Class Book.. S.Li6i ^1 ()opyright}J«_^__i3A COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. RUSSELL SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING FOR LEVELING AND BALANCING THE ACTION AND GAIT OF HORSES REMEDYING AND CURING THE DIFFERENT DISEASES OF THE FOOT SIXTH EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED A^T'ITH 500 ILLUSTRATIONS BY PROF. WILLIAM RUSSELL Practical Horseshoer CINCINNATI THE ROBERT CLARKE COMPANY 1901 L THF LI8RAWV OP ©ONGRCSa. Two CortE8 RECEivro DEC. 23 190t COPVRIOMT ENTRv CLASS O^ XXc No. COPY B. ' (JOPYRIGHT, 1899 By GEORGE B. RUSSELL Copyright, 1901 By prof. WILLIAM RUSSELL. C\V> \" [ copy:\ "The United States of America, by act of their Congrer.;;, have aiithorI;!ed The World's Columbian Commission, at the International Exhibition held in the City of Chicago, State of Illinois, in the year 1893, to decree a medal for specific merit which is set forth below, over the name of an individual judge acting as an examiner, upon the finding of a board of International Judges, to William Russell, Cincin- nati, Ohio. Exhibit: Horseshoes and Horseshoers' Tools. Award: Horseshoes — for extent and com- prehensiveness of Exhibit of Hand-made Horseshoes, of special design, intended to remedy defects in horses' feet, both natural and as the results of improper shoeing, and also to increase the speed of trotting and driving horses. Horseshoers' Tools — for Great Merit especially in the Foot Adjuster, which is very effective and simple, and enables the operator to so adjust the shoe as to perfectly eijualize its pressure to all parts of the foot." "~^^:^>J^- Cir^ciiuiati • Sni)ui?li'iaf « €|pOintioTU THE FIRST PREMIUM AWARDED TO WILLIAM RUSSELL AND SONS For Best Display of Hand-made Horseshoes, Remedying Defects in Horses' Feet, For Improvement in Horseshoe Iroyi, And for Morbid Specimens of Horses' Feet, Shotving Injuries sustained from Improper Shoeing. CHAS. F. WILSTACH, President, ABNER L. FRAZER. Secretary. At the Cincinnati Expositions have been awarded to Prof. Russell, as above, for the successive years of 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1883. 3iv5t l^r^^miun^jp • • Have also been awarded to Prof. Russell's displays wherever exhibited, notably at the TEXAS STATE FAIRS AND DALLAS EXPOSITIONS, IN 1889 AND 1890, FOB Best System of Scientific Horseshoeing, Best Display of Hand-made Horseshoes, And Best Display of Morbid Anatomical Specimens. INTERNA TIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1S~G. The United States Centennial Commission has examined the report of the Judges, and accepted the following reasons, and decreed an award in conformity therewith. Philadelphia, December 14, 1876. REPORT ON AWARDS. Product. HORSESHOES (Hand and Machine Made); also, HORSESHOE IRON. Name and Address of Exhibitor: WILLIAM RUSSELL, CINCINNATI, OHIO. The undersigned, having examined the product herein described, respectfully recommends the same to the United States Centennial Commission, for Award, for the following reasons, viz., A variety of shoes remedying defects in hoofs; also, patented rolled iron, for hand- shoe making. All highly meritorious. J. D. IMBODEN, [Sigriature of the Judge.] Approval of Group Judges. DANIEL STEINMETZ, CHAS. STAPLES, JULIUS DIEFENBACH, G. L. REED, DAV. McHARDY, J. BAIN. A true copy of the record. FRANCIS A. WALKER, Chief of the Bureau of Aivards. Given by authority of the United States Centennicd Commission. A. T. CWSHORN, Director General. J. L. CAMPBELL, J. R. HAWLEY, Secretary. President. ^ennc^^ee - Ccntcnniaf ♦ Cjpo^ition. AT NASHVILLE, 1897. AWARDED TO WILLIAM RUSSELL, CINCINNATI, OHIO. The Higheift and only Premium Given for The Best Exhibit of Hand-made Horseshoes And Horseshoers' Tools and Paraphernalia, Including a Most Complete Anatomical Museum Of the Horse's Feet and Legs, with Special Reference to the Diseases Caused From Unbalanced Feet and Improper Shoeing. GOLD MEDAL FROM NATIONAL CONVENTION OF HORSESHOERS^ IN PITTSBURG. This medal speaks for itself. I am the only borseshoer who has ever been awarded a gold medal by bis fellow borsesboers.. "W. R INTRODUCTION TO SIXTH EDITION. Since the publication of the Fifth Edition of my Treatise on Scientific Horseshoeing so many additional cases have come to my attention I have concluded to embody them with co- pious illustrations in a complete final work, to embrace all the important matter contained in the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Editions. I find that the farrier has become one of the progressives of modern science ; as time changes almost everything changes. I find there have been great changes made in the speed of horses. My experience has been that as the horse increases in speed he quickens his evolution. There are scarcely two speed horses shaped or gaited alike, consequently no two can be shod alike and do their w^ork with equal ease and comfort to themselves. The style and weight of shoes that would suit one horse would not be suitable for another. This fact has led me to invent and make many different styles and weight of shoes for speed horses. As I have so often said, no one man knows it all. The close observers never finisli learning in horsehoeing. The farriers can get good ideas from one another. I have traveled for the past twenty years, and shod horses in every state in the Union. Shod all grades of horses, from the ponderous Norman to the fleet-footed, thoroughbred race horse. I have talked with all the expert farriers, horsemen, trainers, and drivers on the subject of the different gaits of horses and the (xi) Xii INTRODUCTIOM TO SIXTH EDITION. different styles and weight of shoes to suit all kinds of soils of the tracks, and all agree with me that the hard track re- quires a different style of shoe than the soft, cuppy track. Tliere are cuts exhibited all through my book, to suit all o-rades of tracks and roads. To be successful, the driver should have three or four sets of shoes made and fitted to each horse, to carry along with him, to suit all conditions of tracks — the hard, the soft mud, and the sandy, cuppy soil. By so doing, he will be ready to race his horse at all times and sea- sons. The thin shell or wall should be shod with a thin, wide, web shoe ; the thick shell or wall can be shod with a narrower web shoe. The farrier, to be successful, must exercise good judgment in making and fitting shoes, to suit the thickness of the shell or wall and to suit the gait of the horse. The low-gaited horse in front and behind requires a thin shoe ; the horse with the high knee and hock action can be shod with a different style and weight of shoes. There are four qualifications for the speed horse to make him a money-winner : First, plenty of speed ; second, a hearty appetite ; third, stand plenty of hard work ; fourth, endurance. If the horse possesses these four qualifications, and is shod with a style and weight of shoes suitable to his gait, he is ready to start out to earn money for his owner. If the horse does not possess these four qualifications, the owner will save money by keeping him at home. The long-pastern horse needs to be shod in front and be- hind with long toes, while the short-pastern should be shod all around with short toes. I have made and invented shoes to suit all grades and classes of speed horses. In my judg- ment, horseshoeing is in its infancy. If a farrier shod a horse forty years ago to suit his gait, it was an accident. INTRODUCTION TO SIXTH EDITION. XUl Balance the feet and body, and every joint will work properly in its journals, and every muscle will move with its greatest 3'et most economical expenditure of force. The science of horseshoeing must be studied, the same as any other science, if you wish to become a successful farrier. I am indebted to Mr. S. T. Harris, of Cincinnati, the well- known authority on all subjects relating to the welfare of the horse, for his valuable assistance and suggestions opportunely given while I was pursuing the investigation of the principles of this work, and continuing through an association of more than forty years. Knee-Hitting and Its Causes. — First, locate the cause ; when that is removed, the effects will cease. There are cases that are very hard to overcome. I will call your attention to some of them : Splay-foot, or nigger-heel ; in some the pas- terns lean in ; some the knees lean in ; in others the chest is too narrow ; in some cases cross-firing, speedy-cutting. Some- times the cause is in the teeth. If the horse carries his head and neck to one side, it will unbalance the front part of the body. If the horse fight the bit in his mouth, the fault is in the teeth. I liave known cases where tlie horse was fighting the bit in the mouth, and pulling his head and neck to one side, and in his fast work was a chronic knee- hitter ; after having his teeth thoroughly treated and the sharp edges on them removed by a competent veterinary dentist, ho would carry his head and neck on a line with his body in his fast work, quit fighting the bit in his mouth, and never hit his knees afterwards. These were cases where the fault was in the mouth and teeth. Unbalanced feet and illy-constructed and badly-fitting shoes are sometimes the cause. I have called ' the attention of my readers to some of the IXTRODUCTION TO THE FOURTH EDITION. modern farriery he might leave, as a monument, a life work that would prove both instructive and useful to the horse com- munity. When the third edition of the present treatise was published he believed that he would not issue still another re- vised edition ; but his constant study of the subject and his interviews with the leading trainers and shoers and horse own- ers of this country have evolved so many valuable inventions and so much improvement in the treatment of chronic disorders that another edition has become absolutely imperative. The author trusts that the " fifth " edition will meet all re- quirements of being the latest standard authority on modern farriery. Prof. "William Russell. THE OBLIGATIONS OF MASTER FARRIERS TO THEIR APPRENTICES. The general course of training for an apprentice is as follows : First, he is taught to cut the clinchers and pull off the shoes. Second, to lay the clinchers down to the foot and finish the outer wall. Third, he must learn to pare the foot correctly and finally to drive the shoes on to the foot, lay the clinchers down, and finish the foot. This comprehends all the work of the floorsman. The proper duties of the man at the fire are next to be instilled into the apprentice. And here let me say that before an apprentice can become a successful firesman, he must have learned well the duties of the floorsman. He must, while learning his practical shop duties as floorsman and man at the fire, have acquired a sub- stantial knowledge of the anatomy of the foot and leg, and what- ever appertains to the theory of farriery ; for in the dressing and paring of the foot, as well as the making and driving of the shoe upon the prepared foot, lie all the qualifications required in a competent, practical farrier. So it stands to reason that the master farrier, in his responsibility to the apprentice, should show himself to be well-versed in all these matters, to be able to impart to him the necessary instruction upon the salient points in. farriery. Therefore, first of all, if an apprentice is to be trained, he must have a capable trainer. So, when an apprentice begins to serve his four years to learn horseshoeing, he must put himself into the hands of an intelligent, practical farrier. No man, who is not himself a practical, scientific farrier, should attempt to in- struct an apprentice. If he has not the necessary qualifications, the boy will spend his four years of apprenticeship largely in vain. The master will receive the services of the apprentice, but will not be able to afford him that training and education which, under (xivfl) Xiv^ OBLIGATIONS TO APPRENTICES. the law, he has obligated himself to give. The boy may have been ever so faithful in trying to learn his chosen trade, but at the end of his four years of service, he has not learned the rudi- ments of the science of horseshoeing, and could not pass an ex- amination as a farrier. The fault does not lie with the zealous boy, but with the incompetent man. There is a science in horseshoeing which has to be learned just the same as any other science. How can a school teacher instruct children successfully without, for instance, a sufficient knowledge of the alphabet? Every school teacher must pass an examination before a board of examiners appointed for that purpose, and re- ceive a certificate before teaching. In like manner, no individual can teach an apprentice the science of horseshoeing if he himself does not understand the x^rinciples of the science and the art of their application, that is, unless he is a master farrier. He must know how to pare the hoof and to prepare the foot, how to make and fit the shoe, and how to correctly drive the shoe onto the hoof so as to have the pressure equally distributed to all parts of the foot and leg. All this implies knowledge, practical knowl- edge. If the master does not possess this knowledge, certainly he cannot impart it to the apprentice. In the case of the school-teacher, after a thorough course of examinations, if the board believes the candidate possesses the necessary qualifications and knowledge to teach, a certificate to that effect is issued. In like manner, the qualifications of any one who would become a master farrier ought to be tested and shown before he is permitted to assume the position of a teacher. And now, gentlemen, this brings me to the point I wish to raise : Why should not laws be passed requiring the candidate to f :irriery to pass a j^roper examination as to qualification before he is permitted to open a farrier's shop? I hold that in this civilized country it is just as essential to have laws passed and enforced re- quiring an examination of men who profess to be practical and scientific horseshoers, to instruct the apprentice, as it is to re- OBLIGATIONS TO APPRENTICES. XIVC quire school-teachers to demonstrate by exainiiuitioii that they are fully qualified to teach their pupils. Any man presenting himself to the public as a competent horseshoer induces owners of horses to believe that he possesses a- general knowledge of the anatomy of the horse's foot and leg, and is fully qualified to practice his trade. With becoming pride, he puts over his shop a sign alleging that he is a "Scientific Horse- shoer." By his pretenses in this and other ways, he induces the owners of horses to bring them to him to be shod. NoAV, let us look the facts squarely in the face. If this man were compelled to go Ijefore a competent board, to be examined on scientific horseshoeing and on the anatomy of the horse's foot and leg, he would not know the meaning of the term, scientific horse- shoeing, nor could he explain anything about the anatomy or physiology of the foot or leg. Now, if a man does not have this knowledge hiinself , how in the name of common sense and reason can he impart such knowledge to an apprentice? He must first have both theoretical and practical knowledge of this kind, before he himself is competent to carry on his business, and certainly before he undertakes to instruct others. It must be rememljered that when a man begins to cut and dress a horse's hoof, and to nail shoes upon his foot, he is dealing with a living organism, full of vitality and feeling. It would be bad enough for a carpenter or wood-carver, wholly incompetent and uninstructed, to cut, rip and destroy insensil)le wood; but how much more so for an incompetent and unskilled person to cut, tear and wound the sensitive foot of a noble and faithful horse. If any one, who proposes to take up the business of horse- shoeing, will not voluntarily prepare himself by the necessary course of study and training, he should be compelled to do so, or should 1)6 forlDidden to ply his pretended trade at the expense of suffering to the poor horses that are intrusted to his care, and of in- jury to the property of their owners. I would suggest that laws should be passed in all the states providing for the appointment of a competent examining lioard of Xivd OBLIGATIONS TO APPRENTICES. farriers. These boards might be appointed by the governors, and should consist, say, of one veterinary surgeon and two competent, practical horseshoers. Then every man who desired to engage in the business of horseshoeing, and especially those who propose to take apprentices, should be required to appear before this board and pass a satisfactory examination for a certificate of qualifica- tion. In order to begin a movement of this kind without doing injustice to any one, the boards should be authorized to use con- siderable discretion in their examination of those already in the business. Of course it is well known that there are many men who, from long experience, being naturally intelligent, have made of themselves competent horseshoers, who could not do much in the way of passing an examination in the scientific technicalities of the business. They have not the knowledge of anatomical and scientific terms which would enable them to pass a credital^le written examination. But it will l^e easy for the board of exam- iners to satisfy themselves as to the competency of these men for their work by a series of shop tests. In this way their business need not be interfered with by such a law. There would be a question, however, about their receiving and training apprentices. While entirely capable to give to boys and young men a thorough training in the practical part of horse- shoeing, they would not be fitted to give them the necessary theoretical instruction in reference to the anatomy and physiology of the horse, and of his foot and leg. This difficulty, however, could be overcome by some provision for the apprentice to receive his theoretical instruction from some other source. All new candidates for the business of a farrier should be sub- jected to rigid examination, both by writing out answers to theo- retical questions and by practical shop tests. The board should have authority to look somewhat into the general character of can- didates as well as to examine into their special qualifications. Horseshoeing is a business that requires good judgment as well as theoretical and practical knowledge. Not only is the question of humanity to the horse to be considered, but also that of the OBLIGATIONS TO APPRENTICES. XWe horse's value to the owner. A man of l^ad judgment, or of dis- honest purpose, though practically competent, can cause great suf- fering to a horse and work great injury to his owner if he chooses to do so. Not only science, but conscientiousness, is necessary in the equipment of a common farrier. Now, I would urge all interested in this matter to get together and help to lift this question out of the mire in which it has been so long. I am constantly surprised to see so much jealousy exist- ing among farriers, and so little confidence shown in one another. No one who runs a horseshoeing shop can expect to hold all the horses he shoes from year to year. If one customer goes to some other shop, another customer will come from elsewhere to fill his place. What we need is to so perfect our profession that we may have confidence in one another. As soon as we reach this point, we will begin to prosper in our business, and the public will realize that if they would maintain the usefulness of their horses they will have to patronize only scientific farriers who will consci- entiously preserve the usefulness of their property. Let us get together. I think, first of all, we should get into touch with the Humane Society, and induce that organization to make it a part of its business to see that dumb animals are protected from cruelty and ill-usage in the horseshoer's shop as well as elsewhere. Few men shoe horses with the deliberate j)urpose of crippling them and de- stroying their usefulness for life. Yet this is being done every day, here in your city, and right under the eyes of the Humane Society. Go to the man that lamed the horse, and his excuse will be, "I did the best I know how." This does not excuse him, nor us, nor the owner of the horse, nor the Humane Society. Such incompetent men should not be allowed to shoe horses. Ignorance is no excuse before the law, and it should be no excuse before pub- lic opinion. One of the most competent agents of the Humane Society should be engaged to go from shop to shop and examine the work done. He will soon discover the man who is a scientific shoer, X'lvf OBLIGATIONS TO APPRENTICES. and will likewise find out the man who is a bungler and experi- menter. In this way all the cobblers in the city who cripple and injure horses may be listed, and could be driven out of the Ijusiness, being no longer permitted to cripple and inflict suffering upon man's best friend — the horse. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. A thing half done would be better not done at all. My experience is that a horse well shod is twice shod. The man who is successful in his lousiness is the man who gives strict attention to his business. The horseshoer who would succeed is compelled to give the same attention to his qualifications as is required of the bookkeej^er or the physician. Nature will not compromise with us in anyway. If we violate her laws, as incorporated in the foot of the horse, she will exact her penalty. Damage to the foot or leg requires valu- able time at least for repair. There may be recovery, and, in some cases, perfect restoration. But ignorant treatment of the horse's foot involves great risk. The law will not excuse ignorance, negligence or malicious- ness. Whenever a horse is brought to a shop to be shod, the master of that shop is liable, under the law, for all injuries the horse may receive there. If the horse is made lame by an igno- rant, incompetent shoer, the master farrier is held lial:)le for dam- age under the law ; the same is true if he is lame through careless- ness on the part of the shoer; is likewise liable if the shoer ma- liciously and willfully injures the horse out of spite and hatred to the owner or to the master of the shop. For the reasons just named, it is to the interest of every master horseshoer to employ only the best skilled and scientific journey- men, and we ought to co-operate to drive all the cobblers and amateurs out of the business. A good, careful, scientific shoer, who works for the interest of his employer, is cheap at any reason- able wages, while a half-way cobbler is a dear man at any price. My custom has always been to hire the best men going, regardless of wages. No man who shoes horses can retain a reputation as a skillful, competent farrier, save by shoeing horses in a workman- OBLIGATIONS TO APPRENTICES. XIV^' like manner. The owner of the horse should never consider the question of how cheap he can have liis horse shod, but how well can it be done. If the horse is lamed by poor shoeing, the own^r not only loses his service, but he becomes a bill of expense, for there is the cost of feeding, a veterinary ])ill, and the cost of an- other horse to take his place. Now, gentlemen, let me say in conclusion, we all have suffered enough in this matter. Let all of us who shoe horses come to- gether and be as one man in heart and mind. Let by-gones be by-gones. Let all past jealousies and rivalries go, never to be resurrected. As Longfellow says, "Let the dead Past bury its dead." Let us get together and be true to one another. Fix a schedule of prices such as each member of the organization can agree upon. Then stand by your j)rices like good, honest men. There is a living in your business for you all, and those that stand firmest for honest prices are those who do most to make the busi- ness successful and prosperous. You all know that horseshoeing is hard work, and that every man who shoes horses is entitled to good i^ay, both for his hard labor and his knowledge. I feel as- sured that if you will all take the good advice I have given you, not one of you need fear the results. Fix your prices and stand by them like honest men. By so doing you will command the respect of the community at large, and there is not a man within the sound of my voice l3ut wants to be respected among the Ijest classes of his, fellow citizens. OBSERVATIONS ON THE TRAINING AND RESPONSIBIL- ITIES OF FARRIERS. I can conceive of nothing more painful to a humane and thoughtful mind than the intense, long-continued, and helx^less suffering that the unskilled and careless farrier so often inflicts on man's patient, mute, and therefore uncomplaining, friend, the horse, by sending a nail tearing through the keenly sensitive nerves of his foot. A human being with a nail in his foot can go to a physician, or at least can make the trouljle known, and have something done to relieve the pain. If a gravel-stone, or other hard substance, gets into his shoe, he can remove it. If the shoe pinches, or otherwise hurts, it can be laid aside and the foot rested, or another shoe put on in its place. Now, suppose that, without the power of speech, without the ability to remove this shoe, some other being would thus injure a man's foot, would force on a shoe too tight, or otherwise badly fitting and hurtful, and should so fasten it that it could not be removed, what suffer- ing he would endure, what sympathy would be aroused for him, what efforts would l^e made for his relief, what laws would l^e passed and enforced to prevent and punish such inhumanity 1 But the sufferings of the poor animal, whose services are so closely connected with the toils, the pleasures, even the development, of our race, are seldom even thought of. Indeed, a majority of persons seem to think that a horse's foot is only a hard, horny m.ass, without capacity for pain or feeling, that may be hacked, pared, burned, nailed and mutilated at will by any apprentice or other person who chooses to claim ability enough to fasten a piece of iron to what he seems to consider a? a mere piece of inanimate matter. This is a great mistake. The horse's foot is a beautiful structure, highly organized, containing nerves, blood-vessels, delicate joints, and other organs and mechanism, whose arrange- (xiv/i) TRAINING AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FARRIERS. Xivi ment, plan, and purpose should be, at least in joart^ known by the farrier, and he is not fit for his work if he does not know some- thing of this. And if he will not voluntarily study and learn this, he should be compelled to do so, or be forbidden to ply his pretended trade. A certain amount of professional training and knowledge should be made necessary, and compulsory, by the legislatures of every state in the Union ; nay, by every law-making power of the world. Why should not schools for the training and education of farriers be established, and a diploma, or the certifi- cate of some competent examining board, as evidence of a certain amount of knowledge of the subject, be required, before a farrier should be allowed to j^ractice on the living, innocent, helpless animal? And why is this not as necessary to prevent the needless destruction and damage to property, as to prevent cruelty to dumb animals? How many horses are either temporarily injured, hope- lessly ruined, or prematurely killed by the unskillfulness and carelessness complained of! In my opinion, most of the horses of this country do not live out half their days of usefulness on this account. But there are already some considerations that it would be ■well for all farriers, either pretended or real, to bear in mind. It is a well-recognized principle of law, that a person holding himself out to the world as a person of sufficient skill to do certain things is liable for all damages resulting from his want of such skill as he has led those employing him to think he possesses. Thus, a man holding himself out to the world as a surgeon would be liable for all damages to a person who employs him, for instance, to set a broken arm, if, from the want of reasonable skill as a surgeon, he should so set the broken limb that it should thereafter be crooked, or partly or wholly disabled, on account of such bad set- ting. So a blacksmith, who claims to be a farrier, would be liable to the owner of a horse which such smith should injure, lame, or ruin, l)y reason of his want of skill as a farrier. There is another reason that should make an unskillful far- Xivy TRAIXIXG AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF FARRIERS. rier cautious about carelessly inflicting such torture on a poor, helpless animal intrusted to his care. The subject of cruelty to animals is one that is well worthy of, and is exciting, the attention of not only all persons who have any feeling, l)ut also of state legislatures and other law-making bodies. Why should the man who inflicts temjDorary pain to a horse, by the momentary use of a whip, or in some such passing way, be punished, while he who inflicts lasting torture, by his criminal bungling, goes scot free? I believe that the law to pre- vent cruelty to animals api^lies to these latter persons even more strongly than to the former. In conclusion, I would urge upon all persons interested in that noblest of animals, the horse, to help awaken and develop a feeling and sentiment that will call for the establishment of training-schools for instruction similar to those for surgical, medical, and pharmaceutical purposes, and to secure the passage of such laws as will prevent the ignorant and incompetent bunglers from either carelessly or otherwise torturing and damaging horses, as has so frequently been done in the past. Sec. 3721. Interpretation of certain words. In this chapter, and in every law of the state relating to or in any manner afl^ect- ing animals, the word "animal" shall be held to include every living dumb creature; the words "torture," "torment," and "cruelty" shall be held to include every act, omission, or neglect, whereby unnecessary or unjustifiable pain or suffering is caused, permitted, or allowed to continue, when there is a reasonable remedy or relief ; and the words "owner" and "person" shall be held to include corj)orations ; and the knowledge and acts of agents, employes of corporations, in regard to animals transported, owned, employed by, or in the custody of a corporation, shall be held to be the act of such corporation. Ignorance, negligence, or malice is no excuse of the law. TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV TABLE OF CONTENTS. PACK. Portrait of Author i i Diploma, Cincinnati Industrial Exposition v ]\Iedals and Kkport on Aavards, Centennial Commission vii Medals and Awards, World's Coll':mbian Exposition viii Tennessee Centennial Exposition x Introduction to Fourth Edition xi Preface to Fourth Edition xiii List of Illustrations xxi CHAPTER I. The Horse in General. Judging the Useful Qualities of Horses 25 The Ideal Horse 26 Light Horses 2(> ■Symmetrical Qualities 27 Judging Action 28 Structural Examination 29 Muscular Development 29 Front Limbs ",0 Feet and Legs 31 The Trunk :51 Hind Limbs ::J2 CHAPTER 11. Bones of the Horse. The Trunk 33 The Limbs 33 The Bones in Detail 34 The Bones Enumerated 35 The Skeleton Described 37 CHAPTER III. The Foot and Locomotory Apparatus. The Subject Defined 38 Motion in General 38 The Limbs in General 39 The Foot in General 39 Bones at the Foot 40 Xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. The Pedal or Coffin-bone 40> Bones and their Articulations 41 Ligaments and Lubricants 41 Muscles of the Foot and Leg 42 Soft Tissues 43 Sensitive Tissues 44 Circulation of the Foot 45 Nerve Supply 4& Horny Tissues 46 The Wall, the Sole, the Frog 47 Development of the Hoof 48 Importance of the Subject , 49 Colored Plates, with Anatomical Sections, described 50- Queries and Ansvpers, Outlining the Anatomy of the Foot 63 CHAPTER IV. Pkactical Horseshoeing — Science, Art and Common Sense. Prof. Eussell in His Study 67 Necessity of Shoeing 68- Past and Present 69 Important to Horsemen 70 Essential Knowledge 71 Condensed Anatomy 72 The Center of Gravity 73- Emphasizing the Facts 74 Variation of Feet 75 The Angle of Incidence 75 What Rule to go by 75 How to get on in the Work 76 Farriers' Tools 76- Russell's Scientific Foot Adjuster 77 The Adjuster Applied— for Leveling and Balancing the Foot 77 Other Mechanical Aids 77 Method of Procedure 78 Different Kinds of Feet 81 The Natural Model 81 Rational Shoeing 82 Fundamental Principles 82 Securing the Levels 83 Maintaining the Balance 83 Preparing the Foot for the Shoe 83 " Opening up the Heels " 84 Indefensible Practices 85 Thinning out the Sole 85 Trimming the Frog 85 Weight of the Shoe 86 F^orm of the Shoe 88 Setting the Shoe 88 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XVll PAGE. 88 Hot and Cold Fitting ^^ Adaptation of the Shoe ' ' ^^ Fullering and Punching. • ' ^^^ Concerning the Nails • ^^c, Driving the Nails ,,2 The Finished Work gg Sizes and Uses of Nails CHAPTER V. Shoeing Young Horses— Action and Gait. ..103a Practical Balance of Foot and -Leg ^^oj A Cause of Unbalanced Feet - 104: Condition of Action ^qc- Care Bestowed in Colthood ' ' ' ^^j. First Trial of Shoes ' ' ' ' ' ^q,. Modifications of Action ' ' ^q,,. Care of Horses' Mouths 108 Handling Young Horses ' ' ^^^ Determining the Gait ^-^^ Regulating the Gait ^ . . 110 Balancing the Action 112 The Useful Gait CHAPTER VT. Special and General Shoeing. 114 Different Kinds of Feet ^^^ The Running or Galloping Horse ^^„ The Trotting Horse ; , , o Records of Champion Trotters from 1806 to 1894 • • • • |^^ The Pacing Horse ' ' ' ' ^21 The Racking Horse ' . . 122 The General Purpose Horse ^^^ The Draft Horse -^27 Frog Pressure j9g Proportions of the Hoof ^29 Resetting the Shoes ..... 130 Gait of Speed Horses CHAPTER VII. Lameness and Diseases op the Foot. 131 Pathological Shoeing y^^ Causation of Diseases ' ' ' ' ' ^o^ Locating the Lameness. 136 Laminitis or Founder -^^j Primary or Passive Stage ^^j Acute Stage— Villitis 138 Chronic or Violent Stage -^^^ Complications of Laminitis-Dropped Sole ■ ^^^^ Peditis, Periostitis, Suppuration • • • " ' ^^^ Seedy Toe. XVIU TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Complications of Laminitis — Drojiped Sole 141 Peditis, Periostitis, Suppuration 142 Seedy Toe 143 Dished Foot 146 Side Bones (Ossified Cartilages) 147 Parallel of Normal and Abnormal Leg Bones 148 Hot Fitting, ClijiS and Spurs 151 Contraction ...,....., 154 Toe Cracks 159 Quarter Cracks IGl Corns 163 Navicular Disease 1 65 Kaised or Twisted Coronet 1G8 Another Example of Peditic Disorganization 170 Dished-whcel Foot 17Q Wheeled Foot 173 Defective Ankle Joints or Knuckling 174 Knee Sprung 176 Curb ^ 178 Bone Spavin 180 Bog Spavin 181 Canker 181 Foot Pot or Seedy Toe 182 Broken Bars 185 Lameness and Diseases of the Foot 186 Abnormal Feet .... 188 CHAPTER A^IIL Faults of Structure axd Actiox. Regulated or Restricted by Shoeing 198 Faulty Positions of the Limbs and Feet 200 Care of the Foot from Colthood 204 Splay Foot— Knee Hitting 205 Forging or Clicking 208 Speedy Cutting 211 Ankle, Shin and Knee Cutting 212 Sprains of the Tendons 213 Elbow and Arm Cutting 214 Adjustable Toe Weight 214 More about Ankle, Shin and Knee Hitting 216 Speed Shoes 217 Shoes for Quarter Crack 221 Bate of Speed of Trotters and Pacers 225 TABLE OF CONTENTS. xix CHAPTER IX. Specific and Remedial Shoeing. page. Its Purpose and Scope Delineated 227 Centennial Shoe, No. 1 229 Centennial Shoe, No. 2 230 Centennial Shoe, No. 3 230 Raised Spring Shoe 231 Scooped Toe Rolling- ^Motion Shoe 232 " Goldsmith Maid " Bar Shoe 233 Shoe to Prevent Forging, etc 233 Non-paddling Shoe 234 Rolling Motion Shoe, No. 1 235 Rolling Motion Shoe, No. 2 236 Shoe to Prevent Stumbling 236 Toe AVeight Shoe 23S Improved Toe Weight Shoe 238 Turn-Table Shoe 239 Common-Sense Shoe 240 Side Weight Shoe 242 Rolling-Motion Shoe on Foot 242 Shoes for Draft Horses 243 Shoe to Prevent Paddling, Cutting, etc 244 Shoe for Bruised Heels, Corns, etc 244 Shoe to Balance and Slow Action of Trotting Horses 245 Shoe for Track and Road Horses 2t6 Shoe for Ankle Hitting 246 Shoe to Widen Action , 247 Side- Weight Shoe to Equalize t' lo Wearing 248 Shoe to Prevent Ankle Cutting 248 Shoe for Curb, Spavin and Sore Tendons 249 Shoe to Prevent Bruising and Calking 250 Shoe to Prevent Twisting 250 Shoe for Wheeled Foot 251 Scooped-Toe Rolling Motion Shoe 252 Shoe for Line Trotters, to Prevent Scalj^ng 252 Bar Shoe, for Line Trotters 253 Easp-Cut Shoe to Prevent Slipping •. 