Vol. 7, No, 84. Issued Monthly. JULY, 1898. $1.20 Per Year, Price, 10 Cents. 0n^s ylTMLETIC Scientific Pby$icdl training ...THE CARE OF THE BODY... By EDWARD B. WARMAN PUBLISHED BY THE ^HEI^KAN 5P9R3 PUBUSMINO Crce (the wasting of the nerve tissues) exceeds that of the muscular force (the wasting of the muscular tissues), is it a desirable quality to lie introduced into a system of physical training? Physical training is one tiling; the care of the body quite another. The majority of those who take regular training in a gym- nasium or in field sports neglect the care of the body by violat- ing the laws of hygiene; by the use of alcoholic drinks; Ijy the use of tobacco in any form; also by over-eating, over-training, irregular habits, etc., etc. The life of the average gymnast is, in consequence, comparatively short. No gymnasium is necessarily complete because it is fully equipped -(vith first-class apparatus. There needs must be a competent physical director; one that is versed, not only in various exercises, but in the relation those exercises bear to the body. TWO SPF-CIAL OBJECTS. The /r?wrt;'_j' object of all physical exercise is health. If you have it, then you should exercise to keep it. The secondary object is a graceful and frof'er carriage of the body. No teacher should lav claim to jiroficiency who does not exemplify these principles in his own personality, and no liook to com- pleteness that disregards these same fundamental principles in ito teachings. The object of physical training should be not so much with a view to muscular developftienf as to muscular health and muscular strength. It is not the size and hardness of one's muscles that indicate strength, but the quality. It is this mis- taken idea (the making of brutes instead of iiicu') that has caused so much to have been written against anything that tinges of manly sports. iNTRODUCTOKY. g Let the poor, hollow-chested, bad-livered dyspeptic griunl)lL-r against physical exercise come out of his little den, doff his coat and vest, breathe freely and fully of the fresh air tlie Almighty has so freely and so plentifully given; tlien let him take up a pair of Indian cliiKs, or hurl the ball, or pitch the quoit, or poise the rifle, or tug at the oar, or have a round with the gloves, or a bout at wrestling, or a spin on the wheel, and he will go back t(J that self-same den and acknowledge to the world, through the silent but powerful medium of the pen, that he was wrong in attacking the thing itself when his blows should have been levelled at its misapplication and abuse. Many gymnasts are abnormally developed — often naturally, not scientifically. They lay great stress upon the size of the biceps muscle. The iud)Iic, too, are freijuer.tly misled. flow common it is to say to a strongly-built man, "You appear to be a very strong man, let me feel y(-ur muscle." Which of liis many muscles do you feel ? Only one, the biceps. Is it a clilerion of strength ? Not by any means. It is often an imli- cation of weakness; weakness of some other portion of the body; of some other muscle which has been drained of its needed blood supply; possibly the triceps (the striking muscle) has been neglected. For this reason an expert oarsman should be an expert boxer, thus ecpializing the consequent strength and development of the arm. It has been said of Ilanlon, the great oarsman, that, so large are his biceps muscles and so small the triceps, he could pull a man's head off, but he could not knock a man down. Should boxing be recommended ? Is it manly? Yes, when a man boxes. Anything that a ///tni does is inaiilv, anytiiing that a 7tioiiian does is ^ooiuaiily. Next to God Himself there is nothing grander than .a manly man or a womanly woman. Physical training, in some vigoriuis iov\w — not merely a namby-pambyisni of a few sleepy movements — should l^e in- dulged in daily by every one engaged in sedentary employment, and by every teacher and student. llow many weak, deliilitated, half-alive men and women are stantling at the doors of our halls of learning and asking admit- lO INTRODUCTORY. tance. It were as reasonalile to adorn a lunible-down shanty with a mansard roof as to give to a physical wreck an accom- plished education. Watch the pupils as they leave the colleges and seminaries. You will observe with many of them that the head seems run- ning away with the body; not because the head is so lari^e, but l)ccause the body is so small. If )-ou\\ant a fair representative of tlie average student mIio neglects physical training place a large, round doughnut on a hairpin. AN AI.L-ROUND ArHI.p:TE. I am a firm believer in the all-round athlete as well as in the all-round Christian — mentally, morally, physically. It is not uncommon to find mental monstrosities, moral mon- strosities and physical monstrosities. An over-development in any one of these lines is not desiral)lc, and cannot be had with- out causing a detriment to the two others. No theological course should be considered complete v/ithout a thorough training in gymnastics. It is not below the digni,ty of any minister to indulge even to the extent of boxing or wrestling. It would brighten many a man's theology and thus prove a blessing to mankind in general. There are too many weaklings, too many lightweights at the sacred desk. We need more giants; more intellectual and physical giants, more such men as were Spurgeon, Beecher, Drooks, and others. Do not sound and sturdy bodiL-s, and due attention daily in keeping them in repair have much to do with tlieir ability at all times to cope with the duty lying next to them? Had not the splendid physique and abounding vitality of Henry Ward Beecher no connection with his ability to attend to his duty as pastor, author, editor and lecturer? Had not the mag- nificent breadth and depth of Spurgeon's chest and his splendid outfit of vital organs nothing to do with his great power and influence as a preacher of ^\•orld-wide reimtatiou ? Have not the great bodies of the two giants of the American pulpit — Joseph Cook .and the late Phillijis I^irooks — proved most valu- able accessions to their rreat brains ? INTRODUCTOKV. II ThesjC men, it may be saiil, were pliysically so by nature. True, Init that d(jes not weaken the arj^unient in favor of daily physical exercise for tliose who aie less fortunate in their physical n:ake-n]i, yet have hir;h and noble aspirations for the goiul of their fellow men. I most heartily endorse what Ilenr) Ward Beecher termed MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY. Old Peter Cartvvright, of Ohio, also believed in muscular Christianity, and he backed up his belief by applying it most forcibly when, in his famous camp-meetings, he was interrupted i)y some rough character. If this inleriuption occurred during the singing of a hymn, the re\erend gentleman did not cease his singing, but left the rudely constructed jdatform, and with- init changing the time or losing the tune, he advanced (irmly to the intruder and administered some sound theology not in the decalogue. Still he sang, until his " ( llory to God " rang through the woods as a signal that once more right had pre- vailed. Invariabl)-, his antagonist ever after respected him. Not long ago when tra\eling t^ircnigh the New England States, I learned of a \\'eslern evangelist m ho had a somewhat similar experience. lie had the moral courage to speak his convictions. One Sal)bath mmning he referred to a certain saloon in the town; a saloon that had — more than all otheis — proved a pitfall to many a young man, and an eye-sore to the whole community, lie clenounced the saloon-keejier in the strongest terms. Next day this man of God and this man of the world met. The following inieresting conversation and scene took place: " I believe you are the evangelist that is preaching in our town." " I am, sir." " I understand that you spoke of me yesterday in a very un- complimentary manner." " I did, sir." " Well, you're the man I'm looking for; I intend to give you a thrashing." 12 INTRODUCTORY. "Just wait a moment," said tlie minister calmly, " and I'll accommodate you. I'm an Irishman." Suiting the action to the word, he removed his coat, folded it methodically, laid it on the sidewallc, turned toward the saloon-keeper, and said: "Come on. I'm ready. r>y tlie help of Clod /'//do the thrash- ing." And he did. He was \\ell versed in the manly art. Some persons have an idea that a Quaker won't fight. It's a mistake. It dejiends. A noted Quaker minister was one day discoursing on the subject of Christian endurance; but he did not go into details as to the lii/iit of that endurance other than that noted in the Scriptures: "Whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek turn to him the other also." A noted character in the neighborhood was jjresent, and he had a desire to test the reverend gentleman's ability to take his own prescription. Meeting him a few days thereafter he applied the test by dealing him a severe blou' upon the cheek. Without a murmur the minister turned to him the other cheek also. This was a surprise to his assailant, but a greater sur- prise was in store for him. The good, old Quaker, after re- ceiving the second blow, said: " Kriuntl, thee hast done thy l^art, I must now do mine. Thee hast seen that I have ob- served the Scriptural injunction to the letter; and further the' Scriptures saith not. I must now do my part by giving thee thy just re\\ar. — The eating of too much of ihtfarboiiaceoiisiaod^ is the cause of ill health, poor blood and bad skin." SriI.L ANOTHER AUTHORITY ON DIET. From " Hygiene for Base Ball Players." "Of the nitrogenous, or albuminoid or waste supplying foods, among the best are beef, mutton, fowl, cheese, eggs, milk, fish, bread. " The best force-pyoduiiiig foods are fats, sugar and starches. "■^ Fats — IJutter, lard, oil, meat fats. " Sugars — Pure soft candies, rock candy, cane or table sugar, grape sugar or glucose, milk sugar or lactose. " Starches — Rice, tapioca, corn starch, oatmeal, cracked wheat, sago, barley, potatoes and corn. "The indigestible, unnutritious, or otherwise more or less hurtful articles of diet to be avoided are veal, pork, uncooked vegetables, pastry, pies, puddings, dumplings, tea, coffee and nuts. "Fruits and vegetables are first-class accessory foods and should be taken in season. This is particularly true of fruit. All vegetables should be well cooked and all fruit ripe, but not over-ripe. "The body may be compared to a locomotive, in which the iron, steel, brass, copper and general make-up of the engine corresponds with the bone, muscles, nerves, blood vessels and general tissues of the body. The metal work (the structure of the engine) wears out; so do our bones and muscles and other structures. On the engine they are replaced by new plates, bolts, screws, tul)es, rods, cylinders, etc., as the occasion demands, while in the case of our bodies the wear and tear is supplied by the nitrogenous or albuminous foods, as, foi instance, meat. "Coal and wood form the force-producing food for the loco- motive, as do the fats, sugar and starches for our bodies. "To ctit poor nitrogenous footl is like repairing a locomotive with inferior melal or old and rusiy iron, and to eat the poorer and less digestible force-jiroducing food is like running an 28 THE (iARF. OF THF. BODY. engine with poor coal and wood or attempting to burn sand and mud. "Again, the locomotive does not do the same amount of work each day, for while 300 miles are run to-day only 50 may lie made to-morrow, lOO the day following and on the fourth day there may be a total rest in the round-house. "No engineer with any sense would burn the same amount of fuel on each of these days, and yet that is exactly what ^\ e do with our bodies, for, on days when we do the least woik (as, for instance, on Sundays) the largest amount of food is crammed into our stomachs. "It is useless to carry the analogy any further, for the com- parison is so simple and so apt that it cannot help but show the right ^\■ay to all \\ho will sfo]) to think. The moral is to eat in jirojiortifin as you woik, while care should be taken not to eat just before or during or just after hard mental work." APPLES FOR SEDENTARY PEOPLE. From the Nortli American Pract'tioner. "The remfdial use of ap|iles is worthy of notice. Chemi- cally, the apple is composed of vegetable (ibre. alluimen , sugar, gum, chloroidiyl. malic, gallic acid. lime and much water. Furthermore, the German analysts say that the apple contains a larger percentage of phosphorus than any other fruit, or than any vegetable. "The phosphorus is admiralily ada]ited for renewing the essential nervous matter (lecitin) of the brain and spinal cord. It is, perhaps, for the same reason (rudely understood) that the old Scandinavian traditions represent the apple as the food of the gods, who, when they felt themselves growing feeble and infirm, resorted to this fruit to renew their powers of body and m i n d . "The acids of the a]iplc are also of singular use for men of sedentary habits \\ hose livers are sluggish in action, tlie aciiis serving to eliminate noxious matters from the bodv ^\hich, if retained, would make the brain heavy and dull, or bring about jaundice or skin eruptions and other allied troubles. Some THE PAKE OF THE BODY. 2Q siicli experience must have led to the custom of taking apple sauce witli roast pork, rich goose and otlier like dishes. "The malic acid of ripe apples, either raw or cooked, will neutralize any excess of chalky matter engendered by eating too much meat. It is also a fact tliat such ripe fruits as the apple, tlie pear and tlie plum {when taken ripe and without sugar) diminish acidity in the stomach ratlier than provoke it. Their vegetable sauces and juices tend to counteract acidity." I have tested the foregoing thoroughly and am satisfied that the apple, of all fruit, is the friend of both the brain worker and the seeker after health. To me it has seemed even more efficacious just before retiring than at any other time. I am not of those who believe that fruit is "golden in the morning and leaden at night." It is always golden. Can you fancy the typical farmer and his family going to bed on a winter's even- ing without the usual sujiply of ajiplts? It reminds me of that beautiful word-painting of J. T. Trov\bridge (" Evening at the P"arm"), in wiiich he says: To supper at last the farmer goes. The apples are pared, the paper read, The stories are told, then all to bed. LEMONS. One medical authority (London Lancet) says : " Afost people know the benefit of lemonade ])efore breakfast, hut few people know that the benefit is more than doubled by taking another at night, also. The way to get tlie better of a l)ilious svstem witliout the taking of blue pills or quinine is to take the juice of one, two or three lemons (as appetite craves and judgment dictates) in as much water as makes it pleasant to drink with- out sugar. Do this just before retiring. In the morning on arising, or at least a half an hour before breakfast, take the juice of one lemon in a goblet of water. This will clear the system of humor and bile \\ itliout any nf the effects of calomel or congress water. One siunild not iriilate the stomacli bv taking lemons clear. The powerful acid of the juice, \\hen taken alone, is always most corrosive, and invariably produces inflammation if long continued ; but when properly diluted so 30 THE CARE OF THE BODY. that it does not harm nor draw the throat it does its medical work without harm, and when the stomach is clear of food it has abundant opportunity to work over the system thoroughly." I desire to add my testimony to the foregoing, also, as in the case of the apples. Nature is very kind to us in furnisliing about everything necessary to obtain or to retain health. I found the use of lemons of special value during my seasons in the sunny Southland. In a pitcher of cold water (not iced) I would squeeze the juice of three lemons. The l)enefits of this potion were two- fold — my system was not only kept in excellent condition and free from malaria, but my thirst was quenched, hence I drank less frequently and a less quantity of water, a mere sip would oft-times suffice. The le.ss iced water one drinks the better. Iced water increases instead of diminishes thirst. I wish to add one word in the way of caution in the use of lemons. Do not use si/gar with the lemon ; it neutralizes the intended or desired effect to be produced in the taking of the lemon ; it will (with sugar) cdiise instead of remove acidity. A SIMPLE DIET. By Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, London, Eng. "Breakfast — Oatmeal porridge, eggs and toast make a good breakfast. "Dinner — A mutton chop or a beefsteak, with a light quantity of vegetables and some fruit, makes an efficient dinner. "Supper — A cup of milk (in place of tea) and whole-wheat meal porridge will suffice for supper. "These, in my experience, form as good a diet rule as can be devised for men in active athletic work. " The athletic life runs from i8 to 36. It is essential that the would-be athlete abstain from alcohol and tobacco, and he should know that gambling is fatal to body and mind. " There are four essentials of success, viz., pim'sioii, decision, presence of mi nd &x\A endurance. These qualities (said a noted athlete to nie) \\\\\ make (lie possessor successful in any field THE CAKK OK THE KOUY. 3I lie enters. P'ear is tlie most fatal of all to the athlete's suc- cess. It paralyzes all operations. J/tv^/a/ endurance is of the utmost importance. It is a determination that you will go through a thing and that you will last till you do go through. I place mental endurance ahead of pliysical endurance. The alhlcte must sleep at least seven hours every night, and he must observe four more isscntials, viz.: "Abstinence from hurtful things. " Regular and good habits. "Calmness of temper. " Lauilable ambition." AN OPINION ON DIET SOMKWHAT AT A'AKIANCK WITH OTHERS ON liRAIN FOOD. "Two erroneous theories seem I0 be generally accepted; first, that in a warm climate fruit and vegetables are the most desiral)le diet ; second, that jilissical exercises may be largely dispensed \\illi when one lives practically in tlie (_)pen air. In the case of an invalid I • To produce heat to keep it warm. Food IS consumed \ ■ ^T D J -l 4- To produce muscular and intellectual m the Body: \-^v \ strength, HOW THESE NUTRIENTS ARE USED IN THE BODY. f forms the basis of blood, muscle, sinew, bone, The \ skin, etc. Protein "1 is changed into fats and carbohydrates. I is consumed for fuel. „ „ ( are stored in the body as fat. The Falsi w f , ( are consumed for fuel. The j are changed into fat. Carbohydrates \ are consumed for fuel. The protein, fats and carbohydrates all furnish warmth and strength, but protein alone forms the basis of blood, muscle, sinew, etc. Accordingly, since the protein can do for us what the others do, and has, besides, a duty of its own which the others can- not perform, it is the most important of the nutrients. Protein is, also, the most costly of the food ingredients. A day's FOOD AND HOW IT IS USED — DAILY INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF THE HUMAN BODY. The body receives food, drink and oxygen, which constitute its income. Part of this material is transposed into flesh, fat, bone and other tissue of the body. The remainder, together 40 THE CARE OF THE BODY. with the tissue worn out by use is transformed into urea, car- bonic acid, water, etc. These products are given off from the body, and constitute its expenditure. DAILY INCOME. It has been estimated that a man doing moderate work, to keep his body well nourished, requires about the equivalents of the following nutritive substances (nutrients) and water: Ntitrients and Water in Food for a Day. Protein, . . . . . . 4.2 ounces. Fats, . . . . Carbohydrates, Mineral matters. Water in food and drink, 2.0 ounces. 17.6 ounces. 0.8 ounces. 71.4 ounces. 96 ounces^6 pounds. These substances are contained in the following food mater- ials, which would, therefore, suffice fcr a day's nourishment: Food Ration for a Day. Beefsteak, lean and free from all bone, . 8 ounces. Bread, . . . . . • .20 ounces. Potatoes, ....... 30 ounces. Butter, ....... I ounce. Water, ....... 37 ounces. 