ER 
 
Qass. 
 Book. 
 
 // 6 
 
 iQh 
 
Issued January 25, 1913. 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
 FOREST SERVICE. 
 
 HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 FOR 
 
 THE SCALING AND MEASUREMENT 
 OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1915 
 
e>^ 
 
 
 0. OF 
 
 FEB 12 1915 
 
\? 
 
 t CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 1. The scaling and measurement of Xatiunal Forest timber. ., 7 
 
 Regulation on scaling.. 7 
 
 Use of customary commercial units 7 
 
 2. Scaling logs 8 
 
 Policy 8 
 
 Scale of timber in the log 8 
 
 Use of mill checks 9 
 
 Defects in the log which reduce the scale 9 
 
 Mill overrun 10 
 
 Assurances to purchasers 11 
 
 Definition of merchantable logs 12 
 
 Designation of places for scaling 12 
 
 Frequency of scahng 13 
 
 Requirements of purchasers 13 
 
 The log rule 13 
 
 Log lengths 14 
 
 Allowances for trimming 15 
 
 Measuring, numbering, and stamping logs 15 
 
 Measuring log lengths 15 
 
 Measuring diameters 15 
 
 Numbering logs 15 
 
 Scale book letters 16 
 
 End check on logs 16 
 
 Stamping logs 17 
 
 Check on total number of logs 17 
 
 Deductions for defects. . 17 
 
 Interior defects 18 
 
 General rule 18 
 
 ('enter or circular rot 19 
 
 Ground or stump rot 20 
 
 (circular shake or pitch rings 20 
 
 3 
 
4 CONTENTS. 
 
 2. Scaling logs — Continued. 
 
 Deductions for defects — Continued. 
 
 Interior defects — Continued. Page. 
 
 Pin dote or peck 21 
 
 Check or pitch seam 21 
 
 Cat face 21 
 
 Dote appearing in knots 22 
 
 Worm holes 22 
 
 Side defects 22 
 
 Unsound sap 22 
 
 Checks 22 
 
 Other side defects .' 23 
 
 Minimum length and width of lumber 23 
 
 Curve or s\reep 23 
 
 Crotches 23 
 
 Determining the merchantability of logs 24 
 
 ScaUng green and dead timber 24 
 
 Penalty scale 24 
 
 Settlement of complaints 25 
 
 Check scaling 25 
 
 Mill scale studies 26 
 
 3. ScaUng from the stump 27 
 
 Use of stump scales 27 
 
 In timber trespass 27 
 
 In sales by estimate 28 
 
 4. Cubic measurements , 28 
 
 Policy 28 
 
 Merchantable timber 28 
 
 Requirements of purchasers 28 
 
 Check measurements 28 
 
 Cord measure 29 
 
 Policy 29 
 
 Cord measurements 29 
 
 Stamping and numbering 30 
 
 Cubic foot measure. 30 
 
 Policy 30 
 
 Measurements 30 
 
 Deductions for defect 31 
 
CONTENTS. 5 
 
 Page. 
 
 5. Linear measurements 31 
 
 Policy 31 
 
 Merchantable timber 31 
 
 Requirements of purchasers 32 
 
 Measurement 32 
 
 Board-foot equivalents 33 
 
 Stamping and numbering 33 
 
 Check measurements 33 
 
 Combined linear and diameter measurement 33 
 
 6. Counting 34 
 
 Policy 34 
 
 Merchantable timber 34 
 
 Requirements of purchasers 34 
 
 Stamping and numbering 34 
 
 Check measurements 34 
 
 7. Weighing 35 
 
 8. Records and reports 35 
 
 Scale books 35 
 
 Penalty scale records 36 
 
 Check of scale books 37 
 
 Cutting reports 37 
 
 Penalty scale reports. 38 
 
 Check and record of cutting reports 38 
 
 Scale records for purchasers 38 
 
 Report of timber sold and cut 38 
 
 District forester's monthly report 39 
 
 Annual report 39 
 
 Report on miscellaneous products 39 
 
 9. Appendix 40 
 
 Table 1. — Scribner Decimal C log rule 40 
 
 Table 2. — Cull for rectangular defects 46 
 
 Table 3. — Cull for squared defects 56 
 
 Table 4. — Solid cubic contents of logs 58 
 
 Table 5. — Board foot contents of standard sizes of timber. 61 
 
 Table 6. — Standard converting factors 64 
 
 Table 7. — Converting factors — Chestnut telephone poles . 65 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 9. Appendix — Contiuued. Page. 
 
 Table 8. — Areas of circles 66 
 
 Table 9. — Taper for scaling in maximum lengths of 16 
 
 feet 67 
 
 Table 10. — Taper for scaling in maximum lengths of 32 
 
 feet 68 
 
 Sample page 1, Form 231, saw timber 70 
 
 Sample page 2, Form 231-Dl, saw timber 72 
 
 Sample page 3, Form 631, saw timber 74 
 
 Sample page 4, Form 631, saw timber, summary sheet. . 76 
 
 Sample page 5, Form 231, cubic feet and cords 78 
 
 Sample page 6, Form 648, cord mensm'ement 80 
 
 Sample page 7, Form 651, shingle bolts 82 
 
 Sample page 8, Form 231, telephone poles 84 
 
 Sample page 9, Form 231-Dl, linear feet 86 
 
 Sample page 10, Form 648, mining timbers, ties, and posts. 88 
 Douglas fir log grading rules — 
 
 (1) Of the Puget Sound Log Scaling and Grading 
 
 Bureau 90 
 
 (2) Of the Columbia River Log Scaling and Grading 
 
 Bureau 90 
 
 Western yellow pine log grading rules 91 
 
HE SCALING AND MEASUREMENT OF 
 NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 The following instructions govern the scaling and measurement of 
 National Forest timber. They supplement the National Forest Man- 
 ual and will be followed in the administration of timber sales, tim- 
 ber settlements, timber trespass, free use, and administrative use. 
 Uniform standards and methods are necessary in all National Forest 
 work involving the measurement of timber. It is therefore essential 
 that these instructions be carried out strictly by all Forest officers. 
 
 Unless timber is sold on an estimate in the tree, it must be scaled, 
 counted, or measured before it is removed from the cutting area or 
 from the place designated for scaling. 
 
 Regulation on Scaling. 
 
 The regulation of the Secretary of Agriculture on scaling National 
 Forest timber is as follows: 
 
 REG. S-18. No timber cut under any contract shall be removed 
 from the place designated until it has been scaled, measured, or 
 counted and stamped by a Forest officer, unless such removal is 
 specifically authorized in the agreement. 
 
 No person except a Forest officer shall stamp any timber belong- 
 ing to the United States upon a National Forest with the regula- 
 tion marking ax or any instrument having a similar design. 
 
 The Scribner Decimal C log rule, as used by the Forest Service, 
 is the official rule for scaling National Forest timber. 
 
 Use of Customary Commercial Units. 
 
 National Forest timber will ordinarily be appraised, sold, and 
 measured by the customary commercial units. As the standard 
 practice, saw timber will be scaled by the thousand board feet log 
 scale, railroad ties by the piece of stated maximum and minimum 
 size, mining timbers by the piece or linear foot, telephone poles by 
 the piece of stated length and diameter class, piling by the linear 
 foot, and fuel, shingle bolts, and pulpwood by the cord or its equiva- 
 
 7 
 
8 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 lent in solid cubic feet. Other units may be used for these products, 
 however, when better adapted to local trade customs. 
 
 SCALING LOGS. 
 
 POLICY. 
 
 Scale of Timber in the Log. 
 
 The material purchased in National Forest sales is timber in the 
 log, not manufactui-ed lumber. In its measurement it is necessary 
 to determine the merchantability of the log as a commercial product 
 in itself. Timber will therefore be scaled as far as practicable in 
 accordance with the defects or indications of defect in the log. It 
 will not be scaled in relation to the lumber grades to be manufactured 
 from it or on the basis that only material calculated to produce cer- 
 tain grades of lumber is merchantable. 
 
 "Straight and sound" is an expression common in pai'ts of the 
 United States which indicates a scale based upon the log rather than 
 upon lumber grades. It means the straight and sound material in 
 the log after deductions have been made for visible defects which 
 render parts of the log crooked or unsound. Since this term has been 
 identified with various local standards of utilization, however, it 
 will not be used in defining the basis of scaling adopted by the Forest 
 Service. 
 
 Scaling on the log rather than on lumber grades is the standard 
 practice of the Service for the following reasons: 
 
 (1) The unit of measure is regarded as more stable, with less 
 fluctuation from year to year, than where lumber grades are followed. 
 Greater certainty is thus assured purchasers as to wh at material they 
 will be required to pay for throughout the life of their contracts. 
 
 (2) The basis of scaling is less subject to indi\ddual judgment. 
 It is more readily learned by scalers and more uniformly applied, 
 and hence is more practicable as a common standard for a large num- 
 ber of scalers in timber of varying size and quality. 
 
 (3) Mill tallies are not required for effective application of the 
 scale or to settle complaints by purchasers. The obligation to check 
 the scale by mill studies, which is implied in scaling to certain lum- 
 ber grades, is avoided. The accuracy of the scale is directly and 
 inexpensively determined by a check on the logs themselves. 
 
SCALING LOGS. 9 
 
 Use of Mill Checks. 
 
 At the same time, knowledge of the various lumber grades and 
 of how timber "cuts out" is of great assistance to scalers. The best 
 way to train the judgment in making deductions for particular kinds 
 of defect is to see how defective logs open up in the mill and the 
 actual loss as compared with sound logs of the same size. Frequent 
 mill checks are therefore desirable, not to correct the previous scale, 
 but to train the scaler's judgment in making allowance for various 
 classes of defect. 
 
 In training and instructing scalers, check scaling, settling com- 
 plaints, discussing proposed sales, and other matters of scaling 
 practice, however, scaling to include certfin grades of lumber and 
 exclude other grades will be avoided as far as practicable. 
 
 Defects in the Log which Reduce the Scale. 
 
 Deductions will not be made for defects outside of the cylinder 
 represented by the top end and total length of the log or for defects 
 in the portion of the log which will be slabbed off. Otherwise 
 deductions will be made in Forest Service scaling for all visible 
 defects which will actually reduce the yield of lumber from the log. 
 This includes crooks and any defective or waste material whose 
 presence is plainly indicated on the surface of the log by conks, 
 rotten knots, pitch seams, etc. There must, however, be an un- 
 mistakable surface indication of the defect. The scale should never 
 be reduced simply because the timber is known to be more or less 
 defective, or because hidden defect frequently appears in sawing. 
 
 The total scale of the log will be reduced in each instance by the 
 estimated loss in lumber from the defects present in the cylinder as 
 compared with a sound cylinder of the same dimensions. Reduc- 
 tions will not be made for defects in the swell of the log outside of 
 the cylinder. Scalers should reduce the scale for all other defects 
 regardless of overrun. The total overrun for all sources including 
 taper, based upon the standard Service method of scaling, is ob- 
 tained from mill studies and taken into account in fixing the price 
 of the timber. Overrun should not affect the scale in any manner 
 or influence the scaler in making reductions. Allowance must 
 therefore be made for every defect which will cut down the yield 
 
10 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 of lumber as compared with a sound cylinder of the same length 
 and diameter. Defects outside of the cylinder or which will be 
 slabbed off should be disregarded. 
 
 In applying the foregoing, the shortest length considered in 
 determining the amount of lumber lost on recount of a defect will 
 be the minimum log length of the species stated in the contract. 
 The minimum width will be 4 inches. 
 
 Deductions will not be made for "sound" defects, such as sound 
 knots, however large, and firm red rot, sound blue stain, or other dis- 
 coloration, which affect the grades of lumber but do not reduce the 
 total cut from the log. Deductions will be made only for crooks, 
 curve, or sweep, and for unsound material such as rot, broken-down 
 sap, shake, checks, worm holes, and pitch rings. 
 
 Mill Overrun. 
 
 In making mill checks or more extensive "mill studies," it is of 
 course desirable to compare the total cut of all merchantable grades 
 of lumber with the log scale under the standard Service method; 
 thus determining the overrun. 
 
 Mill overrun is made up of: 
 
 (1) Any saving in saw kerf under one-fourth inch, the kerf upon 
 which the scale rule is based. 
 
 (2) The saving in kerf from cutting dimension stock, timbers, and 
 other materipl over an inch thick, 
 
 (3) Trade practice in cutting lumber of scant thickness. 
 
 (4) Utilization of narrow widths in slabbing, not included in the 
 diagrams upon which the Scribiier scale is based. 
 
 (5) Utilization of short lengths from the swell of logs, not included 
 in the Scribner diagrams. 
 
 (6) Utilization of lumber grades which admit considerable 
 unsound material, rot, broken-down sap, etc., which should be 
 eliminated in the scale. 
 
 The first fiA^e soiu-ces of overrun are obtained from all classes of 
 logs, sound as well as defective. The normal overrun from these 
 sources under the Scribner log scale ranges from 4 to 20 per cent, 
 depending upon the size and taper of the timber. This overrun 
 should be secured under Service scaling in sound timber. In de- 
 fective timber it should be obtained in the grades of lumber admitting 
 
SCALING LOGS. 11 
 
 sound defects — such as sound knots, firm red rot, etc. — for which 
 no deductions are made in the scale . 
 
 Since the scale deducts for all unsound defects visible in the log, 
 except those outside of a cylinder represented by the top end 
 and length and those which will be slabbed off in milling, 
 lumber grades containing considerable amounts of such defect, if 
 such lumber is manufactured, should under accm-ate scaling be 
 largely overrun. Good scaling under the Service standard should 
 thus yield an overrun equivalent to the greater part of the cut of 
 grades which contain considerable quantities of unsound defect in 
 addition to the normal overrun on sound logs. 
 
 The methods of manufacture of particular purchasers will not be 
 taken into account by scalers. No attempt should be made to adjust 
 the scale to losses due to poor equipment or inefficient methods, or 
 to catch up gains from exceptionally close utilization. It is the 
 scaler's function to determine the amount of sound material in the 
 log as uniformly as possible, whatever the overrun may be. 
 
 Assurances to Purchasers. 
 
 No assurances regarding the Forest Service scale should be made 
 to purchasers, except that — 
 
 (1) The Service will give them a scale of the sound material in 
 the log under the Scribner Decimal C rule. The Service practice 
 of reading diameters to the nearest, instead of the next lower, inch 
 should be made clear, together with the requirements governing 
 maximum scaling length, trimming allowance, and penalty for 
 overrunning the trimming allowance, 
 
 (2) The Service will make systematic checks on the local scale 
 by more experienced scalers of special competency. 
 
 (3) The Service will make special check scales by the best men 
 in its organization in case of serious complaint. 
 
 Where mill-scale studies have been made, prospective purchasers 
 may be fm'nished with the results of the Service scale in given 
 classes of timber as to species, size, soundness, etc., and under 
 specified manufacturing methods. The furnishing of such informa- 
 tion should, however, convey no direct or implied guaranty what- 
 soever on the overrun in a proposed scale . 
 
12 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 Assurances to purchasers should be restricted absolutely to those 
 given above. Never should any assurances or promises be made on 
 amount of overrun. 
 Definition of Merchantable Logs. 
 
 Every timber-sale agreement should define exactly the material 
 to be classed as merchantable under its terms. Exceptions to this 
 rule may be made only in rangers' sales where satisfactory stand- 
 ards of utilization have been established. In sales of sawlogs this 
 definition will consist of: 
 
 (1) The minimum length of merchantable logs. 
 
 (2) The minimum diameter at small end. 
 
 (3) A minimum percentage of the gross scale of the log remaining 
 after deductions for visible indications of defect. (See merchant- 
 ability clause, Form 202, Timber Sale Agreement.) 
 
 As rapidly as practicable, standard percentages under No. 3 will 
 1)0 established for each species in each region. These will ordinarily 
 be applied uniformly in sawlog sales. They should be not more 
 than 33J per cent of the gross scale of logs of the more valuable com- 
 mercial species, and not more than 50 per cent of the gross scale of 
 logs of inferior species. 
 