253 Rasp-Cut Shoe to Prevent Slipping 254 Raised Split-Bar Shoe for Contraction', etc 254 Scooped-Toe Grab Shoe 255 Center Bearing Double Rolling-Motion Bar Shoe 255 Scooped-Toe Grab Shoe for Speedy Cutting 256 Scooped Grab-Toe Bar Shoe 256 Three-quarter Shoe 257 Shoes for Sprained Tendons (five views) 258 Spreading Shoe (two views) 260 Shoe to Prevent Dragging and Forging 261 Shoe to Prevent Ankle Hitting ' 261 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Use and Abuse of Tips 262 Sharpening or "Winter Shoeing 263 All About Calks 264 Bracing or Crutch Shoes 264 Knuckling Shoes 269 Hitching, its Cause and Cure 288 Leg and Foot Tester 291 CHAPTER X. A Tableau op Horseshoes and Tools. No. 1 . Case and Description of Farrier's Tools 296 No. 2. Case and Description of Shoes 298 \ Showing a progressive No. 3. Case and Description of Shoes 300 I series of 170 different No. 4. Case and Description of Shoes 302 j patterns of old and new No. 5. Case and Description of Shoes 304 / styles for all purposes. A Case of Fine Horseshoes, made by Prof. Wm. Russell 306 Russell's Scientific Foot and Heel Adjusters 31 1 Russell's Hand A^ise for Hot Filing and Foot Testers 311 CHAPTER XL Useful Prescriptions. Cleansing the Feet 314 Foot Salve, for Various Diseases, Wounds, etc 314 Liniment for Inflammations 316 Caustic Wash for General Purposes 316 AVitch Hazel Wash 317 CHAPTER XII. Valuable Hints to Farriers. Maud S's Stride 318 Jay Gould's Stride 32& Natural Trotters 328 Cross-firing 330 Splay Foot 332 Pigeon Toe 332 The Line Trotter 333 Hitching and Hopping 335 Outline of the Horse 338 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Model Light Horse 24 2. Skeleton of the Horse 36 3. Bones of the Foot 50 4. Muscles, Tendons, Ligaments and Joints of Leg and Foot 51 5. Median Section of Leg and Foot from Base to Knee 52 6. Side of Foot with Hoof removed showing the Lamina? 53 7. Front of Foot with Hoof removed showing the Laminae 54 8. Internal Structures of Left Fore Foot — outer side 55 9. Internal Structures of Left Fore Foot — inner side 56 10. Internal Structures of Left Fore Foot — front 57 11. Internal Structures of Left Fore Foot — back 58 12. Plantar Face of Coffin-bone and Insertion of Tendon 59 13. Plantar Reticulum — with Veins, Nerves, etc 60 14. Velvety Tissue or Sensitive Sole and Plantar Cushion 61 15. Inside View of Perfect Hoof 62 16. Bed Plate of Russell's Foot Adjuster 94 17. Side View of Adjuster 94 18. Front View of Adjuster 94 19. Back View of Adjuster 95 20. Russell's Leveling Plate 95 21. Compass for Spanning the Hoof, etc 95 22. Position of Foot for Examination 96 23. Sole or Lower Face of Perfect Foot Leveled, etc 97 24. Upper Face of Perfect Foot 98 25. Side of Perfect Leg and Foot Leveled and Balanced 99 26. Transverse Section of Foot and Leg 100 27. Front Foot Shoe for General Purposes 101 28. Side of Perfect Foot Properly Shod as directed 102 29. Full Size Section of Perfect Hoof— showing Natural Proportions — with Shoe Properly Nailed in Position 103 30. Racing Plate for Running Horses 116 31. English Seated Shoe for Saddle Horses 122 32. Front Foot Shoe for Draft Horses 126 33. Hind Foot Shoe for Draft Horses 126 34. Median Section of a " Foundered " Foot 139 35. Front Foot Shoe for Dropped Flat or Weak-Soled Feet 140 36. Side of Hoof with Shoe Sprung off the Heel 141 37. Bottom View of same Hoof 141 38. Coffin-bone Distorted by Laminitis and Peditis 142 39. Specimen of Seedy Toe 143 XXli LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. 40. Another Example of Seedy Toe 144 41. The Same Hoof Straightened on One Side 145 42. Dished Foot and Dropped Sole 146 43. Side Bone or Ossified Cartilage 147 44. Hoof from which Fig. 43 was taken 147 45. Normal Position of Foot and Leg Bones 148 46. Abnormal Position of same 148 47. Outside Appearance of Side Bones 150 48. Hoof of Draft Horse with Spur Inside 151 49. Bottom of same Hoof showing Contraction, etc 152 50. Median Section of Hoof showing Spurs, etc 152 51. Upper Face of Coffin-bone worn by Spur, etc 153 52. Contracted Hoof 155 53. Lower P'ace of Same Hoof 155 54. Median Section of Foot showing Effects of Contraction 156 55. Mule's Hoof Overgrown and Contracted 158 56. Mule Shoe 158 57. Toe Crack in Hoof Properly Dressed 159 58. Quarter Crack in Hoof Properly Dressed and Shod 161 59. Bottom of Hoof Properly Shod for Quarter Crack 162 60. Inside of Hoof showing Toe Corns 104 61. Navicular Disease as Indicated by the Hoof 166 62. Navicular Bone Diseased (one half size) 166 63. Bar Shoe for Navicular Disease 167 64. Raised Coronet as seen from Back of Hoof 169 65. Peditis, or Chronic Laminitis shown by Abnormal Hoof 170 66. Median Section of same Hoof showing Structural Changes 171 67. Back View of Hoof showing Dished Quarter and Curled Heel 172 68. Side View of Another Dished Foot 173 69. Side View of Wheeled Foot 174 70. Knuckling or Defective Ankle Joint 174 71 . Shoe to Prevent and Cure Knuckling 175 72. Position of Leg when Knee Sprung 176 73. Hind Leg, Showing Curb 179 74. Same, Bandaged and Shod 179 75. Hoof with Seedy Toe, Shod 184 76. Section of Hoof Affected with Seedy Too 184 77. Disease of Coronet 186 78. Healthy Foot Covered by Swab 187 79. Felt Swab 188 80. Perfect Front Foot 188 81. Cofhn Bone — Lateral View of Correct Position 189 82. High Toe 190 83. Coffin Bono in Case of High Toe 190 84. High Heels 191 85. Coffin Bone in Case of High IIcols 191 86. Coffin Bone— Vertical , 192 87. Coffin Bone— out of Vertical 192 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXUl PAGE. 88. Perfect Front Limb and Foot 193 89. Front Limb and Toe — Pointing 193 90. Result of High Heel 194 91. Foot Properly Pared 195 92. Foot after Being Bandaged and Shod 196 93. Soaking Tub 197 94. Faulty Positions of Hind Legs (side view) 200 95. Faulty Positions of Hind Legs (back view) 201 96. Correct Positions of Hind Legs (side view) 202 97. Faulty Positions of Fore Legs (front view) ." 202 98. Faulty Positions of Fore Legs (front view) 203 99. Correct Positions of Fore Legs ( front and side ) 203 100. Shoe for Splay Foot and Chronic Knee Hitters 208 101. Shoe for the Relief of Sore Tendons, etc 213 102. Adjustable Toe Weight (side view) 215 103. Adjustable Toe Weight (ground tread) 215 104. Front Foot Shoe, for Ankle or Shin Hitting 216 105. Hind Foot Shoe, for ankle or Shin Hitting 216 106. Bar Shoe for Wide IMovement 217 107. Record Breaker Front Shoe 218 108. Record Breaker Hind Shoe 218 109. Record Breaker— Grab Shoe 219 110. Improved Grab Shoe 220 111. Shoe for Quarter Crack Set on Well-balanced Foot 221 112-113. Variations of same 222 114. Quarter Crack Shoe Set on Foot 223 115. Side View of Foot Shod for Quarter Crack 224 116. Shoe for Quarter Crack 225 117. Centennial Shoe, No. 1 229 118. Centennial Shoe, No. 2 230 119. Centennial Shoe, No. 3 231 120. Raised Spring Bar Shoe 231 121. Scooped-Toe Rolling-Motion Shoe 232 122. " Goldsmith Maid " Bar Shoe 233 123. Shoe to Lessen Knee Action, Prevent Forging, etc 233 124. Non-Paddling Shoe 234 125. Rolling-Motion Shoe, No. 1, for Knee Sprung, Sore Tendons, etc 235 126. Rolling-Motion Shoe, No. 2 236 127.. Front Foot Shoe to Prevent Stumbling, etc 236 128. Front Foot Toe-Weight Shoe to Balance Action 238 129. Improved Toe-Weight Shoe 238 130. Front Foot Turn-Table Shoe, for Various Diseases 239 131. Double Roller Shoe 240 132. Common-Sense Four-Calk Shoe, for Faulty Movements 241 133. Front Foot Side-Weight Shoe, for Ankle or Knee Hitting 242 134. Side of Foot with Roller Motion Shoe 242 135. Front Foot Shoe for Draft Horse 243 136. Front Foot Shoe for Draft Horse 243 XXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE. 137. Non-paddling Shoe, Ankle and Shin Cutting 244 138. Shoe for Bruised and Ulcered Heels, Corns, etc 244 139. Shoe to Balance and Slow Action of Trotters 245 140. Shoe for Track and Eoad Horses 246 141. Shoe for Extreme Cases of Ankle and Knee Hitting 246 142. Shoe to Widen the Action Behind 247 143. Hind Foot Side-Weight Shoe 248 144. Hind Foot Shoe for Ankle Cutting 248 145. Shoe for Curb, Spavin and Sore Tendons 249 146.. Shoe to Prevent Bruising or Calking the Coronet 250 147. Shoe with Calkins to Prevent Twisting 250 148. Shoe for Wheeled Foot 251 149. Scooped-Toe Eolling Motion Shoe 252 150. Shoe for Line Trotters to Prevent Scalping 252 151. Bar Shoe for Line Trotters 253 152. Rasp-Cut Bar Shoe to Prevent Slipping 253 153. Rasp-Cut Scooped-Toe Grab Shoe 254 154. Raised Split-Bar Shoe for Contraction, etc 254 155. Scoop-Toe Grab Shoe ; 255 156. Center-Bearing Double Rolling-Motion Bar Shoe 255 157. Scooped-Toe Grab Shoe to Prevent Speedy Cutting 256 158. Scooped Grab-Toe Bar Shoe to Prevent Slipping 256 159. Three-quarter Spring Tongue Shoe for Sand Cracks, etc 257 160. Shoe on Hoof for Sprained Tendons, Wounds, etc 258 161. Modified Form of Same Shoe 258 162. Ground Surface of Shoe, Fig. 160 259 163. Ground Surface of Shoe, Fig. 161 259 164. Foot Bearing Surface of Shoe, Figs. 161 and 163 259 165. Ground Surface of Spreading Shoe 260 166. Foot Bearing Surface of Same Shoe 260 167. Shoe to Prevent Dragging and Forging 261 168. Shoe to Prevent Ankle Hitting 261 169. Right Front Bracing Shoe 264 170. Left Front Bracing Shoe 265 171. Split Bar Shoe 265 172. Broad Bar Beveled Shoe 266 173. Left Hind Shoe 266 174. Shoe to Correct Cutting Inside Point of Toe 267 175. Shoe to Prevent Ankle Hitting 268 176. Same 268 177. Illustration of Knuckling 269 178-179. Shoe to Prevent Knuckling 270 180-181. Shoes for Inner and Outer Contraction 271 182-183. Anti-dragging Shoe Set on Foot 272 184. Half Bar Shoe for Contraction of Outside Heels and Quarters 273 185. Side View of Heel and Quarter 274 186. Front Foot Shoe, to Prevent Slipping on Brick and Granite Streets. . 275 187. Front Foot Shoe for Thin Shell or Wall 276 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXV PAGK 188. Front Foot Four Calked Shoe, to Quicken Foot Action 276 189. Front Foot Shoe for Pacer 277 190. Hind Foot Shoe, to Stop Cross-firing 277 191. Rim Shoe, to Lengthen Stride 278 192. Rim Shoe, to Shorten and Quicken Stride 279 193. Rim Shoe, to Regulate the Stride 279 194. New Design of Running Plate 280 195. Rim Shoe, to Quicken Foot Action 280 196. Four Calked Shoe, to Quicken Foot Action 281 197. Hind Shoe for Hock Action 281 198. Heel Weight Shoe 282 199. Front Shoe, to Prevent Knee-hitting 283 200. Front Foot Shoe for Side Bones 283 201. Ice Shoe 285 202. Padding and Knee-hitting Shoe 286 203. Case No. 1 . Improved Tools for Scientific Horseshoeing 296 204. Case No. 2. Description of Shoes 298 205. Case No. 3. Description of Shoes 300 206. Case No. 4. Description of Shoes 302 207. Case No. 5. Descripli'Mi of Shoes 304 208. A Case of Fine Horseshoes, by Prof. Wm. Russell .306 210. Prof. Russell's Hospital Case 307 211. The Twentieth Century Case 308 212. Gold Medal, Awarded to Prof. Wm. Russell, at Pittsburgh, Pa., 1899. 309 213. Case of Tools, Microscopical Size, Made from Russell's Perfect Horse- shoe Nails 310 214. Russell's Foot Adjuster 311 215. Russell's Heel Adjuster 311 216. Russell's Hand Vise for Hot Rasping Shoes. 312 217. Russell's Foot Testers 312 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. CHAPTER I. THE HORSE I¥ GENERAL. JUDGING THE USEFUL QUALITIES OF LIGHT HORSES. At the present day, when the horse is so universally em- ployed, and when, as a rule, each description of work is per- formed by an animal having qualities especially adapted for it, most men claim to be familiar with the general characteristics that distinguish or mark the several types of horses, but few are really qualified to make an accurate discrimination between them, or have the ability to recognize or to judge knowingly of the " points " of a horse when it confronts them. This demands a close study of the useful qualities of a horse in all his spheres of labor, as well as a close knowledge of his vices, defects, and relative soundness in all parts, and implies the possession of ripe experience, extensive observation, and intimate acquaintance with the ideals that guide breeders in the countless shiftings of their work to suit the varying dictates of utility and fashion. These attainments are rare and difficult possessions. Previous., therefore, to making a critical examination of the organs and functions of locomotion, in their relation to shoeing, which is in- tended to be the main theme of this book, it is best to take a preliminary view of the horse at large, that will, by a natural and easy process, lead to a discussion of the details of the subject. (25) 26 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Ideal Horse. — The ideal type of horse is the blending to- gether of a great many, and this may account for the divergence of opinion respecting it, for it is only ideal in the minds of some ; each see in part and contribute their observation, and the ideal type becomes evolved; and it is in knowing this type that the skill of the judge is displayed. Light Horses. — It is by patient labor that great works are accomplished, and this applies with much force and truth to the American method of breeding and training young horses to-day. The trotting horse is distinctively America's national horse and par excellence the light roadster of the world, and has been evolved from the thoroughbred and draft horse in a period of less than one hundred years, until now he stands the product of the highest and most perfect development of grace, speed, and nervous animal force. The light horses of America may be said to be included mostly under three heads — the roadster, carriage, and cob ; and basing this division on the sphere in which each of the types act, we find the trotter the pure bred prototype of the roadster, the coach breeds of Europe bearing the same rela- tion to the carriage horse of every-day occupation, and the hack- ney the progenitor of the cob. The qualities that have the highest value in the roadster are speed, stamina, and style; speed at the trotting gait, and the talent of making a pleasing display. Such a horse must have a free and easy way of going, with a spirited and graceful move- ment. The typical roadster has a well-balanced stride and a high-headed straight movement that wastes no eftbrt or time. He is not a light horse, nor a heavy one, but has the deep chest, round barrel and long-drawn quarters, chiseled limbs, tense mus- cles, dense clean bone, lean tendons, and refined appearance ob- servable among the best turf campaigners. The prominent peculiarities of the carriage horse may be grouped as style, size, and substance. The sphere of the car- THE HORSE IN GENERAL 27 riage horse is ditferent from the roadster, and the type is tall, with a muscular, large-boned, up and outstanding attitude, having the appearance of style aud a comparatively slow movement. The cob is the counterpart of the hackney in the common current of horse life, distinguished by the series of beautiful curves that define the outline. The rotundity of the rib and the plump muscular quarters and arched molding of the neck are influential features in producing the appearance. In movement, the spirit, dash, and striking muscular action of the knees and hocks impress the beholder with the style it displays and the appearance of graceful effort without corresponding speed. These dift'erent types embrace also what might be said here in description of the difierent forms, and include in a general way the three points of size, symmetr}^ and substance. The carriage horse should be sixteen hands, the cob fifteen hands two inches, and the roadster has no recognized limits. It is hard to say to what degree size adds to a horse's value. Speed does not seem to be always an associate of size, but as the market runs it would be advisable to give it some consideration in the roadster classes. Symmetrical Qualities. — The proportions of a horse for symmetry should be such as to make a well-balanced wdiole. The trotter has a proportion of parts peculiarly its own, and likewise the other types, and any deviation from these should be considered. The substance of a horse is not solely related to weight. It is a consideration bearing on power and endurance ; the density of bone, curve of muscle, and development of the vital organs are the chief concern, and durability as connected with these qualities is of prime importance to all horses. The term, good or high quality, as applied to horses, is understood to refer to clean-cut features, glove-like skin, silky hair, and firm, clean bone and tendons; these are evidences of good 28 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. healthy organization and valuable indications of power under hard strains of usage. Judging Action. — To form a correct idea of the action of a horse, it is necessary to observe it from the front, at the sides, and behind. As he squares away from you, the width and straiglitness of the movement may be noticed. An outward swing to the hind hmbs, as well as a dishing in of the front action, is to be discountenanced. As the horse comes toward you, the smoothness of action is made apparent. A wide chest is usually connected with a rolling motion that gives a horse an awkward method of moving. From a side view, it is easy to observe if the action is balanced, and the knee action can be noted. A stiff' knee action may indicate speed when it is rapid and gliding, but it is hard on the fore legs. The front action should be such as to give the limbs the appearance of unfolding gradually and steadily reaching out to cover as much ground as possible. Many horses have an easy, pleasant knee action, but the fault lies in the slowness of recovery. In the action of the hind limbs, the style and hock movement should be observed. Horses that are long-backed or weak-loined have a dwelling action behind that is unpleasing and detracts from their speed. If there is any thing the matter with the joints of a horse, it is quickly disclosed by the irregularity of their action. Most in- firmities have a distinct influence on the regularity of the move- ment. The walk is also of great importance in considering the action. The horse should carry his head well up and his step should be lightly measured and deliberate, his feet being lifted clear of the ground and placed down evenly. The hind and fore limbs should work in unison, with an elastic, nervy move- ment that lifts some of the soil with every step. The flexion of the hocks should be free and straight, throwing the hind feet well under the body. THE HORSE IN GENERAL. 29 Structural Examination. — The chief aim of a critical structural examiuation is to discover blemishes and any un- soundness of "wind or limb." It is of equal importance to recognize the conformation that gives rise to these diseases. The conformation favorable to the various diseases should be as familiar to the horse critic as the appearance of the diseases. The structural examination should begin at the head and extend over all regions systemat- ically, so that no parts may be overlooked. The shape of the head and the expression of the countenance add to the beauty and tell much of the mind and disposition of a horse. When the line from the poll to the point of the nose is almost straight, it contributes greatly to the beauty of a horse's head. The nostrils should be widely expanded, as indicating well-devel- oped respiratory organs. The features of the face should be dis- tinct, the muzzle fine, with breadth enough between the eyes to give a pleasing, docile, sensible appearance, and to mark the in- dication of brain development. A large, bright, clear, full eye reflects a kind, courageous disposition, with plenty of staying power or stamina at the bottom. Active and slightly pointed ears are indicative of unimpaired hearing and an energetic dis- position. A lithe, distinctly-lined neck is one of the most pleasing and taking features of a handsome horse. It begins with a light throttle and swells smoothly into the shoulders. The wind-y)ipe stands out large and distinct below, while above, the crest gives a fuller curve and more muscular development to the part. The chest should be deep rather than broad, as giving equal capacity while permitting the free play of the shoulder- blade on the body. The floor of the chest should be low be- tween the fore legs, and of good length from the point of the chest to that of the elbow. Muscular Development. — The formation of the shoulders has much to do with the elasticity and quickness of the front 3U SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. action. The length and obliquity of the shoulder-blades are the influential features. A long shoulder-blade implies long mus- cles, and these possess the greatest elasticity. Short and heavy muscles are productive of power at the expense of speed. Up- right shoulders result in a short, stilted front action, while slop- ing shoulders give the leg a far-reaching motion. Horses of this conformation carry their heads well and legs well under the body, that adds much to their appearance. Front Limbs. — As a whole, the front legs should be i-ather flat and cordy, due to properly attached tendons. In their pro- portions, the limbs should be long from the elbow to the knee and relatively short from thence to the ground. It is the upper part that is muscular, the lower portion being controlled by ten- dons, and it is desirable to have these muscles long and the dis- tance over which the tendons move short, that there may be no waste of energy and a better control over the lower extremities. Breadth and depth are very desirable in the knee, that con- cussion may be better distributed and carried ofl:'. The pisi- form-bone should be sharp and prominent, for to it is attached one of the important muscles of the fore limb. The cannon should be short, flat, and clean of any thickness of tendon or bone disease. A pastern of the proper pro})ortions not only adds to the gracefulness and elasticit^y of the action, but to its reach as well. A slope of forty-five to fifty degrees seems to be about right to give the required degree of strength and supple- ness When the pastern is too long, weakness follows ; but wlien right in length and slope, there is a combination of strength, elasticity, and gracefulness beautiful to observe. When the foot leaves the ground the pastern is bent back, but when it again touches the ground, it is extended fully and brings the foot down on its heels. There is no other part of the mechanism of a horse that does more work and does it with less friction than a sound and perfectly proportioned pastern. THE HORSE IX GENERAL. 31 Feet and Legs. — It is unnecessary for me to say that the feet should receive the most rigorous and careful criticism. The old maxim, " no foot, no horse," is to all intents and purposes more applicable to-day than when it was first expressed. The perfect foot is of firm texture, fair size, and, of course, thoroughly sound in all its parts. The general healthiness of it is denoted by the natural waxy appearance of the horny fibers, the w^ell-formed, cup-like sole, and the marks of natural usage of the spongy frog as a buffer. Flatness of sole, dessicated or brittle w^alls, and contracted heels owing to mutilation of the frog, are defections commonly met with, not to say any thing of the abnormal variations that occur in the direction of the axis of the foot. A skillful judge may w^ell spend one-half of his allotted time on the feet of the horses undergoing examination, to detect or give tokens of recognition to any defects of the wall, to see that the horn is dense and free from cracks ; the sole, to observe the absence of any disease and the presence of the natural concavity and con- nections ; the heel to see that the feet are medium size and of proper shape, the frog large and wide, and the bars strong and high. The Trunk. — Passing onward the ribs claim attention. Round ribs that spring out from the spine may give the horse the appearance of being too long in the legs, but they are nevertheless good in point of giving the greatest amount of space to the vital organs. Close coupling to the hip is strength, and so is a broad loin thick with layers of muscles. Consider- ing the proportions of the body, it is evident that the shorter it is above and the longer it is beneath, the better for the action. This formation gives rise to the approving term that " he stands over a deal of ground," and is associated with sloping shoulders. In such a conformation the legs have free play, and there is no loss of strength. 32 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEIXG. Hind Limbs. — The bind quarters should be scrutinized as to muscular development. From the construction of the hind quarters, it is observable that most of the propelling power comes from this source, and though the fore hand contributes in a degree, yet it chiefly supports the weight and carries the body ; in fact, we may almost compare the hind and fore legs of the horse to the drivers and forward trucks of a locomotive. The shoulder-blade of the fore leg, attached only by muscles, plays upon the body loosely, while the hind limb is connected to it by a powerful ball- and socket-joint. The muscular de velopment of the hind legs should be such as to cover any ranginess of the hips, which should also be wide and level. The croup from hip to tail requires lengtli, width, and muscle to give it proportion and service. Long and muscular thighs, well spread and open-angled, provide for a long, quick stride. The quarters require an abundance of muscle extending well down on the legs. Below this the gaskin, or lower thigh, should be long so as to let the hock well down, and it should also be mus- cular and wide. For the hock to do its work to the best ad- vantage and remain free from disease, it is necessary for it to be straight, broad in front, sharp behind, and free from any gum- miness. Experience, knowledge and observation are essentials to the accurate judgment of these various points, as I have al- ready indicated. And much more might be written on the sub- ject, but the foundation of facts which I have thus far prepared will be found sufficiently broad, I trust, to include whatever may be necessary to insure a ready comprehension of the essential matters involved in judging light horses as most commonly pur- sued, the primary object being to show that scrupulous care must be constantly employed in the selection to secure a good representative of the equine kind. BONES OF THE HOESE. 33 CHAPTER II. BONES OF THE HORSE. THE SKELETON. Ill the animal body, the bones form an internal framework, ■consolidating the whole structure and giving it general form iind dimensions. In their connection and natural assemblage they constitute the skeleton, and before undertaking a particular description of the foot, it is advantageous that a summary indi- cation of the general principles of the skeleton of a horse should be known, in order to better understand the details of the special parts with which we are afterward to have most to do. The skeleton is divided into the trunk and limbs. The trunk consists of the spine, a series of distinct bones, jointed one to another in the middle upper part of the trunk of which it is the essential portion, forming a flexible support to the en- tire body from the head to the tail ; and the ribs attached to the spine above and the sternum below, inclosing the thorax or <;hest and viscera. The Limbs. — The limbs, four in number, distinguished as the two anterior (or fore) and the two posterior (or hind), are the supports of the trunk, and are each divided into several parts, resting one upon another. Each limb has four principal regions, those of the front limbs lieing the shoulder, resting against the front part of the chest; the arm, next below the shoulder ; the forearm, succeeding the arm ; and the foot, the «nd of the limb. Those of the hind limbs are the haunch or pelvis, connected with the hind part of the spine, and the thigh, leg, and foot. 3 (33) 34 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Bones Detailed. — The various bones entering into the composition of the skeleton of an adult horse are apportioned to the regions of the trunk and limbs, as follows: The spine or vertebral column consists of bones more or less regular in their form, divided into live regions. The cervical, 7 vertebra, serving as a base for the neck. — The dorsal, 18 vertebrae, to which the ribs connect. — The lumbar, 6 vertebroe, supporting the loins. — The sacral, 5 vertebrae, in age fusing into one bone — the sacrum. — The coccj^geal, 16 vertebrce, decreasing in size to form the tail. The first cervical is called the atlas, being elevated above the others, and supports the head. The second cervical is the axis, being the center upon which the atlas turns. The four- teenth dorsal is the center to which all motions and weights are referred. The thorax consists of the eighteen ribs on each side, placed against the dorsal vertebrae as mentioned, and resting by their lower ends on the sternum, or breast-bone, 37 bones in all. The head is divided into two regions, the cranium and face. It is formed of 28 bones, which are distinct only in young colts,, for when matured the majority of these bones are united and can not be separated. The shoulder has for its base a single bone on each side — the scapula or collar-bone — making 2 bones for double region. — The arm has also only one bone to each limb — the humerus — or 2 for double region. — The forearm has 2 bones — the radius and ulna — 4 for double region. — The forefoot, from knee down, has 16 bones, or 32 for double region — that is, the pisiform, cune- iform, lunar, scaphoid, unciform, magnum, and trapezoid bones form the carpus or knee, and the cannon-bone and two splints form the metacarpus, while the phalangeal or digital region is formed of the two sessamoids, upper and lower pastern-bones, navicular-bone, and coffin- or pedal-bone. BONES OF THE HOKSE. 3o The pelvis of the back limbs is formed by the union of the sacrum and the two ossu innomiuata or coxae, making for the double region 2 bones. v-The thigh has for its base one bone — the femur — 2 for the double region. — The leg has for its base 3 bones — the tibia, fibula, and patella — making 6 for the double region. — The hindfoot bears a great resemblance to the same region in front : 6 bones form the tarsus or hock — the astraga- lus, calcis, cuboid, scaphoid, great cuneiform, and small cunei- form — making 12 for the double region. — The bones of the metatarsus or shank are three in number — the cannon and two splints — making 6 for the double region. — The bones of the foot or digital region behind are the same in number and name as those described for this region before — two sesamoids, two pasterns, navicular, and coffin- or pedal -bone — making 12 for the double region. There are four bones in each ear, and the tongue is made up in five sections. Summing up, therefore, we find the bones of the horse distributed in the manner indicated in the following table : Bones Enumerated. — Spine or vertebral column (entire length, but counting the sacral as one bone — the sacrum), . . . . . . . . .48 Thorax or chest, ........ 37 Head — cranium, face, ears, and tongue, .... 41 Shoulders, forearm and foot — double regions, . . 40 Pelvis, thigh, hindleg and foot — double regions, . . 40 Teeth, .' "... 40 Total, 246 Fig. 2 shows the skeleton of the horse with the bones in their totality and natural relation to each other enumerated and described. THE .SKELETON AiNO OUTLINES OF THE HOUSE DKAWX FROM XATUUE. See Fig. 2. 1. Crnnium and faco. 2. Lower jaw. 3. Cerviuul vertebriu— Jointed process of tlie neck. 4-4. Dorsal vertebrae — Jointed process of tlie back. .")-5. Lumbar vertebriB— Jointed process of the loin.s. ()-6. Sacrum. A consolidation of five ver- tebrase, the sole and line). T, T, Branching of flexor perforatus. 1, Pyr- fro o- are forced up- amid of coffin-bone displaced. 2, Its normal posi- . . . . tion. 3, Normal position of coffin-joint. ^^^^rd, together With the bones and other organs of the foot, until they are all tightly cramped by the closing in of the horny box. The unnatural pressure around the sole inflames the various tissues, causing a disease of the LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 157 sensitive sole, called villitis, which may diffuse itself to the lam- inse, producing laminitis ; and this progressing may involve the ■coronary cushion in a process of hardening and thickening which may terminate in coronitis — an ossification of this organ (simi- lar to that of the lateral cartilages when side bones are forming), which maybe plainly felt when examination is made around the coronet at the quarters. No definite rule can be given for shoe- ing that would cover all cases of contraction ; the farrier must be governed by his understanding of the case confronting him. Good judgment will direct that the hoof must be reduced and pared low as necessary to bring it to a good level bearing, as per Fig. 23, foreshortening the toe within the limits of safety. If the frog is hard and dry, pare it level with the wall and open up the commissures along the sides of frog and remove the horny sole to its union with the wall by thinning it until serum exudes, as this will give freedom to the action of the frog. Also if the heels are- curled under (like an in-growing toe nail) open them up as deep as can be safely done, and in thus giving ex- pansion to the bottom of the hoof, it will relax at the top and allow the necessary freedom at the coronet for the structures to assume their normal relations. After dressing the foot, apply the raised split-bar shoe, Fig. 154, as this will assist in expanding the hoof. Rivet a good solid piece of leather at the heels of the shoe to cover the bottom of the foot, then fill the bottom of the foot with a warm application of my foot salve, covering the same with an overlay of cotton or oakum, then nail on the shoe and leather pad and keep pressure off around the front part of the toe. After shoeing let the horse stand with both front feet in tubs of warm water (to fully cover the feet eight or ten inches) for two hours a day until soreness disappears. Reset the shoes every two weeks, pare the growth off' the base of the hoof and keep the sole thin so as to allow it to spring under the weight of the body ; at the same time have the feet washed around the cor- onet daily with warm water and castile soap (as described in 158 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. prescription No. 1), and the horse may be worked right along- without hindrance. This specimen rep- resents the efi'ects of contraction by having the wall grow too deep^ the heels wiring in un- til they came together^ from coronet to ground surface, and the foot was hardly more than half its natural diame- ter. The heels over- lapping each other had Fig. 55. Mule's hoof showing effects of i^j i "u OVERGROWTH PRODUCING CONTRACTION. crowaeci tlic Dars, irog A, A, Line to which overgrowth should be and inner spur up above removed at base. 55° indicates the present angle the coronary band. As of hoof. 45° indicates the angle to which it /? i will conform when surplus growth, B, is re- f^^e crowdmg ot the moved. bars thus necessitated a displacement of the internal structure, the coffin-bone was raised behind, the weight presses it forward against the laminae. The laminae in this part being overtasked, soreness and finally lameness ensues. In many instances the mule is treated for lameness or strains, when the proper remedy was to have had his feet properly dressed and suitably shod. Do not per- mit the heels to grow to an ex- treme height, pare them down as much as can be safely done. In shoeing a foot of this description, open the heels and Fig. 56. mule shoe. