%..^^ .♦ Jife- %/ .-i^^'. ^^..<^* - i^Jt?^* .o'^ ^^ **Trr^*\^^' ;♦ -^&4v\. >''/i?^%"^.. .<4 THE TINSMITH'S HELPER AND PATTERN BOOK WITH USEFUL RULES, DIAGRAMS AND TABLES BY H. K. VOSBURGH REVISED EDITION DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY 232-238 William St., New York City 190T THt LIBRARY OP CONGRESS, Two Copies Received MAY. 13 1901 COPYR40HT ENTRY CLASS^XXa I COPY 3. Copyright, 1879 By H. K. VOSBURGH. Copyright, 1901 By DAVID Wn,I,IAMS CO. /. J INTRODUCTORY. The first edition of this book appeared in 1879, ^^^ since then it has had a continual and increasing- sale. The author, H. K. Vosburgh, knew from experience the needs of the practical tinner and pi^epared a book in which a number of simple patterns were described in the plainest way. In preparing the new edition the cuts have been re- engraved and the appendix has been thoroughly revised, bringing the tables up to date and introducing new ones that have undergone changes since the first edition of the book appeared. INDEX ifAGE. Arc, To find the center of » .o. o ...... . 7 Balls, To describe gores for pattern » , . , . , , 32 Boiler block, Description of , , . 66 Boiler, oval, To find length of sheet 26 Breasts for cans, To describe 10 Can breasts 11, 12 Center of an arc. To find the 7 Circle, To describe octagon within 9 Cone, Old German rule for patterns 18 Cone, Pattern for 13 Cover, Oval boiler 27 Elbow in five sections 58 Elbow, To describe, quick method 53 Flaring article, square top, rectangle base. To describe pattern 46 Flaring article, top and base rectangles 48 Flaring article with straight sides and round ends. To describe pattern 42 Flaring hexagon article. To describe pattern 44 Flaring oval vessel, two pieces, To describe pattern. . . 40 Flaring square vessel. To describe pattern 45 Flaring tinware. To describe patterns for 16 Index. 5 Flaring vessels in three pieces 20 Flaring vessels. To describe pattern for 14 Four-piece elbow, To describe 56 Frustum of a cone 19, 21 Funnel, Rectangular 22 Gores for balls, To describe pattern for 32 Heart with square and compass 30 Hexagon article, flaring. To describe pattern 44 Hood for stove pipes, To cut 15 Measure lip 28 Mensuration, Epitome of 69 Obtuse elbow, To describe 60 Octagon, tapering, To describe 47 Octagon within circle, To describe 9 Octagon within square. To describe 8 Oval boiler cover 27 Oval boiler. To find length of sheet 26 Oval flaring vessel, four pieces, To describe patterns.. 43 Oval, To describe 34, 36, ^"j Oval, To describe by string, pins and pencil 38 Oval with diameters as 5 to 8, To describe 35 Pitched cover 29 Rectangular base and round top article 50 Rectangular funnel 2.2 Right angle elbow, To describe 52 Round base and square top article 49 Round top and rectangular base article 50 6 Index. Round top and square base article. . . . » , o , . o 51 Scale tray or scoop 24 Scoop or scale tray 24 Square base and round top article 51 Square, To describe octagon within 8 Square top and round base article 49 Square vessel, flaring, To describe pattern 45 Star, To describe a 31 Steamer •. . . . 29 Strainer pail 23 Stringing patterns, Mode of 64 String pattern 65 Tables, rules and recipes 89 Tapering elbow, To describe , 61 Tapering octagon, To describe. 47 Tea kettle body, To obtain length of piece .,, ... = .,. . 63 Three-piece elbow, To describe ..„,.,.„ 54 Watering pot breasts. ........ ,0,., 00 «... o ..... . 2}^ DIAGRAMS AND PATTERNS. To Find the Center of an Arc. Fig. I. Let H K represent the given arc. Span dividers any convenient radius and describe small arcs, as V O. Draw lines through them, as shown by dotted lines, and the in- tersection, S, wall be center sought. Rules and Diagrams. To Describe an Octagon Within a Given Square. Fig. 2. Draw diagonal lines from corner to corner and the in- tersection is the center H. With the compasses set to a radius from center to corner, and one foot set successively at each corner, describe the arcs, as shown. The points at which they cut the square, as K V, will be the corners of the octagon. Draw lines from point to point to complete the figure. Rules and Diagrams. To Describe an Octagon Within a Given Circle. Fig' 3' y^^ f \ /\ L K 1/- Hx\ y/y \^^ ^^ .^P^ Draw lines at right angles passing through the center H. This divides the circle into four equal parts, which need only to be subdivided into equal parts again to form the corners for the octagon. This may be easily done by drawing the lines K V, bisecting, as shown, and drawing lines to the circle. The bottom will correspond in size to the size of the circle or square. Remember to allow for burr and double seam. lO Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Breasts for Cans. Fig. 4. Draw horizontal line H K, another parallel to it, V O, making the distance between the desired hight of breast. On H K lay off diameter of can, as S B. On V O, size of opening as U R, produce lines B R, S U, until they cross G. Span dividers from G to S, describe outer circle. G to U, describe inner circle. Set off outer circle equal to the diameter of the can B S Starting at B, draw line from G, allowing for locks, as shown by dotted lines. Reference can be made to the circumference table. Rules and Diagrams. Can Breasts. Pig- 5- Draw the two horizontal Hnes, K V and O S, and per- pendicular to them the line K H. Set off on line K V from the point B one-half the diameter of the can. On O S the point R is one-half the diameter of the opening. Produce the line U G, touching the points B and R, until it intersects H K. From U as center, with the radius U B, describe the outer circle. With the radius U R, the inner. Then span from K to B and step six times on large circle to obtain size of breast. Draw line to center and al- low for locks, as shown by dotted lines.- 12 Rules and Diagrams. Can Breasts. Fig. 6. Describe circle size of can. Draw line through center H. Span dividers three-fourths of diameter and strike circle K V. Span to diameter of can and step three times on large circle. Draw line from center to points K V, allowing for edges and locks. For more or less pitch make circle K V larger or smaller. Small circle in center for opening in top. Hoods and pitched covers may be cut by same rule. Rules and Diagrams. 13 Pattern for Cone. Fig. 7. H K V represents a cone for which an envelope is wanted. Span the dividers from V to H and describe the semi- circle O.S. Set off the circle equal in length to the cir- cumference of the required cone. Draw the lines V O and V S, allowing for locks or laps, as shown by the dot- ted lines. For the circumference, refer to the tables or obtain by some of the rules. By using the rules familiarity with them is obtained, which is desirable. 14 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Pattern for Flaring Vessels. Fig. 8, For example, it is desired to describe pattern for pail 12 inches in diameter at top, 9 inches at bottom and 9 deep. Take the difference between large and small diameters (3 inches) for the first term, the hight for the second and the large diameter for the third, thus, 3:9 : : 12. 12x9-^3, this gives radius by which the pattern may be described. Span the dividers (or use beam compasses, piece of wire, straight edge or any convenient device) 36 inches and strike large circle. With radius less the hight of pail (9 inches) strike srnall circle, Ascertain the cir- Rules and Diagrams. 15 cumference required and divide by the number of pieces to be used. Lay off on outer circle and draw lines to cen- ter, as H K V. Allow for locks, burr and wire. To Cut Hood for Stove Pipes. Span dividers size of pipe, describe circle, cut in to center, lap over and rivet. When sold by the pound there will be no waste. 1 6 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Patterns for Flaring Tinware Fig. p. By this figure and rule can be drawn any article of flar- ing tinware of any diameter, large or small. It is a rule of more extensive application than any other for getting correct patterns for frustums of a cone. It is the foun- dation for all curved work, cornice, bevels, chamfers, etc. H K V O represents the elevation of an ordinary tin pan, constructed in four pieces, 15^ inches in diameter at the top. Below the elevation is shown the same in plan ; the pan is a frustum of a cone, and if the sides of the pan Rules and Diagrams. 17 were continued down until they intersected at S,as shown, the cone would be complete. The radius of the envelope of the cone must be either S H or S K. To describe the section of the frustum which is required, place one foot of the dividers at the center S, and with the radius S H de- scribe the arc K B. With the radius S V describe O U. This gives the width of pattern and the proper sweep. To get the length of the piece, refer to the table of circumferences or find, by the rules given, the circumfer- ence of the article, which in this case is 489/3 inches. There being four pieces, divide by four, which gives 12 5-32 inches; span the dividers i inch, step off the 12 and add the fraction. Draw line from center S to point last ascertained. For locks, wire edge and burr allowance must be made. i8 Rules and Diagrams. The Old German Kule for Patterns for the Cone. Fig. 10. Take the slant hight of the cone H K as a radius, and describe a circle. Divide the diameter of the base of the cone K V into seven equal parts and set off a space equal to twenty-two of these parts on the circle already struck. From the extremities thus measured off draw lines to the center. Allow for locks. Rules and Diagrams. 19 Frustum of a Cone. Fig. II. Lay the square on your sheet and construct the right angle H K V. Draw line O S parallel to K V, making the distance K O the altitude. On these lines lay off one-half the diameter of the large and small ends. Draw line through points V and S until they intersect at H ; then, with H as the center, describe the semicircles B U, R G. Lay off circumference of large end on line B U and draw lines to center H. Must allow for all edges. For two sections take one-half of the piece, allowing edges on piece used for pattern. 20 Rules and Diagrams. Flaring Vessel in Three Pieces. Fig. i^. < ^^ — — V " , V'C^^^^^^' ^^^^ \\ ^V ^\ \\ /, \\ // \\ // \\ // \\ // \\ // \\ // \\ // V 4/ Draw line H K; perpendicular to it, lines parallel to each other apart the hight of vessel. With the intersec- tions, as V, O for centers, describe circles size of top and bottom of vessel. Draw lines S H and B H touching on circles, and at intersection H as center, with the radius H V, describe the segment U R; with the radius H O, the segment G F. Allow for locks, as shown by dottted lines. Rules atid Diagrams. 21 Frustum of a Cone. Fig- 13- Draw perpendicular line H K, and from K lay off diameter of large end, as V O on the line H K the hight of frnsturn, as K S. Draw line parallel to V O, and on it lay off small diameter, as B U. Draw lines through points V B and O U until they intersect at H. Span compasses from H to V and draw large arc R G ; from H to B and describe small arc. Allow for all edges, wire, burr and locks. This forms a pattern in one pice. Rules and Diagrams. Rectangular Funnel. Fig. 14. K O Draw side elevation, as H K V. Continue side lines as shown by dots. From point of intersection as center, de- scribe arc and chord K V and H. Draw end elevation O K S, lines produced to intersect at B. From B as center describe arc and chord O K and S. The other side and end obtained in the same manner, as shown in cut. Can be made in two or more pieces by dividing. All locks and edges must be allowed for on the pattern piece. Rules and Diagrams. For Strainer Pail or Watering Pot Breast. Fig. 15- Strike circle size of pail or pot. Span dividers i}i inches, more or less, being governed by pitch desired, as from V to K, and describe the arc. Draw the chord, mak- ing the segment which is the pattern the desired width. The breast may be cut out if preferred, as shown by dot- ted lines. 24 Rules and Diagrams. Scale Tray or Scoop. Fig. 16. Construct a sectional view of the scoop, as H K V ; it being made in two pieces, let H S B represent one-half elevation of it. Continue the lines B S and H K until they cross at U. Divide H K V into any given number of spaces, continuing the same to the line H B, as shown by short lines. Then from the point U to the division points on the line H B, with rule crossing the line S H, mark Rules and Diagrams. 25 the intersections on the line S H. With the T square at right angles with H U, drop the points thus obtained on H S onto the line B S. With U as center and U B as a radius describe the arc B R. Step off upon it spaces equal to the length H K V, with dividers set the same, which gives the length B R. Draw radial lines from U to space marks on line B R, as shown. Span the dividers from U to G on the line U B and carry the distance to the first radial line; do likewise with all those spaces on the line. Then a line traced through the points thus obtained, together with the arc B R, will be the outline of the required pattern. Allow for edges, as shown by dotted lines. 