 As rapidly as the necessary data are obtained from mill studies or 
 other thorough investigations, the standard definition of merchant- 
 able logs may include a specific statement of the treatment in Service 
 scaling of common defects or alleged defects in the timber of the 
 region. This makes the work of different scalers more uniform and 
 the Service standard more stable. It is particularly desirable to 
 indicate that no deductions will be made for defects, like firm red 
 rot and firm blue stain in Idaho white pine, which mill studies have 
 shown convincingly do not affect the cut of sound grades of lumber. 
 Designation of Places for Scaling. 
 
 Unless specified in the contract, the places where timber is to be 
 scaled will be designated by the ofiicer in charge of the sale. Such 
 places should be adapted, as far as reasonable economy in scaling 
 will permit, to the practical requirements and methods of operation, 
 so as to impose as little additional cost upon the operator as possible. 
 Scaling will not be done, however, in places or under conditions 
 dangerous to life or limb. 
 
SCALING LOGS. 13 
 
 Frequency of Scaling. 
 
 In small sales the frequency of scaling must be adapted to the rea- 
 sonable requirements of the purchaser. It is desirable to scale only 
 at intervals within which considerable quantities of timber are 
 logged and assembled, such as 15,000 or 20,000 feet. Any such 
 [ueasures to promote economy must, however, be enforced only an 
 far as it is practicable for the purchaser to comply with them . 
 
 In larger sales the most economical plan of scaling should be con- 
 sidered in advance and provided for in the agreement. (See Stand- 
 ard Clauses 29, BO, 31, National Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) Clause 
 31 should be generally used in sales where operations will be con- 
 ducted simultaneously over a considerable area. 
 
 Requirements of Purchasers. 
 
 To permit scaling at reasonable cost, purchasers may be requhed 
 to assemble and hold logs for scaling. This should be covered by a 
 specific clause in the contract. On the other hand, methods of scal- 
 ing should, so far as practicable, be adapted to the operating methods 
 of the purchaser. The decking or skidding of logs solely for scaling 
 is usually unnecessary and should be required only in classes of 
 operations where it is essential for efficient or economical scaling. 
 (See Standard Clauses 29, 30, and 32, p. 27-S of the National Forest 
 Manual.) 
 
 If cutting is to be done on Government and private lands simul- 
 taneously, the purchaser should be required to keep the logs sepa- 
 rate up to the point of scaling. (See Standard Clause 33, National 
 Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) 
 
 The Forest officer in charge should require piles or skidways to be 
 constructed so as to permit economical scaling. 
 
 Where necessary and practicable, the purchaser will be required 
 to mark top ends of logs to avoid question and to expedite scaling. 
 
 The Log Rule. 
 
 All saw timber will be scaled by the Scribner Decimal C log rule. 
 This rule drops the units and gives the contents of a log to the near- 
 est 10 board feet. One cipher added to the sum of the numbers read 
 from the scale stick gives the total scale of the log, except in the case 
 
14 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 of 6-inch logs 6, 7, 8, and 9 feet long and 7-incli logs 6 feet long. 
 The reading for these is 0.5, which multiplied by 10 gives 5 feet as 
 the actual scale. 
 
 Scale sticks for logs of even lengths are furnished in 30, 36, 48, 60, 
 72, and 96 inch lengths. Scale sticks showing odd lengths will be 
 furnished whenever the demand is sufficient to warrant their use. 
 
 In the absence of a scale stick, or where the position of logs in the 
 pile makes its use difficult, their diameters and lengths may be tal- 
 lied and the scale figured from a table later, fair allowance being 
 made for defect. 
 
 Table 1 on pages 40 to 45 of the Appendix gives the contents of 
 logs of both odd and even lengths of 6 to 32 feet and of diameters of 
 6 to 120 inches. One cipher must be added as with the scale stick. 
 
 Log Lengths. 
 
 On all National Forests except those in Alaska and west of the 
 summit of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon, logs 
 over 16 feet in length will be scaled as two or more logs, as far as 
 practicable, in lengths of not less than 12 feet. The diameters of 
 other than the top length should be increased in accordance with 
 the taper of the stick. For example, a 42-foot log 16 inches in diam- 
 eter would be scaled as: 
 
 One 12-foot log with a diameter of 16 inches. 
 One 14-foot log with a diameter of 17 inches. 
 One 16-foot log with a diameter of 19 incites. 
 
 Taper Tables 9 and lO on pages 67 and 68 of the Appendix are to 
 be used simply as a guide, the allowances for taper being varied to 
 conform to the actual taper. 
 
 On the National Forests in Alaska and west of the summit of the 
 Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon, logs up to and in- 
 cluding 32 feet in length will be scaled as one log; lengths from 34 to 
 64 feet, inclusive, will be scaled as two logs as nearly equal in length 
 as possible in even feet. Greater lengths than 64 feet will be scaled 
 as three logs, making the divisions as nearly equal as possible in even 
 feet, and increasing the diameters according to the taper of the log. 
 
 When logs are scaled as two or more logs the scale allowed for the 
 separate lengths will be added and the total recorded as one log. 
 
 The use of logs of odd lengths by purchasers should be encouraged. 
 
SCALING LOGS. * l^ 
 
 I 
 Allowances for Trimming. 
 
 The scaling length clause of Form 202 specifies a definite allow- 
 ance for trimming. This allowance should be adapted to different 
 logging conditions and to large and small timber. Three inches 
 overrun will ordinarily be sufficient for small timber where the 
 danger of brooming is slight; while six inches may be reasonable in 
 sales of large timber or where the danger of brooming in driving or 
 <huting is great. 
 
 MEASURING, NUMBERING, AND STAMPING LOGS. 
 
 Measuring Log Lengths. 
 
 The length of all logs about which there is any question in the 
 mind of the scaler will be measured. In addition, the length of 
 logs in the general run will be measured frequently enough to make 
 sure that the specified trimming allowance is not exceeded. Any 
 logs overrunning the trimming allowance will be scaled to the next 
 foot in length, as outlined under "Penalty scale," page 24. 
 
 Frequent measuring is of special importance in small sales where 
 a scaler is not always present, since sawyers are more apt to be lax 
 than when the lengths are checked daily by a Forest officer. 
 
 Measuring Diameters. 
 
 All diameters will be measured inside the bark at the top end of 
 the log. If logs are not round, scalers will average the greatest 
 diameter with that at right angles to it. Four diameters may be 
 measured where necessary to obtain a fair average. The necessary 
 reduction in diameter will be made for swellings at the scaling end 
 of logs from which no lumber can be cut. 
 
 Diameters will be rounded off to the nearest inch above or below 
 the actual diameter. Logs which have a diameter exactly half 
 way between inches will be thrown to the next lower inch. 
 
 Numbering Logs. 
 
 Every log, whether merchantable or cull, must be numbered with 
 crayon as soon as it is scaled. Numbering is necessary even where 
 the logs will be sawed immediately or rolled into water. The scale 
 oi the log will be entered opposite its number in the scale book, or 
 the letter c in the case of cull logs. 
 
16 THE SCALliSTG OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 This feature of Sendee scaling is essential and must be followed, 
 in spite of its apparent uselessness under some conditions, for the 
 following reasons: 
 
 (1) It is a check on the total number of pieces scaled. 
 
 (2) It fixes the responsibility of the scaler for his scale by indi- 
 vidual logs. It is thus a safeguard against lax scaling. 
 
 It permits an exact check on the scale at any time. This is 
 desirable, even where logs are manufactured immediately to enable 
 the supervisor, check scaler, or inspector to make an absolute check 
 whenever the sale is visited, if only on half a dozen logs. 
 
 (4) It affords an equally definite basis for the settlement of com- 
 plaints; and is thus a protection to purchasers. « 
 
 The numbering of cull as well as merchantable logs is desirable 
 both to check the total number of pieces scaled and to fix the respon- 
 sibility of the scaler. The latter is as essential in the matter of cull- 
 ing logs as in making an accurate scale of merchantable logs. 
 
 Scale Book Letters. 
 
 In sales which require the use of more than one scale book, the 
 books should be lettered serially with the letters of the alphabet, 
 in the order in which they are used. 
 
 In large sales serial numbers need not be continued throughout 
 the contract, since numbering is intended only for the identifica- 
 tion of individual logs. It is usually sufficient to number logs con- 
 secutively to the end of each scale book, beginning the next book 
 with No. 1. The series should not be changed so frequently, how- 
 ever, as to make the identification of logs uncertain. There should 
 as a rule be an unbroken series of scale book letters and log numbers 
 covering the cut of each logging season. 
 
 End Check on Logs. 
 
 As a general rule, every sawlog should be check marked on the 
 end which is not numbered. "Where a series of scale books is to be 
 used, the initial of the book in which the log is recorded makes the 
 best end check. This practice aids the check scaler in locating the 
 original scale entry, insures getting all the logs in a deck or skid way, 
 and automatically requires the scaler or scalers to see both ends of 
 each log. 
 
SCALING LOGS. 17 
 
 Stamping Logs. 
 
 Every merchantable log scaled will be stamped "U. S." on at least 
 one end. Logs so defective as to be unmerchantable under the terms 
 of the contract will be stamped and a circle drawn around the stamp 
 thus, (uTs); or a bpecial cull stamp or distinctive mark used. 
 
 It is essential that cull logs be plainly distinguished from mer- 
 chantable logs by a mark which will identify the culling as done by 
 a Forest officer. This can ordinarily be accomplished by the U. S. 
 stamp in a circle or a circle with the initials of the scaler. It is also 
 desirable to make the distinguishing mark as permanent as possible. 
 This is necessary to show the disposition made of the log in the event 
 of another officer taking charge of the sale, of checking the area 
 over for penalty scale, or of subsequent inspections of the cutting. 
 For this reason a stamp in some form is the most satisfactory cull 
 mark. 
 
 It is essential to distinguish sharply between logs which are mer- 
 chantable under the rule as to per cent of sound contents specified 
 in the contract and call logs. No logs should be stamped as mer- 
 chantable which do not scale the per cent of their gross contents 
 required by the sale agreement. Any log not meeting this qualifi- 
 cation should be culled. The merchantable contents of cull logs 
 will never be scaled and charged against the purchaser, whether 
 they are utilized or not. Purchasers may remove any cull material 
 without charge at their option. 
 
 The foregoing does not apply to sound logs underrunning the mini- 
 mum lengths and diameter stated in the contract. Such logs, which 
 the purchaser desires to utilize, will be scaled and stamped as mer- 
 chantable. (See Standard Clause 17, p. 26-S of the National Forest 
 Manual.) 
 
 Check on Total Number of Logs. 
 
 The logs in each pile or skidway will be counted after scaling, and 
 the total checked with the number of entries in the scale book. 
 
 DEDUCTIONS FOR DEFECTS. 
 
 The effect of rot and other defects upon logs of different species 
 and in different regions varies so greatly that no rules for making 
 
18 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 deductions can be applied inflexibly . The constant exercise of good 
 judgment by scalers based upon an accurate knowledge of local 
 timber is essential. Scalers should at every opportunity train their 
 judgment in deducting for defects by watching defective logs open 
 up under the saw. 
 
 Defects are classified as follows: 
 
 (1) Interior defects, which cause waste in the interior of logs. 
 
 (2) Side defects, which cause waste on the outside of logs. 
 
 (3) Defects from curve or sweep. 
 
 (4) Defects from crotches. 
 
 INTERIOR DEFECTS. 
 
 General Rule. 
 
 Interior defects showing in one or both ends of the log may, for 
 reductions in scaling, be treated as sawed out in squares or rectangles. 
 The Scribner Decimal C rule is based upon diagrams of 1-inch 
 boards with ^-inch kerf. Twenty per cent of any square or rectangle 
 inside the slabbed surfaces of the log is, therefore deducted for kerf 
 in the rule. . This deduction is carried in scaling sound timber, and 
 hence should not be included in allowances for defect. 
 
 The scaler should first measure the end dimensions of the square 
 or rectangle which will be wasted in manufacture and determine its 
 length. From its computed contents in board feet 20 per cent should 
 be deducted as the scale rule's allowance for saw kerf and the remain- 
 der raised or lowered to the nearest 10. The gross scale of the log 
 should then be reduced by this amount. 
 
 The substance of this method is to deduct 80 per cent of the board 
 foot contents of a piece of timber ha\ang the same dimensions as the 
 defect. The entire process may be stated algebraically as follows: 
 If a and 6 represent the end dimensions of the defect in inches^ I the 
 length of the defect in feet, I^its solid contents in board feet, and X 
 its contents in board feet after 20 per cent is deducted for kerf, X, or 
 the net reduction to be made in the scale, may be obtained as 
 follows: 
 
 aXhXl ^ Y Y= F-0.20X Y 
 
 or, reducing these equations to their simplest form, 
 ^ aXhXl 
 
SCALING LOGS. 19 
 
 X must then be raised or lowered to the nearest 10. 
 
 For example, a defect squaring 5 inches extends through a 16-foot 
 
 log. ^^^^^=26f , or rounded to the nearest 10, 30 board feet, the 
 
 allowance for defect to be taken from the gross scale of the log. 
 For example, the waste in cutting out a defect which extends 
 
 through a 16-foot log is 4X9 inches. "^^^ =38.4, or 40 board 
 
 feet, the net allowance for the defect. 
 
 Table 3 on page 56 of the Appendix gives, in lengths of from 6 to 
 32 feet, deductions for interior defects which square from 2 to 30 
 inches. 
 
 Table 2 on page 46 gives deductions for similar defects which 
 must be cut out in rectangles. 
 
 WTiere defects of these classes show in both ends of the log the 
 larger dimensions will be taken in logs 16 feet and under in length, 
 and the average dimensions in logs over 16 feet. If a defect does not 
 appear in both ends of the log the scaler should estimate its length, 
 taking the other dimensions in full as shown at the defective end. 
 
 As explained hereafter, it may be necessary to depart from the 
 general rule in deducting for cat faces and some forms of butt rot. 
 
 Center or Circular Rot. 
 
 The defect should be squared or inclosed in a rectangle and the 
 proper deduction determined in accordance with the preceding 
 instructions. 
 
 Many rules of thumb for determining the deduction for center or 
 circular rot are in common use. These are usually too inaccurate for 
 Service scaling. One of the best which gives results close to those 
 obtained by the foregoing calculation is as follows: 
 
 Obtain the average diameter of the rot at each end of the log aiid 
 average these two figures. Add to the average diameter: 
 ^ if it is 12 inches or less. 
 ^ if it is from 13 to 20 inches, inclusive. 
 ^ if it exceeds 20 inches. 
 
 Obtain the scale of a log of this diameter, as extended, and the same 
 length as the log in question. Deduct this amount from the gross 
 scale of the log. 
 
20 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 In the case of 16-foot logs only the deduction for circular rot can 
 be obtained by squaring the diameter of the defect in inches and 
 rounding off to the nearest multiple of 10. If the average diameter 
 is 7 inches, for example, its square would be 49, or rounded off, 50 
 board feet. (Read as 5 in the Scribner Decimal C log rule.) 
 
 The use of the foregoing rules is authorized if desired in special 
 cases, but the standard practice of the Service will be to deduct 
 for center rot as for other interior defects by the readings given in the 
 tables on pages 46 to 57 of the Appendix. 
 
 Ground or Stump Rot. 
 
 Ground or stump rot in butt logs seldom extends far into the log 
 and usually tapers to a point. If it joins center rot from above or 
 extends well up into the log, the defect comes under center or cir- 
 cular rot. . 
 
 Where stump rot spreads from the center of the log to within a 
 short distance of the bark, a section of the log containing the defect 
 should be cut out in scaling. Additional allowance should be made 
 as under center or circular rot if the defect extends into the log 
 above the section cut out. 
 
 The scaler must exercise judgment in deducting for ground rot, 
 comparing the diameter of the defect with that of the butt and 
 sighting along the log to see if any boards can be cut from sound 
 material outside of the rot. Where this defect occurs on only one 
 side of the butt, it usually extends but a short distance into the log. 
 Much of it will frequently come out in the slab, especially where 
 there is considerable "flare" or swell. 
 
 Circular Shake or Pitch Rings. 
 