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 159 weaken them at both sides of the commissures, as thin as safety will permit ; keep j^i'essure off the toe. In shoeing for drafting purposes, toe and heel calkins will be required. In such cases, have them lovv^, and of the same height, that the foot may be kept as close to tlie ground as possible, and the animal will travel with more ease and safety. Let the shoes be adjusted in a manner so as to fit the wall ; and to avoid the possibility of cramping the foot, use small nails, with the nail holes straight jjunched and driving so as to take a low, short, thick hold. Re- set the shoes every three or four weeks. The horse's hoof, as described in Chap. Ill, is so constructed that any exertion may be best carried on by a given elasticity from the center of the toe, as the fulcrum of a reciprocating motion or spring around each side to tl Fig. 57. front view op the hoof properly dressed for toe cr.\ck. heels. Should the natural cc ditions of the foot be alter( however, by being deprived sufiiicient moisture to preserve it that degree of combined tough- ness and flexibility, the foot loses its power to yield to x>ressure and return, and when force sufficient to overcome its resistance is ex- erted, the hoof, no longer capable of springing to it, suddenly gives way by splitting. This breakage occurs wherever the strain is the greatest — at either of the sides from the quarters to the heel, or directly through the middle of the hoof in front. The condition generally present, then, in the splitting of the horny hoof, is a hard, dry, brittleness, and this may arise in 160 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. a variety of causes. Hot fitting and clipping, as well as high toes and heels on shoes which prevent the frog from coming in contact with the ground, high heels on foot or shoe, flat feet and long toes on draft horses, and the paring away of the frog, sole, bars and heel, whereby the foot becomes contracted, are pro- lific sources for bringing the hoof into the above-mentioned state. Any horse whose feet are thus placed is exposed to fracture either on their anterior or lateral surfaces. With these condi- tions toe crack is produced by the foot acquiring an uneven ground surface, and being thrown into an unnatural or forced position. If the heel of the foot, through ignorance or neglect^, is suflfered to grow to an unusual height, the pressure and thrust of the cotfin-bone against the front wall will almost surely result in fracturing it in that region. A peculiar accident to which horses are sometimes liable, will also produce the same result. When a horse, being shod with heel calkins, overreaches him- self, that is, treads on his hoof with another foot, and bruiser the coronet or crust, the crease thus made oftentimes extends itself until the crust is split from the coronet to the ground surface. Toe cracks most generally attack the feet of heavy draft horses, doubtless owing to the coarse method of applying their shoes, as well as a greater stress being placed upon their toe& than upon those of other horses in the exertions of drawing^ heavy loads. In treating this disease, the first care must be to thoroughly cleanse the foot, after which the crack must be pared out smoothly on either side, as deep as the horny substance extends, thus widening the crevice so as to prevent all ft-iction between the separated parts of the wall. Pressure must be taken en- tirely off the toe, and a groove, as in the accompanying figure,, should be cut into the bottom of the crust at the toe. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 161 Having done this, if the foot be contracted at the heel, pare it to a level. The toe of the foot is then in turn to be shortened and the heel weakened by paring out the commissures between the bars and frog as much as, in the judgment of the farrier, the foot can safely bear. The pattern of shoe represented by Fig. 35 should be used upon the horses intended for draft purposes, the nails being placed from the front of the quarters back toward the heel. Clips should be used upon each side of the toe of the shoe, so that when placed' upon the foot on each side of the fracture, they will prevent the foot from further ex- pansion, by keeping the pressure ofi' from the toe, as shown in Fig. 57. The toe calkin being placed well back from the toe, lightens the stress at the point where the greatest weakness exists, and allows of an easier play to the foot when in motion. When the split occurs in the foot of a general business horse, lower the heel and shorten the toe, as much as safety will permit, and thin the heel of the shoe to obtain strong frog pressure, removing the pressure around the toe of the foot as before directed. Quarter Cracks. — Quarter cracks are longi- tudinal fissures in the hoof, occurring near the heels. They are gener- ally occasioned by im- proper shoeing, or neglect /iiiiiii]iiiimm""'' !lll Fig. 58. a side view of the foot, with CRACK opposite THE WINGS OF THE COFFIN- of the foot • or bv allow- bone (A), peopekly dressed and the shoe ADJUSTED, THE TOE BEING ROLLED OR BEV- itig tne norse to stand on eled, and the heel properly cut for the hard floors for a length of bearings at the quarter. time, or in the overgrowth of the crust ; or when the frog, sole and bars have been pared away, and the heels weakened ; also by burning the foot in shoeing, or springing the shoe off at the heel, 162 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. and throwing the weight of the horse upon the wings of the coffin-bone — the hoof becoming dry and brittle — are some of the causes which produce a disposition in the hoof to contract, which, oc- curring at a time when it is dry and inflexible, re- sults in its lesion or split- ting. In speedy horses, wdiere the heels are al- lowed to grow too high, the crust loosing its elastic Fig. 59. a hoop properly shod for the CURE of a quarter CRACK, THE SHOE BEING WELL BEVELED AT THE TOE, AND CUT OFF IN tOUglmCSS, aud DCCOming THE BRANCH, FORWARD OF THE SEAT OF LAME- NESS AT A. hard and thickened, there is liability, l»y the re- peated jar of alighting on his heels in violent action, to burst in the quarters — the break occurring where the stress falls heav- iest, back of the heel, or at either or on both sides. In paring a foot of this kind, reduce the wall (especially at the heels), as much as the safety of the foot will permit. The next object is to remove the contractile disposition in the hoof, by rasping it at the quarters until an appearance of serum, after which open both sides of the crack with a drawing knife, so that friction of the fractured parts may be avoided. Then rasp or cut out the bottom of the crack so that no part of it may bear u[»on the shoe. After the wall has been lowered, should the frog project below the bottom of the foot, pare it flat. By 80 doing, the frog will be aided in growing wnder, and assist the foot in expanding. When the cracks occur well back at the heels, I sometimes find it necessary to protect the weak parts from the violence of concussion by applying a bar shoe. Com- LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 163 mence thinning the shoe at the center of the quarters, and carry- ing it ofi' both toward the heels and toe, having the shoe light and the bar good and wide, to obtain strong frog pressure. When the cracks occur opposite the wings of the coffin-bone, level the foot and shorten the toe as much as can be conveniently done. If the crack occurs on one side only, use the shoe shown by Figs. 58 and 59, allowing for strong frog pressure. If cracks happen on both sides, shoe with a three-quarter tip. File or rasp the wall on both sides of the crack, from coronet to the ground surface, as thin as safety will permit. If toe and heel calkins are required, apply a four-calkin shoe, well rolled on the ground surface. If the foot be sore and tender, my foot salve may be used with advantage, by warming and saturating with it a pledget of cotton, and applying it to the afleeted parts, securing same with a bandage. A new growth of horn may also be stimulated by keeping the hoof moist with cold-water bandages around the coronet. Remove the shoes every three weeks, in order to prevent an excessive growth of horn. By following these instructions, this form of disease may be easily cured and the horse regularly worked. Corns. — There are several forms in which these trouble- some growths manifest themselves, though their cause and loca- tion are generally the same. The seat of corns is always in the sole of the foot, or its lower connection with the wall and generally in the posterior portion of the hoof, at or in the angle made by the wall in its return to form the bars. Fig. 60, on the following page, shows, however, that corns do not always come in the heels. The letters, A, A, show three hard, callous corns bulging up in the inner sole, at point of frog, producing tenderness and lameness around the toe. The primary cause of all corns in the horse's foot is an un- even ground surface, resulting either from the improper level- 164 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 60. inside view of HOOF, showing effects of ing of the foot by the farrier or its previous neglect. Let the foot alwa3^s be pared level, and the shoe properly adjusted to the wall, and corns will find no abiding place in feet possessed of these conditions. To determine where the seat of lameness is, take my foot testers (Fig. 195), and clasp around the union of sole and wall. If the horse does not flinch or yield, grasp the foot at point of DROPPED SOLE AND HARD ffog. If hc y IcMs to the prcssurc, thlu ^^^^^- the sole at that point. On close ex- A, A Seat of hard callous ^mination you will find a hard, callous corn. B, B, Coronary band. *' C, Dotted line from coronet substance, somewhat resembling the to ground surface at toe, j^^^^^j ^^^^ q,^ ^}^q human foot. Pare showing shallow wall due to wasting away of toe from hot the sole at this point quite thin, so as fitting and clipping. D, D, ^o allow it to spring when the horse is Internal fissures. E, Ridge . , . of internal spur. F, Front bearing his weight on the foot; this face of wall. will give relief at once. Apply shoe, Fig. 35, to the foot, and punch nail holes in shoe to meet the conditions of the foot. It may be advisable to poultice the bot- tom until soreness is removed. Hard corns are protuberances growing upon the inner sole, at its junction with the horny laminae, and lie beneath, as well as at the side and rear of the foot bone. They consist of a hardened excrescence of the skin, which crowds in upon the sensitive surfaces, and thus become the source of much trouble and pain. The corn may be generated by severe contusions upon the inner sole, but it generally arises from a lateral compression of the horny hoof inward upon the sensitive parts. The vertical pressure of the horse's weight upon the foot bone is oftentimes so severe, and its winged extremities are pressed down upon the underlying tissues of the sensitive sole LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 165 SO suddenly and forcibly as to bruise them against the horny sole or shoe without. The bruise thus established develops the wet or sappy corn, which consists of an effusion of blood or serum into the pores of the horn, marking its location by leaving a stain upon the outer sole. When the stain appears dark, and is easily removed by paring away, the corn is old and working out, but when the stain appears bright and ruddy, by penetrating further into the horn, the corn is new and needs attention. These corns may be aggravated by additional injury, and ter- minate in a more serious form, known as the suppurative, in which case the sensitiveness will be greatly increased, causing intense pain, and, as a necessary consequence, acute lameness, or finally resulting in laying the foundation for a quittor. In preparing the foot for the shoe, if the horn should ex- hibit signs of moisture or discoloration, caused by the exudation of a sappy or wet corn, open the center of the part indicated, and gradually remove the sole, until the foreign matter is re- leased. The foot must next be dressed down until it acquires a perfectly level basis. For draft horses, let the toe be shortened and the heels lowered; apply a shoe with toe and heel calkins, the toe calkin to be set well back from the front of the shoe, as seen in Fig. 35, and relieve the pressure at the heels. For horses of general business and road purposes, pare the foot as low down as safety will admit, shorten the toe, and cut the shoe off' on the side in front of the corn, as seen in Figs. 58 and 59 ; but if the corn be established on both sides, shoe with a three-quarter tip, in order that the shoe may not come as far back as the affected parts. In some cases it may be advisable to use a four-calkin or bar shoe, as determined by the judgment of the farrier. Navicular Disease. — The navicular bone, from its position in the center of the foot, and the important protection which it receives from the surrounding surfaces, is seldom visited by dis- ease or disturbed by accident. It is protected at either end by 166 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. HOOF, SHOWING THE EXTERNAL CHAR- ACTER OF NAVICULAR DISEASE. the wall and wings and cartilages of the coffin- bone and on its upper face by the lower pas- tern bone, and beneath, where lies the greatest possibility of accident, it is guarded by the flexor perforans, the plantar cushion and horny frog. (See Fig. 5, and read the anatomy A, A, Base or ground line over the center of ^f^j^^ .^^ mentioned.) the quarters. B, B, Upper edge of the coronet. ^ ^ C, C, Falling in of the hoof opposite the seat In this disease the of disease. The white line across the hoof indi- fj^gxor Derforans be- cates the superfluous growth of the hoof, and the extent to which it should be reduced. comes ulcerated where it slides over the under face of the navicular bone (at times involving the sesamoid sheath in the process), and the severe pain experienced is from its play over the rough, diseased portion of that bone. This disease is sometimes inherited, but once contracted, is incurable ; a great deal may be done, however, to ease the animal. Two- thirds of the cases of this malady, I believe, are caused by improperly dressing the foot, cutting the frog away, weakened the bars, and thinning the sole ; and then driving over uneven roads, provoking inflammation '^'ic'^^lar bone, taken . from the hoof (Fig. m the tissues and membranes of the foot, gi) one-half size. which finally communicates itself to the a, Diseased portion bones and their attachments with one an- ^f bone. other. The above (Fig. 61) represents the back view of a hoof showing the effects of navicular disease by the shrinkage of the outer wall upon the living parts of the foot, immediately below Fig. 62. diseased na- LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 167 the coronary band, crowding the cartilages in and stopping in a measure the circulation. The foot become dry, hard and feverish and the wall thick and deep. The white line across the heel shows where the foot should be reduced around the base. When the disease becomes well established, the horse manifests it by continual restlessness, standing on one foot and holding the other backward, with heel elevated and toe touching the ground, or by twisting the toe out and resting the heels of one on the coronet of the other; and b}' constantly shifting and flexing the fetlock and knee. Not one-third of the cases of navicular disease which have come under my observation are chronic ; and, indeed, many cases which are thus wrongly termed should be considered only nav- icular joint lameness, which if allowed to run might become chronic, but are curable if taken in time. In dressing the foot for the shoe, proceed as per Fig. 23, then, after properly leveling and bal- ancing it, open up the commissures and pare out the sole w^ithin safe limits. If the frog projects above the heel, pare it flat on the ground tread. In most instances the bar shoe shown in Fig. 63 can be used with satisfactory re- sults. It can be easily pie. 53. ^ar shoe for navicular disease. made, being of the same a, Plate welded 011 the shoe over the seat thickness in both branches "^ navicular disease. B, Roll or bevel at the toe. from the heel to the cen- ter of the quarters ; in front of the quarters it is gradually thinned, and at the toe it is rolled or beveled, as indicated at B. 168 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. After the shoe is prepared for the foot, a thin plate of steel must be welded on level with the face of the shoe, as represented at A. The plate being placed directly over the seat of the dis- ease, will protect the affected parts from any evil results of se- vere concussion. The bar thus placed must not bear upon the frog, as frog pressure would have a tendency to aggravate the disease. An open space of considerable depth must be suffered to exist between the plate and the foot, sufficient to permit the removal of dirt, etc., w^hich may secrete itself. Rivet a firm piece of leather under the heels of the shoe to cover the bottom of the foot, which fill wnth my foot salve as prescribed. Have heel calks welded on both side branches of the shoe, to be about IJ inches long, tapering the shoe gradually from heel to toe and of good height at heel point, say J inch. Elevating the heels will lessen the friction on the flexor ten- don in its play over the diseased bone, and the action of the foot joint will be firmer. After nailing on the shoe stand the horse in soaking tubs of warm water, two hours a day for a week or ten days, together with warm water bandages around the coro- net. By having the shoe rolled on the ground surface in front of the quarters to the toe, the horse will get over the toe with the least possible strain on the affected parts. The shoe should extend as well back at the heel as can be safely worn, and by this manner of shoeing much relief will be aftbrded. Reset the shoes every two or three weeks to keep down the surplus growth on ground tread. Raised Coronet. — This disease implies a violent alteration of the coronary band at the heel ; consequent upon either side of the heel being uneven on the ground surface. This position of the hoof is fully shown in Fig. 64, on the opposite page. This complaint arises from mismanagement of the foot, and its continuance is owing to bad shoeing. In slight cases, when a horse is let run at grass without shoes, it will generally be LAMFJNESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 169 found sufficient to ef- fect a cure. In obsti- nate cases, however, or when the horse travels or works regu- hirly, recourse must be liad to a careful plan for dressing the foot Fig. 64. and shoeing it. In such cases, in BACK GROUND SURFACE VIEW OF RAISED CORONET. (In dressing foot, see Diagram No. 41, p. 145.) A, A, Line of ground surface. B, Base of order to restore the foot raised heel. C, C, Difference in height of the , ., , II T.i sides of the heel indicated at the coronet, to its natural healthy _ ^ * • 4. i 1 z c 1 '^ D, Inner spur twisted aud deformed. state, the mode of ob- taining levels I have pointed out must be attended to, see Fig. 23. The higher part of the heel is then to be reduced, but the strength of the foot on this side must otherwise be carefully preserved, that it may be sufficiently firm to make up as much as possible for the deficiency of the full heel. On the other hand the raised or twisted side must be weakened as much as can be conveniently done, so that it will readily yield to the pressure of the animal's weight ; the sole and bars being carefully thinned, gradually lessening the paring as the toe is approached. The shoe which is applied should be cut off on the side where the crust turns up, that that part may not be exposed to any pressure from it. If the shoe is applied in the manner indicated, the nails being placed in the quarter of the high side, and stopped at the toe of the raised side, the crust on that side, it is observed, will be kept at a considerable distance from the ground. The flexibility which the horn possesses, therefore, allowing it to yield in a small degree whenever the horse's weight is thrown upon it, gradually restores the foot to its natural con- dition without the liability of further pain. "Whenever the hoof appears to be too dry and hard, or to have lost its pliancy, 170 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. it may be kept moist by applying several folds of flannel round the coronet constantly wetted with warm water, also by having the horse stand in warm soaking tubs for two or three hours a day. While Fig. 65 is :4,flilf'3ift introduced in order to illustrate the extent to which disease may ef- fect a foot through any mismanagement, It is not proposed to suggest any cure for such an affection ; but rather to state that, by careful attention to the prepa- ration and shoeing of a foot, such diseases may be avoided. It is the moral of the old but Fig. 65. external appearance of hoof de- ^^^^ adage, that " an FORMED BY PEDITIS, AND OVERGROWN BY NEG- LECT. ounce of prevention is A, A, Dotted line, to which surplus growth at worth a pound of cure." toe should be removed. B, B, Dotted line, to Fio". 66 on the op- posite page, is a section of the preceding figure, through axis of leg from front to rear. The unnatural position of the foot is noticeable ; the surplus growth at the heel has raised it out of position, and the decayed coffin-bone is evidently due to peditic degeneration. This is regarded as the very best illustration of this disease in print, and speaks for itself. which surplus growth at heel should be re moved. C, Wall of foot Dished- wheel Foot. — Fig. 67, page 172. To shoe a foot of this kind file or rasp the surplus growth on the dished side from B to C, C, and the surplus growth at base from D to D. Open up the curled heel overlapping LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC, 171 the cleft of the frog from E to E, as deeply as the horn extends. In fitting the shoe, the weight must be equal- ized through the axis of the leg and foot when placed on the ground, as shown in Fig. 26. If toe and heel calkins are required, use shoe. Fig. 73, let- ting the toe calkin ex- FlG. 66. MEDIAN SECTION OP SAME FOOT AS tend over the curied p^^ (55^ showing the destructive effects op line. The shoe must peditis in the disorganization of the living structures. o-radually widen irom „ _ , -r> -r, t^ x. 1 i- ^ 1 • u * *' B, B, and B, B, Dotted lines to which sur- quarters to heel so as plus growth at toe and heel should be removed, to cover the heel up ^' Remains of imperfect horn. D, Fragment of dead coffin-bone. E, Navicular bone. F, close to side of frog. Lower pastern. G, Upper pastern. H, I, J, Place side heel calkin Withered tendons. K, Slight insertion of flexor - . . perforans. L, Plantar cushion. M, Bulb of on as shown in dia- horny frog. N, Base of hoof on opposite side. gram ; the projecting toe calk and side heel calkin will serve to widen the ground tread on the dished side. The shoe must be beveled from the foot surface on the angle of the foot so as to assist in gaining ground tread. Forge a clip on the quarter of shoe on curled side ; the clip will hold the shoe firmly to the side of the foot, and as the foot grows, the shoe will carry the foot to the curled side. If flat shoes are required, use non-paddling shoe, Fig. 124. The shoe upon curled side should have the nail holes punched outwardly, so as to take a short, thick hold, to avoid cramping the foot. Have the shoes reset every two or three weeks. If 12 172 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. its natural angle. This pro- duces an unnatural pressure the ahove instructions are carried out, the foot will be- come straight and natural. The dished foot shown on page 173 is a result of overgrowth of the hoof. Fig. 67. back view of distorted dished The toe is lengthened and QUARTER AND CURLED HEEL. thc hecl paiscd lu such a way A, A, Center line through frog. B, B, . ,-, ^i j- ^ . n . 1 r I- 1, 1 . 4--U f \ *. A as to throw the loot out of Angle of dished quarter, as the foot stands, 55 degrees. C to C, Line denoting por- tion of dished quarter to be filed or rasped off on one side, and the extension of shoe on the other side to give proper width of at the toe, on the ground ground tread, and make angles on both surface, and at the coronet, sides the same — 75 degrees. D,D, Ground linetowhichbaseof hoof is to be reduced, thus preventing the action E, E, Curled heel overlapping center of of the secretive powers ; more or less inflammation sets in and as the internal part wastes away the outer wall conforms to the inside. It has been observed that if the foot be allowed to remain in this condition for any length of time, the upper pastern becomes enlarged, which to me is conclusive proof that it has been overtaxed. Horses accustomed to slow work do not sutler from this as much as road and track horses. When the heel and toe are al- lowed to grow to an unusual height and length, the angle of the heel with the ground line is carried forward under the leg, thus causing the weight to be thrown out of the axis of the leg and foot ; and when the horse is at full speed, the height of his heels prevents the natural expansion of the foot, from heel to quarters, at each foot fall, and he lands his foot upon the ground with a dead jar, like that experienced by a man walking on a wooden leg. This jar will not be transmitted through the axis of the leg, pasterns and foot bone, as would be the case if the foot were cleft of frog, also showing where heel is to be opened with the farrier's knife as deeply as the curled horn extends. P, Horny sole deeply concaved. G, C, Shows distance inner quarter is curled under cen- ter of foot on ground-bearing surface. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 173 on its proper angle, but up into the back tendons, thus causing their overtaxation. If the hoof is pared in accord- -ance with the indications given (see Fig. 68), it will stand upon its proper angle. All dished feet are thin at the point of the frog, where great care must be taken in dressing the foot to leave sufficient sole, and in shoeing observe the necessity of keeping pressure off' from front part of foot. Wheeled Foot.— Fig. 69, on the following lydge, is what is termed a wheeled hind 'foot, having low heels and high, deep toe, the reverse of the defect in Fig. 68. The un- natural growth is due to mismanagement of the foot. The weight which should pass through the axis of the leg drops back of the heel, bearing upon the back tendons and greatly overtaxing them. , When the foot, in this case, is lifted over the toe, the weight, which bears upon the arch of the coifin-bone, raises the point of it by the overgrowth of the toe, and draws the cof- fin-bone back from the front part of the foot, thus allowing the front wall to thicken up as seen in the figure. Common sense declares against permitting a foot to re- main in this condition, when it can be placed upon its natural base. A reference to Fig. 69 shows where the foot ought to be pared in order to bring the toe to the ground, and allow the foot to fall more directly under the leg. This will relieve the Fig. 68. view of dished front FOOT. A, A, Dotted line to which Burplus growth of wall should be removed. B, Dotted line to which surplus growth of wall at toe should be removed. 174 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 69. wheeled hind foot, showing long toe and low heel. back tendon from overtaxation and assist nature in bringing the foot upon its natural angles. Pare the base of the hoof as shown to dotted line, H, File or rasp the front wall to dotted line, B, After the foot is dressed, apply shoe (Fig. 115) with heels extended well back of foot, and their height vaiying with the emergencies. If the shoe is proper- erly adjusted, the best results may be expected. B, H, Lines to which surplus growth should be removed at front of foot and from toe to heel. A, Unnatural thickness of wall in front. Defective Ankle Joints or Knuckling, — The catalogue of dis- eases, defects and deformities in the feet of horses has by this time, the reader will perceive, grown to a considerable length. In tracing them to their small beginnings, we find a striking instance of the serious results springing from the " un- considered trifles " of shoeing. The weak- ness peculiar to some horses in their hind ankle joints, next suggests itself. This troublesome aftection, in many cases, arises from the overtaxation of the fetlock during colthood, and, again, from hoofs or shoes having high toes and heels, or from heredi- tary influences. This defect is found to be more prevalent among speedy horses having long pasterns than those of any other kind. Short upright pasterns in conjunction with Fig. 70. defective an- high heels and short toes ; also improper ^^^ joint. shoeing— allowing the toes to grow too long , ^' ^' ^^""^ *° ^"^'^^'^ *- _ *- base of hoof should bo and low heels — will render speed horses reduced. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 175 liable to this troublesome ailment. Hard pulling will also de- velop it and no horses are exempt from it where they are in a position to overtax the muscles and ligaments of the pastern and fetlock joints. Certain conformations of the foot or ankle region, together with improper modes of shoeing, as indicated, are always classed with the predisposing causes of this defec- tion. The weakness is generally manifested when the horse is traveling at a slow gait and renders him less sure footed, though not always attended by lameness. When driven on the level the upper pastern occasionally bulges forward, and going down hill the horse knuckles at every step, but the driver will observe that when going up hill the horse never knuckles. I call par- ticular attention to these points, as the style of shoe proposed for the relief of knuckling is on the order of up-hill movement. It will most generally be found that unevenly- grown and unbalanced feet are present in condi- tions where knuckling ex- ists, and in preparing the g foot for the reception of the shoe, the surplus growth should be removed Fig. 71. hind foot shoe to prevent and as shown in Fig. 70, and ^^'^= knuckling. ,, r. X 1 1 i" 111 The straight bar indicates the shape of shoe the foot leveled and bal- 3,en from the side. A, Point from which anced as per Fig. 23. In ^^loe should be tapered to toe and heel. ^.u- iu i. -11 I -S' B, Sole-bearino; line. C. C. C Ground this way the toe will be r ° ^- '^, y^, v^, uruunci '' line. foreshortened, the heels lowered, the ground tread lengthened, strong frog pressure ob- tained, and the fetlock or weak joints thus be made to rest more easily in a normal position. Fig. 71 is the shoe recommended 176 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING.. for the cure of this disease, and may be easily made. A, A, on face indicates a point from the toe about one-third of its length (or two-thirds from the heels), from which the ground surface of the shoe is to be drawn forward to toe at B, and back to heels at C, C, leaving the high point at A, as shown in side bar — usually three-eightha of an inch, to vary with the extent of knuckling. The shoe should be made of steel, quite thin and light, that the horse may have his foot as near the ground as possible, as well as to receive the benefit of strong frog pressure.. The effect of a shoe with such a ground- bearing surface will be to place the horse upon an incline, as though as- cending a hill, and, when in a stand- ing position, the upper pastern will keep its place in its articulation with the fetlock joint, and when in motion, the foot will be able to slide over with- out straining the parts affected. Knee Sprung. — Many indefinite causes have been assigned by various writers as the originating source of the condition known as "knee sprung;'^ but, it generally appears as if the liga- ments and bandages of the knee had become strained and enlarged, in which also the front and back sinews may A, A, Angle of this foot 45 become involved by overexertion of degrees. B, B,Line to^vhich ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^-^^^ ^Yie bones of the hoof should be reduced to its normal basis. knee-joint being no longer properly r"lG. 72. POSITION OF THE LEG WHEN KNEE SPRUNG. