Class _£l^ Book._ Go|)}TigIitN°__ COPHycjlT DSWSffi ■/ lyi'P^ GEORGE WASHINGTON From the painting by Gilbert Stuart, owned by the Boston Athena;uin A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FOR SCHOOLS By S. E. FORMAN AUTHOR OF "ADVANCED CIVICS," ETC. THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK \']^ Copyright, 1910, by The Century Co. The De Vinne Press (gCI.A265310 PREFACE IN this text I have traced the history of our country's growth from its small and rude beginnings to its present grand pro- portions. In the treatment I have kept before my mind an ever-growing nation, and I have tried to tell the story in such a way that the pupil may follow as with the eye each successive advance in that wave of civilization which has always been moving toward the West. With the opening of the national period the motion of this wave became swift and strong. Be- tween the close of the Revolution and the middle of the nine- teenth century American civilization forced its way from the Alleghany Mountains to the Pacific coast. Almost within the bounds of a single long life a region half as large as Europe was cleared of savages and wild beasts and made the home of a peaceful and highly civilized race. The vast importance of this Westward Movement has led me to give it special prominence. In order to give a correct picture of our country's growth I have found it necessary to follow the upbuilding of the West and Southwest step by step, State by State ; and I have thought it wise to be liberal in the treatment of this Western development, for no more imposing movement has been witnessed by man, and there is no more inspiring sub- ject of classroom work. For the assistance of the teacher in review work I have placed viii PREFACE at the ends of the chapters review exercises in which the educa- tional principles of repetition and iteration have been fully and systematically brought into use. The topics suggested for special reading are, in most instances, designed for enriching and illu- minating the text, although many of them deal with subjects not treated in the text, and are purely supplementary in charac- ter. In selecting books of reference I have been partial to books of spirit and action. At the end of the book (pp. xxxix-lii) are outlines for the intensive reviews of great subjects. If the pupil is practised in these analytical reviews as he goes along, by the time he has hnishcd the book he will have acquired a consid- erable amount of related knowledge on all the important subjects of American history. A distinguished teacher of history in one of our universities used to tell tlie student who was reciting to "take up the subject and run with it." These reviews will prac- tise the pupils in taking up subjects and running with them ; they will give that feeling of power whicii comes with fullness of knowledge. Topics for outline recitations have also been pre- pared for all the chapters. The manuscript was read most carefully by Dr. Max Farrand, Professor of History in Yale University, and I am deeply in- debted to Dr. Farrand for many extremely valuable criticisms and suggestions. The manuscript also had the advantage of critical reading by Frank J. Klingberg of the Department of History in Yale Uni- versity; by Mr. J. R. Todd of the Department of History in the College of the City of New York; by Mr. George L. Robins of the Hill School, Pottstown, Pennsylvania; by Dr. Armand J. Gerson, Supervising Principal, Robert Morris Public School, Philadelphia; and by Dr. Benjamin E. Smith, editor-in-chief of the Century Dictionary. Mr. William W. Ellsworth of The Century Co. has furnished useful summaries for the War of PREFACE ix the Revolution and for the Civil War, and he has been untiring in his efforts to secure for the book proper maps and illustrations. While preparing the book I was greatly assisted by courtesies extended by the officers of the Library of Congress and also by those of the Library of Columbia University. S. E. FORMAN. Washington, D. C. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. Columbus Discovers a New World i n. Spanish Voyages and Explorations 9 III. England Becomes the Mistress of the Seas . , 15 IV. Our Country Three Hundred Years Ago . . . 23 V. Around the Chesapeake Bay: Virginia, Mary- land 30 VI. Around Nev^ York Bay : New York, New Jersey . 38 vii. Around Massachusetts Bayandalongthe Piscat- AQUA River : Massachusetts, New Hampshire 46 viii. Along the Connecticut River and around the Narragansett Bay : Connecticut, Rhode Island 55 IX. Along the Delaware Bay and the Delaware River: Pennsylvania, Delaware 62 X. Along the Carolina Coast: North Carolina, South Carolina 69 XI. Rebellions and Indian Uprisings 75 XII. Our Country in the Year 1700 80 xiii. Colonial Growth between 1700 and 1740 ... 87 XIV. Along the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi: Canada ; Louisiana 94 XV. The Struggle for a Continent: the French and Indian War 105 XVI. The Mother Country and the Colonies Quarrel 114 XVII. Independence Declared 122 xviii. The Struggle for Independence 131 XIX. Victory and Independence 140 xii CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XX. Forming a ]\Iore Perfect Union 150 XXI. Launching THE "Ship OF State" (1789-1801) . . 159 XXII. Along the Kentucky, the Tennessee, and the Ohio: Kentucky; Tennessee; the Northwest Territory 168 XXIII. Our Country in the Year 1800 178 XXIV. The Administration of Thomas Jefferson (1801-09): THE Great Expansion 186 XXV. The Administration of James Madison (1809- 17) : the War for Commercial Independence . 19G XXVI. Along the Ohio River: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois . 206 XXVII. Around the Gulf of Mexico: Louisiana, Missis- sippi, Alabama. Missouri 214 xxviii. Monroe and John Quincy Adams 221 XXIX. Jackson and Van Buren 230 xxx. Development between 1820 and 1840 239 XXXI. Harrison and Tyler; Polk; the Great Westward Extension 250 XXXII. Development between 1840 and 1850 .... 262 xxxiii. The Administration of Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore (1849-53) 276 xxxiv. Franklin Pierce; James Buchanan 287 XXXV. Progress in Civilization between 1800 and i860 . 298 XXXVI. Progress in Civilization between 1800 and i860 (Continued) 304 XXXVII. The Beginnings of a Great Conflict . . . .315 XXXVIII. The Civil War: the First Clashes 325 XXXIX. The Civil War: from Fort Donelson to Chancellorsville 333 XL. The Civil War: the Close of the Struggle . . 349 xLi. Binding up the Nation's Wounds 363 xLii. The New West 375 XLiii, A United People 388 XLiv. A United People (Continued) 397 XLV. A Leader among the Nations 410 CONTENTS xiii APPENDICES PAGE I. The Declaration of Independence i II. Constitution of the United States v III. General Review xx IV. Topics for Outline Recitations xxi V. Reading List xxxvii VI. Review of Great Subjects xxxix Index liv LIST OF COLORED MAPS Our Country Three Hundred Years Ago . Front coz'cr lining Before THE French AND Indian War . . . Facing p. iit^ After THE French AND Indian War . ... " 113 The United States AFTER THE Treaty of 1783 " 152 Our Country in 1800 " 178 The United States IN 1821 ........ " 218 The United States in 1840 " 273 The United States in 1850 " 273 The United States in 1861 ** 320 The Growth of the United States from 1776 TO 1867 " 368 The New West " 384 Our Country of To-DAY ....... Back cover lining Illustrations and maps in the text may be found usually by referring to the subject in the Index at the end of the book. A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES COLUMfUIS niSCOVlCRS A NF.W \V(3RLD " My men grow mutinous ilay hy thiy. My men grow gliastly wan and weak." The stout mate thought of liome ; a spray Of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek. "What shall I say, brave Admiral, say. If we sight naught but seas at dawn ? " "Why. you shall say at break of day. '.Sail on! sail on ! sail on. and on ! ' " Joiitiiihi MilUr. 1. The Youth of Christopher Columbus. The story of .\iiierica may i)roi)erly open with an ac- count oi the deeds of Cliristoi)her Columbus. This remarkable man was born in the city of (jenoa, Italy, about the year 1446. His father was a ]K)or weaver whose earnings were hardly sufificient to support his family. Christopher, therefore, had to leave school at an early age antl begin to earn his own living. At first he worked at his fatlier's trade, but by the time lie had reached his twenty-fifth year he was out on tlie sea leading the life of a sailor. 2. Trade between Europe and the Orient.— Alxnit the time )()ung Christopher was growing into manhood, great changes were taking place in the wt)r!d around him. I lis own city, Genoa, and the other cities of the Mediterranean as well, were losing their trade with the (Orient, that is, with Persia, India, China, and tiie islands (A the far l-last. b^ierce Turks stood in the overland routes that led from the Mediterranean to the Orient, and would not allow merchants to pass. Turks also I The boyhood lioiu of Columbus in HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES EXi'LANATlOX ■»— • — .Trade Route controlled l.y Vonit.9 Trade Route controlled by aenos Middle Route DaOsma's Route W^x^. Routes to the Orient. blocked the water route that led from Alexandria, in Egypt, down the Red Sea, and across tlie Indian Ocean to India. So that by the time Columbus had learnetl to manage a boat and govern a crew, peaceful trade with the Orient along the eastern routes was no longer possible. But Europe could not .get along very well without the trade of the Orient. This trade was chiefly in spices, drugs, dyes, and gems, and those beautiful silks and rugs for which the Orient even to-day is famous. Eor such luxuries as these the Europeans depended almost entirely upon Asia; especially were they dependent upon Asia for their spices. The Europeans of the fifteenth century used large quantities of pepper, allspice, cmnamon, and cloves. Europe might endure the loss of the silks and rugs and precious stones of the Orient, but the spices of the far-ofif country it must have. 3. Notions about the Earth Four Hundred Years Ago.- Just as soon, therefore, as the old land routes to tlie Orient were closed, Europeans began an eager search for a new route by water, and foremost among those who joined in it was Columbus. Such a search was carried on in the dark, for wise men five COLUMBUS DISCOVERS A NEW WORLD The world as known to Europeans in 1400. liundred years ago knew less about the earth than is known to- day by a child. As for the size of the earth, one can see how little they knew about that by looking at a map of the world as known to Europeans in the year 1400. Such a map shows onlv Europe, southern Asia, and a narrow strip of Africa ; of North America, South America, and Australia there is not a sign. The shape of the earth was not even so well understood as was its size. A few thoughtful men like Co- lumbus believed the earth to be a sphere; but in the minds of most people the earth was a great flat body of land around which flowed a mysterious ocean ; in the distant parts of this ocean, it was thought, were horrid monsters that would swallow up ships and sailors that might dare to come near. So it was out upon a sea of darkness and terror that the sailors of Europe went when they began to search for a new route to India. 4. The Portuguese Lead in the Search for a Route to India. — In the race for the Orient, Portugal soon left all the other countries behind. The plan of the Portuguese sailors was to sail south along the coast of Africa, and when the southern part of the peninsula was reached, to sail directly across the In- dian Ocean to India and China. Follow- The Sea of Darkness. jng this plan, Bar- tholomeu Dias, a Portuguese captain, in 1487 pushed as far south as the Cape of Good Hope and sailed seven hundred miles into the Indian Ocean before he turned back. He would have gone even farther had not his crew been afraid of the monsters which they imagined were lying in wait for them in the waters HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES beyond. Ten years later another J\jrtuguese caj^tain, \'asco da Gama, rounded the cape, and in spite of the imaginary monsters sailed oti to India. 5. Columbus Plans for a Western Voyage to India.— While the Portuguese sailors were creep- ing down the African coast, extend- ing their voyages farther and farther to the south, Columbus ap- ])eared in Lisbon with a plan for reaching India by a route which he thought would 1)e much shorter than that by the Cape of Good Hope. It was his firm belief that the earth was round like a ball and that India could be reached by sail- ing directly west. He also thought tliat the coast of Asia was only about four thousand miles west of the coast of Europe. If these things were so, why, he asked, should not the voyage from Europe to India be made by sailing directly across the Atlantic? Why go all around the barn and enter at the Statue of Columbus at Madrid. \^^^,]^ door, as the Portuguese were trying to do, when one could go straight across and enter at the front door? As early as 1475 't was so clear to his mind that the western route was the best that he was willing to undertake the voyage. But such a voyage required ships and men. and these Colum- bus did not have. He applied to the King of Portugal for aid, but was sent away empty-handed. He applied to Spain, and was again turned away. But Columbus was a great man, and great men are not easily turned aside from their purposes. E<"or many long years Columbus, now in Portugal, now in Spain, now in his own city of Genoa, visited the jialaces of nobles and kings, seeking aid for the plan that was so dear to his soul. During COLUMBUS DISCOVERS A NEW WORLD these years his feet were often sore with much walking and his heart was often sick with disappointment, but his faith in his plan and his iron will at last Columbus bidding farewell to Ferdinand and Isabella. brought him success. In 1492 Isabella, the Queen of Spain, furnished him with means to undertake the voy- age, pledging her jewels to raise the necessary money. 6. Columbus Sails West- ward across the Atlantic — One hundred and twenty sailors and three vessels, the Santa Maria, the Pint a, and the Nina, were secured for the voyage. The largest of the ships, the Santa Maria, was about sixty feet in length, a mere toy boat com- pared with the ocean vessels of to-day. The little fleet set sail from Palos, in Spain, on the 3d of August, 1492, Columbus himself commanding the Santa Maria. When the Canary Islands had been passed, Columbus steered directly west, and the farther west he sailed, the blacker became the darkness of the voyage and the greater became its terrors. When days and weeks had passed and no land had appeared, the sailors grew impatient and wished to turn back. But Columbus was not one to turn back. He cheered his men, coaxed them, promised them great rewards if they would keep on, and in one way and another managed to hold their faces to the west. At last, after a voyage of seventy days, the fears of the sailors suddenly passed away, and the hearts of all were filled with joy, for at about midnight between the nth and 12th of October, 1492, Columbus, peering into the darkness, saw a light ahead ; and the light was on land. At sunrise a landing was made on an island called by Columbus San Salvador.^ ^ Spanish for "Holy Saviour." 6 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Columbus felt that his labors and sacrifices had not been in vain, for he was sure he had found a new route to India. Leav- ing San Salvador, he sailed along the shores of Cuba, Haiti, and other islands, and, as he passed from place to place, he was sure he was skirting tlie coast of India. So he named the strange- looking peo])le on the shores Indians. After building a rude fort on the island of Haiti, he sailed for Spain. On the way back a violent storm arose, and at a moment when it seemed that his boat would sink, Columbus sealed up in a cask an account of the voyage and threw the cask overboard, in the hope that it would float ashore and be found. But the storm passed, and Columbus reached Palos without having lost a man. Thus a voyage that promised to be the most dan- gerous turned out to be one of the safest ever made. 7. Other Voyages of Co- lumbus.— No lienors were now too great for Columbus. According to an agreement made with the queen, he was given the title of Great Admi- ral, and as he passed through Spain from city to city, he was treated as if he were a king. There was now no The landing of Columbus. tr(ni])le in securing sailors and ships for the western route. The Great Admiral made three more voyages to the new-foimd land, and on the third voyage he first saw (in 1498) the mainland of the continent. It was the coast of South America, but he thought it was India. While on his third voyage Columbus was accused by enemies of wrong-doing and was arrested and sent home in chains. Queen Isabella, always his best friend, ordered him released, but enemies still sprang up on every side and filled his old age with bitterness. He died at Valladolid, in Spain, in 1506, but COLUMBUS DISCOVERS A NEW WORLD ^^£5 The first voyage of Columbus. so obscure and neglected was he when he passed away that no note was taken of his death, and to this day it is not certain where the great man hes buried. 8. What Columbus Accomplished. — Columbus went down to his grave believing that he had found a short route to India, but in this he was, of course, mistaken. In the search for that route, Portugal had won when \'asco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed on to India. But Columbus did some- thing far greater than to discover a new route to India — some- thing tliat he had not set out to do, something he never knew that he had, done — what he had discovered was not a new water route, but a NEW WORLD. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the early youth of Columbus. 2. What caused the cities of Europe to lose their trade with the Orient? Of what did the trade consist? Why did Europe need this trade? 3- What notions did men have about the size and shape of the earth ? Describe a fifteenth-century map of the world. 4. In what manner did the Portuguese sailors find their way to India? Give an account of the voyage of Dias ; of Vasco da Gama. 5. What were the ideas of Columbus in respect to the shape and size of the earth? By what route did he think India could be reached? Give an account of his efforts to secure ships and men for a westward voyage. 8 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES (). I^cscribc the westward voyage of Columbus. Give an account of the discovery of land. Describe the return voyage. 7. Give an account of the later voyages of Columbus and of his last days. 8. What great thing did Columbus believe he had done? What great thing did he actually do? TOPICS I'OR SPhXI.XL RE.\DING OR COMPOSITION WORK 1. The Portuguese explorers: «, 1-13. 2. Columbus and his discoveries: i, 14-65. 3. The voyages of Columbus: 2, 14-22. 4. Columbus's own account of his great voyage: 3, 1-3. The number in heavy-faced type refers to the book of the same number in the reading list at the end of the volume. ir SPANISH VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS And while he held above his head the conquering flag of Spain, He waved his glancing sword and smote the waters of the main: For Rome! For Leon ! For Castile ! thrice gave the cleaving blow, And thus Batboa claimed the sea four hundred years ago. 9. How the New World Came to be Called America.— The ships of Columbus chased the imaginary monsters from the sea, or at least chased them from men's minds. After the success- ful voyage of 1492, sailors everywhere grew bold and were eager to sail for the new-found lands. Among the first to cross tlie Atlantic in the wake of Columbus was Ameri- cus Vespucius, a native of Florence, Italy. This man, in 1501, sailing under the flag of Portugal, visited the coast of what is now Brazil, and not long afterward wrote an interest- ing account of what he saw. 'T have found," he wrote, "in the soutliern part, a continent more populous and more full of animals than our Europe, Asia, and Africa." A letter from Vespucius thus describing Bra- zil fell into the hands of a German professor who at the time was pre- paring a book on geography. In this book he suggested that the region described by Vespucius be named the land of Americus (Amer- ica) in honor of the man who discovered it. And it was named America. The professor probably intended that Brazil only should be called America, but the people of Europe fell into the 9 Americus Vespucius. Born at Florence, Italy, in 1452; entered commercial service in Spain ; accom- panied four expeditions to the New World, on the first of which, in 1497, he claimed to have reached the conti- nent of America before the Cabots and Columbus; died at Seville in 1512. 10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES lial)it of giving this name to any ])art of the mainland of the New World. So the name America spread northward and southward, and in time the whole western continent came to be called .America. Tims the New World was named after Ameri- cus X'espucius, and Columbus missed the glory of having it named after himself. 10. Balboa Discovers the Pacific Ocean. — The first luiropean to see the great ocean lying west of America was the Sjianish soldier I'alboa. In 15 13 this adventurer, roaming about on the Isthmus of Panama in search of gold, beheld from the top of a mountain a large body of water in the distance. From the direc- tion in which the water lay, Balboa knew that he had discovered an unknown sea. Rejoicing in his good luck, he made his way to the shore, and wading into the water, carrying a banner of Spain in one hand and a sword in the other, took possession of the new sea, claiming it in the name of his king. He might as well have claimed the moon and stars ! I le called the new sea the South Sea. We know it as the Pacific Ocean. 11. The First Voyage around the Globe.— About twenty years after A'espucius went to lirazil a far greater sailor passed along the Brazilian coast. This sailor was I'"erdinand Magellan, who, with five ships and two hundretl and seventy men, sailed /r ■ from Sjiain in 1519, bound for 'Stii'rSfeijf v.i i tl>e Molucca Islands, where he " intended to load his ships with Ferdinand Magellan. ^^^j^^^ j,^ ^,^j^ ^j^^^^ ^j^^^.^ ^^^ plain sailing to these islands by the route round the Cape of Good Hope, but Magellan bravely resolved to reach them by sailing west. He crossed the Atlantic and sailed along the eastern coast of South America until he came to the strait that SPANISH VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS 11 now bears his name. Passing through this stormy Strait of Magellan, he sailed out (in 1520) on a sea whose surface was so quiet and peaceful that he gave it the name of Pacific.^ When the great captain had passed the Strait of Magellan and his ships had begun to plow the broad waters of the Pacific, the sailors felt that they had gone far enough and wanted to turn back. They had but little food left, and they were afraid that they would get no more on the voyage. But Magellan said they must go forward even if they had to eat the ropes with which the ship was rigged. He had set out for the Indies, he -^.. PA C I F J C r ^ ..'Jl'-aellan-^ O C E A If AMERICA™ vSanLucarH ri- ^■<— „ „ \W Strait uf Magellan's voyage around the globe. said, and to the Indies he was going, although they were ten thousand miles away. The ships kept on their course, but Ma- gellan found that the fears of the sailors were by no means groundless. Food became scarcer and scarcer, and sure enough, before land was reached, the men, in order to get a little nourish- ment for their starving bodies, gnawed the very hides which covered the ropes of the rigging. After a voyage of terrible suffering Magellan at last (in 1521) reached the Philippine Islands. Here he was drawn into a battle with the natives and was killed. After the death of Magellan a captain was chosen for the Victoria — one of the two vessels that still remained — and the voyage westward was continued. Having stopped at the Moluc- cas to take on board a cargo of precious stones and spices, the 1 The word "pacific" comes from the Latin word pacificus, which means mild, peaceful. 12 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES J'ictoria crossed tlie Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and reached the httle liarljor of San Lucar, in Spain, in Septeniher. 1522. Of the two hundred and seventy men who had sailed out of that harbor three years before only thirty-one returned. But tliat httle group of half-starved sailors had made a voyage almost as important as that made by Columbus. They had done what Columbus had tried to do and failed : they had reached the far East by sailing toward the west. And they had done another tiling that had never before been done by man : flicy had sailed I'litirclv around the globe. 12. Spanish Explorers in North America.— About the time Magellan was on his voyage around the world, great things were beginning to hai)pen in the New World. In 15 19 Hernando Cortes, a dashing S])anish commander, conquered Mexico, and a dozen years later another Spaniard, Francisco Pizarro, overran and plundered the rich and populous country of Peru. These men were in pursuit of gold, and it would be interesting to fol- low them and learn how they became masters of great heaps of gold, rooms full of gold, ships laden with gold ; but our story takes us in a different direction: we must learn what was hap- pening within the borders of our own country, --p— — T-niT:tLiiiiL:iiMiiniiwniii.mu_MmiLMuiiiii T\\Q Spaniards in their search for trade and for gold looked northward as well as southward. In 1513 I'once de Leon, a man who had come out with Columbus on his second voyage and who was no longer young, sailed from Porto Rico for Landing in Florida. , , a regujn where lie had heard there was not only gold, but something far more precious than gold ; he had heard that in this region there was a stream that would give endless youth to those who drank SPANISH VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS 13 Explorations of Ponce de Leon, De Soto, and Coronado, of its waters. While looking for this stream he landed on a coast where the flowers were very beautiful, and he called the country Florida, the Land of Flowers. He wandered through Florida, bathing in every stream and drinking from every spring. The old man did not find everlasting youth, of course, but he gave Florida to Spain. In 1539 another seeker after gold appeared on the coast of Florida. This was Hernando de Soto, the governor of Cuba and one of the leading men of Spain. De Soto landed at Tampa Bay with an army of six hundred men, and marched northward through the marshes and dense woods of Florida. When he reached what is now northern Alabama he turned westward and followed a zigzag course until he found himself (in 1541) on the shores of the Mississippi River — the Father of Waters. On his march he had lost many of his men, for the Indians along his path regarded him as a cruel enemy, and they had done him all the harm they could. On reaching the Mississippi, De Soto fell sick of a fever and died. He was buried in the middle of the great river he had discovered. His followers, 14 HISTORY OF THE U1SITED STATES witlidUt any gold in their hands, made llieir way back to Cuba. At the very time De Soto was marching westward toward the Mississippi, in the far-ofif plains of what is now New Mexico there was another Spaniard tramping eastward. This was Coro- nado, in search of the Seven Cities of Cibola. These cities were described to the Spaniards as being the richest and most beauti- ful in the world; they were said to contain an untold amount of gold and silver ; and to be situated in a country where the rivers were six miles wide and where the fishes were as big as horses. It was to find these wonderful cities that Coronado, in 1540, set out from Mexico. In the southern part of what is now New Mexico he found a wretched little Indian village where the houses were built of mud. This is all that was ever seen of the Seven Cities of Cibola. Coronado, however, did not give up the search until he had pushed eastward as far as the plains of what is now the State of Kansas. If he had gone a little farther "he might have shaken hands with De Soto and with him wept tears of disapi)ointment," for Coronado's hands, as well as De Soto's, were empty of gold. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Explain liow the New World came to be called America. 2. Give an account of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Balboa. 3. By what route did Magellan undertake to sail to the Molucca Islands? Give a full account of this great voyage. 4. Tell the story of Ponce de Leon; of De Soto; of Coronado. REVIEW AND RI'ADIXC Ri'.l'ERI^NCI' S 1. Give an event coimectcd with each of the following dates: 1487, 1492, 1497. 2. Give an event connected with each of the following places: Genoa, Palos, San Salvador. 3. Tell something very important about each of the following persons: Columbus, Bartholomeu Dias, Isabella. 4. Tell what you can about the first voyage of Columbus. 5. Topics for special reading or composition work : Americus Ves- pucius: 2. 23-31. Magellan's expedition: i, 94-144- Hernando de Soto: 4, 94-107. Balboa: 2, 39-45. Ponce de Leon: 2, 47-51. Ill ENGLAND BECOMES THE MISTRESS OF THE SEAS The name of Raleigh stands highest among the statesmen of England who advanced the colonization of the United States. — Gt'orge Bancrqft. 13. The New World Claimed by Spain. — Thus far our story has been chiefly about Spain. It was Spain that sent out Columbus and Magellan ; it was a Spaniard who stood in the waters of the Pacific and took possession of the great ocean in the name of the king; they were Spanish generals who conquered the West Indies, the greater part of South America, and Mexico ; they were Spanish explorers who first made their way into the wild regions of North America. Spain thought the New World belonged entirely to her. She indeed agreed that Portugal might have Brazil,^ but all the rest of South America and all of North But her claims amounted to The Line of Demarcation. America she claimed as her own. nothing unless she could defend them with her sword, and other nations were already disputing them. 14. England Claims a Part of the New World.— The coun- try that was to give Spain the most trouble in the New World 1 In 1494 Spain and Portugal, in accordance with the wishes of Pope Alexander VI, made a treaty agreeing that a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands should be known as the "Line of Demarca- tion," and that all "heathen lands" east of this line should belong to Portugal, while all "heathen lands" west of the hne should belong to Spain. In 1500 Cabral, a Portuguese captain, started to India by the route round the Cape of Good Hope, but .he swung too far westward and touched the coast of Brazil. Since the new-found land was east of the Line of Demarcation, Brazil was claimed by Portugal. 15 A 16 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES was England. When the news of the successful voyage of 0>luml)us reached the httle islanil nation, llenrv \'II. its king. like the other rulers of his time, began to think of the riches that might come to him from the new- found lands. So when John Cabot, a native of X'enice. in 14Q6 applied to King Henry for permis- sion to tit out a ship for a voyage to the Xew World. the permission was cheer- fully given. Cabot set out from Bristol, and "in the year of our Lord 1497 discovereil tliat land which no man before that time^ had attempted, on the 24th of June, about live o'clock in the morning." "That land" may have been Newfoundland or The discoveries of Cabot and Cartier. Cape Breton, or it may have been some iK)int on tlie mainland of North America. The region tliscovered by Cabot was cold ami barren, aiul was with- 1 For a long time it was believed that the North American coast was discovered centuries before this voyage of Cabot. According to the sagas, or Scandinavian legends, a sea-rover named Leif Ericson sailed from Iceland about the year 1000. and steering in a southwesterly direc- tion, explored the American coast as far south as New England. Leif is said to liave landed somewhere on the coast of what is now Massachu- setts or Rhode Island, where he made a settlement called \'inland, but historians are unable to decide where this Vinlaiul really was. Indeed, many historians no longer believe the story of Leif Ericson and the set- tlement of Vinland at all, for they doubt the truth of the sagas upon which the story rests. Even if the voyage of Leif was actually made, it is likely that all memory of it had faded from men's minds by the time of Columbus. St.JohnsR. Sl.AujTUstin Fr,.ri>l;i 900 60O ENGLAND BECOMES THE MISTRESS OF THE SEAS 17 out gold or silver or riches of any kind. Cabot took possession of the country in the name of England, and the thrifty king gave him only tifty dollars for his reward. ..«> *V A*, Part of Sebastian Cabot's map of 1544. 15. France Claims a Part of the New World. — France also desired a part of the New World. In 1534 the King of France, snapping his fingers at the claims of the King of Spain, ordered Jacques Cartier to sail up the St. Lawrence River and take pos- session of the country along its banks. This Cartier did in 1535, and the St. Lawrence region was settled by the French and was held by them for more than two hundred years. About thirty years after the voyage of Cartier, some Hugue- nots — French Protestants — made a settlement at the mouth of the St. John's River in Florida. The King of Spain thought that the French had no right to trespass upon Florida. So he sent a great force of ships and men against the French settle- ment, and it was w'iped from the face of the earth. About forty miles down the coast the Spaniards themselves made a settle- ment (in 1565) and called it St. Augustine — the oldest city built by white men in what is now the United States. 16. England Strengthens her Navy.— After the voyage of Cabot the English sent no more ships to America for many years. And they had good reason for not sending any. In the early part of the sixteenth century Si)ain had a very powerful The great battle between the British fleet and the Spanish Armada. iS ENGLAND BECOMES THE MISTRESS OF THE SEAS 19 navy and England had a very weak one. If England in the days of Columbus and Henry \'I1 had sent out ships to the New World, Spain would have swept them from the sea, and if the English had tried at that time to make settlements on the coast 'of America, the Spaniards would have attacked the settlements and destroyed them,- as they destroyed the little Erench settle- ment in Elorida. England wanted to share in the prizes of the New World, but she saw clearly that she could make no head- way there unless she had a strong navy. She made her ships larger and stronger, she manned them with well-trained crews, and she armed them with heavy guns. In this way she soon came to have as good a navy as any nation of Europe, and by the end of the sixteenth century many fierce battles had shown that England and not Spain was the mistress of the ocean. 17. The Daring- Deeds of Sir Francis Drake. — Many were the brave seamen who helped to build up the navy of England and beat down the navy of Spain, but the bravest and greatest of all was Sir Erancis Drake. Tiie story of the deeds of this mighty man would fill a large book, and all we can do here is to get a glimpse of him as he hur- ried over the world in pursuit of the Spaniards, sinking their ships, taking from them their gold, and plunder- ing their towns. While yet a young man he was already so famous that once, when he sailed into Plymout (England) on a Sunday mornii at sermon time, his arrival caused so much excitement that the people Sir Francis Drake. left the preacher alone in the pul- Born ,n DeirslirtaZuV, 540-. d.ed pit while they ran to the wharf to off Porto Beiio.in ,596. see the man who had dealt Spain such heavy blows. In 1577 Drake, starting from England, passed through the Strait of Magellan and sailed along the western coast of South ith c_- — -7 "=7*^^ ing -/^^ ^r-^^ 20 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES . America to Peru, where he plundered some Spanish ships of gold and silver amounting to three millions of dollars. From Peru he sailed northward along the western coast of America until he came to what is now California, which he called New Albion. From California he sped west to England by the Cape of Good Hope. He had sailed around the world,' something no Englishman had ever before done. 18. The Destruction of the "Invincible Armada. " -^ Put the greatest day in Drake's life was when, in his ship Revenge, he led the attack against the Spanish Armada. This was an enor- mous fleet of 130 vessels and 30,CX)0 men, which Spain had fitted out witli the aim of giving a death-blow to England's navy and to England herself. This "Invincible Armada," as it was called, met Drake and Hawkins and Howard and the other "sea-dogs" of England in the English Channel in May, 1588. The fighting was furious, but Drake and his companions won. Many of the Spanish ships were destroyed, and those that escaped were soon lost in a terrible storm. This defeat of the Armada was the greatest event in the history of England. 19. England Undertakes to Plant Colonies in America.— Why did the defeat of the Spanish Armada mean so much to England? Pecause, with the Spanish ships at the bottom of the sea, England could send her navy across the ocean and plant colonies on the coast of America in i)eace and safety. Indeed, she had begun to make settlements on that coast even before the great battle in the Channel was fought. In 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert left England with five vessels and a large number of men, with the purpose of j)lanting a colony somewhere in the New World ; but one disaster after another overtook the fleet, and in the end Gilbert himself was lost. One night, during a heavy storm, the light on his ship went out, and he and his crew were never heard from more. He sat upon tlic deck, The Book was in his hand ; "Do not fear! Heaven is as near," He said, "by water as by land." ^ ENGLAND BECOMES THE MISTRESS OF THE SEAS 21 The work begun by Gilbert was taken up and carried forward by his half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh. This nobleman was a favorite of Elizabeth, the queen, who gladly helped him with his plans. In 1585 Raleigh sent out to America about one hundred men under Ralph Lane to plant a colony on the Autograph of Queen Elizabeth. . , coast of what is now North Carolina. Elizabeth, who never married, suggested that the colony be called J'irgi)iia in honor of her own maiden life, and Virginia it was called. Lane settled at Roanoke Island, but his colony did not flourish, and, after a year of misfortunes, he and his men were carried back to England by Drake, who hap- jiened to stop at the island on one of his homeward voyages. Raleigh was deeply in earnest about his plans for America, and, in the face of many discouragements, sent out (in 1587) a sec- ond colony to Roanoke with John White as governor. This time there were w^omen and children as well as men among the colonists. Governor White soon re- turned to England to get more col- onists and fresh supplies of food. He left behind him a daughter, Eleanor Dare, and a new-born grandchild, \'irginia Dare, the first child born of English parents on American soil. White never saw his family or his colony again. When he returned three years later, not a soul of all the colonists was found. What became of them nobody knows. Raleigh could now go no further with his plan of making settlements in tlie New World, for enemies were crowding around him, and it was all he could do to save his own life. At last he could not even Sir Walter Raleigh. 22 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES do this, for in 1618, when Khzahctli, his hest friend, was dead, he was beheaded on a false charge of treason by order of King James. He died as bravely as a great man ought. As he was about to lay his head on the block, he felt the edge of the ax and said, with a smile: "This is sharp medicine, but it will cure all diseases." QUESTIONS ON TTIF. TF.XT 1. What part of the New World was claimed l>y Spain? What was the "Line of Demarcation?" 2. What important voyage and discovery was made by John Cabot? 3. What parts of the New World were claimed by France? 4. Why did England in the sixteenth century increase her navy? 5. Give an account of the deeds of Sir Francis Drake. 6. Give an account of the destruction of the Invincible Armada. 7. What attempt at colonization in .Xmerica was made by .Sir Humphrey Gilbert? By Sir Walter Raleigh ? REVIEW AND READING REFERh:NCES 1. Dates : 1492, 1522. 2. Places: Genoa, Palos, San Salvador. 3. Persons : Columbus, .A.mericus Vespucius, P.alboa, Magellan, Do Soto. 4. Tell what you can about: the first voyage of Columbus; the voyage of Magellan ; the Seven Cities of Cibola. 5. Topics: Jacques Cartier : 2, 129-137. Sir Francis Drake: 4. 108- 123; also 2, 152-160. Sir Walter Raleigh: 2, 166-175. Lcif Ericson (I.cif the Lucky) : 2, 9-14; also 7, 27-30. IV OUR COUNTRY THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO The pioneers fought their way westward through wood like a bullet crushing through a board. Every step was retarded by a live, a dying, or a dead branch. The very trees, as if dreading the savage attack of the white man, held out their bony arms and fingers, catching here a jacket and there a foot, in the attempt to stay the invasion of their silent haunts.—/!. B. Hulburt. Introduction. — More than a liundred years had passed since tlie vo3'age of Cabot, and still no Rnglishmen were living in North America, unless indeed we can believe (as many do believe) that those poor lost settlers of Roanoke were still alive and were living with Indians or were wandering The old city gate at St. Augustine. • .,, r . t ^ ■^ *" ^ ni the forests. In looo, exceptmg a few fishing-stations along the New England coast, the only white settlement that could be found in what is now the United States was the little Spanish settlement, St. Augustine, in Florida. But Raleigh had begun a work that was to be carried forward, and in 1600 the day was not far distant when English- men were to come to America in large numbers and were coming to stay. Before they begin to arrive let us take a look at the country which was to be first theirs and afterward ours. Let us try to form in our minds a picture of our country as it was three hundred years ago.^ 20. The Forests. — In the first place, our country in 1600 was one vast forest. Erom the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico it was trees, trees, trees. It is true^there were here and there little clearings where Indians 1 See map on inside of front cover of this book. 23 24 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES raised corn, and in the western and southwestern country there were treeless regions (prairies) and arid mountains and plains, but the country taken as a wIk^Ic was well covered with trees, with great ])ines and poplars and oaks and walnuts and chestnuts and elnis. So if you want a correct idea of how our country looked to the first settlers, shut your eyes upon the cities and towns and well-tilled fields and well-built roads of to-day, and think of great, dense, dark woods. 21. Indian Trails and Rivers of the New World. — in the next place, our country in i6cx) was without roads. There were I)aths (trails) made by Indians and bufTaloes, but these were so narrow that in the forests not even a horse w'ith a pack of furs on its back could get along. These trails, however, were the beginnings of roads for the white man. They were first widened so that the horse could move along with its pack. Then they were widened still further so that wagons and carts could pass over them. Later these trails were followed when building some of our great railroads. So when you are flying across the country in an express train you may be following a path that was made ages ago by the bufifalo and the Indian. Rut at pres- ent, while you are trying to get a notion of our country as it looked in 1600. do not think of railroads and well-built highways and well-paved streets, but try to think of a country that had no roads at all. The only roads the early settlers found were the water-roads, the rivers. Hut the system of waterways that lay before the colonists was the finest in the world. Look at a good river map of the United States and observe how perfect is its network of rivers. Observe how the l)ranches of the Potomac tsuch fingers with the branches of the Ohio, and how the branches of the Missouri touch fingers with the branches of the Columbia, thus forming an aliuost unbroken waterway from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Observe, too, how the rivers flowing into Lake Erie and Lake Michigan extend almost to the sources of the rivers that emi)ty into the (^hio and the Mississi])pi, thus form- ing an almost unbroken waterway from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The early colonists had no railroads or broad, OUR COUNTRY THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO 25 well-built highways, but the grand system of water-roads which is ours was also theirs. 22. Fishes, Birds, and Animals of the New World. — The United States, then, in 1600, was a vast roadless forest through which flowed hundreds, vcs, thousands of rivers. On tiie sur- w Indians fishing.^ face of the rivers could be seen Indians darting along in their light birch-bark canoes. In the rivers there were many kinds of fish — perch and pike, trout, shad, salmon, and bass. In the forests there were many kinds of birds — great eagles, hawks, owls, wild turkeys, and pigeons. The wild turkey was excellent food, and it sometimes weighed as much as fifty pounds. The flocks of pigeons were sometimes so great that they darkened the sky when flying and broke down the limbs of trees when they alighted. In the forests also there were wild animals in abundance. In the woods along the Atlantic coast there were iThis and the following pictures in tliis chapter arc taken from an old book published in 1590. They represent Indian life at the coming of the white man. 26 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Indians declaring war. rabbits, squirrels, foxes, beavers, raccoons, opossum, deer, wolves, bears. Farther inlarifl the animals were even larger and more numerous It is said that a traveler standing on a hill in the far West once saw at one time a buffalo, an elk. an antelope, and a panther— a small menagerie in itself. Fur-bearing ani- mals were found almost everywhere, and the farther north the hunter went the better he found the furs. The most important of all the animals was the bison or buffalo, great herds of which roamed over the region between the Alleghanies and the Rockies. 23. Indians. — r)Ut the most important inhabitant of the forest was the Indian. You remember how Columbus on his first voyage found red men and by mistake (p. 6) gave them the name of Indian, a name that has clung to them ever since. The Spaniards found IncHans in South America and Mexico; De Soto found them in Florida ; Cartier found them in Canada ; and Knglishmen found them all along the Atlantic coast. They were not always found in great numbers, but they were always pres- OUR COUNTRY THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO 27 Games of the Indian youths. ent ; wherever the white man went there was the Indian stand- ing across his path. The Indians of North America were for the most part wild and uncivihzed. They Hved in huts (wigwams) made of skins or bark stretched over frames of wood The Iroquois Indians — a tribe occupying the region afterward known as New York — Hved in what were known as "long houses." The long house was a long, low house in which lived twenty or thirty families, each family occupying its own apartment. Government among the Indians was conducted by tribes. A number of families related by blood would join together to form a clan, and a number of clans would join and form a tribe. The tribe was governed by a chief and a council of wise men. The religion of the Indian consisted in a worship of the- world of nature around him. He saw God in the flowing river, in the sunshine and in the storm. His heaven was a happy hunting- ground where he had his dog and his bow and arrow, and where he could hunt forever. 28 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES The Indians li\c(l cliiclly by hunting and fishing, although they (Hd a httlc farming and raised beans, tobacco, pumpkins, potatoes, and, most important of all, corn. The women did the housework and tilled the soil, while the men did the hunting and fighting. As a hunter the Indian liad wonderful skill and power. He could run almost as fast as a deer. and he could rival the ])loodhound in keeping close on the trail of his x'ictim. "He could imi- tate the gobble of the wild turkey, the whistle of birds, or the bark of the wolf." When he advanced upon his prey it was with a tread as quiet and as soft as that of a cat advancing upon a bird, but when he sprang upon his victim it was with the strength and the wildness of a panther. In war the Indian was the most terrible of foes. As long as he smoked the pipe of ])eace he was gentle and kind, but when the ])eace-pipe was broken and his war blood was stirred he was as wild and as cruel as the beasts in the forests arounil him. Indeed, he was more cruel than these beasts, for the brute is satisfied if it simply kills its enemy, but the Indian felt that he must torture his enemy as well as kill him. He would carve a captive alive, cut out his tongue, or slowly burn him to death and dance for joy as he beheld the agonies of his dying foe. Such was the red man whom tlie white man had to face wherever he went in tlu- new-found world. 24. The New World a Place for Labor; Hardships.— You An Indian village. OUR COUNTRY THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO 29 ought now to see clearly that our country in 1600 was a place in which a great deal of hard work was to be done. If the land was to be made fit for tillage, the vast forests would have to be cleared, and the settler's ax must swing from morning to night all the year round. Besides, roads must be opened, dwellings must be erected, and mills and stores and workshops must be built. It ought to be clear also that life in our country in 1600 meant hardships and much suffering. There could be no comfort so long as there were no houses or roads, and until the fields began to yield their crops there was always the risk of not having enough food to eat. Then there were the enemies of the forest, panthers, bears, wolves, Indians : these were bound to fill the life of the settler with danger. America in jr6oo was, therefore, no place for idlers, or for those who loved their ease, or for cowards. It was for those who were willing to work hard and to face all kinds of hardships and dangers. It was a place to be won by those who could use an ax and spade and plow as well as the rifle and sword. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. To what extent was our country originally a forest? 2. Give an account of the roads in 1600; of the rivers. 3. What fishes, birds, and animals were plentiful in America three hundred years ago? 4. How did it happen that the red men of America were called Indians? To what extent did Indians abound in the New World? Describe the houses of the Indians; their government; their religion; theii occupa- tions; their hunting; their warfare. 5. Why was the New World no place for idlers or cowards? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1492, 1522, 1588. 2. Places: Genoa, Palos, San Salvador, St. Augustine. 3. Persons: Americus Vespucius, Balboa, Magellan, De Soto, Carticr, Cabot, Drake, Raleigh, Virginia Dare. 4. Tell what you can about: the voyage of Magellan; the Seven Cities of Cibola; the Invincible Armada. 5. Topics: The character and customs of the Indians: 4, 22-51; also 5, 460-472. Indian life: 3, 23-26. V AROUND THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: VIRGINIA, MARYLAND Old cradle of an infant world. In which a nestling empire lay Struggling awhile, ere she unfurled Her gallant wings and soared away : All hail! thou birthplace of the growing west, Thou seem'st the towering eagle's niined iic-t. Kroni Jiiiiies Kirke rauldin^' s Oilc tu Jamestown. Introduction. — Spain, iMancc, Holland, Sweden, and England all wanted a share of the great American wilderness, and all joined in a scramble to get {possession of the Atlantic coast of North America. Spain gained possession of Florida, but could go no farther north ; France seized upon the St. Lawrence region and upon Nova Scotia, but could go no farther south. Holland and Sweden, as we shall learn, tried to get a foothold on the coast, but were pushed off, and England at last was left the mistress of the seaboard from Nova Scotia to b'lorida. 25. Eng-lish Settlements along the Atlantic Coast.— The early bjiglish settlements were all made close to the ocean. Of the thirteen colonies that became States each had its beginning on some- bay or river or sound where there was a good chance for trading in furs, for you must know that furs have played a large part in the history of our country. New Hampshire had its beginnings on the Piscataqua River; Massachusetts, around Massachusetts liay ; Rhode Island, around Narragansett Bay; Connecticut, along the Connecticut River; New York and New jersey, around New York Bay; Delaware and Pennsylvania, around the Delaware Bay; Maryland and \'irginia, around the Chesapeake Bay ; North Carolina, on the Albemarle Sound ; 30 The old tower at Jamestown. AROUND THE CHESAPEAKE BAY 31 South Carolina, at the mouth of the Ashley River ; and Georgia, at the mouth of the Savannah River. 26. The First English Settlement in America. — The first English settlement in America was made around what was called "the finest bay in the world." In 1607 about a hundred colonists from London settled on an island a few miles from the mouth of a river which flows into the Chesa- peake Bay. This set- tlement was called Jamestown, in honor of James I, King of England, and the river was called James River. The James- town colonists were sent out by a com- pany of London mer- Jamestown and vicinity, chants who had obtained from the king a charter giving tliem the right to make settlements on the American coast anywhere between Cape Fear and the Potomac River, a region which was already known as Virginia. As soon as the Virginia colonists landed they began to prepare for the new and strange kind of life that was before them. They at once built a rude fort in order that they might defend them- selves against attack by the Indians who were lurking in the woods around them. They provided themselves with a church by nailing a board between two trees for a pulpit and stretching a piece of canvas overhead for a roof. For dwellings they either built log cabins or dug themselves caves. They raised chickens, and where they found a little patch of clear ground they planted corn. Most of the colonists came over with tlie expectation of mak- ing a fortune quickly. In i60(S Captain Newport brought over a barge built so that it could be taken to pieces and ])Ut t<)gether 32 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES as^nin. lie and his company wore ordered to ascend the James kiver as far as the falls, then to carry their barge beyond the falls and descend to the South Sea— the Pacific Ocean. He was ordered not to return without a lump of gold to show that he had actually reached the South Sea. lie fountl no gold, and of course he did not reach the Pacific Ocean by way of the James River. 27. Captain John Smith. — The colonists at first did not know how to live in the strange New World, and they could learn how to do so only by e.xperience. and a satl e.\])erience it was. Suf- fering and starvation overtook them, and it seemed that the little settlement would be lost. But it was saved by the wisdom and firmness of Captain John Smith, who. by the consent of all, was chosen to direct the affairs of the colony. Pefore coming to America, Smith had led a life of strange adventure in luirope. While he was still a boy he entered the army and fought in the Xethcrlands. Me then went to fight against (he Turks, and, if we can be- lieve all he tells us, ]iassed through many thrilling experiences while in southern luirope. According to his own account, he was thrown over- board froiu a boat and was rescued bv a pirate; was left for dead on a field of battle; was taken prisoner and sent to Constantintiple as a slave ; escaped from slavery bv killing his master; and in the sight of two armies killed three Turkish champions in a series of single combats. After U)ng wanderings through luirope. Smith returneil to Eng- land about i()05. In 1606 he came with the X'irginia colonists to America. Smith was a man of bold and venturesome spirit and was at the same tiiue a man of excellent sense and judgment. W^hile at the head of tlie colony he managed its affairs wisely. Many of the colonists were gentlemen who were not accustomed to Captain John Smith VIRGINIA 33 work, and many were worthless fellows who were too lazy to work. Smith saw clearly that the New World was no place for drones or idlers, and told the colonists plainly tliat every- hody must work and that everyhody that did not work should not eat. This had an excellent effect. T^ine gentlemen now be- gan to chop wood, and idlers began digging the ground. I'esides teaching the colonists to work, Smith did much to keep the peace between the white men and the Indians. lie visited the Indians in their wigwams and traded with them, giving them beads and trinkets and knives for the corn that was so much needed. Once, when he was traveling through a wood, he was captured by a band of Indians and carried to Powhatan, the great chief of a tribe that lived not very far from Jamestown. He was con- demned to (lie. His arms were tied, his head was laid u])on a stone, and the club with which he was to be killed was raised; but before it fell, Pocahontas, a young daughter of Powhatan, threw herself between the ])risoner and the deadly club, and the life of Smith was saved.' The In- dians now made a treaty with Smith and allowed him to re- turn to Jamestown. In 1609 Smith met with an accident and was so severely wcjunded that he hadjo return to iMigland for treatment. He look with him some flying-squirrels for the amusement of King James. The colony lost its best friend when it kjst Smith, and it soon felt this loss most keenly. 28. The Starving Time; the Arrival of Delawarr.- — In less 1 SotiK' historians (Iniiht the triitli of tin- story of Pocahontas and .Sinitlv 2 Also written Dchnvare. The State named for liiin is always called Delazvarc. 3 Pocahontas saving the life of Captain John Smith. From a picture in Smith's History. 34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES than a )oar after the clc'i)arturc of Smitli tlic ])C()i)le were again starving. This time tlie suffering was so very horrihle that you would not wish to read a description of it. Things became so bad that the few settlers who were still alive decided to return lo England. With heavy hearts they bade farewell to James- town and started on their homeward voyage, but as they neared the sea they met Lord Delawarr, their new governor, coming to the relief of the colony with three slii])s laden with provisions. Tlie colonists returned to their deserted homes, and the settle- ment was never again abandoned. With the founding of James- town the luiglish had come to America to stay. 29. The Cultivation of Tobacco. — Lord Delawarr soon re- signed as governor, and Sir Thomas Dale was chosen in his stead. Under the firm hand of Dale, Jamestown took on new life. The settlers were given land of their own to till, and after each man began to till his own field there was always plenty of food. Tn 1612 John Rolfe, who married the Indian maiden Poca- hontas, began to raise tobacco and send it to F^ngland, where it brought a very high ])rice. The cultivation of this weed ])roved to be so profitable that nearly every colonist became a tobacco-grower. Even the gardens and streets of Jamestown were ])lanted with tobacco. 30. The First American Legislature.— When it was learned in England that money could be made in X'irginia by raising tobacco, settlers came over much faster, and new settlements s])rang uj) along the James River. By 1619 there were so many people in the colony that it was necessary to have a new form of government. In this year the people chose representatives to meet at Jamestown and make laws for the colony. This House of Burgesses, as it was called, was our first American legisla- ture. It met in a church, and its meeting marked the beginning Pocahontas. MARYLAND 35 r ! An early picture of Jamestown. of our system of government by the people, for in choosing the lawmak'crs every freeman had a vote. 31. The Beginning of Slavery in Virginia. — Unfortunately, however, all men in \ irginia were not to be free, for in the very year in which free government was established in the colony, twenty negroes were brought to Jamestown in a Dutch vessel and sold as slaves. Nobody thought there was any harm in this, for at that time negroes all over the world were bought and sold very much as horses were bought and sold. The ne- groes proved to be just the kind of workmen needed for the tobacco-fields, and slavery in Virginia grew as the cultivation of tobacco grew, and that was very fast indeed. 32. The Founding of Maryland. — By the time \'irginia was well on its feet a sister colony began to be planted at the north not very far away." This was the colony of Maryland, which liad its beginnings in 1634, when Leonard Calvert, with about two hundred colonists, landed on the banks of a small stream which flows into the Potomac River and began a settlement which was called St. Mary's. Leonard Calvert was the first gov- ernor of Maryland, but the real founder of the colony was (jcorge Calvert, who held the title of Lord Baltimore. This good and noble man was a Catholic, and he wished to worship 36 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ill a Catholic church. This he could not do in h^ngland, for the laws there were ver\ severe against Catholics. So Calvert, like many other Englishmen of his time, looked to America as a place where he might worship in his own way. He secured from the king, w-ho was his warm friend, a charter giving him a large tract of land in the region of Chesapeake I'.ay. He did not live to take part in the founding of the col- ony, but after his death all the rights granted in the charter were conferred on his son, Cecil Calvert, who took up the work begun by his father and sent out his brother Leonard to act as the The first Lord Baltimore. governor of the Maryland colony. Born at KipiM.K v„rkshire, England, 33 Self-Govemment 111 Maryland; aboul 1580: member 01 I'arliament ; sec- " ' reiary of state. He died in 1632 Religlous Frecdom ; Quarpcl with Virginia. — The Maryland colonists were not compelled to undergo such sufferings as tlicir X'irginia neighbors had passed through. They won the good will of the Indians and learned from them how to bake pone and fry hominy. They began at once to till the soil and were soon raising good crops of tobacco. By the terms of their charter Cecil Calvert was made proprietor (owner) of all the land of the colony and was given power to govern it as he thought best. But the people did not allow the proprietor to govern the colony precisely as he ])leascd. They demanded for themselves the right to make laws, and the right was given them. So the settlers of Maryland as well as the settlers of \'irginia very early began to enjoy the right to manage their own affairs. And they also enjoyed the precious right of worshiping God in their own way, for one of the early laws of Maryland provided that no person of the Christian faith should be harmed on account of his religion. The X'irginia colonists did not at first look kindly on the Mary- land colonists, for they thought that the land that was given to Calvert really belonged to X'irginia. Indeed, XVilliam Claiborne, MARYLAND 37 a Virginian who had a fur-trading station on Kent Island, in the Chesapeake Bay, refused to give the island to Calvert, and the two colonies came to blows before the island was surrendered. By 1650 \'irginia and Maryland were botli thriving and were laying deep the foundations of an English civilization on Ameri- can soil. As they push their settlements along the banks of rivers and creeks that flow into the Chesapeake, let us turn from them for a while and learn what was taking place around an- other famous bay. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT r. What countries struggled for possession of the Atlantic coast? 2. Locate each of the settlements made by the English along the At- lantic coast. 3. When, where, and by whom was Jamestown settled? What were some of the things first done by the Virginia colonists? Eor what pur- pose did most of the colonists come to Virginia? 4. Give a sketch of the early career of Captain John Smith. What important service did Smith render the colony? Tell the story of Smith and Pocahontas. 5. Why did the colonists decide to return to England? What caused them to remain at Jamestown ? 6. Give an account of the beginning of tobacco-growing in Virginia. 7. When and where did the first lawmaking body meet? 8. Give an account of the beginning of slavery in Virginia. 9. Where and when was Maryland first settled? Who was the real founder of Maryland, and what was his purpose in founding the colony? 10. Give an account of self-government in the Maryland colony; of religious freedom; of the quarrel between Maryland and Virginia. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1492, 1522, 1588. 2. Places : Genoa, Palos, St. Augustine. 3. Persons: Balboa, Magellan, De Soto, Cartier, Cabot, Drake, Raleigh, Virginia Dare. 4. Tell what you can about : the Line of Demarcation ; the Seven Cities of Cibola; the Invincible Armada. 5. Topics : John Smith and the exploration of the Chesapeake : 2, 180-189. John Smith: 6, 34-46; also 7, 87-97. Life in Jamestown: 9, 37-40. Maryland: 9, 106-110. Baltimore: 33, 1-46. VI AROUND NEW YORK BAY: NEW YORK. NEW JERSEY The Hollanders were traders and seafarers, and they found it hard to settle down into farmers, who alone can make permanent colonists . . . The Dutch settlers took slowly and with reluc- tance to that all-important tool and weapon of the American pioneer, the ax, and chopped down very little timber indeed — Theodore Roosevelt 34. The Dutch Settle around New York Bay. — The English had liardly hegun their settlements around the Chesapeake r>ay before the Dutch began to settle around New York Bay. In 1609 Henry liudson, an Knglishman in the service of the Dutch, entered this bay in his ship the Ualj Moon, and sailed uj) tlie niagniticent river that bears his name. Hudson, like Columbus and many others, believed tiiere was a short western route to India, and he thought that by following the course of the Hudson he would be able to reach the Pacific Ocean. He went up the river to the point where the city of Troy now stands, and there his boat ran aground. He failed, of course, to reach the Pacific by the Hud- son, but his voyage uj) the river was of the greatest importance.' To understand how important this voyage was, you must know of something that happened not far from the place where the Half Moon ran into the mud, and that happened only a few weeks before. About the time Hudson was making his w^iy Un l6ig Hudson entered Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay to find the long-souyht Northwest Passage to tlie Pacific. On this voyage Hudson's crew mutinied, and he was hound and witli ciglit t)tliers was set afloat. He was never seen again. 38 Henry Hudson's coat of arms. I — AROUND NEW YORK BAY .t-** J-v 39 ^-^rfe^.v-^/' .-*^' I Champlain fighting the Iroquois. From Champlain's book, published in 1613. north tip tlie Iltidson River, Samuel Champlain, a French ex- plorer, was coming south by the way of the Richelieu River. When the Frenciiman with several companions came to the lake that now bears his name, he met a band of Iroquois In- dians, and for some reason a skirmish began. Champlain quickly blazed away with his gun, and two poor savages dropped dead. That shot made bitter and lasting enemies of all the great Iroquois tribes that occupied northern New York. After Cham- plain's skirmish with the Indians, Frenchmen could no longer come down from Canada into New York to buy furs or to make settlements. When Hudson appeared in northern New York and met these Iroquois Indians, he did not begin by fighting with them and shooting them down, as Champlain had done, but approached them in a peaceful manner and treated them kindly. This treat- ment seems to have touched the hearts of the Iroquois, for they became friendly with the Dutch and welcomed them to their country. So one of the important results of the voyage of the Half Moon up the Hudson was the winning of the New York Indians over to the side of the Dutch. 40 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Another im])()rtant result of this voyage of Hudson was to cause Holland to be- gin settlements around New York Bay and along the Hudson River. Hudson told the people of Holland that this region was as fair a land as was ever trod by the foot of man, and he told them also of the great opportunity there was in the region for trading in furs. The Dutch were a great commercial people, and they made haste to establish fur-trading sta- tions along the Hudson. In 1613 they began to build huts on Manhattan Island for the storage of furs. The next year a trading-station was built far up the Hud- son, near the point where Albany now stands, and this fur-trading station was the beginning of that cluster of busy cities and towns that stand close to where the Mohawk flows into the Hud- Early settlements in New York and New Jersey. son — Albany, Coliocs, Troy, Schenectady. 35. New Amsterdam. — At first the Dutch came to America only for the purpose of trading, but in 1626 they began to make permanent settlements. In that year a great trading company in Amsterdam, Holland, sent out Peter Minuit to act as the governor of a settlement to be made on Manhattan Island. Min- uit bought the island from the Indians for twenty-four dollars' worth of beads and ribbons, and at once built a fort and began NEW YORK 41 the work of settlement. The place was called Xew Amsterdam. Since it had one of the finest harbors in the world and was an excellent trading-station, New Amsterdam drew merchants from all parts of Europe and very soon became one of the busiest towns on the American coast. Autograph of Peter Minuit. 36. Claims of the Dutch and the English.— The Dutcli claimed all the coast from the mouth of the Connecticut River to the Delaware, and they gave to this region the name of New Netherland. But England also claimed this part of the coast on the ground that Cabot had discovered it (1497) and had taken possession of it in the name of England before the com- ing of the Dutch. The English did not at first push their claim, New Amsterdam between 1630 and 1640. From a Dutch book. Thought to be the oldest picture of what is now New York. but allowed the Dutch to go on with their work of settlement. They did not, however, allow them to settle in the valley of the Connecticut. There was at one time a Dutch fur-trading station 42 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 'TowNE or Old map of New York. Showing the "wall" (now Wall Street), as the up per boundary. The wall was built by the Dutch as a means of defense against their New England neighbors. on the Connecticut River, near -I the phice where Hartford now Plan of original wall on Wall Street, stands, but it was broken up by the Enghsh settlers. So the colony of New Netherland was bounded by the Hudson ami the Delaware, and consisted of what is now New Jersey and eastern New York. 37. The Patroons. — The Dutch people were glad to carry on trade in New Netherland, but they did not care to go there to live. They were happy in their peaceful homes in Holland, and the great forests and the wild Indians of America had few charms for them. In order to attract settlers the trading com- pany that owned New Netherland established (in 1629) the patroon system. It provided that any member of the company NEW YORK 43 who would bring over fifty settlers should have an immense estate on the banks of the Hudson. This estate was to be six- teen miles long if on one side of the river and eight miles long if on both sides. It was to extend as far back as the "situation of the owner would permit." The patroon (the owner) was to be the lord of the land and the ruler of the people on it. The patroon was to appoint the officers of any city or town that might spring up on the estate. Under the patroon system the people had no voice whatever in matters of government. The patroon was a petty king, and the people on his estate were little better than slaves. The patroon system flourished for a while, and under its workings many settlers were brought to New Netherland. But it was a bad system, nevertheless, for it did not give the people the liberty they had been accustomed to en- joy in Holland. 38. New Netherland Surrendered to the English.— The Dutch had hardly settled their colony before England began to disturb them. The more the English saw of the Hudson coun- try, the better they liked it, and the more they desired to have it as their own. So in 1664, Charles H, the King of England, did what was almost sure to be done sooner or later : he took New Netherland away from the Dutch, paying no attention whatever to their claims. He sent over a fleet of four vessels to take pos- session of the colony in the name of his brother James, Duke of York. Peter Stuyvesant, the governor, fumed and stamped his wooden leg when he heard that the fleet was approaching New Amsterdam, and when the commander of the fleet sent him a letter demanding the surrender of the town, he tore the letter to bits and prepared to fight. But it was of no use for the old man to storm and fret. The English were too strong for him. The Dutch flag was hauled down, the English colors were run up, and all New Netherland passed under the control of England, Since this surrender gave the English full command of the sea- coast from Nova Scotia to Florida, the year 1664 is one of the most important in our history. The Dutch colony now gradually became an English colony. English names quite generally took the place of Dutch names. 44 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Peter Stuyvesant. liorii in HuUaiul, in 1511-; died at New York, ill 1672. For example, the town of New Amsterdam was called Xew ^'(>rk, and tlie colony of New Xetlierland also was called Xew York. English officers, after the surrender of 1664, took the place of Dutch officers, English laws were obeyed instead of Dutch laws, and the English language crowded out the Dutcli language. These changes were not hard to make, because, in the first i)lace, the English and the Dutch were first cousins, and, in the second i)lace, the Dutch settlers did not like the way they were governed under the ])atroon system, and they were glad to have the English take possession, for they hoped that lui- der English laws they would enjoy greater freedom. The friendshi]) which had existed between the Dutch and Indians the English carefully secured for them- selves, for they saw how important it would be to have the Iroquois on their side if the French should attempt to push down from Canada into New York. 39. New Jersey. — When New Netherland passed into the hands of the English, it included both New York and New Jer- sey ; but the Duke of York at once gave the part that lies be- tween the Hudson and the Delaware, and which is now the State of New Jersey, to his good friends Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley. These gentlemen were to own and rule New Jersey as proprietors, much as Maryland was owned and ruled by the Cal verts. Carteret came over in 1665 as governor, and made IClizabethtown the capital of the colony. This town, how- ever, was not the first settlement that was made in Xew Jersey, for the Dtitch had already laid the foundation for Hoboken, Pavonia, and Weehawken. The i)roprietors of New Jersey had the j^ower to rule pretty much as they pleased, but they treated the settlers well, and, following the example of the proprietors of Maryland, gave the NEW JERSEY 45 people the right to make laws for tliemselves. The first law- making bofly met at Elizabethtown in 1668. New Jersey grew rapidly under English rule, and the people fared well. It is said that in 1675 there was not a single poor person in the whole colony of New Jersey. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the vo3'age of Hudson up the Hudson River. What caused the Iroquois Indians and the French to be enemies? What was the result of this quarrel? 2. What was the chief purpose of the Dutch in coming to the Hudson region? Give an account of the settlement of New Amsterdam. 3. What claims were made by the Dutch and by the English? 4. What was the patroon system? 5. Give an account of the surrender of New Netherland to the Eng- lish. What changes took place under the English rule? 6. Sketch the early history of New Jersey. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1522, 1588, 1607. 2. Places: Palos, San Salvador, St. Augustine, Jamestown. 3. Persons : Americus Vespucius, Cartier, Cabot, Drake. Raleigh, John Smith, George Calvert. 4. Tell what you can about: the Seven Cities of Cibola; the Line of Demarcation ; the Invincible Armada ; the Jamestown colony ; the found- ing of Maryland. 5. Topics: Henry Hudson: 4, 142-153. Hudson and the discovery of the Hudson River: 2, 190-197. Peter Stuyvesant: 6, 58-67. New Jersey in 1675: 3, 62-65. The conquest of New Netherland: 9, 101-105. New Jersey: 9, 129-131 ; also 7, 146-147. Albany: 32, 1-37. New York City: 32, 169-211. VII AROUND MASSACHUSETTS BAY AND ALONG THE PISCATAQUA RIVER: MASSACHUSETTS, NEW HAMPSHIRE Men they were who could i\ut bend : Blest Pilgrims, surely; as they took for guide A will by sovereign Conscience sanctified. William ll'orcisworth. 40. The Pilgrims.— Just about the time Henry Hudson, with his crew of Dutchmen, was saihng (in 1609) up the Hudson River in the Half Moon, a Httle band of EngHshmen from the village of Scrooby, in Nottingham- shire, was slowly making its way in a The Mayflower. canal-boat to the city of Leyden, Hol- land. These pilgrims in a foreign land had left their pleasant homes because they wanted to worship God in their own way, and in England they were not allowed to do this. They wanted the privilege of choosing their own pastor and of conducting the services of their church in a plain, simple manner. They had asked the king (James I) to grant them freedom in matters of worship, but the king told them that they would have to attend the Church of England and would have to obey the rules of that church, and he gave them to understand that if they disobeyed these rules he would drive them out of his kingdom. It was not necessary to drive them out, for they left England of their own free will. The Pilgrims — as this roving body of church folk is called — settled down in Leyden, where they could worship as they wished, and for a while they led a happy, contented life. But as years passed they found that they were becoming Dutchmen and 46 AROUND MASSACHUSETTS BAY 47 A map of New England made by Captain John Smith. were ceasing to be Englishmen. They were learning to follow Dutch customs, their children were speaking the Dutch lan- guage, and their daughters were marrying Dutchmen and were being called by the Dutch names of their husbands. It was plain that if they remained in Holland they would become Dutch in all things. But they still loved England, and their thoughts began to turn to the wilds of America as a place where they might enjoy religious freedom and where they might live and die as English- men. About 1617 they began to make plans for leaving Holland, and in July, 1620, they bade the country farewell and set out for America. 41. The Plymouth Colony.— They stopped on the way at Southampton, in England, where they prepared more fully for the long voyage that was before them. On September 16 they embarked on the Mayflozvcr and spread sail for America. On board there were about a hundred souls. The leaders of* the band were Brewster, the preacher, Bradford, the ruler, and 48 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Miles Standish, the fighter. After a voyage of nine weeks the low, sandy shores of Cape Cod came in sight, and on the 12th of Novcniher the Mayflower entered what is now Provincetown harhor. liut this was not a suitable place for a settlement, and men were sent out in a light boat or shallop to look for a better place. A spot where the town of Plymouth, Massachusetts, now stands was chosen, and here the Pilgrims from the Mayflozvcr went ashore on the 26th of December, 1620, and began to lay the foundation of the Plymouth colony and of A'Ci*.' llngland} The landing was made in the dead of winter, and the suffer- ings of the Pilgrims were almost as terrible as were the suft'er- ings of the Jamestown colonists. In a few months more than half the company had perished. Among the dead was John Carver, the first governor of the colony. William I>radford, who was at once chosen in Carver's place, survived the suffering of the first winter and lived to serve as governor for twenty-one years. In s])ite of the hardships that faced them, the survivors remained true to the work that lay before them— the work of ft)un(Hng a colony where they could worship God in the way their consciences told them to worship Ilim. WMien the May- floi^'cr sailed for F.ngland in the sf)ring, not a Pilgrim returned with her. Of course the Pilgrims, like all other colonists, had to deal with the Indians, and they were wise enough to deal with them in the right way. Massasoit, the chief of a neighboring tribe, visited the colony in a friendly spirit, and a treaty of peace was made with him. It was agreed that the red men and white men should not harm one another, and that if harm was done, the offender, whether he was a white man or an Indian, should be l)unishc(l. This agreement was faithfully ke])t for nearly fifty years. Some time after this treaty was made there was an In- dian plot to kill all the Pilgrims, but before the blow was struck Massasoit told Pradford of the ])lot. Miles Standish, with eight men, was sent against the Indians. There was a des])erate hand- to-hand light, in which Standish ])roved himself a valiant soldier, ^ riu' nanu' New Iviglaiul li;ul liocn given to this part of the coa.st by Captain John Smith, wlio visited it on one of liis voyages. MASSACHUSETTS 49 and punished the Indians so severely that they gave no further trouhle. The Pilgrims had no charter to guide them in matters of gov- ernment as the colonists of Virginia and Maryland had. So they found it necessary to provide a government for themselves, a thing which they were only too glad to do. While on hoard the Mayflozcer they had entered into a "compact" or agreement by which every person solemnly agreed to obey the laws that should be made when on shore. The first government was in the form of a town-meeting where every freeman had a vote and where all the public business was attended to. At first the only town was Plymouth, and here for several years all the freemen of the colony came together in town-meeting and trans- acted all the business of government. But new , 11. Pot and platter of settlements were made and new towns were Miles Standish. formed. In 1643 there were in the colony of Plymouth the towns of Plymouth, Duxbury, Scituate, Taunton, Sandwich, Yarmouth, Barnstable, Marshfield, and Rehoboth. Since all the freemen of these towns could not conveniently come together at Plymouth, the outlying towns sent men to rep- resent them in a General Court that met at Plymouth. This General Court attended to the afifairs that concerned the whole colony, while each town attended to the affairs that concerned only itself. Thus the people of Plymouth, from the beginning, ' enjoyed the blessings of self-government as well as of religious freedom. 