w 229 N4^ NOTES VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. BY EDWARD D. NEILL, PRESBYTER OF REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH. "<«£ .'"V, - REPRINTED FROM EPISCOPAL RECORDER. PHILADELPHIA: 1220 s^zrsrsoztyr. s t ir, :e :e t 1877. Extract from Sermon of Pat rich Copland, before the Virginia Company, preached at Bow Church, London, Thursday, April 18, 1622. " And, that I may bend my speech unto all, seeing so many of the Lord's worthies have done worthily in this noble action ; yea, and seeing that some of them greatly rejoice in this, that God hath enabled them to help forward this glorious work, both with their prayers and with their purses, let it be your grief and sorrow to be exempted from the company of so many honorable-minded men, and from this noble plantation, tend- ing so highly to the advancement of the Gospel, and to the honoring of our dread Sovereign, by enlarging of his kingdoms, and adding a fifth crown unto his other four: for ' En dat Virginia quintain* is the motto of the legal seal of Virginia," VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. CHAPTER I. iHAI'I.UX- OF i:Ai:l,'i EXPEDITIONS. Edward Marin Wingfield, the President dt the First Council of Virginia, make- the following statement, relative to tin- firsl clergyman who arrived, iu 16(17. with the founders of Jamestown : — REV. ROBERT HUNT. "Fin my first worke, which was to make right choice of a spiritual pastor, I appeeled to the remembrance of my Lo. of Gaunt., hi- Grace, who gave me very gracious audience in my request. And the world knoweth when I took with me truly a man, in my opinion, not any waie to be touched with the rebellions humor of a papist spirit, iinr blemished with the least suspicion of a factious schismatic." Tin- appointment of Robert Hon, as chaplain of Newport's expedition to Vir- ginia came through the direct agencj of Richard Hakluyt, Prebend of Westminster, who was an earnest advocate for the planting of an English colony in America. Anderson supposes that he had been a rector in Kent, before he received the posi- tion of chaplain. Amid all the dissensions of the first colonists, he proved hims gentle shepherd, and won the respect of all classes. President Wingfield speaks of him Hows : " Two or threeSunday mornings the Indians gave us alarms: by that times they were answered, the place about us well discovered, and our divine service ended, the day was far spent. The preacher did ask me if it were my pleasure to have a sermon ; he said he was prepared for it. 1 made answer, thai our men were weary and hungry, and that he did see the time of the day far spent (for at other times he never made such question, but the service finished, he began his sermon), and that if it pi him, we would spare him till seine other time. I never failed to lake such not< writing, out of his doctrine as my capacity would comprehend, unless some rainy day hindered my endeavors." On rainy days the place of worship was not very comfortable. The congregation assembled in fair weather under an old sail, suspended from trees, but when ii rained service was held in a rotten tent. In time the colonists constructed a barn-like edifice, with a roof of turf and earth resting upon rafters, and in this place, as humble as the manger of Bethlehem, Hunt official long as lie lived. In the winter of 1609 a fire broke out, which destroyed Hum's library, and before the summer of 1609 he had died, but the e time has not been ascertained. REV. MR. QliOVEB. In June, \. i> 1611, ^ir Thomas Gates lefl England on a second voyage to Ywninia. William Crashaw, the celebrated d father of the poet, says that the Rev. Mr. Glover accompanied him, who had been " an approved preacher in Bedford and Huntingdonshire, a graduate of Cambridge, reverenced and respected," but he soon died. VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. Crasbaw writes, " He endured not the sea- sickness of the countrey so well as younger and stronger bodies; and so, alter zealous ami faithful performance of his ministerial! dutie, whilest lu- was able, he gave liis soule to Christ Jesus ( unilcr whose banner he went to fight, and for whose glorious name's sake, he undertook the danger) more worthy to be accounted a true confessor of Christ than hundreds that are canonized in the Pope's Marytyrologie." ALEXANDER WHITAKER, MINISTER AT HENRICO, VIRGINIA, A. D. 1611-1617. Crasbaw, the father of the poet, and a distinguished divine, in the year 1613, alludes to the ministers who had gone to America as able and lit men, "all of them graduates, allowed preachers, sin- gle men, having no pastoral cares, [un- charge of children," and exhorts them in these words : " Though Satan visibly and palpably reigns there, more than in any other known place in the world, yet be of courage, blessed brethren ; God will tread Satan under your feet shortly, and the ages to come will eternize your names, as the apostles of Virginia." Among these so- called apostles, one who came with Sir Thomas Dale, in 1611, was Alexander Whitaker. He had been comfortably set- tled in the north of England for five or six years, after graduating at Cambridge, when he tore himself away from comforts and friends, and " his warm nest," constrained by the love of Christ to become a mission- ary. He was the son of the great scholar, William Whitaker, for many years Profes- sor of Divinity, and Master of St. John's College, Cambridge, of whom a poet said: " He was the shield ol' truth, the scourge of error." With his father he held the then prevailing opinions of the Church of Eng- land. He taught that a bishop and pres- byter in the New Testament were of the same order, and that the only Apostolical Succession was based upon the presentation of Scriptural truths. " If," said the elder Whitaker, " he is a perfect minister who has learned the scriptural doctrine, and ex- plained it to the people, then that is a true and perfect Church which receives and cherishes such doctrine." The son had been taught, also, that bap- tism purities none, except those who re the promise of gratuitous justification in Christ, ami that there was nothing like a real, express presence in the elements upon the Lord's Table. But one of Alexauder Whitaker's ser- mons was published. In 1613 it was printed in London, and contains the following sen- tence : — " Let not the servants of superstition, that think to merit by their good works, go beyond us in well-doing, neither let them be able to open their mouths against us, ami to condemn the religion of our Protestation, for want of charitable deeds." Sir Thomas Dale had passed many years among the Presbyterians of Holland, before coming to Virginia. His first wife was a relative, and his second wife a sister of Sir W. Throckmorton, a man of Puritan affini- ties. Many of the settlers at Henrico were Dutchmen, and it was to be expected that Whitaker's views would be in sympathy with Low-Churchmen, the prevailing party among the people of England. Hamor, the secretary of the Colony, in a narrative published in London, in 1615, prints a letter of Whitaker's, written in June, 1614, which contains the earliest ac- count of a church organization among the English of North America. He writes : " Every Sabbath day we preach in the tore- noon, and catechize in the afternoon. Every Saturday, at night, I exercise in Sir Thomas Dale's house. Our Church affairs be con- sulted on by the Minister and four of the most religious men. Once every month we have a communion, and once a year a so- lemn fast." The weekly religious service, or exercise, on Saturday night, was a characteristic of the Puritans within the Church of England. Purchas states that the surplice was not even spoken of in Whitaker's parish. The VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. consultation with four of the mosl religious liK'i) resembled a Dutch consistory. Before June, 1617, Whitaker was drowned, and William Wickham, a pious man, with- oul Episcopal ordination, c lucted the Bervices at Benrico. In 1621 Rev. Jonas Stockton took i bai ge oi the parish. The unreliable John Smith published a letter, purporting to bav b en written by tlir Rev. Jonas Stockham, on May 20th, 1621, which Purchas states was addressed to Alexander Whitaker. Alluding to the In- dian-, he remarks: "We have senl boys among them to Learn their language, but they return worse than they went : but I am no statesman, nor love I to meddle with anything hut my books, but I can find no probability by this course to draw them to Iness; and 1 am persuaded it' Mars and Minerva go hand-in-hand, they will effect more l! 1 in one hour, than these verbal Mercurians in their lives. And till their Priests and Ancients have their throats cut, there is DO hope to bring them to conversion." 'This sentiment, attributed to Stockham, we find in almost similar language in a letter written on April loth. 1609, by the historiographer, Richard Hakluyt, to the Virginia Company. His words relative to the Indians are, "They be also as uncon- itant us t|>e weathercock, and most ready to take all occasions to do mischief. They are great liars and dissemblers, for which faults oftentimes they had their deserved payments. And many times they gave good testimonies of their great valor and resolution. To handle them gently, while gentle courses may be found to serve, it will be without comparison the best ; but atle polishing will not serve, thi shall not want hammerers and rough ■ now — I mean our old soldiers trained up in the Netherlands— to square and prepare them to our preachers' hands." No such letter could have been written to Whitaker, as alleged, in 1621, for in 1617 he was drowned. There was no Rev. Jouas Stockham in Virginia, but in 1620 there arrived, in the " Bona Nova," the Rev. Jonas Stockton, about thirty-six years of age, with a son Timothy, ten years old, and for a time he was minister at Hen rico and New Bermudas. At the instance of Sir William Throck- morton, in 1620, one of the Indian girls brought to London by Sir Thomas Dale in 1616, being weak with consumption, was sent to the house of a cousin of Whitaker, the Rev. William Gouge, who ''took greal pains to comfort her, both in soul and body." Gouge was a Cambridge graduate, noted for scholarship, oratory, piety and philanthropy. He was a member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, and died in December, 1653, after a pastorate i v-tive years at Black Friars, London. CHAPTER II. t: '.Y FROM A. Ii. 1619 TO A.l). 1630. Hunt. Glovar, and Whitaker had all I commended to honest Sir Thomas Gates by been summoni d to the " belter land " before Bishop Ravis, of London, one of the trans- the assembling at Jamestown, on July 30th, lators of the King Jam.-' version of the 1619, of the firsl American legislature. Bible, a pit-late of mildness and liberality. He embarked in 1009, in the " Sea Ven- UOHABD BUCK, CHAP! CHE " SEA ,„,.,.•■ „.;,,, ( , :lt , , Sn]| „ T . and Cap , aill x INI ' l:1 ' Newport, and during a violent storm in the Richard Buck, who had been an Oxford last days of July, t h<- ship was wrecked at student, was "an able and painful preacher," Bermudas. Here the passengers and sailors VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. remained several months, and Buck was faithful in the discharge of his dutii • Strachey, Secretary of Virginia, says: — During our time of abode upon these islands, we had every Sunday two sermons preached by our minister, besides every morning and evening, at the ringing of a bell, we repaired all to public prayer, at what time the names of our whole company were called, and such as were wanting were duly punished." He was occupied while there in baptizing, burying, and marrying. John Rolfe, whose name has become distinguished as the first man who estab- lished a tobacco plantation in Virginia, and linked with the romance about Pocahontas, was, with his white wife, passenger on the " Sea Venture." Mrs. Rolfe gave birth to a daughter, and on the 4th of February, 1609— 10, she was christened Bermuda ; Strachey and Captain Newport standing as " witnesses." After a brief existence the child was buried on the Island. A ship of seventy tons, named the " Deliverance," having been built, in it, and a small pinnace, called the " Patience," the party left, and iu the latter part of May, 1610, arrived at Jamestown. Sir Thomas Gates, before he unrolled his commission and commenced his duties as Governor, caused the bell to be rung, and then the emaciated and desponding colonists listened to the " zealous and sorrowful prayer of Mr. Buck." On Sunday, the 10th of June, Lord Delaware arrived as Governor Gen- eral, and immediately went ashore and heard " a sermon made by Mr. Buck." The church in which this sermon was preached a chronicle of that day described as " a homely thing, like a barn set upon crutchets, covered with rafts, sedge and earth ; so was also the walls." Lord Delaware ordered the church to be repaired, and when completed it was twenty-four by sixty feet in dimensions, the pews made of cedar, the communion table of black walnut, a baptismal font hollowed out of a log like a canoe, and two bells on the west gable. Every Sunday two sermons were delivered by Buck, or Glover, or Whitaker; and the Puritan custom of a sermon or lecture on Thursday was also observed. During the services, if present, Lord Delaware sat in the chancel, iu a green velvet chair. Ill health soon compelled Delaware to go back to England, and then the rude church again began to decay. Crashaw speaks of all the clergymen who left England, as being " single men." If this statement is correct, Buck must have married some of the female passengers wrecked at Bermudas, or some one iu Virginia, soon after, for in 1611 there is evidence that he was a husband. Toward the latter part of that year, in the midst of great destitution, his wife bore a daughter, which was appropriately named Mara. The mother, in her desolation, thought, no doubt, of the green hedges and good cheer of dear old England, and appreciated the language of Naomi, in the Book of Ruth — " Call me not Naomi, call me Mara, for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me. I went out full, aud the Lord hath brought me home again, empty." Three years after Mara's birth the Lord gave the wife of Buck a son, which was named Gershom. The good man thought of Moses, no doubt, who, when, his wife, Zipporah, bare him a son, "he called his name Gershom, for, he said, I have been a stranger in a strange land." In the year 1616, the minister's wife became the mother of a sou, which proved a child of sorrow, and was well called Benoni. He did not chuckle and laugh in childish glee, he had a vacant stare, and it was soon evident that he would not be able to measure a yard of cloth, number twenty, or rightly name the days of the week, and that he, under the English Statute, would be called " a natural fool." The fourth child was born about the time that the first legislature met, and the colony was " pelegged," or divided into many election precincts, and the boy was named Peleg. VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. Mr. Buck died before the year 1624, hut the precise time has not been ascertained. Ambrose Harmar, who in 1645 was a member of the legislature from Jamestowu, in a petition presented in 1637, states that he had for thirteen years had the care of the idiol Benoni Buck, the firsl in the colony, and appears t<> have been the guardian of the other children. B\ Buck's will, his wife had a life interest 'in his lands, and after her death they were to belong to the children. Hen- Lng's Statutes state that the attention of the Legislature of March 1654—5 was called to the will of Richard Buck, and it was decided that his lands descended to his children, and not to Bridget Bromficld, late wife oi John Burrowes, and that Elizabeth Crornpe was to remain in possession. Thomas Crompe came to Virginia as early as \.j>. 