ous and Mental Disease Monograph Series No. 22 
 
 The Dream Problem 
 
 By 
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Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series No. 22 
 
 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 BY 
 
 DR. A. E. MAEDER 
 
 OF ZURICH 
 
 AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY 
 
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 SMITH ELY JELLIFFE 
 
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 Introduction * i 
 
 Example of a Dream Analysis 6 
 
 The Analysis 1 1 
 
 Signification of the Manifest Dream Content 16 
 
 The Dream in its Psychic Environment 23 
 
 Types of Dreams 29 
 
 Tendencies of Vienna and Zurich Schools in Psycho- 
 analysis 36 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The reason for the choice of this theme as the principal sub- 
 ject of discussion at to-day's meeting is a publication of mine on 
 the same subject, which has called forth opposition, especially in 
 the circle of our Vienna colleagues. As I had the distinct im- 
 pression that I was misunderstood, I gladly seized the opportunity 
 to speak on the question to-day. There were in my opinion two 
 principal reasons for the misunderstanding. The first reason is, 
 presumably, that I did not succeed in expressing myself clearly 
 in what I had to say on the subject. The work which appeared 
 a year ago in the " Jahrbuch " had been written two and a half 
 years ago, at a time when the problem was not very familiar to 
 me. The second important reason for my being misunderstood 
 lies in the fact that the point of view therein given discovers a 
 new field of thought in psychoanalysis, with which we must be- 
 come acquainted. This new field is not an individual discovery, 
 for it is also to be found in the works of the last few years, espe- 
 cially in those by Jung, Riklin, Silberer and, in some respects, 
 in those by Adler and others. I consider it extremely important 
 for us all that we should have opportunity to debate together, and 
 publicly, these questions that so greatly occupy us; the more so 
 as I have the conviction that no real or necessary differences 
 exist between us, for what we of the Zürich school have accom- 
 plished is a natural outcome of what Freud gave us. The new 
 field of which I spoke just now is analogous to the new view 
 which opens before the wanderer when he reaches a turning of 
 his road. Before I touch my theme, let me remark that the ex- 
 
 * A paper read at the Congress of the Psychoanalytical Society at 
 Munich, September, 1913. Jahrbuch für Psychoanalyse und psycho- 
 analytische Forschungen, 1914. 
 
2 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 planations I give to-day are not an official presentation of the 
 Zürich point of view, but only expressions of personal conviction 
 and point of view. Still, they are suited, I hope, to show existing 
 differences in opinion. 
 
 In this paper, here offered for discussion, I have assumed 
 two chief functions of the dream: the cathartic and the preparing 
 function. In my talk to-day, I shall confine myself to the second 
 function, as the most important and the most disputed. My 
 erstwhile formula must be changed, since I have recognized that 
 the functions mentioned hold good, not only for the dream, but 
 for almost all products of unconscious activity (such as day phan- 
 tasies, works of art, play, visions, etc.). They are functions of 
 the unconscious itself, which in these phenomena arrive at expres- 
 sion. It will be the task of later workers to furnish the reason 
 for the connection between these phenomena. Furthermore, you 
 will recall that Freud has seen ahead here as in all other fields, in 
 that he has put on record the axiom that neurotic symptoms must 
 be regarded as " unsuccessful attempts at cure." Among these dif- 
 ferent elaborations of the unconscious functions, the dream 
 assumes a peculiar place, in that it is at work every night. It is a 
 modest servant who performs his task in silence. It seeks for a 
 satisfying formula for the unconscious condition, and strives for 
 its expression. This dream work can exercise a really liberating 
 action which betrays a close relationship to work of art. Various 
 authors have already drawn attention to this, Rank among others. 
 But in the formulae to date, the chief stress has been laid upon 
 the cathartic action, on the unloading of the emotion, whilst, in 
 my opinion, the overcoming of the conflict, the real freeing by 
 means of sublimation, is the chief function of the work of art. 
 Mensendieck, to whom we owe valuable, but unfortunately not 
 yet published researches in this field, will illuminate this problem 
 for you in detail in his lecture on Wagner — "The Prospective 
 Tendency of the Unconscious in Wagner's first Drama and in 
 Parsifal/' 2 
 
 2 This lecture was given at the same Congress in Munich. 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 3 
 
 The artist seeks in his work the solution of his actual conflict 
 or, rather, he realizes in it the solution of his personal life prob- 
 lem. There is at stake a long attempt, which stretches over all 
 his work, and in which only the fewest succeed even approxi- 
 mately. On a more modest scale, and in quite different propor- 
 tions the dream seeks to do the same for every man. A work of 
 art carries out a social function in that it serves as a model, by 
 virtue of its high spiritual elaboration, whilst the dream has to 
 content itself with the role of a purely individual means of expres- 
 sion, which, nevertheless, is yet a very important role. The use 
 made of dreams in the ancient religions is for us a premonition 
 of the connections in which it is now really recognized. 
 
 The following sentence, taken from Horneffer's work " The 
 Priest," will clearly illustrate this point : " The sick Greeks, who 
 made pilgrimages to the temple of ^Esculapius, in order to 
 undergo the temple sleep, did not want to know what had caused 
 their sickness, but hoped to come in contact with the holy iEscu- 
 lapias in the dream and to receive from him directions for the 
 treatment to be followed in order t'o effect a cure." 
 
 The liberating function of the dream is here expressed as a 
 hint from God in the so-called mythical phase of realization ; the 
 dream itself is considered by me as a part of the curative process. 
 You will permit me to remind you of the keen saying of Hebbel 
 on this same point. It is: "This I know; such dreams one 
 should not despise. I fancy it to be this way: when man lies 
 asleep, relaxed, no longer held together by self-consciousness, a 
 feeling of the future crowds out all thoughts and pictures of the 
 present, and those things which are to come glide like shadows 
 through the soul, preparing, warning, comforting. This is why 
 so seldom, or not at all, anything really surprises us, and why we 
 have long and confidently hoped for the good, and trembled 
 involuntarily before every evil." 
 
 From our special point of view there exist two categories of 
 artists : those who reflect a sort of mirrored image and expression 
 
4 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 of the spirit of their time, and another more valuable class who 
 are the fighting pioneers and liberators of mankind; those who 
 truly carry the prospective function of mankind. Works of art 
 accordingly affect mankind differently, relieving or liberating as 
 has been said before, according to the prevalence of prospective 
 or retrospective fixation. About the same may be said of dreams 
 and their effect upon the individual; but the differences concern 
 not only the separate persons, but also phases of the personal 
 development of the individual. I shall demonstrate this asser- 
 tion by examples later on. In this regard a man's series of 
 dreams prove very valuable, as they represent a gradual devel- 
 opment of the current ethical conflict. We possess such a series 
 of dreams given by Rosegger, which will be considered later on, 
 and which shows clearly the value of a consideration of the 
 dream problem in a larger connection. To Mensendieck we owe 
 parallel researches into a series of works of art by the same poet 
 (Hebbel, Wagner, etc.) which show a very similar result. These 
 writings can actually be regarded as disindividualized and ob- 
 jectified milestones in the course of their author's development. 
 From the proposal of true definitions (to be explained later) 
 it is at once apparent according to my conception, that the axiom 
 of the dream as a wish fulfilment is, too indefinite and espe- 
 cially too one-sided, for it actually fails to embrace the important 
 teleological side of the unconscious function. I regard the dream 
 as a means of expression of the unconscious, as a true language. 
 This dream speech is a " translation " of the worked up material 
 of the unconscious, for the benefit of the conscious. By virtue 
 of the special "permeability of the psychic diaphragm " in the 
 sleeping state, this messenger, or better, this interpreter pene- 
 trates from the unconscious sphere into the conscious. This 
 function of expression must be defined in greater detail. Dreams 
 give autosymbolic representations of the actual condition of the 
 libido, which are transmitted to the consciousness. The latter, 
 as Freud has shown, acts merely as the " percepting " organ. The 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 5 
 
 unconscious strives in the dream for adequate expression, I said ; 
 thereby a relation between the two autonomous psychic appara- 
 tuses is established. The unconscious utilizes many other means 
 of expression for the same purpose : play, day phantasies, works 
 of art, visions, neurotic symptoms, failures. Failure of accom- 
 plishment reveals rather that directly represents the unconscious, 
 like the dream, which owing to its complicated structure possesses 
 a special meaning. The relation of the dream to the work of art 
 has already been emphasized and this idea, by the way, has already 
 been formulated repeatedly, by Rank among others. I think the 
 immediate future will shed more light on just this point. 
 
 We owe valuable data on this problem to those artists who 
 have expressed themselves on the technique of their creations. 
 C. Spitteler's contributions give us a very valuable affirmation of 
 the close relation between the configuration of dreams and the 
 production of works of art. Dream analyses have given me 
 repeatedly the impression that genuine artistic talents lie latent 
 in all men, of which only little reaches manifestation. Freud has 
 laid down the axiom that the dream is the royal road which leads 
 into the unconscious. The previously mentioned definition of 
 the dream as an autosymbolic representation of the actual con- 
 dition of the libido fits very well with this. The mechanism 
 known under the formula " mindfulness of the presentable " and 
 which Bleuler has hesitated to accept, is therefore entitled to very 
 special attention. The prevalence of visual material in the dream- 
 structure is connected with the representability of the dream, 
 therefore also with the expression-function of the dream in the 
 psychic menage. 
 
 After these introductory remarks, I shall now go on to my 
 actual task, to demonstrate by means of a detailed dream analysis 
 the ideas and formulas presented. This will give me opportunity 
 to raise several other points, for instance, the significance of the 
 manifest dream content for the interpretation of the dream, 
 the relation of the dream to its psychic environment, also the 
 
 
6 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 polyvalence of symbols and the meaning of the prospective direc- 
 tion in the analysis. Also by means of a dream analysis I shall 
 try to give a parallel between the interpretation of Freud 
 and his immediate pupils, as distinct from our own school, which 
 will give occasion for a defining of our mutual positions. 
 I begin with a dream analysis : 
 
 Example of a Dream Analysis 
 
 Report Necessary to the Analysis. — The dreamer is a youth 
 of 18; he comes of a good family, of old stock which possesses, 
 however, numerous neurotic features. He grew up between a 
 father who was severe and violent in his demands, but, who taken 
 altogether was quite lovable, and a mother who is gentle, yielding, 
 sensitive, and cultured. As a boy he learned to avoid his father 
 very skilfully, and to escape from the responsibilities of life; in 
 the latter process he abused a natural gift for winning the affec- 
 tion of others. So he succeeded in being his own master, by 
 allowing his own desires and moods and interests to dominate his 
 life. Gradually tremendous gaps were noticed in his develop- 
 ment. There followed a chasing from one school to another. 
 After some years the youth emerged from these circumstances, 
 quite unimproved and extraordinarily ignorant. Psychoanalytic 
 treatment was then begun, side by side with suitable teaching and 
 education. Gradually the youth began to tackle this accumulated 
 load of studies; after two years he was able to do a good piece 
 of work in proper time. The dream analyzed later belongs to a 
 time during the analysis when the youth had overcome the worst 
 difficulties and the severest conflicts. In the patient's own writ- 
 ten account the dream runs as follows : 
 
 " / was with M. [sister of the dreamer] in the hall of a swim- 
 ming bath. Only one gentleman and one lady were swimming 
 there. I wanted to swim also with M. But as the hall was in a 
 wrecked condition, I believed that no one was officially permitted 
 to swim there. We succeeded, after some difficulty, in getting 
 into the water which was at first very cold, I believe, but after- 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 7 
 
 wards it seemed warm to me, anyway, I was not at all cold later. 
 With a bicycle, we then rode further, to the lake [in Zürich], 
 where we met O. and a man on horseback in a green uniform. 
 He rode on a horse that had a beautiful blue coat. Before he 
 came to the bridge he dismounted and showed the left foreleg of 
 the blue horse to a boy } who suddenly appeared. Afterwards 
 some gentleman spoke to us about Dr. D. and spoke of a check 
 number which he had taken by mistake. I then offered to take it 
 with me [to the doctor who lived in a higher part of the town] 
 but he said he had already arranged something with his sister." 
 I woke up many times in between and was rather cross at not 
 yet having dreamed anything. It was only after I was really 
 awake that I noticed that I had been dreaming. I had paper and 
 pencil under my pillow. 
 