96 ounces. Thus we have 96 ounces, or 6 pounds. With the foregoing nutrients about 30 ounces of oxygen would be needed during the twenty-four hours. This is sup- plied by the air inhaled through the lungs. The food, drink and oxygen thus taken into the body constitute the income. DAILY EXPENDITURE. A small part of the food passes through the body tindigested. Most of it is digested, taken into the blood and distributed through the body, where a portion is used to build up and repair the muscles, fat, bones and other tissues which are being constantly worn out by use. The remainder unites with the inhaled oxygen, produces heat and strength, and is, at the same time, changed to urea, carbonic acid and water. The THE CARE OK THE BODY. 41 worn out portions of the tissues are changed into tlie same sub- stances. The urea is given off by the kidneys; the carbonic acid by the lungs and skin, and the water by the kidneys, lungs and skin. Since the tissues are made up of the food, practically all of the digested protein, fats and carbohydrates leave the body finally as urea, carbonic acid and water. Materials Produced from a Day's Ration. Urea, ....... 1. 2 ounces. Carbonic Acid, Water formed in body, Water from food and drink Mineral matter (digested). Undigested matter,. 38.8 ounces. 12.7 ounces. 71.4 ounces. .7 ounces. 1.4 ounces. 126.2 ounces. Expenditure. Ounces. Urea, 1.2 Carbonic acid, . . . 38.8 Water 84.1 Mineral matter (digested), 0.7 Undigested matter, . . 1.4 The daily l)alance will thus be: Income. Ounces. Protein 4.2 Fats, 2.0 Carbohydrates, . . . 17.6 Mineral matters, . . . 0.8 Water of food and drink, 71.4 O.xygen 30.2 Total E.xpenditure, 126.2 Total Income, 126. 2 Thus we have the three important items: First — A day's ration. Second — The materials that make up a day's ration. Third — The materials of a day's expenditure. A day's ration is intended to indicate the quantity of differ- ent foods used together required daily to maintain the body without loss or gain of flesh or fat, while performing a moder- ate amount of work. The quantities of the different nutrients required are : Protein compounds, known as flesh-formers, such as the lean part of meat and gluten of wheat, . 4.2 ounces Fats, such sa butter, meat, fat and the oily matters of wheat, ........ 2.0 ounces Carbohydrates, such as starch and sugar, . . 17.6 ounces 23.8 ounces 42 THE CARE OF THE BODY. These quantities may be supplied by different combinations of foods, affording gieat or less variety in diet, as may be seen from the two rations in the following table : RATION NO. I. Food Materials. Nutritive Ingredients in Food Materials. Kinds. Amounts. Protein. Fats. Carbohydrates. Beefsteak .. . "White bread. Potatoes .... Butter 8.0 ounces 20.0 ounces 30.0 ounces 1.0 ounces 1. 9 ounces 1.8 ounces 6 ounces — ounces .7 ounces .4 ounces — ounces .9 ounces ounces II. I ounces 6.5 ounces ounces Total 59.0 ounces 4.3 ounces 2 ounces 17.6 ounces RATION NO. 2. Beefsteak ... 8.0 ounces 1.9 ounces .7 ounces — ounces Wheat bread. 16.0 ounces 1.4 ounces .3 ounces 8.9 ounces Potatoes .... 32.0 ounces .6 ounces - ounces 7.0 ounces Cabbage .... 6.0 ounces .1 ounces - ounces .4 ounces Milk 4.0 ounces .1 ounces .1 ounces .2 ounces Butter 1.0 ounces — ounces .g ounces — ounces Sugar 1.0 ounces — ounces — ounces 1.0 ounces Total 68 ounces 4.1 ounces 2 ounces 17.5 ounces DAILY INCOME OF THE HUMAN BODY — CONSTITUENTS OF A day's rations — BEEFSTEAK OF A DAY'S RATION — 8 OUNCES. The principal nutrients of meat are protein and fat. The composition of a round steak of beef, free from bone, is as follows : Nut7'ie7tts. Protein, chiefly myosin and syntonin, 1.9 ounces. Fats, . . . . . . . 0.7 ounces. Mineral matters, . . . . o.i ounces. Water, 5-3 ounces. POTATOES OF A DAY'S RATI0N= 8 ounces. =30 OUNCES. The principal nutrients of potatoes are carbohydrates (mostly starch), the protein being even smaller than in bread. THE CARE OF THE BODY. 43 A'titritnts. Protein, ...... 0.6 ounces. Fat (oily matters), .... o.i ounces. Carbohydrates, . . . . 6.5 ounces. Mineral matters, .... 0.3 ounces. Water, . . . . . .22.5 ounces, 30 ounces. BREAD OF A DAY'S RATI0N=20 OUNCES. The principal nutrients of bread are carbohydrates (starch and sugar). The composition of wheat bread of good quality is as follows : Afiitrit'nls. Protein (gluten), . . . . i.S ounces. Fat (oily matters), .... 0.4 ounces. Carbohydrates, . . . . .11.1 ounces. Mineral matters, .... 0.2 ounces. Water, . . . . . . 6.5 ounces. 20 ounces. In comparing the analyses of bread and potatoes with refer- ence to their nutritive qualities, it should be observed that the quantity of water in potatoes is more than double that in bread. Thirty ounces of potatoes is more than would ordinarily be eaten in one day, since an ordinary diet would include a greater variety of food than the ration represented. BUTTER OF A DAY'S RATI0N=I OUNCE. Tlie nutritive value of butter is due to the fats it contains. .Vtilrii-ii/s. Fats, ....... 0.9 ounces. Water and salt, . . . . o.r ounces. I ounce. WATER OF A IMy's RATI0N=37 OUNCES. This quantity represents the water recjuired in one day in addition to that contained in the other articles of food included in the rations shown. The quantity of water iu the other constituents of Ration No. I is about 35 ounces, composing one-third of the weight of bread and three-fourths of the weight of potatoes and meat. 44 THE CARE OF THE BODY. Assuming the daily requirement to be 72 ounces (4| pounds), 37 ounces of this amount would be required for drink. PROTEIN OF DAILY INCOME=4.2 OUNCES. Protein is the name applied to various nitrogenized com- pounds derived from vegetables and animal foods, including albumenoids, gelatinoids, etc. Owing to their peculiar use they are known as the Jfesh- formers. The quantity required each day is 4.2 ounces. Average Composition of Proteids. In 100 Parts. Carbon, ....... 53-0 Hydrogen, ....... 7.0 Oxygen, etc., ...... 24.0 Nitrogen, ....... 16.0 100 The protein compounds, including albumen of eggs, casein (curd) of milk, fibrin of blood, myosin of muscle, geletin of bone and sinews, gluten of wheat and other like compounds, are the only constituents of food that form the flesh of the body. They are also transformed into fats and carbohydrates, and are consumed to yield heat to keep the body warm, and muscular force to do its work. In thus contributing to the nourishment of the body they are broken up into urea, carbonic acid and water; all of which are excreted. CARBOHYDRATES OF DAILY INCOME=I7.6 OUNCES. Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, derived mostly from vegetable foods, including sugars, starch, dextrine, glycogen, etc. Average Composition of Carbohydrates. In 100 Parts. Carbon, ....... 44-0 Hydrogen, ....... 6.0 Oxygen, 50.0 100 The carbohydrates are transformed into fat in the body, but they chiefly furnish fuel to produce heat and muscular energy, being converted into carbonic acid and water. THE CARE OF THE BODY. 45 FAT OF DAILY INCOME=2 OUNCES. Tlie quantity of fat shown represents the amount required in the food each day, which is partly supplied by the butter used, and partly by the oily constituents of vegetable products and meat fats. A veragc Compositioti of Fats, In 100 Parts. Carbon, ....,,. 76.5 Oxygen, ....... 12.0 Hydrogen, . . . . . . . 11.5 100 Some of the fat taken witli the food is stored in the body. The remainder, with some of llie body-fat, is used as fuel to produce heat, being transformed into carbonic acid and water. WATER OF DAILY IN'COME^4^ POUNDS. This quantity includes the total amount of water required each day, which is partly furnished as a constituent of the food and partly 'used as drink. Quantity in the food, • ... 35 ounces. Quantity used as drink, ... 37 ounces. 72 ounces. OXYOEN OF DAILY INCOME = 30.2 OUNCES. The total (piantity of this gas (30.2 ounces) is 159 gallons. The quantity shown is only one-hundrdth of that amount, or three-tenths of an ounce. This oxygen is obtained from the air, one-fifth of which is oxygen. The oxygen is taken into the lungs and brought in contact with the blood, by which a portion is dissolved and distributed through the body. It is thus brought in contact with the digested food and with the tissue in various parts of the body, and combines w illi the carbon and hydrogen, forming carbonic acid and water, thus generating heat and muscular energy. MINERAL MATTERS OF DAILY INC0ME=0.8 OUNCES. The mineral matters, consisting of common salt, phosphates of potassium and sodium, and various other compounds, form a small but imporfant ingredient of blood. 46 THE CARE OF THE BODY. Pound Loaf of Bread. The average composition of wheat bread is: Water, . . , . . . 5.2 ounces. Protein (gluten, albumen, etc.), . . 1.4 ounces. Fats (oily matters), .... 0.3 ounces. Carbohydrates (chiefly starch), . . 8.9 ounces. Mineral salts, . . . . . 0.2 ounces. 16 ounces. I am quite sure that tlie foregoing tables of daily food income and expenditure will be of interest, and that the result of the knowledge gained will create a desire for more general information concerning the //vc-^i^jt'j- of nutrition; hence I give, herewith, two authorities on this interesting subject. Both contain substantially the same thought, but it is interesting to note the different methods of expression. PROCESSES OF NUTRITION. Dr. Wm. Hammond. "The law of nutrition depends upon the fact that fluids can pass through a membrane. All nutrition depends upon this law. " The fluid reduced to a semi-fluid condition passes into the intestines and the 1 quid portions pass through the membraneous \\alls of the blood vessels supplying the intestines, and thus nutrition takes place; the blood receiving the solution of the food we have eaten. Some of the solution enters the blood by a larger channel, but the process of nutrition everywhere throughout the body depends upon the same law. The blood carries to every organ and to every portion of the body those substances which are required for its nutrition. "Organic beings possess the power of assimilating from the nutritious matters that they absorb, the peculiar pabulum which each organ of the body demands for its development and sustenance. " The brain, for instance, selects that part which it requires; the heart, the material necessary for its growth and preserva- tion; the same with the liver, the lungs, the muscles and the various other organs of the body. THE CARE OF THE BODY. 47 " No mistake is ever cominitlecl. The brain never takes liver nutriment, nor the liver brain nutriment, but each selects that which it requires. There are, however, diseased condi- tions of the various organs, in which the power is lost or im- paired and, as a consequence, disturbance of function or even death itself is the result. "The brain is well supplied with blood vessels, but its activity is greater during working moments. In sleep, the circulation is diminished. Nutrition continues during sleep or waking moments. Thought requires supply just as much as motion of muscles. Action, whether of thought or organic life, results in the consumption of tissue. The tissue consumed must be replaced by those substances required for normal or healthful support. " If we give the brain improper food, either anaemia must result or the other organs must supply the demand at their own cost. "The student denying himself sufficient food, first becomes weak in body, until, at last, if the nervous system gives way from want of sufficient food and suitable nutriment, serious systemic disturbances result. " The muscles require certain substances for their nutrition, just as the brain and other portions of the nervous system appropriate from the blood channels the substance they require. "The popular idea fails to recognize this fact, and the neces- sity for a sufficient blood circulation is lost sight of or forgot- ten. We meet with people every day who are ignorant of the necessity for a liberal blood supply. They do not know that every organ requires a certain amount of special nutrition. Their idea of eating is to gratify the appetite, not to replenish the system." PROCESSES OF NUTRITION. J. S. Loveland. "Food taken into the mouth is masticated by the teeth and its comminution assisted by the saliva. On being conveyed to the stomach it is mixed with the gastric juice secreted liy the stomach. Aftor being rolled over and churned awhile in the 48 THE CARK OK THE BODY. Stomach, so as to more completely separate the particles and effect chemical changes, it passes through the pyloric orifice into the first of the small intestines, where it soon meets another fluid (the bile from the liver), an indispensable agent in digestion. Farther on, the pancreatic fluid completes the process and prepares the digested aliment to be absorbed by the secreting vessels, and through the left subclavian vein emptied into the general blood circulation. We can then follow it through the heart and lungs back to the heart again and through all parts of the body, furnishing the means to build up the waste places of this wondrous Zion. " Of the food taken, quite a portion is waste material, which is rejected from the system through the intestines, one of the excretory agencies. "The nose, as well as the mouth, is one of the apertures through which we receive food, for air is as real food as beef- steak, the lungs being stomach for air food. " Now, in the many processes referred to there is continuous chemical formation, action and reaction. The liver secretes its special agent, as does the pancreas and the salivary glands, all indispensable agents in the piocess of digestion. " Trace this process all through, and anyone can see that harmony of action in the living machine is dependent upon many, very many, contingencies. There must be sufficiency of food, both solid and air, and the material must be good or the perfection of the process will be impaired, and impairment ' of the process will sooner or later produce injury to the organs. " I have referred to but one of the excretory organs, the skin is another. When the skin is in a healthy condition it carries off several pounds of waste matter every day. The lungs secrete carbon from the blood and expel it into the air. The kidneys eliminate a large amount of waste and poisonous material. Any failure on the part of any of these organs to perform their appropriate functions will result in a poison being left in the organism. "All positive disease is the result of some specific poison in the animal organism. This poison may be created by chemi- THE CARE OF THE BODY. 49 cal action in the system ; it may be inhaled from the atmos- phere or inoculated like the sting of a serpent. The possibility of cure depends upon the power of the organs to eliminate the poison." This last clause, to my thinking, strikes Ihe very keynote to the needs of thorough and intelligent physical training. If one keeps up his vitality and thus avoids the negative condition of the body, disease cannot readily lay hold upon him. In the very face of these many germs of disease — even la grippe — one in good vital condition can say, and confidently say : "I defy you to do me harm. I have no fear of you, for I have no con- genial soil upon which you may lodge and develop." To better impress my belief, I cite an eminent authority on this subject. GERMS OF DISEASE. Dr. H. C. Stickney. " La grippe and cholera are due to the presence of a microbe. Medical men are striving to destroy this micro-organism l:)y means of powerful drugs. Too often the patient and the microbe meet a common fate. "A perfectly healthy individual need have no fear of microbes. If the system is in proper condition the microbes will keep their proper place and do no damage. It is only when the constitution is weakened by unhygienic habits that the microbe becomes dangerous. They are a conseijuence rather than a cause of disease. Were it possible to find a per- fectly healthy individual, that person could walk unharmed amid contagious diseases. He would be invulnerable to smallpox, scarlet fever, diphtheria, la grippe, etc. " False experiments lead to false conclusions. In many of the so-called physiological laboratories (where everthing is studied except physiology), pathological or diseased conditions are induced in the animals experimented upon, and these results are made the basis for treating disease. "A healthy animal may, with impunity, eat the tubercle , bacili, drink them, breathe them, sleep among them and escape tuberculosis. It is only when pathological conditions are 50 THE CAKE OF THE BODY. induced, the laws of nature violated, the vitality tveakened, that tuberculosis results from the introduction of the bacili. "In full accord with this thought, Dr. F. R. Eversole claims that people with healthy stomachs need have no fear of cholera. The secretions of a healthy subject will kill tlie germs ere they can reach the blood. Physicians have proved by experiment that the cholera germ may be fed to a horse or rabbit with impunity, but if hypodermically introduced into the same animals, cholera will ensue." DISEASES PECULIAR TO CHILDREN. Dr. Rufus K. Noyes, in "Living Issues," touches a chord tliat should find a response in the heart of every parent. It may have much to do in uprooting many false notions every- where prevalent. "The impression held by many intelligent people that chil- dren must have scarlet fever, measles, mumps, whooping cough and the like, and, that these being inevitable, the sooner they have them and are done with it the better, is not only false, but is a dangerous belief as well. In the first place, there is no more necessity for a child to have scarlet fever than for an adult to have typhoid fever. Both are preventable, and they are preventable by hygiene and by careful, liealthful and intelligent living. In the second place, the longer we shield the child from these diseases, the less likely will they prove fatal ; that is to say, with every year added to the age of tlie child, the liability to these diseases becomes less, while, at the same time, the ability to successfully overcome them (sliould they occur) becomes greater. " Knowing, as we do, that the majority of children die during the first years of their existence, and that they die of diseases that are now regarded as preventable, it becomes our very great duty to study and think and learn all we ca,n of physiol- ogy, biology, sanitation and hygiene, for it is this kind of knowledge that we seek for the secret of health and longevity, as well as the secret whereby diseases are escaped." The foregoing is surely wholesome doctrine, if fr'im no THE CARE OF THE BODY. 5I Other cause than that arising from the fact that "prevention is better than cure." The coming physician is he who gives advice and prevents, rather than he who gives medicine and cures. The latter is and probably always will be essential, for people are and always will be careless, negligent, foolish, but by and by that class (the latter) will be in the minority. DIGESTION. Not only is it well to be more or less familiar with the laws of hygiene in order to prevent disease ; with facts concerning the amount and kind of food needed to produce the best results, and with the various processes of nutrition, but to guard with zealous care the digestive apparatus. Not only should we possess the knowledge, but we should make an intelligent use thereof. Do not engage in any kind of mental or physical work directly after a hearty meal, for in so doing the blood is drawn to the active portions, thus depriving the stomach of the needed supply for perfect digestion. Do not eat when tired. Keep the bowels open, for if this is not done a part of the contents are absorbed into the blood and act as poison upon the brain and the whole nervous system, and this deranges digestion. The same poison makes a man's mind dull and heavy if he is constipated or costive. A noted French physician recently tested the requirements of the stomach as regards digestion. He conclusively proved that comparative rest following a hearty meal is positively essential for perfect digestion. He secured two dogs of as nearly the same age and condi- tion as it was possible for him to find. After feeding them a hearty meal, the same amount to each, he shut one of them in a room, but took the other to follow his buggy for a two hours' jaunt. When he returned to his home he chloroformed both dogs and immediately examined the stomach of each. In the stomach of the dog left in the house not a particle of the food remained, whereas, in the stomach of the dog that 52 THE CARK OF THE BODY. followed the buggy, all the food remained as it had entered, thus showing perfect digestion in the former as a result of rest, and non-digestion in the latter in consequence of over- activity. I wish also to impress the fact that, as a promoter of good digestion, we should cultivate agreeableness at the table. Avoid any unpleasantness there — avoid it anywhere. It is a promoter of indigestion, and indigestion is a promoter of ene- mies, quarrels and sometimes of crime. TIME REQUIRED FOR DIGESTING FOOD. Food. How Cooked. h.m. Apples, sour, hard Raw 2.50 Apples, sweet, mellow Raw 1..30 Bass, striped Broiled 3.00 Beans, pod Boiled 2.30 Beans and green corn Boiled 3.45 Beef Fried 4.00 Beefsteak Broiled 3.00 Beef, fresh, lean, dry Roasted 3 30 Beef, fresh, lean, rare Roasted 3.00 Beets Boiled 3.45 Bread, corn Baked 3.15 Bread, wheat, fresh Baked 1.30 Cabbage Raw 2.30 Cabbage, with vinegar Raw 2.00 Cabbage Boiled 4..30 Carrot, orange Boiled 3.13 Catfish Fried ,3..S0 Cheese, old, strong Raw 3.30 Chicken, full grown Fricasseed 2.45 Codfish , cured dry Boiled , 2.00 Custard Baked 2.45 Duck, tame Roasted 4.00 Duck, wild Roasted 4.30 Eggs, fresh Raw 2.00 Eggs, Iresh '. Scrambled 1.30 Eggs, fresh Roasted 2.15 Eggs, fresh Soft boiled 3.00 Eggs, fresh Hard boi led 3..30 Eggs, fresh Fried 3.30 Fowls, domestic Roasted 4.00 Hashed meat and vegetables Warmed 2. 