1624. and was a delegate to the legislature that met in February, 1631- Mnii .lames City. Elizabeth Crompe n the daughter of Thomas Crompe and Mara Buck, and the grand- child of Rev. Richard Buck. In 1624 Mara Buck, then unmarried, was living with .iolm and Bridget Bur- rowes, at James City. Could Bridget Bur- rowes have been the widow of Buck, and, after the death of Burrowes, could Mr. Bromfield have become a third husband? <;i;op.<;e keith. A minister named George Keith, thirty- three years of age. with a wife, and son John, aged six year-, in 1617 arrived in the ship" George," and settled at Elizabeth City. He may have been the same person who was tii. firsl minister at the Bermudas, whose governor at this time was Daniel Tucker, who had been a councillor and prominent citizen of Virginia. He entered one hundred acres, by patent, and lor -ome time a creek in the neighbor- hood of Elizabeth City, now Hampton, was called Keith's. Hi- " ife appears to have dii ^l. L62 1. If he was the first minister of Bermudas, he was a nonconformist. WILLIAM MEASE. William Mease came about the time of Glover and Buck, remained ten years in Virginia, and in 1623 was living in Eng- land. THOMAS BARGRAVE. Thomas Bargrave, who came in 1618, was the nephew of Dr. Bargrave, the Dean of Canterbury, and came out with his uncle, Captain John Bargrave, who spent several thousand pounds, with a Mr. Ward, in es- tablishing a plantation on the south side of the .lames, above Martin Brandon, in the district through which inns a creek, to this day called Ward's. He probably succeeded YVic kham at Henrico, and Whitaker at BeritTuThTlTundred. He died in 1621, and left his library, valued at one hundred marks, or seventy pounds, to the projected college at Henrico. DAVTD ^ANDS, OR SANDYS. (David Sands, or Sandys,) came in the "Bona Ventura." in 1620, and firsl dwell at John Utie's plantation in Hog Island, bul early in 1625 he was at the plantation of Captain Samuel Matthews, within the precincts of Jamas City. In July, 1624. he petitioned for relief from calumny deroga- tory to his profession. . i > > N \ - STOCKTOH Arrived in January, 1621, in the ship " Bona Nova," and was about thirty-six year- of age. His residence was at Eliza- beth City, but for a time he preached at Henrico. In January, 1625, he was alive, but after this he is not mentioned in an the records we have examined. Governor Yeardhv, in the -pirn- of 1619, found a " poor ruinated church " at Henrico, and at Jam' -town " a church built wholly at tii, charge of the inhabitants oi that 8 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. # city, of timber, being fifty foot in length and twenty foot in breadth.'' In 1621 Sir Francis Wyatt became Governor, and a number of clergymen came to Virginia, but the General Assem- bly of 1623 stated that " divers had no orders." ROB TORT PATJLET. Robert Paulet, in July, 1621, was an- nounced as one of the Governor's Council, and was at that time residing at Martin's Hundred. He had been engaged in 1619 to goto Southampton Hundred, founded by Tracy, Throckmorton, Thorp and others, in the triple capacity of "preacher, physician, and surgeon," and arrived in the mouth of December. He never took the oath of Councillor. . The Virginia Company of Loudon, in a letter dated July 22d, 1622, to Governor Wyatt writes, "Mr. Robert Paulet, the minister, was he whom the court chose to be of the Council ; the adventurers of Martin's Hundred desire that he might be spared for that office, their business requiring his presence continually." • ROBERT BOLTOX. In the records of the London Company is found the following minute : — " Upon the Right Honorable the Earl of Southampton's recommendations of Mr. Bolton, minister, for his honesty and sufficiency in learning, and to undertake the care and charge of the ministry, the Company have been pleased to entertain him for their minister in some vacant place in Virginia." Mr. Bolton came with Governor Wyatt, in October, 1621, and was sent to Elizabeth City. He was engaged by the planters of the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay, as their first minister, and preached for two years there, and perhaps a longer period. He may have been the Robert Bolton who, in 1609, took the degree of A. b. at Oxford. On November 21st, 1623, Governor Wyatt issued the following : — " Whereas, it is ordered that Mr. Bol- KHi, minister, shall receive for his salary, this year, throughout all the plantations at the Eastern Shore, ten pounds of tobacco and one bushel of corn for every planter and tradesman, above the age of sixteen years, alive at the crop : these are to require Captain William Epps, commander of the said plantation, to raise the said ten pounds of tobacco and one bushel of corn," etc. HAWTE WYATT. Hawte Wyatt, named after his maternal grandfather, Sir W. Hawte, also came in October, 1621, in the same vessel with his brother, Gov. Wyatt. On the 16th of July, a few days after Bolton's appointment, it was signified to the Loudon Company that Sir Francis Wyatt's brother, " being a Master of Arts, and a good divine, and very willing to go with him this present voyage, might be entertained and placed as Minister over his people, and have the same .allowance to- wards the furnishing of himself with necessa- ries, as others have had ; and that his wife might have her transport free, which motive was thought very reasonable," and it was ordered that he should have the same allow- ance as that which had been granted to Mr. Bolton. It is probable that the minister's wife went back iu the summer of 1623, as a com- panion of the Governor's wife, and in 162<> he came to England, his father having died. Upon his return to England he found a great deal of ecclesiastical contro- versy, and his sympathies were with the Puritans. Opposed to the retrogressions of Archbishop Laud, he was arraigned before tin' High Commission. On the 3d of Octo- ber he became Vicar of Bexley, Kent, the seat of his ancestors. He was twice married, and on the .".1st. of July, 1638, died. Some of his descendants came back to Virginia. An- thony Wyatt, one of Governor Berkeley's councillors in 1642, may have been his son, and perhaps Ralph Wyatt, who married the widow of Captain William Button, a gentle- man who had received from the Privy Coun- cil of England a grant of 7000 acres on both sides of the river Appomattox, VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. WILLIAM BEXNETT. About the same time, in 1621, that Hawte Wyatt came, arrived William Ben- nett, in the ship " Sea Flower." He preached at the plantation settled under the auspices of Edward Bennett, a prominent London merchant, in the Warosquoyak district, which extended on the south side of James river. There is a warrant dated November 20th, 1623, for collecting of the estate of Robert Bennett the salary of William Ben- nett for two years. His wife came in the " Abigail," in July, 1622, and shortly after his marriage, toward the close of the year 1624, he died. On the 22d of January, 1624-5, Catha- rine, the widow of the minister, aged twenty- four, was residing at Shirley, with William, her infant, three weeks old. THOMAS WHITE. In December, 1621, Thomas White ar- rived in the ship Warwick. Governor Wyatt and Council, in a letter to the London Company, written the next month, uses these words : — " The information given you of the want of worthy ministers here is very true, and therefore we must give you great thanks for sending out Mr. Thomas White. It is our earnest request that you would be pleased to send us out many more learned and sine. 'iv ministers, of which there is SO great want in so many parts of the country." White appears to have died before 1624, and his place of residence in the colony has not been ascertained. WILLIAM LEATE OB LEAKE. Humphry Slany, one of the prominent merchants of London, at one of the meetings of the London Company in 1622, informed them that Mr. Leate, a man of " civil and I carriage," formerly a preacher in New Foundland, was desirous to go to Virginia, and would put the Company to no charge, exeepf tor necessaries and such books as should In- useful to him. A committee conferred with him, and asked him to preach 2 on a certain Sunday, in the afternoon, on the second verse of the 9th chapter of Isaiah, at Saint Scythe's Church, which was sur- rounded by handsome mansions in Saint Swithen's lane, near London Stone. He appears to have made a favorable impression. In a letter to the colonial authorities, the Company write, on 10th of July, 1622, O. S.:— "We send over Mr. William Leate, a minister recommended unto us for sufficiency of learning and integrity of life." In less than six months he died. Governor Wyatt, the next January, wrote : " The little experience we have of Mr. Leate made good your commendations of him, and his death to us very grievous." GREVILLE POOLEY. Greville Pooley arrived in the ship " James," in 1622, and resided on the south side of James river, at Fleur-dieu Hundred, one of Governor Yeardley's plantations, adjoining Jordan's plantation. Samuel Jordan, a few months after Pooley 's arrival, died, and the burial ser- vice was conducted by the neighboring minister. He left a young widow about twenty-three years of age, named Cecilia, called Siselye, and a daughter Mary, two years of age, and Margaret, an infant. Pooley asserted that a few days after the funeral he courted the widow, and was encouraged, but afterward she accepted the attentions of William Ferrar, a neighbor, and brother of the Deputy Governor of the Virginia Company in London. The affair caused a great deal of gossip, and Governor Wvatt referred Pooley 's complaint of breach of promise to the London Company. In the Company's Transactions is the follow- ing minute, under date of April 21st, 1624 : " Papers were read, whereof one containing certain examinations touching a difference between Mr. Pooley and Mrs. Jordan, referred unto the Company here for answer, and the Court requested to confer with some civilians, and advise what answer was fit to be returned in such a case." A few months later the Governor of Virginia 10 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. issued the following order against flirting: " Whereas, to the great contempt of the majesty of God and ill example to others, certain women within this colony have, of late, contrary to the laws ecclesiastical of the realm of England, contracted them- selves to two several men at one time, whereby much trouble doth grow between parties, and the Governor and Council of State much disquieted. To prevent the like offense to others hereafter, it is by the Governor and Council ordered in Court that every minister give notice in his church, to his parishioners, that what man or woman soever shall use any words or speech tend- ing to the contract of marriage, though not right and legal, yet so may entangle and breed struggle in their consciences, shall for the third offense undergo either corporal punishment, or other punishment by fine or otherwise, according to the guilt of the persons so offending." Poor Pooley at last found a woman to love and be his wife, but in 1629 he and his family were massacred by the Indians. MR. FEXTON. At Elizabeth City, on the 5th of Septem- ber, 1624, a Rev. Mr. Fcntou was buried, who had recently arrived. hi;nry jacob. Henry Jacob, the eminent scholar aud writer, and founder of the first Independent Church in London, was induced to come to Virginia, about 1624, aud soon died. It is supposed that he may have gone to the Puritan plantations of Warasquoyak, established by Edward Bennett and other London merchauts, aud perhaps succeeded William Bennett. CHAPTER III. CLERGY FROM A.D. 1630 TO A.D. 1660. WILLIAM COTTON. William Cotton is the second minister re- siding on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay, and may have been the immediate successor of Robert Bolton, whom we have noticed. It was a law of the colony " that whosoever should disparage a minister with- out sufficient proof to justify his reports, whereby the minds of his parishioners might be alienated from him, and his min- istry prove the less effectual, should ask the minister forgiveness, publicly, iu the con- gregation." Henry Charlton, who, at the age of nine- teen, came in 1623 to Virginia, and was a servant of a planter in Accomae, Captain •John Wilcocks, one day in 1633 called the Rev. Mr. Cotton "a black-coated rascal," and it was ordered by the County Court, "that Mr. Henry Charlton make a pair of -toeks, and sit in them several Sabbath days, during divine service, and then ask Mr. Cotton's forgiveness for using offensive aud slanderous words concerning him." Stephen Charlton, who left, on certain conditions, property to the Episcopal Church in Northampton, or lower Accomae, was probably the son of this offender. ME. falkxi:i:. Mr. Falkner, iu the proceedings of the \ nbJy of 1643, is mentioned as the rector of the large parish of the Isle of Wight county, but we find no further record of his life. It was not until after the year 1630 that the colonists of Virginia began to increase in wealth and population. In May, 1630, the population of the Colony was reputed to be twenty-live hundred. But iu five years it had doubled. In 1636 twenty-six ships arrived, bringing sixteen hundred \ll:<;iNIA COLONIAL CLERGY. 11 and .