 The standard rule for interior defects should be applied to the 
 material within the outer shake or pitch ring. If there is a sound 
 core of merchantable size inside of the shake or pitch ring, it should 
 be scaled as a separate log. The difference between its scale and the 
 amount of material obtained by squaring the outer dimensions of 
 the defect is the net deduction from the full scale of the log. 
 
 The rules of thumb given under ''Center or circular rot," page 19, 
 apply also to circular shake or pitch rings. 
 
SCALING LOGS. 21 
 
 Pin Dote or Peck. 
 
 Pin dote or peck appears on the ends of logs as little rotten spots 
 or pockets usually occurring in a roughly circular area. Logs con- 
 taining it may ''open up" poorly, the doty spots frequently converg- 
 ing and forming a mass of more or less broken-down material. It 
 often extends into knots. If the area of defect on the end of the log 
 is 4 inches or more in diameter, deduction should be made under 
 the standard rule for interior defects. Defective areas less than 4 
 inches in diameter can usually be disregarded. 
 
 Check or Pitch Seam. 
 
 The scaler should first ascertain whether the seam shows at both 
 ends of the log and if it is straight or twisted. The greater the twist, 
 the larger will be the amount of waste. If the seam shows at only 
 one end of the log, the distance which it extends into the log must 
 be measured . The dimensions of waste material in sawing the seam 
 out should also be measured on the end of the log. Deduction for 
 the defect should then be determined under the standard rule for 
 interior defects. 
 
 Cat Face. 
 
 Proper deduction for cat face can not be made under the general 
 rule for interior defects. The log should be di\dded into sections, 
 throwing the defect into one section. The scaler should determine 
 what part of the total length of the log is affected, find the contents 
 of this section on his scale stick, and determine the portion of the 
 section which will be lost in sawing. The latter should be deducted 
 from the gross scale of the log. 
 
 For example, in the butt of a 16-foot log with a top diam.eter of 24 
 inches, scaling 400 feet b. m., there is a cat face 5 feet long extend- 
 ing to the heart of the log. The cat face tapers toward the top where 
 it will come out in slabbing and affects about 4 feet of the log. The 
 4-foot section affected contains one-fourth of the scale of the log, or 
 100 feet b. m. The defect will throw out one-half of this 4-foot 
 section, or 50 feet b. m., the amount to be deducted. Here again 
 judgment and knowledge of the timber are necessary. While the 
 defect may extend to the heart of the stump, it may taper rapidly 
 toward the top and perhaps affect only one-third or less of the section. 
 
22 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 Dote Appearing in Knots. 
 
 Defect in the log is sometimes shown only by rot or dote in the 
 knots. No fixed rule can be applied in such cases. Deductions 
 must be made in accordance with the scaler's knowledge of how 
 such logs "open up." 
 
 Dote in knots is an indication of an enlarged area of rot in adjoin- 
 ing portions of the log. When rot appears both at the ends of a log 
 and in its knots, the deduction, depending on the number of knot.s 
 affected and their size and position, should ordinarily be from 25 to 
 50 per cent greater than when the ends alone are defective. 
 
 Wormhoies. 
 
 Deductions for wormhoies depend upon their number and extent. 
 A few scattered holes can ordinarily be disregarded. \Miere such 
 holes are so numerous or so large as to clearly cull the material 
 affected, deductions should be made as for other interior defects. 
 Knowledge of how wormy logs open up and the number of worm 
 holes admitted in merchantable lumber is necessary,' for accurate 
 scaling in such timber. 
 
 SIDE DEFECTS. 
 
 Unsound Sap. 
 
 The sound heartwood alone should be measured in logs with a shell 
 of unsound sap. 
 
 Sound blue sap or firm stain, not broken down or worm-eaten, will 
 not ordinarily be regarded as a defect. 
 
 Checks. 
 
 Where a number of deep checks extend from the surface toward 
 the center of a log, the scaler will measure the diameter of the sound 
 core within the largest circle which can be described on the scaling 
 end without being seriously cut into by checks. All material out- 
 side of this circle should be thrown out as defective. The sound core 
 will usually be measured on the small end of the log. If the core of 
 solid material is smaller at the butt end, however, measurement 
 should be made there for scaling. Deductions for single checks may 
 be made by measuring the rectangle of waste material as in the case 
 of interior defects. 
 
SCALING LOGS. 23 
 
 Other Side Defects. 
 
 Scalers should not lose sight of the fact that the waste caused by 
 defects on the side of a log is much less than in the case of defects 
 near the center, since much of the unsound material will come out in 
 slabbing, or is outside of the cylinder represented by the top end of 
 the log and its total length. This is especially true of defects on 
 butt logs with considerable flare or swell. 
 
 In culling for fire scars which are not classed as cat faces and other 
 side defects, like those caused by lightning, the scaler should deter- 
 mine the depth of the defect. If it will not be cut off in slabbing, 
 proper deductions should be made by measuring the loss in accord- 
 ance with the rule for interior defects; or in the case of very irregu- 
 lar patches of waste, by estimating the percentage of the log affected. 
 
 The scale is not ordinarily reduced by spiral lightning scars, which 
 do not usually run deep and most of which are removed in slabbing. 
 The percentage of loss is proportionately greater in small than in 
 large logs. 
 Minimum Length and Width of Lumber. 
 
 It is of special importance in deducting for side defects to bear in 
 mind the minimum length and width of merchantable lumber fol- 
 lowed in Service scaling. (See p. 12.) 
 
 CURVE OR SWEEP. 
 
 The percentage of waste from sweep or curve varies with the diame- 
 ter of the log. A curve of 3 inches in a 10-inch log will cause approxi- 
 mately twice the proportionate waste as the same curve in a 20-incli 
 log. Sweep which would cull a very small log would not necessarily 
 cause the rejection of a large log. 
 
 The scaler should sight along a curved log, noting where the saw 
 will square it sufficiently to cut boards on both sides affected by the 
 curve. In determining the amount of loss it should be remembered- 
 that material near the slab saAvs out narrow boards containing fewer 
 feet than those cut from any other part of the log. 
 
 No deduction should be made for curve or sweep in logs over 16 
 feet long. 
 
 CROTCHES. 
 
 Except in rare cases, crotches do not affect the scale of logs. If 
 the end or upper portion of a log is badly crotched, proper deduction 
 
24 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 should be made from its length. In any case where a crotch occurs, 
 the scaler should obtain the average diameter of the log just below 
 the swelling caused by the crotch. This may be done by measuring 
 the diameter at the butt and making the usual allowance for taper. 
 
 DETERMINING THE MERCHANTABILITY OF LOGS. 
 
 The per cent of the total scale of a log, which determines its mer- 
 chantability, should always be reckoned from the full scale, includ- 
 ing unsound sap, checks, curve, and any other defects present. 
 
 SCALING GREEN AND DEAD TIMBER. 
 
 In sales which include green and dead timber at separate stumpage 
 prices, the scaler should not attempt to trace logs from the tree to es- 
 tablish their character, but may classify them on the appearance of 
 the log at the point of scaling. (See Standard Clause 34, National 
 Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) 
 
 PENALTY SCALE. 
 
 The penalty-scale clause of Form 202, provides for liquidated 
 damages to cover losses to the United States which result from 
 leaving material in the woods or cutting contrary to the terms of the 
 contract. 
 
 Enforcement of the penalty-scale clause is necessary except in 
 accidental or exceptional cases involving small amounts of timber, 
 where it may be waived by the officer in charge. Whenever waste 
 subject to the penalty -scale clause occurs, the officer in charge will 
 notify the purchaser and call his attention to the utilization re- 
 quired by the contract. If further waste occurs, or if material pre- 
 viously left in the woods whose utilization is practicable is not 
 removed, a penalty scale should be made of all such material and 
 reported to the supervisor. 
 
 Penalty material should be scaled as promptly as practicable and 
 in any case immediately after the completion of operations upon a 
 logging unit. 
 
 Material subject to this requirement (penalty-scale clause. Form 
 202) will be scaled, stamped, and numbered as in the regular scale, 
 and recorded as indicated on page 36. 
 
SCALING LOGS. 25 
 
 Under the scaling-length clause of Form 202, logs overrunning the 
 specified allowance for trimming will be scaled not to exceed the next 
 foot in length. If a scaler finds frequent violations of the trimming 
 overrun, he should notify the purchaser. If further violations occur, 
 he should measure all logs and scale as 1 foot longer any pieces over- 
 running the trim.ming allowance. Penalty scaling of this character 
 will be noted plainly in the scale book against the number of the log 
 to avoid possible controversy. 
 
 SETTLEMENT OF COMPLAINTS. 
 
 Complaints should be settled by a check scale. If the results of 
 the first check are questioned upon apparently good grounds, a second 
 check may be made by another scaler. It is the policy of the Forest 
 SerAT.ce to ascertain the justice of responsible complaints by a rescale 
 conducted by a more competent and experienced scaler, not by lum- 
 ber tallies or mill checks on the log scale. Complaints will be set- 
 tled by mill checks only in extreme and exceptional cases where 
 required by the defective character of the logs or other special local 
 
 conditions. 
 
 CHECK SCALING. 
 
 The chief purpose of check scaling is to make and keep the current 
 scale accurate by indicating sources of error and particularly by in- 
 structing scalers on the ground. Systematic check scaling, catch- 
 ing up the local scale often enough to insure its efficiency, is there- 
 fore a necessary part of the timber sales organization. 
 
 So far as practicable a check scale should be made at least once a 
 year on every sale of 1,000,000 feet or more. Smaller sales should be 
 checked as frequently as may be necessary to properly train the local 
 officers in charge of them. Checking the scale of rangers who have 
 but little sales work is of special importance, since the most serious 
 errors occur in such cases. 
 
 As many logs as practicable should be scaled by the check scaler 
 after they have been scaled by the officer in charge of the sale and 
 without knowledge of his figures. The check will then be com- 
 pared with the original scale. The log numbers and lengths of the 
 original scale will be recorded in the check scaler's book and the 
 pages cut out and filed in the supervisor's office with a copy of the 
 
 63745—15 2 
 
26 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 check scaler's report. Check scale figures may be put in the follow- 
 ing form: 
 
 
 Sound logs. 
 
 Unsound logs. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 berof 
 logs. 
 
 Scale. 
 
 Per 
 cent, 
 + or 
 
 : 'um- 
 ber of 
 logs. 
 
 Scale. 
 
 Per 
 cent, 
 + or 
 
 ^'um- 
 ber of 
 logs. 
 
 Scale. 
 
 Per 
 cent, 
 -for 
 
 Scale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 by 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 by 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ordinarily a check scale on 100 or 200 logs should come -within 4 
 per cent, and on 400 to 500 logs within 3 per cent of the original scale. 
 These percentages are intended simply as approximate standards of 
 satisfactory scaling for the guidance of Forest officers, not as a basis 
 for changing the original scale. 
 
 The findings of check scalers will be reported uniformly to the 
 district forester. The original scale will be modified only when 
 found to have been fundamentally wrong in method or in the treat- 
 ment of important defects and when it is clear that serious injustice 
 has been done to the purchaser. Changes will be made only with 
 the approval of the district forester . 
 
 MILL SCALE STUDIES. 
 
 Aside from their occasional need for the settlement of complaints 
 (see p. 25), mill scale studies should be made to obtain accurate 
 data on lumber yields and overrun by grades for use in stumpage 
 appraisals. Detailed working plans should be prepared and ap- 
 proved by the Forester before studies of this kind are initiated. 
 
 Wherever practicable, expecially in the case of defective timber, 
 logs should be followed through the mill by scalers. The object of 
 simple mill checks of this nature is (1) to train the scaler's judgment 
 by seeing how individual defects open up in the logs and reduce the 
 cut of sound lumber, and (2) to obtain a check on the total jdeld of 
 lumber from logs containing various defects as compared %\ith the 
 scale. The amount to be deducted in scaling for particular kinds 
 of defects is the most important thing to learn from such mill checks. 
 
THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 27 
 
 SCALING FROM THE STUMP. 
 
 Use of Stump Scales. 
 
 A stump scale is obviously less accurate than a scale of logs, even 
 when measurements are most carefully made. Stump scales should 
 never be used, therefore, when log scales are practicable. This 
 method will be employed only in timber trespasses and other cases 
 where the logs have been removed and a log scale is impossible. 
 
 In Timber Trespass, 
 
 The total log lengths cut from each tree should be measured in 
 making a stump scale of a timber trespass. Often the indentation in 
 the ground where the butt struck in felling can be located . From that 
 point, which may be several feet from the stump, the total log length 
 should be measured to the top, the direction of which can usually 
 be determined by the undercut on the stump. The total length 
 should be divided into logs in accordance with Taper Tables 9 or 10 on 
 pages 67 and 68 of the Appendix, and the instructions on page 14. The 
 diameter of each log should be ascertained from the table or estimated 
 from the total length and the top and stump diameters. The scale 
 of each log may then be obtained from a scale stick or Table 1 on 
 page 40 of the Appendix. Merchantable timber left in tops, in 
 high stumps, and in unused logs should be scaled and entered 
 separately. After scaling each tree, the top of the stump and the 
 butt of the top should be stamped "U. S." Deductions from the 
 scale should be made for cull in accordance with the best data 
 available for the class of timber concerned. 
 
 Where the tops can not be identified or have been moved or 
 destroyed by fire, the scale may be obtained from the best volume 
 table available for the locality and species by reducing the diameter 
 at the top of the stump to diameter breast high. Volume tables 
 may be used in lieu of stump scales, particularly when heights can 
 be checked on trees bordering the cutting, if the results of this 
 method are believed to be more accurate. 
 
 Forest ofl&cers should use extreme care in scaling trespass timber 
 especially by a stump scale, and should keep complete notes of the 
 method used. If the case is brought into court, the scale and 
 methods used in detail must be introduced as legal evidence. 
 
28 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 In Sales by Estimate. 
 
 In sales by estimate the scale or estimate of each tree sold must 
 ' be obtained. An accurate volume table, if available, may be used, 
 or the dimensions of each log in the tree determined and its scale 
 taken from a scale rule or the table on page 40 of the Appendix. 
 Deductions should be made for cull in accordance with visible 
 defects and the scaler's knowledge of the amount and character of 
 defect common in timber of the region. 
 
 CUBIC MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Policy. 
 
 The cubic content of timber may be measured (1) by the cord or 
 (2) by the cubic foot. Cubic-foot measurements may, for determin- 
 ing stumpage payments, be converted into cords or board feet in 
 accordance with a converting factor specified in the contract. 
 
 Merchantable Timber. 
 
 Standards of merchantability should be specified in contracts as 
 in sales of saw timber. These standards should conform to the best 
 trade practice for each species and class of material in the region 
 and as far as practicable should cover the points specified on page 12 
 for material measured by log scale, namely: minimum length of 
 merchantable pieces, minimum diameter, proportion of defective 
 material admissible, and treatment of common defects in scaling. 
 
 Requirements of Purchasers. 
 
 The requirements of purchasers will be similar to those in saw- 
 timber sales. (See p. 13.) Ricks for cord measure must be suffi- 
 ciently regular to permit reasonably accurate measurement. 
 
 In sales of shingle stock where the officer in charge may determine 
 the number of bolts to the cord, purchasers should be required to 
 rick bolts only in case of question as to the proper number or to check 
 the number currently used. 
 
 Check Measurements. 
 
 Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- 
 tions for check scaling, page 25. The same procedure should be 
 followed as regards the frequency of checks in sales of varying size, 
 the methods of conducting and reporting the check, and action to 
 rectify the original scale. 
 
CUBIC MEASUREMENTS. 29 
 
 CORD MEASURE. 
 
 Policy. 
 
 Fuel wood will ordinarily be sold by the cord. Pulpwood, shake 
 and shingle bolts, cooperage bolts, furniture bolts, acid wood, and 
 bark may be sold by the cord or by other units of measure common 
 in the local trade. In sales of shake or shingle bolts the unit of 
 measure will ordinarily be the sound cord — that is, sound material 
 equivalent to one cord— rather than the measured cord which may 
 include some defective material. This requires throwing in addi- 
 tional bolts to make up for defective parts of the bolts constituting 
 a measured cord. The same rule may be followed in the case'of 
 other material sold by the cord, if desirable to draw the contract in 
 this form. 
 
