Thomas S. Hartley, Alice C. ENGLISH Emma F. Lowd, Chairman 2564 Creston Ave., Bronx Tel. Fortham 8884-W Appel, FrankJ. Ketchum, Roland B. Ballard, Charles C. Knowlton, Mary E. Burt, Clara M. Knox, Charlotte G. Choffin, Irene M. Le Comte, Harold De Witt, Louise L. Look, Samuel M. Drachman, Julian Matthews, Archibald J. Eastman, Marjorie McC. Meyers, David Falk, Anna A. Muller, Ada H. Foster, Harold E. Schlosberg, Samuel Gaylord, Harriet E. Smith, Mabel P. Hilker, Hedwig W. D. Strum, Nellie A. Kerr, Edna B. Twamley, Edna FRENCH Emma B. Bryant, Chairman 16 Bayley Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. Tel. Yonkers 5490-R Brun, Blanche Nice, Madeline T. Carlton, Elizabeth G. Paget, Frances CoUa, Clara Pinard, Amelia P. Hunt, Mabel M. Schoedde, Emma J. Konerman, Helene Tilley, Lydia L. GERMAN Swartout, Caroline H. HISTORY Abby B. Bates, Chairman 1421 University Ave., Bronx Tel. Tremont 5656 Baer, Dena Haley, Owen A. Bridgman, Anne T. Hall, Caroline D. Carey, Alice M. McQuilland, George T. Davis, Alice Smith, Donald E. LATIN JosiE A. Davis, Chairman 416 West 118th St., Manhattan Bogart, Sarah H. Constantine, Harriet L. Carr, Agnes Cutler, Sanford L. Stewart, Effie F. 152 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY MATHEMATICS Irving A. Heikes, Chairman 1061 Clay Ave., Bronx Ackerly, Jennie Joslin, Jennie M. Bergman, Morris L. Landau, Laura Clark, Helen MacG. Levi^is, Arthur C. Gaylor, William M. Miller, Myrtle H. Gilmour, Emily J. Scott, Cora A. Hazen, Louise C. Winslow, Isabel G. MUSIC Edwin S. Tracy, Chairman 305 East 161st St., Bronx Tel. Melrose 4476 Fischer, Ida E. Smith, Luella G. PHYSICAL TRAINING Otis C. Skeele, Chairman (Boys) 21 Sycamore Ave., Mount Vernon, N. Y. Tel. Hillcrest 2071 Mary C. Freeston, Chairman (Girls) 419 West 119th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 7700 Barnum, Grace E. Parker, Jacob Butler, Evelyn M. Strauss, Julius Wynkoop, Gertrude PHYSICS WiLLARD R. Pyle, Chairman 125 Franklin Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Tel. Hillcrest 5304-R Strayer, Franklin R. PHYSIOGRAPHY Charles A. Miller, Chairman 2698 Creston Ave., Bronx Tel. Fordham 2098-R Surrey, Frank M. SPANISH C. Grace Carnahan, Chairman 564 Riverside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Morningside 8050 Clarke, William A. Proctor, Harriet D. Franke, Clara E. Reich, Leo Garrestegui, Juan Schoenrock, Hedwig Hart, Abina M. Tschudy, Vera A. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Charles L. Frank, Chairman 460 West 149th St., Manhattan Tel. Audubon 5810 Bergman, Lillian H. Perkins, Deborah R. Conn, Charles Scully, Teresa M. Fine, Lena J. Strumpf, Harold A. Ludwig, Augustus Walsh, John V. Weizenhoffer, Max NEWTOWN HIGH SCHOOL 153 NEWTOWN HIGH SCHOOL Chicago Avenue, Elmhurst, L. I. Tel. Newtown 40 James D. Dillingham, Principal 189 Denman St., Elmhurst, L. I. Tel. Newtown 579-M Arthur E. Book, Administrative Assistant 12 Euclid St., Forest Hills, L. I. Tel. Boulevard 6245-R Bryant, Grace Clerical Assistant Mackay, Catharine B Clerical Assistant Bedell, Julia I Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Wallace K. Crouthamel, Chairman 128 25th St., Elmhurst, L. I. Tel. Newtown 2281 Larsh, Charles H. Nichols, Clyde S. Mehling, Jacob P. Sharp, Eleanor Slater, Henry B. BIOLOGY Nellie P. Hewins, Chairman 10 Ketcham PI., Elmhurst, L. I. Tel. Newtown 444 Adams, Margarita Larsen, Isabel CHEMISTRY McAuliflfe, Anna DOMESTIC ART Grant, M. Alma DOMESTIC SCIENCE Perry, Oroli R. DRAWING Catherine A. Lancaster, Chairman 30 Horton St., Elmhurst, L. I. Craft, Anna W. Davis, Ruth E. MECHANICAL DRAWING Harris, William H. 154 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY ENGLISH Jacob C. Tressler, Chairman 115 Pembroke PL, Kew Gardens, L. I Tel. Richmond Hill 5310-W Baldwin, Jessie M. Ryder, Mary E Galvm, Kathryn M. Shanly, Mary E. Gross, Irene T. Shaw, Adele M. Marshall, Agnes M. Sheridan, Gladys Rogers, Cora M. Wells, Nellie E. HISTORY AND CIVICS Helen G. Preston, Chairman Ketcham PL, Elmhurst, L. I. Tel. Newtown 1499-W Brown, Adelaide P. Dietrich, Lucy G. Caswell, Leon A. Gomph, Anna M. Seeber, Elizabeth JOINERY Messenger, Leslie A. LATIN Clyde R. Jeffords, Chairman 19 Union Park Ave., Jamaica, L. I. Tel. Jamaica 3890 Jaggard, Alice McKinney, May Swenson, Celeste C. MATHEMATICS Minnie M. Powers, Chairman 1236 Union St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 7599 Eggleston, Charlotte Lanese, Carolyn F. Traynor, John MODERN LANGUAGES Avery, Jean W. Hough, Jean W. Dowlin, Jennie B. Pennock, Emma B. Zerban, Alexander H. W. MUSIC Valentine, Cornelius PHYSICAL TRAINING T. Bruce Kirkpatrick, Chairman 1120 Amsterdam Ave., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 1400 Cox, Ella M. Johnson, Albert A. Cox, Samuel A. McMahon, Cathryn Payne, Jennie C. PHYSICS Morris, Mary F. NEW UTRECHT HIGH SCHOOL 155 PHYSIOGRAPHY Kingsbury, George H. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Caroline M. Hills, Chairman 2 Roman Ave., Forest Hills, L. I. Tel. Boulevard 6122 Blankenhorn, Fannie C. Flanagan, William E. Mackay, Christine A. NEW UTRECHT HIGH SCHOOL Eighteenth Avenue and Eighty-sixth Street, Brooklyn Tel. Bensonhurst 711 Harry A. Potter, Principal 518 68th St., Brooklyn Tel. Shore Road 4981 Strahs, Jacob Clerical Assistant BIOLOGY Florence I. Martin, Chairman 26 7th Ave., Brooklyn Cullen, Michael J. COMMERCIAL BRANCHES John P. Cahill, Chairman 51 Clark St., Brooklyn Tel. Main 10000 Brownell, George E. Machlowitz, Joseph DRAWING Pearl C. Henderson, Chairman 49 Henry St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 9671 Seipp, Anna Margaret ENGLISH Charles H. J. Douglas, Chairman 815 Marcy Ave., Brooklyn Baron, Joseph Kennedy, Harold M. Goldstein, Alexander Sanders, Edward 1. Hurwitz, Marie Shirley, Mmerva B. 156 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY FRENCH Quirk, Cecile B. GERMAN Lippner, Simon L. HISTORY Jaffe, Louis H. Robinson, Eva J. LATIN William A. Jenner, Chairman 87 Columbia Hts., Brooklyn Grant, Alice C. MATHEMATICS Meyer Weiner, Chairman 5617 12th Ave., Brooklyn Cohen, Jacob Doris, Charles Moses, I. Edward MUSIC Tindall, Glenn M. PHYSICAL SCIENCE Guy R. Thomas, Chairman 1443 73rd St, Brooklyn PHYSICAL TRAINING Barnet p. Sharpe, Acting Chairman 2928 W. 33d St, Brooklyn Helm, Joseph R. Zinovoy, George SPANISH Arias, Gracia L. Fernandez Bradford, Emilia F. Avirett, May G. Grossman, Lena M. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Simpson, Gertrude Zinner, Sigmund RICHMOND HILL HIGH SCHOOL 114th Street, Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 25 Irving A. Hazen, Principal Richmond Hill Drive, Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 67-R RICHMOND HILL HIGH SCHOOL 157 Annexes P. S. 51, CHURCH ST., RICHMOND HILL, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 7005-J Charles A. Stewart, Teacher in Charge 8524 111th St., Richmond Hill, L. I. P. S. 90, NAPIER AND JAMAICA AVES., RICHMOND HILL, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 6941-J Florence E. Beers, Teacher in Charge 685 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 1464 Glen, M. Eva Clerical Assistant Kiso, Paula Clerical Assistant Robeson, Julia G Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE Harris Kanwit, Chairman 20 Thompson PI., Lvnbrook, L. I. Tel. Lynbrook 959-M Curtis, Eliza Clark Meehan, William Hubbard, Ruth E. Steinmetz, William G. Kelley, Mary A. Stewart, Charles A. CIVICS Foote, John Paul Stevenson, Christian R. DRAWING Jessie L. Clough, Chairman 1947 Broadway, New York City Allen, Ralph W. Flint, Arthur ELOCUTION Sara M. Barber, Chairman 1395 Dean St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 5999 Cooney, Genevieve ENGLISH Charles R. Gaston, Chairman 215 Abingdon Road, Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 1469 Heard, Stella S. Hotaling, Ethelwyn D. Bond, Raymond T. Lent, Suzanne B. Chapin, Abby F. Proctor, Robert H. Corson, Livingston Root, Eva R. Wolcott, Emily P. HISTORY Matthew L. Dann, Chairman 8552 112th St., Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 4059-W Elder, June Knapp, Annie M. Leete, Gertrude M. 158 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY LATIN Sophia Vorhees, Chairman Tower Villa, Richmond Hill L. I Tel. Richmond Hill 1065 Beers, Florence E. Johnson, Estelle M. MATHEMATICS Leland L. Landers, Chairman 8552 116th St., Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 1079 Baldwin, Walter J. Robinson, Franklin D. Gilhland, Alice M. Stilson, William E. Nichols, Newton D. Talbot, A. May MODERN LANGUAGES Maud E. Manfred, Chairman 1356 Pacific St., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 3306-W Brown, Ethel E. Finnigan, James J. Burrage, Myra Allen Golde, Margaret D. Byron, Loubriel Belen Helmken, Bertha C. Lindner, Clara MUSIC Daniel Wood, Chairman 8923 118th St., Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 1896 PHYSICAL TRAINING Harley H. Thomas, Chairman (Boys) 360 Halsey St., Brooklyn Tel. Decatur 3538-W Jacobson, A. George Jennie E. Chapin, Chairman (Girls) 37 Briggs Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 1111-J lOiracLaughlin, Helena S. Randall, Christine V. SCIENCE Morris C. Valentine, Chairman Maxwell Ave., Jamaica, L. I. Tel. Jamaica 690 Clegg, Ambrose A. Chapin, Henry E. Yoder, Arthur L. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Marion G. Richardson, Chairman 1115 Birch St., Richmond Hill, L. I. Tel. Richmond Hill 915-J Perry, Mabel L. Read, Mary E. Storer, Henry A. STUYVESANT HIGH SCHOOL 159 STUYVESANT HIGH SCHOOL 345 East Fifteenth Street, Manhattan Tel. Stuyvesant 3739 Ernest R. von Nardroff, Principal 397 Madison St., Brooklyn Murray Bruce, Administrative Assistant 615 52nd St.. Brooklyn Walter E. Foster, First Assistant 611 West 158th St., Manhattan Tel. Audubon 5600 Frank M. Whitehall, Assistant 438 Quincy St., Brooklyn Tel. Decatur 1477-J Charles W. Marston, Assistant 25 South Hillside Ave., Glen Ridge, N. J. Tel. Glen Ridge 2535-M BoEHM. Sadie Clerical Assistant Bluestone, Ethel Clerical Assistant Constant, Ruth Clerical Assistant Ollendorf, Arnold A Clerical Assistant Romme, Percy E Clerical Assistant Smith, James V Clerical Assistant Stableford, Richard Clerical Assistant Ullman. Epgar a Clerical Assistant Boardman, Marguerite Library Assistant Zatz, Morris Library Assistant BIOLOGY Ralph C. Benedict, Chairman 322 East 19th St., Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 3379 Gramet, Charles A. Roeth, Natalie Jenkins, Mary B. Safir, Shelly R. CHEMISTRY Robert W. Fuller, Chairman Westport, Conn. Tel. Westport 226 Bauman, Ben Ellard, Charles H. Blue, Thomas G. Ellner, Samuel H. Bright, Robert A. Markson, Alexander Coleman, David F. Rodman, Bayard B. Uhlig, William B. 160 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY DRAWING— FREEHAND Henry E. Fritz, Chairman 4 Poplar Ave., North Pelham, N. Y. Tel. Pelham 1674-R Chatfield, William A. Fischer, Philip Cohen, James Frerichs, Harrison M. Fenton, John W. Rabus, Maximilian Wilkes, Max S. DRAWING— MECHANICAL Frank A. Gardner, Chairman 401 West 118th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 198 Battey, Lewis B. Homer, Jacob Breiling, Ralph Knox, T. Harry- Gray, Jacob M. Leonhard, Theodore S. Greenberg, Abraham B. Meyer, Hans C. Hanford, Clarence D. Panuska, Frank Hingsberg, Thomas Sackman, Gilbert R. ENGLISH Frederick H. Law, Chairman 472 Argyle Road, Brooklyn Tel. Flatbush 1995-R Andrews, Charlton Blum, Gnstav Bruce, Murray Bunnekamp, William Davidoflf, Henry Donohue, John J. Glotzer, Isidore Hamilton, Alide H. Horwitz, Max Jacoby, Henry Kane, Thomas F. Kelly, Edwin M. Lechler, Pauline L. Lewis, Isabel F. Lightcap, Joseph Lobsenz, Margaret Login, Charles Marks, Harry M. Marks, Lazarus E. Marston, James P. Miller, William L. Pierce, Alice R. Richardson, Kathryn Rodkey, Edith Schuman, Samuel Shear, S. Alexander Shipley, Joseph T. Smerling, Frank Sper, Felix Steigman, Benjamin M. Stolper, Benjamin J. R. Swartz, Sidney A. Tennant, George B. Whitehall, Frank M. Zimmerman, Elizabeth A. FRENCH Clement G. Elmer, Chairman 73 Highview Ave., New Brighton, S. I. Tel. Tompkinsville 890-R Abramowitz, Philip Mankiewicz, Frank J. Freeman, Thomas J. Neumarker, John G. Henin, Benjamin L. Parrott, Alfred F. Kaplan, Isaac Rakowitz, Samuel Klaf ter, Simeon H. Wendell, May Kummerle, Katherine M. Windman, Ralph GERMAN Beha, Joseph L. Lipsky, Abram STUYVESANT HIGH SCHOOL 161 HISTORY AND CIVICS A, Franklin Ross, Chairman 65 Kenilworth PL, Ridgewood, N. J. Tel. Ridgewood 977-M Dee, Marion R. Ham, Charles Dunbar, William F. Kennedy, Mary J. Fink, Frederick M. Ober, William Goldberg, Israel Philips, Sidney D. Hall, Gamble Rodick, Burleigh Stephens, Walter L. LATIN Walter E. Foster, Chairman 611 West 158th St., Manhattan Tel. Audubon 5600 Reynolds, Frank A. MATHEMATICS William E. Breckenridge, Chairman 21 Sycamore Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Tel. Mt. Vernon 2071 Andrews, Richard M. Augsbury, Carl S. Barcus, Hugh H. Cheney, Thomas C. Clark, Jennie E. Clark, John P. Cochran, Thomas Cohen, Morris Corbett, Joseph S. Cornell, Charles F. DeGraff, Forrest A. Diamond, Morris Fernalld, Floyd M. Glugoski, Arthur Goldman, Louis A. Zimmerman, Julius Greenfield, Solomon Henriques, Maurice C. Hirschberg, Samuel Leventhal, Murray J. McCormack, Joseph P. McMillen, Florence Marston, Charles W. Meyer, Joseph H. Page, Donald T. Patterson, George W. Sachs, William S. Shanholt, Henry H. Silberstein, Nathan Sindelar, Charles Welkowitz, Samuel METAL WORKING Stanley A. Gage, Chairman 71 Maple Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y. Tel. New Rochelle 3377-J Buckhop, Ferdinand Griswold, Clifford B. Insingna, John McLachlin, William Wilson, John Schwarzkopf, Ernst Smith, Seymour ^ ,. Smith, Walter M. Stark, Henry MUSIC Carl Danielson, Chairman 611 West 158th St., Manhattan Tel. Audubon 5600 Downey, Frank Nye, Douglas 162 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY PHYSICAL TRAINING George E. Cooley, Chairman 14 Irving PI., Manhattan Tel. Stuyvesant 1461 Anderson, William Howard, William Bradshaw, Wilmar H. Marks, William B. Collins, Albert E. Mason, Appleton A. Hermansen, Carl Saltman, Joseph S. PHYSICS Raymond B. Brownlee, Chairman Elm St., Woodmere, L. I. Tel. Woodmere 2956 Baier, Joseph G. Cromie, William A. Baker, Davis L. Johnson, Leslie A. Becker, Nathaniel Kean, Thomas W. Brown, Leon A. Lieberman, Jacob Brundage, Milton B. Lockwood, Cornelius W. Campbell, Daniel R. McCormack, John W. Sanford, Clarence H. SPANISH Hyman Alpern, Acting Chairman 1 East 119th St., Manhattan Barrows, Tessie Leuchs, Fritz A. H. Gomez, Carmen F. Pittaro, John M. Gray, Magna Rabus, Rose M. Heldt, Francis H. Rice, Marshall D. Jacobs, Morris L. Schabacker, Harold M. Jaret, Abraham Sherwell, Luis N. Kissane, Thomas Weinstock, George J. WOODWORKING George F. Stahl, Chairman 2804 Pond PI., Bronx Daly, Charles Soper, Arthur Goldberg, Morris Stanford, James H. Goodrich, Howard F. Steinert, John B. Griswold, Edward D. Stotler, Albert Hopkins, WilHam C. Whitney, Chester M. Ledley, Charles W. Wood, Walter D. Mehrtens, Henry E- Worth, William A. THEODORE ROOSEVELT HIGH SCHOOL P. S. 31, Mott Avenue and 144th Street, Bronx Tel. Mott Haven 2109 Richard Scheie, Acting Principal 1167 Clay Ave., Bronx THEO. ROOSEVELT HIGH SCHOOL 163 Annex P. S. 47, ST. LAWRENCE AND BEACH AVES., BRONX Tel. Westchester 3643 Edward M. Williams, Teacher in Charge 1342 Franklin Ave., Bronx Hughes, Rosalie M • • Clerical Assistant O'Connor, Leona Clerical Assistant Ryan, Florence J Clerical Assistant O'DoNNELL, Marjorie V Library Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE S. Bernard Koopman, Chairman 934 Ogden Ave., Bronx Tel. Jerome 3849 Bresel, Jennie K. Gunderson, Lily E. Cohen, Samuel Halprin, Abraham H. Feuerlicht, S. Julius Jacobia, Spencer P. Gilbert, Max Stetson, Sophie M. Godnick, Samuel P. Sultan, Pauline M. Tobin, Lauretta M- BIOLOGY AND HYGIENE Mary S. Hamilton, Chairman Elmsford, N. Y. Tel. Elmsford 1818-W Mann, Mary Lee DRAWING Elizabeth E. Morse, Chairman 416 West 118th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 3502 Smith, Bernice ECONOMICS AND CIVICS Amanda M. Langdon, Chairman 157 West 123rd St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 3786 Cashen, Anne D. Fields, Harold ENGLISH John B. Opdycke, Chairman 139 West 72nd St., Manhattan Brooks, Mabel F. McBain, Mary Butler, Alice Monro, Kate M. Coryell, Nancy G. Taintor, S. Augusta Love, Harry M. Weed, Marguerite 164 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY HISTORY Grace Andrews, Chairman 65 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn Tel. Lafayette 5621 Durkin, William J. Jones, C. Hubert Lucey, Anna M. MODERN LANGUAGES Howard C. Leonard, Chairman 789 Elton Ave., Bronx Althaus, Amalie L. Lingg, Amalie S, Cassell, Theresa .Scheib, Richard Lang, Antoinette T. Wohlfarth, Amelia MUSIC White, Emory F. PHYSICAL TRAINING Fern Stieg, Chairman 2538 Creston Ave., Bronx Tel. Fordham 1801-W Keane, Thelma B. Olsson, Nils W. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Etta M. Hagar, Chairman 70 Morningside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Morningside 1100 Adams, Helen M. Meyer, Anna Bunning, Edward Newman, Henry J, Caryl, Ethel E. Pickman, Marie A. Lippner, Philip Reinke, Eva G. Maher, Margaret J. Scherer, Morris Martini, Vera C. Serota, Ruth WADLEIGH HIGH SCHOOL 114th Street near Seventh Avenue, Manhattan Tel. Cathedral 8292 Stuart H. Rowe, Principal 104 Hillcrest Ave., Yonkers, N. Y. Tel. Yonkers 3632 Archibald L. Hodges, First Assistant 414 W. 120th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 8760 Anna Pearl MacVay, First Assistant 7 West 49th St., Manhattan Tel. Circle 4553 IVADLEIGH HIGH SCHOOL 165 Spier, Doris J • • Assistant Beaton, Augusta C Clerical Assistant Brackett, Mary M Clerical Assistant Grabscheid, Anna Clerical Assistant Grove, Margaret S Clerical Assistant SiPSER, Emma H Clerical Assistant DowDEN, Florence A Library Assistant BIOLOGY Elsie M. Kupfer, Chairman 50 West 76th St., Manhattan Tel Schuyler 6605 Disalvo, Beatrix H. Middleton, Florence Hicks, Clara K. Minor, Marie L. Locke-Henry, Anna W. Sanial, Marie L. Meserve, Elizabeth E. Tweedy, Mary E. Womack, Mary D. DOMESTIC ARTS Rose F. Lord, Chairman 23 North 5th St, Woodside, L. I. Tel. Astoria 3749 Stevenson, Florence J. DOMESTIC SCIENCE Maud F. Smith, Chairman 619 West 127th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 2920 Spencer, Elizabeth L. DRAWING Julia C. Cremins, Chairman 356 East 57th St., Manhattan Blenker, Anna C. Davis, Genevieve V. Crane, Lizzie C. Drake, Ruth W. Hobbs, Alice E. ENGLISH AND ELOCUTION Mary P. Eaton, Chairman 44 Morningside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Cathedral 7520 Bacon, Helen E. Kelsey, Lucile F. Barton, Rose M. King, Elizabeth E. Beare, Cornelia McDowell, Florence Burritt, Alice J. Martin, Harriette G. Cahill, Margaret Morrow, Julie M. Dike, Cornelia A. Murray, Jennie E. Doty, Eleanor S. Osborne, Louie H. Elliot, Lilliam M. Saltzberg, Florence G. Harris, Gertrude Sweeney, Helen M. Tefft, Mary E. B. 166 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY FRENCH Henry Zick, Chairman 36 West 96th St., Manhattan Tel. Riverside 7571 Cavalier, Emilie G. Schulz, Bertha Goodrich, Martha M. Sesso, Pauline M. Haefelin, Fanny J. Syms, Louis C. Huguenin, Charles Tweedy, Grace B. Lapatnikoflf, Paula Wilson, Bessie D. Mussaeus, Marie G. Woodward, Adele M. HISTORY, CIVICS AND ECONOMICS Elizabeth C. Wood, Chairman 100 Mornlngside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Morningside 3477 Barrett, Martha B. Noll, Anna Beach, Mary R. Oppermann, Melvin C. Beckwith, Frances A. Ralston, Etta L. Bennett, Ray Ransom, Minnie H. Carson, Clara L. Smith, Franklin H. Marty, Sara Taylor, Jane I. Miner, Clarence E. Ward, Grace F, LATIN AND GREEK Archibald L. Hodges, Chairman 414 West 120th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 8760 Churchill, Martha B. Nammack, Elizabeth F. Henry, Margaret Y. Roessler, Nellie L. McBride, Ehnor M. Royce, Sarah G. VanVliet, Jessie L. MATHEMATICS John A. Swenson, Chairman 204 Park Ave., Leonia, N. J. Bowman, Cora M. Hart, Clara A. Bugbee, Harriet C. Kelsey, Louise H. Burchard, Anna T. Robinson, Alice M. Coman, Caroline Strasburger, Bertha Denis, Bertha Taylor, Miriam L. Harris, Mary E. Underwood, Elizabeth MUSIC Anna G. Judge, Chairman 235 West 75th St., Manhattan Tel. Columbus 9750 Barrett, Mary C. Blair, Elizabeth E. PHYSICAL SCIENCE Robert H. Cornish, Chairman 400 West 118th St., Manhattan chemistry J. Stuart Gibson, Chairman 22 Clinton Ave., Montclair, N. J. Bruere, Alice H. Cameron, Walter S. WASHINGTON IRVING HIGH SCHOOL 167 PHYSIOGBAPHY William Walter Clendenin, Chairman 120 Vista PI., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Tel. Mt. Vernon 3158-W Howard, Charlotte B. PHYSICAL TRAINING Frances Moulton, Chairman 400 Manhattan Ave., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 846 Baylis, Louise Hervey, Mary B. Beck.Alga M. Petrie, Jean D. Cumberland, Edith A. Potter, Mary G. SPANISH George T. Lenz, Chairman 244 West "l06th St., Manhattan Tel. Academy 550 Gelbach, Marie Seidensticker, Clara STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Rose Lighterman, Chairman 664 West 179th St., Manhattan Tel. Wadsworth 2375 Scheibe, Elizabeth WASHINGTON IRVING HIGH SCHOOL 40 Irving Place, Manhattan Tel. Stuyvesant 3292 Edward C. Zabriskie, Principal 36 West 93rd St., Manhattan Tel. Riverside 1885 Dora R. Thompson, Administrative Assistant 26 Clifford Ave., Pelhamwood, N. Y. Tel. Pelham 4775-M F. Louise Warr, Assistant 308 West 82nd St., Manhattan Tel. Schuyler 8120 Helen B. Bressler, Assistant 158 Second Ave., Long Island City, L. I. Bush, Mary F Clerical Assistant Denehy, Bride C Clerical Assistant 168 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Gulliver, Barbara Clerical Assistant Kraker, Goldie Clerical Assistant LeBel, Emile M Clerical Assistant Nolan, Grace Clerical Assistant Paricer, Isabel C Clerical Assistant Whitney, Catherine Clerical Assistant Alexander, Elizabeth Library Assistant Annett, Sarah Library Assistant Wilcox, Ruth S Library Assistant GiTTOE, Ethel T Placement Assistant ACCOUNTING AND BUSINESS PRACTICE George K. Hinds, Chairman 92 Riverside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Riverside 2538 Arnowitt, M. Leon Greenstein, Max B. Berger, William Katz, Henry D. Bergstein, Adolph McMahon, Grace A. Black, Dorothy A. O'Neill, Edith F. Falk, Louis J. Quinn, Edw^ard J. Fox, S. Wordsworth Sackman, Esther B. Gallagher, Margaret F. Schulman, Morris A. Goldsmith, Morgan J. Sommerfield, Alfred Wallace, William C. BIOLOGY Rosemary F. Mullen, Chairman 420 East 84th St., Manhattan Tel. Lenox 488 Alley, M. Ida Leibell, Agnes M. Dithridge, Louise M. Mahnken, Florence V. Huncke, Helen F. Morrison, Grace L. Lambert, Sophia W. Thorburn, A. Pintler Slater, Florence W. CIVICS Mabel Skinner, Chairman 19 East 9Sth St., Manhattan Tel. Lenox 3661 Colin, Paula V. Eltzner, Dorothea Edwards, Minna H. Freeman, Mary Jenkins, Caroline E. DECLAMATION Eleanor M. Nightingale, Chairman 44 Morningside Drive, Manhattan Tel. Cathedral 7520 Allen, Helen J. Ryan, Elizabeth G. Benham, Alice W. Stiles, Ethel A. Nightingale, Ida E. Welsh, Edith E. WASHINGTON IRVING HIGH SCHOOL 169 DOMESTIC ART Meriel W. Willard, Chairman 16 Mead Ave., Passaic, N. J. Tel. Passaic 1532-M Barron, Honora A. Fueslein, Irma E. Claffy, Katharine Johnson, Harriet M. B. Consalus, Frances H. Levins, Julia M. de Varone, Bertha L. Logue, Annie E. Dunford, Honora A. Reynolds, Alice R. Fagin, Mary T. Richards, Ellen L. Felt, Carrie E. Thompson, Christine DOAIESTIC SCIENCE Florence Willard, Chairman 16 Mead Ave., Passaic, N. J. Tel. Passaic 1532-M Dean, Nellie Pond, Harriet Dovi^d, Mary T. Roe, Ada Jameson, Jennie D. Skelton, Christine P. DRAWING Jeanette W. Cheney, Chairman 104 West Lincoln Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y. Tel I Mt. Vernon 965-W Adams, Alice I. Hurlbut, Martha A. Averell, Ethel Lacey, Bertha J. Behr, Minna D. Newcomb, Florence A. Booth, Mary S. Pratt, Winifred Carpenter, Anna E. Ruggles, Zola B. Cowan, Georgia C. Scott, Alice B. Daley, Helen S. Shepard, Bertha S. Doux, MaryF. Violet, Smith Ferris, Laura C. Washburn, ,S. Annetto Gurnee, Marie E. Webster, Sara E. Hillman, Mercy A. Whitney, Clara G. ENGLISH Helen L. Cohen, Chairman 38 West 93rd St., Manhattan Tel. Riverside 401 Avery, Helene F. Marley, Ruth J. _ Barry, Loretta Marshall, Adelaide Bergamini, Rachel Northrop, Cora E. Bonney, Louise E. O'Hara, Catherine F. Brvan, Elizabeth M. Oiler, Marie Crandell, Helen H. Percy, Harriet C. Doherty, Helen F. Pownall. Edith M. Frame, Ray M. Quigg, Helen T. Gere, Lovisa B. Rostetter, Alice Hastings, Elinor Sherman, Rose E. Hickox, Laura C. Smith, Frances A. Hodgkins, Georgina Snider, Annie M. Johnson, Mary H. ' Tufts, Anne B. "Johnston, K. Courtney . Tuttle, Edith M. Lawton, Mary A. Waller, Phoebe M. McCreary, Elspeth H. Warner, Fredenca Mclntyre, Marie H. Wood, Mary M. Younghen, Edith C. 170 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY FRENCH Nannie G. Blackwell, Chairman 27 West 11th St., Manhattan Tel. Chelsea 2225 Blum, Vivienne C. Guthrie, Kenneth Bouvard, Germaine Latzke Frances R Castro, Fausta Negri McCut'hcheon, H. Louise Chilcott, Clio M. Pratt, Elizabeth M. Gaynor, Margaret A. Smith, Georgina M. Goudal, Emihe Watkins, Julia C. Williams, S. Elizabeth GERMAN Biittner, Frieda HISTORY Ida G. Galloway, Chairman 338 8th Ave., Pelham, N. Y. Bass, Bertha Kivlin, Maud Bassett, Elizabeth W. Marcus, Evelyn Dodd, Helen W. Streeper, Amanda Kirkman, Loulie Wells, Mildred A. Weiss, Alma J. ITALIAN Barberis, Eligio LATIN Ida Wessa, Chairman 610 West 116th St., Manhattan Tel. Morningside 3040 Guthrie, Grace . Hopkins, Frances L. LIBRARY Fritz, Louise P. MATHEMATICS Jessie A. Beach, Chairman 503 West 121st St., Manhattan Baxter, Florence McQuade, Rose Eaton, Clara Roll, Rose McKenna, Mary Zagat, LilHe MUSIC Emma C. Caron, Chairman 16 West 70th St., Manhattan Tel. Columbus 9619 Gaines, Margaret E. _ Mooney, Lawrence Neidlinger, William PHYSICAL SCIENCE Earl B. Slack, Chairman 22 Cassilus Ave., Bronxville, N. Y. Tel. Bronxville 900-M Ammerman, S. Lewis Pons, Catherine Archer Hayner, Burton A. Shellard, Warren P. WASHINGTON IRVING HIGH SCHOOL 171 PHYSICAL TRAINING Alice Morrisey, Chairman 217 West 104th St., Manhattan Tel. Academy 2115 Gill, Lulu G. Owens, Lois M. Griffin, Bertha L. Sandman, Ida Malone, AL Agnes Scales, Carrie L. Mendell, Rose Stiebritz, Elsie Miller, Isabelle Thompson, Ann C SPANISH Medora L. Ray, Chairman 262 W. 77th St., Manhattan Tel. Columbus 8615 Bahret, Ruth A. LeflFert, Ethel Beiler, Florence Neuman, Libby Blair, Edith Pick, Thekla Buck, Helen I. Potter, Marion de Villalvilla, Maria Ryan, Olive Harmon, Esther Smith, Joseph H. STENOGRAPHY AND TYPEWRITING Elizabeth A. Roche, Chairman 2 St. Nicholas PL, Manhattan Tel. Audubon 1710 Allyn, Louise Meyenberg, Ameilia Brenner, Charlotte Murphy, George F. Drew, A. Virginia Orr, Ella J. de Mers, Adrienne Price, Isaac Glaser, Beatrice Riordan, Elizabeth Gold, Elias Shapiro, Sarah Kinnan, Madeline Stone, Bertha Klees, C. Mathilda Trent, Lewis ALPHABETICAL LIST OF HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS Abbot, Frances H., 9 St. Marks PL, West New Brighton, S. 1 1 A E (Ch), Curtis; 10-14-01 (2-8-09) Abbott, Frederick B., 419 9tli, Bn A MD, MT; 9-16-07 Abbott, Marguerite W., 119 Hancock, Bn... A F, Girls; 7-1-96 Abelow, Samuel P., 260-A Rochester Av., Bn. A H, JR; (2-1-06) 2-3-19 Abelson, Joseph, 1525 President, Bn Lab A, P & C, Ms; 2-1-lS Abelson, Louis, 32 North, Bx A Cv, DWC; 9-10-20 Abrahams, Isaiah, 866 Lafayette Ave., Bn.. A MD, MT, S-12-20 Abramowitz, Philip, 210 Madison. Mn A F, Stv; (4-13-14) 2-3-19 Accurso, Catherine, 290 E. 143d St., Mn A Sp, JR; 3-15-20 Acker, Margaret K., 50 Woolsey, L. I. City A E, Bry; 9-1-97 Ackerle, Ida V., 114 Field PL, Bx A Cv, Ev C; (2-1-98) 12-1-09 Ackerly, Jennie, 416 W. 118th. Mn A M, Ms; 9-12-97 Ackerman, Dorothy S., 427 E. 3d, Bn A Coml, BR; 9-11-16 Adams, Alice I., 48 W. 92d, Mn A Carving & Metal Wkg. DWC; 2-23-97 Adams, Helen M., 435 W. 123, Mn A S Tp, TR; 3-2-14 Adams, Margarite. 32 Palmetto, Bn Lab A, B, Ntn; (9-8-11) 9-6-18 Adams, Milly E., 151 W. 105th, Mn A Carvg & Metal Wkg. WI; 12-9-03 Adler, Frieda, 295 Central Pk. W., Mn A F G, Bry; (9-9-01) 9-8-11 Adkins, Coston B., 34 Hendrix, Bn A ComL Coml; 9-11-14 Adamson, David R., 2406 Newkirk Ave., Bn. A Mu, Coml; 2-2-20 Adriance, Anna, 106 Herriman Ave., Ja- maica, L. I A PT, Jam; 11-1-17 Ahern, Harry H., 75 Lee Ave., Bn AD, HSC; 2-2-20 Alden, Henry T., 185 Quincy, Bn (Adm). Boys; (2-1-95) 1-1-12 Aldinger, Harry E., 309 Park Ave., Mn 1 A PT (Ch), HSC; 2-1-06, (2-2-20) Alexander, Edward H.. 653 St. Johns PL, Bn A Ec. HSC; (2-16-00) 9-8-16 Alexander, Elizabeth W., 419 W. 119th, Mn. Lib A. WI; 11-17-13 Allaire, Ruth, 2265 84th, Bn A St Tp, Bwk; (3-1-10) 10-1-19 Allan, Evelyn W. (Mrs.), 106 Ft. Greene PL, Bn P, G Coml; 2-6-99 (3-17-20) Allen, Edna M., 63 McDougal, Bn A M, Coml; 1-22-20 Allen, Helen J., 416 W. 122d, Mn A Sp, WI; 3-1-15 Allen, John Trevette, 481 6th, Bn A Sp F, MT; 9-12-04 Allen, Luella M., 768 Union, Bn A F, EH; 9-11-14 Allen, Mary K. (Mrs.), 312 W. 93, Mn A E, JR; 9-10-20 Allen, Ralph W., 8652 107th, Richmond Hill, L. I A D, RH; 2-1-96 Allen, Winifred S., 768 Union, Bn A L, BR; 2-16-10 Alley, M. Ida, 216 E. 15th, Mn A P, Jam; 9-12-04 Allyn, Louise, 128 W. 13th, Mn A St. Tp, WI; 9-11-11 Alperin, Daniel M., 572 W. 187, Mn A PT, HSC; (9-5-13) 2-1-21 Alpern, Hyman, 1 E. 119th, Mn A Sp (Acts Ch), Stv; 2-2-20 Althaus, Amalie L., 2770 Briggs Ave., Bx... A G Sp, TR; 2-8-09 Altholz, Nathaniel, 2661 Decatur Ave., Bx.. A Coml, EvC; (9-7-06) 2-1-13 Ames, Jessie T., 1 W. 127th. Mn A FHD, Ms; (2-1-04) 2-1-10 Ammerman, S. Lewis, 1305 Dorchester Rd., Bn A P, WI; 2-1-06 Amster, Isadore. 1563 Wilkins Ave., Bn A Ace & Bus Pr, HSC; (11-1-07) 11-1-18 Andersen, Laurentius O., 363 Lenox Rd., Bn A E. MT; (1-31-02) 9-5-19 Anderson, William L., 204 Manhattan Ave., Mn A PT, Stv; 2-1-18 Anderson, Woodford D., 32 McDonough, Bn. A Coml, Coml; 9-14-03 Andrade, Manuel J., 242 W. 103d, Mn A Sp, DWC; 3-15-20 Andrews, Charlton, 628 W. 151st, Mn A E, Stv; 10-14-15 Andrews, Grace, 65 Jefferson Ave., Bn AH (Ch), TR; (11-12-96) 2-1-07 Andrews, Richard M., 373 W. 116th, Mn... A M. Stv; 9-10-06 Andrews, William H., 265 Hawthorn, Bn... A PT (Ch), Boys; 4-1-95 Annett, Sarah E., 609 W. 127, Mn Lib A, WI; 2-4-07 Anthony, Oscar W., Plandome, L. 1 1 A (Adm;, M, DWC; 9-12-97 (9-1-03) 172 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 173 Appel, Frank J., 410 3d Ave., Asbury Park, N. J A G, Ms: (4-1-99) 9-12-04 Appell, Israel, 41 St. Nicholas Ter., Mn... A M (Chg An), HSC; (11-12-95) 2-2-14 Apisdorf, Alexander. 426 7th Ave., Bn A B, MT; 2-1-15 Arden, Harriette, 78 W. 94th, Mn Lib A, DWC; 3-2-03 Arenwald, Mesmin, 105 E. 192d, Bx A M, EvC; (5-1-07) 9-5-13 Arias, Gracia Fernandez (Mrs.), 600 W. 114, Mn A Sp, NU; 6-28-16 Arnold, David L., 802 W. 181st. Mn 1 A M (Chg An), JR; (9-710) 10-1-Oy Arnold, Edith S., 250 Park PI., Bn A ComI, BR; 10-15-14 Arnold, Frank J., 476 9, Bn A StTp, Haaren; (9-9-10), 12-1-20 Arnold, Frederick C, 907 Faile, Bx A, MD, EvC; 9-11-05 Arnowitt, M. Leon. Rockaway Park, L. I.. A Coml, WI; 2-2-14 Arthur, L. Louise, 107 W. 11th, Mn AH (Ch), Bry; 11-1-01 Ashcroft, Carrie Van R., 525 West End Ave., Mn 1 A PT (Ch). JR; 10-1-07 Ashe, Emma B. (Mrs.), 101 Columbia Hts., Bn A E, FR; 9-9-12 Astroff, Mae. 2939 W. 32d, Sea Gate, Bn.. A PT, Girls; 10-14-18 Attner, Bernice M., 132 Joralemon. Bn A H, Coml; 9-10-20 Atwood, Walter S., 1905 Andrews Ave., Bx. A B, DWC; 6-28-16 Augsbury, Earl S., 4260 Broadway, Mn A M, Stv; 2-1-06 Augenstern, Michael. 6A Castleton Park, New Brighton, S. I A St Tp, Curtis; 2-2-20 Auslander, Armit., 571 W. 139th, Mn A St Tp, GW; (9-12-04) 9-9-12 Austin, Harry W., 2114 Caton Ave., Bn... A Wood Turning, MT; 11-11-10 Austin, Mary E., 1385 E. 18th, Bn A PT, EH; 9-16-12 Avent, John M., 2 Valley Rd., White Plains, N. Y 1 A E (Ch). JR; 9-11-11 (9-25-19) Averell, Ethel H., 217 Brooklyn Ave., Bn.. A FHD, WI; (3-106) 3-1-12 Avery, Helene F. (Mrs.), 170 W. 89th, Mn. A E, WI; 2-3-13 Avery, Jean W. (Mrs.), 46 Windsor PI., Forest Hills, L. I A Sp, Ntn; 3-1S-20 Avirett, May G. (Mrs.). 704 8th Ave., Bn.. A Sp, NU; 9-12-04 Axel, Tomah, 31 W. 110, Mn A Cv, TR; (3-1-12) 2-1-21 Ayres. Mary S., 476 Clinton Ave., Bn A E, ED; 2-1-07 B Babcock, Maude R., 19 Arlington PL, Bn.. A Sp G, GComl; 10-1-02 Bachelder, Mary A., 592 E. 22nd Bn A F, MT; 9-10-06 Back, Elizabeth M., 155 6th Ave.. Bn A M, BR; (12-1-08) 2-3-13 Bacon, Helen E.. 404 W. 115th Mn A E, Wdl; 2-25-01 Baer, Dena, Hotel Theresa, 125th and 7th Ave., Mn A H, Ms; (9-9-01) 9-12-10 Bagenstose, Harvey L., 298 Parkside Ave., Bn A E, Coml; 9-10-06 Baggs, Martha, 439 Hancock, Mn A B, BR; 9-14-08 Bagnell, William J., 7 Parkside Ct., Bn A Coml, Jam; 9-8-16 Bahret, Ruth A., 23 W. 83d, Mn A St, WI; 2-3-19 Baier, Joseph G., Hamilton Ave., Nev/ Brunswick, N. J A P, Stv; 10-1-09 Baily, Anna E. (Mrs.), 207 E. 17th, Bn... A B, MT; 10-1-09 Bailey, Frank L., Suffern, N. Y A Coml (Chg An), JR; 2-15-lS Baker. Davis L., New Rochelle, N. Y A P, Stv; 9-11-16 Baker, Eleanor R., 430 W. 18th, Mn A M, MT; 9-24-07 Baker, Helen M., 31 Summit Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y A Ace & Bus Pr, BR; 3-15-18 Baker,Katherine S., 1112 Dean, Bn AE, GComl; 2-2-20 Balbin, Flonnda. 8804 Ridge Blvd., Bn A Sp, BR; 2-3-19 Baldwin, Edwin F.. 94 W. 162d, Mn A Coml, HSC; (9-14-03) 2-3-13 Baldwin, Jessie M., 72 Harvest, Forest Hills, L. I A E, Ntn; 11-3-13 Baldwin, Mary M., 2 W. 129th, Mn A D, DWC; (10-5-98) 9-6-18 Baldwin, Walter J., 257 Claremont Ave., Bn. A M, RH; 2-17-97 Baltz. Frank P., 371 W. 119th, Mn 1 A Coml (Ch), EvC; 2-14-01 (9-7-10) Ballard, Charles C, Bronxville. N. Y A E, Ms; 2-1-OS Banghart, Elizabeth, 125 E. 37th, Mn A Mu, Bry; 9-10-06 Banning, Laura, 242 S. 4th Ave., Mt. Ver- non, N. Y A B, Ms; 9-11-16 Bannon, Agnes R., 1112 Dean, Bn Cler A, ED; 2-1-11 174 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Barbanell, A. Irving, 253 Amstel Blvd., Arverne, L. I AM, FR; (9-8-11) 9-9-13 Barber, Cora L., 1395 Dean, Bn A E, EH; (9-1-93) 9-1-07 Barber, Henry G., 15 Clay Ave. E., Roselle Park, N. J A B, DWC; 9-12-98 Barber. Sara M., 1395 Dean, Bn A El (Ch), RH; 10-1-06 Barberis, Eligio G., 106 44th, Corona, L. I. A Ital, WI; 3-3-14 Barclay, Margaret E., 210 Parkside Ave., Bn. A B, BR; (9-10-00) 2-2-14 Barcus, Hugh H., 26 S. 14th, Flushing, L. I. A M, Stv; 9-11-16 Bardenheuer, Clara E., 628 8th, College Point, L. I A Sp G, Fig; (9-1-86) 9-14-03 Barker, M. Ellen, 637 St. Marks Ave., Bn.. A M, Girls; 9-1-89 Barlow. William M., 302 Stanley Ave., Tompkinsville, S. 1 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), Curtis; 2-3-13. (2-2-20) Barmeyer, George H., Bayside, L. I AC, Fig; 2-1-11 Barnes, Edwin A., 155 Crescent, Far Rock- away, L. I A P (Ch Sc), FR; 9-10-06 Barnett, I. Irving, 201 W. 112th, Mn A P Coml, WI; (2-1-04) 9-11-14 Barnum, Grace E., 70 Morningside Dr., Mn. A PT, Ms; 2-1-00 Baron, Joseph, 774A Lafayette Ave., Bn... A E, NU; 9-11-16 Barras, Moses, 80 E. 111th, Mn A F, DWC; 10-4-18 Barrett, Martha B., 32 W. 123d, Mn A H, Wdl; 12-19-01 Barrett, Mary C, 759 E. 158th, Bx A Mu, Wdl; (10-1-02) 2-1-11 Barron, Honora A., 414 W. 147th, Mn A Sewg & Dress Mkg, WI; (4-3-05) 9-13-05 Barrow, John B., 1991 Troy Ave., Bn A L, Boys; 10-16-16 Barrows, Tessie, 207 W. 18th, Mn A Sp, Stv; 4-8-12 Barry, Bertha B., 306 E. 180th, Bx A PT, EvC; 11-1-17 Barry, Loretta, Park Ave. Hotel, Mn A E, WI; (9-8-05) 2-1-11 Barry, Mary, 112 Locust, Flushing, L. I... A Mu, Fig; 2-2-20 Barton, Rose M., 106 E. 52d, Mn A E, Wdl; 2-4-03 Bashein, Martha S. (Mrs.), 540 W. 144th, Mn CI A, Ms; 10-14-18 Bass, Bertha, 106 Morningside Dr., Mn A H, Wdl; 9-9-01 Bassett, Elizabeth W., 70 Morningside Dr., Mn A H, WI; (12-1-08) 10-1-09 Batcheler, Charles B., Chappaqua, N. Y A PT, EH; 4-1-10 Bates, Abby B., 1421 University Ave., Bx. 1 A H (Ch), Ms; 9-12-97 (12-1900) Bates, Grace M., 169 Columbia Hts., Bn... A E, EH; 9-10-20 Bates, Herbert, 11 Lake Ave., Bn 1 A E (Ch), MT; 9-13-97 (1-1-12) Bates, Thomas S., 940 Fox, Bx A El. Ms; 10-1-09 Battell, John E.. 466 3d, Bn A E, EH; (10-3-04) 2-3-13 Battey, Louis B., 36 W. 61st, Mn A MD, Stv; (11-1-09) 9-1-09 Bauman, Ben, 41 E. Jackson Ave., Corona, L. I Lab A P C, Stv; 9-10-20 Eaumeister, John, 402 Amity, Flushing, L. I. 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), Fig; 912-98 (2-8-09) Bavier, Margaret L., 138 W. 91st, Mn A PT, JR; (3-1-12) 11-5-17 Bawden, Sarah E., 4 King, Jamaica, L. I... A E, Jam; (9-11-05) 2-1-19 Baxter, Florence, 210 E. 17th, Mn. A M, WI; 9-12-10 Baxter, Mary C, 143 W. 84th. Mn A M, HSC; 3-1-20 Baylis, Louise, 23 W. 84th, Mn A PT, EH; (11-1-07) 2-11-13 Beach, Jessie A., 503 W. 121st, Mn A M (Ch), WI; 2-4-00 Beach, Mary R., 302 Convent Ave., Mn A L, Wdl; 9-11-99 Beal, George H.. 138 W. 6Sth, Mn A L, DWC; 9-8-16 Beam, Rachel, 536 Clinton Ave., Bn A B, Coml; 3-11-20 Beare, Cornelia, 430 W. 119th, Mn A E, Wdl; 3-16-08 Beard, Stella S., 8558 111th, Richmond Hill, L. I A E, RH; 1-1-95 Beardsley, Frank J., 443 E. 4th, Bn A L, EH; 9-9-07 Beatman, Augustus S., 953 Anderson Ave., Bx 1 A H (Ch), JR; 9-12-10 (9-7-17) Beaton, Augusta C, 525 W. 123d, Mn CI A, Wdl; 9-4-12 Bebarfald, Annie, 1834 Crotona Ave., Bx. . . A FHD, GW; 9-30-20 Bechert, Alexander O., 600 Decatur, Bn... AG, Boys; 9-5-13 Beck, Alga M., 103 Hendricks Ave., New Brighton, S. I A PT, Wdl; 9-S-13 Beck, Sadie, 5617 12th Ave., Bn A H, Girls; 9-5-19 Becker, Clarence H., 890 Putnam Ave., Bn. A H, Boys; 2-2-14 Becker, Edith P., 322 W. 85th, Mn CI A, HSC; (6-2-19) 3-15-20 Beckwith, Frances A., 106 E. 52d, Mn A H, Wdl; 9-12-97 Bedell, Julia I., 512 W. 180th, Mn Lib A, Ntn; (2-10-99) 11-25-12 Bedford. Edgar A., Cherokee Ave., Hollisj L- I 1 A B & Genl Sc (Ch), DWC; 2-1-06 (1-2-17) Beebe, Dee, 231 Garfield PI., Bn A D, EH; 9-12-04 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 175 Beeckman, Florence L., 141 W. 104th, Mn. A H, ED; 9-16-07 Beemer. Edwin F., 103 E. 10th, Bn A FHD, Boys; 9-6-18 Beer, Morris A., 945 E 163d, Mn A E, HSC; (4-1-07) 9-11-14 Beers, Florence E, 685 Nostrand Ave., Bn. A L (Chg An), RH; 9-16-07 Beha, Joseph L., 306 W. 93d, Mn A G, Stv; (9-8-05) 3-1-06 Behnken, Belle (Mrs.), 470 Morntngside Dr., Mn A St Tp. JR; (11-1-98) 9-8-16 Behnken, H. Emile, Hilburn and Winfield PI., Hollis. L. I A P, Coml; (11-1-05) 9-11-11 Behr, Elsa, 838 Carroll, Bn A M, EH; 6-28-16 Behr, Florence, 607 W. 136th, Mn Lib A, Girls; 2-2-20 Behr, Minna D., 37 King, Englewood, N. J. A D, Bwk; (10-13-14) 9-8-16 Beier, Abraham, 1562 76th, Bn A Cv, HSC; 5-3-20 Beihoff, Belle (Mrs.), 470 Morningside Dr., Mn A St Tp, JR; (11-1-98) 9-8-16 Beiler. Florence, 519 W. 121st, Mn A Sp, Boys; 10-1-17 Beinert, John L., 27 Sterling PI., Bn A PT, EH; (11-1-05) 9-5-19 Beisheim, William F.. 4702 11th Ave., Bn... A E, MT; (12-2-01) 9-10-20 Beitel, Helen S., 315 W. 94th, Mn A Coml, EvC; 12-15-09 Belding, Albert G., Winchester PI., Law- 1 A Coml (Adm), B of E; 4-11-01 rence, L. I (2-1-10) Benedict, Ralph C, 322 E. 19th Bn 1 A B (Ch), Stv; 10-1-12 (9-29-19) Benham, Alice W., 219 W. 80th, Mn A El, WI; 9-8-16 Benjamin, Claude T., 410 Bard Ave., New Brighton, S. I A E, DWC; 9-19-98 Benjamin, Edith S., 282 McDonough, Bn... A E, Bwk; 9-5-13 Benjamin, Juliette N., 97 Bay 32nd St., Bn. A Cv, Boys; 9-10-20 Benner, Charlotte, 149 W. 12th, Mn A Ace & Bus Pr, JR; 9-8-16 Bennett, Eva L.. 435 W. 119th, Mn A Mu, JR; 9-11-14 Bennett, Martha C, 423 W. 120th, Mn A H, GW; 9-11-14 Bennett, R. Grant, 25 W. 84th, Mn A C, HSC; 9-14-03 Bennatt, Ray, 514 W. 122d, Mn A H, Wdl; 2-3-13 Bennett, Thelma, Hotel Theresa, 12Sth and 7th Ave., Mn A PT, TR; (1-5-14) 11-1-17 Bentley. Mildred K., 215 E. 15th, Mn A Coml, Haaren; 10-15-14 Benway, Mabel R., 62 Pierrepont, Bn Adm A M, BR; 3-2-08 Berall, Louis J., 207 W. 118th, Mn A Coml, JR; 9-11-14 Bergamini, Rachel, 175 Claremont Ave., Mn. A E, WI; (10-17-97) 9-9-01 Berger, William H., 339 E. 2Sth, Bn A Coml, WI; 9-14-03 Bergman, Lillian H., 1432 University Ave., Bx A St Tp, Ms; 4-8-12 Bergman, Morris L., 183 2d, Mn A M, Ms; (2-1-10) 9-9-10 Bergoffen, Herman, Y.M.C.A., Marcey Ave. and S. 9th. Bn A E, MT; (10-21-01) 2-13-13 Bergstein, Adolph, 41 St. Nicholas Ten, Mn. A Coml. WI; (1-11-04) 9-24-14 Bergstresser, Clinton A., 156 Macon. Bn.. A M, Boys; 9-9-12 Berk, Louis B., 52 W. 111th, Mn A E, HSC; (4-1-03) 10-1-12 Berkowitz, Louis, 1098 E. Parkway, Bn A Sp, Bwk; 3-14-13 Bernhard, Mabel L., 524 Lefferts Ave., Rich- mond Hill, L. I AH, Jam; 9-5-19 Bernstein, Isador. 