30 Lamb, fresh Broiled 2.30 Milk Boiled 2.00 Milk Raw 2.15 Mutton, fresh Broiled 3.00 Oysters, fresh Raw 2.55 Oysters, fresh Roasted 3.15 Oysters, fresh Stewed 3. .SO Parsnips Boiled 2.30 Pork, steak Broiled 3.15 Pork, fat and lean Roasted 5.15 Pork, recently salted Stewed 3.00 THE CARE OF THE BODY. 53 Food. How Cooked. h.m. Pork, recently salted. ,.■.•. Fried ■.•.•■• 4.1.5 Potatoes, Irish Baked 2.30 Potatoes, Irish Boiled 3.30 Salmon, salted Boiled 4.00 Sausages, fresh Broiled 3 20 Soup, bean Boiled 3 00 Soup, chicken Boiled 3.00 Soup, mutton Boiled 3.30 Soup, beef, vegetables Boiled 4.00 Trout, salmon, fresh Boiled ].30 Turkey, domesticated Roasted "30 Veal, fresh Boiled 4.00 Veal, fresh Fried 4.30 WATER, Ml'.SCLE, HKAT AND F.Vr PROPERTIE.S OF FOOD. Heat and F"at 100 Parts of Each. Water, etc. Muscle Making. Making. Apples 81.0 5.0 10.0 Barley 14.0 15.0 68.8 Beans 14.8 24.0 57.7 Beef .'iO.O 1.5.0 30.0 Buckwheat 14.2 8.G 75.4 Butter All Cabbage 00.0 4.0 5.0 Cheese 10.0 6.5.0 19.0 Chicken 46.0 18.0 32.0 Corn 14.0 IJ.O 73.0 Cucumbers \ 97.0 1.5 1.0 Eggs, white of 53.0 17.0 None Eggs, yolk of 79.0 1.5.0 27.0 Lamb 50.5 11.0 35.0 Milk— cow's 86.0 5.0 8.0 Mutton 44.0 12.5 ' 40.0 Oats 13.6 17.0 06.4 Peas 14.0 23.4 60.0 Pork ; 38.5 10.0 50.0 Potatoes 7.5.2 1.4 22.5 Rice 13.5 6.5 79.5 Turnips 94.4 1.1 4.0 Veal (J8.5 10.1 . 16.5 Wheat 14.0 14.6 69.4 DIETING, Do I believe in it ? On general principles, no. Again aiul again, I say, every one should be his own physician. In certain ailments dieting may prove beneficial. If one is troubled with indigestion, dieting will aid nature in securing the necessary equilibrium; but if one is troubled with an undue accumulation of fat, dieting will not remove, although it may prevent further accumulation. Exercise should be taken to burn out the adipose tissue; local treatment is necessary, in a great degree, even to do this. 54 THE CARE OF THE BODY. If one attempts to remove undue obesity by dieting, he must make an heroic effort, an effort that brings him well-nigh the point of starvation; even then he must face the fact that the same cause will produce the same effect. Articles of diet that make fat are needed, but the fat should be consumed by the body instead of allowing it to accumulate. About two ounces are needed daily as fuel to produce heat. Some of this is stored in the body; the remainder, with some of the body fat, after being used as fuel to produce heat, is transformed into carbonic acid and water. If, by dieting, one means intelligent eating, then, by all odds, I am in favor of dieting; not so much that such and such food does not agree with one, but that such and such food has no nutritive power. 'Twere much better to get the system in such a condition — by proper physical exercise — that all good, wholesome food agrees with it, and then eat only such food. It should also be observed that the same articles of diet do not have the same effect on all persons. For instance, fat- producing foods may cause one person to grow very fleshy, while another person, though desirous of accumulating flesh, may not increase one pound. 'Twas only a short time ago that an old lady said to me: " Well, if butter and sugar and sweet things make me fat, why don't they make my husband fat ? We've been sitting at the same table for forty years; our tastes are alike, so we both eat the same kind of food; but I weigh 240 pounds and he weighs only 130 pounds. Guess it isn't in what we eat, do you think it is? " No; long ago I was convinced it was a matter of constitution. Tliis is especially noticeable in the result of drinking water. It has been recommended time and again as a flesh-producer. Is it ? It depends. Depends on what? On the constitution of the person. I have known several cases where one's weight has jumped from 140 pounds to 200 pounds and over, by drink- ing freely (too freely) of water. I have known many more cases where persons weighing from 90 to 100 pounds have sighed and sighed in vain for an increase of avordupois, and as THE CAKE OF THE BODY. 55 a means thereto, have drank enough water to float the Great Eastern. All the water of Niagara would not make some persons fleshy. One who is inclined to corpulency is likely to become more so by drinking too freely of water, or eating an excess of foods containing water. The system requires 4| pounds daily; about 35 ounces in the food material and 37 ounces in drink; 4^ pounds being about 4^ pints, according to the old lady's calculation that "a pint's a pound, the year round." Proper exercise will reduce one's weight; proper exercise will increase one's weight. MILK. Milk of the cow is not natural food for man or woman at any stage, surely not at adult age. Its regular use makes strong people fat and weak ones bilious and costive. The only time that milk contains its full nutritive power is while perfectly fresh and warm from the cow ; not only warm, for this it may be for several moments, but it should be 98 degrees Fahrenheit, the same temperature as that required by the stomach for perfect digestion. But this degree of heat exists only at the time it is received. Within an incredibly short time the nutritive principle is lost, never to be regained. Heating the milk may bring back the degree of heat, but it cannot bring back its degree of strength, yet there is much to be gained at times from the drinking of hot milk, not regularly, but as some special occasion may demand, such as insomnia, for instance. ALCOHOLIC DRINKS. Dr. Leuf. "Almost all alcoholic drinks are nine-tenths carbofi, having so little nitrogen that they cannot add one particle of muscular strength to the system. "A man may feel stronger after taking a drink of spirits, h\xi \i \s artificial s\.vex\g\.\\, for when the effect passes away it leaves him in a weaker state. 5b THE CARE OF THE BODY. " It may be set down as a safe rule that those substances which are not essential to the body as a food or protection are more or less pernicious and of little use. Alcohol and malt beverages are unnecessary and decidedly harmful, except when intelligently and sparingly employed in certain forms of disease. " The liver is much affected by alcoholic drinks. The blood carries the alcohol directly to it from the stomach. It is at first irritated, then congested and inflamed. During this time it enlarges, causing tenderness to the right side under the ribs, as well as somewhat in front, and because of its enlargement it presses upon the stomach and causes that organ to feel uncomfortable if it contains much food. At a subsequent stage the liver shrinks and becomes hard. In this way it constricts the blood vessels passing through it and prevents the free passage of blood from the stomach and intestines to the heart. The blood is then dammed back into the stomach and into the large and small intestines, pancreas and spleen. Hemorrhoids result ; eventually there is dropsy, both of the feet and the belly, and, at last, death results from a failure of the mechanism of the body to work in harmony. Add to all this the fact that the higher, or liver, digestion is almost destroyed as soon as the liver begins to shrink. " The effect of alcohol on the liver alone is enough to deter anyone, even the most foolhardy, from persisting in so perni- cious a habit, unless he be a veritable slave. " While the bad effects of excessive drinking are well known to the medical profession, the evil results of vwderate drinking are comparatively unknown. " The mortality or death rate among moderate drinkers is six times as great as among total abstainers. These little nippings keep the blood vessels of the brain under constant tension, as they do all other parts of the body, but the brain being the more sensitive to these conditions, it is one of the easiest to give way and deteriorate, often enough to the extent of imbe- cility, paresis and paralysis. It also prevents the proper oxydation or burning of the tissues of the body, and in that way soon leads to diminished strength, poor blood and the THE CAKE OF THE BODY. 57 retention of Ijroken-down, poisonous substances that should he eliminated as soon as formed." There is no denying the fact that the athlete — the one who, under all circumstances, should be cool-headed — should not indulge in intoxicants. There can be no sensible argument in favor of their regular use. 'Tis true men have been known to pursue laborious employ- ment at long hours, drink whiskey, use tobacco and opium every day, and yet live to 80, 90 and even 100 and more years of age with little or no sickness, but with one such instance thousands perish prematurely. No rule can be established on exceptional instances. It can be truly said that inteinperance in any form is destructive of health, happiness and morals. While dwelling upon those things that are detrimental to the highest and best development of the human system and especially to that f<2/'^ element is an empyreumatic oil abtained, also, by heat. A drop of this poison placed on the tongue of a cat will cause horrible agony, convulsions and death in from two to four minutes. "These three chemical substances are all developed in smoking either a cigar or pipe. In the residuum of a pipe long used, they exist in a dark brown or tauny mass of offensive matter. If you expel a mouthful of tobacco smoke through a clean, white handkerchief, you will see, when it passes through the fabric, that it makes a black spot. Examine this black matter under a microscope of 500 diameters and you will see the chrystals of nicotine, the oil globules and the acid. All of these enter the mouth with the smoke, and some of it is imme- diately absorbed, and other portions of it after a time, and so they all enter the circulatory system. "The manner in which tobacco is used is not in harmony with any of the laws of our being or our health. Chewing and THE CARE OF THE liODY. gQ then expeciorath7g '\t, contrary to tlie uso rlesigned in the makinc^ of our tongue, teeth, lips and palate. It was never intended that we should chew substances and then expectorate them. Deglutition was designed to follow chewihg. Man is the only spitting animal known except the cat, and it does not spit until it is mad. " Smoking develops the chemical principles of tobacco, all of which are rank poisons and extremely dangerous. In smoking, the heat passes down too rapidly and causes changes which cannot be met by any anti-poisons. It turns the mouth (out of which ought to come blessings) into a chemical shop where vile things are compounded. "The physiological effects of tobacco are destructive of health and life. In chewing to\)2^cco, the salivary glands are stimulated to undue activity.' In health, these glands secrete an average of three pounds every twenty-four hours; but when one is chewing tobacco, he secretes from eleven to thirteen pounds every twenty-four hours. "In chewing tobacco, the glands become enlarged; the microscope shows the substance congested, hardened and thickened; and the orifices hardened and enlarged by such constant stimulation. "Give an expert microscopist a section of the parotid gland, and he will tell you whether" that person was a tobacco chewer or not. Chewing also brings some of the poisons into the system by the absorbing vessels of the mouth and throat. These injuriously affect both the circulatory and nervous system. " A cigar, wet, and laid upon the stomach of a child will produce sickness; the skin absorbing the poison of the tobacco. "In smoking, the three poisons alluded to, are developed. Tobacco, especially smoking, also causes intermittance of pulse beats; hence its injury to the heart. " I desire also to say a word in regard to "THE EFFECT OF TOBACCO ON BRAIN WORKERS. " Men cannot be as good students who use tobacco as those who abstain. In the medical college of Indiana, during the 6o THE CARE OF THE BODY. year, the students who wholly abstained from tobacco stood in their final examination at 87.33, while those who smoked, or chewed and smoked, stood at 80.14. " Many years ago the Council of Berne, Switzerland, recog- nized the principle that 'tobacco is a deadly foe to mind development.' In consequence of this they issued an edict prohibiting the use of tobacco by youths under fifteen years of age. "The French Minister of Public Instruction, after classify- ing the pupils into smokers and non-smokers, and finding the latter to be the better students, prohibited the use of tobacco in all the colleges of France." DR. DIO LEWIS. " Not a man addicted to the use of tobacco has taken the honors of Harvard College for the past fifty years, though five out of every six students use the weed." (This statement was made by Dr. Lewis a short time prior to his death.) J. W. LAFLIN, IN NEW YORK SUN. " There is no engine of destruction known to humanity to- day that is doing more damage than the popular cigarette." SHOULD CLERGYMEN SMOKE? DISCUSSED BY FAMOUS CLERGYMEN OF TWO CONTINENTS. Note. — I am indebted to Mr. Edward W. Bok, editor of the Ladies' Home Journal, of Philadelphia, for the following inler- esting, surprising and varied opinions. I can but think, as I read them: " What a piece of work is man ! " and in this case, what a piece of crazy patchwork — mental patchwork. DR. TALMAGE ONCE A SMOKER. It seems to me that this question of the use of tobacco by clergymen is one that every minister should decide for himself. I do not, therefore, speak for others, but express only my own individual opinion when I say that I believe tobacco to be ruinous to one's physical health, whether he be clergy or lay- man. It is not a rapid poison. The taste for tobacco may be THE CARE OF THE BODY. 6t endured for generations, but sooner or later I believe it acts disastrously in some way, either to the mind or to the body. Nor is this a statement of glittering generalities. I know whereof I speak. For many years I smoked cigars, but T do not do so now. T would not now think of smoking a cigar any more than I would drink a vial of laudanum. I came to give up the habit in this way : I was living in Syracuse, N. Y., but had just been called to Philadelphia. An elder in the Philadelphia church to which I had accepted a call offered, as one of the inducements to my coming, that he would give me all the cigars I wanted the rest of my life free of charge. He was a wholesale tobacconist and would have kept his promise. At that time cigars were higher in price than they are now, and the offer meant the saving of a great deal of money to me. I was then smoking to my full capacity, that is, I used as many cigars as health would permit. I thought to myself, what would happen if I should get them free ? The thought so appalled me that 1 made a resolution then and there to stop smoking and never touch tobacco again in any manner or form, and from that day to this I never have. Now, I would not take up smoking again for all the surplus in the treasury. As I said before, every clergyman must settle the question for himself, according to his own conscience and belief. But, as for myself, smoking is utterly out of the question. It is my opinion that many clergymen who have on their tombstone "DIED IN THE LORD," might have for a more appropriate epitaph, "KILLED BY TOBACCO." Brooklyn. T. DeWitt Talmage. HOWARD CROSBY'S VIEWS. The question is one for each individual minister to decide. Of course, I cannot say whether my brother clergymen should or should not use toliacco. It is out of the question for any man to dictate in this respect toward another, and, after all, 62 THE CARE OF THE BODY. the question of smoking does not enter into one's moral life. Tlie kingdom of God is a kingdom of righteousness and not a kingdom of what we eat and drink. New York. Howard Crosby ROBERT COLLYER ENJOYS HIS CIGAR, Should clergymen smoke ? Well, they should if they want to. The question of clergymen smoking depends mainly upon the cigars they use, in my opinion. If I want to smoke, I do smoke, and it is nobody's business except, perhaps, my physi- cian's. And I do not think that the use of tobacco has ever hurt my health physically, and I much enjoy a good cigar. However, I think that the quesiton of clergymen smoking is a foolish one. A great trouble with modern society is that we are hemmed in and around by too many barriers. The ques- tion of clergymen using cigars is not one that can concern the church at large or society at large. If a clergyman wants to smoke it is nobody's business, so long as he can afford it, pro- vided it does not hurt his constitution — and he smokes good cigars. I enjoy good cigars and intend to smoke them as often as I please. However, if the use of tobacco affected my health, of course I would drop cigars instantly. New York. Robert Collyer. DR. FURNESS, AT EIGHTY-EIGHT, STILL SMOKES. I have been a smoker from my youth up. It has not pre- vented me from reaching my 88th year without any of the usual infirmities of old age, save a certain stiffness in stooping to pick up a pin. It is said that smoking leads to drinking. I tliink it is a mistake. It takes tlie place of drinking. Were smoking abolished, I believe there would be ten drunkards where now there is only one. I have no faith in doing things for example's sake. They must be done for their own sake; then, only, is the example good and influential. Philadelphia. William Henry Furness. THE CARE OF THE BODY. 63 HEBER NEWTON IS PREJUDICED. I fear that my judgment concerning the use of tobacco by clergymen is not a disinterested one. I am one of that by no means inconsiderable number of unfortunates, if not guilty- beings, who cannot smoke themselves and cannot endure the smoke of others, and are always in a fix between their courtesy to smokers and their regard for their own wretched nerves. To me, thus prejudiced, perhaps, the case is a clear one. The> sedentary habits of the parson, and the frequent overweight upon his nervous energies make the seductions of this habit peculiarly subtle, and at the same time render its evil effects, physically, peculiarly serious. Moreover, to a prejudiced eye like my own, it seems a very offensive habit for a " man of the spirit." I can scarcely fancy myself seeking spiritual consola- tion from lips whence issue the odious fumes of nicotine. The smoking habit seems so clear a luxury, and, withalj a more or less poisonous one, that the physical offensiveness of the smokers' presence is re-enforced by a certain moral offensive- ness. I find smokers, as a rule, utterly inconsiderate of the dis- comforts that their luxury inflicts on others — a by no means clerical frame of mind. But I confess to being prejudiced, and since some of the sweetest and best ministers I know are habitual smokers, I can only respect my own judgment. New York. R. Heber Newton. DR. CUYLER NEVER SMOKED. I never smoked a cigar or pipe in my life, and never expect to do so. It is a matter to be left lo every minister's conscience and common sense. I fear some valuable lives have ended in smoke; and there are times when a cigar in a minister's mouth does not help the gospel that comes out of it, and is not a wholesome " example to the flock." Brooklyn. Theodore L. Cuyler. 