 If cord dimensions differing from the standard of 8 feet long, 4 
 feet wide, and 4 feet high, with a volume of 128 cubic feet, are to 
 be used, they should be specified in the contract, as when the long 
 cord, 8 by 4 by 5 feet, with a volume of 160 cubic feet, is to be used 
 for pulpwood or bark, or widths narrower than 4 feet are to be used 
 for fuel wood or bolts. 
 
 Cord Measurements. 
 
 Measurements of ricks will be taken with a tape in feet and tenths. 
 WTiere ricks are standing on slopes the length of the rick parallel to 
 the slope will be measured and the height at right angles to this 
 plane. If end stakes are used, the length of ricks should be measured 
 one-half of the distance between top and bottom; otherwise, at two 
 or more places to obtain a fair average. The height should be meas- 
 ured at several places to give the true average. 
 
 In sales of fuel wood where a majority of the pieces in a rick are 
 3 inches more or less than the > standard lengths, the rick should 
 be measured, computed, and charged for on its actual cubic contents. 
 
 In sales of bolts of specified dimensions the lengths should be 
 checked sufficiently to make sure that they do not regularly overrun 
 the allowance specified in the contract. If overrun is general, the 
 procedure should follow that outlined under penalty scale on page 25. 
 
 To compute the number of standard cords of 128 cubic feet, in 
 ricks 4 feet wide, multiply the height by the length of the rick in 
 feet and divide by 32. If the length of the wood is greater or less 
 than 4 feet, multiply length, width, and height and divide by 128. 
 
30 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 Stamping and Numbering. 
 
 Both the top and bottom of each rick and at least 12 pieces in each 
 cord must be stamped. Each rick will be numbered. The meas- 
 urements and contents of each rick should be entered opposite its 
 number in the scale book. \\Tiere bolts are counted and the number 
 per cord estimated by the Forest officer, each bolt should be stamped. 
 
 CUBIC-FOOT MEASURE. 
 
 Policy. 
 
 Sales by cubic foot measure will be encouraged in order to place 
 timber measurements on a more exact basis and permit accurate 
 comparison of scientific and practical data. It will be the standard 
 policy of the Forest Service to sell pulpwood by the cubic foot, with 
 a converting equivalent to cords or board feet named in the contract 
 where necessary. The specification of a converting factor makes it 
 possible, particularly in the case of fuel or pulpwood, to adjust the 
 method of measurement to the form in which the material is cut. 
 The basis of measurement in sales of other classes of material should 
 be changed to the cubic standard whenever practicable. 
 
 Measurements. 
 
 Two measurements are necessary — the average diameter of the log 
 at its middle point in inches and its total length in feet. The former 
 may be secured by calipers and the latter by tape. 
 
 The average diameter of logs of irregular shape should be secured 
 by averaging the greatest diameter with the one at right angles to 
 it, or by averaging four measurements if necessary for accuracy. If 
 this is impossible because of the position of the log, the scaler should 
 obtain the best average possible from two or more diameter measure- 
 ments. Proper deductions should be made for the thickness of the 
 bark. Recorded diameters should be rounded off to the nearest 
 inch above or below the actual measurement. Logs having a diam- 
 eter exactly halfway between inches will be thrown to the next 
 lower inch. 
 
 The length of logs should be obtained in feet. Lengths should 
 be rounded off to the nearest foot above or below the actual measure- 
 ment. Logs whose length is half way between feet should be thrown 
 to the next lower foot. Pieces exceeding 40 feet in length should 
 
LINEAR MEASUBEMENT8. 31 
 
 be measured as two logs of as nearly equal length as possible, and 
 pieces exceeding 80 feet as three logs. When pieces are measured 
 as two or more logs the contents allowed for the separate lengths 
 should be added and the total recorded as one log. 
 
 The volume in cubic feet may be obtained directly from Table 4 
 on page 58 of the Appendix, which contains the solid contents of 
 logs in cubic feet for average middle diameters from 3 to 60 inches, 
 and for lengths from 4 to 40 feet. 
 
 Table 8 on page 66 of the Appendix gives the area in square feet 
 of circles from 1 to 80 inches in diameter. This may be used for 
 computing volumes in cubic feet, by multiplying the area of the 
 middle cross section of the log in square feet by the length. 
 
 Deductions for Defect. 
 
 Deductions for defect should be made, in cubic-foot measurements, 
 in accordance with the general methods discussed for scaling saw 
 timber, page 17. The solid volume in cubic feet of waste material, 
 as determined by the surface dimensions of the defect in square or 
 rectangular form, times its length, should be deducted from the total 
 cubic volume of the log. Since no allowance is made for saw kerf in 
 cubic measurement, the 20 per cent reduction required in deter- 
 mining net loss of log scale by the board foot does not apply in this 
 case. 
 
 No deductions should be made in cubic-foot measurements for 
 curve or sweep, crotches, knots, or other "sound" defects. Deduc- 
 tions should be made, however, for unsound defects of any charac- 
 ter which affect the merchantability of the log for the particular 
 product of the sale. 
 
 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. 
 
 Policy. 
 
 Lagging, posts, piling, fence poles, converter poles, telephone 
 poles, stuUs, and mine timbers may be sold by the linear foot. 
 
 Merchantable Timber. 
 
 The instructions under "Definition of merchantable logs," page 
 12, should be followed. Timber sale contracts should specify the 
 minimum length and top diameter of sticks classed as merchantable 
 
32 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 for each product. Maximum lengths and diameters should be desig- 
 nated in contracts under which higher prices are to be paid for 
 products cut from the larger material. It is especially necessary in 
 sales of cedar covering both poles and other products to specify the 
 dimensions of material to be used for each product. (See Standard 
 Clause 16, National Forest Manual, p. 26-S.) 
 
 Similar specifications should cover wherever necessary the amount 
 and kinds of defect admissible in products sold by the linear foot or 
 the character of the material held to be merchantable for these pur- 
 poses. This is of special importance in the case of valuable products 
 like telephone poles and stulls which usually require the best grades 
 of timber. The current specifications of local associations of pole 
 dealers and the like should be followed as regards the area of defect 
 admitted in the butts of poles of various diameters and similar 
 points affecting merchantability. 
 
 Requirements of Purchasers. 
 
 The requirements of purchasers will be similar to those specified 
 on page 13. If products sold by the linear foot are to be cut in 
 several standard lengths, purchasers may be required to pile or deck 
 each length separately, if practicable and necessary to permit eco- 
 nomical measurement. 
 
 Measurement. 
 
 Measurements of length only are required. V^Tiere pieces are cut 
 in uniform, standard lengths, actual measurement is necessary only 
 in doubtful cases and at short intervals to check the lengths em- 
 ployed by the choppers. AVhen several products are cut in the same 
 sale, or prices depend upon both diameter and length, a similar 
 current check should be made of the diameter of linear-foot material. 
 
 The standard allowance for trimming in cutting telephone poles 
 is 1 inch for each 5 feet of length. Penalty measurements for lengths 
 in excess of the trimming allowance will follow the provisions of the 
 contract in accordance with the procediue outlined under "Penalty 
 scale," page 24. ^^^lerever advisable, contracts should specify 
 trimming allowances for other classes of material. 
 
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. 33 
 
 Board-foot Equivalents. 
 
 If desirable, contracts may specify equivalents in a thousand feet 
 board measure for a stated number of linear feet. (See Standard 
 Clause 27, National Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) This facilitates the 
 application of a flat stumpage rate. As a standard practice, however, 
 it is preferable to require payment for such material on a linear-foot 
 basis. 
 
 Stamping and Numbering. 
 
 Each stick measured must be stamped on at least one end. 
 
 Each pile of material measured should be numbered with crayon 
 in the case of lagging, posts, fence poles, converter poles, or other 
 material where individual pieces are small and of little value. The 
 number of pieces in each pile and their linear-foot contents will be 
 entered opposite the pile number in the scale book. Large pieces, 
 like telephone poles, piling, and 16-foot stulls, equivalent in value 
 to saw logs, should each receive a number. The scale of each piece 
 should be entered opposite its number in the scale book. 
 
 Check Measurements. 
 
 Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- 
 tions for check scaling, page 25, and for check measurements, page 28. 
 
 Combined Linear and Diameter Measurements. 
 
 "Where tlie market value of products like telephone poles and stulls 
 varies widely in accordance with top diameter as well as length, a 
 schedule of stumpage rates for the various lengths and sizes should 
 be used. In such sales the top diameter of each piece must be accu- 
 rately measured, an average diameter being obtained in the case of 
 sticks of irregular shape. Diameters will be averaged to the nearest 
 inch, unless taking the next lower inch has been agreed upon in 
 advance with the purchaser and is specifically required by the con- 
 tract. If different lengths are cut, they should be measured on not 
 less than 25 per cent of the pieces. Every piece should be given a 
 separate number and entry in the scale book, as in the case of saw 
 logs. 
 
34 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 COUNTING. 
 
 Policy. 
 
 Hewn ties sold by the piece, in accordance with the standard prac- 
 tice of the Forest Service, will be counted. Ties will also be counted 
 in sales where their board-foot contents are specified by the agree- 
 ment. In the exceptional cases in which ties are scaled the instruc- 
 tions under scaling will be followed. Shingle bolts will be counted 
 when contracts specify that the number of bolts to the cord will be 
 determined by the scaler. 
 
 Lagging, poles, posts, etc., will be counted when sold by the piece. 
 
 Merchantable Timber. 
 
 The instructions under "Definition of merchantable logs, " page 12, 
 will be followed unless otherwise provided in the contract. Contract 
 requirements should conform with the local market specifications of 
 the product concerned. Special contract clauses should be used to 
 designate unmistakably the maximum and minimum sizes of pieces 
 which are to be counted rather than scaled. (See Standard Clauses 
 14 and 15, National Forest Manual, p. 26-S.) Such clauses should 
 include any specifications as to defect or class of material necessary 
 to establish beyond question what timber is merchantable for these 
 products. 
 
 Requirements of Purchasers. 
 
 The requirements of purchasers should be similar to those outlined 
 on page 13. 
 
 Stamping and Numbering. 
 
 '\^'hen counted each stick of mine timbers, ties, posts, or poles must 
 be stamped on at least one end. 
 
 Each pile of material must be numbered with crayon even though 
 it will be removed immediately. The number of pieces will be 
 entered opposite the number of the pile in the scale book. 
 
 Check Measurements. 
 
 Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- 
 tions under Check scaling, page 25 ,and Check measurements, page 28. 
 
WEIGHING RECORDS AND REPORTS. 35 
 
 WEIGHING. 
 
 Bark may be sold by the ton when this method accords with the 
 best trade practice of the region and scales are available on which 
 weights may be taken by Forest officers or checked when taken by 
 agents of common carriers. If the long rather than the standard ton 
 is to be used, this must be specified in the contract. 
 
 RECORDS AND REPORTS. 
 
 Scale Books. 
 
 The scale or measurement of logs Oi other material will be entered 
 by scalers directly in the Scale Book, Forms 231, 651, 648, or 223, and 
 by check scalers in the Comparative Scale Book, Form 122. Scale 
 records will not be entered in other notebooks or on loose slips of 
 paper to be transferred to scale books later, except under excep- 
 tional conditions where the cost of scaling would be materially 
 increased or the purchaser seriously inconvenienced by adhering to 
 the standard practice. Temporary scale records must be transferred 
 to the regular scale book as soon as practicable and the temporary 
 record fastened permanently to the page of the scale book on which 
 the entries are made. The original scale books, after all entries have 
 been made and checked, will be kept in the supervisor's office in all 
 advertised sales, and in the ranger's office in unadvertised sales. 
 Logs, pieces, or piles of material should be numbered and their scale, 
 cubic contents, linear feet, number of sticks, or number of cords, 
 with the other data called for on these forms, entered opposite each 
 serial number in accordance with the instructions on numbering, 
 pages 15, 30, 33, and 34. 
 
 When pieces are scaled as two or more logs the scale allowed for the 
 separate lengths will be added and the total sum recorded as one log. 
 
 Similarly, when pieces are measured by the cubic foot as two or 
 more logs, the dimensions of the whole piece should be entered under 
 a single serial number, the cubic contents of the separate lengths 
 added, and the total recorded as one log. 
 
 So far as scaling forms allow, the following information should be 
 given for each class of material scaled, measured, or counted: 
 
 Saw timber: Serial number of each log, length, net scale, and 
 deductions for defect. 
 
36 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 Cord material: Serial number of each rick, dimensions of rick in 
 feet and tenths, and its contents in cords and fractions of cords. 
 
 Cubic-foot material: Serial number of each log, its length in feet, 
 middle diameter in inches, net contents in cubic feet, and deductions 
 for defect. 
 
 Linear material: Serial number of each pile and number of pieces 
 of specified class and lengths. 
 
 Material counted: Serial number of each pile and number of pieces, 
 by special class and length if necessary. 
 
 Material weighed: Number of pounds or tons with identification 
 by car shipment or otherwise. 
 
 Where no column is given for cull, the figure can be entered in 
 the space for the net scale, inclosed in a circle, thus: ®. Entries 
 of the diameter of saw logs and notes on the kind of defect are desir- 
 able, in addition to those specified above. They may be required 
 in the discretion of the district forester. 
 
 Sample sheets of Forms 231, 231-Dl, and 631, on pages 70, 72, 74, 
 and 76 of the Appendix show the proper method of keeping scale 
 records of sawtimber. 
 
 Sample sheets of Forms 231 and 231-Dl on pages 84 and 86 of the 
 Appendix sliow standard methods of recording measurements and 
 counts of telephone poles and piling sold by the linear foot and piece. 
 
 A sample sheet of Form 648 on page 88 of the Appendix shows 
 the standard method of recording measurements and counts of min- 
 ing timbers sold by the Linear foot, and ties and posts sold by the 
 piece. 
 
 A sample sheet of Form 231 on page 78 of the Appendix shows the 
 standard method of recording cubic feet and cords. 
 
 A sample sheet of Form 651 on page 82 of the Appendix yliows 
 an excellent method of counting shingle bolts on an average number 
 per cord and recording the count in cords. 
 
 A sample sheet of Form 648 on page 80 of the Appendix shows the 
 standard method of recording measurements of fuel wood sold by the 
 cord. 
 
 Penalty Scale Records. 
 
 Separate scale books will be kept in large sales for -material cov- 
 ered by penalty scale under the penalty-scale clause of the timber- 
 sale contract, Form 202. A separate record of such material will be 
 
EECORDS AND REPORTS. 37 
 
 kept in small sales. A single scale of all classes of timber subject 
 to the penalty will be entered in this record, but separate entries 
 must be carried for each class to which a different charge applies. 
 Each set of entries should be given a heading indicating the charge 
 applicable. The following may occur: 
 
 Material not previously scaled, to be charged for at double the 
 stumpage rate. 
 
 Material not pre\Tlously scaled, to be charged for at the regular, 
 or single, stumpage rate. 
 
 In exceptional cases, material previously scaled, to be charged 
 for at double rates. 
 
 The original log numbers of material in the latter class will be 
 recorded in the penalty-scale record, the heading indicating that the 
 regular stumpage prices has alread}^ been charged. 
 
 The record of penalty scale for overrunning trimming allowance 
 under the scaling-length clause of Form 202 should be noted on 
 the original scale sheets against the number of each log concerned. 
 
 Check of Scale Books. 
 
 All additions and computations in scale books, including figures 
 read from tables, will be checked either in the supervisor's or dis- 
 trict office as the district forester may direct. If errors are found 
 the necessary corrections will,, be entered on Form 820, supple- 
 menting the last scale report of record in the sale. 
 
 Cutting Reports. 
 
 The Forest officer in charge will notify the supervisor when cutting 
 begins on any advertised sale. The scale in all sales will be reported 
 to the supervisor on Form 820, and a duplicate retained in the 
 ranger's files. In unadvertised sales only the final report need be 
 submitted to the supervisor. Cutting reports will be submitted in 
 advertised sales while work is in progress, covering periods of one, 
 two,-three, or four weeks, as may be required by the supervisor, but 
 ordinarily ending on Saturday. Special dates may be set by super- 
 visors for submitting cutting reports, as may be most convenient 
 for them or for purchasers. As far as practicable the wishes and 
 needs of purchasers should be met in fixing dates for the submission 
 of reports. 
 