 Associations. — According to the dreamer, the scene with the 
 blue horse is the center of interest in the dream, the emotional 
 interest is very strong here. (It is necessary to remark that the 
 horse has much significance for the dreamer himself and for his 
 whole environment.) I shall first take the boy's associations with 
 the blue horse, and my own remarks are placed between brackets. 
 
 The blue horse is the color of the ice bird. There are no 
 such horses. Monkeys have that color at the buttocks [he laughs] 
 or in their faces. It was not beautiful! [strong affect] Miss von 
 X. loves blue above all other colors [see below who is Miss von 
 X.] Blue blood. [The dreamer as well as Miss von X. is of 
 noble lineage.] Last evening we had a discussion on co-educa- 
 tion ; it was related how girls act as magnets for the boys in an 
 institute where the sexes are mixed; I wished to dream that 
 night [in order to get material for the psychoanalysis] . Just now 
 I suddenly think of "Harringa" or "Hanaschia," I don't know 
 why. Oh yes, " Harringa" is bound in blue [He refers to the 
 celebrated novel by Poppert which he had read with great in- 
 terest] but that is a different blue. The other name was not 
 
b THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 Harraschid, but Harun-al-Raschid, now I know, about A.D. 800, 
 a splendid name isn't it? [the dreamer relates the contents of 
 the novel as follows, and in answer to a question which I put to 
 him at the end of the association work: The hero is a young 
 student who, whilst drunk, goes to a brothel where he contracts 
 a venereal disease and after many difficulties commits suicide by 
 drowning. Harun-al-Raschid is the favorite hero of the 
 dreamer's mother. He was an important Kaliph, who lived 
 about A.D. 800, contemporary with Charlemagne. The youth 
 shares his mother's admiration — splendid name!] Now I think 
 of Y [a comrade], who refers everything to the sexual, he is sup- 
 posed to have a sexual disease. I was so pleased with the dream. 
 [He seldom dreams.] Yesterday I masturbated and did not want 
 to tell of it." 
 
 I take the second chain of associations from the officer in the 
 green uniform — "Mr. von X. [father of Miss von X.] in his 
 uniform, he is in excellent circumstances, like a king in his king- 
 dom, he rules supreme and drives splendidly. He was my model 
 for a long time. I would also like to belong to a [military] regi- 
 ment of hunters — then one has a green uniform. Now I think 
 of the green meadow where I took an air bath ; it was during a 
 walk with Miss v. X. ; she had wished to see me so. We had been 
 permitted to go on a trip alone for one day and a half. We 
 managed all sorts of things. We slept together in the hotel ; we 
 had a bad conscience; we feared we had betrayed ourselves. I 
 Was to give a wrong name, L. von X., so that we might not be 
 taken for lovers [the lady was 12 years older than he ; as a matter 
 of fact there was a liaison between them for some time]. The 
 conditions at the hotel were unfavorable." 
 
 The third series of associations I take from the incident 
 where the rider points to the left fore leg of the horse. It is 
 worthy of remark that the youth makes a mistake here and says 
 the right leg. He becomes thoughtful and says, finally, " No, it 
 is the left." We shall learn later on the reason for this mistake. 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 9 
 
 "The officer lifts the horse's leg and examines it. One of our 
 own horses is lame just now in the left fore leg. I would much 
 like to be at home just now. I am actually homesick, I have a 
 longing for the North, but I have to stay here and work. I don't 
 like the teacher S., one makes slow progress with him. I have 
 lately been lazy, have lost much time, am discontented. I lack 
 strenuousness just now. A while ago, when I spoke of the night 
 in the hotel, I kept back something, but I must tell it. I was 
 particularly excited that night. Miss von X. had wished me to 
 drink white wine, which I never do as a rule, but I did it in the 
 end. I wasn't tipsy, but I was very much excited [which caused 
 him much difficulty at that time]. I know from this how dan- 
 gerous it is to drink, since then I have decided to give up drink. 
 [Please recall the contents of the novel by Poppert — in the first 
 series of associations] . I still remember our conversations [with 
 me] on the alcohol problem." 
 
 The following series is derived from the boy who appeared 
 in the dream: "The boy is Karl, our stable boy. He likes to 
 drink, he is a sullen fellow; he has several times made for me 
 with the long whip when he was drunk. Now here is a child- 
 hood memory which I think I have never told. It was when I 
 was a little fellow in my bath. I was sexually excited; mother 
 was there. I told her the organ was so queer and hard, I wanted 
 her to look at it. I think of the boy again; once he threatened 
 me with his sword, because I had tattled about his behavior. He 
 hit me with the flat of his sword, I was very mad, defended my- 
 self and threw a big flat iron on his feet; there was also a very 
 ugly laundress at our place. [After a pause] A few days ago, 
 during lessons, I suddenly felt a severe pain in the left ear. At 
 once I had the idea, the teacher is going to give me a box on the 
 ear. [But — nothing was the matter, the lesson was quite peace- 
 ful, this particular master had never punished him.] I thought 
 I must defend myself." [The youth here motioned with his 
 hand to one side, till he remembered that we were dealing with 
 
 
10 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 an entirely intra-psychic matter. It was with him a typical ex- 
 pression of his expectation of being badly treated by his father ; 
 an expectation that is especially active at times when he has not 
 done his duty. See the third series of associations.] 
 
 Now we start a series of associations with Otto, with whom 
 the dreamer has a conversation. 
 
 " O. related the other day having been with three students, 
 that they had been drinking and had kept on talking from 9 P. M. 
 to 3 A. M. about women. One of them had spoken on the sub- 
 ject in four different languages. I was unpleasantly surprised, 
 as I had thought O. to be very abstemious. He told what diffi- 
 culty Dr. D. had with his dietetics and of a protest made, quite 
 unjustifiably, by the students against a professor. I like best the 
 German spoken by the Hannoverians. I don't like the Swiss 
 dialect. The new bathing master told me at once that I must be 
 from the North, he noticed it in my speech. That pleased me." 
 [The conflict between north and south has an individual psycho- 
 logical meaning for ©ur young man. North is for him that which 
 is the correct, controlled element in himself, which he values, 
 while south is for him the meaner element of letting himself go.] 
 
 From the conversation about Dr. D. we get the following as- 
 sociations : 
 
 "The opposition Dr. D. has met with in the town, the fight 
 against it. I again think of the students and their protest. It is 
 quite remarkable that my leg has quite healed, doctor. I was 
 quite surprised, it had been so bad. My sister, D., goes on the 
 15th to a woman gynecologist. I have lately had a peculiar feel- 
 ing, something that cuts, as if I had something in the lung, in an 
 important place, as if something had been cut off in my chest, as 
 if an axe were cutting inside me all by itself. How can I change 
 it? What shall I do? Now it is done differently, but how? 
 How shall I explain the wound ? " [ the youth's wound is on the 
 right leg, which explains the previous slip of the tongue ; he iden- 
 tifies himself with the horse. He has a curious wound on the 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM II 
 
 back of the foot, which always appears when he is in conflict, 
 and which only heals at the times when he is psychically weft. 
 The magic lies in this, that during times when he is psychically 
 ill, he keeps this foot, whilst at work, under the rung of the chair 
 on which he is seated ; this sets up a persistent mechanical irrita- 
 tion which will not allow the wound to heal. He now under- 
 stands this and avoids sitting this way. But as he has not yet 
 found the right outlet for his libido, he must continue to torture 
 himself — symptom of the gathering libido — and for this reason 
 we find the new substitute sensation of the cutting himself] . 
 
 The conversation now takes up the check number. 
 
 " It is the check number one receives in the waiting room of 
 Dr. D. The other day a gentleman is supposed to have taken 
 the number away with him by mistake. People are provided 
 with numbers. I wonder how it is at G.? [A school to which 
 the dreamer is to go after he is cured.] I am better, but if I have 
 a relapse, shall I be able to get through it alone ? Something still 
 prevents me from overcoming the thing. Miss K. has not got as 
 far as I thought; she is still too -hesitating. Miss S. is in bad 
 shape these days." [Two of my patients.] 
 
 Now we shall associate the phrase " I offer to take the number 
 back to Dr. D." 
 
 "Out of politeness [he is exceedingly courteous, partly as a 
 covering], it represents an evil number; for instance my con- 
 duct during the affair in the sleeping compartment of the train. 
 [He refers to his indecision during a homosexual assault, when 
 he yielded, although he had clearly understood the situation, and 
 had urged himself to be firm this time.] R. [a school comrade, 
 also homosexual, a bad number] Miss v. X. I am angry that I 
 still think of her and dream of her often." 
 
 The Analysis 
 
 If we use the material, thus obtained, for interpretation, we 
 find, in the first place, in the surface layer, on the objective level 
 (to use Jung's excellent expression) the following: 
 
 aflyi^^^jaasaat^^^^^^j^^^^^^v ji,.^-. - 
 
12 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 The blue horse is the beloved, who is already indicated by 
 the first ideas that came in the association (the ice bird expresses 
 her northern quality, the ape her sensuality, which is further il- 
 lustrated by other associations; her wish for the air bath and 
 especially the wish for drink at the hotel). The horse repre- 
 sents more — the girls who have a magnetic effect, the mother, 
 whose sexual significance is brought out by the scene in the bath 
 during childhood. 
 
 The green officer, his model, is the dreamer himself, who 
 rides the horse, his beloved, with whom he made the tour (ride) 
 that time. A parallel to this is furnished by the first part of the 
 dream : the forbidden bathing institute, which we have not consid- 
 ered here as being altogether too long. His sister, who here re- 
 places the beloved, is the one with whom he carried on most of 
 his childish tricks and for whom he has a strong transference. 
 
 The officer examines the horse with the boy. The latter is 
 also identified with the dreamer, naturally as his meaner ego, the 
 ignoble and unaristocratic in him (the south German). The 
 youth has also been drinking on the tour, like the stable boy and 
 the student in the story of Harringa. On this occasion the drink- 
 ing nearly caused a misfortune (the already mentioned difficulty, 
 the strong excitement). This identification helps us to under- 
 stand why in the chain of associations about the stable boy there 
 came up unexpectedly the memory of the seduction scene with 
 his mother when he was in the bath. By the choice of this 
 symbol the dreamer measures his own value, saying " I am also 
 a low down fellow." 
 