64 THE CAKE OF THE BODY. SMOKING MINISTERS BAD EXAMPLES. More than one important religious denomination, notably the Methodists, now regularly makes inquiries of candidates for the ministry as to their habits concerning the use of tobacco. A large numVjer of conferences refuse to accept habitual smokers as preachers. I think there should be a reform in this matter of smoking among young men, but nothing prevents it so much as the practice of a few distinguished preachers, whose habits in other respects are exemplary, but who, in regard to smoking, set a bad example to the young. Boston. Joseph Cook. DOESN T SMOKE, BUT WISHES HE DID. I am not a smoker, but I wish I were. There is some consti- tutional obstacle. The habit is not in my family. I smoked a little in college, but not from the pleasure of it. Later in life I gave it entirely up. The clerical life is one of much nervous excitement, which needs quieting, and, at the same time, of moral restraint, which ensures moderation. A cigar is a solace and companion. The student craves both. If these circumstances were known and considered, the smoking clergy- man's example would be harmless; but as it is, in the present passion for exhilaration and injurious narcotics by people who do not require them, I am inclined to think the habit should be dispensed with by those who aim at elevating moral senti- ment. Boston. O. B. Frothingham. WOULD SMOKE IF HE WANTED TO. One cannot say whether clergymen as a class should or should not use tobacco. It is nobody's business, except in his own individual case. I do not use tobacco myself, but if I wanted to I should do so. New York. Morgan Dix. THE CAKE OF THE BODY. 6«| NO MISTAKING HIS VIEWS. I can give no opinion, based on experience, of the effects of smoking, ,is the practice has always seemed to me filthy and useless, and, therefore, indulgence in it is simply sensual. I think the practice inexcusable, except in the case of those who have begun it in an idiotic or vicious youth, and whose system is so saturated with the poison that they fear they will, through the shock the change would give the brain, revert into idiocy should they cease taking in the usual supply of nicotine. New York. William Hayes Ward. HE RECOLLECTS HIS FIRST SMOKE. I began to smoke at eight years of age and left off the same day. The cane cut from the hedge made me sick, and all my experience since has made me more sick of what I regard a dirty, costly, tyrannical and unhealthy habit. Excuse may be made for some elderly or afflicted smokers, but the practice should be especially avoided by ministers. There are, in every church, some who will be pained by such an example; some who may be injured by following it. Smokers are liable to become slaves to the habit, so that its indulgence gets to be a necessity of life. They are uncomfortable without it; they become reckless of the comfort of others; they must smoke in the streets, in the car, in the house, in the bedroom. It often leads to drinking, wastes time, and costs money which is needed for better objects. London. Newman Hall. NEVER USED THE WEED. I have never used tobacco in any form, and therefore write without that knowledge which is derived from personal enjoy- ment of the cigar. From such study as I have been aide to give to the matter, I am not aide to discover any physical or moral argument for smoking. The arguments appear to be all on the other side. While the evils of alcohol are vastly greater than the evils of 66 THE CARE OF THE BODY. tobacco, on the other hand it appears to me easier to construct an argument in favor of the moderate use of alcohol than in favor of the moderate use of tobacco. The physical evils that result from the tobacco habit are notorious. The moral evils appear to me also serious. Whatever may be the imagined benefit of smoking to over- worked men (and women ; if it is a sedative, who need it more than the wives and mothers?), it is by substantially universal consent an injury to the young men in our stores and colleges, but the boys in their teens are inveterate smokers. The minister should teach by his life; he should set an ex- ample which he is willing his congregation should follow; he should walk in the paths in which he desires that the boys and young men who look up to him should walk. As I personally do not wish to see the boys in my Sunday schools, nor the young men in my church and congregation smoking, I do not propose to set them the example of the smoker. And I cannot but think that, on the one hand, if all ministers were of the opinion, and set a universal example against the cigar, it would count for something; and on the other hand, that there is a certain incongruity in a smoking clergyman preaching a sermon on crucifying the lusts of the flesh, or denying ourselves for the sake of our neighbors. And yet some of the noblest, most devoted, most consecrated ministers in the Church of Christ, men whom before I bow in reverence, are habitual smokers. Brooklyn. Lyman Abbott. THE BAPTIST CHURCH SPEAKS. It is neither better nor worse in the sight of God for clergy- men to smoke tobacco than it is for other men to do this. I have no experience on this subject, having never tasted tobacco in any form. In early life I read many essays on the subject from the ablest pens, all showing that its effects upon the animal and mental nature were injurious, and so I eschewed it forever. There is something so unclean, morbid, and adverse THE CAKK OK THE HODY. 67 to the daily life of tiie Lord Jcsiis in the practice of smoking, chewing or snulthig lohacco, that the very thought of associat- ing the Son of God therewith would be scouted by the slaves of these practices as savoring of blasphemy. And yet, many of His ambassadors quite excuse themselves in preaching His Gospel from mouths and throats saturated with this filthy pro- duct. As a rule, ministers will palliate their conduct in the use of tobacco by some semi-solemn or even comic joke, which may suffice to hoodwink themselves to the evils of the ofTensive practice, but such trash never hoodwinks either the holy God or sensible men. This is a mere mockery of their own shame. Adam Clark severely reproved two of his brethern for their smoking. " Yes, Doctor," they said, "we are burning our idols." " Brethern," replied the indignant commentator, "if you want to please the devil better tlian by burning your idols, offer him, I pray you, a roast pig stufled with your tobacco; it will be the most delicious sacrifice that you can devote to him." There are plenty of Christian men, and I fear, clergymen, too, who spend more money every year ruining their health by tobacco than they devote to the spread of the Gospel by Bible distribution and by missionary work. Tobacco and rum are twin-daughters of Satan, and it is of but little use to pray "Thy kingdom come" while we tamper with these deadly poisons. New York. Thomas Armitage. DR. BURCHARD A KIFTY-YEAR SMOKER. There is no special law to regulate the doings of clergymen. In habits or acts not positively sinful they must be governed by the law of expedience. Smoking is such an art. If the habit is formed to injure the health of the one who thus indulges, obscures his intellect, or leads others to excess, then he should abstain. If, however, he finds that smoking tranquil- izes the nerves, lessens the jar and friction of life, aids diges- tion, then he may quietly indulge. Those reformers go to the extreme who put smoking on a parallel line with the use of 68 THE CAUE OF THE BODY. intoxicants. They lead to very different results. Even the excessive use of one does not lead to poverty, violence, misery, and utter abandonment of all that is manly, virtuous and good. Over the evils of the latter an angel might well weep. For the relief of an early infirmity I have indulged in the use of one cigar a day for more than fifty years and have experienced no evil effects. New York. S. D. Burchard. DR. McCOSH TELLS HOW IT CAN BE PUT DOWN. Smoking will be put down when young ladies declare that they will not look with favor on a young man wlio smokes, and when congregations declare that they will not take a minister who smokes. Princeton, N. J. James McCosh. EQUAL RIGHTS FOR CLERGYMEN. I see not why clergymen should not smoke if men of any sort of other professions do. I have never been a smoker my- self, but it seems to me to be the same question mentally and physically for all persons alike, and the example of a smoking clergyman, if hurtful, is equally so by men of other sets. Boston. C. A. Bartol. CANNON FARRAR, OF WESTMINSTER, SPEAKS. I have never been a smoker, never having felt the smallest need to adopt the practice, or the smallest attractions toward it. Whether smoking is injurious to the health of full-grown men or not, I am unable to say; but many who begin by smoking in moderation go on to smoke in excess, and there they injure their health very seriously. It seems to me that when man has so many natural wants it is not desirable to add to them another want, which can only be regarded as artificial. London, England. Frederic W. Farkar. THE CARE OF THE BOnV. 69 AN EDITOR-CLERGYMAN ENJOYS HIS SMOKE. If any one should smoke, \\li\- deny the juivilege and pleas- ure to a man of the cloth? If no one ought to smoke, then I imagine the clergymen should be included. I have noticed tliat nearly everybody who doesn't smoke thinks it sinful, a vile habit and a waste of siher dollars; while the man who does smoke believes that it warms his heart, clears his head and helps to make life worth living. Fortunately, I am my own double — a clergyman and a journalist. As a journalist I take unspeakable comfort in a good cigar. There is poetry in its lifting clouds, and I walch them with a placid sense that I am enjoying a very innocent jilcasure. Moreover, my cleri- cal conscience does not reljcl, but accepts the situalion with serene approval. I should say, then, that a clergyman may smoke if he wishes to. If he does not w ish to, he may credit himself with resisting one of the softest blandishments of this cold world, and denying his tired nerves one of the most pre- cious narcotics that ever threw its magic spell over ill-temper and substituted good nature for chronic irascibility. You may rob others of their cigars if you have the requisite strength and hardness of heart, but you can't get mine unless you weigh a good deal more than I do. Yours, with a puff, New York. George H. Hepworth. BISHOr COXE DOESN T I.IKE IT. I know so many men far better than myself who enjoy the rank weed that it seems in bad taste for me to rebuke a habit to which I am not tempted personally. V>u\. it is an expensive habit; and they who make appeals for hundreds of good and needy objects might save for charity what does no good to any- body. It is a bad example of waste to the young. I asked a youth to save for buying books every dollar he usually expended for buying cigars, and in a very short time he showed me an admirable little library saT'ed from smoke. It is an offensive habit to innumerable persons whom we are •JO THE CARE OF THE BODY. commanded to love as ourselves. A lady who entertained a worthy clergyman once objected to receiving him again. She said: "It took a week's airing and some scrubbing to get the nauseous smell out of my guest chamber and out of clothes that hung in one of its closets." It is a social habit that leads to the society of men who waste time in puffing smoke and telling anecdotes not always the most likely to " minister grace to the hearers." A lady once said her pastor came to pray with her as she lay sick and expecting to die, but the smell of tobacco which he brought into the room with him nauseated her and spoiled all his heavenly exhortations. A young man once said to me that he had obeyed his mother and given up the habit, when he saw a reverend D.D. smoking and joking in a public place, but this so disgusted him that he obeyed his mother better than ever. Buffalo, N. Y. A. Cleveland Coxe. THOS. K. BEECHER SAYS DON'T. Tobacco? Yes, it has done me damage; it has brought me benefit; slight excess, I think, of damage. If consulted, I should reply don't. If asked, Why not ? should say. Why ? To me, anything without a good reason is, at best, an experi- ment, and experiments are risky. Abstain until Nature calls for help. Then take advice or experiment cautiously — very cautiously. A good servant may prove a most cruel master. Tobacco has its uses, no doubt. He is a rare man who learns to use it usefully. Thomas K. Beecher. THE elder beecher THINKS Li" A SIN. My deepest feeling is excited by the great extent to which ministers of the gospel are involved in the sin of using tobacco. It not only injures them physically, but morally. Against unanswerable evidence of its wide-spread evils — physical, intel- THE CARE OF THE BODY. ^^ .ectual and moral — they subject themselves to a habit of ruin- ous self-indulgence, and do all that example can do to induce others to do the same. Then of what avail is it to preach to men to deny ungodliness and every worldly lust ? While ministers of the gospel oppose one with vivid elo- ijuence, they advocate the other by example, and arc a ram- part to defend it against all assault. Brooklyn. Edward Beecher. BISHOP POTTER S SUGGESTION. 1 do not think that clergymen are under any obligation to smoke. Whether they ought iwtto ^xnoke is a question concern- ing which I would suggest that you obtain the views of the Rev. Mr. Spurgeon. New York. Henry C. Potter. CHAPLAIN MILBURN THINKS IT DEPENDS. As to the habit of smoking tobacco, every minister should be fully persuaded in his own mind; careful to observe its effects upon his health, and likewise his disposition and capacity for work. Without doubt it is injurious to many per- sons, but not to all or even a majority. If all the ministers of the United States were to abandon the habit, I do not believe the numl)er of smokers would be lessened, except by their count; the matter of example, therefore, goes for little. Washington, D. C. W. H, Milburn. CHAPLAIN McCABE SAYS NO. Clergymen certainly should not smoke. No clergyman should do anything he does not expect and wish the young men in his congregation and Sabbath school to do. How can a man reprove boys for smoking if he does it himself? No, save us from clergymen who smoke ! I am glad the Methodist church has decided not to admit young men to her ministry who are addicted to the practice. New York. C, C. McCabe. 72 THE CARE OF THE BODY. NOT HIS brother's KEEPER. I have no wisdom to impait on the fjuestion \Ahether clergy- men should smoke. I do not smoke myself, nor do I judge those who do. Columbus, O. Washington Gladden. THE AUTHOR OF "AMERICA" BEARS TESTIMONY. I am glad to bear my testimony against the evil practice of the use of tobacco by ministers of the gospel. They are often called to visit in the chambers of the sick, whose sensi- tive frames are pained and disgusted by all the ill-savored odors carried in the breath or in the clothing of visitors. Inti- mate conversations of sympathy with the afflicted, or of advice to the troubled and to inquirers — all alike demanding prox- imity, will often be unwholesome and distressing, not to say impossible. Newton Centre, Mass. Samuel Francis Smith. A VOICE from ANDOVEK. Some concessions must, in fairness, be made to the smoking habit. It is not a sin in any man whose own conscience does not so instruct him. It should not be made a test of character even in our private judgment of men. As a man thinketh so he is. It is not a proper subject of ecclesiastical prohibition. The distinction is not a wise one which forbids it to clergymen more imperatively than to laymen. That is not a healthy type of religious faith which lays the clergy under prohil)itions which are not thought necessary in regulating the conduct of other men. Yet, there are few, if any, usages morally inno- cent in themselves of which so many things can be said to their discredit as may be said of the use of tobacco as an indulgence. The habit is against nature. Tobacco is neither food nor drink. So far as I know, it is not medicine except to a sick sheep. No natural appetite of the human body craves it. Of the whole animal creation, but one species naturally takes to it THE CAKE OF THE BODY. 73 — and tliat is a worm. Intellectual culture is not fostered by it. N(jr does it quicken or gratify spiritual aspiiations. General Stonewall Jackson once said to his daughter that since he had reached adult years he had not taken a mouthful of food at any hour of day or night without asking the blessing of God upon it. The General was a native of a tobacco-grow- ing State, and probably a smoker. But it may be reasonably questioned whether he ever sought the divine blessing upon his daily cigar. What smoker ever did? Yet why not? Can smoking clergymen answer this question? An immense and increasing number of Christian lielievers condemn the haliit as being unsympathetic with the imitation of Christ. The drift of the noblest and purest civilization is palpably adverse to a usage which so distinctly subordinates mind to matter, soul to body. Andover Theological Seminary. Altstin Phelps. DR. ALGER'S views. It is the duty of a clergyman by precept and example to teach other men their duties. Therefore, no clergymen ought to smoke, because smoking is a vice. It is a vice because it is a master of labor, time, attention and health. I belieVe that intoxicating liquor and tobacco are the two chief enemies of the human race. It seems, therefore, as clear as the sun in heaven that no clergyman can be held guiltless who does not set a personal example in opposition to them both. Boston. William R. Alger. With due deference and reverence to the opinions of the great minds that have exjiressed themselves on this important subject, I desire to add a word from the standpoint of the teacher of physical training. Believing, as I do, that the only perfect development is an all-round development; that is, mentally, morally and physi- cally, I shall touch upon this question by considering, briefly, these three phrases: Alentally — Noted physicians concur and statistics prove that 74 THE CARE OF THE BODY. the use of tobacco is detrimental to the highest and best devel- opment of the mental faculties. Morally — Those who argue in its favor are, in the main, users of the weed. Is it not inconsistent to preach against petty sins when one cannot himself lay by the sin that doth so easily beset him ? Is not his imperfect vision due to the fact that he has not cast the mote out of his own eye? To argue in its favor because the ministerial duties (or any other duties) are such that a sedative finds its best expression in tobacco, is to argue against reason itself. It is surely illogical. If the minister or business man needs tobacco, so does the rvife, and he should not hesitate to accord the same privilege to the partner of his joys. A man does not need tobacco any more than does a woiuan. A woman does not need tobacco any more than she does a corset. A man does not need tobacco for his ner^'otts system any more than he needs a corset for his //n'^zV^/ system. While tobacco and intoxicating drinks are not on a par, the one who uses the former cannot consistently preach against the latter; both are evils; both, when uncontrolled, are destructive of mind, morals and health. If the user of tobacco is a slave to the weed, and the user of intoxicants is a temperate or moderate drinker, then the words of the former would be still more ineffectual, as it would be the voice of intemperance against temperance. There is no denying the fact that to use tobacco in any form or to any degree is to stunt one's mental, moral and physical growth if the habit is begun at an early age. However great the user of tobacco may have become, mentally, morally, physi- cally, I can but think how much greater he ??itghf have been had he never been addicted to the habit. How a minister can use tobacco is beyond my comprehen- sion. An ambassador of Christ is supposed to follow Christ's example; at least, he is always exhorting others to do so. It seems almost sacriligious to mention the name of Christ in THE CARE OF THE BODY. 75 connection with this subject. But, if Christ, who bore the burdens (sins) of the world, had no occasion to resort to the evil, how much less should one who professes to be living in the very shadow of the cross, and teaching others to live a Christ-like life. Your example will live long after your pre- cepts have been forgotten. Yes, one can conscientiously chew or smoke. One can con- scientiously do many things. One can conscientiously do to-day that which he could not conscientiously do yesterday. Conscience is a creature of education. You may quiet it; you may put it to sleep; you may smoke it beyond the possibility of a resurrection; but listen to your inttiition; it is a truer ^\x\A.q; it is a " still, small voice " that can never be hushed. Physically — Where one escapes the evil results, thousands are harmed. Its evil effects are countless. Some constitutions may and do become accustomed to the deadly poisons, but that is no argument in favor of its use or continuance. You can accustom the system to any poison. You can so educate it that it may become inured to any hardship. Having considered txuo of the evils that exist, to an alarming extent, against body, mind and soul, let us briefly, delicately, yet hone-stly, contemplate the third. CORSETS. (More Properly Curse-its.) \Ve often hear of women "being dressed to kill." How true! How literally true! " 'Tis pity 'tis, 'tis true." The corset impedes respiration, compresses the muscles of the abdomen, subjecting them to unnecessary friction, and actually impedes the free action or movement of the body. Any form of dress that constricts the base of the lungs and presses upon the stomach, liver and intestines must do serious harm. True, the corset is a hackneyed subject; so is temperance; so are all questions of reform. But we should remember that temperance should lie applied to rt;'/ things. 