38 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 Penalty Scale Reports. 
 
 Reports of penalty scale should be made separately from the reg- 
 ular scale. Separate reports may be submitted on Form 820, prop- 
 erly labeled, or, where small quantities of material are reported at 
 infrequent intervals, entries may be made on the back of Form 820 
 under ' ' Remarks. ' ' Whenever penalty scale is reported, the ' ' Total 
 previously reported," "Total since last report," and "Total to date" 
 should be given. If separate Forms 820 are used, they should con- 
 stitute an independent series. Entries under "Remarks" need be 
 made only in reports for periods during which a penalty scale has 
 actually been made and in the final report for the sale. 
 
 Check and Record of Cutting Reports. 
 
 As cutting reports (Form 820) are received, they should be com- 
 pared with the timber sales record card for errors in entries brought 
 forward from the last report and for the correctness of the rates. All 
 calculations will be checked and the information regarding the 
 progress of the sale scrutinized. The date of the report, quantity 
 of each class of material cut, reduced to feet board measure by 
 approved converting factors, and total value of material cut since 
 the last report and to date will be entered on the record card. The 
 total value of the cut to date will be compared with the total deposits 
 to prevent cutting in excess of payments. 
 
 Scale Records for Purchasers. 
 
 Unless deemed inadvisable by the oflEicer in charge or by the 
 supervisor, the scale of individual logs, measurement of individual 
 pieces or ricks, or count of particular piles of timber sale products 
 should be given to purchasers upon request, either in person or by 
 letter. Similarly, the complete scale record may be opened to the 
 purchaser at any time in the presence of a Forest officer. Supervi- 
 sors should inform purchasers of the scale to date at regular periods, 
 either by letter or by furnishing approved cutting reports on Form 
 820 without entries on the back. 
 
 Report of Timber Sold and Cut. 
 
 The monthly report on Form 949 will be mailed to the district 
 forester by the supervisor not later than the fifth of the succeeding 
 
KECORDS AND REPORTS. 39 
 
 month, even if no timber has been sold or cut during the month. 
 It will be compiled from all Forms 615, which will not be placed in 
 the closed records until the end of the month. All timber for which 
 payment is made, whether cut in sales, administrative use, or timber 
 settlement, will be included. The date of approval of the agree- 
 ment or stipulation will be taken in each case as the date of sale, 
 even though an emergency sale may have been made in advance. 
 The day when each cutting report is received will be taken as the 
 date of cutting. All data will be checked before the report is for- 
 warded. If a flat rate has been applied to green and dead timber, 
 the two classes may be prorated in the scale report. Form 949, on 
 the basis of their ratio in the original estimate. 
 
 The amount and value of the timber sold and cut, respectively, 
 in sales at cost under Regulation S-22 will be reported separately. 
 
 The report should include a statement of the amount of timber 
 previously reported as sold which will not be cut owing to cancella- 
 tions or modifications of contracts during the month. 
 
 District Forester's Monthly Report. 
 
 As soon as practicable after the first of each month the district 
 forester will report to the Forester the amount and value of green 
 and dead timber sold and cut respectively during the preceding 
 month, by Forests. This report should include a statement of the 
 amount of timber previously reported as sold which will not be cut 
 owing to cancellations or modifications of contracts during the 
 month. 
 
 It will not be necessary to include in this statement the "overcut" 
 or "undercut" in sales which were closed during the preceding 
 month. 
 
 Annual Report. 
 
 The annual report will be compiled from the monthly reports. 
 
 Report on Miscellaneous Products. 
 
 Sales of miscellaneous forest products, such as Christmas trees, 
 naval stores, seedlings, etc., should be reported in a footnote to the 
 district forester's monthly and annual report of timber cut and sold. 
 
40 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 TABLE 1.— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE. 
 
 6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length 
 
 -feet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contents 
 
 —board feet in tens. 
 
 
 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 .5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 .3 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 i 22 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 23 • 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 37 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 50 
 
 63 
 
 56 
 
 27 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 65 
 
 68 
 
 62 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 68 
 
 62 
 
 65 
 
 1 29 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 46 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 65 
 
 68 
 
 \ 30 
 
 1 25 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 37 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 31 
 
 1 27 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 53 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 32 
 
 1 28 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 41 
 
 46 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 83 
 
 33 
 
 29 
 
 34 
 
 39 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 59 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 83 
 
 88 
 
 34 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 35 
 
 ' 33 
 
 38 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 82 
 
 88 
 
 93 
 
 98 
 
 36 
 
 1 35 
 
 40 
 
 46 
 
 52 
 
 68 
 
 63 
 
 69 
 
 75 
 
 81 
 
 86 
 
 92 
 
 98 
 
 104 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 
 45 
 
 51 
 
 58 
 
 i 64 
 
 71 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 96 
 
 103 
 
 109 
 
 116 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 47 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 67 
 
 73 
 
 80 
 
 87 
 
 93 
 
 100 
 
 107 
 
 113 
 
 120 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 91 
 
 98 
 
 105 
 
 112 
 
 119 
 
 126 
 
 1 " 
 
 i« 
 
 53 
 
 60 
 
 i 
 
 68 
 
 1 75 
 
 83 
 
 90 
 
 98 
 
 105 
 
 113 
 
 120 
 
 128 
 
 135 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 41 
 
 TABLE 1.— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE. 
 
 19 TO 32 FOOT LOGS. 
 
 5 
 
 Length— feet. 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contents 
 
 —board feet in tens. 
 
 
 
 
 
 7ns. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 ' 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 . 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 43 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 -30 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 66 
 
 21 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 51 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 59 
 
 61 
 
 22 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 65 
 
 67 
 
 23 
 
 45 
 
 47 
 
 49 
 
 " 52 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 59 
 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 57 
 
 61 
 
 63 
 
 66 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 78 
 
 81 
 
 25 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 60 
 
 63 
 
 66 
 
 69 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 83 
 
 86 
 
 89 
 
 92 
 
 26 
 
 59 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 69 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 85 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 94 
 
 97 
 
 100 
 
 27 
 
 65 
 
 68 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 89 
 
 92 
 
 96 
 
 99 
 
 103 
 
 106 
 
 110 
 
 28 
 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 87 
 
 91 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 102 
 
 105 
 
 109 
 
 113 
 
 116 
 
 29 
 
 72 
 
 76 
 
 80 
 
 84 
 
 88 
 
 91 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 103 
 
 107 
 
 110 
 
 114 
 
 118 
 
 122 
 
 30 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 90 
 
 94 
 
 99 
 
 103 
 
 107 
 
 111 
 
 115 
 
 119 
 
 123 
 
 127 
 
 131 
 
 31 
 
 84 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 98 
 
 102 
 
 106 
 
 111 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 124 
 
 129 
 
 133 
 
 138 
 
 142 
 
 32 
 
 87 
 
 92 
 
 97 
 
 101 
 
 106 
 
 110 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 124 
 
 129 
 
 133 
 
 138 
 
 143 
 
 i 147 
 
 33 
 
 93 
 
 98 
 
 103 
 
 108 
 
 113 
 
 118 
 
 122 
 
 127 
 
 132 
 
 137 
 
 142. 
 
 147 
 
 152 
 
 ! 157 
 
 34 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 105 
 
 110 
 
 115 
 
 I 120 
 
 125 
 
 130 
 
 135 
 
 140 
 
 145 
 
 150 
 
 155 
 
 160 
 
 35 
 
 104 
 
 109 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 126 
 
 i 131 
 
 137 
 
 142 
 
 148 
 
 153 
 
 159 
 
 164 
 
 170 
 
 175 
 
 36 
 
 110 
 
 115 
 
 121 
 
 127 
 
 132 
 
 ! 138 
 
 144 
 
 150 
 
 156 
 
 161 
 
 167 
 
 173 
 
 179 
 
 185 
 
 37 
 
 122 
 
 129 
 
 135 
 
 142 
 
 148 
 
 154 
 
 161 
 
 167 
 
 174 
 
 180 
 
 187 
 
 193 
 
 199 
 
 206 
 
 38 
 
 127 
 
 ! 133 
 
 140 
 
 147 
 
 153 
 
 160 
 
 167 
 
 174 
 
 180 
 
 187 
 
 193 
 
 200 
 
 207 
 
 ! 214 
 
 39 
 
 133 
 
 140 
 
 147 
 
 154 
 
 161 
 
 168 
 
 175 
 
 182 
 
 1 189 
 
 196 
 
 203 
 
 210 
 
 217 
 
 224 
 
 40 
 
 143 
 
 150 
 
 158 
 
 166 
 
 173 
 
 181 
 
 188 
 
 196 
 
 203 
 
 1 
 
 211 
 
 218 
 
 226 
 
 233 
 
 241 
 
42 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 1.— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE-Continued. 
 6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS— Continued. 
 
 
 Length— feet. 
 
 ! 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 ' 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 " 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 18 : 
 
 Contents— board feet in tens. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 95 
 
 103 
 
 111 
 
 119 
 
 127 
 
 135 
 
 143 i 
 
 42 
 
 50 
 
 59 
 
 67 
 
 76 
 
 84 
 
 92 
 
 101 
 
 109 
 
 117 
 
 126 
 
 134 
 
 143 
 
 151 
 
 43 
 
 52 
 
 61 
 
 70 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 96 
 
 105 
 
 113 
 
 122 
 
 131 
 
 140 
 
 148 
 
 157 
 
 44 
 
 56 
 
 65 
 
 74 
 
 83 
 
 93 
 
 102 
 
 111 
 
 120 
 
 129 
 
 139 
 
 148 
 
 157 
 
 166 
 
 45 
 
 57 
 
 66 
 
 76 
 
 85 
 
 95 
 
 104 
 
 114 
 
 123 
 
 133 
 
 143 
 
 152 
 
 161 
 
 171 
 
 46 
 
 59 
 
 69 
 
 79 
 
 89 
 
 99 
 
 109 
 
 119 
 
 129 
 
 139 
 
 149 
 
 159 
 
 169 
 
 178 , 
 
 47 
 
 62 
 
 72 
 
 &3 
 
 93 
 
 104 
 
 114 
 
 124 
 
 134 
 
 145 
 
 155 
 
 166 
 
 176 
 
 186 ! 
 
 48 
 
 65 
 
 76 
 
 86 
 
 97 
 
 108 
 
 119 
 
 130 
 
 140 
 
 151 
 
 162 
 
 173 
 
 184 
 
 194 
 
 49 
 
 67 
 
 79 
 
 90 
 
 101 
 
 112 
 
 124 
 
 135 
 
 146 
 
 157 
 
 168 
 
 18t) 
 
 191 
 
 202 
 
 ! 50 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 94 
 
 105 
 
 117 
 
 129 
 
 140 
 
 152 
 
 164 
 
 175 
 
 187 
 
 199 
 
 211 
 
 1 
 51 
 
 73 
 
 85 
 
 97 
 
 110 
 
 122 
 
 134 
 
 146 
 
 158 
 
 170 
 
 183 
 
 195 
 
 207 
 
 219 
 
 . 52 
 
 76 
 
 89 
 
 101 
 
 114 
 
 127 
 
 139 
 
 152 
 
 165 
 
 177 
 
 190 
 
 202 
 
 215 
 
 228 
 
 53 
 
 79 
 
 92 
 
 105 
 
 118 
 
 132 
 
 145 
 
 158 
 
 171 
 
 184 
 
 197 
 
 210 
 
 224 
 
 337 
 
 54 
 
 82 
 
 96 
 
 109 
 
 123 
 
 137 
 
 150 
 
 164 
 
 177 
 
 191 
 
 205 
 
 218 
 
 232 
 
 246 
 
 55 
 
 85 
 
 99 
 
 113 
 
 127 
 
 142 
 
 156 
 
 170 
 
 184 
 
 198 
 
 212 
 
 227 
 
 241 
 
 255 
 
 56 
 
 88 
 
 103 
 
 118 
 
 132 
 
 147 
 
 162 
 
 176 
 
 191 
 
 206 
 
 220 
 
 235 
 
 250 
 
 264 
 
 57 
 
 91 
 
 107 
 
 122 
 
 137 
 
 152 
 
 167 
 
 183 
 
 198 
 
 213 
 
 228 
 
 244 
 
 259 
 
 274 
 
 58 
 
 95 
 
 110 
 
 126 
 
 142 
 
 158 
 
 174 
 
 189 
 
 205 
 
 221 
 
 237 
 
 252 
 
 268 
 
 284 
 
 59 
 
 98 
 
 114 
 
 131 
 
 147 
 
 163 
 
 180 
 
 196 
 
 212 
 
 229 
 
 245 
 
 261 
 
 278 
 
 294 
 
 60 
 
 101 
 
 118 
 
 135 
 
 152 
 
 169 
 
 186 
 
 203 
 
 220 
 
 237 
 
 253 
 
 270 
 
 287 
 
 304 
 
 61 
 
 105 
 
 123 
 
 140 
 
 158 
 
 175 
 
 193 
 
 210 
 
 228 
 
 245 
 
 263 
 
 280 
 
 298 
 
 315 
 
 62 
 
 108 
 
 127 
 
 145 
 
 103 
 
 181 
 
 199 
 
 217 
 
 235 
 
 253 
 
 271 
 
 289 
 
 307 
 
 325 ; 
 
 63 
 
 112 
 
 131 
 
 149 
 
 168 
 
 187 
 
 205 
 
 224 
 
 243 
 
 261 
 
 280 
 
 299 
 
 317 
 
 336 
 
 64 
 
 116 
 
 135 
 
 154 
 
 174 
 
 193 
 
 213 
 
 232 
 
 251 
 
 270 
 
 290 
 
 309 
 
 329 
 
 348 I 
 
 65 
 
 119 
 
 139 
 
 159 
 
 179 
 
 199 
 
 219 
 
 239 
 
 259 
 
 279 
 
 299 
 
 319 
 
 339 
 
 358 
 
 66 
 
 123 
 
 144 
 
 164 
 
 185 
 
 206 
 
 226 
 
 247 
 
 268 
 
 288 
 
 . 309 
 
 329 
 
 350 
 
 370 
 
 67 
 
 127 
 
 148 
 
 170 
 
 191 
 
 212 
 
 233 
 
 254 
 
 275 
 
 297 
 
 318 
 
 339 
 
 360 
 
 381 
 
 68 
 
 131 
 
 153 
 
 175 
 
 197 
 
 219 
 
 240 
 
 262 
 
 284 
 
 306 
 
 328 
 
 350 
 
 371 
 
 393 
 
 69 
 
 135 
 
 158 
 
 180 
 
 203 
 
 226 
 
 248 
 
 271 
 
 294 
 
 316 
 
 339 
 
 361 
 
 384 
 
 406 
 
 70 
 
 139 
 
 163 
 
 186 
 
 209 
 
 232 
 
 256 
 
 279 
 
 302 
 
 325 
 
 349 
 
 372 
 
 395 
 
 419 
 
 71 
 
 144 
 
 167 
 
 192 
 
 215 
 
 240 
 
 263 
 
 287 
 
 311 
 
 335 
 
 359 
 
 383 
 
 407 
 
 430 
 
 72 
 
 148 
 
 173 
 
 197 
 
 222 
 
 247 
 
 271 
 
 296 
 
 321 
 
 345 
 
 370 
 
 395 
 
 419 
 
 444 ! 
 