 The rider and the boy examine the injured fore leg of the 
 horse. One has been riding the horse too hard. [After- thought 
 of the dreamer.] The leg, as phallic symbol, is sufficiently de- 
 termined by the student in the novel, who acquired a venereal 
 disease whilst drunk, and also by the sexually diseased comrade — 
 Y. In the same association, we have also the masturbation, 
 against which our dreamer has been fighting in vain for some 
 
 **WHMHWiM«HHM*nHHH^pMnanHHHHi^^ 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 13 
 
 time. He suffers from his laxness, for, taking him all in all, he 
 loves the strenuous and controlled. Latterly it has happened that 
 during masturbation orgasm has not occurred. To all this be- 
 longs also the complex concerning the wound in his own foot, 
 which will not heal [a pretty parallel to the wound of Amfortas 
 in " Parsifal "] and the strange sensation of cutting his own flesh. 
 
 Accordingly, the dreamer is also identified with the horse (by 
 means of the injured leg) . And so we have arrived at the lower 
 stratum, or what Jung calls the subjective-level. The horse be- 
 comes a symbol of the libido; a symbol of his own libido. In 
 this stratum, note well, all symbols refer to the dreamer himself, 
 and they are to be regarded as personifications of the different 
 tendencies of his psyche. What on the objective level was 
 designated as the symbol of the beloved, becomes, on the subjec- 
 tive level, a symbol of that libido which has a tendency towards 
 the object (the tendency is symbolized by its goal!). 
 
 This part of the dream tells us then: L. (the dreamer) has 
 ridden too hard, something is not right with me, and must be 
 looked into. A serious complaint (the'legs of the horse, the vital 
 organ in his chest, which hurts him). That is to say, insight is 
 dawning on the mind of the dreamer. After external separation 
 from the beloved, the youth remained in correspondence with her 
 for over a year, therefore, he was still intensely bound up in her 
 internally. Because of the analysis he feels impelled to break 
 with her, as he gradually came to see — although merely intel- 
 lectually — how harmful this adventure had been for his develop- 
 ment (for mentally he was strikingly backward). Inwardly 
 he was not willing at the time to break with her ; but he hid him- 
 self and his opposition behind me, the scapegoat. This dream 
 shows us a further step in the youth's development. His insight 
 into his situation, the correct valuation of his adventure, becomes 
 at the time of the dream emotional, not merely intellectual. This 
 insight with the double character of intelligence and affect, is very 
 significant and forms a cardinal point in the cure by analysis; 
 
 " "'"iTitJi^TiiifcWM r' T-— ■— ^yt'"—^ 
 
 ryxx 
 
 :~*»»^ 
 
IS THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 for whoever possesses this insight is really acting on his own 
 principles and conviction and thereby occupies a different rela- 
 tion towards the analyses from at first. The physician is no 
 longer one who asserts this or that ; something which one accepts 
 or rejects, according to the predominance of the positive or nega- 
 tive attitude, but he has become a leader who sees and points out 
 what one carries in oneself and only recognizes with difficulty; 
 the physician is now he who helps one to know oneself better 
 and how to rule oneself. 
 
 The insight of the youth does not tell merely that he is sick 
 in his inner life, it says more : I employ my libido badly, I injure 
 myself by using up so much libido on a lower level (the stable 
 boy). The youth is at good times an extremity bright, nice, 
 able fellow. This side of him suffers from the other side of his 
 nature ; he longs for a regulation of his internal conditions, for a 
 liberation of his soul. On the day after his dream, he told that a 
 foreign word had persecuted him for some days, the meaning of 
 which had quite escaped him — "chastete" (chastity). It is in 
 fact this he longs for, with this he would recover the peace of his 
 conscience, with this he would attain the valor of his ancestors — 
 he who had for years muddled through one school after another 
 and had almost been given up, even by his parents. 
 
 In our own speech we would designate this longing of the 
 youth as a tendency towards the domestication of his libido 
 
 The last part of the dream which deals with the conversation 
 about the doctor and the number, is little plastic in its manifest 
 content, and is poor also in its latent content. The reason, I con- 
 sider, lies herein, that an entire side of the problem of the 
 development of the libido in the youth is still untouched, he is 
 not yet capable of clearly viewing the realization of the insight 
 he has won, much less of bringing it to pass. 
 
 Otto, with whom he is conversing, is in his ambivalence a 
 clearly recognizable identification of the youth himself. He is, 
 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 1 5 
 
 on the whole, a very serious youth, already a student who stands 
 up against his colleagues for the professor (in the matter of the 
 protest), although he listens to the talk about women. He speaks 
 of Dr. D.'s difficulties, his fight in a good cause. Fighting is, in 
 fact, the formula for the new life of our dreamer, after he has 
 followed till now almost exclusively his own desires and inclina- 
 tions. Dr. D. stands, for him, in the place of duty, demands, 
 conscience; he also calls him, occasionally, his conscience. To 
 him, whom he has so long feared and avoided, he will take back 
 the number, which sounds decidedly conciliatory. Even if the 
 motive is still, perhaps, actually to be called courtesy, a quite pro- 
 gressive tendency is hinted at, as in the conversation about 
 abstinence from alcohol. The evil number should be given up, 
 renounce evil. Doubts still appear, "Will I be able to control 
 myself unaided in the event of a relapse?" The occurrence of 
 the symbol north in this connection strengthens the progressive 
 tendency, for it signifies for him self control (contrast between 
 the correct north German and the less self-controlled Bavarian). 
 
 This imperfectly coordinated segment is for me a symbolic 
 expression of the future and as yet insufficiently elaborated 
 material. Of this I see a confirmation in the fact that the prin- 
 cipal stress of the manifested dream is laid on the wonderfully 
 beautiful blue color of the horse, by which, in my opinion, is ex- 
 pressed how strongly the dream is bound up in the enjoyment 
 principle, how great an attraction enjoyment still holds for him. 
 This picture contains a valuation, which may serve as a standard 
 for the dreamer's attitude. The task before the dreamer is the 
 conquest of the kingdom in which the reality principle, to use 
 Freud's excellent expression, reigns. We have already stated 
 that this is a point of cardinal importance in the analysis. It is 
 the lowest point reached in the analysis, and which also indicates 
 at the same time the beginning of upward progress. 
 
 Quite briefly, I shall point out two other parts of the dream 
 analysis. The psychoanalyst does not appear merely as physi- 
 
 i^a — ^nafifiMiiiiii^att ttr -r--~ — -— ?r~ — • ■ -• — rjff~"~ ' * 
 
1 6 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 cian, in the last part ; but also in the middle portion of the dream, 
 namely, hidden behind the boy and probably also under the form 
 of the officer. These two conduct the examination. The 
 dreamer's identification with the boy, points to the negative side 
 of the transference he feels towards his physician ; the physician 
 takes the place of the father whom the dreamer fears, it is he who 
 exacts, who is the cause of the break with the youth's beloved ; 
 he is not noble (therefore common), not a north German (Swiss 
 has for the dreamer the same significance as south German). 
 But gradually the physician has become to the youth a model in 
 some points, as was once the father of Miss von X. in some 
 respects. Thus the dreamer identifies the two models. My final 
 remark refers to the first part of the dream, which, however, I 
 will not go into in detail, in order not to be too lengthy. This 
 part of the dream contains essentially a pictured representation 
 of the childhood and early youth of the dreamer, a time which 
 was crowded with a.11 sorts of tricks, mostly in company with the 
 sister already mentioned. This part belongs necessarily to the 
 gaining of the youth's insight, of which enough has been said; 
 it completes the account of his life. I must add that the youth 
 was advanced considerably through this analysis, and that he 
 attacked the further solving of his problem with great earnestness. 
 
 Significance of the Manifest Dream Content 
 
 The analysis here presented shows that I attach a greater im- 
 portance to the manifest dream content than Freud has done up 
 to this time. I think Jung is of like opinion, but I have never 
 spoken with him about it specially. I do not wish to place myself 
 in opposition to Freud in this matter, but would regard this new 
 point of view as a broadening out of the present interpretation. 
 The opposition to the Freudian attitude takes the place of the 
 teaching of the official psychologists, whom, for want of a better 
 word, I shall call classical psychologists, and who recognize no 
 psychic value whatever in the dream, and make no distinction 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 1 7 
 
 between the manifest and latent dream content. Freud, on his 
 discovery of the latent dream content, was obliged to lay the prin- 
 cipal stress on this, to the detriment of the manifest content. 
 The complementary or perfecting idea which I suggest to-day, is 
 therefore to be regarded as a portion of the excursion described 
 by all discoveries. The above indicated conception of the mani- 
 fest dream content will in due time induce a revision and an 
 extension of the idea of the "secondary dream work," which 
 probably at present is stamped too deeply with the teaching about 
 repression, and thus in my opinion places the manifest dream- 
 content in too one-sided a light. 
 
 From the example given, it is obvious that there exists a close 
 connection between the latent and the manifest dream-content. 
 This seems to me a distinct advantage for the synthetic concep- 
 tion of the dream. The manifest dream-content, translated by 
 means of the materials of the latent dream-content, grants us in 
 a symbolical manner, a picture of the entire situation, or a course 
 of development of the unconscious processes, the activity of the 
 libido. 
 
 The assumption, made in the present dream analysis, that 
 there exists a direct relation between the plastic-figurative or 
 vaguely outlined manifest dream-content, and the clarified-mature 
 or confused state of the unconscious conflict, has been confirmed 
 in my analyses during the past months, so that I am inclined to 
 assume that in the manifest dream-content we are dealing with 
 intra-psychic perceptions and pictures of the unconscious situa- 
 tion (according to Freudian terminology), or with auto-symbolic 
 phenomena (according to Silber er). I would like to submit 
 these points to my colleagues for investigation. The question of 
 the appearance of disagreeable affects in dreams takes on a 
 different aspect in my further interpretation of the manifest 
 dream-content, from what it possesses when we accept " wish ful- 
 fillment" as the basic dream formula. The affect is usually 
 entirely adequate to the actual situation. It is well known that 
 
1 8 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 there are dreams that remain impressed upon the memory par- 
 ticularly clearly, and are remembered for years. I have been 
 able to prove repeatedly, that these pregnant dreams are the 
 adequate expression of a clarified psychic situation. This prob- 
 ably applies also to many so-called "typical dreams," to recur- 
 rent dreams, and perhaps also to a quite different group of 
 phenomena, that is, to certain cover-memories of childhood. 
 These expressive dreams may be regarded as hieroglyphic mile- 
 stones in the course of development of the personality, which 
 lead the individual to typical life adjustments or to typical reac- 
 tions. 
 
 This insight has become very valuable to me for the stages 
 of the development of the neurotic conflict, or more generally 
 speaking, for the development of the personality itself. As a 
 matter of fact, the careful examination of the pictures of the 
 manifest dream-content is seen to yield a representation of the 
 progress of this development. The dream of the blue horse will 
 be recalled, where the youth shows the insight that his libido 
 needs attention, as its functions were disturbed by previous events 
 in his life. Some weeks before this, during a period of strong 
 resistance, the patient dreamed of people who were swimming 
 through a canal. In a small boat stands a strong man, who cap- 
 tures the swimmers with a harpoon. He himself {the dreamer) 
 looks on, but feels a deep indignation and hatred for the cruel 
 " fisherman! 3 
 
 The analysis showed that the fisherman symbolized the Last 
 Judgment, a problem which secretly occupied and worried the 
 youth at that time. One of the chief associations for this was 
 Goethe's poem " Prometheus," in which the protest against God 
 the Father is idealized. A blind and helpless hatred against fate 
 is evinced in this dream. The patient's insight was still at a 
 primitive phase, where all evil is deemed as coming from outside, 
 towards which one is powerless, but which one curses. The 
 reaction is not directed against his own ego as the cause of the 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 19 
 
 evil. The recognition of having failed towards himself is not yet 
 reached. It will take time in the ripening process to reach the 
 place where the patient will understand that the hatred is really 
 directed against himself, something within him, the archaic libido 
 (Jung's excellent expression) must die and be offered up, re- 
 nounced. When he succeeds in doing this, the Last Judgment 
 will have lost its troublesome character. In the time between the 
 two dreams related, there has evidently taken place a tremendous 
 inner assimilation, which expressed itself outwardly as great 
 progress in adjustment to realities. 
 