-ix immigrants. After this period there was some improvement in architecture. The Virginia planters, in a document written in 1623, state ' that the houses were built for use and not for ornament." The laboring men's houses in England, to which class they gay " We chiefly p ourselves to be, are in no nerally, for goodness, to be compared ui To stimulate improvements, in 16 !8 the authorities at Jamestown offered land for a house and to any who would build a dwelling. Iu 1640 twelve houses were built, one of brick, owned by Secretary Kemp, and con- sidered the "fairest in the Colony," and at tli'- same time the first brick church in Vir- ginia, twenty-eight by fifty-six feet in size, was commenced at Jamestown. Many years afterwards, a. p. 1676, it was destroyed by fire, and another church, the ruins of which are still seen, was erected. A levy of tobacco, at the same period, was ordered, to repair Point Comfort and build a Sta at Jamestown, and Mene- fie, sometimes spelled Menify, a prominent merchant, was sent to England to dispose of the tobacco and procure workmen. ANTIIOXY l'ANIOX. Anthony Pantou was the most prominent of the Virginia clergy, from the beginning of the reign of Charles the First until the death of Charles the Second. At the solicitation of <■ torge Menify, a prominent man in Virginia affairs, and others, Panton, in in.",:!, came to America. Menify had arrived in July, 1623, in the ship " Samuel," and became, in a lew years, a prosperous merchant of James City corpora- tion, and agent for London merchants. He lived on a plantation called Littleton, between Jamestown and Warwick river, and his surroundings were more refined than the other colonists, lie was the first per, en who raised peach trees in the valley of dames river, and gave great attention to horticulture. His garden of tun acres was full of primroses, sage, marjoram and rose- mary, and also contained apple, cherry, pear and peach trees. Panton's field of labor was in the new plantation of York, aid the parish of Chiskiak, created 1639—40 by the legislature. In 16211 a law relative to the observance of the Sabbath was reenacted in these words : 'That there he an especiall care taken by all commanders and others that the people doe repaire to their churches on the Sabotb day, and to see thai the penalty of one pound of tobacco for every tim< and fifty pound of tobacco for every month's absem e, sett down in the act of the Generall Assembly, L623, be levyed, and the delin- quents to pay the same, as also to see ill; Saboth day be not ordinarily profaned by working in any imployments, or by journey- ing from place to place." About the time of Panton's arrival, in view of the scarcity of ministers, the legis- lature enacted : " In such places where the extent of the care of any mynister is so large thai be cannot be present himself on theSabotb dayes and other holy dayes, It is thought lit!. That they appoynt and allow mayntenance for deacons, where any having taken orders can be found, for the read common prayer in their abseo , The Virginians had been indignant at the intrusion of Governor Calvert upon one of their plantations in Chesapeake bay, which had scut a representative to the leg- islature at .lamest own, and when one of their citizens, of the isle of Kent, had been killed in a collision with Maryland -rs, they be- came indignant at Governor Harvey's sym- pathy with those whom they considi red in- truders, and on the 27th of April. 1635, a meeting of influential persons was held at the York plantations, to adopt measures of redress for the many grievances they had Buffered from their Governor. The next day a meeting of the Council was held at Jamestown, and after excited discussion, Governor Harvey was arrested for treason, and sent over to England. The following I ' al a meeting of the king's Privy Council, it was charged that one Rabnet, of 12 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. Maryland, had said that it was lawful and meritorious to kill a heretic king, which was offered to be proved by one Mr. Williams, a minister, but Governor Harvey refused his testimony, because he married two per- sons without a license. Another charge was that he had silenced a minister by the name of White. To this Governor Harvey answered that White, in two years' time, had never shown any orders. Archbishop Laud, who was present at the examination, sustained Harvey, by saying, " that no man may be admitted to serve as a Minister in any of the King's ships, until he has shown his orders to the Bishop of the Diocese." Harvey was upheld by the King, and re- appeared in Jamestown in 1637, with in- creased authority, and the increased dislike of the Virginians. The Secretary of the Colony and warm sympathizer with the Governor was Richard Kemp. Acting both as accuser and judge, in 1638, Kemp charged Anthony Pauton, Rec- tor of York and Chiskiack, with calling him " a jackanapes ; that the King was mis- informed, and that he was unfit for the place of Secretary, that he was poor and proud, with hair-lock tied up with a ribbon as old as Paul's," and also that he had preached against his pride; upon these charges, Har- vey banished the minister for " mutinous, rebellious and riotous actions." Pauton complained to the King's Privy Council. Harvey was soon removed from office and his successor, Governor Wyatt, was ordered to inquire into the Pauton difficulty. Before he could enter upon the examina- tion, Kemp, without permission, sailed for England, and Thomas Stegg, of Westover, an influential merchant, who was once Speaker of the Assembly, was fined 50 pounds sterling and to be imprisoned during the Governor's pleasure, for aiding and assisting him to go out of the country, and furnishing him with money, because it endangered the colonial records, some of which he had carried away, and because he exhibited contempt toward the Governor in refusing to answer Panton's counsel. In April, 1641, the Privy Council having heard both Kemp and Pauton, the sentence against the minister was removed. On the 30th of October, Anthony Panton, calling himself " Clerk and Minister of God's Word in Virginia, and Agent of the Church and Clergy there," presented a petition to the House of Lords, in which he complained of the conduct of Governor Harvey, Secretary Richard Kemp and others, at whose hands the colonists had suffered many arbitrary and illegal proceedings, in speedy trial, extor- tionate and most cruel oppressions which have extended to unjust whippings, cutting of ears, fines, confinement of honest men's goods, peculation, and the supporting of Popery. He also stated that Kemp had secretly fled from Virginia, carrying away the charter and divers records, and with his associates had, by misrepresentations to his Majesty relative to Governor Francis Wyatt, who had only served under his last commission eighteen months, obtained a new government and a new charter. After the reading of these complaints, it was ordered by the House of Lords that the new Governor, Sir W. Berkeley, Kt., Rich- ard Kemp and Christopher Wormsley be stayed their voyage, and forthwith answer to the charges of the petitioner. Berkeley's commission as Governor had been signed in August, but owing to this and other delays he did not, before February, 1642, enter upon his duties in Virginia. JAMES, KNOWLES, AND TOMPSON, PURI- TANS. While Laud in England was having the "Book of Sports" read in the churches, and the youth, on Sunday afternoons, were encouraged to engage in games and dances, and the Court on Sunday evenings were at balls, plays, and masquerades, the Virginia Legislature, in March, 1643, euaeted : " For the better observation of the Saboth, no person or persons shall take a voyage upon the same, except it be to Church., or for VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. 13 other cause of extreme necessitie, upon the penaltie of the forfeiture, for such offence, of twenty pounds." It had already, in 1629, been ordered "that the Saboth day be not ordinarily pro- faned by workeing in any imployments." The assembly of 164o provided for the spiritual independence of the parishes outside of James City, by a law, which gave to the vestry of a pari.»h and the county commis- sioners the right to elect and make choice of their ministers, which ministers should not be suspended by the Governor, except by complaint made by the vestry, and that final removal from the parish pulpit was to be left to the Legislature. In the summer of 1641 the minister of the large parish of Upper Norfolk, afterward Nansemond county, signified his intention to leave. In May, 1642, a letter was written and signed by Richard Bennett, Daniel Gookin, John Hill, and others, "to the pastors and elders of Christ Church in New England," which was carried to Boston by Philip Bennett, one of the best men of Vir- ginia, and contained a request for three pastors to occupy parishes which had been created by the legislature a few weeks before. The act was in these words : " For the better enabling the inhabitants of this colony to the religious worship and service of Almighty God, winch is often neglected and slackened by the inconvenient and remote vastness of parishes, "Resolved, That the county of Upper Norfolk be divided into three distinct parishes, viz't.: one on the south side of Nansimum river, from the present glebe to luad of said river, on the other side of the river the bounds to be limited from Cool- ing's Creek, including both sides of the creek, upward to the head of the western branch, and to be nominated the South Parish. "It is also thought and confirmed thai the east side of Nansimum river, from pre- sent glebe downward to the north of said river be a peculiar parish, to which the glebe and parsonage house that now is shall be appropriated and called East Parish. The third parish to begin on the west side of Nansimum river, to be limited from Cool- ing's creek, as aforesaid, and to extend downward to the mouth of the river, includ- ing all Chuckatuck on both sides, and the Ragged Islands, to be known by the West Parish." The request was prayerfully considered by the churches and ministers of Boston and vicinity, and three good men offered themselves — John Knowles, pastor at Watertown, and a ripe scholar from Im- manuel, Cambridge ; William Tompson, minister at Braintree, who had graduated at. Oxford in 1619; and Thomas James, for two years the minister at Charlestown, and then removed to New Haven. Early in 1643 they arrived at James- town, bearing a letter of introduction from Governor Winthrop to Governor Berkeley. They were coldly received, and Thomas Harrison, as Chaplain, used his influence to have them silenced, and thus prevented from preaching in the churches ; but Win- throp, in his journal, says, "Though the State did silence the ministers because they would not conform to the order of England, yet the people resorted to them in private houses, to hear them." Knowles and James returned after a few months, but Tompson, of " tall and comely presence," remained longer.'' Mather, in a commemorative poem, alludes to bis success in Virginia — "A constellation of great converts there Shone round him, and his heavenly glory wear ; Gookin was one of them ; by Tompson's pain-, Christ and New England a dear Gookin gains." Daniel Gookin was the son of the Daniel Gookin, of County Cork, Inland, who in 1621 commenced a plantation at Newport's New-, 'flu' father ami SOU were both na- tive- of Kent County, England. In 1637 14 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. Daniel Gookin, St., obtained a grant of twenty-five hundred acres upon the branch of Nansemond river, and in 1642 he was president of the county court there, and one of those who invited the ministers from New England, ami by Tompson's preaching his son Daniel, about twenty-five years old, became a member of the Church, and in 1644 went to Boston to reside. Here he became a man of influence, a friend of Eliot, the missionary and superintendent of Indian affairs. He died in March, 1687, aged seventy-five years, and his tombstone is still seen in the graveyard at Cambridge. Sewall, the Chief Justice of Massachusi tts, visited him when dying ; in his diary he calls him " a right good man." His descendants were very numerous. THOMAS IIAKKISON, D.D. Thomas Harrison first appears in Vir- ginia as the chaplain of Governor Berkeley. He was a man of learning, eloquence and pathos, and upon his arrival a strict con- formist to the Canons and liturgy of the Church of England. On the loth of April, 1644, there was a naval engagement betweeu a ship whose captain adhered to the cause of Charles the First, and two ships whose officers were in sympathy with Parliament. The divisions and strifes caused by the civil war iu Eng- land had been noticed by the Indians, and on the 18th, a black Good Friday in the Colonial calendar, the savages suddenly swarmed around the feeble settlements in the Valley of the James River, and as quickly disappeared, with their bauds full of reeking scalps. Strong men fainted with horror, some mourned and refused to be comforted, for their children were not, and all felt it was a heavy judgment. From this time Harrison was a changed man. His sermons became more solemn and spiritual. He expressed his regret that, while keeping a fair exterior to the minis- ters from New England, he had quietly used his influence to have them silenced. The Act passed by the legislature soon after the massacre had his full sympathy, anil indicates a reviving of religious lif< . It is as follows: — " Be it enacted by the Governour, Counsell, tin*! Burgesses of this present Grand Assem- bly, for God's glory, and the publick beuefitt of the Collony, to the end that God might avert his heavie judgments that are now upon us. That the last Wednesday be sett apart for a day of (Fast and humiliation, And that it be wholly dedicated to prayers and preaching, And because of the scarcity of pastors, many ministers having charge of two cures, "Be it enacted, that such a minister shall officiate in one cure upon the last Wednes- day of everie month; and in his other upon the first Wednesday of the eusuiug month. And iu case of haveing three cures, thai hee officiate in his third cure upon the second Wednesday of the ensuing month, which shall be their day of fast ; That the last act, made the 11 of January. 1641, concerning the ministers preaching iu the forenoon and catechiseiiig in the afternoon of every Sunday, be revived and stand iu force, And in case any minister do faile so to doe, That he forfeit 500 pounds of tobaccoe, to be disposed of by the vestrey for use of the parish." The arbitrary and choleric Berkeley dis- liked Harrison's changed manner, and dismissed him, as too grave a Chaplain. He then crossed over to the parishes of Nanse- mond, whose ministers he had helped to drive away, and preached to the people. In October, 1645, the House of Common- ordered that there should be liberty of conscience, in matters of God's worship, m all of the Anieriean plantations. The next year Captain Sayle, afterward Governor of Carolina, and the venerable Patrick Copland, in his youth the friend of Nicholas Ferrar, and a preacher before the London Company in 1622, of a sermon which was printed with the title " Virginia's God be Thanked," left Bermudas with a party of sympathizers, and sailed to Eleuthera, a small isle of the Bahamas group, to establish a colony, VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. 