42. The Massachusetts Bay Colony.— The colony at Plymouth had no sooner begun to prosper than a sister colony began to arise not many miles away on the bay shore at the north. This was the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which had its beginnings at Salem in 1628. In that year John Endicott received from the English government a grant of land extending from a line three miles south of the Charles River to one three miles north of the Merrimac River. In the westerly direction the grant extended straight across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the 4 50 HISTORY OF THK UNITED STATES r.'icilk- ( )ct'an. In \(>2H-2i) several liuiidrcd colonists settled at Salem, willi i'.nditdtt as their governor. In iC)2() John W iiitliroi) was chosen governor of the colony. W iiithi"o|) was one of the strongest characters of earh' colonial history and is justl\ regarded as the founder of i\e\v i-jigland. lie belonged to a respectable and well-to-do family and was highly educated. I le was (K'cply religious, and his t( iiiM-it'iice held him lirm in the ])ath of dut\-. I le was extremely loud ot shooting wild fowl, hut when it came into his mind that this sport was sinful, he "covenanted with the Lord" to shoot no more. I le could doubtless ha\(,' won distinction and 1 ( in( II- in I'.ngland, hut his icligion and his conscience liade him cast his lot with the Massachusetts colo- nists. \\ inthrop came to .America in \(\]o, and under his leadership I'.nglishmen began to come over to Massachusetts faster than e\er before. In ten years twenty thousand bonie-.'^eekers sailed into the harbors of Massachusetts l»ay. Towns sprang U]) as if by magic. I'.oston. C'harlestown, Dorchester, Watertown. Roxbury, Mystic, and Lynn were all founded witliin two years after the coming of Winthrop. Who were these Englishmen who caiuc over in such great numbers, and why did they leave their native land? They were the Puritans, a class of people w ho were members of the Church of England, but who did not like the way in w hich the services of that church were conducted. They objected to many of the forms and ceremonies of the church, and they also longed for Governor John Winthrop. lliirii ill ( Iroliiii, I'.iinl.iiul. ill ic,>iy; ct ween 1630 and 1640 the Puritans came over so fast that all the hest places along the coast of Massa- chusetts Bay were soon occupied. I'ut hack toward the west there was a whole continent lying idle and inviting settlers to come. So the Puritan colonists, when choosing a home, soon began to look westward. The first i)lace to attract their atten- tion was the valley of the Connecticut River. This river flowed through a charming and fertile region ; on its shores were plenty of otters and heavers ; in the stream were the finest kinds of fish. The Connecticut valley, therefore, was a good place for farming, for fur-trading, and for fishing, the three occupations upon which American colonists everywhere relied for a living. We have learned (p. 41) how the Dutch began a fur trade in the Connecticut valley and how they were driven away by the Knglish. In 1634 some persons from Watertown (near Boston) built a few huts on the Connecticut at Wethersfield. These huts were the beginnings of the State of Connecticut. In 1635 some men from Dorchester settled at Windsor. In 1636 Thomas Hooker,^ the pastor of the church at Newton (now Cambridge), moved with his entire congregation to the banks of the Connecticut and founded the city of Hartford. 1 Born at Markfield, Leicestershire, England, about 1586; died at Hart- ford, Connecticut, 1647. 55 56 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES I looker (lid not like the way the ruritans acted in matters of government, lie thought religious affairs and state affairs in the Massachusetts Bay Colony were bound too closely to- gether. He thought also that more peo])le ought to be allowed to vote than were allowed that privilege in the Puritan colony. Resides, was not the rich valley of the Connecticut a better ]>lace for homes than the rocky and barren hills around IJoston? 1 Io(^kcr and his followers took their \vi\es and children with them. They carried their household goods along and drove their cattle before them. As they moved overland through the roadless forests of Massachu- setts, they took the first step in that great West- ward Movement which continued for more than two hundred years and which did not come 1 S L A N 1X^5 U )'r .WarwickTIJ^cq (Port,,„»JlwV T AHot Loiige 50. Delaware Claimed by the Dutch.— Our story lias now brought us to the region of the Delaware Bay and the Delaware River. The strip of land on the west side of Delaware I^)ay, now^ known as the State of Delaware, was claimed and fought for by the Dutch, by the Swedes, and by the English. In 1609 Henry Hudson, in his search for a short route to India, entered the Delaware Bay, hojMng that its waters might bear him on to the Pacific. But a sail of a few hours brought his vessel to marshes and mud-banks, and Hudson had to turn back, just as, a few months later, he had to turn back when he ran aground near Troy (p. 38). It was this trip of Hudson's up the Delaware r>ay that led the DiUch to claim the entire Delaware region. 51. Delaware Settled by the Swedes.— But the Dutch were not allowed to hold the Delaware country in peace. In the early part of the seventeenth century Sweden, under the leadership of the great Gustavus Adolphus, began to hold up her head among the nations of Euroi^e, and, like other wide-awake coun- tries, began to plant colonies in America, in 1638 a company of Swedes, led by Pctei Minuit — whom we have already seen in the service of the Dutch (p. 40) — built a fort on the Delaware near the sj^ot where the city of Wilmington now stands and began a brisk trade in furs. The Swedes bought lands of the Indians and in a few years had several flourishing settlements along the Delaw^are. For a while it seemed that there was to be in America a New Sweden as well as a New England, a New r^rance, and a New Spain, lUit trouble soon came to New 62 ALONG THE DELAWARE BAY 63 The old Swedes' church at Wilmington, Delaware Sweden, The Dutch looked upon the Swedes as intruders and trespassers, and in 1655 Ciovernor Stuyvesant of New Nether- land, with six hundred men, sailed into the bay, and after a bloodless battle captured the Swedish settlement and compelled tlie settlers to acknowledge the Dutch as their masters. We have seen how the Dutch in their turn were soon com- pelled (in 1664) to acknowledge the English as their masters (p. 43). When the Dutch turned over their American posses- sions to the English, the Swedish settlements were included in the transfer, and what is now the State of Delaware fell into the hands of the Duke of York, where it remained for a few years and was then sold to William Penn. 52. William Penn. — William Penn is one of the most inter- esting characters in American history. He was the son of a great English naval commander, and the pathway to riches and honor was open to him. But Penn, at an early age, showed that he cared for something more important than riches and honor. While a young man at college he fell under the influence of the Quakers, or the .Society of Friends. The Quakers believed that every man has within himself an "inward light" which can guide 64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES liini to ail religfous truth and which can save his soul. If this inward light, they said, is to shine in on the soul, there must be no sermons or formal services ; the worshiper must sit still and be quiet and listen for the voice of God. Such a doctrine natu- rally led to a quiet, simple, and peaceful life. The Quakers were opposed to music ; they did not indulge in hunting or in gambling; they wore the plainest kind of clothes ; and they were, above all things, opposed to war. The teachings of the Quakers took such firm hold u])on the mind and heart of Penn tliat he soon came to regard his religion las of more value to him than William Penn. • .life' itself. Admiral Penn, Uurii .>t London, ill 1644; died in England, in 1718. |.jjt; father tried hard tO DCT- suade his son to give up his Quaker notions, but his efforts were in vain. Once the young Quaker was thrown into prison for writing a book without a license to do so. He was told that if he did not give up his religion he would remain a prisoner for life. He was not in tlie least frightened by the threat. "My ])rison," he said, "shall be my grave before I will budge a jot." When Admiral Penn heard of this firmness, he forgave his son, paid his fine, and the young man went free. 53. Pennsylvania. — When Admiral Penn died he left Wil- liam a groat inlicritance. A part of the estate was a claim against King Charles II for a debt of £16,000. Tiiis debt the king ])aid in 1681 by granting to William Penn a tract of land extending westward from the Delaware River and containing about 48,000 square miles of territory,^ a domain almost as ' Mason and Dixon's /.i»('. — There arose between Penn and the pro prietor of Maryland a dispute as to the true boundary line between PENNSYLVANIA 65 large as England itself. The province was given the appropriate name of Pennsylvania— Penn's Woodland. Penn was made tlie lord and proprietor of Pennsylvania, just as Calvert was made the lord and proprietor of Maryland. Penn at once began to plan for the development of his vast possessions on the Delaware. He sent his cousin William " Markham to Pennsylvania, to act as governor until he himself should arrive. To the Swedish and Dutch settlers already on his lands he sent a letter containing these encouraging words : "You shall be governed by laws of your own making and live a free and, if you will, a sober and industrious peo- ple. I shall not usurp the right of any or oppress his person. Whatever sober and free men can reason- ably desire for the security and improvement of their own happiness I shall heartily comply with." Markham landed at Up- land (now Chester) and took possession of the region in the name of the new proprietor. In 1682 Penn in person sailed to his province with a hundred colonists, most ^ry^ of whom were Quakers. |IX__ Upon reaching Chester Delaware River and Delaware Bay. he called t(jgether an assembly of lawmakers chosen by the people. The proprietor and the Assembly, working togetiier, at Pennsylvania and Maryland. The dispute was finally settled l>y two surveyors named Mason and Dixon, who established (1763-67) the present line which separates Maryland from Delaware and Pennsylvania. This "Mason and Dixon's Line" in later times became famous as a part of the dividing line between the slave and free -States. Gti HISTORY OF THi-: UNITED STATES once enacted some very important measures. The three lower counties on the Delaware were joined to Pennsylvania. Penn wanted to be master of the coast clear to the mouth of the bay, The oldest Quaker meeting-house in America. Situated near Kaston, Maryland, liuilt in 1684. \\ illiam I'cnn preaclied in it. and for this reason he bought Delaware from the Duke of York. Delaware remained a j^art of Pennsylvania until it set up a gov- ernment of its own and became a State in i77<^>.' The Assembly also agreed to the "Great Law" which had been drawn uj) in England by Penn's own wise and loving hand. The Great Paw provided that the people should have an assembly consisting of their chosen representatives; that there should be trial by jury and religious freedom; that no taxes should be le\ied exce])t by the Assembly ; that there should be in the colony no cock-fights, stage-])lays, lotteries, drunkenness, duelling, or swearing; that the poor should be cared for; that ])risoners should be treated kindly ; that licjuor should not be sold to Indians. I'^rom Chester, Penn proceeded up the Delaware River to the place which had been chosen as the site of the cai)ital city and which had been named JMiiladeli)hia — "the city of brotherly love." Here the proprietor established a home and took up the serious task of governing his colony. One of his first acts was ^ In 1702 Delaware refused to send members to the Pennsylvania As- sembly, but it remained mider the Pennsylvania governor until 1776. PENNSYLVANIA 67 The Penn treaty tree at Shackamaxon. to make a treaty with the neighboring Indians. Beneath a great ehn Penn met the chiefs of seventeen tribes at a place just north of I'hiladeljjhia called Shackamaxon — "the place of kings" — and bought from them their lands, and entered into an agree- ment with them that the English and the Indians should live in peace and friendship as long as the sun gave light, an agreement that was sacredly kept by both sides for nearly seventy years. Penn remained with his colonists for two years, and was then called back to England. When he returned in 1699 he found that wonderful changes had been made during his absence. More than twenty thousand white people had come to live in his prov- ince. Philadeli)hia, which in 1684 he had left a rude village, had grown to be a thriving city of ten thousand souls, and was carrying on a profitable trade with England and the West Indies. In the city there were tanneries, potteries, sawmills, flour-mills. Many of the houses were built of brick. Markets were held twice a week, and there were inns where the traveler could get good board and a comfortable bed. In 1 701 I'cnn bade his colony farewell for the last time, and 68 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES William Penn's house. Now in rairmount I'ark, Philadelphia. sailed f(^r England. It had been his intention to plant a colony that should be better governed and that should be more prosperous than any that had yet been ]>lanted in America. In this ambi- tion he was not disapjwinted. When his long and useful lit'o came to an end in 171S there was not in all America a more flourishing colony than Pennsylvania, nor was there another in which good laws did so much to make men happy. QUESTIONS ON TH1-: TEXT 1. By what nations was Delaware claimed? W'liy did tiie Dutcli claim Delaware? 2. Give an account of the Swedes in Delaware. 3. Tell the story of William Penn and the Quakers. 4. In what way did Penn become the proprietor of Pennsylvania? Give an account of Penn's govermnent of his colony. Give an account of the founding and growth of Philadelphia. REVIEW AND RF-ADING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1522, 1607. 1609, 1620, 1643. 16(14. 2. Places: Jamestown, New Amsterdam, Plymouth, Providence. 3. Per.sons : Raleigh, George Calvert, Henry Hudson, Peter Stuyvc- sant, John Winthrop, Roger Williams. 4. Tell what you can about : the Jamestown colony ; the founding of Maryland: the patroons; the Pilgrims; the Plymouth colony; the Puri- tans; the first written constitution; the New England Confederation. 5. Topics: William Penn and the Indians: 8, 21-27. The Swedes in Delaware: 7. 144, 150-152. Pennsylvania: 9, 131-138. Philadelphia: 32, 297-333- Wilmington: 32, 335-366. X ALONG THE CAROLINA COAST: NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA Here [in the Carolinas] were men from ( ivilized life scattered aiiuniK the forests, liermits witli wives and children, resting in tlie bosuin of nature, in hariiiuiiy with the wilderness of their gentle clime. With absolute freedom of conscience, reason and goodwill to man were the siniiile rule of their conduct. — in-oriff liamroft. 54. The Carolina Coast. — T.et us now turn to the low, sandy coast of the region that was first named Carohna hy tlie h^rencli in honor of Charles IX of I'rance.'and that in the end retained this name in honor of King Charles II of h^nghuid. After the attempts at settlement made hy Lane and White (p. 21) the Carolina coast was for a time neglected. Ahout the middle of the seventeenth century, however, English settlements hegan to ap- ])ear along Alhemarle Sound. The settlers came from Virginia, some to seek better farming- and grazing-lands, others to enjoy the freedom and independence of pioneer life. These early settlements attracted the attention of a grou]) of English gentlemen and noblemen, v/ho, in 1663, aj)])lied to Charles II for a grant of land in the Carolina region. The king gave them a tract that was to extend from Virginia on the north to Florida on the south, and tliat embraced the ])resent States of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Ccorgia. In the west- erly direction the tract was to extend, as usual, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This almost boundless region was given to eight royal favorites who were to hold it as absolute lords and pro- prietors.^ 55. North Carolina. — The proprietors at first placed the mat- ter of government in the hands of Governor lierkeley of Vir- ^ The proprietors wore the Earl of Clart-ndoii, the Diiki- of All)i'niaili', Lord Craven, Lord Berkeley, Lord Ashley, Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, and Sir John Colleton. 69 70 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ginia, who scMit Williaiii Driiniiuond down to rule over tlie iiortlicrn scttlcnicnts. (lovcrnnK'nt in ('arcilina had its l)Ogin- ning in Alhcniarle, where the foundations of the State of North Carohna were laid. As early as 1665 the sturdy settlers of Alhcniarle were holding a little assemhly for the making of laws. In i()()ij the proprietors came forward witli a new ]ilan for governing the colony. The plan, known as the (iraiid Modi'!, was drawn up hy John l.oeke. a great pliilosoi)lier. it is true, hut a very luisuitahle person to give laws to farmers and hackwoods- men. The Grand Model provided that the people of the colony should he dixided into classes. There was to he an upper or governing class, con- sisting of landgraves (earls) and caciques Along the Carolina coast. (harons). Then there was to he a lower class, consisting of the common ])eople. who were to he governed somewhat as slaves were governed. Now the common ]ieo]ile of North Carolina in i66() were as free as the l)irds in the trees ahout them, and the)- would have nothing whatever to do with the Grand Model, but went on governing themselves in a way worthy of luiglishmen. 56. South Carolina. — South Carolina had its hegiimings at the mouth of the Ashley River in 1670. In that }ear the pro- ])rietors sent out from London three ship-loads of emigrants who were to found a colony at Port Royal, on the Carolina coast. The company selected a spot for settlement about three miles above the mouth of the Ashley River, and gave to the jilace the name of Charlestown in honor of the king. The first place of settlement, howe\er. soon began to I)e abandoned for a better location on the peninsula between the Ashley and the Coojjer ALONG THE CAROLINA COAST 71 rivers, and l)y i6So the I'lrst Charlestown was deserted and the new Charlestown (now ealled Charleston) was a llourishing town of 2500 souls. Early Charleston. An atteni])t was made by the proprietors to govern the south- ern Carolina eolony according to the terms of the Grand Model, but tlie result was quite as disastrous as it was in the northern Carolina colony. The ])eople of Charleston soon discovered that they needed food and clothing more than they needed dukx-s and earls and high-sounding titles. So they paid very little attention to tlie fanciful |)lan of Locke, and established a sim])le govern- ment, one suited to their needs. Idiey had a governor a])pointed by the proprietors and, like all the other colonies, had an as- sembly for the making of laws. Religion played an important part in the settlement of the Carolinas, just as it played an important part in the settlement of New ICngland and Maryland. In North Carolina the Quakers found a warm welcome, while in the other colonies they found only opposition and ill will. In South Carolina the I fuguenots — French Protestants — found refuge from religious ])crsecution. In T598 the I-'rench king, Henry of Navarre, issued the Edict of Nantes, unrlcr which I fuguenots were allowed to live in France in peace; but in 1685 the edict was revoked, and a per- 72 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES sedition of 1 Iiif^uonots followed, riiousaiuls of these persecuted people tied from their native country and sought refuge in for- eign lands. Many of them came to the English colonies and settled in Xew ^'ork, in Maryland, in X'irginia, in the Carolinas. Some of them went to Charleston, where they were warmly re- ceived and where they rendered noble service in the upbuilding of South Carolina. Although both North Carolina and South Carolina were under the control of the ])roprietors. each colony had its own sejiarate government and each dcvelo])ed in its own peculiar way. In North Carolina the people were scattered far apart on their farms, and no large towns were built. It was fifty years before the colony could boast of a village with a dozen houses. In .South Carolina everything centered around Charleston, which rapidly pushed forward and became one of the largest and most flourishing cities in the New World. In North Carolina were produced large (|uantiti<.\s of ])ine-tar and turpentine. In South Carolina rice and indigo were the most important products. In both colonies there was slavery, but the slaves in North Carolina were few in number. In South Carolina, where the rice-swamps were deadly to white men and could be cultivated only by ne- groes, the slaves far outnumbered the free population. A South Carolina rice-swamp. Roth North Carolina and South Carolina, in the early days, were greatly annoyed by pirates. In the inlets of tlie coast these sea-robbers found good hiding-places from which to dart forth ALONG THE CAROLINA COAST 73 and capture the helpless merchant sliips that jiassed hy. The leader of the pirates was I^^dward Teach, generally kncnvn as "P)lackheard." Teach and his gang kept the whole coast of Carolina in a state of terror for many years, h'inally, in 1718, (iovernor Johnson of South Carolina gave battle to the pirates, and the war upon them did not cease until lUackbeard and his followers were shot or hanged. After this there was no more jiiracy along the American coast. The rule of the pro])rietors was never satisfactory to the ])eople of the Carolinas. There was always discontent and (luarreling, and once the regular government was over- thrown by rebels. Nor did the pro- prietors reap much gain from their vast Carolina possessions. In spite of all their efforts they could wring very little money from the trouble- some colonists. vSo in 1729, when they had a chance to do so, the pro- prietors gladly sold the Carolinas to the King of England, each pro])rietor receiving the sum of £5000 for his share. The Carolinas now passed under the control of the king and were governed as separate colonies until the Revolution. Captain Teach, commonly called " Blackbeard." QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the early settlement of the Carolina coast. To whom was the coast granted? 2. Where and when were the foundations of North Carolina laid? What was the Grand Model ? 3. Give an account of the early history of South Carolina and of its government. Who were the Huguenots? Contrast life in North Caro- lina with life in South Carolina. Give an account of piracy along the Carolina coast. Why did the proprietors give up their claim to the Carolinas? HISTORY OF THH UNITliD STATHS KI'A'II'.W AND I^I-.ADIXC K I'.l'I.Kl'.NCKS I. IXiti's: I4i)j. 1(107. !('(>), id-'o, 1(1.1.?. i(><>i, KiXj. J. riacc.'i : Palos, Now Aiiistonlam, riymoutli, Uo.sldii, rrovidnicc, riiilailclphia. 3. Persons: AnuMicus Vospiiciiis, Balboa, George Calvert, Henry Hiul- son. Peter Stuyvesaiit. jdliii W'iiitlirop, Roger Williams, William Penn. 4. Tell what ytni ean .ilxuit : tlu- voyage of M.agellan ; the founding of Maryland; the Pilgrims; tin- ri\niouth eolony ; the Puritans; the first written eonslitutit>n ; the New Ivngland Confederation; the founding of Peimsylvania. 5. 'Poiiios : The Carolin.i ])ir;ites: 7, iOj lOd. The iH'upK- of C.uolina : 9, I15-IJ8. Life in the Carolinas: 16, ,V) 51. Cliarleston : 33. J4()-_'0_'. Wilmington (North Carolina): 33. 2I0--M!^. XT RI'.IW'.I.I.IONS AND INDIAN I'l'KMSINCS •riiioiiKli llic In-cs fierce oyulialU kI'>".iI, D.irk liiiiiiaii fuiiiis in inoonsliliiu slmwiil Wild fri)iii their native wilderness Willi iiainted limbs and battle dress! A yell the dead liiiKht wake lu hear Swelled im llir nielli air far and ( lear, Then snmii- ihi- Indian Icmiahawk On erashin^; ducir and shattered hick — 'Iheii ran>{ the rifle-shut^and then I'lie shrill death-scrtrani of strickiMi men. ./. <;. Whiltio. Introduction. — The story of the earlier colonies — of Vir- ginia, Maryland, i\e\v N'ork, and the New I'Jigland colonies — has heen carried forward in previous chapters through the first half of the seventeenth century. The important events in these colonies during the latter half of the seventeeiitli century must now receive attention. These events have to do, for the most ])art, with the actions of discontented coltjnists and with the uj)- lisings of restless and jealous Indians. 57. Charles II Rules Virginia Harshly. \ irginia during this ])erioiI was especially a scene of violence and misrule. You will recall that, while the I'uritans were ])ouring into New l^ngland between 1630 and 1640, Charles I was having a (piarrel with his people ahoul church matters and al)out taxes. Thai (|uarrel did not end until i'')4(;, when the king was beheaded and ( )liver Cromwell, a great man and a man of the ])lain people, wa.s chosen to rule over i^ngland. Cromwell and his son Richard held the reins of government until 1660, when ('harles II, the son of Charles I, was restored tf) the kingshi]). Charles II was no sooner on his throne than he began to rule Virginia with a heavy hand. In the first place, he appointed as governor of the colony Sir William Berkeley, a man \n\\o wa.s a 75 76 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES tyrant by nature ami who was already heartily disliked by a great many of the colonists. In the second place, the king undertook to enforce certain navigation laws which had been passed during Cromwell's time. These laws compelled the colonists to ship goods only in English vessels, to sell goods only to English merchants, and to buy goods only from English merchants. Under these laws the Virginia planters were com- pelled to sell their tobacco at whatever price the English mer- chants chose to give them, and they were compelled to pay for goods brought into the colony whatever price the English mer- chants might ask. 58. Bacon's Rebellion.— The discontent caused by the harsh navigation laws was increased by Berkeley's conduct in respect to the Indians. One night in January, 1676, savages crept softly into the new settlements and murdered about forty persons. Berkeley refused to send a force against the Indians and allowed the outrage to go unpunished. He was carrying on a profitable fur trade with the Indians, and he did not want his private busi- ness disturbed. His do-nothing policy made the people very angry, and they declared that if the governor would not defend them tliey would defend themselves. The people found a leader in Nathaniel Bacon, a rich young man of noble birtli. In dehance of the governor, Bacon raised a body of fighting men. marched against the Indians, and pun- ished them severely. This brought on a quarrel which endeil in Bacon's marching on Jamestown and burning it to the ground. Berkeley was driven from the colony. Young Bacon was now the master of \'irginia, but just as he w^as at the height of his power he fell sick of a fever and died. When Bacon died, the rebellion fell to pieces and the rebels dispersed to their homes. IJerkeley returned to \'irginia and wreaked a terrible vengeance upon the followers of Bacon. Twenty-three persons were put to death. "The old fool," said Charles II. "has taken away more lives in that naked country than I did here for the death of my father." Tlie king, in dis- gust, deprived Berkeley of his office. When the old tyrant took his departure for England (1677), guns were fired, bonfires REBELLIONS AND INDIAN UPRISINGS 77 (^j, Northfield •?DeerfieId MaIsSACHU SETTS VHatfield Springfield A TLA N TIC OC E A N' were kindled, and people shouted until their throats were sore. So Bacon's Rebellion accomplished at least two good things: it caused the Indians to behave themselves, and it enabled Vir- ginia to get rid of a very bad governor. 59. King Philip's War. — In the same year in which Bacon gave battle to the Indians in Virginia, the people of New Eng- land also were engaged in a bloody Indian war. Although after the Pequot War (p. 56) there was a long peace in New England be- tween the Indians and the whites, as the years passed by it became plainer and plainer to the Indian mind that the white man could not al- ways be the red man's friend. The white man was cutting down the Scene of King Philip's War. forests and driving away the game. He was clearing up the banks of streams, destroying the home of the beaver and tearing away the fish-weirs. If the white man was not checked, the Indian would have no occupation and no home. In 1675 the struggle that had to come sooner or later was begun. The first blow was struck by the Indians under the leadership of Philip, the chief of the Wampanoags, a son of that Massasoit who had made a treaty with the Plymouth settlers. King Philip, as the chief was called, began by atta^cking the little town of Swansea, in Rhode Island, and killing eight men. He was soon joined by other tribes, and the cruel warfare spread. Deerfield, Springfield, and Hartford were burned, and the in- habitants slain and scalped or carried into captivity. Many of the colonists were at first stricken with terror, but they quickly rallied. Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut joined their forces against Philip, and before the end of the summer of 1676 the Indian strength was broken and Philip himself was run down and slain. The victory was a costly one. Thirteen towns 78 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES had been sacked and l)urned, and more than two tliousand set- tlers had been killed and wounded. 60. James II Rules New England Harshly. — About ten years after the close of King lMiilii)'s War the jjcople of New England were again thrown into great excitement. This time the trouble came from England. In 1685 Charles II died and his brother James II was ])roclaimed king. The next year the new king sent over Sir Edmund Andros to act as governor of all New I'jigland. Andros was given power to deprive all the colonies The Charter Oak at Hartford. lilown dt)wn in 1856. of their old charters and to give them a new government. The colonies were governed in so many different ways that they gave the king a great deal of trouble, and he desired Andros to siin- plify the system of government and bring New England more directly under the control of the crown. Now the people of New ICngland had become accustomed to govern themselves in their own way, and they gave Andros a very cold recej)- tion indeed. When he went to Hartford and demanded the surrender of the charter of the Connecticut colony, the charter was spirited away and hidden in the hollow of an oak-tree, and Andros never got his hands on the precious document. In Massa- chusetts the new governor took the old charter away from the colony, and the people were compelled to submit to his rule. REBELLIONS AND INDIAN UPRISINGS 79 They were not compelled, however, to submit long, for in 1689 James II was driven from his throne, and his daughter Mary and her husband, William III, were proclaimed the joint rulers of England. When it was learned in America that James II was no longer king, the people of Massachusetts at once had Andros arrested, and he was soon sent out of the colony. In 1691 the king gave out a new charter which joined Maine (p. 54) and Plymouth to Massachusetts and which provided tiiat Massachusetts should henceforth be ruled by a governor appointed by the king. Connecticut and Rhode Island were allowed to govern themselves under their old charters, as they had been allowed to do before the coming of Andros. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Who was Oliver Cromwell? In wlLit way did Charles II displease the Virginians? What were the navigation laws? 2. What causes led to Bacon's Rebellion? Give an account of that rehcliion. 3. What led the Indians of New England to wage war against the whites? Give an account of King Philip's War. 4. For what purpose was Sir Edmund Andros sent to the colonies? Give an account of Andros in New England. What was the effect of the charter of 1691 ? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates : 1522, 1609, 1620, 1643, 1681, 1682. 2. Places : St. Augustine, San Salvador, New Amsterdam, Plymoutli, Providence, Philadelphia, Charleston. 3. Persons: Magellan, De Soto, Virginia Dare, John Winthrop, Roger Williams, William Penn, James Oglethorpe. 4. Tell what you can about: the Pilgrims; the Plymouth colony; the Puritans; the first written constitution; the New England Confederation; the founding of Pennsylvania. 5. Topics: Bacon's Rebellion: 7, 157-160. King Philij): 10, 9-50. The Great Swamp I'ight: 14. 83-84. The defeat of King Philip: 11, 44-58. Commerce and navigation laws: 9, 243-253. XII OUR COUNTRY IN THE YEAR 1700 Thus organized, the twelve colonies [in 1700] contained the elements of our country as it is to-day. — Richard Frothitighant. Introduction. — The account of English colonization on the Atlantic coast has now been brought down to the end of the seventeenth century. What was the result of a hundred years of colony-planting? You have learned how the country looked in the year 1600. What kind of a country was it in the year 1700? What changes had taken place in America between the time when John Smith, in 1607, first sailed into the Chesapeake and the time when William Penn, in 1701, bade his colony a last farewell ? 61. The Area of Settlement in 1700. — By the year 1700 the dense forests directly along the Atlantic coast had, for the most part, disappeared, the wild beasts had been driven inland, and the savages had been taught to let the settlers live in peace. All along the seaboard from Nova Scotia to Florida there were thriving communities of white men. It is said that in 1700 it was possible for one to ride on horseback — it would not have been possible in a wheeled vehicle— from Portland in Maine to the southern boundary of Virginia, and to sleep each night in some good-sized village. Such were the results of a hundred years of hard work, of wood-chopping, building, plowing, and planting. But the settled country along the seaboard in 1700 was still only a very narrow strip of land. In some places the strip was only a few miles wide, and its greatest width was hardly more than a hundred miles. The western boundary of the settled country was the frontier line. East of this line men lived in an orderly, civilized manner, and life and property w^ere safe. West of the Frontier Line were the great dark woods, where the only 80 The Frontier Line in 1700. 8i 82 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES liunian l)cings were Indians and wandering whites, and where every man was a law unto himself. As our story proceeds, this Frontier Line will always be moving farther and farther to the west ; and to have a clear understanding of our country's growth, one must carefully watch this line as it advances toward the setting sun. 62. Population; the Three Classes of People.— What was the l)()|)ulation of our country in 1700? People were not carefully counted then, but it is likely that there were about 250,000 per- sons in the twelve seaboard colonies. In New Hampshire there were about 5000; in Massachusetts, 60,000; in Rhode Island, 5000; in Connecticut, 20,000; in New York, 25,000; in New Jersey, 15,000; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 30,000; in Mary- land, 30,000; in \'irginia, 65,000; in the Carolinas, 10,000. These estimates — for they are only estimates — include both whites and negro slaves. The population of the colonies at this time was made up of three classes — freemen, white servants, and negro slaves. Many of the white servants were bound to serve a certain master for a certain time. These were the "indented" servants wlio, in order to pay for their voyage across the ocean, had sokl them- selves of their own free will to a shipmaster or a planter for a term of years. Sometimes the term was as long as ten years, but often it was as short as four years. After an indented ser- vant had served out his term he again became a freeman. In the New England colonies there were very few indented ser- vants, but in the other colonies there w^ere a great many. Some white servants were held in service against their will. These were such as had been convicted of crime in England and by way of punishment had been sent to the colonies to serve at hard labor for a term of years. Negro slaves were found in all the colonies. The Quakers of Pennsylvania were opposed to slavery, yet even in that colony the negro was held in bondage. In New England slaves* were few in number ; in the middle colonies about one person in ten was a slave; in the southern colonies, by the year 1700. a large part of the population was in slavery, and negroes were brought OUR COUNTRY IN THE YEAR 1700 83 from Africa at the rate of 25,000 eacli year. Slave labor in the North was not very profitable to the master, but for the tobacco and rice-fields of the South the African slave was the most profitable workman that could be found. 63. Occupations in 1700. — The chief occupations of the col- onies were farming, fur-trading, and fishing. Of these farming was by far the most important, for almost everybody was a farmer. But the colonial farmer in 1700 was usually a Jack of all trades ; now he was a hunter and trapper, now a lumberman and carpenter, now a fisherman and sailor. Next in importance to farming came the fur trade. In Europe, in the seventeenth century, stoves were not in use and houses were very j)oorly heated, if they were heated at all. As a source of warmth, furs . were brought into use much more than they are now. Floors were covered with furs, bedclothing consisted largely of furs, and many garments were made of furs. This great demand for furs in Europe made the fur trade in the colonies everywhere jM-ofitable, for everywhere the forests abounded in fur-bearing animals. Fishing was carried on most extensively in New luig- land, where in 1700 nearly a thousand vessels were employed in the cod-fishery alone. Manufacturing in the colonies in 1700 was of course still in a rude state. For all kinds of fine gootls the colonists depended upon the workshops of Europe. Cer- tain coarse articles, however, the ])eople could make with their own hands. Many of the colonists had l)een skilled workmen in the Old World, and in many a ccjlonial liome there were s])inning and weaving, soap-making, candle-making, cabinet- making, and upholstering. There was one industry in particular that '^ soon gained a foothold in the col- onies. This was ship-building. A colonial flax-wheel. "Owing to the large supplies of splendid timber at the very water's alge, cheaper and better vessels could be built in the 84 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES American colonies than anywhere in lun-()])e." I'^specially (\'\(\ this industry flourish in New England, where enough vessels were built to supply the home demand, and fifty more were l)uilt every year and sold abroad. 64. Education. — In matters of education the colonies had not advanced very far. In New England Harvard College was Harvard College in 1726. flourishing and public schools were quite common. The Hart- ford (Jrammar School, now the High School, was founded in 1638, and Yale College in 1701. In the middle colonies there were very few schools, and in the southern almost none at all. In 1671 Governor Berkeley thanked God that there were no schools in \'irginia, and expressed a h()])e that there would be none for a hundred years. If he had lived, liowever. until i(k)3 he would have witnessed the founding of William and Mary College, the second college established in America. 65. Religion. — We have seen that religion ])Iayed an impor- tant part in the founding of most of the colonies. \W 1700 a number of diflferent faiths had gained a Urm foothold in the New World. In X'irginia and the Carolinas the Church of England — the Episcopal Churcii — led all the other denomina- OUR COUNTRY IN THE YEAR 1700 85 tions. In Virginia alone there were fifty Episcopal churches. In Maryland the Catholic influence was strong, but the ruling classes belonged to the Episcopal Church. In Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey the Quakers outnumbered the other denominations, although there were many Lutherans, Baptists, and Presbyterians in these colonies. In New York there was almost every denomination that could be mentioned, but no one church was strong enough to be regarded as the leader. In New England religious feeling was very strong, and the church was the ruling force in almost all the afl^airs of life. Here the Con- gregational Church, which was the church of the Puritans, pre- vailed, except in Rhode Island, where the Baptists were the strongest religious body. 66. Government. — In 1700 the government of one colony did not difi'er much from the government of another. Each colony had its own governor. In Connecticut and Rhode Island this officer was elected by the people ; in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and the Carolinas he was appointed by the proprietor; in the other colonies he was appointed by the King of England. Each '•'ikiw William and Mary College. colony had a lawmaking body — an assembly or general court — which was elected by the people and which could pass any law that was not contrary to a law of England. Between the as- sembly and the governor there was a body of assistants or 86 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES councilors appointed by the king and known as the council. In every colony there were judges to try cases and settle disputes. In every colony the right of voting was given to men who owned a certain amount of property. Thus we see that by 1700 a second England had been carried across the sea and firmly planted along the Atlantic coast. It is true there were some Dutch in New York and some Swedes in Delaware and Pennsylvania, but in the main the people of the seaboard colonies were English. They spoke English, they lived in the English way, and they enjoyed the blessings of English government and law. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. To what extent had the Englisli by 1700 made settlements on the Atlantic seaI)oard? What is meant by the Frontier Line? Trace this line for the year i/CK). (Sec map, p. 81.) 2. What was the estimated population of the several colonies in 1700? Who were the "indented servants" ? Give an account of slavery in the colonies. 3. What were the chief occupations of the colonists in 1700? Why was the fur trade so important? To what extent was there manufac- turing in the colonies? 4. What advancement had the colonics made in education in 1700? 5. By 1700 what denominations had gained a foothold in the colonies? 6. Describe the government of a colony. REVIEW AND READING REl'ERENCES 1. Dates: 1620, 1664, 1682, 1689, 1733. 2. Places : Genoa, New Amsterdam, PlynKnith, Providence, Philadel- phia, Charleston, Schenectady. 3. Persons: George Calvert, Henry Hudson, Peter Stuyvesant, John Winthrop, Roger Williams, William Penn, James Oglethorpe, Nathaniel Paeon, lulmund Andros. 4. Tell what you can about : the Line of Demarcation ; the Jamestown colony; the New England Confederation; the founding of Pennsylvania; the founding of Georgia ; Bacon's Rebellion ; King Philip's War. 5. Topics: Early colonial industry: 9, 180-186; 18, 49-61. Early colonial manufactures: 9, 187-191. Education in the colonies: 9, 192- 203. White and black slavery: 9, 219-228; also 18, 78-86. Sports and punishments: 9, 229-233. Colonial farming; 18, 62-76. XIII COLONIAL GROWTH BETWEEN 1700 AND 1740 There was hardly one of the thirteen colonies upon which these Scotch-Irish did not leave their mark. — John Fiske. 67. Immigration: Germans; Scotch-Irish.— Before 1700 white men who came to the colonies were in nearly all cases Englishmen. About 1700, however, streams of immigrants who were not Englishmen began to pour into America. These new- comers came from almost every country of Europe, but by far the greatest number came from Germany and Ireland. Most of the Germans came from the Rhine country, which v^^as a beauti- ful region indeed, but which in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was rendered unsafe for life and property because it was so often overrun by soldiers and devastated by war. A few of the German immigrants went up into New York and settled in the Mohawk valley. The greater part of them, however, settled in Pennsylvania and became known as Pennsylvania Dutch, although they were not Dutch at all. The Germans from the Rhine country began to arrive in Pennsylvania soon after the founding of the colony, and by 1727 they were coming over in large numbers. In one year (1749) more than 7000 arrived, and it is estimated that by 1776 over 100,000 Germans and Swiss had settled in Pennsylvania alone, to say nothing of those who had settled in other colonies. The Germans were attracted to Pennsylvania because the col- ony permitted them to become citizens on easy terms and because it offered them cheap lands. They were worthy of their citizen- ship, for they were self-respecting, intelligent, and industrious. They were also worthy of their lands, for they proved to be excellent farmers and the best of pioneers. They attacked the great forests of Pennsylvania in earnest. The Englishman at 87 88 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES lust would till only the land that lay along the rivers, but the German would jilunge boldly into the unbroken wilderness and clear a farm many miles removed from any settlement. It was the sturdy stroke of the German's ax that 1)rought eastern Penn- sylvania rapidly under cultivation, and it was to the thrift and industry of the German farmer that Pennsylvania owed much of her prosperity in early times. Another great stream of immigration flowed from the north of Ireland and consisted of Scotch-Irish. The Scotch-Irish were simply Scotchmen who lived in Ireland. During the seventeenth century large numbers of Scotch Presbyterians moved to the north of Ireland, and by the beginning of the eighteenth century several hundred thousand had established homes in the county of Ulster. But they were discontented in their new home. They were subjects of the English crown, but they were not well treated b}- the English government. They were annoyed on ac- count of their religion and were not allowed freedom in matters of trade. So the Scotch-Irish looked to America as a ])lace of refuge, and in the early }'cars of the eighteenth century began to emigrate to the colonies. They settled in all parts of British America, in New England, in the middle colonies, and in the South. Large numbers of them settled in North Carolina and played a most im])ortant part in the development of that colony. r)Ut Pennsylvania received the largest share of the .Scotch-Irish, just as it received the largest share of the Germans. The Scotch-Irish began to arrive in Pennsylvania in considerable numbers about 1715, and by 1729 were landing on the wharves of Philadelphia in such numbers that the governor of the prov- ince became alarmed lest they should make themselves masters of the province. 'Tt looks," said the governor, "as if Ireland would send all its inhabitants hither, for last week not less than six shi])s arrived." Sometimes as many as 10,000 Scotcli-Irish came to Pennsylvania in a single year, and between 1730 and 1770 it is ]^robal)le that half a million emigrants from the north of Ireland came to the American colonies. The coming of the Scotch-Irish and Germans and other for- eigners caused the population of the New World to increase at COLONIAL GROWTH BETWEEN 1700 AND 1740 89 a rate before unknown. In 1700 the population of the colonies, after 'nearly a century of growth, was about 250,000 (p. 82). In 1740 their population was about 1,000,000. 68. Georgia. — Some of the Germans and Scotch-Irish found their way to the new colony of Georgia, which in 1733 was founded on the Carolina coast. The portion of the seaboard lying be- tween the Ashley and the St. Mary's rivers was claimed by Spain as well as by England, but no settlement was made on this part of the coast by either nation until George II, King of England, gave to James Ogle- thorpe and some of his associates a charter for the land between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, westward to the Pacific Ocean. Map of Georgia. Oglethorpe sailed from England with thirty-five families, and in 1733 reached the mouth of the Savannah River, where he began to build the city of Savannah and to lay the foundations of Georgia. There was a double purpose in the planting of the Georgia colony. In the first place, the king wanted a barrier between Florida and the Carolinas. He saw that the Spaniards of Florida were pushing northward, and he wished to head them ofif by planting a colony of Englishmen at the mouth of the Savannah. In the second place, Oglethorpe saw in the wilds of Georgia a place where he could carry out a scheme that was dear to his heart. In London at this time a great many worthy peo- ple were confined in the prisons for debt — a thing that could not happen to-day, but was once very common. Oglethorpe sin- cerely pitied these poor debtors, and it was for their sake that he gave his time and his money to the founding of Georgia. He caused the most worthy of the debtors to be released from prison, and many of these he took with him to his colony, where they could become owners of land and build up their fortunes anew. Idle and vicious people, however, were not allowed to (»0 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES come to tlic colon}- ; only those who were willing to work w-ere welcome. Oglethorpe went to Georgia in person and served as its gov- ernor, lie was assisted in governing by a small number of trustees. These trustees made all the laws. The charter made no pr(i\isi()n for a popular lawmaking body. Slavery was for- — '-"-- bidden in the colony, and intoxicating liquor could not be imported. As long as Oglethorpe remained with his col- onists, affairs went well. Once (in 1742) the Spaniards attacked Savan- nah, but Oglethorpe met the attack liravely and drove them back. After a faithful service of ten years I )glethorpe returned to luigland to remain. Then the colonists became dissatisfied. They wanted rum, they wanted slaves, and they wanted a law- making body composed of chosen rep- resentatives. In the end they got all these things. In 1752 the plan of governing by trustees was given uj), and Georgia became a royal colony and remained under tlie government of the king until the Revolution, when it jiad a p()])ulation of 50,000 souls. 69. Moving Westward ; the Great Valley of the Shenandoah. — After the founding of Georgia no more English colonies were planted, for the time had come when it was more desirable to develop the existing colonies than to organize new ones. At the opening of the eighteenth century in almost every colony there were great areas of vacant land, and colonial growth for many years consisted mainly in bringing these lands under cultivation and filling them with people. This development necessarily took a westward course, for if the English colonists went far to the nortli they met the French, and if they went far to the south they met tlie Spanish. In New York the Westward Movement be- tween 1700 and 1740 was very slow, because the progress of the English was opposed not only by the French, but also by jiower- James Edward Oglethorpe. Born at London, in 1696; died in Kngland, in 1785. COLONIAL GROWTH BETWEEN 1700 AND 1740 91 ful tribes of Iroquois Indians. But in the western part of Penn- sylvania, Virginia, and North CaroHna the Indians were less troublesome and there were as yet no French at all. So it was from Pennsylvania and from the southern colonies that the set- tlers first began to move in considerable numbers toward the West. The first important Westward Movement of population began with the settlement of the beautiful valley which lies between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains and which is drained by the Shenandoah River. In 1716 Governor Spots- wood of Virginia, with fifty companions, entered this valley near the present site of Port Republic, and with much ceremony took possession of the region in the name of King George of England. His purpose in pushing out into the valley was to head oiT the Savannah in 1741. French, who at the time, as we shall learn more fully hereafter, had already taken possession of the country west of the Alle- ghanies and were pushing east as fast as they dared. Soon after the expedition of Spotswood the settlement of the Shenandoah began in earnest. First came a few settlers from the older parts of Virginia. Then came large numbers of the Scotch-Irish and Germans from Pennsylvania. These enter- prising people by 1730 had crossed the Susquehanna and were The Frontier Line in 1740. 92 COLONIAL GROWTH BETWEEN 1700 AND 1740 93 making settlements in the Cumberland valley. In 1732 they began to move down into the Shenandoah valley and build rude cabins and plant corn-helds. In a few years so many people — Virginians, Scotch-Irish, and Germans — had settled in the valley that it became necessary for them to have some form of govern- ment. So in 1738 Virginia took the matter in hand and organ- ized the Shenandoah region as a county and provided it with a regular government. Thus between 1700 and 1740 the strip of English civilization along the Atlantic seaboard was greatly widened, and the Frontier Line (p. 92) was carried westward over the Blue Ridge Mountains to the eastern base of the Alle- ghanies. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Why did the Germans leave the Rhine country? In what way did the Germans help in the development of Pennsylvania? Who were the Scotch-Irish? Why did they come to America? Where did they settle? 2. What grant of land was given to Oglethorpe? What were Ogle- thorpe's plans? Describe the first government of Georgia. When and why was this form of government changed? 3. Why did the development of the English colonies proceed in a westerly direction? In what colonies did the Westward Movement be- gin? Give an account of the settlement of the Shenandoah valley. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES ■ I. Dates: 1522, 1607. 1664, 1682. 2. Places : San Salvador, St. Augustine, Jamestown, Providence. 3. Persons : Cartier, Cabot, Raleigh, George Calvert, Peter Stuyvesant, John Winthrop. 4. Tell what you can about: the founding of Maryland; the Pilgrims; tlie New England Confederation; the Frontier Line in 1700; slavery in the colonies in 1700. 5. Topics: James Oglethorpe: 8, 27-32. Georgia: 16, 39-51. S.avan- nah : 33, 293-326. (For the Germans in Pennsylvania, read Kuhn's "Germans and Swiss in Pennsylvania." For the Scotch-Irish, read John Fiske's "Old Virginia and her Neighbors." For the settlement of the Shenandoah valley, read F. J. Turner's "The Old West.") XIV ALONG THE ST. LAWRENCE AND THE MISSISSIPPI: CANADA ; LOUISIANA France arrived to subdue, not by the sword but by the cross ; not to overwhelm and crush the nations she wounded, but to convert, civilize, and embrace them among her children. J^ramis Parkman. 70. The French Power in Canada,— While England was gaining control of the Atlantic coast, France was busy in estab- lishing her power along the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, and tlie Mississippi. We have seen (p. 17) that Cartier, at a very early date, visited the St. Lawrence region and claimed it for France. But the real founder of Canada was that Samuel Champlain^ whom we saw (p. 39) skirmishing with the Iro- quois Indians. In 160S— only a year after the settlement of Jamestown — Champlain planted the French flag on the rock of Quebec, and began in earnest the work of extending the French ])ower in the Xew World. From Quebec as their base, the Frencli pushed their explorations in almost every direction. By 161 5 Champlain had made his way in person as far as the shores of Lake Huron, and before he died (in 1635) the French power had been established in the far-off wilds of Michigan and Wis- consin. But the French did not lay the foundations of their power in .America deep and strong as did the English. They did not bring their families with them; they cleared off but few forests; they tilknl but few fields ; they built no large towns. Their pur- pose in America was to accomplish three things : ( i ) to add to the glor}' of France by causing her flag to wave over new places; (2) to convert the Indians to the Christian religion; (3) to carry on a profitable trade in furs. For manufacturing and farming they cared very little. When they built a fort the iBorn in France, in 1567; died at Quebec, in 1635. 94 ♦ ALONG THE ST. LAWRENCE 95 Indians were given to understand that no trees would l)e felled and that no tields would he planted. This was good for the Indians, for it left them their hunting-grounds, hut it was had for the I'rench, for it rendered impossible the oeeui)ation of farming, the very occupation that was necessary for a healthy and steady growth. Without farming large numbers of i)eople cannot be fed and large communities can- ^^ not be built up. All the h'rench settlements were small ])laces. Even Quebec, the old- est and largest town, a hundred years after it was founded was a mere village. After a century of growth the b'rench in America liad a populatit)n only one fifteenth as large as the |)(.>pulation of the ICnglish colonies. 71. Marquette and La Salle.— The work begun by Champlain was taken up by others and carried forward with great de- votion and perseverance. Foremost among the Frenchmen who took part in building up a new France in America were James The Champlain statue Marquette^ and Robert La Salle.- Mar- at Quebec, cjuette was a Jesuit priest — a member of the Scx'iety of Jesus. The Jesuits at the time were going into all parts of the world, into Asia and Africa as well as into America, and with great devotion were lifting up the cross and bringing heathen ])eople into the Christian fold. Nowhere was the zeal of the Jesuits greater than it was among the American Indians, and no Jesuit missionary was more zealous than Marquette. In 1673 this pious man, in company with some fur-traders and guides, ascended the Fox River as far as birch-hark canoes would float, made an easy portage'' to the Wisconsin River, iRorn at Laon. France, in 1637; died near T.akc Micliijian, in 1675. 2 Born at Rouen, France, in 1643; was assassinated in 'I'exas in 16S7 by some of his followers while endeavorintr to found a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. •' A portage is a break in a water route over wliich goods or Imats liave to be carried, as from one river to another, or along the hanks of a river round a waterfall or rapid.— Coi/htv Dictionary. 90 ^ HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES tollowod tliis stream to the Mississippi, aiul oontinued his \ox\v- ney soutluvard on the l'\itlier of Waters until lie canie to the mouth of the Arkansas, the point in tlie great river where the boily oi He Soto was Inirieil (p. i^"). Here Marquette turned his boat around ami made his tiresome way northward, against swift-tlowing streams, till he reached the Michigan country, where his labors were soon ended by death. It is said that when he died he was kneeling at an altar which he had made with his own hands, and that his lifeless body, when found, was still in the attitutle of prayer. La Salle completed for France the work of iliscovery begun by Marquette. About 1070 this daring explorer discovereil the C^hio— the Reautiful River — and in i(^j he floated ilown the MississipjM to its mouth. Here he raised the French tlag and took {xissession of the Mississippi basin in the name of France, calling the vast region Louisiana, in honor of his king. Louis \1\ . France was now in possession of the St. Lawrence valley. the Cireat Lake region, and the Mississippi valley. While the Ivnglish were making themselves masters of only a narrow strip of coast land, the l-'rench had gained control of the heart of America and of the most valuable portions of the New World. 72. The Rivalry of France and England.— It was not to be expecteil that Fngland would stand with foUled anus antl look on while the b^rench g:\ined possession of the heart of the Amer- ican continent, brance and luigland had been bitter enemies for centuries before America was discovered, and throughout the greater part of our history these nations have never ceased to be jealous rivals. When one has tried to extend its power, the other has nearly always tried to block its rival's progress. When one nation has waged war upon a country, the other has usually rushed to the ilefense of that country. The friends of I'rance have been the enemies of l-lnglaml. ami the enemies of I'Vance have been the friends of Fnglaml. This rivalry of b'rance and F.i\gland is a great factor in the world-history of modern times, and it helps to clear up many jxiints in American history to remember that France and Fngland for centuries were foes, and that when one of these countries has desired a )ii-v^ /-' w Poll 4 ''Kon the border settlements of Xew England aiul Xew York. The men who were to make these attacks were for the most i>art Indians frienilly to the French and hostile to the English. One night in i(>8() a Ixxly of Fron- tenac's Indians fell upon the little village of Dover, in Xew Hampshire, and massacrcil about half the people. The town was burnetl to the ground, and the inhabitants who were not killed were carried away and sold into slavery. A few months after this. Pemaquid. a settlement iti Maine, was treated in the same way. lUit the most shameful ileed of King William's War was the terrible massacre at Schenectadv. in Xew York. ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI 99 One niglit in I'^rhniarv, i(h)0, a band i)i ]'ronclHnon and Indians rushed in upon this frontier town at an hour when everybody was aslee]), and began the work of destruction. lUiildings were set on iire, men were shot as they ran out of their houses, and women and cliiUh'en were either burned to death or w^mx" mur- dered as they hiy in their beds. Sixty persons were killed out- right, and nearly a hundred were captured and carried away. These outrages on the part of the French of course stirred the people of New England to resistance. In 1690 Sir William Phipps of Massachusetts led a ileet of thirty vessels against Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, and captured that place, lie then sailed against Quebec, but the town was so strongly fortified that he thought it wise to turn back without striking a bk)w. The war dragged on imtil it was brought to an end by a treaty of peace signed at Ryswick. in Holland, in 1697. 74. Queen Anne's War. — A second clash between the iMcnch and ICnglish colonies came in 1702, when the King of France placed his grandson on the throne of Spain and thus threatened to spread the French jiower over Spain. Of course this was distasteful to the English, and France and England went to war over the matter. In America the war was known as Queen Anne's War. Anne being tlien the Queen of England. Queen Amie's War was simply King William's War over again. The French and Indians rushed down from Canada and attacked the unprotected settlements of the English. At Deertield, in Massachusetts, there was a frightful slaughter of the inhabi- tants. The people of New England attacked Nova Scotia, and in 1710 gained j^ossession of that peninsula. Queen Anne's War was brought to a close in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht. The war had one important result : it took Nova Scotia from France and gave it to England. 75. French Colonies and Forts in the Mississippi Valley.— While these wars were in progress, the French were all the time strengthening their power in the Mississippi valley. The deeds of La Salle had caused France to take a greater interest in the affairs of America than she had ever shown before. Under the direction of the great king Louis XIV, plans were set on 100 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES foot for the planting of colonics near the mouth of the Missis- sippi River, and by 1716 P.ienville had laid the foundations of Natchez, the oldest permanent settlement in the Mississij)pi val- ley south of Illinois. In 1718 New Orleans was founded, and in 1722 it was made the capital city of Louisiana. France also took active measures to strengthen herself in the possession of ^^~: -^*^ New Orleans in 1719. the entire valley. She fortified important points throughout the valley, and by the time she had finished there were forts on the Mississippi, the Illinois, the Wabash, the Great Lakes, and the St. Lawrence. Between New Orleans and Montreal the French flag waved over more than sixty forts. 76. King- George's War. — I-^or thirty years after the treaty of Utrecht there was peace between the F'rench and Fnglish in America. Then there was a third clash. From 1740 to 1748 nearly all the nations of Europe were at war with one another. In 1744 England took a hand in the general conflict that was raging, and, as was to be expected, opposed herself to France. The European war now spread to America, where it was known as King George's War. In this war there were tlic usual raids of French and Indians from Canada, and there was besides a military event of great interest. Tiiis was the capture of Louis- burg, a fort which the French had built at great expense on the island of Cape Breton to guard the gateway of the St. Law- rence. The walls of the fort were thirty feet high and forty feet thick, and it was thought to be as strong as the rock of Gibraltar. Against this stronghold Sir William Pepperell of Boston, with three thousand men from New England, led an CANADA 101 ^ j-r " M- ii'-m^ --f'/f /W '■■•-'■■■ ■'■''■■■■■ ,K '^' '>>-'iN' Louisburg at the time of the siege. attack, and after a siege of six weeks the mighty fortress fell. At the end of the war Louisburg, by the treaty of* Aix-la- Chapelle, was given back (1748) to France, and the great vic- tory, after all, seemed hardly worth while. Nevertheless the taking of Louisburg taught the colonists that they were no longer weaklings and that, if necessary, they could do still greater things. 77. The Ohio Valley Claimed by Both French and English. — No sooner was King George's War at an end than the French and English colonists began to quarrel over the possession of the Ohio valley. England claimed the magnificent country on the ground that Cabot's discovery made England the owner of all North America, and upon the further ground that the Iro- quois Indians- who lived in the Ohio coimtry had acknowledged themselves to be English subjects and had granted their Ohio lands to England. France claimed the Ohio region upon the ground of La Salle's 102 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ''rM/CM DA k\T- ■JViERL Vt)\ discovery. That there might be no mistake about tlie French claim, the governor of Canada, in 1749, sent a company of French and Indians down the Allegheny and Ohio rivers to take formal possession of the country in the name of the King of I'^rancc. As signs of possession, tin plates bearing the arms of I'^rance were nailed to trees standing at the mouths of streams flowing into the Ohio, while in the bed of the river were buried leaden plates bear- ing an inscription to the effect that the land around belonged to France. England paid no attention whatever to the leaden plates. In the very year in which they were buried, the King of Eng- land granted a large tract of the Ohio country to some wealthy \'irginians. This action thor- oughly aroused the French, and to strengthen their position they at once built a chain of three forts (map, p. 106)— one at Presque Isle (Erie), one twenty miles away at Lebceuf, and one at \''enango (Franklin, Penn- sylvania). The building of these forts brought on the fourth and final clash between the English and French in America, a clash which is known as the French and Indian War, and which was really a life-and-death struggle for the possession of North America. ' I m ;■) ij vN\ ... --^> A part of one of the leaden plates. This plate was buried at the mouth of the Muskingum River, and was funnd in after years by some boys while batliing. Ihc plate is in the possession of the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester, I\Iassa- chusetts. LOUISIANA 103 QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of Chaniplafn in Canada. What was the purpose of the French colonists? Why did the French colonies grow so slowly in population ? 2. Who were the Jesuits? Give an account of the explorations of Marquette and of La Salle. 3. Give an account of the rivalry between France and England. 4. What led to King William's War? Give an account of the fighting in this war. 5. What led to Queen Anne's War? What was the principal event of this war? 6. What cities were founded by the French on the Mississippi River? What forts were built in the Mississippi valley? 7. What led to King George's War? What was the principal event of this war? 8. About the middle of the eighteenth century what claim was made by England upon the Ohio valley? What claim was made by France? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1588, i6og, 1664, 1682, 1689 (2)', 1733. 2. Places : Palos, Philadelphia, Charleston, Schenectady. 3. Persons : Americus Vespucius, Balboa, Carticr, Roger Williams, Oglethorpe, Bacon, Andros. 4. Tell what you can about: the voyage of Magellan; the founding of Georgia ; Bacon's Rebellion ; King Philip's War ; King William's War ; the Frontier Line in 1700; in 1740; slavery in the colonies in 1700; the Germans in Pennsylvania; the Scotch-Irish; the settlement of the Shenandoah valley. 5. Topics: Samuel Champlain : 2, 198-208; also 4, 154-172; 5, 96-106. Marquette: 2, 209-217; also 5, 186-194. La Salle: 2, 217-227; also 5, 195-222. The attack on Deerfield : 5, 272-286. Rapine, slaughter, and destruction: 9, 171-179. Trade with the Indians: 3, 100-103. The French on the Mississippi and the Wabash: 20, 31-38. The Ohio Com- pany, 20, 39-47- 1 The figure in the parenthesis indicates tlie number of events that arc to be connected with the date. The first portrait of George Washington. Showing him iu the uniform of a colonel of Virginia militia. Painted by Charles Wilson Peale in 1772. 104 XV TlIK STRlMiCl.l". I'OR A CONTI NICNT : Till' l"Ri:\C-ll AND INDIAN WAR The prize [the Mississippi basinj coiitondecl for was a noble one; a territory in its cfnlinl water- shed of more than a million square miles, and with its tributary areas of no U>.s th^in iwoamla half millions. It is perhaps as fertile a space for its size as tlie ,nlube shows and i apalilc of sup- porting two hundred millions of people. — Justin \l'itis:>r. 78. The French Capture Fort Duquesne. Die prisoncc of the l''riMicIi torts on the AllcgJKMiy River thoroughly alanuecl the people t>t \'irginia, the eoloiiy that had the strongest elaini on the C^hio eountry. It was seen elearly enough that if the I-'reneh should gain possession of the "h'orks of the C)hio" — the jimetion of the .Allegheny and Moutnigahela — the \'irginians would he shut out t)l the Ohio \alley eompletely. for these l"\)rks were the natnral gateway to the West. So in 1753 the governor of N'irginia. ninwitldie. sent a message to the eom- inander of the fort at l-ehtvuf informing him that the P'rench were trespassing upon h'nglish i)roperty and that they nuist ahandon the newly huilt forts. The hearer of the message was Cicorijc U'ashiiu/toit. This greatest of all .Americans was horn at Pope's Creek, Northumherland County. \'irginia, I'Vhruary 22, 1732. In 1743 Augustine Washington, the father of (k^orge, suddenly died, leaving a widow and five chiUlren. The Wash- ington family ow^ned plenty of land hut hail very little money, and it was desirable that George should begin as sot)n as jios- sible to earn his own living, lie was taken from school at the age of sixteen, when his education consisted of reading, writ- ing, and arithmetic. He also ])ossesse(l a little knowledge of surveying. The glimpses which we get of C'iet)rge's school life show him to have been a sober-minded, industrious youth. His copy-books were models o\ tieatness and accm^acy. In one of his note-books is a list of rules vi conduct. One of the rules is »o5 106 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES this: "Labor to keep alive in your breast tbat little spark of celestial fire called Conscience."' As a boy Washington was tall, active, and muscular, and could outwalk, outrun, and outride any of his companions. After finishing his studies Wash- ington went beyond the Blue Ridge in the valley of the Shen- andoah to survey the vast estate of his cousin Lord Fairfax. His work as a surveyor caused him to lead the rough life of the fron- tiersman. He was often wet and cold and hungry, and sometimes when he slept the only roof he had over his head was the stars. While in the wilderness beyond the moun- tains Washington foresaw that the English and the French were likely to fight for the possession of the Ohio valley, and he prepared himself for the coming struggle. He learned the art of war and took lessons in fencing and sword exercises. At the age of nineteen he was appointed adjutant-general with the rank of major. So, in selecting young Washington to bear the message to the French governor, Din- widdie really chose about the most competent and suitable messenger that could have been found in all Virginia. The French commander received Washington kindly, but re- fused to give up the forts and politely hinted that it would be well if (iovernor Dinwiddie would attend to his own business. This rei)ly meant, of course, that if the English wanted the Ohio country they would have to fight for it, and this the X'irginians at once prepared to do. The first thing to be done was to gain possession of the Forks of the Ohio. For this jnirpcxse Din- widdie, late in 1753, sent a party of men, under Captain William Trent, to the Forks, with orders to build a log fort there. In the spring of 1754 W'ashington. with three hundred men, was sent to the Forks to help Trent build the fort. But before Washington could reach the place the French had driven Trent The French forts and Brad- dock's campaign. THE STRUGGLE FOR A CONTINENT 107 away and had finished the fort and taken possession of it for themselves. They named the place Fort Duquesne, in honor of the governor of Canada. So, in the first movement to secure possession of the gateway to the West, the French had won and the Virginians had failed. The capture of the Forks by the French did not concern the Virginians alone. The people of all the colonies and the people of England as well were disturbed by the movements of the French on the Ohio. For what did it mean to the colonists to have the French in control of the Ohio and its head waters ? It meant a stunted growth for the colonies ; it meant that the Eng- lish power would never extend farther than the ridge of the Alleghany Mountains. And what did it mean to England her- self to have France guarding the gateway to the West? It meant to England that, in the end, her rival would become the real mistress of all the country between the Appalachian and the Rocky Mountains, and this enormous increase of power would make France the most power- ful nation on earth. No wonder, then, that Englishmen on both sides of the ocean demanded that the French be driven from Fort Duquesne. 79. The Albany Congress.— The French could be most easily driven out if the colonies would unite their forces, for in union there is strength. But at this time there was no union between the colonies. Each colony was quite independent of all the others. Maryland acted as if Penn- „ . . „ . . Benjamin Franklin, sylvania were not m the world, and p,^,„ ^^ p,,„,„„_ Massachusetts, in Pennsylvania acted as if Maryland hIs1xp7t?l\nli'„':,^;.&?:sriit'e"J were not in the world. Yet both col- ITep^ndlnfe^coll^.l^letlt^a"; w!t"h onies were equally interested in check- T/X Set '.st1.,'e^: ' ptTdtrof ing the French power. In 1754 an ^-"-y'v-nia: died in .^go. attempt was made to form a union between the colonies. A Congress composed of twenty-five members, representing seven 108 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Poor Richard, 17^ ?. colonies, met at Albany to consider a plan of union. A ])lan was tlrawn up by P>enjaniin Franklin. This great leader was born in Boston in 1706. At the age of ten he was compelled to begin work as a candle-maker in his father's shop. P.uf candle-making was not to his taste, so at the age of twelve he began to learn the art of printing. After learning his trade he went to Philadelphia, where he established himself in business as a printer. In 1732 he began to pub- lish "Poor Richard's Almanack," which became celebrated for its homely wisdom and witty sayings. Put PVanklin was not content to work only at his trade. He took a lively interest in public affairs and devoted much time to education and science. In 1733 ho laid the founda- tions of an institution which later developed into the University of Penns\Ivania. \\c invented a new kind of stove, and in 1752, bv a sim- {)le experiment with a kite, showed that lightning is a discharge of elec- tricity. In 1737 he was made jxist- Title-page of the first issue of master of Philadelphia, and in 175^ "Poor Richard's Almanack." • ^ j 1 ^ ^ ^"' was appomted deputy postmaster- general of all the colonies. So when Franklin came forward at Albany with a plan for uniting the colonies, he was already widely known as a philosopher and as a statesman. Franklin's plan of union was adopted by the Congress, but nothing came of it, for the reason that neither the colonies nor Fngland liked it. Xevertlieless this "Albany Plan" may be regardetl as the scioiui step^ in that series tliat fmally led up to the formation of a firm ami lasting American L'nion. 80. The Defeat of General Braddock.— While these fruitless 'The formation of the New England Confederation (p. 60) was the first step. A N Almanack FortKeYMTofCbrift Being the Firft afta "LEAP YEAR . /M nxta pia tht CrMllai Yun By the Account of ihe EiHcm CmAt 7241 By t)>« Jjlin C3iurc>i, wKen O tnt T" «91J By lU Cotnjwlilion ot }r.tr. 5741 By thf Jivm^K Oironology J6S2 By ih< Jruiji KtbbiM. 5494 H'btrtin it containtd The Lun»tion», Eclipfes, Judgment of tha WMther, Spring Tidn, Plmrt. Motionj tc nvjluil Xrpcav Sun tml Nfoon's Rifing and Set' tii>j. Lcigth 0/ I>y«, Time of High Wl«U INDLCs WAR THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 113 the English (September 17, 1751)') tlio I'renoh and Ttnlian War practically came to an end/ And a sad eml it was for the h^-ench. By the great treaty of Paris, signed in 17(>3, France lost every foot of land she had in North America, excepting only two iti- signihcant islands — Miquelon and St. I'ierre — in the Tiulf of St. Lawrence. Her possessions west of the Mississippi went to Spain, and those east of the Mississippi went to England. QUESTIONS ON TllK TKXT 1. Sketch the early lii"e of George Washington. Give an account of the efforts of the French and of the EngHsh to gain possession of the Forks of the Ohio. Why were the EngHsh alarmed at the loss of the Forks? 2. Give an account of the Albany Congress. Sketch the life of Ben- jamin Franklin as far as the year 1754. 3. Give an account of the defeat of General Braddock. 4. In the French and Indian War what was the English plan of cam- paign? Give an account of the capture of Acadia and of Louisburg. Describe the capture of Fort Duquesne. When and by whom was Fort Niagara taken? Give an account of the capture of Quebec. 5. What were the terms of the treaty of 1763? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1600, 1682 (2), 1689 (2), 1733. 2. Places : Genoa, New Amsterdam. Quebec. New Orleans. 3. Persons : De Soto, Magellan, \'irginia Dare, Penn. Bacon, .\ndros, Champlain, Marquette, La Salle. 4. Tell what you can about: the Invincible Armada; the founding of Maryland; Bacon's Rebellion; King Philip's War; slavery in the colonies in 1700; the Frontier Line in 1700; in 1740; the Germans in Pennsyl- vania; the Scotch-Irish; the settlement of 1he Shenandoah valley; King William's War ; Queen Anne's War ; King George's War. 5. Topics: Virginia moves to the Ohio: 20, 39-47. The British Lion roused: 14, 111-112. Washington's first campaign, Braddock's defeat: 3. 103-105. General Braddock: 20, 48-71. The fall of Quebec: 11, 63-76; also 5, 4-5, 450. Pontiac: 10, 53-114; also 20, 80-90. 1 Pontiac's Conspiracy. — The Indians in the districts that were trans- ferred from the French to the English disliked their new masters, and a conspiracy was soon formed to massacre all the Englishmen west of the Alleghanies. The leader of the movement was Pontiac, a chief of the Ottawa Indians. The conspiracy resulted in the death of many settlers, but Pontiac was defeated and was at last compelled (in 1766) to yield to the English power. XVI THE MOTHER COUNTRY AND THE COLONIES QUARREL My Lords, you have no right to tax America. The natural rights of man and the immutable laws of nature are all with that people. — Lord CamJen in the P'.nglish House of Lords (1775 ). 83. The Quarrel about Taxation.