 In the interval he had a dream of which, as before, I will 
 give only a few data. A figure appeared in this dream which, 
 under the form of a member of the family, represented a personi- 
 fication of the dreamer's evil instincts, and his tendency to self- 
 indulgence and laziness. During a journey in an express train, 
 the person spoken of left the compartment and although the 
 train did not stop he walked towards a house, climbed to the top 
 of the lightning rod, and then disappeared into the air. This 
 was all the renunciation that the dreamer was capable of at the 
 time. If my double "I," the hostile ego, can be got rid of 
 without greatly disturbing me (the train does not need to stop) 
 I am quite agreeable to this. The youth desires salvation by 
 means of a sort of magic; that is, he does not himself as yet 
 make an effort. The dream of the blue horse with the examina- 
 tion of the foot shows more earnestness, a deeper insight, but 
 the power to act is still small. 
 
 From another case I shall take another series of parts of 
 dreams, which illustrates the progressive evolution of the trans- 
 ference and the attitude of the dreamer to the sexual question. 
 (We are now dealing with a girl of 28 with very marked sexual 
 repressions.) I shall content myself with giving quite summary 
 statements. In the night of September 3/4 the lady dreams: 
 "A trunk has arrived; my sisters A. and M. unpack it. It con- 
 tains a snake; M. shows me how I can cut off its head and take 
 
20 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 out its brains, as in a fish, but I recoil in horror/' September 
 23/24 she dreams: "I took a shoe to a store to get the rubber 
 heel mended. But they also put a longlsh piece inside the sole, 
 which I did not wish. That should only have been done by the 
 shoemaker who made the shoes. As it is done, however, I con- 
 tent myself and pay fifty centimes." October 11/12 she dreams: 
 "A squirrel is running in the wood. At last I succeed in catch- 
 ing it. Like lightning, there comes to me the thought that it 
 might bite." During the analysis of this dream I learned that 
 this lady for some time has been interested in soft animals espe- 
 cially in groundworms. A few weeks before this she still ex- 
 pressed a most pronounced disgust of these creatures. Another 
 dream : " / am in the house of Professor Y. I am lying in bed 
 and he examines the build of my body, declaring that I am 
 especially well adapted to the bearing of children." 
 
 I need hardly mention that I explain these dreams only as 
 being useful in the development of the lady's feelings, after a 
 penetrating analysis'. So that we are not dealing here with in- 
 terpretation according to a knowledge of the dream content. 
 
 I place great importance on the choice of the pictures and 
 expressions in the manifest dream content, since the dream 
 renders an autosymbolic presentation of the psychological situa- 
 tion of the unconscious. An energetic, purposeful and well- 
 adapted conduct in the dream, points to a mature and successful 
 adjustment of the dreamer towards the matter in hand. For in- 
 stance in a dream, there occurred the violent ejection from a 
 church of a talkative, vain, and uncongenial traveller, whereby 
 is pictured the serious efforts of the dreamer to overcome the 
 characteristics of his own ego as caricatured in the travelling 
 man. As has already been mentioned, in the first example, the 
 different persons in the dream are personified tendencies of the 
 dreamer himself. This idea is not new; Freud and Rank 
 formulated it long ago. But I may be allowed to generalize it, 
 and would like to add something. A good deal depends, in the 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 21 
 
 interpretation, on the part the dreamer himself takes in the 
 dream, which of the personifications leads in the action (the 
 Centaur in the Prometheus myth!) for this gives us a hint in 
 estimating the momentary evolutional phase. 
 
 I have repeatedly felt great admiration for the cleverness 
 shown by the psyche, even of the average individual, in the pro- 
 duction of plastic, fitting pictures for the actual situation, and I 
 value the composition of the manifest dream content more highly 
 than does Freud, who, in my opinion, accentuates the censor 
 function in a one-sided manner. I see in all this a really artistic 
 work, a real art of expression, which I would like to place in 
 some relation to art in general. The dream is perhaps the primi- 
 tive work of art. 
 
 The observation of the last months leads me to suppose that 
 the dreams which are specially plastic and well constructed (in 
 which Freud assumes a particularly intense secondary dream 
 work) represent a clearly grasped and intensely felt situation. 
 They are often significant, occur on important occasions in life, 
 for instance, at critical junctures', or as reactions to important 
 events. These dreams sometimes repeat themselves. In some 
 cases they reach an extraordinary degree of transparency, so that 
 they are already intuitively understood by the consciousness of 
 the dreamer, and are utilized as motives for conscious actions. I 
 am thinking of a dream which presented the classical motive of 
 Hercules at the cross roads and always persecuted this lady when- 
 ever she was in any dangerous position. However, this lady was 
 remarkable for her very rich and valuable premonitions and for 
 her fine psychic organization. 3 
 
 3 My practice brought me a pretty confirmation of this last sentence 
 just at the moment of my last revision of the manuscript, before 
 going to print, and I would not like to deprive my readers of it. 
 
 A lady, who for the last four days has been undergoing psychoanalytic 
 treatment (it is rather a case of orientation than of treatment), told me, 
 spontaneously, the following dream, to which she herself attached great 
 importance. (I wish to emphasize that I had not spoken to her one 
 word about the value and meaning of dreams in psychic treatment.) "I 
 
22 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 Many historical dreams — I am thinking for instance of the 
 dream of Caesar's mother before his birth, — belong to this class. 
 A short notice of certain visions of definite character may be per- 
 mitted here, in which, supposedly, a still more intense working 
 
 am with an aunt, long since dead, in my parents' country house. I am 
 sitting near her; another relative is present. She says to me in her ami- 
 able, lively and always decided manner : ' Get up. Go to Karl [the hus- 
 band of the dreamer] and to your children. But put on your pink dress.' " 
 The lady awoke and is very happy over her dream. Usually she pays 
 no attention to dreams and seldom has clear or plastic dreams. She sees 
 in this dream a clear hint of the path she should pursue. The following 
 is the lady's psychic situation: She is 40 years old, married, mother of 
 three children, who caused her much trouble lately (difficulties concerning 
 their education). She loves her husband, respects him greatly, but does 
 not stand in close rapport with him. She fears him, does not dare to 
 assert herself. He has a remarkable mentality with a tendency to master- 
 fulness. The lady had a very sunny childhood and youth, grew up in a 
 large family. She left her native place when she married. Life, since 
 then, has brought her many difficulties. She has not yet adapted herself 
 to her new environment, she longs for her childhood's home or for death. 
 She has passed through several periods of depression, suffers from certain 
 phobias. A year and a half ago she heard of psychic cures, through a 
 relative who was cured, and hoped, without talking about it, to undergo 
 such a treatment herself. After thinking about it for a long time she at 
 last succeeded in getting away for a few days in order to ask my advice 
 as to what she should do. She has a deep nature, but is far from reaching 
 the degree of psychic development possible to her. (She is already 40!) 
 She has thought much about her situation. Her self-will tells her she 
 ought to secure strength from the visits to the physician, in order to 
 assert herself against her husband, but she also feels this does not promise 
 to be a good way. 
 
 In the three interviews with me, which preceded the dream, I was able 
 to show h'er her infantile and inadequate adjustment to her husband, and 
 the relation of this to the parent constellation. She had then come to 
 understand that her longing for death was a symbolic expression of her 
 avoidance of her life problem — that is, to be a mature wife and a loving 
 and decided mother of her children. She had always expected from her 
 husband the same exaggerated recognition which all her family had given 
 her in her youth, and is still annoyed that her husband's way is different. 
 The day after our third interview came this dream, which told her to go 
 to her husband and her children with the pink dress on. This dress be- 
 longs to her youth, she wore it on festive occasions. Otherwise she sits 
 at home with tears in her eyes, now she is to put on the pink dress. She 
 is not to go against her husband, but she is to stand in more correct rela- 
 tions to him than formerly; not in the infantile attitude of constantly ex- 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 23 
 
 of the unconscious material has taken place, so that the meaning 
 has come within reach of the consciousness. The celebrated 
 visions of Benevenuto Cellini the analysis of which I gave at 
 the International Congress of Psychotherapy last year (and which 
 will appear in my book on the "Manner of Cure"), also belong 
 here. 
 
 The same is true of many visions which occur in the course 
 of religious conversion and in the " Automatismes teleologiques 
 anti-suicides " of Flournoy. 
 
 The Dream in Its Psychic Environment 
 
 We shall now go back to the consideration of the dream, and 
 its relation to the psychic situation ; what is known in biology as 
 the question of environment. Hitherto the dream has not been 
 sufficiently investigated clinically and has been regarded too much 
 as a symptom apart. 
 
 A thorough investigation from this point of view should bring 
 a harvest of valuable material for the solution of numerous ques- 
 tions. For example, I consider- the clinical behavior of the 
 
 pecting to receive, but in relation of being herself the giver (as wife 
 and mother). What is confronting her is this after development. The 
 aunt, we learn, was a prominent educator; the head of a large school and 
 the only person who understood, when she was a child, how to tell her 
 what was disagreeable to her (reproof) in such a way that the self-willed 
 girl had to accept it, and was actually grateful to her aunt. So the aunt 
 is a personification of a tendency to the mother image. The country 
 house spoken of is the birthplace of the dreamer's mother and at the same 
 time the paradise of her own childhood days. The dream urges her to 
 leave this paradise (to overcome her mother transference), to go into 
 her own home. Her relation to the physician is the same as to the aunt 
 who was mentioned as being a great educator. 
 
 To one who understands the structure of the dream, this appears very 
 transparent. The dream signifies the first decided step in the solution of 
 the lady's task which has so long remained unsolved. It is not merely 
 the first step in a new direction, but the link in a long chain of circum- 
 stances, which was prepared by a long elaboration entering into a specially 
 active phase through the conversations with the relative who was cured 
 [also a patient of mine]. This example gives another illustration of the 
 necessity, emphasized in this article, of considering the dream in its broad 
 relations. This question will be treated in the next part of the text. 
 
24 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 dreamer, after the dream, as an essential contribution to the solu- 
 tion of the contested question of the actual function of the dream. 
 The mood on awakening, and all next day, may be an important 
 indication of the success of the dream work. Hints on this 
 point I have already given in the analysis of the dream of the 
 blue horse. The so-called "nurse's dream," which will be an- 
 alyzed in the second part of this part, is a clear negative example 
 of unsuccessful dream work. 
 