150 Westervelt Ave., N. Brighton, S. I APT, DWC; (3-1-10) 10-1-18 Bernstein, Louis, 896 E. Parkway, Bn A H Boys; (9-8-16) 9-5-19 Berry, James F., 421 W. S7th, Mn A M, DWC; 2-1-99 Bersohn, Robert, 560 Lincoln PL, Bn A C, MT; 2-1-15 Bertemy, Laura M. J., 4396 Park Ave., Bx Lib A, ED; 2-2-20 Bertschy. Maude (Mrs.), ISO Steuben, Bn.. A D, Bwk; (11-1-04) 10-1-12 Bessey, Mabel A., 64 Monroe, Bn 1 A E (Ch), BR; 4-1-03, (2-2-20) Beygrau, Frederick R., 2380 Creston Ave., Bx A St Tp, EvC; 11-1-12 Bice, Hiram H., 345 W. 70th, Mn 1 A L & Gr (Ch H L), GW; 9-12-7 (9-8-99) Bickmore, Frank L., 1159 Dean, Bn A Coml (Coord), Haaren; 9-12-98 Bidstrup, Elsa, 42 Jerome. Bn APT, Bwk; (1-5-14) 11-1-17 Bieber, Regina, 119 W. 119th, Mn CI A, HSC; S-23-19 Biggs, James A., Mahwah, N. J A E, DWC; 10-5-14 Bildersee, Isaac, 94 Lawrence, Bn A E, DWC; (11-1-05) 11-1-20 Billingham, Frank L., 208 8th Ave., Bn A Art Metal Wk, MT; 10-1-14 Bingham. Nellie Holmes, 152 E. 22d, Mn.. A M, Bry; 2-1-15 Birnbaum, Simon, 414 E. 169th, Bx AC, EvC; 9-11-14 Bishop, Merle L., 279 McDonough, Bn 1AM (Ch), Boys; 2-1-06 (1-2-17) Black, Dorothy A. (Mrs.), 63 N. Walnut, E. Orange, N. J A Acct & Bus Pr, WI; 2-17-19 Black, Edna A., 129 E. 10th, Mn A D, BR; (1-5-14) 9-10-20 Blackwell, Nannie G., 27 W. 11th, Mn 1 A Mod Lang (Ch F), WI; 9-1-98 (2-1-10) 176 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Blair, Edith, 581 Lexington Ave., Mn A Sp. WI; 9-8-16 Blair, Elizabeth E., 160 Claremont Ave., Mn. A Mu, Wdl; (12-1-89) 9-11-05 Blakely, Gilbert S., 2207 University Ave., Bx P EvC; 9-12-97 (2-8-09) (9-3-13) Blanchard, D. Hiram, 170 Brooklyn Ave., Bn AM, Boys; 9-9-01 Blankenhorn, Fannie C. (Mrs.), 73 Hanover, Elmhurst, L. I A St Tp, Ntn; 3-16-14 Blanpied, Ethel O., 74 Central Ave., N. Brighton, S. I A G, Curtis; 9-10-06 Blauvelt, William H., 3001 Briggs Ave., Bx. A E, EvC; 2-2-20 Blenker, Anna C, 405 W. 118th, Mn A D, Wdl; 9-13-97 Bliss, Ralph P., 2312 Ave. Q, Bn A M (Ch), Coml; 2-1-04 Blodget, Bertha 266 83d, Bn A Sp, BR; 4-1-19 Blodnick, Morris, 580 Marcy Ave., Bn A St Tp, Bwk; (11-1-16) 9-10-20 Blohm, Albert, 244 S. Broadway, Yonkers, N. Y A E, HSC; 2-1-lS Bloom, Isidore, 719 W 180, Mn A PT, MT; 3-1-10 Blue, Thomas G., 75 W. 94th, Mn A C, Stv; 2-2-20 Bluestone, Ethel, 144 W. 13th, Mn CI A, Stv; (6-2-19) 10-1-19 Blum, Gustav, 60 Northern Ave., Bx A El, Stv; (11-1-09) ll-S-17 Blum, Vivienne H., 315 W. 94th, Mn A F, WI; (11-1-10) 2-2-14 Blumenberg, Frieda, 34 Jefferson Ave., Bn.. A Coml, ED; (9-8-02) 10-1-08 Blumenkrantz, Adolph, 174 Woodruff Ave., Bn AD, DWC; (9-14-03) 9-8-16 Blume, Julius, 61 Jefferson Blvd., Annadale, S. I. ..." AG, HSC; (9-8-05) 9-9-10 Boardman, Margarita, 126 E. 60th, Mn Lib A, Stv; 9-5-19 Bodler, Sophia L., 1515 Mott Ave., Far Rockaway, L. I A Sp G (Ch Mod Lang) FR; 9-11-16 Boecker, Alexander, 907 Union, Bn A Wood Wkg, MT; (12-7-98) 9-11-05 Boehm, Sadie, 215 W. 98th, Mn CI A, Stv; 4-4-20 Bogart, Elmer E., 227 S. Columbus Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y P, Ms; 2-1-06 (1-2-17) (1-22-19) Bogart, Sarah H., 2230 University Ave., Bx. A L, Ms; (3-11-01) 2-2-03 Bogle, Winifred, 2226 Loring PI., Bx AG, EvC; 2-16-14 Boland, Joseph, 304 Halsey, Bn A E, Coml; 12-4-18 Bole, John A., 194 S. 9th. Bn 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), Bwk; 9-8-02 (2-8-09) Bolger, Edwin A., 426 Kosciusko, Bn 1 A St Tp (Ch), Coml; (11-15-00) 4-1-02 (6-1-14) Bond, Raymond T., 244 Stoothoff Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I A E, RH; 6-28-16 Bonney, Louise E., Oneida, N. Y A E, WI, 6-28-16 Book, Arthur E., 12 Euclid, Forest Hills, L.I Adm A. Coml, Ntn; 2-1-10 Boole, Florence A., 525 5th, Bn A E, MT; (11-1-07) 12-1-09 Booth, Frederic M., 230 St. James PL, Bn. A Coml, Coml; 2-1-11 Booth, Mary S., 140 Claremont Ave., Mn.. A D, WI (2-5-06) 2-1-11 Borges, Remedios C, 544 W. I57th, Mn... A Sp, JR 2-16-20 Borklund, C. Arthur, 242 E. 202d, Bx A E, JR; (12-1-04) 9-6-18 Bose, Henry P., 909 Green Ave., Bn A G, Jam; 6-28-16 Boughton, Willis, 364 E. 21st, Bn A E, EH; 2-1-99 Bouvard, Germaine P. M., 544 W. 149th, Mn.. . A F, WI; (11-1-09) 9-11-11 Bov6, Anthony J., 307 Grant Ave., Bn A Sp, Coml; 2-1-15 Bowie, Arthur, 1722 Caton Ave A E, Boys; (11-1-10) 2-1-21 Bowles, Frank C, Ramsey, N. J AM, HSC; 9-5-13 Bowman, Cora M., 151 W. lOSth, Mn A M, Wdl; 4-1-00 Bowman, Leon C, 317 S. 5th Ave., Mt. Vernon, N, Y AM, EvC; 9-5-19 Bowman, Nina, 527 W. 121st, Mn A L, EvC; 11-1-07 Boxold, Agnes, 1924 E 17, Bn A E, EH; 11-1-20 Boyd, Martha J., 509 W. 121st, Mn A F, JR; 9-11-14 Boyd, Maurice C, Bloomfield, N. J AD, Boys; 1-4-04 Boylan. Arthur A., 976 Anderson Ave., Bx. P, GW; (1-4-04) 2-1-11 (11-1-15) (3-16-20) Boylan, Frank, 2 St. Nicholas PL, Mn A El, DWC; (9-7-06) 5-1-18 Boyle, Isabel, 1410 Beverly Rd, Bn A H, EH; (11-1-07) 2-1-21 Boynton, Carolyn A., 33 W. 51st, Mn A E, Fig; 9-9-10 Boynton, George E., 304 E. 18th, Bn 1 A H (Ch), EH; 9-13-97 Brace, Charles T., 530 Chestnut, Richmond Hill, L. I A Science, Bwk; 9-1-94 Brace, Edith M., 353 Jefferson Ave., Bn... A B, ED; 10-12-08 Brackett, Mary M., 780 Riverside Dr., Mn. CI A, Wdl; 2-1-00 Bradburn, Grace, 325 Jay, Bn A St Tp, EH; (12-1-10) 2-2-20 Alphabetical list of teachers vii Bradford, Emilia F. (Mrs.), 4407 4th Ave., Bn A Sp L, NU; (2-1-06) 5-10-17 Bradley, Frederick E., Silverton Ave., Wan- tagh, L, I A Coml, Coml; 9-11-14 Bradley, Susan M., S3 Union Ave., Jamaica, L. I A E, Jam; S-8-11 Brady, Anna F. (Mrs.), 560 W. 192d. Mn.. CI A, DWC; 2-2-14 Brady, Helen E., 1404 Pacific, Bn A E, BR; 9-11-16 Bradshaw. Wilmar H., 110 Shelton Ave., Jamaica, L. I A PT, Stv; (2-3-13) 2-4-20 Braman, Mary L., 514 5th, Bn A B, MT; 1-4-04 Brand, Josephine, 505 W. 142d, Mn A M, EvC; (2-8-09) 11-3-13 Brand, Louis, 2261 Bathgate Ave., Bx A St Tp, GW; 5-1-11 Brandeis, Clara, 60 W. 129th, Mn A Sp, GW; (11-15-88) 2-1-19 Branower, Solomon, 1815 7th Ave., Mn A P, ED; (12-1-02) 2-2-14 Branson, J. Hood, 2351 Grand Concourse, Bx AC, EvC; 6-28-16 Branson, Roswell H., Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. . A L, EvC; 11-3-13 Brauman, Rebecca, 630 E. 170th, Bx A H, JR; 11-1-20 Breckenridge, William E., 21 Sycamore Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y 1AM (Ch), Stv; 9-17-99 (1-1-07) Breiling, Ralph, 15 Argyle Rd., Bn A MD, Stv; (10-1-14) 11-1-20 Brennan, Alfred T. V., 106E 81st, Mn A Ec, HSC; (4-6-98) 2-1-10 Brennan, Francis E., Ill Flushing Ave., Jamaica. L. I A PT, Coml; 2-13-19 Brenner, Charlotte, 1502 Bushwick Ave.. Bn. A St Tp, Wl; 6-28-16 Bresel, Jennie K., 965 Whitlock Ave., Bx.. A M, TR; 10-1-14 Bressler, Helen B., 158 2d Ave., L. I. City, L. I A Sewg & Dressmkg ( Adm) , WI ; 2-1-11 Brevoort, Carson, 161 Henry, Bn Lib A, Coml; 4-1-19 Brewer, Francis E., 41 Hamilton Ave., New Brighton, S. I A F L (Chg An), Curtis; 11-2-98 Brickelmaier, Alice G., 639 Carleton Ave., Bn A M, EH; 9-10-01 Bricker, Harry C, 156 Vernon Ave., Bn A E, DWC; 10-1-17 Bridgeman, William C, 249 Gates Ave., Bn. A Mu HSC; 4-4-20 Bridgman, Anne T., 320 W. 83d, Mn A H, Ms; 2-8-09 Briggs, Emily E., 253A Brooklyn Ave., Bn. A L, Girls; 12-2-01 Briggs, Eva E., 92 Gates Ave., Bn A M, Bwk; 9-14-08 Bright, Robert A. 6 Church, Paterson, N. J. A C. Stv; 9-14-08 Briley, Elsie N., 1130 Bergen, Bn A El, BR; 2-1-15 Britton, Josephine, 284 Lafayette Ave., Bn. A E, Bwk; 10-29-14 Broadhurst, Philip H., 169 Stratford Rd., Bn. A C, DWC; (3-2-03) 2-2-10 Brockman, May E., 619 E. 127th, Mn A Cooking (Chg An), JR; (3-1-04) 12-4-11 Brodoski, Alexander, 127 Sutter Ave., Bn. A P, Bwk; 6-28-16 Brody, Alexander, 84 W. 113th, Mn A St Tp, DWC; (9-7-06) 4-9-17 Brooks, Lea L. (Mrs.), Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y A F, FR; 9-9-12 Brooks, Mabel F.. 40 Morningside Ave., Bx. A E, TR; 11-17-13 Broomall, Laura B., 1123 Bayport PL, Far Rockaway, L. I A B, FR; 12-4-11 Brower, Jane, 1475 Jefferson Ave., Bn Lib A. Bwk; 9-5-13 Brown, Adelaide W., 22 Monroe, Bn A E, Jam; (9-13-97) 9-1000 Brown, Adelaide P. (Mrs.), 115 Ithaca. Elmhurst, L. I AH, Ntn; 11-14-18 Brown, Albert M., 966 St. Marks Ave., Bn. A B, Coml; 2-1-lS Brown, Charles G., 9127 Hollis Ct. Blvd., Jamaica, L. I AM, Jam; 9-5-13 Brown, Ethel E., 510 Gardens Apt., Forest Hills. L. I AG, RH; 9-11-14 Brown, G. Victor, 428 Monroe, Bn A E, Coml; (11-3-19) 2-2-20 Brown, Herman. 1121 West Farms Rd., Bx. A PT, ED; 5-3-20 Brown, Leon A., 25 Clinton Ave., Ossin- ing, N. Y A P, Stv; 9-26-18 Brown, LuNette M. (Mrs.), 385 Clinton Ave., Bn A PT, Bwk; 11-208 Brown, Merton A., 202 79th, Bn A Physiog, MT; (12-1-03) 2-3-13 Browne. Frances E., 446 Ocean Ave., Bn.. A F, EH; 2-8-09 Browne. Mabel E., 1539 .Pacific, Bn A M, MT; 6-28-16 Brownell, George E.. 215 67th, Bn A Coml, NU; (4-20-08) 2-1-18 Brownlee, Raymond B., Woodmere, L. I A P (Ch), Stv; 12-2-01 Brownrigg, Jeanette S. (Mrs.), 688 Putnam Ave.. Bn Cler A. Coml; (9-9-01) 11-15-17 Bruce. G. Garden, 102 Garfield PL, Bn A Joinery, Bwk; (10-2-11) 3-2.S-15 Bruce, Murray, 615 52d, Bn Adm A E, Stv; 1-2-07 178 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Bruce, Walter A., 2168 7th Ave., Bx A St Tp, EvC, 9-12-10 Bruckman, Louisa, 209 W. 97th, Mn 1 A B (Ch) BR; (10-13-92) 11-3-02 (4-8-12) Bruere, Alice H., 507 Madison Ave., Mn. . A P, Wdl; 9-30-01 Bruggeman, Josephine, 217 W. 68th, Mn Lab A B, DWC; 2-17-19 Brummer, Sidney D., 1356 Madison Ave., Mn 1 A H Boys; (2-1-00) 3-2-08 (2-5-17) Erun, Blanche (Mrs.), 600 W. 183d, Mn.. A F, Ms; (11-3-02) 9-5-13 Brundage, Howard, 226 Seeley, Bn A Joinery, MT; 9-5-13 Brundage. Milton B., 2240 84tli, Bn A P, Stv; 10-1-09 Bruning, Emilie E., 317 73d, Bn A Sp. BR; 10-1-17 Bryan, Alfred C, 416 Clermont Ave., Bn.. 1 A H & Cv (Ch), HSC; 2-6-OS (1-1-12) Bryan, Elizabeth M., 29 E. 29th, Mn A E, WI; 6-28-16 Bryan, Jennie B., 556 Halsey, Bn A Cv, Boys; (9-9-01) 2-1-21 Bryan, Mary M., Armour Ville Pk., Bronx- ville, N. Y A Physiog, EvC; 6-28-16 Bryant, Arthur A., 120 Convent Ave., Mn. 1 A Classical. Lang (Ch), DWC; 4-1-09 (6-1-14) Bryant, Elizabeth E., 145 Prospect Pk. W., Bn A L, MT; 9-14-03 Bryant, Frank L., 466 E. 17th, Bn A Physiog, EH; 9-12-98 Bryant, Emma B., 16 Bayley Ave., Yon- kers, N. Y A F (Ch), Ms; 10-10-07 Bryant, Grace, Woodside Ave., Woodside, L. I CI A, Ntn; 2-6-11 Bryant, Helen W., 272 Lewis Ave., Bn A E (Ch), G Coml; 6-28-16 Buchbinder, Anton, 1005 E. Parkway. Bn.. A MD, Coml; (11-3-04) 11-3-19 Buchsbaum, Nellie E., 777 E. 179th. Bx AM, HSC; (9-5-13) 12-2-18 Buck, Helen I.. 62 Wall, N. Brighton, S. I. A Sp, WI; 2-3-19 Buckley, Florence R, 34 Jefferson Ave., Bn.. A Coml, ED; 10-15-14 Bucksey, Addie M., 31 Ormond PL, Bn A Ace & Bus Pr, GComl; 9-10-20 Bugbee, Harriett C, 400 W. 118th, Mn A M, Wdl; 9-10-00 Bunnekamp, William E, 143 Phelps Ave., Englewood, N. J. A E, Stv; 3-15-20 Bunning, Edward, 1400 University Ave., Bx. A St Tp, TR; (11-1-06) 9-11-16 Burchard, Anna T., 405 W. 118th, Mn.... A M Wdl; 3-3-02 Burdick, Mabel G., 35 Harrison, Stapleton, S. I AM, Curtis; 10-1-09 Burlingham, Gertrude S., 556 Lafayette Ave., Bn ... A B, ED; 9-14-08 Burn, Alice M., 469 Washington Ave., Bn.. AD (Ch), ED; (2-8-93) 9-10-00 Burns, Jerome F., 1649 Tapping Ave., — . , A Ec, DWC; 2-1-21 Burnham, R. Wesley, 1801 Dorchester Rd., ,, ,,nn /nooAN Bn. P Haaren; 11-13-99 (9-8-20) Burrage, MyVa" A., 94 Brooklyn Ave., Bn.. A F G, RH; 9-8-13 Burritt, Alice R. (Mrs.), 449 E. 123d, Mn. . A E. Wdl: 9-8-02 ,„^_ Burrows. Helen J., 507 W. 112th, Mn A K Curtis; (2-2-14) 10-2-16 Burt, Clara M., 1 W. 127th, Mn A C P, Ms, 9-11-99 Busbee, Christiana, 43 Union Pk. Ave., . ,, ., r,,^,n Jamaica, L I AM, Jam; 9-9-10 Busch, Ella' A.,' 2940 Broadway, Mn A Sp, G HSC; 9-9-10 Bush, Mary F., 342 E. 17th, Mn CI A, WI; 11-3-13 Bushong, Alice M., 442 9th. Bn AG, FR; 9-5-13 Buskm, Nathan E., 1236 Grand Concourse, ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^_^^^ ^^^^ Butler.'EveiyA'M."," Vol" W. 127th, Mn A PT, Ms; (12-1-03) 9-9-10 Butler, Alice S., 549 E. 86th, Mn A E, TR; 6-28-16 Buttner, Frieda, 985 Aldus St.. Bx A G, WI; (10-5-99) 2-5-03 Buttrick, Harold E., 1258 President, Bn... P HSC; 1-2-96 (10-22-20) Byrne, Margaret C, 338 Decatur, Bn AM, Bry; (11-1-05) 9-28-00 Byrne, Reuben M., 1024 Boston Rd., Bx. . . A Sp, DWC; 9-8-16 Byrnes, Esther F., 193 Jefferson Ave.. Bn.. A Physiol. Girls; 1-31-98 Byron, Belen L. (Mrs.). 186 Hancock, Bn. A So, RH: 10-1-19 Byron, Lillian V., 306 Haven Ave., Ex.... CI A, EvC; 2-2-20 Byron, Thomas W., 306 Haven Ave., Bx... A St Tp, HSC; 9-4-12 c Cady, Henry D., 39 Linden, Bn A Mech Shop Prac, Bwk; 9-8-16 Cahill, John, 671 Decatur, Bn AM, Boys ; 9-10-20 Cahill, John P., 51 Clark, Bn A Coml (Ch), NU; 2-1-06 Cahill, Margaret, 316 W. 84th, Mn A E, Wdl; 9-12-98 ,o , , qs Cahill Mary F.. 2 Beekman PL, Mn 1 A St Tp (Ch), JR; S-4-12 (9-5-19) Cahill Rose H., 989 Sterling PL, Bn 1 A H (Ch), Girls; 9-16-91 (3-1-10) ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 179 Cairns, Alexander, 150 4th. Woodside, L. I. A PT, DWC; 9-1 114 Caldwell, Ruth E., 716 Union Ave., Bx A Cv, Ms; 2-2-20 Callanan. Thomas J., 513 Throop Ave., Bn.. A Coml, Coml; 2-1-94 Cambcrn, J. Raymond, 1142 Pacific. Bn A E, MT; (11-1-04) 10-1-12 Cameron, Alix S., 34 Wellington Ct.. Bn.. AD (Ch), EH; 11-1-10 Cameron, Margaret V., 260 Cumberland, Bn A Sp, EH; 9-6-18 Cameron, Walter S., 2625 Grand Ave., Bx.. A B, Wdl; 2-8-09 Campbell, Calvin V., 302 Brooklyn Ave., Bn. A E. Coml; (11-1-07) 3-2-08 Campbell, Daniel R., 1010 Tremont Ave., Bx. A P, Stv; 10-1-20 Campbell. Harold G., 257 Madison Ave., Flushing, L. I P, Fig; (11-2-03) 9-9-10 (9-8-20) Campbell, Joseph A.. 923 Putnam, Bn A Mu, ED; (4-1-89) 3-3-02 Campbell, Ralph, 700 W. 179th, Mn A G, DWC; 9-12-04 Candee, Benjamin K., 705 Crotona Pk., Bx. A Coml, HSC; (4-1-07) 9-1-14 Cann, Bertha, 90 Downing. Bn A E, Girls; 9-9-07 Caplan Elias N., 179 Hancock, Bn 1 A E (Ch), FR; (2-1-00) 2-506 (11-3-19) Carey, Alice M., 196 Edgecomb Ave., Mn.. A H, Ms; (9-8-05) 9-9-10 Carey, Charles H., 300 Parkside Ave., Bn.. 1 A PT (Ch), Coml; 4-2-06 Carey, Margaret E., 21 State. Flushing, L. I. A Coml, Fig; 9-14-08 Carleton, Elizabeth G., 854 W. 180th. Mn... A F, Ms; 9-10-20 Carleton, Guy M., 50 Vanderbilt Ave., Mn. A E, HSC; 2-1-06 Carll, L. Adele, 105 Morningside Dr., Mn A El, Bry; 12-1-09 Carlson, Carl O., 789 E. 166th. Mn A M, DWC; (1-4-98) 3-15-20 Carnahan, C. Grace. 564 Riverside Dr., Mn. A Sp (Ch), Ms; 9-12-18 Caron, Emma C, 16 W. 70th, Mn A Mu (Ch), WI; 9-11-14 Carpenter, Anna E., 161 Emerson PL, Bn.. A D, WI; (3-1-04) 9-11-14 Carpenter, Laura E., 103 Morningside Ave.. Mn A (Co-ord), Coml, Haaren; (5-21-95) 9-11-16 Carpentier, Marius, 602 Madison, Bn A F, Boys; (11-2-03) 4-8-12 Carr, Agnes, Post Rd., White Plains, N. Y. A L, Ms; 4-23-00 Carrel, M. Louis, 569 W. 159, Mn A F, Coml; 2-1-15 Carroll, Arthur T., 442 Bainbridge, Bn A PT, Boys; 9-5-19 Carroll. Ethel M. (Mrs.), 9 Grant Ave., White Plains, N. Y A PT, EvC; 5-3-20 Carson, Clara Louise. 81 Ludlow, Yonkers, N. Y A Cv, Wdl; 10-1-19 Carter, Bertha, 287 Jamaica Ave., L. I. City A B (Ch), Bry; (9-1-96) 4-1-00 Carter, Effie A., 211 Clinton, Bn A P, Girls; 2-1-07 Caryl, Ethel E.. 419 W. 119th, Mn A St Tp, TR; 9-8-16 Case, Florence L., 5 Adams, Port Washing- ton, L. I A L, Fig; 11-3-13 Casey, Ellen R., 149 Queens Blvd., Elm- hurst, L. I AD, Bwk; 2-2-20 Cashen, Anna D., Ill Elm, New Rochelle, N. Y A Ec, TR; (9-11-05) 9-5-19 Cashman. Joseph F., 35 Lakeside Dr., Rock- ville Center, L. I A E, EH; (3-26-01)9-10-06 Cass, Harry, 53 W. 117th, Mn A FHD. Coml; 9-30-20 Cassel, Theresa, 610 W. 113th. Mn A Sp, TR; 9-11-14 Cassett, Edith, 508 W. 114, Mn Lab A PC, BR; (9-5-13) 4-1-21 Castro, Fausta Negri (Mrs.), 33 Bank, Mn A F. WI; 6-28-16 Caswell, Leon A., 7 Toledo, Elmhurst, L. I. A Cv, Ntn; (2-2-01) 2-2-20 Cattell, James E.. 212 W. 80th, Mn A B, Coml; 9-10-20 Catren, Ida M., 163 6th Ave., Bn A St Tp, BR; 9-9-01 Cauvet, William H., 20 Cloverhill PI., Mont- clair, N. J A Pattern Mkg, MT; (3-4-11) 3-3-19 Cavalier, Emilie M. (Mrs.), 13 E. 124th, Mn A F. Wdl; (5-18-96) 2-2-03 Cawley, Charles A., 1019 Trinity Ave., Bx. A St Tp, BR; (9-11-16) 2-2-20 Center, Stella S., 434 W. 120th, Mn A E, JR; 9-11-14 Cerow, Georgia A., 2578 Bedford Ave., Bn. A M, EH; 6-28-16 Cetron, Celia, 168 Pulaski, Bn CI A, Boys; 11-18-18 Chamberlain, Raymond, 316 Knickerbocker Ave., Paterson, N. J A P, DWC; (10-19-03) 2-1-10 Chamberlain, Sophie T. (Mrs.) A F, DWC; 2-2-20 Chankin, Victor, 1050 Hoe Ave., Bx A F, DWC; 6-28-16 Chapin, Abby F. (Mrs.), 232 W. 14th, Mn. A E. RH; 9-9-10 Chapin, Henry E., 49 Lefferts Ave., Rich- mond Hill, L. I A B, Physiog Physiol, RH; 2-1-00 Chapin, Jennie E., 37 Briggs Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I A PT (Ch), RH; 9-10-06 Chapman, Frances E., 234 Amity, Flush- ing, L. I AH, Fig; 2-17-01 180 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Charles, John F., 347 Manhattan Ave.. Mn. CI A, Buck; 11-1-20 Chater, Ellen Mc R. D., 106 E. S2, Mn AE, JR; 3-11-09 Chatfield, William A., Millington, N. J AD, Stv; (1-4-97) 9-9-10 Chatterton, Minnie E., 85 Pierrepont, Bn.. A M, Girls; 4-1-07 Cheitman, Philip, 201 E. 109th, Mn A Sp, EvC; 10-1-19 Cheney, Jeanette N. (Mrs.), 104 W. Lin- coln Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y 1 A FA (Ch), WI; (2-1-04) 12-1-09 (10-1-19) Cheney, Thomas C, 229 W. 101st, Mn A M, Stv; 2-1-10 Cherington, Frank B., 222 W. 23d, Mn A E, HSC; 9-6-18 Chesley, Mabel L., 446 Ocean Ave., Bn A E, EH; 9-10-06 Chestnut, D. Howard, 4707 Bay Pkway,, Bn. A St Tp, Coml; 2-23-09 Cheston, Henry C, 89 Bruce Ave., Yonkers, N. Y 1 A P & Physlog (Ch P), HSC; ^, . , . ^, 9-10-00 (9-1-05) Chickenng, Edward C, 76 Herriman Ave., Jamaica, L. 1 1 A L & Gr (Ch), Jam; (9-1-9S) 9-1-07 Chilcott, Cho M., 27 W. 11th, Mn A F, WI; 2-4-13 Child. Andrew M., 11640 Frost Ave. S. Ozone Pic, L. I A L, Boys; 2-1-15 Childs, Lelia M., 1112 Dean, Bn A M. Coml; 9-14-08 Choffin, Irene M., 2889 Bainbrid.