26 Rules and Diagrams. To Find Length of Sheet Required for Oval Boiler. Common Method. Fig. ly. Describe bottom, length and width desired, and from H as a starting point roll on the bench to obtain circum- ference. If three pieces are to be used, cut the circum- ference of the bottom, edges being allowed ; if but two, }i inch smaller; if but one, ^^4 inch smaller; if more than three pieces, add ^, inch for every extra piece; or, to twice the length of the bottom add the width and allow y?. inch for every lock or seam. Cut the cover the same size as bottom, by figure. Or, burr, bottom and roll as above. Use strip i}4 inches less in length after locks are all turned. Rules and Diagrams. 27 Oval Boiler Cover Fig. 18. Draw line R K, and from R as center describe circle G U, size of the boiler outside of rod. On the line R K erect line H V. From center R to S, one-half entire length of boiler ; from S to K, fi inch or more if more pitch is de- sired. Lay corner of square on line at H, one blade at K, the other touching circle, describe lines U H K ; corner at V, G V K. Allow for locks and notch for edges. 28 Rules and Diagrams. Measure Lip. Fig. ig. Draw line H K and upon it, with V as center, describe circle size of measure. With S as center, half distance from V to H, describe semicircle B U. With V as cen- ter describe G O the desired width. Cut on B U and G O to obtain the lip. Rules and Diagrams. 29 Steamer or Pitched Cover. Fig. 20. Strike circle one inch larger than rim burred. Draw line through center H, and from either side i inch on cir- cle to I inch from center K. Draw lines and cut out. Or. strike circle the same or larger. Draw line through cen- ter and cut on it to center. After burring put in rim; draw up and mark, cutting out triangular piece and sol- dering. Much quicker and equally as good. 30 Rules and Diagrams. Heart with Square and Compass. Fig, 21. Draw line H K and on it two semicircles. Span di- viders from H to K and make sweep to V. Let H to K represent the breadth of the heart. Rules and Diagrams. 3i To Describe a Star. Fig. 22. From V as center strike circle size of star desired. Open dividers to one-fifth of circumference, make five steps on circle and draw lines to points. There is a rule for finding the points of a star other than stepping, but I do not give it. I have found the mode given to be the quickest and most accurate. i2 Rules and Diagrams. Pattern for Cutting Balls. — To Describe the Gores. Fig. 23, Erect perpendicular line H K equal to one-half the circumference of the ball ; divide this line into one-half as many equal parts required ; make the line V O equal to one of these pieces, cutting H K through the center at right angles ; then with H and K as centers, with radius greater than one-half the distance K S, describe the two ^rcs B U ; with V and as centers, arcs R G ; draw lines Rules and Diagrams. 33 through these points, as shown by clotted Hnes. From points of intersection describe arcs H V K and H O K, and you obtain pattern for one piece. Allow for laps or seams. The more pieces used the better globe produced. Good results obtained by slightly raising the pieces. 34 Rides and Diagrams. To Describe an Oval. Fig. 24. Draw horizontal line F K, span the dividers one-third the required major diameter, and from V and O as centers describe circles, as shown ; then span dividers two-thirds entire length, and, with one foot at the intersection of the circles, as S and B, draw the arcs G H and U R, which completes the oval. The proportion of the diameters is about as 3 to 4. Rules and Diagrams. 35 To Describe Oval with Diameters as 5 to 8. Fig. 25. Draw horizontal line H K. Span compasses one- quarter the long diameter and describe three circles with that radius, as shown by diagram. Then draw lines through centers of outer circles and their intersections, as shown. The oval is completed by drawing the arcs con- necting the outer circles from points V and O as centers. 36 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe an Oval. Another Method. Fig. 26. Draw horizontal line H K and perpendicular to it V O. Let H K equal the long or transverse diameter, and' S B the short or conjugate. Lay off the distance S B on the line H K, as from H to U. Divide the distance U K into three equal parts. From R, the center, set off two of the parts each side, as G F. On the line V O set off the dis- tance G F from R, as R V and R O. From V and O draw lines passing through G and F, as shown. From the points V, O, G, F as centers describe the arcs that complete the ellipse. Rules and Diagrams. 37 To Describe an Oval. Another Method Fig. 2^. Construct the parallelogram equal in length and width to the long. and short diameters of the oval desired. Di- vide it into four equal parts by drawing lines through the center, crossing at H. Mark the points K and K one-third the distance from V to H, and draw lines from the corners through these points until they intersect, as shown at O. Then from O and O as centers describe the arcs SUB and SUB; from K and K as centers the segments B V B and S V S. 38 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Oval by Means of String, Pins and Pencil. Fig. 28. / \ /_ ^ X ^_ -A Erect perpendicular line H K equal to short diarneter and at right angles to it \' O. Span dividers one-half the length of the oval, and with H and K as centers describe the arcs S and B. Set pins at these points, and, with a string (one that will not stretch) tied around them so that the loop when drawn tight will reach H or K, as shown, draw the figure with pencil, keeping string equally tense whyle going around. Of all the apparatus invented Rules and Diagrams. 39 for oval drawing I think the string is the best. The best results, at least, are obtained. To attempt to draw a per- fect oval or ellipse by the use of compasses is vain. It cannot be done so that the line will be true, or the propor- tion or shape satisfactory to one with an eye for correct- ness or uniformity. The so-called trammels are the next best thing, but no better. A few rules for drawing ovals by the use of dividers have been given in this work so the mechanic may take his choice, and after a little prac- tice with the string and nails will find them the best tram- mels vet invented for the purpose. 40 Rules and Dia (grains. To Describe Pattern for Flaring Oval Vessel. Two Pieces. Fig, 2p, Construct right angle H K V and parallel to H K, O G, the distance between hight of article. Lay off on H K and O G one-half the circumference of the arc SUB, Fig. 2y, for top and bottom of vessel. Draw line through these points to intersect with line K V. With V as center and radius V H describe arc H B ; with radius less the Rules and Diagrams. 4i higlit, as V O, describe arc O U. Set off the distance H K to B and draw line from this point to center. Lay off the horizontal lines one-half the circumference of the arc S V S, Fig. 27, for top and bottom, as R K, G S. Draw lines through these points to intersect with perpendicular line at A. Take raduis A G on the lines K V and H V, as D O and C U, and describe the arcs O E and U F ; also, from same center, the top arcs. Set off on the arcs U F and O E the distance V S, Fig. 27. Draw lines through these points to centers C and D. Allow for all edges, locks, wire and burr. 42 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Pattern for Flaring Article with Straight Sides and Round Ends. Two Pieces. Erect two perpendicular lines, H V, K O, distance be- tween the length of sides ; at right angles to these, two lines, distance between the slant hight of article. Set oft* from lines H V and K O one-half the circumference of the ends, top and bottom, and produce lines through these points until they intersect at V and O. From V and O as centers, with radii V B and V H, describe arcs, as S R, B U, which complete the pattern. Allow for all edges, locks, wire and burr. Rules and Diagrams. 43 To Describe Pattern for Oval Flaring Vessel. Four Pieces. Pig' 3I' Describe bottom as by Figs. 27 or 28. Obtain length of arcs SUB and S V S, also length of corresponding arcs at the top and bottom of vessel. Draw horizontal lines H K and V O, making the distance between the de- sired hight. Make H K equal in length to that of the piece at the top, and V O to that of the bottom, for the sides. S B and U R for the end pieces. Produce lines through these points to intersect at G and G'. Describe the arcs from these points. Allow for all edges, locks, wire and burr. 44 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Pattern for Flaring Hexagon Article. Fig' 3^' Draw side elevation, as V O R G, producing side lines until they cross in the center, as shown by dotted lines. Span dividers from center to O, and describe circle H O U ; span to G and describe inner circle ; span again from V to O and step on the outer circle three spaces each side from O, as V, K, H, S, B, U. Draw lines from these points tending toward center, and connect by chords, as H K, K B, etc. Cut out piece H U, allowing for locks, as shown. Pattern for a pentagon article may be described by the same rule. Rules and Diagrams. 45 Describe Pattern for Flaring Square Vessel, Fig. 33- Draw side elevation, as K V, B U, side lines continued until they intersect at R. Make K B the slant hight. With radius R K, strike circle U B G. Span dividers from K to V and set off on outer circle the distance, as V O, H S, etc. ; draw lines through these points tending toward the center R, also the chords, as shown by dotted lines. Allow for edges. Can be made in two pieces by dividing and allowing for extra lock or seam. 46 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Pattern for Flaring Article with Square Top and Base a Rectangle. Two Pieces* Pig- 34- Draw horizontal lines H K and V O, making the dis- tance between the slant hight. Set off on H K the length of the longest side, and on V O the length of one side of the top. Draw lines through these points, as H V, K O. With a radius equal to one-half of the difference between the shortest side of the base and one side of the top, de- scribes the arcs S and B. With the blade of the square resting on the arc and the corner at H, draw the right angle U H S ; the other side the same. Set off the lines U H and K V, equal in length to one-half the short sides, and draw lines at right angles to U H and K V ; also lines G Y, G O at right angles to U G and R G. Allow for locks and edges, , , \ > Rules and Diagrams. 47 To Describe Tapering Octagon. Fig' 35- Draw plan of one side, as H K V, and continue side lines until they intersect at O. With O as a center and the radii O V and O H, describe inner and outer circles. Set off on them distances equal to sides of base and top, and connect by chords, as shown by dotted lines. Allow for ^ocks and edges. 43 Rules and Diagrams. Flaring Article, Top and Base a l^ectangle. Two Pieces. Fig. ^6. Draw side elevation, as H K, V O, of the longest side. Span dividers the difference between the shortest side of the base and longest side of top. From V and O as cen- ters describe arcs S and S. With blade of square resting on arcs and the corner at H and K, draw lines H B and K G. Set off H B and K G equal one-half of shortest sides of base ana draw lines B U and G R at right angles to H B and K G ; also lines U V and R O at right angles to U B and G R. Allow for locks, as shown by dotted lines. Rules and Diagrams. 49 Round Base and Square Top Article. Two Pieces. Pig- 37- Erect perpendicular line. Span dividers to three- quarters diameter of base and describe semicircle H K V. Set off equal to one-half the diameter of base H K and draw lines to center. Span dividers to one-half size of top, from corner to corner, and describe inner circle. Lay out sides of top, size required, on circle, as shown. Allow for locks. 50 Rules and Diagrams. Rectangular Base and Round Top Article. Fig- 3S. Draw horizontal lines H K, V O. Make H K equal to the longest side of base, V O equal to one-fourth the circumference of the top, the distance between slant hight; draw side lines through these points, which gjves side elevation. With radii one-half the difference between V O and the shortest side of the base, describe the arcs S, B ; with blade of square resting on arcs, and corner at H and K, draw lines K R, H U; at right angles to K R, H U, draw lines R G and U G ; U G and R G produced to intersect ; from this point span dividers to line V O and describe the arc. Allow for locks and edges. Rules and Diagrams. 