 I shall now present to you a convincing example of the success 
 of a dream, which I take from the third edition of Freud's 
 "Traumdeutung." On page 317 a number of Rosegger's dreams 
 are discussed, which I shall quote : " There is a class of dreams 
 which are well entitled to be considered ' hypocritical,' and which 
 put the theory of wish-fulfilment to a hard test. My attention 
 was called to this when Mrs. Dr. M. Hiferding brought for dis- 
 cussion to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Meeting the following 
 dream by Rosegger. Rosegger, in his Waldheimat (second vol- 
 ume) says in a story entitled " case A," page 303, " I usually en- 
 joy healthy sleep but many a night I have no rest. I lead, side 
 by side with my life as student and litterateur, the shadow life of 
 a tailor's apprentice. This I have dragged with me through long 
 years, like a ghost, without being able to get rid of it. It is not 
 true that in the daytime my thoughts are frequently busy with 
 my early past. From a Philistine I have become one who attacks 
 heaven and earth and have other things to do. The happy go- 
 lucky chap could hardly have thought of his nightly dreams ; only 
 later, when I became accustomed to think things out, or perhaps 
 when the Philistine in me asserted himself again, it struck me how 
 strange it was that when I dreamed at all I was always the tailor- 
 apprentice, and as such had been working a long time without 
 compensation in my master's workshop. 
 
 "When I thus sat beside him, sewing and ironing, I knew 
 very well that I really did not belong there any more ; that as city 
 dweller I had other things to do, but I was always off on a holi- 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 2$ 
 
 day taking my summer vacation, and helping out at my master's. 
 I was often very uncomfortable and regretted the loss of time in 
 which I would have known well how to employ myself better and 
 more usefully. Sometimes I had to endure censure from the 
 master tailor, if something had not turned out the correct cut or 
 measure but of any weekly payments there was never even men- 
 tion. Often when I sat with bent back in the dark workshop, I 
 made up my mind to give my master notice and to quit. Once 
 I even did so, but the master took no notice and soon I was 
 sitting there again, sewing. How happy I was to wake up after 
 such tedious hours, and then I resolved that if this insistent 
 dream should come again to throw it off with energy, and to 
 call out aloud, ' It is only a play — I lie in bed and wish to sleep/ 
 Yet the next night I sat again in the tailor's workshop. So it 
 continued for years with uncanny regularity. Then once, when 
 the master and I were at the house of the peasant, where I en- 
 tered upon my apprenticeship, my master showed himself espe- 
 cially dissatisfied with my work. * I would like to know where 
 your mind goes to/ said he, looking at me angrily. I thought 
 the most sensible thing to do would be to get up now and tell the 
 master that I was only helping him from kindness and then go 
 away. But I did not do it. I calmly submitted when the master 
 took an apprentice and told me to make room for him on the 
 bench. I wriggled into the corner and sewed. On the same day 
 another lad started to learn the trade, and behold, it was the 
 Bohemian who nineteen years ago worked for us and who at 
 that time had fallen into the brook, on his way from the inn. 
 When he wished to sit down there was no room. I looked ques- 
 tioningly at the master, and he said to me: 'You have no talent 
 for tailoring, you can go, you are dismissed/ I was so fright- 
 ened by this that I awoke. The dawn was entering the win- 
 dows of my cozy home. Objects of art surrounded me. In my 
 well stocked bookcase eternal Homer was awaiting me, gigantic 
 Dante, incomparable Shakespeare, glorious Goethe, the splendid 
 
 «■■w... ■ ■.... «»» 
 
 ■ ■ — - - ■ 
 
26 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 ones, all the immortals. From the next room sounded the clear, 
 little voices of the awakening children, chattering with their 
 mother. I felt as if I had just newly recovered this idylically 
 sweet life of mine — peaceful, poetic, spiritualized, in which so 
 often I had realized human happiness to the uttermost. Yet I 
 resented it that I had not anticipated my master's dismissal of 
 me, but had been sent off by him. And how strange it is that 
 since that night, when my master dismissed me, I enjoy rest; I 
 dream no longer of my tailoring days that lie in the distant past, 
 which in their way were so jolly in their simplicity, without de- 
 mands, and yet threw this long shadow on the later years of my 
 life." 
 
 In this series of a poet's dreams (who in his younger years 
 had once been a tailor's apprentice) it is difficult to recognize 
 the wish fulfilment. All he enjoys lies in his waking life, whilst 
 the dream seems to drag along the ghostly shadow of a joyless 
 existence which the dreamer at last overcame. Some dreams of 
 a similar kind have enabled me to give some explanation of this 
 sort of dream. As a young doctor I worked for a long time in a 
 chemical institute, without achieving anything much in the arts 
 there to be acquired and therefore, when awake, never like to 
 think of this unfruitful and rather humiliating episode of my 
 student days. Yet it has become a recurrent dream with me, 
 that I am working in the laboratory and making analyses; all 
 sorts of things happen and so on — these dreams are as uncom- 
 fortable as dreams of examinations and never very clear. In- 
 terpreting one of these dreams, my attention was finally drawn 
 to the word " analysis " and this gave me the key to the under- 
 standing of the dream. Since then, sure enough, I have become 
 an analyst, I make analyses that receive praise — that is, psycho- 
 analyses ! I understood now that when in the waking life I am 
 proud of analyses of this sort, and would like to boast how much 
 success I have had, then, by night, the dream holds up before 
 me those other unsuccessful analyses of which I would have no 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 27 
 
 reason to be proud ; these are punishment dreams of the upstart, 
 like that of the tailor apprentice who has become a feted poet. 
 
 But how is it possible for this sort of dream to place itself 
 in the conflict between the pride of the parvenu and the self 
 criticism the latter uses, and to take for its contents a sensible 
 warning instead of an unpermissible wish fulfilment? I have 
 already said that the answer to this question causes difficulties. 
 We may assume that an overbearing ambition forms the founda- 
 tion of the dream. But in place of ambition the repression 
 and humiliation of the ambition has got into the dream. I may 
 remind you that there are masochistic tendencies in the psychic 
 life, to which one might ascribe such an inversion. But closer 
 examination of some of these dreams gives further revela- 
 tion. In the vague side issues of one of my laboratory dreams, 
 I was just at the phase of the darkest and most unsuccessful 
 year of my career as a physician. I had as yet no standing, and 
 did not know how to make ends meet ; but just then it was clear 
 that I might have the choice of several women whom I could 
 have married! So I was young again in the dream, and above 
 all, she was young again, the wife who had shared with me all 
 these hard years. This betrayed the unconscious dream agent 
 as being one of the insistent gnawing wishes of the aging man. 
 The fight between vanity and self criticism, waged in other psychic 
 layers, had decided the dream content, but only the deeper rooted 
 wish for youth had made it possible as a dream. Often, awake, 
 we say to ourselves " Everything is all right as it is to-day, and 
 those were hard times, but it was fine, at that time ; you were still 
 young then ! " 
 
 According to the suggested interpretation of Freud, the mean- 
 ing of the dream would be about this : " I wish I were still young, 
 as I was in the days when I was a tailor apprentice." When I 
 ask myself if this interpretation explains the clinical findings, 
 namely the liberating effect of the last dream of the series, I 
 must answer no. For if I, in dreams, long intensely for my 
 
 
 
28 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 youth, I fail to see why the awakening and the making sure 
 of my later age and present conditions, makes me so happy, as is 
 actually the case. A second question suggests itself : Why does 
 only the last dream of the series (when the tailor dismisses the 
 youth) act in such a manner as to set the dreamer free and to set 
 him free once for all ? 
 
 For this dream I make the following suggestion : By his own 
 efforts Rosegger has worked himself up to a high position in 
 life. This has made him proud and vain, two qualities which 
 easily disturb mankind, since they cause a man to suffer in the 
 presence of superiors and place him in a parvenu position among 
 the lowly, this not being compatible with a fine sensibility. The 
 two qualities poison the psyche. Deep down there takes place in 
 the sensitive poet a gradual elaboration, a development of the 
 moral personality. Rosegger's ideal conception of life is well 
 known and justifies my supposition. Accident, in the last few 
 days, has placed in my hands a private correspondence between 
 the poet and a literary friend, which treats of just this point — 
 Rosegger's pride and vanity — which was to me an unexpected 
 confirmation of the solution just suggested. The long series of 
 tormenting dreams shows us the development of the psychic 
 process which ends in a deep but effective humiliation of the 
 dreamer. After long working for nothing for this master, he is 
 censured unjustly; a drunkard and a do-nothing is even pre- 
 ferred to him, and finally he is sent away. He is " made strange ,J 
 (dismissed). This being sent away (being dismissed) sym- 
 bolizes, in my opinion, the overcoming of the pride and vanity of 
 the upstart. After long struggles the poet is set free. (We 
 know that the dreams persecuted him for years.) Since his dis- 
 missal, in the last dream, he may now enjoy, rightfully but 
 humbly, what he has won by his own exertions — he has won for 
 himself the moral justification to do so. 
 
 Rosegger's dream is then, for me, an autosymbolic expression 
 of the development of the moral personality of the poet. It is 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 20, 
 
 well adapted to demonstrate clearly the teleological side of psychic 
 phenomena. Freud's interpretation refers to a justifiable wish 
 of the mature, aging man " to be young again." This conception 
 contains only the regressive side of the phenomena, for such a 
 wish is a regression. But dreams also contain a progressive side, 
 which is for me the more important one. We want something 
 more of life than the longing for the past; the poet wishes to 
 make something of the life that still remains to him. The work 
 of his unconscious helps him in this and expresses his progressive 
 as well as his regressive longings. On this point I shall speak 
 more freely after the analysis of the so-called nurse's dream. 
 
 Types of Dreams 
 
 This part of my paper, which deals with the manifest dream 
 content, I shall close with a short, sketchy classification of dream 
 categories. You remember the formula that the dream is an 
 autosymbolic phenomenon. Two extreme kinds may be distin- 
 guished — between them may be found all degrees of approxima- 
 tions. Among the first kind we may recognize in the dream the 
 representation of an intensely active condition of the psyche. 
 The action is lively or direct, energetic; or the words uttered 
 are the clear expression of a resolve, etc. This quality may be 
 made use of in the prognosis, be it in the sense of an intensely 
 progressive achievement or of an active resistance. In the second 
 kind of dream the static factor dominates. Indifference, indeci- 
 sion, vagueness, awkwardness, doubt, stagnation or fixation re- 
 veal themselves already in the manifest dream content. Such 
 dreams are apt to occur during times of lazy, passive resistance 
 or in the incubation period. Also they have a certain prognostic 
 meaning for the contemporary phase. 
 
 I ask myself if there may not be a third category of dreams, 
 to which another new element strongly contributes — the prospec- 
 tive outlook ; dreams which are not so much an actual picture of 
 the situation but rather a vision of the future striven for, and po- 
 
30 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 tentiality contained in the individual. I must avoid being mis- 
 understood here; of course we are here dealing only with a 
 realization of a latent power, without taking into account outside 
 obstacles. We are not dealing with a prophetic vision but with a 
 foresight, with a clew to the direction which is suited to the 
 reaction and strength of the patient in question. In the course of 
 this paper I shall come to speak of a certain individual reaction 
 formula, of a sort of constant which permits of the establishment 
 of a prognosis, up to a certain point. I assume this to be the 
 true kernel of the faith in prophetic dreams. Adler, who as we 
 know has given a definite conception of the psyche, takes a simi- 
 lar view, and he has, as is well known, given a conception ol 
 the psyche that is very final and very one-sided. I myself have 
 reasons to assume that certain so-called childhood memories 
 give a symbolic outlook on later important experiences in life, 
 this taking place because of a reaction formula already developed 
 in the child. Two childhood memories of the artist Benvenuto 
 Cellini first demonstrated this idea to me. I shall discuss this in 
 detail in my book already announced, the " Manner of Cure." 
 This contains an analysis of the Florentine artist. I shall try in 
 the analysis of the Prometheus myth to carry this idea from the 
 life of the individual over into that of a people. Just here is 
 an opportunity to mention that Freud in his beautiful Leonardo 
 analysis has already formulated this same idea, although his con- 
 ception is different from mine. 
 