---";--4^ ^ PT, Ntn; (11-1-07) 9-11-16 Craft, Anna W., Glen Cove, L. I AD, Ntn; (9-1-93) 9-11-00 Crahan, Mary G., 436 Ft. Washington Ave., .Mn. ............. A Cooking, WI; (10-1-95) 2-2-06 Craig, Mary C, 172 Hamilton Ave., New Brighton, S. I A E, Curtis; 9-8-02 Cramp, Carrie M., 259 Brooklyn Ave., Bn.. A Mu, MT; 9-7-17 Cranch, Alice R., 1713 75th, Bn A E Girls- 11-5-19 Crandell, Helen H., 18 Hamilton Ter., Mn. A E. WI- 4-19-20 Crane, Ella E., 2015 Bedford Ave., Bn AH, EH; (9-7-99) 10-1-09 Crane, George J., 673 Decatur, Bn A E, Boys- 9-8-16 Crane, Lizzie C, 568 William St., E. Orange, ^ ^- J- ,••. AD, Wdl; (9-1-80) 9-3-02 Craver, Edwin H.. 820 E. 22d, Paterson, N. J. ......... A St Tp, HSC; 9-12-10 Cremins, Julia C, 356 E. 57th, Mn A D (Ch), Wdl; (9-8-14) 9-11-11 Crennan, Margaret A., 19 Harbor View Ct., Tonipkinsville, S I. • • • • • A St Tp, Curtis; (10-9-93) 9-14-08 Crespi, Alberta R., 465 E. Parkway, Bn A M EH- 9-8-16 Crockett, Esther M. S., 134 Linden Ave., Bn. A E, ER;' (9-12-04) 10-2-11 Crocker, Nellie J., 414 W. 121st, Mn A Sp, JR; (9-14-08) 2-2-20 Cromie, William A., 1213 Main, Madison, ^ N. Y A Sp. Wdl; (2-1-07) 9-22-08 Croohe, Maxwell A., 2121 Foster Ave., Bn.. A PT, EH- 9-5-13 Crooks, Muriel A., 750 54th, Bn Lib A, BR; 2-2-20 Crosbie, Edith (Mrs.), 29 Stuyvesant PL, New Brighton, S. I AD, Curtis; 9-6-18 Cross ey. Arthur L., W. 3d, Hicksville, L. I. Adm A E, Bwk; 9-10-06 Crouch, Frank M., 141 Halsey, Bn A E, Boys; (2-1-04) 2-1-21 Crouthamel, Wallace K., 128 25th, Elmhurst, ^ „L- \^.-i A Coml (Ch), Ntn; 9-11-14 Cullen, Michael J., 1615 Benson, Bx A B, NU- (9-7-17) 9-10-20 Cumberland, Edith A., 106 Morningside Dr., Mn A PT, Wdl; (1-5-14) 9-8-16 Cunniffe, Katharine, 2331 Grand Concourse, ^ Bx AH, EvC; (11-2-06) 9-11-14 Cunningham, Maud M., 265 Ocean Ave., Bn. A H. EH; 2-7-10 Cuno, Violette B.. 500 9th, Bn A PT, BR; 2-1-15 Currie, Thomas H., 344 Harrison Ave., Has- brouck Hts., N. J A Phvsiog (Ch P), DWC; 2-2-03 Currier, Clara L., 749 Ocean Ave., Bn A D, EH; 3-13-13 Curtis, Eliza C, 94 Brooklyn Ave., Bn A Coml, RH; 9-11-16 Curtis. Henry S., 4 Terrace Ave., Jamaica, L- I A P, Boys; 2-19-00 Curtis. Osburn Marcus, 18 Curtis PL, New Brighton, S. I AH, Curtis; 10-26-00 Cusack, Gertrude, 611 Putnam Ave., Bn A Coml. ED; 10-15-14 Cushman, Earl L., 63 8th Ave., Bn A G (Ch F), Girls; 2-2-03 Cutler, Sanford L., 103 W. Tremont Ave., Bx A L, Ms; 9-11-99 Cutts, Susan R., 70 Morningside Dr., Mn.. A St Tp, FR; 3-1-20 D Daggett, Mabel C, 107 Hancock, Bn A F, Girls; 9-11-14 Dahlberg, Inga J., 574 81st, Bn A E, JR; 9-10-20 Dailey, Frances A., 149 S. Elliott PL, Bn.. A Mu, Boys; 11-1-12 (9-10-20) Daley, Eva L., 5 Tompkins Circle, Tomp- kinsville, S. I A F, Curtis; 9-5-19 Daley, Helen S., 296 Lafayette Ave., Bn.. A D. WI; (11-1-06) 2-3-13 Daly, Charles, 250 Sherman Ave., Bx A Wood Trng & Pattern Mkg, Stv; 10-8-17 Dame, Lydia M., 253A Brooklyn Ave., Bn. A E L, Girls; 9-1-94 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 183 Daniels, Ernest D., 157 Midwood, Bn A L, Boys; 2-21-01 Danielson, Carl, 611 W. ISSth, Mn A Mu (Ch), Stv; 9-11-14 Dann, Matthew L., 8SS2 112th, Richmond Hill, L. 1 1 A H (Ch), RH; 2-1-07 (9-9-14) Dann, Roland, Seventh Ave. & 4th, Bn A Cv, MT; (9-11-08) 11-1-20 Dare, George F., S3 Hamilton Ave., New Brighton, S. I A Mu, Curtis; 11-1-20 Darrin, Mary Reid (Mrs.), 205 St. James PL, Bn A Physiog, Bry; (11-1-98) 2-1-00 Davenport, Helen V.. 1274 Pacific, Bn A Sp, G, ED; 2-1-15 Davenport, Florence C. 403 Macon, Bn A L, ED; (4-1-07) 2-8-09 Davenport, Helen V., 1274 Pacific, Bn A Sp ED; 2-1-lS Davidoff, Henry, 2109 Harrison Ave., Bx.. A E, Stv; (3-8-00) 9-8-13 Davidson, Edna H., 601 W. 137th, Mn A Sp, Jam; 2-1-18 Davidson, Henry, 3287 Decatur Ave., Bn.. AEG, DWC; (12-1-03) 4-8-12 Davis, Alice, 112 Nagle Ave., Mn A H Ms; 2-18-01 Davis, Eunice M., 203 Underhill Ave., Bn. A M, MT; 3-6-02 Davis, Frank L. (Miss). 988 Bergen, Bn... A St Tp (Ch), Girls; 7-1-93 Davis, Genevieve, 387 Manhattan Ave., Mn. A D, Wdl; 9-10-00 Davis, Jennie M.. Hotel St. George, 51 Clark, Bn AH, EH; 2-1-99 Davis, Josie A., 416 W. 118th, Mn 1 A L (Ch), Ms; 9-12-97 Day, Isabelle M. (Mrs.), 17 W. 91st, Mn.. A Sp, Coml; 2-3-19 Dayhoff, Elsie S. (Mrs.), 911 Summit Ave., Bx A Sp, Bry; (9-11-08) 9-29-08 Dean, Nellie, 4 E. 28th, Mn A Cooking, WI; (5-24-00) 12-4-05 Dean, Philip R., 206 E. 200th, Bx 1AM (Ch), EvC; 9-12-97 (2-1-07) Decker, Nicholas P., 930 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn AM. DWC; 4-8-12 DeCosta, Silvie G.. 2390 Creston Ave., Bx.. AD (Ch), EvC; (10-1-99) 9-14-03 Dee. Marie R., 1113 Teller Ave., Bx A Cv, Stv; (11-1-17) 2-2-20 DeFremery, Henrietta R. (Mrs.), 174 25th, Elmhurst, L. I A E, JR; (11-1-00) 3-1-05 DeGraff. Forrest, 142 Park Ave., Leonia, N.J A M, Stv; 9-11-14 DeHoff, Leon, 69 N. 38d, Flushing, L. I... A M, Fig; 9-8-16 Deihl, Frank E.. SO Chestnut, Flushing, L. I. A, Fig; 9-12-04 Deixel, Arthur A., 2071 5th Ave.. Mn A L, DWC; 9-8-13 Delaney, Edward C, 603 W 51st, Mn A H, DWC; (3-1-12) 2-3-13 Delano, Sally H., 419 W. 119th, Mn A L, Wdl; 9-1-97 de Lautreppe, Waldemar, 395 E. 197th, Bx. . A F. EH; 11-5-08 Demarest, Peter E., 11 E. 87th, Mn P, Bry; (9-1-87) 7-1-97 Demarest, Helen, Hollis Court, Queens, L. I A Cv, Coml; 2-7-19 deMers, Adrienne V., 40 Gramercy Park, Mn A St Tp, WI; 11-25-12 Dempsey, Josephine A., 467 SSth, Bn A St Tp, Bwk; 2-1-15 Denehy, Bride C. (Mrs.), 57 W. 86th. Mn. CI A. WI; 2-1-15 Denenholz, Alexander, 473 Hancock, Bn... A St Tp, Coml; (2-1-07) 2-15-09 Denfeld, Charlotte S., 1304 Dean, Bn AG, Girls; 7-1-95 Denhani, Sidonie B., 184 S. Oxford, Bn... CI A, BR; 11-3-19 Denis, Bertha, 401 W. 117th, Mn A M, Wdl; 2-2-03 Dennis, Julia B., 66 Orange, Bn AG. EH; 9-14-96 Deshel, Morris C.,_ 2486 Valentine Ave., Bx. A Com Cv, DWC; 6-28-16 de Fremery, Henrietta Rodman (Mrs.), 174 25th, Elmhurst, L. I A E, JR; 3-1-05 deVarona, Bertha L., 805 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn A Sewing, WI; (3-1-95) 2-1-16 deVillalvilla, Maria D.. 536 W. 113th, Mn.. A Sp, WI; 2-11-15 Dewing, Edward O., 234 Linden Ave.. Bn.. A F, Bwk; 2-2-14 DeWitt, Louise L., 666 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn A E, Ms; 10-1-98 Diamond, Morris, 198 Jersey, New Brigh- ton, S. I AM, Stv; 6-28-16 Dibble, Margaret L., 2017 Caton Ave., Bn.. A PT, EH; (9-11-08) 11-1-17 Dickinson, Florence, 198 E. 205th, Bx AH, Bry; (9-12-04) 9-11-14 Dickinson, Henry N., 195 Kingston Ave., Bn. A L, MT; 9-10-06 A H. Bry; (9-20-98) 2-11-01 Dickler, Nathan N., 1420 47th, Bn AM, Boys; 9-16-07 Dickson, Tenny V., 401 W. 118th, Mn A H, Bry; (9-20-98) 2-11-01 Dietrich, Bertha K., 19 Arlington PI., Bn.. A B. Bwk; 9-5-13 Dietrich. Lucy G. (Mrs.), 38 Ocean Ave., Bay Shore, L, I AH, Ntn; (9-1-98) 11-8-19 184 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Dike, Cornelia A., 648 W. ISSth, Mn..._. .. A E, Wdl; 9-8-02 Dilger, Marie, 76 Herriman Ave., Jamaica, L. I A G, Jam; 10-2-11 Dillingham, James D.. 189 Denman, Elm- hurst, L. I P, Ntn; (8-1-94) 2-1-10 Dillon, Olive, 21 E. 89th, Mn A El, EvC; (11-1-17) 10-1-19 Dillon, Sidney, 123 Parlando Ave., Bn AC, Coml; 11-1-17 Dinsmore, Ernest L., 436 Lewis Ave., Bn.. A C (Ch). Boys; 2-2-14 Disalvo, Beatrix H. (Mrs.), 6019 Tyndall Ave., Bx A El, ED; 2-1-06 Dithridge, Caroline M., 19S11 100th Ave., Hollis, L. I A L. MT; (3-11-01) 11-3-02 Dithridge, Louise M., 2259 Houghton Ave., Bx A B, WI; 10-3-04 Dithridge, Rachel, 19511 Chichester Ave., Hollis, L. I A El (Ch), ED; 2-1-06 Dixon, Charles E., Brokaw & Lowell Aves., Floral Pk., L. 1 1 A L (Ch), ED; 12-09-00 (9-4-07 Dodd, Helen W., 523 E. 77th. Mn A H, WI; 2-6-14 Doggett, Allen B., 628 E. 26th, Bn AD, EH; 9-1-96 Doherty, Helen F., 246 Roseville Ave., New- ark, N. J A E, WI; 2-3-13 Dolgenas, Jacob A., 188 Hooper, Bn AM, WI; (11-2-03) 2-2-14 Donaldson, Elizabeth, 51 Burns, Forest Hills, L. I A E (Chg An), JR: 9-11-14 Donaldson, George, Grantwood, N. J A Physiol, DWC; 10-30-99 Donner, H. Montagu, 48 Claremont Ave.. Mn A F, DWC; 2-1-99 Donohoe, John A., 943 Teller Ave.. Bx A Coml, EvC; (12-1-04) 2-5-17 Donohue, Eleanor, 73 Sampson, Elmhurst, L. I A E, JR; 9-10-20 Donohue, John J., 1137 Longfellow Ave., Bx. A E, Stv; 9-8-16 Donovan, Bernard T., 525 68th, Bn AH, BR; 4-9-17 Donovan, Helen C, 501 Park PL, Bn A Coml, JR; 2-1-15 Donovan, Herbert D. A., 121 Decatur, Bn.. A H, Coml; 9-12-10 Donvan, Walter J., 464 Bainbridge, Bn A B, Coml; (1-10-12) 9-9-12 Dooley. Raphael C, 720 Jefferson Ave., Bn. A E, Boys; (2-1-10) 9-6-18 Dore, Edward S., 124 E. 58th, Mn A E, DWC; 9-10-20 Doris, Charles, 8799 17th Ave., Bn AM, NU; (11-1-09) 2-5-17 Dotey, Aaron I., 48 Adrien Ave., Mn 1 A L (Adm), DWC; 9-10-00 (2-5-17) Doty, Eleanor S., 114 Morningside Dr., Mn. A E, Wdl; 3-1-12 Dougine, Genevieve N., 2261 Loring PI.. Bx. A E, JR; (9-12-04) 2-1-15 ''''''t^: ^r^^.:^:±.'l^^..^^:: i ae (ch), nu; 7-1-88 (9-12-97) Douglas, Clara M., 177 Woodruff Ave., Bn. A F, EH; 9-21-08 Doux, Mary F., 29 E. 29th, Mn A D, WI; 9-7-17 Dowd, Mary T., 22 Pierrepont, Bn A Cooking, WI; (11-2-03) 9-20-05 Dowell, Philip, 86 Bond, Port Richmond, _ ,„ . „^ S. I. A B, Curtis; 10-1-02 Dowliii, Jennie B., 115 Hampton, Elmhurst, . _ „ „ , ,„ L_ I A F, Ntn; 2-3-19 Dowden, 'Florence A., SO Morningside Ave., ^ ^ r^-, ]y[jj Lib A, Wdl ; 2-2-03 Downey, Frknk,'92'Van Buren, Bn A Mu, Stv; (2-7-00) 10-1-09 Downing, George B., 1134 St. Johns PL, Bn. A M, Boys; 10-1-09 Dox, Elmer A., 208 N. Maple Ave., E. Orancre NT A L, HSC; 2-2-14 Doyle, jX W. '42 Jane, Mn :M?' J^J ^f^^^^.^'l'^ , Doyle Thomas L., 1318 Madison, Bn . . . . A E, Bwk; (1-1-06) 2-3-13 Drachman, Julian M., 128 W 121st, Mn... A E, HSC; 9-10-20 Drake, Ruth W., 547 W| 123d, Mn........ A D, Wdl; (2-1-05) 10-1-09 Dressner, Robert H., 2074 Vyse Ave., Bx.. A H, HSC; (S-15-14) 11-1-20 Drew, Celia A., 133 W. 12th, Mn. ..... ... . A E HSC; 2-1-15 Drew. A. Virginia (Mrs.), 57 W. 10th, Mn. A St Tp^ WI; 4-13-14 Dreyfus, Jeanne, 520 W. 124th, Mn A E, ED; (10-1-03) 3-2-14 Drucker Max, 30 E. 128th, Mn . A MD Bry; (11-1-05) 2-1-15 Duffy, Elizabeth F., 332 W. 56th, Mn A Coml, JR; (9-1-97) 3-1-17 Duffy, Katharine H., 1518 Woodhaven Rd., /o17N NT A Wood Turning, Stv; (9-9-07) ' 3-2-14 Lee, Joseph B., 942 St. Marks Ave., Bn... A M. Coml; 10-3-07 Lee, Marguerite T., 66 W. 95lh, Mn 1 AB (Ch), Girls; 9-10-94 (10-1-06) Lee, Martha. 379 Hancock. Bn CI A, Jam; 3-15-20 Leete, Gertrude M., 8786 Lefferts Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I A H, RH; 9-11-05 A Sp, Wdl; 2-2-19 Leffert. Ethel, 431 E. 155lh. Mn A Sp, Wdl; 2-2-19 I^fkowitz. Abraham. East Elmhurst, L. I.. A H, HSC; (9-8-OS) 9-11-16 Leggett, Blanche C, 611 Ocean Ave., Bn... A Gr, EH; 11-1-07 Lehrer, Isidore D., 210 Dahill Rd., Bn A PT, Coml; 9-11-14 Leibell, Agnes M., 23 E. 89th, Mn Lab A B. WI; 2-3-19 Leistner, Ida, 1144 Jackson Ave., Mn A Sp, GComl; (11-3-13) 10-19-14 200 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Lemowitz, Nathan H., 1506 Crotona Pk., E. N. Y A Coml, ED; (11-1-05) 9-12-10 Lenfest, Bertram A., 130 Sterling PI., Bn... 1 A Mech Arts (Ch), MT; 9-11-05 (11-1-17) Lent, Suzanne B., 524 Lefferts Ave., Rich- mond Hill, L. I A E, RH; 2-3-13 Lenz, George J., 244 W. 96th, Mn A Sp (Ch), Wdl; 2-2-14 Leonard, Howard C, 789 Elton Ave., Ex.. 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), TR; (4-1-07) (2-2-20) Leonhard, Thomas S., 696 Decatur, Bn A D, Stv; 2-15-09 LeRoy, Walter I., 186 Sterling, Bn A Toinery, MT; (1-2-08) 11-1-10 Leskowitz, Albert, 348 Marcy Ave., Bn AM Boys- 9-8-16 Leuchs, Fritz A.. 600 E. 164th, Bx A Sp Stv: 9-11-11 Luetscher, George D., 8419 112th, Rich- mond Hill, L. I A H (Ch Cv), Jam; 2-1-06 Leasing, Edna, 1925 Andrews Ave., Bx A E, JR; 9-5-19 Leventhal, Murray J., 1578 Elmore PI., Bn.. A M, Stv; (3-13-13) Leveridge, Ethel S., 277 E. Broadway, Mn.. A PT, ED; 2-5-17 Levine, Harry, 544 W. 150th, Mn A M. DWC; 4-8-12 Levine, Michael, 1646 University Ave., Bx. A B, HSC; (11-1-06) 3-4-12 Levins, Julia M., 1785 Topping Ave., Bx.. A Sewg, WI; (2-19-96) 3-1-12 Levis, Ella C, 215 Central Ave., Leonia, N. J A Cv, EH; 9-10-20 Levy, Abraham, 255 S. 3d, Bn Lab A PC,, HSC; 2-4-18 Levy, Harry A., 145 Taylor, Bn Lab A PC, EH; 9-11-11 Levy, Helen M., 350 W. llSth, Mn A Cv, HSC; 2-2-20 Levy, Joseph, 560 Dean, Bn A L Boys; 9-8-16 Lewenthal, Rebecca, 53 Hamilton Ter., Mn. A D JR; (1-1-90) 2-1-04 Lewis, Alfred H., Congers, N. Y AM, HSC; 9-11-05 Lewis. Arthur C, 192 Grand Ave., Engle- wood, N. J AM, Ms; 9-16-07 Lewis, Dorothy R., 101 E. 92nd, Mn A E, DWC; 9-10-20 Lewis, Effie L., 44 Essex, Bn A E, GComl; (9-12-98) 4-1-19 Lewis, Ernest D., 109 W. 45th, Mn 1 A H (Ch), EvC; 10-1-06 (2-2-20) Lewis, Ethel F., 69 Milford, Bn CI A, ED; 9-5-17 Lewis, Frederick Z., 39 Winthrop, Bn 1 A B (Ch Cv), Boys; 2-21-99 (12-1-06) Lewis, Isabel, 304 W. 109th, Mn A E, Stv; (9-1-80) 1-3-98 Leyenberger, Harry W., 25 Daisy Ave., Floral Park, L. I A Coml (Ch), Haaren; 3-10-11 Lichterman, Rose, 664 W. 179th, Mn A St Tp (Ch), Wdl; (4-8-12) 2-3-19 Lichtman, Flora (Mrs), 23 W. 70th, Mn... A PT, EvC; (12-2-12) 9-5-19 Lieb, Michael, 212 East 102d, Mn A Sp. Coml; 10-2-16 Lieberman, Elias, 10 Bleecker, Bn 1 A E (Ch), Bwk; (11-2-03) 2-3-13 (2-2-20) Lieberman, Jacob, 29 Cannon, Mn A C, Stv; 6-28-16, (4-19-20) Lieberman, Max, 379 Hancock, Bn A El, Bwk; (11-1-09) 9-5-13 Lieberman, Max, 504 W. 151st, Mn A F, DWC; (11-3-13) 9-5-19 Lieberman, Mildred. 758 Ocean Ave., Bn... A St Tp, JR; 2-3-19 Lightcap, Joseph L., 204 Franklin Ave., Bn. A E, Stv; (4-13-18) 2-2-20 Lind, Jacob J., 476 50th, Bn A L. Boys; 2-1-15 Lindlar, William, 2725 Albemarle Rd.. Bn... A P, MT; 9-5-10 Lindner, Clara A., 514 Fifth Ave., Bn A Sp G, RH; 9-11-14 Lindquist, Harold S., 2494 Morris Ave., Bx. A Cv, HSC; (11-1-06) 10-1-19 Lindquist, Margaret, 62 E. 190th, Bx A Coml, Haaren; (11-1-06) 9-11-16 Lindsey, Frederick B., 124 Midland Ave., Glen Ridge, N. J A E, HSC; 9-12-04 Lingg, Amalie S., 514 W. 114th. Mn A G, TR; 9-9-12 Linker, John, 175 E. 79th, Mn. 1 A Coml (Ch), JR; 11-2-13 (2-2-20) Linnell, Wilhelminia A., 764 Halsey, Bn A E, Bwk; (9-7-06) 9-11-16 Lippe, Adolph A.. 3 W. 128th, Mn A M, EvC; (10-6-98) 11-1-12 Lippman, Louis G., 222 W. 105th. Mn A Cv, HSC; (11-2-03) 9-10-20 Lippner, Philip, 730 Garden, Bx A St Tp, TR; (9-6-12) 10-1-19 Lippner, Simon L., 1563 Union, Bn A G, NU; (9-8-05) 9-9-13 Lipschitz, Berthold, 501 W. 143d, Mn A Coml, EvC; (11-1-07) 4-8-12 Lipsks,, Abram, 1001 Faile, Mn A G, Stv; 9-11-11 Littig, M. Josephine, 296 Lafayette Ave., Bn. A D, Bwk; (10-1-03) 9-11-11 Littwin, Maxwell F., 1550 St. Johns PL, Bn. A E, Boys; (11-1-09) 9-11-17 Lobsencz, Margaret, 233 W. 122d, Mn A E, Stv; (9-8-11) 9-9-19 Lobsenz, Johanna, 233 W. 122d, Mn A Ec, HSC; (9-8-11) 9-5-19 Locke. Alice G., 288 Ryerson, Bn AD, Bwk; 2-1-15 Locke-Henry, Anna W. (Mrs.), 22 W. 72d Mn A B, Wdl; 9-12-98 Lockwood, Cornelius W., 218 Cumberland, Bn A P, Stv; 9-9-07 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 201 Login, Charles. 17 E. 97th, Mn A E, Stv; (11-1-07) 9-8-16 Logue, Annie E., 160 E. 91st, Mn A Sewg, WI; (10-1-9S) 11-1-06 Long, Leslie O., 27 Bank, Mn A H, DWC; 2-2-14 Long, Reuben H., 122 W. Fordham Rd., Bx. A Coml, EvC; 9-11-05 Look. Samuel M., 3875 Broadway, Mn A E, Ms; 9-14-03 Loos, Richard F., ISO Franklin PI., Flush- ing. L. I A G, Jam; (9-10-01) 12-2-07 Lord, Rose L. (Mrs.), 23 N. Sth, Wood- side, L. I A Sewg & Dresss Mkg (Ch Dom Art). Wdl; (12-2-01) 10-2-11 Loring, Jacob M., Oak, Tempstead, L. I... A St Tp, Jam; 3-112 Loughran, Agnes M., 142 Rutledge, Bn A Coml, ED; (1-1-91) 1-8-12 Loughran, John, Little Neck Hills, L. I A E. DWC; 4-1-08 Loughran, Vincent J., 199 Stryker Ave., Woodside, L. I AC, Bry; 9-8-16 Love, Harry M., 2997 Briggs Ave.. Bx A E, TR; 9-9-10 Loveland, Alfred E., 251 Maple, Bn A Coml, Coml; (11-2-03) 12-1-08 Lovell, Katherine A., 260 Cumberland St., Bn A D, EH; (2-1-04) 2-3-13 Lovely, Thomas, 163 Clinton Ave., Bn A H, Jam; 9-1-19 Low, Clara L., 2226 Loring PI., Bx A Dom Sc, EvC; (4-1-02) 9-15-11 Low, J. Herbert, 177 Woodruff Ave., Bn.. P, EH 1-31-98 (9-4-07) (4-30-17) Lowd, Emma F., Bronxville, N. Y 1 A E (Ch), Ms; 2-6-02 (2-8-09) Lowther, Maria L. (Mrs.), 435 W. 119th, Mn A Sp, JR; 10-9-16 Lubin, Anna S. (Mrs.), 393 Edgecombe Ave., Mn A Coml, JR; 11-3-13 Luby, Grace P., 56 Lefferts PI, Bn A L (Ch), Girls; 7-1-00 Lucas, Hardin, 103 Quincy, Bn A E, Boys; 9-816 Lucey, Anna M., 2538 Creston Ave., Mn.. A H, TR; 4-11-19 Lucey, Michael H., Bay View PL, Tomp- kinsville, S. I P, JR; (10-9-99)2-1-10(6-13-17) Ludwig, Augustus, 889 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn A St Tp, Ms; (1-20-98) 4-9-17 Luft, Harry L., 33 6th, N. Rockaway Park, L. I A PT, FR; 10-14-18 Lumley, Eleanor P., 381 Madison, Bn A L & Gr, Girls; 1-31-98 Lundy, Edwin S.. 532 5th, Bn A Coml, Bwk; (12-1-03) 11-3-13 Lupton, Olive M., 189 Lefferts PI., Bn A E, Girls; 9-5-13 Luria, Max A., SOS W. 124th, Mn 1 A Sp (Ch), DWC; 10-1-14 (2-2-20) Luther, Edith M., SOS 6th, Bn A E, MT; 9-17-16 Lyle, Edith K., 200 Columbia Heights, Bn.. A H, Girls; 9-9-07 Lynch, Thomas F., 286 Windsor PI., Bn... A E, Coml; 9-8-16 Mc McArdell, Wesley E., 15 Argyle Rd., Bn... A Mach Shop Pr, MT; (11-12-13) 10-1-19 McAuliffe, Anna, 154 E. 91st, Mn AC, Ntn; 9-1-96 McBain, Mary M. (Mrs.), 820 W. 180th, Mn. A E, TR; 9-14-08 McBride, Elinor M., 155 W. 82d, Mn A L, Wdl; (2-1-01) 3-6-01 McCabe, John P. J., 132A Patchen Ave., Bn. A M, Boys; 2-3-19 McCaffrey. Philip E., 115 Quincy, Bn A Ace & Bus Pr, Bwk; 4-1-19 McCain, Blanche, 574 Belgrove Dr., Arling- ton, N. J A Coml, (Co-ord), Haaren; 11-3-13 McCain, Maude, 250 Riverside Dr. Mn AComl (Co-ord), Haaren; 11-3-13 McCall, Carlton C, 1323 74th, Bn A MD Art Metal Wk, MT; 2-5-06 McCarthy, John D., 2296 Loring PI., Bx A B, DWC; 2-1-10 McCartney, Hoge, 1151 Dean, Bn A E, Boys; 9-11-11 McCarty, Maria C, 40 Clinton, Bn A L, EH; 9-9-10 McConnell, Marie F., 57 W. S9th, Mn A Mu. Jam; 11-5-06 McConville, Lillian, 144 Madison, Bn A PT, Bwk; (12-3-06) 9-9-12 McCormack, Christine, 307 E. 37th, Mn CI A, JR; 10-14-18 McCormack, John W., 1095 Boulevard E., W. New York, N. J A P, Stv; 11-1-20 McCormack, Joseph P., 1095 Boulevard C, W. New York, N. J AM, Stav; 9-11-14 McCormick, Thomas, 156 William, East Orange, N. J AM, HSC; 9-5-13 McCrae,^ Anne, 308 W. 107th, Mn A D, DWC; 2-2-14 McCreary, Elspeth M., Park Ave, Hotel, Mn. A E, WI; 2-19-17 McCreary, Herbert J., 1077 E. 13th, Bn AM, MT; 3-22-07 202 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY McCullough, Mary (Mrs.), 135 Lefferts PI., Bn A G, F, Girls; 7-1-96 McCutcheon, H. Louise, 374 Wadsworth Ave., Mn A F, WI; 2-3-13 McDermott, Annie, 110 W. 126th, Mn A St Tp, EvC; 9-12-04 McDermott, Thomas W., 206 Park PI., Bn. CI A, MT; 2-1-18 McDonald, Genevieve A., 405 Prospect Ave., Bn AH, MT; (11-1-17) 4-1-19 McDonald, H. Rosabell, 2195 Andrews PI., Bx A D, EvC; 9-11-14 McDonald, John J., 446 3d, Bn A E L, MT; (4-1-07) 2-1-10 McDonald, Mile F., 23 Randall Ave., Rock- ville Center, L. I P, Bwk; (10-16-01) 4-8-12 (9-8-20) McDowell, Florence, 504 W. 112th, Mn A E, Wdl; 9-9-10 McFaul, Gregory B., 91 Quincy, Bn A Coml, Coml; 12-1-19 McGee, Anne F., 201 W. 60th, Mn CI A, ED; 9-15-19 liIcGill, Beatrice S. (Mrs.), 428 E. 17th, Bn. A F (Ch), EH; 9-10-00 McGill, Florence E., 225 W. 14th, Mn A Coml, JR; (2-1-07) 2-1-15 McGill, Franklin G., 432 Westminster Rd., Bn A L, EH; 10-1-10 McGill, James V., 846 Lafayette Ave., Bn. A H, Bwk; 9-7-17 liIcGinn, Catherine A., 2110 62d, Bn A E, GComl; 2-1-15 McGivney, Virginia E., 917 West End Ave., Mn A St Tp, JR; 2-3-19 HcGlue, Anna M., 2619 Bedford Ave., Bn. A PT, EH; 5-3-19 Mclntyre, Edith A., 350 W. 55th, Mn A Cooking. Bry; (3-1-04) 2-6-08 lIcKay, Jennie K., 88 Prescott Ave., Mn... A Sp, EvC; 2-1-18 HcKee, Joseph V., 890 E. 176th, Bx A E, DWC; 10-1-14 McKee, Louise. 