51 Square Base and Round Top Article. Two Pieces. Fig. 39- Draw horizontal lines H K, V O ; H K equal to the length of one side of the base, V O equal to one-fourth the circumference of the top, tHe distance between the slant hight ; draw lines through these points, which gives side elevation ; with radii one-balf the difference of the two ends, describe arcs ; with blade of square resting on arcs and the corner at H and K, draw lines H S and K B ; at right angles to H S and K B, S U and B R, produced to intersect at G. Span dividers from G to line V O and describe the arc. Allow for locks and edges. 52 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe a Square or Right Angle Elbow. Two Pieces. Fig. 40. Draw the elevation of the elbow, as B S, O V, K H. Draw line from V to O. Divide one-half of the plan into a convenient number of equal parts, as shown by dotted lines ; draw lines at right angles to these, starting, as shown, at the miter line. Make the line R U equal in length to the circumference of the elbow, and draw, directly opposite, the outer end of the elbow. Set off on this line spaces corresponding to those in the plan, the same number each side of the center line ; then draw lines parallel to the other arm of the elbow, cutting the corre- sponding lines as indicated. By tracing through these points the irregular line U G the pattern is obtained. Al- low for locks or rivets. The general principle for cutting elbow patterns is the same throughout, and to understand the principle is to be able to describe pattern for any elbow, at any angle and of any number of pieces. It is the design of this work to make the principle clear. Rules and Diagrams. 53 Quick Method. Fig. 41. Lay out on sheet length and width required for elbow, as H K, O \" ; divide into four equal parts, as shown. Span dividers size of pipe and from S as center describe the arc B. From U and G, with one-half radius, describe the arcs A, R. Draw lines to connect, as shown. A very quick way to get a pattern, but will need some trimming. Allow for locks. 54 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Three-Piece Elbow. Fig. 42. Lay out two curved lines, H K and V O, corresponding to the desired length of the elbow, making the distance be- tween the diameter. Lay off the circles into three divisions by drawing the lines S B and S U. Describe O K and divide into any convenient number of parts, as shown by figure. Rules and Dia grams. 55 Fig' 43' H I 3 V if 1 1 • ( a R K < 5 _ Construct the parallelogram H V K O, equal in length to the circumference of the elbow. Draw through the center the perpendicular line S B, and set ofif each side of the sam6 spaces corresponding to those in the semicircle O K, making each line of the same length, as K U, O R, etc. A line traced through these points will give pattern for that piece. To obtain pattern for middle piece, it will be necessary to get the length of the lines only ; set off each side of B S as before and trace line through the points; so also the third piece. Allow for locks or rivets. 56 Rules and Diagrams. To Describe a Right Angle Elbow. Four Pieces. Pig- 44- Describe the two curved lines H K and V O corre- sponding to the desired length of the elbow, making the distance between the diameter of the pipe. Make four divisions by the lines S B, S U, S R. Describe the semi- circle and divide into any convenient number of spaces, as shown by the figure. Rules and Diagrams. 57 Pig' 45- Construct the parallelogram H V K O, equal in length to the circumference of the elbow. Draw through the center the perpendicular line S B, and set ofif each side of it lines corresponding in length to those in the semicircle O K, as described on page 55. To obtain pattern fof the other pieces, proceed as there described. Allow for locks. 5» Rules and Diagrams. Elbow in Five Sections. Fig. 46. \ \ /■~^\ / V- / Yz r: i"^-- J— / /"^^^ \ ^ ^ — To obtain pattern for elbows of any angle and any number of pieces, it is only necessary to draw a plan of the elbow corresponding in size, number of sections and the desired angle, divide it into any convenient number of equal spaces and proceed as shown on the following page. Rules and Diagrams, 59 Fig' 47- Construct the parallelogram and draw lines each side of center corresponding to the number of equal parts the semicircle is divided into, and then set ofif on each of these lines the .length of the same line in the plan and trace through these points to obtain the desired pattern. Every piece must be obtained in the same manner or trimming will be necessary. Reversing pieces to obtain pattern for the next is not altogether reliable, yet perhaps near enough for practical purposes, as trimming is generally done. 6o Rules and Diagrams. To Describe Pattern for Obtuse Elbow. Fig. 48. mm It is probably more desirable to fully understand the principle of obtaining elbow patterns at obtuse angles than any other, and when it is understood one can cut pattern for any elbow without difficulty. The principle is the same as has been explained, and, after having drawn a correct representation of elbow, proceed as by rules already given and the result will be satisfactory. T's of all sizes and angles are described in the same manner. First draw an elevation of the desired T, and on the pipe at the desired angle, and it will be plain. Rules and Diagrams. 61 To Describe a Tapering Elbow. Fig. 49. 62 Rules and Diagrams. Draw plan of elbow with both ends. Strike first and at any angle desired, drawing miter line, as shown. Then, each side of the center, lay ofif one-half diameter of small end and produce lines through these points to intersect. With radius from center to ends of elbow, describe the arcs and divide into a number of equal parts and make each correspond with the lines in the plan ; a line traced through these points will give the pattern. Allow for locks. All miter joints obtained in the same manner, whether for elbows, gutters or cornices. Rules and Diagrams. 63 To Obtain Length of Piece for Tea Kettle Body. Fig. 50^ V The way in general practice is to roll the bottom after burring on the bench to obtain circumference, and use strip ^ inch less in length, as shown by figure. H repre- sents the pit ; K V the length of the strip or sheet. Or, make the body Y^ inch less in diameter than the pit or breast, for double seam; for snap or spring bottoms, Va inch. 64 Rules and Diagrams. Mode of Stringing Patterns. Fig- 5I' This cut represents the three pieces of a 6-quart pan usually cut from one sheet of 10 x 14 tin. Instead of using one piece for pattern and placing it three times, three pieces are fastened together by soldering on two strips of tin with a heavy hem on each side, and all placed at once, thus saving time and vexation. To use to advantage begin at the bottom of the string pattern and mark around on the outside first, and then mark in the centers. Rules aiid Diagrams. 65 String Pattern. Fig' 5^' e This figure represents a string of rim or hoop pat- terns, fastened as shown in the same manner as described on page 64. Rims of any width can be put together in this manner and a great saving of time is the result when once properly done. Patterns for all articles of tinware should be strung in this way, when more than one piece is obtained from a sheet, that the marking out may be ex- pedited and less tedious. 66 Rules and Diagrams. Description of Boiler Block. Pig' 53- By this figure is represented a block for truing up boilers after they are formed up in the rollers and locked together. Many mechanics depend upon the stake and the accuracy of the eye, but after using this method would not abandon it, as better results are obtained and in much less time. The block is made of 2-inch plank, by placing one on another and securing with four long bolts passing through them. The proper dimensions are as follows: Bottom, 13 inches wide, 25 inches long. Top, 10 '' '' 19 " Hight, 12 " APPENDIX. EPITOME OF MENSURATION. OF THE CIRCLE, CYLINDER, SPHERE, ETC. 1. The circle contains a greater area than any other plane figure bounded by an equal perimeter or outline. 2. The areas of circles are to each other as the squares of their diameters. 3. The diameter of a circle being i, its circumference equals 3.1416. 4. The diameter of a circle is equal to .31831 of its circumference. 5. The square of the diameter of a circle being i, its area equals .7854. 6. The square root of the area of a circle multiplied by 1. 12837 equals its diameter. 7. The diameter of a circle multiplied by .8862, or the circumference multiplied by .2821, equals the side of a square of equal area. 8. The number of degrees contained in the arc of a circle multiplied by the diameter of the circle and by .008727, the product equals the length of the arc in equal terms of unity. 9. The length of the arc of a sector of a circle multi- plied by its radius equals twice the area of the sector. 10. The area of the segment of a circle equals the area of the sector, minus the area of a triangle whose vertex 70 Epitome of Mensuration. is the center and whose base equals the chord of the seg- ment. 1 1. The sum of the diameters of two concentric circles multiplied by their difference and by .7854 equals the area of the ring or space contained between them. 12. The circumference of a cylinder multiplied by its length or hight equals its convex surface. 13. The area of the end of a clyinder multiplied by its length equals its solid contents. 14. The area of the internal diameter of a cylinder multiplied by its depth equals its cubical capacity. 15. The square of the diameter of a cylinder multiplied by its length and divided by any other required length, the square root of the quotient equals the diameter of the other cylinder of equal contents or capacity. 16. The square of the diameter of a sphere multiplied by 3.1416 equals its convex surface. 17. The cube of the diameter of a sphere multiplied by .5236 equals its solid contents. 18. The hight of any spherical segment or zone, multi- plied by the diameter of the sphere of which it is a part and by 3.1416, equals the area or convex surface of the segment ; or, ' 19. The hight of the segment multiplied by the cir- cumference of the sphere of which it is a part equals the area. 20. The solidity of any spherical segment is equal to three times the square of the radius of its base, plus the square of its hight, multiplied by its hight and by .5236. 21. The solidity of a spherical zone equals the sum of the squares of the radii of its two ends and one-third Epitome of Mensuration. >j i the square of its bight, multipHed by the bight and by 1.5708. 22. The capacity of a cybnder, i foot in diameter and I foot in length, equals 5.875 United States gallons. 23. The capacity of a cylinder, i inch in diameter and I foot in length, equals .0408 United States gallon. 24. The capacity of a cylinder, i inch in diameter and I inch in length, equals .0034 United States gallon. 25. The capacity of a sphere i foot in diameter equals 3.9168 United States gallons. 26. The capacity of a sphere i inch in diameter equals .002266 United States gallon ; hence, 2y. The capacity of any other cylinder in United States gallons is obtained by multiplying the square of its diame- ter by its length, or the capacity of any other sphere by the cube of its diameter and by the number of United States gallons contained as above in the unity of its measurement. OF THE SQUARE, RECTANGLE, CUBE, ETC. 1. The side of a square equals the square root of its area. 2. The area of a square equals the square of one of its sides. 3. The diagonal of a square equals the square root of twice the square of its side. 4. The side of a square is equal to the square root of half the square of its diagonal. 5. The side of a square equal to the diagonal of a given square contains double the area of the given square. 6. The area of a recangle equals its length multiplied by its breadth. 72 Epitome of Mensuration. 7. The length of a recangle equals the area divided by the breadth ; or the breadth equals the area divided by the length. 8. The solidity of a cube equals the area of one of its sides multiplied by the length or breadth of one of its sides. 9. The length of a side of a cube equals the cube root of its solidity. 10. The capacity of a 12-inch tube equals 7.48 United States gallons. OF TRIANGLES, POLYGONS, ETC. 1. The complement of an angle is its defect from a right angle. 2. The supplement of an angle is its defect from two right angles. 3. The three angles of every triangle are equal to two right angles : hence the oblique angles of a right angled triangle are each other's complements. 4. The sum of the squares of two given sides of a right angled triangle is equal to the square of the hypothe- nuse. 5. The difference between the squares of the hypothe- nuse and given side of a right angled triangle is equal to the square of the required side. 6. The area of a triangle equals half the product of the base multiplied by the perpendicular bight. 