 Prospective dreams, of which we are speaking, do not appear 
 arbitrarily at any moment in life, but only at the suitable moment. 
 In two papers I have already pointed out the significance of the 
 first dream in the treatment. 4 Steckel and perhaps others of 
 whom I cannot think just now have also done this. These first 
 dreams frequently (always) belong to this last category. This 
 whole field is still open to research as all else of which I have 
 spoken to-day. A fine rich work is still open before all of us! 
 
 4 Zentralblatt, ist year, p. 348, and in " On the Function of the Dream," 
 Jahrbuch, Vol. 4. 
 
the dream problem 3 1 
 
 On the Question of Symbolism in Dreams 
 
 When I look over my interpretation of symbols during the 
 last two years, it is clear to me that gradually, and at first quite 
 unconsciously, a change came about in my interpretations. The 
 content of the symbol is no longer monovalent, but has come to 
 be of wider meaning. The sexual interpretation has become, 
 so to speak, the first step, in some respects only the preliminary 
 step, and the significance of the contemporary situation of the 
 dreamer rather has been drawn into the matter more and more. 
 An opportune discussion of the so-called actual conflict in neu- 
 rosis by Jung (in the Psychoanalytic Conference), nearly two 
 years ago, confirmed me in my orientation and helped me in this 
 change of view. On the actual conflict I shall still say some- 
 thing in this paper to-day. I will now enter more fully into the 
 question of the interpretation of symbols. It can be best dem- 
 onstrated by means of an example. 
 
 In the third edition of the "Dream Interpretation" Freud 
 gives a short symbol interpretation, which I would like to use as a 
 starting point. This is the dream of a young man (p. 207) : "He 
 is in a deep tunneled passage, in which there is a window, as 
 in the Semmering tunnel. Through this he sees, at first, an 
 empty landscape, and then he composes a picture into it, which 
 is there immediately and fills out the void. The view is now 
 that of a field deeply ploughed up by an instrument and the fine 
 air, the idea of the work so well done, the blue black clods of 
 earth, make a pleasing impression on the dreamer. Then he goes 
 further and sees a book on pedagogics open before him. He is 
 surprised that in it so much attention is paid to the child's sexual 
 feelings, and that makes him think of me [Freud]." The inter- 
 pretation given is that this is a phantasy of the young man who 
 takes advantage of his intra-uterine opportunity to spy upon the 
 coitus between his parents. The associations of the young man 
 are not given. 
 
 It is not difficult for us to recognize the tunnel picture as an 
 
32 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 exteriorization of certain parts of the body, i. e., the uterus and 
 the vagina. The ploughing of the field is a well-known coitus 
 symbol. This dream interpretation is evidently built on the 
 knowledge of these two symbols but gives us no solution for 
 the second part of the dream, which contains the open book on 
 pedagogics. 
 
 I accept this interpretation as a preliminary step of the inter- 
 pretation itself. In his "Transformations and Symbols of the 
 Libido " Jung has called our attention to the problem of re-birth. 
 I myself became better acquainted with this subject summer 
 before last, by means of my analysis of the visions of the Floren- 
 tine B. Cellini. In this dream here there seems to be a similar 
 symbol, for as soon as I accept this hypothesis, the whole dream, 
 part I and part II, becomes entirely clear. " The young man is 
 still in the uterus and looks out," would be the meaning of the 
 first picture, which in conscious speech might be thus expressed : 
 he is still on the path of his mental regeneration (development) 
 — for the idea of re-birth is an archaic picture for mental de- 
 velopment, as Dieterich has shown. The young man looks out 
 and sees a field being ploughed thoroughly. The field is not 
 merely a sexual symbol but is also a symbol of the field of ac- 
 tivity, the young man's own life task. To plough the field aoes 
 not mean merely coitus, but " to do his work." The young man 
 sees a new life, full of work, before him after his cure is com- 
 pleted (birth). The emotional element of the dream fits very 
 well to this. By this process of thought the meaning of the last 
 part of the dream has also become clear ; the dreamer's new field 
 of work has been more definitely pointed out ; he will seek occu- 
 pation as a teacher, out of love for his analyst, and bearing in 
 mind the events of his own psychoanalysis. To guide others is 
 to guide oneself. 
 
 This interpretation gives us a picture of activity ascribed to 
 the role of the analyzer ; to the patient himself it gives an orien- 
 tation in his efforts and the course of his cure. Of what use, 
 
» ' ■» 
 
 THE DREAM PROBLEM 33 
 
 pragmatically considered, would be to him the interpretation of 
 the dream as the spying on the sexual intercourse between his 
 parents? Freud's interpretation I regard as a preliminary step 
 of the actual interpretation. It is, so to speak, the picturesque 
 material which must be translated into the intellectual, — it gives 
 the " whence " of the symbol, but not the " whither." To put it 
 differently, it gives the retrospective, but not the prospective. 
 Jung once expressed this idea picturesquely, when he said "the 
 unconscious speaks a pidgin English which must be translated 
 into the language of cultured men." Adler's saying that the 
 sexual speech of neurosis is a "manner of speaking" is prob- 
 ably to be taken in the same sense. 
 
 This two-sided nature of the symbol I explain in my analyses 
 as follows : The searching out of the symbols may be compared 
 to contemplating a tree of which one considers the subterranean 
 parts, the roots, and the upper part, the trunk, branches, leaves, 
 etc. In the case of the symbol, the sexually symbolic is like the 
 root, the intellectual content of the symbol is like the trunk and 
 branches. 
 
 You will permit me another brief example as illustration: 
 
 rain magic and fertility magic among savage peoples, and which 
 
 are preserved even to-day in some customs of our peasants here, 
 
 when regarded retrospectively prove themselves to be entirely 
 
 frank coitus symbols. But they are not such only — they are 
 
 more than this. They represent a frank attempt on the part of 
 
 primitive man to represent and to influence a process of nature,. 
 
 that is, fructification. He is only using, because of his distinctly 
 
 anthropomorphic tendency, materials from a procedure welf 
 
 known to him, in order to gain a new conception. This is the 
 
 outcome of prospective reflection. As a matter of fact, we may 
 
 regard the concept of magic as the mythical stage of meteorology 
 
 and of chemistry as applied to agriculture. Thus modestly appear 
 
 the beginnings of our distinguished sciences. 5 
 
 5 See the rich ethnological literature for clews to literature and as 
 reference book W. Wundt's " Folk Psychology." 
 
34 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 It was my original intention to show, by means of Parsifal, 
 how the Freudian symbology stops short on its way to the right 
 goal of its task, and thereby becomes unfruitful, but I must re- 
 serve this intention for a later publication, as it would make 
 this paper too long, and I shall therefore content myself with 
 pointing out that tracing back the grail and the lance to the fem- 
 inine and masculine genitals gives us an explanation only as to 
 the original source of these symbols, but not as to their real con- 
 tent. A recent analysis of the Prometheus myth gave me lately 
 a quite analogous experience; that is to say, the Freudian myth 
 analyses really contain only the beginning of the actual analyses ; 
 this explains, to a great extent, why they are so little understood 
 by those who are not initiated. These analyses are like the de- 
 cipherings of the alphabet of an unknown language, but they do 
 not arrive at a knowledge of the words themselves. Proofs of 
 this I shall give shortly. 
 
 In the interpretation of symbols we must not stop short at 
 the concrete sexual act ; it is our task to connect the prospective 
 conception with the retrospective. Freud himself, as I gladly 
 admit, was the first to give this interpretation by correlating 
 rescue phantasies of the neurotic with birth dreams. For the ulti- 
 mate interpretation of the rescue phantasies leads directly to 
 the motive of re-birth. Putnam, two years ago, gave a discourse 
 in our circle which, as I believe and regret, was little under- 
 stood. In it he very clearly indicated the position just taken. 
 The last sentence of his address, which might well serve as a 
 motto for this part of my paper, was this : " Rightly we boast of 
 having thrown light, from one side, on the significance of the 
 church-steeple. But there still remains to us the more important 
 task of learning to understand its other significance with equal 
 precision." 
 
 It is not difficult to understand why some change in our 
 methods has become necessary. What made psychoanalysis as a 
 method so fruitful till now was the systematic introduction of 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 35 
 
 genetic thinking into psychology. Research is directed primarily 
 towards origins, towards the past. But research would become 
 paralyzed if it remained for any length of time one-sidedly retro- 
 spective. A new field of work is now before us and awaits our 
 efforts. The prospective road leads to reality; it promises us, 
 therapeutically, the most important insight, just as the retro- 
 spective road once meant for us a great scientific gain. Biology, 
 which has traced the phylogeny of the under jaw of man back 
 to the gill arches of the fish, after making this important dis- 
 covery returned to the lower jaw of man in order to examine and 
 better understand its structure and function. We, ladies and 
 gentlemen, are in a similar position now, and must clearly admit 
 it, in order to continue our work. The fine American lectures 
 which Jung has just published, are a clear expression of this. 5 * 
 
 The prospective capacity, which after the numerous experi- 
 ences of the last few years, we may ascribe to the libido (and 
 here the merits of Jung are to be prominently accentuated), and 
 from which we assume that it develops a lively activity in the 
 unconscious, stands in close relation to the function of the symbol. 
 We have progressively learned to interpret the symbolism as the 
 mythical organ of knowledge, and the symbol itself as expres- 
 sion of as yet vaguely grasped reality. I must remind you of the 
 first mythical step in knowledge by Auguste Comte, and the im- 
 portant contributions of H. Silberer. In his book "On the 
 Formation of Symbols," Silberer presents an early type of the 
 symbol which he defines as- follows : " The first type of the 
 symbol originates when the idea, unhindered by disturbing con- 
 current ideas (concurrent affect-accentuated complexes), is 
 visualized on the basis of this apperceptive insufficiency as an idea 
 which has arisen on an intellectual basis. 6 
 
 This first type of symbol offers a theoretical basis for my 
 
 5 * Theory of Psychoanalysis, Monograph Series, No. 19. 
 6 Silberer's orientation is closely allied to ours in Zürich, aitnough 
 the two points of view have arisen independently. 
 
36 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 conception — entirely empiric — of the preparatory and preparing 
 function of the dream (or of the unconscious). The possible 
 suitable solution of the conflicts are gropingly searched for and 
 expressed by the symbol. We must here eliminate entirely the 
 question of the intuition, which plays so prominent a part in the 
 philosophy of Bergson. All this aspect of the symbol spreads 
 beyond the confines of the thus far accepted " censor," and shows 
 the necessity for testing and broadening our conception of dream 
 psychology. 
 
 The Tendencies of the Vienna and Zürich Schools in 
 
 Psychoanalysis 
 
 Freud has given me occasion to suppose, in a recent publica- 
 tion, that I must have expressed myself in my work on the func- 
 tion of the dream so as to be misunderstood, 7 for he there ascribes 
 to me ideas which, as a matter of fact, are not mine. 
 