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 177 retained in their places, become bulged or sprung forward. (Compare Fig. 72 with perfect knee of skeleton, Fig. 2.) In many cases the formation of the animal, such as undue length of limb from the knee to fetlock, is a natural predisposi- tion to weakness at knee ; also, abnormal presentation at time of foaling where knees are doubled under the body, may produce a similar tendency. Young horses subjected to an excess of hard pulling before they are seasoned or matured, are most liable to injure their knees in this manner. Care should therefore be taken in work- ing them that their limbs are not overtasked while under the age of seven years. Horses employed in constant " up-hill " work, where the stress upon the knee is continued and severe, or in sufi'eririg them to stand in stalls where the slope is considerable and the floor hard, necessitating exertion in the muscles of the leg, and keeping the ligaments constantly in a tense state, will expose them to a deformity in their knees, by their leaning or bowing out in consequence of the ligaments and tendons becoming w^eakened. When the proper angle of the foot is destroyed, as is most usually produced by improper shoeing, such as having high toes and low heels, causing the lower pastern to bear down upon the navicular bone, which in turn presses back against the flexor perforans, will produce an over distension of the muscles ; and similarly, sore or bruised heels will cause a constant leaning forward on the knees to relieve the pressure on other parts, and thus produce this defect ; or, should the foot even be properly pared, and the shoe then applied be thick at the toe — the heels of the hoof being low — the eftect of always ascending would be the same, and result in the malformation of w^hich we treat ; or, if the shoe is too short — indeed, any mode of shoeing that will unbalance the foot, may cause the knees to spring forward. When the disease becomes chronic, and the ligaments and tendons so much relaxed as to be no longer able to respond to 178 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. the treatment, a radical cure may be impossible ; but, if taken in time, and the foot properly dressed and shod, the disease can be cured. In dressing the foot for this disease, pare it level and lower it to its proper angle, bearing in mind the directions given in Chapter IV. The style of shoe which I have found to be best adapted for the relief of sore tendons and knee spring, are the scoop-toe rolling motion, Fig. 126, rolling-motion shoe. Fig. 125, and four- calkin shoe, Fig. 101 ; having the shoe adapted to extend as far back at the heels as the safety of the foot may seem to require. This extension and elevation of the heels usually afibrds speedy relief. Either of these patterns, by shortening the ground sur- face at the toe and strengthening the knee when the horse is movino' forward, will relieve the strain and enable him the bet- ter to pass his feet over uneven ground surface, which is some- times the cause of twisting and straining the already injured parts. Another means of furthering a cure is to feed the horse from the ground. This will have the effect of throwing the ani- mal's weight more directly over his limbs, and thus assist nature, in a manner, to retrench the enlargement in the knee bandages. Curb. — This consists of an inflammation and swelling of the posterior portion of the tendon passing over the calcis, or hock bone (p. 36, Fig. 2—39). This is often accompanied with considerable heat, pain and lameness. The cause is an accident to ligaments at and around the hock, and is the result of hard pulling, prancing or leaping, or galloping over uneven ground surfaces, etc. The peculiar conformation of some horses ren- ders them more likely to be attended by curbs than others ; but as it is alwa3S the result of over-taxation, and does not admit of much labor in the affected part, it should be remedied as soon as possible. Fig. 73 shows an extreme case of curb, such as may come from the hind feet and legs standing too far under LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 179 Fig. I.J. HIND LEG, SHOWING CURB. Fig. 74. leg with cntB ban- dages AND FOOT SHOD. the body (see p. 200, Fig. 94), the result of a bent or cycle hind leg formation. In these cases use four calkin shoe (p. 213, Fig. 101). The heel calkins should stand higer than the toe cal- kins, thus placing the foot further back, and the changed posi- tion, together with the elevated heel, will support the leg and relieve the strain upon the affected weak joint. Bathe the curb frequently in warm water, almost hot, and bandage in four or five thicknesses (Fig. 74). After the inflammation has sul)- sided, apply liniment described in Recipe 3, page 294, for a 180 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEIXG. week or more. If any callous remains, paint the surface \vith iodine until it disappears. Bone Spavin, — This disease takes its name from an en- largement of the inner side of the hock, creating a bony ex- crescence about the hock joint and resulting oftentimes in lameness. It can not be treated with uniform success, for it often proves very obstinate and not infrequently incurable. I would invariably recommend that the aft'ected horse, after being shod, be placed under a most skillful and experienced veterinary surgeon. In many instances, special shoeing alone will relieve the trouble. The shoe I have found to be the most satisfactory and disposed to give ease and comfort is the four- calked hind-foot shoe (p. 249, Fig. 145). It is obvious there can not be two cases of spavin similar. A four-calked hind- foot shoe, therefore, designed for any one case, will not be effective in another. Every case must have its own diagnosis,. and thereupon the paring of the foot and the making and set- ting of the shoe must be determined, bearing in mind always the balancing of the foot. But, as I say above, the shoe most satisfactory all around, to give ease and comfort, is the four- calked hind-foot shoe, as above described, with the toe and heel calkins placed to suit the case in hand. I very often have found it advisable to place the inside toe calkin back from the center of toe of shoe fully three-quarters to an inch farther than the outside toe calkin, making the inside toe calkin one-quarter of an inch lower and the outside toe calkin one-quarter of an inch higher. Bevel the front toe calkins as shown in diagram above mentioned, so as to allow the toe to roll over more easily in the forward movement. Having the outside heel and toe calkins higher than the inside heel and toe calkins will cause the weight to fall upon the outside of the hock joint, and in many cases the result will be surprising. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 181 Bog Spavin. — Is a dropsical condition of the joint, which becomes so either from a loss of power in the absorbent vessels, or an increased action of the sacs which secrete the joint oil. Perhaps both these causes may concur in producing the disease, the more remote cause of which is hard work — that is, too great or too long continued action of the joint. The bog spavin does not so often occasion lameness as the other, except when a horse is worked hard, which generally causes a temporary lameness, removable by rest ; but it does not always admit of a radical cure, for though blistering is of likely service, the trouble generally returns with any consider- able exertion. Much may be done, however, to assist the horse in his movements, by properly balancing the foot and suitably adjusting the four-calked hind-foot shoe above described, shown in Fig. 145, page 249. Canker. — This is a local disease most frequently arising from the thrush, and attacking the front feet. It consists at first of an ulcerous sore in cleft of frog, when the inflammation of the parts is severe and they are quite tender — often making the horse quite lame. The parts affected become very soft and rotten, with a discharge of purulent matter. By early attention and proper treatment the disease is easily cured, but if it con- tinues its ravages it not infrequently destroys the horny frog and often extends to the sensitive sole and other parts of the foot. The simplest treatment I have found to be the quickest and the best: First, dress the foot, as per Fig. 2-3, then take three or four old rasps, sharpen one end of each and heat to a white heat, and while in that state apply to cankered part of frog, holding the iron at an angle of about 45 degrees, and giv- ing it a quick downward stroke along the side of frog from upper edge down and forward, and continuing with the other heated irons until bottom of soreness is reached and burnt awav. 182 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Sometimes this disease attacks the inner and outer quarters, and I have operated on chronic cases where excrescences had been thrown up over the diseased parts like finger stumps, standing out from one-fourth to three-fourths inches, and b}' this burning process have permanently cured them. Give the horse a hot water foot bath for three hours after burning, and as the open state of cells of foot after these operations develops granulations very rapidly, this burning and soaking treatment must be kept up daily until entirely cured. This treatment is not as severe or painful as it appears, as the horse does not jerk away under it. Do not poultice the foot, but let it remain open, and keep the horse quiet in a dry stall. Foot Rot, or Seedy Toe. — This insidious dssease occurs sometimes in the toe, and at other times around the inner or outer quarters of the foot. It manifests itself by a wasting away or drying up of the sensitive laminae, and in slight attacks may be easily cured, as the horse seemingly does not at once go lame, seemingly requiring some little time to develop into a condition of lameness. When it becomes aggravated, however, and involves toe and quarters, it is disabling, and requires care- ful treatment. I have treated some very stubborn cases, where a complete separation of wall and vascular parts had taken place, extending almost from ground surface to coronet, and where only one and a half to tv7o inches of solid horn re- mained. In such cases I removed all the separated parts of the wall as far as the disease extended, fairly uncovering the coffin bone. I then made a wide webbed, deeply concave shoe to cover around toe and quarters ; thence gradually narrowing it to the heels, with a good wide bar across to get strong frog pressure ; three nail holes to be placed on each side at the heels. Next I pulled a clip on each side of the quarters and at front toe, making the clips very long, bent up at the same angle as LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 183 the wall, fitting shoe snug all around, with a light leather riveted on to hold the packing of salve (see prescription No. 2), with which the hottoni of foot should be filled. After the shoe is on, take enough of same salve warmed and build on outside of foot about to the thickness of natural hoof, covering the surface to at least one inch above coronet ; then encase same within a leather strap or boot, fitting neatly around foot from shoe to one and a half inch above coronet, slip the leather down inside the clips running back under the bulge of the heels, buckle on the outside, then gently drive the clips in toward the foot to make secure hold against the leather; also have small screw holes drilled through the clips, about one half inch above shoe, and insert screws to assist in holding the leather firmly to bot- tom of foot. After dressing in this way have the foot soaked in warm water two hours a day ; this, with the salve, will assist the formation of new horn and effect a permanent cure. Horses that I have treated in this way have not only grown new, strong hoofs, but were at the same time used daily at slow work. In ordinary cases of seedy toe, level the foot, as per Fig. 23, then with a probe or sharp mstrument remove all pithy, de- cayed gfubstances as deep as such extend, being careful uot to draw blood. Fit shoe snug to foot, draw up clips on shoe op- posite the separated parts to secure a firm brace against the weakened wall when weight of horse is resting on it ; have as many clips as may be necessary for this purpose. After shoe is fitted, remove the lower margin of hoof so that no pressure can come upon the separated parts, and have the nails located to go in the sound, healthy portions of the horn. Before at- taching shoe use the salve treatment as directed for the more severe cases. The subject of seedy toe would not be complete if the ac- companying illustration should be omitted. It is an admir- 184 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 75. hoof, with seedy toe — shod. A, A, clips on shoe. B, diseased portion. J3, C, C, sound hoof. able side view, showing a chronic case of foot rot, caused by the ex- cessive wasting away of the sensitive laniinte on that side of tlie hoof, either by inflammation produced by a blow, or by undue dry- ness of the hoof. The disease of the sensitive laminae extends as high as the sound hoof out- lined by the letters C, C, C. B indicates the diseased portions contiguous to the coffin bone, and A, A, the necessary clips drawn upon the shoe, as spe- cifically explained in the preceding paragraph. Fig. 76. section op hoof affected with seedy toe. A, A, Insensitive lamina?. B, B, Outer wall. C, C, Wall separated from laminse. D, Bulging or dishing effect of separation. E, Wall removed opposite separation. F, F, In- sensitive sole. G, Frog. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 185 Broken Bars. — This ailment is the result of an over- growth of the sole and consequent dryness of the insensitive sole. The secretions become dry and hard, the bars unyielding and do not spring as the horse rests his weight upon the foot. This causes the bars to give way and break, making the horse very lame. If not properly treated, this disease often assumes a more serious form, difficult to cure, even in time ; and if neglected its ravages will soon destroy the usefulness of the horse. The process of treatment I use is to pare the foot, leaving a good, wide outer wall-bearing. Then commence at each side of the point of the frog and pare the commissures thin from point of frog back to the heels on the inner and outer sides of the foot ; then remove all the bars and sole as deep as the soft tissues or broken bars, holding the knife at an angle of about 45 degrees, paring the sole and bars quite thin. The broken ends of the bars must be removed with the knife as deeply as they extend up into the foot. See that the foot is properly bal- anced, and then make and put on a suitable shoe for the work the horse has to perform. Place a piece of sole leather first under the shoe, covering the bottom of the foot. Rivet the sole leather at the heels of the shoe, trimming the leather to fit snugly to outside of shoe. IText hold up the foot, and fill the bottom with my foot salve (recipe l^o. 2). After the salve has become cool, lay a thin layer of white cotton over the bottom of the foot, covering the salve, and nail on the shoe. The salve will exclude the air from the afiected parts, the leather will pro- tect the bottom of the foot and hold the salve in its place. Finally stand the horse in the soaking tub for at least one or two hours in warm water. The effect of the soakino- tub will be to open the pores of the wall, and assist nature in casting off the inflammation. If the foot should show signs of fever around the coronet band, keep the soaking swabs well wet with warm water, and see that they are well buckled around the 18G SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. lower pasterns. Keep the swabs on pastern and around the foot as long as there is fever around the coronet band. By fol- lowing the above instructions I have never failed to make a permanent cure in feet affected with broken bars. This opera^ tion must be performed by a competent and skillful farrier. Lameness and Diseases of the Foot. — One of the most common yet painful disorders of the foot is a separated wall at the coronet, which may result from any sharp in- strument, such as a wire fence, the calkin of the opposite shoe, or a raised clinch of the nail. This may result in a fissure or crack in the wall, which will become permanent as the wall grows down, or it may cause a wdde sepa- ration at the coronet. The treatment should never involve the paring away the wall at the coro- net, but on the contrary at the ground surface of the wall immediately be- low the injury, as shown in Fig. 77. Then place the shoe on the foot, having four or more nail holes immediately below the ground surface thus pared away, and draw them up gradually — first tapping one, then another — till the wall is drawn down to the shoe, and the pressure at the coronet is relieved. In order to do this effectively, the hoof should be softened bv standinj]: in warm water a sufiicient length of time. Fig. 77. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 18: If there is any foreign or detached substance in the wound it shouki be cleansed with warm water injected, or the wash num- bered 4, on page 294. When the wound has been thus thoroughly dressed, then apply the salve described in Recipe No. 2, on page 292. Use surgeon's cotton, saturated with the heated salve, large enough to cover the wound and the skin of the coronet above. Then retain the cotton dressing by applying a linen bandage. Then apply the iron heated, but not so hot as to burn the bandage, and close enough to open the pores. The inflammation will pass off through the pores, and the salve will stimulate a healthy growth. In treating draft horses, have the toe well set back on the shoe, provided with a side heel calkin on the affected side. The dressing should be con- tinued as prescribed for ten days, and the wound will slowly yet effectually heal. There are many in- stances in which it is not advisable to weak- en the foot by tub baths, especially where the inflammation is confined to the coro- nary band. An admir- able substitute is found in the felt swab shown in Fig. 78, well satu- rated in warm watei- and buckled around the 13 Fig. 78. healthy foot covered by felt SWAB. A, Swab buckled around pasteru. 188 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 79. felt swab. B, B, Strap and C, C, Inside of swab buckle. lioof, extending above the coronet. Tliis is espe- cially valuable in hot, drj weather, when the hoof loses the moisture from the ground and becomes brittle and hard. The swab can be made of thick felt, after the pat- tern shown in Fig. 79. Abnormal Feet. — Before making an examination of faulty limbs, it is proper to present the subject of abnormal feet. The foot is in perfect poise when it is level and balanced, the heels being of the same height, so that the horse lands upon both alike, and springs from a level toe, after he has rolled over quar- ters of the same height. The heels must not be too high, nor the toe too long, nor the hoot out of proportion at the sides, taking the median line of the cleft of the frog as the basis of measurement. Fig. 80 represents a per- fect front foot. It is placed properly under the carcass. The vertical line. A, A, passes down through the axis of the cannon bono, and reaches the ground at the posterior angle of the wall and bar. The line B B intersects the line A A at the center of the ankle joint, and passes through the Fig. 80. perfect front foot. A, A, Axial line of leg. B, B, Axial line throusli coffin bone. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC 189 axis of the coffin bone to the ground, which indi- cates the perfect poise of the coffin bone when the foot is at rest. This is the crucial test of a foot both level and bal- anced. If the coffin bone is out of position with reference to the median line, B, B, the entire foot and limb are out of bal- ance. The journals of the joints at the ankle and knee do not articu- late ill equilibrio, and the tendons and ligaments are unduly taxed or relieved, dependent upon which side of the hoof bears an undue strain. The ac- companying drawings will illustrate this point. Fig. 81 shows the proper position. Fig. 86, with the vertical dropping through the apex of hoof, is the reproduction of a perfect coffin bone, photographed from nature. The line of pressure was thrown back from its correct vertical position by an undue length and height of the wall at the toe (see Fig. 82). The reverse result is obtained by an excessive height of the heel, as shown in Fig. 85. In the one instance a preponderance of the weight is thrown upon the flexors, and in the other upon the extensors; and in both cases depriving the bone structure of the limb of its primary function of being the organic weight bearer. The practical result of thus placing the foot out of line with reference to the vertical position of the cannon bone, and Fig. 81. coffin bone. Lateral view — correct position. 190 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 82. high toe. Defective results shown by lines B, B, and D, D. passes through the axis of the cannon bone reaches the ground at an appreciable distance back of the heel, thus showing the entire foot and limb are thrown forward out of their proper posi- tion. Moreover, the inclination of the pastern joint is enormously increased, as shown by the line D, D, whereas the proper in- clination is shown by the line B, B. Now, if the too is low- ered the distance marked C, C, it is apparent that the vertical line A, A, will he thrown forward till it will pass through the axis of the proper inclination of the pastern joint, is pre- cisely the reverse of what is the general conclusion of the average horseman. For instance, an abnor- mal high toe invariably pitches the foot and limb forward, and an extra high heel (Fig. 85) has the opposite result. This is plainly shown in Fig. 84. By elevating the toe the vertical line that Fig. S3, coffixboxe, sa.mk defect. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 191 The the ankle joint and touch the heel at the ground surface, foot will then resume its normal position, by standing further hack directly under the limb. This investigation is so important in its practical re- sults that the converse efi'ect of excessive height of the heels is illustrated in this con- nection. Fig. 84 shows this defect in dressing the hoof for the shoe. The vertical line of pressure, A, A, is thrown for- ward beyond the axis of the Fig. 84. shows defect caused by too high heels. Fig. 85. coffin bone, same defect. cannon bone, so that it reaches the ground far in advance of the angle of the heel. The inclination of the pastern is made more up- right, as shown by the line J), D, instead of preserving its normal position as indi- cated by the line B, B. If the heels are lowered the distance indicated by the line C, C, the foot,will be changed to the correct po- sition indicated by E, E, and all the bones, joints, 192 SCIENTIFIC HOESESHOEING. Fig. 86. coffin bone — vertical in LINE. Fig. 86 is a photograph of a perfect coffin bone, exactly level on sole bearing, -with the flexor tendon cut off even with B, the navicular bone. In a well-balanced foot the vertical dropped from the center of the knee passes through the center of the apex of the coffin bone. Fic-. 87. coffin bone — vertical our OF LINE. Fig. 87 is a photograph of a perfect coffin bone, showing the effects of an uneven height of quarters. Assum- ing width of hoof 4 inches on the bottom, distance from base to knee 20 inches, difference of height in quarters of } inch would cause a dis- placement of IJ inches at the knee, thus unevenly distributing the weight and bearings. tendons and ligaments will operate in structural har- mony. We are now prepared to advance to the consideration of the foot and leg in their proper positions as weight bearers. Fig. 88 has been drawn with great care to show the perfect front limb and foot. It is correctly placed under the carcass, so LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 193 Fig. 88. perfect front limb and foot. Fig. 89. front limb and foot pointing for- ward — HIGH toe. that the bone structure from the shoulder to the ground surface shall hour its exact proportion of the body, and enable all the complex actions of the joints, tendons and ligaments to operate with the greatest ease, precision and efFect. Fig. 89 shows the limb and foot pointing forward, by reason of the causes heretofore explained. The invariable result of this faulty position is soreness at the point of the frog. To re- lieve this painful ailment, the toe should be lowered and the wall relieved at the toe, so that no bearing will be placed upon the shoe, at least the thickness of a ^o. 5 horseshoe nail around the forward arch of the hoof, and the two toe nails be left out. This will erive almost instant relief. 194 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. The opposite result, from an ex- cessive heio^ht of heel, is exempli- fied in Fig. 90. The trouble, after a careful examina- tion, will invaria- bly be located in the heel and the flexor tendon. Gentle pressure or slight blows will indicate the sore spot. The hard, unyielding sole at the point of pain should be re- moved and the inflammation re- duced by standing the foot and limb in a bath of tepid water. The hospital shoe to prevent lameness, if the horse is needed for immediate use, can be selected from several approved patterns. It may be necessary to cover the sole of the foot for the first shoeing with protecting leather. When this is done the best shoe to use is the bar, as shown on page 233. As a remedial shoe it can be improved by welding on oblong heel calkins, and a long toe calkin set back from the outer web of the shoe in front. If an open shoe is preferred, the four-calkin shoe illustrated on page 213 (Fig. 101) will answer the purpose. In case the lameness is severe, the leather covering may be supplied with a packing to keep the sole of the foot from becoming hard and dry. In that event, my experience has demonstrated the benefit of using Fig. 90. front limb and foot, pointing backward. LAMENESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 195 fat pickled pork, just out of the brine, cut in long, thin slices and pressed well into the sore spot and into the commissures. The inflammation will be relieved if the foot, when thus packed, is placed in warm water for at least two hours, keeping up the temperature as hot as the hand can bear. If speed is required while the horse is under treatment, the rolling motion shoe (Fig. 125), on page 235, may be used ; or, if the action is already too high, the scoop-toe shoe (Fig. 121, page 232) can be substituted. When the weight is thrown, by reason of a too high or long toe, unduly upon the flexor tendon, the result in violent action shows itself in either an inflamed flexor tendon or a complete let- down. In the latter case the usefulness of the horse is at an end, but in the former, remedial treatment, accompanied with absolute rest, insures a per- fect cure. The tendon bows out as shown in Fig. 91. The foot should be dressed as shown in the illustration, and a prepared surgeon's bandage, wrung out in witch hazel, applied as therein shown, after the limb has been thoroughly bathed in the same preparation. After the leg has thus been bandaged moderately tight, the foot should be shod with the four-calkin Fig. 91. FOOT PROPERLY PARED BEFORE BEING SHOD. 196 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. shoe as illustrated in Fig. 101, page 213. The heel calkins should be higher than the toe calkins. This will throw the weight forward upon the cannon bones and relieve the flexor tendons till the inflammation subsides. When this is accom- plished the witch hazel may be discontinued, and the more Fig. 92. foot after bking bandaged and shod. stimulating liniment described on page 294, Recipe 3, can be substituted. The liniment can be alternated with the bandage, each being applied every other day for ten days, when nature will complete the cure. It may be useful to describe a proper soaking tub. Such a vessel is shown in Fig. 93. It should be made of hard wood^ LAMEXESS AND DISEASES, ETC. 197 about twenty inches in height and width, with a strong bottom sufficient to stand the pressure of the heaviest draught horse. When the treatment is for inflamed tendons, the warm water should be at least sixteen inches in depth, while five or six inches of water is sufficient for the ordinary foot bath. Fig. 93. soaking tub. 198 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. CHAPTER VIII. FAULTS OF STRUCTURE AND ACTION. REGULATED OR RESTRICTED BY SHOEING. A large percentage of the horses have feet or legs which are not perfect in conformation, and as a consequence of these imperfections they are especially predisposed to certain injuries and diseases, as well as to manifest discordance of action — un- desirable in itself and unpleasant in its effects according to the rapidity of motion in different gaits. Much may be learned from careful observation of the action of an evenly-balanced horse, as a standard by which to compare and determine that which is defective or undesirable in figure and gait, as previously indicated in Chapters I and V. After examining the gait at which the horse moves, as pointed out, carefully study the poise of the legs and feet when at rest. The weak points of a horse's conformation can be bet- ter discovered while standing than while moving. If he is sound he will stand firnily and squarely on his limbs without moving them, with legs plump and naturally and equally poised ; or if the foot is taken from the ground and the weight taken from it, disease may be suspected or at least tenderness, which is the precursor of disease. If the horse stands with his feet spread apart, or straddles with his hind legs, there is a weakness in the loins and the kidneys are disordered. Heavy pulling bends the knees. A kicking horse is apt to have scarred legs ; a stumbling horse has blemished knees, etc. Never buy a horse in harness. Unhitch him and take every thing off* but his halter and lead him around. If he has a corn or is stiff", or has any other failing, you can see it. Let him go FAULTY CONFORMATION AND MOVEMENT. 199 by himself aways. Back him too. Some horses show their weakness or tricks in that way when they do n't in any other. The vital part of a horse, as far as his value is concerned, is the foot, for it is only as an organized locomotive machine that the horse is practically the most valuable companion to man. Hence without good feet and supple, muscular legs he would be of small value, either for work or speed, and the rational care of these underlies all else in the equine economy, as any impair- ment of them is a matter of extreme gravity and apprehension. It is difficult, indeed, to understand how the feet and legs of horses stand the wear and tear of work in our great cities, where every step of their iron-shod hoofs is upon a hard, un- yielding road ; and where, even at rest in their stables, they are, in a majority of cases, condemned to stand upon hard floors. There is no other creature living — save and excepting the don- key or mule — which can long bear the constant battering en- tailed by rapid locomotion over a paved surface. But if we look at the structure of the horse's foot (Figs. 3 to 15) we see how it is that the jar and vibration do not injure them more — severe as it is known to be. He is in fact mounted on springs, and it is not surprising that the intricate apparatus of locomo- tion, with its symmetry of movement and the perfection of its details should be admiringly termed " a living machine." In the language of another : " His very muscles appear at every motion, not soft and flabby, but firm and distinct. His veins, like rivulets, run in an infinite number of meanders, his limbs are clean, nervous, durable and ready at every call — and of all creatures he seems to approach nearest man, both for beauty, majesty and sagacity, and his services are likewise the most noble and excellent." The drawings on the following pages fairly illustrate the dif- ference between well-formed and malformed legs, and good and faulty standing positions. A comparison of these may enable the reader to judge for himself as to what is the best position, and 200 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. 1. Too straight. 2. Too much bent. 3. Too far behind. Fig. 94. faulty positions of hind legs, side view. what condition or malformation of the legs causes deviation therefrom. It must be borne in mind, however, that experience is the best and only teacher in matters of this kind, and that all I can attempt within the limits of this branch of my subject, is to set the reader on the right track ; the rest depends upon himself. The character and position of the hock has much to do with the standing position of the rear part of the horse, and the numerous faulty positions in which we show this is conclusive on this point. The qualities of a good hock are that it should be clear, rigid, and well defined, without puffiness or swelling ; the bones should be large and prominent, and viewed from the side should appear wide above and below. They should be neither straight or overbent. There is also a relative value to be attached to hocks malformed or apparently diflering from those laid down. Horses with defective hocks may be good for one sort of work and unsuited to another. As for instance, FAULTY CONFORMATION AND MOVEMENT. 201 hocks that will not stand violent exertions may endure for years in quiet work ; but these are exceptions, and the rule stands good as before. Comparing Figs. 1, 2, 3 (page 200), and 4 and 5 (page 201), we recognize some broad distinctions. In Fig. 1, the hock is too straight. The legs in this posi- tion are subject to spavin and thorough-pin. In Fig. 2, the hock is overbent and we may look for curb. In Fig. 3, the leg is too far behind ; and, therefore, does not afford the horse sufficient propelling power. In Fig. 4, the hocks stand in and the toes stand out ; and in Fig. 5, the hocks stand out and the toes stand in. In contrast to the foregoing, Figs. 6 and 7 (page 202), rep- resent the usually recommended position and what is considered the best position ; and in connection herewith the reader is re- spectfully referred again to Fig. 1, illustrating the model horse, according to my 50 years' experience and observation. 4. Hocks too close. 5. Hocks too open. Fig. 95. faulty position of hind legs, back view. 202 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. 6. Position usually recommended. 7. Best position. Fig. 96. good position of hind legs. Figs. 8, 9, 10 and 11 represent faulty positions of the fore legs. In Fig. 8, the elbow stands out and the toes stand in, commonly called " pigeon toes." In Fig. 9, the elbows stand in and the toes stand out, caus- ing the knees to spring to- gether. In Fig. 10, on the 189th page, we have a side view of what is termed a 8. "Pigeon-toed." 9. Knock-kneed. " calf leg," in tllis the VCl'tl- Fig. 97. FAULTY positions OP FORE LEGS, cal 11x16 froiTi the should- er through the axis will pass outside of and at a distance from FAULTY CONFORMATIOX AND MOVEMENT. 203 10. Calf leg. 11. Feet too close. the wings of the heels. This, as will be seen upon reference thereto, varies much from the requirements of a perfect horse. Such a position does not denote speed, but is not objectionable in a draft horse. In Fig. 11, the feet stand too closely together on \ / \ I / the ground; a position not recom- mended in a good horse. Finally, in contrast with these faulty positions of the fore- legs, we show front and side views of them, in which the points Fig. 98. faulty positions of fore favorable in a perfect horse are all noticeable. In the side view-, the foot is well under the leg, and the axis of the bones of the leg are all in line, as indicated by the vertical dotted line that drops from point of shoulder to foot, and the foot stands ui)on its proper angle. In the front view the conditions still remain the same. The shoulders are prominent, strong and well- set back, the fore arm is muscular, the fore leg tap- ered from elbow to foot, and the dotted line, in the ver- tical, passes directly through the axis of each leg and foot 14 12. Side. 13. Front. Fig. 99. VIEWS OF PERFECT LEGS. 204 SCIEXTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Care of the Foot from Golthood. — I have often read and heard the statements of many authorities to the eifect that the inside quarters of the horse's foot were weaker than the out- side quarters ; but from personal observation and practical knowledge, I can safely say that those statements are true only in cases of disproportionate build or where the foot has become altered or affected by mismanagement or improper shoeing. In a perfect, healthful foot, such as is shown in Fig. 24, however, the different parts are, without exception, symmetrical. And that I might satisfy myself fully in this regard, I have for many years visited the fertilizing factories, and with a com- pass have closely examined thousands of green specimens after they were stripped, and measured them from the center of fissures to the union of the inner wall and floor of sole on both sides from quarters back to heels, and never found an instance of a healthful foot where the difference exceeded the sixteenth of an inch. And even when the outer wall has grown more luxuriantly upon one side than the other, have I ever found any perceptible difference in the inner part of the foot. I have also closely examined with calipers the wall upon both quarters of feet which never had been shod or tampered with, from the center of the back through the quarters to the heels, and never found any variation in the thickness. And I have gone still further to satisfy myself upon this point. I have repeated vis- ited stock farms containing fifty or seventy-five horses and colts, whose feet never have been shod or tampered with, and upon careful inspection have found that the one-sided growth was due to the comparative length of the neck and legs. If the legs were short and the neck long, the feet would be straight ; that is, if the horse was perfectly built, the legs and neck propor- tional, the feet were always straight in front and the growth of the foot symmetrical. If the legs were long and the neck short, the growth was more luxuriant upon the outside quarters. In some instances where the points of the shoulder were wide and FAULTY COXFORMATIOX AND MOVEMENT. 