7. The side of any regular polygon multiplied by its apothem or perpendicular, and by the number of its sides, equals twice the area. Epitome of Mensuration. 73 OF ELLIPSES, CONES, FRUSTUMS, ETC 1. The square root of half the sum of the squares of the two diameters of an elhpse multiplied by 3.1416 equals its circumference. 2. The product of the two axes of an ellipse multiplied by .7854 equals its area. 3. The curve surface of a cone is equal to half the product of the circumference of its base multiplied by its slant side, to which, if the area of the base be added, the sum is the whole surface. 4. The solidity of a cone equals one-third the product of its base multiplied by its altitude or hight. 5. The square of the diameters of the two ends of the frustum of a cone added to the product of the two diame- ters, and that sum multiplied by its hight and by .2618, equals its solidity. DEFINITIONS OF ARITHMETICAL SIGNS USED IN THE FOLLOWING CALCULATIONS. = Sign of Equality, and signifies as j + 6 = lo. + " Addition, i i. as 6 + 6 = 12, the Sum — " Subtraction, a as 6 — 2 = 4, Remain- der. X " Multiplication, (( as 8 X 3 = 24, Product. -j- ' Division, i b as 24 H- 3 = 8, V " Square Root, i i Extraction of Square Root. 6' ' to be squared, ii. thus 8^ = 64. r *' to be cubed, i i thus 33 = 27. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS TO FRACTIONAL PARTS OF LINEAL MEASUREMENT. ONE INCH THE INTEGER OR WHOLE NUMBER. .96875 equal % and 3-32 .46875 equal % and 3-32 .9375 " % and 1-16 .4375 " % and 1-16 .90625 " % and 1-32 .40625 " % and 1-32 .S75 " Ys .375 " % .84375 «' % and 3-32 .34375 •' 1/4 and 3-32 .8125 " % and 1-16 .3125 " 1/4 and 1-16 .78125 " % and 1-32 .28125 " 14 and 1-32 .75 " % .25 " % .71875 " % and 3-32 .21875 " Vs and 3-32 .6875 " % and 1-16 .1875 " Vs and 1-16 .65625 " % and 1-32 .15625 " Vs and 1-32 .625 " % .125 " Vs .59375 '♦ i/o and 3-32 .00375 " 3-32 .5625 " i/o and 1-16 .0625 " 1-16 .53125 " 1/2 and 1-32 .03125 " 1-32 .5 " 1/2 ONE FOOT OR TWELVE INCHES THE INTEGER. 9166 ' equal 11 inches. .1666 - 8333 " 10 ' .0833 75 " 9 ' .07291 6666 8 ♦ .0625 5833 " 7 ' .05208 .5 " 6 • .04166 .4166 " 5 • .03125 .3333 " 4 • .02083 .25 «♦ 3 ' .01041 equal 2 inches 1 % % % MENSURATION OF SURFACES. Mensuration is that branch of Mathematics which is employed in ascertaining the extension, soHdities and ca- pacities of bodies capable of being measured. MENSURATION OF SURFACES. To Measure or Ascertain the Quantity of Surface In Any Right Lined Figure i^^hose Sides are Parallel to £ach Other. Rule. — Multiply the length by the breadth or perpen- dicular hight, and the product will be the area or superfi- cial contents. Application of the Rule to Practical Purposes. The sides of a square piece of iron are g}i inches in length, required the area. Decimal equivalent to the fraction % ^ .875, and 9.875 X 9.875 = 97-5, etc., square inches, the area. The length of a roof is 60 feet 4 inches and its width 25 feet 3 inches ; required the area of the roof. 4 inches = .333 and 3 inches = .25 (see table of equiv- alents), hence, 60.333 X 25.25 = 1523.4 square feet, the area. Epitome of Mensuration. 77 TRIANGLES. To Fiud the Area of a Triaiiosite side, and the product is the solidity in equal terms of measure- ment. Example. — The side of a cube is 20 inches : what is its soHdity? 20 X 20X 20 = 8000 cubic inches, or 4.62^/) cuhk feet, nearly. A rectangular tank is in length 6 feet, in breadth 4' 2 feet and its depth 3 feet; required its capacity in cubic feet ; also its capacity in United States standard gallons. 6X4-5X3 = 81 cubic feet ; 81 X 1728 = 139.968 -f- 231 = 605.92 gallons. t6 Epitome of Mensuration. OF CYLINDERS. To Find the Solidity of Cylinders. Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by the hight and the product is its solidity. Example. — The base of a cylinder is i8 inches and the product is its solidity. i8- X 7854 X 40 = 10,178.7840 cubic inches. To Find tlie Contents in Gallons or Cylindrical Vessels. Rule. — Take the dimensions in inches and decimal parts of an inch. Square the diameter^ multiply it by the hight, then multiply the product by .00^4 for wine gallons, or by .002/S^ for beer gallons. Example. — How many United States gallons will a cylinder contain whose diameter is 18 inches and length 30 inches? 18- X 30 = 9720 X .0034 = 33.04, etc., gallons. OF CONES AND PYRAMIDS. To Find tlie Solidity of a Cone or a Pyramid. Rule. — Multiply the area of the base by the perpen- dicular hight and one-third the product zvill be the solidity. Example. — The base of a cone is 2^ feet and the hight is 3^ feet, what is the solidity? Epitome of Mensuration. 87 To Find the Solidity of the Frustum of a Cone. Rule. — To the product of the diameters of the ends add one-third the square of the difference of the diame- ters; multiply the sum by .7854 and the product zvill be the mean area between the ends, ivhich multiplied by the per- pendicular hight of frustum gives the solidity. Example. — The diameter of the large end of a frus- tum of a cone is 10 feet, that of the smaller end is 6 feet and the perpendicular hight 12 feet, what is its solidity? 10 — 6 =: 4- = 16 -^ 3 = 5.333 square of difference of ends ; and 10X6 + 5.333 =: 65.333 X 7854 X 12 =: 615.75 cubic feet, the solidity. To Find the Contents In U. S. Standard Gallons of the Frustum of a Cone. Rule. — To the product of the diameters, in inches and decimal parts of an inch, of the ends, add one-third the square of the difference of the diameters. Multiply the sum by the perpendicidar hight in inches and decimal parts of an inch and multiply that product by .00^4 for wine gallons, and by .002/8^ for beer gallons. Example. — The diameter of the large end of a frus- tum of a cone is 8 feet, that of the small-er end is 4 feet and the perpendicular hight 10 feet ; what are the contents in United States standard gallons ? 96 — 48 = 48' = 2304 -^ 3 = 768 : 96 X 48 + 768 = 5376 X 120 X .0034 = 2193.4 gallons. To Find the Solidity of the Frustum of a Pyramid. Rule. — Add to the areas of the tzvo ends of the frus- tum the square root of their product, and this suUi multi- 8S Epitome of Mcnsuratioji. plied by oue-ihird of the perpendicular Jiight ivill give the solidity. Example. — What is the soHdity of a hexagonal pyra- mid, a side of the large end being 12 feet, one of the smaller ends 6 feet and the perpendicular hight 8 feet? 374.122 + 93.53 = V34,99i.63 = 590.811 ; 374-122 + 93.53 ~ 590.811 = - — -4 3 _ 2822.568 cubic feet, o solidity. To Find the Solidity of a Splierc. Rule. — Multiply the cube of the diameter by .52^6 and the product is the solidity. Example. — What is the solidity of a sphere, the di- ameter being 20 inches ? 20^ = 8000 X -5236 = 4188.8 cubic inches, the solidity. TABLES, RULES AND RECIPES. BLACK SHEET IKON. Black Sheets are rolled to the following Standard Gauges adopted by the United States, taking eftect July 1, 1893. , THICKNESS. N r WEIGHT. ^ Approxi- Aiwroximate mate thick- Weight per Weight per thickness ness in dec- square foot square toot Number infractions imal parts in ounces in pounds of oau-e of an inch, of an inch, avoirdupois, avoirdupois. 10 " " 9-04 .140625 90 5.025 IV I-S 125 80 5. li 7-(;4 ".109375 70 4.375 |q 3-32 .09375 00 3. No. 22 22i/> No. 28 I21/2 No. 17 381/2 No. 23 201/2 No. 29 II1/2 No. 18 341/2 No. 24 I8I/2 No. 30 10l^ No. 19 301/2 No. 25 I6I/2 ORDINARY DIMENSIONS OF GALVANIZED SHEETS. Widths 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 Gauges. Lengths. No. 14 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 96 Nos. IC) to 22 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 Nos. 23 and 24. . . 96 96 96 96 108 120 120 120 120 108 108 Nos. 25 to 28 96 96 108 120 120 120 120 108 108 Nos. 29 and 30 96 96 96 96 .. .. 92 Tables, Rules and Recipes. WEIGHT PER FOOT OF LEAD PIPE. Inside AAA AA ABC D E diam- Brook- Ex. Ex. • Foun- eter. Ivii. strong. Strong. Medium. Light. light. tain. Ins. Lb. Oz. Lb. Oz. Lb. Oz. Lb. Oz. Lb. Oz. Lb. Oz. Lb. Oz. % 1 12 1 8 1 4 1 12 10 1 7 7-16 1 13 1/, 3 2 1 12 1 4 1 12 9 5/s 3 8 2 12 2 8 2 1 8 1 12 % 4 12 3 8 3 2 4 1 12 1 4 1 1 G04 12 4 03 42 82 1 8 IVt 6 12 5 12 4 12 3 12 3 2 8 2 IV, 8 8 7 8 f) 8 5 4 4 3 8 3 lyl 10 8 8 7 6 5 4 2 11 12 9 S 7 G 4 12 . . . Tables, Rules and Recipes. 93 :;: o (M o c; o c ci r) -.r: -c -i- -f i- X i-: I- cc c c: o c: c:' o QO o CO t-- O' c: rt m- 1- 1— ir: o cn^ GC c CO 1— r^ CO !M r- CC CC (M ri C^J 01 01 iM CO CO. ~P 01 01 CJ CO CO -c --r 01 ^ oi -f CO 1- — 01 01 -c -c CO 01 CO -ri- T- i-Tti I- 1- lO >o 10 o CO QC X ^ 1 — f -r X 01 ,r c oi lo t-o :r :r oi CO Lo o Lo o c X X X X r- lo- oi o T-i CO o o 10. 10 T- 01 CO I- c:. 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LO o o C' -f o X r^ oi 01 1- 1- oi oi c: c:r lo co co -f w x X xx:ci-i:oco>oxxc:oi-irHoiTti'vrc:cr-oico • +- o LO 01 OJ »C 10 10 LO LO Ol LO Ol >0 Ol 10 iO IC 01 01 01 01 01 '/,* 1) ^ 01 r-1 T-1 01 01 0-1 Ol 01 r-H 01 r-l 01 rl 01 01 01 tH tH tH T-i r-< - ==- Ol ^ I- Ol C'1 (01 ^Ol OI T-- 01 r-i OI 1-1 Ol Ol C^l T-l 1-1 r-i 1-1 1-1 a> P 3 0^ " ^ S^ o 01 +j a 't o X o T-i 01 01 -f CO w -t X LO o i-- X c: o iH oi j2 "-^ aj r^ 01 01 Ol r-1 01 X^0lT-01r-i01r-1rHTHi-HT-lOlOIOI ^Ono- "-i __ _ _ . H^ !5^ 02 M;=;A(M;HT-(r-1rH^iHT-liHrHr-(rHr-nHiHT-(O10101 94 Tables, Rules and Recipes. (M rH M © XI >-< O CO XI (M rH M *> 1 t^ t- o XI C1 LO rH X! 6 . QO LO CO t^ (N CO If'l 1— t d rH ^ M Z ::^ < CI 00 ?5 tH (M rH '--' o" d y. (M o O b- t— ( >4 CO O rH 't d y. 1— 1 £ •iC o tT o rH o w o o CO O T— 1 rH -^ M d H 1 £ ^ Pm ^ ■"* T-h LO M !g M a ;Q d w ^ CI o )— < -f a CO H tH d ?: X ^ ;2; H o LO QO ^ ^ y «2 ^ J= d PQ i CO 8 O -^ CI CO CI CI C3 O O rjH -^ t- O I- QO O O O rH CI d O coTtH-tiHcicacic-icic^co CO CI '^ lo CI CI LO -t^ tr '-' M CO CO ci CO GO 00 00 a Oi o t- rH CO CO Tj^ rH rH rH rH rH rH C^ Ci LO r-l t- t- rH r-i -^ (M CD 00 CI Oi CI t- 't CO CO CO I- t^ t^ -t CJCOCOrHrHi-Trnr-rHrHCI Lt X CO I- c: o; (M oj CI "<+i Oi LO I- (M (Cl CO CO Tt '^ lO lO O CqClCOrHrHrHr^rHrHTH(Cl CI CO Ci O M M O c^cicqoo 00 S -= tH C^l Cl (M CI 3 tH CI CI (MCI CI CIOQOCCCCIOOOCICO QOTtH^O O CI LO C r-1 ri ^ r-i C) CI CO 0\CiCt^ CI CI CI rH rH rH rH rH m rH rH . 7-\ O-t^r-i-fCOCOLt'OCO'^LO 00 O ^ O O O O rH rH rH lO r-CaCl T^J^T-'T^r^t-it-i O LO Oi Oi 00 00 c »0 I- C5 l- t-OC]Q0CD0:cOOOTf rHr-iCl rHrHrHrHrH OLOb-LjCOCOiOOlr-iCOO I- 00 rH 00 o^ c: oi Ci o o Tfi rHT-ld r-\ y'. y^ in r-i LT. lO O X 00 Ci -f »0 t- CI "B- r-i LT. lO O X X Ci -f »0 t- CI CO I- O X X X X Ct O: Oi CO rHrHC^l ^ Q rH 't 'CO LO CO CO rf- GO O 1 LO CO OJ t- X X X X X < ^ • o o^ o 1^1 i c-1 Tf p CvJ CI CI •^ ' ^ : O^^rnrHr^rH CI CI rHrHrH Ol -"^ . ^ , rH rH rH rH rH rH ,-1 r-l rH ■;< ?^.-m'H, 00 -JH CO rH X Oi' rH Cl rH ^ ^ 17 j:; CO -*- CO CO -t -HH -fw -t, ii-j r^ T)< 00 -^ tn rQ C^ -*■ lO lO 1^^ CO t- ^. OS t- Ol C/^ C-. Oi O 'M o 3 CI O O C;Oit>.00_M_OCI>;CO(M_-*C<)-*CT5fOCO ^ "^^ . ^ COfOTt^ ^' CO M -^ 00 S '^ "^ S CO CO CV3 CO ^ f ^ in CD lO CD Ln CD CO C-- S CO o m cscocDt— im ^. irtCDiMC i2 S O !l2 I-HCJ^COC^OSTHCOOIOOGCCOCJOOCDIO ^ CO CO oiijs cDcoas-^-^iocoo-it-^t^occ^ic- o) ZS M § 05 o6oc0 CO CO Tf U5 rj< O C^l '~' OOCOCO lOOSC^OO-*!— lOaOO-rfCDTf US g3 S r? cDodair-HiricoLOodc^]o6c^o-^ 00 oi O ^ t- 06 oi oj o o ci ^Vi '^ CO -th ^ CD oi in ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ g CI cocji-e^t>^o6aia5ociocii-icici-rf"coco +-> '^ o o cico toos-^^ooci _i>-^ 00 oo' oi T-; oj ^ CO a; cj o ^"^ '"' « •fc^ 'rt"'-' *"!^- .ClC0int-O5 _ _ _-^O0t>;t>; _ .L«"* > ' v 2 w -i S ■^' in CO i-^ 00 05 1-i -^' c-^ CO CO 1'^ 00 oc' ci t~^ o " mD. ISw .^g^i-^iHrHUHPliHClCqCJCqCIClCIClCOCOCO ^ , bi -^ % "x a ^ •Z • '*'*<^'*"*''*"^$£ooS;S£S;S'*^oo^ "^a^ jQ^OO^aJo"^ oocoooooooooooaigoooiooosooaiooc ^.5 5>m^S.5r7^ rfCOOOOCTTf^COCOCOOO^COOCOOOCl _rt [2;^'«^+-'-'M cicqcicococticoc.oco^'f*'-!r-« 96 Tables, Rules and Recipes. RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF ALUMINUxM AND COPPER SHEETS, ROLLED ALlJUIlMTin has a specific gravity of 2.72. One cubic foot weighs IGGyViny lbs. One square foot of one inch thick weighs WiVor. lbs. Rolled Copper is 3.283 times heavier than similar sections of Rolled Aluminum. o m C , a a ^ a fl <*-i C3 ti a a '*:' g f= V. ^ Xi 0.1 a •- -H < - S - i ^ -^ a ^_j *-' a ^ -^ a -1.J -1- ' a ^^ t:^ a ^ 8 « % ^ •=3 s ^ •a s A -a S A -Ob a ■? s M "5 V. ^ bt, be 5 bX) .^fl .^ ^a be be g be ^a a o 1 is ^1 00 "a ^-8 a §, •Sd ii «:: « o t ^<^ «o| ><^ ^ o| 'St ^o-g C3 be M .2 s ^ 'a r-l CO •- ^ o ^.2 (£> -p 00 CO ^ C^ 02 ~ ■* CC 13 '^ fl rH u ;-, m fl W T 5; t» r3 w fl i w fl 02 fl a; w r! _2 c 9i M a t» c S 1 i: s. S| 4-i " 1 o a n, O lil % t; = a S C> oj ? 