— It was a great day for England when Quebec was captured and the French power in America was broken. It was a great day also for the English colonies in America, for, with the French out of the way, the colonists could enjoy peace on the northern borders and could go ahead with their plans for opening up the country beyond the Alleghanies. After the French and Indian War, therefore, England and her colonies ought to have been closer together than they had ever been before ; as a matter of fact, however, after that war they were further apart. The ink on the treaty of Paris (1763) was hardly dry before there arose between Eng- land and her colonies a bitter quarrel, and this quarrel led to a bitter war. The quarrel arose over the matter of taxation. At the close of the French and Indian War the English government found itself very heavily in debt and hard pressed for money, and in casting about for means of raising money it naturally turned to the American colonies. These colonies, said the king and Parliament, are protected by England at a great expense, and they must help to pay for the cost of that protection ; tliey must pay a share of the taxes. There was certainly nothing unfair in this; and if the English government had gone about raising the money in a way tliat seemed to the Americans to be fair, tlie taxes would probably have been paid. P»ut it did not do this. In its efi'orts to collect the money the English government acted so unwisely that it seemed to the Americans to be acting unfairly and unjustly. The first unwise thing the English govermnent did was to 114 THE MOTHER COUNTRY AND COLONIES QUARREL 115 issue what were called "writs of assistance." At this time there was a great deal of smuggling — that is to say, foreign goods that ought to have paid taxes were brought into the colonies in a se- cret manner, and the government was cheated out of its revenue. A writ of assistance was a general search- warrant that enabled revenue officers to enter private houses and search for smuggled goods. It did not name the person whose house was to be searched, and it did not describe the goods. With such a writ, an officer could enter any house he pleased and turn things upside down with his searching. The writ of assistance was bound to be very unpopular, A stamp, lor an Englishman looks upon the home as a castle which must not be entered without the consent of the owner. The writs were clearly against English notions of liberty, and they caused deep resentment. In Massachusetts they were opposed by James Otis with such eloquence and power that his speech against them was regarded as the "opening gun" of the Revolution, for America was now on the eve of a revolution. But far worse than the writs of assistance was the hateful Stamp Act which Parliament passed in 1765. This law under- took to compel the colonists to place government stamps on commercial and legal documents such as promissory notes, deeds, mortgages, and wills, and also on such publications as news- papers, pamphlets, and almanacs. The stamps were to be sold at prices varying from threepence (six cents) to ten pounds (fifty dollars). Newspapers and almanacs that were not prop- erly stamped were not to be circulated or sold, and legal docu- ments without the stamps were to have no value. 84. Resistance to the Stamp Act; its Repeal.— When the news reached America, in 1765, that the Stamp Act was to be put into effect immediately, the colonists at once began to fight it. In Boston the stamp commissioner — the officer who was to sell the stamps — was hung in effigy and his office torn down. In Ne\y York the act was reprinted in pamphlet form and was sold in the streets under the title, "The Folly of England and the 116 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Ruin of America." In Massachusetts Otis lifted his voice against the act. and in X'irginia Patrick Henry hurried through the Assembly a resolution which declared that the people of \'ir- ginia need not pay taxes that were not ordered to be paid by their chosen representatives. But the most powerful protest against the Stamp Act was the Stamp Act Congress, which met in New York in October. 1765. and which was the third step in the formation of our Union. This Congress was composed of delegates from nine colonies — Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and South Carolina. After discussing the subject for three weeks the Congress de- clared — and sent copies of the declaration to the king and Parliament — that the col- onies could not be taxed internally unless they were represented in the British Par- liament, and then went on to express the opinion that it was impossible for the col- Patrick Henry. , 1 • 1 i , •• 1 t 1 onics to ])e represented m the lintisli 1 ar- Born in Virginia, in 1736; ,Td- mittedtothebarini76o: mem- Ijamcnt. Tliis was as mucli as to Say tiiat ber of House of Burgesses and leader of revolutionary agita- Parliament had uo right to tax the colonics tion in Virginia; governritish officers or soldiers accused in Massachusetts of murder should he taken to England for trial; (4) troops should he quartered in r)Oston. These four acts, Tarlianient thought, would starve and heat Massacliusetts into suhniission. Franklin's device, "Join or Die." The head of the snak.e is New Kng- land, and the uther pieces arc marked with the initials of the other colonies. 89. The Colonies Stand Together. — It was the idea of the English gov- ernment that Massachusetts would have to tight her hattles alone, hut in this England was mistaken. The colonies were all on the side of the Bostonians. Virginia especially proved to he a warm friend. "If need be," said Washington, 'T will raise one thousand men, subsist them at my own ex- pense, and march myself at their head for the relief of Boston." The spirit of X'irginia was the spirit of all the colonies from New Hampshire to Georgia. No colony was going to stand idly by and see another colony crushed. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Why did England after the French and Indian War undertake to tax the colonies? What were tlie writs of assistance? Wiiat was the Stamp Act? 2. In what way did the colonists show their opposition to the Stamp Act? What was the Stamp Act Congress? 3. What were the Townshend Acts? Why was the tax on tea not repealed ? 4. Give an account of the Boston Massacre. 5. In what way did tlie colonists resist tlie payment of the tax on tea? 6. What were the Intolerable Acts? 7. What colony was strong in her support of the Bostonians? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1522, 1607, 1643. 1682 (2). 1754, 1763. 2. Places: Genoa, St. Augustine, New Amsterdam, Quebec (2), New Orleans. THE MOTHER COUNTRY AND COLONIES QUARREL 121 3. Persons : Cabot. Drake, Calvert, Hudson, Champlain, Marquette, La Salle, Washington,! Braddock, Franklin, Wolfe. 4. Tell what you can about: the New England Confederation; the founding of Pennsylvania; Bacon's Rebellion; King Philip's War; the Frontier Line in 1700; in 1740; the Germans in Pennsylvania; the Scotch-Irish ; the settlement of the Shenandoah valley ; King William's War ; Queen Anne's War ; King George's War ; Fort Duquesne ; the Albany Congress; the treaty of 1763. 5. Topics: The quarrel about Taxation: 13, 15-25. The Boston Mas- sacre: 13, 72-75. The Boston Tea-Party: 13,. 79-83. The causes of the American Revolution: 11, 79-101. • Where the career of a person extends through many years, as in the case of Washington and Franklin, the review may be carried along from chapter to chapter, increasing in length as new facts are learned. «?'• XVII INDEPENDENCE DECLARED I am not induced by motives of pride, party, or resentment to espouse the doctrine of separation and independence; I am clearly, positively, and conscientiously persuaded that it is the true interest of this continent to be so; that everything short of that is mere patchwork. From Paine' s Common Sense. /S^^'lg^^ffr^'"^^^ ^^' "^^^ First Continental Con- ^ y: ' ''.'"~i^'\^^^^^^^^'\ gress. — The king at once took mea- tr'oo:M::^::^.,.n'^ ^"'■es to carry the Intolerable Acts nnr-«i=,Nu..r ■, '|ifaBjWh| ^"to eiiect. General Cjage was j^jSaP^f^PSP"^ made governor of Massachusetts, Boulder commemorat^nrthe ''^"^^ '"^''^ soldiers were sent to battle of Lexington. Boston. The harbor of that city was closed to all incoming and outgoing vessels. This harsh treatment led to the calling of a Congress— known as the First Continental Congress — which met at Philadelphia (September 5, 1774)- At this Congress there were delegates from all the colonies except Georgia. Observe how the movement for union among the colonies was gaining strength. In the New England Confederation (p. 6o) four colonies were represented; at the Albany Congress (p. 107) seven colonies; at the Stamp Act Congress nine colonies ; in the Mrst Continental Congress twelve colonies. The First Continental Congress declared that no government had the right to deprive Americans of their life, liberty, or prop- erty, and asserted that the colonists had every right that an Englishman had. But the most important thing done by this Congress was to pass the following resolution of sympathy : "That this Congress approves the opposition of the inhabitants of Massachusetts to the execution of the late acts of Parlia- ment, and if the same shall be attempted to be carried into exe- cution by force, in such case all America ought to support them in their opposition." INDEPENDENCE DECLARED 123 91. Fighting Begins: Lexington; Concord.— The country was not long in finding out that England intended to use force in dealing with Massachusetts. By the end of 1774 Gage was throwing up fortifi- cations around Bos- ton, and the streets of the town were re- sounding with the clangor of British arms. The Americans in the meanwhile were preparing to meet force with force. In the towns around Boston companies and regiments of colonists Lexington and Concord. were forming and men were being drilled for active warfare. Before the winter of 1775 had passed, eastern Massachusetts was bristling with armed troops. The ringleaders on the American side in Massachusetts were Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Gage received orders that these two men should be arrested and sent to England for trial. About the time they were wanted they were staying at the house of a friend in Lexington, a town a few miles out of Boston. On the night of the i8th of April, 1775, Gage sent out from Boston 800 men to Lexington to arrest Adams and Hancock, giving orders that after the arrest they should march on to Concord and seize some ammunition that was stored there. The British undertook to do everything in secret, but the eyes of the Ameri- cans were on them. As soon as it was known that the troops had started, a light in the belfry of the North Church flashed the news to Paul Revere in Charlestown. Revere took horse and galloped to Lexington, shouting as he went that the British were approaching. At Lexington he informed Adams and Hancock, and the patriots escaped arrest. When the British reached Lexington at daybreak they found the people in arms. Fifty minute-men— men ready to fight at a 124 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES The battle of Concord. This is the oldest authentic picture of tl%e scene, an engraving by .\mos Doolittle, from a drawing by Ralph Earl, published in New Haven, Connecticut, a few months after the battle. The Hritish are on the right of the bridge, the Americans on the left. minute's notice— were drawn up in battle array on the village green. "Disperse, ye villains," shouted Major Pitcairn, the British officer. The minute-men did not move. Pitcairn's sol- diers then tired, killing eight men and wounding ten. The min- ute-men, seeing the folly of resisting so great a force, dispersed. At Concord the tables were turned. There the British had to face 4CX) minute-men, while other patriots were pouring in from every ilirection. The fighting took place at the Concord Bridge, where "Once the embattled farmers stood And tired the shot heard round the world." In the battle the British soon had the worst of it and began to retreat to Boston. But the retreat was more disastrous than the pitched battle. All along the roadside minute-men from behind houses and trees and stone fences peppered the flying British, with such deadly results that by the time they reached P.oston they had lost in killed and wounded nearly half their number. INDEPENDENCE DECLARED 125 92. Ticonderoga and Crown Point. — Evorvhody know that a bloody struggle had now begun, and wherever a blow could be given, it was dealt. Benedict Arnold ^ saw that the Ameri- cans ought to have possession of Ticonderoga and Crown Point (map. p. 137). and he straightway marcheil against these forts. Their capture had also been planned by Ethan Allen, a dashing leader of the Green Mountain Boys of \'ermont. Arnold and Allen, acting together, with a few troops, surprised Ticonde- roga and ilemandoil its surrender. The commander of the fort inquired of Allen by what authoritv ho was acting. "In the name of the great Jehovah and the Continental Congress." re- plied Allen. The fort had but a handful of men and was com- pelled to surrender (May 10. 1775). The surrender of Crown Point quicklv followed. 93. The Second Continental Congress. — On the very day that Ticonderoga was taken a second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia. This time all the colonies had sent delegates. In this Congress there were many of those great leaders who laid the foundations of our Republic. From Massachusetts came Adams and Hancock, who a few weeks before had slipped from the hands of the British ; from New York, Robert Livingston and John Jay; from Pennsylvania, Benjamin Franklin; from \"ir- ginia. Washington and Patrick Henry and Richard. Henry Lee. The previous congresses had acted like debating societies ; tliey had §imply discussed questions and passed resolutions. But the Second Continental Congress began to act like a real government. It put itself into communication with foreign powers ; it managed postal affairs ; it took charge of the army that was gathering around Boston. Who was to be placed at the head of this army ? The man chosen was sitting in the Con- gress in his uniform, a man whose lofty stature and noble bear- ing proclaimed him a king of men — George Washington. When the choice had been made. Washington rose and said: "Since the Congress desires. I will enter upon the momentous duty and exert every power I possess in their service and for the support of the glorious cause." ^ Born at Norwich. Connecticut, in 1741 : died at London in iSoi. 126 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Winter- Hill C ^^i^-^ 94. Bunker Hill. — Washington hurried nortlnvard to the scene of his duties, hut hefore he reached I)Oston great things had taken place there. A few weeks after the Lex- ington affair an army of 15,000 colonial troops, drawn up in the form of a great semicircle, was pressing in upon Boston with the purpose of com- pelling the British troops to take to their ships and leave the town. Both the Boston and Bunker Hill. Americans and the Brit- ish wanted to get possession of the hills around Boston, and on the night of the 15th of June, Colonel William Prescott, with ,1200 Americans, made his way silently to Breed's Hill,^ on the Charlestown peninsula (map, above), and began to throw up embankments. Early the next morning the P)ritish general, Howe, was on the spot with troops to drive the Americans from their position. Twice the British rushed up the hill, and twice they were driven back with terrible loss. A third attempt was made. By this time the Americans had exhausted their ammu- nition and could no longer hold their ground. They retreated to the mainland, leaving the British in possession of the field. Though the British won the battle, a few more such victories would have meant the destruction of their entire army, for they lost 1054 men, wliile the Americans' loss was only 449. Among the fallen Britisli was that Pitcairn who had fired the first shot at Lexington. The Americans lost General Warren, one of the bravest of the leaders who had thus far stepped forward in de- fense of the American cause. 95. Washington in Charge of the American Army. — When Washington arri\'e(l in Boston he found an army that was raw ^Thc Americans, in the darkness, mistook Breed's Hill for Bunker Hill, which they had intended to fortify and which gave its name to the battle. INDEPENDENCE DECLARED 121 and inexperienced, but the news of Bunker Hill assured him that it was an army that could fight. Among its officers were Daniel Morgan, Benedict Arnold, John Stark, Nathanael Greene, Henry Knox, and Israel Putnam. Washington took command at once and began the difficult task of preparing the undisciplined troops for regular fighting. While Washington was drilling his army and providing it with ammunition and supplies, Richard Montgomery and Arnold undertook to capture Quebec. Montgomery advanced by way The battle of Bunker Hill. From an old print. of Lake Champlain. Arnold led his men through the Maine wilderness. On the way, food gave out, and the hunger of the soldiers became such that they devoured their dogs. The two armies joined in the valley of the St. Lawrence and laid siege to Quebec (December 31, 1775). Montgomery was killed and Arnold was wounded. Quebec was not taken, and the expedi- tion was a failure. At the beginning of the spring of 1776 Washington had his army so well equipped and organized that he determined to give battle to the British in Boston. On the night of March 4 he quietly fortified Dorchester Heights (map, p. 126), which 128 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES overlooked the city of l>oston, and on tlie morning of tlie next day deneral Howe saw plainly that W'asliington could destroy with shell.^ every British ship in tlie harbor. If the Hritish The committee of Congress reporting the Declaration of Independence. From the paintiii)|» by Trumbull. should attempt to carry the heights by storm they would prob- ably suffer more than they had suff'ered at Ikmker Hill, for the Americans now had ])lenty of animunition. So Ilowe decidetl that the best tiling to do was to ])ut his men on board tlie ships and sail away. ( )n March 17 the IJritish army that had so long annoyed the IJostonians sailed out of the harbor, never to re- turn. This was Washington's hrst stroke in the war, and it was a most successful stroke, for it rid New England of the presence of English trooi)s. 96, The Declaration of Independence. — When the Ameri- cans began to opjjose b'ngland they did not think of sepa- rating themselves from the English nation. Washington said. when he took command of the army (July, 1775). that he ab- horred the idea of indejiendence, and it is likely that at that time most Americans regarded their trouble with bjigland as INDEPENDENCE DECLARED 129 only a family quarrel which would cease just as soon as the ii\, while a foioii;ii tnuip was lamlcil ill my i iniiitry, I never would lay down my anus iKvir ! never! never! — U'iuiain l^itt. 97. The British Plan of Campaign.— Tlio people of New Ncuk were in the niitlst t)f rejoieings o\er the Declaration o\ Indepentlence when a Ihitish annN- of j^.oiX") men, niuler (len- eral llowe, landed on Staten Island. It was the jilan of the r.ritish. after thev had heen driven from I'oston, to secure pos- session of the Hudson River region and thus to cut the et^lonies in twain. With the lludson River and Lake (."hamplain in the hands o{ the Hritish. New Knglaiul could he prevented from joining ftM'ces with the colonies — ov States, as we ma\' now call them — towartl the south. The r>ritish planned tliat I lowe should take New York and gain cmitrol of the lower lludst>n, while General Carleton was to ccMue d(.>wn from Canada, recapture 'I'icomleroga, antl gain control of the l^pper lludson. The two armies were linally to meet at .\lhany. 98. The Battle of Long- Island. — Washington had foreseen the l>ritish plan, and when llowe arrived in New York he found the American general alreadv on the ground with 18.000 men, half oi whom, under (ieneral Israel Putnam, were holding I'rooklyn Heights. These heights commandetl New Ndrk just as Oorchester Heights commanded lioston, and llowe saw that the first thing to (\o was to drive (Uit Putnam. So he landed his army on Long Lsland and advanced U])on the heights. Putnam sent down 5000 men to meet the r)ritish, and the hattle of Long Island was fought (. August J7, \^J^J(^^. The Americans were outtuuuhered nearly four to one. and were hadlv heaten. After the battle Howe pushed on to take the heights, hut was foiled by Washington, who, under cover of a foggy night, carried 8000 men over to the New ^'ork side, and thus saved them from the clutches of the enemy. 132 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Washington's movements in 1776. Now there began a game of hare and hounds, the American army being the hare and the T^ritisli army the hounds. Howe, having taken possession of the heights, at once advanced upon New York ; after a sliarp encounter at Harlem Heights, Wash- ington moved up the Hudson to White Plains. He did not desire a pitched battle because he was so greatly outnumbered. Howe advanced to White Plains. Washington, after a sharj) skirmish, retired first to North Castle and then to Hackensack, on the west side of the Hudson. 99. The Tories. — Washington found New York and New Jer- sey full of Tories — men who did not want independence and who took sides with the king. In every State there were some men of this class. The ships that carried Howe away from Boston had on board nine hundred Tories from Massachusetts. Alto- THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 133 gether about one fifth of the people of the States belonged to the Tory class. In the Middle States, however, the class was larger than it was in any other section, and the Tories around New York did what they could to annoy Washington and bring disaster upon the American cause. 100. Fort Washington and Fort Lee. — Washington, in the last months of 1776, besides being annoyed by the Tories, was made to suffer for the blunders of Congress and the bad faith of one of his own generals. Just above New York on opposite sides of the Hudson the Americans held two forts. Fort Wash- ington and Fort Lee. When Washington saw that the garrison at Fort Washington would be unable to prevent the British from passing up the river, he ordered the fort to be abandoned. But Congress ordered the fort to be held. General Greene, the commander, obeyed Congress. Howe stormed the fort ( Novem- ber 12) and captured 3000 Americans. After the capture the Hessians murdered some of the prisoners in cold blood. Wash- ington witnessed this outrage through his spy-glass from Fort Lee, and it is said that when he saw his brave soldiers thus slaughtered, "his overwrought heart could be^r it no longer, and he cried and sobbed like a child." The surrender of Fort Lee rapidly followed the surrender of Fort Washington. The loss of the forts was followed by a disastrous act of dis- obedience on the part of General Charles Lee. This officer had been left at North Castle with 7000 men. Washington sent messenger after messenger to Lee, ordering him to throw his army across the Hudson and join the army of the commander- in-chief in New Jersey. But Lee refused to move until it was too late. When at last he did move he was captured by the British and made a prisoner. 101. Battles of Trenton and Princeton,— The British were now in complete possession of the Hudson, and Washington was forced to beat a retreat across New Jersey, Howe following close upon his heels. On December 8 Washington crossed the Dela- ware River at Trenton. As his last boat passed over, Howe's army came up, but it could not cross, for Washington on the march had destroyed everything that could float. It was a i34 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES gloomy time for the Americans when Washington lay with his little army of 3000 men opposite Trenton. "Ten clays more," he wrote (December 20. 1776) to Congress, "will put an end to the existence of our arm\-."' Vet before ten (la}s had passed he liad struck the r>ritish a fearful blow. On Christmas night, when the ri^'er was full of floating ice, he recrossed the Delaware and the next day surprised the enemy in their camp and took a thousand l)risoners. ' The British general, Cornwallis, rushed to the scene with a large force. Reaching Trenton at night, he waited until ilie next day for battle. But he was sure Washington was at his mercy. "At last," he said, "we have run down the old fox an 'frrrrf **A Mount Vernon, the home of Washington. Washington was unanimously elected (in 1793) for a second term, and would have been elected for a third term had he not been weary of public life. At the end of his second term he retired to his estate on tlie Potomac, where he lived quietly and happily until his death (December 14, 1799). LAUNCHING THE "SHIP OF STATE" 165 THE ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN ADAMS (1797-1801) 124. More Trouble with France.— Washington was succeeded in the Presidency by John Adams, who had been Vice-President during the first two administrations. Adams at once found that he was going to have trouble with France. That country felt that it had not been treated justly by the United States, and it showed its resentment in every way it could. It sent the American min- ister out of the land. It seized upon American vessels wherever it could find them. Adams desired to avoid war if he could, so he sent three envoys to Paris to see if the dif- ference between the countries could not be adjustetl. The envoys were told that they must pay a sum of money — "much money" — to the French government before they could be received, and that the United States must lend money to France to enable her to carry on war against England. The envoys would not listen to such terms, and one of them, Charles Pinckney. with much spirit declared: "Millions for de- fense, but not one cent for tribute." These words were taken up in the United States and became a popular cry.^ The report of the envoys threw the people of the United States into a rage, and a shout went up for a war with France. Preparations for war were made, but Napoleon Bonaparte, then at the head of affairs in France, prevented a formal declaration of war by ordering French cruisers to let American vessels alone, and by entering into a treaty that was satisfactory to both countries. ^Tlie names of the French agents who dealt with the envoys were con- cealed under the letters X. Y. Z., and these letters have always been used to give a name to this affair. John Adams. Burn in Massachusetts, in 1735; dele- gate to the Continental Congress; signed the Declaration of Independence ; Vice- President, 1789-97; second President, 1797-1801 ; died July 4, 1826, on the same day with Thomas Jefferson. 166 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 125. The Alien and Sedition Laws.- During the French trouble. Congress passed the famous Ahen and Se(htion Laws. The Ahen Law gave the President power to drive out of the country, without giving a reason and without holding a trial, any foreigner whom he might regard as being a dangerous per- son. The Sedition Law made it a crime for any one to print malicious writings for the purpose of bringing the P^resident and Congress into contempt. It was felt that the law dealt a blow at freedom of sjieech and liberty of the press. Neither of these laws was strictly enforced, and very little came of them. Vet the Alien and Sedition Laws had two important results : First, they brought a storm of popular disfavor upon Adams and other Federalists, and helped to defeat Adams for reelec- tion, and to drive the Federalist party from power. Second, they called forth the \'irginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Tiiese resolutions declared that tlie Alien and Sedition Laws were in violation of the Constitution, and that it was the duty of the States to combine and refuse obedience to the two laws. The hidden meaning of the resolutions was that if the States desired they could, by combined action, ""nullify" or set aside a law of Congress— a doctrine that was to bring much evil upon the country. QUESTIONS OX THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the election and inauguration of Washington. 2. How did Congress organize the new government? Xame the mem- bers of Washington's cabinet. Who was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court? 3. In what way did Congress raise money for the support of the new government? What measures did Hamilton provide for paying the public debt? How was the location of the national capital determined? 4. Give an account of the establishment of the first Bank of the United States. 5. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection. 6. What caused the division of men into political parties? Who was the leader of the Democratic party? What was the doctrine of this party? Who was the leader of the Federalist party? What was the doctrine of this party? 7. What was Washington's policy in dealing witli England and France? ^\■llat was the mission of Genet? LAUNCHING THE "SHIP OF STATE" 167 8. What were tin- provisions of Jay's treaty? 0. Give an account of the troul)lo which Adams liad witli l'"rancc. \Vhat was the X. Y. Z. affair? ID. What was the Alien Law? The Sedition Law? What two impor- tant results did the Alien and Sedition Laws have? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1522, 1733, 1754, 1763, 1777. 1781, 1787. 2. Places: Plymouth, Providence, Fort Duquesne, Saratoga, ^'orktown. 3. Persons: John W'inthrop, Oglethorpe, Wolfe. Washington, Brad- dock. Franklin, Burgoyne, Cornwallis, Lafayette. 4. Tell what you can about: the founding of Maryland; the French and Indian War; the Albany Congress; the treaty of 1763; Burgoync's surrender ; the treaty of 1783 ; the Articles of Confederation ; the con- vention of 1787. 5. Topics: The inauguration of Washington: 15 (Vol. I), 54-64. A Democratic view of Washington : 3, 181-183. Alexander Hamilton, the architect of American finance : 8, 76-84. Thomas Jefferson : 8, 56-65 ; also 6, 219-229. The Alien and Sedition Laws: 15 (Vol. I), 65-79. Adams and liberty : 14, 276, 277. XXII ALONG THI>: KENTUCKY, THE TENNESSEl-:, AND THE OHIO: KENTUCKY; TENNESSEE; THE NORTH- WEST TERRITORY The westward-moving frontier of the American people is beyond doubt the'most interesting sub- ject that American history presents. — Ellen Churchill Semple. Introduction. — We liave already learned (p. 90) how the colonists at an early date began to push out toward the West. In truth, tlie history of the United States was for nearly two hundred and fifty years the history of a mighty Westward Movement which began at Jamestown in 1607 and which did not end until the Pacific coast was reached in the middle of the nineteenth century. Throughout this whole period the cur- rent of American life was always setting strongly to the West. Men were always leaving the older Eastern settlements and pushing deeper and deeper into the Western forests and farther and farther out on the Western ])lains. In studying the history of our country, therefore, we must froni time to time turn away from the affairs of the nation, from the deeds of Presi- dents and of Congress, to observe the ])rogress of this West- ward Movement and learn how the great wild West was brought under the control of the white man and built up into flourishing States. 126. The Westward Movement in Colonial Times. — The progress of the Westward Movement in colonial times was slow. A hundred and fifty years passed before the frontier line was pushed beyond the Ajjpalachian ridge. This slowness was due in part to the action of the English government. Soon after England (in 1763) came into possession of the country west of the Alleghanies (]). 113) the king issued a proclamation reserving most of the newly acquired territory for the use of the Indians and forbidding the governors of the colonies to grant lands to white men west of the mountains. If this plan 168 ALONG THE KENTUCKY 169 had been carried out, English civihzation would have been con- fined to the seaboard, and the richest and fairest portions of the earth would have been permanently reserved as a hunting- ground for savages and as a lair for wild beasts. But the War of the Revolution took the Western country from England and gave it to the United States. The Ohio valley was then thrown open to settlers, and white men from all parts of the world rushed into the new lands like hungry cattle rushing into new pastures. In twenty years after the ackrfowledgment of our in- dependence (in 1783) the Frontier Line (p. 178) moved farther westward than it had moved in a century under British rule. 127. Kentucky. — The first great stream of Western emigration after the Revo- lution flowed into the re- gion now included within the borders of Kentucky and Tennessee. This territory was a neutral hunting- ground for Northern and Southern Indians. The red men hunted over it, but did not live permanently upon it or claim it as their own. The district, therefore, was easier for the white man to settle than were the surrounding regions in which the Indians had permanent homes. The settlement of the Kentucky region really began several years before the Revolution. In 1769 Daniel Boone, a great hunter and one of the most interesting of American pioneers, left his home on the Yadkin River, in North Carolina, to seek the wilderness of Kentucky. With five companions he passed Daniel Boone. Born in Pennsylvania, in- 1735: began the explora- tion of Kentucky in 1769; emigrated to Missouri, then a possession of Spain, in 1795; died in Mis- souri, in 1820. 170 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES througli the gorges of the Cumherland Gap and reached the blue-grass region, "a land of running waters, of groves and glades, of prairies, cane-brakes, and stretches of lofty forests." Boone returned to North Carolina, but not to remain. His restless spirit still yearned for the beautiful banks of the far-off Kentucky. In 1773 he sold his farms, and with wife and chil- dren and about fifty persons besides started for Kentucky with the purpose of making a permanent settlement there. On the way, however, the party was attacked by Indians — for even in this neutral territory the Indian was sometimes troublesome — and Boone and Jiis companions were compelled to turn back. But the fame of the Kentucky country was now wide-spread, and its settlement was near at hand. In 1774 James Ilarrod of Virginia, with fifty men, floated down the Ohio River in flat- boats, and, ascending the Kentucky River, selected the present site of Harro(lsl)urg as a place for a settlement and built some cabins. The place was given the name of Ilarrodstown (after- ward Harrodsburg) and was the first permanent settlement in Kentucky. The next year Boone safely reached Kentucky and founded the town of Boonesborough. In 1775 Lexington also was founded. "When the embattled farmers fired the shot heard round the world [p. 124], a party of hunters heard the echo and baptized the station they were building Lexington." Louisville was founded in 1777. In 1776 \'irginia. the real owner of Kentucky (colored map), finding that her Western settlements needed a governor, organ- ized them into a regular X'irginia county with the boundaries of the present Kentucky and with the name of Kentucky. The county-seat was Harrodstown. Kentucky County flourished, and by the end of the Revolution it had been divided into three counties (Fayette, Jefferson, and Lincoln). The name Ken- tucky was now used to describe the whole region wliicli was known as the "District of Kentucky." During the Revolution Kentucky had greatly increased in ])opulation. and by 1783 there were probably 30.000 inhabitants within its bortlers. No sooner had peace with luigland been declared than the Kentuckians began to grow restless under the rule of Virginia. ALONG THE TENNESSEE 171 They desired to separate from the mother State and to become a separate State. After years of (hscussion and agitation their wishes were granted. In 1789 \'irginia consented to a separa- tion, which took place in 1792, when Kentucky came into the Kentucky, Tennessee, and early Ohio. Union as the second^ of the admitted States. When it entered the Union it had a population of i(X),ooo. 128. Tennessee. — While Boone and his followers were laying the foundation for a State on the banks of the Kentucky, other pioneers from North Carolina and \^irginia were laying the foundations for another State on the banks of streams that flow into the Tennessee. In the very year (1769) that Boone visited the blue-grass region, William Bean of Virginia built himself a iThe first State to be admitted into the Union under the Constitution was Vermont. The Vermont people during the Revohition had adopted a constitution and had declared Vermont to 1)e an independent State, but it was not recognized as a State for the reason that the Vermont region was claimed by New York. In 1790 New York withdrew her claim, and in 1791 Vermont entered the Union. 172 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES log cabin on the Watauga River. Pioneers came and settled near Bean, and in a short time several inuKhcd people had their homes on the banks of the Watauga. This Watauga settlement was the l)ei,nnning of the State of Tennessee. M "i i^ b M r . ■■P' ^ k,,;.^:.-.- ■ ^—■•'-'■tmI ' 1 *^ifL n •^ii^^^iaaS^BieS-^-^- , ,:-- -• - ^v^'sr- '^m ■' /C ■~-. ' \» ' --<• .■■■< *^i:?.v^- '^^^BSI^H 3 '':' ::^nSi a ^'v'o^i^^H^^^^^H WBB^^:,'' --■ 1 ■ '- ''^^^^^Bm !^5fcr-»3fc :■ « - - Be. ^'*.---'..:; 1. .-^'-^^^hBIHHI Emigrants descending the Tennessee River. The Tennessee region belonged to North Carolina, and the people of Watauga depended ui)on that State to give them l^rotection and to provide them with a good government. This the parent State failed to do. It left its little cliild in the woods to get along as best it could by its own exertions. So the settlers of W^atauga did what the settlers in the Connecti- cut valley had done long before (p. 57) ; they drew up (in 1772) a plan of government — a written constitution— and i)roceeded to govern themselves. And the records .show that their govern- ment was effective and tliat their justice was swift. In one case a horse-thief was arrested on Monday, tried on Wednesday, and hanged on Friday of the .same week. The "Articles of the Watauga Association"— as the rude constitution of the back- woodsmen was called — were the first written constitution ever adopted west of the Alleghany Mountains, and the first ever adopted by American-born freemen. North Carolina continued to let her Western children shift for themselves, until at last for their own defense and safety they organized as a separate State, and called the new State Franklin, in honor of Benjamin iManklin. John .Sevier, the ALONG THE OHIO 173 greatest of the early leaders in Tennessee, was elected governor of Franklin, and Greenville was made the capital of the State. But the State of Franklin had only a short life. North Carolina came forward promptly and asserted her rights, and by 1788 the officers of Franklin were all driven from power, the new State was dead, and North Carolina was again in full control of Tennessee. But North Carolina really did not care to hold these back- woods settlements permanently, and in 1790 she offered to give Tennessee over to the government of the United States. Con- gress accepted the gift and governed the country as a Territory until 1796, when the people, now nearly 60,000 in number, framed for themselves a constitution, and Tennessee was admit- ted into the American Union as the sixteenth State. In the rapid and wonderful growth of Kentucky and Ten- nessee we see the first-fruits of the Westward Movement. Here out of the wilderness south of the Ohio had sprung up, almost overnight, two prosperous, populous, well-organized common- wealths. States that almost at once could hold their heads as high as the oldest and proudest of their sisters. 129. The Northwest Territory; the Ordinance of 1787.— While pioneers from V^irginia and North Carolina were moving into Kentucky and Tennessee, emigrants from the Northern States were moving into western New York, or were crossing the Alleghanies and settling the upper valleys of the Ohio. The settlement of western Pennsylvania began even before the Revo- lution.^ In 1770 Washington revisited the scenes of his early youth and found Pittsburgh a village of twenty houses. Four- teen years later he would have found it a town of two hundred houses and a thousand inhabitants. Western Pennsylvania filled rapidly with settlers, and soon pioneers began to float down the ^Many of the settlers of western Pennsylvania as well as many of those of Kentucky and Tennessee were Scotch-Irish (p. 88). These hardy, industrious people were the vanguard of the Westward Movement. Among the Scotch-Irish were Mad Anthony Wayne, Daniel Boone, George Rogers Clark, Andrew Jackson, Thomas Benton (p. 236), Samuel Houston (p. 253), John C. Calhoun (p. 284), and Stonewall Jackson (p-341). 174 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Ohio in llatboats and huiKl their homes on the soil of the North- west Territory (p. 154). In a few years so many white people were hving in this Western domain that it became necessary for them to have some form of government. So Congress ( in 1787) passed the law known as the Ordinance of 1787. the most important law ever passed by a lawmaking body in America. The great law of 1787 provided that, as the Xorthwest Terri- tory filled up with people, it should be divided into States — not fewer than three and not more than five. Each State was to be governed according to the will of its voters ; there was to be no slavery ; religious liberty was guaranteed ; education was to be encouraged ; Indians were to be justly treated. When a commu- nity came to have as many as 60.000 inhabitants it was to be admitted into the Union as a State, with all the rights of the older States ; during the time in which a community was too small for statehood it was to be governed as a Territory.' Such were the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. The law breathed the spirit of freedom, and showed plainly that Western settlers could look forward to fair treatment at the hands of the national government. The Western communities were not to be dciuMidont cc^lonies : they were to be self-governing States. 130. The Beginnings of Ohio.— The first community to be built up in the Xorthwest Territory was Ohio. In 1788 a party of forty-eight New Englanders. the Pilgrim Fathers of Ohio, landed at the mouth of the Muskingum in a bullet-proof barge which bore the historic name, of Mayfiowcr. It was well that the barge was bullet-proof, for white men passing down the Ohio in boats were in constant danger of being shot by Indians lurking along the shore. The MayfJoiccr party went ashore op- posite Fort Harmar. where there was a regiment of soldiers In the winning of Ohio, soldiers and settlers went hand in hand, 'Usually a Territory passed through two stages of government. Tn its first stage, when the number of its legal voters was less than 5000. it had no law-making body and was governed entirely by the governor, judges, and other officers appointed by the President. When the number of legal voters came to be more than 5000. the Territory passed into the second stage of government and was given a territorial legislature. THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY 175 for everywliere through tlie Xorthwcst tlicre were [ndians, and every acre of land won by the ax and plow had to he guarded and defended by the rifle. Under the protection of the soldiers, the New luiglanders began to fell trees and build houses, and to lay the foundation of Marietta, the oldest of Ohio towns and a place that in the history of the West holds a rank similar to that held by James- town and Plymouth in the history of the East. At Marietta the Marietta, Ohio, in 1790. wheels of territorial government for the Northwest Territory were set in motion (July, 1788). General Arthur St. Clair, who had climbed the rock of Quebec with Wolfe, and who was a warm friend of Washington, had come out as governor of the Territory. Cincmnati was founded about the same time as Marietta. In December, 1788. twenty-si. \ settlers landed at the foot of what is now Sycamore Street in Cincinnati, and began to build a town which they called Losantiville, but which afterward re- ceived its present name. Other settlements on the Ohio quickly followed those of Marietta and Cincinnati. The towns of Galli- polis, Portsmouth, Manchester, and South Bend all appeared within a few years after the founding of Marietta. The Ohio settlers had to meet the Indians at every step, and as the white men became more numerous the red men became more troublesome In 1791 Governor St. Clair was compelled 176 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES to marcli against the Indians, but near the place where the city of lH)rt W'ayne now stands he suffered a terrible defeat. Gen- eral Anthony Wayne — "Mad Anthony" — the hero of Stony i'(Mnt (p. 141), was next sent against the red warriors, and at l-'allen Timbers (in 1794) he met them and dealt them a blow that broke their power completely in Ohio and drove them from tlie country. Witli tlie Indians out of the way, the settlement of Ohio could go on much faster. Towns began to be built farther up the streams and farther inland. In 1795 Dayton and Chillicothe were founded, and the next year General Moses Cleaveland, with a Cleveland in 1800. few companions, founded, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, a town to which he gave' his name. In 1800 the original North- west Territory was divided, and the eastern portion — the por- tion that is now Ohio — was set off as the Territory Northwest of the Ohio, and was given a territorial government of its own. The population of this new Territory was more than 40,CXX), and its people were already beginning to think of statehood. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. What hindered the progress of the Westward Movement in colonial times? 2. What portion of the Western country was the first to be settled after the Revolution? Give an account of the explorations of Daniel Boone THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY 177 in Kentucky. Give an account of the settlement of Harrodsburg. What was the early history of Kentucky County? Under what circumstances and when was Kentucky admitted into the Union ? 3. Give an account of the Watauga settlement. What was the history of the State of Franklin? Under what circumstances and when did Tennessee become a State? 4. Give an account of the settlement of western Pennsylvania. What was the Ordinance of 1787? What were its provisions? 5. Recite the chief events in the early history of Ohio. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dat'es: 1609, 1643, 1689 (2), 1781. 1787, 1789. 2. Places: St. Augustine, Jamestown, Saratoga, Philadelphia (2), Yorktown. 3. Persons : Raleigh, Smith, Stuyvesant, Bacon, Andres, Cornwallis, Lafayette, Hamilton, Washington, John Adams. 4. Tell what you can about : the Invincible Armada ; the Jamestown colony; the founding of Georgia; the Frontier Line in 1700; in 1740; the Stamp Act; the treaty of 1783; the Articles of Confederation; the Convention of 1787 ; the beginnings of political parties ; Jay's treaty. 5. Topics : To Kentucky by the Cumberland Gap : 23, 142-154. Daniel Boone: 6, 103-116; also 2, 273-282; also 12, 3-12. Beyond the moun- tains: 16, 182-193. The American Westward Movement: 19, 45-53. An old Kentucky home: 20, 133-144. John Filson : 14, 331. Nashville: 33. 477-502- Louisville : 33, 503-536. Rufus Putnam : 6, .138-149. The Magna Charter of the Northwest: 20, 145-152. Settlers on the Ohio: 20, 153-167. Wayne's campaign : 20, 180-187. 12 XXIII OUR COUNTRY IN THI-: VFAR 1800 Oh mother of a mighty race. Yet lovely 'in thy youthful grace.' if. C. Bryant. Introduction. — The story of our country's growth has now been brought down to the end of the eighteenth century. Be- ginning with \'irginia, we have seen thirteen sturdy British col- onies planted along the Atlantic coast. We have seen these colonies throw off the British yoke and become independent States, We have seen these States united by "the iron bands of the Constitution" into a nation, and we have seen that nation begin its career happily under the Presidency first of Washing- ton and then of Adams. What kind of a country did we have in the time of Washing- ton and Adams? We have learneil (p. So) what kind of a country British America was in the year 1700. What kind of a country was the United States of America in the year 1800? 131. Frontier Line in 1800 ; Population.— The area of Ameri- can civilization was vastly greater in 1800 than it was in 1700. In 1700 the Frontier Line ran very close to the seaboard. No- where had it reached the Alleghany Mountains. In 1800 the Frontier Line (colored map) was beyond the AUeghanies. and in some places it ran hundreds of miles west of these mountains. Beginning at Oswego. New York, draw a line to Cleveland, to Cincinnati, to" Louisville, to Nashville, to Savannah, and you will have the Frontier Line in 1800. You will observe that by 1800 fully half the area of what was then the United States had been brought within the pale of civilization. In 1800 the population of the region east of the Frontier Line was more than twenty times as great as it was in 1700. The Con- stitution provided for a counting of the people every ten years, and in 1790, when the first census was taken, the population of 17S OUR COUNTRY IN THE YEAR 1800 179 A colonial plow. the United States was 3,929,214; in 1800 it was 5,308,483. The people still lived scattered on farms and in little villages. Only one person in twenty lived in a large town or city. In the South, with the exception of Charleston, there were no large cities at all. The largest city in the United States was Philadelphia, which had a population of 70,000. New York came next with 60,000, Baltimore ranked third with 26,000, and Bos- ton fourth with 25,- 000. 132. Agriculture.— In 1800 we were a nation of farmers. More than nine tenths of the people were engaged in agriculture. The methods employed in tilling the soil were bad. Farmers seldom used fertilizers for improving their land. They tilled a piece of land until it would no longer yield a good crop, then they left it for a fresh piece. "Agricul- ture," said an observer, "does not consist so much in cultivating land as in killing it." Farm implements were such as had been in use for centuries, and they were of the rudest kind. The plow had a clumsy wooden mold-board and a clumsier wooden frame. A New Jersey man, in 1797, patented a cast-iron plow, but the farmers would not use it. They said it poisoned the soil and prevented the growth of crops. In about the year 1800 grain-cradles instead of sickles began to be used for cutting grain, and fanning-mills came into use for cleaning the grain after it had been threshed. Among the leading products of the farm were wheat, corn, tobacco, cotton, rice, beef, pork, tal- low, butter, cheese, cattle, and horses. Wheat, cotton, and to- bacco were shipped to Europe in large quantities. In 1802 the A hand-made spade. 180 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES tobacco and cotton sent abroad was equal in value to all other farm products combined. The production of cotton in i» itodct Ui canjMt !• w <^°' (Al* doubli Fk« Dti Cpoili ni ef • ^itf uivwlubl*. Hi ittiMtj dMI ib*Un4t(i*ki>|. PKIaic, fM •« HI rdoUad N t*4 »\ij$»*i la Ml rb*p>trMtpsuubcik«*iafllM«i*ia iw foii<»- conpur. in| Pi«(tt Mirn rl *iffn»f Ct^'tt 1*^1*^^ At tot kit Monli, Ite I) ■ ilitilr CMUtt, U Hiit ••MM'* UI •/' J'l' •/■ «>« C4)uii* «/ mU k« pTff* ■ storitl Htur ot ti»aM(t, Fafpttr, Fai^aii|| u> .. .•a^^r 1 f" hti aab, ihir tX« tl M ira eu,»ttfb •;:sf^r. 'tXSX tr;Li!: iv.i i.fzZT'ij:. M ih. DtTfrfv. ud MfTijoni ar ilfc llt.M. •/'«' 0^»'/f/"J"' i •<>.ll ifc-i^t't t./«< .1 (■ ...a.TP.^ .0'** ,*;.''r,V:i>d!ir^*..pj.nth Early newspapers. OUR COUNTRY IN THE YEAR 1800 185 A city street in old times. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Trace on a map the Frontier Line of iSoo. What was the population of the United States in 1800? Name the large cities of that time. 2. Give an account of the state of agriculture in 1800 and name the principal products. What was WhitncN-'s cotton-gin? What effect did this invention have upon slaver}-? 3. What was the condition of our manufacturing industries in 1800? 4. What was the condition of our foreign commerce in 1800? Of our domestic commerce? Of our postal service? 5. Give an account of the every-day life of the people in 1800, touch- ing upon the topics of voting, education, steam, electricity, useful in- ventions. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1664, 1754, 1776, 1787, 1789, 1792. 2. Places: Palos, Philadelphia (2), Schenectady, Fort Duquesne, Sara- toga, Watauga. 3. Persons : Americus Vespucius, Balboa, Roger Williams, Cornwallis, Lafayette, Hamilton, John Adams, Boone. 4. Tell what you can about: Bacon's Rebellion; King Philip's War; the First Continental Congress; the Declaration of Independence; the Articles of Confederation; the Convention of 1787; the beginnings of political parties; Jay's treaty; the settlement of Kentucky; the settlement of Tennessee; the Frontier Line in 1700; 1740; 1800. 5. Topics: Eli Whitney: 8, 91-95. Stage-coaches: 17, 200-206. In- troduction of manufactures: 18, 130-139. Cotton and slavery: 18, 115- 128. XXIV THE ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON (1801-09): THE GREAT EXPANSION I Equal and exact justice to all men. 2. Peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none. 3. The support of the State governments in all their rights. 4. The preservation of the general (national) government in its constitutional vigor as the sheet- anchor of our peace at home and abroad. 5. A jealous care of the right of election by the people 6. Absolute acquiescence in the decision of the majority, the vital principle of republics 7. The supremacy of the civil over the military authority, 8. Economy in the public expenses. 9. Encouragement of agriculture and commerce as its handmaid, 10. The diffusion of information (education) 11. Freedom of religion. 12. Freedom of the press. 13. Freedom of the person under the writ of habeas corpus, 14 Trial by juries impartially selected. From Jeff'erson s First Inaugural .Address. 136. The Election and Inauguration of Thomas Jefferson.— We saw (p. 166) that with the defeat of John Adams the control of the national government passed out of the hands of the Fed- eralist party. It passed into the hands of the Democratic party, with Thomas Jefferson as the party chief and as the victorious candidate for the Presidency of the United States.' Jefferson began his term of office (March 4, 1801) in Wash- ington, the new capital on the banks of the Potomac. The city, which is now the pride of tlie nation, was then a straggling vil- lage in a wilderness. The Capitol was unfinished, and the Presi- dent's house (the White House) was in an open field and was hardly fit for occupancy. There were no good hotels in Wash- ington, the streets were unpaved, and most of the conveniences and comforts of life were lacking. It is said that the President 1 Two Democratic candidates, Jefferson and Aaron Burr, received the same number of electoral votes, and, according to the Constitution, neither was elected. The election then went to the House of Represen- tatives, which elected Jefferson. Aaron Hurr was chosen Vice-President. 186 THE ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON 187 The city of Washington in 1800. could not obtain for love or money a man to cut some wood for him in the forests which then surrounded the capital city. Washington and Adams liked a little pomp and ceremony at the inauguration and at public receptions, but Jefferson wanted everything to be as plain and as simple as possible. His own inauguration was quiet and unpretentious. "He came from his own lodgings to the Capitol on foot, in his ordinary dress, es- corted by a body of militia from a neighboring State." In his inaugural address Jefferson took great care to state what he thought were the essential principles of American government.^ 137. The Louisiana Question.— Jefferson was hardly in office before he was called upon to settle the Louisiana question, the most important problem that came before him while he was President. It will be remembered that the region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, a region that was known by the name of Louisiana, had been given by the treaty of 1763 (p. 113) to Spain. In i8cx) Spain secretly gave Louis- iana back to France, and as soon as Jefferson heard of this he suspected that he might have trouble with France, just as Wash- ington and Adams had had trouble with that country. Jefferson, ^ These are found stated at the head of the chapter. 188 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES however, was a man of peace, and he chd not intend to have war with France if he could lielp it. At first he would take no decided action in reference to the Louisiana question, hut in 1802 he was The United States after the Louisiana Purchase. compelled to do .something, for in that year the Spanisli author- ities, in violation of a treaty made with Spain in 1795. closed the navigation of the Mississippi to American citizens and took away from them "the right of deposit." This meant that Americans in the Ohio valley could no longer take their grain, tobacco, flour, and bacon down to Xew Orleans and sell them to foreign coun- tries or even to American merchants along the coast To close the mouth of the Mississippi was like locking the front door of a house which had no back door, and the people of Kentucky and Tennessee and Ohio flew into a rage when they heard what Spain had done. They threatened to take matters into their own hands and to march against Xew Orleans if the govern- ment at Washington did not come to their aid. Jefferson saw the growing importance of the West more clearlv than an\ other man then livin?. and it was not in his mind THE ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON 189 to neglect the Western people. He desired to bring them relief, bnt he wished to do this by peaceful means. He sent instruc- tions to Robert Livingston, our minister at Paris, to buy from France the little strip of land on which New Orleans was situated, so that the people of the West might have a place to land their goods. He also appointed James Monroe a special envoy to assist Livingston in making the purchase. Livingston and Monroe found that they could purchase for the sum of Jt> 1 5,000.000 the whole of Louisiana, and they boldly did so ( 1803 ). When JefTerson heard what they had done, his feelings must have been like those of the man who shot at a scjuirrel and brought down a bear ! The President had intended to acquire only a few square miles of territory for the deposit of American goods, and he had actually acquired a territory containing nearly a million of square miles, a region out of which afterward were carved thirteen great States — Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Iowa, Minnesota (in part), Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado (in part). North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana (in part), Wyom- ing (in part), and Oklahoma (in part). 138. Explorations in the Louisiana Country.— Louisiana was an unknown land when the United States ac([uired it. All that could be said about it was that it was very large and very wild. What its boundaries were, what peoi)le inhabited it, wliat were its resources, no civilized man knew. Jefferson, soon after the purchase, took steps to explore the country and learn something about it. In 1804 he fitted out an expedition to ex- plore the ]\Iissouri River to its head waters and to jiroceed thence either by land or by water to the Pacific Ocean. The expedition was placed in charge of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, a young brother of that George Rogers Clark who had done so much for the glory of the United States during the Revolution (p. 142). Lewis and Clark, with a handful of men, left St. Louis in May, 1804, and followed the Missouri to its far-off source in the Bitter Root Mountains. They then traveled by land until they came to the head waters of a stream that flowed toward the west (map, p. 188). Following this stream, they reached the 190 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES mouth of the Columbia River, and saw the waters Hke small mountains rolling out in the sea. They had done what many others had tried to do and had failed to do : they had reached the Pacific Ocean by traveling westward across the country which is now the United States. They returned by a somewhat different route, and reached St. Louis in September, 1806. They wrote down from day to day accounts of their travel and experience, and from their ]• lurnals the people of the East learned many things about the far West. Just before Lewis and Clark returned from their explora- tions of the great Northwest. Zebulon Pike, with a few sol- diers, set out (August, 1806) from St. Louis to explore the Louisiana country toward the southwest. Pike ascended the Missouri and Osage into Kan- sas, and then proceeded south to the Arkansas, which he fol- lowed until he came to Pueblo, Colorado, where he gave his name to one of the highest peaks (Pike's Peak) of the Rockies. The immediate result of the expeditions of Lewis and Clark antl of Pike was to open up the region beyond the Missis- sippi to the fur trade. The hunter and trapper followed the path blazed by the explorers, and in a few years trading-posts began to appear along the route. In 181 1 Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia River, was built as a fur-trading station by John Jacob Astor, who by trading in furs laid the foundations of an enor- mous fortune. Meriwether Lewis. Bom in N'irginia, in 1774 : died in Tennessee, in 1S09. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON 191 139. War with the Pirates. It will be remembered that at the opening of the nineteenth century the United States was ^ v*-^?' t.:;i captured by the pirates, was iKvanied by Lieutenant Stephen Decatur and a handful of men, and was burned, Februarj- iti, 1S04, many American vessels that disobeyed the order were captured by English war-ships. Again. Great Britain declared that neu- tral vessels should not trade with those countries of Europe which sided with France, and many American vessels attempt- ing to enter the harbors friendly to France were seized. As a return blow, France forbade neutral vessels to enter British harlKirs. and captured American vessels that disobeyed. So American shipping was ground between two millstones. More than a thousand American vessels were captured by England and France. Besides capturing American vessels tliat were trading where THE ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON U)3 Kuglaiul did not want them to trade, English sea-captains would stop an American vessel of any kind and take from the crew such seamen as they thought were Englishmen, and would im- press these seamen into the service of the English navy. The men thus impressed might be, and sometimes were, American citi- zens, but that made no ditTerence to England ; Great Britain was the mistress of the sea and could do pretty much as she pleased. In 1807 a downright outrage was committed in the name of impressment. As an American frigate, the Clicsaf^cakc, was leaving the port of Norfolk. \"irginia, the British ship Lcof^arJ stopped the American vessel and tlemanded the surrender of certain sailors who were on board. The commander of the Chesapeake refused to give up the men. and the Lcof'ard opened fire, killing three and wounding eighteen of the .\merican crew. This made the people of the United States very angry ; but their navy was weak, and the\- had to be content with the half- hearted apology which the British government made. 141. The Embargo. — To remedy some of the wrongs inflicted upon American com- merce. Congress (in 1807") laid an embargo on Ameri- can vessels; that is. it for- baile all vessels to sail from America to foreign ports. The purpose of the Embargo was to cripple the trade of England. That country had an immense trade with America, and Congress thought that if England were cut otT from her American tratle she wouUl feel the loss so keenly that she wouUl treat us better. But England 13 Thomas Jefferson. Born in N irginia, in i74_; ; dieJ in 1S26. 194 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES paid very little attention to the Embargo, and it was soon found that we needed tlie trade with England quite as much as Eng- land needed ours. Upon the whole, the Embargo did more harm than good, and in 1809 the act was repealed and commerce was again free. 142. The Treason of Aaron Burr.— In 1801, when Jefiferson was elected President, Aaron Burr of New York was elected Vice-President. Burr was an able man, but he was a restless and an ambitious schemer. In 1804 he killed Alexander Hamil- ton in a duel, and this act made him so unpopular that he left New York and went to the Southwest, where he entered into a plot to separate the country west of the AUeghanies from the older States and to found a new nation with himself as Presi- dent. Jefiferson kept himself informed as to what Burr was trying to do, and in good time he caused the schemer to be ar- rested and brought to trial on the charge of treason against his country (1807). The government failed to convict him of treason, and he was released. In 1809 Jefferson's second term expired. He could liave been elected for a third term, but refused tlie honor. Washington had refused a tliird term, and Jefiferson thought that the ex- ample set by Washington should be followed by all future Presidents. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the election of Jefferson. Describe the city of Washington as it appeared in 1800. Give an account of Jefferson's inauguration. What principles of government wore laid down by Jeffer- son? (See quotation, p. 186.) 2. Why was it necessary that the United States should own Louisiana? Give an account of the Louisiana Purchase. 3. Describe the explorations of Lewis and Clark ; of Pike. 4. Why did Jefferson wage war upon Tripoli? What was the result of the war? 5. What outrages were committed on American vessels by England and Erance during Jefferson's administration? Give an account of the impressment of seamen by England. 6. What was the Embargo of 1807? What were the results of this Embargo ? 7. Give an account of the treason and the trial of Aaron Burr. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON 195 REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1643, 1664, 1689, 1754, 1777, 1789, 1792. 2. Places : San Salvador, Charleston, Quebec, New Orleans, Bunker Hill, Saratoga, Watauga. 3. Persons : De Soto, Magellan, Virginia Dare, Penn, Champlain, Mar- quette, La Salle, Burgoyne, Hamilton, John Adams, Boone, Whitney. 4. Tell what you can about: the Puritans; the first written constitu- tion; Queen Anne's War; King George's War; Burgoyne's surrender; the beginnings of political parties ; Jay's treaty ; the settlement of Ten- nessee ; the Frontier Line in 1700; 1740; 1800; Whitney's cotton-gin. 5. Topics: The purchase and transfer of Louisiana: 19, 76-94. The Lewis and Clark expedition: 15 (Vol. I), 96-115; also 12, 69-96. Pike's explorations: 19, 199-206. Astor, the promoter of Astoria: 25, 279-299. The conspiracy of Aaron Burr: 15 (Vol. I), 116-147. XXV THE ADMINISTRATION 01< JAMES MADISON (1809-17): THE WAR FOR COMMERCIAL INDEPENDENCE If we fall, let us fall like men, fighting fur Free Trade and Sailors' Rights. — Ilenry Clay. 143. James Madison.— Jefferson expressed a wish tliat he might be succeeded in the Presidency by his friend James Madi- son of Virginia. The leaders of the Democratic party took the hint, and Madison was elected President in 1808 and reelected in 1812. Next to Jefferson himself, Madison, at the time of his election, was perhaps the greatest of American statesmen. We have seen him among the leaders in the Convention of 1787. His services in helping to frame the Constitution and secure its adoption were so great that he was called the Father of the Constitution. Pie was a leader in Congress under Washington, and for eight years, acting as Secretary of State, was the chief of Jefferson's cal)inet. 144. England and France Continue to Harass American Commerce. — Madison had to face the same kind of trouble that had \cxcd Jeft"erson. France and England were still at war, and both nations were still capturing American ships and in- ilicting injury upon American trade. There was a moment when Madison thought the long trouble with these two nations had come to an end. The British minister at Washington, Erskine, jjromised that Americans should be allowed to trade where they pleased if the President would not enforce the Non- Intercourse Act, which followed the Embargo Act and which forbade American vessels to trade with England or France but permitted them to trade with all other nations. Relying upon the good faith of this promise of Erskine, Madison gave out the word that the Non-Intercourse Act would not be enforced and that American ships were free to trade with all foreign coun- 196 THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON 197 tries. In a few weeks a thousand American vessels, laden with wheat, rice, cotton, and fish, "spread their white wings like a flock of long-imprisoned birds and flew out to sea." But this freedom was short-lived, for word came quickly from England that a mistake had been made and that Erskine had promised more than he had a right to promise. So the Non-Intercourse Act was again put into force, and our relations with England became as unsatisfactory as ever. 145. Drifting toward War.— The truth is, England and the United States had long been drift- ing toward war, and when Madison became President a clash was near at hand. Madison, like Jeflferson, was a man of peace. His critics declared that he "could not be kicked into war." But Madison was unable successfully to with- stand the war feeling that was ris- ing in the United States. We were having a great deal of trouble with the Indians in 1811, and the people thought, perhaps without good reason, that England was se- cretly encouraging the savages to rise in rebellion against the Americans. Then William Pinkney, our minister to England, after years of patient effort to gain fair treatment from the English government, came home (in 181 1) in disgust, and this withdrawal caused the people to think that nothing fair could be expected from England. Moreover, bad blood was stirred by an actual encounter (in 181 1) between the American frigate President and the British ship Little Belt. But the thing that did most to create a war feeling was the impressment of our seamen ; England still persisted in going aboard our ships and taking away our sailors. In 181 2 the storm that had been brewing for twenty years gathered and broke. In April Congress began to prepare for James Madison. Born in Virginia, in 1751; fourth Presi- dent, 1809-17; died in 1836. 198 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES war, and in June war upon Cireat Britain was formally de- clared. Tiie country was in no condition to go to war. The few soldiers we had were scattered through the West, at Detroit, Fort Dearborn, I'ort Wayne, and other posts where they were needed to defend the frontier against the attacks of the Indians. On the sea we were weaker than we were on land. Our navy consisted of only twelve first-class fighting ships, while our enemy had nearly a thou- sand. Our military leaders were nearly all very old men. They had fought in the Revolution, but they had not commanded regi- ments in battle. Even worse than this lack of preparation for war was the divided sentiment of the country. In New York and New England the people did not want war. Massachusetts. Connecticut, and Rhode Island flatly refused to send their share of soldiers. 146. The Attack upon Canada. — In a war witli England the THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON 199 first thing we think about doing is to capture Canada (p. 127). The War of 181 2 began with a plan for an invasion of our northern neighbor. Governor Hull, the governor of Michigan Territory, crossed from Detroit into Canada with about 2000 men for the purpose of taking Fort Maiden. Hull had seen service in the Revolutionary War, but by 18 12 liis fighting days were over. At Fort Maiden he became disheartened and re- treated to Detroit. General Brock now approached Detroit with an army smaller than that of Hull, and demanded the sur- render of the fort. In obedience to the summons the American general hoisted a white table-cloth as a sign of surrender, and Detroit and the whole of Michigan Territory passed into the hands of the British. Thus the first attack upon Canada ended in disaster. In a few months a second attack was made by the Americans in the neighborhood of Niagara, but the outcome was altogether discouraging. The Americans lost a great many men, but they failed to gain a single foot of Canadian territory. 147. The Struggle on the Sea and on the Great Lakes.— On the ocean the first year of war brought us much greater success than we had met with on land. Our navy, though small, was very plucky and active. It could not give battle to an entire English fleet, but when one of our ships found a British ship sailing alone there was apt to be a sharp duel, and victory in most of the sea duels fell to the American ship. The most famous of the sea-fights in the War of 1812 was that fought be- tween the Constitution, commanded by Captain Isaac Hull, a nephew of the commander of Detroit, and the British frigate Guerriere. These ships met far out on the ocean and fought an old-time naval duel. The victory of the Constitution — "Old Ironsides," it was afterward called — was complete. In half an hour the British ship was a helpless and shattered hulk lying in the trough of a heavy sea, with water riinning into the barrels of her heavy guns. The result of this sea-fight startled the English nation. And well it might, for it was now certain that American war-ships could send the best of English war-ships to the bottom of the sea. The success of our navy on the ocean was matched by our 200 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES naval victories on the Great Lakes, l^lngland had a fleet of a dozen vessels on the upper lakes, and the Americans, under the leadership of Oliver Hazard Perry, a brave young naval officer The fight between the Constitution and the Guerriere. scarcely out of his teens, undertook to rid the lakes of the British shi])s. The American ships had first to be built. "The timber of the coming fleet was still standing in the woods ; the ironwork, stores, canvas, and cordage were in New York and Phila(lel])hia." But sleds and wagons brought the necessary materials through deep snows to the shores of Lake Erie, where the ships were to bo built, and scores of wood-choppers and shii)-carpenters were put to work. By July, 1813, five newly built vessels were ready to sail against the English vessels on the lakes. Perry came upon the P>ritish at Put-in-Bay. off Sandusky, Ohio, and one of the hottest battles in our naval history followed. At one time Perry's own ship, the Lawrence, was about to sink. The young commander made his way in a little boat to another vessel and kept up the fight uiUil the THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON 201 British fleet raised the white flag and surrendered (September lo, 1813). Perry announced his victory to General Harrison in the famous words : "We have met the enemy, and they are ours : two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop." This victory made it easy for the Americans to regain control of Detroit and the Michigan country. 148. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. — In 1814 there was more fighting in the neighborhood of Niagara Falls. In July General Brown and young Winfield Scott — of whom we shall hear again — met the British forces just above the falls at Chippewa and defeated them. A few days later the two armies again met in battle at Lundy's Lane, where the roar of artillery was an- swered by the roar of the great falls near by. The fighting in this battle was fierce, but neither side could claim the victory. There were other battles along the Canadian border, but they settled nothing. The Americans made no headway into Canada, and the British could get no foothold on American soil. 149. The War along- the Atlantic Coast.— Along the Atlantic coast the British throughout the war did all they could to de- stroy property and keep the cities in a state of alarm. In August, 1814, the British general Ross, with a trained army of 3500 men, landed at Benedict, on the Patuxent River, in Mary- land, and marched upon Washington. The Ajnericans, with an army of raw, untrained men, gave battle -to the British at Cladens- burg, but could not check the advance upon the capital. Troops under Admiral Cockburn entered the new Capitol building, and somebody climbed into the Speaker's chair and put the. question : "Shall this harbor of Yankee Democracy be burned?" All cried "Aye," and the torch was applied to the building. The White House also was set on fire. There was no good excuse for these outrages, and England herself was ashamed of the conduct of her soldiers at Washington. After the capture of Washington the British moved upon the larger and richer city of Baltimore. But Baltimore was pre- pared for the attack. The guns at Fort McHenry Avould not allow the British to approach the city. All day and far into the night the British bombarded tlie fort, but could not capture it. 202 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Francis Scott Key during the night liad been watching tlic bom- bardment, and when in the morning he saw our flag still waving Francis Scott Key wntiug "The Star-Spangled Banner." from the walls of the fort, he was inspired to write our beautiful national hymn "The Star-Spangled Banner." The British fleet, being unable to pass the fort, abandoned the siege of Baltimore and sailed away. 150. The Hartford Convention. — We saw that the people of New England were from the beginning o])posed to the War of i8i2. Before the war was over this opposition showed itself in a rather ugly fashion. In December, 1814, a convention of twenty-seven delegates from five New England States met at THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON 203 Hartford to consider the state of public affairs. After long discussion, behind closed doors, the convention made a report which strongly hinted tliat the time might come when the States would be justified in withdrawing from the Union. "Acts of Congress in violation of the Constitution," the report went on to say, "are absolutely void, and States that have no common um- pire must be their own judges and execute their own decisions." Here was the doctrine of the Kentucky Resolutions, the doctrine of nullification (p. i66), over again. Nothing important came of the doings of the Hartford Convention, for the war ended al- most before the report was made. Nevertheless the report caused the leaders of the convention to become very unpopular, and, since those leaders were Federalists, the convention did much to hasten the death of the already dying Federalist party. 151. The Battle of New Orleans.— Late in 1814 the British sent a fleet of fifty vessels and an army of 16,000 veterans under Sir Edward Pakenham against New Orleans. The purpose of Pakenham was to wrest the whole province of Louisiana from the United States. H the British should be successful in this purpose the great work of Jefiferson would be undone and the United States would lose half its territory. Surely it was a great prize Pakenham was to fight for ! The defense of New Orleans was given over to Andrew Jackson, who had an army of 6000 raw troops. Among Jackson's men, however, there were a great many Tennessee and Kentucky rifle- men, who generally hit what they shot at. Jackson fortified the city by throwing up earthworks. After several skirmishes Pakenham made a last bold charge (January 8, 181 5) upon the banks of earth. The Americans did not fire until the British were close at hand. Then the riflemen began to shoot, and whole platoons of the British fell in their tracks. In twenty-five minutes Jackson had won the victory. The British lost their commander and 2500 men. The American loss was 8 killed and 13 wounded. So Louisiana was saved to the United States. 152. The Treaty of Ghent; Results of the War. — If there liad been such a thing as a telegraph system in 1815, the battle 204 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES of New Orleans would never have been fought, for two weeks before the battle occurred a treaty of peace had been agreed upon between the United States and Great Britain. This treaty, known as the treaty of Ghent (the city where it was drawn up), settled nothing of im- portance. Both nations were tired of the war, and the treaty was simply an agreement to stop fighting. Nothing was said in the treaty about the im- pressment of seamen, which was the chief cause of the war, and there was no giving up of territory by either side. So far as outward and immediate results were concerned, both nations, at the end of the war, were precisely where they were at the beginning. on the battk- Nevertheless the war was a good thing e Jackson won o o for the United States, since after the treaty of Ghent no nation ever again treated our commerce on the seas as if we were weaklings unable to defend our rights. The War of 1812 was truly the second war for independence — commercial independence. 153. The Tariff of 1816.— The Embargo of 1807 and the War of 181 2 cut us off from the foreign trade and threw us upon our own resources. As a result there was an increase in our manu- facturing industries. By 1809 we were making our own furni- ture, our own boots and shoes, and our own candles. In 1814 Francis Lowell placed power-looms in his factory at Waltham. Massachusetts, and it was not many years before the mills of New England were supi)lying us with all the cotton goods we needed. After the War of 1812, however, American manufac- turers were compelled to compete with foreign-made goods. English mamifacturers rushed into our markets with their wares "as if to the attack of a fortress." In order to shut out some of these foreign goods and protect American manufacturers, Con- gress in 1816 raised the tariff— the import tax— on woolen and Monument commemoratingthe battle of New Orleans 'I'lie miiiiumetit stands field at C'halmette, where his victory. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON 205 cotton goods and on carriages, shoes, and paper. It imposed this tariff not so much for the sake of revenue as for the sake of protecting American manufacturers in the home market. We may regard the tariff of 1816, therefore, as the beginning of the American policy of protection to home manufacturers. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Under what circumstance and when was Madison elected Presi- dent? What qualifications did he have for the office? 2. Give an account of the promise made by Erskine. 3. What events showed that England and the United States were drifting toward war? When was war declared? Show that our country was unprepared for war. 4. Give an account of the invasion of Canada. 5. Describe two important sea-fights of the War of 1812. 6. What battles were fought in 1814 along the Canadian border? 7. Describe the operations of the British in 1814 along the Atlantic coast. 8. Why did the Hartford Convention meet? What was the action of this convention? 9. What was the purpose of the British in attacking New Orleans? Give an account of the battle of New Orleans. 10. What was settled by the treaty of Ghent? What was the chief result of the War of 1812? 11. What effect did the Embargo and the War of 1812 have upon manu- factures? Why was the tariff of 1816 enacted? . REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1588, 1643, 1733, 1754. 1763, 1781, 1792, 1803. 2. Places : Genoa, New Amsterdam, Fort Duquesne, Yorktown, Wa- tauga. 