205 Park PI., Bn A St Tp, Girls; (4-1-08) 11-3-13 McKechnie, Elizabeth M., 1164 Pacific, Bn. A CI, EH; 2-1-12 McKelvy, Esther A., 804 Park PL, Bn A E, Coml; 2-15-18 McKenna, Charles J.. 22 St. Charles PL, Bn. A St Tp. Coml (12-4-11) 4-15-15 McKenna, Mary, 155 W. 91st, Mn A M, WI; 11-3-10 McKinney, May, 640 Academy, Astoria, L. I. A L, Ntn; 2-3-13 McKnight, Elizabeth B., 260 75th, Bn Lib A, BR; 9-11-14 McLachlan, William, So. Norwalk, Conn... A Foundry, Stv; 11-1-20 McLaury, Mabel (Mrs.), 148 Steuben, Bn.. A E, GComI; 3-15-20 McMahon, Grace A., 135 Hamilton PL, Mn. A Coml, WI; (3-1-12) 3-3-19 McMahon, Kathryn, 1111 Carroll, Bn A PT, Ntn; 10-7-07 McMahon, M. Mabel, 1. W. 64th, Mn A L, Bry; 9-1-87 McMillen, Eleanor. 1 W. 101st, Mn A PT, JR; (2-1-06) 10-15-14 McMillen, Florence, 1 W. 101st, Mn A M, Stv; 10-2-11 McMillen, Harlow, 1647 Richmond Trnpke., West New Brighton, S. I A P, Curtis. 1-16-99 McNally, Edward. Lynbrook, L. I A E, Coml; 10-16-9Q McNamara, Edward J., 1809 Ave. O., Bn... 1 A St Tp (Ch), GComl; 10-1-09 (9-9-14) McNamara, Sylvester J., 1218 Carroll, Bn.. A St Tp, Coml: 10-1-06 McNeill, John F., 242 Rugby Rd., Bn A E, HSC; 10-1-17 McQuade, Regina F., 3603 Broadway, Mn. A Coml Br, EvC; (11-1-10) 9-11-16 McQuade, Rose M., 370 Convent Ave.. Mn. A M, WI; 2-2-14 !^^cQuiiland, George T., 63 Avondale, Brooklyn Manor, Queens, L. I AH, Ms; (2-302) 3-15-20 McSherry, Lawrence J A Mac Shop Pr, MT; (4-9-17), 3-1-21 McTiernan, Thomas, 436 W. 58th, Mn A El, DWC; 3-1-12 M Maby, Amelia H. (Mrs.), 4381 Ridgewood Ave., Richmond HilL L. I... A L, MT; (9-1 108) 9-8-16 MacColl. Grace B., 358 Parkside Ave., Bn.. A H, EH; 10-1-09 MacGolL Robert J., 1322 Ave. I, Bn AM, MT; 9-13-13 MacGregor, Isabel M., 102 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, N. Y AH, EvC; 3-1-20 MacGregory. Charles C, 550 E. 9th. Bn A MD (Ch), Coml; 9-12-04 Machlowitz, Joseph, 112 Alexander Ave.. Arverne, L. I A Coml, NU; 9-6-18 Mackby, Julius C, 427 St. Johns PL, Bn... A MD, MT; (10-21-01) 4-2-09 Mackay, Catharine B., 7 Chicago, Elmhurst, L; I CI A, Ntn; 2-1-12 Mackay. Christine A., 7 Chicago, Elmhurst, L. I A St Tp, Ntn; (4-3-11) 2-5-17 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 203 Mackay, David L., 1492 University Ave., Mn AM, BR; 10-2-11 Mackey Arthur J., 247 74th, Bn A Coml (Co-ord), Haaren; (11-2-03) 9-5-13 Mac Laren, Donald C, S W. 82d, Mn A M, DWC; 9-11-99 MacLaughlin, Helene S., 49 Hillside Ave.. Flushing, L. I A PT, RH; 11-3-13 MacLean, Donald C, 738 E. 22d, Bn AM, EH; (11-1-06) 9-1-10 MacNamara, Elizabeth, 570 Pacific. Bn A El, EH; (4-1-07) 2-3-19 MacVay, Anna Pearl, 7 W. 49th, Mn 1 A (Adm) Class Lang, Wdl; 2-700 (9-1-14) Madden, Marie R.. 211 Clinton, Bn AH, EH; 2-16-20 Maeder, Emily L., 123 W. 121st, Mn A Cooking, JR; (9-10-06) 9-5-13 Mageworth, J. Otis, 181 Park PI., Bn AEG, MT; (9-15-99) 9-10-06 Maginn, Elizabeth M., 117 Montague, Bn... A F. MT; 3-6-07 Magrane, Mary E. (Mrs), 147 W. 105, Mn. A Dom Art (Ch), Ms; (10-1-07) 12-1-19 Maher, Adelaide E., 18 S. 12th, Mt. Ver- non. N. Y A St Tp, JR; (4-13-14) 2-3-19 Maher, Margaret J., 478 W. lS9th, Mn.... A St Tp, TR; (11-3-13) 10-1-19 Mahnken, Florence V., 30 Victor PI., Elm- hurst, L. I A B, WI; (9-5-13) 11-14-18 Maier, Augustus, 499 Washington Ave., Bn. A PT, Coml; (12-2-07) 5-3-09 Main, Hugh D. M., Scarsdale, N. Y A FHD, EvC; (11-1-04) 2-2-20 Male. Roy R., 3813 Ave. I., Bn A Coml (Ch). Coml; (3-2-05) 9-5-13 Malloy, John F., 71 E. 123d, Mn A PT, Curtis; 11-1-20 Malone, M. Agnes, 450 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn A PT. WI; 9-11-14 Maloney, Katherine E., 24 W. 95th, Mn.... A D, JR; (12-1-08) 2-2-14 Manahan, Mary G., 34 Jefferson Ave., Bn.. A D, ED; 2-9-10 Mandel, Benjamin, 298 E. 4th, Mn A St Tp, JR; (9-8-11) 9-919 Mandel Bertha E., Forest Hills, L. I A E, ED; (11-1-12) 6-28-16 Manfred, Maude E., 1356 Pacific, Bn 1 A Mod Lang (Ch) RH; 2-16-09 (9-1-14) Mangan, Mary de C, 555 Bedford Ave., Bn. CI A, MT; 4-1-19 Mangus, James, 14 Prospect Park S. W., Bn A P, MT; 5-1-18 Manguse, William P., 56 Bonnett Ave.. Larchmont, N. Y AM, DWC; 9-10-00 Manheimer, Wallace A., 2028 Grand Con- course, Bx 1 A PT (Ch), EvC; 9-12-10 2-2-20 Mankiewicz, Frank, 44 St. Mark's PI., Bn.. A G, Stv; 2-2-14 Mann, Jacob, 1235 73d. Bn A L, Boys; 9-11-14 Mann, Mary Lee, 59 E. 86th, Mn A B TR; 6-28-16 Mann, Paul B,. 2293 Sedgwick Ave., Bx 1 A B (Ch). EvC; 9-12-04 (6-1-14) Mantel, Herman E., 167 W. 29th, Mn A G. DWC; 9-9-12 Mantinband. Frank, 21 Bennett Ave., Mn... A El, DWC; (11-1-12) 41-19 Marck, Sophie E., 33 30th Ave., Long Island City, L. I A St Tp, Bry ; 11-3-19 Marcus. Evelyn B., 531 W. 124th, Mn A Coml. WI; 217-19 Margolies, Fred B., 462 15th, Bn CI A, DWC: 10-2-5 Marin, Raphael A Sp EvC; 4-5-20 Marine, Merle. 56 W. 68th, Mn A E, DWC; 10-9-16 Markett. Mark I.. 665 W. 160th, Mn A St Tp, HSC; (4-1-03) 2-5-17 Marks, Ethel R.. 225 W. 110th, Mn A M, EvC; 9-8-16 Marks. Harry M., 2048 63d, Bn A F, Stv; 2-2-20 (11-1-05) 2-2-20 Marks, E. Jeannette, 555 3d, Bn A PT, MT; 6-28-16 Marks, Lazarus E., 48 Stuyvesant, Mn A E. Stv; 2-3-13 Marks. William B.. 151 Marion, Bn A PT. Stv; 10-17-18 Marley. Ruth J.. 419 W. 119th. Mn A E. WI; 4-1-18 Marness. Louis. 511 8th Ave.. Bn AH, Boys; (11-110) 9-10-20 Marquardt, Florence A.. 369 8th. Bn A H. MT; 9-11-05 Mars, Helen H., 91 Winthrop, Bn A PT, JR; 2-8-15 Marsden. Nellie S. (Mrs.), 97 Columbia Hts., Bn A B, EH; 3-16 08 Marshall, Adelaide. 166 W. 79th. Mn A E. WI; 2-1-11 Marshall, Agnes M.. 25 Toledo, Elmhurst, L. I A E, Ntn; 2-3-13 Marston, Charles W., 25 S. Hillside, Glen Ridge. N. J AM (Adm), Stv; 2-1-03 Marston. Tames P.. 345 E. ISth, Mn A E, Stv; 2-1-11 Martin, Florence I., 26 7th Ave., Bn A B (Ch). NU; 9-8-16 Martin, Harriet G.. 116 E. 59th, Mn A E, Wdl; 11-1-10 Martin, Paul, Jr.. 276A Quincy, Bn A Mu, Boys; (10-1-00) 6-23-09 Martinez, Mariela C. 307 W. 87th, Mn . . . A Sp, JR; 11-1-20 204 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Martini, Anna V. (Mrs.), 14 W. 127th, Mn. A St Tp, TR; 2-1-15 Marty, Sara M., 37 Linden Ave., Irvington, N.J A H, Wdl; 9-10-20 Marvin, Robert B., 826 Marcy Ave., Bn 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), Coml; 2-I.6f (2-8-09) Maschmedt, Marie, 72 Hanover, Elmhurst, L.I A G, Jam; 10-15-14 Mason, Appleton A., 2545 Valentine Ave., Bx A PT, Stv; 2-1-15 Mason, Lucius J., 47 W. 58th, Mn A B, DWC; 2-3-02 Massonneau, Robert L., Jr., 12 E. 19th, Bn. CI A, MT; 2-1-02 Masters, Raymond W., Ramsey. N. J AH, HSC; 12-12-18 Mastin, Florence J., 358 Parkside Ave., Bn. A E, EH; 9-9-10 Mattes, Max H., 288 Gates Ave., Bn A M, Girls; 9-9-10 Matthews, Archibald, 63 Brookdale Ave.. New Rochelle, N. Y A E, Ms; 4-21-02 Mattuck, Jacob A., 466 Argyle Rd., Bn A C. MT; 9-9-12 Max, William D.. 208 Sterling PI., Bn A Ec, Coml; 12-1-20 Maxwell, Rose de C, 301 Sterling PL. Bn. A El, Boys; 2-1-21 May, Alfred A., 302 W. 22d, Mn A E, HSC; 9-9-12 Mavforth, Valentine, Grand View. N. Y A C, DWC; (6-28-16) 2-2-20 Mayman, J. Edward, 914 E. Parkway. Bn.. A Cv, EH; (11-1-07) 9-10-20 Maynard, Ernest A., 17 Union Park Ave., Jamaica, L. I A P, Jam; 9-10-06 Mazzoranna, Adele (Mrs.), 2326 Ryder Ave., Bx A Sp, EvC; 3-15-20 Meade, Mary E., 264 Serpentine Rd, Tomp- kinsville, S. I AH Curtis; 11-1-20 Mechler, Walt H., 82 Seaman Ave., Bx A St, HSC; 2-5-17 Medalie., Carrie K., 51 E. 129th, Mn A L. BR; 5-3-06 Meehan. William, 9130 116th, Richmond Hill, L. I A Coml, RH; 9-9-07 Mehling, Jacob P., 141 Park Ave., Jamaica, L. I A Coml, Ntn; 9-7-17 Mehrtens, Henry E., 115 Sickles Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y A Joinery, Stv; (12-7-98)2-2-10 Meigs, Kathcrine H., 20 Jefferson Ave., Bn. A B, ED; 9-9-07 Meleney, Clarence E., 509 E. 16th St., Bn... Assoc Supt, BofE; (7-1-96) (1-14-03) Melson, George W.. 22 West 23d, Mn A St Tp, Coml; 2-8-09 Melvin, Floyd J., 348 New York Ave., Bn.. A E, Coml; (2-1-04) 9-14-08 Mendel, Martin, 1176 President, Bn AC, Jam; 2-2-20 Mendell, Rose, 708 Bushwick Ave., Bn A PT, WI; (2-5-17) 11-3-19 Mendenhall, Raymond E., 29 E. Park, Newark, N. J A Ec, HSC; 2-14-21 Meneely, John H., 515 4th, Bn A E, MT; 9-14-03 Mercado, Julio, 284 Manor Ave., Wood- haven, L. I A E, Coml; 9-5-13 Merchant, Isabel L., Scarsdale, N. Y A B, EvC; 2-1-06 Merchant, Manton E.. 220 E. 18th St., Bn. AD, EH; 9-9-01 Merkert, Marie M., 736 Macon, Bn A Mu (Ch), GComl; 4-19-20 Merrell, Katharine S., 1515 Mott Ave., Fat Rockaway, L. I A E, FR; 9-11-16 Mersereau, Samuel F., Bloomfield, N. J A Wood Trng & Pattern Mkg, Bwk; 9-10-06 Meserve, Elizabeth E., 20 High, Glen Ridge, N. J A B, Wdl; 2-6-03 Meserve. Martha C, 513 5th, Bn A E, MT; 9-9-07 Messenger, John, The Inn, Forest Hills, L. I. AD (Trng Sc), Boys; 9-1-09 Messenger, Leslie A., 103 Woolsey, Astoria, L. I A Joinery, Ntn; (9-14-05) 3-1-11 Meyenberg, Ameilia, 204 W. 94th, Mn A St Tp, WI; 9-11-05 Meyer, Anna, 2779 Bainbridge Ave., Bx A E, Ms; (2-1-10) 9-5-19 Meyer, Anna, 2459 Davidson Ave., Mn A St Tp, TR; 2-1-16 Meyer, E. Pennington, 66 Post Ave., Mn. . A H, GW; (9-8-16) 2-3-19 Meyer, Hans C, 73 Herriman Ave., Jamaica, L. I A Arch D. Stv; (4-9-17) 2-1-18 Meyer, Irma D.. 57 E. 75th, Mn Lab A B, Ms; 4-1-19 Meyer, Joseph H., 235 E. 79th, Mn A M, Stv; (9-15-99) 4-1-19 Meyers, David F., 47 Ft. Washington Ave., Mn A E, Ms; (10-3-04) 9-11-10 Meyers, Marjorie B. (Mrs.), 637 St. Marks Ave., Bn A E, Girls; 9-10-20 Meyrowitz, Isadore, 260 Clarence Ave., Ar- verne, L. I A Ace & Bus Pr, FR; 11-6-19 Middleton, Florence, 366 St. Nicholas Ave.. Mn A B, Wdl; 2-1-04 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 205 Miklowitz, Harry, 149 Manhattan Ave., Mn. A PT, DWC; 10-14-18 Miles, Dudley H., 70 Morningside Dr., Mn. 1 A E (Ch), EvC; 9-11-11 (9-9-14) Miller. Adelaide, 391 McDonough, Bn CIA, Boys; (4-24-18) 10-1-20 Miller, Charles, 680 Bedford Ave., Bn A Coml, Bwk; (2-2-03) 2-1-11 Miller, Charles A.. 2698 Creston Ave., Bx. 1 A PSc (Ch Physiog), Ms; 10-14-03 (2-5-17) Miller, Frank H., 9 Bullard PI., Flushing, L. 1 1 A H & Cv (Ch), Fig; 9-9-01 (9-4-07) Miller, Isabel, 853 Cauldwell Ave., Bx A PT, Girls; 11-1-17 Miller, Marjorie B., 189 Sterling PI., Bn.. A E, Girls; 9-10-06 Miller, Maud. 2126 Albemarle Rd., Bn A M, Girls; 9-16-07 Miller, Maude, 405 W. 118th, Mn A G, GW; 2-8-09 Miller, Myrtle H., 582 E. 16Sth, Bx AM, Ms; 9-12-98 Miller, Rose S. (Mrs.), 56 E. 87, Mn CI A, JR; 11-1-17 Miller, William L., 1221 Forest Ave. West New Brighton. S. I A E, Stv; (10-3-04) 2-1-15 Mills, Emily W., 161 Emerson PL, Bn A E, Bwk; 11-3-13 Mills, Joseph S., 572 Van Cortland Park Ave., Yonkers, N. Y 1 A P Sc (Ch C), HSC; 2-2-03 (1-1-12) Millspauffh, Harrv W., 25 Greenvale Ave., Yonkers, N. Y A Mu (Ch). HSC; (11-9-98) 9-8-16 Miner, Clarence E., 921 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn A H, Wdl; 2-10-20 Minnick, John D., 418 W. 118th, Mn Adm A M, HSC; 3-1-04 Minor, Marie L., 7 E. 54th, Mn A B, Wdl; 9-12-97 Mintzer, Joseph. 66 Stanton. Mn A Sp, HSC; 9-10-20 Mix, R. Grace, 7211 Ridge Blvd., Bn A E, BR; 9-11-16 Model, Charles, 427 Knickerbucker Ave, Bn. 1 A PT (Ch), ED; 2-1-11 (9-8-20) Moersburger, Grace L. (Mrs.), 1982 Univer- sity Ave.. Bx A Mu (Ch), EvC; (4-1-97) 2-3-13 Moffett, John D., 859 E. Parkway, Bn A E, Coml; (12-2-01) 2-1-18 Mohan, Lucy F., 401 Macon, Bn A E (Chg An), Bwk; (9-12-04) 9-9-10 Molwitz. Ernestine J., 88 E. 165th, Bx A G, GW; (12-1-02) 2-1-06 Monro, Kate M., 5 Cliff Way, Larchmonf, N. Y A E, TR; 2-16-14 Montross, Charles G., 25 Mountainview Ave., Orange, N. J A Sp, HSC; 5-8-11 Mooney, Lawrence, 2117 Chatterton Ave., Bx. 1 A Mu, WI; 3-2-08 (2-2-20) Moore, George P., 723 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn A Cv, Bwk; 11-1-20 Moore, Henry C, 1755 46th, Bn A E, EH; (12-19-98) 2-1-21 Moore, Sabra M., 101 Halsey St.. Bn A E, EH; 9-12-98 Moorhead, Phyllis L., 320 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn A E, JR ; 2-2-20 Morales, Maria T., 3810 Broadway, Mn A Sp, HSC; 3-7-20 Moran, Marion F., 228 E. 68th, Mn A H, EvC; 4-1-19 Morgan, Gwilym S., 1042 Bloomfield, Hobo- ken, N. J AM. DWC; 9-12-98 IVTorit? Mercedes I.. 446 E. 139th, Bx A Cv, Ms; 4-5-19 Morrell, Henry B.. 203 Fenimore, Bn a G, MT; (3-12-06) 9-9-10 Morrey, William T., 362 Riverside Dr., Mn. i A H (Chg An), Bwk; 9-12-98 (10-1-12) Morrill, Abbie A., 677 Vanderbilt Ave., Bn. A St Tp, BR; 10-1-19 Morrill, Frances U., 296 Ryerson, Bn A F, BR; 2-3-13 Morris, Constance, 92 Gntes Ave., Bn A PT, BR; 2-9-14 Morris. Edith M., 2604 University Ave., Bx. A Mu, GW; 9-28-16 Morris, Eugene C., 813 Putnam Ave., Bn... A Mu (Ch), BR; (2-7-00) 3-1-12 Morris, Gertrude E., 2604 University Ave., Bx A E, EvC; 2-5-17 Morris, John W., 149 Fillmore, New Bright- on, S. I A PT (Ch), Curtis; 2-8-18 Morris, Mary F., 616 W. 116th, Mn A P, Ntn; (3-1-12) 10-1-12 Morrison, Grace L.. 424 Senator, Bn A B, WI; 10-20-14 Morrissey, Alice, 217 W. 104th, Mn A PT (Ch), WI; (11-2-03) 9-9-10 Morrow, Julie M., 101 W. SSfh, Mn A E, Wdl; 9-22-08 Morse, Elizabeth E., 416 W. 118th, Mn A D (Ch), TR; (9-14-03) 9-10-06 Morse, Mary J. (Mrs.), 415 W. 115th, Mn.. 1 A H (Ch Cv), JR; 10-7-07 (11-3-19) Moscowitz. Bertha J., 14 E. 28th, ]\In A F, JR; (4-1-99) 4-2-00 Moses, I. Edward, 216 E. Broadway, Mn A M, NU; (2-3-13) 10-1-19 Moskowitz, David H., 1544 President, Bn... A M (Adm), Boys; 6-28-16 Moskowitz, Morris, 241 McDonough, Bn.... A Coml, Coml; (4-4-04) 9-8-16 206 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Moulton, Frances, 400 Manhattan Ave., Mn. A PT (Ch), Wdl; 9-11-99 Moyer, Fayette E.. 87 Grove, Montclair, N. J 1 AH (Ch), DWC; 2-2-03 (6-1-14) Mulcahy, Mary A., 1105 Amsterdam Ave., Mn A St Tp, JR; 9-5-13 Mueller. Ernest G., 2445 Valentine Ave.. Bx. A G, MT; (9-11-01) 3-1-05 Mulholland, James V., 447 W. 47th, Mn... A PT, HSC; 9-10-20 Mullen, Loring B., 917 Rug' y Rd., Bn 1 A M (Ch), Girls; 9-10-00 (1-1-07) Mullen, Rosemary F., 420 E. 84i-h, Mn 1 A B (Ch), WI; 2-1-09 Muller, Ada H., 617 W. 143d, Mn A E, Ms; 9-9-10 Muller, Catharine M., 1408 Madison Ave., Mn A FHD. ED ; 9-30-20 Muller, Theodore, 543 W. 146th. Mn A B, HSC; 9-10-20 Muller, Walter J., 8518 lOSth St., Richmond Hill, L. I AS, Boys; 2-3-19 Mullin, Mary v., 318 W. 117th, Mn CI A, DWC; 11-18-18 Mulligan, Mary C, 1242 Dean, Bn A Mu, EH; (2-7-00) 4-1-10 Munger, Ethel T., 7211 Ridge Blvd., Bn AD, BR; 9-7-17 Munger, Van Vechten. 7211 Ridge Blvd., Bn. A C, Coml; 10-2-16 (10-3-19) Munroe, Harry K., 54 Woolsey, L. I. City, L. 1 1 A E (Ch), Bry; 2-2-03 (9-4-07) Munson, Daniel G., 1052 Lincoln PL, Bn A E, Boys; 2-3-99 Murphy, Alice, 221 W. 121st, Mn A E, Wdl; 9-1-19 Murphy, Edith H., 1551 S5th. Bn A E, BR; (3-1-12) 9-14-14 Murphy, Florence S., 126 Lincoln PI., Bn.. A H E, BR; (12-1-08) 9-11-14 Murphy, George F., Plainfield, N. J A St Tp, WI; (12-1-04) 10-9-14 Murphy, Henrietta, 204 W. 114th, Mn A Cv. Fig; 4-7-98 Murphy, Margaret L., 148 Steuben, Bn AD, MT; (10-3-04) 9-9-10 Murphy, Marie E., 515 W. 134, Mn AH, Boys; (9-5-13) 2-1-21 Murphy, Thomas P., 145 Amity, Bn A Cv, DWC; (9-7-06) 10-1-19 Murphy, Virginia AD, GW; 10-2-16 Murray, Isabella M. (Mrs.), 230 S.. 2nd Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y A D EvC; 4-23-20 Murray, Jennie E., 2053 7th Ave., Mn A D, GW; 10-2-16 Murray, Jennie E., 220 W. 132d, Mn A El, Wdl; 9-9-12 Mussaeus, Marie G., 414 W. 121st, Mn A F, Wdl; 9-11-14 Mussey, Dela P., 672 St. Nicholas Ave.. Mn. A D (Ch), Ms; 9-12-97 Myers, Willard L., 258 Degraw Ave., Jamaica, L. I A E, ED; 9-9-07 N Nachemov, Morris, 1451 Prospect Ave., Bn.. CI A, DWC; 9-5-17 Nahon, Zarifa, 108 W. 11th, Mn A F, DWC; 2-2-14 Nammack, Elizabeth F.. 110 Morningside Dr., Mn A L, Wdl; 9-12-98 Nanes, Philip, 473 Hancock, Bn A H (Ch), Bwk; (4-2-07) 2-1-11 Nearing, Elena P., 171 Union, Flushing, L. I. AM (Ch), Fig; 9-10-06 Neidlinger, William, 225 W. 99th, Mn A Mu, WI; (4-1-10) 9-9-12 Neiswender, Ada B. C, 809 Ocean Ave.. Bn. A L, EH; 9-16-07 Nelson, Hazel W., 474 Halsey, Bn A E, ED; 9-8-15 Nelson, Willard B.. 511 2d, Bn 1 A PSc (Ch), MT; 9-1-99 (9-8-20) Neuman, Libby, 151 W. 117th, Mn A G, A Sp, WI; 9-11-14 Neumann, Joshua H., 288 Ryerson, Bn A E, Boys; 9-11-16 Neumarker, John G., 446 62d, Bn A G, Stv; 11-1-10 Nevins, Dora R., 116 Hawthorne, Bn A M, MT; 9-11-05 Nevins, Nannie R., 116 Hawthorne, Bn A St Tp, Bwk; 3-13-13 Newcomb, Florence A., 225 W. 3d, Mn A D, WI; 9-12-10 Newcomer, Harvey, 14 Lattin Dr., Yonkers, N. Y 1 A P Sc (Ch), Bwk; 9-11-03 (1-2-17) Newman, Charles, 958 Prospect Ave., Bx. . . A H, DWC; (2-3-02) 9-14-08 Newman, Henry J., 1121 West Farms Rd., Bx A St Tp, TR; 11-1-20 Newman, Joseph, 266 W. 139th, Bn A C, Coml; (4-6-98) 2-1-06 Nice, Madaline (Mrs.), 26 W. 97th, Mn A F, Ms; 2-2-14 Nichols, Clyde S., 4 Medina PL, Elmhurst, L. I A Coml, Ntn; 4-3-13 Nichols, Eda L., Beverley Apts, New Bright- on, S. I A EI, Curtis; 3-15-09 Nichols, Newton D., 6 Compton Ter.. Ja- maica, L. I AM, RH; (11-1-07) 4-4-20 Nightingale, Eleanor M., 44 Morningside Dr., Mn 1 A El (Ch), WI; 3-9-03 (10-1-19) ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 207 Nightingale, Ida E.. 44 Morningside Dr., Mn A El, WI; 911-14 Nightingale, Irene L., 210 Parkside Ave., Bn A Sewg & Dress Mkg, EvC; (2-1-98) 9-10-20 Noble. Helen G., 432 Hoboken Ave., Jersey City, N. J A Sewg, Bry; 9-1204 Nolan, Grace, 335 Clinton. Bn C\ A, WI; 2 112 Noll, Anna, 80 W. 90t!i, Mn A Cv, Wdl; (11-1-17) 2-2-20 Noonan, Raymond L., 102 Oakland Bn A E, Coml; 9-618 Norman, Gerald F., 53 Juniper, Flushing. L. I A Joinery, Bry; (9-10-06) 9-5-19 Norr, Henry I., 1893 VVashinefton Ave., Bx. Adm A M. EvC; (4-1-03) 2-3-13 Northrop, Cora E.. 53 Irving PI., Mn A E, WI; (9-9-01) 9-14-03 Norton, George W., 8425 112th, Richmond Hill, L. 1 1 A Mech Arts (Ch), Bvvk; 2-1-05 (2-5-17) Note, Rosa, 326 E. ISth, Mn A Sp, BR; 21-18 Nussey, Herbert V., 212 Kingston Ave., Bn. A E, EH; (4-13-14) 2-2-20 Nurnberg, Maxwell, 1331 Clinton Ave., Bx. A E. DWC; 3-15-20 Nye, Douglas D., 126 Riverside Dr., Mn . . . A Mu, Stv; 11-1-20 Ober, Alice M.. IS E. 38th, Mn A Cooking Girls; (11-1-07) 2-1-15 Ober, William. 1291 Lexington Ave., Bn... A Cv, Stv; (11-1-12) 2-2-20 O'Brien, Charlotte E., 55 E. 95th, Mn A M, Curtis; (11-1-10) 9-5-13 O'Brien, Eugenie M., 162 Hewes, Bn CI A, Bwk; 11-10-19 O'Brien, Florence J., 171 E. 107th, Mn CI A, TR; 2-3-19 O'Brien. Josephine G., 211 Jeflferson Ave., Bn A L, BR; (2-1-09) Q-8-16 O'Brien, Katherine E., 607 W. 136th Mn... A Sp, DWC; 10-1-19 O'Connell, Edward J., 216 Lincoln Rd., Bn. A PT, EH; (4-1-07) 9-10-20 O'Connell, Eugenie, 354 E. 79th, Mn Lab A B, EH; 2-5-17 O'Connell, Genevieve A., 872 E. 164th Bx.. A PT, EvC; (2-3-13) 11-1-17 O'Connor, John P., 2436 Marion Ave.. Bx. CI A. DWC: 9-S-13 O'Connor, Leona H. (Mrs.), 619 W. 179th, Mn CI A, TR; 2-3-19 Odell, Louis S., 1827 E. 15th, Bn Adm A M, MT; 9-11-05 O'Donnell. Agnes T., 853 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn. AG, Ms; 2-3-13 O'Donnell, J. Emmett, 86 72d, Bn A E, MT; (1-31-02) 4-8-12 O'Donnell, Marjorie V., 2870 Briggs Ave., Bedford Park, N. Y Lib A, TR; 2-2-20 O'Hara, Mary F., 1133 Park Ave., Mn CI A. JR; 10-14-18 Ohl. Rosina, 115 Washington PL, Mn A Sp, Girls; 9-7-17 O'Keefe, David H., 179 Marcy Ave., Bn... A St Tp, HSC; 10-1-06 O'Kecffe, Marion T., 41 Halsey, Bn A E. MT; 11-3-19 O'Leary, Alice R., 1229 Madison Ave., Mn. A PT, GComl; S-3-20 Ollendorf, Arnold O., 508 W. 42nd, Mn CI A, Stv; 9-8-20 Oiler, Marie, 400 W. 118th, Mn A E, WI; 11-3-13 Olsson, Nils W., 2233 Story Ave., Bx A PT, TR; (9-8-16) 2-3-19 O'Mahoney, John P., 461 73d, Bn AH, MT; (3-1-10) 4-1-19 O'Neil, M. Alice (Mrs.), 423 Hilbide Ave., Jamaica, L. I A Coml, Fig; 2-1-10 O'Neill, Edith F., 409 Stuyvesant Ave., Bn. A Coml, WI; 4-8-12 O'Neil, William R., 214 Hicks. Bn A Sp, Boys; 9-12-10 Opdycke, John B., 139 W. 72d, Mn 1 A E (Ch), TR; 2-1-05 (9-5-13) Oppermann, Melvin C, S40 S. 6th Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y A Cv. Wdl; (9-12-92) 11-3-19 Orleans, Joseph B., 995 E. 173d, Bx A L, GW; 9-8-16 O'Rourke. Norine, 2253 Loring PL, Bx AD, EvC; (10-16-11) 2-1-18 Orr, Ella J., 128 W.13th, Mn A St Tp, WI; 10-2-05 O'Ryan, William P., 185 Kingston Ave., Bn. A St Tp, Coml; (5-16-01) 9-1403 Osborn, Ralph, 120 E. 86th. Mn A B, DWC; 4-12-09 Osborne, Louie H. (Mrs.), 120 E. 86th, Mn. A E, Wdl; (1-28-99) 2-8-99 Osborne, Mabel E., 1159 Dean, Bn A B, ED; 3-9-08 Osgood, Charles R., 30 Circle Dr., Hastings- on-Hudson, N. Y A ComL GW; 9-14-08 Osgood, Ellen L., 20 W. 10th, Mn A H (Co-ord), Haaren; 9-14-14 Ostrander, Agnes, 12 Woodruff Ave.. Bn... A D, Curtis (3-17-96) 1-9-02 Oswald, Frederick, 167 Sunnyside Ave., Bn. A F G, MT; 2-1-10 O'Toole, Joseph H., 600 W. 179th, Mn A Cv, Coml; (5-1-08) 9-10-20 Otten, Henry D., 18 Chichester Ave., Jamaica, L. I A Sp, Bwk; (3-4-12) 9-9-12 208 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Overholser, Charles E., 171 Kingston Ave., 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), Boys; 2-27-05 Bn (9-11-11) Owens, Ethel I., 29 Hamilton Ave., Yonkers, N. Y A FHD, EvC; 10-5-20 Owens, J. Louise. BriarclifE Manor, N. Y. . . AH, Boys; (4-1-03) 9-6-18 Owens, Lois, Briarcliff Manor, N. Y APT. WI; (11-1-OS) S-3-20 Pabst, Grace, 127 E. 9Sth, Mn A Cv, EvC; 2-2-20 Padve, Meyer, 618 W. 187, Mn A Cv, GComI; (1-2-12) 2-1-21 Page, Donald T., Wood-Cliff-on-Hudson, N. J AM, Stv; 10-1-12 Paget, Frances. 