1^ p Si $|« .a o ^ N a ^ a 5 a^^ a ^ ace ^ o- ^ a CO Si —X a w^ w. cj aw m H o O CO M m TJI 02 tZ2 yj a CO w ?,5 .00587 4 1.22 1.16 0.35 2 0.61 3.12 0.96 4.50 1.38 6 1.83 33 .00806 6 1.83 1.75 0.53 3 0.92 4.68 1.43 6.75 2.06 9 2.75 31 .0107 8 2.44 2.33 0.71 4 1.22 6.25 1.91 9 2.75 12 3.63 29 .0131 10 3.05 2.91 0.89 5 1.53 7.81 2.38 11.25 3.43 15 4.57 27 .0161 12 3.66 3.50 1.07 6 1.83 9.37 2.86 13.50 4.12 18 5.49 26 .OISS 14 4.27 4.08 1.25 7 2.14 10.93 3.33 15.75 4.80 21 6.40 24 .0215 16 4.88 4.66 1.42 8 2.44 12.50 3.81 18 5.49 24 7.32 23 .0242 18 5.49 5.25 1.60 9 2.75 14.06 4.29 20.25 6.17 27 8.23 22 .0269 20 6.10 5.83 1.78 10 3.05 15.62 4.76 22.50 6.86 30 9.14 21 .0322 24 7.32 7 2.14 12 3.66 18.75 5.72 27 8.23 36 11.00 19 .0430 32 9.75 9.33 2.85 16 4.88 25 7.62 36 11.00 48 14.70 18 .0535 40 12.20 11.66 3.56 20 6.10 31.25 9.52 45 13.75 60 18.30 16 .0645 48 14.65 14 4.27 24 7.32 37.50 11.45 54 16.50 72 22.00 15 .07.54 56 17.10 16.33 4.98 28 8.-53 43.75 13.35 63 19.20 84 25.60 14 .0860 64 19.50 18.66 5.69 32 9.75 50 15.30 72 21.95 96 29.30 13 .095 70 21.35 35 10.70 55 16.80 79 24.10 105 32.00 12 .109 81 24.70 401/2 12.40 63 19.20 91 27.75 122 37.20 11 .120 89 27.15 . 441/3 13.60 70 21.35 100 30.50 134 .40.85 10 .134 100 30.50 50 15.30 78 23.80 112 34.20 150 45.70 9 .148 110 33.55 55 16.80 S6 26.20 124 37.80 165 50.30 8 .165 123 37.50 61 18.60 96 29.30 138 42.10 184 56.10 7 .180 134 40.85 67 20.40 105 32.00 151 46.00 201 61.30 6 .203 151 46.00 751/2 23.00 118 86.00 170 51.80 227 69.20 5 .220 164 50.00 . 82 25.00 .'28 39.00 184 56.10 246 75.00 4 .238 177 53.95 881/2 27.00 138 42.10 199 60.70 266 81.10 3 .259 193 64.30 96 29.30 151 46.00 217 66.10 289 88.10 2 .284 211 67.95 1051A 32.20 165 50.30 238 72.50 317 96.60 1 .300 223 77.10 IIIV2 34.00 174 53.10 251 76.50 335 102.20 .340 253 1261/. 38.60 198 60.40 285 86.90 380 116.00 One ounce per square foot aluminum sheet is 0.0044 inch thick s^^ corresponds to about No. 37 B. & S. gauge. Tables, Rules and Recipes. 97 SHEET COPPER. Official table adopted by the Association of Copper Manufac- turers of the United States. Rolled copper has specific gravity of 8.93. One cubic foot weighs 558^"/iooo pounds. One square foot, of 1 inch thick, weighs 46^Vwo pounds. bi)_ .5 cs ^ « in S ? p ^.S 35 00537 33 00806 31 0107 29 0134 27 0161 26 0188 24 0215 23 0242 22 0269 21 0322 19 0430 18 0538 16 0645 15 0754 14 0860 13 095 12 109 11 ... .120 10 134 9 148 8 165 7 c. . .180 6 203 5 220 4 238 3 259 2 . .284 1 300 340 00 M X w CC Cf x of w • rfi^ TtH^ ^:2 l-£ l-.^ U O ^'II Ml! x""! X "" X "■ o .t^.2 r^B O.S CO .9 00.9 rr, O •— 1 ^ (N-M CO 4^ CO-M TtH^ g u cc.f3 Ul^ 03^ M^ 02 -a o rt ■^ tt) 4-^ bD -M W) ■M btl 4-. 6« O/.-, 0).-- gj.— OJ— . 0/.- fi ^ 0^ s 814 5.412 2 .5-16 7-8 2.748 .6013 .77.54 2% 8% 5.939 2 7-16 15-16 2.945 .6903 .8308 2ys 9 6.491 2 9-16 7 ablcs, Rules and Recipes. 99 Ilia. in. Cir '. Area in ! Side of Dia. in Ci r. in Area in Area in mch . in incli sq. inch. = sq. inch. ft, . in. sq. inch. sq. ft. 3 in 9% 7.1 068 2 ;% 10 in. 2 7% 78.540 .5497 3Vs 9% 7. 609 2% loys 2 7% 80.515 .5636 3V4 .1^34 8. 295 2y8 101/4 2 8% 82.516 .5776 3% lOfs 8.! .>4t; 3 in. 10% 2 81/2 84.540 .5917 31/2 11 9.G21 31/8 101/0 2 8% 86.590 .6061 3^/H 11% 10. 320 314 M 2 9% 88.664 .6206 3% 11% 11.044 3% 2 9% 90.762 .6353 BVs 121/s 11. 793 3 7-16 loys 2 10% 92.855 .6499 Dia. i in Ci r. in Area in Area in 11 in. 2 10% 95.033 .6652 iucl] 4 in. t^ 4.% 41/2 4% in. 01/0 0% 1% 1% 2y8 21/2 2Vh sq. inch. 12..J6G 13.364 14.186 15.033 15.904 16.800 17.720 sq. ft. .0879 .0935 .0993 .1052 .1113 .1176 .1240 iiys 1114 11% iiy> ill 11% 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 10% 0% 1 97.205 99.402 101.623 103.869 106.139 108.434 110.753 .6874 .6958 .7143 .7290 .7429 .7590 .7752 4^/, 31/4 18.665 .1306 12 in. 3 1% 113.097 .7916 5 in. l^ 19.635 .1374 ViYf 3 2 115.466 .8082 5y8 20.629 .1444 }~.Y^ 3 ^y? 117.859 .8250 5 1/4 41/2 21.647 .1515 12% 3 2% 120.276 .8419 il 4"/s 22.690 .1588 H>^ 3 3y4 122.718 .8590 5^ 23.758 .1663 12% 3 3% 125.185 .8762 5% 5% 24.850 .1739 12% 3 4 127.676 .8937 5% 5"/8 e' 25.967 .1817 12% 3 4% 130.192 .9113 6% 27.108 .1897 13 in. 3 4% 132.732 .9291 6 in. 6% 28.274 .1979 13% 3 51/4 135.297 .9470 61/8 7y4 29.464 .2062 131/4 3 5% 137.886 .9642 61/4 7% 30.679 .2147 13% 3 6 140.500 .9835 6% 8 31.919 .2234 131/2 3 6% 143.139 1.0019 6% 8% 33.183 9392 13% 3 6% 145.802 1.0206 6% 8% 34.471 ;2412 13% 3 7% 148.489 1.0294 6% 91/8 35.784 .2504 13% 3 7% 151.201 1.0584 6% 91/2 37.122 .2598 14 in. 3 7% 153.938 1.0775 7 in. 10 38.484 .2693 •14% 3 8% 156.699 1.0968 7% }^^ 39.871 .2791 141/4 3 8% 159.485 1.1193 714 10% 41.282 .2889 14% 3 9% 162.295 1.1360 7% V.Y^ 42.718 .2900 141/0 3 91/2 165.130 1.1569 71/0 IIV, 44.178 .3092 14% 3 9"/8 167.989 1.1749 Z!4 11% 45.663 .3196 14% 3 10^ 170.873 1.1961 7I 2 0% 0% 47.173 47.707 .3299 .3409 14% 3 10% 173.782 1.2164 8 in '2 IH 50 265 .3518 15 in. 3 11% 176.715 1.2370 8% 9 IVo 51 848 3629 15% 3 11% 179.672 1.2577 81/4 8% 2 2 lYs 214 2% 53.456 55.088 .■3741 3856 I5y4 15% 3 4 11% 014 182.654 185.661 1.2785 1.2996 SVi 2 56.745 .3972 151/2 4 0% 188.692 1.3208 8% 2 3' 58.426 .4089 l^f? 4 1 191.748 1.3422 8% 9 3% 60.132 .4209 15% 4 1% 194.828 1.3637 8-/8 2 3% 61.862 .4330 15% 4 1% 197.933 1.3855 Oiri. 2 414 63.617 .4453 16 in. 4 214 201.062 1.4074 91^ 2 478 65.396 .4517 16% 4 2% 204.216 1.4295 9^4 2 5 67.200 .4704 161/4 4 3 207.394 1.4517 0% 2 5% 69.029 .4832 16% 4 3% 210.597 1.4741 91A 2 5% 70.882 .4961 leys 16% 4 II 213.825 1.4967 0% 2 61/4 72.7.59 .5093 4 217.077 1.5195 9% 2 6ys 74.662 .5226 16% 4 4% 220.353 1.5424 978 2 7 76.588 .5361 16% 4 5 223.654 1.5655 100 Tables, Rules and Recipes. Dia. in inch. Cir. in ft. in. Area in sq. inch, 17 in. 4 5% 226.980 ITi/s 4 5% 230.330 17% 4 6% 233.705 17% 4 61/2 237.104 i7y2 4 6% 240.528 17% 4 7% 243.977 4 7% 247.450 17% 4 8% 250.947 18 in. 4 8% 254.469 ISVs 4 8% 258.016 181/4 4 91/4 261.587 18% 4 9% 265.182 18% 4 lOVs 268.803 18% 4 10% 272.447 18% 4 10% 276.117 18% 4 111/4 279.811 19 in. 4 11% 283.529 191/8 5 287.272 191/4 5 01/2 291.039 19% 5 0% 294.831 lOVa 5 11/4 298.648 5 1% 302.489 19% 5 2 306.355 19% 5 2% 310.245 20 in. 5 2% 814.160 20% 5 3y4 318.099 201/4 5 3% 322.063 20% 5 4 326.051 201/2 5 4% 330.064 20% 5 4% 334.101 20% 5 5% 338.163 20% 5 51/2 342.250 21 in. 21% 2114 21% 211/2 21% 21% 21% 22 in. 22% 2214 22% 221/, 22% 22% 22% 23 in. 23% 231/1 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% 5 5% 5 6% 6% 7% 71/0 7% 81/4 8% 9% 91/2 9% 101/4 5 10% 5 11 5 111/2 5 11% 6 01^ 6 6 UV4 0% 6 1% " 1% 21/4 2% 6 6 6 6 3 346.361 350.497 354.657 358.841 363.051 367.284 371.543 375.826 380.133 384.465 388.822 393.203 397.608 402.038 406.493 410.972 415.476 420.004 424.557 429.135 433.737 438.363 44,3.014 447.690 Area in sq. ft. 1.5888 1.6123 1.6359 1.6597 1.6836 1.7078 1.7321 1.7566 1.7812 1.8061 1.8311 1.8562 1.8816 1.9071 1.9328 1.9586 1.9847 1.9941 2.0371 2.0637 2.0901 2.1172 2.1443 2.1716 2.1990 2.2265 2.2543 2.2822 23103 2.3386 2.3670 2.3956 2 4244 2.4533 2.4824 2.5117 2.5412 2.5708 2.6007 2.6306 2.6608 2.6691 2.7016 2.7224 2.7632 2.7980 2.8054 2.8658 2.8903 2.9100 2.9518 2.9937 3.0129 3.0261 3.0722 3.1081 Dia. in ft. in. Cir. in ft. in. 01/4 01/2 0% 1 114 iy2 1% 2 21/4 2% 2% 3 31/t 31/2 3% 4 41/4 41/2 4% 5 51/4 51/2 5% 6 6% 61/2 6% 7 71/4 71/2 7% 81/t SVa 8% 9 91/4 91/0 9% 10 101/4 101/2 10% 11 111/4 ni/2 11% 0% 01/2 0% IV4 11/2 1% 3% 4% 4% 5% 6% 71/4 8% 9% loyo 111/4 0% 1% 2% 3% 3% 4% 5y2 614 7 7% 8% 9y2 ioy4 11 11% 0% 1% 2% 2% 3% 4% 5% eyg 6% 7% 81/3 914 10 10% 111/0 0% m 1% 2% 31/2 41/4 5 5% 6% 7y2 81/4 9 9% 101/2 Area in sq. inch. 452.290 461.864 471.436 481.106 490.875 500.741 510.706 520.769 530.930 541.189 551.547 562.002 572.556 583.208 593.958 604.807 615.753 626.798 637.941 649.182 660.521 671.958 683.494 695.128 706.860 718.690 730.618 742.644 754.769 766.992 779.313 791.732 804.249 816.865 829.578 842.390 855.300 868.308 881.415 894.619 907.922 921.323 934.822 948.419 962.115 975.908 989.800 1003.79 1017.87 1032.06 1046.35 1060.73 1075.21 1089.79 1104.46 1119,24 Area in sq. ft. 3.1418 3.2075 3,2731 3.3410 3.4081 3.4775 3.5468 3.6101 3.6870 3.7583 3.8302 3.9042 3.9761 4.0500 4.1241 4.2000 4.2760 4.3521 4.4302 4.5083 4.5861 4.6665 4.7467 4.8274 4.9081 4.9901 5.0731 5.1573 5.2278 5.3264 5.4112 5.4982 5.5850 5.6729 5.7601 5.8491 5.9398 6.0291 6.1201 6.2129 6.3051 6.3981 6.4911 6.5863 6.6815 6.7772 6.8738 6.9701 7.0688 7.1671 7.2664 7.3662 7.4661 7.5671 7.6691 7.7791 Tables, Rules and Recipes. lol D= a. in Cir ■. in Area in Area in Dia. in Cir . in Area in Area in ft. in. fl. in. SQ. inch. sq. ft. ft. in. ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. 3 2 9 11% 1134.12 7.8681 4 4 13 7% 2123.72 14.748 3 214 10 oys 1149.09 7.9791 4 414 13 8% 2144.19 14.890 3 2y. 10 oys 1164.16 8.0846 4 4^1 13 8ys 2164.75 15.033 3 2% 10 1% 1179.32 8.1891 4 4% 13 9% 2185.42 15.176 3 3 10 2y2 1194.59 8.2951 4 5 13 loy. 2206.18 15.320 3 '6Vi 10 3y4 1209.95 8.4026 4 514 13 iiy: 2227.05 15.465 3 31/3 10 4 1225.42 8.5091 4 5y2 14 2248.01 15.611 3 3% 10 4% 1240.98 8.6171 4 5% 14 0% 2269.06 15.757 3 4 10 5% 1256.64 8.7269 4 6 14 1% 2290.22 15.904 3 434 10 6% 1272.39 8.8361 4 6V4 14 2311.48 16.051 3 4y2 10 "iVi 1288.25 8.9462 4 6V2 14 31/ 2332.83 16.200 3 4% 10 8 1304.20 9.0561 4 6% 14 4 2354.28 16.349 3 5 10 8% 1320.25 9.1686 4 7 14 4% 2375.83 16.498 3 514 10 ^¥1 1336.40 9.2112 4 7yL 14 5y2 2397.48 16.649 3 51/2 10 10% 1352.65 9.3936 4 7y2 14 6-7. 2419.22 16.800 5% 10 iiy* 1369.00 9.5061 4 7% 14 7% 2441.07 16.951 3 6 10 11% 1385.44 9.6212 4 8 14 7% 2463.01 17.104 3 6% 11 0% 1401.98 9.7364 4 81^ 14 %-/. 2485.05 17.256 3 eyo 11 iy2 1418.62 9.8518 4 8y2 14 9y2 2507.19 17.411 3 6% 11 2y4 1435.36 9.9671 4 8% 14 ioy4 2529.42 17.565 3 7 11 3 1452.20 10.084 4 9 14 11 2551.76 17.720 3 7^4 11 3% 1469.14 10.202 4 ^Vi 14 11% 2574.19 17.876 3 7y2 11 4% 1486.17 10.320 4 9y2 15 0^^ 2596.72 18.033 3 7% 11 5% 1503.30 10.439 4 9% 15 1% 2619.35 18.189 3 8 11 QVi 1530.53 10.559 4 10 15 2y4 2642.08 18.347 3 8y4 11 7 1537.86 10.679 4 3014 15 2ys 2664.91 18.506 3 8y2 11 7% 1555.28 10.800 4 loy. 15 3% 2687.83 18.665 3 8% 11 sy. 1572.81 10.922 4 10% 15 4i/> 2710.85 18.825 3 9 11 9% 1590.43 11.044 4 11 15 5yi 2733.97 18.965 3 »V4 11 loys 1608.15 11.167 4 11^4 15 evs 2757.19 19.147 3 9y, 11 10% 1625.97 11.291 4 iiy2 15 6% 2780.51 19.309 3 9% 11 11% 1643.89 11.415 4 11% 15 7% 2803.92 19.471 3 10 12 0V2 1661.90 11.534 5 15 8y2 2827.44 19.635 ioy4 12 ly^ 1680.02 11.666 5 014 15 914 2851.05 19.798 loy. 12 2 1698.23 11.793 5 oy, 15 10 2874.76 19.963 10% 12 2% 1716.54 11.920 6 0% 15 10% 2898.56 20.128 n 12 3ys 1734.94 12.048 5 1 15 11% 2922.47 20.294 1114 12 4% 1753.45 12.176 5 1% 16 0% 2946.47 20.461 iiyo 12 5% 1772.05 12.305 5 ]y2 16 1^/4 2970.57 20 629 ii^t 12 6 1790.76 12.435 5 1% 16 1% 2994.77 20.797 12 6% 1809.56 12.566 5 2 16 2% 3019.07 20.965 014 12 7y2 1828.46 12.697 5 2^ 21/2 16 3l^ 3043.47 21.135 0% 12 8% 1847.45 12.829 5 16 414 3067.96 21.305 0% 12 9y8 1866.55 12.962 5 2% 16 sys 3092.56 21.476 1 12 9% 1885.74 13.095 5 3 16 5"/8 3117.25 21.647 iy4 12 10% 1905.03 13.229 5 syL 16 6y4 3142.04 21.819 ■^14 12 iiy. 1924.42 13.304 5 3% 16 74 3166.92 21.992 1% 13 oyl 1943.91 13.499 5 3% 16 8y4 3191.91 22.166 2 13 1 1963.50 13.635 5 4 16 9 3216.99 22.333 2y4 13 1% 1983.18 13.772 5 414 16 9% 3242.17 22.515 2y2 13 2V, 2002.96 13.909 5 4i| 16 10% 3267.46 22.621 oa^ 13 3% 2022.84 14.047 5 4% 16 11% 3292.83 22.866 3 13 ^ 4% 2042.82 14.186 5 5 17 oy* 3318.31 23.043 ^Y^ 13 5 2062.90 14.325 5 514 17 o-/« 3343.88 23.221 IYj 13 5% 2083.07 14.465 5 5vt 17 1% 3369 56 23.330 3% 13 6% 2103.35 14.606 5 5?4 17 2V2' 3395.33 23.578 Tables, Rules and Recipes. Dia. in Cir . in Area in Area in Dia. in Cir . in Area in Area in ft. iu. ft. in. sq. inch. sq. ft. ft. in. ft. in. sq. incli. sq. ft. 5 6 17 3% 3421.20 23.758 6 4 19 10% 4o36.47 31.5O0 5 6^ 17 4ys 3447.16 23.938 6 41/4 19 11% 4566.36 31.710 5 cy2 17 4% 3473.23 24.119 6 4y2 20 0% 4596.35 31.919 6 6% 17 5% 3499.39 24.301 6 4% 20 1% 4626.44 32.114 5 7 17 61/2 3525.26 24.483 6 5 20 1% 4656.63 32.337 5 TU 17 71/4 35.32.01 24.666 6 51/4 20 2% 4686.92 32.548 5 7y2 17 8 3578.47 24.850 6 51/2 20 3% 4717.30 32.759 5 7% 17 8% 3605.03 25.034 6 5% 20 4% 4747.79 32.970 5 8 17 9% 3631.68 25.220 G 6 20 5 4778.37 33.183 5 81/4 17 10% 3658.44 25.405 6 61/4 20 5% 4809.05 33.396 5 8V2 17 11% 3685.29 25.592 6 61/2 20 61/2 4839.83 33.619 5 8% 17 11% 3712.24 25.779 6 6% 20 7% 4870.70 33.824 5 9 18 0% 3739.28 25.964 6 7 20 8% 4901.68 34.039 5 ^Vi 18 iy2 3766.43 26.155 6 7y4 20 8% 49.32.75 34.255 5 Ol^ 18 2y; 3793.67 26.344 6 71/2 20 9% 4963.92 34.471 5 9% 18 3ys 3821.02 26.534 6 7% 20 10% 4995.19 34.688 5 10 18 3ys 3848.46 26.725 6 8 20 11% 5026.26 34.906 5 10!4 18 4% 3875.99 26.91«; 6 81/4 21 0% 5058.02 35.125 5 3 01/2 18 r3i/2 3903.63 27.108 6 81/2 21 0% 5089.58 35.344 5 10% 18 61/4 3931.36 27.301 6 8% 21 1% 5121.24 35.564 5 11 18 7 3959.20 27.494 6 9 21 2% 3% 5153.00 35.784 5 111/4 18 7% 3987.13 27.688 6 014 21 5184.86 36.006 5 11 1/2 18 8% 4015.16 27.883 6 91/2 21 4 5216.82 36.227 5 11% 18 9% 4043.28 28.078 6 9% 21 4% 5248.87 36.450 6 18 lOi/s 4071.51 28.274 6 10 21 5% 5281.02 36.674 6 014 18 