 73 
 
 152 
 
 178 
 
 203 
 
 329 
 
 254 
 
 280 
 
 305 
 
 330 
 
 356 
 
 381 
 
 400 
 
 432 
 
 457 1 
 
 \ 74 
 
 157 
 
 183 
 
 '209 
 
 236 
 
 261 
 
 288 
 
 314 
 
 340 
 
 366 
 
 393 
 
 418 
 
 445 
 
 471 : 
 
 i 75 
 
 161 
 
 188 
 
 215 
 
 242 
 
 269 
 
 296 
 
 323 
 
 350 
 
 377 
 
 404 
 
 430 
 
 458 
 
 484 
 
 76 
 
 166 
 
 194 
 
 221 
 
 249 
 
 277 
 
 304 
 
 332 
 
 1 360 
 
 387 
 
 415 
 
 443 
 
 470 
 
 498 
 
 77 
 
 171 
 
 199 
 
 228 
 
 256 
 
 285 
 
 313 
 
 341 
 
 369 
 
 398 
 
 I 420 
 
 455 
 
 483 
 
 511 
 
 78 
 
 176 
 
 205 
 
 234 
 
 203 
 
 293 
 
 322 351 
 
 380 
 
 410 
 
 439 
 
 408 
 
 497 
 
 527 
 
 79 
 
 ISO 
 
 1 211 
 
 240 
 
 271 
 
 301 
 
 331 361 
 
 391 
 
 421 
 
 451 
 
 481 
 
 511 
 
 541 
 
 1 80 
 
 1 
 
 185 
 
 216 
 
 247 
 
 278 
 
 309 
 
 340 371 
 
 1 
 
 402 
 
 432 
 
 464 
 
 494 
 
 526 
 
 556 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 43 
 
 TABLE 1.— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE— Continued. 
 19 to 32 FOOT LOGS— Continued. 
 
 1 
 
 Length— feet. 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 28 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 31 
 
 32 
 
 Contents— board feet in tens. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 41 
 
 151 
 
 159 
 
 167 
 
 175 
 
 183 
 
 191 
 
 199 
 
 207 
 
 215 
 
 223 
 
 230 
 
 238 
 
 246 
 
 254 
 
 42 
 
 159 
 
 168 
 
 176 
 
 185 
 
 193 
 
 201 
 
 210 
 
 218 
 
 227 
 
 235 
 
 243 
 
 252 
 
 260 
 
 269 
 
 43 
 
 166 
 
 174 
 
 183 
 
 192 
 
 200 
 
 209 
 
 218 
 
 227 
 
 236 
 
 244 
 
 253 
 
 262 
 
 270 
 
 279 
 
 44 
 
 176 
 
 185 
 
 194 
 
 204 
 
 213 
 
 222 
 
 231 
 
 241 
 
 250 
 
 259 
 
 268 
 
 278 
 
 287 
 
 296 
 
 45 
 
 180 
 
 190 
 
 199 
 
 209 
 
 218 
 
 228 
 
 237 
 
 247 
 
 256 
 
 266 
 
 275 
 
 286 
 
 294 
 
 304 
 
 46 
 
 188 
 
 198 
 
 208 
 
 218 
 
 228 
 
 238 
 
 248 
 
 258 
 
 268 
 
 278 
 
 288 
 
 297 
 
 307 
 
 317 
 
 47 
 
 197 
 
 207 
 
 217 
 
 228 
 
 238 
 
 248 
 
 259 
 
 269 
 
 279 
 
 290 
 
 300 
 
 310 
 
 321 
 
 331 
 
 48 
 
 205 
 
 216 
 
 227 
 
 238 
 
 248 
 
 260 
 
 270 
 
 281 
 
 292 
 
 302 
 
 313 
 
 324 
 
 335 
 
 346 
 
 49 
 
 213 
 
 225 
 
 236 
 
 247 
 
 258 
 
 270 
 
 281 
 
 292 
 
 303 
 
 314 
 
 326 
 
 337 
 
 348 
 
 359 
 
 50 
 
 222 
 
 234 
 
 246 
 
 257 
 
 269 
 
 281 
 
 292 
 
 304 
 
 316 
 
 328 
 
 339 
 
 351 
 
 363 
 
 374 
 
 51 
 
 231 
 
 243 
 
 256 
 
 268 
 
 280 
 
 292 
 
 304 
 
 315 
 
 329 
 
 341 
 
 353 
 
 365 
 
 377 
 
 389 
 
 52 
 
 241 
 
 253 
 
 266 
 
 278 
 
 291 
 
 .304 
 
 316 
 
 329 
 
 342 
 
 354 
 
 367 
 
 380 
 
 392 
 
 405 
 
 53 
 
 250 
 
 263 
 
 276 
 
 289 
 
 302 
 
 316 
 
 329 
 
 341 
 
 355 
 
 368 
 
 381 
 
 395 
 
 408 
 
 421 
 
 54 
 
 259 
 
 273 
 
 287 
 
 300 
 
 314 
 
 328 
 
 341 
 
 355 
 
 369 
 
 382 
 
 396 
 
 410 
 
 423 
 
 437 
 
 55 
 
 269 
 
 283 
 
 297 
 
 312 
 
 326 
 
 340 
 
 354 
 
 368 
 
 382 
 
 397 
 
 411 
 
 425 
 
 439 
 
 453 
 
 56 
 
 279 
 
 294 
 
 309 
 
 323 
 
 338 
 
 353 
 
 367 
 
 382 
 
 397 
 
 411 
 
 426 
 
 441 
 
 455 
 
 470 
 
 57 
 
 2S9 
 
 304 
 
 320 
 
 335 
 
 350 
 
 365 
 
 381 
 
 396 
 
 411 
 
 426 
 
 442 
 
 457 
 
 472 
 
 487 
 
 58 
 
 300 
 
 315 
 
 331 
 
 347 
 
 363 
 
 379 
 
 394 
 
 410 
 
 426 
 
 442 
 
 457 
 
 473 
 
 489 
 
 505 
 
 i 59 
 
 310 
 
 327 
 
 343 
 
 359 
 
 376 
 
 392 
 
 408 
 
 425 
 
 441 
 
 457 
 
 474 
 
 490 
 
 506 
 
 523 
 
 60 
 
 321 
 
 338 
 
 355 
 
 372 
 
 389 
 
 406 
 
 422 
 
 439 
 
 456 
 
 473 
 
 490 
 
 507 
 
 524 
 
 541 
 
 61 
 
 332 
 
 350 
 
 368 
 
 385 
 
 403 
 
 420 
 
 438 
 
 455 
 
 473 
 
 490 
 
 508 
 
 525 
 
 543 
 
 560 
 
 62 
 
 344 
 
 362 
 
 380 
 
 398 
 
 416 
 
 434 
 
 452 
 
 470 
 
 488 
 
 506 
 
 524 
 
 542 
 
 .561 
 
 579 
 
 63 
 
 355 
 
 373 
 
 392 
 
 411 
 
 420 
 
 448 
 
 467 
 
 485 
 
 504 
 
 523 
 
 541 
 
 560 
 
 579 
 
 597 
 
 64 
 
 367 
 
 387 
 
 406 
 
 425 
 
 445 
 
 464 
 
 483 
 
 503 
 
 522 
 
 541 
 
 561. 
 
 580 
 
 599 
 
 619 
 
 65 
 
 378 
 
 398 
 
 418 
 
 438 
 
 458 
 
 478 
 
 498 
 
 518 
 
 538 
 
 558 
 
 578 
 
 597 
 
 617 
 
 637 
 
 66 
 
 391 
 
 412 
 
 432 
 
 453 
 
 473 
 
 494 
 
 515 
 
 535 
 
 556 
 
 576 
 
 597 
 
 617 
 
 638 
 
 659 
 
 67 
 
 402 
 
 423 
 
 445 
 
 466 
 
 487 
 
 508 
 
 529 
 
 550 
 
 572 
 
 593 
 
 614 
 
 635 
 
 656 
 
 677 
 
 68 
 
 415 
 
 437 
 
 459 
 
 480 
 
 502 
 
 524 
 
 546 
 
 568 
 
 590 
 
 611 
 
 633 
 
 655 
 
 677 
 
 699 
 
 69 
 
 429 
 
 452 
 
 474 
 
 497 
 
 519 
 
 542 
 
 565 
 
 587 
 
 610 
 
 632 
 
 655 
 
 677 
 
 700 
 
 723 
 
 70 
 
 442 
 
 465 
 
 488 
 
 512 
 
 535 
 
 558 
 
 581 
 
 605 
 
 628 
 
 651 
 
 674 
 
 698 
 
 721 
 
 744 
 
 71 
 
 454 
 
 478 
 
 502 
 
 526 
 
 550 
 
 574 
 
 598 
 
 622 
 
 646 
 
 670 
 
 694 
 
 717 
 
 741 
 
 765 
 
 72 
 
 469 
 
 493 
 
 518 
 
 543 
 
 567 
 
 592 
 
 617 
 
 641 
 
 666 
 
 691 
 
 715 
 
 740 
 
 765 
 
 789 
 
 73 
 
 483 
 
 508 
 
 534 
 
 559 
 
 585 
 
 610 
 
 635 
 
 661 
 
 686 
 
 712 
 
 737 
 
 762 
 
 788 
 
 813 
 
 74 
 
 497 
 
 523 
 
 550 
 
 576 
 
 602 
 
 628 
 
 6^4 
 
 680 
 
 707 
 
 733 
 
 759 
 
 785 
 
 811 
 
 837 
 
 75 
 
 511 
 
 538 
 
 565 
 
 592 
 
 619 
 
 646 
 
 673 
 
 700 
 
 727 
 
 754 
 
 781 
 
 807 
 
 834 
 
 861 
 
 76 
 
 526 
 
 553 
 
 581 
 
 609 
 
 636 
 
 664 
 
 f:92 
 
 719 
 
 747 
 
 1 775 
 
 802 
 
 830 
 
 858 
 
 885 
 
 77 
 
 540 
 
 568 
 
 597 
 
 625 
 
 1 654 
 
 682 
 
 710 
 
 739 
 
 767 
 
 796 
 
 824 
 
 852 
 
 881 
 
 909 
 
 78 
 
 556 
 
 585 
 
 614 
 
 644 
 
 ! 673 
 
 702 
 
 731 
 
 761 
 
 790 
 
 1 819 
 
 848 
 
 878 
 
 907 
 
 936 
 
 79 
 
 572 
 
 602 
 
 r32 
 
 66? 
 
 1 692 
 
 799 
 
 752 
 
 782 
 
 812 
 
 842 
 
 872 
 
 902 
 
 933 
 
 963 
 
 80 
 
 587 
 
 618 
 
 649 
 
 680 
 
 711 
 
 742 
 
 773 
 
 804 
 
 835 
 
 866 
 
 897 
 
 927 
 
 958 
 
 989 
 
44 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 1 .— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE— Continued. 
 6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS— Continued, 
 
 1 
 
 Length— feet. 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 Contents— board feet in tens. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 190 
 
 222 
 
 254 
 
 286 
 
 317 
 
 349 
 
 381 
 
 413 
 
 444 
 
 476 
 
 508 
 
 540 
 
 572 
 
 82 
 
 196 
 
 228 
 
 261 
 
 293 
 
 326 
 
 358 
 
 391 
 
 424 
 
 456 
 
 489 
 
 521 
 
 554 
 
 586 
 
 83 
 
 201 
 
 234 
 
 268 
 
 301 
 
 335 
 
 368 
 
 401 
 
 434 
 
 468 
 
 501 
 
 535 
 
 568 
 
 601 
 
 84 
 
 206 
 
 240 
 
 275 
 
 309 
 
 343 
 
 378 
 
 412 
 
 446 
 
 481 
 
 515 
 
 549 
 
 584 
 
 618 
 
 85 
 
 210 
 
 240 
 
 281 
 
 316 
 
 351 
 
 386 
 
 421 
 
 456 
 
 491 
 
 526 
 
 561 
 
 596 
 
 631 
 
 86 
 
 215 
 
 251 
 
 287 
 
 323 
 
 359 
 
 395 
 
 431 
 
 467 
 
 503 
 
 539 
 
 575 
 
 611 
 
 646 
 
 87 
 
 221 
 
 258 
 
 295 
 
 332 
 
 308 
 
 405 
 
 442 
 
 479 
 
 516 
 
 553 
 
 589 
 
 626 
 
 663 
 
 88 
 
 226 
 
 264 
 
 301 
 
 339 
 
 377 
 
 414 
 
 452 
 
 490 
 
 527 
 
 565 
 
 603 
 
 640 
 
 678 
 
 89 
 
 231 
 
 270 
 
 308 
 
 347 
 
 385 
 
 424 
 
 462 
 
 501 
 
 539 
 
 578 
 
 616 
 
 655 
 
 693 
 
 90 
 
 236 
 
 275 
 
 315 
 
 354 
 
 393 
 
 433 
 
 472 
 
 511 
 
 551 
 
 590 
 
 629 
 
 669 
 
 708 
 
 91 
 
 241 
 
 282 
 
 322 
 
 362 
 
 402 
 
 443 
 
 483 
 
 523 
 
 563 
 
 604 
 
 644 
 
 684 
 
 725 
 
 92 
 
 246 
 
 288 
 
 329 
 
 370 
 
 411 
 
 452 
 
 493 
 
 534 
 
 575 
 
 616 
 
 657 
 
 698 
 
 740 
 
 93 
 
 251 
 
 293 
 
 335 
 
 377 
 
 419 
 
 401 
 
 503 
 
 545 
 
 587 
 
 629 
 
 671 
 
 713 
 
 755 
 
 94 
 
 257 
 
 300 
 
 343 
 
 386 
 
 428 
 
 471 
 
 514 
 
 557 
 
 600 
 
 643 
 
 685 
 
 728 
 
 771 
 
 95 
 
 262 
 
 306 
 
 350 
 
 394 
 
 437 
 
 481 
 
 
 569 
 
 612 
 
 656 
 
 700 
 
 744 
 
 788 
 
 96 
 
 268 
 
 313 
 
 357 
 
 402 
 
 446 
 
 491 
 
 536 
 
 581 
 
 625 
 
 670 
 
 715 
 
 759 
 
 804 
 
 97 
 
 273 
 
 319 
 
 364 
 
 410 
 
 455 
 
 501 
 
 546 
 
 592 
 
 637 
 
 683 
 
 728 
 
 774 
 
 819 
 
 98 
 
 278 
 
 325 
 
 371 
 
 418 
 
 404 
 
 511 
 
 557 
 
 603 
 
 650 
 
 696 
 
 743 
 
 789 
 
 836 
 
 99 
 
 284 
 
 331 
 
 379 
 
 426 
 
 473 
 
 521 
 
 568 
 
 615 
 
 663 
 
 710 
 
 757 
 
 805 
 
 852 
 
 100 
 
 289 
 
 338 
 
 386 
 
 434 
 
 482 
 
 531 
 
 579 
 
 627 
 
 675 
 
 724 
 
 772 
 
 820 
 
 869 
 
 101 
 
 295 
 
 344 
 
 393 
 
 443 
 
 492 
 
 541 
 
 590 
 
 639 
 
 688 
 
 738 
 
 787 
 
 836 
 
 885 
 
 102 
 
 301 
 
 351 
 
 401 
 
 452 
 
 502 
 
 552 
 
 602 
 
 652 
 
 702 
 
 753 
 
 803 
 
 853 
 
 903 
 
 103 
 
 307 
 
 358 
 
 409 
 
 461 
 
 512 
 
 56:3 
 
 614 
 
 665 
 
 716 
 
 768 
 
 819 
 
 870 
 
 921 
 
 104 
 
 313 
 
 365 
 
 417 
 
 470 
 
 522 
 
 574 
 
 626 
 638 
 
 678 
 
 730 
 
 783 
 
 835 
 
 887 
 
 939 
 
 105 
 
 319 
 
 372 
 
 425 
 
 479 
 
 532 
 
 585 
 
 691 
 
 744 
 
 798 
 
 851 
 
 904 
 
 957 
 
 106 
 
 325 
 
 379 
 
 433 
 
 48S 
 
 542 
 
 596 
 
 650 
 
 704 
 
 758 
 
 813 
 
 867 
 
 921 
 
 975 
 
 107 
 
 331 
 
 387 
 
 442 
 
 497 
 
 553 
 
 608 
 
 663 
 
 718 
 
 773 
 
 829 
 
 884 
 
 939 
 
 995 I 
 
 108 
 
 337 
 
 394 
 
 450 
 
 506 
 
 563 
 
 619 
 
 675 
 
 731 
 
 788 
 
 844 
 
 900 
 
 956 
 
 1,013 
 
 ! 109 
 
 344 
 
 401 
 
 459 
 
 516 
 
 573 
 
 631 
 
 6S8 
 
 745 
 
 803 
 
 860 
 
 917 
 
 975 
 
 1,032 
 
 110 
 
 350 
 
 408 
 
 467 
 
 525 
 
 583 
 
 642 
 
 700 
 
 758 
 
 817 
 
 875 
 
 933 
 
 992 
 
 1,050 
 
 111 
 
 356 
 
 416 
 
 475 
 
 535 
 
 594 
 
 654 
 
 713 
 
 772 
 
 832 
 
 891 
 
 951 
 
 1,010 
 
 1,070 
 
 112 
 
 362 
 
 423 
 
 483 
 
 544 
 
 • 604 
 
 665 
 
 725 
 
 785 
 
 846 
 
 906 
 
 967 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,088 
 
 113 
 
 369 
 
 431 
 
 492 
 
 55.^ 
 
 615 
 
 677 
 
 738 
 
 800 
 
 861 
 
 923 
 
 984 
 
 1,046 
 
 1,107 
 
 114 
 
 375 
 
 438 
 
 501 
 
 563 
 
 626 
 
 68S 
 
 751 
 
 814 
 
 876 
 
 939 
 
 1,001 
 
 1.064 
 
 1,127 
 
 115 
 
 382 
 
 446 
 
 509 
 
 573 
 
 037 
 
 70C 
 
 764 
 
 828 
 
 891 
 
 955 
 
 1.019 
 
 1,082 
 
 1,146 
 
 116 
 
 38fl 
 
 454 
 
 519 
 
 58^ 
 
 648 
 
 713 
 
 778 
 
 843 
 
 908 
 
 973 
 
 1,037 
 
 1.102 
 
 1,167 
 
 117 
 
 39e 
 
 462 
 
 528 
 
 59-! 
 