2059 Davidson Ave., Bx... A F, Ms; 9-11-14 Paine, Frederick H., 185 Gates Ave., Bn 1 A H (Ch), ED; 2-1-00 (9-12-04) Palmer, Caroline B., 544 W. lS7th, Mn A PT, JR; 9-11-11 Palmer, Leonard L., 545 W. 158th, Mn A PT, DWC; 9-15-16 Palmer, Mabel B., 16 Monroe, Flushing, L. I A Sewg & Dress Mkg, Fig; (9-8-05) 9-8-16 Palmer, May T., 171 Union, Flushing. L. I. A M, Fig; 2-1-10 Panuska, Frank C, 321 E. 77th, Mn.. A MD, Stv; 2-2-20 Parelhoff, Bernard M., 559 W. 191, Mn A M, DWC; 2-9-10 Parker, Isabel C. (Mrs.), 45 Madison Ave., Mn CI A, WI; 9-5-17 Parker, Jacob. 566 W. 162d, Mn A PT, Ms; 9-11-99 Parker, Margaret B., 1 W. 127th, Mn A D, Ms; 2-1-11 (4-13-03) Parker, S. Ridley, 28 Ormond PI., Bn Lib A, Boys; 11-1-05 Parmelee, William J., Jr., 121 25th, Elm hurst, L. I A B, DWC; 10-1-10 Parrott, Alfred F., Plandome, L. I A F, Stv; 2-1-06 Parsons, Edward B., 488 Macon, Bn 1AM (Adm), Boys; 7-1-93 (9-14-96) Parsons. Herbert H., 488 Macon, Bn AH, Boys; 2-10-98 Parsons, Sidney T., 11 McDonough, Bn A PT, Girls; (4-1-08) 11-1-17 Partridge, Edith J., 304^ Claremont Ave., Bn A FHD, MT; 10-4-20 Partridge, Marie N., 136 Park PL, Bn A PT, ED; 11-12-17 Pascal, Rose L. (Mrs.) A G, JR; 9-11-14 Pasner, Samuel D., 250 Henry, Bn A Sp, Haaren; 2-1-21 Pasternak, Jessie, 109 Montague, Bn A B, Boys; 10-1-14 Pasternak, Nathaniel, 109 Montague, Bn... A M D, MT; (11-1-98) 2-1-06 Patterson, George W., Jackson Ave., Queens, L. I AM, Stv; (2-1-10) 9-6-18 Patterson, Mabel L., 20 St. James PL, Bn.. CI A, Girls; 4-1-02 Patterson. William A., 359 Lenox Ave., Mn. A H, HSC; 2-5-17 Paucek, George, 338 E. 70th, Mn Lab A, P, C, Boys; 2-1-18 Paul, Francis H. J., 35 Bow, Forest Hills, L. I P, DWC; (5-18-98) 8-1-14 Payant, Felix, 316 W. 58th, Mn A D, HSC; 10-14-19 Payne, Frank O., 1819 Dorchester Rd., Bn. 1 A B (Ch), HSC; 9-1-97 (10-15-14) Payne, Jennie C, 90 Maurice Ave., Elm- hurst, L. I A PT, Ntn; (11-1-06) 11-2-14 Peabody, James E., Carhart Ave., White Plains. N. Y 1 A B (Ch). Ms; 9-12-97 (9-1-03) Peabody, Susan P., 177 Woodruff Ave., Bn. A L, EH; 10-19-94 Peavy, Evelyn, 303 Greene Ave., Bn Lab A, P, C, Bwk; 2-2-20 Peck, Emily S., 515 Clinton Ave., Bn A E, MT; (11-1-07) 9-9-10 Pendelton, Margaret, 111 W. 190, Bx A E, GW; 9-5-19 Penhollow, Harry B., 122 W. 114th, Mn. . . Adm A M, DWC; 9-10-00 Pennock, Emma B. (Mrs.), 65 Hanover, Elmhurst, L. I A Sp, Ntn; 2-18-19 Percy, Harriet C, 27 Washington Sq. N., Mn A E, WI; 6-28-16 Perkins, Deborah (Mrs.), 1035 Anderson Ave., Bx A St Tp, Ms; 9-9-12 Perkins, Fannie D., 537 1st, Bn A Cooking, Girls; (6-3-01) 12-4-OS Perkins. Lynn F., lOth Ave. and 59th, Mn.. A Ec. DWC; 9-10-20 Perkins, Helen L., 537 1st, Bn A S, EH; 9-9-01 Perrine, Frederick J., Crestwood, N. Y A E, DWC; (10-9-99) 9-6-18 Perry, Edward O., Claremont and Walworth Aves,, Hartsdale, N. Y 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), GW; S-lS-11 (2-5-17) Perry, Mabel L., 171 Union, Flushing, L.I. A St Tp, RH; (12-1-03) 9-4-12 Perry, Oroli R., 163A Halsey, Bn A Dom Sc, Ntn; (3-2-04) 2-1-13 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 209 Peters, Frederick A.. Holbrook, N. J A Sp G, MT; (2-3-02) 3-2-03 Peters, Lucy E., 123 Horton, Elmhurst, L.I. CI A, Bry; (6-2-19) 11-1-20 Peterson, A. Everett, 42 W. Fordham Rd., Bx A H & Cv (Ch), EvC; 11-1-07 Peterson, Dorothy R., 380 Monroe, Bn A Sp, Bwk; 3-15-20 Petrie, Jean D., 435 W. 123d, Mn A PT, Wdl; (4-21-03) 9-14-uo Philip, Mary I., 249 St. Marks PI., New Brighton, S. I A E, Curtis; (11-2-03) 2-4-07 Phillips, Anna L., 34 Jefferson Ave., Bn... A M (Chg An), ED: (9-7-85) 9-10-00 Phillips, Julia Tracy, 4407 6th Ave., Bn Lib A. Curtis; 9-9-07 Phillips, Sara J., 4407 6th Ave., Bn A E, BR; 2-14-01 Phillips, Sidney D., 70 Post Ave., Mn A Cv H, Stv; (2-1-19) 2-2-20 Pichel, Margaret, 600 W. 183d, Mn A M, HSC; (4-3-11) 2-2-14) Pick. Thekla, 41 E. 72d, Mn A G, WI; (11-12-14) 2-1-15 Pickens, Lila, 514 W. 114th, Mn A El, GVV; (9-1-97) 3-3-19 Pickens, Rose K., 309 E. 57th. Mn A St, DWC; 3-2-14 Pickman, Marie A., 494 W. lS8th, Mn A St Tp, TR; (9-10-09) 10-1-19 Pierce, Alice R., S3 Washington Sq., Mn A E, Stv; 9-11-11 Pinard, Amelia P., 1350 Fulton Ave., Bx... A F, Ms; (9-12-04) 9-8-16 Pinch, Minnie A., 132 Cambridge PI., Bn... A L, ED; 9-1-01 Pincus, Max, 1244 Grand Concourse, Bx... A PT, HSC; 5-23-18 Pingrey, Cora E. (Mrs.), 152 S. 1st Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y A B, EvC; 9-10-00 Pintler, Hariette A., 80 Edgecomb Ave., Mn. A B, WI; (4-3-11) 2-2-14 Pittaro, John M., 1614 Van Buren, Bn A Sp, Stv; 9-8-16 Piatt, Emile L., 52 Hinckley PI., Bn A B, EH; (10-1-02) 9-11-14 Pohl, Frederick J., 359 Halsey, Bn A E, Boys; 9-10-17 Pokorny. Rudolph C, Tenafly, N. J AM, DWC; (9-21-97) 2-1-07 Polk. Ellery C, 1095 Prospect PL, Bn AH, Coml; 3-1-10 Pond, Harriet, 136 Irving, Jersey City, N.J. A Cooking, WI; (10-20-97) 3-1-11 Pond, Pearl F., 161 Emerson PL, Bn AD, GComl; (9-12-98) 2-8-09 Pons, Catherine Archer, 176 E. 78th, Mn... Lab A, WI; 9-1-14 Pope, Seth E., 810 Washington Ave., Bn... Lib A, Boys; 4-8-12 Potter, Harry A., 518 68th, Bn P, NU; 2-1-00 (1-25-12) Potter, Marion E., 519 W. 121st, Mn A Sp, WI; 2-1-18 Potter, Mary G.,39 W. 60th, Mn A PT, Wdl; (9-14-08) 4-8-12 Poutasse, Louis P., 312 W. 109th. Mn A Coml. HSC; 9-5-19 Powers, Florence M., 56 Macon, Bn A E, BR; (11-1-06) 9-10-20 Powers, Minnie M., 1236 Union, Bn A M (Ch), Ntn; 9-1-95 Pownall, Edythe M., 545 W. 148th, Mn A E, WI; (4-2-07) 2-4-10 Pratt. Elizabeth F. (Mrs.), 151 Chestnut, Rutherford, N. J A F, WI; 2-3-19 Pratt. Marion, 112 Stuyvesant ,P1., New Brighton, S. I A L (Ch). Curtis; 9-16-07 Pratt, Winifred, 296 Lafayette Ave., Bn... A D, WI; (9-19-05) 4-8-12 Prescott, Lucy M., 1123 Bayport PI., Far Rockaway, L. 1 1 A Class Lang (Ch), FR; 9-14-08 (9-1-14) Preston. Helen G., 20 Ketcham PI., Elm- hurst, L. I AH (Ch), Ntn; 9-9-10 Price, Anna G., 145 Greenway, So. Forest Hills, L. I AD, Bry; (9-9-01) 4-1-08 Price, Isaac, 72 E. 96th, Mn A St Tp, WI; (4-1-03) 9-11-14 Primoff, Walter, 1410 Columbus, Far Rock- away. L. I A Coml, Bwk; (12-3-06) 2-1-18 Procter, Harriet D., 1320 Fulton Ave., Bx. A G, Sp, Ms; 9-11-14 Proctor, Robert H.. 80 Decatur, Bn A E, Coml; 9-10-06 Proper, Emberson E., 478 Washington Ave., 1 AH & Cv (Ch H), BR; 2-10-08 Bn (10-1-12) Puig, Louise M., 1270 Carroll, Bn AH. MT; 10-1-03 Pugh, Alexander L., Pomona, N. Y 1 A Coml (Ch Ec), HSC; 2-1-06 (2-8-09) Pulvermacher, Dolores, 719 W. 180th, Mn.. A PT, GW; (9-11-08) 11-3-13 Pulvermacher, William Dean, 283 Sanford Ave.. Flushing, L. I A B, Fig; (10-22-01) 2-3-13 Puorro, Michael, 36 Van Eicken Ave., Flo- ral Park, L. I A B, Coml; 2-9-10 Purcell, Reuben R., 99 Vanderbilt Ave., Floral Park, L. I A D (Ch), Boys; (9-19-10)9-10-16 Putnam, Edith C. 87 Columbia Heights, Bn. A E, Bwk; 9-11-14 Putnoi, Ezra. 269 E. 194th, Bx A Joinery. MT; (9-9-07) 9-5-19 Putz, Edward H., 152 E. 80th, Mn A Coml, BR; 9-9-12 Pyle, Willard R., 125 Franklin Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y 1 A P Sc (Ch), Ms; 9-11-99 (12-1-06) Pyne, Henry R., 1115 Boston Rd., Bx 1 A Class Lang (Ch), EvC; 9-12-97 (9-9-14) 210 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Quick, Emma M.. 135 Hemes, Bn A St Tp, FR; (9-9-01) 2-1-21 Quigg, Helen T., 51 E. 87tli, Mn A E, WI; 11-3-13 Quiraby, Ernest S., 244 E. 86th, Mn A E, EvC; 9-14-03 Quinn. Edward J., 326 Audubon Ave., Ex. A Coml. WI; 11-3-13 Quirk, Cecile B., 1066 82d, Bn A F, NU; 3-13-13 R Rabus, Maximilian, 138 E. 16th, Mn A D, Stv; 9-7-17 Radenhausen, Paul E.. 208 Martense, Bn A G, DWC; 6-28-16 Radu, John W., 420 W. 121st, Mn A Inst Mkg, Stv; 9-10-20 Rae, Anne M., 34 Jefferson Ave., Bn A E, Girls; 4-1-08 Rafter, Hermia (Mrs.), 540 Carlton Ave., Bn A Coml, ED; 2-1-18 Rakowitz, Samuel, 174 Bedford Ave., Bn... A F, Stv; (12-4-11) 9-11-16 Raiman, Robert I., 248 Park PL, Bn A E (Chg An), Boys; 11-2-03 Rallion, Harriet E., 207 W. Palisades Ave., Englewood, N. J A Sp, HSC; 9-10-20 Ralston, Ella L. (Mrs.). 519 Manhattan Ave., Bn A Ec, Wdl; (9-6-18) 4-119 Ransom, Minnie H., 2644 Marion Ave., Bx. A Cv, Wdl; 3-1-20 Randall, Bernice E., 1224 Pacific, Bn A PT, BR; 2-1-21 Randall, Christine V., 49 Hillside Ave., Flushing, L. I A PT, RH; 9-11-16 Raphael. Arthur, 283 Rutledge, Bn A E, HSC; 9-10-20 Raubicheck, Charles W., 1367 Plimpton Ave., Bx A E, EvC; (10-3-04) 4-8-12 Raubicheck, Letitia E. (Mrs.). 1367 Plimp- ton Ave., Bx A El, JR; 6-28-16 Ravett, Irving, 857 Tinton Ave., Bx A Ace & Bus Pr, Bwk; 9-10-20 Ray, Medora (Mrs.), 49 Vreeland Ave., Rutherford, N. J A Sp (Ch), WI; 12-2-01 Raynor, Gilbert J., 1340 Pacific, Bn P, Coml; 9-14-08 (6-1-14) 12-2-18 Read, Edith, 1350 Fulton Ave., Bx A B, Ms; 10-1-02 Read, Mary E.. 11917 Ridgewood Ave., Rich- mond Hill, L. I A St Tp, RH; 9-11-14 Read, Warren W., 4 Cedar Ct., Flushing, L. 1 1 A E (Ch). Fig; 9-8-02 (9-1-11) Reed, Edna Shaw (Mrs.), 520 W. 122d, Mn. A M, GW; 9-13-10 Reed, Helen M., 2204 Clarendon Rd., Bn... A Coml, BR; 3-1-18 Reed, Mary A., 159 Lafayette Ave., Bn... A PT, GComl; (12-1-00) 9-11-11 Reed, Nellie M., 2204 Clarendon Rd., Bn... A Cv, BR; 11-1-06 (2-2-20) Reed, William E., 416 E. 9th, Bn A Cv, MT; (9-10-00) 2-2-20 Reedy, May R., 44 N. 9th, Rockaway Park, L. I CI A, JR; 5-14-19 Reich, Leo, 1181 Union Ave., Bx A Sp, Ms; (11-3-13) 9-5-19 Reichenbach, Charles A., Springfield Gar- dens, L. I A Arch D, Coml; 2-1-lb Reifler, Elizabeth B., 434 E. 148th, Mn A Sp, EvC; 2-2-20 Reilly, John J., 718 Beck, Mn A Ec, Coml; 9-10-20 Reimers, Helen M. (Mrs.), 49 Whitestone Ave., Flushing, L. I AG. Fig; (9-12-98) 9-8-16 Reinhold, Alida B., 123 Giffords Lane, Great Kills, N. Y CI A, Curtis; 2-3-13 Reinke, Eva G., 540 W. 189th. Mn A St Tp, TR; 10-1-20 Regard, Leon, 1341 Webster Ave., Bx A Ec, HSC; 6-28-16 Remy, Alfred. Bronxville, N. Y AG, HSC; 2-21-99 Reser, Edward N., 171 S. Oxford, Bn A D, Coml; 9-10-00 Reese, Clare H., 478 W. 145, Mn A H Cv, EvC; 9-11-16 Rexford, Frank A., 445 3rd, Bn AC (Adm), BofE; (9-9-01) 3-1-06 Reynolds, Alice M. (Mrs.) 1310 Ave P., Bn. A Sp, MT; 9-6-18 Reynolds, Alice R. (Mrs.), 117 W. 79th, Mn. A Sewg, WI; (11-1-06) 9-9-12 Reynolds. Frank A., 5 W. 125th, Mn A L, Stv; 9-9-01 Reynolds, Gerald, 2464 Grand Ave., Ford- ham, N. Y A Mu (Ch), Ev C; 4-13-14 Reynolds, James I., 24 De Graw Ave., Ja- maica, L. I A L, Jam; 9-10-06 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 211 Reynolds, Lewis G., 103 Herkimer, Bn A G, Boys; 2-1-10 Reynolds, Paul G. A., 12 Tompkins PL, Bn. A C, Coml; 2-2-20 (4-19-20) (4-19-20) Reynolds, Percy L., Hastings-on-Hudson,N.Y. A PT, HSC; 6-28-16 Reynolds, Ruth, 416 VV. 118th, Mn A E, HSC; 9-8-16 Rhodes, L. Maude, 126 23d, Elmhurst, L. I. A PT, Fig; (9-13-98) 9-13-17 Ribber, Emma, 246 E. 2Sth, Bn A Coml, ED; 3-3-97 Riblct, Mary V.. 130 E. 51st, Mn 1 A E, Bry; (3-1-97) (1-4-04) 2-105 (3-1-20) Rice, Mabel E., 125 Washington PI., Mn... A St Tp, JR; 9-11-14 Rice, Marshall D., 560 W. 179th, Mn A Sp, Stv; 9-5^19 ., ,. o«n Rice, Winfield L., 36 Sidney PI., Bn 1 A H (Ch) Boys; 9-5-13 (3-15-20) Richards, Ellen L., 70 Irving PL. Mn A Sewg & Dress Mkg, WI; 2-3-03 Richards, Elsa, 530 W. 124th, Mn A St Tp, JR; 5-12-20 Richardson, Kathryn E., 839 Jennings, Mn. A E, Stv; (11-1-05) 4-1-19 Richardson, Marion G., 823 Church, Rich- mond Hill, L. I A St Tp (Ch). RH; 9-9-12 Richardson, Roy S., 387A McDonough, Bn. A B, Boys; 9-10-00 Richardson. William C, 500 E. 18th, Bn... A L, MT; 10-3-04 Rider, Lloyd A., Ocean View Ave., Jamaica, L. I A B, Coml; 3-1-12 Riecker, William. 538 E. 88, Mn A E, Boys; (11-1-20) 2-1-21 Riegger, Elizabeth, 1238 Pacific, Bn A G, Bwk; 2-3-13 Riess, Ernst, 221 W. 113th, Mn 1 A Class Lang (Ch), Boys; 2-13 00 (1-1-12) Riley, Eugene B., 2425 Hughes, Bn AH, Fig; 9-8-16 Riordon, Elizabeth. 3657 Broadway, Mn A St Tp, WI; 2-3-13 Ritter, Charles P., 2119 Regent PL, Bn.... AC, EH; 9-11-14 Rives, Mattie M. (Mrs.), 9 Prospect Pk. W., Bn A Sewg (Ch), Bwk; (2-1-04) 9 8-16 Roberts, Alfred S., 1109 College Ave., Bx.. AH (Chg An), DVvC; (2-8-04) 2-11-13 Robeson, Julia G.. 69 Montague, Bn Lib A, RH; 2-1-15 Robins, Florence L., 55 Wall, New Brighton, S. I A E. Curtis; 2-3-13 Robinson, Alfred T., 1344 E. 17th, Bn A Joinery (Ch), MT; (4-2-02) 3-2-08 Robinson. Alice M., 1035 Anderson Ave., Bx. A M, WdI;2-6-03 Robinson, Anna E., 70 Irving PL, Mn A E, JR; (10-22-00) 2-1-18 Robinson, Eva A., 8205 11th Ave., Bn A H G, NU; 3-1-09 Robinson, Franklin D., 12001 St. Annes Ave., Richmond HiU. L. I A M. RH; 9-14-03 Robinson, Harry W., 969 Hoe Ave., Bx... A PT, Boys; (9-5-13) 4-19-20 Robinson, John T.. 945 E. 34th, Bn A Forging, MT; 9-4-94 Robinson, L. Archibald, 408 77th, Bn A Physiog, BR; 2-9-14 Robinson, Nathaniel, 600 W. 146th, Mn A Coml, Bry; (11-1-07) 9-11-16 Robinson, Robert, 1999 Clinton Ave., Bx... A M, HSC; 9-11-14 Roche, Elizabeth A., 2 St. Nicholas PL, Mn. 1 A St Tp (Ch), WI; (11-1-94) 9-12-97 (6-1-14) Rochow, John P., 269 E. Kingsbridge Rd., Bx. A G, HSC; (3-1-94) 9-11-11 Rodick, Burleigh A.. 38 Monroe PL, Bn AH, Stv; 9-10-20 Rodkey, Edith, 79 Hanson PI, Bn A E, Stv; 4-5-20 Rodman, Bayard B., 54 E. 2Sth, Whitestone, L. I. AC. Stv; (12-1-04) Roe, Paul E., 234 Covert, Bn A PT, Boys; 10-14-18 Roessler, Erwin W., 418 Central Park W. ,^ ^^^^ „,^„. Mn . 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), HSC; 912-04 (2-8-09) Roessler, Nellie M. (Mrs.), 418 Central Park W, Mn A L, Wdl; 12-19-01 Rocth, Natalie S., 201 W. 91st, Mn A B, Stv; 9-12-10 Rogers, Cora M., 71 Lamont Ave., Elm- hurst, L. I A E, Ntn; 7-1-97 Rogers, Charles E., 1640 University Ave., Bx A Coml. HSC; 10-15-00 Rogers, Lorana G., 43 State, Bn A FHD, FR; 2-2-21 Rogers, Sarah L.. 32 Nostrand Ave., Bn A Sewg, FR; 12-8-19 Rogers, William W., 26 Scribner Ave., New Brighton, S. 1 1 A H (Ch), Curtis; 2-1-07 (2-5-17) Rogin, Robert I., 427 Dyckman, Peekskill, N. Y AH, DWC; 5-9-18 Roll, Rose, 201 E. 82d, Mn A M, WI; (11-1-09)9-9-10 Roman, Louis, 429 Bainbridge, Bn A Sp, G Coml; 11-17-19 Romm, Edith, 1335 Madison Ave., Mn A Mu, Bwk; 9-10-20 212 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Romme, Percy E., 827 Melrose Ave., Bx. . . CI A, Stv; 2-17-19 Root. Eva R., 730 Lefferts Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I A E, RH; 9-11-11 Root, Lydia F., 730 N. Lefferts Ave., Ja- maica, L. I A L, Jam ; 9-8-02 Rosanoff, Lillian, Kings Park, L. I AM, Coml; 9-10-20 Roselle, Chilion, 502 W. 113th, Mn A Mu, Haaren; 2-1-21 Rosenblatt, Sallie, 151 Throop Ave., Bn A M, EH; (11-2-14) 9-10-20 Rosenblum, Abraham, Hasbrouck Hts., N. J. A St, WI; 2-14-01 Rosenbluth. Henry, 8548 113th, Richmond Hill, L. I A Coml Br, Bry; (12-18-11) 2-2-14 Rosenhaus, Maximilian, 25 Clinton, Bn A Coml, Bwk; (4-1-07) 2-2-14 Rosenthal, Daniel C, 425 W. 114th, Mn... 1 A Mod Lang (Ch), Bry; 9-1-16 (2-3-20) Rosenthal, Frances C, 527 Neptune Ave., Bn A Sp, Boys; 10-1-19 Rosenthal, Terese R.. 5 W. 91, Mn A Ace & Bus Pr, JR; (4-3-11) 4-8-12 Ross, A. Franklin, 65 Kenilworth PL, Ridge- wood, N. J 1 A H & Cv (Ch), Stv; (9-1000) 9-12-04 (3-1-17) Ross, Annie, 659 Sanford Ave., Flushing, L. I A Mod Lang, Fig; 2-14-10 Ross, Herbert M., 2585 Grand Concourse, Bx. A PT, EvC; 10-1-17 Ross, Joseph, 1878 7th Ave., Mn A Sp, DWC; 6-28-16 Ross, William A., 728 Lafayette Ave., Bn.. A Coml, Coml; 2-1-06 Rostetter, Alice, 438 W. 116th, Mn A E, WI; (10-9-99) 9-5-13 Roth. Helen M., 2344 Putnam Ave., Bn A E, Girls; 9-5-19 Rotherhan, Philip J. E., 202 W. 88th, Mn.. A PT, HSC; 10-2-11 Rothholz, Meta, 835 E. Parkway, Bn A M, EH; 9-11-11 Rowe, Stuart H., 104 Hillcrest Ave., Yonk- ers, N. Y P, Wdl; (9-12-04) 9-1-10 Royce, Sarah Grace, 509 W. 122d. Mn A L, Wdl; 9-8-02 Rubel, Jacob A., 326 Troy Ave., Bn A Ec, ED; (12-3-06) 2-2-20 Rubenstein, Jacob, 1179 Slst, Bn AH, BR; (9-8-05) 2-3-13 Ruggeri, Agnes C, 59 E. 93d, Mn A St Tp, JR; 11-3-13 Ruggles, Zola B.. 431 Clermont Ave., Bx. . . A D, WI; 2-5-17 Russell, George P., 25 W 65th, Mn AC, Coml; 10-1-19 Russell, Helen, 54 Wall, New Brighton, S. I. A M, Curtis; 7-30-12 Russell, Helen G., 520 W. 122d, Mn A B, EvC; 9-13-10 Russell, Louise S., 593 Lexington Ave., Mn. A St Tp, ED; 2-1-18 Russell, Warren L., Jackson Ave., Queens, L. I A L. MT; 9-14-08 Russum, Ruth E.. 412 Ocean Ave., Bn A S, ED; 10-1-09 Ryan, Elizabeth G., 207 W. 11th, Mn A El, WI; 9-5-13 Ryan, Loretta C. 143 W. 84th, Mn A PT, JR; (11-1-07) 9-7-17 Ryan, Monica D., 374 Jefferson Ave, Bn.. A E, BR; 11-1-20 Ryan, Olive, 207 W. 11th, Mn '. A Sp, WI; 2-16-20 Ryan, William J., 165 East 88th, Mn A H, Boys; (9-7-17; 10-15-17 Ryder, Mary E., 24 Rockrose PI., Forest Hills, L. I A E, Ntn; 2-13-19 Sabin, Daisy B., 2414 Creston Ave., Bx Lib A, EvC; 9-11-14 Sable, Amelia B., 560 W. 163d, Mn A E, HSC; (10-1-02) 9-10-20 Sackman, Esther B., 15 Martense Ct., Bn.. A Coml, WI; 5-1-11 Sackman, Gilbert R., IS Martense Ct., Bn.. A D, Stv; 9-9-10 Sachs, Felix, 1510 Greene Ave., Bn A M, Boys; 6-28-16 Sacks, Sarah Lifshitz (Mrs.), 2118 Vyse Ave., Bn A Coml, JR; 2-1-18 Sachs. William S., 447 E. 174th, Mn AM. Stv; 6-28-16 Safir, Shelley R., 230 E. 173d, Mn A B, Stv; 9-11-14 Saltzberg, Florence B., 1107 Forest Ave., Bx. A E, Wdl; (11-1-10) 10-2-11 Salzano. Francis F., 1336 Bay, Rosebank. S. I AM, DWC; 9-11-11 Sanborn, Mildred L., 200 Cathedral Park- way, Mn A E, JR; 9-8-16 Sandal, Caroline, 158 25th, Elmhurst, L. I. A E, JR; 2-1-15 Sanders, Edward I., 702 Avenue C W., Bn. A El NU; (11-3-13) 2-2-20 Sandman, Ida, 716 W. 180th, Mn A PT, WI; (3-27-94) 3-2-03 Sandry, Edna E., 80 Cambridge PI., Bn.... AD (Ch), Jam; 9-21-18 Sanford, Clarence H., 764 Weeks Ave., Bx. A App Mech, Steam & Elec, Stv; 9-11-11 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 213 Sanial, Marie L., Northport, L. I A B, Wdl; 2-9-99 (9-14-87 Santee, Eloise B., 1159 Dean, Bn AG, ED; 2-1-06 Saphier, Conrad J., 1062 Carrol, Bn A St Tp (Ch), BR; 2-3-13 Saul, Gertrude E., 429 9th Ave., Queens, L. I AG, Bry, 9-11-14 Saxton, Margaret D., 173 W. 81st, Mn A G, JR; 2-2-14 Sayre, J. Frank, Princeton, N. J A Cv, HSC; 10-1-19 Scales, Carrie L., 2053 7th Ave., Mn A PT, WI; (4-1-03) 11-1-06 Schaible, Godfrey C, 355 St. Johns PI., Bn. A G, MT; 2-1-07 Schabacker, Harold M., 219 Audubon Ave., Mn A Sp, Stv; 2-3-19 Schamus, John B., 2493 Valentine Ave., Bx. A El, EvC; (9-10-06) 2-3-13 Scharff, Violette E., Ill St. James PL, Bn. A F. BR; 9-8-05 Schatteles, Arthur, 2462 Valentine Ave.. Bx. A Coml, Ms; (4-8-12) 9-6-18 Schaumloeffel, John H., 2103 Ocean Ave., Bn Lab A. MT; 2-1-10 Schaumloeffel, Mildred B., 2103 Ocean Ave., Bn A B, Jam; (12-1-08) 11-3-13 Schawaroch, John T., 9 Medina PL, Elm- hurst, L. I A PT, Fig; 3-11-20 Scheib, Richard, 1167 Clay Ave., Bx P (Actg), TR; 9-9-12 Scheibe, Elizabeth, 50 Morningside Ave., Mn. A St Tp, Wdl; 9-11-11 Schenone, Adelaide L., 1923 Homecrest Ave., , - - _ Bn. A St Tp, EH; (11-1-07) 10-1-14 Scherer. Morris, 883 E. 176th, Mn A St Tp, TR; 4-1-19 Schilling, Helen, 170 Stratford Rd., Bn.... A PT, BR; 11-1-17 Schindler, Samuel, 205 McDonough, Bn A PT, Coml; (10-16-11) 2-1-lS Schlauch. William S., Hasbrouck Hts., N.J. 1AM (Ch), HSC; 9-11-05 (9-5-19) Schlesinger. Ethel, 275 Central Pk. W., Mn. CI A, JR; 9-5-17 Schlosberg, Samuel, 11 Lathers PL, New Ro- chelle N Y... A E, Ms; (10-21-01) 9-9-12 Schmidt, Cari G.. 246 Hancock, Bn A Mu (Ch), EH; 9-14-08 Schmidt, Clara H., 31 N. Bleecker, Mt. Ver- non N Y AC, DWC; 9-8-16 Schneider, A. Arthur, 2196 Dean. Bn A E, Bwk; (9-7-17) 9-6-18 Schoedde, Emma J., 1350 Fulton Ave., Bx. A F G. MS; 2-14-01 Schoenchen, Gustav G., 2240 Grand Ave.. Bx. A E. DWC; (11-1-10) 9-8-16 Schoenroch, Hedwig. 