10% 4099.83 28.471 6 101/4 21 6% 531S.27 36.897 6 oy2 18 11% 4128.25 28.663 6 lOV, 21 7% 5345.62 37.12:> 6 0% 19 01/2 4156.77 28.866 6 10% 21 7% 5378.07 37.347 6 1 19 1^4 4185.39 29.064 6 11 21 8% 5410.62 37.573 6 1^4 19 2ys 4214.11 29.264 6 1114 21 9% 5443.26 37.700 fi iy2 19 278 4242.92 29.466 6 11% 21 1014 5476.00 38.027 6 1% 19 3% 4271.83 29.665 6 11% 21 11 5508.84 38.256 19 41/j 4300.85 29.867 6 214 19 51/4 4329.95 30.069 6 21/2 19 G 4359.16 30.271 6 2% 19 G% 4388.47 30.475 6 3 19 7% 4417.87 30.619 6 3y4 ]9 8% 4447.37 30.884 Ci 81/, 19 91/s 4470.97 31.090 G 3% 19 9% 4500.67 31.296 Tables, Rules and Reel pes. 103 Dia . in Circum. in Dia . in Circum. in ft. in. ft. in. Area in feet. ft. in. ft. in. Area in feet. 7 21 ll'/8 38.4846 11 34 6% 95.0334 1 22 3 39.4060 11 1 34 9% 96.4783 7 2 92 QVs 40.3388 11 2 35 oys 97.9347 7 3 22 914 41.2825 11 3 35 li 99.4021 7 4 23 0% 42.2367 11 4 35 100.8797 7 5 23 21/8 43.2022 11 5 35 102.3689 7 6 23 6% 44.1787 11 6 36 1V2 103.8601 7 7 23 11 45.1656 11 7 36 4% 105.3794 8 24 IVs 46.1638 11 8 36 106.9013 7 9 24 4^8 47.1730 11 9 36 10% 108.4342 7 10 24 714 48.1926 11 10 37 2V^ 109.9772 7 11 24 10% 49.2236 11 11 37 5y4 111.5319 8 25 IV2 50.2656 12 37 8% 113.0976 8 1 25 4% 51.6178 12 1 37 iiya 114.6732 8 2 25 7'/s 52.3816 12 2 38 2% 116.2607 8 3 25 11 53.4562 12 3 38 5% 117.8590 S 4 26 2y8 54.5412 12 4 38 8y8 119.4674 8 5 26 514 55.6377 12 5 39 121.0876 s 6 26 8% 56.7451 12 6 39 3y4 122.7187 8 7 26 IIV3 57.8628 12 7 39 6% 124.3593 8 8 27 2% 58.9920 12 8 39 oyo 126.0127 8 9 07 5% 60.1321 12 9 40 0% 127.6765 8 30 27 9 61.2826 12 10 40 3% 129.3504 8 11 28 OVs 62.4445 12 11 40 6ys 131.0369 9 28 314 63.6174 13 40 10 132.7326 9 1 28 6% 64.8006 13 1 41 1% 134.4391 9 2 28 91/2 65.9951 13 2 41 4% 136.1574 9 3 29 67.2007 13 3 41 7y2 137.8867 9 4 29 3% 68.4166 13 4 41 10% 139.6260 9 5 29 7 69.6440 13 5 42 1% 141.3771 9 6 29 lOVs 70.8823 13 6 42 4y8 143.1391 9 7 30 IV4 72.1309 13 7 42 8 144.9111 9 8 30 4% 73.3910 13 8 42 iiys 146.6949 9 9 30 71/2 74.6620 13 9 43 2y+ 148.4896 9 10 30 11% 75.9433 13 10 43 5y2 150.2943 •> 11 31 1% 77.2362 13 11 43 8% 152.1109 10 31 5 78.5400 14 43 11% 153.9484 10 1 31 8V8 79.8540 14 1 44 2-| 155.7758 10 2 31 IIV4 81.1795 14 9 44 6 157.6250 10 3 32 2% 82.5190 14 3 44 91/8 159.4852 10 4 32 51/2 83.8627 14 4 45 Oi/t 161.3553 10 5 32 8% 85.2211 14 5 45 3y2 163.2373 10 6 32 31% 86.5903 14 6 45 6% 165.1303 10 7 33 2% 87.9697 14 7 45 9% 167.0331 10 8 33 61/8 80.3668 14 8 46 oys 168.9479 10 9 33 9Vi 90.7627 14 9 46 4 170.8735 10 10 34 0% 92.1749 14 10 46 7y8 172.8091 10 11 34 31/2 93.5986 14 11 46 iiy4 174.7565 104 Tables, Rules and Recipes. Dia . in Circum. in Dia in Circum. in ft. in. ft. in. Area in feet. in. ft. in. Area in feet. 15 47 iy2 176.7150 53 4ys 226.9806 15 1 47 4% 178.68^2 1 53 8 229.2105 15 2 47 7'| 180.6624 2 53 llVs 231.4625 15 3 47 10% 182.6545 3 54 21/8 233.7055 15 4 48 2V2 184.6555 4 54 5% 235.9682 15 5 48 SVs 186.6684 5 54 81/2 238.2430 15 6 48 81/4 188.6923 6 54 11% 240.5287 15 7 48 11% 190.7260 7 55 2% 242.8241 15 8 49 2% 192.7716 8 55 6 245.1316 15 9 49 5% 194.8282 9 55 91/8 247.4500 15 10 49 8% 196.8946 10 56 01/4 249.7781 15 11 50 198.9730 11 56 31/2 252.1184 16 50 SVg 201.0624 18 56 eva 254.4696 16 1 50 6% 203.1615 18 1 56 9% 256.8303 16 2 50 9% 205.2726 18 2 57 078 259.2033 16 3 51 01/2 207.3946 18 3 57 4 261.5872 16 4 51 3% 209.5264 18 4 57 7% 263.9807 16 5 51 61/2 211.6703 18 5 57 101/4 266.3864 16 6 51 10 213.8251 18 6 58 1% 268.8031 16 7 52 1V8 215.9896 18 7 58 41/2 271.2293 16 8 • 52 41/4 218.1662 18 8 58 7% 273.6678 16 9 52 7% 220.3537 18 9 58 10% 276.1171 16 10 52 101/2 222.5510 18 10 59 2 278.5761 16 11 53 1% 224.7603 18 11 59 5y2 281.0472 lO '-0 >— 1 1— I vb lO <3i !>• 30 U-. C-^ L- I- C-^ t^ 00 OSOOOi-ItHCvII^I 05 o th CO in t- O •-£> tH ^ 1-i «£! Clrt-«*<<35C^COCO C^iMt-COOilrtTHOOOO rH'M(rvicoco-*'Tj !;^r^^;^.-^s^Li? -9;:^;:^^;^'^^^ -9;^;^^;^;^^^ •= ;:?;;^j?!;|J;^s^^-2 COOS T 'f LCl 00 •* M ro "^ "Xi OO O C^J lO 00 CjS O -f CW ro I;; 1-* U3 >Ocv30iC^ tt: O LO CO fO ?0 T COCOCO ^ co- in O -* 05 CO 00 CO t Jh c. a5C0ii'<*'COC^ 5:^OOOOT-Jr-j5<;^ 2: 'X, -.A ^A :iQ >^ ^ 'n • r- — i -p oo oi o o _j oo J J '-i? ^ '^ oo 53 ■-o J^ ^1 C^ S ^ --l S^ '^ «;5eM(MiM(N|CO:OO0 J^ ?0 Ctco CO CO CO 00 i£, CO 25 00 ==> M == 22 o ; ^ ^ j.i lO CO S^«5r^ s^ !5 1>^ ^ M "^ 22 r-i CO CO Oi J3 ^2 c^ o JO ?£> «fi c;«5i S'JSS^?2^« gog^SSoSSS^ gSSi^oSSoS ^^ .2:i5;:;?^;:^;^J3^^ .S^;^5^r^j^5^^ .S;:^;:^^;:??;^^^^ .'^;^^s^;^;^^i^g! OS O tH (M c-i ocj^cgooo^j .^c::^d?og^o f5i«^ggJ^S:i^-i ■ ^ • — - - i-H m 'H 5C LO O; t^ <=> 00 CJ I- 00 CO .-M ^ Oi UO tro <» o in ■^■^JiOSCOi-l-^M t-iX>t^T-IOOt-OOC4 OTHC0in«0C<6oi-i-^ mmirjmmm?o«Oco ■*00C CO ■* in in CO t— 00 1 ■^ ■ r-i >-! i-i e-i c^i csi ^cocor^'TtJinin «> a . '. •| •9^^;i^^;^i?S^^ -9 ;:35;^:^;^j^^i:S -9 ;^;:?j^;::^:;^S^?S •9^;^^;^;^5^^o ;-J 1-1 C<1 " CO ' ' ■* CM Usn OP THE Tablr : To find the capacity of any cylindrical measure, from 1 inch diameter to 30 inches, take the inside diameter of the meas- ure in inches, and multiply the area in the table which corresponds to the diameter by the depth in inches, and divide the products, if gills are required, by 7.2135 • if pints, by 2S.875 ; if quarts, by 57.75 : and if gal- lons, by 231. If bushels are required (say in a tierce or barrel, after the mean diameter is obtained), multiply as above, and divide the product by 215U.42 ; the quotient is the number of bushels. Calling the diameters feet the areas are feet, — then, if a ship's water tank, steam boiler, etc., is 5^s. or any number of feet and parts of feet in diameter, find the area in the table which corresponds in inches, multiply it by the length in feet, and multiply this result bv the number of gallons in a cubic foot (7.4805). and the product is the answer in gallons. In any case where there are more figures in the divisor than in the dividend, add ciphers. > Tables, Rules and Recipes. CAPACITY OF CANS ONE INCH DEEP. USE OF THE TABLE. Required the contents of a vessel, diameter 6 7-10 inches, depth 10 inches. By the table a vessel 1 inch deep and 6 7-10 inches diameter contains .15 (hundredths) gallon, then 15 X 10 — 1.50, or 1 gallon and 2 quarts. Required the contents of a can, diameter 19 8-10 inches, depth 30 inches. By the table a vessel 1 inch deep and 19 8-10 inches diameter con- tains 1 gallon and .33 (hundredths), then 1.33 X 30 = 39.90, or nearly 40 gallons. Required the depth of a can whose diameter is 12 2-10 inches, to contain 16 gallons. By the table a vessel 1 inch deep and 12 2-10 inches diameter contains .50 (hundredths) gallon, then 16 -^ .50 = 32 inches, the depth required. Diam eter ^ /lO Vio Vio Vio •■^/lo Vio Vio Vio Vio 3 .03 .03 .03 .03 .03 .04 .04 .04 .04 .05 4 .05 .05 .05 .05 .06 .06 .07 .07 .07 .08 5 .08 .08 .08 .08 .09 .10 .10 .11 .11 .11 6 .12 .12 .12 .13 .13 .14 .14 .15 .15 .16 7 .16 .17 .17 .18 .18 .19 .19 .20 .20 .21 8 .21 .22 .22 .23 .23 .24 .25 .25 .26 .26 9 .27 .28 .28 .29 .30 .30 .31 .31 .32 .33 10 .34 .34 .35 .36 .36 .37 .38 .38 .39 .40 11 .41 .41 .42 .43 .44 .44 .45 .46 .47 .48 12 .48 .49 .50 .51 .52 .53 ..53 .54 .55 .56 13 .57 .58 .59 .60 .60 .61 .62 .63 .64 .65 14 .66 .67 .68 .69 .70 .71 72 .73 .74 .75 15 .76 .77 .78 .79 .80 .81 '.fi .83 .84 .85 16 .87 .88 .89 .90 .91 .92 .93 .94 .95 .97 17 .98 .99 1.005 1.017 1.028 1.040 1.051 1.063 1.075 1.086 18 1.101 1.113 1.125 l.K^S 1.150 1.162 1.170 1.187 1.200 1.211 19 1.227 1.240 1.253 1.266 1.279 1.292 1.304 1.317 1.330 1.343 20 1.360 1.373 1.385 1.400 1.414 1.428 1.441 1.455 1.478 1.482 21 1.499 1.513 1.527 1.542 1.556 1.570 1.585 1.600 1.612 1.630 22 1.645 1.660 1.675 1.696 1.705 1.720 1.735 1.750 1.770 1.780 23 1.798 1.814 1.830 1.845 1.861 1.876 1.892 1.908 1.923 1.940 24 1.958 1.974 1.991 2.007 2.023 2.040 2.056 2.072 2.096 2.105 25 2.125 2.142 2.159 2.176 2.193 2.120 2.227 2.244 2.261 2.280 26 2.298 2.316 2.333 2.351 2.369 2.386 2.404 2.422 2.440 •2.460 27 2.478 2.496 2.515 2.533 2.552 2.570 2.588 2.607 2.625 2.643 28 2.665 2.684 2.703 2.722 2.741 2.764 2.780 2.800 2.820 2.836 29 2.859 2.879 2.898 2.918 2.938 2.958 2.977 2.997 3.017 3.036 30 3.060 3.080 3.100 3.121 3.141 3.162 3.182 3.202 3.223 3.245 31 3.267 3.288 3.309 3.330 3.351 3.372 3.393 3.414 3.436 3.457 32 3.481 3.503 3.524 3.543 3.568 3.590 3.612 3.633 3.655 3.589 33 3.702 3.725 3.747 3.773 3.795 3.814 3.8.37 3.860 3.882 3.904 34 3.930 3.953 3.976 4.003 4.022 4.046 4.070 4.092 4.115 4.140 35 4.165 4.188 4.212 4.236 4.260 4.284 4.307 4.331 4.355 4.380 36 4.406 4.430 4.455 4.483 4.503 4.528 4.553 4.577 4.602 4.626 37 4.654 4.679 4.704 4.730 4.755 4.780 4.805 4.834 4.855 4.880 38 4.909 4.935 4.961 4.987 5.012 5.038 6.064 5.090 5.120 5.142 39 5.171 5.197 5.224 5.250 5.277 5.304 5.330 5.357 5.383 5.410 40 5.440 5.467 5.491 5.521 5.548 5.576 5.603 5.630 5.657 5.684 Tables, Rules and Recipes. lOy RULES FOR CALCULATING CIRCUM- FERENCES. 1st. Multiply the given diameter by 22, and divide the product by 7 ; or 2d, divide 22 by 7 and multiply the di- ameter by the quotient; or 3d, multiply the diameter by 3.1416; or 4th, multiply the diameter by 3 and add i inch for every 7 of the diameter, or about yi inch for every i. For example: If the given diameter be 15 inches, by the first rule the circumference would be 47 1-7 inches ; by the- second, 47 1-7 inches ; by the third, 47.1240 inches ; by the fourth, 47 >^ inches ; by the table, 47 >^ inches. It will be seen that the result is not just the same by the several rules, yet either is near enough for general use and prac- tice. WEIGHT OF WATER. 1 cubic inch is equal to .03617 pouud. 12 cubic inches is equal to .434 pound. 1 cubic foot IS equal to G2.5 pounds. 1 cubic foot is e(iual to T.5U U.S. gallons. 1.8 cubic feet is equal to 1V2.00 pounds. 35.84 cubic feet is equal to 2240.00 pounds. 1 cylindrical inch is equal to .02842 pound. 12 cj^lindrical inches is equal to .341 pound. 1 cylindrical foot is equal to 40.10 pounds. 1 cylindrical foot is equ.i! to (i.OO U. S. gallo 1^. 2,282 cylindrical feet is equal to 112.00 pounds. 45.G4 cylindrical feet is equal to 2240.00 pounds. 13.43 United States gallons. . .is equal to 112.00 pounds. 268.8 United States gallons. . .is equal to 2240.00 pounds. Center of pressure is at two-thirds depth from surface. TO FIND NUMBER OF BARRELS IN CISTERNS. The following table shows the number of barrels (31^ gallons) contained in cisterns of various diameters, from 5 to 30 feet, and of depths ranging from 5 to 20 feet. o8 Tables, Rules and Recipes. To use the table, find the required depth in the side cokimn, and then follow along the line to the column which has the required diameter at the top. Thus, with a cistern 6 feet deep and i6 feet in diameter, we find 6 in the second line, and then follow along until column i6 is reached, when we find that the contents is 286.5 barrels. NUMBER OF BARRELS (3I>4 GALLONS) IN CISTERNS AND TANKS. Diameter in feet. Depth in feet. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 23.3 33.6 45.7 59.7 75.5 93.2 112.8 134.3 157.6 6 28.0 40.3 54.8 71.7 90.6 111.9 135.4 161.1 189.1 7 32.7 47.0 64.0 83.6 105.7 130.6 158.0 188.0 220.6 8 37.3 53.7 73.1 95.5 120.9 149.2 180.5 214.8 252.1 9 42.0 60.4 82.2 107.4 136.0 167.9 203.1 241.7 283.7 10 46.7 67.1 91.4 119.4 151.1 186.5 225.7 268.6 315.2 11 51.3 73.9 100.5 131.3 166.2 205.1 248.2 295.4 346.7 12 56.0 80.6 109.7 143.2 181.3 223.8 270.8 322.3 378.2 13 60.7 87.3 118.8 155.2 196.4 242.4 293.4 349.1 409.7 14 65.3 94.0 127.9 167.1 2n.5 261.1 315.9 376.0 441.3 15 70.0 100.7 137.1 179.0 226.6 289.8 338.5 402.8 472.8 16 74.7 107.4 146.2 191.0 241.7 298.4 361.1 429.7 504.3 17 79.3 114.1 155.4 202.9 256.8 317.0 383.6 456.6 535.8 18 84.0 120.9 164.5 214.8 272.0 335.7 406.2 483.4 567.3 19 88.7 127.6 173.6 226.8 287.0 354.3 428.8 510.3 598.0 20 93.3 134.3 182.8 238.7 302.1 373.0 451.3 537.1 630.4 Diameter in feet. Depth in feet :. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 5 182.8 209.8 238.7 269.5 302.1 336.6 373.0 411.2 451.3 6 219.3 251.8 286.5 323.4 362.6 404.0 447.6 493.5 541.6 7 255.9 293,7 334.2 377.3 423.0 471.3 522.2 575.7 631.9 8 292.4 335.7 382.0 431.2 483.4 538.6 596.8 658.0 722.1 9 329.0 377.7 429.7 485.1 543.8 605.9 671.4 740.2 812.4 10 365.5 419.6 477.4 539.0 604.3 673.3 746.0 822.5 902.7 11 402.1 461.6 525.2 592.9 667.7 740.6 820.6 904.7 992.9 12 438.6 503.5 572.9 646.8 725.1 807.9 895.2 987.0 1083.2 13 475.2 545.5 620.7 700.7 785.5 875.2 969.8 1069.2 1173.5 14 511.8 587.5 668.2 754.6 846.6 942.6 1044.4 1151.5 1263.7 15 548.3 629.4 716.2 308.5 906.0 3009.9 1119.0 1233.7 1354.0 16 584.9 671.4 773.9 862.4 966.8 1077.2 1193.6 1315.9 1444.3 17 621.4 713.4 811.6 916.3 3027.2 1144.6 1268.2 1398.2 1534.5 IS 658.0 755.3 859.4 970.2 1087.7 1211.9 1342.8 1480.4 1624.8 19 694.5 797.3 907.1 1024.1 1148.1 1279.2 1417.4 1562.7 1715.1 20 731.1 839.3 954.9 1078.0 1208.5 1346.5 1492.0 1644.9 1805.3 Tables, Rules and Recipes. 