3. Persons: Cabot, Drake, Calvert, Wolfe, Washington, Franklin, Braddock, Cornwallis. Lafayette, Boone, Whitney, Burr. 4. Tell what you can about : the voyage of Magellan ; the Seven Cities of Cibola; the Plymouth colony; the Albany Congress; the French and Indian War; the treaty of 1763; the treaty of 1783; the settlement of Kentucky; the settlement of Tennessee; the Frontier Line in 1700; 1740; 1800; Whitney's cotton-gin; the Louisiana Purchase; Lewis and Clark's expedition. 5. Topics: James Madison: 6, 230-238. Causes of the War of 1812: 3, 214-216. Capture of Washington: 3, 218-220. The' battle of Lake Erie: 11, 158-172. The battle of New Orleans: 14, 323-325- XXVT ALONG THE OIIKJ RIVER: OHIO, INDIANA, ILLINOIS To the blossoming banks of the " Heautiful River, " And into the depths of the shadowy woods Where the sun-lighted streams of the prairie deliver The " Father of Waters " their silvery floods, Undaunted by danger, unconquered, true-hearted, With ax-beaten march the brave pioneers came. And the wild tangled vine of the wilderness parted As Progress swept onward with banners of flame. Lee O. Harris. Introduction. — While Adams, Jefferson, and IMadison were asserting our rights as a nation and achieving our independence in matters of trade, the great work of winning the West did not cease for a single day. We shall do well at this point, therefore, to turn back a few years and take uj) the story of the Westward Movement. ^ 154. Ohio Becomes a State; the Sale of Public Lands.— When wc left the story of the Westward Movement the eastern part of the old Northwest Territory had been set off as a sepa- rate Territory and was looking forward to statehood (p. 176). In 1802 Congress passed a law enabling the ])eople of this Terri- tory to frame a constitution for themselves. Accordingly, a constitutional convention met at Chillicothe and drew up a constitution. This was accepted by Congress, and in 1803 the Territory Northwest of the Ohio was admitted into the Union as the State of Ohio. Now that it was a State, Ohio grew more rapidly than ever. A chief cause of its growth was the liberal policy which the national government adopted with respect to the juiblic lands of the Northwest Territory. Congress, as we have seen (p. 154). could dispose of these lands as it saw fit. At first it sold the land only in large tracts, and nobody but the ricli could buy. In 1800, however, it adoi:)tcd a new plan. It divided the land 206 ALONG THE OHIO RIVER 207 into small tracts and sold them at $2 an acre, one fourth of the money to be paid in cash. So after 1800 a settler with $50 in cash could become tlie possessor of a good-sized Western Along the Ohio River : Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. farm. The cheap land attracted settlers of moderate means and caused Ohio and the whole Northwest to grow in population at a startling rate. 155. The National Road.— Another event that quickened the growth of the Northwest was the building of the National Road. When Ohio was admitted as a State, Congress promised to take a part of the money received for public lands in Ohio and use it for building a road over the Alleghanies. The promise was kept, and by 1818 a great national road had been built from Cumberland, in Maryland, to Wheeling, then in Virginia. From first to last Congress spent nearly $7,000,000 on the National Road, and it was money well spent. On the smooth bed of the new highway travelers could move with ease and comfort, and goods could be carried over the mountains at half the cost at which they were carried before. 156. Steamboats. — The invention of the steamboat also played an important part in the building up of the West. As early as 1786 James Rumsey of Shepherdstown. then in X^irginia. propelled 208 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES on the Potomac River what was perhaps the first boat that was ever moved by steam. The next year John Fitch was running a steamboat on the Delaware River. I5ut the boats of Rumsey and Fitch were clumsy affairs and proved to be unsuccessful. The first really successful steamboat was built by Robert Fulton of New "^'ork. In 1807 Fulton's steamboat, the Clermont, made a trip on the Hudson River from New York to Albany in thirty-two hours and returned in thirty hours. Fulton ad- vertised for passengers, and his boat was soon Fulton's steamboat, Clermont. crowded Within four years after the launching of the Clermont, steam- boats began to be built west of the AUeghanies, and by 1820 Western rivers were alive with the new kind of craft. In 1830 there were more than 200 steamboats in the Mississippi valley, and by 1840 the number had increased to 500. This meant, of course, an enormous increase in the volume of trade. When the steamboat first appeared in the West the value of the produce received annually at New Orleans from the Mississippi valley was less than $8,000,000; by 1830 the value of the produce had risen to $26,000,000. 157. Indiana. — One of the first places to feel the benefit of the cheap lands and of the National Road and the steamboat was Indiana. When the Northwest Territory was separated (in 1800) the western portion was called Indiana Territory. William I lenry Harrison was the first governor of this Territory, and the first capital was the old French town of Vincennes. For a while the settlement of Indiana proceeded at a slow rate. The Territory was infested with Indians, and emigrants avoided it, preferring to settle in Kentucky or Ohio, where the Indian had been put down. Moreover, slavery did something toward checking the early settlement of Indiana. In the old French settlements slaves were still held, in spite of the Ordinance of ] 787, and an attempt was being made to have Congress set aside ALONG THE OHIO RIVER 209 the Ordinance and allow slavery in Indiana. So those emigrants who held slaves would not take them into Indiana for fear of losing them, and those who were strongly opposed to slavery did not care to go where it might be permanently established. Early steamboating on a Western river The people of Indiana at the outset, therefore, had to deal with the slavery question and with the Indian question. The slavery question was soon settled. Congress refused to change the Ordinance of 1787; slavery in Indiana was forever forbid- den. But the Indian question had to be fought out. Governor Harrison tried to buy their lands of the Indians, but the red men did not care to give up their hunting-grounds, and they would not sell their lands. Worse than this, in 181 1 the Indians under Tecumseh plotted to drive all the whites out of Indiana. Harrison called the plotters before him and accused them of conspiracy. Tecumseh met the charge fearlessly and was so defiant that there was nothing for the governor to do but march against the Indians and destroy them in Indiana as "Mad Anthony" Wayne had destroyed them in Ohio. This Harrison did when he met them in battle at Tippecanoe (November 7, 181 1 ) and defeated them with great slaughter. Now that the Indians were no longer to be feared, settlers came in faster, and by 181 5 Indiana had enough inhabitants to become a State. In 18 16 representatives of the people met at Corydon, then the capital of the Territory, and framed a State constitution. "As the weather was warm, the sessions [of the convention] were held under a great elm-tree, still (1899) stand- ing in the town." The work of the open-air convention was 14 210 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES '^^^^^s-i^yiei!!^^^ accepted by Congress, and Indiana was admitted into the Union in 1816. The first capital of the State was Cory- don. Inchanapohs became the capital in 1824, 158. Illinois. — In 1809 In- diana and Illinois were sepa- rated, and the latter was made a Territory, with the old French town of Kaskaskia as the capital. In the conditions of their settlement and growth Indiana and Illinois were twin sisters. The slavery question '=- came up in Illinois in the same First State-house of Indiana, at Corydon. ^^^^ ^j^^^ -^ ^^^^^^ ^p -^ j^^. diana, and it was settled in the same manner : Congress remained faithful to the Ordinance of 1787 and prohibited slavery. The Indian question in Illinois was for the most part settled by the battle of Tippecanoe, yet, during the War of 181 2, at Fort Dearborn, on the present site of Chicago, there was a terri- ble massacre of white men. Not only soldiers, but women and children as well, were killed or taken captive by tlie Indians. After Illinois became a Territory its jiojjulation increased very fast. By 181 1 steamboats were running on the Ohio River, and the trip from Pittsburgh to Shawneetown could be made in a few days. Roads through the Western country were by this time being built, and ferries and bridges and taverns were im- proving. Everything invited emigration from the older States. In 1809 Illinois had a jiopulation of 10,000; nine years later the Territory had a population of ])erha[)s 50,000 and was admitted into the Union as a State. 159. Life in the Middle West in the Early Days. — We have now seen tliat within thirty years after tlie landing of the "Pil- grim I'^athers of Ohio" at Marietta three of our greatest States ALONG THE OHIO RIVER 211 were carved out of the original Northwest Territory. In each of the States the growth in population and wealth was wonder- ful. In Ohio, in Indiana, in Illinois, forests and swamps disap- peared, and in their places appeared smiling fields of wheat and corn. Hamlets grew to towns, and towns to thriving cities. But these changes were not wrought by magic. These great States were built up only by the hardest kind of labor and by great sacrifice on the part of the early settlers. Life in the Cincinnati in 1810. Middle West a hundred years ago was not the pleasant, con- venient, comfortable thing it is to-day. It was the plain, simple life of the pioneer farmer. "The farmer raised his own provi- sions ; tea and coffee were scarcely used except on some grand occasions. The farmer's sheep furnished wool for his winter clothing ; he raised cotton and flax for his summer clothing. His wife and daughters spun, wove, and made it into garments. A little copperas and indigo, with the bark of trees, furnished .dyestuffs for coloring. The fur of the raccoon made him a hat or a cap. The skins of deer or of his cattle, tanned at a neigh- boring tanyard or dressed by himself, made him shoes or mocca- sins. Boots were rarely seen even in the towns. And a log cabin made entirely of wood, without glass, nails, hinges, or locks, furnished the residence of many a contented and happy family. The people were quick and ingenious to supply by in- vention and with their own hands the lack of mechanics and ar- 212 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES tificcrs. Each farmer built his own house, made his own plows and harness, bedsteads, chairs, cupboards, and tables." ^ These pioneers of Ohio and Indiana and Illinois laid the foundation of the great West, and they rendered a noble service in the upbuilding of our country. From among their own num- ^^, ber and from among their children and grandchildren have come many of our foremost statesmen, soldiers, and scholars. Ohio shares with Vir- ginia the honor of be- ing the "Mother of Presidents" ; Indiana is justly proud of many celebrated men ; while from the rough life of early Ken- r/' A pioneer cabin. In this cabin, in the town of Hardin, Kcnturky, Abraham Lincoln was born, February 12, iBoy. lucky, Indiana, and Illinois there emerged the greatest American of the nineteenth century— Abraham Lincoln. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the admission of Ohio into the Union. What was a chief cause of the rapid growth of Ohio? How did Congress dis- pose of the public lands at this time? 2. Give an account of the building of the National Road. 3. What was the early history of steamboat-building in the United States? What was the early history of the steamboat on Western rivers? 4. Give an account of the early iiistory of Indiana. How did Indiana deal with the slavery question? With the Indian question? Give an account of the admission of Indiana into the Union. 5. What was the early history of Illinois? When was it admitted into the Union ? 6. Describe fully the pioneer life of the Middle West. 1 Ford, "History of Illinois," p. 41. ALONG THE OHIO RIVER 213 REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES ' 1. Dates: 1609, 1689 (2), 1733, 1776, 1787, 1803, 1812. 2. Places: Providence, Charleston, Quebec, Saratoga, New Orleans (2). 3. Persons : Calvert, Oglethorpe, Whitney, Burr, Madison, Jackson. 4. Tell what you can about: the Line of Demarcation; the patroons ; the founding of Pennsylvania; King William's War; the Stamp Act; the Articles of Confederation; the Convention of 1787; the Frontier Line in 1700; 1740; 1800; Whitney's cotton-gin; the Louisiana Purchase; the Lewis and Clark expedition; naval battles of 1812; battle of New Orleans; the treaty of Ghent; the Tariff of 1816. 5. Topics: Indiana Territory: 20, 205-213. Indiana as a State: 20, 239-246. Early Illinois : 20, 246-252. The battle of Tippecanoe : 14, 339. Henry Clay and the National Road: 25, 179-207. Tecumseh : 10, 1 17-176. The youth of Abraham Lincoln: 30, 3-28. Cities of the Ohio valley: 23, 111-128. Marietta: 34, 1-30. Cleveland: 34, 31-54. Cin- cinnati: 34, 55-86. Indianapolis: 34, 147-168. Chicago: 34, 197-234. The .National Road: 23, 86-97. Fulton and the steamboat: 15 (Vol. I), 80-95. XXVII The old New Orleans City Hall. AROUND THE GULF OF MEXICO: LOUISIANA. MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA. MISSOURI By the side of the picture of the advance of the pioneer farmer, bearing his household goods in his covered wagon to his new home across the Ohio, must be placed the picture of the Southern planter crossing through the forests of western (leorgia, Alabama, Mississippi, or over the free Stale (jf Illinois to the Missouri v.illey, in his family carriage, with servants, packs of hunting-dogs, and a train of slaves. — /•'. /. Turner. Introduction.— The story of the Westward Movement now takes us from the banks of the Ohio to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico and to the western l)ank of the Mis- sissippi. During tlie years in which a kingdom of wheat and corn was rising in the Nortliwest there was rising in tlie Southwest a kingdom of cotton and sugar: the rapid growth of Ohio, Indiana, and IlHnois at tlie Xorth was matched at the South by the rapid growth of Louisiana, Mississip|)i, and Alabama. 160. Louisiana. — When the great region of Louisiana came into our possession in 1803 it was at once given by President Jefferson to his young friend William Claiborne to be governed as he might think proper until Congress should provide for the Territory a regular form of government. Governor Claiborne took possession of Louisiana in the city of New Orleans in December, 1803. lie met the French officials in the cabildo (or city hall), a building which is still standing and which a hundred years ago was probably the finest public building in America. After proclaiming that Louisiana belonged to the United States, the French governor handed over to Claiborne the keys of the city of New Orleans. The new governor then stepped to the 214 AROUND THE GULF OF MEXICO 215 balcony and addressed the assembled people, assuring them that the United States received them as brothers, and promising them that they should be protected in the enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion. When the governor had finished his address the French flag was lowered and the American flag was raised. Thus Louisiana passed from the power of France into the power of the United States. In the beginning all the powers of government in Louisiana were placed in the hands of Governor Claiborne alone ; he was the lawmaker, the governor, and the judge. But Congress soon provided a better form of government. In 1804 it divided Louisiana into two parts. The part north of the thirty-third degree of latitude — that wild and almost uninhabitable region which stretched away northward toward Canada and westward toward the Rocky Mountains — was called the District of Louis- iana and was given to the Territory of Indiana to be governed. The part south of the thirty-third degree of latitude was called the Territory of Orleans and was given a territorial government of its own. The population of the Territory increased very rapidly under American rule. Now that the Mississippi River was open and trade in the valley was free, the city of New Orleans became the center of a large trade, and in a few years its population in- creased from 8000 to 25,000. Under American rule, also, plant- ers with their slaves began to move down from the older States and spread over the rich cotton and sugar lands of the lower Mississippi. By 181 1 the Territory of Orleans had the number of people required for statehood and was admitted into the Union as the State of Louisiana, the first State carved out of the Great Purchase. 161. Mississippi. — By the time Louisiana was ready to be- come a State, a neighbor on the east was also asking admission. This neighbor was the Mississippi Territor)^ which was first organized in 1798 and which then consisted of a strip of land "bounded on the west by the Mississippi, on the north by a line drawn due east from the mouth of the Yazoo to the Chatta- hoochee River, on the east by the Chattahoochee River, and on 216 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES the south by the thirty-first degree of north latitude." Addi- tions to this strip were made first on the north and afterward Natchez sixty years ago. on the south, and by 1812 the INIississippi Territory had come to include what are now the two States of Mississippi and Alabama. In the Southwest as in the Northwest the early settlers liad the Indian question to contend with. In 181 1 Tecumseh, the chief who plotted against the whites in Indiana, went southward to plot against the whites in the Mississippi Territory. In Octo- ber he attended a great meeting of Indians at Tookabatchee, on the Tallapoosa River. Here he made a passionate speech. He told the Creeks that the arm of Tecumseh would appear in the heavens like a pillar of fire, and the arm would be a signal for beginning war upon the whites. "I will go to Detroit," he said, "and when I get there I will stamp my foot upon the ground and shake down every house in Tookabatchee." Soon after this there was an earthquake, and the shock was taken as the stamp of Tecumseh's foot. At the time of the earthquake there was also a heavy thunder-storm, and the lightning was taken as Tecumseh's arm. These omens inflamed the minds of the Creeks AROUND THE GULF OF MEXICO 217 Gulf THE M.-N. WORKS Around the Gulf of Mexico. and caused them to take up arms against the whites. In August, 1813, they attacked Fort Mimms, where more than five hundred people, men, women, and children, had gathered for safety, and in a few hours nearly all within the fort were slain. The victors carried away the scalps of two hundred and fifty whites on poles. The news of the massacre at Fort Mimms aroused not only the Mississippi Territory but the neighboring States as well. Georgia sent an army into the Creek country. Tennessee sent 1500 volunteers under Andrew Jackson. The Creeks were at- tacked on all sides. Jackson was the leading spirit of the war. He defeated the savages in battle after battle, spreading terror among them wherever he went. When he had finished with the Creeks their power was completely broken ; they had lost most of their fighting men, and the best part of their lands had been 218 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES taken from them. The arm of Tecumseh had beckoned them on to their ruin. After the war with the InfHans and tlie War of 1812 had been brought to a close, the population of the Mississippi Territory increased more rapidly than ever before. By 1816 the people numbered 75,000. The Territory again applied for admission into tlie Union. This was granted, but the Territory was divided in accordance with the wishes of the people in the Tombigbee valley. The division line extended from the mouth of Bear Creek southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The part of the Terri- tory west of the line was called Mississippi, and in 1817 was admitted into the Union, with Natchez as its capital. 162. Alabama.— When Mississippi Territory was divided, the eastern part was set ofif as Alabama Territory and was given a territorial form of government. But Alabama was soon to be- come a State. When the rich lands of the Creek Indians were thrown open to the wliites, "the flood-gates of Virginia, the two Carolinas, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Georgia were hoisted, and mighty streams of emigrants poured through them, spreading over the whole Territory of Alabama." Within two years after it was made a Territory, Alabama had a population large enough for statehood, and in 1819 it joined the Union. The first capital was Huntsville, although Mobile was the largest town in the State. 163. Missouri.— W^hile the emi- grants were pouring into the Gulf re- gion and into the region north of the Ohio, there was at the same time a stream of population flowing into the great country west of the Mississippi. This region, as we have seen, was in 1804 given to Indiana Territory to be governed as the District of Louisiana. The next year, however, it became the Territory of Louisiana, with a territorial government of its own, and in 181 2 its name was changed and it was called the Terri- tory of Missouri. Missouri AROUND THE GULF OF MEXICO 219 No section of the West was better situated for rapid growth than was Missouri, for it could easily be reached by all the rivers of the Mississippi valley, while "straight across its broad terri- tory ran the natural highway of its own mighty stream." Set- tlers, therefore, entered Missouri from almost every direction. Many came directly across from Illinois and Indiana, but the greatest rush was from North Carolina and Tennessee. Plant- ers from the South took their slaves with them. Under such favorable conditions the increase in population was bound to be great. In 1810 the population of Missouri was 20,000; ten years later it was 70,000. Missouri was now ready for statehood, and accordingly was admitted into the Union in 1821.^ Jefferson City was chosen as the capital of the State, although the largest town was St. Louis, which by 1820 was becoming the commer- cial center of the Mississippi valley. 164. The Changes of Twenty Years (1800-20).— As we fol- low the course of the Westward Movement, how wonderful and liow great appear the changes which took place in our country in the early years of the nineteenth century ! How different was the United States of 1820 from the United States of 1800! In 1800 the area of our country was less than a million of square miles; in 1820 it was nearly two millions of square miles. In 1800 our western boundary was the Mississippi River, while in 1820 our possessions extended to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. In 1800 the population of the United States was 5,000,000; by 1820 it had nearly doubled. In 1800 our popula- tion west of the Alleghanies was barely half a million; in 1820 it was nearly eight times as great. In 1800 the Union consisted of sixteen States; in 1821 it consisted of twenty-four States. In t8oo there were two States west of the Alleghanies; in 1821 there were nine. As State after State was admitted, the Frontier Line was of course pushed westward. In 1800 this line had just reached Cincinnati (see colored map, "Our country in 1800") ; by 1820 it had crossed the Mississippi and reached points as far west as Jefferson City, in Missouri, and Little Rock, in Arkansas. * The subject of the admission of Missouri gave rise to a great debate in Congress, an account of which is given in the next chapter. 220 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the transfer of Louisiana to the United States. What division of the Louisiana country was made in 1804? What con- tributed to the growth of Orleans Territory? When was it admitted into the Union? 2. When was the Mississippi Territory organized? What were its boundaries? Give an account of the uprising of the Creek Indians. What division of the Mississippi Territory was made in 1817? When was Mississippi admitted as a State? 3. What helped Alabama to grow very rapidly ? When did Alabama become a State ? 4. Give an account of the early history of Missouri. 5. What great changes took place in the United States between 1800 and 1820? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1522, 1588, 1689 (2), 1787 (2), 1789, 1803, 1812. 2. Places: Plymouth, Philadelphia, New Orleans (2), Watauga, Ma- rietta. 3. Persons- John Winthrop, Burgoyne, Jefferson, Burr, Madison, Jack- son, Tecumseh. 4. Tell what you can about: Bacon's Rebellion; King Philip's War; the Declaration of Independence; the First Continental Congress; the beginnings of political parties; Jay's treaty; the Louisiana Purchase; the Lewis and Clark expedition; naval battles of 1812; the battle of New Orleans; the treaty of Ghent; the tariff of 1816; the Ordinance of 1787; the settlement of Ohio. 5. Topics: The transfer of Louisiana: 19, 86-94. Progress in Missis- sippi: 21, 127-138. Social conditions in Mississippi (1817-32): 21, 159- 168. New Orleans: 33. 411-432. Mobile: 33.327-378. Vicksburg: 33. 433-448. St. Louis: 34, 331-374- XXVIII MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS The Monroe Doctrine sets our compass and points the course which we are to steer through the ocean of time. — Thomas Jefferson. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MONROE (1817-25} Introduction.— After the admission of Missouri in 1821, it was fifteen years before another Western State was admitted. We therefore must leave for a while the subject of the Westward Movement and carry forward the story of national affairs from the point where that story was left off, that is, from the close of tlie administration of Madison (1817). 165. James Monroe, President.— Madison was succeeded in the Presidency by his Secretary of State, James Monroe, who was a Virginian by birth and who belonged to that group of great Virginians who stood so long at the head of national af- fairs. Monroe was not as great a man as Washington or Jeffer- son or Madison, yet he was fitted to make a good President. A more honest man never sat in the presidential chair. "If his soul were turned inside out," said Jefferson, "not a blot could be found upon it." Besides being thoroughly honest, Monroe was skilled in the management of public business. We saw him (p. 189) taking a leading part in the purchase of Louisiana. Dur- ing the stormy years of Madison's administration it was Monroe who, as Secretary of State, attended to the difficult questions which arose between our government and foreign governments. So when Monroe entered (in 181 7) upon his duties as President he was prepared by experience to take hold of affairs with the trained hand of a master. 166. The Era of Good Feeling. — Monroe found the country in a state of peace. Quarreling with foreign countries had come 222 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES to an end. and throughout the United States the people were thinking of industry and commerce rather than of war. Mon- roe, soon after his inauguration, made a tour of the country. He traveled thrpugh New England and northern New York, and pushed west as far as Detroit. Everywhere the people were glad to see him. The States, by 1 817. were slowly becoming knit into a real nation, and the people beheld in Monroe the chief of that nation. "The farmer left the plow in the furrow, the housewife left her clothes in the tub and her cream in the churn, and hastened to see." not James Monroe the man, but James Monroe the Presi- tlent of the United States. So broad and generous was the spirit that began to prevail in Monroe's time that even the lines that di- vided men into political parties faded away. Because the people were united as never before, and because there was no party strife (luring Monroe's administration, the years of his Presidency were called the "era of good feeling." 167. War with the Seminoles; Florida. — But Monroe's ad- ministration was not wholly undisturbed by war. Like all the Presidents before him and like many after him. he had trouble \vith the Indians. This time the trouble was with the Seminoles of Florida. This wandering tribe would rush up into Georgia, destroy property and human lives, and then return to their safe retreat in Florida, which then belonged to Spain. To put a stop to their outrages, Andrew Jackson, always the scourge and ter- ror of the southern Indian, marched an army against the Semi- noles and crushed them (1818). At the same time Jackson l)ractically took possession of Florida. By nature Florida be- longed to us, and sooner or later it was bound to pass into our James Monroe. liorn in Virginia, in 1758; served in the Revolutionary \\ ar; member of the \ ir- Rinia ralifyinKConventinn in 1788; United States Senator; minister to France; .Sec- retary of State, ibii-17; fifth President, 1817-25; died in 1831. MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS 223 hands. Spain saw tliis and decided to sell the country to us. So, in 1819, Spain agreed to a treaty which transferred Florida to the United States for the sum of $5,000,000. Florida was made a Territory in 182 1, with Andrew Jackson as its first gov- ernor. 168. The Missouri Compromise.— Although the period of Monroe's administration was called the "era of good feeling," there arose during his Presidency a subject of controversy which caused more bad feeling than any other question in our history. This was the great slavery question. The question came up in 1818, when Missouri first applied for admission into the Union. The Northern members of Congress desired to keep slavery out of all the territory west of the Mississippi, just as it had been kept out of the Northwest Territory. It will be remembered that by 1800 slavery in the North was dying out; by 1820 it was practically dead. Slave labor in the North was not profitable, and, moreover, the freemen of the North were unwilling, to work side by side with slaves. In the South, by 1820, slavery was be- ginning to be very profitable. In the Gulf States it was becom- ing the very life of industry, for in these States cotton-growing was the chief occupation, and no labor was so good for the cot- ton-fields as slave labor. So when the question of admitting Missouri came up in Congress, there was a sharp clash : the North wanted it to come in as a free State ; the South wanted it to come in as a slave State. The Missouri question was debated long and angrily, and it seemed as if the debate would never come to an end. At last, however. Congress found a way out of the difficulty. It hap- j^ened that just at the time that Missouri was asking for admis- sion as a slave State Maine ^ also was asking admission as a free vState. Here was a chance for each side to yield a little to the other, and a compromise measure was agreed upon. It was agreed (i) that Maine should come in as a free State; (2) that Missouri should come in as a slave State; but (3) that future ^ Maine had belonged to Massachusetts from colonial days (p. 54)- but in 1819 it was given permission to become a separate State. It was admitted in 1820. 224 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES slavery was to be forever prohibited in tlie remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the jiarallcl of latitude 36° 30', the line which is the southern boundary of Missouri. Such was the famous "Missouri Compromise," the measure by which Congress, in 1821, attempted to settle the slavery ques- The result of the Missouri Compromise. tion once for all. But the far-sighted men of the time saw that the slavery question would not be settled by the Compromise. Indeed, they saw that the Missouri question was only the begin- ning of a great struggle between the North and the South. "You have kindled a fire," said Cobb of Georgia, "which all the waters of the ocean cannot put out, which seas of blood can only extinguish." "This momentous question," said Jefiferson. "like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of tlie Union." 169. How the Balance of Power between the North and the South was Preserved.— From the outset the slavery question was a question of votes in Congress. In the House, sooner or later, the South was bound to be outvoted, because there the MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS 225 States were represented according to population (p. 156), and population at the North was increasing faster than it was at the South. In the Senate, however, population had nothing to do with representation, because there each State, whether great or small, had two Senators. At the time Missouri was seeking ad- mission there were eleven slave States and eleven free States. The slave States had control of the Senate, while the free States had control of the House. The Senate agreed that Maine should come in as a free State only because the House agreed that Mis- souri should come in as a slave State. After the Compromise there were twelve slave States and twelve free States, and the Senate could still check the House. ^ As long as such a nice balance could be pre- r'TTur t t served, neither the fk RUN aWay^Ofi the ^d North nor the South ^^ ^^8/ <>* ^^y ^^^^ * yo^^ig could win a victory. ^/S ^^g^« ^°y» "^"J^^ ^*'» ^h" T ^, 1 • • r mJ^X Country borni lormeriy be In the admission of £bC8L . ^ /■ u t rt c. . .u y M a lorgcd to Capt. Hugh Higt, new States, there- yJTf^ wfocrcr barg. ihc l-id Soy fore, each side took JX j» rbc SubfCfibcr at £rf//?o or fo care that the other jhc Work Houfc in Charki *7ottii. Ihall side should not gain have J / toward On riic conrrary who- an advantage, and it ever harbouri the faid Boy, may dcpeud was by matching new opon being fevcrcly profccorcd, by free States with new .., ,, ^^« ^'rrxrT''!,^^*^S!"' slave States that the WAVIER LUNEAR, tif South was for a long A notice of a runaway slave in the ,• t 1 i J rr Charleston Gazette. time able to ward off attacks upon slavery, and that the North was able to prevent slavery from making much progress. 170. The Monroe Doctrine. — Next to the slavery question the most important problem of Monroe's administration was one re- lating to foreign affairs. In the early years of the nineteenth century, Russia, already in possession of Alaska, was spreading ^ No bill displeasing to the South could pass the Senate, because dur- ing the slavery contest the Vice-President of the United States, who is the president of the Senate and who has the casting vote in the case of a tie, was always on the side of the South. 15 226 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES her power along the Pacific coast wherever she could get a foot- hold. By 1812 she had advanced as far south as California, where she establisiied a fort. In 1821 the Emperor of Russia laid claim to the shores of the Pacific coast as far south as the fifty-first degree of latitude. John Ouincy Adams. Monroe's Secretary of State, informed the Russian minister that the United States would resist this claim, telling him that European I)Owers would no longer be allowed to plant colonies either in North America or in South America. These were indeed bold words, but it was not long before President Monroe himself had occasion to use words just as bold. In 1808 the Spanish colonies of South America began to rebel and to throw off the yoke of the mother country, and by 1822 Chile, Peru, Buenos Aires (now the Argentine Repub- lic). Colombia, and X'enezuela had won their independence and had been recognized by the United States as free and indepen- dent nations. Spain appealed to the great powers of Europe, especially to Russia, Prussia, Austria, and France, for assistance in regaining her lost colonies, and in 1823 it began to look as if the assistance would be given. But before the powers of Europe took any action Monroe sent to Congress a message which meant precisely what the words of Adams to tlie Russian minister meant. He declared in effect : ( I ) That the United States would not look witli favor upon the planting of any more European colonies on this continent. (2) That the United States would not meddle in the political affairs of Europe. (3) That the governments of Europe must not meddle in American aflfairs. Sucli was the Monroe Doctrine, which to this day is regarded as good doctrine. What did it mean ? It meant that the United States would not allow European nations to acquire new pos- sessions on the American continent. It meant, in brief. America for Americans. Monroe's words of warning were listened to with respect. England gave him her full sympathy and support. The nations of Europe did not interfere in tlie affairs of South America, and MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS 227 since 1823 no European country has attempted to plant a new colony either in North America or in South America. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1825-29) 171. The Election of John Quincy Adams as President.— Five candidates came forward in 1824 to succeed Monroe in the Presidency. These were Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, Henry Clay of Kentucky, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, John Ouincy Adams of Massachusetts, and William Crawford of Georgia. Before the election was held, how- ever, Calhoun withdrew to become the candidate for \^ice-President. When the electoral votes in the elec- tion of 1824 were counted, Jackson had received 99. Adams 84, Craw- ford 41, and Clay 37. Nobody had a majority, so the election had to go to tlie House of Representatives, as it had done in the case of the first election of Jefiferson (p. 186). The House, in obedience to the Constitu- ^^j^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^^ tion. was compelled to choose from Bom in Massachusetts, in 1767, son of , , 1 • 1 ,1 1- , r President John Adams; minister to the three highest on the list of per- the Netherlands, Prussia, Kussia, and . , f , ,, , -f , England : Secretary of State, 1S17-25 ; sons voted tor by the electors. It sixth President, 1825-29: member of I , , ,1 r" . r ^^1 Congress, 18^1-48; died in 1848. could not. therefore, vote for Clay. Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and of course had great inHuence with its members, li he could not himself be chosen, he could at least name the successful candidate. This he did ; he threw his strength to Adams, and thus brought about his election. Adams was no sooner inaugurated than he made Clay Secretary of State. Thereui)on the Jackson men raised a cry that a corrupt bargain had been made. Clay, they said, had helped Adams because Adams had promised to give Clay the liighest ])lace in his cabinet. But the Jackson men were mistaken. No bargain was made, 228 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES for John Ouincy Adams would not stoop to make a bargain. He appointed Clay simply because he thouglit the brilliant Ken- tuckian would make a good Secretary of State. The ap- pointment was an act of duty, for Adams never left the path of duty. He was ^1) faithful to duty and so strict and honest in his ac- tions that he seemed to lean backward in his desire to do right. But he was cold and stiff in his manner, and it lias been said of him that at every step he took he made an enemy. Certainly he was as unpopular as any man tliat ever sat in the l)residential chair. 172. The ' ' Tariff of Abom- inations."— Adams was un- popular with Congress, and that body paid little attention to his recommendations. As a result, few things of great importance were done during his administration. Nevertheless, while Adams was President there came to the front a question which to this day has never ceased to occupy the attention of the American people. This was the tariff question. We have seen (p. 204) that ' m 1816 Congress increased the tariff' on certain kinds of imported goods in order to keep these goods of foreign manufacture out of our market and thus to ])rotect American manufactur- ers from foreign competition. In 1828 Congress still further increased the tariff' on imported goods. The high tariff suited the people of the North, where there was a great deal of manufac- turing, but it displeased the peoi)le of the South, where there was very little manufacturing. The South had only tobacco and rice to sell, and it desired to sell these wherever it could get the highest price, and it desired to buy manufactured articles in the Henry Clay. Born in Virgini.T, iti 1777; member of Senate ; mem- ber of Congress; .Secretary of State: chief designer of M issoun Compromise of 1 820 and of that of 1 850 , died in 1852. MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS 229 cheapest market, whetlier tliat market was at home or abroad. So dissatisfied were the people of the South with the tarifif of 1828 that they called it the "tariff of abominations." In Charles- ton, South Carolina, when the passage of the bill was an- nounced, flags were displayed at half-mast in the harbor, and at a public meeting the people were urged not to buy the manufac- tures of the North. Thus the tariff was the cause of a second clash between the North and the South. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. What was the character of James Monroe? In what respects was he well fitted for the Presidency? 2. Why was the period of Monroe's administration known as the "era of good feeling"? 3. Give an account of the war with tlie Seminoles, and of tlie pur- chase of Florida. 4. How did the North regard slavery in 1820? How did the South regard it in 1820? What was the Missouri Compromise? 5. How was the balance of power between the North and the South preserved ? 6. What was the origin of the Monroe Doctrine? What is meant by the Monroe Doctrine? 7. Give an account of the election of John Quincy Adams. Describe his character. 8. What was the "tarifif of abominations"? Why was it opposed in the South? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1733, 1776, 1777, 1787 (2), 1792, 1812 (2). 2. Places : St. Augustine, Jamestown, Saratoga, Watauga, Marietta, New Orleans (3). 3. Persons : Raleigh, Smith, Stuyvesant, Champlain, Marquette, La Salle, Burgoyne, Boone, Madison, Jackson, Tecumseh. 4. Tell what you can about: the Jamestown colony; the founding of Maryland; the founding of Georgia; the Frontier Line in 1700; 1740; 1800; 1820; Burgoyne's surrender; the settlement of Kentucky; the settlement of Tennessee.; the treaty of Ghent; the settlement of Ohio; the early history of Louisiana; the tariff of 1816; the tariff of abomina- tions. 5. Topics: The Missouri Compromise: 15 (Vol. I), 148-166. The IMonroe Doctrine: 15 (Vol. I), 167-192. Lafayette's visit: 15 (Vol. I), 193-207. John Quincy Adams on slavery : 3, 234-237. XXTX JACKSON AND VAN BUREN "The Federal I'liicm ; it must be preserved '" — Amirew Jackson THE ADMTNISTRA'IION OF ANDREW JACKSON (1829-37) 173. The Election of Andrew Jackson.— Jackson felt that he had not been treated fairly by Clay and Adams in 1825. and his defeat in that year caused him to work harder than ever for the Presidency. He at once announced himself as a presidential candidate for election in 1S28. He resigned his seat in the United States Senate, and as a private citizen went before the l)eoi)le. asking them for their votes. Jackson was himself a man of the people; he understood men. and he knew how to win them to his side. Adams was the rival candidate, but in a race for ])opular favor the cold, dignified Puritan could hardly hope to win against the dashing, daring hero of the West. When the electoral vote was counted, Jackson had 178 votes and Adams 83. 174. The Character of Jackson.— Jackson was the strongest and most striking character of his time. The early youth of this remarkable man was spent in the backwoods of Tennessee. We have already met with him as the terror of the Indians of the Gulf States and as the victor at the battle of New Orleans. Jackson's early education was neglected. He could not spell correctly, and he could not write good English. In 1796 he ap- peared on the floor of Congress, a "tall, lank, uncouth-looking personage, with long locks of hair over his face and a cue down his back tied in an eelskin." In 1798 he was a member of the Senate, where he came under the calm eye of Mce-President Jeflferson, wJio wrote of him : "His passions are terrible ; he could not speak on account of the rashness of his feelings. I have seen him attempt it repeatedly and as often choke with rage." But Jackson outgrew this roughness and violence of manner, 230 JACKSON AND VAN BUREN 231 and by the time he was a canchdate for the Presidency had his temper well under control, and his manners were those of a polished gentleman. His will was so strong that it was terrible. When he once determined to do a thing, he hurried on to its accomplishment, and notliing could turn him from his purpose. Friends and foes alike were unable to shake his resolution, and friends and foes alike were trampled upon when they stood as obstacles in his way. 175. The Rule of the People.— The election of Jackson marked the begin- ning of a new era in American politics. In the early days of our Republic the management of public affairs was usu- ally intrusted to a learned, aristocratic class. Only property-owners, as a rule, . , ^ , '/ o N T 11 Andrew Jackson. could vote (p. 183). It was generally Bom in North Carolina, in 1757; died agreed that this favored class should in Tennessee, in ,845. lead and govern, and that the great mass of the people should follow and obey. But gradually the masses were permitted to take part in the business of government. In the new States men were allowed to vote even though they owned no property. So by 1830 the people, especially the people of the West, were coming forward as the real masters of the government. Jackson saw this clearly, and it pleased him greatly. He liked the people and they liked him. When he became President he brought the people and the government close together. On the day of his inauguration Washington was crowded to overflowing with visitors shouting and hurraliing for Jackson. At the White House "the crowds upset the jiails of orange punch, broke the glasses, and stood with their muddy boots on the satin-covered chairs to see the President." 176. The Spoils System. — In the service of the national gov- ernment were thousands of postmasters, clerks, custom-house officers, and other officials. P)efore Jackson's time these officials were allowed to remain in office as long as they behaved them- 232 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES selves projKM-l}' and did their \vt»rk well, liut when Jackson came into power he dismissed great numbers of these office- holders in order to make room for his own faithful followers who clamored loudly for office, lie could do this with a good conscience, for he believed that in most cases no special fitness was reciuired for public service. One man, he said, could per- form the duties of an office about as well as another. Moreover, Jackson looked upon the offices as the spoils of political warfare, and he believed in the maxim, "To the victor belong the spoils." So he used the offices in his gift to reward his political friends, and the Presidents who came after him usually followed his ex- am])le. 177. South Carolina and Nullification.— The tariff (juestion, which l)cgan to give trouble under Adams, grew far more troublesome under Jackson. We have seen that the people of South Carolina, in their resentment against the tariff of 1828, resolved not to buy the goods of Northern manufacturers. Soon their resentment grew still stronger, and it was not long before they began to talk of destroying the effect of the law entirely by refusing to pay the duties on goods brought into their harbors. Could they rightfully do this? Could a State thus disobey a law of Congress? This was the old ques- tion of nullification, which came up first in 1799 (p. 166) and later in 1S14 (]). 203). In 1830 the question came u]) in the Senate of the United States and gave rise to one of the most famous debates in our history. In this debate Senator Ilayne of S(nith Carolina spoke on the side of nullification. He contended that when the national government passed a law that was contrarv to the Constitution Daniel Webster. ^^^ ^^^^ ^-,^j^^,^j ^^^^^^^ ^j^^ ^^^^^^ Bom in New Hampshire, in 1782; died at Marshficid, Massachusetts, in 1852. emmcnt had a right to step m and prevent the law from going into effect. He also contended that each State was to decide for itself whether a law was contrary JACKSON AND VAN BUREN 233 Webster replying to Hayne. From the original painting by Healy, in Faneuil Hall, Boston. to the Constitution or not, and if a State found that a law of Congress was contrary to the Constitution, it had the right to disobey that law. Hayne spoke for two days and made a speech of great power. Senator Hayne was answered by Daniel Webster, Senator from Massachusetts. Webster had served many years in Con- gress and was already famous as a statesman and orator. His reply to Hayne was one of the greatest speeches ever made in 234 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES the history of tlio world, lie saw tlaiigor in the doctrine of nulh- fication. and ho attacked it witli all the force of his powerful mind. As he spoke, his words seemed "to flow in a steadv stream of molten gold." He denied flatly the right of a State to disobey a law of the United States. A law of Congress, he con- tended, must be obeyed by all the States and by all the people of all the States, lie tlenied also that a State had the right to juilge for itself whether a law was contrary to the Constitution or not. Only the Supreme Court of the United States had the right to decide that a law was contrary to the Constitution. "If each State." he said, "had the right to find. judgment on ques- tions in which she is interestetl. is not the whc^le Union a rope of sand?" And it was in behalf of the Union that Webster spoke. He felt that nullification wouKl lead to the breaking up of the Union, ami he closed his speech with a stirring plea for "liberty and Union, now and forever, one and insejxirable.'" lUit the people of South Carolina held firmly to their nullifi- cation views. In 1832 Congress passed a tarifl" law that was even more displeasing to the South than the "tariff of abomina- tions." South Carolina now Hetennined to act. The legislature oi the State calleil a convention to decide whether or not the new tarift" act should be obeyed. The convention met in Colum- bia in November anil ileclareil that the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 were null and \o'u\ — were without the force of law — and that they need not be obeyed by the State or by its officers or citizens. The convention went further and declaretl that if the government of the I'nited States attempted to carry out the tarift" laws within tlie borders of South Carolina, that State would withdraw from the I'nion ami would have nothing fur- ther to do with the United States. In carder to show that it was in earnest the State armetl itself and prepared for war. lackson promptly informed Stuith Carolina that the laws of the United States must be obeyeil by the people of all the ."states, and be warned her to beware of the ilanger into which she was rumiing. "If force slunild bo necessary," he saiil, "I will have 40.000 men in the .""^tale of South (."arolina to put down resist- ance and enforce the law." To a member of Congress from JACKSON AND VAN BUREN 235 South Carolina he said: "Please give my compliments to my friends in yt)ur State and say to them that if a single tlrop of blood shall he shed there in o])position io the laws of the United States, 1 will hang the first man I lay my hands on engaged in such treasonable cinuluct upon the tirst tree I can reach." But no bloml was shed. Before any l)lows were actually struck, lienr}' Clay, always reaily to settle cjuarrels by a compromise, came forward in Congress with a tariff that was more favorable U) the South. The new tariff law was passed. South Carolina obcNcd it. and the nullification movement of 1S32 came to an end. 178. Jackson and the Bank of the United States.— At the time Jackson was having so much trouble with South Carolina, liis first term was drawing to a close. He was growing old and feeble and ditl not really care for a second term. I'ut there w^as one thing he had set his heart upon doing that he had not yet done: he desired before he left the Presidency to destroy the r>ank of the United States. This bank had been chartered in 1816 for a period of twenty years. Jackson was always its enemy. So great was his hatredj^f it that he could not bear even to hear its name mentioned. In 1832 he refused to sign a bill to renew the bank's charter, which was to expire in 1836. The bank continued its efforts to secure a new charter. Jackson, in order to defeat the plans of the bank, consented to be a candi- date for reelection. Clay, a strong friend of the bank, was nomi- nated for the Presidency in o])position to Jackson. It will be remembered that it was this bank question that causetl the people to divide into two political parties in Wash- ington's time (p. 162). In 1832 also the bank question caused a sharp tlivision. The enemies of the bank, the Jackson men, be- longed to the old Democratic party ; the friends of the bank, the Clay men, took tlie name of National Republicans. The presidential election of 1832 was remarkable for several reasons. It was the tirst election in which the candidates were nominated by great national conventions as they are now. It was also the first election in which the parties set forth their principles in platforms as they do now. Then, too, the candi- dates in 1832 were both remarkable men. Clay was a popular 236 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES liero as well as Jackson. He was the idol of Kentucky, and a great favorite in all jiarts of the country. As an orator he was second only to Webster. In Congress, whether in the House or in the Senate, he was always the leader. Yet in a political tight he was no match for "Old Hickory." as Jackson was often called. When the result of the election of 1832 was made known, Jackson had 219 electoral votes and Clay 49. After this victory at the polls. Jackson's warfare upon the hank became more bitter than ever. In 1833 he ordered the col- lectors of United States revenue to deposit no more money in the bank, and the money that was already on deposit— about $10,000,000— he caused to be drawn out. The bank of course fought for its life, but its struggle was in vain ; it expired with its charter in 1836. In 1834 the Senate passed a resolution censuring Jackson for removing the public money deposited in the bank. This censure stung Jackson deeply, and he determined to have this resolution of censure expunged from the journal of the Senate. His friend in the Senate. Thomas Hart Benton of JMissouri, took the matter up, and after three years of patient effort succeeded in having the resolution of censure expunged. The manuscript journal was brought into the Senate, and black lines were drawn around the resolution of censure, and across its face were written the " The Hermitage," the home of Andrew Jackson. words: "Expunged by order of the Senate, the sixteenth day of January in the year of our Lord 1837." Jackson could now go JACKSON AND VAN BUREN 237 back to his home in 'rcnnesscc aiul the in peace. The Hank of the United States was destroyed, and the hatefnl words of the Senate's censure were blotted out. THE ADMINISTRATION OF MARTIN VAN BUREN (1S37-41) 179. The Panic of 1837; the Independent Treasury. — When Jackson left the Presitlency he enjoyed the confidence of the people and he had full control of his party. He therefore could easily name the man who was to succeed him in the presidential chair, and this he did not hesitate to do. In the election of 1836 he chose as his candidate for President Martin \'an Buren of New York, and \"an Buren was elected. At his inauguration \'an Buren promised the people that he would "tread in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor." The new President, however, was to learn that Jackson had not left him a path of roses in which to tread. He had scarcely en- tered upon his duties when he had to face a panic — a period of •"hard times." The year 1837 was one of great distress through- out the country. Mills and factories were shut down, business houses closed their doors, workmen were thrown out of employment, and in the larger cities thousands suffered for want of food. Everywhere money was scarce and prices high. The causes of a panic are always hard to understand, but, whatever the real causes may be, the party in power is generally held responsible for bringing it on. So the Demo- cratic party was blamed for the hard times of 1837. Van Buren was ap- pealed to by the people and was 1)cgged to bring back the good times. Of course there was little the Presi- dent could do, but he did what he could. Among other things, he urged Congress to establish what is called an Independent Trea- sury. At the time, the government of the United States kept its Martin Van Buren. Rom at Kinderhook, New York, in 1782; governor of New York, 1828-29; Secretary of State, 1829-31 ; sent as minister to Great Britain in 1831; Vice-President, 1833-37; eighth Presi- dent, 1S37-41; died in 1862. 238 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES inoiicv in State banks, but the plan was not satisfactory. \'an Buren recommended that the government establish a treasury at Washington, with subtreasuries in the chief cities, and that it should keep its own money in its own vaults. This Congress linally (in 1840) consented to do. The panic of 1837 soon jjassed by. but the Independent Treasury system established by \'an Buren remained, and is the system we have to-day. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the presidential election of 1828. 2. Describe the character of Jackson. 3. Give an account of the growth of the people's power in matters of government. 4. Explain how and why the "spoils system" was introduced. 5. What caused South Carolina to begin a nullification movement? Give an account of the debate between Hayne and Webster. Describe the nullification movement of 1832. What was Jackson's attitude toward nullification ? 6. Why did Jackson consent to lie a candidate for reelection? Name the two powerful political parties in 1832. In what respects was the election of 1832 remarkable? What did Jackson do to destroy the Bank of the United States? Give an account of the censure that was passed upon Jackson. 7. What circumstance favored the election of Van Buren? Give an accovmt of the panic of 1837. Describe the Independent Treasury system. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1607, 1643. 1682 (2). 1781. 1787. 1812, 1821. 2. Places: Palos, Schenectady, Quebec, New Orleans (3), Bunker Hill. Yorktown, Marietta. 3. Persons: Americus Vespucius. Roger Williams. Cornwallis. La- fayette. Whitney, Tecumseh, Monroe. J. Q. Adams. 4. Tell what you can about : the Invincible Armada ; Queen .\nne's War; King George's War; the Frontier Line in 1700; 1740; 1800; 1820; Whitney's cotton-gin; the settlement of Ohio; the Ordinance of 1787; the tariff of abominations; the Missouri Comprorsise; the Monroe Doctrine. 5. Topics: Jackson: 22. 201-20S. Daniel Webster: 8, 129-138. John C. Calhoun: 8, 138-145; also 22, 241-247. Henry Clay: 8, 120-129. XXX DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1820 AND 1840 For my part, I wish sincerely that every door to the territory west of us may be set wide open that the commercial intercourse may be rendered as free and easy as possible. This, in my judg- ment, is the best if not the only cement that can bind the people to us for any length of time. George Washington. Introduction. — In the last two chapters we followed the course of our political history from the beginning of Monroe's administration to the close of Van Buren's, a period of nearly a quarter of a century. During this period development went steadily on, and wealth and population increased at a wonderful rate. We must, therefore, at this point turn back and trace the steps of our growth between 1820 and 1840. 180. The Extension of the National Road.— A marked feature of our progress between 1820 and 1840 consisted in improving the means of communication between the different parts of the country. One great improvement was the exten- sion of the National Road. We saw (p. 207) that by 1818 this road had reached Wheeling. In 1824 plans were laid for ex- tending it still farther westward, and by 1840 it had passed through Zanesville and Columbus, in Ohio ; through Richmond, Indianapolis, and Terre Haute, in Indiana ; through Vandalia, in Illinois ; and on to St. Louis and Jefferson City, in Missouri. The National Road. This great highway was thus carried through the central por- tions of four large States. 239 240 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Starting out over the National Road. A Conestog.-i wagon in the liull's Head yard, Philadelphia. For many years the Xational Road played a most important part in the hfe of tlie Western people. Traffic on the road was so heavy that it presented a picture of an almost endless proces- sion of moving figures — coaches, wagons, carts, travelers on horseback and on foot, and cattle of every description. Some- times in a single day as many as sixteen coaches moving west- ward and as many moving eastward would pass a given point. Hogs and sheep were never out of sight. Families of emi- grants in large covered wagons were always moving westward, while drovers with their cattle were always making their way to the markets of the East. So crowded was the highway at times that it resembled a great street in a populous city. 181. The Erie Canal; the Pennsylvania Canal. — Ikit an event of far greater importance than the extension of the National Road was the com])leting and opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. We learned (p. 208) that the effect of the steamboat navigation in the West was to build up the Gulf trade. The Ohio farmer could shij) his grain by water to New Orleans, and receive a price sufficient to pay the freight and still leave a fair profit; but if he should send it by land over the mountains to the Atlantic seaboard, the cost of transportation would be more, perhaps, than the grain was worth. So it was as natural for the DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1820 AND 1840 241 Western trade to find its way to the Gulf ports as it was for water to run downhill. But the business men of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore saw that they would sufifer great loss if the Western trade were allowed to slip away from them. The National Road, to be sure, would save to the East a part of that trade ; but, at the best, goods could not be moved as cheaply on roads as on rivers. The people of the seaboard, there- fore, began to look to artificial rivers, that is, canals, as a means of securing the Western trade. Canal-building on a large scale began in 1817, when De Witt Clinton, governor of New York, turned the first spadeful of earth on the Erie Canal, which was to extend from B)ufifalo to Albany, and to connect Eake Erie with the Hudson River. Clin- ton had persuaded the legislature of New York to undertake the building of the canal at the expense of the State. He i)rom- ised that the canal would draw trade from all the Great Lakes and their tributaries and from a large part of the Mississippi valley besides ; that this trade would find its way down the Hudson to New York and cause that city to become a great commercial center; that villages, towns, and cities would line the banks of the canal and the shores of the Hudson from Erie to New York; that "the wilderness and the solitary place would become glad, and the desert would rejoice, and blossom as the rose." The work of digging the "great ditch" was carried for- ward in earnest, and in 1825 the canal was completed and thrown open to the public. The opening of the canal was celebrated in a manner worthy of so great an event. On the 26th of October a fleet of gaily decorated boats left Buffalo and moved slowly eastward along the canal, "saluted by music, musketry, and the cheers of the crowds along the bank." On the morning of the 4th of Novem- ber the i)rocession of boats reached the city of New York. A flask of water from Lake Erie was poured into New York Bay by Governor Clinton, and the waters of the Great Lakes were declared to be united forever in marriage with the waters of the ocean. The canal did all that Clinton promised that it would do and 16 242 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES even more. P>eforc it was built it cost $I00 to carry a ton of goods from BufYalo to New York City ; the canal reduced the An old-time canal. cost to $20. The cheap freight rates caused trade to flow in great volume toward the canal. Within a year after its opening the canal bore on its quiet waters many thousands of boats and rafts laden with lumber, grain, furs, and merchandise of all kinds. \'illagcs and towns sprang up along the line of the canal from one end to the other. Western New York indeed "blos- somed as the rose." Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo rapidly developed into flourishing cities. lUit the greatest thing done by the Erie Canal was to build up the trade of New York City and make it the commercial center of the United States and of the Western Hemisphere. Tiie Erie Canal was hardly finished before the State of Pennsylvania also began to construct a system of canals from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. It was necessary to do this if Phila- delphia was to hold her Western trade. In 1826 work on the Pennsylvania Canal was begun, and nine years later one could travel by a horse-railway from Philadelphia to the town of Columbia, on the Sus(]uehanna ; thence by a canal along the Susquehanna and Juniata to llollidaysburg; thence over the DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1820 AND 1840 243 mountains by a portage^ railway to Johnstown; and thence by canal to Pittsburgh. 182. Railroads. — It was necessary also for Baltimore to have Erie Canal, Pennsylvania Canal, and Baltimore and Ohio Railway. an easy route to the West, but the men of this city looked to the railroad rather than to the canal as a means of communication. On the Fourth of July, 1828, the venerable Charles Carroll of Carrollton, who fifty-two years before had signed the Declara- tion of Independence, laid the corner-stone of a railroad that was to connect Baltimore and the Ohio River. At first the cars on the railroad were drawn by horses, but in 1830 a steam- 1 This portage railway ran over the Alleghany Mountains. It con- sisted of a series of inclined planes upon which cars were operated by means of stationary engines. 244 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES locomotive, invented l)y Peter Cooper, was put upnn the tracks for a trial trip between Baltimore and Ellicott Mills. The dis- tance was thirteen miles. The trip was made in an hour and twelve minutes. On the same day on which the trial trip was made, the locomotive had a race with a horse drawing a car running on a parallel track. The locomotive at first kept the lead, but an accident happened to the machine, and in the end the horse won the race. Still, the trial trip of Cooper's locomotive was in the main successful, and marked the begin- ning of the great Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which by 1853 had climbed over the mountains to Wheeling and had saved to Baltimore her Western trade. An early rajlway-train. This train made its tirst trip August g, 1831, from Albany to Schenectady. After 1830 the use of steam as a motive power on railroads grew rapidly in favor, and in all parts of the country railroad- building was carried forward with great energy. As our story proceeds we shall learn that in the upbuilding of our country few things have been of greater importance than the smooth iron road and the swift iron horse. 183. Michigan. — Besides building up western New York the Erie Canal was also a powerful factor in the development of the country bordering on tlie (jreat Lakes. Its influence spread rapidly across northern Ohio and was soon felt in the Michigan country. In 1805 the lower peninsula of Michigan was cut oflf from Indiana Territory and organized as Michigan Territory, with William Hull (p. 199) as the lirst governor and Detroit as the first capital. But it was a wild and desolate country that Hull went out to govern. The great forests of Michigan were still as DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1820 AND 1840 245 Walk-in-tfie- Water. unbroken and untrodden as when, two hundred years before, they were explored by the followers of Champlain. The only inhabitants were the Indians and a few Frenchmen. The only settlements were De- troit, Mackinaw, and French- town. The chief occupation of the region was fur-trad- ing. Hull proved to be neither a good governor nor a good soldier. In 1813 his place was given to Lewis Cass, a young man wdio understood pioneer life and who rendered the Territory good service. He made treaties with the Indians and secured the title to vast tracts of Indian land. In his dealings with the Indians he tried to be fair, and he usually won their respect and good will. In 1818 the steamboat IValk-in-thc-Water appeared at De- troit, and the next year advanced to Mackinaw, where the savages were made to believe that the strange-looking vessel was drawn by a team of trained sturgeon. -.^^ The appearance of "j/^^^^^"^-^^ the steamboat on the Great Lakes w^as fol- lowed in 1825 by the opening of the Erie Canal. A new era now dawned upon Michigan. Throngs of emigrants from New York and New England soon began Michigan. to make their way to the shores of the upper lakes. The popu- lation of Michigan Territory jumped from 8000 in 1820 to 246 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 32,000 in 1830. P>v 1837 the population was nearly loo.ooo and in that year Michigan was admitted as a State. 184. Development in the South: Cotton-Growing-; Slavery. — The rapid development of the country around the Great Lakes between 1820 and 1840 was matched by a development ecjually rapid in the States arouin! tlie Ciulf of Me.xico. At the time Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama were developing their re- Picking coUou. sources, the mills of the North as well as those of Euro])e were demanding larger ant! larger (|uantities of cotton. The lands in the C^iulf region were especially desiral)le for raising cotton. So cotton-grt)\ving became the chief occupation in the new States of the far South, and slaves in great numbers were brought down from the oltler States to work on the plantations. From ten to fifteen thousand were brought down every year from Delaware, Maryland, and \'irginia. In ten years Mississippi doubled the number of her slaves, while the numl)er in Alabama was neatly trebled in the same time. The greater the number of slaves, the greater of course was tlie amount of cotton produced. In 1810 the Gulf region produced 5,000^000 jx^unds of cotton; in 1820, 60,000,000 pounds; in 1834 its fields were white with 230,000,- 000 pounds. Thus in the Gulf States slavery by 1840 had be- come the mainsta\- of industry, and cotton had become king. 185. Arkansas.— This cotton kingdom of the South was en- DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1820 AND 1840 247 Arkansas. larged in 1836 by the admission of Arkansas. What is now Arkansas formed a part of Louisiana Territory till 1812 and a part of Missouri Territory till 1819, when Arkansas Territory was organized. The population of the Territory in 1820 was less than 15,000. It received, however, an overflow of popula- tion from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, and its growth was rapid. Its soil was adapted to the raising of cotton, and slaves were employed in the cultivation of its fields. In 1835 Arkansas Territory had a population sufficient for statehood, and the next year it was admitted into the Union. Its admission as a slave State was regarded as an offset to the admission of Michigan, which was about to come in as a free State. 186. The Removal of the Indians.— Between 1820 and 1840 the cotton king- dom was also greatly enlarged and strengthened by the removal of the In- dians from the South. When the red men of the South had been subdued by Jackson (p. 217), they had for the most part been allowed to remain on their lands. In 1820 over 50,000 Indians — Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws. Choctaws, and others — were living in Georgia, Alabama, Mis- sissippi, and Tennessee, and were occupying upward of 30,000,- 000 acres of land. Much of this was the best land of the South, and the wdiite man of course longed to become its possessor. By a series of treaties with the national government, the Indians consented to surrender their lands east of the Mississippi to the United States, and to receive in return grants of land west of the Mississippi, in the country known as the Indian Territory. In accordance with these treaties the Indians were gradually removed across the Mississipi)i, and by 1840 but few of them were left in their old homes in tlie South. The vacant Indian lands were filled U]) by ])lanters with their slaves and given over to the cultivation of cotton. 187. Growth in Population between 1820 and 1840; the Frontier Line in 1840. — Altiiough our growth between 1820 and 1840 was not so striking as it was between 1800 and 1820 248 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES (p. 219), nevertheless it was very great. During this period our population nearly doubled, increasing from 9,638,453 in 1820 to 17,169,453 in 1840. The development of the West continued at a Fort Smith, Arkansas, in 1853. remarkable rate, and by 1840 the Ohio valley was almost an empire in itself. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois had a combined population of nearly three millions, while Kentucky and Ten- nessee together could count more than a million and a half. Ohio ranked third in population and was almost as populous as Pennsylvania, while Tennessee ranked fourth and was more populous than Massachusetts. Western development between 1820 and 1840 consisted for the most part of filling up the unsettled parts of new States. The Frontier Line during these years therefore did not move \cr\ rapidly. Nevertheless it moved considerably. In 1820 the line ran pretty close to the Mississippi River (colored map in Chap- ter XXVIII). By 1840 it had moved west as far as the great northern bend of the Missouri. From the head of Green Bay draw a line through Prairie du Chien, St. Joseph, Kansas City, Fort Smith (Arkansas), and Shreveport (Louisiana), and you will have the Frontier Line of 1840 (colored map in Chapter XXXII). DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1820 AND 1840 249 QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give the history of the National Road between 1S25 and 1840. 2. Why did the Eastern States need canal communication with \he West? Give an account of the building and opening of the Erie Canal. W^hat were some of the effects of this canal? Why was the Pennsylvania Canal built? What was the route of this canal? 3. What was the early history of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad? 4. What was the early history of Michigan? What two things hastened the growth of Michigan? Give an account of the admission of Michigan as a State. 5. Give an account of the development of the far South between 1820 and 1840. 6. When was Arkansas admitted as a State.'' 7. Give an account of the removal of the Indians from the South. 8. What was the growth in population between 1820 and 1840? De- scribe the Frontier Line in 1840. REVIEW yVND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: i68g (2), 1754, 1763. 1787 (2), 1803, 1821, 1832. 2. Places: San Salvador, Providence, Charleston (2), Fort Duquesne, Saratoga. 3. Persons: De Soto, Magellan, Virginia Dare. Washington, Franklin, Braddock, Wolfe, Burr, Monroe, J. Q. Adams, Calhoun, Clay, Webster. 4. Tell what you can about : the Albany Congress ; the French and In- dian War; the treaty of 1763; the Articles of Confederation; the Con- vention of 1787; the Louisiana Purchase; the Lewis and Clark expedition ; the early history of Louisiana; the tariff of abominations; the Missouri Compromise ; the Monroe Doctrine ; the spoils system ; nullification. 5. Topics : De Witt Clinton : 8, 177-183. The Erie Canal : 23, 40-52. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: 23, g8-iio. Steamboats, canals, and railroads : 17, 207-222. Buffalo : 32, 367-392. Pittsburgh, 32, 393-426. Beginnings of American settlement in Michigan : 27, 189-204. Michigan becomes a State : 27, 205-231. XXXI HARRISON AND TYLER; POLK; THE GREAT WESTWARD EXTENSION Across the Stony Mountains, o'er the desert's drouth and sand, The circles of our empire touch the western ocean's strand. HARRISON AND TYLER. OLD KNOX KILI.CUERISB \K MANQOOD THE tiEFENDER OK HER IN- FANCY. The mighty West shall bless the East, and sea shall answer sea, And mountain unto mountain call, Praise (lod, for we are free. Jo/tn Greenleaf Whit tier. Introduction. — By 1840 much of the best land cast of the Mississippi liad been taken and pioneers had begun to push out into the free unoccupied lands of the far Northwest and of the far Southwest. This pressure of population westward and the hunger for new land resulted, between 1840 and 1850, in an enormous westward extension of our terri- tory, and the chief aim of this chapter will be to give an account of that extension. Harrison and Tyler campaign badge. THE ADMINISTRATION OE WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON AND JOHN TYLER (1841-45) 188. The Election of 1840. — In 1840 the Democrats nomi- nated \'an r.uren for a second term. The Whig party — as the ])arty opposed to the Democrats was now called — nominated William Henry Harrison, the Tippecanoe victor, for President, and John Tyler of Virginia for Vice-President. Clay desired the nomination for the Presidency and was bitterly disappointed when he failed to receive it. The cam])aign of 1840 was noisy and exciting. Harrison was a plain man, living in a plain way on a farm in Ohio, and an Eastern newspaper suggested that it would be better for the 250 THE GREAT WESTWARD EXTENSION 251 country if he would remain there, declaring with a sneer that the candidate would be more at home "in a log cabin, drinking cider and skinning coons, than living in the White House as Presi- dent." As vast numbers of the voters were themselves living in log cabins, the Whigs could make good use of this sneer, and they did so. "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" was taken up as the campaign cry. Log cabins were set on wheels and drawn in processions. Men wore log-cabin buttons, smoked log-cabin cigars, and sang log-cabin songs. The log-cabin candidate be- came a popular hero, and every- where there was shouting for "Tippe- canoe and Tyler too." The political meetings of the Whigs were some- times so large that the people could only be measured by the acre. At Dayton, Ohio, there was a monster meeting covering ten acres of ground and numbering 100,000 people. As a result of this enthusiasm Harrison was elected by a large majority. 189. The Death of Harrison ; John Tyler Becomes President. — Harrison was inaugurated March 4, 1841, but precisely one month after his inauguration he died. John Tyler, the Vice- President, now became President. Tyler had been elected by the Whigs, but he was a Democrat at heart. He had left tlic Democrats chiefly because he hated Jackson. He loved Clay and wanted to see him elected President, and when Harrison was nominated instead of Clay, Tyler is said to have burst into tears. When Tyler became President^ he turned his back upon the William Henry Harrison. Born in Virginia, in 1773; delegate to Congress: governor of Indiana Terri- tory; member of Congress and of the Senate; minister to Colombia-, ninth President; died at Washington, D. C, April 4, 1841. 1 President Tyler early in his administration was called upon to send troops to Rhode Island to suppress an uprising known as Dorr's Rebel- lion. At the time, under the existing constitution of Rhode Island, a man could not vote unless he owned real estate worth at least $134 or paid a yearly rent of at least $7. Many people in the Stat* regarded this as a 252 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Whig's and acted in a way to suit the nenioorats. Congress, under the leadershiji of Clay, passed a bill to reestablish the r>ank of the United States, but Tyler w as strongly opposed to such a bank and vetoed the bill. Congress passed a second bank bill similar to the first, anil again Tyler usetl the veto. Then all the members of Tyler's cabinet exce])t Webster^ resigned. 'IMer was now alone, lie had lost the i)owerful support of Clay; Con- gress was against him ; and he had no party on bis side, for the Whigs felt that he had basely deserted them, ami the Democrats did not trust John Tyler. '"'"• Horn ill Virginia, in 1790-. governor of 190. The Annexatloii of Texas.— \"irginia. 1825-27; member of the Sen- ... 1 -i^ 1 ate, 1827-^6-. elected Vice- President, AltllOUgh 1 vlcr WaS WltllOUt a partV, i840-, succeeded as tenth Presfdent up- on the death of Harrison; member of he WaS UCVertheleSS a VCrV aCtU'C Confederate provisional congress-, died _. . , in 1862. President. It was he who brought about the annexation of Texas. The Texas ^luestion had been before the minds of the people for a long time. .\s early as iScxD Philip Nolan and a banil of adventurers left Natchez and made their way westward through the wilderness to Texas. Here they employed their time in cajituring wild hardship, and in iS-(i those who were dissatisfied witli the old order of things took matters into tlieir own hands and adopted a new constitution. They eleeted Thomas W. Dorr as governor, hut the governor under the old constitution refused to recognize the new governor. Dorr attempted ( in 184J) to take possession of tlic State government hy force, hut he- fore there was any hloodshed Dorr's followers deserted him, and he was arrested and imprisoned. So President Tyler was not compelled to send troops to Rhode Island. Dorr was soon pardoned, and in 1S43 the people of Rhode Island adopted a new constitution in an orderly manner. 1 Wehster. who was Secretary of State, remained in the cabinet in order to .settle with England the question of the true boundary line between Maine and Canada. The boundary line was t"ixed in 1S4J by an agree- ment known as the Webster-Ashburton treaty. THE GREAT WESTWARD EXTENSION 253 ponies until they themselves were captured by Spanish officials, for Texas at that time belonged to Spain. In 1820 Moses Austin began the founding of a colony of Americans in Texas, but died before his work was completed. The scheme begun by Moses Austin was carried forward [ by his son Stephen, who se- ^ cured an enormous tract of land between Nacogdoches and San .