76 THE CARE OF THE BODY. A woman does not need a corset. It is an artificial support. A man does not wd'c'^ alcoholic stimulants. The only difference in the evil is one of degree; the woman braces up on the out- side; the man on the inside. Both are false, unnatural stimu- lants. In discarding the corset, one should not go lo the other ex- treme, that of slouchiness in appearance of the waist. A sub- stitute must be had. A well-fitting waist to which llie skirts may be attached, in order that the burden of weight be removed from the waist to the shoulders. A slender waist, made so by a corset, is neither healthful nor beautiful; and only an ignorant mind or perverted taste wouKl ever regard it as such. " On the score of health," said my friend, the late Lewis B. Monroe, of Boston, " the distorted feet of the Chinese, or the deformed skulls of the Flathead Indians are less objectionable than the cramped waists of our devotees of fashion." The athletics for ^\■omen have done much to remove this evil; as all physical directors insist upon proper dress for the perfect freedom of the waist muscles. To dress in a moderately snug-fitting waist after exercising is all right, but to put on a tight-fitting corset is positively cruel — cruel to the vital centres of the body to so imprison them after having given them their liberty. S. word to the wise is sufficient. The neiv -woman does not need this caution, for l)y slow degrees — and not so very slow, either — she is adopting man's apparel. I think we should establish one law, whether of the body or of the mind; whether in the form of pleasure or of physical exercise, or of dress; that is, it should be encouraged or dis- couraged, according as its effects are beneficial, or otherwise, to the health and to the morals. THE CARE OF THE BODY. 77 METHODS OF TRAINING. MANY MEN— MANY MINDS. HOW THE MODERN SAMPSON ATTAINED HIS WONDERFUL STKENCTH. "At the age of not (juite fourteen years I was struck liy lightning along the right side of my body. After being con- fined to my room for three weeks I was able to leave my bed for several hours each day, but my suffering was much greater when evening came. " From the ceiling above my bed two strong ropes were fastened which extended down within my reach. To these, steel rings were attached, by which means I could raise myself and thereby strengthen my arms. " One day one of the ropes happened to break, and I play- fully took the ring and slipped it upon my arm and forced it up to the muscles of the u]5per part of my arm, and made move- ments of the muscles, little thinking that this would so greatly benefit me. I made several movements with the arm on which I had placed the ring, and inconsequence felt an easy sensation. " Five months from the time of having the stroke of light- ning, I felt myself not only well, Init better and stronger than ever before. I never ceased my course of practice with the steel rings, but with every opportunity that offered I would slip a ring upon my arm and make muscular movements. " One day I discovered by a strong movement of the muscles — bending my elbow — I sprung the ring out of its former shape. I procured more powerful rings, which were also soon forced into an oval shape by the strength of my muscles. I felt my- self growing very strong, and then broke ropes and chains, and bent rings out of their original shape; in fact, everything that came in my way I would make an effort to bend or break. '• I shall be pleased to also give you my method oi "STRENGTHENING THE MUSCLES. " IJalhe the muscles of the upper arm with cold water, and rub down well every morning and evening. Draw a thin ring 78 THE CARE OF THE BODY. of Steel up to and so closely over the upper arm muscles as to choke the circulation of the blood. Through diligent working of the muscles the blood will find its way through, and thereby strengthen the muscles. Before the ring is placed upon the arm the muscles should be well rubbed with oil to prevent the skin from breaking. " By daily practice of the foregoing, one will not only strengthen the muscles of the arms, but also the muscles of the whole body, particularly those of the chest. Any one who will follow the instruction herein given, I ^\ill guarantee that he can acquire tlie extraordinary strength tliat will enable him, within the short period of three months, to hold at arm's length loo pounds with one hand. "The strength which I have attained through diligent prac- tice, and am capable of holding with my right arm, back or chest, will aggregate from 3,000 to 5.000 pounds. "What /have done, any healthy person can do through dili- gent practice. A WORD OF ADVICE. " The principal thing to maintain the body in its vigor is a regular mod» of living. Three regular meals should never l)e exceeded, because if the body wants its rest, the internal part of it must also have rest after doing its work. " The food of which I partake is meat, eggs and rye bread. All that is composed of potatoes I avoid, because this food is liable to go over into the meat and thus keep the muscles from proper development, thus destroying the power of the body. " I advise every one who wishes a good muscular develop- ment io give tip tobacco in every form." METHODS OF THREE WELL-KNOWN ATHLETES — CHECKLEY MULDOON — LAFLIN. From the New York Sun. " To hear Checkley, one would much rather not have Mul- doon or Laflin's training as a gift. Mot that Checkley speaks disparagingly of these eminent athletes, but because that which they declare beneficial to the body he believes postively detri- mental. THE CARE OF THE BODY. 79 CHECKI.KV. " The Checkley system is founded on this basic principle: instead of drawing water, punching the bag or pulling a row- ing machine for the purpose of making your muscles grow and your lungs expand, restrict the contraction of the muscles by an effort of the will. If lifting a 50-pound weight from the floor will cause a visible swelling of your biceps and so exercise that muscle and produce what is conceded to be a desirable result, then by the Checkley system one may ' go through the motions' of raising the weight without doing any work at all — for raising the weight would be ' work ' — and by an act of volition swell and so exercise the same muscles and derive the same benefits from the exercise. MULDOON. " Muldoon believes in work for his pupils. He made Sulli- van do the hardest work of his life when in training for the fight with Kilrain, He had Police Superintendent Murray making hay, and pounding a block of wood with a big hammer before he had been at the Belfast farm forty-eight hours. I.AFLIN. " Laflin prefers oiit-door sports to out-door work, and roivitig machines to most other apparatus for indoor exercise. Instead of setting a man to raking hay, he accompanies him on long fishing, shooting, swimming or rowing exercises." SANDOW. From the pen of Dr. G. F. Lydston, in the Journal of the American Medical Association. "Of all the living modern examples of muscular possibilities, Sandow is probably the finest specimen. This man shows, in a very marked degree, the wonderful results which can be ob- tained by a systematic, philosophical method of muscle- building. "When at rest, Sandow's muscles and skin are soft and pliable, but when the muscles are contracted from voluntary effort, it is well-nigh impossible to pinch up the superlying tissues. 80 THE CARE OF THE BODY. " Much curiosity has been exliibited regarding Sandow's system of training, especially as regards his diet and mode of living. It is noteworthy that he eats, drinks and smokes as he pleases; the old-fashioned ideal of dietetic restriction for athletes evidently having very little weight with him. It is astonishing that he is not compelled to be more abstemious, but he is, apparently, quite as capable of immense muscular effort after a course dinner and a liberal supply of wine, fol- lowed by one or more cigars, as at any other time. After liis performance he takes a cold sponge-bath and a rub, as does every well-informed athlete. " By systematic practice in this direction one is enabled to get sufficient exercise without any apparatus whatever. It is the relative degree of control \\\\\z\\ the individual acquires over his various muscles rather than their Inilk, that determines their strength. Such enormous development as that of Sandow is by no means necessary nor even advisalde. Feats of strength do not constitute the aim of ideal athletics; that is, athletics for health. Given a bulky muscle and we usually have a slow muscle. The ideal muscle is not always the one which stands out in such bold relief as do those of Sandow. The average big-muscled man is muscle-bound and, perhaps, shoulder- bound; and while Sandow is apparently an exception to this rule, he, himself, in all probability, displays to less advantage in feats requiring a combination of skill, strength and agility. "Experience has shown that bulky-muscled men are, on the average, failures as pugilists and wrestlers. Corbett is an ideal athlete, yet his muscles are smooth, well laid and not bulky. It is to be hoped that Sandow's exhibitions may not have a pernicious effect upon aspiring youths, who imagine that ideal training implies great feats of strength, and muscles which stand out in bold relief like an anatomical demonstration. "A point worthy of consideration is the fact that Sandow is of a very phlegmatic temperament. Persons of a more sensi- tive organization, and brain-workers, would soon pass the danger line if they attempted to emulate Sandow. The per- sonal equation must be remembered in athletics as well as else- THE CARK OF THE BODY. 8 1 where. A word of caution is also necessary in respect to diet and drink. " While a restricted diet is a relic of the past in athletics, more care is necessary than Sandow imposes upon himself — the personal equation again. Wine, tobacco and athletics mix but poorly. "The question now arises: What damage, if any, does such work as Sandow's produce upon the individual ? " From what has been said of Sandow's present condition, one might be led to infer that such feats of strength are harm- less, but such is not the fact. Sandow is confronted by two dangers; first, death at an early period after complete suspen- sion of his athletic strain; second, death at middle age or soon thereafter from a continuance of this work. In the first in- stance we will suppose that our subject ceases his work — voluntarily or otherwise. In this event he is confronted by a serious problem. He has solved the problem of developing his heart and lungs pari passu with the general muscular system; but how is he going to bring about involution of his lungs and \\&2lX\. pari passu ^\\.\v the general muscular involution which must follow rest? To do this is impossible, and the result is a relative disease of his enormous heart and lungs. Disuse means decay; degeneracy of cardiac fibre and lung tissue results; degeneracy offers a constant invitation to disease of various kinds. "The most powerful pugilist America ever produced quit the ' squar6d circle' and entered a counting room only to die of consumption within a year. " The athlete hath need of large lungs, but large lungs with- out the accustomed exercise were a misfit in a sedentary occu- pation. " It has been said that ' a man is just as old as his arteries.' Many a strong man has verified the truth of this to his cost. "At forty-five Sandow will be in the prime of his strength; his heart and arteries, however, will not be in the prime of their elasticity. Readjustment, after strain, will be no longer pos- sible. Degeneracy of arterial walls and cardiac fiijre will 82 THE CARE OF THE BODY. occur; dilitation of the heart and trouble with the coronary and minute cerebral arteries is likely to develop. " Sandow is a wonderful man, but his example is pernicious. His system of muscle-building is superb; its application may be dangerous." For my own part I cannot see how any system can be con- sidered practical, hence beneficial, that cannot be continued from year to year until a good old age. This, of course, does not apply to the more vigorous work done in the gymnasium on horizontal bar, parallel bars, ladders, rings, etc. Such a system of exercise is intended chiefly for persons from youth to middle age, after which time the work is too violent for continuance. It is, in reality, foundation work, and should now be substituted by a less vigorous form of exer- cise, such as Mill prevent that decay and disease which must inevitably follow the disuse of muscles long accustomed to regular exercise. During all of this time — from middle age onward — the heart and lungs and legs may be daily exercised by one taking the stationary running, or in a less active form by walking. The development of the arms and chest may be kept up by light, yet vigorous, dumb-bell exercises. Every joint of the body should be exercised daily by the devitalizing exercises ; in short, almost all the exercises given in "Physical Training Simplified " may be so graded, according to one's age and strength, that almost, if not all of them, can be performed daily, regularly, systematically, until you "stand with one foot in the grave and the other all but in." Then when the body returns to mother earth it shall have fully performed its mission as the habitation of the soul. SYMMETRICAL DEVELOPMENT. An interview as published in New York Telegram. THE PERFECT MAN. Turn a man with his face to the wall. If he be perfectly molded and symmetrically made, his chest will touch the wall, THE CARE OF THE BODY. 83 his nose will be four inches away, his thighs five inches, his toes three inches. It is seldom that you will find a man that can stand the test. THE PERFECT WOMAN. In woman, a height in proportion to weight ; a form that will stand the following test of symmetry : A carriage that is free, distinct and noticeable for that which is not, rather than for that which is. The greatest and first essential to physical perfection in woman is a figure without an angular line. Nature avoids angularity everywhere, but in the human form especially. Stature and weight are comparative; still a mean height and weight must be chosen. A perfectly formed woman will stand at the average height of 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 7 inches. She will weigh from 125 to 140 pounds. A plumb line dropped from a point marked by the tip of her nose will meet at a point one inch in front of her great toe. Her shoulders and hips will strike a straight line drawn up and down, Her waist will taper gradually to a size on a line drawn from the outer third of the collar bones to the hips. Her bust will measure from 28 to 36 inches; her hips will measure from 6 to 10 inches more than this, and her waist will call for a belt from 22 to 28 inches. PROPF-R WEIGHT, HEIGHT AND MEASUREMENT OF A FULLY DEVELOPED MAN. Height. Weight. Neck. Waist. Chest. Biceps. Fore- arm. > 'a 5 ft. 103-107 lU 29 32-33 85 15 5 ft. lin. 107-111 lU 29J 33-34 a fti 16 rt 5 ft. 2 in. 111-116 12' 30 34-35 9g 17 5 ft. 3 in. 116-13] 12i 30A 3.>-36 a 10 18 S 5 ft. 4 in. 121-127 13 31 36-37 e*. lOi 19 et- 5 ft. 5 in. 127-133 13i 3U 37-38 m 20 u 5 ft. 6 in. 1.3.3-140 14 32 38-39 ss lis 21 3 U 5 ft. 7 in. 140-147 14A 32i 39-10 Su Hi 22 5 ft. 8 in. 147-15.T 15 33' 40-41 la 111 2:3 ^■2, 5 ft. 9 in. 1. 55-164 l.ii 33i 41-42 u m 24 5 ft. 10 in. 1(U-174 16" 34 42-43 E 12i 25 s 5 ft. 11 in. 174-185 \%\ .34i 43^4 13 26 in 6 ft. 185-196 17 35 44-45 13i 27 ♦This rule has long been observed, especially among artists, but it is not true to life, for very rarely do we find either men, women or children who have their neck, upper arm and calf measurements the same. As a rule, the ujiper arm is the smallest of the three. 84 THE CARE OF THE BODY. BICYCLING. VENI, VIDI, VICI. The bicycle came; the bicycle saw the need of its coming, the bicycle has cotujuend mo'it of the ills to which flesh is heir. There is no denying the fact that there is no exercise more exhilarating and less exhaustive than a spin on the wheel. BENEFITS. To obtain the greatest benefit there are two things absolutely imperative, viz: a correct sitting posture and the mouth kept shut. Sitting correctly leaves the vital centres (heart, stomach, liver, etc.) in a position for perfect action. This is especially important as regards the digestive organs and the heart. Stooping and dropping the head as low or lower than the handle bars may be essential for racing, but racing is not essential for health. One may incline the body forward but he should not bend or break it, so to speak, at the waist. The movement should be entirely from the hips. With the mouth closed and with a fair rate of speed, deep, full breathing is a natural consequence, the nasal passages are cleared, the brain receives new life force, the lungs are ex- panded, the pulse is quickened, the liver loses its torpidity, the blood is purified, dyspepsia takes its flight, headaches are as quickly dispelled as dew before the morning sun; in short, life is made worth the living. WALKING vs. THE WHEEL. The question is often asked: "Why am I tired when I walk a mile but am invigorated when I ride many miles on the wheel ? " The answer is a simple one. In the one case, the legs bear the burden of the body; in the other the exercise is taken while sitting, thus economizing the expenditure of vital and nervous force. Again, the entire nervous force of the body is retained, being insulated by the rubber tires; hence one's mag- THE CAKK OK THH UoDY. 85 netic force is constantly increasing; whereas, in walking (unless wearing silk liose or rubber-soled shoes) every touch of the foot to the ground causes the positive forces of the body to go out to the more negative forces of the earth; therefore, ex- haustion is more likely to follow a long tualk than it is a much greater distance made upon the wheel. A long walk, however, is or should be exhilarating ^\■hen one walks correctly and erectly with the chest raised and fixed indeitenilently of the breath, and with a full sweep of the leg from the hip joint, with as liitle knee action as possible. The deep inhalations, in each case, cause the exhilarating influence as a result of more oxygen, better respiration and more thorough circulation; but in the former method there is more conservation of vital and nervous force. WILL BICYCLING REDUCE ONK'S WEIGHT? No, not ordinary riding. It has a tendency (and naturally, too) to increase one's -n'eighf, but to decrease one's size. If one is overcorpulent it will burn out the adipose tissue, giving good, solid flesh instead. The "baby bicyclist," weighing 408 ]iounds, thought to reduce his weight by riding a bicycle. At the end of a few weeks he weighed 510 pounds, but did not appear so large as when he weighed 408 pounds. He rode only on paved streets, and where no special exertion was recpiired. Nevertheless, he burned out adipose tissue, and was not as much handicapped by the extra weight of good, solid flesh as he had