109 Diameter in feet. Dept feet hin 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 5 493.3 537.1 582.8 630.4 679.8 731.1 784.2 839.3 6 592.0 644.5 699.4 756.5 815.8 877.3 941.1 1007.1 7 690.6 752.0 815.9 882.5 951.7 1023.5 1097.9 1175.0 8 789.3 859.4 932.5 1008.6 1087.7 1169.7 1254.8 1342.8 9 887.9 966.8 1049.1 1134.7 1223.6 1316.0 1411.6 1510.7 10 986.6 1074.2 1165.6 1260.8 1359.6 1462.2 1568.2 1678.5 11 1085.2 1181.7 1282.2 1386.8 1495.6 1608.7 1723.0 1846.4 12 1183.9 1289.1 lo98.7 1512.9 1631.5 1754.6 1882.2 2014.2 13 1282.6 1396.5 1515.3 1639.0 1767.5 1900.8 2039.0 2182.0 It 1381.2 1503.9 1631.9 1765.1 1903.4 2047.1 2195.9 2343.9 15 1479.9 1611.4 1748.4 1891.1 2039.4 2193.3 2352.7 2517.8 n; 1578.5 1718.8 1865.0 2017.2 2175.4 2339.5 2509.6 2685.6 17 1677.2 1826.2 1981.6 2143.3 2311.3 2485.7 2966.4 2853.5 18 1775.9 1933.6 2098.1 2269.4 2447.3 2631.9 2823.3 3021.3 19 1874.5 2041.1 2214.7 2395.4 2583.2 2778.1 2980.1 3189.2 20 1973.2 2148.5 2321.2 2521.5 2U9.2 2924.4 3137.0 3357.0 For tanks that are tapering tlie diameter may be measured four- tc-nths from large end. TABLE SHOWING THE PRESSURE OF W.\TER PER SQUARE INCH, DUE TO DIFFERENT HEADS, FROM I TO 25O FEET. Head. Pressure in lbs. Head. Pressure in lbs. Head. Pressure in 1 1 .4335 J9 8.237 37 16.04 2 .8670 20 8.670 38 16.47 3 1.300 21 9. J 04 39 16.91 4 1.734 22 9.537 40 17.34 5 2.167 23 9.971 50 21.67 6 2.601 24 10.40 100 43.35 7 3.035 25 10.84 110 47.68 8 3.408 26 11.27 120 52.02 9 3.902 27 11.70 130 56.36 10 4.335 28 12.14 140 60.69 11 4.768 29 12.57 150 65.03 12 5.202 30 13.00 160 69.36 13 5.636 31 13.44 170 73.70 14 6.069 22 13.87 180 78.03 15 6.503 33 14.31 190 82.36 16 6.936 34 14.74 200 86.70 17 7.370 35 15.17 225 97.41 18 7.803 36 15.60 250 108.37 MEASURES OF CAPACITY AND WEIGHT. . Measures of Weight. — Avoirdupois. — 16 drams equal i ounce; 1 6 ounces i pound; 112 pounds i hundred- weight ; 20 hundredweights i ton. Troy. — 24 grains i pennyweight; 20 pennyweights i ounce; 12 ounces i pound. Apothecaries'. — 20 grains equal i scruple ; 3 scruples i dram; 8 drams i ounce; 12 ounces i pound. no Tables, Rules and Recipes. Measures of Capacity (Dry). — 2150.42 cubic inches equal i United States (or Winchester) bushel; the di- mensions of which are i8>4 inches diameter inside, 19^^ inches outside and 8 inches deep; 2747.70 cubic inches equal i heaped bushel, the cone of which must not be less than 6 inches high. Measures of Capacity (Liquids). — 231 cubic inches equal i United States standard gallon ; 277.274 cubic inches equal i Imperial (British) gallon; 31^ United States gallons equal i barrel ; 42 gallons equal i tierce ; 63 gallons equal i hogshead ; 84 gallons equal i puncheon ; 126 gallons equal i pipe ; 252 gallons equal i tun. French Measures of Frequent Reference^ Com- pared WITH U. S. Measures. — Meter, 3.28 feet; Deci- meter (i-io meter), 3.94 inches; Centimeter, .4 inch; Millimeter, .04 inch; Hectoliter, 26.42 gallons; Liter, 2. 11 pints ; Kilogram, 2.2 pounds. Weights of Various Substances. — Pounds Avoir- dupois. — I cubic foot of bricks weighs 124 pounds; i do. of sand or loose earth, 95 ; i do. of cork, 15 ; i do. of gran- ite, 170; I do. of cast iron, 450; i do. of wrought iron, 485; I do. of steel, 490; i do. of copper, 555; i do. lead, 709; I do. brass, 520; i do. tin, 459; i do. white pine, 30; I do. oak, 48 ; i do. sea water, 64.08 ; i do. fresh, 62.35 ; I do. air, 0765, Tables, Rules and Recipes. 1 II SIZES OF TIN WARE IN THE FORM OF FRUS- TUM OF A CONE. PANS. Size. 20 qt. 16 " 14 " 10 " 6 '• Diam. of top. 191/, in. 18 " " 151/4 " 14% '• 12% " Diam. of bot. 13 in. IIV4 •' 91/4 " 11 " 9 " Hight. Size. 8 in. 2 qt. 614 " 3pt. 61/4 " 1 " 41/8 " Pie Diam. of top. 9 in. 81/4 " 7^ ;; Diam. of bot. 6 in. Hight. 3% in. DISH KETTLES AND PAILS. Size. 14 qt. 10 " Diam. of top. 13 in. llMs " Diam. of bot. 9 in. 7 " Ilight. Size. 9 in. 6 qt. 8 " 2 " COFFEE POTS. Diam. of top. 914 in. Diam. of bot. 51/2 in. 4 " Hight. 61/2 in. 4 '• Size. Igal. Diam. of top. 4 in. Diam. of bot. 7 in. Ilight. Size. 81/2 in. 3 qt. WASH BOWLS. Diam. of top. 31/2 in. Diam. of bot. 6 in. Hight. 81/2 in. Size Large wash bowl Cullender Small wash bowl Milk strainer. . . ••••••••• • Diam. of top. . 11 in. . 11 " . 91/2 " . 91/2 •' Diam. of bot. 5% in. 5% " 51/2 " Hight. 5 in. 5 '• 3% '• 3% " DIPPERS. Size. V2 gal. Diam. of top. 6M, in. Diam. of bot. 4 in. Ilight. Size. 4 in. 1 pt. MEASURES. Diam. of top. 4y4 in. Diam. of bot. 3% in. Hight. 2% in. Size. 1 gal Diam. of top. 1. '5i/> in. 4 " 31/2 " Diam. of bot. ei/s in. 4-/8 " 4 " night. Size. 914 in. 1 pt. 8 " 1/0 " 5% " Diam. of top. 21/s in. 2% " Diam. of bot. 3% in. 2% " Hight. 41/4 in. 31/8 " druggists' AND LIQUOR DEALERS' MEASURES Size. 5 gal. 3 |] 1 '* Diam. of top. 8 in. 7 " 6 " 3% " Diam. of bot. 131/2 in. 111/2 " It " Hight. Size. 12% in. 1/2 gal. 10% " 1 qt. 8% " 1 pt. 71/3 " 1/2 •' Diam. of top. 3y^ in. 1% " Diam. of bot. 6% in. r« :: 3% " Hight. 6 in. f^ :: 112 Tables, Rules and Recipes. TABLE OF EFFECTS UPON BODIES BY HEAT. Degrees F. Cast iron thoroughly melts at 2,228 Gold melts at 1.91^' Silver melts at 1. '^ Copper mel ts at 1.929 Brass melts at 1,873 Zinc melts at ^9 Lead melts at 618 Bismuth melts at 506 Tin melts at 444 Tin and lead, equal parts, melt at 418 Tin 2 parts, bismuth 5 and lead 3, melt ai 199 PRACTICAL RECEIPTS. SOLDERS. SOLDER FOR GOLD. Gold, 6 pennyweights ; silver, i pennyweight ; copper, 2 pennyweights. ' SOLDER FOR SILVER, FOR THE USE OF JEWELERS. Fine silver, 19 pennyweights; copper, i pennyweight; sheet brass, to pennyweights. WHITE SOLDER FOR SILVER. Silver, i ounce ; tin, i ounce. WHITE SOLDER FOR RAISED BRITANNIA WARE. •Tin, 100 pounds ; copper, 3 ounces ; to make it free, ,add lead, 3 ounces. BEST SOFT SOLDER FOR CAST BRITANNIA WARE. Tin, 8 pounds ; lead, 5 pounds. YELLOW SOLDER FOR BRASS OR COPPER. Copper, I pound ; zinc, i pound. Tables, Rules and Recipes. 113 YELLOW SOLDER FOR BRASS OR COPPER. (Stronger than the last.) Copper, 32 pounds; zmc, 29 pounds ; tin, i pound. SOLDER FOR COPPER. Copper, 10 pounds ; zinc, 9 pounds. BLACK SOLDER. Copper, 2 pounds ; zinc, 3 pounds ; tin, 2 ounces. BLACK SOLDER. Sheet brass, 20 pounds ; tin, 6 pounds ; zinc, i pound. SILVER SOLDER FOR PLATED METAL. Fine silver, 1 ounce ; brass, 10 pennyweights. plumbers' solder. Lead, 2 ; tin, i part. tinmen's solder-. Lead, i ; tin, i part. PEWTERERS' SOLDER. Tin, 2 ; lead, i part. HARD SOLDER. Copper, 2 ; zinc, i part. SOLDER FOR STEEL JOINTS. Silver, 19 pennyweights; copper, i pennyweight; brass, 2 pennyweights. Melt under a coat of charcoal dust. SOFT GOLD SOLDER Is composed of 4 parts gold, i of silver and i of copper. It can be made softer by adding brass, but the solder be- comes more liable to oxidize, 114 Tables, Rules and Recipes. CEMENT FOR MENDING EARTHEN AND GLASS WARE. I. Heat the article to be mended a little above boiling water heat, then apply a thin coating of gum shellac on both surfaces of the broken vessel, and when cold it will be as strong as it was originally. 2. Dissolve gum shellac in alcohol, apply the solution and bind the parts firmly together until the cement is perfectly dry. CEMENT FOR STONE WARE. Another cement in which an analogous substance, the curd of milk, is employed, is made by boiling slices of skim milk cheese into a gluey consistence in a great quan- tity of water, and then incorporating it with quicklime on a slab with a muller, or in a marble mortar. When this compound is applied warm to broken edges of stone ware, it unites them very firmly after it is cold. IRON RUST CEMENT Is made from 50 to 100 parts of iron borings, pounded and sifted, mixed with i part of sal ammoniac, and when it is to be applied, moistened with as much water as will give it a pasty consistency. Another composition of the same kind is made by mixing 4 parts of fine borings or filings of iron, 2 parts of potters' clay and i part of pounded pot- sherds, and making them into a paste with salt and water. CEMENT FOR IRON TUBES, BOILERS, ETC. Finely powdered iron, 66 parts ; sal ammoniac, i part ; water, a sufficient quantity to form a paste. CEMENT FOR IVORY, MOTHER OF PEARL, ETC. Dissolve I part of isinglass and 2 of white glue in 30 of water, strain and evaporate to 6 parts. Add 1-30 part Tables, Rules and Reel pes. 115 of gum mastic, dissolve in ^1 part of alcohol and i part of white zinc. When required for use warm and shake up. CEMENT FOR HOLES IN CASTINGS. The best cement for this purpose is made by mixing I part of sulphur in powder, 2 parts of sal ammoniac and 80 parts of clean powdered iron turnings. Sufficient water must be added to make it into a thick paste, wdiich should be pressed into the holes or seams which are to be filled up. The ingredients composing this cement should be kept separate and not mixed until required for use. It is to be applied cold, and the casting should not be used for two or three days afterward. CEMENT FOR COPPERSMITHS AND ENGINEERS, Boiled linseed oil and red lead mixed together into a putty is often used by coppersmiths and engineers to se- cure joints. The washers of leather or cloth are smeared with this mixture in a pasty state. A CHEAP CEMENT. Melted brimstone, either alone or mixed with rosin and brick dust, forms a tolerably good and very cheap cement. plumbers' CEMENT Consists of black rosin, i part ; brick dust, 2 parts ; well incorporated by a melting heat. CEMENT FOR BOTTLE CORKS. The bituminous or black cement for bottle corks con- sists of pitch hardened by the addition of rosin and brick dust. ii6 Tables, Rules and Recipes. CHINA CEMENT. Take the curd of milk, dried and powdered, lo ounces ; quicklime, i ounce; camphor, 2 drams. Mix and keep in closely stopped bottles. When used, a portion is to be mixed with a little water into a paste, to be applied quickly. CEMENT FOR LEATHER. A mixture of India rubber and shellac varnish makes a very adhesive leather cement. A strong solution of common isinglass, with a little diluted alcohol added to it, makes an excellent cement for leather. MARBLE CEMENT. Take plaster of paris and soak it in a saturated solu- tion of alum, then bake the two in an oven, the same as gypsum is baked to make it plaster of paris ; after which they are ground to powder. It is then used as wanted, being mixed up with water like plaster and applied. It sets into a very hard composition capable of taking a very high polish. It may be mixed with various coloring min- erals to produce a cement of any color capable of imitating marble. CEMENT FOR MARBLE WORKERS AND COPPERSMITHS, White of an &gg alone, or mixed with finely sifted quicklime, will answer for uniting objects which are not exposed to moisture. The latter combination is very strong and is much employed for joining pieces of spar and marble ornaments. A similar composition is used by coppersmiths to secure the edges and rivets of boilers, only bullock's blood is the albuminous matter used instead of white of Q.gg, Tables, Rnlcs and Recipes. 117 TRANSPARENT CEMENT FOR GLASS. Dissolve I part of iiidia rubber in 64 of chloroform, then add gum mastic in powder 14 to 24 parts, and digest for two days with frequent shaking. Apply with camel's hair brush. CEMENT TO MEND IRON POTS AND PANS. . Take 2 parts of sulphur, and i part, by weight, of fin^ black lead ; put the sulphur in an old iron pan, holding it over the fire until it begins to melt, then add the lead, stir well until all is mixed and melted, then pour out on an iron plate or smooth stone. When cool, break into small pieces. A sufficient quantity of this compound being placed upon the crack of the iron pot to be mended, cail be soldered by a hot iron in the same way a tinsmith solders his sheets. If there is a small hole in the pot, drive a copper rivet in it and then solder over it with this ce- ment. CEMENT TO RENDER CISTERNS AND CASKS WATER TIGHT. An excellent cement for resisting moisture is made by incorporating thoroughly 8 parts of melted glue, of the consistence used by carpenters, with 4 parts of linseed oil, boiled into varnish with litharge. This cement hardens in about 48 hours and renders the joints of wooden cis- terns and casks air and water tight. A compound of glue with one-quarter its weight of \>nice turpentine, made as above, serves to cement glass, metal and wood to one another. Fresh made cheese curd and old skim milk cheese, boiled in water to a slimy consistency, dissolved" in a solution of bicarbonate of potash are said to form a good cement for glass and porcelain. The gluten of 11^ Tables, Rules and Recipes. wheat, well prepared, is also a good cement. White of cees with flour and water, well mixed, and smeared over linen cloth, forms a ready lute for steam joints in small apparatus. A GOOD CEMENT. Shellac, dissolved in alcohol or in a solution of borax, forms a pretty good cement. CEMENT FOR REPAIRING FRACTURED BODIES OF ALL KINDS. White lead ground upon a slab with linseed oil varnish and kept out of contact of air affords a cement capable of repairing fractured bodies of all kinds. It requires a few weeks to harden. When stone and iron are to be ce- mented together, a compound of equal parts of sulphur with pitch answers very well. CEMENT FOR CRACKS IN WOOD. Make a paste of slaked lime i part, rye meal 2 parts, vvith a sufficient quantity of linseed oil. Or dissolve i part of glue in 16 parts of water, when almost cool stir in sawdust and prepared chalk a sufficient quantity. Or oil varnish thickened with a mixture of equal parts of white lead, red lead, litharge and chalk. CEMENT FOR JOINING METALS AND WOOD. Melt rosin and stir in calcined plaster until reduced- to a paste, to which add boiled oil a sufficient quantity to bring it to the consistence of honey ; apply warm. Or, melt rosin 180 parts and stir in burnt umber 30, calcined plaster 15 and boiled oil 8 parts. GAS fitters' CEMENT. Mix together resin 4^^ parts, wax i part, and Venetian red 3 parts. Tables, Rules and Recipes. 