 660 
 
 72e 
 
 792 
 
 858 
 
 924 
 
 990 
 
 1,056 
 
 1,122 
 
 1,188 
 
 118 
 
 403 
 
 470 
 
 537 
 
 60S 
 
 672 
 
 733 
 
 806 
 
 873 
 
 940 
 
 1,008 
 
 1,075 
 
 1,142 
 
 1,209 
 
 119 
 
 41C 
 
 47S 
 
 547 
 
 61c 
 
 683 
 
 752 
 
 820 
 
 888 
 
 957 
 
 .1,025 
 
 1,093 
 
 1,162 
 
 1,230 
 
 120 
 
 417 
 
 487 
 
 556 
 
 621 
 
 1 
 
 695 
 
 76c 
 
 834 
 
 904 
 
 973 
 
 1,043 
 
 1,112 
 
 1,182 
 
 1,251 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 45 
 
 TABLE 1.— SCRroNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE— Continued. 
 19 TO 32 FOOT LOGS— Continued. 
 
 p 
 
 Length — feet. 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 . 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 Contents— board feet in tens. 
 
 Ins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 603 
 
 635 
 
 667 
 
 699 
 
 730 
 
 762 
 
 794 
 
 826 
 
 857 
 880 
 
 889 
 
 • 921 
 
 953 
 
 984 
 
 1,016 
 
 82 
 
 619 
 
 652 
 
 684 
 
 
 749 
 
 782 
 
 815 
 
 847 
 
 912 
 
 945 
 
 977 
 
 1,010 
 
 1,043 
 
 83 
 
 635 
 
 668 
 
 702 
 
 73.5 
 
 7C9 
 
 802 
 
 835 
 
 869 
 
 902 
 
 936 
 
 969 
 
 1,002 
 
 1,036 
 
 1,069 
 
 84 
 
 652 
 
 687 
 
 721 
 
 755 
 
 790 
 
 824 
 
 858 
 
 893 
 
 927 
 
 961 
 
 996 
 
 1,030 
 
 1,064 
 
 1,099 
 
 85 
 
 667 
 
 702 
 
 737 
 
 772 
 
 807 
 
 842 
 
 877 
 
 912 
 
 947 
 
 982 
 
 1,017 
 
 1,052 
 
 1,088 
 
 1,123 
 
 86 
 
 682 
 
 718 
 
 754 
 
 790 
 
 82() 
 
 8()2 
 
 898 
 
 934 
 
 970 
 
 1,006 
 
 1,042 
 
 1,077 
 
 1,113 
 
 1.149 
 
 87 
 
 700 
 
 737 
 
 774 
 
 810 
 
 847 
 
 884 
 
 921 
 
 958 
 
 995 
 
 1,031 
 
 1,0()8 
 
 1,105 
 
 1,142 
 
 1.179 
 
 88 
 
 716 
 
 753 
 
 791 
 
 829 
 
 866 
 
 904 
 
 942 
 
 979 
 
 1,017 
 
 1,0.55 
 
 1,092 
 
 1,130 
 
 1,1(38 
 
 1.205 
 
 89 
 
 732 
 
 770 
 
 809 
 
 847 
 
 886 
 
 924 
 
 963 
 
 1,001 
 
 1,040 
 
 1,078 
 
 1,117 
 
 1,155 
 
 1,194 
 
 1.232 
 
 90 
 
 747 
 
 787 
 
 826 
 
 865 
 
 905 
 
 944 
 
 983 
 
 1,023 
 
 1,062 
 
 1,101 
 
 1,141 
 
 1,180 
 
 1,219 
 
 1,259 
 
 91 
 
 765 
 
 805 
 
 845 
 
 886 
 
 926 
 
 966 
 
 1,006 
 
 1,047 
 
 1.087 
 
 1,127 
 
 1,107 
 
 1,208 
 
 1,248 
 
 1,288 
 
 92 
 
 781 
 
 822 
 
 863 
 
 904 
 
 94.- 
 
 981, 
 
 1,027 
 
 1,068 
 
 1,109 
 
 1,1-50 
 
 1,191 
 
 1,233 
 
 1,274 
 
 1,315 
 
 93 
 
 796 
 
 83S 
 
 880 
 
 922 
 
 964 
 
 1,006 
 
 1,048 
 
 1,090 
 
 1,132 
 
 1,174 
 
 1.216 
 
 1,258 
 
 1,299 
 
 1,341 
 
 94 
 
 814 
 
 857 
 
 9)0 
 
 942 
 
 985 
 
 1,028 
 
 1,071 
 
 1,114 
 
 l,m 
 
 1,199 
 
 1,242 
 
 1,285 
 
 1,328 
 
 1,371 
 
 95 
 
 831 
 
 875 
 
 919 
 
 9<:.3 
 
 1,00(> 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,094 
 
 1,138 
 
 1,181 
 
 1.225 
 
 1,269 
 
 1,313 
 
 1,3-56 
 
 1,400 
 
 9(i 
 
 849 
 
 893 
 
 938 
 
 98.3 
 
 1,027 
 
 1.072 
 
 1,117 
 
 1,161 
 
 1,206 
 
 1,251 
 
 1,295 
 
 1,340 
 
 1,385 
 
 1,429 
 
 97 
 
 865 
 
 910 
 
 956 
 
 1,001 
 
 1,047 
 
 1.092 
 
 1,1.38 
 
 1,183 
 
 1,229 
 
 1,274 
 
 1,320 
 
 1,305 
 
 1,411 
 
 1,456 
 
 98 
 
 882 
 
 928 
 
 975 
 
 1.021 
 
 1.0(;8 
 
 1,114 
 
 1,160 
 
 1,207 
 
 1,253 
 
 1,300 
 
 1,346 
 
 1.392 
 
 1,439 
 
 1.485 
 
 99 
 
 899 
 
 947 
 
 994 
 
 1,041 
 
 1.089 
 
 1.1.36 
 
 1,183 
 
 1,231 
 
 1,278 
 
 1.325 
 
 1.373 
 
 1,420 
 
 1,467 
 
 1,515 
 
 100 
 
 917 
 
 965 
 
 1,013 
 
 1,062 
 
 1,110 
 
 1,158 
 
 1,206 
 
 1,2.55 
 
 1,303 
 
 1,351 
 
 1,399 
 
 1,448 
 
 1,496 
 
 1,.544 
 
 101 
 
 934 
 
 9&3 
 
 1,033 
 
 1,082 
 
 1,131 
 
 1,180 
 
 1,229 
 
 1,278 
 
 1,328 
 
 1,377 
 
 1,426 
 
 1,475 
 
 1,524 
 
 1,573 
 
 102 
 
 953 
 
 1,003 
 
 1,0,54 
 
 1,10-; 
 
 1.154 
 
 1,204 
 
 1,254 
 
 1,304 
 
 1,355 
 
 1,405 
 
 1,455 
 
 1,505 
 
 1,5.55 
 
 1,605 
 
 103 
 
 972 
 
 1,023 
 
 1.075 
 
 1,12< 
 
 1,177 
 
 1,228 
 
 1,279 
 
 1,330 
 
 1,382 
 
 1,433 
 
 1,484 
 
 1,535 
 
 1,586 
 
 1,637 
 
 104 
 
 991 
 
 1,043 
 
 1.096 
 
 1,148 
 
 1.200 
 
 1,2.52 
 
 1,304 
 
 1,356 
 
 1,409 
 
 1,461 
 
 1,513 
 
 1,5&5 
 
 1,617 
 
 1,669 
 
 105 
 
 1,010 
 
 1,063 
 
 1,117 
 
 1,170 
 
 1 , 223 
 
 1,276 
 
 1,329 
 
 1,382 
 
 1,436 
 
 1,489 
 
 1,542 
 
 1,595 
 
 1,648 
 
 1,701 
 
 10(; 
 
 1,029 
 
 1,083 
 
 1,138 
 
 1,192 
 
 1.246 
 
 
 1,354 
 
 1,408 
 
 1,463 
 
 1,517 
 
 1.571 
 
 1,625 
 
 1,679 
 
 1,733 
 
 107 
 
 1,050 
 
 1,105 
 
 1,160 
 
 1.21( 
 
 1.271 
 
 i;326 
 
 1,381 
 
 1,437 
 
 1,492 
 
 1,547 
 
 1.602 
 
 1,658 
 
 1,713 
 
 1,768 
 
 lOS 
 
 1.069 
 
 1,125 
 
 1,181 
 
 1,2.38 
 
 1.294 
 
 1,3.50 
 
 1,406 
 
 1,463 
 
 1,519 
 
 1,575 
 
 1,631 
 
 1.688 
 
 1,744 
 
 1,800 
 
 109 
 
 1,089 
 
 1,147 
 
 1,204 
 
 1,261 
 
 1.319 
 
 1.376 
 
 1,4.33 
 
 1,491 
 
 1,548 
 
 1,605 
 
 1.663 
 
 1,720 
 
 1,777 
 
 1,835 
 
 110 
 
 1,108 
 
 1,167 
 
 1,225 
 
 1,283 
 
 1,-342 
 
 1,400 
 
 1,458 
 
 1,517 
 
 1,575 
 
 1,633 
 
 1,692 
 
 1,750 
 
 1,808 
 
 1,867 
 
 111 
 
 1,129 
 
 1.188 
 
 1,248 
 
 1.307 
 
 1..367 
 
 1,426 
 
 1,485 
 
 1,-545 
 
 1,604 
 
 1,664 
 
 1,723 
 
 1,783 
 
 1,842 
 
 1,901 
 
 112 
 
 1,148 
 
 1,208 
 
 1,269 
 
 1.329 
 
 1.390 
 
 1,4.50 
 
 1,510 
 
 1,571 
 
 1 , 631 
 
 1,692 
 
 1.7-52 
 
 1,813 
 
 1,873 
 
 1,933 
 
 113 
 
 1,169 
 
 1,230 
 
 1,292 
 
 1,3,53 
 
 1.415 
 
 1.476 
 
 1,.5.3S 
 
 1,599 
 
 1,6(1 
 
 1,722 
 
 1.784 
 
 1.845 
 
 1,907 
 
 1,968 
 
 114 
 
 1,189 
 
 1,252 
 
 L31^ 
 
 1.377 
 
 1,4.X9 
 
 1 . 502 
 
 1 , 565 
 
 1,627 
 
 1,690 
 
 1,7.52 
 
 1.815 
 
 1.878 
 
 1.940 
 
 2.003 
 
 115 
 
 1.210 
 
 1,273 
 
 1,337 
 
 1,401 
 
 1,464 
 
 1,528 
 
 1,592 
 
 1,655 
 
 1,719 
 
 1.783 
 
 1,846 
 
 1,910 
 
 1,974 
 
 2.037 
 
 116 
 
 1,232 
 
 1,297 
 
 1.362 
 
 1,42( 
 
 1.491 
 
 1..5.5f; 
 
 1.621 
 
 l,68t. 
 
 1,7.51 
 
 1.815 
 
 1,880 
 
 1.945 
 
 2.010 
 
 2.075 
 
 117 
 
 1,254 
 
 1,320 
 
 1.386 
 
 1.4,52 
 
 1,518 
 
 1,584 
 
 1,650 
 
 1,710 
 
 1,782 
 
 1.848 
 
 1.914 
 
 1,980 
 
 2,046 
 
 2.112 
 
 118 
 
 1,276 
 
 1,343 
 
 1,411 
 
 1,478 
 
 1,545 
 
 1.612 
 
 1,679 
 
 1,746 
 
 1.814 
 
 1.881 
 
 1.948 
 
 2.015 
 
 2.082 
 
 2,149 
 
 119 
 
 1,298 
 
 1,367 
 
 1,435 
 
 1,503 
 
 1,572 
 
 1,640 
 
 1,708 
 
 1,777 
 
 1,845 
 
 1,913 
 
 1,982 
 
 2,0-50 
 
 2,118 
 
 2,187 
 
 120 
 
 1,321 
 
 1,390 
 
 1,460 
 
 1,529 
 
 1,599 
 
 1,068 
 
 1,738 
 
 1,807 
 
 1,877 
 
 1,946 
 
 2,016 
 
 2,085 
 
 2,155 
 
 2,224 
 
46 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 ! 
 
 .2 
 
 6X3 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 'S 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 .-IC<l(NCOCO 
 
 CO CO -^ -^ lO <© CD t^ 
 
 ■*iOCOl^«3050SO.-l 
 
 CO 
 
 ^e^(MiMCO 
 
 <MCO-<l<-<l<U5COcOt- 
 
 TlHU5«t^t^00<35O^ 
 
 g 
 
 >-((MC^<MCO 
 
 (N CO ■«< ■* lO >0 O t^ 
 
 -<l<iOOcOt^OOOiOO 
 
 ^ 
 
 y-iC^COC-iCC 
 
 (NCOCOTTiOiOCOO 
 
 Trioiccoi>ooCT>a5 
 
 ^ 
 
 .-Hr-l(NC^CO 
 
 CS|COCOM<Tl<if3COO 
 
 ■^•^lOCOl^t^OOOlO 
 
 ^ 
 
 r-l.-l(M(NCO 
 
 C^C0eOT»<T}iU5iocD 
 
 ■<*<rt<iotOi©t^00O5Oi 
 
 n 
 
 'H.-HC^C^IM 
 
 (Neoco-*'*ir5>0<» 
 
 cOTt<io50coi^ooooo> 
 
 ^ 
 
 r-H --I <M (N (M 
 
 <NC>JC0-»tTt<-^U5O 
 
 coTTioiocDt-t^ooai 
 
 ^ 
 
 »-l^(N (NIM 
 
 (M(NCOCO-*-*<OiO 
 
 co-tr-^iocoot^oooo 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^.H (N(N(N 
 
 (M(NCOCO'5t<-«*<U5lO 
 
 eOTjtrriCCDcDt^t^OO 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^^(MIN 
 
 (N(MCOCO'^Tj<T>iic 
 
 C0rt<TM0iO«5Ot^00 
 
 c5 
 
 ^rH^<NC^ 
 
 C<l<NCOCOCO-<*<T»<io 
 
 coco-*Trif5coot^t> 
 
 S 
 
 r-lt-<-H (M(M 
 
 (M(M(NCOCO-»l<'*'* 
 
 COCO-*<rfio»ocOcDt- 
 
 Oi 
 
 i-H r-l rH (M C^ 
 
 (MC^(NCOCOCO-*-* 
 
 coco-<i"*iC"50<»r^ 
 
 s 
 
 ": 
 
 d^^-^. 
 