previously been by the superalnindance of fat. This, however, is a rare exception. In my own case (although I fell off 190 pounds the first day; fell off that amount several times the first day), I gained gradu- ally every day until I tipped the beam at 201 pounds, my present weight. But I belong to the "heavyweight" class, and am so constituted that I "train up" unless the exercise is carried well-nigh to the point of exhaustion. \VII.L lilCVCI.ING MAKE THIN PERSONS THINNER? No, the bicycle is a godsend to the frail, delicate or thin person who desires health, strength and good, solid flesh; that 86 THE CARE OF THE BODY. is, if (and I desire that if as large as it can be made, that it may be impressed every time they mount the wheel, and every time they eat) they observe the caution in regard to correct posture, keeping the mouth closed, riding in moderation, and last and most important of all, if they eat the proper food for blood making; otherwise, the less of such exercise one takes the better. Proper and sufficient nourishment must be had in order to supply the muscles that waste. The outgo must not exceed the income. Bear in mind, it is not tlie quantity but the quality of food. This applies with equal force to the brain- worker. Mark Twain is credited with saying that "It is a poor mule that won't work both ways." So it is with the wheel. It is helpful alike, and yet not alike, to the person who is too fleshy and the person who desires more flesh; yet it is not a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul, for both are benefited. WILL BICYCLING GIVE SYMMETRICAL DEVELOPMENT ? No. The legs will be developed to an undue proportion of the arms and upper portion of the body; also, at an expense of that portion of the body; hence the necessity of dumb-bell or Indian-club work for those lovers of the wheel who desire equal development and equal strength. Of course, this applies to one who is accustomed to riding, and does not make any efTort of the upper portion of the body; while the novice, who clutches the handle bars with a death- like grip, will find an increase, instead of decrease, of the fore- aim muscles; but this development is short-lived. Therefore, in proportion as one rides the wheel, he should exercise arm, shoulder, neck, chest and waist muscles. LONGEVITY. Three score and ten is a fairly good age, but it is by no means the limit; nor can I think it is intended to be inter- preted as such. There is another passage which reads: " There shall he no more thence an infant of days, nor an old THE CARK OF THE BODY. 87 niaji tliat Iialh iiof filled Ids Jays; for ilie child shall die an hundred years old." Some persons fancy that their work is about done when they reach the age of fifty; that is only foundation work upon which to erect a noble structure. But during all these years he should lay a foundation suitable for such a structure. I cannot refrain from quoting a portion of Longfellow's poem bearing upon the subject. I trust that others may gather inspiration therefrom, as I have done many, many times. And as the years go by, I read the lines each time with more clear- ness, and with renewed enthusiasm, turn to my life work, hoping, wishing, praying, working that the sunset of life may not come too soon, and find my pen idle, my voice silent, my hands empty when all of them should have many more years of service for the betterment of humanity. " It is too late ! Ah, nothing is too late Till the tired heart shall cease to palpitate. Cato learned Greek at eighty. Sophocles Wrote his grand CEdipus, and Simonides Bore off the prize of verse from his compeers, When each had numbered more than four-score years. And Theophrastus at forescore and ten, Had but begun his Characters of Men. Chaucer, at Woodstock with the Nightingales, At sixty wrote the Canterbury Tales; Goethe, at Weimar, toiling to the last. Completed Faust when eighty years were past. These are, indeed, exceptions; but they show How far the gulf-stream of our youth may flow Into the Arctic region of our lives Where little else than life itself survives. " Something remains for us to do or dare; Even the oldest tree some fruit may bear; For age is opportunity no less Than youth itself, though in another dress." It was said of the elder Cato, of whom the poet writes, that in his description of an ideal old age, he said: "Years will steal upon him insensibly; he will grow old without feeling it; nay, when he comes to break at last, the house will crumble gently and fall down so slowly as not to give him any pain." 88 THE CARE OF THE BODY. I wish to offer anotlier word of eiicourageiiient. In tlie )ear iS5(j tliere were, in the United States, 2,555 persons over tlie age of 100 years. Let us turn to sucli scientists as Farradaj' and Farr for opinions concerning this matter of longevity. TROF. FARRADAY. "The duration of life, both in man and animal, is to l)e measured by his time of growth; the natural termination being at five times that age, or five removes from tliat point. Man, Ijeing twenty years in growing, lives five times twenty, or 100 years. "Life should be divided into two equal halves — growth and decline; and these two into infancy, youth, virility and age. Infancy extends to the twentieth year; youth, to the fiftieth, because it is the period the tissues become firm; virility, from fifty to seventy-five, during which the organism remains com- plete; at seventy-five old age commences." UR. FARR. " The natural life time of a man is a century; the length of time the body will live under the most favorable conditions. I should divide life as follows: Boyhood, ten to fifteen years; youth, fifteen to twenty-five years; manhood, twenty-five to fifty-five years; maturity, fifty-five to seventy-five; ripeness, seventv-five to eighty-five; old age, eighty-five and upward." PROF. J. R. BUCHANAN. "The attainable limits of human longevity are generally understood by the medical profession and by public opinion. Instead of the Scriptural limit of three-score and ten, I would estimate twice that amount, or 140 years, as the ideal age of healthy longevity; when mankind shall have been bred and trained with the same wise knowledge that has been expended on horses and cattle. "The estimate of 140 years as practical longevity for the nobler generation is sustained by the number of that age (four- teen, if I recollect rightly) found in Italy by a census under one of the later Roman emperors. But for the race now on the THE CAKE OK THE KODV. 8g globe, a moie applicable estimate is that of the European scientist, that tlie normal longevity of an animal is five times its period of growth. Man's growth, however, is not limited to twenty, l)ut to twenty-eight. This gives ns 140 years as the age for the best specimens of humanity. This having been done in several cases demonstrates its general possibility in improved conditions." Why, just to rciK^what theae learned men say about longevity is almost enough to cause one to feel the renewal of his youth; to feel the blood coursing through his veins as in boyhood — happy, joyous, all-glorious boyhood. Then, again, according to these same authorites(all of which I strongly advocate), poor old Methuselah had nothing to brag of in regard to age, having stopped short at about ninety, while many of his companions were cut short in the flower of their youth. THE secrf:t of not growing old. Some one has said that "All forms of matter are manifesta- tions of the one s[)irit. In eternal thought there can be no discords of sin or disease. Each individual manifestation, through cognizance of its spiritual self, can control the physical atoms of its body by its own will. "The only cordial in my keeping is the ever-renewing power of correct thought. " If the personal mind holds a belief in hcallli, youth and purity, the outward form will correspond. "Sin and disease are discords in the orchestra of nature. " Health of body, mind and soul are the true harmonies. " Hold the thought of youth, health and moral beauty; and as is your mind, so shall be your body." This is, indeed, a l)eautiful thought, but I know not whence it came; the spirit and truth I've surely caught, though I've forgotten the writer's name. This is somewhat on the Scriptural doctrine — an excellent one to ever keep in mind — " What a man thinketh, that he is." When old age docs steal upon us — as it will by ancl by — may go THE CARF: OF THE BODY. the words of Shakespeare, as spoken by one of his characters, 1)6 true of us: " Though I look old, yet I am strong and lusty, For in my youth I never did apply Hot and rebellious liquors to my blood; Nor did not, with unbashful forehead, woo The means of weakness and debility; Therefore, my age is as a lusty winter, Frosty, but kindly." Before leaving the subject of longevity, I desire to give my prescription for preventing wrinkles; those graves of buried hopes; not those wrinkles which come very late in life, when the skin has lost its elasticity, but those wrinkles which the great sculptor Thought is chiselling, when ■worry takes the place of faith. THREE RULES FOR PREVENTING WRINKLES. First — Don' t worry. Second — Don't Worry. Third— DON'T WORRY. PHYSICIANS — DRUGS. No one can have a higher regard for the intelligent and up-to- date physician than have I, but this class is sadly in the minority. Unfortunately, the practice of medicine, unlike that of sur- gery, is not a science. Both are making rapid strides, however, and the doctor of to-day is not the doctor of but a few years ago, when all of his medicine — and all of his knowledge — were in the saddle-bags. Scarcely a day passes that science is not demonstrated by surgery iii the skill and accuracy of its wonderful work. Scarcely a day passes that does not demonstrate the unscientific and inaccurate and almost bungling work of medicine, even in the hands of a thoughtful and conscientious physician. It is utterly impossible to tell positively the exact result of any medicine taken into the stomach, owing to the chemical changes through which it must pass. It may work like a charm with one person, but not have the slightest beneficial effect upon another. THE CARE OF THE BODY. QI I Iiave no doubt tliat every well-establislied physician will agree with me that the majority of persons take entirely too much medicine; and, what is still worse, they empty bottle after bottle of advertised nostrums, the nature and result of which they are totally ignorant. A physician should be paid for his counsel. He is as much entitled to it, often much more, than is the lawyer. Nine times out of ten he is the /^^//tv physician that will give you little or no medicine, but instruct you how to remove the cause. Medicine never cured any one. Its use is to aid Nature, and as soon as that is done, it should be discarded. In the first place it would not be needed if Nature's laws were not violated, whether knowingly or otherwise. Dr. Titus, counselor at the Court of Dresden, says that "three- fourths of mankind are killed by medicine." Of course he does not mean wholly by mecicines prescribed by physicians, but by that indiscriminate use of which I spoke, when one buys on the strength of an advertisement — the only strength connected with the medicine. Dr. Morrell MacKenzie said: " If there was not a physician nor a drug in the world, the rate of mortality would be less." Strong statement this, especially when we consider the fact that it was uttered by an eminent physician near the close of a life-long practice. He was an eminent specialist, and died of the very disease the cure of which had given him a world-wide reputation. I do not wonder that the old lady said she did not want a practicing physician, but would prefer one who was through practicing. I am thoroughly convinced vhat if the whole tale could be told of the destruction of health and life by false and narrow medical theories, it would rival the horrors of war. We are compelled to regretfully admit that the success attending the phyiscians' practice has not been wholly com- mensurate with the zeal and energy spent in the practice. And yet, light begins to break upon this heretofore clouded condi- Q2 THE CARE OK THE HODY. tion of affairs; for at no time in tlie liistory of our nation have such developments been made as within tlie last few years. We are all familiar with the expression " Patience on a mon- ument;" but I am inclined to think that there are still some physicians who put their patients ttnder a monument. I remember reading of a noted physician who attributed all diseases to one of three causes, viz.: "Ignorance, carlessness, Providence." That physician was both "ignorant" and "careless" in making such a serious charge against " Providence." Were illnesss Providential, then it would be open rebellion against Him to take medicine for restoration, and every physi- cian would be an enemy to His Divine will. God suffers many things that He does not 7vill. All laws are God's laws, and they are immutable. If we break a law of Nature (God's laws), we must suffer the jienalty. Ignorance is no excuse for the violation of a law. Nature is unrelenting and she places her mark of disapproval on all who disobey her. The physical sins of a life time can- not be atoned for in a few hours; and it should also be remem- bered that t/ie7-e is not even vicarious atonement for sins against A^ at tire. Instead of placing the three causes of disease as carelessness, ignorance and Providence, I am inclined to place them as care- lessness, ignorance, SiwA physicians and drugs. No reputable physician will feel hurt at tliis statement, un- less, as is often the case, it is the truth that hurts. Not long ago, in one of our large cities, a physician said to me while I was with him on his rounds: " I must stop here a moment to see this sick child, and consult with the regular physician." When he came out he said: "Just in time. lie had lieen doctoring for the wrong disease; in his haste and immense amount of practice he did not carefully diagnose the case; • hence, was giving the wrong medicines, and I think she'll pull through." This reminds me of an incident that occurred in Washington THE CAUE nf THE KODY. 93 city. Passing down Pennsylvania Avenue, on the way to the Capitol, in company with a resident of that city, the following conversation took place: " Did you notice that gentleman to whom I spoke just now ?" " Yes; any one of note ? Congressman ? Senator ? " " No, A doctor. He saved my life when all others gave me up." " Then he must be a man of note; a man of prominence." "No, he is but little known outside of a small circle of ad- miring friends." " Then he must l)e skilful." "I am not sure of th.it either. All that I know is that he saved my life." "That is strange. How do you account for it that he saved your life after you had been given up by leading physicians; and yet he is not prominent, not of note, not skilful, you say. How do yon account for that?" "Why, when the others gave me up and said there was no hope, my friends sent for him." "Well?" " Well, //<• didn't come." My observation has since led me to believe that this may have been a fortunate circumstance in the life of many a one; yet, I would not, for any reason whatever, underrate the medi- cal profession. P.'rhaps I feel these things more keenly in consequence of my mother's death being caused by the ignorance and careless- ness of a physician; and my father (who should have lived to a full five score) was cut off at three score and twelve as a result or following a physician's advice for several years. Other physicians tried to cure what a former physician caused. Little need shall we have -of the physician, and still less of drugs, when we live as we should; that is, when our grand- mothers and grandfathers live as they should. For, in fact, that is where we should have to begin. However, we are liable to accidents and unavoidable ex- g4 THE CAKK (JI- THE BODY. posures; but, barring these, we should be free from not only ninny but all the ills that flesh is heir to. So much have I had to say concerning the body being properly fortified against disease, and, in a measure, that there exists little or no need of disease, that I may be thought to be championing the cause of CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. But no Christian Scientist will ever lay that charge to my door, for I violate the first principle of their belief in admitting that we have a body. The very word physical is a bugbear to them. A prominent teacher of Christian Science was in one of my classes in physical training. She readily took all the exercises, but whenever I spoke of the object being to benefit this or that part of the body, she immediately "treated" herself; that is, treated away from her mind the falseness of my theories. I am ready to admit the beauty and the truth of much that is taught in this so-called science, but I am as ready to assert and prove that the foundation is false; the pretensions of the so-called founder are false; the name is a misnomer, as the teachings are in no way compatible with the teachings of Christ. Christ healed the body as well as the soul, acknowledging the body as the temple of the soul. The very denial of the existence of the body is not only un-Scriptural but un-Christian. ^'- Beloved believe not e^ieiy spirit, hut try the spirits whether they be of God, becattse many false prophets'are gone otit into the -world. Hereby hnojv ye the spirit of God. Every spirit that confesseth that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh, is of God. Every spirit that confesseth not that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh, is not of God, and this is that spirit of .1 ntichrist loliereof you have heard that it should come." There is nothing scientiflc in healing that which, in reality, does not exist; nor in denying the existence of that which is THE CARE OF THE BODY. g5 known and felt. It is unscientific because it ignores the fact of man's physical life as is taught in science. Disease is not imaginary. Many diseases, however, have their origin in the mind, but the disease is an actuality. Both cause and effect should be removed; then to avoid a recur- rence, avoid tiie mental iiiharmonies through which the physical inharmonies came. "The fashion of mental healing by resolutely ignoring disease, fixing the mind upon the conception of perfect health and the all-pervading benignity of the Deity, is not so irra- tional in essence, but it is mingled with so much of metaphysical nonsense in the denial of the existence of disease." The author (?) of "Science and Health " claims originality. Even goes so far as to say: " No human tongue or pen has suggested the contents of this book." Even she knew the statement to be false or it must be ad- mitted that she displayed woful ignorance. The hand that guided the pen of the unfinished manuscripts that fell into her possession had loosened its grasp. The writer had succumbed to that which existed only in his mind. He was not dead; he only thought he was dead. The acknowledged author was languishing upon a bed of sickness. She was told she must die. She made up her mind she wouldn't. (So far, so good; would there were more.) Disease was a myth. She arose. She took the unfinished writings, added thereto from the teachings of Mme. Biavatsky, published a book, proclaimed to the world that she was infallible, that the writings were origi- nal; formed classes to heal imaginary ills; saw a mine of wealth. It was in her mind, but it soon materialized. She taught Christian Science; so much science for so much money. The Christian principle was forgotten — "Freely ye have received, freely give." The principle— the original (?) principles taught in her book — are older, many hundred years older than the Christian era. In a translation of the Vedic poems from the Bhagavad (lita, verse 15, chapter 2, you may reatl the following: "The only real existence is Eternal existence, that of spirit. g6 THE CARE OF THE BODY. Matter does not really exist, Ijiit is merely the production of Maya — the mystic power by which the Supreme Being has created an illusive and temporary matter, which seems to exist but does not really do so. There is no real existence for mat- ter, nor non-existence for spirit, which alone really exists." There you have, in the Brahminic mysticism, the jjrinciples of the Christian Science. What an absurdity to introduce it as a product of the nineteenth century. Let us confront one other statement: " Disease is purely imaginary, a phantom created by the mortal mind." I am pleased to quote J. S. Loveland's answer to this fallacy: " The lower animals, as well as man, succumb to these influ- ences. Is it ' the fabulous creation of the mortal mind ' when a horse dies of consumption or colic ? Is disease a myth ? Is there no such thing as matter? Has disease nothing to do with the physical organization? Is it purely an affection of the mind ? " Those Christian Scientists who do any good are, in reality, magnetic healers, denying the source and character of the power they use. Many of them do not know how mind acts upon matter. Apparently tliey are profoundly ignorant of the function of the nerve ctira, or vital force. If they did know, they would readijly see that they are using the old well-known methods of magnetic operation. Magnetists, years ago, oper- ated upon their subjects when miles away. Why not ? The medium of mental -use is universal. Mind acts upon mind and matter, because the means of actual touch is substantially unlimited. The mind, in the case of mental telegraphy, acts thousands of miles away from the body, because it has an agent of force to work with (odic force). "One can project his vital energy itself, and can thus influ- ence the nerve-force of another." To those who are unfamiliar with the power of psychological influence, the foregoing criticism upon Christian Science may seem almost as mysterious as the teachings of the science, l)ut to those who have investigated telepathy, psychology, etc., the remarks v/ill be very clear. THE CARE OF THE ISODY. 