\ntonio, and estab- lished a colony of three hun- dred families. Other colonists followed Austin, and before seven years had passed there were 12,000 Americans in Texas. In 1836 Texas, then one of the States of Mexico,^ de- clared its independence of the mother country, and under the leadership of Sam Hous- ton, an American, defeated the Mexican army at San Jacinto (map, p. 257). The Texans had no sooner gained their independence than they applied for admission into the Union. Their desire to be a part of the United States was natural enough, for most of them were .Americans. Of the sixty signers of the Texas declaration of independence fifty-three were citizens of the United States. The question of admitting Texas had come up before jack- son, but he would have notliing to do with it. Tlie constitution of Texas allowed slavery, and Jackson knew he would ofifend 1 Mexico in 1821 threw off the yoke of Spain and liecame an inde- pendent nation. Texas, before 1836, was one of the States of Mexico, just as Pennsylvania is one of the States of the United States. Stephen Austin, "The Father of Texas." From a picture in the Texas State Capitol. 254 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES the North if he favored the admission of Texas, and would offend tlie South if he opposed its achnission. lUit Tyler was strongly in favor of admitting Texas. He arranged for a treaty of annexation, but the Senate rejected the treaty. The Texas question, however, could not be permanently set aside. In 1844 the Democrats nominated James K. Polk of Tennessee for President, and declared squarely for the annexa- tion of Texas and for the occupation of Oregon. The Whigs nominated Clay and kept silent on the Texas question. The Democratic cry in the campaign was, "The Northwest and the Southwest," which meant that, if Polk won, both the Oregon country and Texas would be added to the Union. Polk was elected, and Tyler, feeling sure that the peo])le of the country were in favor of annexing Texas, urged Congress to annex it at once. Congress took the matter up, and three days before Tyler went out of- office a joint resolution annexing Texas to the United States passed (March i, 1845) in both houses. The terms of the resolution were accepted by the Texans with an outburst of joy, and a State seven times as large as England was added to our Union. By the annexation of Texas the area of the cotton kingdom was greatly enlarged and the institution of slavery was greatly strengthened.^ THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES K. POLK (1845-49) 191. The Oregon Country.— Polk had promised that the Oregon country as well as Texas should be brought into the Union. As soon as he took his scat, therefore, he began to push the claims of the United States to the vast region lying between the crest of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific and extending from the forty-second parallel of north latitude to the parallel of 54° 40' north (map. p. 256). Polk could give several reasons why the United States should take possession of the Oregon country. In the first place, he could claim it through the right of discovery, for in 1792 Captain Robert Gray of Boston had ^ In the same year in which Texas was annexed slavery was also strengthened by the admission of Florida as a slave State. THE GREAT WESTWARD EXTENSION 255 entered the mouth of the Cohinibia River in a trachng-vessel. Moreover, Lewis and Clark had explored the country in 1805. But his strongest claim rested on the fact that Americans in large numbers had crossed over the Rockies and had made actual settlements in the Oregon country. The early settlement of, Oregon by Americans was due largely to a missionary movement. About 1832 four Indians traveled from the upper Columbia to St. Louis to learn from the white man what they could about the Christian reli- gion and to get a copy of the white man's "book of heaven," the Bible. In response to this appeal Jason Lee, a Methodist preacher, went out in 1834 by the Oregon trail (p. 271) and founded a mission on the Wil- lamette River. Two years later Presbyterians under the leadership of Dr. Marcus Whitman founded a mission at W^alla Walla. These mis- sionaries preached to the Indians, helped them to build houses, and showed them how to till their fields and grind their wheat and corn. The praises of the lovely and fertile valley of the Willamette reached the East and soon caused the tide of emigration to flow toward Oregon. In one year (1843) about six thousand persons took the long journey over the plains and mountains. At this time there were enough settlers in the Willamette valley to require a government. So the Oregon settlers, like the pioneers of Tennessee, framed a government for themselves. They met in a barn in Champoeg and drew up for their little community a plan of government which satisfied their needs for several years. England as well as the United States claimed Oregon, and in 1845 both countries by -a friendly arrangement were holding it in joint possession, the agreement being that either country could James K. Polk. I)Orn in North Carolina, in 1795; stud- ied law; member of Congress; gov- ernor of Tennessee, 1839-41 ; eleventh President, 1845-49; died in Tennessee, 256 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES bring the joint occupation to an end by giving the other country a year's ce. The joint occupation was ight to an end by Polk in 1846, wlicn he claimed Oregon as belonging wholly to the United States. England yielded to the claim and with- drew, leaving the United States in pos- session/ The Ore- gon country thus acquired was about as large as Texas. It included what are The Oregon country. ^^^^^^ .^1^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and i)arts of Wyoming and Mon- tana — in all about 280,000 square miles. 192. The War with Mexico; California; New Mexico.— But Polk's heart was set upon acquiring California as well as Oregon. California at this time really belonged to Mexico, but the Mexican government was so weak that it could neither con- trol nor defend the distant province. This i)art of the Pacific coast was, therefore, exposed to the attack of foreign powers, and Polk feared that if California was not seized by the Amer- icans it would be seized by England or by France. The event that led directly to the conquest of California was the Mexican War. This was brought on by a dispute as to the rightful boundaries of Texas. Mexico claimed the land between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. Texas also claimed this land, and when it became one of the States of our Union its claims were of course defended by the government of the United States. Polk did not wish to wage war against Mexicc^ if he could help it, so he tried to arrange for a treaty that w'ould make ^ In the treaty, however, which gave us Oi'egon, England held on to the part of the country which lies north of the forty-ninth parallel. THE GREAT WESTWARD EXTENSION 257 THE M.-N. WORKS Map of the war with Mexico. war unnecessary. But Mexico preferred to fight. Mexican troops were sent into the disputed territory between the Rio Grande and the Nueces, where American troops had already been stationed. In April, 1846, the two armies met and fighting began. Polk desired a short war and one in which there would be little shedding of blood. He went into the conflict with the sword in one hand and the olive-branch of peace in the other. General Winfield Scott (p. 201) was at the time the command- ing general of the army, and Zachary Taylor— old "Rough and Ready" as he was called— was at first given command in Mex- 17 258 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ico. In September, 1846. Taylor mtnecl an army of 7000 men against Monterey, wliich was defended by a garrison of 10,000 soldiers. After tbree days of sharp lighting, Monterey surren- dered. General Scott himself now appeared upon the scene of war with plans for the capture of \'era Cruz and the city of Mexico, and in order to strengthen himself for the expedition he with- ••^ /. "I .V Vera Cruz, Mexico drew from Taylor a large body of experienced officers antl troops. In February. 1847, Taylor, with a greatly reduced army, was compelled to meet the Mexican general Santa Anna at Buena \^ista, where was fought the greatest battle of the war. The Mexicans greatly outnumbered the Americans, but through the excellent generalship of Taylor the Americans won the victory. On March 9, 1847, OK^neral Scott began to land liis army of 12,000 men at \"era Cruz, and on March 29 the city had sur- rendered. Scott now pushed on to the city of Alexico. He defeated the Mexicans at the pass of Cerro Gordo, and advanced to Puebla, where, in accordance with the policy of Polk, he of- fered to the Mexicans the "olive-branch of peace." The Mexi- cans refused the offer of peace and rallied their forces for the further defense of their country. But it was of no use. Scott marched on to victory after victory. On September 8 he took Molino del Rey ; on September 13 he carried by storm Chapul- THE GREAT WESTWARD EXTENSION 259 Winfield Scott Born in Virginia, in 17S6; served in the War of iSi2; major-general and com- mander-in-chief of the army, 1841 •, re- tired from active service, 1S61 ; died in tepee, a strong fortress tliat o\er- looked the city of Me-xico; and on September 14 he entered the capital with his army and raised the Amer- ican flag. 193. The Capture of New Mexico and California; the Treaty of Gua- dalupe Hidalgo. — With the capture of the city of Mexico the 'Mexican War practically was brought to a close. California, the great prize of the war, had been taken almost before the war had actually begun. As early as June, 1846, Colonel Stephen Kearney left Fort Leavenworth and marched to Santa Fe. After cap- turing Santa Fe and taking posses- '^^^ sion of all New Mexico, he marched on to California. Upon arriving there, however, he found that American settlers had already declared California to be an independent republic^ and that the country had already been won for the Americans by Lieutenant John C. Fremont, who was in command of a small body of soldiers, and by Commodore Stockton, who was hover- ing off the Pacific coast with a fleet. The conquest had been made without a struggle. "We sim[)ly marched," said one of Fremont's soldiers, "all over California from Sonoma to San Diego, and raised the American flag without opposition or pro- test. We tried to find an enemy, but we could not." A treaty of peace between the United States and Mexico was arranged in February, 1848, at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a village near the city of Mexico. By the terms of the treaty, the dis- puted Texas Territory, New Mexico, and California were ceded to the United States, and in return our government gave Mexico $15,000,000, precisely the sum paid for Louisiana. Thus during the administrations of Tyler and Polk we extended our territory 1 The settlers raised a flas; upon wiiich was a picture of a grizzly bear, and their new republic was known as the Bear State Republic. 260 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Table Showing the Terri- torial Growth of the United States . Siiuarc Miles Original area 827,844 Louisiana Purchase 875,025 Florida 70,107 Texas 389,795 Oregon Country 28 Mexican Cession 523,802 Gadsden Purchase 36,211 Alaska 599,446 Total. . . . 3,610,919 The westward extension. to the Pacific Ocean and acquired possession of what is now Texas, Oregon, Wasliington, Idaho, Utah, Cahfornia. Nevada. New Mexico, Arizona, and parts of Wyoming, Montana, and Oklahoma.^ QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. What led to the great westward extension of our territory between 1840 and 1850? 2. Give an account of the presidential campaign of 1840. ^ In 1853 James Gadsden, acting as an agent for the United States, purcliased from Mexico, for the sum of $10,000,000, a tract of land 36,000 square miles in area. This tract is now included in the southern part of Arizona and New Mexico, and is known as the Gadsden Purchase. THE GREAT WESTWARD EXTENSION 261 3. By what political party was Tyler elected? In what way did he for- sake the principles of his party? Give an account of Dorr's Rebellion. 4. Give an account of the early history of Texas and of the annexa- tion of Texas. 5. What claims did the United States have upon the Oregon country? Give an account of the early settlement of Oregon. Under what circum- stances did we acquire the Oregon country? 6. What was the cause of the Mexican War? Give an account of the military operations of Taylor; of Scott. In what way did we gain pos- session of New Mexico and California? 7. What were the terms of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1664, 1682, 1789, 1812. 1821, 1825, 1832. 2. Places : Genoa. New Amsterdam, Quebec, Watauga, New Orleans. 3. Persons : Penn, Jefferson, Hamilton, John Adams, Madison, Jack- son, Monroe, J. Q. Adams, Calhoun, Clay, Webster, De Witt Clinton, Fulton. 4. Tell what you can about : the Puritans ; the first written constitu- tion; King Philip's War; the Stamp Act; the beginnings of political parties; Jay's treaty; the battle of New Orleans; the treaty of Ghent; the tariff of 1816; the Missouri Compromise; the Monroe Doctrine; the spoils system; nullification; the first steamboat; the Erie Canal. 5. Topics: The campaign of 1840: 15 (Vol. I), 223-240. General Sam Houston: 24, 67-78; 6, 173-186. The rupture with Mexico: 11, 183-196. General Taylor: 24, 189-204; also 22, 217-225. General Scott: 24, 207- 225; also II, 208-229. The Bivouac of the Dead: 14, 368. Pioneers of the pioneers: 29, 137-158. The first American government on the Pacific: 29, 196-212. A Mexican. XXXII DEVKLOrMKNT BETWEEN IMO AND 1S50 Savannah, first steamship to cross the Atlantic. I loved my villaKO. my corn-fields, and my people I foujjht for tlicm. They nre now yours. I have looked iijion the Mississippi River since I was a chfld. 1 love the great river. 1 have always dwelt upon its banks I look upon it now and am sad. I shake hands with you. We are now fr'iends — Bi'mk Miiwf: to his white capt(ir<; '; ■ Introduction. — While, tlur- ' ' ""j ing the adniini.stration of Tyler and Polk, the United States was extending its boundaries to the Pacific, pio- neers were ra])idly develo])ing new conmumities in the West and building u]) new States. In this chai)ter the chief aim will be to give an account of Western de\elopinent between 1840 and 1850. 194. Cheap Lands and Immigration.— In 1841 Congress passed the PreoinjUion Law. This law reduced the price of public lands from $j an acre (p. 207) to $i.J5 an acre, and pro- vided that after the settler had resitled on his lantl for si.\ months and had made certain improvements nin^n it he could secure a full title to it. The rreemption Law thus enciuiraged Western development by otTering settlers land at an extremelv low price and on very favorable terms. The growth of the West was also greatly assisted by a tide of immigration that poured into the Ignited States between 1840 and 1850. P>y 1840 steamshii^s were making regular trips across the Atlantic, and ft)reigners could come to our shores in comfort and at little expense. Thousands came from Ireland because of a terrible famine (in 1846) due to the failure of the i)otato cro]i. Thousands of Germans came because they were discontented 262 DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1840 AND 1850 263 Along the Upper Mississippi and around the Great Lakes. with political atTairs at home. IJefore 1840 iuiniigrants came to America by the tens of thousands; after 1840 they came by the hundreds of thousands. Between 1840 and 1850 nearly 2,000,- 000 foreigners came to the United States, and vast throngs of them went directly to the Western country. 195. Along the Upper Mississippi and around the Great Lakes: Iowa; Wisconsin; Minnesota. — In no part of the West did the ui)building of new communities between 1840 and 1850 proceed faster than along the banks of the Upper Mississippi and along the shores of the Great Lakes. In this region, within the space of a few years, there emerged from a howling wilder- ness three great States— Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. loiva. — No region could have had greater charms for the pioneers than the Iowa country. "Iowa, a beautiful State to- day, was still more beautiful when the settlers first saw it. The prairies were rounded and swelling, fringed by heavy timber. In the spring the grass was a tender green and covered with flowers. The groves were rich in blossoming rosewood, dog- 264 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES wood, crab-apple, wild cherry, and wild plum. The wild rose was abundant. In the summer the prairies were like a sea, the tall coarse grass, dried to a golden hue, waving in the wind."' Yet the settlement of the beautiful Iowa country did not begin until after it had been in our possession for many years. This was because it was occupied by savage tribes. But piece by piece the red man lost his lands. In 1832 the government bought from the Sacs and Foxes about 6,000,000 acres lying west of the Mississippi and north of the Des Moines. In this tract— known as the Black Hawk Purchase— there were valuable lead-mines, which had great attractions for the people of Illinois and Mis- souri. With the In- dians out of the way, there was a rush for these mines, and the settlement of the Iowa country began in ear- nest. Dubuque was founded in 1833; Burlington in 1834; Davenport in 1836. But all this time Kansas City in 1840. t^ •., . ■^ Iowa w'as without a government; for when Congress, in 1821, set Missouri oft' as a State, it failed to provide a government for the region at the north. In 1834 a miner at Dubuque shot another miner and killed him, but there was no regular way of bringing the mur- derer to justice. Still, the ofi"ender was made to sufifer for his crime. He w-as brought before a jury which he himself was allowed to select. The jury sat on a log and tried the case. The prisoner was found guilty and was hung. This case of backwoods justice having been brought to the notice of the authorities at Washington, Congress in 1834 at- tached the territory north of Missouri and between the Missis- sippi and Missouri rivers to the Territory of Michigan. Iowa remained a part of Michigan Territory until 1836, when it 1 Sabin, "The Making of Iowa," p. 167. DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1840 AND 1850 265 \*«i«y The first Capitol of Wisconsin. passed under the control of Wisconsin Territory. Two years later, however, it was given a territorial government of its own, with a capital at Burlington.^ By 1843 Iowa was almost free of Indians, and settlers were pouring into the unoc- cupied lands. By 1846 the lower part of Iowa Territory contained a number of people sufficient for statehood, and accordingly Iowa in that year was set off as a State and admitted. The rush to Iowa was now greater than ever. Emigrants came from the South, from the East, and from Europe. Ferries were busy day and night carrying the pioneers across the Mississippi, and steamboats on the Ohio, the Mississippi, and the Missouri were packed with passengers. In ten years — between 1840 and 1850 — the population of Iowa leaped from 40,000 to 200,000. Wisconsin. — Rapid as was the growth of Iowa, the growth of her eastern neighbor was even more rapid. Wisconsin for nearly fifty years was simply a part of other Territories, but in 1836 she became a Territory in her own name and right. Several years before she became a Territory there was waged on her soil ^vhat was known as the Black Hawk War. Black Hawk, a leader of the Sacs and Foxes and a fine specimen of Indian manhood, was opposed to the treaties by which the whites were gaining possession of the Indian lands, and in 183 1 refused to move from lands which the whites had purchased. 1 In 1857 Des Moines was made the capital of Iowa. Black Hawk. 266 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Troops were sent against the troublesome chief, and in the summer of 1832 his band of warriors was completely defeated at the battle of Bad Ax, in Wisconsin. The brave leader him- self was captured and held as a prisoner. After the defeat of Black Hawk the Indians were no longer feared, and emigrants moved into Wisconsin in great streams. In the southwestern part there were rich lead-mines, and to these mines settlers made their way both by overland route and by the Ohio and Mississippi. Thousands came by way of the Great Lakes on steamers, landing at Green Bay or at Milwaukee. Sometimes the steamers were so crowded that passengers were obliged to sleep on mattresses spread on the decks and dining- room floors. By 1847 nwre than 200,000 whites had settled in the Territory, and the next year Wisconsin was given its present boundaries and admitted into the Union. Minnesota. — When Wisconsin was set off as a State the region at the west was left without a government of any kind and for a time was known as "No Man's Land." But in 1849 Minne- i ^ iiiiVV'' *^y j i pnfj.;ip j W!!a r nrfirtf^^Df' ^ I . r.iiii 111 1 iS5,v irom a drawing by a Gcniiaii traveler. sota Territory was organized and its seat of government was located at St. Paul. No Territory ever began its existence with DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1840 AND 1850 267 fewer white inhabitants than did Minnesota Territory. Its population was less than 5000. "There was a trading-post at Wabasha, a storehouse at the fort of Lake Pepin, a mission house at Red \\'ing and at Kaposia, and a trading-post at Men- dota, and that was all."^ Yet few Territories ever grew faster than Minnesota. In 1853 the lands of the Sioux Indians, over 28,000,000 acres, were thrown open to the whites. The next year Chicago and Rock Island, . - on thelMississippi, were joined .• by a railroad, and in 1856 the i Sault Ste. ]\Iarie Canal was i C-' "T" ""^ ^k ^ss^awf**"""^"^ *' opened. Minnesota was now .?T^- 1 I li '^^tf^ i^, ■ easy to reach, and emigrants 1^^ *- — ^ -^ . • swarmed over her vacant lands like bees. In 1857 the population of the Territory was found to be more than thirty times as great as it was The first frame house in Duluth. in 1849. As swift as was the development of Iowa and Wiscon- sin, their progress seemed like the movement of a snail when compared with the progress of Minnesota. In 1857 Minnesota Territory applied for admission as a State, and the next year it joined the Union. The pioneer history of the Upper Lake and Upper Mississippi States was of short duration. Within the space of a lifetime the whole face of nature was changed. With the banishment of the Indians and the destruction of the forests, the fur industry declined, and farming, mining, and lumbering became the chief occupations. The railroad came, and in its path came civiliza- tion — churches, schools, villages, cities. Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, Milwaukee, grew as the country around them grew, and rapidly became busy and flourishing centers of commerce and industry. How important this development of the Upper Mississippi and Upper Lake States has been in our history may be seen in the results that are before us to-day. Iowa in 1900 led all the States in the products of the farm ; Wisconsin holds second rank in the products of the forest ; Minnesota produces 1 Nilcs, "Histor}- and Government of Minnesota," p. 51. 268 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ' Three views of Chicago. more iron ore tliaii all the other States put together, and is the greatest wheat-growing State in the Union. 196; Chicago. — The development of the Upper Mississippi and the Uj)per Lake region led to the upbuilding of Chicago. For many years the growth of Chicago was slow. As late as 1838 wolves could be heard at night howling in the woods around the town. But Chicago was fitted by nature to become the metropolis of the growing West. Railroads running to Eastern cities from Wr«;consin and Minnesota would pass by the head of Lake Michigan, and grain from the fields of Iowa, northern Illinois, and northern Indiana would naturally be taken to the head of this lake for shijiment. About 1840 Chicago began to ship wheat in large quantities to the East, and then its wonderful growth began. In 1840 its population was less than DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1840 AND 1850 269 5000; in 1850 it was a city of nearly 30,000. By. 1854 it was connected by railroads with the cities of the Atlantic and with points on the Mississippi River. Chicago now grew more rap- idly than ever, and it was not many years before it held first place among the cities west of the Alleghanies. 197. California before the Conquest,— The story of the Westward Movement during the forties now takes us from the banks of the Mississippi to the far-off land of CaHfornia. When California came into our possession in 1847 it was inhabited chiefly by Spaniards and In- dians. For more than a hundred years Spanish priests of the Jesuit and Fran- ciscan orders had been establishing mis- sions in California, and by the time the Americans appeared upon the scene there were missions at San Diego, San Luis Rey, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, Mon- terey, San Jose, and San Francisco. The purpose of the mission was to teach the Indians Christianity and to train them in the arts of civilized life. The mission was thus both a religious and an indus- trial community. "At sunrise the bell sounded for the Angelus, and the Indians assembled in the chapel, where they at- tended morning prayers and mass and received short religious instruction. Then came breakfast, after which they re- turned to their work. At 11 a.m. they ate dinner, and after that they rested until 2 p.m. Work was then resumed and continued until an hour before sunset, when the bell again tolled the Angelus. After prayers and the rosary the Indians supped, and then were free to take part in a dance or some such innocent amusement." The chief occupations at the mission were farming, cattle-raising, and the growing of fruits — apples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, oranges, and In the garden of the Santa Barbara Mission, Cali- fornia. 270 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES -'i^X^^ C/^J pomegranates. In the fields the priests set an example of in- dustry and worked side by side with the Indians. In the days before the Amer- ican conquest these missions were the princii)al centers of civilized life. 198. The Discov- ery of Gold in Cali- fornia. — lUit the jicaceful religious life of the S[)anish mission was soon to l)e disturbed and destroyed by the fierce onset of American jirogress. Nine days before the signing of the The first record of the discovery of gold in California treaty that ga\'e An entry in the diary y 1850, however, most of the white people of the St)Uth had come to believe that slavery was a good thing. They believed that the teachings of the IJible upheld slavery; they contended that it was better for the negro to be a civilized slave on a cotton i)lantation than to be a savage in the jungles of Africa; they said that the black slave at the South, who had all his wants supplied by his master, was happier and more con- tented than the white mill-hand of the North, who was de- pendent upon his wages for his daily bread and who sometimes lacked the necessities of life. In the North by 1850 many thousands of thoughtful people regarded slavery as a great evil. This feeling against slavery had been aroused by the abolition- ists, men who wished to get rid of slavery, root and branch, cost what it might, suffer who might. The great leader of the abolitionists was \\'illiam Lloyd Garrison. In 183 1 tliis remarkable man published the lirst number of his famous news- ]iaper The Liberator. In his paper (iarrison said: "I shall strenuously contend for the immediate enfran- chisement of our slave population. T will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice. I do not wish to think, or speak, or write with moderation. I am in earnest, T will not retreat a single inch, and I will be heard." And truly Garrison was heard. His newspaper had a wide circulation, and it gave great strength to the abolition movement. William Lloyd Garrison, Born at N'cwlniryport, Massachusetts, in 1805; prcsiidenl of the American Ant'islavcry Society, 1843-65 ; died in 1379. ZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD FILLMORE 281 In 1835 there were in the North 200 aboHtion societies; in 1840 there were 2000 of these societies. For a long time the aboh- tionists stood for a despised cause. Even in the North the leading men were against them. Sometimes they could not get a hall in which to hold their meetings and were obliged to meet secretly ui stable-lofts. Frequently their meetings were broken up. Garrison himself was mobbed in the streets of Boston. The abolitionists did two things which were very displeas- ing to the South. They sent into the South, through tlie mails, newspapers, pamphlets, and books which were intended to stir up a feeling against slavery and which were likely to cause the slaves to revolt against their masters. Then f Wi m^MMMW^^:^^ the abolitionists assisted in the escape of fugitive slaves. ■."■:.::.g-: ::::.. gzii-Ti"::rj.i S;^7n£H.|g£g:-r^ Slaves, in the hope of gain- ■)^y^-^~-^-j~r.::'5:iz:zz':'izE£^^ ing their freedom, would Heading of TAe Lifeerafor, Garrison's r, 1- r .1 • abolition newspaper, oiten slip away from their ^ ^ masters and make their way North, hiding in the woods in the daytime and following the north star at night. When the fugitive reached Pennsylvania or Ohio he was often met by officers of the "underground railroad," which was not a railroad at all, but a secret organization composed mainly of abolitionists, whose pur- pose it was to aid runaway slaves to reach Canada, where every- body was free. If the master could find a slave anywhere in the United States, he could by law seize the fugitive and take him back home, but if the runaway could get his foot on Canadian soil he was safe. When taken in charge by tlie underground railroad the fugitives were passed along in a secret manner from place to place. "Forty-seven slaves," said one of the conductors of the underground railroad, "I guided toward the north star. I piloted them through the frosty North mostly by night: men dressed in women's clothes, and women dressed in men's clothes ; on foot and on horseback, in carriages, under loads of hay.'' In one instance the runaway was nailed up in a box and shipped as freight. Through the assistance of this underground railroad 282 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Opening the box containing the runaway negro sent as freight. From "The Underground Railroad," by William Still. the slaveholders of the South were, by 1850, losing hundreds of their slaves and millions (^f (hollars every year. 205. The Compromise of 1850. — At the beginning of Taylor's administration, then, the South and the North were already considerably excited over the subject of slavery. When Con- gress met in 1849, the question of admitting California came up and at once gave rise to a bitter quarrel between the two sections. The quarrel had really begun several years before. In 1846, when a bill was on its passage through Congress giving money to Polk to aid him in acquiring Xew Mexico and California. David ^^' ilmot, a member of the 1 louse, offered an amendment to the bill providing that slavery should be forever prohibited in the territory that might be acquired from Mexico. This amendment, known as the IJ'ilniot Proviso, caused more trouble, perhaps, than any other measure ever proposed by an American states- man, for it woke U]) the ciuestion which since the days of the Missouri Compromise (p. 223) hail been allowed to shnnber, the question of the extension of slavery. The Proviso was de- feated in 1846, but it came up before Congress again and again. It came up in 1849, when California applied for admission, ZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD FILLMORE 283 and there came up witli it several other important questions con- nected with slavery. Should California come in as a free State or as a slave State? If it should come in as a free State there would be sixteen free States and fifteen slave States, and the balance of power (p. 224) between North and South would be destroyed. Should slavery be allowed in the Territories of New Mexico and Utah ? The South asked that these Territories be thrown open to slavery. Should slavery be prohibited in the District of Columbia ? The North desired that it should be ; the South desired that it should not be. Should Congress enact a fugitive-slave law that would enable a master to retake his run- away slave in spite of the abolitionists and the underground railroad ? The South asked for such a law. The above were important questions before Congress in 1849 and 1850. They gave rise to a great debate in which Clay. Calhoun, and Webster were the leaders. Clay, as was to be ex- pected, treated the questions in a spirit of compromise. "Let me say," he said, "to the North and to the South what husband and wife say to each other: we have mutual faults ; neither of us is perfect; nothing in the form of humanity is perfect. Let us then be kind to each other, forbearing, forgiving each other's faults, and, above all, let us live in happiness and peace to- gether." In this spirit of good will and friendliness Clay asked Congress to adopt a plan of settlement that would satisfy both North and South. His plan was : (i) To admit California as a free State. (2) To give New Mexico and Utah territorial government, without making provision one way or the other as to slavery. (3) To prohibit the shrz'c-tradc in the District of Columbia, but not slavery. (4) To enact a fugitive-slave law strict enough to enable a master to capture a runaway slave. Calhoun, the leader of the South, was present in the Senate during the debate, wrapped in flannels and battling with death. He was too weak to deliver his speech, but it was read for him by a fellow-Senator. He was opposed to Clay's plan. He did not believe that under the Constitution Congress had any right 284 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES gradu- John C. Calhoun Horn ill South Carulina, in 1781 ated at N ale ; member of Congress", Secretary of War; Vice-President, 1825-32: member of the Senate; Sec- retary of State; author of the "doc- trine of nullification " ; died in 1850. to keep slavery out of California or any other territory belonging to the United States, and Ik- would not liave the South give up any right which was hers under the Constitution. Webster, in one of the greatest speeches of his life, supported Clay's l)lan. He believed that tlie Union was in danger, and he thought that it could only be saved by a compromise. "1 wish to speak to-day." he said, "not as a Massachusetts man, not as a Xorthern man. but as an Ameri- can. I speak to-day for the pres- ervation of the Union." Other leaders rallied to the support of Clay's plan, and (in October. 1850) it took the form of a series of laws known as the Compromise of 1850, sometimes called the Omnibus liill because it included so manv subjects. 206. The Fugitive-Slave Law of 1850. — Everybody now hoped that the slavery question was settled and that the North and the South would again move along in peace and harmony. But it soon became i)lain that there was more trouble ahead. The new Fugitive-Slave Law was very severe. It gave the ofificers of the United States government the power to turn over any negro who was claimed as an escaped slave to the person claiming him, and did not allow the negro to give testimonv in his own behalf. The law also made it the duty of citizens to assist in the capture of runaway slaves. The law was very of- fensive to the i)eople of the North, and in many places it was fiercely resisted. 207. The Passing Away of Three Great Leaders. — With the debate on the Compromise of 1850 the ])ublic career of Calhoun. Clay, and Webster was ])ractically brought to a close. Indeed. Calhoun did not live through the de])ate, for he died in March, 1850. In his day he was the ablest champion of the South. He ZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD FILLMORE 285 50 100 Statute Miles Results upon slavery of the Compromise of 1850. loved the Union, but he loved what he thought were the con- stitutional rights of the southland more. In June, -1852, Clay passed away. He failed to win the Presidency, but he won the affection of the American people. "Other Americans have been intellectually greater, others have been more painstaking, others still have been greater benefactors to our country, yet no man has been loved as the people of the United States loved Henry Clay" (J. F. Rhodes). Webster survived Clay only four months. Like Clay, Webster went to his grave bitterly disap- pointed because he had failed to be elected President. Yet if he had won the Presidency he would have added but little to his fame and glory. His great work in strengthening and uplifting the Union has given him a place in our history higher and more honorable than that held by most of our Presidents. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the presidential election of 1848. 2. What was the number of slaves in 1850? Of slaveholders? How did household slavery differ from plantation slavery? How were the slaves treated by their masters? How did the slave fare in respect to 286 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES cducatiiMi? Ill respect to religion? Wliat were the views of Soutliern people in regard to slavery? Give an account of the Abolition movement. In wliat two ways did the abolitionists displease the South? 3. What was the Wilmot Proviso? What great questions came up before Congress in 1S49? What was Clay's plan of compromise? Give an account of the debate in Congress on Clay's plan. 4. What were the provisions of the Inigitivc-Slave Law of 1850? 5. What great leader died in 1850? What two died in 185J? What tan be said of the services of these three leaders? REVIEW AXn RKADIXG REFERENCES 1. Dates: 15J-'. 1082 (_'). 1781. 1787. i8o_' (j). 1821. 1837, 1846. 1850. 2. Places : Schenectady, Bunker Hill. Yorktown. Vera Cruz, Detroit. 3. Persons: John Winthrop, Champlain, Marquette, La Salle, Burr, Monroe, J. Q. Adams, W. H. Harrison, Tyler, Polk, Taylor. Cass. 4. Tell what you can about : the Line of Demarcation ; Bacon's Re- bellion; the treaty of 1783; the Monroe Doctrine; the Missouri Compro- mise; the tariff of 1816; the tariff of abominations; the election of 1840; the annexation of Te.xas ; the acquisition of Oregon ; the treaty of Guada- lupe; the settlement of Michigan; the .settlement of Iowa; the discovery of gold in California: the settlement of Oregon. 5. Topics: An abolition argument: 3, 24J-244. A Southern defense of slavery : 3. 244-248. A slave's narrative : 3, 255-257. The compromise of 1850: 3. 279-281. The underground railroad: 15 (Vol. I). 263-203. W. L. Garrison: 8, 19-2-198. Daniel Webster: 14, 377. John C. Calhoun: 22, 241-246. XXXIV FRANKLIN PIERCK; JAMES BUCHANAN And so he [Lincoln] came. From prairie cabin np to Capitol, One fair Ideal led our chieftain on. Forevermore he hurried to do his deed With the fine stroke and gesture of a king. Edivin Markhaiit. THE ADMINISTRATION OF FRANKLIN PIERCE (1853-57) 208. The Election of 1852. — In the presidential campaign of 1852 both the Whigs ami the Democrats declared in their plat- forms that they stood by the Compromise of 1850. The Whigs nominated General W^infield Scott, hoping that his war record (p. 258) would carry them into power. The Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire and swept the country, carrying every State but four. When Pierce took his seat in March, 1853. he was forty-eight years old and was the youngest man that had as yet sat in the presidential chair.^ He was brave, handsome, and well educated, and he had the best wishes of his countrymen in all sections of the Lhiion. 209. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — luir a time after the elec- tion of Pierce it seemed that the slavery question really had been settled. The spirit of compromise, which in Congress had brought forth the Omnibus Uill. became in large measure the spirit of men everywhere. The pet)ple of the North ceased to resist the Fugitive-Slave Law ; tlie underground railroad carried very few passengers ; politics and slavery were almost forgotten, and a second "era of good feeling'' (p. 222) seemed at hand. Rut the question of slavery could not be kejit down. In 1854 ' In July, 1853, President Pierce opened an e.xhil)iti()n Iield in the Crystal Palace in New York. This was our first great exposition. It was attended by vast throngs of people and the articles exliil)ited came from every part of the United States and from all the leading nations of the world. 287 288 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois brought into the Senate a bill to organize the Nebraskan Territory — a region which comprised what are now the States of Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and ]:)arts of Wyoming and Colorado. All tliis country was north of the parallel of 36° 30', and by the terms of the Missouri Compromise (p. 224) was closed against slavery. But Douglas proposed to throw it open to slavery and thus do away with the Missouri Compromise. His bill — known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill — in its final form provided for two Territories, Kansas and Nebraska. The question of slavery in the new Territories was to be settled by what Douglas called ])opular or "squatter" sovereignty : the people of each Territory were to vote on the question of slavery; if the ma- jority of votes were cast in favor of slavery, it was to be a slave Territory, but if the majority of votes were cast against slavery, then it was to be a free Territory. "If they wish slavery," said Douglas, "they have a right to it." The bill was violently opposed in Congress, but Douglas was a powerful leader and next to Henry Clay was the most ])opular man that had yet ap- peared in American politics. He pushed his bill with whij) and spur, and in May. 1S54, it was passed by Congress and signed by the rrcsidi'ut. So the Kansas-Nebraska Bill repealed the Missouri Compromise and threw these Territories open to slavery. i\!l the good (lone b\- tlie Compromise oi iJ^50 was undone by the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. The North felt that in rejiealing the Missouri Compromise the South had violated a solemn pledge, and the resentment against the bill in tlie Xnrth was very bitter. Douglas, who had before been so popular, became an object of Franklin Pierce. liiirn in New Hampshire, in 1804 •. mem- ber of Congress, 1833-^7 •. United States Senator, 1837-42; general in the Mexican War ; fourteenth I'result-nt, 1853-57; died in 1869 FRANKLIN PIERCE 289 hatred. He could travel, he said, from Boston to Cliicago by the light of his own efifigies. Opposition to the Fugitive-Slave Law broke out again. In Boston people of wealth and refine- ment resisted officers of the law in their attempts to retake runaway slaves. The underground railroad was started again» In several of the States— as in Vermont and Rhode Island — the legislatures passed what were called Personal Liberty Laws, which had the effect, and which were intended to have the effect, of making it difficult for officers to carry out the fugitive-slave laws passed by Congress. In spirit the Personal Liberty Laws were nullification laws (p. i66). Under the Kansas-Nebraska Act it was possible to carry slavery into the vast Northwest. The South, therefore, was as much delighted by the measure as the North was embittered by it. So the effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Law was to stir men deeply both at the North and at the South on the subject of slavery. After 1854 every man in the land had to answer this question : Are you for slavery or are you against slavery ? Scene of the struggle in Kansas. 210. The Struggle in Kansas.— The first blows in the slavery conflict were struck in Kansas. Even before the Kansas- Nebraska Bill became a law, emigrants from Missouri and Arkansas were rushing into Kansas with the purpose of making it a slave State, while emigrants from the Northern States were 19 2on IIISTOKY ()!• IIII. IINHi:i) STAIRS liiiiryiiii; In the iifw 'Inrilnis' wiih ilic |.iii|i()',c df ni;ilsinj^' il a free State. I Ih' lave Slate |)e()|)lc settled aloiij^' the Missouri Kiver and InniKlcd the towns of /Xtcliisoii, I .eavenwoilli, and I ,e(dni|itlers il w.is rejecle(| |)\' tlieiii. r.y this lime the free .'^l.ile people were in the iiiajor- il\, .ind their majdritv was i.ipidL iiK re;i'.iiij^'. In iHq*) .'I cdiistilnl idii.il cdiivenlidii met ;il \\'\;mdotte an iiuu, 1..111 ..i... 'I'lir IrKi'tliildX' "( i^',J iiiol ill tliii IiiiiIiIiiik, iiihI iI l.rriiiii|iliiii riiiiHliliilli.il wim ilniuii up liiir 11 liiiililiiiK Ik hIiII MtiiiiiliiiK II^ANKIJN l'H:ia,I'. 201 from Soiilli ( ;ii'(lii);i. In M.-iy, iX'/), ,'■,111111). 1 'l< hvi |..| III llic Sen,'il(; a spccdi wlii' li lli<- .'.'/utli i'!;,ii'l<.| ,i , Ddcir.ivc 'llu; S)»CC<'ll was ailllC(| (•■.)<(•( i;i||y ;it .' ,(|);itot r.lltlfi i,\ ',r,illli <':\ii,- liiia. Tw) flay, aflci' tlii', .\)cc<\i vva, (Idiviicil, r.iixd;,, who was a coll-ill of l:iill< I ( III' I' 'I tin- ! ,'ii;ilf ' )i,iiiil)<-t aii'l .aKl to Sllimicr, who wa, •.illiii;; at lii, (|c,l< r\ii':\i'ii\ m v/iilin;;; "I h;ivf n-a'l V'lir spr-rch Iwi''- ovr rarffiilly. It i, a lihioiioiiij( r-(| the i;f,i wotrl, he ',t inw fMi fhc licarl wifli a. caMf. StliiiiM-r wa/, a pow'iinl umii, hiif the bJfjW sflliiiM-'l him ;m'l h'- 'oiihl iii;il -■ no i cj ,t;m' '■. I'.iool;', fol lowc'l lip Ihc lif,t hlow with otliy ty->r,^) a new party wan ♦ominj; to thr- fiont. In tH;;,'}, just after the passaj.je of flie Kansas .N'ebra.ka, liill, several thou- sand citi/,r-n', of .Michij^an tiK-t in an oak jjrove on the oiit'^kirtn of thr- tov/n of Ja' k'on and reHolve<'l to a' t foj^'thct in oppo.ition to '-.lavery, 'I hey also resolved to be kno'.vn as "l<(-publicans" until the i\0ti. with slavery should be broiijjht to an end. They n;conirnenf|rrd that a national convention of the free StatCH be called, and nominated candidates for tlur State offices. This open-air tneefin/.^ under the oaks at Jackson was the be|;(inning of the great orjj,'ini/ation which is known to r|a,y as the Kepllb- lican party. The kejniblicans met with huccchh in several States in (S54 and 1S55, and by (X56 they had a strong organization. In that year they held a national c/;nvention at I'hiladelphia afid adopted a i>latforrn which declared against the spread of slavery in the 292 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Territories and for the admission of Kansas as a free State. They nominated for President John C. Fremont (p. 259) of California. The Democrats nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylxaiiia and elected him.^ TIIK ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES BUCHANAN (1857-61) 213. The Dred Scott Decision. — P.uchanan was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1857. Two days later the Supreme Court of the United States pronounced its de- cision in the Dred Scott case. Scott was a slave who had been taken by his master first to Illinois, where slavery was prohibited by the Or- dinance of 1787; then to Minnesota Territory, where slavery was pro- hibited by the Missouri Compro- mise; and then to Missouri, a slave State. After several years' resi- dence in Missouri, Scott brought suit in the Missouri courts for his freedom, on the ground that his residence in free Illinois and free Minnesota had made him a free- man. His case was tried by several courts and finally was taken up to th.e Supreme Court of the United States. This great trilnmal decided that, since Scott was a negro whose ancestors were slaves, he was not a citizen of Missouri, and that because he was not a citizen he had no right 1 The Native American party also had a candidate for President in 1856. This party was composed mainly of members of the old Whig party and of discontented Northern Democrats. The chief aim of this party was to prevent foreign-horn citizens from holding office. It held its meetings in secret, and when a member of the party was asked any question about political matters, he would always reply, "I don't know." So the Native American party came to be known as the Know-Nothing party. It died out soon after the election of 1856. James Buchanan. Born in I'ennsylv.Tn'ia, in 1791; mem- ber of Congress; minister to Russi.t. United States Senator; Secretary of State; minister to Oreat Britain; fif- teenth President, 1857-61 ; died in 1868. JAMES BUCHANAN 293 to bring a case into court. The court declared that the Consti- tution was intended to apply only to the white race, asserting that when the Constitution was adopted "negroes were so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect." The court went further and declared that the Mis- souri Compromise was contrary to the Constitution and that Congress had no right to prevent the spread of slavery into the Territories. So Scott failed to gain his freedom. The decision made the people of the North very angry, for it cut the very ground from under the feet of those who were fighting against the extension of slavery. In the South, on the other hand, the people rejoiced when they heard that the highest court in the land was on their side and on the side of slavery. 214. The Lincoln-Douglas De- bates. — The excitement aroused by the Dred Scott decision in 1857 was intensified in the following year by the Lincoln-Douglas debates. Stephen A. Douglas in 1858 was a candidate for reelection to the United States Senate, and Abraham Lincoln was his opponent. The story of Lincoln's life up to the time of this debate has been told by himself in the following words : "I was born February 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. . . . My father removed from Kentucky to what is now Spencer County, Indiana, in my eighth year. . . . There I grew up. There were some schools, so called, but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond readin', writin', and cipherin' to the rule of three. Of course when I came of age I did not know much. I have not been to school since. I was raised to farm-work, which I continued until I was twenty-two. At twenty-one I came to Illinois, Macon County. Then I got to Salem County, where I remained a year as a sort of clerk in Stephen Arnold Douglas, Born in Vermont, in 1813; studied law ; elected judge of the Supreme Court of Illinois; member of Congress and of the Senate; died in i86r 294 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES a store. Then came the lUack Hawk War, and I was elected a captain of wthniteers. wliicii gave me more pleasure than any I ha\e had since. 1 ran for the legislature the same year ( 1S32) and was l)eaten, the only time I was ever ])eaten by the ])eople. In 1846 I was electetl to the Lower House of Congress. ... I was losing interest in jiolitics when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise arouseil me again. \\'hat I have done since is pretty well known. I am in height six feet four inches, nearly ; lean in flesh, weighing on an average one huiulred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair and grav eyes." Tn the camjiaign for the senatorship Lincoln and Douglas JAMES BUCHANAN 295 spoke in joint debate from the same platform, Lincoln taking the side aj^ainst tiie furtlier extension of slavery, and Douglas defeniling his doctrine of "popular sovereignty." The ilebates attracted the attention of the entire country, and the meetings were attended by thousands. Douglas won the senatorship, but in the debates Lincoln showed himself to be a man of such great power that the people of the North began to look to him as the natural leader of the forces that were oj^posed to slavery. 215. John Brown's Raid. — After the Dred Scott decision the (|uarrel l)etween the North and the South over slavery was bitter enough, but it was soon made more bitter by an event which is known as John Brown's Raid. In 1859 John Brown, the same man whe)m we saw engaged in the Kansas struggle, rented a farm-house about six miles north of nar])er's h'erry, in \'irginia. Llere he planned to march into Virginia with a few followers and stir up the negroes and cause them to rebel against their masters antl thus gain their freedom. On the night of October 17, 1859, Brown left the farm-house with about twenty companions ami went to 1 lari)er's b\M-ry and seized tlie prsenal there and took possession of the village, lie shot down a few innocent men and set free a few slaves, but there was no general U[)rising of the negroes; they remained loyal to their •^f'.v Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in 1860. masters. After Brown had held the village for a few hours, he and his band were surrounded by a small force of soldiers under Colonel Robert E. Lee and were captured and taken to the county jail. He was tried for treason and murder, was con- victed, and on December 2 was hanged. 296 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 216. The Election of I860. — The discord and disunion pro- duced by tlic slavery agitation showed themselves plainly in the presidential election of i860, when there were four candidates in the field. The Democratic ])arty in that year found itself split in twain. Tlie Democrats of the South, not being able t(i agree with Northern Democrats on the slavery question, nominated a ticket of their own and made their own ]:)latform. Their candi- date for President was John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky. Their platform declared (i) that Congress had no right to abolish slavery in tlie Territories, and (2) that a territorial legis- lature hareckenridge y2. Bell 39. and Douglas 12. Of the popular votes Lincoln had 1,857,610; Douglas, 1,291,574; I'reckenridge, 850,052; Bell, 646,124. Thus the great Democratic party went down in defeat. With the exception of two periods of four years each, it had gov- erned the country for sixty years. The Republican party came into power in 1861, and, with the exception of two periods of four years each, it has governed the country ever since. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the presidential election of 1852. 2. What were the provisions of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill? What effect did this law have upon the slavery question? FRANKLIN PIERCE; JAMES BUCHANAN 297 3. Give an account of the early settlement of Kansas and of the strug- gle between the free-State men and the slave-State men. 4. Describe the attack of Brooks upon Sumner. 5. Give an account of the presidential election of 1856 and of the rise of the Republican party. 6. What was the Dred Scott decision? 7. Sketch the life of Abraham Lincoln up to 1858, and give an account of the Lincoln-Douglas debates. 8. Give an account of John Brown's Raid. 9. Give an account of the presidential election of i860. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1689, 1803 (2), 1812, 1832, 1837, 1850. 2. Places: St. Augustine, Jamestown, Quebec (2), New Orleans, De- troit. 3. Persons: Raleigh, Smith, Stuyvesant, Madison, Jackson, Calhoun. Clay, Webster, Cass, Fillmore. 4. Tell what you can about: the Jamestown colony; the patroons; the founding of Georgia; Queen Anne's War; King George's War; the Fron- tier Line in 1740; the Articles of Confederation; the Convention of 1787; the Louisiana Purchase; the Lewis and Clark expedition; the treaty of Ghent; the spoils system; nullification: the settlement of Michigan; the settlement of Iowa; the discovery of gold in California; the settlement of Oregon ; the Compromise of 1850. 5. Topics: The Kansas-Nebraska Bill: 15 (Vol. i), 294-309. Troubles in Kansas : 3, 287-289. John Brown : 3, 294-296. The Lincoln-Douglas debates : 30, 94-120. Lincoln the man of the people : 14, 399. XXXV PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION B1<:TWI-:1: N ISOOANI) ISCO "What halh (lod wrouRht?" This sentence was written from Washington by me at the Haltimorc Terminus, at 8 h. 45 min A. M on Friday, May 24, 1844, beinR the first ever transmitted from Washington to Baltimore by Telegraph, and was indicted by my much-loved friend Annie G. Kllsworth. Saml. F. [i. Morse, Superintendent of Elec Mag. Telegraphs Introduction. Since the election of Lincoln was a turning- point in our national history, it will be well here to leave for a while the course of political events in order to study the progress in civilization made by the American people between 1800 and i860. In this chapter, therefore, and in the next, we shall fol- low the story of our country's progress from the days of Jeffer- son to the days of Lincoln. 217. Agriculture. — In 1800 we were a nation of farmers (p. 179), and for a long time thereafter agriculture was the chief pursuit of our i)eople. As we advanced westward there were ever at hand vast (|uantities of rich land which could be cheaply bought. The settlers on this land were men of brains as well as brawn, and in the tilling of the soil they used better methods than had ever been used before. By 1825 they had thrown aside the wooden mold-board and were using the cast-iron plow. By iS^^5 they were using threshing-machines to separate the grain from tlie straw instead of beating it out with the flail or treading it out with the slow feet of oxen. r)y 1840 scythes were being cast aside and the McCormick reaper— first patented in 1834— was making it possible for one man with a team of horses to cut as fnuch grain as ten men could cut with a scythe or cradle. Of ct)urse with such a boundless supply of rich soil, and with such great improvements in farm machinery, agriculture must flourish. In 1840 our farm products were worth about a billion dollars; in i860 they were worth about two billion dollars. The leading products of the farm were cotton, tobacco, wheat, and 298 CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND 1860 299 com. Of these cotton left all the others far behind. In i(S6o the South raised seven eighths of all the cotton used in the world. 218. The Growth of Manufacturing.— We saw (p. 204) that during the War of 1812 cnir manufacturing industries began to flourish and that not long after the close of the war we were making large quantities of cotton goods. The cotton industry continued to gain strength, and by i860 six sevenths of all the cotton goods used by us were made in our own factories. The manufacturing of woolen goods also began to increase in the early years of the nineteenth century, and althcnigh it did not kee]) pace witli the grovvtii of cotton manufacturing, it nevertheless prospered, and by 1860 our woolen factories were turning (jut every year goods to the value of $75,000,000. In the manufacture of iron our ])rogress between 1800 and 1840 was healthful but not remarkable. During these years we used char- coal in the smelting of iron. y\bout 1840, however, we began to use anthracite (hard) coal in the smelting, and after that the development of our iron industry proceeded at a very ra])id rate, lietween 1840 and i8r)0 the value of our iron products increased fourfold. Thus in i860, while agriculture was still our chief ])ursuit, we were nevertheless making great progress in manufacturing. In- deed, manufacturing by i860 had almost overtaken agriculture, for in that year our manufactured products were worth $1,885,- 000,000, while our farm products were worth $1,910,000,000, 219. Commerce. — We left our foreign trade in 1800 in a most prosperous condition. It continued* to flourish until the Em- bargo of 1807. This law was go(xl for our manufacturing, it is The first McCormick reaper. 300 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES true, but it gave our foreign trade a blow from wbich it did not fully recover for many years. About 1830, however, our foreign trade began to grow strong again, and by 1836 it amounted to about $300,000,000 a year. It continued to increase, and by i860 amounted to about $700,- 000,000 a year, one half of it being imports and one half exports. Thus by i860 we were selling to foreign countries just about as much as we were buying. As a commercial nation we were standing on our own feet. (J)ur inland trade in 1800 was very small, but it took new life with the appearance of the steamboat on Western rivers and with the building of good roads and canals. Especially was our inland trade enlarged by the building of railroads. After the seaboard had been connected by railroads with the Great Lakes and the Ohio River — and this had been accomplished by 1852 — railroad-building proceeded faster than ever. Between 1850 and i860 more than 30,000 miles of railroad were built in the United States. In the carrying of freight, railroads became the rivals of the steamboats and canals, and by i860 two thirds of all our inland trade was drawn along iron roads by iron horses. 220. The Growth of Cities; the Center of Population.— With the growth of commerce and industry the towns and cities grew rapidly in number and size, and by i860 one person in six was living in a large town or in a city. Of the seven largest cities in i860 New York was easily the first, with a population Center of population. of over 800,000. Philadelphia came second, with over half a million. Next to Philadel|)hia came Pialtimore. with a popula- tion of 212,000. The fourth place was held by St. Louis, with a CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND 1860 301 population of 190,000. Boston stood fifth, with a population of 177,000 inhabitants. New Orleans sixth, with 168,000, and Cin- cinnati seventh, with 161,000. In i860 there were 141 towns and cities having 8000 inhabitants or more, and our entire city population was about 5,000,000. So in i860 we were no longer wholly a nation of farmers. In 1800 the center of population (map, p. 300) was about eighteen miles west of Baltimore. This point in its westward movement followed closely the thirty-ninth parallel. In 1810 the center of population had moved to a point forty miles west of Washington. By 1840 it had crossed the Alleghanies, and in i860 it was half-way across the State of Ohio. 221. Inventions. — A great deal of our progress has been due to the American genius for invention. Necessity is said to be the mother of invention. This has certainly been true in Amer- ican history. Whenever we have needed a thing very badly, Yankee wit has generally been ready with an invention to meet the need. We have already seen that this was true of the cotton-gin, the steamboat, and the reaper. It was also true in the case of the telegraph. In the management of trains on a railroad it was desirable that messages should be sent very quickly from one place to another. Professor S. F. B. Morse came forward in 1837 with an invention which he called the tele- graph and which he claimed would send a message a hundred miles in less than the twinkling of an eye. But Morse, like most inventors, was a poor man, and he could not at once put the telegraph into success- ful operation. He had great faith of his invention, and after a long and patient struggle se- cured the aid of Congress in establishing a telegraph line between S. F. B. Morse. Born at Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1791 ; died at New York, in 1872. however, in the merits 302 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Baltimore and Washington. The first message was sent over the hnc in 1844. I'y i860 all the j)rrncipal places in the IT' ''vr tr ' %' 'a. "^^ ' tr ' k^ " iy T- ■^ " " "< ' 7- ' The first telegraphic message. Sent from WashiiiKton to Baltimore, May 24, 1844. country were connected hy the telegraph, and in 1861 a telegraph line extended across the continent and connected New York and San Francisco. The sewing-machine also illustrates the truth that necessity is the mother of invention. During the first half of the nineteenth century great improvements were made in weaving, and the looms were capable of turning out immense quantities of cloth. But in the sewing of clothes there had as yet been no improve- ment, the only instrument of sewing being the simple needle that had been in use for thousands of years. With the needle it was not pos- sible to make into garments all the cloth that the looms were able to pro- duce. What was needed was a ma- chine that would do fast sewing. In 1846 EHas Howe came forward with such a machine, and in a few years not only clothes but boots and shoes and harness also were sewed on a sewing-machine. In order to encourage invention, Congress, in 1790, provided that an 1819; died aUJrookiyn, New York, ill inventor sliould bc granted a patent 1867. I he first sewing-machine, com- ... pieted by him, was p-itented in 1846, ou liis iuventiou. The patent gave to the inventor the exclusive right to make, use, and sell his in- Elias Howe. Horn at Spencer, Massachusetl CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND 1860 303 vention for a term of fourteen (now seventeen) years. In i8o6, 306 patents were granted. By i8(3o an average of nearly 5Cxdo patents was granted every year. Nothing could show more plainly our progress in material things than this remarkable growth in the number of patents. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Why did agriculture for a long time remain our chief occupation? 2. Between 1800 and i860 what progress was made in manufacturing? 3. What was the history of our foreign commerce between 1800 and i860? What influence did the railroad have in building up our inland commerce? 4. Name the seven largest cities in the United States in i860. Trace the west- ward movement of the center of popula- tion from 1800 to i860. 5. To what extent has invention influ- enced our progress? Give an account of the invention of the telegraph ; of the sewing-machine. In what way do we encourage invention by granting patents? Howe's original sewing- machine. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1754, 1763, 1789, 1825, 1850, i860. 2. Places : Palos, Fort Duquesne, Marietta, Harper's Ferry. 3. Persons : Americus Vespucius, Balboa, Cartier, Washington, Frank- lin, Braddock, Wolfe, Hamilton, John Adams, Tecumseh, De Witt Clin- ton, P'ulton, Fillmore, Douglas. 4. Tell what you can about: the founding of Maryland; the French and Indian War; the beginning of political parties: Jay's treaty; the settle- ment of Ohio; the Ordinance of 1787; the first steamboat; the Erie Canal; the tariff of 1816; the tariff of abominations; the discovery of gold in California; the settlement of Oregon; the Compromise of 1850; the Kansas-Nebraska Bill ; the struggle in Kansas ; the Dred Scott de- cision ; John Brown's Raid ; the election of i860. 5. Topics: Cyrus McCormick : 8, 166-170. Shipping and inland com- merce : 18, 203-215. Application of machinery to agriculture : 18, 238-249. XXXVI PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND 1860 (Continued) We must educate or we must perish. — Daniel Webster. 222. The Education of the Masses.— We learned (p. 183) that by 1800 the education of the masses had made httle head- way. The statesmen of that time, however, saw clearly that a system of free schools was necessary. They were giving the common people the right to vote, and they understood that an ignorant voter is a dangerous person, and that where the people rule it is as necessary to have free schools as it is to have armies and navies. At an early date, therefore, it became the policy of many States to provide for the education of children free of charge. New England had always had an excellent system of private schools, and for that reason public schools in this section were somewhat late in coming to the front. About 1837, however, Horace Mann began to draw the attention of the people of New England to the importance of education. Mann loved learning with all his heart and loved it for itself. When a boy of fifteen he had so much respect and veneration for a book that he would, he said, as soon stick a pin into his own flesh as into the pages of a book. This great educational leader went up and down in Massachusetts, and in the other States of New England, and urged the people to spend more money on their schools, to em- ploy better-trained teachers, and to build better school-houses. Mann's efforts were for the most part successful, and by i860 there was a well-organized system of free schools in every New England State. The Middle and Southern States were quick to see the im- 304 CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND 1860 305 Horace Mann. An American educator, noted for his reforms in the Massachusetts school system. Born at Franklin, Massachu- setts, in 1796; died in Ohio, in 1859. portance of free education. In 1795 New York established by law a system of public education, and by 1800 there were in the State 1350 public schools, with an attendance of 60,000 pupils. But after 1800 the people of New York for a long time failed to give free education a hearty support, and it was not until 1849 that the present splendid free-school system of the Empire State was estab- lished. In Pennsylvania common schools were established by law in 1834. Maryland began to provide for free schools as early as 1826, but it was many years before her free-school system was fully under way. \'irginia also began at an early date (1818) to provide for free education, but it was more than half a century before she had es- tablished a complete system of free schools. In the West free education flourished from the beginning. You will remember that in the Ordinance of 1787 it was pro- vided that in the government of the Northwest Territory educa- tion was to be encouraged. This was faithfully carried out. In the upbuilding of the West, public education was almost the first thing to receive attention. In the year 1816 the people of Indiana, in their constitution, provided that "it shall be the duty of the General Assembly, as soon as circumstances will permit, to provide by law for a general system of education, ascending in regular gradation from township schools to a State university, wherein tuition shall be gratis (free) and equally open to all." Consider what these words meant for the young people of In- diana in future years. They meant that every boy and girl in the State was to have a chance to go to college. The lawmakers of Indiana carried out the provisions of the constitution, and by 1852 the State had a complete free-school system extending from a primary school to the university. And what was done 20 306 HISTORY OF THK UNITED STATES w: i^ Sp^^ ■;< m B B ^ I1 (yi'' *^^5^^^ PPC^ tj* ^^*^i '] The University of Wisconsin in 1907. for free education in Indiana was done jiractically in almost every State west of the Alleghany Mountains. For the sujiport of these puhlic schools the i^eople of the West have been helped by large gifts of the public lands. When a new State has been admitted. Congress has in most cases set aside section No. i6 in every township as belonging to the public schools.' Since 1S48, whene\er a new State has been admitted, section No. 30 also has been set aside for the pul)lic schools. The lands were given to the States for the use of the schools, and when they were sold to private ]>urchasers the money re- ceived from them was invested, the interest being spent from year to year in supporting the schools. 1 low much the schools of the West owe to these gifts of kuul will be evident from the fact that, first and last, the gifts amount to more than 67,000.000 acres — an area almost as large as New b^ngland and New York put together. The jieople of the West were also given large tracts of land for the sujijiort of colleges and universities. Since t8oo, every State admitted into the l7nion. with the exception of Maine. Texas, and West X'irginia. has received at least 1 A township in the West usually consists of a tract of land six miles square. Each square mile is a sec- tion. There are, therefore, in a township thirty-six sections. These are nimibered as imiicateil in the ac- companying figure. 6 r, 4 3 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 17 16 15 14 n 19 20 ■z\ 22 2:1 24 30 •J'.» 28 27 2G 25 31 32 33 34 35 38 CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND 1860 307 Copyrijilit. J,-, by W. 1- l.iui^. The University of Michigan in 1907. two townships of land for the purpose of fotinding a university. Michigan hegan to prepare for a State university as soon as she was aihnitted, and in 1841 the University of Michigan hegan its career with six students and with a faculty of two menihers. And so it was in nearly all the new States. Just as soon as a State was readv for a university it took steps to found one. 223. The Growth of American Literature. — I n colonial times and for many years after we became a nation our forefathers had little time for reading or for writing books. They had quite enough to do to keep olT the Indians, clear the forests, and bring the land under cultivation. A few books of essays and poetry and fiction were written by American authors before 1800, but they were so dull and tiresome that it has been said of them that it "takes patience to read them and patriotism to admire them." iiiy juctuic ol the Univeisity ol Mn h As schools and colleges increased in number, however, and as readers became more numerous and better educated, the writers of books also increased in number and the quality of their books 308 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES improved. Between ijtSo and 1820 there were born in America at least a dozen writers of whom any country miglit well be proud. These were Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper. William Cullen Bryant. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Na- thaniel Hawthorne, William Gil- more Simms, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whit- tier, Edgar Allan Poe, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Harriet Beecher Stowe. and James Russell Lowell. Books by these authors began to appear early in the nineteenth century, and by iSCx) they had produced much that is best in American literature. The year 1809 saw the publication of Ir- ving's "History of New York by Diedrich Knickerbocker," the "first book that gave solid evidence that the new Republic could produce a prose writer of distinguished charm." In 1817 Bryant sent his "Thanatopsis" to the North .lincri- can Rci'icxi' to be published ; but the editor would not at first acce])t it, for he did not believe so good a poem could be written by an American. The editor, however, found that Bryant really was the author of the poem, and it was published. Its beauty Ralph Waldo Emerson. Essayist, lecturer, and poet. Author of " Nature," " Representative Men," " Conduct of Life," etc. Born at Bos- ton, Massachusetts, in 1803; graduated at Harvard; entered the ministry; set- tled at Concord : died there in 1882. A group of American prose-writers. William Gilmore Simms. Born at Charleston. South Carolina, in i8o6 ; died there in 1870. He wrote many novels, largely on Southern life, and many of them of the colonial and Revo- lutionary periods. Washington Irving. Historian, essayist, and novelist. Author of " History ot New York by Diedrich Knickerbocker," " The Sketch-Book.'*etc. Born at New York, in 1783 ; died at Sunny- side, near Tarrytown, New York, in 1859. Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Born at Litchfield, Connecticut, in i8ii ; died at Hartford, in 1896. Her most famous novel, " Uncle Tom's Cabin," was first published in the Washington Xatioiinl lira, 1851-52, and in book form in 1852. Nathaniel Hawthorne. James T"enimore Cooper. Author of " Twicetnid Tales." "The Author of many novels, most of them of House ol the Seven (""tables," " Tangle- Indian life or American history, inrlud- wood Tales," "The Marble Faun," etc. ing "The Spy," "The Deerslayer." etc. Born at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804; Born at Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789; died in New Hampshire, in 1864. died at Cooperstown, New York, in 1851. A group of American prose-writers. William Gilmore Simms . Washington Irving . Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Nathaniel Hawthorne . James Fenimore Cooper . 309 310 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES and its oxocllcncc showed that Amer- ica had at hist indduced a poet of M ^i hiijh rank. In i8ji Cooj^cr pub- ^^ ^^ ^ hshcd his novel "The Spy," which ^\ received the higliest praise abroad ■^ as well as at home. In 1828 Noah ^\'ebster published his "American Dictionary of the English Lan- guage." In 1845 Poe published "The Raven" and won for himself immor- tal fame. In 1852 aj^peared "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by Mrs. Stowe. This was a powerfully written story de- scribing slavery. It was a book of fiction, to be sure, but it was received at the North as if it had been a book of facts. It sold by the hundreds of thousands, and it did much to stir up feelings over tlie slave question and to widen the gulf between the North and the South. By i860 Longfellow, Whittier. Holmes, and Lowell were publishing poems that gave delight to their countrymen and brought lienor to American literature. 224. Civilization in I860. — So in i860 the people of the United States lived in a (HtTerent kind of world from that in which the people of 1800 lived. By i860 the age of steam had fully arrived, and peoj^le were accustomed to steamboats and steam-cars and all kinds of steam-driven machinery. In the James Russell Lowell. Poet, essayist, and diplomatist. Au- thor of " The Vision of Sir I.aunfal," "'I'he Biglow Papers," "Among My Books," etc. Born at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1819 ; editor of tlie Atlantic Afontftfy, 1857-62, and of the North Atnerican Review, 1863- 72; minister to Spain and to Great Britain : died in 1801. A group of American poets. Edgar .\llan Poe. William Cullcn P.rvant. Ill writer iif tales. Author of " The Poet .ind jouriiiilist. Author of " Th.tna- ," •• The r.otii Biiji." etc. Uorii at topsis," etc. Itorif at CumniiiiKtou, NUssa- , ill 18U9; diedat Ualtiiuuie, in 1849. chuselts, in 1704: died in 1878. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Author of "Rv.ingf line : A Tale of Acadie." "The Soni: of Miawaiha." etc. Horn in Maine, in i8u; ; died at Cambridge. Massachusetts, in 1882. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Poet, essayist, and novelist. Author of •• Autocra-. ot the Ureaklast- Table," " The llnc-ll'iss Shay," etc. Born in Massa- chusetts, in 1HU9 ; died in i8i^. John Grcenleaf Whittier. Author of " Snow-Hound," " Poems of Nature," etc. Born at Haverhill. M.issa- chusetts. in 1807 : member ot the Society of Friends; died in 1893. A group of American poets. Edgar Allan Poe. William Cullen Bryant. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Oliver Wendell Holmes. John Greenleaf Whittier. 3" 312 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES cities the streets were jiaved and were lighted hy gas. In the largest places there were street-cars drawn hy horses. The tele- graph was coming into general use. Tiie old coninion press, such as had heen used hy h'ranklin {]■>. i8i). was heing cast aside, and the revolving ])ress of Hoe was printing newspapers so rajMdly and so cheaply that the daily paper could he enjoyed hy all. l''x])ress companies had heen organ- ized and were doing a thriving busi- ness. The thousands of useful Noah Webster inventions that were ])atcntcd every Hornat n.irtford.t-.mnerticut, 111175S; yCar WCrC bv 1 860 glviug tllC pCOplc died at New Haven, in 1843. His " . ! . • 1 1 • 1 ••American Dictionary of the" English COtllfortS aud COnVentCUCeS With wlUCll Language" wasfirstpubl'ished in i8-.>8 .... 111 we arc familiar enough to-day, but which were unknown to our forefathers of a hundred years ago. 1 louses were heated hy stoves and hot-air furnaces, and in cities were lighted by gas. C'andles were going out of use, and oil-lamps were taking their ])lace. The match had been invented and was heing used in every household. In fact, if we could go back to the year i8()0 and get a glimpse of the houses and the streets and stores and factories, things would look in many respects very much as they U)ok tt)-day. QLT]':si-i()NS ON I'lii-: 'n-:xT 1. Wily (lid our statesmen begin at an early date to provide for the education of tlu- masses? Give an account of free education in New England; in the Middle States; in the Western States. Explain how education in the West has been aided by gifts of public lands. 2. What prevented the growth of literature in colonial times? Name the most celebrated .'Vmerican writers born between 1780 and 1820. Name a few of the famous books that appeared in .'\merica between 1800 and i860. 3. Give a brief account of American civilization in iSbo. CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND 1860 313 REVIEW AND RICADING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1607. 1643, 17)^9, ijgj, 1S46, i860. 2. Places: San Salvador, Cliarleston, Watauga, Vera Cruz, Harper's I'erry. 3. Tersons : De Soto, Magellau, Virginia Dare, Boone, Jefferson, W. H. Harrison, T_vler, Polk, Taylor, Fillmore, Douglas, John Brown, Buchanan, Lincoln. 4. Tell what you can ahfuit : (he Inviiieihle Armada; the Ptnitans; the Stamp Act; the settlement of Kentucky; the settlement of Tennessee; the early history of Louisiana; the Missouri Compromise; the election of 1840; the annexation of Texas; the aecpiisition of Oregon; the treaty of Guadalupe; the Kansas-Nebraska Bill; the slavery struggle in Kansas; the Dred Scott decision; John Brown's Raid; the election of i860. 5. Topics: Horace Mann: 6, 266-278. The telegraph: 17, 270-278; 8, 145-152. Matches: 17, 51-57. The printing-press: 17, 252-258. Copyright, 1891, by M. 1'. K 314 XXXVII THE BEGINNINGS OF A GREAT CONFLICT No more words; Try it with your swords ! Try it witli lliu arms of your bravest and your best ! You are proud of your manhood, now put it to the test. Not another word ; Try it with the sword ! Franhl'tK Litshiiigion 225. A House Divided against Itself.