205 the legs inclined inward, their feet would stand closely together and the growth was greater on the inside than on the outside quarter ; or vice versa, if the points of the shoulder were nar- row, the horse knock-kneed, and the feet apart, the growth would be larger on the outer than inner quarter. And in fact the variation in growth at quarters may exist to a great degree. In all my measurements of the wall from the inner floors of the foot to the coronet, I did not find the quar- ters vary in thickness one from the other. When the old cus- tom existed of making shoes rights and lefts, the inner quar- ter was made straighter than the outer, and even up to the present day the unskillful farrier, in fitting shoes, files and rasps the inner quarter straighter than the outer, to make the hoof agree with the shoe. After all these examinations, I came to the conclusion that there was no right or left to the foot ; that what will fit one foot will fit its mate. If the horse does not travel squarely on his feet, search out the cause and you will find my statements true. It is only the skillful farrier who can adjust shoes to correct malformations ; the hind feet difler in shape from the fore feet; and it requires more good judgment to shoe the front than the hind feet, to keep the horse squarely upon his feet. In conclusion, I desire to add briefly, in the light of the above facts, that in order to have perfect horses, the feet should be kept level and straight in colthood. The surplus growth should be pared and removed at least four times a year, and oftener, if necessary. For, if the feet be left to grow in a faulty position up to maturity, we may expect imperfect feet or legs. Almost any imperfect foot or leg, if treated in colthood, can be straightened ; but if it be neglected to the age of six or seven years, it is then too late. A great deal, however, can be done to assist nature in restoring the malformation ; and it is not to be denied that the usefulness of the horse depends upon good, solid feet and leers. 206 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Splay Foot — Knee Hitting. — The term " splay foot " is applied to horses that point or spread their toes outward. This condition may arise from either one of two causes : first, from a fault of conformation, which may be discovered by an examina- tion of the limb from the foot to the shoulder. If the toe turns out and the upper arm stands in close to the body, the malform- ation is in the " splayed " condition of the upper arm or shoulder joint. When this is the case there is no remedy to be found in any proposed style of shoeing, for the foot can not be pared to bring it straight in line with the median plane of the body with- out violently wrenching or twisting the jointed process of the shoulder and forearm. Second, The cause may be referred to mismanagement or improper shoeing of the foot. In this case the arm may be- normal and the fault confined to the ankle and foot — the pastern inclined inward and the toe of the foot turned outward. An examination of the hoof under these circumstances will reveal that the splayed appearance does not exist in the condition of the limb, and is therefore not real but is due to an unbalanced foot — the outside of the splay foot being too high at the toe. This defect can then be remedied and the foot straightened in line with the normal axis of the leg by proper attention in shoeing. Sometimes this deformity is visible only in one limb, while its counterpart may be perfectly straight. An instance of this kind that came under my observation was the case of the once noted trotter, " Jo Bunker." One of his fore limbs curved in- ward very noticeably, with the foot splayed or turned outward, but the other limb was straight and true to the line of normal movement. When at rest splay-footed horses always stand with their front feet slanting, wide apart, with toes out and heels in ; and from this fact it is apparent that the higher the outside toe is, the farther and wider will the feet point. The longer, too, that FAULTY CONFORMATION AND MOVEMENT. 207 a horse is allowed to remain in this condition, the more difficult it will be to remedy it, but much may be done in most cases to bring the feet to a correct bearing by timely methods of shoe- ing. Splay-footed horses are usually liable to strike or cut their knees, hence, in undertaking to shoe them for the prevention of this trouble, first examine the position of both fore and hind limbs as they stand on a level floor, and note how they are dis posed. Every splay-footed, knee-hitting horse places his front feet w^ith the outside margin of the toe first in contact with the ground, with a twist to the inside heel as it drops. The outside toe being the high point of the foot and standing out of the rectilinear way of movement, the knee of that limb can not swing out far enough to clear the other in passing. The con- trolling power of the muscles is exercised at the ground resist- ance, and if the foot leaves the ground straight it w' ill be carried straight, but if it inclines to wind or dip in or out, the position of the foot on the ground will indicate when it is not in line with the normal axis of the limb. To overcome knee-hitting in splay-footed horses, the direc- tions for leveling and balancing the foot, as per Fig. 23, Chapter IV, must be observed. If there is a dished-in of the outside quarter and toe, rasp or file it to a line from ground to coronet, as shown in Figs. 17 and 18. Then, if more length is required for the ground surface, let the shoe extend over the front part of the hoof to meet the necessities of the case. The more the foot winds or twists the greater the projection of shoe must be over outside toe. Fig. 100, on the following page, represents the pattern of shoe designed for extreme cases of knee hitting, and shows ex- tension of web over the rim of outside toe to prevent the inward dipping of the foot as it leaves the ground, that carries it over against the opposite limb in motion. Where the inside base of the hoof can not be pared from toe to heel to bring the foot In line with normal center of limb, carefully observe if pastern :os SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. still inclines inward, and if so, it must be m'ade to con- form to the right front line by building up the inside heel with a strip of sole leather inserted under the shoe, gradually tapering it off from the heel to a thin edge forward to center of toe, and then rivet on the leather and affix the shoe. "" On some occasions, as Fig. 100. front foot shoe (ground sur- ^here a horse cuts but one face) for splay-footed and chronic KNEE-HITTING HORSES. knee, it may be found that A, Inside branch. B, Outside branch, ^he foot on the injured limb C, Kivet hole, for securing leather slips is out of balance, and not when required to straighten the inside ■■ ^.v 4. n .-i i,-.-- , ^ , .,_ i- . 1 1 J • 1- the one that does the hittins:. heel to place the foot level and in line » with the center of limb. The dotted white In such event the foot of the line indicates extension of shoe over out- -^^^^^^.^^ jj^ib, after being side toe of foot. *' ° properly leveled, may be shod with pattern, Fig. 104. The effect of this shoe will be to turn or roll the limb out of the way of the other foot by means of the outer bevel on the outside toe. Or on removal of the old shoe it can be made to answer the same purpose by welding a toe calk on the inner side, about one inch from center of toe, the calk to be one-fourth inch high by one inch long. Forging or Clicking. — The habit of forging or clicking peculiar to many horses may arise either from disproportionate construction, or, which is most often the case, from improper shoeing; and indeed, from my own personal observation, I am led to believe that in many cases both causes may prevail at the same time. As one example, a colt, pure-gaited, never before shod, may be brought to me for shoeing, and I shoe him in ac- FAULTY COXFOEMATION AND MOVEMENT. 209 cordance with my best judgment. Upon trial, he may begin to forge or click at once, or possibly not until after a lapse of time. LTpon being brought back to me for a second examination and another shoeing, I may be able to detect the fault at once ; pos- sibly not, however, until after a third shoeing. It is evident, therefore, supposing that I am competent in every way in my handicraft, that if that colt continues, as we have above said, to forge or click, that we must look for the cause in the animal itself. Upon examination it will be found that the fourteenth dor- sal vertebrae (see skeleton. Fig. 2) is the pivot or axis around which the weight is poised, being the center of gravitation. It is plain, therefore, that if the symmetry of the horse be affected either by disproportionate construction, by acquired faults or by wrong shoeing, that his center of gravity is disturbed ; that is, he is unbalanced. And such, in a word, is the general cause of the fault under discussion. The horse may be heavier in front than behind ; he may be too upright in his shoulders ; he may be short in his pasterns. His legs may be disproportionately long in comparison with his length under the belly. He may have long pasterns and be unnaturally long in his sweeps behind, or close gaited behind, due to his stifle standing in, his hocks standing out and his toes inwardly inclined ; or he may carry his head too high or too low. Any one or more of these causes may have been present in the example above given, and were brought out upon the first shoeing. AVhen, therefore, a horse is found to be subject to i'orging or clicking, the first and all-important thing is to deter- mine how he is unbalanced and proceed to distribute equally around the center of his gravitation the natural and acquired weights he must carry. ISTo general rule can be given for this. In the cases above mentioned, one must rely upon his own judg- ment and experience. I have had occasion many times to de- 210 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. terniine for myself practically the difl'erence in weight of the fore and hind feet of horses, and having cut them off to the coronet from the same horses and weighed them, have found that the fore feet exceeded the weight of the hind feet on the averao^e of two and one-fourth to two and three-fourth ounces. If now this difference had been a cause of forging, it was ob- viously my duty to adjust the difference in weight in the manner which I should deem most expedient in restoring the horse to his balance. To treat successfully the habit of forging or cUcking, it is necessary that the farrier should know first the gait at which clicking occurs, and the proportions and structure, or build, of the horse. The feet are then to be examined and the part of the shoe struck by clickings marked. A skillful farrier will then be able to determme the causes and the remedies for each. If the horse hits the heel of the front foot, clip off" the heel of that shoe on the angle of the foot on the ground surface. If he hits on the inside web at the toe, take the weight out of toe of shoe from quarters to toe on both sides, leaving the weight from quarters to heel. If he hits on the outer quarter, put the drop crease on the outside. If he hits on the inside web of shoe, concave the shoe on the ground surface at the point touched. If the head is carried low, check it up so as to lighten the front part ; if too high, check down with standing martin- gales to add weight. If the breast collar is too low on the point of shoulders, raise it up. If the propelling power behind is too great for the front part, shoe with a five-ounce shoe heavier behind than in front. If he forges at a certain gait, drive over or under the gait. If the horse be a " dweller " with his front feet, put on a double rolling-motion shoe, highest at the quar- ters, gradually thinning the shoe from quarters to toe, then from quarters to heel. The effect of such a shoe will be to quicken his action in front. The shoes designed for the hind feet should in all cases pro- FAULTY CONFORMATIOX AND MOVEMENT. 211 ject well back at the heels, having good, long-heel calkins. The driver or farrier should be able to judge of the weight of shoes to be used. I have used four-calkin hind shoes in man}- cases with the best of results. Speedy Cutting. — This is caused by the horse being un- evenly balanced. Having more propelling power behind than in front — that is, the front feet not being able to get out of the way of "the hind legs as they pass, the outside of the front foot strikes and wounds the inside of the shin bone in the hind leo-, frequently causing much pain and soreness. It is termed " speedy cutting," from happening while the horse is in rapid action. It is an evident fact that all liorses with bold, lofty knee action are not speedy cutters. Those, however, who travel with a low, gliding, forward movement, like Lady Thorne, are called " daisy cutters," and are proverbially afflicted with speedy cutting in rapid motion. To overcome this defect, it is necessary to equal- ize the different actions of the parts by quickening that of the front and slowing that of the hind. This can only be done in shoeing. As there are, however, but few trotting horses that can have their toes shortened, since it would have a tendency to make them double up or shorten their stride, I use for them a double rolling-motion flat shoe, gradually thinning the shoe from quarters to heel and from quarters to toe, with dropped crease on the outer quarters. Such a shoe will allow the front foot to land on its heels, roll over the toe more quickly, and get out of the way of the hind legs. If the front feet or tendons are sore, it would have a tendency to slow the front action of the horse in landing, as he fears to hit the ground. In such cases shorten the toe of the front foot as much as safety will permit, examine the feet as well as the splint bones, for, if soreness is present, it will have a tendency to retard the action in front. If the liorse is a long strider or dweller, apply the scoop-toed, rolling- 212 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. motion or the plain rolling-motion shoe, which, being rolled in front, will assist the horse in getting over the toe of the foot quickly, and thus get out of the way of the other parts. In dressing the hind feet, lower the heels as much as safety will permit, keeping the front part of the toes at the natural angle, so as to have all the ground surface possible. Apply the shoe, Fig. 139. By placing long heel calkins at the sides of the heels, or allowing the shoe to extend at least one-half inch longer than the heel of the foot, the down action of the flexor perforins will be lessened, and in a relative degree, the quick-up action of the foot will also be lessened. The weight of the shoes to be worn must be determined accurately by the driver or proprietor. I have often shod this class of trotting horses with front shoes weighing eleven ounces, and with hind shoes weighing fifteen ounces, before I could get them balanced and square in their gait. Running horses are more liable to obtain speedy cuts than trotting horses ; this is occasioned principally by the carrying of weight upon their backs, the weight being placed more di- rectly on their front legs than on their hind ones. In plating running horses to overcome this difficulty, level and straighten the front feet, having the heels and frog of an even bearing when the feet are placed on the ground ; shoe with thin three- quarter tips, beveling the outside of the plate from the ground to the sole-bearing surface, so as to obviate the possibility of the leg being cut by the shoe in passing. The punishment of speedy cutting is oftentimes so severe that the race is lost by the horse being unable to withstand it without his sjjced being re- tarded more or less. Ankle, Shin and Knee Cutting, — In ankle or shin cutting, it will generally be observed that the ankles are tilted inward. Cutting often depends weakness or leg weariness, and is liable to happen to horses when driven long distances or when they FAULTY COXFORMATrON" AND MOVEMENT. 213 are carrying heavy shoes. Contraction and also soreness in the splint bones will cause a horse to cut, which almost always is the result of improper shoeing and bad management of the feet. All can be stopped by properly leveling and balancing the foot» and the appliance of a suitable shoe. When the position of the foot is faulty, it must be ob- vious that the remedy con- sists in altering its improper position and straightening it, as much as can be accu- rately done, according to the instructions given with Fig. 23, Chap. IV. When the toe is the part which inflicts the wound use a square-toed shoe like No. 147, shown in case of shoes, page 286. This will let the foot break over the toe square, and in straight Fig. 101. FRONT foot fouk calkin shoe, TO BE USED FOR THE RELIEF OF SORENESS IN THE FLEXOR PERFORANS, OR CASES OF going or close-gaited horses, quarter crack, where toe and heel CALKINS ARE REQUIRED, AS WELL AS FOR soreness at THE TOE AND FOR SPLIT FOOT IN FRONT. the foot will generally pass the knee without hittinsr. Sprains of the Ten- To be beveled from A, A, to B ; also from C, C, to wall-bearing surface at heel. A, A, Front toe calks to be beveled off on dons. — As its name implies, ground surface to front of toe at B, this complaint is an injury ^' ^' ^^^^^ ^^'^« t°,^« beveled from ground surface to wall-bearing surface. to the back sinew, from the effects of overtaxation. Work-horses are liable to become so affected, though it occurs more frequently in the running and trotting horses, by reason of their immense strides, the force of which has a tendency — when prolonged to a certain extent — to cause the tendons to become swollen and inflamed. For horses suffering with sore tendons, the four-calkin roll- 214 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. ing motion shoe, illustrated on the preceding page, will be found a successful remedy. The shoe should extend well back at the heels, the calkins being at least one-half inch higher at the heels than at the sides of the toe, where it should be well beveled on the ground sur- face, in order that the horse may be enabled to " get over " the toe of his foot with but little strain on the flexor perforans. I have also found the scoop-toed rolling-motion shoe very successful in the cases of trotting and running horses. The feet should always be well leveled and straightened, and the toes shortened as much as safety will permit. A preliminary appli- cation of warm-water bandages may be found beneficial. Elbow and Arm Cutting. — When a horse has too much freedom in the action of the knee of his fore leg, which causes it to bend under him, when lifted, in such a manner as to strike and bruise the limb, it is called elbow" or arm cutting. To over- come this difiiculty, the heel of the foot should be pared as low as it can be safely done. The toe, on the contrary, should be left long. The shoe should be light, for the lighter the shoe the less liability there is of the elbow or arm being cut. The web of the shoe should be narrow, especially from the quarters to the toe. The shoe should be well concaved on its ground sur- face, from the heel to the toe, particularly so in the case of horses who cut or hit the arm or elbow with the heel. (It may here be observed that the greater number of horses cut their elbows with the toe.) Adjustable Toe Weight. — The devices next shown in Figs. 102 and 103, for balancing the action of horses has many features which will recommend it to attention. I have used it for many years, and it has proven to give satisfaction in all cases. The following is the method of adjusting it to the foot : FAULTY CONFORMATION AND MOVEMENT. «>i -: 21 In case the horse's stride is short, place the weight over No. 4, as shown in diagram ; by so doing, the weight is at the extremity of the toe and muscle of the arm. In case one foot is longer in the stride than the other, place the weight on the short stridins: foot over No. Fig. 102. adjustable toe weight. - A, Ground surface of drop-crease shoe attached 4, and on the long stnd- ^^ foot. 1, 2, 3, 4, Points to which weight is ad- ing foot over No. 3. justed. Drive the horse, and if the stride is not equal place the weight on the long striding foot over letter 2. Drive the horse a few days, and if this does not have the de- sired efiect, and his stride is not equal, place a weight on the short striding foot at No. 4, two or three ounces heavier than the other. The great success of this weight depends on the skillfulness '^^,^ -,,^„ ^ r IG. Wo. GROUND TREAD OF SHOE SHOWN of the driver to properly in Fig. 102 to prevent arm and elbow T , •, , T cutting. adjust it so as to equalize the stride of the horse. A, Toe calk around the curve of shoe Another great advan- ^^ f;«"^ to be from i^ in. to | in. high ^ B, B, B, B, Bevel around inner nm of tage of this weight is that shoe and on outside at heels. C, Spur in you can give the horse foot ^'■°''* °^ ^^°^ carrying weight, as shown on side view, Fig. 81. D, D, Inner face action or take it away, by of toe weight. 21G SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. the raising or lowering of the weights on the foot. By placing both weights over No. 1, the weights, being placed over the center of the foot, will prevent the foot from bending or doubling at the toe, and will stop the worst cases of elbow and arm cutting. Ankle, Shin and Knee Hitting. — As a rule horses so affected, hit one leg or the Fig. 104. eight front foot shoe, to pre- vent ANKLE, SHIN AND KNEE HITTING. C, Starting point of bevel at center of toe to a thin feather edge at B, then other by striking it wdth the gradually lessening the bevel around the opp^gite foot from the point outside rim of shoe to A. of the inside toe to about the heel nail. By beveling off the shoe on the outside rim, therefore, as shown in Fig. 104, from C to B, at middle of toe, to A, at last nail hole, will pre- vent any thing like an inward dip as the foot leaves the ground, and will cause the ankle and knee to be carried outward from the opposite foot and thus avoid becoming bruised or cut. Fig. 105 shows a hind foot shoe intended for extreme cases of ankle hitting, where Fig. 105. left hind foot shoe for ^^^ ^^^^.g^ j^-^g ^-^i^ ^^^ -j^^jj^ ANKLE HITTING. , , , point of the toe. This occurs A, Inside toe calkin. B, Inside heel calkin with horses that stand in the FAULTY CONFORMATIOIY AND MOVEMENT. 217 faulty position illustrated in Fig. 95, is"o. 5, liaving their hocks turned outwardly and consequently their toes turned in. In this case, a toe-calk should be placed on the inside, at the strik- ing point of the foot, and also a side heel calkin. This will prevent any thing like an inward dip as the foot leaves the ground, and sufficient to carry it beyond the ankle of the oppo- site foot. Speed Shoes. — This variation from the ordinary bar shoe was designed to close up the hind action, where the movement was so wide that, at full speed, the horse frequently would strike his hocks in passing, and more frequently tear off the hind hock boots. When shod with this shoe, the shoe being on the in- side of the wall, this excessive straddling was obviated and the bocks were at once relieved of their boots. The more the foot is raised on the inside, the closer becomes the hind action. A, shows the bar across the frog, from heel to toe. B,B, B, shows rivet holes, through which to fasten the leather padding be- tween the shoe and the wall. C, indicates the heel calkin, and D the outside section of the wall. The shoe may be forged as light as the hind action may require, and it makes a neater finish to cut the leather padding to the inside and outside margin of the shoe and bar, after it has been nailed to the foot. "When made and fitted according to these instructions, not only will hock interference be avoided, but the Fig. 106. bar shoe — variation for correcting wide movement. A, Bar across frog. 218 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. speed of the horse decidedly increased and his endurance greatly extended. Tliis shoe has been so beneficial to speed that I have termed it the " Eecord Breaker." As the horse increases his speed, he changes his gait, and as no one style of shoe was known which would be suitable to all gaits, I invented this shoe for a low-gaited horse such as Nancy Hanks. My theory is that the thinner the shoe is, the longer wnll be the stride ; the lighter the shoe, the lighter the footfall. The wider the web, the less Fig. 107. kecord breaker — front shoe. Fig. 108. record breaker — hind SHOE. the shoe sinks in the ground, and the less liable the foot is to cup and slip back as it leaves the ground. This shoe is cut in grooves straight from, toe to heel, about three-sixteenths of an inch deep. This will pre- vent the foot from slipping sideways. The grooves cut sidewaj's and at right angles to the former will prevent the foot from slipping backward as it leaves the ground. Judg- ing from my experience in shoeing speed horses, slipping sideways is very tiresome, and FAULTY CONFOKMATIOX AND MOVEMENT. 219 therefore in affording a horse a iirm foothold, as the foot lands upon and leaves the ground, he is inspired with great confi- dence, he can hold his speed from start to finish more uniformly, and he will win many a race wliich he would have lost when wearing the common, old style of flat shoes. With this style of hind shoe, it will be impossible for the hind foot to slip backward or sideways, as it lands upon or leaves the ground. The hind logs are mainly the propelling powers of the horse. This shoe, as will be seen, is cut in dia- mond shapes on the ground tread. The cuts are to be made three-sixteenths of an inch deep. This style of shoe is adapted to horses with long pasterns. In my experience I have found it to be of decided advantage to the horse with long pasterns to shoe him behind with a lone: extension of a shoe backward The shoe then serves as a brace or stay to support the back tendons. In shoeing a speed horse, we must be governed by the length of the pastern, and use such a shoe as will suit and assist his gait and footfall. If the pastern is long, let the shoe extend back of the heel; if it is short and upright, let the shoe extend just the length of the heel. This shoe (Fig. 109) is designed for a horse with a long pastern. In some cases small heel calks can be turned upon the heels, as slipping sideways when he lands, or backward when the foot leaves the ground, is very tiresome. The scoop commencing at the toe, as Fig. 100. 15 RECORD BREAKER — HIND SHOE, WITH GRAB TOE. A to B, Scoop. 220 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. A, should be gradually thinned down to the inner edge, B, thus leaving a sharp catch at the toe. I have used this shoe on hard tracks with the best of success ; have known the slipping defect, generally confined to the hind feet, to be reduced to a minimum, and the speed on a hard track increased from one to three seconds. The importance of this shoe can not be overstated. Its use is to prevent the foot from slipping backward, thus tending to strain the tendons as well as to produce the knee-sprung troubles. The toe of this shoe is gradu- ally beveled to a thin edge from the outer to the inner surface of the shoe, and when this shoe is worn by speed horses it prevents the fi'ont foot from slipping backward as it leaves the ground. I use this stj'le of shoe on speed horses for sore tendons and the Fig. no. improved grab shoe. A, Ground tread knee-sprung defect. ^^^^^^^ B,B, Tips of leather-heel of toe. This shoe can be made as light as the foot requires, as well as the leg and the gait of the horse. All horses that are sore in the back tendons require elevation at the heels to relieve the sore tendon at each footfall. Take thick sole leather and rivet on shoe where rivet holes show in shoe, at heels and quarters. Then cut the leather out on inside of shoe, thus lightening its weight. Afterward gradually remove the leather by commenc- ing to thin it from the heels down to a feather edge at the toe, on each side of quarters. By so doing the heels will be ele- FAULTY CGXFORMATIOX AND MOVEMENT. 221 Abated and the sore tendons greatly relieved. B, B, shows how- leather is to be tapered from heel up to toe ; C, shows the leather and ground tread of shoe. The use of this shoe will afford the greatest ease and comfort to the horse at each foot- fall, when up to speed. The elevation with the leather must be governed by circumstances, some inflamed tendons requiring more than others. Shoes for Quarter Crack. — The illustration herewith is a side view of foot and pasterns, with lower part of cannon bone, the foot properly balanced and the bar shoe illustrated in Fig. 112 nailed to the foot. This style of bar shoe I designed for quarter crack where toe and heel calkins were re> quired. Quarter crack is one of the many diseases which horses are subject- ed to who travel day in and out upon artificially paved streets and roads. The illustration of this, particular case would not' do for all cases, of course. This style of shoe, how- ever, will illustrate this case, and be a guide to any others which may come to the attention of the reader. In this instance, the reader will turn his at- tention first to the Fig. Ill, showing side view of the shoe shown on the SHOE FOR QUARTER CRACK, SET ON WELL-BALAXCED FOOT. A, Toe calk, break the jar. B, B, Heel calkins set to 222 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. foot. Second illustration shows the shoe, ground tread and toe calkin, and third shows the wall bearing and where shoe is beveled to avoid the quarter crack. The rule of making th( shoe is to bevel it from wall bearing wherever it corner opposite a quarter crack ot the foot. Tl':is will prevent dirt from wedging in be- tween the shoe and the wall of the foot, and at each foot- Fig. 112. fall the dirt will jar out. A clip is required for draft horses. In paring the foot, bear in mind always to pare the outer edges of the quarter crack as deep as the sensitive laminae. After paring the foot and fitting the shoe, rivet a piece of sole leather to the shoe, covering bottom of the foot, at three rivet holes, as in illustration (Fig. 113). Before nailing the shoe to the foot, take fat pickled pork, fill the bot- tom of foot with long slices thereof, pressing them \vell into the commissures with the hand. After nailing the shoe to the foot, take Kecipe Xo. 2 made warm ; dip cot- ton into the salve, cover the afiected parts well with the Fig. 113. A, Clip on i>oint of shoe. salve and cotton. Then FAULTY CONFORMATION AND MOVEMENT. 223 bandage the cotton to the foot and stand the feet in the soak- ing tub, with warm water six to eight inches deep, for one or two hours. After taking the horse out of the soaking tub, bet- ter apply the soaking swabs around the pastern, kept wet with warm water, for a few days. I have cured the worst cases with this shoe and treatment, and worked the horse daily. Fig. 114 shows a special shoe for quarter crack for running horses. I have been very I successful with this, using it upon running horses where, in their early stages, they can not run up to their full speed, shod with bar shoes. The shoe is very easily made, as can be noted in the il- lustration, by bending, as at C. In paring the foot, the wall or horn should be removed so as to allow the shoe to set snugly up to the foot, as shown in the diagram. Placing nails in the heel of shoe will hold the wall of the foot permanently as the horse springs over the toe in his forward movement. Fig. 114, open shoes; A, A, ground tread; B, B, wall bearing ; C, set-off in shoe. Side view of foot' shows : A, quarter crack; B, shoe set off in front of the ground tread of quarter crack. A full front view of this shoe is given in the illustration in case of shoes, page 284, jS'o, 103. After placing this shoe upon the foot, use my foot salve, white cotton being A, Quarter crack. B, Shoe. 224 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. saturated with it, large enough to cover ufFected parts, warm and apply the salve. Place also a good linen, bandage around the coronet and under the heels, so as to hold the dressing firmly to the affected parts, and heat in well with a warm iron. Stand the foot in the soaking tub filled with warm water six inches deep, for one or two hours, and afterward use the soak- ing swabs around the pasterns and foot. Keep well wet with warm water for a few days, or until the soreness disappears. This shoe is designed for quarter crack, where neither toe nor heel calkins are required. This treatment I have used with unvarying success in the case of speed horses that have baen driven over hard tracks and roads. If horses' feet are kept properly balanced, the wall pliable and flexible, and the hoof shod with shoes suited to the work required, there will be little danger of quarter crack. The treat- ment is as follows : In old, long-standing cases, one side of the wall will overlap the other. In such instance, remove all the fractured and loose wall as deep as the podo- phyllous tissues. Be care- ful not to draw blood. The shoe is set down to half its thickness in front of the crack, being grad- ally drawn thinner as the heel is approached. Then Fig. 115. side view of hoop prepared^ balanced, and shod for quarter crack, where no toe nor heel calkin's are required. A, A, Wall removed under crack. B,. Quarter crack. FAULTY CONFORMATION AND MOVEMENT. puncli two small nail holes in lieel of shoe, as shown in diagram. The shoe should lie easily on the wall back of the quarter crack. After the foot has been shod apply the foot salve and remedy as heretofore prescribed. Cover the quarter crack and the coronet with the white cotton thoroughly saturated with the salve. Apply the linen bandage well around the whole foot, so as to liold the dressino; to the wounded parts. Warm the salve in well with the iron, made warm for this purpose. Observe these instructions and a permanent cure can be effected, Fig. 116 is a front view of a shoe which I have used in a great many cases of quarter crack with most satisfactory results. Fig. 116. shoe for quarter crack. A, Set-off, one-half thickness. Rate of Speed of Trotters and Pacers. — I give here a table showing the distance covered per second by a horse when going at speeds varying from a 2:00 to a 2:30 gait. The table given is believed to be a substantially correct compilation of the figures. It will be noticed that in the distance covered by the horse when going at a rate of speed of from 2:30 to 2:20 there is an approximate increase of three inches per second for each addi- tional second's lowering of the speed rate, while in the speed rate between 2:10 and 2:00 the increase amounts to four and one-tenth inches per second. A horse going a mile in two minutes would distance Martha Wilkes, Palo Alto and Maud S., 226 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Rate op Speed. 2:30 2:25 2:24 2:23 2:22 2:21 2:20 2:19 2:18 2:17 2:16 Distance PER Second. Feet. In 35 36 36 36 37 38 38 38 38 5 8 11 Rate op Speed. Distance PER Second. Feet. 2:15 2:14 2:13 2:12 2:10 2:08 2:08 2:05 2:04 2:00 39 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 44 In. and have something to spare, and would leave Nancy Hanks and Mascot, the fleetest of the present day, about seven lengths to the rear. Railroad express train, one mile a minute, eighty- eight feet a second, is a good comparison. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 227 CHAPTER IX. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. ITS PURPOSE AND SCOPE DELINEATED. The special purposes of shoeing will be considered under this head as applying to " all sorts and conditions " of feet — especially defective and diseased conditions — for which certain merits are claimed for many difierent styles of shoes, in remedy- ing or curing the special defects against which they are directed. No one need be told that in operating upon feet of this kind, the highest discretion of the farrier is called upon, for it is not the application of a given style of shoe to the foot in a given way, but it is the scientific adaptation of a special kind of shoe, varied for special purposes, to suit difierent conditions of the foot, with a view of securing certain beneficial results. Thus regarded, this section of my subject becomes withal one of the most interesting phases of all the branches of shoeing. There are a large number of artificers who make horseshoe- ing a profession, who ofier convincing testimony of having mastered the principles of their art (as proved by their skill in this department of it), that I should doubtless have made an exception in their favor in my strictures on the careless bun- glers who belittle the importance of the profession and unmake the well-deserved reputations of the more finished artists in the business. 228 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. In the development of that '* paragon of horseflesh " — the trotter — the matter of shoeing for specific purposes has received more attention at the hands of all classes of men, and has made more progress and achieved greater triumphs in American than in any other land. This is a department of the farrier's art that ranks with the best and most ingenious of other mechanical arts, and is justly entitled to the highest praise that can be bestowed upon it. I have devised many diflerent styles of shoes admirably ef- fective for leveling and perfecting the action and the gait of horses, as well as for removing the cause and thereby healing the efifect of various foot ailments, but as many of them are applicable — in a large measure — to horses used solely for speed purposes, any attempt at a complete classification at this time is precluded by the limits assigned for this work. I will, therefore, confine myself to a selection of such patterns as may be re- garded the most useful for the purpose in view, though the next succeeding chapter will contain an assembly of one hundred and seventy other forms of shoes, all enumerated and described for convenient reference. When rightly made and applied as directed, any of these shoes will prove potent auxiliaries in assisting to relieve the faults or troubles for which they are especially designed or in- tended, as explained in each instance — and this applies to the higher breeds of horses, as well as to others whose lot is cast in the humbler, if more useful walks of life. Any correspondence or inquiries addressed to me relative to the matters in question, will receive prompt and careful at- tention at mv hands. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 229 Fig. 117. original centennial shoe, designed by s. t. harris. Centennial Shoe, No. 1. — Fig. 117, is one of the many I exhibited at the Centennial Exposition at I'hiladelphia in 1876. It was designed by Mr. S. T. Harris, of Cincinnati. The shoe derives its name from the year in which it was in- nted and exhibited, and it has been in use a long time, with very gratifying success. It conforms more to the shape of the foot than any shoe ever used. The wings. A, A, bear evenly on the bars of the foot, aflbrding the greatest pos- sible bearing surface to the heels, and serve to distribute equally over the whole ground surface of the foot the concussion sus- tained, which, by reason of the position of the heels, is greatest at this point. After the Centennial shoe has been worn for a few days and then removed from the foot, the inclination and position of the wings afford a useful and valuable deduction. The question has long been mooted among writers and farriers, what part of the foot expands the hoof, whether the wall, the bars, or the frog. Eminent authorities have given this active agency in turn to each one of the members I have mentioned, but the inclina- tion of the wings of a worn Centennial shoe indicates an active agency of the bars in co-operating with the other parts of the foot that have not heretofore received adequate consideration. The wings of the shoe not only fall out in their bearings to the extreme points of the bars, but they are careened outwardly, the inside branches being higher than the outside branches, thus showing by their outward inclination that the bars have an ac- tive and constant agency in keeping the foot normally expanded. 230 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. As a hoof expander, therefore, we derive from the Centennial shoe one of its most valuable uses. Centennial Shoe, No. 2. ..■— • — Fig. 118. This shoe, also exhibited at the Centennial Exposition, conforms as closely as possible to the natural shape of the hoof, and places the pressure just where nature de- mands. Especially is it bene- ficial to the trotting horse that requires toe weights to balance his actions, because it is heavy in front and operates power- . . . Fig. lis. MODIFIED form centennial fully m assisting the extensor ^oe-weight shoe, designed by s. t. to lengthen the stride. When harris. a shoe of this pattern weighing A, A, Bevel around inner rim of . , • i-r. t ^ ,1 shoe on ground surface. B,B, Grooves Sixteen ounces is lifted by the ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ heel, it seems to weigh at least two pounds. The inner rim on ground surface is to be well concaved, as shown by letters, A, A, the heels to be swedged out with a round, blunt, fullering tool, as shown in B, B, so as to get good heel and bar pressure. In applying this style of shoe to a horse inclined to mix and shift his gait, bear in mind to leave a long toe. Three nails in each quarter is sufficient to hold the shoe to the foot. This shoe will produce most satisfactory results, if properly applied. Centennial Shoe, No. 3, — Fig. 119, on next page, is another modified form of the Centennial shoe before described, and with the others was exhibited by me at the Centennial Exposition. It is more easily made, yet embraces the same principle of "bar pressure. It can be made from any ordinary flat shoe, the wings to be swedged out solidly by means of a blunt, round, fullering SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 231 tool, until they extend over the bars, as shown at A, A, A^ A. This style of shoe I con- sider to be of especial advan- tage to recover the wiring-in of the crusts at the heels. By following the wall close up to the sides of the frog, it obtains strong bar pressure, and gives the frog free access to the ground. If the sole of the foot evinces a tendency to be flat Fig. 119. another modified form and tender, it is quite necessarv to protect it from injury until CENTENNIAL SHOE, DESIGNED BV S HARRIS. A, A, A, A, Grooves deepening and it becomes stronar. The onlv widening toward sole-bearing surface, ^ay in which this can be done is by adding to the web in the shoe. As the sole gradually re- news itself and becomes thicker, reduce the width of the shoe. In two or three shoeings, the foot will become strong, when the narrow-webbed shoe may be resorted to. Fig. 120. To make shoe, take a steel bar IJ by f inches, of twice the length from center of the toe to either heel — otherwise suf- ficiently long to extend the required distance round the foot. Strike a center at a point half the length from toe to heel on each side. Then with a chisel, cut -down through the middle of bar each wav — Fig. 120. raised spring bar shoe, to REDUCE concussion AND SOFTEN THE STROKE OF FOOTFALL. 2'32 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. stopping at a point to leave material enough where the ends of the wings unite with the shoe, then cut ofi" the surplus stock in center to leave the wings of the desired length, beginning at a distance from each end, equal to the length of the wings de- sired, and continue to the required distance from the ends of the bars. Taper the wings from heels to points and bend the shoe to the form of the foot. Make the wings conform to the shape of the frog. Then fit the shoe to the foot, springing the wings gradually from heels to points and leaving them standing one- half inch below face of shoe. I have tested this shoe on horses that were quite sore and lame, the shoe being made of cast steel, the bars being sprung down from the heel to their points on the ground surface about one-half inch ; this will soften and mellow the jar. The shoe, being v.-ell tempered, will allow the bars to spring with the horse's weight, and will be found one of the best devices possible to soften and relieve the efiects of con- cussion when the horse is ten- der in foot or tendons, as well as to quicken the action in trotting, leaving the frog free and unimpeded to perform its important functions of cushion- ing the foot and shielding the sensitive parts from injury. The benefit of this shoe can only be obtained on hard F^g. 121. front foot scoop-toe, roll- ing MOTION SHOE. roads or tracks. ■Pio- IPl Thi^shoe can be '^' ^' Commencement of scoop on ° each side of toe. B to C, Direction of readily made. It begins to be scoop from out to in. C, Point where gradually thinned oti the face «coop is deepest. D to D, Bevel from ° '' ground surface to wall-bearing surface at A, A, until the centers at on each heel. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 233 Fig. 122. front foot shoe, known as the " goldsmith maid bar shoe," heart-sunken and drop-creased. Fig. 123. front foot shoe, to lessen knee action, shorten the stride, and to prevent forging. A, A, Concave on ground surface around toe. B, B, B, B, Concave on ground surface around quarters. C, C, Outer ground surface to be kept flush with face of shoe. B, C, are reached, when on its outer edge, it should be not more than two-thirds its original thickness, dipping deeper inwardly toward C, where it should be quite thin. The eflect of this will be to lessen the ground sur- face of the foot, and quicken- the action of the fore legs. This shoe will also be found beneficial for horses sore in the toes and tendons. Fig. 122. This shoe is applicable for a number of diseases of the foot, such as weak and bruised heels, quarter cracks, etc. It is also used extensively among trotting horses, the shoes be- ing reduced down so light, they serve to keep the shoe from spreading on the foot, when the horse is in violent action. By having the bar set down below the face of the shoe, it serves the same purpose as an open shoe. This style of shoe is quite beneficial for long-striding horses, as they land mostly on the heels, and by having the shoe thinned well back at the heel, it will prevent 234 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. the foot from becoming bruised. I believe that an occasional change to the open shoe will be beneficial in giving the foot more active use of the frog. Fi^. 123, on the opposite page, illustrates a front foot shoe designed to prevent forging, to lessen knee action and shorten the stride. 1. For forging, if the hind foot hits under the toe, clip out in the toe as shown in the foregoing diagram. Lessening the . weight from quarters to the toe will allow the horse to get his foot quicker out of the road of the hind foot, thus preventing this defect. 2. If the horse has too much knee action and stride, taking the weight from toe, as shown opposite, lessens the stride and knee action and serves to equalize the gait. In either case the shoe is to be gradually thickened from A, A, to the heels. By so doing the front foot will be assisted in getting out of way of the hind foot, and where the hind foot hits up under the toe, forging will be prevented. Fig. 124. Horses that paddle do so by reason of the faulty position of the leg and foot. Paddling con- sists in springing from the inside toe when the foot leaves the ground, causing it to swing out from the body. The shoe (Fig. 124) was designed to assist nature in equalizing the weight, through the axis of the leg and foot, and is shown here from the ground side. Fig. 124. improved non-paddling front foot shoe, designed by s. t. HARRIS. Bevel outer rim of shoe from inner A to a thin edge at outer B, gradually diminishing the bevel to outer A, back of the quarter. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 235 To prevent paddling, place as wide a web upon the inside branch of shoe as the foot will admit of. The inside branch of the shoe to be beveled from the ground surface on the angle of the foot from toe to heel. The outside branch is to be made as light as possible. Commence to bevel from A to B, to be car- ried to B to a thin edge, as shown in diagram. This shoe has ffiven uniform satisfaction wherever used as I have directed. Fig. 125. I use this shoe for knee sprung and sore ten- dons. It can be made of any thickness or width to suit. In- asmuch as elevation gives re- lief to knee sprung and sore tendons, thickness at the heels must be judged of according to the necessities of the case. Select the bar required and bend it around center, shape both sides of toes and quarters, Fig. 125. rolling motion shoe no. 1. gradually narrowing the bar FOR KNEE SPRUNG AND SORE TENDONS. -, ■ n ^_ „ ,„ _,. , ^^ ,^ edgewise from center ot toe to A, A, A, A, Bevel on heel of shoe , , from ground surface to wall-bearing. B,B, Bevel from inner to outer surface As the bar diminishes in of ground-bearing, as shown. ^-^^^ -^ increases in thickness toward the heels. Then commence at inner B, gradually bevel- ing to outer B, extending as far back as shown in diagram on both sides of quarters. As the web at the toe shortens on the ground surface, the thickness at the heels gives elevation. The beveling from inner to outer web lessens the ground surface of th^ shoe. This shoe, when properly made and adjusted, is the best I have ever used for sprung knee and sore tendons. Fig. 126. The shoe on the opposite page I use for laminitis, quarter crack, split hoof, bruised heels, contracted feet and tender-footedness ; and it has always given the best satisfaction. 16 256 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. The shoe is made in this way : Take a bar of the re- quired width and thickness and bend it. Shape both sides from toe to heel. Commence beveling on outer surface, the bevel gradually diminishing at the inside web of shoe. Ex- tend this operation from toe to heel on ground surface. In- crease the web of shoe in pro- portion as the ground surface requires to be shortened. ^^^- ^-^'- polling motion shoe no. 2, for vakious purposes, as described. The effect of this shoe on „ , , , , „ , , lo be beveled all around on ground the foot will be to lessen the surface, from inside to outside of web, ground surface, breaking the ^^ shown. jar at each footfall, bringing the foot more under the leg, and al- lowing it to roll easily, in the forward movement at point of toe. Fig. 127. Although roll- ing-motion shoes Nos. 1 and 2 will prevent tripping and stumbling, all horses can not travel with ease and comfort when wearing a full rolling-motion shoe. For such cases, therefore, I de- signed shoe. Fig. 127. I have elsewhere stated that stumb- ling will arise from straight shoulders, short, upright pas- terns, high heels and carry- ing the head low. The more Fig. 127. front foot shoe, to prevent gtiffngss and soreness there STUMBLING AND GIVE GRACEFUL KNEE AC- TION. '■? apnarent, the higher the SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 237 foot is to be raised from the ground to prevent the toe tripping or stumbling. To make the shoe, cut a bar of the required width and thickness, and shape the shoe from toe to heel, making quarters the same as an ordinary shoe. Next, take a round, blunt full- ering tool, and scoop out at points A, A, gradually thinning from inside web to outside web. After swedging, clip ofi" with a chisel the surplus to the circle of the foot ; then hot-rasp the outer rim of shoe, leaving the ground surface as seen in the preceding diagram. If Fig. 127 is properly made, and the foot placed on its natural angle, the worst cases of tripping and stumbling can be prevented. If calkins are required for winter use, set the toe calk well back from the front of shoe, and weld on side heel calkins. This style of shoe can be successfully employed in giving the horse graceful knee action, as it will allow the toe to break over quickly and an increase of weight will cause the muscles of the limbs and shoulders to be brought more into play in lift- ing the feet from the ground. Another shoe to accomplish the same result is the four-cal- kin shoe, made as described and shown in Fig. 101 ; both shoes will give a sprightly down grade style of action. To increase hock action, if front shoes weigh 20 ounces each, make hind shoes 18 ounces or in that proportion, for in- creased or diminished weight. Any ordinary shoe will answer the purpose for the hind feet, by having increased weight in shoe the reflex action of picking up the foot is increased, which causes the hock to bend more and lift the foot higher from the ground, and the graceful eftect is heightened with increase of speed. Fig. 128. By shoeing with the style of shoe on the opposite page — properly made and applied — the weight being principally in the toe, at the extremities of the muscles, the action will be 238 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 128. front foot shoe, for balancing and squaring the action and gait of horses, when inclined to rack or pace and shuffle. squared and balanced. Iii order that the shoe may have the desired eft'ect, the quarters must be well concaved from the ground surface. In proportion^ then, as the weight is les- sened in the quarters, the toe of the shoe will be relatively heavier. This shoe can be used to quicken the horse's action by being rolled on the ground sur- face. I have used it with the most satisfactory re- sults. Fig. 129. This shoe is intended only for slow work in gait- ing horses. If the shoe be made according to the instructions following, and head checked down with standing martin- 'v^ l|fi ^\ gale, as described in Chap. Y, page 110, balancing the action of horses, a pacer that never struck a trot will trot at once. To make the shoe, select a bar of iron one-half inch thick, and shape the toe and quarters, then with a chisel cut from center of quarters, leav- ing one-half inch thickness at toe. Gradually draw the shoe Fig. 120. improved toe-weight shoe, thinner from toe to heel; cut A, A, Insertion for the frog. ^^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^y^^^ f^^. ^he frog. B, B, B, B, Concave on ground Bur- -d -d -o -n face. The inner edges, J3, 13, 15, ±s, SPECIFIC AND KEMEDIAL SHOEING. 239 are to be made concave on ground surface, and just in propor- tion as the quarters and heels are lightened, weight is to be added to the toe. A shoe of this pattern will assist the horse in the extension of his stride more than any other shoe made in the ordinary way and weighing thirty ounces. I have never failed to make a pacer trot, if shod in this manner. Fig. 130. I use this shoe for founder, laminitis, ring- bone, and anchylosis. For founder, the bottom of the foot should be pared quite thin ; and after the shoes are nailed on, stand the horse in soaking-tubs filled with warm water, for half a day, then ap- ply hot poultices to the bottom of the feet. For laminitis, bear in mind Fig. 130. front foot turn-table ^^ ^eep all pressure from the SHOE, FOR ANCHYLOSIS, LAMINITIS OR toe, and kcep up the hot water FOUNDER, VILLITIS, AND RINGBONE. A, A, Bevel of toe to B. C, C, Bevel from quarters to heels, D, D. E, Cen- ter of plate, li in. wide by i in. thick, welded on center of quarters and ta- pering each way to P, F, F, F, the center at E being the highest point by f in. to h in., on which the horse must stand squarely poised. recom- treatment same as mended for founder. For ring-bone, keep the foot pared as low as can be safelv done. Rins^-bone causes the horse to walk on his heel, and this shoe will greatly assist in getting over the toe as well as turning around — allowing the foot to roll with an easy sort of rocker motion, and with but little strain on the affected parts. I have never failed to make a horse travel well on hard roads. The horse can turn himself around as easily as though on a turn-table. 240 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEIXG. Fig. 131. double roller shoe. A, A, Sole bearin.Ec of tlie shoe. Closely connected with the turntable shoe described else- where, and in chronic cases of anchylosis of the ankle joint, is the rolling motion ball shoe illustrated in F\g. 131. The prac- tical result is the freedom of motion it permits to all the joints of the foot and limb, to compensate for the stiffness of the joint afiected. This freedom of movement takes the strain from the stiff joint and enables the horse to twist and turn to find the necessary relief. The ground surface of the shoe is solid metal, the center being the highest and gradually rolling or curving to the wall on all sides. It is the shoe that the late trainer of trotting horses, Ben Mace, used wuth great benefit on Sensation in all of his successful trotting races. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 241 Fig. 132. common sense shoe, to correct any faulty movements. A, Inside toe calkin. Fig. 132. In nearly all cases, horses that cut their ankles in front place the outer side of the foot to the ground first, then the foot drops quickly to the inside heel. As it drops, the ankle is thrown inwardly toward the opposite foot, and in passing the ankle the foot hits against the ankle of the stationary foot. This will he observed if a horse with this habit be walked and his front action be carefully noted. In shoeing a horse of this character, therefore, it should be the custom of the farrier to w^alk the horse up and down on level ground to ascertain how he steps on his feet. If he steps on the outer toe, first carefully pare the foot level and straight, as directed. After which apply the above shoe, wnth inside toe calkin. Then set the outside calk, thus shortening the ground surface, and place side heel calkin on the shoe. This will allow a broader tread and prevent twisting of the foot as it leaves the ground. In the forward movement, the foot will turn over the outside toe quickly and carry its ankle out of the reach of the cutting ankle. Place the shoe on the foot, corresponding with the ankle hit, the toe calkin, A, always on the inside. This shoe can also be used to correct any faulty step, as the ground surface can be increased or diminished without destroy- in ii: the shape of the foot. 242 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 133. When us- ing shoe, if the horse toes out, place a wide web on the inside ; if he toes in, place the wide web on the outside. If he bruslies his ankles, shins or knees, when the foot is directly under the axis of the leg, close up the nail holes in the toe on the inside, and place them in back of quarters, as shown in dia- gram. The inside is to be beveled on ground surface as shown at A, A. If the shoe is properly placed it can not fail to be of great service to the horse, and do all that is claimed for it. Fig. 134. This style is known as the rolling- motion shoe, and is used to quicken the action of the horse in front, show- ing the length of the- shoe at the heel and the roll at the toe, with the nails driven in the quarters. Fig. 135. The shoe on the opposite page is intended for draft horses. If the horse pulls from the outside toe, the out- side quarter and heel will wire in. To overcome this tendency, I designed this style of shoe. Any ordinary shoe may be Fig. 133. front foot side weight shoe, to prevent ankle or knee-hit- TING. A, A, Inside rim to be beveled on the ground tread. Fig. 134. side view of foot rolling motion shoe. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 243 used, on which the toe- piece at "A," may be welded, which should ex- tend from the outside rim of the shoe, say from one- half inch to an inch. Stave up the outside heel of the shoe sufficiently to get good broad covering for the narro wed-in heel and quarter. Use the round fullering tool to swcdge the shoe wide enough to obtain good bar pressure. Turn up heels and weld a calk on the outside heel, and fit the shoe snugly to the wall up to both sides of the frog. The etFect of the pro- jecting toe-piece is to brace or stay the weak part of the ankle and foot, and in two or three shoeings the foot will become natural in its movements, and fairly returned to its nor- mal state. Fig. 136. This is another style of shoe for draft horses, as explained by the references under the cut. Fig. 135. fkont foot shoe, for draft HORSE. A, Outside toe calk. B, Side-heel calk. Fig. 136. front foot shoe, for draft HORSES that wear HARD ON THE OUT- SIDE toe AND HEEL. A, Outside toe calk. B, Indicates the location of a clip to be turned up on the outside rim of the shoe to hokl it more firmly to the foot. 244 SCIENTIFIC HOKSESHOEING. Fig. 137. front foot shoe, to pkevent paddling, ankle and shin cutting. A, Projection at side of toe, to be placed CD the outside to remedy paddling, and on the inside to stop ankle or shin cutting. Fig. 138. front foot shoe, designed for bruised and ulcerated heels or corns, showing the wall-bearing a, a. Fig. 137. When the foot has an outward dip over the inside toe it is called padding. Use shoe,. Fig. 137, placing the pro- jecting toe-piece, A, on the inside of shoe. If the foot has an inward dip in leaving the ground, it is liable to hit the ankle or shin on the opposite leg. For such cases place the toe piece on the outside of the shoe as this will make the foot break straight over the toe. The toe- piece to extend one-half to three-quarter inch be- yond the rim of shoe. Fig. 138. This shoe is easily made. Take a shoe stifi" at heels and cut it out from wall-bearing surfaces to the inner rims, as shown at A, A. If only one heel is affected, concave on that side, at the place of bruise. Pare the commissures and bars all around the diseased part as thin as the safety of the foot will permit. Then punch holes in each, heel with a round punchy SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEIXG. 245 large enough to receive a one-sixteenth inch rivet. Then rivet a leather on the shoe, covering the bottom of the foot. Fill the bottom of the foot with fat pork out of the brine, and nail the shoe on lightly. Soak the feet in warm water for two hours. The pork will draw and assist in removing all soreness from the part. If these instructions are closely followed, I will guarantee that the worst case of corns can be cured in thirty days. They have never failed me. Fig. 139. This shoe was designed by the late Mr. Dan Mace for the noted mare, Lady Thorne. Great skill was re- quired in adjusting to her feet shoes of suitable weight to balance her action. This was effected by Mr. Mace by fit- ting her with shoes as shown herewith, weighing 12 ounces each in front, and 14 ounces each behind ; after which, her action was as regular as the pendulum of a clock. ^^^ ^39 ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ 3^^. This shoe should fit snugly ance and slow the action of the ,T n , J ^ j_i • ^ c- TROTTING HORSE, DESIGNED BY DAN on the toot up to both sides ot ^ mace. the frog", the heels inclininc^ a a v. tj v, i i v. : t to' o A, A to B, shows gradual bevel of outward. The shoe being long- front part of shoe to ground surface. er than the foot at the heels, C, C Heel calkins gradually lowered toward quarters, destroys the down action of the flexor perforans, which serves to lessen the quick up ac- tion. The length of the heels also gives more ground surface to the foot, which requires a longer interval for the horse to get over his toe. I have used this shoe with satisfactory results. 246 SCIENTIFIC HOKSESHOEING. Fig. 140. hind foot shoe, for track AND road horses. AV'ell beveled on ground surface, as shown by letters A, A, A. Fig. 140. This shoe is made of steel, and is well beveled on the ground sur- face. If the horse is a long: strider, turn up small heel calkins so as to serve as a check to the foot in landing ; if a short strider, heel cal- kins are not required. Fit the shoe the same length as the foot (as shown in this figure), so as not to retard the down action of the flexor perforans. B}^ following the above directions the speed of the horse will not be re- tarded. Fig. 141. This hind foot shoe is intended for an extreme case of ankle hit- ting, where the horse hits with the inside point of the toe. This occurs with horses that stand in a faulty posi- tion having their toes turned in. In such cases a toe-calk should be placed on the in- side, at the striking point of the foot, A, and also a side heel calkin, B. This will prevent any thing like an inward dip of the foot, as the horse starts, and will cause an outward dip sufficient to carry the foot beyond the ankle of the opposite leg without striking it. Fig. 141. HIND FOOT SHOE, FOR ANKLE HITTING. A, Inside toe calk calk. B, Inside heel SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 247 Fig. 142. This shoe, if properly made and ad- justed to the foot, will not fail to do all that is claimed for it. Trotting horses vary so greatly that no rule can be laid down applicable to all, beyond the general ob- servation to shoe each horse in accordance with his shape, build and gait, with differ- ently weighted and con- structed shoes. . The shoe in question should be used only on horses with their hind legs inclined to stand under the body. On close examination of the hind legs from the hock, we find the two nind feet close together, and the legs open between the hocks ; we notice the pasterns from the union of the upper pastern to the lower por- tion of the cannon-bone leaning outwardly. Dropping plumb lines from the inner and outer sides of the hock to the ground, we observe that both will hang, the one on the outer and the other toward the outer side, and that the weight does not pass through the axis of the leg and foot. In proportion, therefore, as these lines are distant from their normal position, the outer branch of the shoe will require to be turned outwardly to meet the vertical, and as the inside heel calkin of the shoe is lowered, just so much will the upper pastern be brought near the centc' line through axis of foot and leg. The inside branch of shoe is to fit snugly to the inner wall of foot. The outside branch of shoe, extending well back of heel and leg, will serve as a brace to support the upper pastern Fig. 142. hind foot shoe, to widen THE action. A, Inside branch. B, Ending of in- side toe calk. C, Ending of outside toe calk. Lines A B, A C show circle of toe. 248 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 143. and the shauk or cannon-bone. When the horse in motion lands his foot upon the ground, the heel of the foot on the inside be- ing the lowest, the inner muscle will bear the greater strain ; and as the foot leaves the ground, the outer muscle will spring back, carrying the foot out- wardly over the outside part of the toe, thus widening the tride as the foot leaves the ground, and allowing the hind leg to pass the fore foot and avoid speedy cutting. Fig. 143. To equalize the wearing. — This represents a style of shoe adapted for horses that wear heavily on one side of the foot. This often occurs from an inclination of the pastern to lean in or out, thus causing the shoe to wear more on the side to which the foot and pastern leans than on the other. If the wear is great- est on the outside, place the wide branch of the shoe on that side ; and, similarly, if greatest wear occurs on the in- side have the wide web of the shoe on that side. In this way the wearing of the shoe will Fig. 144. hind foot shoe, to pre- ^^ equalized and the foot and VENT ANKLE CUTTING. ^ A to B, Inside heel calkin gradually limb will be correspondingly tliinned. benefitted. Fig.144 represents a pattern of shoe to prevent ankle cut- ting on horses with long oblique pasterns leaning inward and HIND FOOT SIDE WEIGHT SHOE. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 249 the toes standing outward. The heel calk shown is to be on the inside branch of the shoe gradually tapering toward the heel from A to B, as this will tend to straighten the pasterns by rais- ing the inside of the foot more directly under the leg. Usually it is found that with pasterns of the kind in question, the inside heel is shorter on the ground tread than the outside, and this shoe will supply the deficiency and thus avoid the striking or cutting of the ankle as stated. Fig. 145. This shoe is made as light as can be con- veniently worn, and extends well back at the heels, the cal- kins behind being slightly higher than the front toe calks. The shoe, being well rolled on the ground surface, will allow the horse in his forward move- ment to get over the toe with but little strain on the afifected parts. In shoeing for spavin, the heel calkins are to be made to suit the emergencies. For this trouble, first pare the foot ac- outer rim of toe at B. cording to directions given in Chapter IV. Place the foot on the floor and pick up the other foot. If the horse does not stand down at the heel, the heel calkins must be left high enough on the shoe to make up for the deficiency ; for in a spavined leg the foot always has two motions, first the horse drops on toe, then back on heel. It is therefore plain to see that the heel calkins behind should be higher than in front. Again, if a horse is restless on his hind feet, or stands with one foot twisted in and placed with the heel on the coronet of the other, it 18 clearly indicative of a spavm of some nature, whether Fig. 145.. hind foot shoe, designed FOR CURVE, spavin AND SORE TENDONS. A, A, Bevel from front of toe calks to 250 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. obscure or visible, success. Fig. 146. hind foot shoe, to pkevent BRUISINO oil CALKING THE C0R0NI:T. A, Front toe calk B, Inside heel calk. Fig. 147. nrN'D foot shoe, for HORSES REQUIRING TOE AND HEEL CAL- KINS, TO PREVENT TWISTING EITHER WAY, IN OR OUT. A, Toe calk, extending over the side, as directed below. I have used this stvle of shoe with admirable Fig. 146. refers to calking of the coronet. This is often done by horses treading on the coronet with either or both heels of their shoes when stand- ing in the stall, cutting and bruising it, oftentimes produc- ing serious lameness. When toe and heel calkins are re- quired, apply this shoe. The inside heel calkin is welded lengthwise on the shoe, and set back from the heel fully an inch, the ground surface be- ing beveled to a thin edge. If both heel calkins are placed on the coronet, weld a side heel on each side of the shoe, bevel- ing the heels as before. By so doing, all danger of cutting or bruising the coronet is over- come. If plain shoes are used, bevel the heels on the ground surface and shoe short. Fig. 147. A great many horses are in the habit of twist- ing their feet when liftmg them from the ground, which makes them liable to interfere and strain their ankles or foot joints. Some will twist their foot in; others will twist it out. SPECIFIC AND KEMEDIAL SHOEING. 