 In this publication, to be found in Vol. I of the International 
 Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 191 3, there is a dream, in the 
 analysis of which, among other things, there is to be found an 
 indirect confession of a deed done the day before. Freud here 
 shows that this dream has a deeper meaning than only the com- 
 paratively unimportant confession read out of the translation of 
 the symbol. " So it is proved that there is no necessity to admit 
 there are confession dreams, just as it is senseless to speak of 
 reflection dreams or warning dreams." This assumption is re- 
 garded as a regression to the preanalytic period. 
 
 I consider Freud entirely right when he shows that such a 
 dream is not yet analyzed if the confession was read out of it 
 and when he speaks of the regressive point of view of such an 
 analyzer. But I must contradict him if he assumes such a point 
 of view to be mine. I am glad to be able here to express clearly 
 that this is an entire misunderstanding. In order to clear up the 
 situation, I have decided to interpret this dream myself according 
 7 Jahrbuch, Vol. IV. 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 37 
 
 to the material at our disposal. I suppose the analysis, which 
 I will now make for you, would be the same if made by some 
 Zürich colleague of mine. Thus it will be possible for me to 
 contrast the two interpretations which now exist in the psycho- 
 analytic movement. 
 
 I must begin by saying that the particular dream is that of a 
 nurse, and was analyzed by a lady patient of Freud's, and that 
 Freud himself accepted the interpretation and carried it some- 
 what deeper. 
 
 A lady suffering from doubt and compulsion neurosis de- 
 mands of her nurses not to be permitted out of their sight one 
 moment, as otherwise she begins to worry about what forbidden 
 thing she may have done during the time she was not watched. 
 One evening she is resting on the couch ; she fancies she sees that 
 the nurse on duty has dropped asleep. She asks : " Did you see 
 me ? " The nurse starts up and answers : " Yes, certainly." The 
 patient now has grounds for a new doubt and repeats the same 
 question after an interval. The nurse again asserts she was 
 awake and at that moment the maid brings in the evening meal. 
 This happens on a Friday evening. Next morning the nurse 
 tells a dream which scatters the doubts of the patient. The 
 nurse's dream: She was given the care of a child and she lost 
 it. On the way she asks people on the street if they have seen 
 the child. Then she reaches a large sheet of water and goes 
 across a small foot path. {Later she adds that on this path the 
 nurse is suddenly before her like a mirage.) Then she finds her- 
 self in a neighborhood she knows well and there meets a woman 
 she knew as a girl, and who at that time was a saleswoman in a 
 grocery store, but later she married. This woman is standing 
 before the door and the dreamer asks her: Have you seen the 
 child? But the woman is not interested in this question and tells 
 her she is now separated from her husband, adding that even in 
 marriage there is not always happiness. Then the dreamer 
 
38 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 awakes, quieted, and thinks the child will probably be found at 
 some neighbor's house. 
 
 I must put aside a good deal of material and direct the reader 
 to Freud's previously mentioned publication. I content myself 
 with repeating the interpretation there given and shall then give 
 my own. 
 
 The lady's interpretation of the dream establishes that the 
 nurse is disturbed at having failed in the fulfilment of her duties 
 and is afraid of being dismissed on that account. Therefore the 
 dream contains a sort of confession. We must emphasize that in 
 the morning the nurse tells the lady the dream, and added that 
 Friday is often an eventful day for her. (It was a Friday when 
 the incident occurred.) 
 
 This interpretation is accepted by Freud, but he broadens and 
 completes it, since he discovers the "deeper meaning of the 
 dream," the dream-forming wish that originates in the uncon- 
 scious. The wish appears as follows : " Very well I did close my 
 eyes and so compromised my reliability as a nurse; now I shall 
 lose this place. Shall I be as stupid as X. who went into the 
 water? No, I won't be nurse any longer, anyway, I mean to 
 marry, be a wife, have a child of my own. Nothing shall prevent 
 this." This last interpretation is not actually built on ideas of 
 the dreamer, but as Freud says, "on our knowledge of dream 
 symbolism." (The water, the whale in the myth of Jonah, the 
 narrow path.) 
 
 In the interpretation which I will now put before you, I shall, 
 as in my first example, distinguish between an objective and a 
 subjective phase. 
 
 The child who has been lost is, of course, the patient entrusted 
 to the nurse ; the dreamer might lose her place and thereby come 
 to the same condition as X. who committed suicide (mirage). 
 The married woman who is asked about the child and who is only 
 interested in her own affairs is, first, the sick lady, who bothers 
 the nurse quite a little with her neurosis. It is evident that the 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 39 
 
 nurse has a typical aunt-transference to this lady, in which there 
 is a distinct element of defiance. (The analyzing lady has not 
 recognized herself in the dream, because she is represented in 
 too uncomplimentary a manner.) The qualification of the sales- 
 woman in the grocery store must refer, in this phase, to the em- 
 ployer from whom the dreamer receives her food. Freud draws 
 attention to another source, which is certainly correct — that is, 
 infantile symbolism, the qualification no doubt also applies to the 
 aunt, and also to the mother of the nurse. But the married 
 woman without doubt is also the aunt, as Freud assures us. 
 (The dreamer knows the place well ; also notice the circumstance 
 that she ignores the nurse's questions about the child, like the 
 aunt who was greatly opposed to a former suitor of the nurse.) 
 Therefore we get this meaning: neither my employer nor my 
 aunt bother much about me, they are only interested in their 
 own affairs. The circumstance that the conversation takes place 
 before a door in a well-known spot, leads me to suppose that this 
 refers to the mother and to the dreamer's own birth. Therein 
 we find an accusation against the mother, and also an excusing of 
 herself from the fault committed. I have been made this way, 
 have been brought up so, it is not my fault. This makes compre- 
 hensible the last sentence of the dream, the child will probably be 
 found at some neighbor's house; I need not take the matter so 
 seriously. 
 
 Now we will take the dream in its subjective phase: the child 
 entrusted to her, and which she lost and was seeking across the 
 sheet of water, whence she met the mirage, is her own valuable 
 personality, still a child, which ought to grow up and was lost as 
 the day before she had again showed herself to be unreliable in 
 her work and defiant, irritable towards her patient. We may as- 
 sume that the incident of the day before the dream was only a 
 repetition of innumerable faults which were reawakened on this 
 day of misfortunes (Friday). The nurse finds herself before a 
 
 ■BP-v. _^^^_^_^^___^__ 
 
40 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 difficulty typical to her and she reacts typically. Witness the 
 aunt-mother transference. 
 
 The lost child must be found, the submerged moral person- 
 ality must be born again, and she actually stands near a great 
 water, to which belongs the thought of the Jonah myth. The 
 joke of wriggling Jonah, which belongs in the original material, 
 has not been used in the interpretation given us, but it belongs 
 here. The nurse does similarly, she wriggles out of her diffi- 
 culty ; she does not take the matter seriously ; why bother herself ? 
 The child will be found at some neighbor's house. I can't act 
 differently, I have not been taught (accusation of aunt, mother). 
 Rebirth (alias moral development) the nurse does not succeed 
 in obtaining; she is content with some superficial consolation. 
 Therefore, we don't expect to find any liberation, any relief from 
 her depression. As a matter of fact we know that after the 
 dream she remains defiant, does not confess her fault, is irritable 
 and so forth, — that is, she remains stuck in her typical pre- 
 dicament. But the nurse must also be identical with the former 
 seller of foods, for we expect to find after the definition of the 
 dream which I have to-day set forth, that on sufficient analysis 
 all figures in the dream will resolve themselves as personifica- 
 tions of tendencies of the libido. It is so here also, since the 
 nurse does not sufficiently trouble about her patient; she sleeps 
 during her hours on duty ; probably she dreams a good deal about 
 her own affairs. The marriage and separation of the woman in 
 the dream no doubt refer to her own unfortunate love-affair, as 
 Freud has shown. 
 
 This dream, then, gives us a pictured representation of the 
 nurse's psychic situation at the time of the occurrence we are 
 reporting. It expresses the insufficient attempts of the dreamer 
 to develop the ethical personality. It contains references to a 
 new birth; but also to the failure of the same and at last the 
 dreamer assumes the attitude of resigned indifference. Accord- 
 ing to my conception this is not merely a confession dream, 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 41 
 
 although Freud ascribes that opinion to me. The dream may be 
 recognized indirectly (in that it is told to the lady) and also 
 directly (by the analysis) as a confession. But in the psychic 
 menage of the dreamer it has a greater significance than either of 
 these, for it pictures in symbolic speech, a typical psychic reac- 
 tion of the dreamer to a given stimulus from the outer world. 
 Its meaning goes much beyond its cause. The loss of the place 
 would not have been of such great importance to the nurse ; such 
 employment is easy to get. It deals with the actual conflict of 
 the dreamer, or rather, it deals unmistakably with her actual life- 
 problem. I think I am speaking entirely in Jung's meaning of 
 the " actual conflict " and similarly as Riklin has done in an ap- 
 parently greatly misunderstood essay in the Correspondenzblatt 
 f. Schweizer Aerzte, except I would prefer the expression "ac- 
 tual expression of the life-task" to "actual conflict." 
 
 I would be greatly pleased if the contrasting of these two dif- 
 ferent interpretations of the same dream might serve to bring 
 about a better understanding of my conception, all the more as I 
 am convinced there is no difference of principle involved, but 
 only a broadening, or rather a deepening, in that we take the 
 question from its strictly sexual into the general psychological 
 field. 
 
 In order to be rightly understood, I will try to outline my atti- 
 tude to Freud's interpretation. The nurse fails in one place, 
 she is not capable of adjustment, her libido undergoes retro- 
 gression. Experience teaches us that in this situation of the 
 libido, sexual excitement easily takes place (notice the onanism 
 of neurotics, following discomfitures of any kind). In a girl, 
 the wish for love, marriage, and a child, which is justified bio- 
 logically as well as psychologically, can fulfil itself in phantasy. 
 This confirms Freud's interpretation. If I ask myself, how can 
 it be possible that two different interpretations of the same dream 
 may be correct, there comes to me an idea that I have long har- 
 bored, without following it out sufficiently thoroughly and sys- 
 
 >-*mm 
 
42 THE DREAM PROBLEM 
 
 tematically. It is this : The wish of the girl for love and a child 
 is an expression of the pleasure-principle, whilst the picture of 
 the nurse's faulty adjustment to life and her reaction is the work 
 of the reality principle. The dream, as I interpret it, describes 
 the faulty adjustment to reality. The two fundamental prin- 
 ciples of psychic happening, as formulated by Freud, ought to be 
 demonstrable in the psychic phenomena ; therefore in the dream 
 as well as elsewhere. For the last two years I have gradually 
 received the impression that in psychoanalysis we have first 
 learned to know the pleasure principle and its numerous mani- 
 festations, thanks to Freud ; whereas, the reality principle as the 
 younger child has been somewhat neglected, and that its further- 
 ing is essentially the work of the Zürich school with Jung at its 
 head. The following from Freud's interpretation seems to me 
 a confirmation of this. " The wish, ' I want a child/ seems to be 
 more adapted to help the nurse over the unpleasant situation of 
 the reality." It looks like a distinct accentuation of the pleasure 
 principle on Freud's part. You are aware that the principal idea 
 of my contested article on the "Function of the Dream," is as 
 follows : " In the dream there is at work a preparatory arranging 
 function which belongs to the work of adjustment." This is a 
 clear expression of the emphasis I place on the reality principle. 
 The two main principles here mentioned are after all only 
 an expression of the two typical forms of activity of the libido, 
 progressive and regressive. They are, metaphorically expressed, 
 two channels at the disposal of the libido current. The important 
 point is the proper distribution of the same. They are also com- 
 parable to two voices which, more or less harmoniously, sing 
 the song of life. In neurosis, as in the first phase of cure by 
 analysis, the voice of regression drowns the other; this can be 
 proved in numerous dreams which are to be found in literature ; 
 I have therefore avoided giving examples. It is true that in 
 all these dreams traces of the drowned voice of progression are 
 demonstrable. It is to this point, it seems to me, that the analyst 
 
THE DREAM PROBLEM 43 
 
 of the future should attach the most importance, for we are first 
 and foremost healers, and therefore it is our duty to point out to 
 our wandering patients the light that shines in the distance. This 
 gleam of light is to serve them as a lighthouse in the storms of 
 passion. In the course of the treatment the voice of progression 
 will gradually become louder, until it finally takes the dominant 
 note. The connection between pleasure and displeasure prin- 
 ciple and the cathartic function, on the one hand, and between 
 the reality principle and the preparatory function on the other 
 can here be merely indicated. An outburst of anger, to avoid 
 internal tension, the striving for satisfaction by replacements, 
 are frank unloadings (cathartic cleansings) ; the weighing and 
 representing of the solution of a conflict prepares for freedom 
 and leads to reality. 
 