— The election of Lin- coln (.lid more to stir up bad feeling on the slavery question than anything that had yet happened — more than the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, more than the Dred Scott decision, more than the firooks-Sumner affair, more than John Brown's Raid. The excitement was greatest in the South. The people of the South regarded the trium]ih of Lincoln as a death-blow to their power. By balancing slave States against free States (p. 224) the South for many years had been able to wield as much power as the North. But in the development of the country the scales had not been kept even. After the admission of Texas (in 1845) not a single slave State had entered the Union, whereas between 1845 ^"^^ \^(^o Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, and Oregon had all come in as free States, and this admission of free States had given the North control of both houses of Congress. The power of the South had been slipping away long before i860, and the election of Lincoln seemed to prove l^eyond douljt that henceforth the North w'ould lead and that the South would be compelled to follow. The people of the .South viewed the new order of things with distrust and alarm. They felt that l^incoln and the Republicans would not treat them fairly. In the campaign the Republicans had declared against the extension of slavery, and they had come into power on that issue. Lincoln also had said that if he was 315 316 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES elected he would do all he could to prevent the extension of slavery. He would not, he said, disturb slavery in the States where it already existed, but it should not spread into new terri- tory. The South felt that this was unjust. It felt that the Dred Scott decision made it certain that it was the right of a slave- owner to carry his slaves into a Territory and tliat there was no power anywhere that could justly deprive him of this right. So in the minds of the Southern people the election of Lincoln meant that the South was to be robbed of a right which the Constitution gave it. Then, too, the people of the South were afraid that the elec- tion of Lincoln was the first step in a movement that would one day take their slaves away from them entirely. They believed that the Republicans had it in their minds to abolish slavery just as soon as they could do so. Lincoln, it is true, said he had no such intention and the Republican party had never declared in favor of abolition. Nevertheless Lincoln thought that slavery was wrong, and he had said that the Republic could "not endure half slave and half free." These words, the South said, could only mean that Lincoln was for a republic that was all free. Moreover, with the election of Lincoln the country began to realize that slavery had become a moral question. By i% / ^>^^^^^~-i7j ( ■ \ \ ' / \7 V ~~~A~^~^J ^ a ^ V V"--' THE UNITED STATES in 1861 Free Union States: ...t^3 Union SlaveholdinK States:R5!!l | Territories: ...Ea Confederate States: ^ ^ 100 200 300 400 500 K f^ >^' VN- N \ Scale of Statute Miles ORKS K \ V. ' X Oi T^fetTPaul ^Peter >\ \ >> " - — "Madison >j. [ Sagin'^'^ Siou; , -7 v i> I II — »^ It, ,lfe. Richmond. Washins,'ton. Bird's-eye view of the scene of the Peninsular Ccimpaign. l.ookiiis,' towaril tlie south from a iioint north ot \\■,l^hlll^•toIl. The city "f Washington lies nearly in the center of the picture — the dark spot on the broadest part of the river (the Potoni.ic) in the foreijroiind. The next river is the Rapp.ihannock, the next the York, and the last the James. All these rivers flow into Chesapeake liay. Richmond is the dark spot on the James River, almost due south from Washington. The " Peninsula " is the land between the York and the James rivers. McClellan, starting from Fortress Monroe, moved his army up the reiiinsula toward Richmond. imtil they were within seven miles of the Confederate capital. He took a position on the Chickaliominy River (map, p, 3-9). neaj; Fair Oaks, \vhere he was attacked (May 31) by the Confed- erates, who on the first day of the battle were successful, but on the second day were defeated. Tn the battle General Joseph E. lohnston. the commamler of the Confederates, was wounded. Cicneral Robert K. Lee was ajipointed in his place. Lee was trained for the army at West Point, where he was graduated in 1829, secoml in his class. He served in the Mexi- FORT DONELSON TO CHANCELLORSVILLE 341 Robert E. Lee. Born in Virginia, in 1S07 ; died in 1870. can War under Scott and rentlered valuable service at \'era Cruz. At the outbreak of the war he was an officer in the Union army and was in line for pro- motion to the highest rank. Indeed, the chief command of the Lhiion forces was. practically offered to him. But he refused the oft'er. He loved the Union, but he could not, he said, lead an army of invasion into his na- tive State. So he left the Union army and went over to the Confed- eracy. In doing this he followed what to him seemed the true path of duty. Lee proved to be a tower of strength to the Confederacy. His high character and noble purposes won the esteem and admiration of friend and foe, and he managed the Southern forces with such ability that he secured for himself a foremost rank among the great generals of history. It liad been planned that in the attack upon Richmond Mc- Clellan should be assisted by McDowell, who had an army of 40,000 men. But this plan was brought to naught by "Stone- wall" Jackson, perhaps the greatest military genius produced by the Civil War. This daring and brilliant general, with 15,000 men, rushed down the Shenandoah valley, carrying everything before him. He cleared the valley of Union troops and marched his army so close to W^ashington that the safety of the capital was threatened. Lincoln was greatly alarmed by Jackson's movements, and he recalled McDowell to protect the capital. Jackson, after giving the people of Washington this scare, made his way back to Richmond and joined Lee in the struggle against McClellan, who was greatly crippled by the absence of McDowell's army. On June 25 fighting began at Mechanics- ville and continued in the neighborhood of Richmond for seven days. During this long battle there was hard fighting on both sides, and the loss of life was verv great. The victory — if there 342 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES was a victory at all — was on the side of the Confederates, for they checked the advance of the Union army and saveil their capital. So McClcllan's Peninsular Campaign ended in failure. 243. The Second Battle of Manassas ; Antietam ; Fredericks- burg. —Lincoln now placed l\>pe (p. ^^j) at the head of tlic Army of the Potomac, having lost confidence in McClellan. But Po])e. too. was unable to stand against such generals as Lee and Jackson. He met (August 29-30) the Confederates under Lee on the old battle-field of Manassas and was defeated At his own request he was removed from the chief command, and the Army of the Potomac was again placed under the com- mand of McClellan. After his victory at Manassas. Lee crossed the Potomac anil marched into Maryland. McClellan followed, ami on the i6th and 17th of September a great battle was fought at Antietam Creek. The losses on both sides were enormous, but the loss of the Confederates was the heavier. Lee recrossed the Potomac, but McClellan failed to pursue liim. P>ecause McClellan did not follow up his victory at Antietam he was again removed, and the commanil was given to General Rurnside. Pnit the change was most unfortunate for the L'nion army. Burnside had no conhtlence in himself, and his soldiers had no confiilence in him. He attacked the Confederates under Lee (December 13) at Fredericksburg (map. p. 329") and was defeated with terrible slaughter. Burnside was soon removed, and Cicneral Hooker — '■fighting ]ot^ Hooker" — was appointed in his place. 244. The Emancipation Proclamation. — When Lee was in- vailing Maryland, Lincoln mailo ""a solemn vow before God" that if the Confederates were driven back he would celebrate the victory by giving the slaves their freedom. Accordingly, five days after Lee was defeatetl at Antietam. Lincoln issued the Emancipation IVodamation, which declareil that if the secedeil States did not lay down their arms and return to the L'nion before January 1, 1863, all persons held as slaves within the Confederate lines should be thencefiirth and forever free. This proclamation did not apply to the slave States of Delaware, FORT DONELSON TO CHANCELLORSVILLE 343 ]\[arvlaml, Kentucky, and Missouri, tor these were loyal to the Union. Xor did it apply to the western part of X'irginia or to such parts of the Confederacy as were under the control oi Union troops. Lincoln issued this proclamation simply as a war measure, for under the Constitution he had no right to gi\e the slaves their freediMU. The proclamation was issuetl in iirder A part of President Lincoln's draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to save the L^nion. If the v^outh had laid down its arms and come hack' into the Union, not a single slave would have heen taken from his master. But the Confederacy did not heed the proclamation. It preferred to go on with the fight. 245. The Battle of Chancellorsville. — No wonder the Con- federacy refused to lay (k>\vn its arms on January i, 1863, in accordance with the terms of the Emancipation Proclamation, for at that time the prospects of the South were very brigh.t. while a deep gloom overspread the Xorth because of the awful disaster at Fredericksburg. And the gloom of the North was presently to become deeper. 344 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Lines of defense to October 1, 1862. Tliis map is helpful as slimviiij; tlie border-luies hctwccn Xurtli ami South at different periods of the war In the begmning the Stale of Missouri was held by the Confederates as far north as the Missoiiri River, and they held a large part of Kentucky and what was then the western part of Virginia (which soon became the State of West Virginia) 15y January i, 1862, much of Missouri, Kentucky, and West N'irginia had been won by the I'nion side. The next line (April i. l8^2) drops down the Mississippi Kiver and gives Shil'oh to the L'nion armies. Hy October i, 1862. still more territory had been taken froin the Confederates (including the region around New Orleans in Louisiana), although Bragg's raid into Kentucky (p. 338) gave them a large inroad into the Northern lines at that point. The map does not show the operations in Virginia and the East. When 1 looker took command of the Army of the Potomac it was disheartened and sulky and was (hopping to pieces. Deser- tions were at the rate of two hundred in a day. Eighty-five thou- sand olticers and men were absent from duty without leave. lUit Hooker was a good manager and a strict disciplinarian. By the beginning of April he had his army well organized and was ready for hard fighting. On ISIay i. Hooker, with more than i(X>.ooo men. advanced ujion Lee. who was at Chancellorsville (map. above) with an army of fxD.ooo men. Lee. at great risk, divided his army, giving a portion of it to Lickson and ordering him to make a roundabout marcli and attack llooker on the I'nion right. \\niile the Union soldiers on the right were cooking their food, FORT DONELSON TO CHANCELLORSVILLE 345 pitching tl^cir tents, atul, in some cases, playing cards, "there came upon them a sudden irruption of ral)hits, liirds, deer, wild creatures of the woods fleeing from some danger hehind." ^ The danger from which the frightened creatures were fleeing was Stonewall Jackson, dashing through the woods with 26,000 men. He fell upon Hooker's right wing and crushed it at a blow, throwing the entire Union army into confusion. lUit it was Jackson's last charge, for in the battle he received a mortal wound." Lee completed the work begun Iw Jackson and carried the Confederates on to victory. Tlie defeat at Chancellorsville was even more disastrous than the defeat at Fredericksburg, and when the news of the battle reached the North, discouragement was seen written on every brow. "Many men who were in earnest in their support of the war gave up all idea that the South could be conquered." The darkest days for the Union were the days just after the battle of Chancellorsville. 246. Naval Warfare. — Since the Confederacy had no navy worthy of the name, the naval operations of the Civil War were not of very great importance. The chief task of the Union navy was to maintain an eiTective blockade. This was no easy task, for there was a coast-line of 1900 miles to be guarded. By the end of the first year of the war most of the sea-coast from Norfolk to the Gulf was in Union hands, and by the end of the second year the Gulf forts also were controlled by Union war-ships. The blockade was in the main a success. There was, to be sure, considerable blockade-running — dashing past the blockading vessels under the cover of darkness— but the great volume of the trade of the South was destroyed by the blockade. 1 "American Nation," Vol. XX, p. 257. - He was removed from the field, and it was found necessary to ampu- tate his left arm. Lee, observing the loss of the arm. said: "General, you have fared better than I, for you have lost only your left arm, while I have lost my right." So Jackson came to be regarded as the "right arm of the Confederacy." He died (May 10) a few days after the battle. "The South will always believe that, had he lived, her cause would have won." (Hosmer.) 346 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES The Soutli in turn managed to inHict great injury upon the trade of the North. Slie purchased abroad a small fleet of armed cruisers and sent tliem roving about the seas to capture Ameri- can merchant sliips wherever found. The most famous of these commerce-destroyers was the Alabama, commanded by Raphael Semmes. This vessel was built in England, with the full know- ledge of the English government. She was manned by English sailors, but commanded by Confederate officers. The Alabama cruised in the Atlantic Ocean for [\\<> ycar< and captured sixty- The fight between the Kearsarge and the Alabama. six merchant vessels. In June, 1864, she was sunk off Cher- bourg (France) by the American man-of-war Kearsarge, com- manded by John A. Winslow. The Shenandoah was another famous commerce-destroyer. She was purchased in England and armed with guns delivered to her by a British ship at a barren island near Madeira. She cruised in the Pacific and destroyed thirty-eight vessels before the end of the Civil War.^ 1 After the war Great Britain was asked to pay damages for the injury inflicted by these vessels upon our commerce, and in 1872 a board of arbitration met at Geneva and awarded $15,500,000 to be distributed among those whose ships and property had been destroyed. This is known as the Geneva Award. FORT DONELSON TO CHANCELLORSVILLE 347 QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. What was the plan of campaign of the Union forces? 2. Give an account of the capture of Fort Donelson. What effect did the capture of the fort have? Sketch the life of General Grant up to 1861. 3. Give an account of the battle of Shiloh. 4. How was the Mississippi opened at the North? At the South? 5. Describe the military operations of Bragg in 1862. 6. Describe the encounter between the Mcrrimac and the Monitor. 7. Give an account of McClellan's Peninsular Campaign. Sketch the life of General Lee up to 1862. 8. When, by whom, and with what result was the second battle of Manassas fought? The battle at Antietam Creek? The battle at Fred- ericksburg? 9. When and under what circumstances was the Emancipation Proc- lamation issued? What were the provisions of the proclamation? 10. Give an account of the battle at Chancellorsville, May, 1863. 11. How did the South manage to inflict injury upon the commerce of the North? What was the Geneva Award? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1588, 1777, 1781, 1787, 1812, 1825, 1861 (2). 2. Places : Plymouth, Bunker Hill, Yorktown, Charleston, Manassas. 3. Persons : Penn, Oglethorpe, Champlain, Marquette, La Salle, Madi- son, Jackson, De Witt Clinton, Fillmore, Morse, Fulton, Davis, Mc- Clellan. 4. Tell what you can about : The voyage of Magellan ; the Plymouth colony; Bacon's Rebellion; King Philip's War; the treaty of 1783; the Louisiana Purchase; the naval operations of the War of 1812; the battle of New Orleans; the treaty of Ghent; the first steamboat; the Erie Canal ; the invention of the telegraph ; the invention of the sewing- machine; the secession of the Confederate States; the firing upon F'ort Sumter; the battle of Manassas; the capture of Mason and Slidell. 5. Topics: Farragut at New Orleans: 3, 313-315. The Emancipation Proclamation: 3, 315-318. Murfreesboro : 3, 318-320. The Mcrrimac and the Monitor: 11, 274-286. The Picket Guard: 14, 433. Lee and Grant : 22, 274-288. 1-^ C -r & -= H i. 34^^ XL THE CIVIL WAR: I'lll': C-l.OSl'". ()!• 'niK STRUGGLE IVIonuinent at Gettyslniri; markiiiij tli hci.ulit .if rickett's tharMC called ''•Th High-water Mark of the Rcbcllicni." Uiuicr the sod and I lie dew, AV'aitiiig the judjiineiit day ; Lovo and tears for the Hlue, Tears ami love for the (iray. /•■. .1/. I'imh. Introduction.- In the last chapter wo fallowed the course of tlie Civil War from the capture t)f I'ort Don- elson. in l^'ehruary. i?>^)- This city was a stronghold of great importance. It was the natural highway between Tennessee and Georgia, and at the time was the chief railway center of the .South. Bragg, after withdrawing from Chattanooga, took a position close by in Chickamauga (map, p. 332) valley. Here Rosecrans and Bragg met and fought a battle which lasted two days. On the after- noon of the second day the Confederates drove the right wing of the Union army from the field, and it looked as if their victory would be overwhelming. But the left wing of the Union army was commanded by General Thomas, one of the ablest and brav- 352 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES est generals of the Civil War. Thomas held the left wing firm and fast, and saved the Union army from a disgraceful rout, although he could not save it from defeat.' At night the Union troops withdrew to Chattanooga, where they were surrounded by the army of Bragg and held until they were threatened with starvation. Before it was too late, fresh troops arrived for the relief of Chattanooga. Grant was placed in command of all the forces and was hurried to the scene. Fighting Joe Hooker came with an army from \^irginia. Sherman also hastened with an army from the West. Thomas took command of the army of Rosecrans. On November 23 the Union forces under Grant began to fight their way out of Chattanooga. On November 24 Hooker fought the battle of Lookout Mountain— the Battle above the Clouds — and drove the Confederates from their position. The next day Thomas and Sherman attackeil Missionary Ridge and capturetl it at the point of the bayonet. Bragg, now beaten in every direc- tion, retreated to Dalton, in Georgia. Thus at Chattanooga Grant led the Union army to victory and opened a doorway through which Union troops from the West might ])our into X'irginia, the Carolinas. Gei^-gia, and Alabama. With the capture of Chattanooga the Union conciuest of the Mississippi valley was complete. There remained to be con- quered only the seaboard States. 250. Sherman's March to the Sea. — Grant's great services in the West were highly appreciated by Lincoln. "I like that man," said the President, "for he wins battles." After his crowning success at Chattanooga, Grant was called to Wash- ington and in IMarch ( ic%4) was given the command of all the armies of the United States, and had conferred upon him the rank of lieutenant-general, a title that had hitherto been held only by Washington and Scott. Grant's place in the West was given to Sherman, who had his head(iuarters at Chattanooga. Grant and Sherman now agreed upon a final jilan of cam- 1 For Iiis firmnoss 011 tliis occasion Thomas was given the title "The Rock of Chickainauga." 23 353 354 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES paign. According to this plan. Grant was to fight Lee in \'ir- ginia, wliile Sherman was to attack Johnston' at Dalton. con- 'quer Georgia, and move northward with the purpose of joining the Union army in \'irginia and assisting in the capture of Rich- mond. Both generals were to begin their movements on the same day, and both were to keep on fighting continuously, re- gardless of the season or weather. Accordingly, on the appointed day (May 5, 1864) Sherman marched against Joseph E. Johnston at Dalton and drove him from his position. He then pushed on to Atlanta, a great rail- way center and a city which furnished to the Confederate armies large supplies of ammunition and clothing. The road to At- lanta was rough and mountainous and Shenuan was compelled to march slowly. And he was also compelled to do much hard fighting on the way. for Johnston was a skilful general, and he gave battle to Sherman wherever he could do so to advantage. Between Dalton and Atlanta four sharp battles— Resaca. Dallas. Lost Mountain, and Kenesaw Mountain — were fought. While Johnston was thus stubbornly opposing the advance of the Union army he was relieved of his command and General J. B. Hood was appointed in his place. Hood made a brave attempt to check Sherman and save Atlanta, but failed. On September 2. 1864. Sherman took possession of tlie city and Hood was forced to retire. After withdrawing from Atlanta Hood marched toward Xash- ville. hoping that Sherman would follow. But. since Thomas was at Nashville, Sherman did not follow. He believed Thomas could take care of himself, and in this he was right, for. when Hood attacked Xashville, Thomas sallied forth (December 15- 16, 1864) and utterly routed Hood's anny. With Hood's army out of the way. Shennan had no foe of any strength to oppose him. On November R> he started with 60,000 men on his famous march from Atlanta to the sea. His army moved in four columns by four parallel roails. On the march it cut telegraph wires, tore up railroad tracks, and burned bridges. The soldiers helped themselves freely along the route ^ Bragg had by this time been removed. THE CLOSE OF THE STRUGGLE 355 Sherman's soldiers tearing up railroad tracks. to grain and nieat atul vege- tables, and took all the horses, niiiles. and wagons they needed. In its path the army laid waste a belt of coiuitry sixty miles wide at its widest point and three hundred miles long. It was a cruel thing to do. but. as Sherman said, "war is hell." Xothing impeded the progress of the anny. and on the Jist of December it entered the city of Savannah in triumph. Sher- man at once sent a letter to Lincoln, saying. ""1 beg leave to present to you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah." Sherman remained in Savannah abotit a month, and then, according to the plan of campaign, moved northward to join Grant in \'irginia. lie was complete master of the country through which he passed. By the last of March he had subdued South Carolina antl hatl advanced far into North I'arolina. W'itli the exception of \irginia and a part of Xorih Carolina, the entire Confederacy was now in tlie control of the I'nion forces. 251. Grant's Campaign against Lee. — While Sherman was making himself master of Georgia and the Carolinas. Grant was in \'irginia, pounding away at Lee. On May 4, 1864, Grant, with 130.000 men. set oitt to capture Richmond. He crossed the Rapi- dan River and pltmged into the forest known as the Wilderness ( map, p. 329") . where he met Lee. who had only 70.000 men. The fighting in the woods was fierce, and the loss of life on both sides was frightful. From the Wilderness Grant pushed on to Spottsyl- vania Court-Hotise. where he fought the Confederates for fi\e days, losing thousands of his men. btit failing to defeat the enemy. But. whether losing or winning. Grant pressed on. his plan being to defeat Lee by incessant attacks. From Spottsylvania he pushed forward and attacked the Confederates at Cold Har- bor, where he was beaten back with terrible slaughter. He now- hurried past Richmond, with the view of capturing Petersburg, 356 HISTORY OF THE UNITKD STATES The "Bloody Angle " at Spottsylvania. which was sinipl_\- the l)ack door of Ivichniond. lUit IVtcrsburg had been reached by Lee first, and a long siege was necessary before it could be taken (maj), p. 329). While Grant was laying siege to Petersburg, the Shenandoah \alle}' was tlie scene of stirring events. In July Lee ordered (lencral Early to move down the valley with 20,000 men and threaten Washington, hoping that in this way he would draw lirant from the siege of Petersburg. I'^arly made a bold dash down the valley and at one time was within six miles of Wash- ington, lie even invaded Pennsylvania and set lire to the town of Chambersburg. General Philip Sheridan was sent 'after Early with orders from Grant to "go in." Sheridan "went in" Avith a \engeance. He defeated Early at Winchester and sent him "wliirling u}) the valley." He then laid waste the bountiful valley, the devastation being so com{)lcte that "a crow flying over the country w'ould need to carry his provisions with him." Early was ([uickly reinforced after his defeat at Winchester, and during Sheridan's absence he attacked the Union army at Cedar Creek and defeated it and sent it fleeing down the valley in confusion. Sheridan at the time was at Winchester, thirteen miles away, and hearing THE CLOSE OF THE STRUGGLE 357 " Sheridan's ride. "The terrible gruinl)le and rumble and roar, Telling the battle was on once more," put s])ur.s to his horse and galloped toward his army. As he daslied along, he met some of his men running from the enemy. To the fugitives he cried out : "Never mind, boys, we are all right ! We will whip them yet !" These words of en- couragement caused the sol- diers to turn and follow their leader, who renewed the bat- tle against Early and defeated him. After Sheridan had fin- ished his work in the Shenan- doah valley he returned to Petersburg to assist Grant. The siege of the stronghold continued for several months. Grant drew his lines ever tighter and tighter, and at last (April 3, 1865) Petersburg fell, and with it fell Richmond. The fall of Richmond marked the end of the war and the downfall of the Confederacy. Lee, after leaving the city he had defended so bravely for nearly four years, attempted to break through the Union lines, but he was checked at every step by a greatly superior force, and there was nothing for him to do but lay down his arms. On April 9. 1865, at i\.ppomattox Court- House, he surrendered to Grant his army of 28,000 men.'^ As he took leave of his soldiers, he said: "Men, we have fought through the war togetlier. I have done the best I could for you." Grant in his hour of triumph was courteous and kind. He did not require Lee to give up his sword. He allowed his soldiers to keep their horses, saying they would need them to work their little farms. He gave the conquered army enough food to last five days. 1 Johnston, on April 26, surrendered to Sherman near Raleigh, North Carolina. 358 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Surrender of Lee to Grant. After the fall of Richmond, President Davis, with his cabinet and clerks, went to Charlotte, North Carolina; but the surrender of Johnston soon made it necessary for the Confederate gov- ernment to disband and flee. Davis made his way to Georgia, but was captured at Irwinsville (May lo, 1865). He was sent to Fortress Monroe, in Virginia, where he was held a j^risoner imtil 1867, when he was released on bail. 252. The Cost of the War. — The war saved tlie Union and gave freedom to the slave. The price in blood and treasure was I THE CLOSE OF THE STRUGGLE 359 enormous. On the Union side more than 3(x),ooo men wore killed in battle or died of wounds or diseases. How many gave up theit lives for the Confederacy cannot be accurately stated, but it is likely that the South suffered as heavily as the North. ^ The money loss is stated in figures too large for the mind to comprehend. The expenses of the Union army averaged more than hal| a million dollars a day for a period of four years. At the beginning of the war our national debt was very small ; at the end of the war it was nearly $3,000,000,000. The cost of the war to the South was greater in proportion than it was to the North, for in the South stores of cotton, crops, cattle, railroads, bridges, farm-houses, vil- lages, and cities were destroyed. The loss to mas- ters caused by the emancipa- tion of the slaves amounted to something like $2,000,- 000.000. 253. How the Expenses of the War were Met.— The enormous expenses of the Civil War were met by re- sorting to almost every method by which it is possible for a government to raise money. First, the taxes were ipade heavier. Even before the war actually began duties were greatly increased^ (March, 1861) by the Morrill Tariff Bill. The high tariff was soon fol- lowed by an internal revenue law which placed a heavy tax upon almost every article that men eat, drink, wear, or use. But the expenses of the war were so great that they could not be met by ordinary taxation. So the government was compelled to adopt other means of raising revenue. In 1862 Congress provided for the issuing of $150,000,000 in United States notes (greenbacks). 1 See "Battles and Leaders of the Civil War," Vol. IV, pp. 767, 768. 2 In 1846 the duties on many articles had been lowered by the Walker Tariff, a measure whose chief object was, not to protect home manu- factures, but to raise revenue. The McLean house at Appomattox, where Lee surrendered. 360 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 'I'hcsc ndtcs were simply ]);i|)cr money, but Congress declared Ihcm to ])c lawful money for the payment of all debts excej)! duties upon imports and interest U])on tlie public debt. Tbe .iniouiit of this ])a])er money was increased from time to time until it reached the sum of $450,000,000. lUit large issues of papcM- mone\' and hea\v taxation combined could not sup])ly the go\ernment with all the money it needed. So it was com- pelled to borrow large sums. It began ( jidy, 1X61 ) by borrow- ing $250,000,000, and by the time the war was over its debt amounted to more tliau ,'^2, 500,000,000. In order to aid the government still further in its linancial ])lans Congress in i(S63 established a .system of National I bank's, the system which we have to-day. Under the law of 1863 banking companies were allowed to deposit bonds of the United Lines of defense July 4, 1863 and 1864, and Sherman's march. 'riiis is 1111 ihc smiie plan :is iIk- iii:ip on !>. 3.(4. I'.y July, i:-!i' !, tlif llnion .-irniics liad i ai>tiirc-(I Vickshuig and llic Confcdorato armies liad advanced n'l.rtli as far as Oettysburn. A year later the line generally had moved south. Sherman, slartiiiK from (.'hattanooKa, marched to Atl.inta, thence to Savannah, where he turned northward. The width of Sherman's march (sometimes sixty miles) is indicated by the stippling. THE CLOSE OF THE STRUGGLE 361 States with the Treasury departnient at Washington and re- ceive bank-notes equal to ninety per cent, of the face value of the ])()iuls. Two years later Congress imposed a tax of ten ])er cent, on the bank-notes of the State banks, but there was no tax on the notes of the National Banks. In order to get rid of the tax many of the State banks bought the bonds of the govern- ment and became National Banks. QUESTIONS ON 'J'lIK TEXT 1. What was Lee's purpose in invading Pennsylvania? Give an ac- count of the battle of Gettysburg. 2. Give an account of the fall of Vicksburg. Why was the capture of this city an important event ? 3. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga. What great service did General 'J'homas render in llic battle? (jive an account of the battle of Chattanooga. Why was the ca])ture of this city an imp(;rtanl event? 4. What was the final plan of campaign maijjjed out by Grant and Sherman? Give an account of the battle (jf Nashville. Describe Sher- man's march from Atlanta to the sea. 5. G've an account of Grant's campaign against Lee from the battle of the Wilderness to the beginning of the siege of Petersburg. ncseril)e Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandcjah valley. What was the closing scene of the war? 6. What was the cost of the war in liinnan life? What was the cost in money? 7. Describe the methods by which the expenses oi the war were met. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES r. Dates: 1522, 1609, 1846, i860, 1861 (2), 1862 (2). 2. Places: Schenectady, Quebec, New Orleans (3), Charleston (2), Harper's Ferry, Fort Donelson, Chancellorsville. 3. Persons: John Winthrop, Bacon, Andros, Tecumseh, W. II. liar- ri.son, Tyler, Polk, Taylor, Douglas, John I'rown, I'uchanan, Lincoln, Davis, McClellan, Grant, Lee. 4. Tell what you can about: the founding of Pennsylvania; the I""ron- ticr Line in 1700; the Articles of Confederation; the Convention of 1787; the Ordinance of 1787; the .settlement of Ohio; the election of 1840; the annexation of Texas; the acquisition of Oregon; the treaty of Guada- lupe; the Kansas-Nebraska Bill; the Dred Scott decision; John Brown's Raid; the election of i860; the secession of the Confederate States; tlu' 362 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES firing upon Fort Sumter; the battle of Manassas; tlie capture of Mason and Slidell ; the capture of Fort Donelson; the Merrimac and the Moni- tor; the battle of Chancellorsville. 5. Topics: The battle of Gettysburg: 15 (Vol. TI). 95-128; also 11. 306-326. Causes of Northern success: 15 (Vol. H), 129-147. Vicksburg: 3, 321-323; also II, 295-305. The surrender of Lee: 3, 2)-9-2>i2>- IMPORTANT MOVEMENTS IN THE WAR OF SECESSION WtST EAST Border fighting in West Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri (u) '61 © Fort Sumter Bull Run Coast Battles Forts Henry and Donelson Island No. 10 Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Union side successful in the West ® '62 © Peninsula Campaign © Jackson in the Shenandoah © Lee's First Invasion © Fredericksburg Confederate side successful in the East Vicksburg Port Hudson Mississippi River open Chlckamauga Chattanooga © © © © '63 Chancellorsville Lee's Second Invasion and Gettysburg Central gateway open Union Side has the advantage both in the Eastand in the West Sherman's March from Chattanooga © '64 Grant vs. Lee in © ® Wilderness Campaign ( Desperate fighting Victories for Doth sides) to Atlanta and Savannah in the East Nashville © © Sheridan in the Shenandoah (w) Union victories @ Confederate ^ictoriea '65 Grant, Sherman.Thomas and Sheridan all converging to- ward Lee's Army and Richmond Surrender of the Confederate Armies XLI BINDING UP THE NATION'S WOUNDS With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, tc; bind up the nation's wounds. Lhiiohi' s Second Inaugural. 254. The Death of Lincoln.— No sooner had the country begun to re- joice that the war was over and that "a heahng time of peace" was at liand than it was plunged into gloom hy the occurrence of an awful trag- edy. On April 14, 1865, precisely four years after the fall of Fort Sumter and five days after Lee's surrender at Appomattox, President Lincoln/ while sitting in his box in a theater in Washington, was shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth, an actor who, in his sympathy for the South, had become a fanatic because the South had failed to win.- Lincoln fell for- ward unconscious when he was shot, and never regained con- sciousness. He sank rapidly, and on the morning of April 15 he died. The house in which President Lin- coln died. 1 Lincoln was now just entering upon his second term as President, having been reelected in the fall of 1864 over General McClellan, the Democratic candidate. He received the electoral votes of all the States except New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky. - Booth was one of a party of conspirators whose purpose was to assassinate the leading officers of the government. One of the conspira- tors forced his way to the bed of Secretary Seward (p. 321) and stabbed him but did not kill him. Booth was tracked to his hiding-place and shot. (Read the Century Magucinc for .Xpril, 1896.) 36.^ 364 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES The death of Lincohi hrought sorrow to the Soutli as well as to the North. The North mourned his loss because it felt that his patience and firmness and devotion had saved tlie Union. The South grieved because it felt that it had lost a i)o\verful friend. TIIK ADMTNTSTRATTON OF AXDRF.W JOHNSON (1865-69) 255. Andrew Johnson.— Three hours after Lincoln's death the Vice-President, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, was sworn in as President. In many res])ects the life of Johnson was a counterpart of the life of Lincoln. His childhood was spent in poverty. At a very early age he was compelled to earn his own bread. He taught himself the art of reading. He did not learn to write until after his marriage, when he was taught by his wife. He was always a Democrat in politics, but in 1864 he was placed on the Republican ticket as a candidate for the \'ice- Presidency. In his public career he held almost every ofifice from that of alderman to that of President. He had many of the noble (jualities of Lincoln ; he was honest and fearless and firm. But he lacked Lincoln's calmness of judgment and kindli- ness of heart. 256. The Work of Reconstruction.— The task that faced Johnson and tlie Congress in 1S65 was almost as difficult as the task that faced Lincciln and the Congress four years before. In 1861 a Union was to be saved; in 1865 a Union was to be reconstructed. In the work of reconstruction three great ques- tions had to be settled : ( i ) What should be done with those who had taken u]) arms against the Union? (2) What should be done with the negroes of the South? (3) What should be done with the seceded States? (i) Johnson regarded the leaders of the Confederacy as traitors, and he wished them to be punished severely. I'ut Lin- coln, at a cabinet meeting on the last afternoon of his life, had advised against harsh measures. "T hope," he said, "there will be no j)ersecution, no bloody work after this war is over. No one need expect me to take any part in hanging or killing those men [the Confederate leaders], even the worst of them. BINDING UP THE NATION'S WOUNDS 365 Enough lives have been sacrificed. We must extinguish our resentment if we expect harmony and union." The mild policy of Lincoln was carried out. There was no bloody work, no ven- geance. Even President Davis w^as never brought to trial. On May 29, 1865, amnesty and pardon were offered to all who had been in arms against the Union, provided they would take oath that they would henceforth support and defend the Constitu- tion of the United States and abide by the laws made with reference to the emancipation of slaves. There were some ex- cepted classes, it is true, but, speaking broadly, pardon w^as placed within easy reach of all who had joined the Confederacy. (2) In dealing with the negro question Congress first sent out (February, 1865) to the States, for their ratification, the Thir- teenth Amendment to the Con- stitution, which abolished slavery entirely in the United States. By December, 1865, this amendment had been ratified by twenty-seven States and was the law of the land. Thus three and a half million persons were transformed from a condition of slavery to a condition of freedom. Of course the freedmen at first hardly knew what liberty was. At the close of the war William Idoyd Garrison visited Charleston, South Carolina, where he met a crowd of negroes just set free. "Well, my friends," he said to them, "you are free at last; let us give three cheers for freedom !" And he undertook to lead the cheering. But he cheered alone. The poor creatures gave no response ; they merely looked at him in wonderment. They knew nothing about cheering; they knew nothing about freedom. In March, 1865, Congress established a Freedmen's Bureau, which was to look after the interests of former slaves and pro- tect them from injustice at the hands of the white men. This Andrew Johnson Rorn in North Carolina, in 1808; governor of Tennessee; Vice-President, 1865; suc- ceeded Lincoln as seventeenth President, 1865-69; died in 1875 366 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES * bureau assigned abandoned lands to freedmcn ; it did what it could to improve the morals of the freedmcn ; it took care that the negro laborer should receive something like a fair compen- sation for his labor. "In short, the bureau assumed a general guardianship over the emancipated race." In 1866 it was thought that the South was not giving the negro all the rights a freeman ought to have. So Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, which declared the freedmcn to be citizens of the United States and guaranteed to them the same civil rights as are enjoyed by white citizens. Since this law might be re- pealed by a succeeding Congress, a Fourteenth Amendment was sent out to the States to be ratified. This amendment guaran- teed equal civil rights to all citizens, regardless of race or color, and it based the representation of a State in Congress on the number of voters in the State. If the negroes in a State were not allowed to vote, the number of Representatives in that Stat'e was reduced in proportion to the number of negroes who were denied the suffrage. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified by a sufficient number of States, and thus (in 1868) be- came a law that Congress could not repeal. It was desired by the leaders in Congress that the negroes be allowed to vote whether the Southern States wished them to do so or not. So Congress submitted to the States the l^^iftcenth Amendment, which guarantees that a citizen shall not be denied the right to vote on account of his race, color, or previous con- dition of servitude. This amendment was adopted in 1870 and was the last of the great measures brought forward to help the freedmen. (3) While it was dealing, with the negro question. Congress was, at the same time, dealing with the seceded States. Fvery- body wished these States to come back into the Union, but Con- gress refused to restore a State to its old place in the Union unless it would first comply with certain conditions. During the time a State w^as making up its mind whether it would comply with the conditions or not, it was ruled by a military governor appointed by the President. The conditions imposed upon a State were: BINDING UP THE NATION'S WOUNDS 367 (i) It must agree to the complete abolition of slavery. (2) It must ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. (3) It must agree not to pay ofif any of the debts contracted by the Confederates. One by one the seceded States agreed to the conditions laid down by Congress, and by 1871 all were back in the Union and all were enjoying equal rights with the other States. When the work of reconstruction was finished we had an "indestructible Union of indestructible States." 257. The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.— While the work of reconstruction was going on, a fierce quarrel arose be- tween President Johnson and Congress. Johnson held the opin- ion that the Civil War was only an ordinary uprising of citizens against the government and that when the war was ended all that was necessary to be done was to punish the leaders of the uprising. The States, he contended, had never been out of the Union and had never lost any of their rights, and he was stoutly opposed to any action that interfered with the rights of a State. On this ground he vetoed the bill creating the Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Bill. Congress, however, with a two-thirds vote passed both measures over his head. By 1867 the quarrel between Johnson and Congress had be- come very bitter, and Congress in that year, in order to hamper Johnson, passed the Tenure of Office Act, which provided that the President should not remove any public officer without the consent of the Senate. Johnson denied the right of Congress to make such a law, and he very soon disobeyed it. This led (February, 1868) to his impeachment. In the House of Repre- sentatives he was impeached (accused) of high crimes and mis- demeanors. The impeachment (accusation) was tried in the Senate, where a two-thirds vote is necessary to convict. The trial lasted two months, and when the vote was taken thirty-five Senators voted "Guilty" and nineteen "Not guilty." With one more vote against him, Johnson would have been convicted and removed from office. As it was, he escaped. 258. The French in Mexico (1861-67); the Purchase of Alaska. — Besides the events connected with reconstruction, two 368 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES otlier events of Jolinsf)n's administration rcfiuire notice. One of these was our intervention in the affairs of Mexico. In iSf)! France, England, and Spain, acting together, sent an armed force to Mexico to hold her seaports until certain debts were paid. But England and Spain soon withdrew their troops, leaving France to act alone. The Emperor of France, Napoleon III, desired to establish the b^rench power in Mexico. He ac- cordingly overthrew the Mexican government and made Maxi- milian, a brother of the Emperor of Austria, the luuperor of Mexico. All this, you will observe, was contrary to the Monroe Doctrine (p. 226). Still, at the time, the United States could do nothing but protest, for it had the Civil War on its hands. As soon as the war was over, however. General Sheridan, with a large army, was despatched to the Mexican frontier. bVance saw what was coming, and the French troops were at once withdrawn (in 1867) from Mexico. Maximilian fell into the hands of the Mexicans and was promptly shot. Alaska compared with the United States. If Alaska were placed in the L'liiteil States, the imrthern boundary touching Canada, the south- east corner would reach the Atlantic Ocean, and its islands would reach the Pacific. Another important event of Johnson's administration was the purchase of Alaska, which then belonged to Russia. Just about the time the French troops were leaving Mexico, the Russian min- BINDING UP THE NATION'S WOUNDS 369 ister at Washington offered to sell to the United States Russia's possession in America for the sum of $7,200,000. The offer was accepted "with almost comical alacrity," and an area of 577,000 square miles was added to our territory. At the time it was thought by many that we had made a bad bargain, but in fact we made a very good bargain, for the furs, fisheries, gold-fields, and coal lands of Alaska are worth the purchase ])ricc a hundred times over. THE ADMINISTRATION OP ULYSSES S. GRANT (lSf;9-77) 259. The Election of Grant. In the ])resi(lential election of 1868 the Republicans nominated as their candidate the man who, next to Lincoln, had done the most to bring success to the Union cause — (General U. S. Grant. The Democrats nominated Hora- tio Seymour of New York. Tlie election gave Grant 214 elec- toral votes, and Seymour 80. Four years later Grant was reelected over Horace Greeley of New York, by an electoral vote of 286 to 63. 260. "Carpet-Baggers"; the Ku-Klux Klan. — In the first years of Grant's administration the South was overrun with unscrupulous adventurers who came from the North and who received the name of "carpet-baggers" , I because it was said that they brought with tliem from tlie North nothing but their traveling-satchels. These carpet-baggers, by ])laying U])on the prejudices of the freedmen and taking advantage of their ignorance, secured their votes, and in several States, where the ])lacks outnumbered the whites, gained control of the govern- ment. Where tlie carpet-l)aggers were most successful, as in Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Louisiana, ei«htcenth i-rcsidcnt.. 869-77; died at and Mississippi, public affairs were Ulysses S. Grant. Pxjrn at I'lHiit I'luasaiit, ( )hi(), in 1822 ; 36Q-77 ; • York, managed in a most sliameful and corrupt manner. In Alabama in one county the clerk was a horse-thief and the sheriff a negro who could not read. In the legislature the negro members 24 370 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES were so ignorant tliat tliey conld only watch tlicir white leaders —carpet-baggers— and vote aye or no as they were told. When tired they went to sleep, and were awakened when it was time to vote. In Sauth Carolina the corruption under "carpet- bag" rule was shocking in the extreme. In the legislature $200,000 was spent for furniture and $150,000 for ])rinting. The most expensive Wines, licjuors, and cigars were ordered to be sent to the boarding-houses of the members, most of whom were negroes who had been slaves. W^atermelons w^ere furnislicd the members at tlie expense of the State, and at one session the watermelon bill was $1800. To protect themselves against the rule of the negroes and the carpet-baggers, the whites organized a secret society known as the Ku-Klux Klan. The members of this society did all they could to prevent the negro from voting and to make the life of the carpet-bagger miserable. In carrying out its purposes the Ku-Klux Klan committed many outrages, and in 1871 Congress caused the society to be supjiressed and many of its members arrested. 261. Great Fires; the Panic of 1873; the Centennial. — In October, 1871, occurred the great Chicago lire. This tire broke out in a barn and s])read with such rai)i(Ht\- that it soon got beyontl the control of the firemen. It raged for two days, de- stroying 17,000 buildings and causing 200 deaths. Seventy thou- sand persons were rendered homeless, and the jiroperty loss was nearly $200,000,000. Within a year the burned district, covering over 2000 acres, was largely rebuilt, and within two years there was a new Chicago. In 1872 Boston also was visited by a great fire. Nearly eight hundred of its finest buildings were burned and about eighty million dollars' worth of property was destroyed. just after these great fires there was a period of hard times. In 1873 a banking-house in Philadelphia failed to meet its obli- gations and a panic followed. Money was hard to get, men were thrown out of employment, and there w^as suffering in all i)arts of the country. The panic lasted for several years and then good times returned. One of the most interesting events in Grant's administration BINDING UP THE NATION'S WOUNDS 371 The Chicago fire. was the celebration of the Centennial of America's Independence by the holding of a great international exposition at Philadel- phia. The Exposition furnished all nations an opportunity to exhibit their products, and forty of the great governments of the world took part in the display. It was opened on May lO, 1876, by President Grant. It continued open for 158 days and was visited by nearly 10,000,000 people. THE ADMINISTRATION OF RUTHERFORD B. HAYES (1877-81) 262. The Elections of 1876; the Electoral Commission.— During Grant's second term there was a great deal of wrpng- doing among public officials, and by 1876 the country seemed to be ready to turn the Republicans out of power. In the presi- dential campaign of that year the Democrats nominated Samuel J. Tilden. The Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio. The Greenback party nominated James B. Weaver of Iowa. This party was in favor of issuing paper money similar to the United States notes which were issued during the Civil War, and which from their color are known as greenbacks. 372 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES These greenbacks do not represent silver or gold, nor are they secured by government bonds as bank-notes are secured. They are paper money, pure and simple, and are based solely on the credit of the country and upon the good faith of the govern- ment. The Prohibition party, whose object is to prevent the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, nominated Green Clay Smith of Kentucky. Tilden received the largest popular vote, but there were only 184 electoral votes which were certainly his, and he needed 185. The electoral votes of South Carolina, Louisiana, Florida, and Oregon were in doubt. If Hayes could secure oil the electoral votes of all these States, he would be elected; if Til- den could secure only one electoral vote in any one of these States, he w^ould be elected. In each of the four doubtful States both parties claimed the victory. There was mucli excitement, and serious trou- ble was threatened. To settle the difficulty Congress referred the matter to what was called the Electoral Commission, a body composed of five members of the Mouse of Representatives, five Senators, and five associate justices of the United States Su- preme Court— fifteen members in all. This commission, by a vote of eight to seven, decided that all the electoral votes of all the»(loubtful States belonged to Hayes, who was accordingly declared to l)e elected and who was inaugurated March 4, 1877. 263. The Removal of the Troops from the South.— One of the first acts of President Hayes was to withdraw (April 9, 1877) from the South the last of the troops of the regular army. The removal of the troops marked the end of the reconstruction period and was the beginning of better days for the South. The carjK't-bag governments were now speedily overthrown, and the Southern people again assumed control of their own affairs. Rutherford B. Hayes. Born in Ohin, in i8j2; served in the Union army in the Civil War; mem- ber of Congress; governor of Ohio; nineteenth President, 1877-81 ; died in 1893. BINDING UP THE NATION'S WOUNDS 373 With the removal of the troops in 1877 the feeHng of bitter- ness between the North and the South began to pass away. In September, 1877, President Hayes made a trip through the South and was kindly received. Leaders of the Confederacy also were kindly received in the North. In the cemeteries, North and South, flowers began to be placed upon the graves of both Union and Confederate soldiers. The kindly feeling between the two sections has gone on increasing year by year, and to-day it may be truly said that the wounds caused by the war have been entirely healed and that the South and the North are bound together more firmly than they were at any time before the war. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the death of Lincoln. Give a sketch of the life and character of Andrew Johnson. 2. In the work of reconstruction what was done with those who had taken up arms against the Union? What was the Thirteenth Amend- ment? What was the Freedmen's Bureau? The Civil Rights Bill? The Fourteenth Amendment? The Fifteenth .Aimendment? With what con- ditions did the seceded States have to comply before they were restored to the Union? 3. Wh}' was Johnson impeached ? What was the result of his im- peachment ? 4. Why did the French withdraw from Mexico just after the Civil War? When and at what price was Alaska purchased? 5. Give an account of the presidential elections of 1868 and of 1872. 6. Who were the carpet-baggers? Give an account of the carpet-bag government. What was the Ku-Klux Klan ? 7. Give an account of the Chicago fire. Of the panic of 1873. Of the Centennial Exposition. 8. Give an account of the presidential election of 1876. What was the Electoral Commission? 9. What effect did the final withdrawal of the troops from the South have upon the South and upon the country? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1664, 1682 (2), 1789, 1837, 1861 (2), 1862 (2), 1863 (2), 1864, 1865. 2. Places : Detroit, Charleston, Fort Donelson, Chancellorsville, Gettys- burg, Atlanta, Appomattox. 374 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 3. Persons: Stuyvesant, Roger Williams, IJooiu', Cass, McCIellan, Grant, Lee, Sherman. 4. Tell what you can ahout : the Line of demarcation; the beginning of political parties; Jay's treaty; the early history of Louisiana; the Frontier Line in 1820; in 1840; the settlement of Michigan; the settle- ment of Iowa; the battle of Manassas; the Capture of Mason and Slidcll ; the capture of Fort Donelson ; the Mcrriiiiac and the Monitor; the battle of Chancellorsville ; the battle of Gettysburg; the fall of Vicksburg; Sherman's ALarch to the Sea; Grant's campaign against Lee. 5. Topics: Reconstruction: 15 (Vol. II), 148-182. Tiie impeachment of Andrew Johnson: 15 (Vol. II), 183-214. Condition of the South in 1865 : 3, 336-339. Lee's advice to the South : 3, 342-344. Centennial Hymn : 14. 574. XLII THE NEW WEST The desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose, . . . For in the wilderness shall waters break out, and streams in the desert. And the parched ground shall become a pool, and the thirsty land springs of water. Isaiah xxxv, parts of verses i, 6, and 7. Introduction. — In previoiLs chapters the story of the West- ward Movement was carried forward to the beginning of the Civil War. During the war the development of the West was checked, but as soon as the struggle was over the tide of popu- lation began to flow westward again. At the close of the war there was west of the Mississippi a wild, uncultivated, and, for the most part, uninhabited region more than a million square miles in extent. Out of this vast region there have been carved ten States, whose combined population is now (1910) greater than the population of the entire United States a hundred years ago. These ten States, admitted since the war, constitute what may be called the New West, the development of which is the sub- ject of this chapter.^ 264. Congress Encourages the Development of the New West.— The rapid growth of the New West has been due in large measure to certain laws enacted by Congress during the Civil War. In 1862 Congress passed the Homestead Act, which lowered the i)rice of public lands. We saw (p. 262) that in 1841 the price of these lands was lowered from $2 to $1.25 an acre. The Homestead Act practically gave the settlers their land free of cost. Under this kind provision of this famous law ^ In 1864 Nevada was admitted into the Union. This State was orig- inally a part of California. Its development was due to the di.scovery of the great Comstock silver-mines. Many of the first settlers of Nevada came from California. 375 376 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SetOcd Area is shaded. ■' Citica over 100.000 inhabiUnts g^^ shown by Solid black dots ^ Settled area in i860. any head of a family, whether native or foreign-born, could, by the payment of a small fee, become the owner of 80 or 160 acres of land simply by living upon the land for five years and culti- vating it. In 1862, also. Congress gave charters to several com- panies for building great railroads across the continent, and granted to the companies vast tracts of land lying along the routes which the railroads were to take. In 1864 Congress further encouraged the development of the West by passing an immigration law which exempted immigrants from military ser- vice and which provided means for assisting newly arrived foreigners to reach their destinations with as little trouble and expense as possible. The effect of these laws in the building up of the West was remarkable. Under the workings of the Homestead Act mil- lions and millions of acres of wild lands beyond the Mississippi were brought under cultivation, and thousands upon thousands of poor settlers became the prosperous owners of farms. The laws chartering the railroads led to the construction of three great highways across the plains and over the Rockies to the Pacific. The law encouraging immigration caused foreigners to come to America in numbers greater than had ever before been known. 265. Along the Union Pacific: Nebraska; Colorado; Wy- oming; Utah.— The first of the transcontinental railroads to THE NEW WEST 377 Suttled Area la shaded. " Cities over 100,000 inhabitants are shown by Solid black dots Settled area in 1910. be built was the Union Pacific. To encourage the building of the road Congress gave the companies constructing it (i) a right of way through the public domain; (2) twenty sections of land — 12,800 acres— along each mile of road; (3) a loan from the government varying from $16,000 to $48,000 per mile. The road was built by two companies, one of which worked from Omaha westward and the other from Sacramento eastward. The two lines met at Ogdcn, Utah, May 10, 1869, where two men with silver hammers drove the last spikes, two of gold and two of silver, into the last tie. Nebraska. The great benefits of the Union Pacific were first felt in Nebraska. The region which is now Nebraska was for many years neglected by Congress and was left without a gov- ernment of any kind. The only law was "club law." In 1854 Stephen A. Douglas carried through Congress his famous Kan- sas-Nebraska Bill (p. 288), which made Nebraska a Territory. In 1855 the first legislature met at Omaha, the capital of the Territory. As early as 1859 the Nebraskans began to urge their claims for admission into the Union, and during the Civil War they tried to secure the boon of statehood, but without success. When the war was over, the struggle for admission was re- newed, and in 1867 Nebraska was made a State. Lincoln vv'as chosen as the capital. With the completion of the Union Pacific Railroad Nebraska 378 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES was connected with tlic markets of the workh and her develop- ment ])roceeded at a rapid pace. By 1880 she liad a population of nearly 500,000 and was taking her place as one of the great grain-growing States of the L^nion. Colorado also soon felt the benefits of the Union Pacific. The early develo])ment of Colorado, like the development of most of the Rocky Mountain States, was due to the discovery of valuable mines of precious metals. In 1859 a rich gold-mine \\as discovered in the Pike's Peak country, and forthwith there was a wild rush to the scene. "Pike's Peak or bust" became the motto of fortune-seekers in all parts of the country. It was estimated that within a year nearly 60.000 gold-seekers visited the newly discovered mines. Thousands of these "fifty-niners," remained and laid the foundations of Colorado. Mining- towns such as Denver, P>oulder, and Pueblo were built so rap- idly that the)- seemed to rise out of the ground overnight. The miners felt the need of law and order, and at once organizetl a new government under the name of the Territory of Jeflfer- son. Tn ]8()i, however. Congress organized the Territory of Colorado, and tlie Territory of Jeflferson passed out of existence. In 1870 Denver was connected by a railroad with the Union Pacific svstem. Six vears later Colorado was admitted into the Denver in 1858. Ihiion as the "Centennial State."' When it was admitted nearly all its wealth was in its mines. In recent years, however, the THE NEW WEST 379 people of Colorado have learned the value of irrigation and have watered hy artificial means millions of acres of arid land, and the products of these irrigated lands ec|ual in value the products of the mines. IVyoiiiing practically owes its existence to a railroad. In 1867 the Union Pacific laid out the town of Cheyenne, and the '.. .««'•>' •^aia*Dkm» m mMnilwwi i ii i ltof nii ' i' «ii>j'!l > **'— 'i « Mi i Mi i rni i »-..a^Mto.Mi«.« .^ <»j«t i> . . ^ The desert before and after irrigation. next year the Territory of Wyoming was created hy Congress. Wyoming is an extremely dry and mountainous region, and its growth has heen slow. Still, the railroad hrought many settlers to W^yoming, and by iH()0 the Territory had a ])()pulation large enough for statehood and was admitted as a State. Utah was also greatly henelited hy the building of the Union 380 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES A railway on a trestle over the Great Salt Lake. This remarkable feat of engineering, known as the " Liicin Cnt-otf," enal)les the Soutliern Pa- cific Kaih'oad Co, (lessees of tlie Central Pacific Railroad) to make a straight course over twelve miles of water. l^acific, but its admission into the Union came late. As a Terri- tory (p. 274) it sought athnission as early as 1S54. but without success. After the Civil War the Territory again applied for admission, but was again refused. The Mormons permitted the custom of polygamy, and Congress was unwilling to admit Utah as long as this custom was allowed. After many years of wait- ing, however, and after polygamy had been abolished, Utah was at last admitted (in i8{)()). 266. Along the Northern Pacific Railroad and the Upper Missouri River: the New Northwest— the Dakotas, Montana, Idaho, and Washington.— just as it was the (.liscovery of gold that hastened the growth of California and Colorado, so it was the discovery of gold that hastened the growth of the New Xorthwest, the region extending westward from Minnesota to the Pacific and including the States of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, and Washington. In the spring of 1863 a rich deposit of gold was found at the head waters of the Missouri, in what is now southwestern Mon- tana, and at once fortune-hunters began to rush to the scene. Those who went from the East made the greater part of the long journey by steamboats which ran from St. Louis to Fort THE NEW WEST 381 Benton, the head of navigation on the Upper Missouri. Trade on this river took on new life after 'the discovery of tlie gold- fields, and the profits of the steamboats were enormous. The fare of a cabin passenger from St. Louis to Fort I'cnton was Fort Benton in 1853. Kort l>L-iitim is at tlic lieail of iiaviKalinii (iii tlic Missouri Kivor, $300, while the freight rate was 12 cents a pound. The salary of pilots was sometimes as much as $1200 a month. Of course civilization followed the steamboat. In the wilderness along the banks of the Upper Missouri, where nothing dwelt excei)t wild animals and fierce Indians, towns were built and fields were brought under cultivation. Yankton, Pierre, and Bismarck be- came thriving centers of trade. Civilization also made its way quickly to the newly found gold-fields, and within a few years Virginia City and Helena were i)rosperous cities. The steamboat did much to o])en up the New Northwest, but the railroad did vastly more. In 1864 Congress chartered the Northern Pacific Railroad, which was to connect Duluth, on Lake Superior, with Portland, Oregon, and with Tacoma and Seattle, on Puget Sound, and by 1876 the road had been built westward as far as Bismarck. This coming of the white man into the country of the Upper 382 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Missouri was bitterly resented by the Indians. The national government was following the policy of allotting to the Indian tribes certain tracts of lands known as ''reservations," on which the red men alone might live. But the Indians would not re- main on their reservations, and they often murdered white set- tlers. They were especially troublesome to the workmen who ^\ere building the Northern Pacific. In 1876 United States troops were sent against the Indians to subdue them and bring them to terms. Before they were subdued, however, they dealt our troops a terrible blow. A large force of Sioux Indians in southern Montana suddenly surrounded a division of 260 men under General George Custer and killed every man, including the brave Custer himself. It ^\•as a horrible massacre, but the task of subduing the Indians was continued, and in a few years the white man was the undisputed master of the entire North- west. In 1883 the Northern Pacific Railroad was completed. The building of this road, with its branches, was like causing a navigable river with many tributaries to flow through the land, for the road was a mighty channel of trade on which the prod- ucts of the Northwest could start on their journey to all parts of the world. All sections of the country tlirougii which the new road passed felt its benefits immediately, and within seven years after the com- pletion of the great highway five States were organized in the North- west. The Dakotas came into the Union on the same day (November 2. 1889). In less than a week after- ward Montana was admitted (No- vember 8. 1889), and three days The first public school building j^ ^i admission of Montana the in South Dakota. Territory of Washington became a State. Washington had been organized as a Territory in 1853, but its growth had been slow. In 1870 its population was only a little more than 20.000, but when the railroad had con- THE NEW WEST 383 nected Puget Sound with the Great Lakes, Washington began to grow at a starthng rate. In a few years its population jumped from a hundred thousand to half a million. Ta- Seattle in 1879 and in 1910. coma was transformed from a village in i88o to a city of 36,000 in 1890, and the growth of Seattle and Spokane was even more wonderful. The political development of the New Northwest was completed July 8, 1890, when Idaho was ad- mitted as a State. ^ Nothing in the history of the Westward Movement is more remarkable than the rapid growth of the New Northwest. Men not yet very old can tell you of the time when they traveled through this region on horseback for days at a time and did not see a single human being; yet to-day the country is fully organized into flourishing States. And the development of the Northwest has only fairly begun. The Dakotas, with their broad bonanza farms, already hold high rank as wheat-growing States, yet their yield of grain is growing larger and larger all the time. Montana, which is as large as Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois combined, has more sheep on its hills than any other State in the Union. The grazing area of Montana is as large 1 Four of the States of the New West— Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado— have granted equal suffrage to men and women. 384 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES as JlHnois, its mining area is as large as Ohio, and its farming area is as large as Pennsylvania. Idalio is rich in its mines and forests and is rapidly pushing to the front as a wool-growing State. Washington is already a rich and populous State, yet its great commercial advantages and its natural resources, its for- ests and mines and grazing-lands, will make it far richer and A great farm in the New Northwest. All the 1.111(1 is cultivated, even the hillsides. more populous than it now is. The i)rosperity and greatness of the New Northwest were brought forcibly to the attention of the world by the Alaska- Yukon Exposition, which was held at Seattle in i()0(). 267. The New Southwest: (Western Texas) Oklahoma, Ari- zona, New Mexico.— While the Union Pacific was oi)ening up the Central West and the Northern Pacific the New Northwest, another great line (the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe) was opening up the Now Southwest — western Texas, Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico. P>y i88o one could travel by rail from Kansas City to Santa Fe, and three years later the jour- ney could be continued on to Los Angeles. Here was a third great iron higiiway extending across the continent aiul bearing the burdens of travel and tratle. From the main line of the Santa Fe connecting roads were THE NEW WEST 385 (.opyn-ht I'V I mlci«ooil ,v I n.leiu ..o,l, N . '1. Railway over Canon Diablo, Arizona. built southward, and these hastened the development of north- ern and western Texas. In 1883 a brancii of the Santa Fe reached El Paso, which was soon connected with the Gulf ports by the Texas and Pacific. The immense vacant areas of the Lone Star State now began to fill up with people. San Antonio, Fort Worth, and Dallas soon be- came important inland centers of trade, while Galveston and Hous- ton took their places among the great exporting cities of the United States. The building of the Santa Fe also hastened the development of the Oklahoma country, the region which was given to- the Indians when they were moved from their homes east of the Mississippi (p. 247), and which for a long time was known as the "Indian Territory." \\'ith the coming of the railroad many palefaces found their way into the red man's country. Piece by piece the Indians gave up their lands, and it was not long before a large part of the Indian country was in possession of white men. In 1890 the western portion of the so-called Indian Territory was erected into a real Territory and given the name of Oklahoma. Great tracts of public lands were now thrown open to settlers, and the rush to Oklahoma was one of the wild- est in the whole history of the Westward Movement. The chief object of tlie race was to secure land. Sometimes men would jump from the windows of rapidly moving trains and scam- per across the country in order to be the first to reach and lay claim to some desirable tract. After 1890 both Indian Terri- tory and Oklahoma Territory made astonishing strides in wealth and population, and in 1907 the two territories joined hands of their own accord and entered the Union as the State of Okla- homa. Gutlirie was made the capital of the new State, although Oklahoma City was the larger place. 25 386 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES An Oklahoma oil-well. Two Territories of the New \\'est remain to be admitted. These are New Mexico and Arizona. These Territories have a population large enough for statehood, and the day seems near at hand when they, too, will join the Union. Their admission will mark the last event in the great \\'estward Movement.' Un some of the States of the New West, as in South Dakota, Utah, Montana, and Oklahoma, the people engage personally and directly in the business of making laws. They do this by means of a political device known as the initiative and rcferendmn. The initiative enables a certain per cent, of the voters to propose to the legislature a bill which that body must enact as a law; the referendum enables the voters to vote upon a law which they have commanded the legislature to refer to them. This system of direct legislation is also in operation in Nevada, Missouri, and Maine. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. In what tlirce ways did Congress encourage the development of the New West? 2. Give an account of tlic building of the Northern Pacific Railroad. What was the early history of Nebraska? Of Colorado? Of Wyoming? When and under what circumstances was Utah admitted into the Union? 3. What hastened the development of the New Northwest? What part did the steamboat play in the development of this region? What Indian troubles occurred during the development of the New Northwest? Give an account of the growth of the New Northwest after the building of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Describe the nature and extent of the resources of the New Northwest. THE NEW WEST 387 4. What part of the United States was opened up by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad? 5. Give an account of the development of northern and western Texas. Of Oklahoma. Of Arizona and New Mexico. REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1787 (2), 1825, 1832, 1863 (2), 1864, 1865 (2), 1877, 1896. 1898. 2. Places : Palos, Jamestown, Fort Duquesne, Watauga, Gett.vsburg, Atlanta, Appomattox. 3. Persons : De Soto, Raleigh, Champlain, Marquette, La Salle, Whit- ney. Calhoun, Clay, Webster, Fillmore, Morse, Sherman, Johnson, Gar- field, Arthur, Cleveland, Blaine, Harrison, McKinley, Bryan, Roosevelt, Taft. 4. Tell what you can about: the settlement of Kentucky; the settlement of Tennessee; Whitney's cotton-gin; the spoils system; nullification; the Compromise of 1850; the secession of the Confederate States; the firing upon Fort Sumter; the battle of Gettysburg; the fall of Vicksburg; Sher- man's March to the Sea ; Grant's campaign against Lee ; the work of reconstruction; the Electoral Commission; the merit system; the Inter- state Commerce Commission; the Anti-Trust Law; the election of 1896; the war with Spain ; the Panama Canal ; the Rate Law of 1906. 5. Hints for reading: The Last American Frontier, by F. L. Paxson. The Conquest of the Missouri, by J. M. Hanson. The Making of Colo- rado, by Eugene Parsons. XLITT A UNITED PEOPLE One flag, one land, one he.^rt, one hand, One nation evermore. ( h'h'er 11 >«; the Civil War. becoming major-general; member of ConRress and of the Senate ; became twentieth President in iSSi: was shot on July 2, 18S1, and died September 19 following. hardly entereil ui>on his President when he was victim of an assassin's A UNITED PEOPLE 389 brave fight for his hfe. but lie slowly succumbed, and on Sep- tember iQ he passed awa}-. On the day after Garfield's death Vice-President Arthur, at his home in Xew York, took the oath of office as President. Little was known of the character of the new President or of his fitness for his great duties, and there were some fears lest he might not prove to be the right man in the right jilace. Tliese fears, however, were groundless, for President Arthur performed the duties of his office in a conscien- tious manner and with ability and dignity. 270. The Merit System.— It will be remembered that Jackson set the example of rewarding his political friends by giving them offices with- out regard to fitness. The example of Jackson was quite faithfully fol- lowed by the Presidents who came after him, and it soon became a fixed custom for a new administration to turn out the old office-holders and appoint new ones in their places. Grant did not like the custom. "The present system," he said, "does not secure the best men. and often not even fit men, for public places." To remedy the evils of the "spoils system." Congress, in 1883, passed a law which provided for a Chil Scrz'icc Commission, whose chief duty was to hold examinations and ascertain which applicants were best fitted for office. Those who passed the best examinations were to receive the appointments. Under this law the spoils system has in a large measure been abandoned and the merit system established. As a rule the lower officials and the clerks and other employees of the national government are now allowed to keep their places as long as they behave themselves properly and perform their duties well. Chester A. Arthur. Born in Vermont, in 1S30; was col- lector of the port of New Vork, 1871- 78; became \'ice-President in 1880, and upon the death of Garfield suc- ceeded him as twenty-first President, 1881-85; died in 1886. 390 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES THE FIRST ADMINISTRATION OF GROVER CLEVELAND (1885-89) 271. The Election of 1884. — In 1884 the Repuhhcans nomi- nated James G. lUaine of Maine for President. The Demo- cratic candidate was Grover Cleveland of New York. The People's party, which had combined with the Greenback party, nominated Benjamin V. Butler of Massachusetts and adopted a platform advocating the control of railroads by the government and the issuing of money based on the faith of the government. The Prohibition party nominated John P. St. John of Kansas. The election of 1884 was a hard-fought battle. Blaine was one of the ablest and most brilliant men of his time and was a great favorite with the peoi)le. Cleveland was not so well known as his Rej^ublican rival, but as the mayor of Buffalo and governor of Xcw ^'ork he had won for himself a reputation for industry, honesty, and courage. The campaign cry of the Democrats was tariff reform. During the war the duties on im])orts had been placed very high (p. 359), and the Demo- cratic party in the campaign of 1884 contended that they ought to be low- eretl. The voters were of the same opinion, and Cleveland was elected. 272. Presidential Succession; the Interstate Commerce Act. — An im- portant measure of Cleveland's ad- ministration was the Presidential Succession Act of 1886. This law provides that if for any reason neither the President nor the \'ice- President can discharge the duties of the presidential office, members of the President's cabinet shall succeed to the Presidency in the fol- lowing order: (i) The Secretary of State, (2) the Secretary of the Treasury, (3) the Secretary of War, (4) the Attorney- Grover Cleveland. Born at Caldwell, New Jersey, in 1837; mayor of Huffalo in 1882; gov- ernor of N'ew Vork, 1S83-84: Presi- dent of the United States, 1885-89 and 1893-97 ; died in 1908. A UNITED PEOPLE 391 General, (5) the Postmaster-General, (6) the Secretary of the Navy, (7) the Secretary- of the Interior. The one succeeding to the Presidency serves during the remainder of the four years. Under this law it would hardly be possible for the country to be without a President for a single dav. Another great measure of Cleveland's administration was the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The purpose of this law is to regulate trade between the States.^ It requires that in the matter of freight and passenger rates all persons and places shall be treated fairl}- ; that convenient arrangements shall be made for the interchange of traffic between connecting rail- roads ; that free passes between places situated in different States shall not be given; that railroads shall print and make public their freight and passenger rates. As an agency for carrying out the purposes of this law Congress created the Inter- state Commerce Commission, consisting of five (now seven) members. THE AD^IINISTRATION OF BENJAMIN HARRISON (1889-93) 273. The Campaign of 1888. — In 1888 the Democrats re- nominated Cleveland. The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison of Indiana. The great issue of the campaign was the tariff'. The Democrats had failed during Cleveland's first ad- ministration to lower the tariff' rates, because their efforts had been blocked by a Republican Senate. In 1888, however, they still promised a reduction in the rates if the voters would keep them in power. The Republicans defended the high tariff, claiming that it resulted in better wages for the working-man and in greater profits for the American manufacturer. Harri- son received a majority of the electoral votes, although Cleve- land received a larger popular vote than his opponent. 274. The McKinley Tariff; the Anti-Trust Law; the Sher- man Silver Purchase Act.— The Republicans, having won the election on the tariff' issue, promptly came forward with a tariff measure which raised the duties on imports higher than they ^ Trade l)etwcen' places situated witliin the same State is controlled by the State government, not by the national government. 392 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES had ever been before. This law. known as tlie McKinley Bill/ was passed in 1890. As soon as it was passed the prices of many articles of every-day use began to rise, and inasmuch as wages did not rise with prices, the new law was blamed for causing hardship and was very unpopular. Another law passed in 1890 was the Anti-Trust Act. About 1S80 combinations of ])usiness corporations, such as coal com- panies, steel companies, oil compa- nies, and sugar-refining companies, began to be made on a large scale. Several companies engaged in the same business would combine as one company ( now popularly called a trust) . or would agree upon the prices to be charged for their goods and upon the amount of goods that each sepa- rate company was to produce and sell. The principal object of all such com- Benjamin Harrison. binations was to regulate and. as far Born in Ohio, in 18^,3 :. gmiidson of as possiblc. to supprcss Competition. President W, H. Harrison: studied _ , • , ... n 1 l.iw; served in the Civil W-ir; mem- JNlany Ot tllC COnibUiatlOUS Called ber of United Slates Sen.ite: twenty- ' - 11 1 1 third President, 1SS9-93: diedinigoi, trusts grcw vcrv rapidlv, and became SO large that they were regarded as being dangerous to the public from their power to drive smaller concerns out of busi- ness and fix prices. So in 1890 Congress passed an anti-trust law declaring that combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade were unlawful and were punishable by fine and im- prisonment. A third important measure of Harrison's administration was the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. From the foundation of our government up to 1873 the coining of silver had been free. Any one who had silver bullion (uncoined silver) could fake it to one of our mints and have it coined into silver dollars. The coinage of gold during this time was also free. From 1834 to 1873 the ratio between silver and gold was 16 to i ; that is. the ^ Tariff bills are usually named after the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives. A UNITED PEOPLE 393 silver dollar was practically sixteen times as heavy as the gold dollar. Ill 1873 Congress discontinued the free coinage of silver and made gold the unit of value, leaving the coinage of gold free as hefore. In 1878 there was a demand for the coinage of silver, and in that year the Illand-Allison Act provided that our government should buy not less than two million dollars' worth and not more tlian four million dollars' worth of silver bullion each month and coin it into silver dollars. The law continued in force for twelve years, and under its workings nearly $400,- 000,000 in silver were coined. In 1890 the Bland- Allison Act was repealed and a law known as the Sherman Act was passed. Under this law the government was to purchase each month 4,500,000 ounces of silver at the market price, and pay for the silver with treasury notes which could be presented by the holder to the Secretary of the Treasury, and be redeemed either in silver or gold as the secretary might decide. THE SECOND ADMINISTRATION OF GROVER CLEVELAND (1893-97) 275. The Election of 1892. — In 1892 the Republicans renom- inated Harrison. The Democrats for the third time nominated Cleveland and promised a repeal of the IMcKinley Tarifif Law. The main issue of the campaign, therefore, was the tariff, and on this issue the Democrats swept the country, electing not only their candidate for President, but gaining possession also of both branches of Congress. 