309 E. 162d. Mn A G, Ms; (4-1-99) 3-2-08 Schonert, Ida H., 12 Arion PL, Bn CI A, Coml: 9-18-19 Schottland, Max, 1176 President, Bn A Coml, GW; (2-2-14) 9-6-18 Schradieck, Helen E., 1319 Carroll, Bn.... A Sp G, Bwk; 10-1-09 Schrage, Dorothy M., 232 Amherst Ave., Ja- maica, L. I CI A, Tam; 12-12-18 Schreyer, Emma A., 10 Sherman Ave., Mn. A F, GW; 9-9-10 Schroeder, Anita L. (Mrs.), Douglaston BL, Douglaston. L. I A Sp, Bry; 2-1-10 Schryver, George O., 4 Smith, Mt. Kisco, N. Y A L, Boys; 9-5-13 Scoville, Florence M., 177 Woodruff Ave., Bn A E, EH; 9-12-98 Schuh, Elsa, 112 86th Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I A E, Fig; 2-1-21 Schulman, Herman, 826 Ritter PL, Bx A .PT, EvC; 3-15-20 Schulz. Bertha. 54 E. 122d, Mn A F. Wdl; (3-3-97) 2-104 Schuman, Samuel, 972 Tiffany, Bx A E, Stv; (4-4-04) 9-11-14 Schumer, Jacob H., 944 E. 14th, Bn A P, GirLs; (2-3-02) 9-10-06 Schuyler, Elmer, 87 71st, Bn 1AM (Ch), BR; (9-12-04) 9-9-12 Schwager, Harrv. 512 W. 158th, Mn A Coml, HSC; 2-5-17 Schwartz, Beatrice, 825 W. 179th, Mn A Sp, MT; 11-1-20 Schwartz, Edward E., 344 Wyona, Bn A G, MT; 9-9-12 Schwartz, Isidore A., 312 Haven Ave., Bx. A F, DWC; (11-2-14) 12-3-17 Schwartzenbach, Peter A., 143 W. 16th, Mn. A D, DWC; (9-10-06) 3-1-12 Schwarzkopf. Ernst. 342 79th, Bn A Forging, Stv; 2-3-13 Schwitzer. Myrtle. 1391 Madison Ave., Mn. CI A. HSC; 2-3-13 Scott, Alice B., 79 Washington PL, Mn A D. WI; 9-11-16 Scott, Cora A., 188 Wadsworth Ave.. Mn... A M, Ms; (9-9-01) 2-1-04 Scott. Izora, 2015 Bedford Ave., Bn A L, EH; 9-25-08 ScoTill, Florence M.. 177 Woodruff Ave.. Bn. A E. EH; 9-12-98 Scudder, John O., 115 S. 8th, Mt. Vernon, N. Y. A P, GW; 12-4-99 2-1-11 Scully. Teresa M., 81 Northern Ave.. Mn.. A St Tp, Ms; 2-1-12 Seamans, Mary A., 1236 Pacific, Bn A Coml Br, GComI: 11-1-07 Seaman. Mary E., 1236 Pacific, Bn A Sp G, Bwk; 3-2-08 Sears, Theresa C. (Mrs.), 203 17th. Bn A St Tp, GCor.il; 31-20 214 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Seeber, Elizabeth. 138 E. S4tli, Mn A G, Ntn; 10-2-11 Seidensticker, Clara, 65 Montrose Ave., So. Orange, N. J A Sp, Wdl; 9-12-97 Seipp, Anna M., 188 Claremont Ave., Bn.. A D, NU; 10-14-19 Selman, Frances, 231 Rutledge, Bn A M, MT; (11-1-17) 9-10-20 Sergent, Nellie B., 503 W. 121st, Mn A E, EvC; 10-2-16 Serota, Ruth. 727 E. ISSth, Mn A St Tp, TR; (10-2-03) 9-11-14 Sesso, Pauline M., 303 E. 161st, Bx 1 A Mod Lang. Wdl; (11-1-87) 9-12-98 (9-1-14) Seymour, Mary I., 627 E. 12th, Bn A E, GComl; 7-1-96 Shanholt, Henry H., 5 E. 106th, Mn A M, Stv; 4-1-19 Shanly. Mary E., 139 Madison Ave., Flush- S-'l |*'| (I-' ■•.'npj- — ing, L. I A E, Ntn; 5-8-11 Shapiro. Philip S., 209 Lee Ave., Bn A PT. Coml; 10-1-17 Shapiro, Sarah M. (Mrs.). 533 W. 156, Mn. A St Tp, WI; (4-1-07) 2-1-15 Sharpe, Barnet P., 18th Ave. and 86th, Bn. A NU, PT; (11-2-08) 111-13 Sharp. Eleanor, 110 Maurice Ave., Elmliurst, L. I A Coml, Ntn; 2-1-15 Sharp, Richard W., 142 St. Paul PI., Bn... A B, DWC; 2-1-07 Shaw. Adele M.. Forest Hills Inn, Forest Hills, L. I A E, Ntn; (7-1-94) 2-»-09 Shaw, Laura J. (Mrs.), 136 Fafayette Ave., Bn A St Tp, Bwk; 10-1-19 Shea, John, 259 Brooklyn Ave., Bn A St Tp. Coml; 3-1-09 Shean. Chauncy C. 1014 Eastern Pkway, Bn. A PT. Coml; 9-5-13 Shear, Alexander S., 1269 Morris Ave., Bx. A E, Stv; 11-1-20 Shearer, Robert J., 1320 Ave I. Bn A St Tp, Coml; 10-1-09 Sheely, Jane V., 180 Quincy, Bn A H, Girls; (9-14-03) 2-2-14 Shellard, Warren P., 308 Stratford Rd., Bn. A P, WI; (10-3-04) 10-9-14 Shepard, Bertha S.. 426 E. 26th, Mn A D, WI; (3-3-13) 9-11-14 Shepard, Oscar C, 400 W. 57th, Mn A St, HSC; 10-2-16 Sheridan, Gladys. 158 Gleane, Elmhurst, L. I. A E, Ntn; 11-3-19 Sherman, MartJia H., 540 W. 144th. Mn... CI A, Ms; 10-14-18 Sherman, Rose E., 143 E. 21st, Mn. A E, WI; 9-5-13 Sherwell, Luis M., 509 W. 146th, Mn A Sp, Stv; 2-5-17 Shimberg, Jeannette, 209 Rutledge, Bn AM, MT; (2-1-10) 4-8-12 Shirkas, Hyman, 124 Boerum, Bn A B, Coml; (11-2-14) 11-1-20 Shipley, James H., 453 W. 152d, Mn A St Tp. HSC; 10-3-01 Shipley, Joseph T.. Tuckahoe, N. Y A E, Stv; 2-1-15 Shirley, Minerva B., 247 73d. Bn A E, NU; 9-11-16 Shoudy, Theodore. Essex Falls, N. Y AD, HSC; 6-28-16 Shulman, Morris A., 55 St. Marks PL, Mn. A Coml WI; (11-1-99) 15-1-11 Shumway. Edgar S., 472 E. 18th, Bn 1 A L (Ch). MT; 9-9-01 (9-1-03) Siedler, Charles. 2316 Andrews Ave.. Bx A L, EvC; (2-8-09) 10-1-12 Siegel, Fred, Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y... A D, Haaren; 12-12-17 Silverman, Henry J.. S3 Orchard, Jamaica, L. 1 1 A PT (Ch), Jam; (3-1-06) 4-1-10 9-8-20 Silverman, Mollie, 796 E. 17Sth. Mn A St Tp, HSC; (4-13-14) 2-2-20 Silverstein, Nathan. 18 W. 107th, Mn A M, Stv; 5-1-07 Simon, Madelyn R., 314 11th Ave., Long Island Citv, L. I A FHD, Bry; 9-30-20 Simonpietrj. Marie L.. 279 Halsey, Bn A Sp, MT; (1-4-97) 2-3-19 Simmons, Kate C, 167 Joralemon, Bn A D, Girls; (9-9-01) 2-1-05 Simpson. Gertrude, 1570 E. 17th, Bn A St Tp. NU; (11-1-17) 10-1-19 Simpson, Julia. 1570 E. 17th, Bn AM, Coml; 2-3-19 Sindelar, Charles, Browdale Dr., Little Neck, L. I AM, Stv; (5-20-98) 10-1-09 Singer, Ray, 112 Hopkins, Bn A St Tp, Haaren; 2-1-21 Sipser, Emma H. (Mrs.), 114th St. near 7th Ave., Mn CI A. Wdl; 9-1 1-14 Skahan, Mary R., 147 E. 82nd, Mn A PT, JR; 4-1-08 (5-3-20) Skeele, Otis C, 21 Sycamore Ave.. Mt. Ver- non, N. Y A PT (Ch), Ms; 9-12-98 Skelton, Christine P., 252 Hancock, Bn A Cooking, Sewg. FR; (5-1-08) ' 9-11-16 Skilton, Clara M.. 52 Livingston. Bn A E, Bwk; 9-11-11 Skinner. Herbert C. 261 E. 201st, Bx A Sp. HSC; 2-1-10 Skinner, Mabel. 19 E. 95th, Mn A Cv (Ch), WI; (9-8-02) 9-16-07 Skipp, Francis E., 163 Eastern Pkway, Bn. A PT, Boys; 2-1-lS Slack, Earl B., 22 Cassilus Ave., Bronxville, N. Y A P (Ch Ph Sc). WI; 9-11-11 Slade, Una C, 459 Mt. Prospect Ave., New- ark, N. J A E, EH; 9-10-20 Slater. Florence W., 129 E. 10th, Mn A B, WI; 9-10-01 Slater, Henry B., 127 4th, Elmhurst, L. I. A Coml, Ntn; 3-7-07 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 215 Sleeth, Addie A., 400 W. 118th, Mn A Physiog, JR; 2-1-18 Slocum. Miriam F., 221 Eastern Pkway, Bn. A St Tp, GComl; 2-5-17 Smallheiser, Annette. 638 Lafayette Ave., Bn APT, ED; (4-1-07) 4-1-21 Smallheiser, Albert Lee, 90 Hart. Bn A H, Boys; (9-8-16) 9-10-17 Smerling, Frank A., 599 W. 190th, Mn A E, Stv; (9-9-10) 9-10-17 Smith, Anna H., 121 N. Maple Ave., East Orange, N. J A E, DWC; 9-11-99 Smith, Bernice C, 40 Morningside Ave., Mn. A D, TR; 9-7-17 Smith, Charles M., 131 Livingston, Bn A St Tp (Coord), Haarcn; 2-11-09 Smith, Donald E., 1974 University Ave., Bx. A H, Ms; 11-10-13 Smith. Edith I., 115 W. 96th. Mn A PT. JR; 12-18-11 Smith. Ernest E., 186 Maple. Bn 1 A H (Ch), MT; (9-10-06 (9-^-1/ . Smith, Ethel M., 147 W. 75th, Mn A Coml, JR; 2-1-18 Smith. Florence M., 428 Elizabeth, Inwood, N. Y A L, FR; 2-3-15 Smith, Frances A., 197 Gates Ave., Bn A E, WI; 11-3-13 Smith. Franklin H.. 414 W. 120th, Mn A H, Wdl; 2-25-07 Smith, Frederick, 226 Bement Ave., W. New Brighton. S. I A Coml. JR; (11-1-06) 10-15-17 Smith, Georgina M.. 75 McDonough, Bn... A F, WI; 10-1-09 Smtih. Harriet K., 2674 Valentine Ave.. Bx. A St Tp, EvC; 9-12-97 (10-1-94) Smith. Harry D., 412 E. 33d, Paterson, N. J A Ace & Bus Pr, JR; (2-5-17) 5-3-20 Smith. Herbert O., 146 Fenimore, Bn A C, DWC; 2-2-14 Smith, Isabelle F., 941 Intervale Ave., Ex.. A Coml, JR; (12-1-03) 9-8-16 Smith, James V., 84 Grove. Mn A PT. EH; (2-1-10) 2-2-20 Smith, J. Clarence, 430 4th, Bn A L (Chg An), MT; 9-11-05 Smith, Joseph H.. 75 McDonough, Mn A Sp, WI; 2-23-09 Smith. L. Brewster, 97 Vista PI., Mt. Ver- non, N. Y AM, HSC; 5-8-11 Smith, Louise, 59 Downing, Bn A L, Bwk; 12-14-11 Smith, Luella G. (Mrs.), 1974 University Ave.. Bx A Mu Ms; 2-1-15 Smith. M. Helen, 514 Sth. Bn A B, MT; 2-5-06 Smith. Mabel P., 434 W. 120th, Mn A E, Ms: 2-2-14 Smith, Madeleine W., 205 St. Johns PI., Bn. A PT. EH; (2-1-10) 2-2-20 Smith, Marguerite, 1 W. 69th, Mn A B, DWC (9-14-09) 91 6-10 Smith, Mary L.. 470 W. 166th. Mn A Cv. ED; (11-3-19) 3-1-20 Smith, Maude F.. 619 W. 127th, Mn A Cooking (Ch Dom Sc), Wdl; (11-1-04) 2-2-14 Smith, Myrtle A., 161 Emerson PI., Bn A C, Bwk; 4-28-15 Smith, Natalie A., 97 Kenmore PI., Bn A E, EH; 9-5-13 Smith, Ruth W., 144 E. 22d, Mn A PT (Ch), BR; 10-1-14 Smith. Seymour L., Hastings - on - Hudson, N. Y A Mach Shop, Stv; 9-12-10 Smith. Violet E.. 1527 Union, Bn A FHD, WI; 9-30-20 Smith, Walter M., 8 Church. Paterson, N. J. A Wood Turning, Stv; 2-1-07 .Smith, W. Palmer, 330 E. 19th, Bn 1 A El (Ch), Boys; 2-1-06 (2-2-20) Snider, Annie M., 431 W. 121st, Mn A E, WI; 3-24-13 Snow. Ella M.. 420 W. 119th. Mn A F. Bry; 11-12-09 Snow. Minnie R.. 386 4th. Bn A M. MT: 10-1-09 Snow. Rose, 49 E. 123d, Mn A PT, EvC; 2-5-17 Snvder, Horace M., 863 E. 18th. Bn P, MT; (9-7-10) 4-16-17 Sohon, Michael D.. 1334 Chisholm, Bx 1 A Ph Sc (Ch C), Ms; 9-12-97 (12-1-13) Soloman, Charles. 88 Linden Ave., Bn A M, MT: (2-4-04) 9-22-08 Solomon, Augustine H., 89 Linden Ave., Bn. CI A, Girls; 2-2-20 Solomon. Michael, 1327 Bristow, Bx A L, DWC; 2-1-10 Solon, Sarah R. (Mrs.), 43 Washington Sq.. Mn A St Tp, TR ; 6-28-1 6 Sommerfield, Alfred, 560 W. 144th, Mn A Coml, WI; 3-1-12 Sonnenthal. Pauline. 2122 Anthony Ave., Bx. A St Tp, JR; (3-1-12) 11-1-17 Soule. Bertha L., Hotel St. George. Bn . . . . A L, MT; 9-11-05 Southwell. Etta E., 161 Emcr.'=on PI., Bn... A B. Bwk: 9-28-10 Sprague. Clarence H., 1827 E. IS. Bn A FHD, HSC; 3-1-10 Sparke, Minnie E.. 2173 Bedford Ave., Bn. A G. EH; 9-14-03 Spear, Alice B. (Mrs.), 2720 Creston Ave., '^ Bx CI A, Ms; (6-2-19) 2-2-20 Spear. Dorothy A., 2720 Cre.'^ton Ave., Bx.. A E. EvC: 9-11-14 Spector. Thomas. 534 W. 152. Mn A D, DWC: (11-2-14) 9 7-17 Spencer, Elizabeth. IS W. 12th. Mn A Cooking. Wdl; (10 3-10) 2-17-19 Spencer. Mary. 1062 Sterling. Bn AD, Girls; (2-1-00) 9-907 Sper, Felix, 1233 St. Johns PI., Bn A E, Stv; (11-3-13) 11-5-17 216 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Speyer, Henrietta L.. 1662 Boston Rd., Bx. A St Tp, Bry; (11-2-08) 2-16-20 Sperling, Harry, 391 Marlboro Rd., Bn A PT, ED; (12-3-06) 3-2-08 Spier, Doris J., SIS W. Ill, Mn A B, Wdl; 9-11-14 Spivack, Louis B., 1450 Linson PL, Far Rockaway, L. I AM. DWC; 4-4-20 Sprague, Clarence H., 1827 E. ISth, Bn... A FHD (Ch), HSC; 3-1-10 Sprague, Harold C, 10020 Garrison, HolKs, ^ L.I A P (Adm). Boys; 2-3-15 Sprague, Laura E., 580 E. 21st, Bn A H, EH; 9-13-97 Squires, Martha U. (Mrs.). 25 McDonough, Bn A G, Bwk; 12-18-11 Stableford, Richard G., 8 Poplar, Bn CI A, Stv; 2-S-17 Stacey, Sidney G., 177 Woodruff Ave., Bn. A L, EH; 1-31-98 Stagen, Ruth M., 459 Bement Ave., West New Brighton. S. I A E, Curtis; 9-11-14 Stahl. George F., 2804 Pond PL, Bx 1 A Mech Arts (Ch Wood Wkg). StahL Ida M., 152 Lincoln PL, Bn A ComlVchg An),%V;%^8-lV^^ Stager, Selda, 101 E. 78th, Mn A St Tp, Bry: (11-1-09) 2-16-20 Stamm, Caroline L., 25 N. 7th Ave., Mt. yernon. N. Y. A Cv G, EvC; 2-2-14 Stanford, James H., 192 Bradhurst Ave., Mn. A Wood Trng, Stv; (10-1-14) 2-1-15 Stannard, J. Ellis, 3111 Beverly Rd., Bn... A P, Boys; 9-9-12 Stanton, Anna E., 283 Parkside Ave., Bn... A B, Bwk; 10-2-11 Stapff, Hetta, 7 Guyon Ave., Oakwood Hts., N. Y A G, AF, Curtis; 9-5-13 Stapleton, Christopher R., 321 E. 200th, Bx. A E, EvC; 2-1-10 Stark, Henry, 6 41st, Corona. L. I A Milling & Bldg Const, Stv; ^ , ,„ (11-1-16) 9-10-20 Starkey, Warren L., 464 E. 26th, Bn 1 A BkKpg (Ch ComI), Jam; 9-13-97 (9-1-11) Starratt, Rosa M., 419 W. 121st, Mn A E, JA; 9-8-16 Stauff, John H.. 35 Bentley, Tottenville, S. I. A H, DWC; (9-10-17) 9-6-lS Stebbins. Charles M., 1427 Union, Bn A E, EH; 2-2-03 Steers, Edna L., 1251 Pacific, Bn A B, Girls; 11-1-06 Steigman, Benjamin, 169 Columbia Hts., Bn. A E, Stv; 9-11-11 Steinecke, Jeannette A., 55A Lynch, Bn A St Tp, Girls; 2-1-15 Steinert, John B., Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y. A Wood Trng, Stv; (12-1-98) 9-9-07 Steinmets, William G.. 8928C 116th, Rich- mond Hill, L. I A Com], RH; 9-8-16 Steeneck, Adelheit M., SO Bank, Mn A M, Fig; 2-18-20 Steigman, Max, 427 ISth, Bn A C, Boys; 4-7-20 Stepanek, Beatrice, 610 W. 116th, Mn A L. ED; 2-1-06 Stephens, Walter L., 39 Woodland Ave., Rockville Centre, L. I A Cv, Stv; 11-3-19 Stern, Regine, 434 7th, Bn A F G, MT; 9-9-01 Sternberg, George. 501 W. 143d, Mn AS, Coml; (3-2-98) 11-1-09 Stetson, Sophie M., 851 West End Ave., Mn. A Ace & Bus Pr, TR; 9-11-16 Stevens, Henry J., 156 W. 128th, Mn A L, DWC; (10-10-98) 11-3-13 StCTcns, William S., 33 Arden PL, Yonkers, N. Y AM, Bwk; 9-11-99 Stevenson, Beulah E., 178 Emerson PL. Bn. A D, Girls; (9-9-07) 10-1-09 Stevenson. Christian R. 1 N. Wertland Ave., Queens, L. I A Cv, RH; (3-1-OS) 2-2-20 Stevenson, Florence J. (Mrs.), 2860 Cres- ton Ave., Bx A Sewg & Dressmkg, FR; (9-6-12) 9-6-18 Stevenson, Helen G., 136 2nd Ave., New- ark, N. J AH, WI; 9-10-20 Stevenson, J. Allison, 876 Lincoln PL, Bn.. A L, Boys; 6-28-16 Stewart, Charles A., 8524 111th, Richmond Hin, L. I A Coml (Chg An), RH; 9-12-04 Stewart, Effie F., Sound Beach, Conn A L, Ms; 2-1-06 Stiebritz, Elsie, 419 9th Ave., Astoria, L. I. A PT, WI; (4-1-07) 11-1-17 Stieg, Fern, 1109 Amsterdam Ave., Mn A PT (Ch), TR; 9-5-13 Stiles, Ethel A., 1236 Clay Ave., Bx A E. WI; 2-10-20 Stilson, William E.. 8438 113th, Richmond Hill, L. I AM, RH; 9-12-04 St. John, Emily P., 578 E. 21st, Bn A E, EH; 9-11-05 St. John, Robert P., 815 E. 14th, Bn 1 A E (Ch), Coml; 2-1-00 (1-1-06) Stocker, John H., 197 East 17th, Bn 1 A PSc (Ch), EH; 4-8-95 (2-5-17) Stockton, J. Lewis, 248 Stratford Rd.. Bn.. A Cv H Ec (Ch Cv), EH; (2-14-01) 9-9-12 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 217 Stoll, Louise A. (Mrs.), 164 Parkside Ave., Bn A M, EH; 10-2-11 Stolper, Benjamin J. R., 101 S. 10th, New- ark, N, J A E, Stv; 9-10-20 Stone, Bertha R., 317 W. 95th, Mn A St Tp. WI; 4-8-12 Stone, Katharine VV., 365 Monroe, Bn A L, EH; (9-8-OS) 2-8-09 Stone, Limond C, 148 Putnam Ave., Bn A M, Boys; 10-3-01 Stone, Lulu M., 1433 Union, Bn A E, Girls; 9-9-95 Stone, Mabel, 7 A. Locust Ave., Port Wash- ington, L. I ^ A Cooking, MT; (10-6-96) 4-3-03 Stone, Mary M.. 404 Ocean Ave., Bn A M. EH; (2-4-98) 2-1-99 Stone, Maudie L., 525 5th, Bn A Cv PT, MT; 912-04 Stone, Wilmer T., 210 W. 84th, Mn A E, DWC; 2-5-17 Storer, Henry A., 333 Brevoort, Richmond Hill, L. I A St Tp, RH; (1-2-02) 4-1-19 Story, Helen M., 251 E. Kingsbridge Rd.. Bx. A Cooking, Ms; (9-10-06) 2-1-10 Stotler, Albert, Forest Hills, L. I A Wood Trng. Stv; (12-3-06) 2-8-09 Strahs, Jacob, 1740 77th, Bn CI A, NU; 9-8-20 Strasburger, Bertha, 55 W. 9Sth, Mn A M. Wdl; (1-1-90) 9-11-99 Stratford, Aline C, 165 Clinton Ave., Bn... A E. ED; 2-1-00 Stratton, William ., 245 Westminster. Rd.Bn. A PT, EH; (9-6-12) 2-1-18 Strauss, Joseph B., 194 E. 76th. Mn A El, Boys; (S-lS-14) 10-1-20 Strauss, Julius, 441 Durham Ave., Mt. Ver- non, N. Y A PT, Ms; (2-14-10) 9-9-10 Strayer, Franklin R., 11 Primrose Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y A P, Ms; 9-14-03 Streeper, Amanda, 3 E. Elm, Norristown, Pa A H, WI; 2-10-20 Strelitz, Hattie M., 700 W. 178th, Mn A St Tp. JR; (10-7-01) 11-3-19 Strom. Carl A. W., 446 74th, Bn AM. EH; (4-4-04) 9-5-13 Strom, Nathan, 916 Stebbins Ave., Bx A Ace & Bus Pr, Ms; (9-7-06) 2-4-20 Strong, William M., 141 Buckingham Rd., Yonkers, N. Y A L. EvC; 9-12-98 Strum, Nellie A., 105 E. ISth, Mn A E, Ms; 3-1-04 Strumpf, Harold A., 857 Crotona PI., N. Bx. A St Tp, Ms; (10-3-04) 2-5-17 Stryker. Russell F., 1121 Bedford Ave., Bn. A L, Boys; 9-8-16 Stumpf, Gustav A., 31 Jerome, Bn A E, Boys; (10-3-04) 9-10-20 Sugarman. Arthur M., 556 W. 140, Mn A St Tp, JR; (12-1-02) 9-9-12 Sullivan, Bessie, 292 Clermont Ave., Bn A E, M. Girls; 9-9-01 Sullivan, Mary, 292 Clermont Ave., Bn A M, ED: 9-12-04 Sultan, Pauline M., 675 E. 170th, Mn A Ace & Bus Pr, TR; (12-1-10) 2-18-19 Sunderland, Florence. 423 W. 120th, Mn... A E, GW; 9-9-10 Supnik, Henry F., 702 Ave C, Bn A E, Com!; (3-9-00) 2-5-17 Supplee, Mary F., 1224 Pacific, Bn A B, GComl; 2-1-21 Surrey, Frank M., 593 Riverside Dr., Mn... 1 A (Adm) PSc, Ms; 9-9-10 (9-8-20) Swann, Harvey J., 57 Gates. Bn A F, Boys; 9-7-17 Swanson, Minnie I., 31 Windsor PI., Bn... A E. BR; (9-8-05) 9-10-20 Swanton, Richard L., 245 Adelphi. Bn A H, Boys; 2-1-15 Swartout. Caroline H., 839 W. 179th, Mn... A G, Ms; 9-8-03 Swartz, Sidney A., 1615 Union, Bn A E. Stv; (4-3-14) 2-5-17 Swarzenbach, Peter A., 133 E. 73d, Mn A FHD, DWC; (9-10-05) 3-1-12 Sweeney, Helen M., 1360 University Ave., Bx A E, Wdl; (9-1-84) U-9-97 Swenson, Celeste C. 87 Locust, Flushing, L. I A L, Ntn; 3-18-07 Swenson, John A., 204 Park Ave., Leonia, N. J 1 A M (Ch), Wdl; 3-1-05 )9-9-14) Swenson. Mary E., 5 Elm PL, Flushing, L.7. A Sp, Bwk; 9-11-14 Swett, Carolyn P., 677 W. 204th, Mn A B, GW; 3-2-03 Swick, Mary S.. 54 S. Parsons Ave., Flush- ing, L. I AD, Fig; (9-10-01) 10-2-11 Syms, Louis C, 11J4 E. 87th, Mn A F, Wdl; 9-12-97 Taintor, S. Augusta, 70 Morningside Dr., Mn A E, TR; 6-28-16 Talbot, A. May, 8603 104th, Richmond Hill, L. I AM, RH: 9-14-08 Tanz, Louis. 