15 uhnv each person was to be at perfect liberty to worship a- he pleased, without molestation from the State. The >hip in which they embarked, when near their destination, struck upon a reef, and they lost much of their supplies. A- soon as possible Captain Sayle built a pinnace, and with eight men steered for Virginia, and arrived thi re in nine days, and received succor from the Nansemond qoucoe ists. Finding that Governor Berkeley was bitterly opposed to Puritanism, Sayle pro- pos d to Harrison that his parishioners should cast in their lot with Copland and others at Eleuthera, hut the proposition was not accepted. Among the " Winthrop Papers" thi a letter of Harrison, written at Elizabeth River, on the 2d of November, 1G4G, and sent to Boston by Captain Edward Gibbons, " the younger In-other of the house of an honorable extraction," in which he writes that if the proposition had "found us risen up in a posture of removal, there is weight and force enough [in yours] to have staked us down again." After this the Nansemond Puritans, upon the express condition that there would be a public legal acknowledgment of toleration in religion, migrated to Maryland and settled 'in the shores of the Chesapeake, near Annapolis. Harrison, in the fall of 111!*, visited Bostou, married a cousin of Governor Winthrop, one Dorothy Symonds, and returned to England. On October 11th, 1649, the < louncil of State wrote to Governor Berkeley that they were informed by petition of the congregation of Nansemond, that their minister, Mr. Harri- son, an able man of unblamable con tion, had been banished the colony because he would not conform to the use of the Common Prayer hook, and as he could not be ignorant thai the use of it was prohibited by Parliame it, he was directed to allow Mr. 1 larrison to r< turn to the ministry. Harrison did not return to America, but me < Uriel < 'haplaiu I ( Iromwi 11, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and in < hrisl Church Cathedral, Dublin, he preached a sermon on the death of Oliver Cromwell, from thetext, Lamentations, chapter v, verse 16th, which was published with the follow- ing title : — "Threat Hiberniei; or, Ireland pathizing with England and Scotland in a sad itationfor the loss of their Josiah. Rep resented in a sermon at Christ Church, in Dublin, before his Excellency the Lord Deputy, with divers of the nobility, gentry and commonality there assembled, to celebrate a funeral solemnity, upon the death of the Luifl Protector, by Dr. Harrison, Chief < Iiaplain to his said !'. THOMAS HAMPTON. Thomas Hampton seems to have been the successor of Harrison at Jamestown ; and in " Hening's Statutes " he is mentioned as consenting, in February, 1645, to the forma- tion of a new parish called Harrope, includ- ing the Williamsburgh region. At a later period Wallingford was also set off from the old parish. Upon an old tombstone at Williamsburgh Bishop Meade found this inscription: — "The Rev. Thomas Hampton, Rector of this parish, in 1647." ROBERT BRACEWELL. Robert Bracewell was elected a buj to the Assembly of 1653, but it was orden d ''that Mr. Robert Bracewell, Clerk, bi sue pended, and is not in a capacity of serving as a Burgess since, since it was unpresiden- tial, and may produce bad consequences." The obstacles to bis taking a seat in the aturecanni i rtained. John 1 1am- mond, for seventeen years a resident ofVir- ginia, in 1652 represented tie [sleof Wight County in the Assembly, was I from that body and the colony, for libel and other illegal practices, and then went to Maryland, and from thence to England, where he appeared :.- a partisan pamphleteer in defense of Lord Baltimore and his officers in Maryland. lua publication i ,;i: d Leah and Rachel," which appeared in 1656, and i- reprinted 16 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLKRGT. in the Force Historical Tracts, he writes: " But Virginia, savouring Dot handsomely in England, very few of good conversation would adventure thither, .as thinking it a place where the fear of God was not ; yet many came, such as wore black coats, and could babble in a pulpit, roar in a tavern, exact from the parishioners, and rather, by their disso- luteness, destroy than feed their flocks." He continued : " The country was loth to be wholly without teachers, and therefore rather retain these than to be destitute ; yet still endeavors for better in their places, which were obtained, and these wolves hi sheep's clothing, by their Assemblies were questioned, silenced, and some forced to depart the country." ROGER GREEN. In July, 1653, Roger Green, minister of Nansemoml, is spoken of as contemplating a journey to North Carolina. Francis Yeardley this year was a representative of Lower Norfolk County in the Legisla- ture, and Green probably accompanied his brother, Argall Yeardley, this year, in his explorations to the Roanoke region. The Yeardleys were sons of the former Governor, and, as the Nansemond people, were Puri- tan in their sympathies. PIU LIP MALLORY. As early as the year 1644 a Mr. Mai lory was rector of Hampton. In Hening's Statutes is the following Act of 1656 : — ■" For the encouragement of the ministers in the country, and that they may be the better enabled to attend both public commands and their private cures, It is ordered, that from henceforth each minister, in his owne person, with six other servants of his family, shall be free from publique levies, Allwaies provided they be examined by Mr. Philip Mallory and Mr. John Green, and they do certify their abilities to the Governour and Councill, who arc to proceed according tot heir judgement." The, Assembly of March, 1660- 61 enacted, " Whereas, Mr. Philip Mallory hath been eminently faithful] in the minis- try, and very diligent in endeavouring the advancement of all those meaues that might conduce to the advancement of religion in this country, It is ordered, that he be desired to undertake the soliciting of our church affaires in England, and there be paid him a gratuity for the many pains he hath alreadie and hereafter is like to take about the countrey's business, the sum of eleven thousand pounds of tobacco." In 1664 he was still rector of Hampton parish. SAMUEL COLE. About the year 1650, in the absence of any vestry, Samuel Cole, Bishop Meade says, was appointed minister in one of the new counties of the Potomac, by the County Court In 1657 Mr. Cole was minister to the two parishes in Middh sex County. FRANCIS DOUGHTY. Francis Doughty is mentioned as having preached in Lower Accomac, now North- ampton. He was the brother-in-law of Willliam Stone, of Hungar's parish, who became the first Protestant governor of Maryland, and introduced the Puritans of Virginia to the shores of the Chesapeake in 1648, on condition that there was a law passed securing liberty of conscience. Francis Doughty first lived in New England, then went to Long Island, and while there used to preach to the English in Manhattan, now New York City. His wife was the widow of Rev. John Moore. After Stone became governor, Doughty resided in Maryland, and on Sunday, October 12, 1659, visited the Dutch Com- missioners from Manhattan, who were dining at Philip Calvert's house. The only letter extant of John Washing- ton is one dated September 30, 1659, in which he tells the Governor of Maryland that he cannot attend the October Court at St. Mary, " because then, God willing, I intend to get my young son baptized. All of ye company and gossips being already in- vited." rrscrxu ror/iVTAl. rr.ERGY. 17 Perhaps Doughty crossed the Potomac to I .i-rtiirin the baptismal act for one of t h«- pioneera of Westmoreland, Virginia. Doughty's daughter first married Adrian Vanderdonk, a graduate of Leyden, a law- yer at Manhattan. After his death she be- came a wife oi Hugh O'Neal, a planter on the Patuxenl River, Maryland. The Rev. Mr. Doughty at one time preached in Setlingbourne Parish, about ten miles from the plantation of John Washing- ton, and there is extant a complaint against him, presented to the Governor by John C'atlett and Humphrey Boothe, for refusing to allow them "to communicate in the blessed ordinance of the Lord's Supper.'' in which the complaiuaute state that Doughty is a " nonconformist," and that on a certain occasion "he denied the supremacy of the king, contrary to the canons of the Church of England." A century later one George Washington, a relative of one of Doughty's parishioners, also denied the supremacy of the kino;. CHAPTER IV. CLERGY PROM A.l). 1660 TO A.D. 1688. Virginia, from the death of Oliver Crom- well until the accession of William and Mary to the throne of England, was largely given up to ignorance and riotous living. Berkeley was again made Governor in \. i>. 1660, and retained the position until \. d. I «>77. He hated the restraints of religion, indulged in profanity, and was the compan- ion of I he pleasure-loving Charles the Second. Having ejected hundreds of clergymen of Puritan sympathies from the pulpits of Eng- land, there were many vacancies for strict conformists to the Prayer-book, and few de- sired to go to the forests of America. I tov- erupr Berkeley's dislike of nonconformist ministers was also so great that they could not live iu Virginia without molestation. fo the question of the English Govern- ment, propounded in 1671. " what course is taken about the instructing the people within your Government in the Christian religion, and what provision is there made for the paying of your ministry '.'" Berke- ley bluntly replied, " We have forty- right parishes, and our ministers are well paid, and by my consent, would be better, if they would pray oftenei and preach Less. But, as of all other commodities, so, of this, tlie wortt are sent u», and we had tew that we would ic.L-i of, since the persecution of 3 Cromwell's tyranny drove divers worthy men hither. But I thank God there are no free schools, nor printing; and I hope we shall not have, these hundred years ; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects into the world, and print- ing has divulged them and libels against the Government." With a Governor and clergymen that did not command the respect of good men, yel laving stress upon the efficacy of it.s ordin- ance- of baptism and the Lord's Supper, it is not strange that religious people began to hold meetings in their own bouses, and place a Low estimate upon any kind of ritualism, and listen to the preachers of the Society of Friends. hi 1663, John Porter was expelled from the House of Burgesses, because, in the lan- guage <.f the Act, he had been " loving to the Friends." GEORGE WILSON, KKIKNU. The itinerant ministry of the Societ] of Friends, visiting from plantation to plantation, neatly attired, temperate in the use of meat and drink, appealing only to the New Testament, could but make a favorable impression upon the (air-minded ; ii stirred up formalists of the Colony, 18 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. to cause the passage of a law, ordering " that all Quakers, for assembling in unlawful as- semblages and conventicles, sh:il 1 be lined, and pay, each of them there taken, two hundred pounds of tobacco." George Wilson, a minister of the Society of Friends from England, was imprisoned, and there is preserved a letter, dated, " From that dirty dungeon in James Town, the 17th of the Third Month, 1662," in which he writes, " If they who visit not such in prison as Christ speaks of, shall be punished with everlasting destruction, O ! what will ye do? or what will become of you, who put us into such nasty, stinking prisons as this dirty dungeon, where we have not had the benefit to do what nature requireth, nor so much as air to blow in at the window, but close made up with brick and lime?" K. G., PERHATS, ROGER GREEN. About the time that the Colonial authori- ties were holding Friends, in Jamestown prison, a small quarto was published in London, in 1662, under the signature of R. G., entitled " Virginia's Cure ; or an Ad- visive Concerning Virginia, Discovering the True Ground of that Church's Unhappir ness." The writer thereof states that he had been for ten years a resident of Virginia, and he was, perhaps, Roger Green, who in Henry's Statutes is mentioned, in 1653, as Minister in Nansemond. R. G., in 1661, had returned to England, and in his pamphlet, the importance of concentrating the popula- tion of Virginia in two, the establishment of Fellowship in Oxford and Cambridge, for the supply of an educated ministry, and the appointment of a Bishop for Virginia, are earnestly urged. His representations made an impression, and a patent for the creation of a Bishop was drawn, and the Rev. Alexander Murray was nominated for the office, but difficulties arose, and the scheme was abandoned. Speaking of the members of the Virginia Assembly, R. G. writes, they were "usually such as went over servants thither, and though by time and industry they may have attained competent estates, yet, by reason of their poor and mean condition, were unskill- ful in judging of a good estate, either of Church or Commonwealth, or the means of procuring it." The immodest and immoral poetess, Aphra Behn, who lived at this period, in one of her plays, alludes to the above state of things, by introducing two friends at Jamestown, who converse as follows: — " Hazard. This unexpected happiness o'erjoys ! who could have imagined to have found thee in Virginia! "Friend. My uncle's dying here left me a considerable plantation, * * ; * * but pr'ythee what drew thee to this part of the new world ? " Hazard. Why, faith, ill company, and the common vice of the town, gaming. I hail rather starve abroad, than live pitied and despised at home. " Friend. Would he [the new Governor] were landed ; we hear he is a noble gentle- man. " Hazard. He has all the qualities of a gentleman; besides, he is nobly born. "Friend. This country wants nothing but to be peopled with a well-born race, to make it one of the best colonies in the world, * * * * * but we are ruled by a Council, some of which have been, perhaps, trans- ported criminals, who having now acquired great estates, are now become your Honor, and R't. Worshipful, and possess all places." MORGAN (JODWYN OR GODWIN. Morgan Godwyn came to Virginia after the publication, and perhaps was stirred to leave his warm nest in England by the rending, of R. G.'s pamphlet. He was an earnest young