276. The Repeal of the Purchase Clause of the Sherman Act. — Before the Democrats in Congress took up the tariff question they were called upon to deal with the silver question. We saw that in 1890 the government under the Sherman Act began to buy silver and pay for it in treasury notes. By 1893 these notes amounted to $150,000,000. and in the opinion of manv leading financiers their issue was becoming a source of danger to tlie business world. President Cleveland regarded them as dangerous and soon after his inauguration called a special session of Congress to consider the repeal of the Sher- man Act. After three months of stormy debate in Congress 394 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES the purchasing clause of the Sherman Act was repealed (Oc- tol)er. 1893). 277. The Wilson Tariff; the Income Tax.— In December, 1893. the Democrats in Congress came forward with a bill — the Wilson Bill — to reduce the tarifif in accordance with the pledges made during the campaign, and after a debate which lasted far into the summer of 1894 the bill became a law (August, 1894). The Wilson Tariff did not disturb the existing rates to any great extent. Still it was ex])octed that under its working the revenue of the government would be reduced, and in order to provide sufficient revenue Congress levied a tax on incomes of over four thousand dollars. This Income Tax, however, was declared by the Supreme Court of the United States to be contrary to the Constitution, and it was not collected. 278. The World's Columbian Exposition.— In May, 1893, President Cleveland opened at Chicago the World's Columbian The World's Fair buildings, Chicago. Exposition, helil to commemorate the four-hundredth anniver- sary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.^ This Exposition was conducted on a grander scale than any of 1 Tlie Exposition was officially opened in October, 1892, but it was not opened to the public until May, 1893. A UNITED PEOPLE 395 tlie World's Fairs that had yet been held. Its buildings occu- pied 660 acres of ground. The largest building, the one de- voted to manufactures and liberal arts, covered 25 acres. The total cost of the Exposition was nearly $40,000,000. The num- ber of paid admissions was over 22,000,000. 279. The Chicago Riots.— The Exposition at Chicago had hardly been closed before the city became the scene of a great industrial conflict. In 1894 the wages of the employees of the Pullman Car Company (located near Chicago) were reduced, and there was a strike. The employees of the many railroads centering in Chicago were in sympathy with the strikers and refused to handle Pullman cars. Mobs gathered in the freight- yards, and hundreds of cars were burned. The mails of the United States were obstructed, and in order to protect the mails President Cleveland sent regular troops to Chicago. Shortly after the arrival of the troops the rioting ceased and the strike came to an end. 280. The Venezuela Boundary Dispute.— In 1895 it seemed that Great Britain was about to extend the western boundary of British Guiana and thus encroach upon the territory of \'ene- zuela. This was contrary to the Monroe Doctrine (p. 225), and President Cleveland in a message to Congress hinted strongly that if Great Britain extended her boundaries farther than was agreeable to the United States the act would be regarded as un- friendly. The message was a plain threat, and there was talk of war. The affair, however, soon blew over, and the boun- dary dispute was finally settled (1899) by a treaty of arbitration. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. Give an account of the presidential election of 1880. 2. Describe the assassination of Garfield. What can you say of his successor? 3. When and \vh\- was the Civil Service Commission established? 4. Give an account of the campaign of 1884 and state its results. 5. Explain the Presidential Succession Act. For what purpose was the Interstate Commerce Act passed? What are the provisions of this act? 6. Give an account of the presidential election of 1888. 396 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 7. What was the purpose and effect of the McKinley Tariff? What led to the passage of the Anti-Trust Act? What led to the passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act? 8. Give an account of the presidential election of 1892. 9. Why was the purchasing clause of the Sherman Act repealed? 10. Give an account of the Wilson Tariff and of the Income Tax. 11. Describe the World's Columbian E.xposition. 12. Give an account of the Chicago riots. 13. In what form did the Monroe Doctrine present itself in 1895? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES I. Dales: 1588, 1043. 1733. 1763, 1783, 1803, 1850. _'. Places: New Amsterdam, Fort Duqucsne, Watauga, Marietta, Har- per's Ferry, Gettysburg, Atlanta, Appomattox. 3. Persons: Cabot, Drake, Wolfe, Franklin, Braddock, Whitney, Burr, Cass, Douglas, McClellan, Grant, Lee, Sherman. 4. Tell what you can about : the voyage of Magellan ; tlic Seven Cities of Cibola; the Plymouth Colony; the Albany Congress; the settlement of Kentucky; the Frontier Eine in 1700; in 1740; in 1800; in 1820; in 1840; the Louisiana Purchase; Lewis and Clark expedition; the Kansas- Nebraska Bill ; the invention of the telegraph. XLIV A UNITED PEOPLE (Continued) Hark ! from the heights the clear, strong, clarion call And the command imperious : " Stand forth. Sons of the South and brothers of the North! " From Our Country, by Frank Lebby Stanton. THE ADMINISTRATION OF WILLIAM McKINLEY (1897-1901) 281. The Presidential Election of 1896.— At the end of Cleveland's second administration the country was suiifering from hard times and there was much discontent. The Repub- licans blamed the Democratic party for the hard times, claiming that the Wilson Bill had injured the manufacturing interests and brought on financial depression. So when the Republicans came to nominate a candidate for President they chose a high-tariff champion, William McKinley of Ohio. The Democrats contended that the hard times were due, not to the Wilson Bill, not to a low tariff, but to a scarcity of money, and they demanded that the govern- ment should coin at the ratio of 1 6 to I all the silver that might be brought to its mints, as it had been accustomed to do before 1873 (p. 392). They nominated as their can- didate William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska. The People's party was in favor of free silver, so it also nominated Bryan. The campaign of 1896 stirred the country to its depths. Bryan was little known at the time of his nom- ination, but he was an accomplished orator and proved to be a brilliant campaigner. "In fourteen weeks he made six hundred speeches, he traveled eighteen thou- 397 William McKinley. Born in (jhio, m 1S43, served in the Civil War; member of Congress; governorof Ohio; twenty-fifth Presi- dent, 1897-igoi ; died in 1901. 398 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES William Jennings Bryan. Bom ;it Salem, Illinois, in iS6o-. mem- ber of Congress; three times the nom- inee of the Democratic party for the Presidency. sand miles, and it is estimated that nearly I'lvo million persons came within the sound of his voice." When the bitter contest was over and the votes were counted, it was found that McKinley had received 271 electoral votes and that Bryan had received 176. Of the popular vote McKinley received 7,111,607, while Bryan received 6.502,600. 282. The War with Spain. — Pres- ident ]\IcKinley soon after his in- auguration called an extra session of Congress to deal with the tariff question and to raise revenue for the support of the government. In July the Dingley Tariff was passed and the Wilson Act repealed. The. Dingley Law raised the duties even higher than they had been under the McKinley Tariff of 1890. Congress had hardly finished with the tariff question before it was called upon to deal with a serious situation in Cuba. This island for a century had been an object of interest and concern to the peo])le of the United States. Jefferson and John Ouincy Adams thought we ought to own Cuba, and attempts were made from time to time during the nineteenth century to annex the island to this country. Spain, however, continued to hold Cuba long after she had lost most of her other foreign pos- sessions. But Cuba was unhappy under Spanish rule and strug- gled hard to throw off the foreign yoke. The last Cuban rebellion began in 1895. and the measures taken by Spain to put down the rebellion were so cruel and bloody that the people of the United States felt that our government ought to interfere and stop the inhuman warfare. Our government did protest (June I, 1897), and Spain promised that Cuba should have self- government. But the Cuban rebellion continued, nevertheless, and the relations between Spain and the United States grew worse and worse. In February, 1898. President McKinley A UNITED PEOPLE 399 ordered the battle-ship Maine to Cuban waters, and the vessel, while lying in the harbor of Havana, was destroyed by an ex- plosion. Tw^o hundred and fifty sailors and officers lost their lives. Spain declared that she was in no way responsible for Tam^ - '^^ GULF OF tK "^ J .;;; '^^^^^'^ MEXICO V'^ / / (/ BAHAMA ^3 J . ^ r, [X ISLANDS Key West ...v.,-^^^ ^^ ^ ^ 50 100 200 300 400 600 Statute Miles A T LA N T I C C E A jsr 0;^^ -^ / / San Jua-n {7. ^~~^~\ ^^ .^ ,P. s* ^ Bill ^) /' Domingo v. :V?\ *■ ^fl^-to^ <■ ^^/ ■*? ^^once 4" Kingston ■ -^^ * ^' A HoudWaa M.-N. WORKS The Spanish-American War in the West Indies. the explosion. A board of naval officers after an examination reported that the Maine had been destroyed by the explosion of a submarine mine, but the board was unable to fix the respon- sibility upon any person or persons. The people of the United States, whether justly or unjustly, blamed the Spaniards for the destruction of the Maine and clamored for war against Spain, and on April 24, 1898, war was officially declared by Congress. The President called for 125,- 000 volunteer troops, and the response came from all parts of the country. Soldiers who in the Civil War had worn the gray fought in the Spanish-American War side by side with those who had worn the blue. The first battle of the war with Spain was a naval engage- ment. On May i Commodore (afterward Admiral) Dewey attacked a Spanish fleet which was stationed in Manila Bay, PhiHppine Islands, and after a battle lasting half a day ten 400 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Spanish ships were sunk or destroyed and over six hundred Spanish sailors were killed or wounded. The Americans did The Dewey medal. Provided by act of Congress fur those who took part in the battle of Manila Bay. A portrait of Admiral Dewey ' is on one side. not lose a single ship or a single man. Dewey was soon re- inforced by land troops under General Merritt, and on August 13 the city of Manila was taken. Thus the Philippine Islands, which had been held by Spain from the days of Magellan, fell into the hands of the United States. The fighting in Cuba took place near the city of Santiago. On Alay 19 a Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera entered the harbor of this city, where tliey were blockaded by a strong American fleet under Admiral Sampson. On June 3^ Lieutenant Hobson undertook to "bottle up" the Spanish fleet within the Santiago harbor. W'itli several companions he conducted the coal-ship Mcrrhnac to the narrowest place in the channel and there sank it. Hobson and his men were captured. In the meantime our land troops were gathering around Santiago, and on July I El Caney and San Juan Hill, the outer defenses of Santiago, were assaulted by the Americans and after two days' fighting were carried by storm. In this struggle distinguished service was rendered by the Rough Riders,- a regiment made ^George Dewey was born in Vermont, in 1837; graduated at the United States Naval .Academy; served under Farragut ; promoted admiral in 1899. 2 Dr, Leonard Wood was the colonel of this regiment, and Theodore Roosevelt the lieutenant-colonel. A UNITED PEOPLE 401 The Oregon joins Sampson's fleet. The battle-ship Oregon was at Puget Sound, on the Pacific coast, at the time of the sinking of the Maine in the harbor of Havana. She went at once to San Francisco, and from there started to join Admiral Sampson's fleet in the West Indies, making the voyage of 15,000 miles in fifty-nine days at sea, "through two oceans and three zones," arriving in time to take part in the engage- ment with the Spanish fleet. up of cow-boys, hunters, ranchmen, Indians, and college grad- uates. When Cervera saw that Santiago was doomed, he sailed out of the harbor— he was not "bottled up," after all— but he was not allowed to escape. His ships were attacked by the Ameri- can fleet commanded by Admiral Sampson, and within a few hours they were destroyed. In this engagement the American fleet was directed by Commodore Schley, the actual commander being absent, though not out of sight of the fighting at the time of the engagement. Soon after the destruction of the Spanish fleet Santiago surrendered (July 17). On July 25 General Miles captured Porto Rico. Spain was now ready for peace, and in August, by the terms of a preliminary treaty, agreed to surrender all claim to Cuba and to cede to the United States Porto Rico and all other Span- ish islands in the West Indies. Further on in the peace nego- tiations Spain also agreed to give up to the United States all 402 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES sovereignty over the Philippine Islands, receiving therefor the sum of twenty millions of dollars. Thus the Spanish War gave us the Philippine Islands and I'orto Rico, and took from Spain every foot of land she possessed in the New World. During the progress of the war the Hawaiian Islands were annexed (July. 1898) to the United States. At first the Filipinos on some of the islands were discontented with American rule, and in Februarw 1899. insurgent forces led Winfield Scott Schley. William Thomas Sampson. Born in Maryland, in 1839; retired Born at Palmyra, New Vurk, in 1840, in 1901. died in 1902 by Aguinaldo attacked the American army at ^Manila. The up- rising, however, was put down, and gradually the Filipinos grew accustomed to the new order of thing's. 283. The Reelection of McKinley; his Death.— In 1900 the Republicans renominated IMcKinley for President and nomi- nated Theodore Roosevelt for \'ice-President. The Democrats renominated William J. Bryan and declared against the policy of holding new possessions as dependencies, asserting that such a policy was contrary to the principles of the American government. . The Republicans were successful, receiving 292 electoral votes out of 447. A UNITED PEOPLE 403 In the autumn of 1901 the Amer- ican people for the third time were startled and horrified by the news that their President had been assas- sinated. President McKinley, on September 6, while attending the Pan-American Exposition at Buf- falo, was shot by an anarchist, and on September 14 he died. His death brought sorrow to every home. His private life had been pure and blameless, and in the per- formance of. his public duties he was honest, kind-hearted, and skilful. Upon the death of President Mc- Kinlev the Vice-President, Theo- Da^upj PACIFIC OCEAN Manila Bay< SOUTH ''tr^so^ MINDORo)- . ' "^ ftLAWAN S U L U SEA (Ci^MlNDANAO N^ • ■■ -. -^ ISLANDS "^^ly ■p cii ■' ^'-''- CELEBES SEA The Philippines. dore Roosevelt, at once assumed the duties of the Presidency. Roosevelt, although still a comparatively young man, was already well known for his many public services. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1901-09 284. The Anthracite Coal Strike. — One of the first serious questions that President Roosevelt had to deal with was a great strike of the an- thracite coal-miners in Pennsylvania. The strike began in the spring of 1902 and dragged on through tlie summer and far into the fall, and it began to look as if the people dur- ing the coming winter would not have enough coal for their stoves. So President Roosevelt, in order to prevent a coal famine, under- took to bring about a settlement of the strike, and after a good Copyrig-ht, IQ04, by Paeli Br.ib. Theodore Roosevelt. Born at New York, in 1858; assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1897-98 ; fouglit in the Spanish-American War : appointed colonel in 1898 ; elected governor of New York, 1898: Vice- President, 1900 ; succeeded to the Presidency upon the death of McKin- ley ; reelected in 1Q04. 404 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES (leal of trouble succeeded in getting the strikers and tlie mine- owners to suljmit their quarrel to a commission which was ai)])ointed by himself. The miners went back to work and the com- mission settled the matter in a manner satisfactory to both sides. Copyright by L'nderwood & Underwood. New York. At the St. Louis Exposition. 285. The St. Louis Exposition. — In April. 1904. President Roosevelt pressed an electric button and opened the gates of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition which was held in St. Louis to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the purchase made by Jefferson (p. 189). The buildings of this exposition were splendid examples of architecture and the electrical display was one of surpassing beauty and grandeur. The fair was espe- cially successful in showing the wonderful progress which had been made by the W'est.^ 286. The Panama Canal. — The people of the I'nited States have long desired a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama in order to save the long voyage around Cape Horn. Some diffi- culty, however, has usually stood in the way of building the canal. During Tyler's administration we entered into an agreement with England — a compact known as the Clayton-Bulwer treaty— not to build any Isthmian canal over which we shoukl have exclu- ^ In tlic following year another interesting and attractive exposition was lieid at Portland, Oregon, in honor of the Lewis and Clark expe- dition (p. 189). A UNITED PEOPLE 405 -r u A »^ "T < c o Culebra Cut, Panama Canal. sive control ; if we built a canal it was to be neutral. This treaty stood in the way until igo2, when the Hay-Pauncefoote treaty set aside the Clayton-Bulwer treaty and gave us full power to construct and operate a canal across the Isthmus. Then another dif^culty arose : the United States of Colombia, the coimtry to which the Isth- mus of Panama belonged, refused to ratify the treaty which gave us the right of way across the Isthmus. In 1903. how- ever, Panama, one of the states of the United States of Colombia, seceded and set up a government of its own, and with this new government we made ar- rangements for a right of way across the Isthmus. The Panama Canal. 406 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES President Roosevelt at once took up the task of building the canal/ and if no further difficulties arise it will not be manv years before the great work is finished. 287. The Election of 1904.— In 1904 the Republicans in the national convention nominated Roosevelt on the first ballot by a unanimous vote. The Democrats nominated Alton B. Parker of New York. The Social Democratic party nominated Eugene v. Debs of Indiana. Roosevelt was elected by an overwhelm- ing majority, his popular plurality reaching the enormous figure of more than 2.500.000 votes. 288. The Rate Law of 1906.— The most important measure of Roosevelt's administration was the Rate Law. F"or a long time there had been complaints that the charges of the railroads were not just. So President Roosevelt urged upon Congress the necessity of giving the Interstate Commerce Commission (p. 391) the" power to regulate the charges of railroads. Ac- cordingly Congress, in IQ06. passed a law which gives the The great fire after the earthquake in San Francisco. Hurning of the L ity Hall. ' A French company had already begun the digging of a canal across the Isthmus. When the I'nited States undertook the building of the canal tlic IVench company was paid $40,ooo,(XX) for the unfinished work. A UNITED PEOPLE 407 commission, upon the complaint of an interstate passenger or of an interstate shipper of goods, the power to do away with a passenger or freight rate which it regards as unjust or un- reasonable, and to hx a new rate which it regards as just and reasonable. 289. The San Francisco Earthquake.— Early on the morn- ing of April 1 8, igo6, the people of San Francisco were awak- ened by the shock of a terrible earthquake. The shock lasted only about a minute, but during this short period of time many of the finest buildings of the city were wrecked, and a fire was started which consumed over four hundred blocks of houses. The property loss caused by the earthquake is estimated at half a billion dollars. The loss in deaths was over five hundred. THE ADMINISTRATION OF WILLIAM H. TAFT (1909- ) 290. The Election of 1908; the Payne Bill. — The Republi cans in 190S nominated William H. Taft of Ohio for President. The Democrats for the third time nomi- nated William J. Bryan. The So- cialists again nominated Eugene \'. Debs. The Republicans won, their candidate receiving 321 electoral votes out of 442. During the campaign of 1908 Mr. Taft promised that if elected he would, immediatel}- after his inau- guration, call an extra session of Congress to consider the subject of tarifif revision. In fulfilment of this promise. Congress was convened in graduated at Vaie." admitted to the bar; United States circuit judge, .March. lOOg. It at once took up the 'i^'.-iooD; president United states . . _ ' Philippine Commission, 1900-04 ; first tariff question, and in August passed "^'^''^ governor of the Philippines, " Of igoi-04; Secretary of M'ar, 1904-06; the Payne Tariff Law. This law elected President m 1908. reduced sliglitly some of the rates of the Dingley Law, 291, The Discovery of the North Pole.— In September, 1909, William Howard Taft. Born at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1857; 408 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Peary, discoverer of the North Pole Commander Robert E. Peary of the United States navy announced that on April 6, 1909, he had discovered the North Pole.^ The search for tlie Pole had been carried on for centuries by explorers of different nations, and Ameri- cans naturally rejoiced when they heard that a citizen of the United States was the first to reach it. They were also glad that Peary, who had been trying for more than twenty }'ears to reach the Pole, had at last accomplished his pur- pose and had thereby won im- From the bust by William Ordway Partridge UlOrtal fame. QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT 1. What were the issues and result of the presidential election in 1896? 2. How did Congress deal with the tariff question in 1897? 3. What events led the United States to declare war against Spain? Give an account of the fighting in this war. What were the results of the war? 4. Give an account of the reelection of McKinley and of his assas- sination. 5. How was the great coal strike of 1902 settled? 6. Give an account of the St. Louis Exposition. 7. What difficulties have stood in the way of our building a canal across the Isthmus of Panama? When and under what circumstances did the building of the canal begin? 8. Give an account of the presidential election of 1904. 9. What are the main provisions of the Rate Law of 1906? 1 Several days before the news came from Peary, Dr. Frederick A. Cook of Brooklyn, returning from an arctic voyage, announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 21, 1908. It seems quite certain, however, that Cook's statement was untrue. A UNITED PEOPLE 409 10. Give an account of the San Francisco earthquake. 11. Who were the leading candidates in the presidential election of 1908? What were the results of the election? 12. What was the effect of the Payne Tariff? 13. When and by whom was the North Pole discovered? REVIEW AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1609, 1754, 1763, 1792, 1821, 1850, 1862 (2), 1863 (2), 1864, 1865 (2), 1877. 2. Places : St. Augustine, Charleston, Fort Donelson, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Atlanta, Appomattox. 3. Persons: Americus Vespucius, Ballwa, Carticr, Washington, Wolfe, Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Davis, Grant, Lee, Sherman, Johnson. 4. Tell what you can about: the Jamestown colony; the founding of Georgia; the Missouri Compromise; the Monroe Doctrine; the Discov- ery of gold in California; the settlement of Oregon; the invention of the telegraph; the invention of. the sewing-machine; the capture of Fort Donelson; the Mcrr'uiwc and the Monitor; the battle of Chancellorsville; the battle of Gettysburg; the fall of Vicksburg; Sherman's March to the Sea; Grant's campaign against Lee; the work of reconstruction; the carpet-baggers; the Electoral Commission. 5. Topics: The Spanish War: 15 (Vol. II), 352-401. The Rough Riders: 3, 380-382; also 11, 362-376. The battle of Manila Bay: 11, 347-356. Santiago : 14, 630. Two scenes in the Philippines. XLV liartliuldi's Statue of Liberty, New York harbor. A LEADER AMONG THE NATIONS Must a majestic rhythm of rise and fall Conquer the peoples once so proud on earth ? Does man but march in circles, after all. Playing his curious game of death and birth ? Or shall an ultimate nation, Clod's own child, Arise and rule and never conquered be. Untouched of time because, all undefiled, She makes His ways her ways eternally? Kit/iti rd Burton. Introduction. — In previous chapters we traced the progress of our civilization from the earliest colonial days down to the year i860. In this tinal chapter we shall take a glance at the prog- ress which our country has made between i860 and the present time. A bird's-eye view of this progress is shown in the table given below. The figures of the table need not be learned, but while studying this chapter the pupil will find the table exceedingly helpful in making com- parisons. TABLE OF PROGRESS IN THE UNITED Items i860 1880 I I-'arins and farm property $ 7,980,493,000 $12,180,501,538 % 2. I* arm products. .. 1,910,000,000 2,212,540,927 3. Products of manufacturing 1,885,861,670 5,369,579.171 4. Imports of merchandise. . . 353,616,119 667,594,746 5 E.tports of merchandise . . 333.576.037 835,630,658 6. Miles of railroad 30,626 93,267 7. Salaries for public schools 37,832,506 8 Population 31,443,321 50,155,703 9 Immigrants arrived 150,237 457,257 10. Wealth 16,159,616,000 42,642.000,000 'Estimated. STATES SINCE 1860 1900 120,514,001,538 3.764. 177.706 13,014,287,498 849,941,184 1,394,483,082 198,964 '37.687,746 76,303.307 448,572 88,517,306,775 1908 28,000,000,000 7,778,000,000 14,802,147,087 1,194,341,792 1,860,773,346 236,949 196,980,919 87,189,392* 782,870 1 20,000,000,000* 410 A LEADER AMONG THE NATIONS 411 292. Agriculture.— The table shows that our farm prockicts have increased fourfold since i860. This increase has been due in a large measure to the opening up of lands in the New West Combined harvester and thresher. under the Homestead Act. The increase has also been due in part to the use of improved machinery. The enormous farms of the West could not easily and profitably be tilled with the old- style implements. So the simple plow drawn by horses and oxen was cast aside after the Civil War, and great gang-plows drawn by steam-engines were brought into use. The early reaper, which simply cut the grain, was followed first by the self-binder, wdiich both cut the grain and bound it into sheaves, and later the self- binder was followed by the complete harvester, which cut the grain, threshed it, and put it into sacks. By 1880 the labor of one man in a harvest-field was equal to the labor of three men before the war. The chief products of the field to-day are for the most part what they were in i860 — cotton, tobacco, wheat, and corn — although to-day corn, and not cotton, is king. 293. Manufacturing.— The Table of Progress shows that, while the products of our farms have increased fourfold since i860, tlie products of our factories have increased eightfold. In i860 agriculture was still our chief pursuit, although we saw (p. 299) that manufacturing by that time was close on the heels of agri- culture. By 1880 manufacturing had overtaken and had passed agriculture, and to-day the value of what we make is twice the 412 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES value of what we grow. Indeed, since the Civil War we have become the greatest manufacturing nation in the world. By 1894 our manufactures were worth twice as mucli as those of England, four times as much as those of France, and one third as much as those of all the nations of the world. 294. Mining. — Before i860 our mining industry was not very important, but since the development of the New West and the opening of the mines in the Rocky INIountain States we have become the greatest mining nation in the world. In i860 the total value of the yearly output of all our mines was consid- erably less than $100,000,000; to-day (1910) the value of that output is more than $2,000,000,000. "In the production of the products that are most essential to modern industry — coal, iron, and copper— the United States leads all other nations; it also stands first in the production of petroleum, lead, and silver." (Bogart.) 295. Commerce. — Our commerce has kept pace with our agri- culture, our manufacturing, and our mining. The Table of Steamers passing through the " Soo" locks in the Great Lakes. Progress shows that our foreign trade— exports and imports combined — has increased more than fourfold since the war. The table also shows that, while before the war we were buying A LEADER AMONG THE NATIONS 413 from foreign countries more than we were selling to them, to-day we are selling to them vastly more than we are buying. The ftgures in the table show only the values of our foreign trade. This is enormovis, it is true, but our home trade is vastly greater than our foreign trade. The value of what we sell to ourselves is about thirteen times the value of what we sell to foreign countries. A " whaleback " passenger steamer on the Great Lakes. This immense increase in the volume of our commerce is due largely to the wonderful improvements which have been made since i860 in the means of communication. At the opening of the Civil War telegraph lines connected the principal cities of the country, and soon after the close of the war the Old World and the New were joined together (in 1866) by a telegraphic cable ^ passing through the waters of the Atlantic from Valentia Bay, in Ireland, to Trinity Bay, in Newfoundland. In 1876 the telephone was invented, and in 1899 to the wonder of the telephone was added the wonder of the wireless message. The use of the telegraph and the telephone hastens the transaction of business just as much as the use of machinery hastens the manu- 1 For the success in constructing and laying the first cable the world is indebted chiefly to the perseverance and energy of Cyrus W. Field of New York. Some of the modern wonders of electricity. TheW'ashinRton Arch in New ^'ork illuminated by the elec- tric light. An electric railway train. I'rofessor Alexander (Jraham liell, inventor of the tLlepiione, speaking over the first long- distance line between New York and Chicago. A wireless telegraph station A trolley-car. 414 A LEADER AMONG THE NATIONS 415 facture of goods, and the millions and billions of messages that are sent over the wires every year increase enormously the number of business transactions and swell enormously the vol- ume of trade.'^ The Post-Office Department in recent years has established the rural free deliver}'^ service, and this has done much to stimulate trade and increase its volume. But the greatest factor in the growth of our commerce since the war has been the development of our railroad systems. In i860 we had 30,000 miles of railroad ; in 1880 we had 93,000 miles ; to-day we have nearly 250,000 miles, not including paral- lel tracks or yard tracks. The railroad mileage of the United States is far greater than that of all the countries of Europe combined, and it is more than half as great as that of all the countries of the world.2 296. The Age of Electricity.— Since i860 marvelous progress has been made in the use of electricity. In 1878 Charles F. Brush of Cleve- land, Ohio, invented a system of arc electric lighting, and about the same time Thomas A. Edison, in his labo- ratory at Menlo Park, in New Jersey, exhibited an electric incandescent lamp. Not long after the appearance of these inventions streets and houses were lighted by electricity. About 1885 street-cars began to take their power from wires charged with an electric current, and rapidly thereafter elec- tric cars took the place of cars drawn by horses, and to some ex- Thomas A. Edison. In his new electric street-car, run by storage batteries. ^ The wireless telephone which is now being perfected may become a means of communication even more wonderful than anything that has yet been invented. 2 We are now (1910) reading daily of amazing success in aerial navi- gation, and it may be that the fiying-machinc will soon be brought into use as a new means of transportation and travel. 416 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES The Wright Brothers' aeroplane. tent also of those drawn l)y locomotives. The elec- tric motor has also been brought into use for driv- ing many kinds of fixed machinery and wheeled vehicles. The electric spark is used by physicians and surgeons to produce the mysterious X-ray. which enables the surgeon to see the bones in a living body. Indeed, so many elec- tric appliances have been brought into use in recent years that we now seem to be living in an age of electricity. 297. Education. — The Table of Progress shows that, while we have been advancing in commercial and industrial matters, we have at the same time been moving rapidly forward in mat- ters of education. We saw that by i860 the foundations of a great public-school system had been laid. Since i860 we have Ijcen steadily building upon that foundation, and to-day our public schools are a source of national pride. In every , State there are free schools where the children of the State may be- taught the rudiments of learning. In every State there are free high schools where pupils may pursue advanced stud- ies, and in most of the States a college education is within easy reach of every boy and girl who earnestly desires it. 298. The New South.— In no part of the country has progress since the Civil \y^v been more rapid than in the South. At the close of the war the Soutli found itself in a deplorable condition. Its planters were poor and in debt; its A business street in Atlanta, Georgia. A LEADER AMONG THE NATIONS 417 fields were neglected and untilled ; its system of slave labor was destroyed. For some years after the war, therefore, the South could make no progress. About 1880 the people of the South rallied and took a fresh start, and conditions began to improve. When the New Orleans Cotton Exposition was held in 1884 it was shown that the South was raising more cotton than ever before. And the South by this time was beginning to work her rich mines of coal and iron, and to spin and weave her own cotton. Before the war the South relied almost wholly upon farming, but in recent years she relies upon her mines and fac- tories as well as upon her farms. The Atlanta Exposition, held in 1895, by its striking exhibits of the manufactures and the natural resources of the South, showed to the world that since the war a New South had come into being, and the Jamestown Exposition in 1907 opened the eyes of visitors even wider to the great progress which the South is making in every department of commerce and industry. Cotton in the South is still the king of crops, yet the Southern corn crop in 1908 was valued at half a billion dollars and was twice as great as the crop of i860. The lumber cut in Southern forests in 1907 was about half the amount cut in the whole Union. The iron produced in Southern mines in 1907 was more than three million tons. The cotton consumed in Southern mills to-day is more than that consumed in Northern mills. "On the basis of percentage the increase in the South in the last six years is 48 per cent., and that of the rest of the country 32 per cent." That is, while the rest of the country is making a gain of tzco steps, the Soutli is making a gain of tlircc. 299. Population and Wealth. — Since i860 our population has increased threefold, and we have become one of the most popu- lous nations of the globe. This great increase is due largely to that tide of immigration which began to flow just after the war 27 In a North Carolina cotton-mill. 418 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES (P- 376) ^"fl which has been flowing ever since. Of the 26.000,000 immigrants who have come to America since the beginning of our national history nearly 20,000,000 have come since 1870. In recent years immigrants have been arriving at the rate of a million a year. Of the increase in population since i860 cities and towns have received more than their share, and farming districts have re- ceived less than their share. In i860 only one sixth of the jjeople rived in towns and cities; by 1900 one third lived in towns and cities ; and to-day it is probable that we have as many people in our cities as we have on our farms. Our growth in wealth since i860 has been even more remark- able than our growth in population, as the Table of Progress shows. While our population has been increasing threefold, our wealth has increased sevenfold, and we have become by far the richest nation of the earth. The SiDitii Mar 93 feet long. The M,iy/la-,cc> 70 feet iong. The I.usiUiiiui 790 feet li>ne. An ocean steamship of to-day as compared with early ships. QUESTIONS ON THP: TEXT 1. Describe the progress which has been made in agriculture since the Civil War. 2. What progress has been made in manufacturing since the war? 3. To what extent has our mining industry increased since i860? 4. Compare the commerce which we had in i860 with the commerce wliich we have to-day. Give an account of the improvements which have been made since i860 in the means of communication. 5. What progress has been made in the use of electricity since i860? 6. What progress has been made in education since i860? 7. Show that since the Civil War a New South has come into being. 8. To what extent has our population increased since i860? To what extent has our city population increased since i860? What increase has been made in our wealth since i860? A LEADER AMONG THE NATIONS 419 REVIFAV AND READING REFERENCES 1. Dates: 1643. 1803. 1825, i860, 1861 (2), 1877. 1896, 1898. 2. Places : San Salvador, Watauga, Marietta. Detroit, New Orleans, Appomattox. 3. Persons : Magellan, Virginia Dare, Burr, De Witt Clinton, Fulton. Douglas, John Brown, Buchanan, McClellan, Lincoln, Johnson, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Blaine, Harrison, McKinley, Bryan. Roosevelt. Taft. 4. Tell what you can about the founding of Maryland ; the Stamp Act; the First Continental Congress; the Declaration of Independence; the Kansas-Nebraska Bill ; the Dred Scott decision ; John Brown's Raid ; the election of i860; the battle of Manassas; the work of reconstruction; the Electoral Commission ; the merit system ; the Anti-Trust Law ; the election of 1896 ; the war with Spain ; the Panama Canal ; the Rate Law of 1906 ; Nebraska ; Colorado ; the development of the New Northwest ; Wyoming and Utah ; the development of the New Southwest. The great seal of the United States. APPENDIX I THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE In Congress, July 4, 1776. the unanimous declaration of the thirteen united states of america When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new govern- ment, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolish- ing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariabl}' the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and press- ing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should ii APPENDIX I be obtained ; and, wlicii so suspended, lie lias utterly neglected to attend to tbeni. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- sentation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly lirmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remain- ing, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from with- out, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; re- fusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary power.s. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses: For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies: THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE iii For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- vested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protec- tion, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms : our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and cor- respondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and con- sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which de- nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority -of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to he, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, APPENDIX I .uncludc peace contract alhances. establish commerce, and to do all other acts and th.ngs wh.ch independent States mav of right do And o,- the support of th.s declaration, with a firm reliance on the prot c t,o„ of D.v,ne Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Inxs our fortunes, and our sacred honor. ' John Hancock. AV«' Hampshire Josiah Bartlett, Wni. Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Bay Saml. Adams, John Adams, Roht. Treat Paine, Elhridge Gerry. Rhode Island Step. Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut Roger Sherman, Sam'cl Huntington, Wm. Williams, Oliver Wolcott. Nerv York Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. Hopkinson, John Hart, Abra. Clark. Pennsyk'ania Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Franklin, John Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. Ross. Dclaxvare C?esar Rodney, Geo. Read, Tho. M'Kean. Maryland Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Carroll of Car- rollton. Virginia George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th JeflFerson. Benja. Harrison. Thos. Nelson, jr.. Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Bra.xton. North Carolina Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heyward. Junr., Thomas Lynch, Junr., Arthur Middlcton. Georgia Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton. APPENDIX II CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I Section i. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2. i The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 2 No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. 1 The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representa- tive ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. ' The last half of this sentence was superseded by the 13th and 14th Amendments. (See p. xviii, following.) vi APPENDIX II 4 When vacancies happen in the representatinn from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5 The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section 3. i The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof for si.x years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 2 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the ex- piration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, .and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacan- cies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legis- lature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3 No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4 The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 7 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States : but the party con- victed shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- ment and punishment, according to law. Section 4. i The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES vii Section 5. i Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 2 Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 3 Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4 Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section 6. i The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2 No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Section 7. i All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2 Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their jour- nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, to- gether with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting viii APPENDIX II for and against the bill shall he entered on the journal of each House respectively. If anj- bill shall not be returned bj- the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed St, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3 Every order, resolution, or vote to which tlie concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. i The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2 To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 3 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 4 To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 5 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 6 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 7 To establish post offices and post roads ; 8 To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; 9 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court: 10 To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the liigh seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; 11 To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 12 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 13 To provide and maintain a navy ; 14 To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; 15 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 16 To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES ix and for governing such part of thcni as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 17 To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States,^ and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings ; and 18 To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrjang into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Section 9. i The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. - 2 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may re- quire it. 3 No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4 No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in propor- tion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 5 No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6 No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another : nor shall ves- sels bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 7 No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. Section io.^ i No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit 1 The District of Columbia, which comes under these regulations, had not then been erected. 2 A temporary clause, no longer in force. See also Article V, p. xiv. 3 See also the loth, 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, pp. xviii, xix. X • APPENDIX II bills of credit ; make anything hut gold and silver coin a tender in payment of dehts ; pass any hill of attainder, c.v post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2 No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any im- posts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war. unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II Section i. i The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : 2 Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the' whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the govern- ment of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate, shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having tlie greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES xi greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President. ^ 3 The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 4 No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 5 In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 6 The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 7 Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation:—"! do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section 2. i The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2 He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, tc make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest 1 This paragraph superseded by the 12th Amendment, p. xvii. xii APPENDIX II the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3 The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress in- formation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their con- sideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- mission all the officers of the United States. Section 4. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and mis- demeanors. ARTICLE III Section i. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such- inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2. i The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; — to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; — to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;— to controversies between two or more States; — between a State and citizens of another State ;i — between citizens of different States, — between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. 2 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3 The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be 1 See the nth Amendment, p. xvii. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES xiii by jur}'; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3. i Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on con- fession in open court. 2 The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV Section i. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all priv- ileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2 A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 3 No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.^ Section 3. i New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the juris- diction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 2 The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property be- longing to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each 1 See the 13th .Amendment, p. xviii. 28 xiv APPENDIX II of them against invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI 1 All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 2 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall he bound thereby, any- thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwith- standing. 3 The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States, and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying tlie same. Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. Go: Washington — Presidt. and Deputy from Virginia CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES Nezi' HainpsJiirc John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massacliusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut Win. Saml. Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton Nezv Jersey Wil : Livingston David Brearley Wm. Paterson Jona : Dayton Pennsylvania B. Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robt. Morris Geo. Clymer Thos. Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouv Morris Dclaivare Geo : Read Gunning Bedford Jun John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jaco : Broom Maryland James McHenry Dan of St. Thos Jenifer Danl. Carroll Virginia John Blair — James Madison Jr. North Carolina Wm. Blount Richd. Dobbs Spaight Hu Williamson South Carolina J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesw^orth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abr Baldwin Attest William Jackson Secretary. Articles in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the legislatures of the several States pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. ARTICLE II Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 1 The first ten Amendinents were adopted in 1791. xvi APPENDIX II ARTICLE II A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war. but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise in- famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. ARTICLE VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. ARTICLE VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, rior excessive lines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES xvii ARTICLE IX The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XII The judicial power of the L'nited States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted agai;ist one of the L^nited States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. ARTICLE XII 2 The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate;— The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; — The pefson having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num- ber of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives sliall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the Presi- dent, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Repre- sentatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers 1 Adopted in 1798. '■'Adopted in 1804. xviii APPENDIX II on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. ARTICLE XIII 1 Section i. Neither slaverj- nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their juris- diction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV 2 Section i. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole num- ber of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the LInited States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legis- lature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Con- gress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two thirds of each House, remove such disability. I Adopted in 1865. ^Adopted in 1868. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES xix Section 4. The validity of the pubHc debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XVI Section i. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 1 Adopted in 1870. APPENDIX III GENERAL REVIEW Gi7'c ail event connected tvitli each of the foUoii'ing dates: I. 1492 7- 1643 13. 1763 19. 1789 25- 1832 31. 1863(2) 2. 1522 8. 1664 14. 1776 20 1792 26. 1846 32. 1864 3 1588 9 1682 (2) 15. 1777 21. 1803 27. 1850 33- 1865 (2) 4 1607 10. 1689 (2) 16. 1781 22. 1812 28. i860 34- 1877 5- 1609 II. 1733 17. 1783 23. 1821 29 1861(5 ) 35 1896 6. 1620 12. 1754 18. 1787 (2) 24. 1825 30. 1862 36. 1898 Gi vc an c vent connected with following places: each of tl e I Genoa 12. Schenectady 22. Detroit 2 Palos 13. Quebec (2) 23 Harper's Ferry 3 San Salvador 14. New Orleans (3) 24. Manassas 4 St. Augustine 15. Fort Duquesne 25 Fort Donelson ■; Jamestown 16. Bunker Hill 26. Chancellorsville (5 New Amsterdam 17. Saratoga 27. Gettysburg 7 Plymouth 18. Yorktown 28. \'icksburg 8 Boston 19. Watauga 29. Atlanta 9 Providence 20. Marietta 30 Appomattox 10 Philadelph ia 21. Vera Cruz 31- Manila II Charleston (2) Tell something important about each of the follozving persons: 1. Columbus 30 2. Bartholomeu Dias 31, 3. Queen Isabella 32 4. Americus Vespucius 33 5 Balboa 34- 6 Magellan 35 ■ 7 De Soto 36. 8 Cartier 37- 9 Tohn Cabot 38. 10 'Drake 39- II. Raleigh 40. 12. Virginia Dare 41- 13- John Smith 42 14- George Calvert 43- 15- Henry I ludson 44- 16. I'etcr Stuyvesant 45- 17- John Winthrop 46. 18 Roger Williams 47- 19- William Penn 48. 20. Edmund Andros 49- 21. Nathaniel Bacon SC- 22. James Oglethorpe SI- 23 Champlain 52. 24 Father Marquette 53- 25- La Salle 54- 26. George Washington SS- 27. General Braddock 56. 28. Benjamin Franklin 57- 29. General Wolfe 58 Thomas Jefferson General Burgoyne General Cornwallis (General Lafayette Alexander Hamilton John Adams Daniel Boone Eli Whitney Aaron Burr James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Tecumseh Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren John C . Calhoun Henry Clay Daniel Webster De Witt CHnton Robert Fulton Cyrus McCormick W. H. Harrison John Tyler James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce Stephen A. Douglas 59. John Brown 60. James Buchanan 61 . Abraham Lincoln 62. S. F. B. Morse 63. Horace Mann 64. Washington Irving 65. William CuUen Bryant 66. Edgar Allan Poe 67. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 68. James Russell Lowell 69. Harriet Beecher Stowe 70. George B. McClellan 71. General Grant 72. Robert E. Lee 73- General Sherman 74. Andrew Johnson 75 R. B. Hayes 76. James A. Garfield 77. Chester A. Arthur 78. Grover Cleveland 79. James G. Blaine 80. Benjamin Harrison 81. W^illiam McKinlev 82. W. J. Bryan 83. Theodore Roosevelt 84. William H. Taft 85. Thomas A. Edison 86. Frederick A. Cook 87. Robert E. Peary APPENDIX IV TOPICS FOR OUTLINE RECITATIONS (The figures refer to numbered sections) Chapter I. COLUMBUS DISCOVERS A NEW WORLD. 1. The birthplace and youth of Cohtmbus. 2. The interruption of trade between Europe and the Orient. 2. What the trade of the Orient consisted of, and why Europe needed this trade. 3. Notions about the earth four hundred years ago. 4. The voyages of the Portuguese. 5. The notions of Columbus about the shape of the earth. 5. The efforts of Columbus to secure aid for his voyage. 6. The first voyage of Columbus and the great discovery; the return. 7. Other voyages of Columbus; his death. 8. What Columbus accomplished. Chapter II. SPANISH VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS. 9. How the New World came to be called America. 10. The discovery of the Pacific Ocean. 11. The first voyage around the globe. 12. Cortes and Pizarro. 12. Ponce de Leon and the discovery of Florida. 12. De Soto and the discovery of the Mississippi River. 12. Coronado and the Seven Cities of Cibola. Chapter III. ENGLAND BECOMES THE MISTRESS OF THE SEAS. 13. The claims of Spain in the New World. 13. The Line of Demarcation. 14. The discovery of North America by Cabot. 14. Leif Ericson. 15. The claims of France in North America. 16. England and her navy. 17. The deeds of Sir Francis Drake. 17. Drake's voyage around the world. 18. The Invincible Armada. ig. England's first attempts at colonization; Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 19. Sir Walter Raleigh. xxii APPENDIX IV Chapter IV. OUR COUNTRY THREE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. 20. Forests in America three hundred years ago. 21. Roads in America three hundred years ago; Indian trails. 21. Waterways. 22. Fishes, birds, and animals of the New World. 23. Indians— their government, religion, and occupations. 23. Indian warfare. 24. The New World a place for labor ; hardships. Chapter V. AROUND THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: VIRGINIA, MARYLAND. Introduction. The struggle for the possession of North America. 25. English settlements along the Atlantic coast. 26. Jamestown and the beginnings of Virginia. 26. Captain Newport. 27. Captain John Smith and his services to the Virginia colony. 28. The starving time ; the arrival of Delawarr. 29. The cultivation of tobacco. 30. The first American legislature. 31. The beginning of slavery in Virginia. 32. The founding of Maryland ; George Calvert. 33. Self-government and religious freedom in Maryland. 33. The quarrel between Virginia and Maryland. Ch.\pter VI. AROUND NEW YORK BAY: NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY. 34. The voyage of Henry Hudson up the Hudson River. 34. Champlain and the Iroquois Indians. 34. Henry Hudson and the Iroquois. 34. The Dutch as traders. 35. The settlement of New Amsterdam. 36. The claims of the Dutch and English. 2,y. The patroon system. 38. The surrender of New Netherland to the English. 38. New York under the English rule. 39. The early history of New Jersey. Ch.npter VIT. AROUND MASSACHUSETTS BAY AND ALONG THE PISCATAQUA RIVER: MASS.\CHUSETTS, NEW HAMPSHIRE. 40. Why the Pilgrims left England. 40. The Pilgrims in Holland. 41. The voyage of the Mayflower. TOPICS FOR OUTLINE RECITATIONS xxiii 41. The sufferings of the Plymouth colonists. 41. The Pilgrims and the Indians. 41. Government in the Plymouth colony; town-meetings. 42. The beginnings of the Massachusetts Bay colony. 42. John Winthrop. 42. Who the Puritans were, and why they left England. 42. Government in the Massachusetts Bay colony. 42. The growth and prosperity of Massachusetts. 43. The beginnings of New Hampshire ; Maine. Chapter VIII. ALONG THE CONNECTICUT RIVER AND AROUND THE NARRAGANSETT BAY: CONNECTICUT, RHODE ISLAND. 44. The valley of the Connecticut. 44. Settlements on the Connecticut River. 44. Thomas Hooker. 45. The grievances of the Indians. 45. The Pequot War. 46. The first written constitution. 47. New Haven ; the "Bible Commonwealth." 47. New Haven and Connecticut united. 48. Roger Williams and the separation of church and state. 48. Anne Hutchinson. 48. The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. 49. The New England Confederation. Chapter IX. ALONG THE DELAWARE BAY AND THE DELAWARE RIVER: PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE. 50. Delaware claimed by the Dutch. 51. The Swedes in Delaware. 52. William Penn and the Quakers. 53. The grant to Penn : Penn's Woodland. 53. Penn becomes the proprietor of Delaware. 53. Penn's government of his colony. 53. The founding of Philadelphia. 53. Penn and the Indians. 53. The growth of Philadelphia. Chapter X. ALONG THE CAROLINA COAST: NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA. 54. The settlement of the Carolina coast. 54. The proprietors of the Carolinas. 55. The founding of North Carolina. 55. The Grand Model. xxiv APPENDIX IV 56. The settlement of South Carolina; Cliarleston. 56. The Huguenots. 56. Life in North Carolina and South Carolina contrasted. 56. Pirates along the Carolina coast. 56. Why the Carolinas became royal provinces. Chapter XI. REBELLIONS AND INDIAN UPRISINGS. 57. Charles II rules Virginia harshly. 57. The navigation laws. 58. Bacon's Rebellion. 59. King Philip's War. 60. James II rules New England harshly; Andros. 60. Massachusetts becomes a royal province; Maine; Plymouth. Chapter XII. OUR COUNTRY IN THE YEAR 1700. 61. The area of settlement in 1700. 61. The Frontier Line in 1700. 62. The population of the colonies in 1700. 62. The three classes of people in the colonies. 62. Indented servants. 62. Slavery in the colonies in 1700. 63. Occupations in 1700; the fur trade; manufacturing. 64. Education in the colonies. 65. Religion in the colonies. 66. Government in the colonics. Chapter XIII. COLONIAL GROWTH BETWEEN 1700 AND 1740. 67. Immigration ; Germans. 67. The Scotch-Irish. 68. The settlement of Georgia. 68. Why the colony of Georgia was founded. 68. The early history of Georgia. 69. The Westward Movement between 1700 and 1740. 6g. The settlement of the Shenandoah valley. 69. The Frontier Line in 1740. Chapter XIV. ALONG THE ST. LAWRENCE AND THE MISSISSIPPI: CANADA; LOUISIANA. 70. Champlain and the settlement of Canada. 70. The character of the French settlement. 71. James Marquette. 71. Robert La Salle. "32. The rivalry of France and England. TOPICS FOR OUTLINE RECITATIONS xxv •]2,- King William's War. 74. Queen Anne's War. 75. French colonies and forts in the Mississippi valley. 76. King George's War. yj. The claims of the French and the English in the Ohio valley. ■J-]. The leaden plates. "JT. Virginians in the Ohio valley. Chapter XV. THE STRUGGLE FOR A CONTINENT: THE FRENCFI AND INDIAN WAR. 78. A message to the French. J'i. A sketch of the early life of George Washington. 78. The capture of Fort Duquesne by the French. 78. The importance of Fort Duquesne. 79. The Albany Congress. 79. The life of Benjamin Franklin up to 1754. 80. The defeat of General Braddock. 81. The French and Indian War; the plans of the English government. 81. The Acadians. 81. William Pitt. 81. The recapture of Fort Duquesne by the English. 81. The capture of Fort Niagara. 81. The capture of Quebec. 82. The treaty of 1763. %2. Pontiac's Conspiracy. Chapter XVI. THE MOTHER COUNTRY AND THE COLONIES QUARREL. 83. The decision of England to tax the colonies. 83. Writs of assistance. 83. The Stamp Act. 84. Resistance to the Stamp Act. 84. The Stamp Act Congress. 84. The repeal of the Stamp Act. 85. The Townshend Acts. 85. The tax on tea. 86. The Boston Massacre. 87. Resistance to the tax on tea. 88. The Intolerable Acts. 89. The feeling of union among the colonies. Chapter XVII. INDEPENDENCE DECLARED. 90. The First Continental Congress. 91. Preparations for war. xxvi APPENDIX IV 91. Samuel Adams and John Hancock. 91. Lexington. 91. Concord. 92. Ticondcroga and Crown Point. 93. The Second Continental Congress. 93. Washington made Commander-in-Chief. 94. Bunker Hill. 95. Washington in command at Boston. 95. Attempt to capture Quebec. 95. The evacuation of Boston. 96. Reasons for separation from England. 96. Thomas Jefferson. 96. The Declaration of Independence. Chapter XVIH. THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE. 97. The British plan of campaign. 98. The battle of Long Island. 99. The Tories. 100. Fort Washington and Fort Lee. 100. The disobedience of Lee. loi. Battles of Trenton and Princeton. 102. The capture of the American capital city (Philadelphia). 103. Burgoyne's invasion of New York. 103. Bennington. 103. Saratoga. 103. Why Howe did not join with Burgoyne. 104. Results of Burgoyne's surrender. 104. The French alliance. Chapter XIX. VICTORY AND INDEPENDENCE. 105. Valley Forge. 106. Monmouth. 107. The Tory Rangers ; Wyoming Valley ; Cherry Valley. 107. George Rogers Clark and the Northwest Territory. 108. The naval warfare of the Revolution; John Paul Jones. 109. The war in Georgia and South Carolina. 109. Marion and Sumter. 109. Camden. 109. The treason of Benedict Arnold. 109. King's Mountain and Cowpers. 109. Yorktown. HO. The treaty of peace (1783). TOPICS FOR OUTLINE RECITATIONS xxvii Chapter XX. FORMING A MORE PERFECT UNION. III. The State constitutions. 111. The resemblances of the State constitutions. 112. The two governments working together. 113. The Articles of Confederation; the powers of Congress. 113. The form of government under the Articles of Confederation. 113. The weakness of the Articles of Confederation. 113. Shays's Rebellion. 113. The fear of disunion. 113. The possession of the Northwest Territory. 114. The Constitutional Convention of 1787. 114. The ratification of the Constitution. 115. The differences between the Constitution and the Articles of Con- federation. Chapter XXI. LAUNCHING THE "SHIP OF STATE" (1789-1801). 116. The election and inauguration of George Washington. 117. The organization of the new government. 118. The first tariff. 118. Hamilton and the public debt. 118. The choice of a site for a capital. 119. The first Bank of the United States. 120. The Whisky Insurrection. 121. The beginnings of political parties. 122. France seeks aid from America. 123. Jay's treaty. 123. The retirement and death of Washington. 124. John Adams. 124. The X. Y. Z. affair. 125. The Alien and Sedition Laws. 125. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions : Nullification. Chapter XXII. ALONG THE KENTUCKY, THE TENNESSEE, AND THE OHIO: KENTUCKY; TENNESSEE; THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. Introduction. The Westward Movement. 126. The Westward Movement in colonial times. 127. Why Kentucky was settled first. 127. Daniel Boone and the settlement of Kentucky. 127. The early history of Kentucky. 128. The beginnings of Tennessee; Watauga. 128. Government at Watauga. 128. John Sevier and the State of Franklin. xxviii APPENDIX IV 128. The admission of Tennessee to the Union. 129. The settlement of western Pennsylvania; the Scotch-Irish. 129. The Ordinance of 1787. 130. The beginnings of Ohio; Marietta; Cincinnati. 130. Mad Anthony Wayne and the Indians. 130. The Territory Northwest of the Ohio. Chapter XXIII. OUR COUNTRY IN THE YEAR 1800. 131. The Frontier Line in 1800. 131. Population in 1800; cities. 132. Methods of agriculture in 1800. 132. Farm products in 1800. 132. Whitney's cotton-gin. 132. The cotton-gin and slavery. 133. Manufacturing in 1800. 134. Foreign commerce in 1800. 134. Domestic commerce in 1800; roads. 134. The post-office; postage. 135. The right of suffrage in 1800. 135. Education in 1800. 135. Useful inventions. Chapter XXIV. THE ADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS JEFFERSON (1801-09): THE GREAT EXPANSION. 136. The election of Jefferson. 136. Washington in i8or. 136. Jeffersonian simplicity. 136. Jeffersonian principles. 137. The Louisiana question. 137. The Louisiana Purchase. 138. The exploration of Lewis and Clark. 138. The exploration of Zebulon Pike. 139. The work of the Algerine pirates. . 140. The unfriendly conduct of England and France. 140. The impressment of American seamen. 140. The Chesapeake and the Leopard. 141. The Embargo. 142. The treason of Aaron Burr. Chapter XXV. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JAMES MADISON (1809-17) : THE WAR FOR COMMERCIAL INDEPENDENCE. 143. The election of James Madison ; his character. 144. Injuries to American commerce. 145. Drifting toward war. TOPICS FOR OUTLINE RECITATIONS xxix 145. The United States unprepared for war. 146. The invasion of Canada. 147. Naval engagements upon the sea; the Constitution and the Guerriere. 147. Naval victories upon the Great Lakes. 148. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. 149. The war along the Atlantic coast. 150. The Hartford Convention. 151. The battle of New Orleans. 152. The treaty of Ghent ; results of the war. 153. The tariff of 1816; protection to American manufacturing. Chapter XXVL ALONG THE OHIO RIVER: OHIO, INDIANA, ILLINOIS. 154. Ohio' becomes a State. 154. The sale of public lands. 15s. The National Road. 156. Steamboats. 156. Steamboats on Western waters. 157. Indiana; slavery; Tippecanoe. 157. Indiana becomes a State. 158. Illinois ; Fort Dearborn. 159. Life in the Middle West in the early days. Chapter XXVII. AROUND THE GULF OF MEXICO: LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, ALABAMA. MISSOURI. 160. The transfer of Louisiana to the United States. 160. The early history of Louisiana. 161. Mississippi Territory. 161. The Creek War. 161. Fort Mimms. 161. The admission of Mississippi to the Union. 162. Alabama. 163. Missouri Territory. 163. Missouri admitted to the Union. 164. Changes between 1800 and 1820. Chapter XXVIII. MONROE AND JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 165. James Monroe. 166. The "era of good feeling." 167. War with the Seminoles ; Florida. 168. The slavery question in 1820. 168. The Missouri Compromise. 169. How the balance of power between the North and the South was preserved. 29 XXX APPENDIX IV 170. The Monroe Doctrine. 171. John Quincy Adams; his election; his character. 172. The "tariff of abominations." 172. How it was received in the South. Ch.m-tkr XXIX. JACKSON AND VAN BUREN. 173. Andrew Jackson; his election. 174. The character of Jackson. 175. The rule of the people. 176. The spoils system. 177. The tariff and nullification. 177. The speech of Hayne on nullification. 177. Webster's Reply to Hayne. 177. The action of South Carolina in respect to nullification. 177. Jackson and nullification. 178. Jackson and the Bank of the United States. 178. The election of 1832. 178. The removal of the deposits and the vote of censure. 179. The election of Van Buren. 179. The panic of 1837. 179. The Independent Treasury. Chapter XXX. DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1820 and 1840. 180. The extension of the National Road 181. The desire of the East to trade with the West. 181. The building and opening of the Erie Canal. 181. The effects of the Erie Canal. 181. The Pennsylvania Canal. 182. The beginning of railroad building; the Baltimore and Ohio. 183. Michigan Territory. 183. Steamboat navigation on the Great Lakes; the admission of Michi- gan. 184. Development in the South ; the cotton kingdom. 185. Arkansas. 186. The removal of the Indians. 187. Growth between 1820 and 1840. 187. The Frontier Line in 1840. Chapter XXXI. HARRISON AND TYLER; POLK: THE GRE.AT WESTWARD EXTENSION. 188. The election of 1840. 189. Death of Harrison ; John Tyler becomes President. 189. Tyler loses the support of Congress. TOPICS FOR OUTLINE RECITATIONS xxxi 189. Dorr's Rebellion. igc. The settlement of Texas. 190. Stephen Austin ; San Jacinto. 190. The annexation of Texas. 191. Claims upon Oregon. 191. Early settlement of Oregon. 191. The Oregon treaty. 192. Polk's desire for California. 192. The disputed territory. 192. The war with Mexico; Monterey; Buena Vista; Vera Cruz; the city of Mexico. 193. The capture of New Mexico and California. 193. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 193. The Gadsden Purchase. Chapter XXXII. DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN 1840 and 1850. 194. The Preemption Law ; immigration. 195. Iowa. 195. Wisconsin; the Black Llawk War. 195. Minnesota. 195. The pioneer history of the Upper Lake and Upper Mississippi States. 196. Chicago. 197. California before the conquest; mission life. 198. The discovery of gold in California. 199. The routes to California; the Santa Fe and Oregon traiL 199. Hardships of travel. 200. California becomes a State. 201. Oregon becomes a State. 202. The beginnings of Utah ; irrigation. Chapter XXXIII. THE ADMINISTRATION OF ZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD FILLMORE (1849-53). 203. The election of 1848. 204. The number of slaves; the number of slaveholders. 204. The price of slaves. 204. The treatment of slaves. 204. Sentiment in respect to slavery. 204. The abolition movement ; William Lloyd Garrison. 204. Fugitive slaves; underground railroad. 205. The Wilmot Proviso. 205. Important questions connected with slavery. 205. The Compromise of 1850. 206. The Fugitive-Slave Law of 1850. 207. The passing away of three great leaders. xxxii APPENDIX IV Chapter XXXIV. FRANKLIN PIERCE; JAMES BUCHANAN. 208. The election of 1852; I'ranklin Pierce. 209. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 209. Popular sovereignty. 209. The effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 210. The struggle in Kansas. 211. The attack upon Sumner. 212. The election of 1856; the rise of the Republican party. 212. The Know-Nothing party. 213. The Drcd Scott decision. 214. The life of Abraham Lincoln up to 1858. 214. The Lincoln-Douglas debates. 215. John Brown's Raid. 216. The election of i860. Chapter XXXV. PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND i860. 217. The development of agriculture between 1800 and i860. 218. The growth of manufacturing between 1800 and i860. 219. The growth of commerce between 1800 and i860. 220. The growth of cities. 220. The center of population. 221. The telegraph. 221. The sewing-machine. 221. Patents. Chapter XXXVI. PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION BETWEEN 1800 AND i860 (continued). 222. Public education in New England ; Horace Mann. 222. Public education in the Middle and Southern States. 222. Public education in the West. 222. Higher education. 223. The growth of American literature. 223. Some great authors and some great hooks. 224. Civilization in i860. Chapter XXXVII. THE BEGINNINGS OF A GREAT CONFLICT. 225. The South loses power. 225. Lincoln feared at the South. 225. Slavery becomes a moral question. 225. The Union a house divided against itself. 226. Attempts at compromise. TOPICS FOR OUTLINE RECITATIONS xxxiii 227. The first secession. 227. The Confederate States of America. '22'j. Jefferson Davis. 227. The Star of the JVcst affair. 228. Lincohi's inaugural address. 229. Lincoln not supported by the leaders. 229. The tiring upon Fort Sumter. 229. Lincoln calls for troops. 229. The second secession. Chapter XXXVIIL THE CIVIL WAR: THE FIRST CLASHES. 230. The strength of the North and the South compared. 231. The clash in Baltimore. 231. The clash in Missouri. 231. West Virginia. 232. Manassas or Bull Run. 233. McClellan organizes the army. 233. On to Richmond. 234. The blockade. 235. The capture of Mason and Slidell. 235. The attitude of England. Chapter XXXIX. THE CIVIL WAR: FROM FORT DONELSON TO CHANCELLORSVILLE. 236. The plan of campaign of the Union forces. 2^7. Fort Donelson and Fort Henry. 237. General Grant: his life up to i860; his character. 238. Shiloh. 239. Opening the Mississippi. 240. Bragg's raid into Kentucky ; Murf reesboro. 241. The Merriiiiac and the Monitor. 242. The Peninsular Campaign. 242. General Robert E. Lee : his life and character. 242. Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah valley. 242. The fighting around Richmond. 243. The second battle of Manassas ; Antietam ; Fredericksburg. 244. The Emancipation Proclamation. 245. The battle of Chancellorsville. 245. Jackson's last charge. 246. Naval warfare ; the blockade. 246. The Alabama. 246. The Geneva Award. xxxiv APPENDIX IV Chapter XL. THE CIVIL WAR: THE CLOSE OF THE STRUGGLE. 247. Gettysburg. 248. The fall of Vicksburg. 249. Chickamauga and Chattanooga. 250. Grant in command of all the armies. 250. Grant and Sherman agree upon a final plan of campaign. 250. Sherman's march to Atlanta. 250. From Atlanta to the sea. 251. The Wilderness, Spottsylvania, and Cold Harbor. 251. Petersburg. 251. Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley. 251. Appomattox Court-House. 252. The cost of the war. 253. How the expenses of the war were met. 253. National banks. Chapter XLI. BINDING UP THE NATION'S WOUNDS. 254. The death of Lincoln. 255. Andrew Johnson. 256. The task which faced Congress in 1865. 256. Amnesty and pardon. 256. The Thirteenth Amendment. 256. The Freedmen's Bureau. 256. The Civil Rights Bill and the Fourteenth Amendment. 256. The Fifteenth Amendment. 256. How Congress dealt with the seceded States. 257. Johnson's policy in respect to the seceded States. 257. The impeachment of Johnson. 258. The French in Mexico. 258. The purchase of Alaska. 259. The election of Grant. 260. The "carpet-baggers." 260. The Ku-Klux Klan. 261. The great fire in Chicago; in Boston. 261. The panic of 1873. 261. The Centennial Exposition. 262. The election of 1876. 262. The Electoral Commission. 263. The removal of the troops from the South. Chapter XLII. THE NEW WEST. Introduction. The Westward Movement after the Civil War. 264. The Homestead Act; transcontinental railways; immigration. TOPICS FOR OUTLINE RECITATIONS 265. The Union Pacitic. 265. Nebraska. 265. Colorado. 265. Wyoming. 265. Utah. 266. The discovery of gold in southwestern Montana. 266. Steamboat traffic upon the Upper Missouri. 266. The Northern Pacific. 266. Custer and the Indians. 266. The Dakotas, Montana, Washington, and Idaho. 266. The rapid growth of the New Northwest. 267. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe. 267. Western Texas. 267. Oklahoma. 267. New Mexico and Arizona. 267. The initiative and referendum. Chapter XLIII. A UNITED PEOPLE. 268. The presidential election of 1880. 269. The death of Garfield. 269. President Arthur. 270. The merit system. 271. The election of 1884. 272. Presidential succession. 272. The Interstate Commerce Act. 273. The campaign of 1888. 274. The McKinley Tariff. 274. The Anti-Trust Law. 274. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act. 275. The election of 1892. 276. The repeal of the purchase clause of the Sherman Act. 277. The Wilson Tariff; the Income Tax. 278. The World's Columbian Exposition. 279. The Chicago riots. 280. The Venezuela boundary dispute. Chapter XLIV. A UNITED PEOPLE (continued). 281. The presidential election of 1896. 282. The Dingley Law. 282. The Cuban rebellion. 282. The sinking of the Maine. 282. Dewey at Manila. 282. Hobson and the Merrimac. xxxvi APPENDIX IV 282. El Caney and San Juan Hill. 282. Sampson and Schley at Santiago. 282. The treaty of peace and the results of the war. 282. Aguinaldo. 283. The reelection of McKinley; his death. 283. Theodore Roosevelt. 284. The anthracite coal strike. 285. The St. Louis Exposition. 286. The Panama Canal. 2?:7. The election of 1904. 288. The Rate Law of 1906. 289. The San Francisco earthquake. 290. The election of 1908. 290. The Payne Tariff. 291. The discovery of the North Pole. Chapter XLV. A LEADER AMONG THE NATIONS. 292. Progress in agriculture since i860. 293. Progress in manufacturing since i860. 294. Mining. 295. Progress in commerce since i860. 295. The transatlantic cable. 295. The telegraph and telephone. 295. Progress in railroad building. 296. The age of electricity. 297. Progress in education. 298. The New South. 299. Population and wealth. APPENDIX V READING LIST Below is a list of the books to which reference is made at the end of the chapters. Most of the references are made to the first twenty books, and these twenty books are strongly recommended as a working library to accompany the study of this history. The key to the publishers is as follows: A. = American Book Company, New York. Lip. =J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. Ap. =D. Appleton & Co., New York. Lit. =Little, Brown & Co., Boston. B. =A. S. Barnes & Co., New York. Long. = Longmans, Green. & Co., New York. C.=Century Co., New York. M.=Macmillan Co., New York. G. =Ginn & Co., Boston. Mc. =A. C. McCIurg & Co., Chicago. Har. = Harper & Bros., New York. P. =G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. Hou. = Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Sc.= Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. J.=B. F. Johnson Pub. Co., Richmond, Va. Sil.^Silver, Burdett & Co., New York. 1. Columbus and Magellan, by T. B. Lawler. G. 1905. Pages 151. Price 50c. 2. The Discoverers and Explorers of America, by Charles Morris. Lip. 1906. Pages 344. Price $1.25. 3. Source Book of American History. Edited by A. B. Hart. M. 1903. Pages 408. Price 60c. 4. American Explorers, by W. F. Gordy. Sc. 1906. Pages 206. Price Soc. 5. The Struggle for a Continent. Edited from the writings of Francis Parkman by Pelham Edgar. Lit. 1902. Pages 542. Price $1.50. 6. American Pioneers, by W. A. Mowry. Sil. 1905. Pages 363. Price 65c. 7. The Story of the Thirteen Colonies, by H. A. Guerber. A. 1898. Pages 342.. Price 65c. 8. Heroes of Progress in America, by Charles Morris. Lip. 1906. Pages 344. Price $1.25. 9. Our First Century, by George Gary Eggleston. B. 1905. Pages 268. Price $1.20. 10. Four American Indians, by E. L. Whitney and F. M. Perry. A. 1904. Pages 240. Price 50c. 11. Decisive Battles of America. Edited by Ripley Hitchcock. Har. 1909. Pages 397. Price $1.50. 12. Stories of the Great West, by Theodore Roosevelt. C. 1909. Pages 314. Price 60c. 13. The War for Independence, by John Fiske. Hou. 1894. Pages 200. Price 75c. 14. Poems of American History, by Burton Egbert Stevenson. Hou. 1907. Pages 704. Price $3. xxxviii APPENDIX V 15. Side Lights on American History, by H. W. Elson. Mc. 1899. Two volumes: Vol. I, pages 398; Vol. II, pages 410. Price 75c. 16. Life in the Eighteenth Century, by George Cary Eggleston. B. 1905. Pages 264. Price $1.20. 17. American Inventions and Inventors, by W. A. Mowry. Sil. 1900. Pages 298. Price 65c. 18. Economic History of the United States, by E. L. Bogart. Long. 1907. Pages 522. Price $1.75. 