 I am at the end of my presentation. You will be justified in 
 remarking that I have not tried to test the subject from all sides; 
 I have, for instance, passed over the dream as a guardian of sleep, 
 and left polemics aside. I did not do so in order to lighten my 
 task; I may say for my justification that I primarily desired to 
 handle those points which have become somewhat clear to me, I 
 have also striven to bring as much positive material as might be 
 useful for the discussion. I hope that the gaps I have been 
 obliged to leave may be filled out by my colleague to your satis- 
 faction. 
 
The 
 
 Psychoanalytic 
 Review 
 
 H Journal ©evoteö to an 
 mnöerötanöing of ibuman Gonöuct 
 
 BDITED AND:PüBLISHED BY 
 
 WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D. 
 
 CONTENTS 
 Volume HI April, 1916 Number 2 
 
 ORIGINAL ARTICLES 
 
 The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of 
 Freud. James J. Putnam 
 
 Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defense Reactions. 
 
 Francis M. Shocklev 
 Technique of Psychoanalysis. Smith Ely Jelliffe 
 
 TRANSLATIONS 
 
 Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger 
 
 The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. 
 
 Otto Rank and Hanns Sachs 
 ABSTRACTS. Book Reviews. 
 
 Issued Quarterly: $5.00 per Volume, 
 Single Numbers, $1.50 
 Foreign, $5.60 
 
 Vol. 3 began with 1916. Circular of contents of Vol. 2 on application 
 Orders received at any time at 
 
 NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY 
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME II, PSYCHOANALYTIC REVIEW 
 
 Original Articles 
 
 Page 
 
 Some General Remarks on the Principles of Pain-Pleasure and of Reality. , Paul Federn i 
 
 The Unconscious. W. A. White 12 
 
 The Theory of Psychoanalysis. C. G. Jung 29 
 
 A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. M. Solomon 52 
 
 Technique of Psychoanalysis. S. E. Jelliffe 73, 191, 286, 409 
 
 Contributions to the Psychopathology of Everyday Life: Their Relation to Abnormal 
 
 Mental Phenomena. R. S. Miller . 121 
 
 The Integrative Functions of the Nervous System Applied to Some Reactions in Human 
 
 Behavior and their Attending Psychic Functions. E. J. Kempf . 152 
 
 A Manic-Depressive Episode Representing a Frank Wish-Realization Contruction. R. Reed 166 
 
 Psychoanalytic Parallels. W. A. White 177 
 
 Psychoanalysis. C. G. Jung 241 
 
 The Role of the Sexual Complex in Dementia Precox. J. C. Hassall 260 
 
 Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. T. Schroeder 277 
 
 Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the Personality. E. J. 
 
 Kempf 361 
 
 Psychoanalysis. A. H. Ring 390 
 
 A Philosophy for Psychoanalysts. L. E. Emerson 422 
 
 Critical Digests 
 
 Religion and Sex. An Account of the Erotogenetic Theory of Religion as Formulated 
 
 by Theodore Schroeder. J. S. Van Teslaar 81 
 
 Some Freudian Contributions to the Paranoia Problem. C. R. Payne 93, 200 
 
 Translations 
 
 Wishf ulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. F. Riklin 102, 203, 327 
 
 The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. O. Rank and H. Sachs, 297, 428 
 
 Abstracts 
 
 Internationale Zeitschrift für Aertzliche Psychoanalyse. 
 
 Vol. I, No. 5 : : 106 
 
 Hate and Anal Erotic in the Compulsion Neuroses. E. Jones. 
 
 The Symbol and the Psychical Conditions of its Formation in Children. 
 
 Beaurain. 
 The Ontogenesis of Symbols. S. Ferenczi. 
 Some Remarks on the Doctrine of Tendencies. L. Jekels. 
 The Psychology of Child Sexuality. V. Tausk. 
 
 Vol. I, No. 6 228 
 
 The Disposition to Compulsion Neurosis. A Contribution to the Problem of 
 
 the Choice of a Neurosis. S. Freud. 
 The Psychopathology of a Case of Phobia. M. Prince. 
 Stuttering, — A Psychoneurosis and its Treatment by Psychoanalysis. M. D. Eder. 
 
 Vol. II, No. 1 346 
 
 On False Recollection ("dejä raconte") during Psychoanalysis. S. Freud. 
 The Attitude of the Psychoanalytic Therapeutist to the Actual Conflicts. E. 
 
 Jones. 
 Some Clinical Observations on Paranoia and Paraphrenia. (A Contribution to 
 
 the Psychology of " System Formation.") S. Ferenczi. 
 Prof. Dr. Ernst Dürr and his Relation to Psychoanalysis. O. Pfister. 
 
 Vol. II, N0.2 458 
 
 Contributions to the Analysis of Sadism and Masochism. II. The Libidinous 
 
 Sources of Masochism. P. Federn. 
 On the Nosology of Male Homosexuality (Homoeroticism). S. Ferenczi. 
 On the Constitutional Basis of Locomotor Anxiety. K. Abraham. 
 Imago. 
 
 Vol. I, No. 3 . . . . 113 
 
 Some Similarities in the Mental Life of Primitive and Neurotic People. — The 
 
 Taboo and the Ambivalence of Emotional Excitations. S. Freud. 
 Colored Audition; An Attempt to Explain the Phenomenon on the Basis of 
 
 Psychoanalysis. H. v. Hug-Hellmuth. 
 The Cause of Chromesthesias Associated with Acoustic Impressions and the 
 
 Meaning of Other Synesthesias. O. Pfister. 
 Symbolic Representation of the Principles of Pleasure and Reality in CEdipus 
 
 Myth. S. Ferenczi. 
 
Contents of Volume IL — Continued 
 
 Page 
 
 Vol. I, No. 4 219 
 
 Some Similarities in the Mental Life of Primitive and Neurotic People. — II. 
 
 The Taboo and the Ambivalence of Emotional Excitations. S. Freud. 
 Amenhotep IV (Echnaton). Notes on the Psychoanalytic Interpretation of his 
 
 Personality and on the Monotheistic Cult of Aton. K. Abraham. 
 The Meaning of Salt in Folklore. E. Jones. 
 J. P. Jakobsen's " Niels Lyhne " and the Problem of Bisexuality. H. Blueher. 
 
 Vol. I, No. 5 341 
 
 The Influence of Sexual Factors on the Origin and Development of Language. 
 
 H. Sperber. 
 The Meaning of Salt in Folklore. E. Jones. 
 The Psychology of Travel. A. F. v. Winterstein. 
 Psychoanalytic Notes on Goethe's Wahlverwandtschaften. J. Harmik. 
 Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. S. Ferenczi. 
 Reply to Dr. Ferenczi. J. J. Putnam. 
 Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse. 
 
 Vol. Ill, Nos. 4-5 224 
 
 The Role of the Unconscious in the Neurosis. A. Adler. 
 The Terminations of Psychoanalytic Treatments. W. Stekel. 
 Changes in the Freudian School. C. Fortmüller. 
 Concerning the Psychogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. M. Wulff. 
 Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse und Psychotherapie. 
 
 Vol. Ill, Nos. 6-7 226 
 
 Psychoanalysis and Philosophy. J. Putnam. 
 
 Analytic Remarks on the Painting of a Schizophrenic. H. Rorschach. 
 
 The Condition of "Being Possessed" in the Rural Districts of Russia. M. 
 
 Lachtin. 
 Terminations of Psychoanalytic Treatments. W. Stekel. 
 
 Vol. Ill, Nos. 8-9 465 
 
 Our Understanding of the Mental Connections in the Neuroses and Freud's and 
 
 Adler's Theories. O. Hinrichsen. 
 Concerning the Fundamental Characteristics and Aims of Present Day Ration- 
 alistic Psychotherapy. W. M. Lichnitzky. 
 Content and Terminological Justification of the Term Psychoanalysis. F. Grüner. 
 Progress of Dream Interpretation. W. Stekel. 
 
 Vol. Ill, Nos. 10-11 465 
 
 Concerning the Treatment of Stuttering. E. Fröschels. 
 A Psychological Contribution to the Question of Alcoholism. J. Birstein. 
 The Question of Genesis and Therapy of Anxiety-Neurosis by Means of the 
 Combined Psychoanalytic Method. U. A. Wyrubow. 
 
 Vol. Ill, No. 12 466 
 
 Psychotherapy and the Philosophy of Schopenhauer. O. Juljusburger. 
 Dream and Dream Interpretation. A. Adler. 
 Disguises of Religiosity. W. Stekel. 
 
 Miscellaneous Abstracts 
 Die Ambivalenz, von Prof. Dr. E. Bleuler 466 
 
 Book Reviews 
 
 Psychoanalysis. Its Theories and Practical Application, by A. A. Brill 118 
 
 Love and the Soul-Maker, by Mary E. Austin 233 
 
 The Skeleton in the Closet, by Clarence S. Darrow 235 
 
 Dreams and Myths, by Dr. Karl Abraham 236 
 
 A Text-Book of Insanity and Other Mental Diseases, by Charles Arthur Mercier .... 238 
 The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. A Psychological Interpretation of Mythology, 
 
 by O. Rank 354 
 
 The Origin and Nature of the Emotions, by George W. Crile 355 
 
 Psychology and Parenthood, by H. Addington Bruce 356 
 
 The Individual Delinquent ; A Text-Book of Diagnosis and Prognosis for All Concerned 
 
 in Understanding Offenders, by William Healy 469 
 
 Ecce Deus. Studies of Primitive Christianity, by William Benjamin Smith 472 
 
 Sleep and Sleeplessness, by H. Addington Bruce 475 
 
 Varia 
 
 Ceremonial Consummation, by Elsie Clews Parsons 358 
 
 Sex Values, Extract from The New Machiavelli, by H. G. Wells 359 
 
 Dreams, Extract from Protagoras the Humanist, Papyri of Philonous 360 
 
 Marriage and the Will to Power, by Elsie Clews Parsons 477 
 
 One of Our Conquerors : A Study of Repression, by V. H. Mottram 478 
 
 The Harlequin of Dreams, by Sidney Lanier 480 
 
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JOURNAL OF NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE 
 
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 Speech Conflict — A Natural Consequence in Cosmopolitan Cities — As an Etiological 
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