student, about twenty years of age, when the essay was published, and belonged to a family of theologians. His great-grandfather was the learned Thomas Godwyn, Bishop of Bath and Wells. His grandfather, Francis, was the Bishop of Hereford, and his father, Morgan, Arch- deacon of Shropshire. He entered Oxford in 1661, and received, on March 16th, 1664-0, viRfilNlA COLONIAL H.KRGY I') the degree of a. b., and soon after came to Virginia. His residence in the Colony was not pleasant. He was horrified at the state lit' morals, and the abject condition of the Africans and Indians, who were treated with less consideration than the dogs of a plant- er's kennel. Returning to England, after sojourning for sometime in the West Indies, he engaged in the crusade against slave- holders, which a century later was taken up by Clarkson and Wilberforce. In 1(580 he published a dissertation called " The Negroes' and Indians' Advocate suing for their admis- sion into the Church, or a Persuasive to the instructing and baptizing the Negroes and In- dians in our Plantations; showing that as the compliance therewith can prejudice no man's }USi interest, so the willful and neglectful op- posing of it is no less a manifest apostasy from the Christian Faith." Five years later he preached a discourse in Westminster Abbey, exposing the inhu- manity of slaveholding, from the text, Jere- miah ii, 34. " In thy skirts is found the hlood of the souls of the poor innocents : 1 have not found it l>\ secret search, but upon all these." It was printed under the title of " Trade preferred before Religion, and Christ made to give place to Mammon, repre- sented in a ■Sermon relating to Plantations" Under his influence, ii is supposed that the law was passed by the Virginia Assem- bly of 1067, declaring that the baptism of slaves did not make them freemen; in order that, in the language of the Act, "divers masters, freed from this doubt, may more carefull) endeavor the propagation of Christianity by permitting children, though slaves, or those of greater growth, it' capable, to be admitted to that sacrament." His description of religion in Virginia i- startling. He writes " 'flu- ministers are most miserably handled by the plebeian Juntos, the Vestries, t" » horn the hiring I that is the usual word there land admission of min- isters is solely left. And there being no law obliging them to procure any more than a lav reader, to he obtained at a very moder- ate rate, they either resolve to have none at all, or to reduce them to their own terms." In another place he asserts : " Two-thirds of the preachers are made up of leaden lay- priests of the vestries' ordination, and are both the shame and grief of the rightly or- dained clergy there." THOMAS TEACKLE. Thomas Teackle was the son of a royalist, who was killed in the war between Charles ami the Parliament. He came to Virginia in 1656, and settled at Cradock, in lower Accomac, now Northampton County. He married Margaret, daughter of Robert Nel- son, a merchant of London, and remained in that county until the day of his death, January 26, 1695. His son John, born September 2, 1693, married, in 1710, a daughter of Arthur Upshur, a gentleman whose house was open for Friends' preachers. The descendants of this early Virginia cler- gyman are wide-spread. The writer values the acquaintance of one of them, a lady of quiet culture and retiring disposition, one of whose parents was a Teackle, of Virginia, the other a lineal descendant of a graduate of Trinity College. Cambridge, Old Eng- land, and an early President of Harvard University, at Cambridge, in New England. EDMUNDSON, THE FRIEND. William Edmundson, once a soldier in Cromwell's army, came to the Chesapeake with George Fox, the great leader among the Society of Friends. While the latter visited New England, Edmundson traveled in North Carolina and Virginia. In K>7'2 he visited Governor Berkeley, ami in his Journal writes: — " As I returned, it was laid upon me to visit the Governor, Sir William Berkeley, and to -peak with him about Friend-' suf- ferings. I went about six miles out of my way to speak with him, accompanied by William Garrett, an honest, ancient Friend. I told the Governor I came from Ireland, where hi- brother wa- Lord Lieutenant, who was SO kind to our Friend-, and if he had any service to his brother, I would 20 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLBKGr". willingly do it ; aud as his brother was kind to our Friends in Ireland, I Imped he would be so to our Friends in Virginia. He was very peevish and brittle, aud 1 could fasten nothing on him with all the soft arguments I could use." JOHN CLOUGH Hi: CLDFF. John Cluff was one of the ministers de- nounced by young Nathaniel Bacon in the civil war of 1676, for upholding Governor Berkeley. In the year 1680 he was Rector of Southwark, in Surry County. JOHN PAGE. John Page was another clergyman de- nounced in 1676 by Bacon. In 1680 he had charge of all the churches in Elizabeth County. In 1687 he was in New Kent County, and in 1719 he was still alive and in Elizabeth County. MR. WADING. When Bacon led the insurgents to Gloucester County, a minister named Wad- ing refused to acknowledge his authority, and encouraged others to follow his exam- ple. Bacon placed him under arrest, telling him that it was his place to preach in the Church and not in the camp. In the Church he could say what he pleased, but in the camp he was to say no more than what should please Bacon, unless he would fight to better purpose than he could preach. The second in command under Major Laurence Smith, during the Bacon insurrection, was a minister, wh%; says a chronicler of the day, " had laid down the miter, and taken up the helmet." DUELL PEAD. On the 16th of April, 1663, in the West- minster Abbey lout, then newly set up, Duell Pead, one of the King's scholars, about sixteen years of age, was publicly baptized. He entered, in 1664, Trinity ( Al- lege, Cambridge. Ordained by the Bishop of Lincoln, in 1671, he was chaplain of H. M. Ship Rupert. In lt>8:J he came to Vir- ginia, with Major General Robert Smith, remained seven years as a minister in Mid dieses County, aud then went back to Eng- land, and became minister of St. James,< Ilerk- enwell. lie died on the 12th of January, 1726, and was buried in the parish church- yard. He had a son, Duell, a graduate of Sidney College, Cambridge, in 1712, who became a minister and came to America. By the will of the senior Pead, some horses ami cows were led to his old (parish in Virginia. .JOHN CLAYTON. Buck, Harrison, Hampton, and God- win, have been noticed as ministers at Jamestown. By a law of the colony, the appointment of a rector for this place was made by the Governor. Godwin asserts that, with brief intervals, Jamestown for twenty years was without a rector. About the time that Godwin was pre- paring his discourse in England, on "Trade before Religion," John Clayton was the parson at James City. The following letter was addressed by him to the Christian philosopher, Robert Boyle : — "Virginia, Jamks City, dune 23d, 168-1. " Hon. and Worthy Sir, : — In England, having perused, among the rest of your valuable treatises, that ingenious discourse of the Noctaluea, wherein, as I remember, you gave an account of several nocturnal irradiations; having, therefore, met with the relation of a strange account in that nature, from very good hands, I presumed this might not prove unwelcome, for the fuller confirmation of which I have enclosed the very paper Col. Digges gave me thereof, under his own hand and name, to attest the truth, th«' same being likewise asserted to me bv Madam Digges, his lady, sister to the said Susa \ Sewell, daughter to the late Lord Baltimore, lately gone for Eng- land, who 1 suppose may give you fuller satisfaction of such particulars as you may be desirous to be informed of. " I cannot but admire the strangeness of Virginia coloni \i. clergy 21 such ;i complicated spirit of a volatile salt and exalted oil, as I deem it bo be, from its crepitation and shining flame; how it shall transpire through the pores, and not be in- flamed by the joint motion and heat of bhe body, and afterward so suddenly be acti- nated into sparks, by the slacking or burst- ing of her coal, raise.-, my wonder. "Another thin;:. 1 am confident your honor would lie much pleased at the sight of a fly we have here, called the fire-fly, about the bigness ot'the eantharide- ; its body of a dark color, the tail of it a deep yellow bv dav, which by night shine- brighter than the glow-worm, which bright shining ebbs and flows, as if the fly breathed with a bright and shining spirit. 1 pulled the tail of the fly into several pieces, and every parcel thereof would shine for several hours, and cast a light around it. "Be pleased favorably to interpret thi= fond impertinency of a stranger. All your (rorks have to the world evidenced your goodness, which has encouraged the pre- sumption, which is that which bids me hope its pardon. It' there be anything in this coun- try I may please you in, be pleased to com- mand; it will be my ambition to serve you, nor shall I scruple to ride two or three hundred miles to satisfy any query you shall propound. •• It' von honor me with your commands, you may direct your letters to .Mr. John Clayton, parson of James City, Virginia. " Your humble servant, and, though un- known, your friend, "Johs Clayton." The writer appears to have returned to England and become Rector of Crofton at Wakefield in Yorkshire. In .May, 1688, he prepared tin- the Royal Society an account of his voyage to Virginia, and the thing- worthy of observation, which, in 1708, was published at L Ion. Another John Clayton, an eminent botanist and physician, when about twentj years of age, came in lTuti to Virginia, and in 177:; died, aged eigbty-»eveu years. There was also a third John Clayton some years before the Declaration of Independence, who was Attorney-General of the colony. WILLIAM 8ELLICK. William Sellick was in charge of St. Peter's Parish, New Kent, in 1680. ROBERT CARK. Robert Carr appears to have been officiating in New Kent for six years from a. i... 1680. THOMAS VICARS. Thoma< Vicar- came to Virginia about 1677, and was connected with the parishes of Gloucester county for twenty year-. JUSTINIAN AYI..MIK. Justinian Aylmer, Bishop .Meade states, was at Elizabeth City from 1667 to 1690, a period of twenty-three years, yet his name does not appear, in 1680 among the Rectors of Virginia. JOHN BHEPPARD. John Sheppard appears in Middlesex county as early as 1668, and in 1680 was in charge of Christ's Church parish. Sir Henry Chichely was one of hi- parishion- ers, WINI8TERS 1675 TO 168o. In addition to those we have enumerated, the following ministers were in Virginia between A. I). l()7-5 and 1688, Rowland Jones, James City county, a. d. 1(174 to 1688. Paul Williams, Surrey county,A.D. 1680. Robert Park, [sle ol Wight county, \- n. 1680 William Efousden, Isle ofWighl county, a. i.. 1680. John Gregory, Nansemond county, a. i>. 1680. John Wood, Nansemond county, \. i>. 1680. John Laureucc. Warwick county, a. u. 1680. 22 VIRGINIA fol.ONIAI, CI.KRGV William Nem, Norfolk county, A. d. 1680. James Porter, Norfolk county, a. i>. 1680. Edward Foliott, York county, a. i>. 1680. ( lharles Davies, Rappahannock county, a. d. 1680. John Wough, Stafford county, a. d. 1680. William Butler, Westmoreland county. John Wright, York county, A. n. 1680. A. D. 1680. Thomas Taylor, New Kent county, A. ]>. 1680. AVilliam Williams, New Kent county, a. d. 1680. Michael Zyperius, Gloucester county, A. i). 1680. John Gwvni, Gloucester county, v. J). 1680. .John Farnefold, Northumberland county, a. d. 1680. Henry Parker, Accomac county, a. d. 1680. Benjamin Doggett, Lancaster county, a. d. 1680. Cope D'Oyley, Elizabeth county, a. d. 1677 to 1687! CHAPTER IV. LIFE AND TIMES OF JAMES BLAIR, D.D., FOUNDER AND FIRST RECTOR OF WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE. After the death of Sir William Berkeley, Lord Culpepper, and Lord Howard, of Effingham, in succession, acted as Governors of Virginia, and, though noblemen in name, proved themselves corrupt and avaricious in practice. During their terms of office there was a large accession of Scotchmen to the popula- tion of Virginia. Immediately after the battle of Bothwell's Bridge a number of the hardy insurgents were transported to America, and about the same time another element not quite so desirable. Luttrell, connected with the Government offices of London, writes, in his diary, under date of November 19th, 1692:— "A ship lay in Leith, going for Virginia, on board which the magistrates had ordered fifty lewd women out of the House of Correction, and thirty others who walked the streets after ten at night." In addition to exiled soldiers and bawd.-, there came, as a foil, men fit to mold a State, men of angular manners, provincial accent, warm hearts, strong minds, and religious principles, whose de- scendants yet remain a power in the Com- monwealth. In the year 1673 James Blair graduated at the University of Edinburgh, and in time became a Presbyter of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, without Episcopal ordination. Burnet, once Archbishop of Glasgow, who lived in Scotland from a. d. 1643 to 1688, asserts: "No bishop in Scotland, during my stay in that kingdom, ever did so much as desire any of the Presbyter- who went over from the Church of Scotland to be re- ordained." Blair, for several years was rector in the parish of Cranston, in Edin- burgh county, but relinquished his office, and in 1084 received from the Bishop of Edin- burgh, the following certificate: — " To all concerned. These are to certify and declare that the bearer hereof, Mr. James Blair, presbyter, did officiate in the service of the Holy Ministry, as Rector in the parish of Cranston, in my diocese of Edinburgh for several years preceding the year 1682, with extreme diligence, care and gravity, and did in all the course of his ministry behave himself loyally, peaceably and canonically ; and that this is the truth, I certify by these presents, and subscribed with my own hand, the 19th day of August, in the year 1684." When Blair, in 1685, arrived at James- VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. 