19. The Louisiana Purchase, by Ripley Hitchcock. G. 1903. Pages 349. Price 75c. 20. The Making of the Ohio Valley, l)y S. A. Drake. Sc. 1894. Pages 269. Price $1.50. 21. School History of Mississippi, by F. L. Riley. J. 1900. Pages 437. Price 75c. 22. Makers of American History, by J. R. C. Cliandler and O. P. Chit- wood. Sil. 1906. Pages 319. Price 60c. 23. From Trail to Railway, by A. P. Brigham. G. 1907. Pages 188. Price 60c. 24. The Conquest of the Southwest, by C. T. Brady. Ap. 1905. Pages 291. Price $1.50. 25. Pilots of the Republic, by A. B. Hulburt. Mc. 1906. Pages 368. Price $1.50. 26. Iowa, by William Salter. Mc. 1905. Pages 289. Price $1.20. 27. Michigan, by T. M. Cooley. Hou. 1905. Pages 402. Price $1.25. 28. Minnesota, by W. W. Folwell. Hou. 1908. Pages 365. Price $1.25. 29. History of the Pacific Northwest, by Joseph Schafer. IM. 1905. Pages 321. Price $1.25. 30. The Boys' Life of Abraham Lincoln, by Helen Nicolay. C. 1906. Pages 307. Price $1.50. 31. Historic Towns of New England. Edited by Lyman Powell. P. 1900. Pages 599. Price $3. 32. Historic Towns of the Middle States. Edited by Lyman Powell. P. 1900. Pages 439. Price $3. 33. Historic Towns of the Southern States. Edited by Lyman Powell. P. 1900. Pages 604. Price $3. 34. Historic Towns of the Western States. Edited by Lyman Powell. P. 1900. Pages 702. Price $3. APPENDIX VI Rcviczv the great subjects of American history, folloiving the outlines given belozv: I. DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 1. Christopher Columbus (p. i). 2. Trade between Europe and the Orient (p. i). 3. Why a new route to the Orient was necessary (p. 2). 4. The voyages of the Portuguese (p. 3). 5. The great voyage of Christopher Columbus (pp. 4-7). 6. How the New World came to be called America (p. 9). 7. Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean (p. 10). 8. The great voyage of Magellan (pp. 10-12). 9. Spanish explorations in North America (De Leon, De Soto, Coronado) (pp. 12-14). 10. Voyages and discoveries of the English (Cabot, Drake) (pp. 15- 20). 11. The first discoveries of the French (Jacques Cartier) (p. 17). 12. The explorations of Champlain (p. 94). 13. The discoveries of Marquette (p. 95). 14. The discoveries of La Salle (p. 96). II. INDIANS AND INDIAN WARS. 1. Why the natives of the New World were called Indians (p. 6). 2. The occupations of the Indians; their religion; their government; their manner of warfare (pp. 26-28). 3. The Iroquois Indians (pp. 27, 39). 4. The Pequot War (p. 56). 5. King Philip's War (p. 77). 6. Pontiac's Conspiracy (p. 113). 7. The battle of Fallen Timbers (p. 176). 8. The battle of Tippecanoe (p. 209) ; Fort Dearborn (p. 210). 9. The Creek War (p. 216). 10. The war with the Seminoles (p. 222). t 11. The removal of the Indians (p. 247). 12. The Black Hawk War (p. 265). 13. Indian reservations; Custer's defeat (p. 382), 14. Indian Territory (p. 385). xl APPENDIX VI III. THE CLAIMS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS AT DIFFERENT TIMES. 1. The New World claimed by Spain (p. 15). 2. The claims of Portugal (the Line of Demarcation) (p. 15. note). 3. The claims of England (pp. 17, 41). 4. The claims of France (p. 17). 5. The claims of the Dutch (p. 41). 6. The claims of the Swedes (p. 62). 7. French claims in the Mississippi valley (pp. 96, 99). 8. The Ohio valley claimed by both French and English (pp. loi- 102). 9. The Oregon country claimed by England and the United States (p. 255). 10. A part of Texas claimed by both Mexico and the United States (p. 257). IV. THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA. 1. The first French settlements (p. 17). 2. The French in northern New York (p. 39). 3. The French power in Canada (pp. 94-96). 4. Marquette and La Salle (pp. 95, 96). 5. Rivalry between France and England (p. 96). 6. King William's War (p. 98). 7. Queen Anne's War (p. 99). 8. French colonies and forts in the Mississippi valley (p. 100). 9. King George's War (p. 100). 10. The French claim the Ohio valley (pp. loi, 102). 11. The French capture Fort Duquesne (p. 106). 12. The defeat of General Braddock (p. 108). 13. The French and Indian War (see outline under heading Wars, p. xliv). 14. The French lose their possessions in North America (p. 113). 15. France assists the colonies (p. 1.39). 16. The United States neutral as between France and England (p. 163). 17. The X. Y. Z. affair (p. 165). 18. The French regain Louisiana; the Louisiana Purchase (pp. 187-189). 19. The French in Mexico (p. 368). V. ENGLISH COLONIZATION. 1. England strengthens her navy (pp. 17-19). 2. The deeds of Sir Francis Drake (pp. 19, 20). 3. The destruction of the Invincible Armada (p. 20). 4. England's first attempts at colonization (pp. 20-22). GREAT SUBJECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY xli 5. General character of English settlements along the Atlantic coast (p. 30). 6. Virginia. (i) The settlement of Jamestown (p. 31). (2) Captain John Smith (pp. t,2, ^5). (3) The Starving Time (p. 33). (4) The cultivation of tobacco (p. 34). (5) The first American legislature (p. 34). (6) Slavery in Virginia (p. 35). (7) Charles II rules Virginia harshly (p. 75). (8) Bacon's Rebellion (p. 76). (9) The settlement of the Shenandoah valley (pp. 90-92). 7. Maryland. (i) George Calvert (p. 35). (2) The first settlement in Maryland (p. 35). (3) Religious freedom in Maryland (p. 36). (4) Maryland and Virginia quarrel (p. 37). 8. New York. (i) Dutch settlements around New York Bay (the Iroquois Indians, Champlain, fur-trading) (pp. 38, 39). (2) New Amsterdam (p. 40). (3) The claims of the Dutch and the English (p. 41). (4) The patroons (p. 42). (5) New Netherland surrenders to the English (p. 43). 9. New Jersey. (i) The settlement of New Jersey (p. 44). (2) The government and early history of New Jersey (p. 45). 10. Massachusetts. (i) The Pilgrims in England and Holland (pp. 46, 47). (2) The Plymouth colony (pp. 47-49). (3) The Massachusetts Bay colony (John Winthrop) (pp. 49-52). (4) Andros (p. 78). (5) Maine, Plymouth, and Massachusetts Bay united (p. 79). 11. New Hampshire (pp. 52-54). 12. Connecticut. (i) The river settlements (pp. 55, 56). (2) Trouble with the Indians; the Pequot War (pp. 56, 57). (3) The first written constitution (p. 57). (4) New Haven (pp. 57, 58). (5) Andros (p. 78). 13. Rhode Island. (i) Roger Williams (p. 58). (2) The separation of church and state (p. 59), (3) The Rhode Island settlements (p. 60). xlii APPENDIX VI 14. Delaware. (i) Delaware claimed by the Dutch (p. 62). (2) The Swedes in Delaware (p. 62). (3) Penn becomes the proprietor of Delaware (p. 63). 15. Pennsylvania. (i) William Penn (the Quakers) (pp. 63, 64). (2) Pemi's laws (pp. 65, 66). (3) Philadelphia (pp. 66, 67). (4) Germans in Pennsylvania (pp. 87, 88). (5) Scotch-Irish in Pennsylvania (p. 88). 16. North Carolina. (1) Settled by Virginians (p. 69). (2) The grant to the proprietors; the Grand Model (pp. 69,70). 17. South Carolina. (i) Charleston (pp. 70, 71). (2) Life in the Carolinas ; piracy (pp. "ji, 7^). 18. Georgia (pp. 89, 90). VI. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 1. Indian trails (p. 24). 2. Roads in 1700 (p. 80). 3. Roads in 1800 (turnpikes) (p. 182). 4. The National Road (p. 207). 5. Steamboat navigation (p. 207) ; ocean steamships (p. 262). 6. The extension of the National Road (pp. 239, 240). 7. The Erie Canal (pp. 240-242, 244) ; the Pennsylvania Canal (p. 242). 8. Railroads. (i) The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (pp. 243, 244). (2) Railroads as a factor in Western development (pp. 267, 269, 300). (3) The great transcontinental railroads. a. The Union Pacific (pp. 376-380). b. The Northern Pacific (pp. 380-384). c. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe (pp. 384-386). 9. The Oregon and Santa Fe trails (pp. 270-272). 10. The Panama Canal (pp. 404-406). 11. Electricity as a motive power (pp. 414-416). 12. Flying-machines (p. 415, note). VII. SLAVERY. 1. The beginning of slavery in Virginia (p. 35). 2. Slavery in the Carolinas (p. 72). 3. Slavery in the colonies in 1700; white servants (p. 82). GREAT SUBJECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY xliii 4. Slavery and the Ordinance of 1787 (p. 174). 5. Slavery in 1800; the cotton-gin (p. 180). 6. Slavery in Indiana and Illinois (pp. 208-210). 7. Slavery in the Gulf States (p. 223). 8. The Missouri Compromise (pp. 223, 224). 9. How the balance of power between the slave States and free States was preserved (pp. 224, 225). 10. The cotton kingdom (p. 246) ; the annexation of Texas (p. 254). 11. Slavery in the United States in 1850. (i) The number of slaves and of slaveholders (p. 277). (2) The price of slaves (p. 278). (3) How slaves were treated (pp. 279, 280). (4) The abolition movement (p. 280). (5) Fugitive-slave laws (p. 281). (6) The underground railroad (p. 282). 12. The Wilmot Proviso (p. 282). 13. The Compromise of 1850 (pp. 282-284). 14. The Fugitive-Slave Law of 1850 (p. 284). 15. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill (pp. 287-289). 16. The struggle in Kansas over slavery (pp. 289, 290). 17. The rise of the Republican party (p. 291). 18. The Dred Scott decision (p. 292). 19. The Lincoln-Douglas debates (pp. 293, 295). 20. John Brown's Raid (p. 295). 21. The presidential election of i860 (p. 296). 22. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (p. 310). 23. A house divided against itself (pp. 314-317). 24. Attempts at compromise (p. 317). 25. The Emancipation Proclamation (p. 342). 26. The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments (pp. 365-367). VITI. GOVERNMENT. 1. The first American legislature (p. 34). 2. Government in the New England Colonies (pp. 49, 52, 57, 58, 59). 3. Steps in the formation of the Union. (i) The New England Confederation (p. 60). (2) The Albany Congress (p. 108). (3) The Stamp Act Congress (p. 116). (4) The First Continental Congress (p. 122). (5) The Second Continental Congress (p. 125). (6) The Declaration of Independence (p. 129). (7) The Articles of Confederation (pp. 151-154). (8) The formation of the Constitution (pp. 154-157). 4. How the colonies were governed (in 1700) (pp. 85, 86). xliv APPENDIX VI 5. The State Constitutions (p. 150). 6. The State government and the central government working to- gether (p. 151). 7. The Articles of Confederation (pp. 151-154). 8. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 (pp. 154-157). 9. The difference between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of 1787 (pp. 156, 157). 10. The organization of the national government under the Consti- tution (pp. 160, 161). 11. The Ordinance of 1787 (p. 173). 12. Territorial government (p. 174, note). 13. The right of suffrage (pp. 86, 183, 231, 251, note, t,C£, 383). 14. The Fifteenth Amendment (p. 366). 15. The spoils system (pp. 231, 232, 389). 16. The merit system (p. 389). 17. The initiative and referendum (p. 386, note). IX. WARS (OTHER THAN INDIAN WARS). 1. King William's War (p. 98). 2. Queen Anne's War (p. 99). 3. King George's War (p. 100). 4. The French and Indian War. (i) The defeat of General Braddock (p. 108). (2) The English plan of campaign (p. 109). (3) The Acadians (p. no). (4) The second movement against Fort Duquesne (p. in). (5) Fort Niagara (p. in). (6) Quebec (p. 112). (7) The treaty of 1763 (p. 113). 5. The War of the Revolution. (i) The events leading up to the war. a. The quarrel about taxation (writs of assistance, Stamp Act) (pp. 114, 115). b. Resistance to the Stamp Act (pp. 115, 116). c. Stamp Act Congress (p. 116). d. The Townshend Acts (pp. 116, 117). e. The Boston Massacre (p. 117). /. The colonies refuse to pay the tax on tea (p. 118). g. The Intolerable Acts (p. 119). h. The colonies stand together (p. 120). i. The First Continental Congress (p. 122). /. The fights at Lexington and Concord (pp. 123, 124). k. Ticonderoga and Crown Point (p. 125). /. The Second Continental Congress (p. 125). GREAT SUBJECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY xlv m. Bunker Hill (p. 126). n. Washington placed in charge of the American army; the British withdraw from Boston (pp. 126-128). 0. The Declaration of Independence (pp. 128-130). (2) The leading events and battles of the Revolution. a. The British plan of campaign (p. 131). b. Long Island (the Tories) (pp. 131-133). c. Fort Washington and Fort Lee (p. 133). d. Trenton and Princeton (pp. 133, 134). • e. The capture of Philadelphia (p. 135). /. Saratoga (pp. 136, 137) ; importance of this battle (pp. 138, 139). g. Washington at Valley Forge (p. 140). Ii. Monmouth (p. 141). i. War on the Frontier (p. 142). j. Naval warfare (John Paul Jones) (p. 143). k. War at the South; Camden, King's Mountain (pp. 143-145). /. Yorktown (p. 146). (3) The treaty of peace (1783) (p. 147). 6. The war with the Algerine pirates (p. iqt). 7. The War of 1812. (i) Events leading up to the war of 1812. a. The unfriendly conduct of England and France (pp. 191, 192). b. The Embargo (p. 193) ; the Non-Intercourse Act (p. 196). c. England and France continue to harass American com- merce (p. 196). d. Drifting toward war (p. 197). c. Declaration of war (p. 198). (2) The battles of the War of 1812. a. The attack upon Canada (p. 199). b. The struggle upon the sea and upon the Great Lakes (pp. 199-201). c. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane (p. 201). d. The war along the Atlantic coast (the burning of \Vashington (p. 201). c. The battle of New Orleans (p. 203). (3) The treaty of Ghent; results of the war (pp. 203, 204). 8. The Mexican War. (i) The disputed territory (p. 257). (2) Monterey, Buena Vista, Vera Cruz, Molino del Rey, the city of Mexico (pp. 258, 259). 30 xlvi APPENDIX VI (3) The capture of New Mexico and California (p. 259). (4) The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (p. 259). 9. The Civil War. (i) Events leading up to the Civil War. a. A house divided against itself (pp. 314-317). b. Failure of attempts at compromise (p. 317). c. The first secession (seven Southern States) (pp. 317- 319). d. The Star of the West affair (p. 319). e. The firmness of Lincoln (p. 320). /. The firing upon Fort Sumter; the call for troops (pp. 2>2i, 2,22). g. The second secession (four States) (p. 323). (2) The leading events and battles of the Civil War. «. The strength of the North and South compared (pp. 325, 326). b. The first clashes (in Baltimore ; in Missouri ; in West Virginia) (pp. 326, 327). c. The first battle of Bull Run (p. 327). d. McClellan organizes the Army of the Potomac (p. 328). e. The blockade (p. 329). /. The capture of Mason and Slidell (p. 330). g. The plan of campaign of the Union forces (p. m)- h. Fort Donelson and Fort McHenry (p. 334). J. The battle of Shiloh (p. 335). ;. Opening the Mississippi (p. 337). k. Bragg's raid into Kentucky; Murfreesboro (p. 338). /. The Mcrrimac and the Monitor (p. 339)- m. McClellan's Peninsular Campaign (pp. 339-34-2) ■ n. The second battle of Manassas; Antictam; Fredericks- burg (p. 342). o. The Emancipation Proclamation (p. 342). p. The battle of Chanccllorsville (pp. 343-345)- q. Naval warfare; the blockade; the Alabama (pp. 345, 346). r. The battle of Gettysburg (p. 349). s. The fall of Vicksburg (p. 350). t. Chickamauga and Chattanooga (pp. 35^-353). H. Sherman's capture of Atlanta (p. 354)- V. Sherman's March to the Sea (pp. 354, 355). ii<. Grant's campaign against Lee (pp. 355-357)- X. The surrender of Lee at Appomattox (pp. 357, 358)- (3) The cost of the Civil War (pp. 358. 359)- (4) How Congress met the expense of the war (pp. 359-36i)- GREAT SUBJECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY xlvii 10. The Spanish-American War. (i) Relations between the United States and Cuba (p. 398). (2) The destruction of the Maine (p. 399). (3) Manila (p. 400). (4) Santiago (p. 401). (5) Results of the war (p. 402). X. TREATIES. 1. Ryswick (p. 99). 2. Utrecht (p. 99). 3. Aix-la-Chapelle (p. loi). 4. Paris (1763) (p- 113)- 5. Alliance with France (p. 139). 6. Paris (1783) (p. H?)- 7. Jay's treaty (p. 164). 8. The Tripolitan treaty (p. 191). 9. Ghent (p. 204). 10. The Webster-Ashburton treaty (p. 252, note). 11. The Oregon treaty (p. 256). 12. Guadalupe Hidalgo (p. 259). 13. The treaty with Spain (p. 401). 14. The Clayton-Bulwer treaty (p. 405). 15. The Hay-Pauncefote treaty (p. 405). XI. THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT. 1. The settlement of the Connecticut valley (p. 56). 2. The Frontier Line in 1700 (p. 80). 3. The settlement of the Shenandoah valley (pp. 90-93). 4. The Westward Movement in colonial times (p. 168). 5. Kentucky (pp. 169-171). 6. Tennessee (pp. 171-173). 7. The settlement of western Pennsylvania (p. 173) ; the Northwest Territory (p. 174). 8. The beginnings of Ohio (pp. 174-176). 9. The Frontier Line in 1800 (p. 178). 10. The explorations of Lewis and Clark (p. 189) ; Zebulon Pike (p. 190). 11. Ohio becomes a State; cheap lands (p. 206). 12. The National (Cumberland) Road (p. 207). 13. Steamboat navigation in the Mississippi valley (p. 208). 14. Indiana (pp. 208-210). 15. Illinois (p. 210). 16. Life in the Middle West in the early days (p. 211). 17. Louisiana (State) (pp. 214, 215). xlviii APPENDIX VI i8. Mississippi (pp. 215-218). 19. Alabama (p. 218). 20. Missouri (pp. 218, 219). 21. The Frontier Line in 1820 (p. 2ig). 22. The extension of the National Road (p. 239). 23. The Erie Canal (pp. 240-242) ; the Pennsylvania canal (p. 242) ; the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (pp. 243, 244). 24. Michigan (pp. 244-246). 25. Arkansas (pp. 246, 247). 26. The Frontier Line in 1840 (p. 248). 27. Texas and its early history (pp. 252-254) ; its annexation (p. 254)- 28. The early settlement of Oregon (p. 255). 29. Cheaper lands (the Preemption Law) ; immigration (pp. 262, 263). 30. Along the Upper Mississippi and around the Great Lakes. (i) Iowa (pp. 263-265). (2) Wisconsin (pp. 265, 266). (3) Minnesota (pp. 266, 267). 31. Chicago (pp. 208, 2og). 32. California. (i) California before the conquest (pp. 269-270). (2) The discovery of gold in California (p. 270). (3) Routes to California (pp. 270-272). (4) California becomes a State (p. 272). 33. Oregon becomes a State (p. 273). 34. The beginnings of Utah (p. 274). 35. Kansas (pp. 289, 290). 36. Western development after the war (the New West) (p. 375). ■>)T. Free lands (the Homestead Act) (p. 375). 38. Land grants to railroads (p. 376). 39. The encouragement of immigration (p. 376). 40. Along the Union Pacific. (i) Nebraska (pp. z-j-], 378). (2) Colorado (p. 378). (3) Wyoming (p. 379). (4) Utah (p. 380). 41. Along the L^pper Missouri River and the Northern Pacific Railroad, (i) The discovery of gold at the head waters of the Missouri (p. 380). (2) Steamboat traffic on the Upper Missouri (p. 381). (3) The building of the Northern Pacific (pp. 381, 2!&2) . (4) The Dakotas, Montana, Idaho, Washington (pp. 382-384). GREAT SUBJECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY xlix 42. The New Southwest. (i) The building of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe (pp. 384-386). (2) Northern and western Texas (p. 384). (3) Oklahoma (p. 385). (4) Arizona (p. 385)- (5) New Mexico (p. 385). XII. COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 1. The fur trade (pp. 30, 40, 55, 83, 190) ; fishing (p. 83). 2. The navigation laws (p. 76). 3. The growth of agriculture. (i) Agriculture in the colonies in 1700 (p. 83). (2) Agriculture in 1800 (pp. 179-181). (3) Agriculture between 1800 and i860 (p. 298). (4) Progress in Agriculture between i860 and the present time (pp. 410, 411). 4. The growth of American manufactures. (i) Manufactures in the colonies in 1700 (p. 83). (2) American manufactures in 1800 (p. 181). (3) Growth of manufactures after the War of 1812 (p. 204). (4) Progress in manufacturing between 1800 and i860 (p. 299). (5) Progress in manufacturing between i860 and the present time (pp. 410, 411, 412). 5. The growth of American commerce. (i) Commerce in 1800; the post-office (pp. 181-183). (2) Injuries to American commerce (pp. 191-193). (3) The Embargo; the Non-Intercourse Act (pp. 193, 196). (4) Progress in commerce between 1800 and i860 (pp. 299, 300). (5) The Interstate Commerce Act (p. 391). (6) The Sherman Anti-Trust Act (p. 391). (7). The Rate Law of 1906 (p. 406). (8) Progress in commerce between i860 and the present time (pp. 410, 412-415). 6. Progress in mining (p. 412). 7. The New South (pp. 416, 417). XIII. EXPANSION. 1. The Northwest Territory (p. 142). 2. The Louisiana Purchase (p. 189). 3. The Florida Purchase (pp. 222-223). 4. The annexation of Texas (p. 254). 5. The acquisition of Oregon (pp. 255, 256). 1 APPENDIX VI 6. The Mexican cession (p. 259). 7 The Gadsden Purchase (p. 260, note). 8. The purchase of Alaska (p. 368). 9. The annexation of Hawaii (p. 402). 10. The acquisition of the Philippine Islands and of Porto Rico (p. 402). XIV. FINANCIAL MATTERS. 1. The tariff. (i) The first tariff (p. 161). (2) The tariff of 1816; protection (pp. 204, 205). (3) The "tariff of abominations" (p. 228). (4) The tariff of 1832 (p. 234). (5) The Walker Tariff (p. 359, note). (6) The Morrill or War Tariff (p. 359). (7) The McKinley Tariff (p. 391). (8) The Wilson Tariff (p. 394)- (9) The Dingley Tariff (p. 398). (10) The Payne Tariff (p. 407). 2. The assumption plans of Hamilton (p. 161). 3. The first Bank of the United States (p. 162). 4. The second Bank of the United States (pp. 235, 236). 5. The panic of 1837 (p. 237). 6. The Independent Treasury (p. 238). 7. Tyler and the Bank of the United States (p. 252). 8. The cost of the Civil War (pp. 358, 359). 9. How Congress met the expenses of the Civil War (pp. 359, 360). 10. National banks (pp. 360, 361). 11. Greenbacks (pp. 371, 372). 12. The Silver Purchase Act (p. 391). 13. The repeal of the purchasing clause of the Silver Purchase Act (p- 393)- 14. The Income Tax (p. 394). 15. The free-silver campaign (p. 397). XV. NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION. 1. The Alien and Sedition Laws; the Virginia and Kentucky Reso- lutions (p. 166). 2. The Hartford Convention (p. 202). 3. The nullification movement of 1832. (i) South Carolina opposes the "tariff of abominations" (p. 229). (2) The debate of Hayne and Webster (pp. 2^2-2^4). (3) South Carolina begins a nullification movement (p. 234). GREAT SUBJECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY li (4) Jackson and nullitication (pp. 234, 235). 4. The Personal Liberty Laws (p. 289). 5. Secession of seven Southern States (first secession) (p. 317). 6. The second secession (p. 323). 7. The readmission of the seceding States (p. 366). XVI. RECONSTRUCTION. 1. Measures of amnesty and pardon (p. 365). 2. The Thirteenth Amendment (p. 365). 3. The Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Bill (p. 366). 4. The Fourteenth Amendment (p. 366). 5. The Fifteenth Amendment (p. 366). 6. The conditions under which the seceding States were readmitted into the Union (p. 367). 7. Carpet-baggers; the Ku-Klux Klan (pp. 369, 370). 8. The removal of the troops from the South (p. 371). XVIL INVENTIONS. 1. Useful inventions (pp. 184, 312). 2. The cotton-gin (p. 180). 3. The reaper (p. 298). 4. The telegraph (p. 301). 5. The sewing-machine (p. 302). 6. Patents (pp. 302, 303). 7. The telephone (p. 413). 8. The wireless telegraph (p. 413). 9. The wireless telephone (p. 415, note). 10. The flying-machine (p. 415, note). XVIII. EDUCATION AND LITERATURE. 1. Education in the colonies in 1700 (p. 84). 2. Education in 1800 (p. 183). 3. The education of the masses. (i) In New England; Horace Mann (p. 304). (2) In the Middle and Southern States (p. 305). (3) In the West (p. 305). 4. Higher education (pp. 306. 307). 5. The growth of American literature (pp. 307-310). XIX. THE PRESIDENTS: THEIR ELECTION AND INAUGURATION. 1. George Washington, 1789-1797 (pp. 159, 160, 164). 2. John Adams, 1797-1801 (p. 165). lii APPENDIX VI 3. Thomas Jeflferson, 1801-1809 (pp. 180, 181, 194). 4. James Madison, 1809-1817 (p. 196). 5. James Monroe, 1817-1825 (p. 221). 6. John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829 (p. 227). 7. Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837 (pp. 230, 231, 236). 8. Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841 (p. 237). 9. William H. Harrison, March 4, 1841, to April 4, 1841 (pp. 250, 251). 10. John Tyler,! April 4, 1841, to March 4, 1845 (pp. 250, 251). 11. James K. Polk, 1845-1849 (p. 254). 12. Zachary Taylor, March 4, 1849, to July 9, 1850 (pp. 276, 2TJ^ . 13. Millard Fillmore,^ July 9, 1850, to March 4, 1853 (pp. 276, 2■J^). 14. Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857 (p. 287). 15. James Buchanan, 1857-1861 (pp. 291, 292). 16. Ahraham Lincoln, 1861-April 15, 1865 (pp. 296, 363). 17. Andrew Johnson, 1 April 15, 1865, to March 4, 1869 (p. 364). 18. Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877 (p. 369). 19. Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881 (p. 371). 20. James A. Garfield, March 4, 1881, to Septemhcr 19, 1881 (p. 388). 21. Chester A. Arthur.^ September 19, 1881, to March 4, 1885 (p. 389). 22. Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889 (p. 390). 23. Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893 (p. 391). 22. Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897 (p. 393). 24. William McKinley, March 4. 1897, to September 14, 1901 (pp. 397, 402). 25. Theodore Roosevelt,- September 14, 1901, to March 4, 1909 (pp. 403, 406). 26. William H. Taft, 1909- (p. 407). XX. MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS. 1. The treason of Benedict Arnold (p. 145). 2. Shays's Rebellion (p. 153). 3. The Whisky Insurrection (p. 162). 4. The treason of Aaron Burr (p. 194). 5. The "era of good feeling" (p. 221). 6. The Monroe Doctrine (p. 225). 7. Dorr's Rebellion (p. 251, note). 8. The impeachment of Andrew Johnson (p. 367). 9. The Chicago fire (p. 370). 10. The Centennial Exposition (p. 370). 11. The Electoral Commission (p. 371). ' Raised to the Presidency from the Vice-Presidency. ■•* Raised to the Presidency from the Vice-Presidency upon the death of McKinley; elected President in 1904. GREAT SUBJECTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY liii 12. The World's Columbian Exposition (p. 394). 13. The Chicago riots (p. 395). 14. The Venezuelan boundary dispute (p. 395). 15. The anthracite coal strike (p. 403). 16. The St. Louis Exposition (p. 404). 17. The San Francisco earthquake (p. 407). 18. The discovery of the North Pole (p. 408). INDEX (The numbers refer to pages, and reference is made to the notes as well as to the text) Abolition of slavery, 280, 281, 316, 365 Abominations, Tariff of, 228 Acadia, no Acts, see names of acts and laws, as Em- bargo Act, etc. Adams, John: helps to carry through the treaty of 1783. 147 sketch of life, 165 President, 165, i56 Adams, John Quincy: sketch of life, 227 President, 227, 228 his character, 228 his contest with Jackson, 230 his views in respect to Cuba, 398 Adams, Samuel, 117, 123, 125 Adolphus, Gustavus, 62 Agriculture: in the colonies, 83 condition of, in 1800, 179-181 progress in, between 1800 and i860, 2g8 progress in, since i860, 410, 411 Aguinaldo (a-ge-nal'do), 402 Aix-la-Chapelle (aks-la-sha-pel'), treaty of, lOI Alabama: explored by De Soto, 13 a part of Mississippi Territory, 216 admitted to the Union, 218 cotton-growing in, 246 secedes from the Union, 317 carpet-bag rule in, 369 Alabama, the, 346 Alaska, 225, 368 Alaska- Yukon Exposition, 384 Albany, 40, 108, 131, 137, 241 Albany Congress, 107 Albemarle, 70 Alexandria (Virginia), 109 Alien and Sedition Laws, 166 Allen, Ethan, 125 America: discovery of, 6 origin of name, 9 American literature, 307-310 Americus Vespucius, 9 Amherst, General, 112 Amnesty and pardon (after Civil War), 365 Anderson, Robert, 319, 322 Andre (an'dra). Major, 145 Andros (an'dros), Edmund, 78 Animals of North America, 25 Annapolis, 119 Anthracite coal strike, 403 Antietam, battle, 342 Anti-Trust Law, 392 Appomattox Court-House, 357 Arizona, 384, 385 Arkansas (ar'kan-sa) : carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, 189 its early history, 246, 247 admitted to the Union, 247 secedes from the Union, 323 Army of the Potomac, 328 Arnold, Benedict, 125, 127, 137, 145 Arthur, Chester A., 388, 389 Articles of Confederation, 151-154 Ashburton treaty, 252 Assassination: of Lincoln, 363 of Garfield, 388 of McKinley, 403 Assistance, writs of, 1x5 Astor, John Jacob, 190 Astoria, 190 Atchison (Kansas), 290 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, 384 Atlanta, 354. 417 Austin, Moses, 253 Austin, Stephen, 253 B Bacon's Rebellion, 76 Bad Axe, 266 Balboa (bal-bo'a), 10 Baltimore, Lord, 35 Baltimore: its rank in 1800, 179 attacked by the British, 201 KEY TO PRONUNCIATION! a as in fat. e as in mete. 6 as in note, a " " fate. e " " her. 6 " " move, a " " far. i " " pin. 6 " " nor. a " " fare. i " " pine. u " " tub. e " " met. o " " not. A double dot under any vowel indicates the short «-sound, as in but. u as in mute. ii German ii, French u. oi as in oil. ri French nasal n. ' In accordance with the Century Dictionary. Iv Ivi INDEX Baltimore — Continued : desires the Western trade, 241 begins a great railroad, 24.3 its rank in i860, 300 Northern troops attacked in, 326 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 243 I'anks, national, 360 lianks of the United States: first, 162 second, 235 efforts to reestablish, 252 Baptists, 8s Baton Rouge, 338 Battles, see names of battles, as Antietam, Bunker Hill, etc. Battles (on land) : Antietam, 342 Atlanta, 354 Baltimore, 201 l^ennington, 136 Bladcnsburg, 201 Braddock's defeat, 109 Brandyvvinc, 135 Breed's Hill, i2'6 Bucna Vista (bwa'nii ves'tii), 258 Bull Run, \2y, 342 Bunker Hill, 126 Camden, 144 Cedar Creek, 356 Cerro (jordo (ser'ro gor'do), 258 Chancellorsville, 344 Chapultepec (chii-pol-tepek'), 258 Charleston, 143 Chattanooga, 351 Cherry Valley, 142 Chickamauga, 351 Chippewa, 201 Cold Harbor, 355 Concord, 124 Corinth, 337 Covvpens, 146 Crown Point, 125 Dallas, 354 Dalton, 354 El Caney (el kri-nii'), 400 Fair Oaks, 340 Fort Donelson, 333 Fort Duquesne (dii-kan'), 107, 11: Fort Henry, 333 Fort Lee, 133 Fort McHenry, 201 Fort Washington, 133 Fredericksburg, 342 Gerniantown, 135 Gettysburg, 349 Harlem Heights, 132 Island Number 10, 337 Kenesaw Mountain, 354 King's Mountain, 146 Lexmgton, 123 Long Island, 131 Lookout Mountain, 353 Lost Mountain, 354 Lundy's Lane, 201 Manassas, 327, 342 Manila, 400 Mechanicsville, 341 Mexico City. -259 Missionary Ridge, 353 Molino del Rey (mo-le'no del ra'), 258 Monmouth, 141 Monterey, 258 Murfreesboro, 338 Nashville, 354 New Orleans, 203 Oriskany, 137 Peninsular Campaign, 339-342 Perryville, 338 Petersburg, 356, 357 Philippi, 327 Pittsburg Landing, 336 Port Hudson, 351 Princeton, 134 Resaca (ra-sa'kji), 354 Richmond, 341, 357 San Juan (san ho-an') Hill, 400 Santiago (san-te-a'g6), 401 Saratoga, 137 Savannah, 143, 355 Seven Days, 341 Shiloh, 336 Spottsylvania, 355 Stillwater, 137 Stony Point, 141 Ticonderoga, 125, 136 Tippecanoe, 209 Trenton, 134 Vera Cruz (ve'rii kroz'). 258 Vicksburg, 350, '351 Washington City, 201 White i'lains, 132 Wilderness, 355 Williamsburg, 340 W'inchestcr, 356 W'yoming, 142 Yorktovvn, 146 Battles (on water) : Bon Ilominc Richard (bo-nom' re-shar') and Serapis (se-ra'pis), 143 Chesapeake and Leopard, 193 Constitution and Guerricre, 199 Kearsarge and Alabama, 346 Manila, 400 Merrimac and Monitor. 338 New Orleans (Civil War), 337 Perry's victory on the Lakes, 200 President and Little Belt, 197 Santiago, 401 Tripoli, iqi, 192 Bean, William, 171 Bear State Republic, 259 Beauregard (bo're-gard). General, 327, 316 Bell, John, 296 Bennington, battle, 136 Benton, Fort, 381 Benton, Thomas, 173, 236 Berkeley, William, 69, 75, 77, 84 "Bible Commonwealth," 58 Bienville (byari-vel'), 100 Birds of North America, 25 Bismarck, 381 Blackbeard. 73 T?Iack Hawk Purchase, 264 Black Hawk War. 265 Bladcnsburg, battle, 201 Blaine, James G., 390 Bland-Allison Act. 393 Blockade in the Civil War, 329, 330, 333, ^ 345 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 165 Books, 307 Boone, Daniel, 169, 170, 173 Boonesborough, 170 Booth, John 'Wilkes, 363 Boston : th.e beginnings of, 50 Latin school opened in, 52 opposes Stamp Act, 115 massacre in, 117 INDEX Ivii Boston — Continued : resists tax on tea, iig its harbor closed, 119 evacuated by the British, 128 its opposition to Fugitive-Slave Law, 28Q its population in 1800, 179; its rank in i860, 300 great fire in, 370 Boulder (Colorado), 378 Bowling Green (Kentucky), 33$ Braddock, General, 108, 109 Bradford, William, 48 Bragg, General, 338, 351 Brandywine, battle, 135 Branford (Connecticut), 58 Brazil, 9, 15 Breckenridge, John C, 296 Breed's Hill, ij6 Brewster, William, 47 Brock, General, 199 Brooklyn Heights, 131 Brooks, Preston, 290 Brown, General, 201 Brown, John, 290, 295 Brush, Charles F., 415 Bryan, William Jennings, 397, 402, 407 Bryant, William Cullen, 308, 310 Buchanan, James, 292, 319 Buell, General, 336, 338 Buena Vista (bwa'na ves'ta), 258 Buffalo (New York), 241, 242, 403 Buffaloes, 26, 272 Bull Run, 327, 342 Bunker Hill, 126 Burgesses, House of, 34 Burgoyne (ber-goin'). General, 136-13S Burlington (Iowa), 264 Burnside, General, 342 Burr, Aaron, 186, 194 Butler, B. F., 390 Butler, Senator, 291 Cabinet, the first, 160 Cable, Atlantic, 413 Cabot. John, 16, 41, loi Cabral (ka-bral'), 15 Calhoun, John C. : of Scotch-Irish descent, 173 candidate for President, 227 opposes the Compromise of 1850, 283 sketch of his life, 284 his character and death, 285 California: visited by Drake, 20 Russians build a fort in, 226 Polk desires to possess, 256 ceded to the United States, 259 mission life in, 269 discovery of gold in, 270 routes to, 270-272 becomes a State, 272 debate about the admission of, 282-28 Calvert, Cecil, 36 Calvert, George, 35 Calvert, Leonard, 35 Cambridge (Massachusetts), 55 Canada, 17, 94, 199, 281 Canals: the Erie, 240-242 the Pennsylvania, 242 the Sault Ste. Marie, 267 the Panama, 404-406 Capital, the national, 139, 159, 162, 186 Carleton, General, 131, 136 Carlisle (Pennsylvania), 349 Carolinas, the, 69-73 Carpet-baggers, 369 Carroll, Charles, 243 Carteret, George, 44 Cartier (kar-tya'), Jacques, 17 Carver, John, 48 Cass, Lewis, 245, 276 Catholics, 36, 85, 269 Censure of Jackson, 236 Census, 179 Centennial Exposition, 370 Center of population, 301 Cerro Gordo (ser'ro gor'do), battle, 258 Cervera (thar-va'ra), Admiral, 400, 401 Chadds Ford, battle, 135 Chambersburg (Pennsylvania), 349, 356 Champlain, Samuel, 39, 94 Champoeg (sham-po'eg) (Oregon), 255 Chancellorsville, battle, 343-345 Chapultepec (cha-p61-te-pek'), battle, 259 Charles I, 51, 75 Charles II, 43, 64, 76, 78 Charleston: founding of, 71, 72 resists the tax on tea, 119 surrenders to the British, 143 in 1800, 179 opposes the Tariff of Abominations, 229 during the Civil War, 319, 321 Charlestown (Massachusetts), 50, 123, 126 Charlotte (North Carolina), 358 Charter Oak, 78 Chattanooga, battle, 351 Cherokees, 247 Cherry Valley, battle, 142 Chesapeake, the, 193 Chester (Pennsylvania), 65 Cheyenne (shi-en') (Wyoming), 379 Chicago: Fort Dearborn the original site of, 210 its early history, 268 its rapid growth, 269 great fire in, 370 World's Fair held in, 394 riots in, 395 Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, 267 Chickamauga, battle, 351 Chickasaw Indians, 247 Chillicothe (chil-i-koth'e) (Ohio), 176^ 206 Cliippewa, battle, 201 Choctaw Indians, 247 Church of England, 46, 50, 51, 84, 85 Cibola (se'bo-la), seven cities of, 14 Cincinnati, 175, 178, 301 Cities: in 1800, 179 in i860, 300 in 1910, 418 Civil Rights Bill, 366, 367 Civil Service Commission, 389 Civil War : beginnings of, 314-323 the principal events of, 325-357 the results and cost of, 358-361 (for a full analysis of the war see Re- view of Great Subjects, under head- ing Wars other than Indian) Claiborne, William, of Virginia, 36 Claiborne, William, of Louisiana, 214 Clark, George Rogers, 142, 173 Clark, \\'illiam, 189, 255 Clay, Henry: sketch of life, 228 Iviii INDEX Clay, Henry — Continued : candidate for President, 227, 235, 236, 276 li;s compromise tariff, 23$ his compromise of 1850, 283 his character and death, 285 Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 404 Clermont, the, 208 Cleveland (Ohio), 176, 178 Cleveland, Grover: sketch of his life, 390 first administration, 390, 391 second administration, 393-395 Clinton, De Witt, 241 Clinton, Sir Henry, 141, 143 Coal, 299 Coal strike, 403 Cockburn (ko'bern). Admiral, 201 Coinage, gold and silver, 392, 393 Cold Harbor, battle, 355 Colleges and universities, 84, 183, 306, 416 Colonies: location of the English colonies, 30 their condition in 1700, 80-86 growth between 1700 and 1740, 87-93 their quarrel with the mother country, 1 14-126 declare their independence, 128 secure their independence, 147 Colorado: carved out of the Louisiana Purchase (in part), 189 its early settlement, 378 becomes a State, 378 irrigation in, 379 Columbia, District of, 283 Columbia (Pennsylvania), 242 Columbia (South Carolina), 234 Columbia River, 190 Columbus, Christopher: birth and youth of, i his notions about the earth, 4 plans for a westward voyage, 4, 6 Iiis first great voyage, s, 6 later voyages, 6 his achievements, 7 Columbus (Kentucky), 333, 337 Columbus (Ohio), 239 Commerce: in 1800, 181 harassed by England and France, 191- 193, 106 commercial independence, 204 trade routes between the seaboard and the West, 240-244 between 1800 and i860. 299 Interstate Commerce Act, 391 Anti-Trust Law, 392 Rate Law of 1906, 406 progress in, since i860, 410, 412-415 "Common Sense," written by Thomas Paine, 129 Compromises: Missouri, 223, 224, 288 tariff of 1832, 23s of 1850, 282-284 Crittenden, 317 Comstock mine, 375 Concord, battle, 124 Confederate States of America, 317 Confederation, Articles of, 151-154 Congregational Church, 85 Congresses: Albany, 107 Congresses — Continued : Stamp Act, 116 rirst Continental, 122 Second Continental, 125, 151-154 under the Constitution, 156 Connecticut: settlement of, 55-58 joins New England Confederation, 60 refuses to surrender charter, 78 population in 1700, 82 sends delegates to Stamp Act Congress, 116 did not form a new constitution, 150 secures a slice of the Northwest Terri- tory, 154 opposed to the War of 1812, 198 Constitution, the, its battle with the Guerridrc, 199 Constitution, the first written, 57 Constitution of the United States: its formation, 154-157 ratified by the States, 156 how it differs from the Articles of Con- federation, 156, 157 amended, 365, 366 Constitutional Union party, 296 Constitutions, State, 150 Cook, F. A., 408 Cooper, James Fenimore, 308 Cooper, Peter, 244 Corinth, 336, 337 Corn, 28, 179, 211, 299, 411 Cornwallis, General, 134, 143, 146 Coronado (ko-ro-na'do), 14 Corporations, 392 Cortes (kor-tas'), Hernando, 12 Corydon (kor'i-don) (Indiana), 209 Cotton, 180, 246, 299, 411, 417 Cotton-gin, 180 Cowpens, battle, 146 Crawford, William, 227 Creeks, 216, 247 Crittenden Compromise, 317 Cromwell, Oliver, 75 Crown Point, 112, 125 Crystal Palace, 287 Cuba, 6, 398 Cumberland (Maryland), 109, 207 Cumberland Ciap, 170, 333 Custer, General George, 382 Da Gama (da ga'ma), Vasco, 4 llakotas, 382, 383 Dale, Thomas, 34 Dallas, battle, 354 Dallas (Texas), 385 Dalton (dal'ton), battle, 353, 354 Dare, Virginia, 21 Davenport, John, 58 Davenport (Iowa), 264 Davis, Jefferson: President of the Confederate States, 318 his life and character, 319 demands the surrender of Sumter, 321 removes with his cabinet to Charlotte. N. C, 3.s8 is captured, 358 not brought to trial, 365 Dayton (Ohio), 176, 251 Dearborn, Fort. 210 Debs, Eugene V., 406, 407 Debt, national, 161, 360 INDEX lix Decatur, Stephen, 192 Declaration of Independence, 128-130 Deerfield (Massachusetts), 99 De Grasse (de gras'), Count, 146 De Kalb (de kalb). General, 144 Delaware: named after Lord Delawarr, 33 claimed by the Swedes and the Dutch, 62 transferred to the Duke of York, 63 sold to William Penn, 63 refuses to send delegates to the Penn- sylvania Assembly, 66 sends delegates to Stamp Act Congress, 116 remains in the Union, 323 not affected by the Emancipation Proc- lamation, 342 Delawarr, 34 De Leon (da la-6n'), 32 Democratic party, 163, 186, 296 Denver, 378 Des Moines (de moin'), 265 De Soto (da so'to), 13 Detroit, 142, 164, 199, 201, 245 Dewey, Admiral George B., 399, 401 Diaz (de'as), Bartholomeu, 3 Dictionary, Noah Webster's. 310 Dingley Tariff, 398 Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia, 105, 106 District of Columbia, 283 Donelson, Fort, 333 Dorchester Heights, 128 Dorr's Rebellion, 251 Douglas, Stephen A., 288, 293, 295, 296 Dover (New Hampshire), 53, 98 Dow, Neal, 388 Drake, Sir Francis, 19, 21 Dred Scott decision, 292, 293 Drummond, William, 70 Dubuque (do-buk'), 264 Duluth (du-16th'), 267, 381 Duquesne (dii-kan'). Fort, 107, 11 1 Dutch: in Connecticut valley, 41, 55 in New York, 38-44 claim Delaware, 62 lose their possessions in Delaware, 62 see also Holland Elmira (New York), 142 Emancipation Proclamation, 342, 343 Embargo Act, 193, 204, 299 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 308 Endicott, John, 49 England: claims part of the New World, 15-17 strengthens her navy, 19 defeats the Spanish Armada, 20 first attempts to plant colonies in tlie New World, 20-22 in possession of the Atlantic coast, 30, 4.3 a rival of France, 96, loi struggles for the possession of Fort Duquesne, 107, 109 declares war upon France. 109 drives France from America, 113 quarrels with her colonies, 1 14-120 revolt of the colonies, 125-147 loses the colonies, 147 unfriendly conduct of, 196, 197 wages war with the United States, 197- 203 supports the Monroe Doctrine, 226 her claims to Oregon, 255, 256 her conduct during the Civil War, 330 her course in respect to Venezuela, 395 Episcopal Church, 46, 50, 51, 84, 85 "Era of Good Feeling," 221 Ericson, Leif, 16 Erie Canal, 240-242, 245 Erie (Pennsylvania), 102 Erskine, tlie British minister, 196 Expansion, table showing, 260 Expenses: of the Revolutionary War, 149 of the Civil War, 359 Exposition: Alaska-Yukon, 384 Atlanta, 417 Centennial, 371 Crystal Palace, 287 Jamestown, 417 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 404 New Orleans, 417 Pan-American, 403 St. Louis, 404 World's Columbian, 394 Express companies, 312 Extension of the United States, 260 (table) Early, General, 356 Earth, notions about its size and shape, 2, 4 Earthquake at San Francisco, 407 Eaton, Theophilus, 58 Edict of Nantes, 71 Edison, Thomas A, 415 I'^ducation: in New England in colonial times, 52 in the colonies generally, 84 encouraged by the Ordinance of 1787, 174 in 1800, 183 progress in, between 1800 and 1860, 304-307 progress in, since i860, 410, 416 El Caney (el ka-na'). 400 Electoral Commission, 372 Electricity, 108, 184, 415 Elizabeth, Queen, 21 Elizabethtown (New Jersey), 44 Elkton (Maryland), 135 Ellsworth. Oliver, 155 Fair Oaks, battle, 340 Fallen Timbers, battle, 176 Farragut (far'a-gut). Admiral, 337, 338 Federalist party, 163, 166, 203 Field, Cyrus W., 413 Fifteenth Amendment, 366 Filipinos (fil-i-pe'noz), 402 Fillmore, Millard, 276, 277, 278 Fires, great: in Boston, 370 in Chicago, 370 Fishes of North America, 25 Fishing, 83 Fitch, John, 208 Florida : discovered by De Leon, 12 given to Spain by treaty of 1783, 147 purchased from Spain, 222, 223 admitted to the Union, 254 secedes from the Union, 317 Ix INDEX Flyingmacliines, 4:5 Footc, Cumiiiodore, 334, 337 Forbes, General, 1 1 1 Forests, J3 Forks of the Oliio, 10=; Forts, see names, as Fort Donelson, Fort Harniar, etc. Forts : Benton, 381 Crown Point, 112, 125 Dearborn, 210 Detroit, 199 Donelson, 333 Duquesne (du-kan'), 107, iii Erie, 102 Harniar, 174 Henry, m Jackson, 337 Leavenworth, 259 Lee, 133 Loiiisburg, loi, 112 Maiden, 199 McHenry, 201 Mimms, 217 Monroe, 358 Niagara, 1 1 1 Pillow, 337 St. Philip, 337 Smith, 248 Stony Point, 141 Sumter, 319, 321, 322 Ticonderoga, 125 Washington, 133 Wayne, 176 Worth, 38s Fourteenth Amendment, 366 h" ranee: claims part of the New World, 17 gains possession of the St. Lawrence region and of the Mississippi valley, ■ 30, 94-96 makes enemies of the Iroquois, 39 a rival of England, 96 claims the Ohio valley, loi driven from America, 113 makes a treaty of alliance with the L^nitcd States, 139 desires the support of the United States, ■63 her unfriendly condvict toward tlic United States, 165 sells Louisiana to the United States, 187 continues to harass American com- merce, 197 in Mexico, ^67 Franklin, Benjamin: his life up to 1754, 108 in the Second Continental Congress, 125 helps to carry through the- treaty of 1783, 147 ^ . . , ^ a member of the Constitutional Con- vention, 155 I'ranklin (Pennsylvania), 102 Franklin, tlie State of, 173 l-'redericksburg, battle, 342 I'reedmen's Bureau, 365, 367 Free-Soil party, 276 Fremont, John C, 259, 292 French, the, sec France French and Indian War, 109-113 I'riends, Society of, 63 Frontenac (front-nak'), governor of Can- ada, 98 Frontier Line: what is meant by, 80 in 170a, 81 in 1740, 92, oi in 1800, 178 ih 1820, 219 in 1840, 248 ]-"ugitive-Slave Law of 1850, 284, 287, 289 Fugitive-slave laws, 281, 282 Fulton, Robert, 208 Fur trade, 30, 39, 55, 62, 83, 94, 190 Gadsden Purchase, 260 Gage, General, 122, 123 Galiipolis (gal-i-p6-les') (Ohio), 175 Galveston, 385 Gama (gii'ma), \'asco da, 4 Garfield, James A., 388 Garrison, William Lloyd, 280, 281, 365 Gas, 184, 312 Gates. General, 137, 140, 14^, 144 Genet (zhe-na'), French minister, 163 Geneva Award, 346 Genoa, i George II, 89 George III, 117, 118, 129 Georgia: settlement of, 89 becomes a royal colony, 90 during the Revolution, 143 secedes from the L^nion, 317 during the Civil War, 354, 355 Germans, 87, 91, 262 Germantown, battle, 135 Gerry, Klbridge, 155 Gettysburg, battle, 349-350 Ghent, treaty of, 203 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 20 Gold, discovery of: in California, 270 in Colorado, 378 in Montana. 380 Gorges (^or'jez), Ferdinando, 54 (lOrton, Samuel, 60 Government: in the colonies, 34, 36, 49, 51, 52, 58, 66, 85 of the United States, :5i-i57, 159-161 of a Territory, 174 the pcojtle the masters of, 231 of the Confederate States, 317 Grand Model, the, 70 Grant, General U. S. : his life up to i860. 334-335 captures I-ort Donelson, 334 at Shiloh, 336 at N'icksburg, 351 at Chattanooga. 353 in command of all the armies of the LTnitcd States, 353 agrees with Sherman upon a plan of campaign, 354 sets out to capture Richmond, 355 in the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania, 355 at Cold Harbor, 355 lays siege to Petersburg, 356 captures Petersburg and Richmond, 357 receives the surrender of Lee's army, 357 elected to the Presidency, 369 what he thought of the "spoils sys- tem," 389 INDEX Ixi Gray, Robert, 254 Great Lakes, 199, 241, 244, 383 Great Law, Perm's, 66 Greeley, Horace, 369 Greenback party, 371 Greenbacks, 359, 360 Green Bay (\Visconsin), 248, 266 Greene, Nathanael, 127, 133, 146 Green Mountain Boys, 125 Guadalupe (gwa-da-16'pa) Hidalgo (e-dal'- go), 259 Giterriere (gar-ryar')and Constitution, 199 (iuilford (Connecticut), 58 Guthrie (Oklahoma), 385 H Hackensack (New Jersey), 132 Half-Moon, the, 38 Halleck, General, 337 Hamilton, Alexander: a member of the Constitutional Con- vention, 155 his life and public services, 161 establishes the Bank of the LTnited States, 162 leader of the Federalist party, 163 killed by Burr in a duel, 194 Hampton Roads, 338 Hancock, Tohn, 123, 125 Hancock, "W. S., 388 Hardships of the New World, 29 Harmar, Fort, 174 Harper's Ferry, 29s Harrisburg (Pennsylvania), 349 Harrison, Benjamin, 391-393 Harrison, William H., 208, 209, 25a, 251 Harrod, James, 170 Harrodsburg (Kentucky), 170 Hartford, 42, 56, 77, 78, 84 Hartford Convention, 202 Harvard College, 52, 84 Havana, 399 Hawaiian Islands, 402 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 308, 309 Hay-Pauncefote (pans'fiit) treaty, 405 Hayes, Rutherford B., 371-373 Hayne, Senator, 232 Helena (hel'e-na) (Montana), 381 Henry, Fort, battle, m Henry, Patrick, 116, 125 Herkimer, General, 137 Hessians, 129, 133 Hoboken (ho'bo-ken) (New Jersey), 44 Hobson, Lieutenant, 400 Hoe printing-press, 312 Holland: begins settlements around New York Bay, 40 the Pilgrims in, 46 sec also Dutch Hollidaysburg (Pennsylvania), 242 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 308, 310 Homestead Act, 375' Hood, General J. B., 354 Hooker, General Joseph, 342, 344, 353 Hooker, Thomas, 55 Houston, Samuel, 173, 253 Houston (Texas), 385 Howe, Elias, 302 Howe, General, 126, 128, 131, 133, 137, 138 Hudson, Henry, 38-41, 62 Hudson River, 38, 40, 131 Huguenots, 17, 71 31 Hull, Isaac, 199 Hull, William, 199, 244, 245 Huntsville (Alabama), 218 Hutchinson, Anne, 59 I Idaho: a part of the Oregon country, 256 admitted as a State, 383 its resources, 383 Illinois: a part of the Northwest Territory, 154 its early history, 210 becomes a State, 210 life in the early days, 211 its rapid growth, 248 Immigration, 87, 262, 410, 418 Impeachment of Johnson, 367 Impressment, 164, 193, 197, 204 Income Tax, 394 Independence, Declaration of, 128-130 Independence (Missouri), 271 Independent treasury, 237 Indiana: a part of the Northwest Territory, 154 its early history, 208-210 becomes a State, 210 its rapid growth, 248 its public-school system, 305 Indianapolis, 210, 239 Indians: how they received their name, 6 trails made by, 24 found in all parts of the New World, 26 their government, religion, and occupa- tions, 27 their methods of warfare, 28 Iroquois tribe, 27, 39, loi, 109 in Virginia, 33, 76 in New England, 48, 56, 77 in New York, 27, 39, loi, 109 their treaty with Penn, 67 their relations with the French, 95 in the French and Indian War, 109 in the War of the Revolution, 142 to be justly treated, 174 in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, 176, 207, 210 Creeks, 217 Seminoles, 222 their removal from the South, 247 in the Oregon country, 255 in Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, 264-267 Sioux, 266, 382 in California, 269 reservations, 382 see also names of Indian chiefs and Indian wars Indian Territory, 385 Initiative and referendum, 386 Interstate Commerce Act, 391 Interstate Commerce Commission, 391, 406 Intolerable Acts, 119, 122 Inventions, 30i-303> 312, 413 Invincible Armada, 20 Iowa (i'6-wa) : carved out of Louisiana Purchase, 189 early history of, 263-265 becomes a State, 265 its farm products, 267 a free State, 314 Irish, 262. See also Scotch-Irish Ixii INDEX Iron manufacture, 299 Iroquois, 27, 39, lOl, 109 Irrigation, 274, 379 Irvinp, Washington, 308 Irwinville (Georgia), 358 Island Number 10, 337 Tohnson, Sir William, iii 'fohnston, Albert Sidney, 336 Johnston, Joseph li., 340, 354, 357 Johnstown (Pennsylvania), 243 Jones, John Paul, 142 Jackson, Andrew: of Scotch-Irish descent, 173 at New Orleans, 203 defeats the Seniinoles, 222 defeats the Creeks, 217 candidate for President, 227 elected President, 230 his character, 230-231 a man of the people, 231 introduces the "spoils system," 232 opposes nullification, 234 opposes the Bank of the United States, 235 defeats Clay for the Presidency, 236 retires to private life, 237 Jackson, Stonewall : of Scotch-Irish descent, 173 in the Shenandoah valley, 341 at Chancellorsville, 344 his death, 345 Jackson (Michigan), 291 James I, 31, 46 Tames II, 78, 79, 98 Jamestown, 31-3S. VI Jay, John: a member of the Second Continental Congress, 125 helps to carry through treaty of 1783, 147 first Chief Justice of the United States, 160 negotiates treaty with England, 164 Jefferson, Thomas: writes Declaration of Independence, 129 a member of Washington's first cabi- net, 160 favors location of capital on the Poto- mac, 162 the leader of the Democratic party, 163 his political principles, 186 his election and inauguration, 187 purchases Louisiana. 187-189 sends out Lewis and Clark expedition, 189 wages war with Tripoli, 191 has trouble with England and France, 192, 193 brings Aaron Burr to trial, 194 refuses a third term, 194 supports Madison for the Presidency, 196 what he said about Monroe, 221 what he said about the Missouri Com- promise, 224 what he said about Andrew Jackson, 230 opposed to slavery, 280 his opinion in respect to Cuba, 398 Jefferson City (Missouri), 219, 239 } Jefferson Territory, 378 Jesuits, 95, 269 ohn Brown's Raid, 295 ohnson, Andrew: his life and character, 364 his administration, 364-369 impeachment of, 367 Kansas: explored by Coronado, 14 carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, 189 organized as a Territory, 288 the struggle over slavery, 288-290 admitted as a State, 290 Kansas City, 248, 271, 384 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 287-289 Kaposia (Minnesota), 267 Kaskaskia (Illinois), 142, 210 Kearney, Stephen. 259 Kearsarge, the, 346 Kcnesaw Mountain, battle, 354 Kentucky: its early settlement, 1 69-171 becomes a State, 171 demands the open navigation of the Mississippi, 188 its soldiers at the battle of New Or- leans, 203 its growth, 248 remains in the L^nion, 2i~i not affected by the Emancipation Proclamation, 343 Kentucky Resolutions, 166, 203 Key, Francis Scott, 202 King, Rufus, 155 King Cieorge's War, 100 King Philip's War, 77 King William's War, 98 King's Mountain, battle, 146 Kirkland (Ohio), 274 Know-Nothing party, 292 Knox, Henry, 127, 160 Ku-Klux (ku'kluks) Klan, 370 Labor, the New World a place for, 28 Lafayette, General, 140, 146 Lancaster (Pennsylvania), 135 Lands, public, 154, 206, 262, 306, 375 La Salle (la sal'). Robert, 95. 96 Lawrence (Kansas), 290 haivrcncc, the, 200 Leavenworth, Fort, 259, 290 Lebceuf (le-bef), 102 Leconipton (le-komp'tqn) (Kansas), 290 Lee, General Charles, 133, 141 Lee, Jason, 255 Lee, General Robert E. : captures John Brown, 295 his life up to 1862. 340-341 appointed to succeed General Johnston, -■'40 in the Penmsular Campaign, 341 at Manassas, Antietam, and Fredericks- burg, 342 at Chancellorsville, 344 invades Pennsylvania, 349 returns to \'irginia, 350 fights with Grant at Spottsylvania and in the Wilderness, 355 defeats Grant at Cold Harbor, 35s defends Petersburg, 357 surrenders to Grant at Appomattox, 3S7 INDEX Ixiii Legislature, first American, 34 Leopard, the, 193 Lewis, Meriwether, 189, 555 Lewis and Clark expedition, i8g Lewis and Clark Exposition, 404 Lexington, battle, 123 Lexington (Kentucky), 170 Leyden (li'den) (Holland), 46 Liberator, the, 280 Lincoln, Abraham: his life in Indiana and Illinois, 212 his life as told by himself, 293-294 in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, 295 elected President, 296 the effect of his election, 314-316 his inaugural address, 320 not properly supported by the leaders, 321 prepares for war, 321 issues the Emancipation Proclamation, 342 reelected to the Presidency, 363 the assassination of, 363 his mild policy, 364 Lincoln (Nebraska), 377 Line of Demarcation, 15 Literature, American, 307-310 Little Rock, 219 Livingston, Robert, 125, 189 Locke, John, 70 Locomotive, the, 244 Log-cabin campaign, 250 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 308, 310 Long Island, battle, 131 Los Angeles (16s an'he-las), 269, 384 Losses in war: of the Revolution, 149 of the Civil War. 359 Lost Mountain, battle, 354 Louis XIV, 96, 98, 99 Louisburg, 100, 1:1 Louisiana (French) : taken possession of by La Salle, 96 settlements in, 100 purchased by the United States, 187- 189 formal transfer of, to the United States, 215 Louisiana (State) : carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, 189 early history of, 214-215 admitted to the Union, 215 secedes from the Union, 317 Louisiana, District of, 21s Louisiana Purchase, 187-189 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 404 Louisville, 170, 178 Lowell, Francis, 204 Lowell, Tames Russell, 308, 310 Lundy's Lane, battle, 201 Lutherans, 85 Lynn (Massachusetts), 50 Lyon, Nathaniel, 326 M McClellan, General George B.: his operations in West Virginia, 327 organizes the Army of the Potomac, 328 his Peninsular Campaign, 339-342 removed from command, reinstated, and removed again, 342 candidate for President, 363 McCormick reaper, 298 McDowell, General, 327, 328, 341 McIIenry, Fort, battle, 201 Mackinaw (Michigan), 245 McKinley, William: his life, 397 elected President, 397 first administration, 397-402 his reelection, 402 assassination of, 403 McKinley Tariff, 391 Madison, James: a member of the Constitutional Con- vention, 155 his life and character, 196 his trouble with England, 197 opposed to slavery, 280 Magellan, his great voyage, 10-12 Maine: joined to Massachusetts, 54, 79 during the War of the Revolution, 127 joins the Union, 223 Maine, the, 399 Maiden, Fort, battle, 199 Manassas, battle, 327, 342 Manchester (Ohio), 175 Manhattan Island, 40 Manila (ma-ne'la), 400, 402 Mann, Horace, 304, 305 Manufacturing: in the colonies in 1700, 83 in 1800, 181 protection to America, 204 growth of, between 1800 and i860, 299 progress in, since i860, 410, 411 in the South, 417 Marietta (Ohio), 175 Marion, Francis, 143 Markham, William, 65 Marquette (mar-ket'), James, 95 Marshall, James W., 270 Mary, Queen of England, 79 Maryland: founding of, 35-37 religion in, 36, 85 government in, 36, 85 dispute about the boundary line, 64 Huguenots in, 72 population in 1700, 82 during the Revolution, 116, 119, 135, 144 its demands in respect to the North- west Territory, 154 during the War of 18 12, 201 its public-school system, 305 remains in the Union, 323 during the Civil War, 326, 342 not affected by the Emancipation Proc- lamation, 343 Mason, John, 53 Mason and Dixon's Line, 64 Mason and Slidell affair, 330 Massachusetts: settlement of, 49-52 joins the New England Confederation, 60 deprived of its charter, 78 becomes a royal province, 79 population in 1700, 82 during the Revolution, 115, 116, 122, 123-123, 126-128 Tories in. 132 Shays's Rebellion in, 153 opposed to War of 1812, 198 Ixiv INDEX Massachusetts — Continued : cotton manufactures in, J04 in the Civil War, 326 Massacres: Cherry X'allcy, 142 Fort ncarborn, 210 Fort Minims, 217 Custer, 382 Massasoit (mas'a-soit), 48 Maximilian, 368 McTy/!o'ii.'cr, the, 47 Meade, General, ,349 Mechanicsville, battle, 341 Memphis, 337 Mendota (Minnesota), 267 Menlo Park (New Jersey), 415 ^lerit system, 389 Mcrrimac and the Monitor, 338-339 Merritt, General, 400 Methodist missions, 25s Mexico: Cortes in, 12 war with, 256-259 Mexico, City of, battle, 259 Michigan : explored by the French, 94, 96 carved out of the Northw-est Territory, 154 passes into the hands of the British, 199 restored to the United States, 201 its early history, 244, 245 admitted as a State, 245 the Republican party in, 291 higher education in, 307 Miles, General, 401 Milford (t"onnecticut), 58 Milwaukee, 266, 267 Mimms, Fort, 217 Mining, 412 Minneapolis, 267 Minnesota: carved out of the Northwest Territory (in part), 154 and out of the Louisiana Purchase (in part), 189 early history of. 266 its wonderful growth, 267 admitted to the Union, 267 its resources, 268 a free State, 314 Minuit (min'u-it), Peter, 40, 62 "Minute-men," 123 Miquclon (mek-lon'), 113 Mission life in California, 269 Missionary Ridge, 353 Mississippi: early history of, 215-218 admitted to the Union, 218 a cotton-growing State, 246 secedes from the Union, 317 in the Civil War, 350, 351 Mississippi River, 13, 96, 188, 333, 337. 353 Mississippi valley, 99 ^Iissouri (.State): carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, 189 early history of, 218, 219 debate over admission of, 223 admission of. 219, 223 remains in the LTnion, 323 during the Civil W'ar, 326 not affected by the Emancipation Proc- lamation. 343 Missouri Compromise, 223, 22^, 288, 293 Missouri River, ^81 Mobile. 218 Mohawk valley, 87, 137 Molino del Rey (mo-le'no del ra'), battle, l\Io)iilt>r and the Mcrrimac, 338-339 Monmouth, battle, 141 Monroe, l-'ortress, 339, 358 Monroe, James, 189, 221, 222, 226 Monroe Doctrine, 225-227, 368, 395 Montana: carved out of the Louisiana Purchase (in part), 189 beginnings of, 380, 381, 382 admitted as a State, 382 its resources, 383 Montcalm, General, 112 Monterey (mon-te-ra') (California), 269 Monterey (mon-ta-ra') (Mexico), battle, 258 ' Montgomery, Richard, 127 Montgomery (Alabama), 317 .Morgan, Daniel, 127, 137 Mormons, 274, 380 Morrill Tariff Hill, 359 Alorristown, 134 Morse, S. F. B., 301 Murfreesbdro, 338 N Nantes (nants). Edict of, 71 Napoleon III, 368 Nashville, 178; battle. 354 Natchez, 100, 218 National banks, 360 National Republican party, 235 National Road, 207, 239 Native American party, 292 Nauvoo (Illinois), 274 Naval warfare: in the Revolution, 142, 143 in the War of 181 2, 199-201 in the Civil War, 338, 339, 345. 346 Navigation laws, 76 Nebraska: carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, 189 organized as a Territory, 288, 377 admitted as a State, 377 its growth, 378 Nevada, 375 New .\msterdam, 41, 43 New England: early fishing-stations along coast of, 23 name given by Smith, 48 slavery in, 82 education in, 84 religion in, 85 attacked by Canada, 99 opposed to War of 1812, 198 sends delegates to Hartford Conven- tion, 202 manufacturing in. 204 New England Confederation, 60 New Hampshire. 52-54. 82 New Haven, 57 New Jersey: its settlement, 44, 45 religion in, 85 during the Revolution, 116, 132-134, 141 Tories in. 132 New Mexico: explored by Coronado, 14 INDEX Ixv New Mexico — Continued: a part of the Mexican Cession, 259 how it was atTected by the Compromise of 1850, 283 awaits admission to the Union, 385 New Netherland, 4.1-43 New Northwest, 380-384 New Orleans: founding of, 100 claimed by the United States as a place of deposit, 188 battle of, 203 its growth, 208, 215, 301 falls into the control of Union forces, exposition in, 417 Newport, Captain, 31 Newport (Rhode Island), 60 New South, 416 New Southwest, 384-386 Newspapers, 183, 312 New Sweden, 62, 63 Newton (New York), 142 New West, 375-386 New York (colony and State) : settlement of, by the Dutch, 38-44 is taken by the English, 43 Huguenots in, y2 Germans in, 87 population in 1700, 82 is ravaged by Frontenac's Indians, 98 in the French and Indian War, 1 1 i during the War of the Revolution, 116, 131-133. 136-138, 142 Tories in, 132 opposed to the War of 18 12, 198 builds the Erie Canal, 2^1 growth of western New York, 242 its public-school system, 305 New York (city) : its first name New Amsterdam, 44 during the Revolution, 115, 119, 131, 13^ Washington inaugurated in, 159 its population in 1800. 179; in i860, 300 desires the trade of the West, 241 becomes the national metropolis, 242 Crystal Palace Exposition held in, 287 Niagara, Fort, no, in Niagara Falls, 201 Nolan, Philip, 252 Non-Intercourse Act, 196, 197 North, Lord, 147 North, the: how the balance between North and South was preserved, 224, 225 controls both houses of Congress, 314 on the side of the Union, 32^ its strength, 325 North Carolina: first colony on coast of, 21 settlement of, 69, 70 government in, 70, 73 religion in, 71 becomes a royal province, 73 Scotch-Irish in, 88 during the Revolution, 146 ratifies the Constitution, 156 gives Tennessee to the United States, 173 secedes from the Union, 323 North Castle, i 32 North Dakota: carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, North Dakota — Continued : beginnings of, 380, 381 admitted as a State, 382 wheat-growing in, 383 Northern Pacific Railroad, 381-384 Northwest, the New, 380-384 Northwest Territory : taken possession of by George Rogers Clark, 142 a cement to hold the Union together, 154 government of (Ordinance of 1787), 174 division of, 176, 206, 208 Nova Scotia, 99, :io Nullification, 166, 203, 232-235, 289 O Ogden (Utah), 377 Oglethorpe, James, 8g, 90 Ohio: carved out of the Northwest Territory, 154 early history of, 174-176 demands the open navigation of the Mississippi, 188 becomes a State, 206 life in the early days, 211 the mother of Presidents, 212 its rapid growth, 248 Ohio River, discovery of, 96 Ohio valley, loi, 105, 112, 169, 188 Oklahoma (ok-la-ho'ma) : carved out of the Louisiana Purchase (in part), 189 becomes a Territory, 385 its rapid growth, 385 admitted to the Union, 385 Oklahoma City, 385 "Old Hickory," 236 (jmaha (6'ma-ha), 377 Omnibus Bill, 282-284 Ordinance of 1787, 174 Oregon : claimed by England and the L^nited States, 254, 25s early settlement of, 255 becomes a State, 273 a free State, 314 Oregon, the, 400 Oregon trail, 271 Orient, i, 2, 4 Oriskany (6-ris'ka-ni), 137 Orleans, Territory of, 215 Osawatomie (Kansas), 290 Oswego, 137, 164, 178 Otis, James, 1 15 Pacific Ocean, 10, 11 Paine, Thomas, 129 Pakenham, Sir Edward, 203 Palos (pa-16s'), 5 Panama Canal, 404-406 Panic of 1837, 237; of 1873, 370 Pardon and amnesty, 365 Parker, Alton B., 406 Parliament, 115, 116, 119 Parties, political: beginnings of, 162 Constitutional LTnion party, 296 Democratic party, 163, 186, 296 Free-Soil party, 276 Greenback party, 371 Ixvi INDEX Parties, nolitical — Continued : Know-NothinK party, J92 National Kei)ublican party, 235 Native American party, .'g.> I'eople's party, 397 Prohibition party, 372 Republican party, 291, 296 Social Democratic party, 406 Whig party, 250 Patents, 302, 303 Patroons, 42 Peary, Robert E., 408 Pemaquid (pem'a-kwid), 98 Peninsular Campaign, 339-342 Penn, William, 63-67 Pennsylvania: granted to William Penn, 64 settlement of, 65-67 slavery in, 82 population in 1700, 82 religion in, 85 government in, 85 Germans in, 87 Scotch-Irisii in, 88 during the Revolution, 116, 12%, 134- '36 settlement of western Pennsylvania, 173 builds Pennsylvania Canal, 242 public-school system, 305 during the Civil War, 349, 350, 356 People's party, 397 Pepperell, William, 100 Pequot War, 56 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 200, 20: Perryville (Kentucky), battle, 338 Personal Liberty Laws, 289 Petersburg, siege and battle, 355, 356 Philadelphia: foundmg of, 66 its rapid growth, 67 during the Revolution, 119, 122, 125, '34 Constitutional Convention meets in, 155 its rank in :8oo, 179 establishes a route to the West, 242 its rank in i860, 300 Centennial Kxposition held in, 370 Philippi, battle, 327 Philippine Islands, 11, 399, 402 Phipps, William, 99 Pickett, General, 350 Pierce, Franklin, 287 Pierre (South Dakota), 381 Pike, Zebulon, 190 Pike's Peak, 190, 378 Pilgrims, 46-49 Pinckney, Charles, 165 Pinkney, William, 197 Pirates, 72, 191 Pitcairn, Major, 124, 126 Pitt, William, 1 1 1 Pittsburgh, iii, 173, 243 Pizarro (pi-za'ro), Francis, 12 Plates, the leaden, 102 Plows, 179, 298, 411 Plymouth (town), 49 Plymouth colony, 47-49. 60, 79 Pocahontas, 33, 34 Poe, Kdgar Allan, 308, 310 Pole, North, discovery of, 408 Political parties, see Parties, political Polk, James K.: elected President, 254 sketch of life, 255 claims the Oregon country, 254-256 I'olk, James K. — Continued: brings about the conquest of California, 256-259 Polygamy, 380 Ponce de Leon (pon'tha da la-6n'), 12 Pontiac's Conspiracy, 113 "Poor Richard s Almanack," 108 Pope, General, 337, 342 Popular sovereignty, 288, 295 Population: center of, 301 in cities, 179, 301, ^18 of the colonies, 82, 89 of the I'nited States: in 1790, 178 in 1800, 179 in 1820, 219 in 1840, 248 in i860, 410 in 1880, 410 in 1900, 410 in 1908, 410 Port Hudson, 338, 351 Portland (Oregon), jji, 381, 404 I'orto Rico, 401, 402 Port Republic (\'irginia), 91 Port Royal (Nova Scotia), 99 Portsmoutli (Oliio), 175 Portsmoutli (Rhode Island), 60 Portugal, 4, 15 Post-office, 182, 415 Povvhatan, 33 Prairie du Chien, 248 Preemption Law, 262 Presbyterians, 85 Prescott, William. 126 President, the office of, 156, 159 I'residential electors, 159 Presidential succession, .590 Presidents of the United States, see names of Presidents. For table with dates of terms sec Appendix (p. li). Princeton (New Jersey), battle, 133 I'rinting-press, 312 Progress, table of, 410 Prohibition party, 372 Protection to American industries, 205, 228 Providence, 59 Public lands, 154, 206, 262, 306, 375 Public schools, 304-307 Pueblo (pwcb'16) (Colorado), 190, 378 Puget Sound, 381 Pullman strike, 395 Puritans, 50-52, 85 Put-in-Bay, 200 Putnam, Israel, 127, 131 Quakers, 63, 71, 82, 85 Quebec, 94, 95, 112, 127 Queen Anne s War, 99 Railroads: beginnings of, 243 increase in mileage, 300, 410, 415 transcontinental, 376, 381, 384 Haltimore and Ohio, 244 LTnion Pacific, 376-380 INDEX Ixvii Railroads— Con^t'nued-' Northern Pacific, 381-384 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, 384- 386 Texas and Pacific, 385 electricity used on, 416 Raleigh (ra'li). Sir VValter, 21 Randolph, Edmvind, 160 Rate Law of 1906, 406 "Raven," the, 310 Reapers, 298, 41 1 Reconstruction, the work of, 364-367 Red Wing (Minnesota), 267 Referendum, 386 Religion : religious freedom in Maryland, 36 religious freedom sought by Pilgrims, 47; and by the Puritans, 51 separation of church and state, S9 in the colonies in 1700, 84, 85 the religious services of the Jesuits, 94, 95. 269 Removal: of the Indians, 247 of the troops from the South, 372 Representation: and taxation, 116 offered to the colonies by England, 138 under the Articles of Confederation, 152 under the Constitution, 156 of free and slave States, 224, 225 of the North and of the South in i860, 314 ' according to the Fourteenth Amend- ment, 366 Republican party, 291, 296 Republican party (National), 235 Resaca (ra-sa'ka), battle, 354 Reservations for Indians, 382 Revere, Paul, 123 Revolution, War of the: causes of, 11 4- 120, 129 "opening gun" of, 115 England's action toward, 119 close of, 147 summary of battles of, 149 Rhode Island: founding of, 58-60 allowed to govern itself, 79 its population in 1700, 82 religion in, 85 during the Revolution, 116 did not frame a new constitution, 150 ratifies the Constitution of the United States, 156 opposed to the War of 1812, 198 Dorr's Rebellion, 251 enacts Personal Liberty Laws, 289 Rice, 72 Richmond (Indiana), 239 Richmond (Virginia), 327, 333, 340, 341, 356 Rivers of North America, 24 Road, National, 207, 239 Roads, 24. 182, 207, 239, 240 Roanoke Island, 21 Rochester, 242 "Rock of Chickamauga," 353 Rolfe, John, 34 Roosevelt, Theodore, 401, 402, 403-407 Rosecrans, (ieneral, 338, 351 "Rough Riders," 401 Rumsey, James, 207 Rural Free Delivery, 415 Sacramento, 377 Sacs (saks) and Foxes, 264, 265 St. Augustine, 17, 23 St. Clair, General Arthur, 175 St. John, John P., 390 St. Joseph (Missouri), 248 St. Lawrence River, 17, 94 St. Leger, General, 137 St. Louis (sant 16'is) : the commercial center of the Missis- sippi valley, 219 its rank in i860, 300 the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in, 404 St Mary's (Maryland), 35 St. Paul, 266, 267 St. Pierre (safi pyar') (island), 113 Salem (Massachusetts), 49 Salem (Oregon), 273 Salt Lake City, 274 Sampson, Admiral William, 400, 401 San Antonio (san an-to'ni-o) (Texas), 38s San Diego (san de-a'go), 269 San Francisco, 269, 272, 407 San Jacinto (san ja-sin'to) (Texas), 253 San Jose (san ho-sa'), 269 San Juan (san ho-an') Hill, battle, 400 San Luis Rey (san lo-es' ra') (Califor- nia), 269 San Salvador, 5 Santa Barbara (California), 269 Santa Fe (san'ta fa'), 259, 384 Santa Fe Trail, 271 Santiago (san-te-a'go), battle, 400 Saratoga, battle, 137 Sault Ste. Marie (so sant nia'ri) Canal, 267 Savannah, 89, 90, 143, 178, 355 Schenectady, 40, 98 Schley, Admiral, 401 Schools, public, 304-307 Schuyler, General, 136 Scotch-Irish, 88, 91, 173 Scott, Winfield, 201, 257-259, 287, 321 "Sea of darkness," 3 Seattle, 381, 383. 384 Secession: the first, 317 Davis gives reasons for, 318 Lincoln denies the right of, 320 the second, 323 conditions upon which seceded States were readmitted, 366, 367 Sedition Law, 166 Seminoles, 222 Semmes, Raphael, 346 Servants, indented, 82 Sevier (se-ver'), John, 172 Seward, William H., 321, 363 Sewing-machines, 184, 302 Seymour, Horatio, 369 Shawneetown (Illinois), 210 Shays's Rebellion, 153 Shenandoah valley, 90-93, 341, 356 Sheridan, Philip, 356, 357, 368 Sherman, Roger, 155 Sherman, General W. T. : at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, 353 agrees with Grant on a final plan of campaign, 354 his march upon Atlanta, 354 from Atlanta to the Sea, 355 Ixviii INDEX Sherman, General W. T. — Continued : his march northward, 3ss receives the surrender of Johnston, 357 Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 392, 393 Shiloh Church, battle, 336 Shreveport (Louisiana), 248 Silver: the free coining of silver discontinued, 393 the free-silver campaign,. 397 the production of silver in the United States, 412 Simms, William Gilmore, 300 5jioux (so) Indians, J67, 382 Sixth ^lassachusctts Regiment, 326 Slavery: beginnings of, in \'irginia, 35 in the colonies, -j, 82 prohibited by the Ordinance of 1783, 174, 209, JIG influence of cotton-gin on, 180 in Indiana and Illinois, 208-210 in Missouri, JI9 in the United States in 1820, 223 how the balance between slave states and free states was preserved, 224, 22s strengthened by the admission of Texas and Florida, 254 number of slaves and slaveholders, 277 price of slaves, 278 how slaves were treated, 279, 280 the abolition movement, 280 fugitive-slave laws, 281 the "underground railroad," 281 the Compro.iiise of 1850, 283 the Fugitive-Slave T-aw of 1850, 284 the Kansas-Xebraska Rill, 287-289 the struggle in Kansas over slavery, 289-290 the rise of the Republican party, 291 the Dred Scott decision, 292 the Lincoln-Douglas debates, 293 John Urown's Raid, 295 the presidential election of i860, 296 the question divides the Union, 314-317 attempts to settle the question by the Crittenden Compromise, 317 established in the Confederate States, 318 I'-mancii)ation Proclamation, 342 abolished by the Thirteenth Amend- ment, 36s I'ourteenth Amendment, 366 I'ifteenth Amendment, 366 Slidell, John, 330 Smith, (ireen Clay, 372 Smith, John, 32, 33, 48 Smith, Joseph, 274 Smuggling, 115 Social Democratic party, 406 Society of Jesus, 95, 269 South: how the balance between the North and the South was preserved, 224 the strength of, 325 united with the North, 37s progress in, since the war, 416, 417 South Rend (Ohio), 17S South Carolina: settlement of, 70-72 government of, 73 •during the Revolution, 116, 143 opposes Tariff of Abominations, 229 South Carolina — Continued : nullification movement in, 232-235 secedes from tlie Union, 317 takes possession of the forts in Charles- ton harbor, 319 carpet-bag rule in, 370 South Dakota: carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, 189 beginnings of, 380, 381 admitted into the l7nion, 382 wheat-growing in, 383 Southwest, the New, 384-386 Spain : gives assistance to Columbus, s New World claimed by, 15 destroys F'rench settlements, 17 secures possession of Florida, 13, 30 loses her Invincible Armada, 20 receives Louisiana from France, 113 cedes Louisiana back to 1'" ranee, 187 sells I-"lorida to the L^nited States, 223 at war with the United States, 398-402 Spoils system, 231, 389 Spokane (spo-kan') (\Vashington), 383 Spotswood, Governor of \'irginia, 91 Spottsylvania, battle, 355 Springfield (Massachusetts), 7f "Spy," the, 3:0 "Squatter sovereignty," 288 Stamford (Connecticut), 58 Stamp Act, 115, 116 Stamp Act Congress, 116 Standish, Miles, 48, 52 Stark, John, 127, 136 Star of the West, the, 319 "Star-Spangled Banner," 202 States: constitutions and government of. 151, 15-2 . history of, see under the names of the several States Steam, 184, 310 Steamboats, 207, 208, 3 to, 381 Steuben (stu'ben). Baron, 140 Stockton, Commodore, 259 Stoves, 184. 312 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 308 Strikes, 395, 403 Stuyvesant, Peter, 43, 63 Suffrage, the riglit of, 86, 183, 231, 366, 383 Sullivan, General, 142 Sumner, Charles, 290 Sumter, F'ort, 319, 321, 322 Sumter, Thomas, 143 Supreme Court, 160, 234, 292, 394 Swedes, 62, 63 Syracuse, 242 Tncoma (Washington), 381 Taft, William H., 407 Tariff: the first (1798), 161 of 1816, 204 of Abominations, 228 of 1832, 234 the Morrill, 359 Walker, 359 McKinley, 391 Wilson, 394 383 INDEX Ixix Tariff — Continued: Dingley, 398 Payne, 407 Taxation: of the colonies by England, 114 resistance to, 115, 119 no taxation without representation, 116 under the Articles of Confederation, 152 under the Constitution, 157 on imports, 161 during the Civil ^^'ar, 359 Income Tax, 394 see also under Tariff Taylor, Zachary, 257, 258, 276-278 Tea, tax on, 1 17- 11 9 Teach, Edward, 73 Tecumseh (te-kum'se), 209, 216 Telegraph, 301, 312, 413 Telephone, 413, 415 Tennessee: during the Revolution, 146 early history of, 171-173 becomes a State, 173 demands the open navigation of the INIississippi, 188 in the War of 1812, 203 sends soldiers against the Indians, 218 its rapid growth, 248 secedes from the Union, 323 in the Civil War, 351-354 Tenure of Office Act, 367 Terre Haute (ter'e hot') (Indiana), 230 Territories, history of, see under the names of the several Territories Territory, the government of a, 174 Texas: early history of, 252-254 annexation of, 254 secedes from the Union, 317 development of western Texas, 384, 385 Texas and Pacific Railroad, 385 "Thanatopsis" (than-a-top'sis), 308 Thirteenth Amendment, 365 Thomas, General, 353, 354 Threshing-machines, 298. 411 Ticonderoga, 125, 131, 136 Tilden, Samuel J., 371 Tippecanoe, 209 "Tippecanoe and Tyler too," 251 Tobacco, 34, 179, 298, 411 Tookabatchee, 216 Toombs, Robert, 321 Topeka, 290 Tories, 132, 142 Tory Rangers, 142 Town-meeting, 49 Townshend Acts, 116 Trade, see Commerce Trails, 24 Transportation, see under Canals, Steam- boats, Railroads, Roads Treason, of Arnold, 145; of Burr, 194 Treasury, Independent, 237 Treasury notes, 393 Treaties: Aix-la-Chapelle, loi alliance with France, 139 Clayton-Bulwer, 404 Ghent, 204 Guadalupe Hidalgo, 259 Hay-Pauncefote, 405 Jay's, 164 Oregon, 256 Paris (1763), 112 Treaties — Continued: Paris (1783), 147 Ryswick, 99 Utrecht, 99 Webster-Ashburton, 252 with Spain, 401 with Tripoli, 191 Trent, the, 330 Trent, William, 106 Trenton, battle, 133 Tripoli (trip'6-li), war with, 191 Troy (New York), 38 Trusts, 392 Tyler, John, 251-254 U "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 310 Underground railroad, 281 Union: first step in formation of, 60 second step in formation of, 108 third step in formation of, 116 First Continental Congress (fourth step), 122 Second Continental Congress (fifth step), 12s Declaration of Independence (sixth step), 129 Articles of Confederation (seventh step), 151-154 the Constitution (eighth step), 155-157 Webster's defense of, 232-234, 284 saved by the Civil War, 358 an indestructible Union of indestruc- tible States, 367 strengthened by removal of troops from South, 373 a united people, 388 Union Pacific Railroad, 376-380 United States: independence of, declared, 129 recognized by France, 139 independence secured, 147 new government organized, 160 territorial growth of, 260 a leader among nations, 418 United States notes, 359 Universities and colleges, 84, 183, 306, 416 Utah (u'ta) : early history of, 274 as affected by Compromise of 1850, 283 becomes a State, 380 Utica, 242 Utrecht, treaty of, 99 Valley Forge, 136, 140 Van Buren, Martin, 237, 238, 276 Vandalia (Illinois), 239 Venango (Pennsylvania), 102 Venezuela (ven-e-zweTa) boundary dis- pute, 395 Vera Cruz (ve'ra kroz'), battle, 258 Vermont: part of a proprietary grant, 54 Green Mountain Boys of, 125 during the Revolution, 136 admitted to the Union, 171 enacts Personal Liberty Laws, 289 \'^espucius, Americus, 9 X'^icksburg, siege and battle, 337, 350 Vincennes, 142, 208 Ixx INDEX \''inland, 16 N'irginia: origin of the name, 21 founding of tlic colony, .li-.^5 quarrels with Maryland, 36 rule of Berkeley in, 76 Bacon's Rebellion, 76 population of, in 1700, 82 religion in, 84 settles the Shenandoah valley, 91-93 defends her claim to the Ohio valley, 105 sends troops against I'ort Duquesne, 109, III during the Revolution, 116, 120, 146 sends Clark to the Northwest Territory, 142 the Virginia Resolutions, 166 permits Kentucky to separate, 170 the "Mother of Presidents," 212 its public-school system, 305 secedes from the Union, 323 loses West Virginia, 327 during the Civil War, 327, 338-345. 355-358 \'irj:;inia City (Montana), 381 Voting, right of, 86, 183, 231, 366, 383 W Walker Tariff, 359 Walk-in-t he-Water, 245 Walla Walla (Washington), 255 Waltham (Massachusetts), 204 War of 181 2: causes of, 197 battles of, 198-203 results of, 204 AN'arren, General, 126 Wars, see heading Wars in the Review of Great Subjects \\'arwick (Rhode Island), 60 Washington, George: his life up to the year 1753, 105-106 sent to the forts on the ()hio, 106 joins the army of Braddock. 109 marches against Fort Iluquesne, 1 1 1 offers to help Massacliusetts, 120 a member of the Second Continental Congress, 125 placed in command of the American army, 125 takes charge of the army around Bos- ton, 126 fortifies Dorchester Heights, 127 drives the British out of Boston, 128 at first opposed to separation from Eng- land. 128 "the sword of the Revolution," 129 foils the British at New York. 131 at Harlem Heights and White Plains, 132 annoyed by the Tones, 133 loses two forts through the blunders of others, 133 at Trenton and Princeton, 134 in winter quarters at Morristown, 134 at Brandywine and Germantown, 135 in winter quarters at N'allcy Forge, 136 sends Arnold and Morgan against Bur- goync, 137 his trials at X'alley Forge, 140 attacks Clinton at Monmouth. 141 encamps at \\'hite Plains, 141 reprimands and forgfives Arnold, 145 Washington, George — Continued: hurries to Vorktown, where he defeats Cornwallis, 146 chairman of the Constitutional Conven- tion, iss elected as the first President, 159 his inauguration, 160 his cabinet, 160 puts down the Whisky Insurrection, 162 neutral as between France and Eng- land, 163 approves of Jay's treaty, 164 retires to private life, 164 revisits Pittsburgh, 173 desires free intercourse between East and West, 239 opposed to slavery, 280 \X'asliington (city) : how the capital came to be located on the Potomac, 162 the city in 1800, 186 during the War of 1812, 201 during the Civil War, 326, 328, 341, 356 Washington (.State) : a part of the Oregon country, 256 its early history, 382 admitted as a State, 382 its growth and resources, 383, 384 Watauga (wa-ta'g;i) (Tennessee), 172 Wayne, Mad Antliony, 141, 17^, 176 Wealth of the United States, 410, 418 Weaver, James B., 371, 388 Webster, Daniel: what he said about Hamilton, 161 his reply to Hayne, 233 settles boundary between Maine and Canada, 252 supports the Compromise of 1850, 284 his death, 284 Webster, Noah, 310, 312 Webster-Ashburton treaty, 252 West Indies, trade with, 67, 192 West Point, 145 West Virginia: separates from Virginia, 327 admitted to the Union, 327 not affected by the Emancipation Proc- lamation, 343 Westward Movement: first step, 56 in the Shenandoah valley, 91-93 in colonial times, 168 into Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Northwest Territory, 169-176 between 1800 and 1820, 206-219 Michigan and Arkansas. 244-246 along the Upper Mississippi and the Upper Great Lakes, 263-269 along the Pacific coast, 269-273 the settlement of Utah, 274 the New West, 375-386 (for further analysis see Review of Great Subjects) Wethersfield (Connecticut), 55, 57 Wheat, 179, 211, 298, 411 Wheeling, 207, 239, 244, 327 Wliig party, 250 Whisky Insurrection, 162 White, John, 21 White Plains, 141 Whitman, Marcus, 255 Whitney's cotton-gin, 180 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 308, 310 Wilderness, the, battle, 35s Willamette (wil-a'met) valley, 255 INDEX Ixxi William III, 79, 98 William and Mary College, 84 Williams, Roger, 58 Williamsburg, battle, 340 Wilmington (Delaware), 62 Wilmot Proviso, 282 Wilson Tariff, 394, 397 Windsor (Connecticut), SS. 57 Winslow, John, 346 Winthrop, John, 50 Wireless telegraph, 413 Wireless telephone, 415 Wisconsin : explored by the French, 94 a part of the Northwest Territory, 154 early history of, 265 becomes a State, 266 its resources, 267 a free State, 314 Wolfe, James, 112 Woman suffrage, 383 W'ood, Leonard, 401 World's Columbian Exposition, 394 Writs of Assistance, 115 Wyandotte (Kansas), 290 Wyoming (wi-6'ming) : carved out of the Louisiana Purchase (in part), 189 its early history, 379 admitted as a State, 379 Wyoming (Pennsylvania), 142 X-rav, 416 X. Y. Z. affair, 165 Yale College, 84 Yankton, 381 York, Duke of, 43, 66 Yorktown battles, 146, 340 Young, Brigham, 274 Zanesville (Ohio), 239