251 By applying the shoe seen in the diagram, if the twist of the foot is in, let the toe calk. A, project over the outside; if vice versa, change the projection of the toe to the inside. This style of shoe will prevent the twisting of the foot, and enable the horse to get straight over the foot in front. Fig. 148. This shoe I use for wheeled feet. Tak- ing the weight from front of shoe lessens the weight on the extensor. In the Hexing of the foot, changing the weight from quarters to heels, the foot will be easily lifted. The web of shoe will cover the quarters and wired- in heels, gradually restoring them to their natural con- dition. I have successfully used this shoe for preventing forg- ^ig. 148. hind foot shoe for wheeled ing. It will be readily ad- mitted that if weight in the toe of a shoe will lengthen the stride, reversing the w^eight will shorten the stride. Fig. 149. The shoe on the following page is designed for trotting horses that carry their feet close to the ground. Many horses shod with this shoe have won races which would have been lost to them had they worn the ordinary shoe. It is plain that just in proportion as the thickness of the shoe increases at the toe, the stride will be lessened ; and in proportion as the scoop is deepened, the stride will be length- ened. A great advantage gained in the use of this shoe is, that as the foot lands, it slides forward and hardens the earth. In the act of springing from the ground, the outer rim at letter B, 17 A, A, A, Outside bevel at toe. B, B, B, Inside tevel at toe. 252 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. the high point gives a solid catch ; and it is evident, there- fore, that the advantage gained in landing is not lost in spring- ing ofi' the ground. This back- ward and forward friction is very tiresome to the horse, and may be compared to the resist- ance experienced by the human being running over sand and snow. This shoe is easily made by laying the center of the toe on Fig. 149. hind foot scooped-toe ^he horn of the anvil with face EOLLING MOTION SHOE, TO PREVENT SLIPPING WHEN sPKiNGiNG FROM THE dowuward aud hammering the GROUND. ■a scoop out, letting the heel of shoe project well beyond the break of heel. A, A, Width of scoop at toe. Scoop to be beveled inwardly to C It affords great bracing or stay to the back sinews. This shoe is designed for use upon horses with long pasterns. Short upright pasterns can be shod shorter, as there is less strain on back tendons. If the back sinews are sore, put on heel calkins. Fig. 150. This is a pattern of front foot shoe for line trotters. Horses of this class, when up to speed, carry their hind limbs in line with the fore, and great care extending around the heels and is required in shoeing them lest quarters, B,B, and carried forward to near front toe nails. The heels they scalp the hmd shin or coronet of shoe also to be beveled at B, B, as it passes under the front foot. on ground surface, with the angle of the foot. The thinner the front shoes are Fig. 150. front foot shoe for line trotters, to prevent scalping. A, Bevel around inner rim to B, SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 253 the less liability there will be to injury in this way. The shoe must also be beveled at the heels on the ground surface with the angle of the hoof, as indicated in diagram 150, and as explained with Fig. 28. The weight of the shoes must be determined by the driver, as some horses require more weight than other in order to balance their action. Fig. 151 represents a bar shoe for the same general pur- pose as described for Fig. 150 ; but as some horses are more tender in the heels than others, this style of bar shoe may be substituted for the open shoe. Fig. 152 indicates the pat- tern of shoe recommended to prevent side or back slipping on hard tracks, Whatever is gained by a forward slide is not lost, for the purchase ob- tained by the use of this style of rasp-cut shoe will enable the horse to land and spring w^ith better confidence, speed and endurance than by any other form. This shoe should be made of steel and after the teeth are cut, they are to be tempered in oil. Fig. 151. front foot bar shoe, to be used when required on line trotters. A to B, Bevel around inner and outer rim same as in Fig. 117. The dot shown in center of bar is rivet hole for leather when used under the shoe. Fig. 152. front foot rasp cut bar SHOE, TO prevent SLIPPING ON HARD TRACKS. The dot in center of bar is rivet hole to secure leather when required. 254 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 153. grab shoe TOE. HIND FOOT KASP CUT WITH DEEP SCOOP AT outer rim at A to be flush with face of shoe Fig. 153 shows a hind foot, rasp-cut grab shoe, to prevent slipping on hard tracks, as ex- plained with Fig. 152. The extra scoop at front of toe will give an additional purchase and firm ground hold to the foot when rising. Fig. 154. Front foot raised split-bar steel shoe, for contracted hoofs, sore tendons, side bones, corns, bruised heels, etc. This shoe is to be made of steel in order that the bar may spring Scoop from A to B, as shown, the ^^^^^^ ^^^ weight of the horse. Make it in the same way as other bar shoes, and after the shoe is shaped and fitted cut the bar in center at A, A, then commence at B, B, to raise the bar say i to | inch, keeping both faces flat. In ases where leather is to be used to obtain frog pressure, lit the leather to cavity in bar under the shoe, punch holes in center of bar and at B, B, as shown by dots, for I eception of rivets, then bevel around the toe of shoe on Fig. 154. front foot raised split ground tread as shown. BAR SHOE, FOR CONTRACTION, SORE TEN- ^y-^j^ ^j^^ ^^^^ propCrlv DONS, SIDE BONES, CORNS, BRUISED HEELS, r L J ETC. leveled and balanced, as per SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAJi SHOEING. 255 Fig. 23, this shoe will be found very eft'ective for use in any of the cases mentioned. Fig. 155. Front foot scooped toe or grab shoe, with side heel calks for trotting and pacing horses inclined to twist or slip in landing or rising. It is a waste of power and loss of motion for horses to twist or turn in any way out of a direct forward line, and by use of the scooped-toe in this shoe we have Fig. loo. FRONT FOOT BAR SCOOPED- TOE GRAB SHOE. To prevent slipping, scoop the toe an excellent corrective for this from A to B, around to C, C. D, D, Side heel calks. Dot in cen- tendency, as well as a valuable ter of bar, rivet hole for leather ., . "^ , ,^. when required. aid m speed getting. Fig. 156 is a new form of double rolling motion bar shoe, designed to quicken the action in front, and thus prevent stumbling, forging and speedy cutting. By the increased knee action which this shoe gives it will also relieve soreness of tendons and feet. When used for sore tendons, after the foot is properly leveled, build up the heels to take off all i)Os- ^i^- ^^^- ''^ont foot center bearing, ^ DOUBLE ROLLING MOTION BAR SHOE, TO sible pressure from the back quicken the front action, prevent . . SPEEDY CUTTING, FORGING, STUMBLING, ETC. of the leo^, by insertinsr a aau-u * -i-u a '=''«' 5 " A, A, High center point in shoe, grad- thick piece of sole leather "^"7 beveled forward to B, at toe, and ^ back to C, at heel bar. D, Side view of under the shoe to cover the shoe, representing the foot-bearing face by straight line, and the ground face by bottom of foot, gradually the easy bevels each way from center. ,, . . ^1 1 ,1 rt The thickness of center is to be regulated thinning the leather from to suit the necessities of the case. 256 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. heel to toe. Then in case the weight is to be reduced, after the shoe is nailed on, the leather can be cut out around the inside of shoe. Fig. 157. Hind foot scooped toe or grab shoe, to prevent speedy cutting. This is a great shoe for speedy, close gaited horses. The scoop at toe secures the foothold and prevents slipping backward when leaving the ground, while the inner and outer bevels on shoe prevent the cutting or bruising of front quarters when in rapid motion. This shoe is to be made thicker at the toe and gradually beveled thinner to the heels. Fig. 157. hind foot scoomiD tok GRAB SHOE, TO PREVENT SPEEDY CUTTING. Scoop at toe to be deepened in- ward from A to B. C, D, Bevels around inner and outer rims of branches. Fig. 158. front foot scooped grab TOE bar shoe, to PREVENT SPEED HORSES SLIPPING ON SOFT TRACKS. A, Outer rim of toe to be of same height on ground tread as the four callfins; the scoop to bevel in to B,. which is thinned down a little below the web of the shoe, and extends to sides, C, C. Side heel and quarter calkins, D,D,D,D,wedge or ^shaped, with points upward. These calkins are to be of same height as the grab toe from A to C, C. Fig. 158. "With this style of shoe made as directed by references underneath the cut, the foot can not slip either to the SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 257 rear or sides, and by being easily lifted from muddy tracks with little friction, the horse grows surer footed and less leg weary or jaded than would otherwise be the case with the ordinary toe and heel calked shoe. Fig. 159. Any ordinary shoe may be adapted to this form by cutting off" both of the branches to the required length, then by using a b u say f in. thick by | in. wi ic long enough to extend acr the quarters, and welding 1l tongue piece on bar to reach back and cover the frog be- tween the heels, after which weld to the shoe and put on calks at toe, sides and heel of equal height, as shown at A, B, B, and C. Fig. 159. front foot three-quarter The cleft of froff shoe, for corns, bruised heels, side- bones, quarter cracks, etc. IS marked atD, and the dressed A, B, B, C, C, Toe quarters and wall at iL, Ji. in almost all heel calks. D, Cleft of frog. E, E, cases of this kind pressure is Bruised heels. F, F, Lower margin of „ level wall. to be kept on the frog, and this can easily be done by bending the broad tongue piece away from the foot. This shoe may, if desired, also be made plain, that is, without calks, and in either form will be found of valuable service if applied for the purposes intended with foot prepared, as per Fig. 23. Fig. 160 (next page). A horse thus affected endeavors to re- move the weight from the back of his foot by walking on his toe. This shoe can be used equally well for horses and mules — the heel calks to be high enough in each instance to level the heel with the ground, then as the weight can be borne on the heels, the calks will gradually be worn down and give indications in 258 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. this way of returning soundness. The toe-piece or front clip is to be turned up at same angle as the front of hoof and project forward to suit the case in hand, as the higher the animal stands on his toe, the longer and higher the spur should be, varying from one to one and one-half inches. With proper attention to these points and to leveling the foot, as per Fig. 23, this shoe can be applied with success. Fig. 160. side view of hoof shod for keliep of sprained and con- tracted TENDONS, WOUNDS IN THE FOOT, ETC. (For plan of shoe, see Fig. 162.] A, Coronary cavity. B, Outer wall. C, Side of shoe. D, Toe piece turned up. E, Heel calk. Fig. 161. The same method of preparing the foot as de- scribed for the preceding figure, is applicable to all horses or mules inclined to walk on their toes. Fig. 161. side view of another style op shoe similar to Fig. 160. (For plan of shoe, see Fig. IfiS.) SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 2-59 Fig. 162. ground surface of mule shoe shown in side VIEW OF HOOP, Fig. 1(30. A, B, Projecting toe piece. Fig. 163. ground tread of SHOE shown in side VIEW OF hoof. Fig. 161. Fig. 164. wall-bearing surface op shoe shown in Figs. 161 and 163. From these figures (160 to 164) a correct idea maybe obtained for mak- ing and applying the shoes for the purpose named. 260 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 165. ground surface of right hind foot spreading shoe, to prevent cross-firing. A, Heel calk to be turned up at end of long outside branch. B,B,B, Ground surface of shoe, the dotted line showing its pro- jection over the outside of foot. Fig. 166. wall-bearing sur- face OF SAME SHOE AS SHOWN IN Fig. 132. A, A, Bevel on outside rim of shoe, from wall bearing to grou nd tread. C, C, C, Flat wall bear- ing. Fig. 165. Cross-firing is caused by unbalanced feet and improperly constructed shoes. Almost all speed horses require the sharp outside edge of their front shoes to be taken ofi' on the ground surface to pre- vent scalping. By examining and comparing the stride of the cross- firing foot, it will be found that the stride of that member is shorter than its fellow by four to six inches, causing an occasional hitch or hop in the gait. In cases of this kind place a cross-firing shoe like Fig. 165 on the short striding foot, to weigh four to six ounces heavier than the one on the opposite foot. Where the horse cross-fires with both hind feet have them shod with shoes of equal weight. By lower-- ^ the inside toe and raising the tside heel on the long outside 1 anch of the shoe, the feet will be F ade to stand wider apart on the ound and will be thus carried out- ird from the body, passing the front I 3t without hitting or bruising the side ankles or shins. The success I this style of shoe is greatly de- s j^-ondent on the good judgment of the shoer. Fig. 167 (on opposite page). In bad cases of dragging, the ends of toe calk should project over the SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 261 front rim of shoe one half to one inch, the projection being fi^reater in proportion with, the increase of the trouble. Both ends of the calk should ex- tend equally to a straight line across the front. The clip should be turned up on same angle with the front of the hoof. If the foot is leveled, as directed with Fig. 23, this shoe will prevent the worst form of dragging, as when in motion the weight passes over the projecting toe calks the foot will be lifted with a quick upward movement. If the front toe of hoof is worn blunt by dragging, the line of wall must be carried down to the ground tread by making the shoe extend forward to meet the angle of the wall, and thus secure the full length of ground tread. This same style of shoe will in many cases stop forging or clicking. Fig. 168. Hind foot shoe to prevent ankle hitting. In order to determine how this shoe is to be worn the horse should be seen both in motion and at rest. If the foot twists in as the Fig. 1G7. hind foot shoe, to prevent DRAGGING AND FORGING. A, Reversed bent toe calk from inner center of web, extending over each side of toe rim. B, Center of clip, to be turned up in front between the pro- jecting prongs of calk. Fig. 168. HIND FOOT SHOE, to pre- vent ANKLE hitting. A, Toe calk on outside rim of shoe. B, Extension of outside branch with heel calk at end. C, Inside branch, with heel bev- eled from ground tread in line with hoof. 262 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. heel leaves the ground he will hit back of inside heel nail. I have never known a horse that twisted his heels out ever to cut or hit his ankles. A shoe made as per Fig. 168 will turn the foot outward from the ankle and thus avoid any interference. The outside heel calk at B should be as high as the case may require, say from f to J inch. The inside branch to be gradually thinned down from last nail hole to end at C, and the shoe to be fitted snug to the foot around that side. Use and Abuse of Tips. — Tips should not be used indis- criminately, the build and construction of a horse's legs and pasterns must be duly considered ; for instance, tips will be in- jurious if horse has long sloping pasterns whereby the line of weight inclines forward out of the vertical. On the other hand, short upright pasterns where legs are perpendicular or inclined back under the body, have feet at such an angle (say 55°) for the successful use of tips. Such horses wear the toes of shoes more than the heels, and a toe-tip is all that is needed, therefore, to protect the hoof from undue wear. A great majority of horses, however, are adapted to the use of tips, and I think they would be better ofi" from such use on the front feet than other- wise. By wearing tips the front feet would escape corns, bruised heels, quarter-cracks, contraction, thrush, sore tendons, leg weariness, interference or cutting and such like ills to which horseflesh is heir — more from clumsy, misfitting shoes, than from all other causes combined. In some sections of the country too, where, in wet weather, the soil is sticky, heavy clay, horses are apt to pick up " balls," which pack and wedge up in the foot under full shoes and becoming dry and hard, soon causes lameness, whereas the use of tips would avoid such re- sults. "When used, narrow tips are far preferable to wide ones, as it is- well known that horses do not wear out from overwork so much as from mismanagement and overweighting of the SPECIFIC AXI) REMEDIAL SHOEING. 263 feet. Good judgment is required in upph'ing tips: first, exam- ine the formation of wall and sole; if the sole is cup-form or well arched, this style of foot can bo most successfully tipped. The foot should not be pared oif at toe and heels so low for tips as for full shoes, as the tips have to be let in the wall flush with the ground tread. In this way the angle of foot is in no wise changed and the wear will be even all over. From two to three nails on each side of tips will suflice to hold them on firmly. Punch for a ]ow, short, thick hold inclining the nail out- wardly to avoid cramping the foot. Tips can be used to ad- vantage on colts for first shoeings in breaking them, also on dirt roads and the natural exercise of frog pressure will develop the foot into a strong and healthy organ. The tips are to be bev- eled off on the outer edge of the web, so as to follow the angle of the foot. Sharpening, or Winter Shoeing. — In many instances^ winter shoeing presents fresh difficulties, for the shoes have then to do a double duty — to secure the foot-hold as well as to pro- tect the foot. Toe and heel calkins are almost always employed as best suiting the requirements of each case. In all cases, however, these should be short and sharp, as then the foot will be kept nearer the ground, at the same time they will answer every purpose for a firm catch upon the hard or slippery ice, and the horse will be less liable to rock sidewise, thus avoiding in- jury or joint lameness. For ordinary workhorses, toe and heel calkins are all that are required ; and, as a rule, it is better to sharpen the outside heel calk lengthwise, or from front to back, as by so doing side slips will be avoided and strains on the joints and tendons be prevented. For speed horses, side heel calks are better for the front shoes than mere end calks, as the horse is not so apt to strike and pull off" the front shoes with his hind 264 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHCEING. feet when at speed ; also, the feet will not slip in or out so easily this way. The hind feet can in most cases be shod with ordinary turned up heels, as this wnll assist in preventiniJ^ the " calking" of one hind foot by the other. Side heel calks ought to be placed on the inside branch of the shoe, near the heel, as this w^ill lessen the danger of wounding the opposite member. All about Calks. — It should, however, never be lost sight of that the shorter, sharper and smaller the calkins are, so long as they answer the purpose for w^hich they are intended, so much the better for the foot that wears them. High calkins, while they confer no firmer foothold, may easily become a source of injury, both to the foot itself and the limb at large. It is only from that portion of the catch which enters the ground surface that the horse derives any benefit in the shape of foothold ; and it must be apparent to every one that long calkins have no ad- vantages in this respect over moderately short ones on hard, un- even ground, while they present many other disadvantages, on which I have already laid particular stress in Chaps. IV and VI. Bracing or Crutch Shoes.— Fig. 169 is a style of shoe for the right front foot, used to brace up the weak ankle or pastern that leans in, so as to prevent the horse from hitting and bruising the inside of the front leg. I have used this shoe with the most satis- factory results. Fig. 169. eight front shoe. A, Toe and heel calkins, inside shoe. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 265 Fio;. 170 is intended for the left front foot, when the pastern leans out. As the left foot passes over the out- side toe it takes an inward sweep, thus hitting and bruising the opposite leg. The projection of the toe calkin, A, beyond the outer edge of the shoe, must suit the case in hand. I have known of a toe calkin in such instance to project at least an inch. The outside heel calkin, set as at C, will materially support the out- side pastern. Fig. 171. split bar shoe. A, Outside heel calkin. B, B, Bevel around toe. C, Split bar. D, Inside heel calkin. Fig. 170. left front shoe. A, Toe calkin. B, Inside heel calkin, C, Outside heel calkin. The use of this shoe will be found of practical benefit when outside quar- ters are wired under and badly contracted. Such defects cause the quarters to wear excessively on the outside. The outside heel calkin and the inside heel calkin should be set as at A and D, respect- ively, thus increasing the full ground tread, while lessening the inside. Bev- eling around the toe, B, B, according to the neces- sities of the case in hand, 266 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 172. broad bar beveled shoe. B, B, Bevel — broadest at toe, lessen- ly; toward the Lccl. allows the foot to break over the toe more easily and pre- vents stumbling. Allowing the bar to remain open, as at C, gives the heels greater freedom to expand and con- tract at each footfall. Plac- ing the calkins as shown in diagram tends to equalize the pressure through cleft of frog and center of leg, thus strengthening the weak joints. If the foot is pared and the shoe made and fit- ted according toinstructions, a decided improvement both in the foot and its action will result in straightforward movement. The shoe illustrated in Fig. 172 gives through the broad, wide bar a strong frog pres- sure for weak heels and quarters. It is well con- caved on sole bearing sur- face, being of greatest bevel ,t the toe and lessening to- ward the heels. Weak feet ilways obtain the best of protection from a stiff, wide- webbed shoe, and this style tan be successfully used for quarter cracks, sore tendons md flat feet. This form of shoe (Fig. Fig. 173. left hind shoe. 173) will serve as a crutch A, Calkin. to support weak pastern SPECIFIC AXD REMEDIAL SHOEING. 267 joints — the cause of a horse's cutting defect. Before shoeing, observe both from the front and rear how much the ankle leans in, and place the side calkin as shown in diagram, high enough to straighten the pastern under the foot and leg, bearing in mind always that the main object is to strengthen the weak parts of the pastern joints. The figure herewith (Fig. 174) represents a pattern of a bracing shoe.to correct cut- ting inside point of toe, and is one of the most effective of the bracing shoes. Place calkin at inside of toe, as at A, to serve as a brace; another at outside, as B, and a side heel calkin on the outside branch. The effect of this shoe will be to cause the foot to drop outward and allow the opposite foot to pass the ankle without hitting or bruising it. The shoe following (Fig. Fig. 174. SHOE TO CORRECT CUTTINa IN- SIDE roiNT OF TOE. 175) is designed to prevent ankle hitting. The foot in its motion strikes the opposite hind ankle at B. Weld side heel calkin as at B. Gradually thin down heel of shoe from inside heel calkin to inside branch of heel. Notice the forward movement of the foot, as it leaves the ground. Place a toe calkin as at A, allowing it to project beyond the outside of the shoe from one-half to three-quarters of an inch. Turn heel calkin on at outside branch of shoe, and thus shaped it will prevent an inward dip as the foot leaves the ground, thus obviating the ankle bruising. 18 268 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 175. shoe to prevent ankle hitting. A, Projecting toe calkin. B, Side heel calkin. Fi^. 176 is another model of hind shoe to prevent ankle hitting. If the toe of the foot tilts in, place an inside toe calkin as at A, and a side heel calkin as at B. Then turn a heel on the outside branch of the shoe. Always en- deavor by studying the action to locate the cause of ankle hitting, as the same style of shoe that vrill stop one horse will not always stop another. I have used all the fore- going styles of shoes with the best results on differ- Fig. iTfi. shoe to prevent ankle hitting. ent horses. A, B, Inside toe and heel calkins. SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 269 A, Coffin bone. B, Navicular bone. C, Lower pastern bone. D, Upper pastern bone. E, Cannon bone. F, Velvety tissue, or sen- sitive sole. G, Horny wall. H, Horny sole. I, Horny frog. K, Plantar cushion, or sensitive sole. L, Horny laminte. M, Sensitive laminae. N, Front extensor tendon. O, Perforatus (superficial flexor. P, Perforans (deep flexor of the foot, inserted under the coffin bone. E., Suspensory ligament of the fetlock. S, Sesamoid bone (dotted line). T, Branch of perforatus tendon attached to lower pastern bone. IT, line of deflection from V, caused by knuckling. Fig. 177. section.al view of foot. Knuckling Shoes.— Fig. 177 is a sectional view of foot, lower and upper pastern bones, and end of cannon or shank bone. The line from C to Y shows the natural direction of the foot, when the coffin bone is in a healthy, normal condition ; C to U shows the deflection from the natural course in a bad case of knuckling. The difference may be readily seen by compar- ing Fig. 177 with Fig. 178, after the shoe (Fig. 179; and Fig. 180, showing section of ground tread) is nailed to the foot. This shoe (Figs. 179 and 179a) is easily made by welding toe calk in front of shoe, as shown (Fig. 179a). The height of the toe calk should vary according to the case in hand. The heels of shoe should be beveled on the ground tread, as shown at B, B, Fig. 179 ; and Fig. 179a shows a side view of the front 270 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. toe calkin on ground tread, and the point, C, at which to com- mence to bend the front part of shoe down from the toe. Fig. 178 shows the posi- tion of the pas- terns and foot after it has been dressed and the shoe nailed to it. I have been very successful in using this style of shoe in ex- treme cases of knuckling, espe- FiGs. 179 AND 179a. Fig. 178. cially-in colts of various ages, from six months to two 3'ears. Even aged horses can be thus bene- fited. This explanation should be sufficient, as the cuts speak for themselves. By using the shoe as here illustrated, the pastern can be quickly straightened and the ground tread of foot be forced to its natu- ral position. The ten- dons, ligaments and l)ones SPECIFIC AND EEMEDIAL SHOEING. 271 of a colt are naturally tender, and that is the time for this treat- ment for knuckling ; for if the colt be allowed to run until it has matured into a full-grown horse, not only may it be impossi- ble to efiect a permanent cure, but after the members become con- tracted it is somewhat doubtful if any cure at all can be effected. — - — This invaluable form of front shoe I designed to remedy either an inner or outer contraction of the quarter. The ground tread is to bo changed as shown at A. Punch the nail holes inclining outwardly. By do- ing this the nails open the foot to some extent, and have a tendency to unlock the bound quarter and give almost instant relief. Fig. 180. ground tread. A, Showing change of ground tread. cave on sound natural quar- ters, as shown at A, and bevel out as shown at B, the bevel being outwardly from the in- ner web of the shoe to the outer margin. As the weight of the horse falls on the sho&, it will have a tendency to press the contracted quar- ters outwardly at every foot- fall and give relief to the affected parts. Fig. 181 illustrates the sole, or wall bearing con- V Fig. 181. sole bearing. 272 SCIENTIFIC HOESESHOEIjVG. This shoe (Fig. 182) I have always used, with the best results, in preventing toe dragging, and in many cases to stop forging. Always exam- ine the pastern before shoeing. If it stands back, place a side heel calkin on the shoe, to raise it up on a line with the front part of the foot, which is the correct position at rest. This -will cause the joints of the pastern to work smoothly and properly. To make this shoe, take an old rasp, weld on the front toe of shoe and Fig. 182. shoe to prevent toe dragging. /if:-, A' Fig. 183. shoe to prevent toe dragging— side view SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 273 cut ofi", the length to that extent which the exigencies of each case require. This projecting toe calkin should be extended, on experimental trial, till the horse no longer strikes and wears away the hind hoof at the toe, by interference with the diag- onally opposite front shoe. Fig. 183 shows the shoe, known as the shoe to prevent toe dragging, nailed to the foot, the extension of the shoe beyond the toe, on a line with the front pastern, and front wall of foot to ground tread. The dotted line shows where the front wall of foot ought to come. Making the shoe to extend over, it takes the foot longer to get over the toe and retards the action behind; allowing the front foot to get out of tlie way of the hind foot, will thus prevent forging. I have always found this shoe to prevent toe dragging and forging very useful. This half bar shoe (Fig. 184) I use for contraction in the outside heel and quarters, in case the frog is pushed to one side. I place the bar of the shoe so as to rest lightly on one- half of the frog — that is, on the side of the foot wiring under. I simply fit the shoe neatly and firmly to the foot. A, A, and B, B, represent side toe and heel calkins. Then bevel the toe in front as shown in diagram. This will allow the horse to roll over the toe more easily in the forward movement. Bevel the shoe as shown in Fig. 181, on the wall bear- ing, for contracted and wired ill quarters. This style of „ ^„, shoe serves as a support to ilG. 184. HALF BAR SHOE. ^^ . . o- 1 X n • -D -n c • 1 assist nature in restoring the A, A, bide toe calkins. B, B, bide * heel caikins. foot to its normal condition. 274 SCIEJVTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 185. side view of right froxt foot and pastern, showing one heel and quarter badly contracted, as shown in diagram. I have oeen very successful in treat- ing feet contracted as shown in Fig. 185, in the follow- ing niannc]' : Pare all surplus growth on the ground-tread as low" as safety of the foot will permit ; oiDen up the heels well and the com- missures, commenc- ing at point of the fro(T and extending as far back as the heels. Be careful not to cut or take anything off the frog. Be sure to cut down along sides of tlio frog as deep as safety of the foot will permit. By so doing, 3'ou will liberate and free the frog and allow the foot to expand and contract more naturally at each footfall, by leaving a good flat wall-bearing, as shown on page 97, Fig. 23. Letter A shows where to com- mence to cut or file the groove in the outer wall. Take a three-cornered file ten inches long ; commence one inch below the cornet band, as shown in diagram ; file through the insen- sitive outer w^all as deep as the horny plates ; file forward to where the quarter commences to contract and as far back as the heel. If inner and outer heel and quarters are both con- tracted, both sides must be treated alike. Fit a good stiff shoe to the foot ; get fat salt pork out of the brine, cut in long slices ; fill the bottom of the foot. Be sure to press the jDork down into the commissures. Take a good piece of sole SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 275 leather ; cut the size of the foot and nail tlie leather under the shoe. The leather will hold the pork iu place. After having the shoes nailed on, it will be well to soak the front feet in a tub filled with warm water to the depth of eight or ten inches. Let the horse stand in the warm water for one hour. After taking the horse out of the tub, fill the grooves cut in feet with Recipe No. 2, page 30G. The salve will ex- clude the air from the grooves cut. In many cases it will be a good plan to apply a sweat blister around the cornet band. If the above treatment is properly applied, the horse can be used daily, and the feet will grow out natural and healthy and strong. I have treated over fifty cases in the past year, and all the horses were used daily, and all grew out natural and healthy feet. Letter A shows where to cut groove ; letter B, insensitive frog; letters C C, outer wall. See cut or dia- gram on page 274 for reference of letters. Fi"-. 1S6. I designed this style of shoe to prevent s 1-i p p i n g on brick- and granite-paved streets. By having long toe and heel calkings, it prevents the foot and joints from rocking side- ways, thus preventing lameness in the ankle joints. The toe and heel calks are sharp, and in the shape of a three- cornered file, or made in a A-shape, on the ground-tread. As the foot huids on the street, it is inclined to slide forward, and either the toe or Fig. 186. WEiGnr op shoe, 8} ounces. 276 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. heel calk will catch between the joints of brick and stone ancL prevent slipping. The shoe being bent around at the heels, as shown, will catch the curls at the heels and prevent con- traction of the foot. It ought to be a question of how 1 ap a horse can be shod, but V good he can be shod so as insure his usefulness to his ler. Fig. 187. This style of 1 e I have used for thin shell aai wall. All thin-shelled feet require to be shod with thin, •wide web shoes ; but there can Fig. 187. weight op shoe, 6J oz3. ^q j-^q fl^ed rule given to shoe any two speed horses with same weight and style of shoes. The thinner the shoe the more naturally the foot is kept to- the ground, in my experience, as a farrier for sixty-four years. All speed horses re- quire the sharp outside edges to be taken off the shoes on the ground-tread. By so do- ing you will prevent scalping and speedy-cutting ; and my theory has always been that XDrevention is better than cure. The grab at toe, being beveled gradually from outer A to inner A, will prevent the ^^^- 1^8. weight op shoe, 8h ozs. foot from slipping back as it leaves the ground. Fig. ISS. I invented and made tliis style of shoe to be SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 277 used on speed horses on soft and muddy tracks. This style of shoe will suit a great many pacing' horses. The toe and heel calkings are beveled inward to inward face of shoe, and are left square on the outside edge. The toe of the shoe is beveled inward, as shown at letter A. The too and heel calks being left square on outside edges, will pre- vent the foot from slip- ping sideways when going around the turns. The scoop or grab at the toe will prevent the foot from slipping back as it leaves the ground. The toe and Fig. 189. weicxHt of shoe, 4J ozs. heel calks being beveled inward, will allow the foot to be most easily lifted out, prevent- ing strain on muscles and ten- dons. I have used this style of shoe with satisfactory results on trotting and pacing horses. Fio;. 189. I designed this shoe for a pacing horse. The outer rim, which is three-six- teenths of an inch high, gives the foot a firm hold at each foot- fall, and also prevents slipping sidewise in going around the turns. In many cases it is a jxood shoe for the trotting horse. Fio-. 