119 IMPERVIOUS CEMENT FOR APPARATUS, CORKS, ETC. Zinc white rubbed up with copal varnish to fill up the indentures ; When dry, to be covered with the same mass somewhat thinner, and lastly with copal varnish alone. CEMENT FOR FASTENING BRASS TO GLASS VESSELS. Melt rosin 150 parts, wax 30, and add burnt ocher 30 and calcined plaster 2 parts. Apply warm. CEMENT FOR FASTENING BLADES, FILES, ETC. Shellac 2 parts, prepared chalk i, powdered and mixed. The opening for the blade is filled with this powder, the lower end of the iron heated and pressed in. HYDRAULIC CEMENT PAINT. If hydraulic cement be mixed with oil, it forms a first rate anti-combustible and excellent water proof paint for roofs of buildings, outhouses, walls, &c. TO STOP A LEAKY ROOF. Twenty-five pounds yellow ocher, i pound litharge, 6 pounds black lead, i pound fine salt; boil well in oil. Soak strips of cloth in the above and paste over the seams. Good where solder is not practicable. FLUX FOR SOLDERING TIN ROOF. One part rosin and 2 parts binnacle oil mixed hot and used the same as rosin alone; -or, cut with alcohol i pint as much rosin as possible and put on with a swab. Either good when the wind blows. Or saponified or red oil used with a swab along the seams. Solder flows more freely than with rosin alone. 120 Tables, Rules and Recipes. SOLDERING FLUID OR FLUX. Prussiate of potash, borax and copperas, each i dram ; sal ammoniac Yi ounce, muriatic acid 3^ ounces, well mixed, then add as much zinc as it will dissolve. Add I pint or more water according to strength required. Anq-THer. Sal ammoniac and borax, each i dram; chloride of ^inc I ounce, water i pint. It will not eat copper or tar- nish tin. Use less water and it will be stronger. THE NEW ^ ^ METAL WORKER PATTERN BOOK. A Treatise on Pattern Cutting as Applied to all Branches of Sheet Metal Work. By GEORGE W. KITTREDGE. 430 Pages; 744 Illustrations; ^ize, 10 x 13 inches, Cloth Bound, Price, ° - $5.00. This is the Most Elaborate and Complete Work that has ever been brought out for the use of Sheet Metal Pattern Cutters. It is printed from new type with a new and improved arrangement, especially convenient for reference and study. Parts of the former treatise, entitled The Metal Worker Pattern Book, have been utilized In the preparation of this GREATLY ENLARGED AND IMPROVED WORK, but these have been rewritten and simplified, and later methods em- bodied which have come into use since the publication of the original work. 2J8 Problems are now given, 75 of which are entirely new» e^ «^ Apprentices and Students will find the entire subject presented in such a manner as will facilitate systematic study. Tinners and Cornice Makers will here find elucidated every problem of ordinary occurrence, from the simplest to the most complex. Triangulation is here lor the first time treated systematically and in a way to meet the practical needs of the ti'ade. The opening chapters aie devoted to the preliminary information neces- sary to give the student a thorough understandintj of the subject, treating the topics fully and with appropriate illustrations. The work is comprised in the following chapters: I. Terms and Definitions— 15 Pages, II. Drawing Instruments and Materials— 13 Pages, III. Linear Drawing— 6 Pages. IV. Geometrical Problems— 35 Pages, V. PRINCIPLES OF PATTERN CUTTING-25 Pages, VI. PATTERN PROBLEHS (3 Sections)— 325 Pages. 1. Miter Cuttinff, 2. Flaring Work, 3. Tinangulation. This work in its perfected form is a complete Encyclopedia of Pattern Problems for Tinners, Cornice Makers and Sheet Metal Workers. DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY, Publishers, 232-238 William St., ... - JSfew York, Furnace Heating. A Practical and Comprehensive Treatise on Warming Buildings with Hot Air. By Wii.i,iam G. Snow. With an Appendix on Furnace Fittings. 170 pages, 6x9 inches. Cloth bound $1.50 This is the only book that has been brought out which presents a systematic and reliable treatment of the warm air furnace system of heating. It deals with the various types of furnaces, their construction, proper location and setting, together with furnace fittings, and all matters pertaining to the installation of furnaces and to effective and economical heating by warm air. It is recorhmended to practical furnace men, to architects, builders and house owners, and to tinners and plumbers in suburban sec- tions who do furnace work. Partial Summary of Contents by Chapters. Chapter I. — Furnaces — Is devoted to Furnace Construction — The Relative Proportion of Furnace Parts— Secondary Heating Surface— Econ- omy and Efficiency— Heating Capacity and Exposed Wall Surface— Manu- facturers' Ratings of Their Own Productions, etc. Chapter II.— House Heating— Compares Furnaces and other Appa- ratus, and describes Method of Setting Brick and Portable Furnaces- Location ami Area of Cold Air Supply— Cold Air Rooms and Air Filters- Return Ducts and Air Circulation — Size of Hot Air Pipes— lyocation of Registers, etc. Chapter III.— The Combination System— Discusses Heating Dis- tant Rooms with Radiators— Balancing the vSystem— Location of Water Heater in Furnace— Capacity of Water Heaters— Size of Radiators, etc. Chapter IV.— Air— Deals with the Necessity of Ventilation— Water Needed to Moisten Air— Expansion of Air— Velocity of Air in Tubes, etc. Chapter V.— Heating and Ventilation of Buildings— Considers the Size of Furnaces Required— Fresh Air Room and Supply— Air Circula- tion—Size of Flues— Use of Stack Heaters— Size of Heating Coils in Vent Flues, etc. Chapter VI.— Heating of Public Buildings, Churches and Stores— Is given to the Size of Furnaces Required— Grate Surface in Ven- tilated Buildings— Air Supply— Size of Heating and Ventilating Flues- Size of Stack Heater, etc. Chapter VII.— Fan-Furnace Combination System— Is devoted to Positive Warm Currents from Fan Systems— Location of Fan and Driving Apparatus— How Good Furnaces are Aided by Fans— Types and Efficiency of^Fans— Area of Ducts and Flues, etc. Chapter VIII.— Temperature Control. Chapter IX.— Estimate and Contract Blanks. Chapter X.— Value of Fuels— The Proper Size for Furnace Chimneys— with tables. APPENDIX. Furnace Fittings.— A section of 45 pages dealing with the Making of Furnace Casings — Metal Cold Air Boxes — Making Furnace Bonnets and Collars — Making Pipe and Elbows — Register Boxes and Stack Shoes, etc. David Williams Company, Publishers, 232-238 William Street, New York. Kitchen Boiler Connections A Selection of Practical Letters and Articles Relating to Water Backs and Range Boilers. FIFTH EDITION, ENLARGED. 113 Illustrations ; 195 Pages ; 6x9 in.; Cloth, $1.00 The Plumbing and Letter Box departments of The Metal Worker have contained many articles on the work of setting range boilers and overcoming the difficulties commonly encoun. tered. The extensive correspondence that the discussion of these topics has called forth indicates the widespread interest that they attracted, and the letters, coming from all parts of the country and from practical men who have written from their personal experience, constitute a most valuable source of information. The descriptions are plain and the illustrations add all that is required to make them clear and comprehensive. j These articles have been carefully edited, and are now embod- ied in a book, which is divided into two parts, the first on water backs and boilers and their connections, and the second on^heat- ing rooms from range boilers. The main divisions of the volume areas follows : Water Backs and Their Construction ; Boiler Construction, Operation, and Connections; Circulating Pipes; Multiple Connections; Double Boilers; Difficulties Met in Every-day Practice; Rehef Pipe and Vacuum Valve; Horizontal Boilers; Miscellaneous; Lime Deposits in Water Backs and Boilers; Heating Room from Kitchen Boiler; Radiators Heated from Coils in Stoves. DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY, Publishers, 232-238 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK. Steam and Hot=Water Fitters' Text=Book. Prepared for the Steam and Hot-Water Heating Course at the New York Trade School, with Supplementary Chapters on House Heating, Specifications and Surface Estimating. BY THOMAS Eo McNeill. 140 pages. Numerous illustrations and diagrams. 5x7 inches. Cloth, $1.00. This handbook gives in a compact and practical form a series of questions and answers, with important supplementary chap- ters, covering the subject of steam and hot-water heating in a simple way. The need for a text-book of this kind has been much felt, and it is believed that this handy manual meets the requirement so fully that it will be appreciated by all who wish to master the principles, or acquire information in these impor- tant systems of heating. Beginning with first principles, it progresses in a thorough manner, explaining the various systems of steam and hot-water heating, as well as the appliances and apparatus used, and the manner of connecting them. CONTENTS. Chap. Tools, Fittings and Pipe. General Questions on Heating. Low Pressure .Steam. Two Pipe Steam Heating. Single Pipe Low Pressure Steam Heating. 6. Indirect Steam Heating, 7. Hot- Water Heating. 8. Single Pipe Main System. 9. High Pressure Steam Heat- ing. Chap. 10. High and Low Pressure Steam Heating and Power Plant. " II. Exhaust Steam Heating. " 12. Power Fan or Blower System of Heating and Ventilating. " 13. Design, Estimate, Speci- fication. " 14. Dwelling House Heating. A Successful Heating Job. 15- David Williams Company, Publishers, 232-238 William Street, New York. PRACTICAL HINTS ON JOINT WIPING, FOR BEGINNERS IN PLUMBING. SIXTH EDITION, ENLARGED. With an Appendix, Giving a Selection of Practical Letters and Articles compiled from The Metal Worker. 66 Pages. 41 Illustrations. Paper, 25 Cents. This edition contains, besides the two original articles on joint wiping, by experts, a selection of letters and articles on vari- ous important phases of the subject. These include the following : Joint Wiping on Copper Pipe. Wipe Joints on Brass and Iron. Wiping Joints on Tin Pipe. Wipe Joint on Lead and Iron Pipe. To Make Tight Joints. Froze the Pipe to Wipe a Joint. Wiping Joints Without a Furnace. j What Breaks Wiped Joints? The Effect of a Jar on a Hot Wiped Joint. | Hard Solder to Resist Ammonia. What Caused the Joint to Break ? Strength of Joints in Lead Pipe. Good Wiping Solder. Durability of Coarse Solder. Plumbers' Paste. Cleaning Solder. The first article in the book is written by a practical plumber, and is illustrated from photographs representing the hands and tools when wiping joints in various positions. The second, by an expert joint wiper, is also illustrated from photographs, and will prove of great assistance to learners. Ample instructions are given on preparing the pipes previous to wiping the joints, with full descriptions of all tools and appliances used. The pamphlet, in short, gives all the assistance that a description of the work can furnish, and is the most practical and complete account of joint wiping that is published. 25 CENTS, POSTPAID. DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY, 2-32-238 William Street, New York. WE DEAL IN BOOKS RELATING TO All Branches of Mechanics AND PUBI^ISH The Metal Worker A PRACTICAL JOURNAL For Tinners, Roofers, Cornice "Workers, Plumbers and the Heating Trades SUBSCRIPTION IN UNITED STATES a year AND BRITISH AMERICA, $1.00 OTHER COUNTRIES 3,00 DAVID WILLIAMS COMPANY 332-238 William Street NEW YORK H td 90 -0 >-^ .<^. %S> -o.,* A <,. ♦'TV ♦ aV '^ . -9 "\5 J*^ • . ^o1 v-^* O^ 'o ,*' .'i^^.-'fe. co\*i;^'>o . <^. *•-<» 0* ,n> 'by '"''\<^ ;* ^K ev •: .^' ♦ o J** • .•<-• -■*. '.KiK^^-' . >- '"Ji.^ -'^mf.i^ .\y '* o.'^r^^'J' V *♦-'•'.««-' HECKMAN BINDERY INC. |a| €|. JAN90 W N. MANCHESTER f INDIANA 46962 v^.i— ' -^iA'. "»>..4 ^^.jg^'^-. ^^.^