97 I dismiss this subject of Ciiristian Science wjtli the terse saying of the Rev. Savage, D. D., of Boston: "When tlie Cliiistiau Scientist says 'there is no mailer,' then it's no matter what lie says." While much may be taken from so-called Christian Science that will prove exceedingly helpful in the cait- of tlie body, let the reader choose that which is in accord with good common sense, acknowledging the existence of the material, Isut learn- ing, as he may from said teachings, that iiiiud is superior to matter. The little I have had to say of this subject is merely sugges- tive, and is given to the reader that he may not lean on a broken staff. CATCHING COLD. Don't do it. Don't let the odd catcli you. It is impossible to catch cold so long as a healthy contlition of the skin and an even temi)erature of the surface of the body are maintained. Tlie slightest warning that Nature gives you should be heeded at once. If \<)U git the snufiles, the forerunner of a cold in the head (a cold always settles in the w't'rt/vj/ place), you should take a brisk walk or run, but be sure to keep the mouth firmly closeil. If you are so situated that you cannot do either, then breathe deeply and rapidly until your hotly has passed from a negative to a positive condition. ]'',([iiilibi iiim is liL-allh, the loss of it is disease. Keep up your \ilality to the j)roper point and no disease can touch you. To the proper point ? jvye, there's the rub. We get care- less, and when we are .unfortified the enemy attacks us. The moment the body beccmes negative, below a certain point of vitality, we become subject to encroachment, especially of colds, and then the most vulnerable points — throat, nasal pass- ages, lungs, etc. — are attacked. THE THROAT. Do not mufhe up the throat when winter comes. Nature does not need \.\\jected to a draught. Do not sit unconcernedly in a hall or church or theatre if you are exposed to a cold current of air upon your back. 'Twere better, by far, to face it. 'Tvvere better still to change your seat or take some measure to avoid the effect if the cause is not removed. Do not ■wait until you are chilled. That is Nature informing you that you did not heed her first alarm. 'Twere better to momentarily disturb the lecturer, pieacher or actor than to incur any risk that may jnove fatal. " Charity begins at home." "To yourself be true." "Pre- vention is better than cure." Oi:)etlience to Nature's demand is better than the sacrifice that must follow any non-conform- ance with her laws. CHEST AND TUNGS. As with the throat, so with the chest; the caution, as to the matter of protection, is usually niisaj)plicd. An erroneous notion prevails that if tlie chest is well jiro- tected from cold no harm will come. Extra warmth is neces- sary at the hack, over the situation of the chain of nerves known as the sympathetic, whose purpose it is to regulate the supply of l)lood to the various organs of respiration and digestion and to keep thoie organs in co-ordination. ft is, undoubtedly, by draughts on the back of the neck that cokis, or inflammation due to colds, are most frerpiently taken. See to it that )()ur ihcst protector is a hack ])r()teclor. Who ever heard of " the cold chills" lunning* down one's chest. Again let me impress upon you the necessity of keejiing up a certain temperature of the ])ody in order to avoid catching cold. It is said that a little woolen clothing around the chin and neck is more productive of warmth than five times the amount elsewhere. This is probaldy due to tlie fact tliat the circula- tion and evolution of heat are at once increased ami sent down- THE CARE OF THE BDDY. ' 99 ward. This may be demonstrated by Iiaving some one place one hand around your chin and tlie other around the occipital base. In extremely cold weather one may notice the effect of increased warmth by burying the chin, so to speak, in the fur wrap or boa or muff, as ladies are frequently seen to do. In ])rL-venting cold, especially in warm weather, a wortl of caution is especially necessary concerning the too sudden CHECKING OF PERSPIRATION. riivsiologists have said that if a few drops of the blandest fluid in Nature are injected into a blood vessel against the current, death is an instantaneous result. Millions of canals or tubes from the inner portion of the body open tlitir little mouths at the surface, and through these channels, as ceaseless as the flow of time, a fluid containing the wastes and impurities of the system is passing outward and is emptied out of the skin. This fluid must have exit or we die in a few hours. If it does not liave vent at the surface of the body it must have some internal outlet. Nature alihors shocks as she does a 7'acuiiiii. Heat distends the mouth of these ducts and pro- motes a larger and more rapid flow of the contained fluid; on tiie other hand, cold contracts them, and the fluid is at first arrested, dams up and rebounds. If the purest warm milk injected against the current kills in a moment, not from any chemical quality, hut from the force against the natural current, there need be no surprise at the ill effects of suddenly closing the mouths of millions of tubes at the same instant, causing a violence at every pin-head sur- face of (he liody. If these months are gradually closed, nature has lime to adaj)! herself to the circumstances by opening her channels into the great internal waterways of the body, and no harm follows. Hence the safety of cooling off slow ly after exercise or being in a heated apartment, and the danger of cooling off rapidly under the same circumstances, familiarly known by the expression " checking perspiration." lOO THE CARE OF THE BODY. The result of closino tlie pores of tlie skin is various, accord- in/// //c/ /i>i> 7'/\^or(U/s. If you yet overheated from the ruhliiuL^ vou are just as liable to catch cold as l)eini^ overheated from the warm-water liatli. One's body liad better be '.'(7 -w itli the cold water of the bath ■when the clothint; is ]uit on, than to be wet with perspiration from an excessive rub-down. iiathing is an art, but the care of the body after bathing is even more tlian an art, and the care of the body after excessive perspiration still more of an art. My own experience may not lie out of place. Closing my lecture on " Physical Training "' with an exhibition of heavy- club swinging, I am, as a conse(|uence, ipiile warm. As a usual thing there is no opportunity for a halh until 1 reach the hotel. Therefore, I do not tlress immediately, but walk about upon the platform, chat with friends from the avidience as they are passing out, etc., etc. (do not nusinterpret the etcetras); this I do until I have ceased perspiring. I then am in a con- dition to dress, the extra amount of clothing kccpijig me warm instead of making me warm. This has been my custcnn for a little over a quarter of a century, and the result is 1 lia\e never caught cold — or the cobl caHL;ht me -no matter whether the mercury was \\\> (o ()o or loo or had dropped down to 2o or 30 below; summer or winter the same princijdc holds good. To dress immediately after exercising is like blanketing a horse when it is fairly steaming. The dry blanket liecomes wet, the horse becomes cool and is often chilled by the wet lilanket; whereas, if the blanket were placed u[ion the horse just as he ceased sweating, the dry l)lanket would keep him warm, anil would so act upon the surface of the body as to prevent the reaction that is likely to follow when the iiorse has ceased sweating and the body comes in contact w ith the wet blanket. 'Tis true, the blanket absorlis the moisture, but this very absorption causes the mischief. The necessity of freipient bathing and change of undercloth- ing is evident from the fact that through the perspiring glands of the skin is exhaleil forty ounces of vapor each day; this I02 THE CARE OF THE BODY. vapor being loaded with tlie waste and impure matter wliicli the lungs cannot remove. Do not wear any undergarment at night that has been worn during the day. It contains the excretions of the body, which are likely to be reabsorbed by the system; therefore, it is necessary that all clothing worn during the day should be thor- oughly aireil at night, and all clothing worn at night should be thoroughly aired during the day. When taking a hand or sponge bath it would Ije well to put into the water a handful of sea salt. You may, by so tloing, have a sea bath at home and thus avoid many of the discomfi- tures of seaside bathing; besides, you can have it at all seasons of the year. I know of nothing more invigorating than a sea-salt bath. It is almost impossible to catch cold after a sponge bath of sea salt and cold water. The ])Ores of the skin take it as eagerly as if so many thousands of hungry mouths were opening for a veritable feast. The efficacy of salt is so little known, tliat is, its real value in so many, many ways, that I purpose giving herew ith some of the most notable uses to which it may be put. THE USES OF SALT. Half a teaspoonful of common table salt dissolved in a little cold water and then drank will instantly relieve "heartburn" or dyspepsia. If taken every morning before breakfast, increasing the quantity gradually to a teaspoonful of salt and a tumbler of water, it will, in a few days, cure any ordinary case of dyspep- sia, if, at the same time, due attention is paid to diet. Tiiere is no better remedy than the foregoing for constipation. As a gargle for sore throat it is equal to chlorate of potash; besides it is entirely safe and may be used as often as desired, and should a liitle be swallowed each time, it will have a Ijene- ficial effect upon the throat by cleansing it and by allaying the irritation. In doses of one to four teaspoonfuls in half a pint to a pint THE CARE OK THE KODV. IO3 of tepid water, it acts jir()ni|illy as an emetic, and in cases of poisdiiiiiL; it is a renied)- that is alwavs on hand. It is an excellent remedy for liites ami stings of insects. It is a valuable astrinj^ent in hemorrhages, particularly for l)keding that follows the extraction of teetli. It lias I)Oth cleansing and liealing |)n)perties, anrl is, there- fore, a most excellent application for superficial ulcerations. Salt water for the eyes; salt water for the hair; salt water for chapj^ed Iiands and face; salt water for catarrh. By tliis time you will be so well salted that, paradoxical as it may seem, you \\ill Ije ever fresh. CATARRH. Just a word of caution, however, as to its use for catarrh. Do not jwzc^' it through the nostrils. Do not snuff (?;/]' lind vesseLs of the stomach, tluis causing sligiit temporary congestion, wliich relieves the hlooil vessels of the brain and tlius induces natural and refreshing sleep. In lighter forms of sleeplessness it will be found that a hot- water foot-balh is very effectual in obtaining the desired result. Here's another method, the beneficial result of which is beyond t|uestion with many forms of insomnia: "It is a conimiin expression th.it to take food immediately before going to bed and to sleep is unwise. Sncii a suggestion IS answered by a reminder that the instinct of animals prompts them to sleep as soon as they have eaten; and in summer an after-dinner nap, especially wdien that meal is taken at mid- day, is a luxury indulged in by many persons. Neither dark- ness nor seasons of the year alter the conditions. If the ordi- nary hour of the evening meal is six or seven o'clock and the morning meal at seven or eight o'clock, an interval of twelve hours or more elajises without food, and for the persons whose nutrition is at fault this is altogether too long a period of fast- ing. 'I'hat such an inler\al without food is permitted explains many a restless night and much of the head and backache, and the languid, half-rested conditioH on rising, vhich is accom- panied by no appetite for breaklast. This meal itself often ilissipates these sensations. It is therefore desirable, if not essential, when nutriment is to be crowded that the last thing before going to bed should be the taking of food. " Sleeplessness is often caused by starvation, and a tundder of milk, if drank within the nnddle of the night, w ill often put people to sleep when hypnotics would fail of their purpose. " Food before rising is an equally important expedient. It supplies strength for bathing and dressing, laborious and wearisome tasks for the underfed, and is a better morning 'pick-me-up' than any hackneyed tonic." There i.-j one caution, however, that I would appencl to the Io3 THE CARE OF THE BODY. foregoing, and it reminds me of the sound advice always given l)y a prominent ]diysician in Trenton, N. J , viz.: "Never take medicine only as a necessary evil." So I would say; Do not eat at bedtime nor in the middle of the night unless you feel the needs; and those needs coming from a natural, not a depraved app'etite. THE CARE OF THE FEET, Though the feet and the liead are far apart, they have much to do with each other, and the care of the feet has much to do M ith both the mental and physical condition of one's system, hence should receive special attention in the consideration of the care of the body. The feet should be kept dry. If they perspire freely the hose should be changed once or even twice a day, especially if one is subject to or catches cold easily. Nervous, excitable persons are very prone to clammy, cold, damp feet. We speak of the feet perspiring, but it is not really a per- spiration, nor is it increased by warmth, but rather by the cold. It is, instead, the result of a wakeful nervous condition, and the excretion is oftener the product of the worn-out brain and nerves. It is always worse when the mind is most excited. Public speakers, singers and actors suffer much from it, and it predisposes them to catch cold. It troubles least when one is idle or quiet. A few minutes' sleep will at any time thy the soles of the feet made clammy by excitement. This ought to show that the feet do not perspire from heat ; hence the folly of changing woolen for cotton hose. Clammy feet are a common cause of sore throat, enlarged tonsils, swollen glands, catarrh and all that class of troubles. Business men often catch cold without being able to account for it. They go home after a d:iy of mental excitement, the soles of the feet clammy and damp, and they think they are taking the proper precaution by simply changing their boots or shoes for slippers; but they make a mistake, serious and some- times fatal, by still wearing the damp hose. Such a change THE CARE OF THE liODY. log should always be accompanied with dry liose. So much trouble? Yes, 'tis true, but it saves a tloctor's bill and more trouble. COLOR OF THE CLOTHING. Has color of the clothing anything to do with the care of the body? Most assuredly, when the body is exposed to the sun's rays. The sun has its effect, beneficial or otherwise, on every- thing in the universe. Why should the human body be excluded ? The physician tells his convalescent patient, in fact, all patients able to be about, to spend as much time as ])osbil)le in the sunlight; but the essential difference between sunlight antl sunheat is not always impressed upon the mind of the patient — not always impressed upon the mind of the physician. There are certain cases in which the person needs the heat of the sun, but there are more cases, many more, in which tlie person needs the light of the sun. Wearing black in the summer, when exposed to the rays of the sun, is equivalent to living in a cave, as far as benefit to the body is concerned, unless excessive heat is t!ie desired object. Light-colored clothing should be \\orn, especially in the heat of summer, if the body is to be benefited thereby. Black, when exposed to the sun's rays, absorbs the light, draws and radiates the heal. White, when exposeil to the sun's rays, transmits the light and reflects the heat, hence white or light-coloretl clothing is preferable, because it is the light of the sun that the human body needs. I have made several practical tests of this matter of color as a transmitter of light and heat. I will mention two of these experiments: Krom Hotel Yen Dome, at San Jose, California, to the Lick Observatory on Mount ILimilton, is iwenty-eiglit miles by no THE CARE OF THE BODY. road. On llie 2cjth of April, iSgo, I traversed tliis distance on foot; not by tlie trail, Isut l^y the same road as taken by the stages. During the entire distance, and the time occupied in waliving it, I was exposed to the sun's )a)s; not only tlie direct, buj those terribly trying 'niiUrect rays reflected from the side of the mountain. I first tried a dark-colored coat, though light in weiglit, but the heat \\as intense. I tlien exchanged (at the end of about ten miles) A\hite for Idack. The effect was marvellous. Nothing short of actual experience could make one thoroughly understand the difference. I was not even uncomfortable from the heat of the sun during the remaining eighteen miles. I <■(??/■/(/ not be; for the white reflected the heat and my body was benefited by the light of the sun. I wore a light-colored cap; hence the head was protected from the heat. But I experienced another difficulty, which afforded another and excellent opportunity and proof of my theory. The side of my face next that of the mountain was being burned by the reflected rays therefrom. I dropped a white handkerchief over that side of the face, placing one end under the cap. From that time on I suffered not the slightest discomfiture. Had I not taken this precaution, my face would have ben burned almost to a blister, owing to the prolonged exposure. As another test: Some years ago, in Detroit, Mich., I pegged down a yard of black muslin on a nice plot of grass; l)y its side a yard of ivJtitc muslin. 