190. I designed tliis shoo to prevent cross-firing on Fig. 190. aveigiit of snoE, ?, oz. 278 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 191. weight of shoe, 6h ozs. the pacing liorse. I have not faik>d to stop a cross-firing horse with this shoe. The outer rim on shoe, from heel |A to center of toe of foot, and the inner branch of shoe, must be the same length as the inner wall of foot. I have used this shoe with the best of results. This style of shoe can also be used on trotting horses. Fig. 191. In order to be successful in slioeing speed horses, we must de- sign and make shoes suit- able for the track they have to race ui)on. As I have so often said, scarcely any two speed horses are shaped and gaited alike ; the style and weight of shoes that would suit one would not suit another. So, after all, successful horse- shoeing greatly depends upon tlie good judgment of the far- rier. Some speed horses are too long-gaited in front, while others are too short-gaited — their action in front is short and rapid and quick. If the horse has a short, choppy gait in front, use Fig. 191. Placing the rim on the outside of shoe will give most ground-tread. I desire to call your attention to page 94, Figs. 17, 18, 19, and to i^age 52, Fig. 5, By allowing the slioe to extend over the toe, so as to have the front part of the foot on a line with upper and lower pasterns, as shown in diagram, and using suitable weighted shoes, the horse w^ill get on to his correct, natural stride. Fig. 192. If tJie horse is too long-gaited and inclined to dwell in front, apply Fig. 203. Tlie rim is placed on the in- SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 279 side web of shoe ; it shortens tlie gi-oiind-tread and quickens the front foot action. Fig. 193, The rim is phiced in the center of shoe. If Fig. 191 gives too much stride, try Fig. 193. Thf stride can be reguh^ted t( suit the gait of the horse with some one of the differ ent styles of shoes. B} close examination of th( skeleton on page 36, it wil be seen that the horse is i beautiful piece of median ism ; and to shoe tlie feet with styles and weights of shoes suitable to their gaits '^^^- 192. weight op shoe, G] ozs. requires great study and thought and practical experience. Fig. 194 is a new style of plate for the running horse. The toe calk is forged solidly at the toe. There is a deep grab at the toe, to prevent the foot from slipping back as it leaves the ground. The run- ning horse in his long strides always lands on his heels. This 23late has no heel calks, consequently the stride must be lengthened in proportion to the height of the heel on other j^lates. This cumula- FiG. 193. WEIGHT OF SHOE, 9 OZS. tlvc ffaiu lu tlio Icu^'th of stride must necessarily increase tlie speed. All the horsemen 280 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 194. who liaye seen the plate say it is the best out, and that by its use the horse can gain from twelve to eighteen feet in a mile heat. It is acknowledged by all to be the best plate now in use. Letter A designates the deep grab at the toe. Fig. 195. A solid rim shoe from heel to toe ; rim three-sixteenths of an inch high made in the center web of shoe. Letter A shows the fiat surface of shoe. The shoe is concaved from letter B to WEIGHT OF SHOE, 2] OZS. inner C I designed this shoe for a mud-shoe, to be worn on soft, cuppy tracks. It has given j)erfect satisfaction to all the drivers who have used it. The outer rim being made square, will prevent the foot from s]ipj)ing .sideways when it leaves the ground. The web of the shoe bein», convex on the ground- tread, will allow the foct to be lifted out of the solt ground more easily than the flat shoe, and cons( quently the horse will b( come less leg weary in hi race. Fig. 196. I desimied this shoe to shorten and quicken the front foot action where the stride is too loiiir and tlie horse is inclined to dwell in the Fig. 195. weight op shoe, S} ozs. SPECIFIC AND EEMEDIAL SHOEING. 281 front action. Two front toe calks are set back on each side of toe. This allows the foot to break over the toe more quickly. The toe being scooped from outer A to inner A, gives the foot a better hold as it leaves the ground. The toe and heel calkings being made in the shape of a three- cornered file, sink in the ground easily and pull out easily. If the shoe is properly made and ap- plied to the long-gaited horse, it cannot fail to quicken the front action on a hard track. Fig. 197. This shoe I designed for a horse with long pasterns and plenty of hock ac- tion. On a hard track it is a splendid shoe for some horses. The toe is set slightly back from the front of the shoe. It is bev- leled inwardly and made sharp, so that it will easily sink in the ground and prevent the foot from slipping back when the foot leaves the ground. I have used this shoe with perfect satisfaction. Fig. 198. This style of shoe Fig. 197. hind foot shoe. t i • j j- i. £ • WEIGHT, FOUR OUNCES. ^ dcsigucd to prevcut forgmg and scalping. The Aveight being placed from tlie j^oint of the Fig. 196. front foot four-calked shoe, weight, seven ounces. Calkings are three-sixths of an inch liish, 282 SCIENTIFIC IIORSESHOEIXG. frog back to tlie heel, and tlie toe being beveled in front, allows the foot to break over more readil}'. This arrangement also permits the horse to lift his foot most quickly and get it out of the way of the hind foot. If made according to in- structions, this shoe will stop a great many horses from forg- ing and speedA'-cutting. I have also used this style of shoe to give gracefid knee action. It sliould always be borne in mind that there can be no '•[flexible rule given as to ^ Drseshoeing. No two an- [lals can be shod exactly ike with tlie same style id Aveight of shoes and do 1 leir work witli equal ease id comfort to themselves. "^31110 general directions for applying tliis shoe may, however, be given. First, step to one side and observe if the front outer wall is on a line with tlie upper and lower pasterns. (See Fig. 5, page 52.) If the pasterns stand back from the front part of outer wall, weld two side heel calks on shoe, high enough to bring tlie pasterns on a line with the outer wall of foot. (See Fig. 5, page 52.) If the shoe is made according to directions, it will stop a great many horses from forging and speedy-cutting. This shoe has al- ways given very satisfactory results. Fig. 199. With this style of shoe I have had the best of success in stopping knee-hitting on splay-footed horses. The wide web of shoe is placed on the inside of foot, as shown in diagram, so as to prevent the foot from sinking in tlie ground Fig. 198. weight of shoe, Oj ozs. SPECIFIC AND RP]MEDIAL SHOEING. 283 Fig. 199. weight op shoe, 10 ozs. and tlie pasterns and knees from leaning inward. The bevel at outside of toe, as shown in diagram, permits the foot as it leaves the ground to break over the outside toe. By bev- eling the shoe from inner A to outer A, as shown in dia- gram, the ground-tread is shortened at the outside of toe ; this alloAvs the foot to break over to the outside of toe. Just in propoi-tion as the foot is rolled over, the outside of the knee will be rolled out- ward, out of the way of the opposite foot, thus prevent- ing: knee-liittino;. Fig. 200. This shoe I liave used with the best of success for side-bones on road and driving horses. The shoe being made of steel, with open bar, will allow the foot to contract and expand at each footfall more readily than a solid bar. This is a good shoe for corns and bruised heels. The set-off in the shoe must be made to suit the particular case in hand, tlie shoo being set down in front of the bony deposit, and the shoe being beveled from inner A to outer B. Fig. 200. front foot shoe. C C shows rivet holes, to rivet leatlier under shoe ; D D shows 284 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. wliere the shoe is to be set down to one-half the thickness of the shoe. If the foot is properly pared, and the shoe made and fit properly, it will give great relief to the disease. After having the foot dressed and the shoe made and fit, fill the bottom of the foot with fat salt pork ; then nail on the shoe with a strong piece of leather to hold the packing in place ; then take the horse and stand him in a soaking tub for one or two hours, in warm water eight or ten inches deejD. The ef- fects of soaking will open the pores, and the salt fat pork and leather will exclude tlie air from the bottom of tlie foot. The pressure must be well taken off the sore spots. There are several other styles of shoes in this book for bruised heels and side bones. To be successful the farrier must use good judgment in dressing and preparing the foot and selecting and properly making the shoe adapted to the case in hand. Horseshoeing necessarily depends upon the good judgment of the farrier. Of all the domestic animals, the horse has the most strongly marked individual characteristics. Think of the diversified families into which tlie equine race is divided — from the tiny Shetland pony to tlie jDonderous Norman, from the sleek-limbed, thoroughbred Arabian racer to the scrubby, bucking broncho of the Western plains. And the individuals of these various families again differ from cacli otlier in phys- ical conformation, in strength, in disposition, and in all the attributes that constitute the equine, so that it may as truly be said of the horse as of mankind, that no tAVO are alike. It requires no great skill to nail a semi-circlet of iron to a hoof ; but the man who has made a life-study of the wonderful anatomy of this most useful animal, and can so apply his skill as to enable it, whether malformed or normal, to do its work in the quickest time and with most profit to its owner — - lie has professional skill unexcelled in any calling. SPECIFIC AXU REMEDIAL SHOEING. 285 Fig. 201. Front Foot Shoe, I designed and made this shoe to be used exclusively for speeding and racing upon the ice. The front toe calking at letter A is made sharp on the ground tread in the shape or circle of a perfect foot, and beveled inward to the face of the shoe. The side calkings are filed in the quarters with a 10-inch threo-corned file, in a ^ shape, on the ground tread, and being made sharp, will prevent the foot from slip- ping sideways as it lands on the ice. The circle around the toe will prevent the foot from slipping back as the foot leaves the ice. Hav- ing the horse shod in front i and behind with this stvle I t of shoe will greatly increase T their speed upon the ice. iJ^ The way to make the shoe "^ quickly and easily is to buy V the rim steel already rolled in the bar, after having the shoes made and fitted to the feet and filed up. Be sure WEIGHT OF SHOE, 9 OZS. , , j.1 x 1 to temper the toe and quar- ter calking. It ought not to be a question of how cheaply I can have my horse shod. The question with the owner ought to be : How good can I get my horse shod? My expe- rience has always been that a horse w^ell shod is twice shod — a horse half -shod had better not be shod at all. The above cut of shoe is the best shoe that has ever been invented for icy and slippery weather. The height of the toe and quarter calkings can be varied to suit the gait of the horse and the work he has to perform. Fig. 201. 286 SCIENTIFIC HOESESHOEIXG. Fig. 202. Front Foot Shoe. This style of shoe can be used for two purposes. Letter A shows the shoe to be bev- eled to a thin edge to outer B ; letter C, side toe calk ; letters D, D, side heel calks. This shoe can be used to overcome two faulty actions in the gait of speed horses. When used to stop paddling out, place the side of the toe calk nearer the center of the too. The toe calking is placed just right when the foot twists inward and hits the opposite knee. As I have so often said, there cannot be any rule given to shoe any two speed horses with the same style and weight of shoes, as there are scarcely any t^vo speed horses shaped and gaited alike. For this reason, the farrier must use good judgment in making and fitting shoes to suit the gait of tlie horse. Fig. 202. weight op shoe, 7 ozs. FOOT ADJUSTER AXU COMPASS. ■281 W^ RUSSELL'S FOOr LEVELING PLATE 8 INCHES SQUARE ..»;: ;w.-...iT«g^-:.,.^..»^^, FOOT LEVELING PLAT FOOT LEVELING PLATE AND COMPASS. Russell's Foot Leveling Plate is the basis from which the correct measurements of the height of wall, which I have already mentioned, are to be ob- tained. The horse rests his foot firmly upon this plate, and the necessary measurements from cor- onet to base of hoof, or face of plate, are easily obtained by span- ning with a compass around the different points, as shown in Fig. 1, and any deviation or inequality between two opposite points is to be marked and the hoof pared or rasped to a perfectly level bearing. If this is accu- rately done the horse will move with orderly soundness and efficiency, and all danger of injury by unleveled hoofs will be entirely obviated. Price $2.00. Pages 94, 95, 97, give full explanation of Iiow to use the compass, so as to produce the best results in levelinc; and balancing the foot, so as to equalize the pressure to all parts of the foot and leg. To be had of any hardware house. 288 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Hitching, and its Causes and Cure. — Hitching and hop- ping are defects so very common in speed horses that I wish to say a few words about them, inasmuch as I have been so often requested to do so ; and while I know that scarcely two indi- viduals agree upon this important matter, I am glad to put forward my theory and experience, if only to draw out others. The cause and the defects are sometimes in the hind legs — being overdriven when out of condition. In some cases the muscles are overtaxed and develop what is termed muscle sore- ness, which will cause the horse to hitch and hop; and some- times speedy cutting or what is known by horsemen as scalping. In some cases the cause is in the front foot stride. For instance, take the case of the phenomenal trotting mare, Lida Bassett, whose performance at Chester Park in 1883 startled the turf community. At first she hitched in her slow work in the left hind leg, and then extended it to her brushes of speed. On oiu^ occasion at Chester Park, I noticed that the mare nodded her head every time the right front foot landed on the ground. This led me to have the stride of the front and hind feet meas- ured with a tape-line. The footprint of the right front foot was just four and one-half inches shorter than the left front footprint. I removed the right front shoe, welded a spur in the center of the shoe at the toe, bent the spur at the angle of the foot in front of the foot, and then placed a four-ounce weight on the spur on the right front foot, and had the mare driven. The hitching entirely disappeared on the left hind leg. This was one of the causes of hitching behind. First locate the cause, and then by removing the cause the effect ceases. When I first began to study up the causes of this defect, I assigned it to several, and later experience has borne me out. The feet may be unbalanced, or the shoes improperly weighted in front and behind. Ill-made and poorly fitted shoes in front and behind may cause the horse to scalp and hit his shins be- SPECIFIC AND REMEDIAL SHOEING. 289 hiud when up to speed. Drawing too much weight when up to speed, too long drives when out of condition, or being over- driven when short of work, may cause hitching; and it may spring from curb, ringbone or spavin. In many cases the cause is unbalanced feet. For instance, taking off the front and hind shoes the horse has been accustomed to wearing; and chano-ins: the weight in front and behind may cause the horse to lose his stride. The best and most successful way to overcome hitching is to first find the cause, and then by removing the cause the effect ceases. But whatever may be the cause of hitching and hop- ping behind, it will always be found, by measuring the stride of the hitching leg and foot, that it is from four to seven inches shorter than the stride of the opposite leg and foot. My expe- rience is that it is best to shoe the short striding foot with a shoe or stick-fast weight. If the footprint in front or behind is four inches shorter in the stride than the opposite front foot or the opposite hind foot, I make the weight in the shoe one ounce to the inch. If the stride is four inches shorter than the o[)posite foot, I place the four ounces in the shoe or in the stick- fast weight. In general, to cure a horse of hitching, the farrier should first learn the weights in front and behind the horse is accus- tomed to when he trots squarely. Is'ext find out at what gait he begins hitching. JSTotice all the peculiarities and even ques- tion the drivei'. But the most important is to see that the feet are properly balanced and under the body. Then, having studied the horse and learned all his defects and peculiarities, shoe him to con-cct them all according to the instructions here- tofore given. It may become a matter of more or less experi- ment, but practical experience and good judgment are the handmaids of success in scientific farriery. Cultivate them. 290 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Shoeing for Relieving and Easing Ringbone. — For the benelit of the horse owner and farrier, I insert here a suffsres- tion as to some shoes that can be used for relievino^ and easing rins^bone. In each case the shoes must be made to assist the horse in the work he has to perform. When the horse requires toe and heel calkings, the shoe is described on page 140, Fig. 35. Having the toe calk set back on the shoe will allow the foot to break over the toe more easily, with less strain on the affected part. When used for a general business horse, use the shoe described on page 232, Fig. 101. When used for speed or road horses, select the shoe described on page 232, Fig. 121. If a scoop be taken out of the shoe on the ground tread, as far around as the two front toe nails (see Fig. 121, page 232), the jar at each footfall will be lessened around tlie affected parts. An easy method of lessening the concussion at each footfall is to make an opening between the shoe and the front wall of the foot, large enough to slip in a big horseshoe nail, as far around as the two toe nails. By so doing you will give great relief to the affected parts at the apex of the ospedis. LEG AND FOOT TESTER. FOR LEVELING AND BALANCING THE FEET CORRECTLY UNDER THE LEGS AND BODY OF THE HORSE. ■ It is a fact well known to all, tliat no piece of machineiy can work smoothly and last long unless it is set perfectly plumb and level ; and so it is with the horse. If the feet and legs are not set plumb under the body, some part of the feet and legs will give out. Unless the feet and legs are breaking straight through the journals of the joints at each footfall, there will be overtaxation of some portion of the n-auscles and joints. By using my leg and foot tester in dressing the foot, and following the instructions given, the foot and leg can be correctly balanced under the body, so that the joints will work properly in their journals at each footfall. By so doing 3^ou will avoid foot and muscle soreness. The old adage is, "Prevention is better than cure." I have shown by three drawings how to propei'ly use the foot and leg tester. Fig. 1 shows how to use the leg and foot tester. First, hold the leg up in the left hand, as shown in the drawing ; tlien lay the tester straight down the tendons, as shown, with lower end across the heels, as indicated in the drawing. Looking over the bottom of the foot, it will readily be seen if the bottojii of the foot is level. Be sure that the bottom of the foot is level -from heel to too, as shown in the diagram. By holding the leg above tlio upper pastern joint, leaving the foot and j^asterns hang loose, in some cases the foot and pasterns will twist in or out. If the foot twists in, the outside will be too higli ; if tlie foot twists out. 292 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING, the inside will bo too high. By applying the leg and foot tester on the leg and foot, it will readily be seen which heel is tlie higher. In all cases, pare the feet perfectly level, as shown on pages 94, 95, 97,, Figs. 17, 18, 19, 23. Always bear in mind to keep the heels of the same height and the toes of the same length from coronet band to ground ti'ead. If the foot twists in, take a piece of sole leather tliick enough to make up the difference between the two sides of the heel ; cut the leather the sam.e sliape and width as the shoe ; let the leather extend to the center of the shoe at the toe ; punch a rivet hole in the heel of the shoe ; j'ivet the leather at the heel of the shoe, as shown on f page 220, Fig. 110 ; then com- mence about three-quarters of an inch in front of the heel and grad- ually thin the leather down to the center of the toe, as shown in Fig. 110, page 220. By so doing, the foot can be built up to a perfectly level bearing on the ground tread ; so that when the foot lands on the ground it w^ill land perfectly level from heel to toe. The thickness of the leather must be made to suit the case in hand. If the foot and pasterns twist out, the inside of the heel will be the higher, and the leather must be placed under the outside Fig. 1. LEG AND FOOT TESTER. 293 of tlie shoe. Ill many cases the foot and pasterns will hang perfectly straight. When the foot is uplifted, the problem is solved why a horse will wear the outside heel and quarter and heel on one foot, and on the opposite foot the Avear will be greater on the inside heel and quarter. The cause is, when the foot is uplifted, one pas- tern and foot will twist in, while the opposite foot will twist out. There is a cause for all things. First find the cause ; then, by re- moving the cause, the effects cease. The great science in horseshoeing is to know how to balance the foot under the leg and body, so that when the foot lands on the ground it will land perfectly level from heel to toe. When the horse is wearing his shoes level from heel to toe, the foot and leg are break- ing straight through the journals of the joints. By the use of my I'^e. 2. russell's .scientific lge T AND FOOT TESTER. foot and leg tester every horse can '=' A, INIovable dial. be shod correctly. B^ j>.^^.l- ^f ^^,5^^^^ ^n leg. Fig. 2, Back view, shows the C, Thumbscrew to set slide to foot resting on a level floor, with s^'it thelength of shaukor 1 1 ^ 1 <. ,1 cannon bone. the leg tester placed back ot the leg. Whenever the dial letter, A, hangs straight, tlie foot and leg are perfectly under the body. This shows how every sound horse stands with perfect feet and legs. 294 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEIXG. Fig. 3, Russeirs Scientific Foot and Leg tester, shows by a side view how to apply the tester when tlic foot rests upon a joerfectly level floor. In my opinion, it is just as essential to balance the foot and leg behind as in front. By keeping the feet and legs bal- anced under the body every joint will work smoothly, and the horse will move with ease and comfort. It is said by all exjDort horsemen, trainers, diivcrs, and shoers who have seen the leg and foot tester, that it is the most accurate instru- ment that has ever been invented to cor- rectly balance the foot and leg under tlie body. The foot and leg tester is manufac- FiG. 3. A, Heel of foot. B, Bent to suit the length of pasterns. C, Thumbscrew to slide up .ind down to suit the lengtli of cannon bono. tured and for sale by The M. & M. Machine Co., 215 West Pearl Street, Cincinnati, 0. For sale by Prof. Wni. Russell, 1722 Freeman Avenue, Cincinnati, O. Price, $2.00, charges j)repaid. [Copyrighted.] A TABLEAU OF HORSESHOES. 295 CHAPTER X. A TABLEAU OF HORSESHOES, OLD AND NEW STYLES PICTURED AND COMPARED. To carry out the subject of this book still further and to show at a glance the progress that has been made in the whole scheme and staple of horseshoeing within our generation, cover- ing a period of sixty-four years, a regular progressive series of ditterent designs of shoes is here introduced in order to exhibit as clearly as possible the passing stages of advancement in the art by the several styles of shoes in use at various times for various purposes until they were gradually relegated or su- perseded by more modern patterns of ingenious workmanship and skill, which accomplish wonders in balancing the action and leveling the gait of horses, or are admirably eflective in remedy- ing or curing many of the faulty movements and morbid affec- tions of the feet an_ .egs. " Scientific horseshoeing," with all that the term implies, is thus seen to be the outcome of many previous years of experimental tests before it came to " the parting of the ways" which led it from speculative regions to the place which it now occupies — as an art built on scientific principles. The shoes and tools grouped in the cases — Figs. 186 to 190 — formed part of my display at the World's Fair, at Chicago, 1893, and were awarded the First Premium, Medals and Diploma. In addition to the shoes shown in these cases, a large num- ber of still more recent patterns are illustrated in the preceding pages of this book — from designs which I have made since the close of the World's Fair. 296 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 203. Case No. 1. Improved Tools for Scientific Horseshoeing. FIG. 186. CASE NO. 1. 297 In tools, as in every thing else, the best is the cheapest, and this case rep- resents tlie best products of ingenuity and mechanical skill of the various articles made to serve the most useful purposes of experts in farriery. There are many shoeing smiths who still j^ursue the same routine of shop work that their ancestors did of old. No modern tools. No improved methods. And considering the improvements made in other pursuits are actually as much in the rtit to-day as were the rural blacksmiths of generations ago. While this is so, it is a noticeable fact that better facilities for doing better and quicker work results in more trade and more popular satisfaction every time. This affords the most conclusive evidence that the best tools are indispensable to the enterprising farrier, and this case embraces every thing that properly be- longs to this class of goods. The list includes the following articles : No. 1. Driving Hammer, weight, lo ounces. 2. Pincers. 3. Clinch Cutter. 4. Horse Rasp, size, 14 inches. 6. Foot Hook. 7. Rasp, size, 10 inches. 8. Spreader, for operating on diseased hoofs. 9. 10, 11, 12, 44, 45, 46. Farriers Knives of various sizes, No. II an extra blade without handle. 13, 15, 16. Hand Hammers of various weights. 17,18. Fire Tongs. 19, 21. Greasers, light and heavy bitted. 20, 39. Stamps or Punches. 22, 23, 24. Plain and Countersunk Pritchells for stamping shoes. 26. Russell's Foot Adjuster, fitted to a horse's hoof. 30. Center Punch or Prick for nail piercing. 31. Three Square Iron or Steel Cutter. 33. Foot Tester. 34. Hoof Cutting Nippers. 35. Nail Clincher. 47. Russell's Bed Plate for leveling the foot. 48. Adjustable Compass for measuring height of hoof. 49. 50. Farrier's Clasps or Pocket Knives. 51,53. Whetstones. 52. Three Square File for dressing knives. 54. Froat to rasp teeth. 55. Sledge, weight, 7 pounds. 56. Double Rasp. 57. Half Round bastard Hot Filing Rasp. 89. Steel Rule, 6 inches, for measuring hoofs. 90. Adjustable Calipers to verify measurements around hoof. 298 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 204. Case No. 2. FIG. 187. CASE NO. 2. 299 No. 1. Hind bar shoe, worn by trotter " Clementine." 2. Front four calkin shoe, see book, Fig 80. 3. Hind four calkin shoe, see book, Fig. 112. 4. Front scooped grab toe shoe. 5. Front toe weight shoe to balance action, old style, 1862. 6. Front shoe concaved on inner rim. 7. Shoe concaved on inner quarters to prevent picking stones, old style, 1860. 8. Front winter shoe with sharp toe and heel calkins. 9. Front rim shoe to prevent knee hitting, see Fig. 82. 10. Front toe weight shoe, see Fig. 97. 11. Front toe weight shoe, see Fig. 9b". 12. Front toe weight shoe to make pacers trot. 13. Front shoe with toe calk for trotters, old style, 1848. 14. Front bar shoe (old style.) 15. Front concaved shoe for saddle horses. 16. Front navicular shoe, worn by " Proteine," see Fig. 63. 17. Hinei shoe for curb and sore tendons. 18. Front scooped toe mud shoe, old style, 1860. 19. Front rim shoe. 20. Front heart sunk bar shoe, old style, 1861. 21. Front round shoe, old style. 22. Front shoe for flat feet, see Fig. 35. 23. Front shoe for draft horse, Fig. 102. 24. Front scooped toe shoe, see Fig. 89. 25. Front shoe for ankle and knee hitting, old style. 26; Hind shoe to lessen stride, old style. 27. Front scooped toe rolling motion rim shoe. 28. Hind shoe for draft horse, see Fig. 33. 29. Front shoe for draught horse, see Fig. 32. 30. Front concave shoe for saddle horse. 31. Mule shoe, see Fig. 56. 32. Hind shoe for ankle hitting, see Fig. 84. 33. Racing plate, see Fig. 30. 34. Hind shoe for ankle hitting, old style. 35. Front shoe for ankle hitting, old style. 36. Front side weight shoe, old style, 1876. 37. Front shoe for bar pressure. 38. Front shoe for enlarging ground tread, old style, 1861. 39. Front rim shoe, nails set for low thick hold, 1861. 40. Hind three quarter shoe for ankle cutting, old style. 41. Hind shoe to straighten foot under leg. 300 SCIENTIFIC HOKSESHOiaXG. Fig. 205. Case No. 3. 53. 54. FIG. 188. CASE NO. 3. 301 Ho. 42. Hind shoe, worn l)y trotter " Thomas Jefferson." 43. Front side weight shoe for ankle and knee hitting. 44. Front scooped toe shoe for stumbling, see Fig. !»5. 45. Hind shoe f(jr quarter grabbing. 46. Front concaved shoe for trotters, old style. 47. Front non-paddling shoe, see Fig. 104. 48. Front shoe beveled from toe to heels, worn by " Thos. Jefferson." 49. Hind square toe shoe for ankle hitting, old style, by S. T. H., 1873. 50. Hind shoe for trotters, old style 51. Tip shoe, old style. 52. Hind scooped toe shoe, old style, see Fig. 116. Front shoe for ankle and knee hitting, old style, by S. T. H., 1873. Front bar shoe, worn by " Goldsmith Maid," 1871, see Fig. 90. 55. Front modified " Centennial" shoe, by S. T. H., see Fig. 87. 56. Front rolling motion shoe. No. 1, see Fig. 93. 57. Front shoe for forging, etc., see Fig. 91. 58. Front shoe for knee hitting. 59. Front raised spring bar shoe, see Fig. 88. 60. Front " Centennial " shoe, by S. T. H., see Fig. 85. 61. Front shoe for roadsters. 62. Front spring heel shoe for contraction. 63. Hind shoe for knuckling. 64. Front shoe concaved and thin at heels. 65. Hind scooped toe shoe. 66. Front shoe for knee hitting, by S. T. H. 67. Front shoe modified " Centennial." 68. Front side weight shoe for knee hitting, see Fig. 100. 69. Hin-d shoe for quarter grabbing. 70. Hind rolling motion shoe, old style. 71. P>ont bar shoe grooved for slipping, old style. 72. Front grooved center shoe, worn by "American Girl," weight, 31 ounces, see trotting record, page 118. 73. Front rim bar shoe, nailed at toe, old style. 74. Hind concaved shoe, old style. 75. Front shoe concaved quarters, old style trotters, 1862. 76. Front shoe concaved, old style. 77. Plain shoe. 78. Hind shoe for knuckling, see Fig. 71. The center of this case is occupied by a display of medals which I have received on similar exhibits of shoes, etc., at various expositions throughout the country. See page vii-x. 302 SCIEMTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 206. Case No. 4. FIG. 189. CASE NO. 4. 303 No. 79. Front concaved rolling motion shoe to change front action. 80. Front shoe for knee hitting, worn by " (Tladiator," 1877. 81. Front shoe ground tread beveled to increase its surface. 82. Front three quarter shoe for bruised heels. S3. Front shoe gradually thinned from toe to heels. 84. Hind concaved shoe. So. Front shoe flat toe and heel calkins for trotters. 8(). Same style shoe as No. S"). 87. Hind shoe inside heel calk for ankle hitting. 88. Front navicular shoe — A, high center of pad, B, heel calkins. 89. Front shoe for bruised heels, see Fig. 91. 90. Front shoe for knee hitting, see Fig. 83. 91. Front shoe for " pigeon toe," wide web outside. 92. Front racing plate, aluminum, weight, one-half ounce. 93. Front hos])ital shoe, adjustable center plate, for wounds, etc. 94. Front shoe for knee hitting. 95. Hind shoe concaved quarters for roadsters. 96. Front shoe for various purposes, see Fig. 91. 97. Front shoe with leather pad, four calks, etc., for slipping, etc. 98. Front shoe rounded ground surface for forging. 99. F'ront deep seated concaved shoe for saddle horses. 100. Front rim shoe to prevent slipping. 101 . F'ront non-paddling shoe, toe and heel calks, and wide web inside. 102. Front modified turn-table shoe. 103. Front shoe for quarter cracks. 104. Front shoe toe and heel calks inside for ankle cutting. 105. F'ront " hospital " shoe for sore tendons, heels 1 inch high, taoer- ing to toe. 106. Pony shoe. 107. Front shoe toe beveled out and quarters beveled in for stumbling. 108. Front deep seated rim shoe for slipping. 109. Hind shoe modified for wheeled feet. 110. Front three quarter tip for sore heels. 111. F'ront light aluminum shoe for track work. 112. Hind deep concaved shoe. 113. Front rim shoe to prevent slipping. 304 SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEING. Fig. 207. Case No. 5. FIG. 190. CASE NO. 5. 305 No. 114. Front rim tip, worn by trotting horse " Jack." 115. Hind rim tip. 116. Hind shoe for Shetland pony. 117. Front shoe for Shetland pony. 118. Front racing plate. 119. Hind racing plate. 120. Front bar shoe, open space ontside, for interfering, etc. (Irish shoe). 121. Hind scoop toe grab shoe for track work. 122. Hind skeleton plate for racing. 123. Front skeleton plate for racing. 124. Hind shoe, elevated heel bar, for curbs and spavins on trotters. 125. Front heart sunk bar rolling motion shoe. 126. Hind scooped toe grab snoe. 127. Front center bearing shoe, see Fig. 12.3. 128. Hind " spreading" shoe, see Figs. 132 and 133. 129. Front rasp cut plain flat shoe, see Fig. 119. 130. Front deep concaved shoe for saddle horses. 131. Front improved rolling motion shoe, rim on inner border. 132. Front scooped toe grab shoe with bar for racers. 133. Front concaved shoe with thin heels for high heeled horses. 134. Front toe weight scooped grab toe bar shoe for track use. 135. Front bar shoe, see Fig. 118. 136. Front shoe beveled on outer and inner rims for speedy cutting, forging, etc. 137. Hind scoop grab toe bar shoe beveled on inner quarters. 138. Front scooped grab toe bar shoe, see Fig. 122. 139. Front rolling motion shoe No. 2, sec Fig 94. 140. Front rasp cut plain flat shoe, see Fig. 117. 141. Front rasp cut bar shoe. 142. Front plain flat shoe. 143. Front plain heart sunk bar shoe. , 144. Front plain open shoe. 145. Hind rasp cut shoe, see Fig. 120. 146. Hind rasp cut grab shoe (modified from the last). 147. Front shoe square concaved toe flat ground face for knee hitting. 148. Front shoe light weight for stumbling, see Fig. 95. 149. Front bar shoe with toe calk, worn by " Kremlin." 150. Front plain light bar shoe. 151. Hind bar shoe, long heels, for long striding horses or weak tendons. 152. Front concaved thin heeled shoe for high heeled horses. 153. Scooped toe or grab tip. 154. Hind bar shoe with long outside branch. 155. Front raised split bar shoe with leatlier pad, see Fig. 121. 156. Front shoe deeply concaved for saddle horses. 157. Hind plain side weight shoe. 158. Front grab toe bar shoe with side and heel calks, see Fig. 125. 159. Front heart sunk bar shoe with toe and heel "calks. 160. Front shoe modified " Centennial," see Fig. 86. 161. Front rope toed shoe with heel calks for ice and mud. 162. Hind scooped toe grab shoe for trotters. 163. Front toe weight bar shoe. 164. Front scooped toe grab siioe, long brancli outside, for trotters. 165. Hind plain light shoe. 166. Front scooped toe grab shoe beveled in and out for trotters. 167. Hind shoe, tapered heels to toe, worn by trotter " Harry Wilkes." 168. Hind scooped toe grab shoe. 169. Hind shoe for knuckling, see Fig. 71. 170. Hind scoop grab toe bar shoe, long heel branches, etc., for .sore tendons. Fig. 308. A CASE OF FINE HORSESHOES.-MADE BY PROF. WM. RUSSELL. The above case of horseshoes is said to be the finest in the world. The large shoe in the middle of the case is a medal frame with fourteen medals on the inside. The weight of the large shoe is 16>^ pounds. All of the shoes shown are for speed horses, and represent the most recent used bv me in mv system of balancing the feet so as to insure the greatest speed and endurance The fifteen medals (gold, silver and bronze^ are all the highest premiums, and represent the highest honors obtained, wherever tlip shoes njtve been exhibited. HOSPITAL CASE. 307 Hi