23 town, lie found th< social condition the \\it contrast t • » hi< native land, where the poorest cottager owned a well-thumbed Bible : had reasons for the faith thai was in him; and although not clothed "in purple and line linen," fell that — " The rank is but tin guinea's stamp, The man's the gowd for a' that." With do schools in the colony, the planters had grown up in ignorance, and wen tie tools of a few rich land anil slave owners, who, in conjunction with the Governors, enriched themselves by oppres- sive tees and unjust taxation. The religion which Blair had learned taught him to think of the common people, and that his calling as a minister of the Gospel would be a failure if their elevation was not secured. His policy, and those of the oligarchy who came to Virginia to grow rich suddenly, did not ham ize, and great heat arose from the contrariety. When he landed in Virginia he found Thomas Teackle, of lower Accomac, James Sclater, Duel Bead, Jonathan Saunders, Cope D'Oyley, Rowland Jones, and a few other clergymen in the Colony, but they did not possess the " perfervidam vim Sco- toruni " by which he was characterized. In liiMMic w a- appoiuted the representa- tive of the Bishop of L Ion, with the title of Commissary, but with no power to i onfirm or ordain. ka a Scotchman, he could not rest until Bchool-teachere were in the land, and he kept up an agitation for a college, both in private and public conferences, until he overcame the objection that education would take planb re off from their mechani- cal employments, and make them grow too knowing to be obedient and -ubmissive. Proceeding to England, on February 8tli, 1692-93, the charter for William and .Mary College was duly signed, and he and three other clergymen, John Farnefold, Stephen Fouace, who afterwards returned to England, and Stephen Gray, were men- tioned therein as among the original trustees. In the preamble to the statutes of the College, published at a very early period, in Latin and English, the con- dition of Virginia at that time is thus stated : — "Some few, and very few indeed, of the rii her sort sent their children to England to be educated, and there, alter many dangers from the ,-cas, and enemies, and unusual distempers occasioned by the change of country and climate, they were often taken off by small-pox and other diset It was ir w Icr if thi> occasioned a great defect of understanding, and all sorts of lit- erature, and that it was followed with a new generation of men, far short of their fore- lathers, which, if they had the good fortune, though at ;i very indifferent rate, to read and write, had no further commerce with the muses, Or learned sciences, but spent their life ignobly with the hoe and spade, and other employments of an uncultivated and unpolished country." Blair, upon hi- return, was appoint,, I rector of the collegi and turned his energies toward the erection of a building at the point afterward known as Williams- burgh. From this time the number of Scotch clergymen increased in the parishes. In 1696 there wire ministers with these 3: Francis Fordyce, John Alexander, Christopher Anderson, G ge Robinson, Andrew Monro, John Monro, Blair'.- brother- in-law, and Andrew Cant, who may have bet d the son of Andrew Cant, the Presby- terian zealot, who was Professor of Latin, and the parish minister of Aberdeen, handed down to posterity in the well known lin< — " From Dickson, Henderson and Cant, Apostles of iln Covenant, Almighty God deliver us." Andrew, hi- son, entered the Scotch Epis- copal Church, in time became the Bishop of Glasgow, and in 1728 died. The downright earnestness and strong convictions of Blair roused opposition anion:; 24 VIRGINIA COI.n.VIAI rLERGT. the clergy ami politician*. Sir Edmund Andres, who was made governor of Vir- ginia, after leaving a memory by ii" means .in in New England, suspended him from thr Council, because <'t' bis alleged induct," and the clergy in sympa- thy with the governor, opposed him bet he ili>l ii"t '-any on affairs in the high ami dry way of the old English rectors. \ olas Moreau, a minister of French parentage, on the 12th of April. ltWT. writes to the Bishop of Lichfield: "Your ey in these parts are of very ill exam- ple : ii" discipline nor canons of the Church are observed. The clergj is composed for the most part of Scotchmen, people/ indeed, so basely educated, or little acquainted with the executing of their charge and duty, that their lives and conversation are fitter to make heathen than Christian-." Not long before this letter was written. the wife of Commissary Blair was grosslj insulted. Philip Ludwell, formerly - tary of tin- colony, had married the widow ..f Sir William Berkeley. By invitation Mrs. Blair was accustomed to -it in Lady Berkeley's pew in church. Colonel Daniel Parke, a gay, violent ami dissipated man, hail become much offended at a sermon which Eburne, tin rector, had preachedj upon the observance of the seventh com- mandment, as he had been faithless to his marriage vows. One, day in ill humor, Parke went to church, and finding Mrs. Blair in the pew "I' Ludwell, who was his father-in-law, In- rudely pulled her out. • Parke hail been appointed by Andros Collector ..rid Naval Officer fur tin- Lower James River Di«- Leavlng two daughters In Virginia, hi was wiih 1 he Puke in Marlborough in 17m. ami was the Aid Who brought toKngland the news of the victory nt Blenheim. Queen Vn " Governorol the Leeward Islands; he was very unpopular, and on the Tin of De< ember, no, was killed by a mob at Antegoa. His daughter Lucy married Col. Wm. Byrd, and Kanny became ilie wire ol John t'ustis. Collector oi Customs In Accomac, a descendant of a Kotterdam Inn-keeper. The Inscription on bis tombstone Indloatea that in- did not have much domestic felicit) " lien , under Ibis marble, lies the body ol John Cuatls, Esq., ol the oily of WUllamsbi A pasquinade printed in v d 1704, is very severe upon some of tin clergy. Edward l'or.lork i< lampooned at — ■• The cotquean of the a. A doughty elerk ami reverend sag Who turns his pulpit to a st And barters reformation : Rude to his win-, false to his frieud, A down in conversation." Jacob Ware, who. from 1690 to 1696 was minist.-r of St. Peter's parish, N- w Kent, is portrayed as " Well warmed and tit for action ; A mongrel parti-colored tool, Equally mixed of knave and fool, Bv nature prone to faction." Ralph Bowker is stigmatized as — " A bawling pulpit Elector : A. sot, abandoned to his paunch : Profane without temptation." ri -man Whateley, another of the clergy, i- — " A tool no pi rsou cau describe ; Who sells his conscience for a bribe, And slights his benefactors." These lines were probably written by on< of the friend- of Governor Nicholson, who disliked Blair as much as his predecessor, - Edmund Ajidros. Nicholson was a m in speech and manner. One night, while riding, he met the minister, Stephen Ft uace, who came into the colony a. p. 1688, and ordered bim not to visit a certain family. When remonstrance was made, the Governor said, excitedly, " When you came hither, you had more rags than bags!" The reply of the clergyman was: "It was uo Bruton; formerly of Hunger Paris) istern snore of Virginia, and County ol Northampton, aged 7] years, and yet be lived bul 7 years, which was the sp.-w. oftlme he kept a bachelor's home, at jton, on the Eastei ' Virginia." ills son. John Parke i iMo,, married Martha Dan- drld b. When a widow. Martha Costls, she mi married to ihe jreat George Washington \ Ml|,llM\|, i|l 25 harm in nave been poor.' The Governor i then null' 1 1 1 • and pulled his hat From hie head, and asked how he had the impudence to ride in his presence with covered bead. The dispute between Governor Nichol and Blair divided the colony into parties. Nicholson wrote to the Borne Governmenl mine the Blair faction ; " It thej Friends in bis neighborhood in Nan-, mood county, one of whom was John Copeland, whose ear had been cul off in Boston in 1658, as a disturber of th In \. i>. 1 »>98 there nj »| »-:i red another dis- ciple "l l'"x in Virginia, named Thomas Story, ;i brother of tin Dean of Li- v . of the Church "t' England and Ireland, fully innl the power of using tin Scotch way of the equal of Blair in culture, scholarship, using the thummikins, or the French way and logical acumen. Toward the close "I .if tin rack, or the Barbary way of impal- 1698, o.s.. he held she first Friends' meeting ing in' twisting a cord about peoples' heads, at YTorktown. Two days later he was at the to make them confess, they would Bcarcely hmi.se of Tin. ma- Cary, in Warwick, who, find any to swear up to what they would with hi- wit'e, had lately I" me Friends, have them." In another letter he writes of and while visiting there. Mile- Cary and his Blair: "He mighl have had a Bort of wife " were made partakers of the heavenly spiritual militia, but into whom, m> doubt, visitation.'' he would have endeavored to have infused Crossing the James river into Nansemond, -■'me worldly principles, as that they mighl he stopped at the house of tin aged Cope- havi enjoyed a comfortable terrestrial sub- land, whose singli ear attested what be had sistence before they had endeavored to lost and suffered for the faith, in Boston, fort) have secured themselves a celestial habita- years before. On the lotl. of tin- Second tion." month, 1699, he visited tin Chickahominy Blair, in 1705, was relieved of Nichol- village, of eleven wigwams, on Pamunkey son's abuse, by his recall ami the appoint- oeck, and then went one mile, to the ha meat of Edward Notl a- deputy of Karl of of a -on ■■( tin- distinguished William Clay- Orkney, Governor, borne, for many year- secretary of tin- By tin- year 1700 a uumber of French Colony. Two week- later he preaches at clergymen had been licensed by the the 'house of a Baptist minister in Yorktown, Bishop of Loudon to preach in Virginia, and from thence travels t" Pocoson, where and we find the names of Mor.au, Boisseau, he found a Is . i elation, and was ent.-r- Burtell and Lewis Latane, the ancestor of tained by Thomas Nichols ami wit'e, the the esteemed Presbyter of the Reformed latter, he -ay-, in bis journal, "though a Episcopal Church who bears the same name, mulatto by extraction, yel nol too tawny The inhabitants divided into parties upon for the divine light of tin- Lord Jesus questions of public policy, leading to angry Christ." At Kecoughtan, now Hampton, discussion and social alienation, many of he tarried with George Walker, whose wife the clergy preaching tor the love of money, was the daughter of the one.' noted (Quaker rather than constrained by the love of preacher, George Keith. Christ, it i> not surprising that plain people A -..oiid visitation was made by Story, in n to attach themselves to the Society of a.i>. 1705. On the '20th of the Fourth Friends, whose ministers accepted no com- month he was at Williamsburgh, conversing pensation, and that not a few in high places with Governor Nicholson upon the reasou- , were influenced by their earnest declarations ableness ol "all people that are of opinion concerning the love of Christ for sini that thej ought to pay their preachers paj Before Blair left the University of Ed in- ing their own, and not exacting pay from burgh, Richard Bennett, who had been others who do not employ nor hear them." Governor of Virginia, a man of wealth and Two day- afterward he .ailed at the house influence, had sympathized with the of Miles Cary, Secretary ol Warwick 2fi VIRGINIA 0O1.0NIAI, Cr.ERGY. county. Ou the 5th of tin- Seventh month his traveling companion, Joseph Glaister, had a discussion with Andrew Monro, a Scotch clergyman, at the mansion of Colonel Bridges, at the south side of the James river. The weather being hot, Monro, who was an elderly man, became so faint and weary as scarcely to he heard ; at length he called for a pipe of tobacco and a tankard of ale, and soon, on his part, the discussion " ended in drink and smoke." Five days afterwards James Burtell, the French clergyman, came to the house of Thomas Jordan, a county judge, to hold a public discussion with Story, as to the baptism intended in the words of Jesus Christ: "Go ye, therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Sou, and of the Holy Ghost." Burtell affirmed that water baptism only was commanded. Story argued that the baptism of the Holy Ghost was intended. "I grant," said the latter, "the apostles could not baptize with the Holy Ghost at their own pleasure, when and whom and where they would, in their own wills, as your ministers can and do administer what they call, and have taught you, Christ's baptism; but that the apostles could not instrument- ally baptize with the Holy Ghost, I deny." * * * * At the same time he re- ferred to the text, "Go ye into all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved ; but he that believeth not shall be damned." And that this was not water baptism plainly appeareth, for Jesus said : " John truly baptizeth with water, but ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days hence." Story, also, declared that the baptism here spoken of was contra-distinguished from John's baptism, and could only be administered by the power of the Holy Ghost, co-working in them, with them, and by them. These discussions caused the people to " search the Scriptures," and those clergy- men who did not lay stress upon tin: powet ' of the Holy Spirit had lint few hearers. Blair, amid all of the distractions within his own branch of the Church, and the con- troversies caused by the presence of Friends' preachers, was studious and faithful in his sermons. At ;i Convention of the Episco- pal clergy, in \.i>. 1710, held at Williams- burgh, the question was considered, whether the Commissary had ever been Episcopally ordained? A majority voted that they had no evidence of the feet. The men who placed themselves ou record upon this point, were I'ownal, Seagood, Emanuel done-, Lewis Latane, Bartholomew Yates, John Skaife, Hugh Jones, John Worden, John Bagge, James Falconer, Alexander Scott, and Ralph Bowker. Yates was one of the most devoted cler- gymen in the Colony. Ordained at Ful- ham, by the Bishop of London, in a.d. 1710. he arrived in Virginia, and became the minister of Christ Church parish, in Mid- dlesex county. He was chosen Professor of Divinity in William and Mary College, but still continued rector of his old parish, until July 26th, 1734, the day of his death. Not far from the Rappahannock river, in a deserted churchyard, is now seen the stone over his remains, erected by his parishioners, and the inscription thereon states that he was a tender husband, indulgent father, gentle master, and that " he explained his doctrine by his practice, and taught and led the way to heaven." Lewis Latane, another respected minister, came in the < iolony about i he year 1700, and for twenty-three years preached in South Farnham parish, Essex county. Emanuel Jones, of Petworth, Gloucester county, arrived the same time as Latan6, and was a tutor of the college. Skaife, who had been a curate iu Cam- bridgeshire and Bedfordshire, came to Vir- ginia, in 1708, and for many years had the charge of the parish of Strattou Major, in King and Queen county, and was one of the trustees of the college. Bagge had been a curate in the dio- VIRGINIA rrtLONIAL CLERGY. 