1 left them there during the month of July. At the end of the month I removed both pieces. Underneath the white cloth, which had reflected the heat and transmitted the light of the sun, the grass was as green and as fresh as on the day it was covered. Underneath the black cloth, which had radiated the heat and absorbed the light of the sun, the grass was dead, perfectly parched; not a single spear of green grass. Deep yellow or orange color, when worn as a covering for the head, or as a lining to a hat is a preventive of sun-stroke. THE CARE Oli- 111 K BODY. Ill (One must not cunfuund over-lieatint; of the blood with that of sun-stroke.) An overseer in New Orleans told nie that as he was exposed to the sun's rays all day long, and hail trouble with his head in consequence, that he would try the efficacy of the orange- colored lining to his hat. lie did so, even lining the brim. In a few days he came to me, saying: "At first, I thought it my imagination, but changing back one day to the hat I was accustomed to wearing, 1 was thoroughly convinced that the change for the better and the prevention of the former trouble were, indeed, due to llu- jiroper covering as a ]M-otection to the sensitive brain." This is worthy of further consideration and additional proof. These that I have stated have been personal experiments; let us take an illustration with «liich every one is familiar; so familiar that there are few persons who have ever asked the why or wherefore. Let us see: Did you ever receive the jiroof of a photograph in a white envelope? What has this to do with the effect of the sun upon the brain ? It jiroves the point in (juestion. The brain is a sensative plate, just as sensitive as that used by the photographer. It, loo, gets impressions upside down quite frequently. Then, too, the brain is affected by the light of the sun very nuicii as is the sensitive plate of the pho- togra])her, or the j)roof from the sensitive plate before it passes through the toning bath. The yellow envelope preserves the proof just the same as the yellow covering for the head protects the brain. Why yellow? Because it is the only color that acts as a protection. How does it protect ? By filtering from the rays of the sun the chem- ical properties that are destructive to negative, proof and brain. Why did the photographer used to have a "dark room" in which to look at the negative; and also to prepare it to be shown to the sitter? He, working in the dark, figuratively, workeil in the dark literally; that is, he admitted only artificial light, as he knew that daylight (unsifted) would be destructive to his chemicals. 112 THE CARE OF THE BODY. Go into the pliotographer's so-called dark room now. It is flooded with daylight, but tliat light is Transmitted through orange-colored glass, or a combination resulting in those colors. When in a photographer's studio, ask to see his chemically prepared paper from which the proofs are made. You will find it — wherever it may be — protected from the light of the sun by a protection of orange-colored cloth. There was a time, about eighteen years ago, when blue-glass healing was a craze. The principle of healing with colors was all right, the fault was in a lack of discrimination; that is, in using only one color. I saw a man in New Hampshire taking the blue-glass treat- ment. Tie \\as suffering with paialysis. Think of it ! A man afflicted with paralysis taking the rays of the sun through blue glass. He would have experienced about the same bene- fit and almost as much comfort (?) if he had been placed in a moderately cool refrigerator. Blue is cof)ling, soothing; but that was not what he needed. He needed red glass treatment. Red is vital, blue is mental. Red is the life-giving principle, the blood. Blue glass should be placed in the window of the sanctum sanctorum of editors, literary men and all who need a cool head and cool judgment. Not that such persons ever gel hot- headed, but it is a good jsreventive. I am a firm believer in chromopalhy (healing with colors). I am a firm believer in all of Nattires remedies. Dr. E. D. Babbitt, of New York, in his "College of Finer Forces," has done much to promulgate these truths, to further the cause and to thoroughly demonstrate the medicinal effects of the rays of the sun through various colored lenses filled with water; also the effect of the water when taken internally; also sun-baths under different colored plates of glass. Druggists know that certain medicines are excitants, others soothing, etc. They also know (or should) that each medicine, according to its particular properties, would the better retain its power if kept in bottles or packages of appropriate color. A druggist in Ohio told me that he lost one whole case of THK CARE or THE HODV. II3 goods Ijecause they were exposed to the light for only a .'•hort lime. On intiiiiry 1 learned that the bottles \^ere of the ordi- nary kind (white). I also learned that the ingredients were of such a nature that, had they been put in ainher-colored bottles, they could have been placed upon the shelves and exposed to the light with profit — profit to the medicine and profit to the dealer. This is a sul)ject of intense interest, and worthy of much more consideration than I can give it here. I trust, however, that the foregoing may be an incentive toward a thorough investigation. BREATHING. The first essential is fresh air ; the next is to know how to use it. Strange tliat we do not know how to breathe? Mo. Our natures become perverted. So few persons know the real pleasure and benefits that come from deep, full breathing. How few, indeed, really H7t\\i's of the /uiit^s arc filled I'v exhalation. There- fore, the manner of exhalation is as essential as that of inhala- tion. Kf, s. lung exerciser the air should be /"('/((v/ (;/c/ .v/otc/v, so as to dam it up, as it \\ere, thus causing it to seek the min- utest air cell in the remotest corner of the lungs. Again, as a general thing, one does not exhale a sufficient amount of air. Special breathing exercises should l)e taken to not only //// the lungs to the utmost, but to empty them as nearl\' as possible, in order to throw out the dead air; also to gi\e the air cells greater elasticity. Exercises in breathing should be special and separate from other exercises. The breathing, during all forms of athletics, should Ije natural; that is, natural to the condition, position and nature of the work. 'Twere better, in such cases, to have the breathing involuntary. SriROMKTER I-OR TESI'INO THE STRENllTH OF THK LUNGS. Height should blow Cubic inches. 5 ft 140 to 166 5 ft. I in 150 lo 174 5 ft. 2 ill 160 lo 182 5 ft. 3 in 170 to I go 5 ft. 4 ill 175 to igS 5 ft. 5 ill 180 to 206 5 ft. in 190 to 214 5 ft. 7 in 200 to 222 5 ft. S in 210 to 230 5 ft. 9 in 21510 238 5 ft. loin 220 to 246 5 ft. II in 230 to 254 6ft 240 to 262 VENTILATION. Proper ventilation is especially important for all indoor ath- letics. Consider the fact that each person should have 2,000 cubic feet of fresh air every hour; that the air twice breathed contains enough carbonic acid gas to extinguish a light; that Il6 THE CARE OF THE BODY. every burning gas jet consumes as mucli oxygen as sixteen per- sons; tlien one will readily perceive the necessity of perfect ventilation, not only for the athlete in his training and public exhibitions, but for the athlete and all others in the home, the office, the sleeping room, etc. One of the sanitary officers of the Board of Health in a cer- tain city calls the average house "a reservoir of poison." From the fall closing to the spring opening of windows and doors the chances of health are 60 per cent, lower than during the free and early life of summer. It is of vital importance that an upper opening be kept in every living room, kitchen and sleeping room for the escape of the foul air emanating from life, labor and decay. . Rooms that are not provided with an upper register or a window ventilator can be perfectly ventilated by lowering the window a fraction of an inch. This imperceptible opening is a regular life insur- ance. Cold from this source can be caught only by the mind. If this precaution is heeded all winter long, day and night, there will be a reduction in lung and throat diseases. In con- sumptive cases this law should be rigidly enforced. Nearly twenty years ago I observed in the Boston public schools a simple, inexpensive but perfect mode of ventilation. I have since tested it for bedroom ventilating, the test being made during a severe winter, in order to get a better idea of its efficacy. This ventilator consists of a board the exact length of the width of the lower part of the window sash, the width of the lioard being but four inches. Raise the lower window and have this board fitted so perfectly (as a part of the lower sash) that no air can come in at the base of the window. This, as you will observe, allows a free current of outgoing (impure) air, and incoming (pure) air day and night. The advantage of this method over that of lowering the window is three-fold; first, a better exchange current is pro- duced; second, you cannot catch cold, even in your mind; third, the finest snow or sleet or rain cannot enter. By all means, at least by some means, have ventilation; such THE CARE OF THE BODY. II 7 ventilation whereby you may exchange impure for pure air, and run no risk of catcliing cokl. We have but to reach out and lay hold of the blessings that Nature has so plentifully given in the air, the earth, the sea. A BRIEF SUMMARY. The Care of the Body depends upon good food, fresh air, proper exercise and the avoidance of things hurtful. Whatever else may be said, whatever system may be adopted, whatever may be the decision on all other points, all reputable athletes, physicians and [)hysical training directors will unitedly agree that: First — One who takes much exercise should eat nutritious food. Second — One who eats nutritious food should take much ex- ercise. Third — One who takes much exercise and does not eat nutritious food is wasting tissue where he does not relniild it; the waste exceeds the vital supply. Foitrlli — One \\ ho allows the outgo to exceed the income (mentally or physically) must inevitably become a mental or physical bankrupt. Fifth — Good blood makes good tissue for brain or brawn; good food is necessary to make good blood; good air is neces- sary to purify it; good habits are necessary to produce the best results. Spalding's m%t CUeldM$ FORHOME^ EXERCISING ) ihor Ches XTO apparatus for home e ing covers the field s( oughly as the Spalding Weights. No instructions are necessary, and by simply follow- ing the chart furnished with each machine all the muscles of the body may be easily and pleasantly exercised and with sufficient vari- ations in the movements to relieve it of monotony. No. 7. With Cross Bar and Double Handles for two-handed exercises. Especially adapted to small rooms. 1.5 lb. weights, japan finish, .... $7.50 No. 6. Our No. 6 Chest Weight is the same as our No. 5, without the Centre Arm Adjustment; 16lb. weights, japan finish, . . . $10.00 No. 5. Japan Finish, 16 lb. weights, . 1500 No. 5 A. Nickel-plated trimmings, 16 lb. weights, 18.00 The No. 5 machine has the Centre Arm Adjustment which permits of all the lower as well as the direct and upper chest movements. The various changes are made by raising or lowering the centre arm, reqiiir- ing but a few seconds to do it, and practically combines in one machine a complete gymnasium. Co)ii/>lete Catalogue of Fall and Winter Sports Mailed Free. H. 6. Spalding % Br«$. ""'°'* ~™ SPALDING'S CALISTHENIC GOODS. NickehPlated Rubber Band Dumb Bells Finely polislied and nickel-plated, witli rubber bands around ends to prevent chippinj and readcrinjj them noiseless. Weight, lib., a His., 3 lbs., 4 lbs., f, lbs.. Per pair, 50c. /5c. S I .00 $1.15 $1.25 NickehPlated Dumb Bells. Nicely and sinouilily l'misbe^N .4. 4'i feet Ion,;, 1 incli diameur. Per do:^., G | .53 Our complete Illustrated Catalogue mailed free to any address. A. Q. 5PALDINQ & BROS., »EW YORK. CHICAGO. ^ 1 THE 5F/1LDINQ Ibomc I8xcrci6er< A practical, simple and efficient Home Exerciser, and one specially adapted ior ladies and children, but at the same time can be profitably used by thd strongest athlete. It is readily attached to door frame, window casing or any convenient place in room ; is absolutely noiseless and takes up very little space. A hook top and bottom is all that is required to suspend it, and it can bo quickly removed when not in use, and as readily replaced. The variety of exerciso this little Eipparatus is capable of is simple endkss, jnd permits of the uniform development of the muscles instead of the uneven one so common to all the usual home exereises. Our Manual No. 29i on Physical Culture (price, postpaid, 10 cents), will give many valuable hints as to the most beneficial exercises, and by simply reversing the apparatus, all the lower movements shown may be adapted to tliis outfit No. I . Single strength elastic cords $ | ,00 No. 2. Double strength clastic cords 2.00 Our complete Illustrated Catalogue of all athletic sports, uniforms anpplieadpn, A. Q. Spalding & Bros. ^"' y^ — T^ rwjxexicanAssociaf;^^, ^ DOUBLE STITCH ^i |Adoptcd ByThe American AssociATj|m ^9!n\:H . ^i&i THE REACH BALL When merit is the best, it stands pre-eminently alone as The Best It keeps its shape It gives satisfaction It is guaranteed MAKERS A. J. REACH CO. PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Spalding Roadster Series No. 9 Frame Front Fork Bearings Tires Spokes Cranks Fed a Is Handle Saddle Gear Tread IVei'^ht SPECIFICATIONS Model No. 922 Bars Finish Standard heiglu, 22 inches; tubular construction ; flush joints; reinforced, front tubes, li inch; rear tubes, |- inch D lower; J inch D upper; 3-inch drop at crank hanger; wheel base, 44|. inches. Arch fork crown; side forks reinforced. Tool steel cut from bar; tempered, ground and ]iolislied. Spalding single lul)e, 23 inch l)y i ^- inch. Straight tangent, swaged; 28 front, 32 rear. 6| inch, round spring steel. Spalding combination. No. 2. Christy. 74| inch— 24 x g. 5 inches. As per specifications, without tires or saddle, 11 pounds. Black Enamel, nickel trimmings. OPTIONS.— 34-inch frame, Model No. 934 ; 3f)-in<.h frame. Model No. 926. HaiRlIc bars, Nos. 1, 3, 4, .5, « or 9. Sprockets, 30 or 33 front ; 8 to 10 rear. B..ike. For Prices, ^PP'y to nearest agent or write to factory. THE SPALDING ROADSTER is specially constructed as our leader for I lie 1 S98 trade. In lines, and appearances generally, it will resemble THE SPALDING RACER, and all its parts and fittings receive the same care and attention as do the corresponding pans in other machines of our manufacture. This machine will compare favorably with any bicycle on the niiyUet, of any make, or at any price, and will prove a leader ill e\ery sense of the word. New York A. G. SPALDiNG & BROS. Factory, Chicopec Falls, Mass. Chicago t^^^=€^^ ^5^^=*e^^^ 's^^^e;^^ THE SPALDING OFFICIAL LEAGUE BALL Is the Officially Adopted Ball of all the Leading Leagfues and Associations "SPALDING When Stamped on Athletic Goods or Bicycles ^ means SUPERIORITY A. G. SPALDING & BROS, ^ Chicago New York d^^S^^^^a «^^J^^=^^ ^^^s^=^:^^a THE Christy Saddle 1398 MODELS CUE hygienic featiiresof the Cliristy Saddle have been universally re- cognized and confirmed by testi- monials from thousands of physicians in the United Slates and Canada, who use it themselves and prescribe it for their patients. It is modeled on anatomical lines and comfortable cushions are so placed as to receive the l)ony prominences of t lie pelvis, sustaining tlie weight of the body, and the open centre protecting tiiose parts susceptible to injury. Made in various sizes suitable for men, women children, as follows: MEN'S MODEL l^with pominol) No. 1. Medium size, width, 8'/4 Ni). 3. L.'irge size, width, II No. 4. bmall size, width, VJi ELVIS AS IT RESTS ON THE CHIJISTV WOHEN'S nODEL ( witliout pommel 1 8. Sm.ill size, width, 7/ 9. I,.-iige size, width, 9 Insist upon having the Christy— the original and genuine anatomical saddle. Shepard Bevel= Gear Cyclometer It measures yards and feet — no other cyclometer does. It has no springs — just a set of gears which interlock; therefore jolting has no effect upon it. Every revolution of the wheel is accurately registered in feet, yaiils, tinths of a mile, miles, lundreds, thousands and tens cf thousands. It is the smallest cyclometer lade. Weighs only \y^ ounces. Is dust proof antl rust proof. New \ork. A. G. SPA! DINa & BROS. Chicago. SPALDING'S Official Basket Ball Goods. Frederic B. Pratt, Charles E. Patterson, LutherGulick. M D., Chairman, Treasurer, Secretary. The Athletic League of Young Men's Christian Associations of North America. 40 East Twenty-third Street, New York City. Springfield, Mass., Sept 9, 1896 Messrs. A. G. Spalding & Bros., '■'Dear Sirs: I am authorized to inform you that the Governing Committee of the Athletic League has decided to adopt your Basket Ball and Goal as the Official 'Basket "■BaU and Goal for the coming year; and also to request you to publish the official basket ball rules. ( am, sincerly yours, LUTHER GULICK, Secretary, A. G. SPALDING & BROS, %w York. Chicago. I opalding's llome Library | Published Monthly and devoted to all Games and Pastimes of Interest to the Home Circle, PER COPY, 10 CENTS. 1. CHESS. No n. LOTO. No 2.3 CHILDREN'S 1 2. WHIST. No 14. HEARTS. GAMES. "i 3. DOMINOES No 1.5. REVERSE No 24. GROUP OF ^ »n(i DICE. No 16. PIQUET. CARD GAMES. fe 4. POKER. No. ;!7. GO-BANG. No 25. DRAWING 5. H.ACKGAM- No 18. (MMES OF ROOM GAMES. ^ MOV. PATIENCE. No 20. GROUP OF ^ 6. EUCHRF.. No 19. CHILDREN'S CARD GAMES. ^ 7 BILLIARDS. GAMES. No. 27. CHILDREN'S ^ 8.' EC ARTE. No 20. CRIP.BAGE. GAMES. ^ fl. CHECKERS. No. 21. DRAWINC; Nn 28. SKAT. ^ 10. liEZIQUE. ROOM (iAMES. No ;^!). DRAWING ^ 11. TOOL. No. 2-.'. GROUP OK ROOM GAMES. i 12. PINOCHLE. CARD GAMES. No. SO. BACCARAT. ^ ^ BOOKS EVERY BOY 5H0ULD READ. BASE r.A I. L.l.y Walter Camp. Specially adapted for colleges and preparatory schools. Inter- esting chapters are devoted to tlie hatter, caK her, pitcher, base- men, shortstop, oiittieldeis ; also chapters on batting and base- running. Fully illustrated. Price, I CC. postpaid. PRACTICAL BALL PLAYING, by Arthur A. Irwin. Contiiin- ing interesting chapters on individual and team batting; essentials of a good batsman, position, bunting, fielding, etc.; with instructive hints to the pitcher, catcher, basemen, shortstop and fielders. Fully illustrated. p^.j^.^^ | OC. postpaid. TECHNICAL TERMS OF BASE BALL, by Henry Chadwick, editor of .Spalding's Base Ball Guide. Gives definitions of all the terms used on the ball field. I'riiL-, (Oc. ]iost]iaid. AiiierJcan Sports Publishing Co. ^^^^.^Tork^^ SPALDING'S BASE BALL SCORE BOOKS. No. CLUB SIZES. 4. Board Cover, 30 gann 5. Cloth " (iO" ' 6. " " '.0 7. " " 120 Each jNo. POCKET SIZES. E.ach. $1.00 I. Paper Cover, 7 games, lOc. 1.75 2. Board " 22 '• 2i=c. 2 50 3. " " 46 " sOc. 3.00| Score Cards, per doz., 25c. ^ New York. A. G. SPALDING & BROS. Chicago. SPALDINQS Athletic Library No. Published Monthly 2. Indian Clubs and Dumb liells. 4. How to Become a Boxer. a. Gymnrstics. [Campbell. B. How io Plsy Lawn Tennis. By Champion 7. How to Play Base Ball. Just the thing for Boys. ]-!y Walter Camp. 9. The Athlete's Guide. How to Run, Sprint, Jump, Walk, and Throw Weights. J 2. Association Foot Ball. 18. Hand Ball. 14. Curiing, Hockey and Polo. 16. Skating. A very practical book. By Champion 18. Fencing. [Geo. D. Phillips. 20. Cricket Guide. By Geo. Wright. 21. Rowing. By E. J. Giannini, ('hampion Amateur 2i. Canoeing. By C. Bowyer Vaux. [Oarsman. 2."i. .Sniinming. By Walter G. Douglas. 20. Hnw to Play Foot Ball. By W.^lter Camp. 27'. College Athletics. By M. C. Murphy. [son. 29. Exercising with Pulley Weights. H. S. Ander- 30. How to Play Lacrosse. By W. H. Corbett. 32. Practical Ball Playing. By Arthur A. Irwin. 37. All Around Athletics 39. Lawn Bowls. By Henry Chadwick. 40. Archery. By James S. Mitchel. 42. How to Use the Punching Bag. .^5. Sporting Rules ; for discus throwing, etc. 57. OfficiarRoller Polo Guide. .OS. Bowling. Latest rules and regulations. 62. Military Cycling in the Kocky Mountains. Lieut. James A. Moss, U. S. A. 65. Intercollegiate A. A. A. A. Guide. 66. Technical Terms of Base Ball. 69. Official A. A. U. Rules. 71. Official (lolf Guide. 72. Physical Training Simplified. No Apparatus. 73. Official I'.asket Ball Guide for 1897-8. 74. Official Ice Hockey P.ules; portraits and records. 7.5. Indoor Base Ball. 76. Official Bicycle Guide. 77. Wrestling. 78. Athletic Almanac for 1898. 79. Spalding's Official Base Ball Guide. 80. Official Rowing Guide. 81. Spalding's Lawn Tennis Annual. 82. How to Train Properly. 83. OtTicial Croquet Guide. [Walter Camp. 84. Official Foot Ball Guide for 1898. Ldited by Per Copy , 10 cents, postpaid. AMERICAN SPORTS PUB. CO., 16 and 18 PARK PLACE, N Y. $paldina'$ ^ ^ ^ ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF FALL AND WINTER... Sports ¥¥ FOOT BALL, ICE SKATES, GOLF AND POLO ^ ATHLETIC AND GYMNASIUH OUTFITS Jt SWEATERS, HUNTING CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENTS, AND ALL ACCESSORIES FOR FALL AND WINTER WEAR. Ji Jk jk jt Jk jk ¥¥ Handsomely illustrated. »nd the recogptzed authority for standard and up-to-date goods. /«^ailed free to any address. ¥¥ A. G. SPALDING & BROS. NEW YORK CHICAGO LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ■■III !!lll !!lll !!!!' !"" m" "i" ••m iiiii nm imi mi im 005 900 686 1 # 3/CyCL£ CATALOOUp FRgE:^ A. G. SPALDING & BROS. NEW YORK AND CHICAGO