1774 Bryant Ave., Bx A Coml, GW; (9-8-11) 9-11-16 Tanzer, Edith P., 308 W. 82d, Mn Q A, Bry; 2-1-15 Tasch, Ulysses S., 965 Hoe Ave., Bx A Coml. Ms; (11-1-07) 9-7-17 218 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Tausk, Alfred M., 1851 7Sth, Bn A G, Boys; 2-1-10 Taylor, Arthur M., 103 Montague, Bn A Mu (Ch), Bwk: ai-11-091 ^-1 1? Taylor. Edward F., Fishkill, HolHs, L. I... AH, Coml- 9-10-00 Taylor, Harold E., 10234 88th Ave., Rich- mond Hill, L. I A MD, MT, 1 1-1-20 Taylor, Jane I., 53 W. 126th, Mn A H, Wdl; (10-6-84) 2-9-99 Taylor, Jeannette S., 196 Columbia Hts.. Bn. A E, Girls; 3-2-08 Taylor, Louis, 501 Willard Ave., Wood- T i^^^'T/ ^- \ -WW V^,---^ ^ ^°' ^T; (12-18-13) 12-15-19 Taylor, Marion L., 34 Monroe PL, Bn AG, EH- 9-14-08 Taylor, Miriam L., 67 W. 126th, Mn A M, Wd'l; 9-12-98 Taylor, Nettie, 770 Halsey, Bn A E MT- 10-10-98 Tea, Mary A., 75 W. 92d, Mn A F, EvC; (12-4-05) 2-5-17 Teeter, Charles H., 683 E. 14th Bn 1AM (Chg An), Coml; 9-8-01 Tefft. Mary E. B.. 186 S. Columbus Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y A Physiog, Wdl; 12-5-00 Tennant, George B., 3 Heights Ter., Ridge- wood, N. J A E, Stv; 10-1-09 Tenrosen, Daniel, 8 W. 119th, Nn A H, JR; (11-2-14) 9-5-19 Terral, Lillian A., 513 5th, Bn A Sewg. MT; (9-14-96) 9-25-08 Tewksbury, Carl H., 963 Sheridan Ave., Bx. A B. Coml; 3-10-20 Thayer, Annie M., 373 W. 116th. Mn Lib A, Bry; 10-17-04 Thoma, Wilhelmina M., 379 Weirfield, Bn.. A E El, GComl; 3-1-20 Thomas, Anita, 140 Claremont Ave., Mn A Sp, HSC; 6-28-16 Thomas, Guy R., 443 73d, Bn A P (Ch P Sc), NU; 2-15-15 Thomas, Harley H., 360 Halsey. Bn A PT (Ch), RH; (9-15-10) 9-8-16 Thomas, Harrison C, 46 Barrows, Mn A H, DWC; 11-3-13 Thompson, Ann C, 52 Irving PI., Mn A PT, WT; 9-11-14 Thompson, Annie S., 314 W. 106th, Mn A H, EvC; 9-1-99 Thompson, Arthur H., 387A McDonough. Bn AM, Boys; 6-28-16 Thompson, Burt M., 622 48th, Bn A Coml, Coml; 4-29-18 Thompson, Christina M., 541 Lexington Ave., ^, Mn A Sewg, WI; 2-5-03 Thompson, Dora R., 26 Clifford Ave., Pel- hamwood, N. Y Adm A E, WI; 9-9-10 Thompson, Kirk W.. 54 Columbia Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I A P (Ch P Sc), Jam; 9-10-06 Thompson, Lucy I., 172 Macon, Bn AH, Bwk; (12-1-10) 2-2-14 Thompson, Martha, Morsemere, N. J A B, Ms; (9-12-04) 3-1-09 Thompson, Miriam A., 266 83d, Bn A Mu, BR; 9-7-17 Thorndike, Mildred L., 251 W. 261. Bx A E, EvC; 11-3-13 Thorburn, Harriette P. (Mrs.), 80 Edgecomb Ave.. Mn A B, WI; (4-3-11) 2-2-14 Thorne, Frederick, 20 Sanford Ave.. Flush- ing, L. I A Man Trng, Fig; (9-14-08) 2-2-14 Thorp, Benjamin H., 99 Madison Ave., Flushing, L. I A E, Jam; 9-1-98 Thun, Irene M., 108 7th Ave., Bn Lab A P C, MT; 2-2-20 Tibbetts. William F., 8 Sherman Ave., Rose- bank, S. 1 1 A Class Lang (Adm A). Curtis; 9-9-01 (2-5-17) Tietz, John W., 9441 Church, Richmond Hill, L. I A B, DWC; 9-14-14 Tildsley, John L., Spuyten Duyvil. Bx Dist Supt. BofE; 9-12-98 (10-1-06) (12-14-08) (10-24-16) (8-11-20) Tilley, Lydia L., 611 W. 156th, Mn A G, Ms; 10-2-11 Timmerman, Charles E., 269 N. Grove, E. Orange, N. J 1 A P (Chg An). DWC; 9-11-99 (2-1-10) Timmerman, Ruth D., 511 6th, Bn AH, Tarn; 11-1-20 Tindall. Glenn M., 223 Riverside Dr., Mn. A Mn,"NU; 2-14-21 Tobin. James L.. 505A Kosciusko, Bn A H, Coml; (11-27-99) 9-9-12 Tobin. Kate H., 424 Senator, Bn A Sp, BR; (4-5-20) Tobin, Lauretta M., 312 W. 109th, Mn A Ace & Bus Pr, TR; (2-5-17) 2-17-19 Tompkins,, Elizabeth M., 134 Linden Ave., Bn A B, EH; 11-1-09 Topp, Emily, 122 Manhattan Ave., Mn A B, JR: (2-1-10) 9-15-13 Tortora, Albert, 354 Garritson Ave., S. I. Lab A, DWC; 9-5-13 Townsend, Arthur M., 412 E. Dudley Ave., Westfield, N. J A L. EH; 4-8-12 Townsend, Charles W., 1133 E. 39th St. Bn. A Coml, Coml; 4-8-12 Tracy, Edwin S., 305 E. 161st, Bx 1 A Mu (Ch), Ms; 9-12-04 (2-9-20) ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 219 Tracy, Howard M., 403 Oakland Ave., W. New Brighton, S. 1 1 A Ace & Coml Law (Ch), Cur- tis; 9-7-06 (2-3-13) (2-2-20) Tracy, Mary L., 106 Morningside Dr., Mn. A E, EvC; 9-S-13 Trask. Thomas C, 1081 Park PI., Bn 1 A H & Cv (Ch), Coml; 9-11-99 (2-1-10) Trautvetter, Ida, 250 W. SSth, Mn AG (Co-ord), Haaren; (9-9-01) 3-2-03 Traynor, John, 802 Halsey, Bn AM. Ntn; 3-3-19 Treadwell, Flora G., 294 Cumberland, Bn... A PT, Girls; 9-1-97 Tredick, Helen F., 128 Linden Ave., Bn... A B, EH; 9-9-10 Trench. Ruth, 1815 Newkirk Ave., Bn A E, EH; 9-5-13 Trent, Lewis, 150 E. 178th, Mn A St Tp, WI; (12-1204) 9-22-08 Tressler, Jacob C, 115 Pembroke PI., Kew Gardens, L. 1 1 A E (Ch), Ntn; 2-15-09 (9-1-14) Trosten, Sophie, 688 Dawson, Bx A F, DWC; 2-2-20 Trostler, Emil, 65 New York Ave., Bn AD, Coml; 2-8-09 Trowbridge, Cornelia, 351 W. 14th, Mn A B, ED; 4-1-09 Trowbridge. Cornelia R., 106 E. 52d. Mn... A E, GW; 2-1-11 Tschudy, Vera A.. 138 W. 120th, Mn A Sp, Ms; 10-17-18 Tucker, Charles R., 13 Greene Ave., Bn A P. MT; 3-25-01 Tuerck, William B., 221 Myrtle Ave., Flush- ing, L. I A Coml Br, Fig; 2-1-18 . Tufts, Anne B., Spuvten Duyvil, Bx A E, WI; 9-11-11 Turner, Eva G., 426 Halsey, Bn A Coml, GComI; (10-1-02) 2-4-18 Turner, Kate E., Hotel Wodostock, Mn P, BR; (10-1-88) 2-1-97 (1-1-12) (11-19-17) Tuthill, Dorothy P., 301 Lafayette Ave., Bn. Lab A B. DWC; 3-15-20 Tuthill, Mary E., 625 Rugby Rd., Bn A D, MT; (9-9-01) 2-2-14 Tuttle, Edith M., 267 Hamilton Ave., Pater- son, N. J A E. WI; (9-14-03) 9-18-05 Twamley. Edna, 639 Walton Ave., Bx A E, Ms; 2-1-18 Tweedy, Grace B., 1 W .64th, Mn A F, Wd! ; 9-14-03 Tweedy, Mary M., 930 West End Ave., Mn. A B, Wdl; 10-1-14 u Uhlig, William C, 191 N. Clinton. East Orange. N. J AC, Stv; 9-12-10 Ullman, Edgar A., 215 Ridgewood PI., Glen- dale, L. I CI A, Stv; 4-1-19 Ullman, Selma, 65 Hamilton Terrace, Mn.. A St Tp, JR; 10-1-19 Underbill, Mary, 87 Hamilton PI., Mn A M (Chg An). JR; 2-10-02 Underwood, Elizabeth, 602 W. 146th, Mn... A M, Wdl; 9-12-04 Unger, Gertrude N., 2805 Ft. Hamilton Park- way, Bn A St Tp. ED; 9-5-13 Urdang, Harry, 531 W. ISlst, Mn A E, Coml; 9-9-10 Valentine, Anne E., 25 Monroe PI., Bn A E. Fig; 9-11-16 Valentine, Cornelius I., 318 Barclay, Flush- ing, L. I A Mu, Ntn; 4-13-14 Valentine. Morris C., S Maxwell Ave., Ja- maica, L. L A B (Ch Sc). RH; 9-9-01 (2-23-09) Van Dam, Emanuel F., 138 Westervelt Ave., New Brighton, S. I A PT, HSC; 2-1-18 Van Deusen, Edwin W., Hollis, L. I A Coml, Jam; 9-9-07 Van Dusen, Eldon M., 43 State, Far Rock- „ , . „, away. L. I 1 A St Tp (Ch), FR; 9-14-03 ^ (2-2-20) Van Duyn, Evelyn, 567 W. 173d, Mn Lab A B, ED; 9-10-20 Van Houten, Charles M., 461 Diamond Ave., , „ „ „, Woodhaven, L. I A Coml, Coml; 9-10-06 Van Olinda, James E., 46 St. Johns PI., Bn. A Mu, MT; (9-1-93) 9-14-08 Van Santvoord, Alice G. (Mrs.), 244 So. ^, . ^ ^ „ , , „, Broadway, Yonkers, N. Y CI A, EvC; 9-14-03 Van Tuyl, George H., 71 Clinton PI.. Bx... A Coml, EvC; (9-11-98) 2-1-10 Van Vliet, Jessie L., 405 W. 118th, Mn.... A L Gr Wdl; 4-1-98 Varney, Grace D., 430 W. HSth, Mn .... A Sp, EH; 9-10-20 Vaughan, Henry J., 114 Bainbndge, Bn... A E, Coml; (9-11-01) 2-2-20 Vedder, Estella M., Flatbush Ave. and E. 34th. Bn A B, EH; 9-8-02 220 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Vermilya, Mabel, 115 W. 96th, Mn A M, EvC; (11-1-07) 2-3-13 Vieillard, J. Frank, 1147 Woodhaven Ave., ^ ^ o lo Woodhaven, LI A Mach Shop Pr, Stv; 10-1-19 Vincent, Charlotte M., 53 E. 88tli, Mn A G, Bry: 9-11-97 Vlymen, Wililam T., 379 Front, Hempstead, TT hJ^c ■,• • • V • •;^ ••;- ••••: p, ed; (11-8-86) (2-1-00) Vogt, Charles A., 60 Franconia Ave., Flush- ing, L. I A Joinery, Woodwkg & Pattern Mkg (Ch). Bry; (12-1-98) 2-25-09 Volckhausen, William, 433 W. 162d, Mn... A Coml (Ch), DWC; (3-8-00) 9-9 10 Volentme, Mary F., 1140 Pacific, Bn A L. EH; 1-31-02 von Nardroff, Ernest R., 397 Madison, Bn.. P, Stv; 9-13-97 (11-2-08) Voorhees, Sophia, Tower Villa, Richmond ,7 J^'";^A,^-, A L (Ch), RH; 9-1-98 Vosburgh, Charles H., 11709 SSth Ave., Rich- mond Hill, L. I p, Jam; 9-1-96 (1-1-12) (1-22-19) w Wagenschutz, Anna L., 64 Montague, Bn... A S. ED; 9-10-00 Wane, Charlotte A., 419 W. 119th, Mn.... A Sewg (Ch), JR; 9-5-13 Wakeman, Susan E., 121 Bainbridge, Bn... A L, Girls; 12-2-01 Waldman, Mark, 631 E. 168th, Bx A Sp, EvC; (11-2-03) 2-1-05 Walker, Claude F., 75 Downing, Bn 1 A P So (Ch P), Boys; 9-12-04 (10-15-14) Walker, Ruth N., 96 Winthrop, Bn A B, EH; 9-12-10 Wallace, C. Earl, 66 Vermilyea Ave., Bx... A D, HSC; 9-8-16 Wallace, William C, 29 Howard Parkway, ,,, , New Rochelle, N. Y A Coml, WI; 10-1-14 Waller, Phoebe M., S3 Washington Sq., Mn.N A E, WI; 11-3-13 Walsh, John v., 570 W. 191st. Bx A St Tp, Ms; (11-1-05) 4-9-17 Walter, M. Louise, 136 W. 120th, Mn A Sewng & Dressmkg, JR; (4-21-97) 3-1-12 Walthall, Margaret V., 110 Bidwell Ave., Jersey City, N. J Lab A B, Curtis; 2-2-20 Walton, Georgiana C, 497 4th, Bn A M, MT; 9-11-OS Waltz, G. Edward. 149 Congress, Bn A Coml, Coml; 9-9-07 Ward, Ada W., 76 Herriman Ave., Jamaica, L- I A EI, Jam; 9-11-05 Ward, Grace F., 512 W. 122d, Mn A H, Wdl; 9-5-19 Warner, Elma L., 230 Fenimore, Bn A PT, EH; (9-9-01) 9-11-05 Warner, Frederica, 541 Lexington Ave., Mn. A E, WI; 2-5-17 Warner, Margaret B., 218 Hancock, Bn A H, ED; 6-28-16 Warr, F. Louise, 308 W. 82d, Mn A G (Adm), WI; (1-2-01) 2-11-07 Warren, James P., 1525 Union. Bn A E, ED; 2-2-03 Warschauer, Josephine, 166 E. 67, Mn A M, DWC; (11-3-13) 12-2-18 Washburn, S. Annette, 51 E. 87th, Mn A D, WI; (10-23-11) 9-11-14 Waters, Anna M, 320 W. 117th, Mn A Ec, Bry; (12-16-18) 9-5-19 Waterbury, Nellie M.. 519 W. 121, Mn... A Ace & Bus Pr, GComl; 2-1-21 Watkins, Julia C, 262 W. 77th, Mn A F, JR; 6-28-16 Watrous, Louise E., 176 Sterling PL, Bn,. A M, BR; 2-16-14 Watson, Alice D., 234 78th, Bn AH. ED; (9-6-92) 10-1-09 Watson, Mary H., 117 W. 58th, Mn A E, DWC; 9-11-05 Watters, T. Dorothy, IS Arlington Ave., Bx. A PT, EvC; 2-1-05 Watters, Edith, 445 7Sth, Bn A PT, EH; 11-1-17 Waxer, Madeline, 61 Riverside Dr., Mn A Ace & Bus Pr, JR; 9-6-18 Way, Mary J., 1284 Pacific, Bn AH, Girls; 7-3-90 Wayave, Leon J., 564 E. 9th, Bn 1 A H (Ch), Coml; 10-1-03 (2-5-17) Wayt, Hazel I., 161 Franklin, Astoria, L. I. A E, JR; 9-10-20 Weaver, Robert L., 426 E. 16th, Bn A M, BR; 9-1-1-14 Webster, Sara E., 620 W. 116th, Mn A D, WI; 2-1-06 Weberman. Benjamin, 238 Rivington, Mn.. A F, EH; 4-19-20 Wechsler, Philip D., 1036 Intervale Ave., Bx. A E, EvC; (11-2-14) 2-5-lS Wedge, Alfred H., 701 W. 178, Mn A L DWC; 11-3-10 Weed, Henry T., 1298 Dean, Bn 1 A Sc (Co-ord), WI, Haaren; 9-4-94 (5-21-00) Weed, Marguerite, 21 E. 198th, Bx A E, TR; 2-3-19 Weeks, Marion I., 511 8th, Bn A El (Ch), BR; (2-1-10) 4-8-12 Weill, Blanche A., 8 Van Nest PL, Bx A PT, JR; (11-1-07) 2-1-18 Weiner, Meyer, 5617 12th, Bn AM (Ch), NU; 6-28-16 Weinstein, Israel L., 701 W. 177th, Mn A B, Ms; 2-1-lS Weinstein, Reuben, 403 E. S2d, Mn A Coml, HSC; (S-1-08) 9-11-16 Weinstock, George J., 570 E. 143d, Mn CI A, Stv; 9-8-16 Weirich, Majorie C, 1819 Church Ave., Bn. A E, EH; (11-1-07) 2-S-17 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 221 Weiser, Samuel, 787 Crotona Pk. N., Bx... A St Tp, EvC; 2-1-10 Weiss, Alma E. (Mrs.), 61 E. 59th, Mn A G, VVI; (11-1-09) 12-1-09 Weiss, Mary T., 718 Westchester Ave.. Bx. A Coml, Ms; (4-13-14) 2-17-19 Weiss, Morris E., 160 W. 119th St., Mn... A Ace & Bus Pr. Coml; (10-21-01) 9-10-20 Weiss, Rose E, 16S1 Washington Ave., Mn. A M, ED; (2-1-15) 9-8-16 Weizenhoffer, Max, 305 W. 150th, Mn A St Tp, Ms; (12-4-05) 9-5-19 Welch, Alberta M., 153 E. 71st, Mn 1 AM (Ch), Bry; 9-14-03 (9-1-14) Welkowitz, Samuel, 294 E. 3d, Mn AM, Stv; 2-2-20 Waller, Ethel E. C, 109 S. Broadway, White Plains, N. Y A Sewg. JR; (11-1-07) 11-1-17 Welling, Florence E., 160 Claremont Ave., Mn A El, DWC; 9-8-19 Wellington, Guy, 117 Jefferson Ave.. Bn... A PT, Boys; 2-1-18 Welle, Mildred A., 14 Butler PI., Bn AH, WI; 9-5-19 Wells, Nellie E., 103 Maurice Ave., Elm- hurst, L. I AG, Ntn; (11-15-07) 4-1-09 Wellwood, Elizabeth, 1236 Pacific, Bn A El, ED; (10-7-01) 2-3-13 Welsh, Edith E.. 335 W. 29th, Mn A El, WI; (11-3-02) 3-1-15 Wendel, Mary M A PT, Bry; 9- -99) 4-1-21 Wendell, May G., ^81 Edgecomb Ave.. Mn.. A G, JR; 9-12-13 Wendt, Cordelia, 226 Garfield PL, Bn 1 A E (Ch), Girls; 10-21-01) 5-1-02 1 (1-1-12) Wessa, Ida, 610 W. 116th, Mn A L (Ch), WI; 2-3-13 West, Louis F., 233 Bergen, Bn A Mu, DWC; 2-5-17 Weymann, Linda E., 148 E. 16th, Mn A S, ED; 9-11-14 Whalen, Frank D., 3057 Bailey Ave., Bx... A E, DWC; 6-28-16 Wharton, William P., 152 W. 91st, Mn A E, HSC; 9-10-06 Wheat, Frank M., 2483 University Ave. Bx. 1 A B (Ch), GW; 12-4-11 (3-25-20) Wheat, Grace A., 987 Sterling PI., Bn A Cv, BR; (9-11-99) 2-16-20 Whiffen, Edwin T., 21 Hill, New Rochelle, N. Y AH, EvC; (11-16-00) 3-1-12 Whipple, Bemice, 155 E. 72d, Mn A S, JR; 11-7-17 White, Bessie R., 132 Remsen. Bn A E, M, Girls; 2-1-93 White, Cornelia F., 500 W. 122d, Mn A PT (Ch), Bry; (9-14-03) 12-1-04 White, Dorothy E., 497 4, Bn A M, FR; (2-14-17) 2-1-21 White, Emory S., 290 W. 4th, Mn A Mu, TR; 4-13-14 White, Fred C, 470 E. 161st, Bx 1 A H (Ch), Ms; 10-3-04 (9-7-17) White, Isabelle D., 1013 Prospect PL. Bn... A F, JR; 10-1-09 White, Jessie C, 142 Jewett Ave., Jersey _. , City, N. J A Sewg & Dress Mkg, Girls; (2-2-03) 9-10-20 White, Mabel M., 257 W. 93d, Mn A St Tp, JR; (10-15-94) 9-11-11 White, Ruth E., 2195 Andrews Ave., Bx... A E, EvC; 10-1-12 White, Walter C. L., Farmers & St. Marks Ave., St. Albans, L. I AD, Boys; (9-9-07) 9-9-10 Whitehall, Frank M.. 438 Quincy, Bn A E (Adm), Stv; 9-9-10 Whitmore, Clara H., 81 Highview Ave., Hamilton Pk., New Brighton, S. I A E, Curtis; 9-14-03 Whitney, Catherine E., 3604 Broadway, Mn. A CI, WI; 2-1-15 Whitney, Chester M., 15 Tecumseh Ave., Mt. Vernon, N. Y A Joinery, Stv; (9-9-07) 3-2-14 Whitney. Clara G., 3604 Broadway, Mn A D, WI; 6-28-16 Whitney, Harold A., 446 Hudson Ave., West New York, N. J AC, DWC; 9-22-16 Whitney, N. BeU, 56 Martense, Bn AM, EH; 9-14-08 Whitsit, Jesse E., 146 W. 55th, Mn 1 A C & P (Ch C), DWC; 2-2-03 (2-1-06) Wicks, Helen D., 25 Claremont Ave., Mn... A E, BR; 3-13-13 Wicksman. PauL 1165 E. Parkway, Bn A ComL JR (4-1-08) 4-9-17 Wiesner, Helen E., 1062 Herkimer, Bn... A E, Bry; 9-11-11 Wight, Walter A., 130 Hawthorne, Bn A F, EH; 9-9-01 Wigle, George C, 1097 Lincoln PL, Bn A Joinery, MT; (9-14-08) 2-3-19 Wilbert, Abraham L., 1269 College Ave., Bx. A Ec, HSC; 12-3-17 Wilcox, Ruth S.. 2 St. Nicholas PL, Mn... Lib A, WI; 3-3-19 Wilcox, Stella, 785 DeKalb Ave., Bn A St Tp, Girls; 9-5-19 Wilder, George F., Queens, L. I A M, EH; 9-12-01 Wilford, Herbert E., 14 Kinsland Ave., Elmhurst, L. I A L, DWC; (5-6-01) 9-8-02 Wilkes, Max S., 136 Sylvan Ave., River- dale, Bx. A FHD, AD, Stv; (9-10-06) 9-12-16 Wilkin, Josephine D., SI Park Ave., Jamaica, L. I. ..; A H (Ch M), Jam; 9-1-96 Wilkins, Lawrence A, 598 W. 191st, Mn... Dir Mod Lang, BofE; 2-1-07 (9-1-14) (2-2-20) 222 HIGH SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK CITY Willard, Florence, 16 Mead Ave., Passaic, ^- J • 1 A Dom Sc (Ch), WI; (2-20-99) ^.'11^''^' S^^.y?' il^ Bedford Ave., Bn.... A L Gr F, Girh'ri-lO-OO) Willard, Meriel. W., 16 Mead Ave., Pas- ^2ic, N. J 1 A Dom Sc (Ch Dom Art), WI; ^ir-n- T^ . X, (2-20-99) 2-4-03 (2-20-99) Williams, Daisy P., 1223 Bushvvick Ave., Bn. A Cv, Bwk; (9-20-01) 3-1S-20 Williams, Edward M., 1342 Franklin Ave., „,?,f.- ••••••;•••••; A Bkkpg (Chg An), TR; 9-12-98 Williams, Helen W., 249 St. Marks PL, New Brighton. S. I A E. Curtis; 2-3-19 Williams, Homer E., 15 Locust Lane. Rye, „,.„N- Y. A Mu, DWC; 4-1-19 Williams, Joseph S., 336 W. 9Stht, Mn A L. EvC; 9-9-10 Wjlhams, Lewis C, 98 Rutland Rd., Bn. A P, Haaren; 2-1-01 Williams, Lillian E., 132 Herkimer, Bn CI A, Bwk; 9-8-20 Williams, Margaret, 240 78th, Bn A Cooking (Ch), BR; (2-14-07) „r.„. r, ^ 3-2-14 Williams, S. Elizabeth, 351 St. Nicholas -„,, Ave. Mn A F. WI; (9-8-90) 2-3-13 M^ilmot, Mabel E., 19 Covert PL, Flushing, „,., L. I. A E, Bry; 3-13-13 Wilson, Agnes W.. 489 6th. Bn A PT (Ch) GComl; 2-1-10 Wilson. Anna T., 363 Washington Ave., Bn. A B, Bwk; 9-8-16 Wilson, Bessie D., 628 W. 140th, Mn A F, Wdl; 9-14-03 Wilson, Bessie G., 489 6th, Bn A Sewg&Dressmkg. Girls; (9-11-08) „r-, ^ , . 9-8-16 Wilson, Catherine, 363 Jefferson Ave., Bn.. A E, Boys; 4-11-18 Wilson. Chas. B., 1544 President, Bn A F. Boys; (9-8-16) 9-7-17 Wilson, George A., 928 Lincoln PL, Bn A Mu, Coml; 4-13-14 Wilson, George W., 738 E. 229, Bx A C, HSC; (2-1-11) 2-1-14 Wilson, John H., 248 87th, Bn A Foundry, Stv; 2-13-17 Wilson, Martin L., 703 Embree Crescent, Westfield, N. J AH, HSC; 2-5-17 Wilson. Sinclair J., 110 Kent Ave., Bn A M, Boys; 9-11-14 Wilson, Stuart, 703 Sterling PL, Bn Adm A M, ED; (10-22-97) 9-16-07 Wilson, Zada J., 1224 Pacific, Bn A M, Girls; 9-5-92 Winslow, Isabel G., 1051 Tinton Ave., Bx. A M, Ms; 4-22-01 Windman, Ralph, 52 E. 107th, Mn A F, Stv; 4-5-20 Winslow, Julia E.. 132 Remsen, Bn A L, Girls; 9-1-89 Winston, Samuel, 277 Kingston Ave., Bn.. A B, Boys; (5-1-08) 2-1-21 Winter, May, 136 W. 12th, Mn CI A, HSC; 11-3-19 Wisthaler, Johanna S., 771 Lincoln PL, Mn. A G, Girls; S-1-03 Witherbee, Rita, 1406 Union, Bn A E. Girls; 12-1-09 Withers, Samuel C, 219S Anderson Ave., Bx AM, EvC; 9-5-13 Wohlfarth. Amelia, 672 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn AG, TR; 1-3-05 Wolcott, Emily P., 8438 113th, Richmond Hill, L. I A E, RH; 9-14-08 Wolcott, Henry G., 443 E. 4th, Bn A B, MT; 9-14-03 Wolf, S. Louise, 67 Piling, Bn APT, EH; (9-20-01) 11-1-17 Wolfe, Alice J. (Mrs.), 96 Winthrop, Bn.. A E, MT; 9-10-06 Wolfson, George, 1369 Intervale Ave., Bx.. A El, Boys; 2-3-19 Wollaston, Caroline M., 47 Hancock, Bn... A PT (Ch), Girls; (9-14-03) 2-1-05 Womack, Mary D., 18 Garden PL, Bn A B, Wdl; 12-10-00 Wood, Daniel, 8923 118th, Richmond Hill, L. I A Mu, (Ch) RH; 6-28-16 Wood, Elizabeth C, 100 Morningside Dr., 1 A H & Cv (Ch), Wdl; 9-12-97 (10-1-06) Wood, George C, 798 Lincoln PI, Bn 1 A B Sc (Ch), Coml; 10-1-03 (10-15-14) Wood, Georgiana M., 672 Greene Ave., Bn. A Ace & Bus Pr, GComl; 9-10-20 Wood, Howell R., 171 Union, Flushing, L. I. A P (Ch P Sc), Fig; 9-1-97 Wood, Mabel J., 363 Grand Ave., Bn A E, GComl; 2-1-21 Wood, Mary M., 595 W. 124th, Mn A E, WI; 9-9-10 Wood, Walter D., Pleasant Plains. S. I A Mill & Const, Stv; (10-2-11) 9-11-14 Woodbury, Ella A., 607 Carlton Ave., Bn.. A E, Bwk; 10-2-11 Woodman, Sophie P., 561 W. 186, Mn A H, EvC; 2-2-14 Woodruff, Frank E., 216 Kingston Ave., Bn. A M, Boys; 2-1-10 Woodward, Adele M., 419 W. 22d. Mn A F, Wdl; 9-12-97 Works, Austin M., 2644 Marion Ave., Ex.. A E, DWC; 9-11-11 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TEACHERS 223 Worstell, Helen S., 234 W. 113th, Mn A H (Tr of Blind), DWC; 9-8-16 Worth, William A., 103 Sickles Ave., New Rochelle, N. Y A Joinery, Stv; (10-1-99) 10 1-09 Wresher, Helen E., 1062 Herkimer, Bn A E, Bry; 9 11-11 Wright, Hermon H., 238 Amitv St., Flush- Dir High Sc Org, BofE; 914-03 iiig, L. I. (9-9-14) (2-2-20) Wright, Helen S. (Mrs.). 513 Sfh, Bn A D, MT; (12-1-02) 9-12-04 Wright, Kenneth W., 2776 Morris Ave., Bx. A E. DWC; 10-3 04) 10-2 11 Wright. Mabel, 1383 Dean, Bn Adm A M, Girls; 916-07 Wyckoff, Harriet E., 523 W. 121st, Mn A H, HSC; (9-9-01) 9-1408 Wylie, Stella M., 30 S. 13th Ave., Mt. Ver- non. N. Y A E. EvC; 9-8-02 Wynkoop, Gertrude, 695 St. Nicholas Ave., Mn A PT, Ms; (2-3-02) 2-2-20 Yarrington, Adrian M., 173 Steuben, Bn. . . A H, MT; 9-8-02 Yerbury, Charles S., 215 McDonough. Bn.. A Mu (Ch), MT; (12-15-88) 3-3-02 Yoder, Arthur L., 8411 106th, Richmond Hill, L. I A P, RH ; 9-10-06 Yokel. Arthur, 995 E. 173d, Bx A L, DWC; 4-8-12 Yost, Clemens A., 30 Sterling PI., Bn A F, MT; 9-10-20 Young, Charlotte S., 177 Woodruff Ave., Bn. A B, EH; 2-15-09 Young-High, Caroline (Mrs.), 382 E. 197th, B.x A Phvsiol, EvC; 2-4-00 Young, Mabel A., 177 Woodruff Ave., Bn.. A B, EH; 9-10-00 Younghem, Edith C, 370 Central Pk. W., Mn A E, WI; 2-1-18 Zabriskie, Edward C, 36 W. 93d, Mn f, WI; (9-11-95) 4-1-15 Zacharie, Jean B.. 9 Mitchell PI., Mn A F, DWC; 4-8-12 Zagat, LiUie, 973 Summit Ave., Bx AM, WI; (11-1-10) 10-1-12 Zarnitz, George H., 89 Lee Ave., Bn A Coml, Coml; (10-1-92) 9-8-16 Zaslaw, Myer, 119 Montague, Bn AM, MT; 2-4-14 Zatz, Morris, 709 Willoughby Ave., Bn Lib A. Stv; 3-3-19 Zeiner. Edward J. A., 1295 Pacific, Bn 1 A Mu (Ch), Coml; (U-lS-Ol) 9-14-03 (2-2-20) Zelmer, Dorothy, 54 Herkimer, Bn A E, Boys; 2-1-21 Zenker, Helen, 351 E. 84th, Mn APT, ED; (11-3-13) 9-S-lS Zenner, Henry W., 20 Lewis Ave., Elmhurst, L.I CI A, Fig; 11-1-17 Zerban, Alexander H. W., 21 21st, Elmhurst, L. I AG, Ntn; 3-1-06 Zick, Henry, 36 W. 96th St., Mn 1 A Mod Lang (Ch F), Wdl; 3-7-01 (9-7-10) Zimmerman, Elizabeth A.. 310 E. 18th, Mn. A E, Stv; 9-5-19 Zimmerman, Julius, 627 Saratoga A,.ve., Bn. A M Stv; 2-5-17 Zinovoy, George, 191 E. 3d, Mn A PT. NU; 9-10-20 Zinner, Sigmund, 565 E. 8th, Bn A St Tp, NU; (11-1-12) 10-1-19 Zollinhoffer, Sophie, 56 Lefferts, Bn A E, ED; 3-4-01 Zorn, Freda, 55 CJhauncey, Bn A G, Bwk; 3-1-10 Zuckerman. Rose, 359 Bristol, Bn A PT, ED; 4-1-19 Zweibel, Abraham D., 920 S. 18th, Newark, N. J A Sp, DWC; 9-10-20