27 ee?e of Lismore, and in 170',l came to the ( Jolony. Bugh Jones arrived in Maryland 1698; about 1703 was elected Professor of Mathe- matics in William and Mary College. In 1 7"J4 there was published at London a duodecimo of one hundred and fifty pages, with the title, " The Present State of Vir- ginia, and Short View of Maryland and North Carolina. By Rev. Hugh Jones, \.m.. Chaplain to the Honorable Assembly, and late Minister at Jamestown, Virginia." The book contains the following descrip- tion of the mode of worship during the term of Commissary Blair. " In several respects the clergy are obliged to emit or alter parts of the Liturgy, and deviate from the stricl discipline, to avoid giving offense, or else to prevent absurdities and inconsistencies. Thus surplices disused there for a long time in most churches, by bad examples, carelessness and indulgence, are now beginning to be brought into fash- ion, not without difficulty; and in some parishes where the people have been used to receive the communion in their seats, a custom introduced for opportunity for such as were inclined tu presbytery to receive the sacrament sitting, il is mil SO easj a matter to bring them to the Lord's table, decently, nil their knee-." At the time of this publication, the college at Williamsburgh is described as "without a chapel, without a scholarship, without a statute." On the 28th of June, 1732, the College chapel was opened by President Blair, preaching a sermon from Proverbs xxii, 6. ''Train up a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will nol depart from it." A year later the founda tinn for the President's house was laid, the President and each of the faculty laying mie of the first five bricks. About the year I7imi the African popu- lation began to increase. Gover -Nich- olson writes in July of that year, that ■•-' ■' - were bringing "from twenty-eight tu thirty guineas a head," and adds, "I believe two thousand would sell." In 1712 the Governor of Virginia announced that one-half of the population capable of bear- ing arms was composed of negroes and in- dentured servant*. In the Legislature of 1722-23 a law relative to suffrage was passed, which caused some discussion. For almost a half century after the set- tlement at Jamestown universal suffrage prevailed, but in 1653 it was limited to " all housekeepers, freeholders, leaseholders or tenants," but two years after universal suffrage was restored, with the proviso that the votes were to be given by subscription instead of viva voce, and the Act was pre- faced with a preamble stating that the Assembly conceived "it something hard and unagreeable to reason that any persons shall pay taxes and have no votes in elec- tion." After the restoration of monarchy in England, and the return of Sir William Berkeley to the governorship, suffrage was again restricted to freeholders and house- holder-. The preamble of tin- Act of 1670 is in these words : — " Whereas the usual way of choosing bur- gesses by the votes of all person.-, who, having served their time, are freemen ; who having little interest in this country, do oftener make tumults at the election, than by making choice of Hi persons, and whereas the km- of England granl a voice in such elections only to such as by their estates, real or personal, have interesl enough to tie them to the endeavor of the public good ;" then followed the restrictive clause, already alluded to. In a few years the republican feeling was strengthened by Bacon and others, and in 1676 the restrictive clause wa- revoked, and universal suffrage again became the law of the land. Eight yi ars pass, and in T684 it is again enacted thai none but freeholder- should exercise the right of suffrage. It was uol until more than a hundred vr;ir- alter the meeting of the first legislative assembly that any effort was made io prevent the voting IS YFRfilNTA COEONIA] CLERGY of Indians or free negroes. The Assembly of 1722-23, however, enacted that " no free negrOj mulatto, or Indian whatsoever shall Lave any vote at ihe election of burgesses or any other election whatsoever." As required, the statutes passed by this Assembly were sent over to England for approval by the Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, and they were referred to their attorney, Richard West, afterward Lord Chancellor of Ireland, for examination. He reported adversely to the restrictive suffrage, using this language, " I cannot see why one free- man should be used worse than another, merely upon account of his complexion." But, notwithstanding the opinion of the jurist, the Commissioners allowed the law to exist. When George Mason drew the first Declaration of Rights in America, which was adopted by the Virginia Conven- tion in June, 1776, as part of their first Constitution, he reincorporated the idea set forth in the Suffrage Law of 165b', that it was "something hard and unagreeable to reason that any persons shall pay taxes and have no votes in election." The sixth Article of the Declaration of Rights was in these words: — "That elections of members to serve as representatives of the people in the Legis- lature ought to be free, and that all men having sufficient evidence of permanent, common interest with, and attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage, and cannot lie. taxed or deprived of their property for public uses without their own consent, or that of their representative so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not in like manner assented, for the common good." Amid all the distractions of an active life, Commissary Blair found time to pre- pare one hundred and seventeen discourses on the sermon on the Mount, which were first published in London, in five octavo volumes. Dr. Doddridge, the Scripture ex- positor, pronounced it the best commentary on the fifth, sixth and seventh chapters of Matthew extant, and adds: — "He appears to have been a person of the utmost candor, and has solicitously avoided all unkind and contemptuous re- Heetions on his brethren. He has an excel- lent way of bringing down criticism to com- mon capacities, and has discovered a vast knowledge of Scripture, in the application of them." A second edition of the work appeared in 1740, iu four volumes, with a preface by Bishop Waterland. George Whitfield, in his Diary, under date of 15th of December, 1740, writes : "Paid my respects to Mr. Blair, Commis- sary of Virginia. His discourse was savory, such as tended to the use of edify- ing. He received me with joy, asked me to preach, and wished my stay were longer." In 1743, after a ministry in Virginia of more than fifty years, he died, having proved himself an "emeritus miles," by "enduring hardness as a good soldier of Christ." His son John, lived to see the independ- ence of the United States of America, and to be. one of the first judges of the Supreme Court, appointed by President Washington. ViU.INT \ rii[.n\| \ i ri ERG"! 29 CHAPTER VI. LIFE AND TIMES OF JONATHAN BOUCHER, THE TOR'V ' t/ERGYMAN, A.l>. 1759-1775. Jonathan as one of thi representati ' :lergy, from tin- period Brad- dock until free and indepi i He was born on the . at Blencogo, in Cumberland i land. While completing his educatio mathematics, under the direction of a Rev. Mr. Ritson, who lived al Workington, near the mouth of the Derwent, he received an appointment as private tutor in the family of Captain Dixon, who lived on the Rap- pahannock river. In July, 1759, In- reached hi- destination at Port Royal. In his autobiography he writes: " Being hospitable, as well as wealthy, Captain Dixon's house was much resorted to, brri chiefly by toddy-drinking company. Port Royal was chiefly in- habited by tin-tor- from Scotland, and their dependents, and the circumjacent country by planters in general, in middling circum- stances. There was not a literary man, tor aught I could find, nearer than in the country I had jusl left, nor were literary attainments, beyond merely reading or writ- ing, at all in vogue." In A.D. 1761, In- was unexpectedly asked to enter tie- mini-try. A Rev. Mr. ' riberne, who lived on the north side of the Rappa bannock, opposite Port Royal, about to marry a rich widow in Richmond county, resigned hi- parish, and the vestry asked him to till the vacancy. He wenl to London, was ordained by Bishop Osbaldiston, and in .Inly, 1762, became the rector of the parish in King George county, and preached at Leeds. In leav- he, " laid particular intimacy till wi finally a our taking ■ " Mr. Wushii sons, of parents distil their rank, nor fortune. La eldest -on. became a soldier, ami ■. the expedition to Carthagena, where, getting into some scrape with a brother officer, it was -aid he did not acquit himself quite SO well as he ought, and so sold out. "George, who, lik< most people there- abouts at that time, had no other educa- tion than reading, writing and accounts, which he wa- taught by a convict servant, whom his father bought for a schoolmas- ter, first set out in the world as Surveyor ..f Orange County, an appointment of about half the value of a Virginia lectin v. perhaps £100 a year. "When the French made encroachments on the Western Frontier, in 1754, this Washington was sent out to examine, on, the -pot, how far what was alleged was true, and to remonstrate on tin occasion. He published In- journal, which in Vir- ginia, at least, drew on him some ridicule. * * * Ai Braddock's defeat, and every subsequi ion throughout the war, he acquitted himself much in the same manner as, in my judgment, he has since done, decently, but never greatly. I did know Mr. Washington well. * * * 1 He i- shy, silent, stern, si « and cau- tion-. In hi- moral character, he is regular, temperate, strictly just and honest, and, as I always thought] religious. 30 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY having heretofon been pretty constant, mid even exemplary in his attendance on public worship in the Church of England. Bui lie seems to have nothing generous or affectionate in his nature. Just before the close of the last war he married the widow Custis, and thus came into the pos- Hi of her large joiuture. He never had any children, and lived yerj much like a gentleman, at Mount Vernon, in Fairfax County, where the most distin- guished part of his character was that he was an admirable tanner." This estimate of Washington, from a Tory, ean now he perused with complacency, since the world has long ago declared — " He was a man; take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again." The French charged that Washington, under excitement, tired upou Jumonville, the French commander, while he was bearing a flag of truce. De Villiers, in his report of Washington's surrender at Fort Necessity, wrote : — "We made the English consent to sign that they had assassinated my brother." In the articles of agreement it is so written. In 1756, these facts were brought to light by William Livingston, of New Jersey, and no doubt caused some criticism and ridicule of Washington. Boucher, in one of his sermons, give> a picture of the bald and desolate appear- ance of the parish churches at the period of the Revolution. He remarks: "Our churches in general are ordinary and mean buildings, composed of wood, without -piles or towers, or Steeples or bells, and placed, for the most part, like those of our remotest ancestors in Great Britain, in retired and solitary spots, and contiguous to spring- or wells. Within them, there is rarely even an attempt, to introduce any ..liniments; it is almost as uncommon to find a church that has any communion plate, as it is in England to lind one that has not; in both Virginia and Maryland, there are not six organ-; tin Psalmody is everywhere ordinary and mean, and in not a few places there is none." Unlike Blair, he had no sympathy, with Whitfield and his followers. Davies, more than his equal in eloquence, scholarship and spirituality, afterward President of Prince- ton, he looked down upou as a common dis- senter. He used every mean- to prevent the growth of nonconformity, and in one of his sermons regrets it< increase, and stated that thirty years ago there was not a dis- senting congregation in Virginia, while then there were eleven ministers, and each with from two to four congregations. In his autobiography he remarks, " I attributed much of my success in this (keep- ing down nonconformists),. to my avoiding all disputation with their ministers, whom I spoke of as beneath such condescension, on the score of their ignorance and their impu- dence. And when one of them publicly chal- lenged me to a public debate, I declined it, but at the same time set up one Daniel Bark-dale, a carpenter in my parish, who had a good front, and. a voluble tongue, and whom, therefore, f easily qualified to defeat his op- ponent, as he effectually did. And I am still persuaded that this method, of treating the preachers with well-judged ridicule and contempt, and their followers with gentle- ness, persuasion, aud attention, is a good one." I poii I he subjeel of African shivery, he held the views of Henry, Jefferson and Washington. Destituteof moral cowardice, in 1701! he preached a sermon, in which he remarked — "Were an impartial and comprehensive observer of the state of society in these Middle Colonies asked whence it happened that Virginia and Maryland, which were the first planted, and are superior to many colo- nies, ami inferior to none in point of every natural advantage, are still SO exceedingly behind most of i he other British Ameri- can Provinces, in all those improvements which bring credit and consequence to a country? he would answer: They are VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. 31 66, because they arc cultivated by slaves. i believe it is capable of demonstration, that except the money interest which ever) man has in the property of his slaves, it would be for every man's interest that there were uo slaves, and for this plain reason, because the free labor of a fr© man, who is regularly hind and paid for the wink which he dor-, is in the end cheaper than the extorted eye-service of a slave. Some los^ and inconvenience would uo doubt arise from the general abolition of slavery in the Colonics, but were it done gradually, with judgment and good tem- per, I have never yet seen it satisfactorily proved that such injury would be either great or lasting." During Boucher's residence in Caroline County, he manifested an interest for the slave-, and on the 31st of March, 1766, Easter Monday, baptized three hundred and thirteen negro adults, and preached to upwards of a thousand. He, moreover, employed two or three intelligent blacks to teach the children on Sunday afternoons. In time, twenty or thirty were able to use the Prayer-book at the Sunday services, and thirteen became communicants. Calm and fearless iu manner, logical and intellectual in his discourses, he suc- ceeded iu obtaining the entire respect of the planters among whom he resided. In one of his sermons he states that " he had lived among them more than seven years, as minister, in such harmony as to have had no disagreement with any man, even for a day." While in Virginia, he was inti- mate with the Rev. dame- Maury or Marye, a clergyman, of French parentage, born at Sea, trained iu England, educated in America, and settled in Albemarle county. At Maury's request, he wrote a poem, which was well received, "ii the dispute between the Clergy and the Assembly of Virginia, j relative to the injustice of the act allowing two pence a pound to be paid instead of the 16,000 pounds of tobacco in kind, due as salary of a parish minister. In 1770, he left Virginia, to become Rector of the church at Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, ami took with him his pupil, John Parke Custis, the step-son of Washington. The State House now used by the legisla- ture of Maryland had not then been erected, and the church edifice was in a dilapidated condition, while the town boasted a hand- - e theater, in which Hallam and others played, built on land owned by the church. To stimulate his parishioners to the erection of a new church, he published, s i after he became the Rector of St. Anne's, in the Maryland Gazette, a poetical epistle, ad- 1 1 n sssed : — " To the very worthy and respectable inhabit- ants of Annapolis, the humble petition of the old Church sheweth : — " A portion of this effusion is as follows: " That late iu Century the last, By private bounty, here were placed My sacred walls, and tho' in truth Their stile and manner be uncouth, Yet whilst no structure met nunc eye That even with myself could vie, A goodly edifice, I seemed, And pride of all St. Anne's was deemed. How changed the times ! for now all round Unnumbered stately piles abound. All better built and looking down On one quite antiquated grown : Left unrepaired, to time a prey, I feel my vitals fast decay ; And often have I heard it said That -nine good people are afraid Lest I should tumble, on their bead, Of which, indeed, thi- seems a proof, They seldom come beneath my roof. Here in Annapolis, alone, God has the meanest house in town. The premises considered, I, With humble confidence, rely, That. Phoenix like, I soon shall rise, From my own ashes, to the skies ; Your mite, at least, that you will pay, And your petitioner shall praj 32 Virginia colonial ci.kkgy. While residing in Annapolis he deter- mined tn know something besides "Jesus Christand Him crucified." He became much absorbed in the social, literary and political pursuits of tlic community. He wrote si line verses nn an actress, and a prologue for the theater, and was made first Pre- sident nf the Hominy Club, a society formed to promote in sent mirth. He was recognized as Governor Eden's right hand man and most intimate friend. He says: "1 was, in fact, the must efiicient person in the administration of Govern- ment. The management of bhe Assembly was left very much to me, and hardK a Bill was brought in which I did nol either draw, or at least revise." The Governor's speeches, messages and other important paper- were also from his pen. In the defense of what he supposed were the rights of the Maryland clergy, he had a sharp controversy with two lawyers, Wil- liam Paca and Samuel Chase, both of whom, in 1776, were in the Continental Congress, and signers of the Declaration. Paca, smarting under some remark, was disposed to fight a duel with the rector of St. Anne's, but was quieted by the gentle- man whom he consulted as his second. ( ioyernor Eden, who valued his talent sand friendship, in 1772 offered him the lower church of Queen Anne's Parish, Prince George county, Md., which he accepted. About this time he was married to a Miss Addison, a native of this county, niece of the Rev. Henry Addison, educated at Queen's College, Oxford, daughter of Thomas Addi- son, and grandchild of John Addison, Sur- veyor-General of the Province of Maryland. His controversy with the lawyers, Paca and Chase, gave him a reputation among the Episcopal clergy of New York and New England, and King's College, now Columbia, in New York city, conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. The Rev. Dr. Cooper, President of King's College, visited him, and in company they proceeded to the residence of Rev. Dr. Smith, Provost of the College of Philadel- phia, to concert measures to support the Mother Country in the pending controver- sies. " It is too well known," he says, " how little the clergy of Philadelphia re- garded this agreement." The ancestral residence of his wife's family was at Oxon Hall, nearly opposite Alexandria. In his reminiscences he writes : " 1 happened to be going across the Poto- mac with my wife and some other of our friends, exactly at the time that General Washington was crossing it on his way to the northward, whither he was going to take command of the Continental army. There had been a great meeting of people, and great doings in Alexandria on the oc- casion ; and everybody seemed to be on fire, either with rum or patriotism, or both. Some patriots in our boat huzzaed, and gave three cheers to the General as he passed us, whila Mr. Addison and myself contented ourselves with pulling off our hats. Then General (then only Colonel ) Washington beckoned us to stop, as we did, just to shake us by the hand, he said. " His behavior to me was now, as it had always been, polite and respectful, and 1 shall forever remember what passed in the few disturbed moments of conversation we then had. From his going on his present errand, I foresaw and apprised him ot much that has since happened ; in particular, that there would certainly then be a civil war, and that the Americans would soon declare for independency. With more earn- estness than was usual with his great re- serve, he scouted my apprehensions, adding, and I believe with perfect sincerity, that if ever I heard of his joining in such measure.-, I had his leave to set him down for every- thing wicked. * * This was the last time I ever saw this gentleman, who, contrary to all reasonable expectation, has since so distinguished himself, that he will probably be handed down to posterity as one of the first characters of the age." From this period, party feeling deepened in Maryland, and Boucher thought it pru- dent to leave his residence in the lower VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. 33 parish of Prince George county, and he re- moved to the "Lodg§," the borne of Rev. Heury Addison, his wife's uncle, in the upper part of the county. During his absence, services were held by his curate, a Republican, a brother of Robert Hanson Harrison, one of Washington's aids. He became increasingly unpopular, and when- ever he preached there was more or less disapprobation. "For more than six months" lie writes, " I preached, when I did preach, with a pair of loaded pistols lying on the cushion, having given notice that if any man or body of men could possibly be so Inst to all sense of decency and propriety as to drag me out of my own pulpit, I should think myself justified before God and man in repelling violence." In 1775 the Republican authorities set apart Thursday, the 11th day of May, for prayer aud fasting, and Mr. Boucher an- nounced that he would preach in his own pulpit. The text he had chosen was from Nehemiah vi, 10, 11: ''Afterward I came unto the house of Shemaiah, the son of Delaiah, the son of Mehetabeel, who was shut up ; and lie said, let us meet together in the house of God, within the temple, and let us shut the doors of the temple, for they will come to slay thee; yea, in the night will they come to slay thee. And I said, should such a man as I flee? and who is there that, being as I am, would go into the temple to save his life? I will not go in." Fifteen minutes before the time of service he arrived at the church, but found the Republican curate, Harrison, already in the desk, and a crowd of armed men around the church. A Mr. Osborne Sprigg, who was the leader, told him that they did not wish him to preach. He replied that they would have, then, to take away his life; and with MTinon in one hand, and a loaded pistol in the other, moved toward the pulpit, bul was instantly surrounded by excited men. Seizing Sprigg by the collar of his coat, and with cocked pistol, he told him he would blow his brains out if any of the crowd should dare attack him. The crowd, while not injuring him, forced him out of the church, and escorted him to his residence, a fifer playing the tune of the "Rogue's March." Fearless and persevering, he appeared at the church next Sunday, and, amid much con- fusion, preached the sermon he had pre- pared for " Fast-day." From this time his feelings were embit- tered against the Republicans, and on the 16th of August, 1775, he wrote, under excitement, a long letter to Washington, which he concludes in these words : — " I have, at least, the merit of consist- ency; aud neither in any private or public conversation, in anything I have written, nor in anything that I have delivered from the pulpit, have I ever asserted any other opinions or doctrines than you have repeat- edly heard me assert, both in my own bouse and yours. You cannot say that I deserved to be run down, villified, and injured in the manner which you know has fallen to my lot, merely because I cannot bring myself to think, on some political points, just as you and your party would have me think. And yet you have borne to look on, at least as an unconcerned spectator, if not an abetter, whilst, like the poor frogs in the fable, I have in a manner been pelted to death. I do not ask if such conduct in you Was friendly; was it either, just, manly, or generous? It was not; no, it was act- ing with all the base malignity of a virulent Whig. As such, Sir, I resent it ; and oppressed and overborne asl may seem to be, by popular obloquy, I will not be so want- ing in justice to myself as not to tell you, as I now do, with honest boldness, that I despise the man who, for any motives, could be induced to act so mean a part. You are no longer worthy of my friend- ship; a man of honor can no longer, with- out dishonor, be connected with you. With your cause, I renounce you." In this frame of mind, he became odious to the friends of Congress, and in a month was a refugee. On the 10th of September, with bis wife and her uncle, the Rev. Henry Addison, 34 VIRGINIA COLONIAL CLERGY. and his son, lie went on board a small schooner, the Nell Gwynn, and, sailing down the Potomac, entered the Chesapeake, and was taken aboard a vessel, which, on the 20th of October, reached Dover, in England. For nineteen years he was Vicar of Epsom, and devoted much time to philological studies. He died, a.d. 1804, at the age of sixty-six years. His engraved portrait shows a firm, benevolent, round- faced man, with expansive forehead. In 1797 he published " A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution," which he gracefully dedicated as a kind of peace offering to his old friend, who had been the first president of the United States of America. Washington, in reply to the compliment, in a letter from Mount Vernon, dated 15th of August, 1798, wrote, " For the honor of its dedication and for the friendly and favorable sentiments therein expressed, I pray you to accept my acknowledgment and thanks. Not having read the book, it follows, of course, that I can express no opinion with resj>ect to its political contents, but I can venture to assert beforehand, and with con- fidence, that there is no man in either country more zealously devoted to peace and a good understanding between the nations than I am : no one who is more disposed to bury in oblivion all animosities which have subsisted between them and the individuals of each." He was married three times. His first wife, Miss Addison, noted for her beauty, had no children, neither had the second. By his third wife he had several children, one of whom was the Rev. Barton Boucher, of Wiltshire. It was not until 1871 his last child, a daughter, died. One of his grandsons, bearing his name, is a valued contributor to the London Notes and Que- ries, and to him we are indebted for extracts from his grandfather's journals. In concluding this article, a brief refer- ence will not be out of place, to Rev. Walter Dulaney Addison, who became Rector of the parish from which his uncle had been ejected a few months before the Declaration of Independence. He was the son of Thomas Addison, whose wife was Rebecca Dulaney, of Annapolis; and also the nephew of the wife of Jonathan Boucher. In 1788, while on a visit to his uncle, by marriage, in Eng- land, Mr. Boucher requested him to make a catalogue of his library. In doing this, he fell from a ladder while examining some books on a high shelf, and was much injured. While confined to his room he became very serious, and determined to enter the ministry. Returning to this country he married a Miss Hesselius, of Annapolis, and theu went to reside with his mother at Oxon Hall, on the Potomac. For several years he occupied the same pulpits which Jonathan Boucher had preached from in Prince George county, and formed a wide contrast to his relative in his views of religiou. With what was con- sidered Puritanic strictness, he frowned upon duelling, horse racing, card playing, and theater-going. While attached to the liturgy ot his Church, he maintained friendly rela- tions with those whom he recognized as min- isters of other branches of the Church. For many years he was deprived of sight. God took him, in 1848, ripe in age, and fit for heaven. His friends deposited his remains in the burial place of his ancestors, at Oxon Hall. FIN 18. A PLAINT OF SAMUEL PURCHAS, RECTOR OF ST. MARTIN'S, LUDGATE, LONDON, A.D., 1625. " My prayers shall be to the Almighty for Virginia's prosperity, whose dwarfish growth after so many years' convulsions by dissensions, Tantalean starvings amidst rich maga- zines and fertilities, subversion here and self eversion there (perverseness I mention not), rather than conversion of savages, after so many learned and holy men sent there ; poverty, sickness, death in such a soil and healthful climate — what shall I say ? " I can deplore, I do not much admire, that we have had so much in Virginia, yet so little ; the promises as probable as large, and yet the premises yielding, in the con- clusion, this Virginian sterility and meagerness, rather than the multiplied issue and thrift of a worthy nation, and mother of a family answering to her great inheritance. But what do I in plaints, when some, perhaps, will complain of my complainings ?" VT3J> L & ■ G1