 .-1 (N (M eO CO CO rt< Tjt 
 
 (MCOCO-V<9<»OiCCOCO 
 
 t- 
 
 d'H,-l,-H(N 
 
 --<<N(MC^COCO^?-<*< 
 
 (NCOCOTfiTflOlOlOCO 
 
 2 
 
 drH,-l^,-l 
 
 .-KMINIMCOCOCO-.* 
 
 Mcocoeo->»<-*-oiocD 
 
 lO 
 
 Oi-l.-l.-H.-l 
 
 .-l(NC<I(M(MCOCOCO 
 
 (N(NCOCO-<»'-<1<"<l<u5iO 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 .-lr-l<M(M(MCOCOCO 
 
 <N(NCOCOCO'*'*'^iO 
 
 CO 
 
 d 'r-frHr-l 
 
 .-i-HC^(M(N(NCOCO 
 
 C-KNiNCOCOCO-^-^O 
 
 (M 
 
 IOU5 
 
 d 'rHrHT-l 
 
 »-i^.-i(N(N(N(NCO 
 
 (N(N(NCOCOCO-<*<'*<TJ< 
 
 ;5 
 
 d • -^^ 
 
 ..-l^.-((M(N(M(M(N 
 
 .-KM (N (N CO CO CO -r Tj« 
 
 o 
 
 d • -rHrH 
 
 ^,_lr-(.-HC<)(NC<)<N 
 
 .-H(M(N(M<MCOCOCOeO 
 
 C5 
 
 d • • -^ 
 
 ' ^ y-< y-i ^ C<t CO C<1 
 
 rH.-l<N(N(M(NCOCOCO 
 
 00 
 
 o • • • • 
 
 ■ ^ rt ,_(.-( tH (M M 
 
 .-l.-l.-l(N(N(NIMeOCO 
 
 - 
 
 <5 • • • • 
 
 ■ .-1 .-1 .-1 ^ .-l(N 
 
 .-i.-l.-(.-i(N(N(N(N(N 
 
 to 
 
 Id ' * ■ 
 
 »o»oio 
 
 
 
 ^^^rt^CSl(M(M<N 
 
 lO 
 
 1 d ■ ■ ■ 
 
 ICiCiCO 
 
 
 ' 
 
 1 • ic iC IC 
 
 ; jd ■ ■ 
 
 lOiOiOiOiCiO 
 
 10 10>0 
 
 
 
 
 geo-«i»odi>.' 
 
 ■<«i lo d t'l 00 d d .-< 
 
 CO 
 
 »c d t^' 00* d d .-I N CO 
 
 >< 
 
APPENDIX. 47 
 
 «t-»0^c.corh;cor^ o> O C;! « ;2: ^ l:^ 2 S g ?^ g5 S S ^ ?5 2 2 t2S2S?5?3 SSS5?5^ 
 
 ;0 t>. 00 03 O --H (M CO Tf lO 50 00 O -^ (M CO -^ CO I 
 
 or^t-oooso-jcjco^o <»o>o-^^coo2t^oo2«;5=^^^ 22 2;^ SJ:^ 2 § ?^ g^ ^ o5S 
 
 ioot-ooo5o-Hojco;2;;2; °°^^2^^^^"32"S22^ ^"^^ 2^;2;^SS22§?5c5^S 
 
 o<»t^oooico-Hc^co^ i^oo^o-|C;i;*2S^S2S?5c^c5 2;I12^22S^S2?5c^?j^ 
 
 lo «o t^ 00 00 05 o -H (M (M CO t^ °0'=^2^S2^122l^2S Sc5c^ '^222^21122222^?^ ?ie3 
 
 ) C". O O -^ (N CO 
 
 iOiO«Ot^0000O:C^C-^(N cot^ooa5Cr-iCMco-^iO'-Or--t^oo<SiO <'^2^'^22I221h5SSc5 
 ><»tiOOI^t^0003CO-^(N tDt^OOCJlO— i-^'MCO-^iO^t^OOOOOS GOOiO'-nfMCO'TiOCOt-^ 22 S M 
 
 •*»0<0<Ct^0000050C: —I ON.OOOOCiO^'MCOCO-W'iC'-CI^OCOO OO'^iC^HC^CO^;^^^;^^^^ 
 TtiiQiOCOt^t^OOOiOJO— ' O Or^ 00 Oi CO^-MCOT-n'iOOt-.OO t^00OC--<MC0;5'iC'^r--^2 
 
 Tt<-<*iioo^t^aoooa:03 loot^oooooiC;— i — 'Mco-^^J^'^S^ 
 
 00O5C— 'C^lC-^CO-^iOOt^OO 
 
 Tt< r»l lO lO O t" t^ 00 00 05 O iC to «3 t^ 00 05 a> O -H C^ !N CO -^ -^ lO 50 *^ °o °o ^^2 ^ 2 2 S 2- 12 2 ^ 
 
 eo ■* m "O cc i;c 1^ t- 00 00 oi lo lo to t^ t~ oo oi o o >-' c<i c^ co ■* ■'f lo ot^oooo o^-i^coeo^io J2 
 
 to TJ" •^ U5 iC to to t— t^ 00 Oi Tf lO to O r^ 00 00 Ol O O -^ (N <N CO CO -^ CO t^ t^ 00 03 O O 'i^ OJ CO CO ^ "3 
 
 CO ■^ ■* ■^ »C to to to ^- 00 00 Tf lO lO to b- 1^ 00 00 05 O O !-< '— I <N CO CO <o tO b- 00 00 05 O O -^ C^ CO CO ^ 
 
 CO CO Tjt ■* lO lO to to l-» t- t^ Tt< -^ lO to to r^ b- 00 00 05 O O "-^ — ' !^ C^ 1/5 to b- f~- 00 00 05 O O -H C^ PJ CO 
 
 CO CO CO •^ f »0 »0 to O to t^ ■'»< ■* <0 >0 to to t^ IV OO 00 05 Ol O O I— ( I— I lO iC to t^ t^ 00 OO C5 O O -^ Cfl c^ 
 
 (N CO CO ■* ■* -^ lO "5 to to O CO T»( Tf lO lO to to t^ t^ 00 00 0> 05 O O ^ Tt< lO to to X-- t^ 00 00 £35 O O ^H ^ 
 
 C<ICOCOCO'<*'-^'>t<iO'OtOtO CO-^'<*<-^iOiOtOtOt^t^t--0000010lO -^iCiOtOtOt^t^OOOOOJOlOO 
 
 C^ C^ CO CO CO •<*< -^ ■* lO ifS lO CO CO •*! Tf •>* lO O to to to b- t^ 00 OO 00 05 ■^ rP lO iC to to t^ b- l^ 00 CO 05 0> 
 
 M <M C<J CO CO CO ■^ -^ Tf Tji if5 CO CO CO ■<*<■*■* »0 "? "O to to to t> l^ 00 00 CO Tt< Tf UO lO lO to to f~ t^ 00 OO 00 
 
 M O? C<) C^ CO CO CO CO -^ •^ ■^ C^ CO CO CO ■* ■^ ■* Tti ic lO »0 to to to t- t> CO CO •* •^ ■* lO lO to to to t^ t^ b- 
 
 rH «M <M (N C^ CO CO CO CO ■* -^ Cq (M CO CO CO CO Tj< Tji rl< -^ lo kO "5 to to to CO CO CO -^ -^ •* lO »0 "5 CO tO tO t^ 
 
 ■-I'-ic^iNCiiMCqcocococo cvie>i(N(Ncocoeoeo-*-*'<«'-*iO'0«5io (NCoeoeoeO'^Tt*'*'«j*io»0"3eo 
 
 »-i.-(i-(M(NC<ie<l<N(NC<|CO T-<(N(M(NMS<ICOCOC0C0CO-^-^'-^-«ti-«*' (N(MINeOCOCOCO'*'*TtiT}ii*<iO 
 
 r-HTH^^^.-i(M(NC<lC^qC<l i-HrHi-KMOliMO-JIMMCOeOCOCOCOCOTf T-I(M(NC<)INC<1COCOCOCOCO'^'* 
 to t^ 00 0> O •— I Cq CO TTic «3 l^ 00 05 O <— I C<l CO TTi lO to t^ 00 05 O '— I C^ OO OS O »-i C^ CO t»< lO to b- OO OS o 
 
48 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 
 eo^3ooco y-i'^'-^ 01 c-i •>*<>* c<><^ conn ccmec^ ^4^^^^ id 
 
 (Ncoccec ,-i,-H,-i, 
 
 
 (NCOC0P5 i-H. 
 
 ' ® t^ oi o c^ 
 I e<5 eo CO -^ Tj> 
 
 r-^^ t>. C5 o 
 
 ! CO CO CO CO Tf 
 
 CO lt3 «C 
 
 'OiOCMCOlO-^t^OO(MCO 
 
 iCJCococococococoTt<Tr'<*i 
 
 IIMCMC^CMCOCOCOCOl 
 
 f CO -^ < 
 I <M (N ( 
 
 C^ IN <M (N 
 
 "w CO ■^ in' - . . 
 
 (N(N(N!N rH,-H--l,-l, 
 
 IO)(M!NCOCOCOCOC»5 
 
 O— i(MC0iO«t^CCCiO'-<CM-^lC:Ct^0CO;O^(N->*i 
 ,_l,-(T-,--<^,-(,-H,-I^CMiM(M(MCM<M(NlN(MCOCOCOeO 
 
 o^(Nco-^ic!Ct^ooroc^jicoLot05^coo50^c2 
 
 05 C — I (N CO^'io CC F^ 
 
 (N!NC>JO(N<N(M(MCOCOCO 
 
 O^C<ICO-^lOCOt--OC050 
 
 iC-4lM(M(MiMCa(NCQiM<M< 
 
 lO Oi O •-I !M OJ CO Tf 10 CC t^ 00 O O ' 
 ICI rt rt rt rt rt ,_|^rt ^^rt C^,( 
 
 t^t^OCOS 00O5O— i(NCO-*«CiO«Ot^< 
 
 otor^oo 00 o> 05 o rH c<i CO Tf lo ■ 
 
 t^OOOSOO^(NCOTt<Tt<ioeOt^OOOOO>C^!M(MCO-^ 
 
 ._irtrt,-i^.-(,-ir-i,-H,-Hr-i,-(^(Mc^c^e^ese<i 
 
 r^r~oo05CC»-<(Mcocorfio< 
 
 COCO-^O ;Ot>.00000>OC^(N01CO-«*>iOiO'»l^t^OOa>05< 
 
 (N (M CO CO CO O t^ 00 00 01 C O i-H IM <N CO CO TP U5 »C 50 t~ t^ 00 CSS OS 
 
 i-(^C<l(M l0O«t^00000i05O'-^'-i<MC^fCC0Tt<ic»C«COt^00 
 
 OO1-H.-1 »0'0;0«Ot^t^00050500^^C<l(NeOCO-*-*'u;iO«> 
 
 oscftoo •'J' to 10 » o t^ t^ ( 
 
 )0500^^IMC^l<MCOrO'^Tti 
 
 00 00 05 05 ■^ Tf U5 10 O O Ot^- t-» 00 00 C5 05 05 O O "-t i-l M M C^ CO 
 
 t^t>.0000 CO ■* ■* "* »0 "5 5D O ?D t>- t^ t~~ 00 00 05 05 05 C O O >— I T— I 
 
 CO to to i^ eoco'^-^-^'»<ioio>ocococot^t^t^ooooooo505050 
 
 10 »0 «5 O 01 CO CO CO CO ■* -^ '* iC "5 »0 >0 CO to to CO t^ O- t~- t:^ 00 00 
 •<*<■*•* -^ C<><N<NCOC0C0COC0'*-*'^-^'^«O»O«O'OtOCDCOCOCO 
 
 J« 
 
 050i-i(NCO'^»CCOl--l 
 
 lO'-'0JC0'^lCC0t^0C05< 
 
APPENDIX. 49 
 
 Oli-teCiOb-Oi-IMiflCDOOOMTtfCDOOOlN-^OOO fOcOOOOiM-*cOOOi-icOiOt^O>'-<CO>0000(N'^ 
 OlOM'^COOOOINPOiOt^OS'-lfOlOOOOO C>» Tt< CO eO»OI-0>'-iCO>Or-05'-HC<5iOOOC2»J'<*<COOOC5C« 
 
 I <M c^ c<» CO <M iM CO CO eo eo CO Tt< Ti< Tti Tj( ^ ■>«( icio "b im (N 
 
 I CO CO CO CO CO "^ ^ '^ ■ 
 
 '-l--l(N(MCvqc^lMeOCOCOCOCOCO'*T}(^,j<^^lOlO <M(M(N(N!MCOCOCOCOCO-<tl^^^-5<>OloSloS 
 
 r-4i-((N(MOJC5(MC^COCOCOCOCOeO-<*lT^T}<- 
 
 .-Hi-li-l(NC-5(N(N<M(NCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^-*T»<^^ ^(M(Nc!j(MCSl<NeOCOCOeOeO-*TjHnHTj<Tt<'*iOiO 
 
 ■ oooMeoior^ooo cTco lO !>• oo o 
 
 >O(MC0 
 (CO IM (M 
 
 cscocseocooocococo-<j<-<*<-<»<- 
 
 > t^ 05 O CM CO 
 
 004CO 0005'-HCO-*cOr^050CO"tt<iOt-OOOCOCOlOCOOO 
 T*<TliTl< .-I .-H CI CM CO CS CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Tf ^ T}< Tt< ^ -51 
 
 1-H CO CO CO CO C-1 < 
 
 .-iT-iT-(r-(i-Hcococ>icococ~icocoeococococoeoco-* t-ii-h. 
 
 COTfilOCOOOCJO'-HCOTttioCOCCOJOCOCOTtllOt^OO lOl-^OOOrHCOTflOt^OOOSrHCOTtiiCOC 
 T-l.-li-l.-Hi-HT-(COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOfOCO '-l^r-ICOC0C0C0C0C0C0C0COCOCOeOCO( 
 
 cocococococococoeocococo< 
 
 I iO«> (30 05 O 
 
 ICOCOTtUOOf-OOOS'-ICOC 
 l,-HrH>-4,-lt-lTH^r-ICOC0< 
 
 C30050COCOTtiOt^00030COCOTtllOI 
 
 rHr-icocoeoc'icococococococococO! 
 
 > ■* lOCOt^OOCiOi— ICO CO-^«Or-OOC50COCO'*llC«500050'-HCO'<J<l 
 I CO CO CO CO CO CO CO eO CO i-* r-l .-l tH i-h t-I CO CO CO C<J CO CO CO co co co co co < 
 
 Or-icoeoTt<iocot^ooo50-HCOco-<}< 
 
 ■•-(i-lrHi-HT-lrtrHl-lT-lT-ICNlCOCOCOCO 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 Oi-HCOCOCOTt<lf5COr-00050'-ICOCOTj<iOCOt^OOOa COCO-^iCCOt^OOOOrH 
 rH i-H T-H tH — ^ >-t ,-1 i-H 1-1 t-H T-H CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO tH t-H rH i-H T-H 
 
 cocococoeocococococol 
 
 O5p^co?o;5;;5;»o«ot^ogo5g^cococoxt;o«5t:^ .-hcoco-^'Ococ^oooO'^cocotji 
 
 CO CO CO cot 
 
 oooiO'-HcococOTfiotot^oooooio 
 
 s?5g3S5^^s S;^s^s;2;ssi:;2sac^?5g^?5S^S! 
 
 oooioso'-'eococo-^ioocot^oooi 
 
 ooi-Hc^icoco oO'-icoco-'tiiococot^ooasOi-icococo-^iQco 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO r-H .-I T-H r-l T-( — I .-I T-< i-H T-l T-( rH CO C<« CO CO CO CO C<t CO 
 
 r^c<oaiC350'-<cocoeo-*-<j<iooi^t^oooCT>o<-ico OiOO'-icoco-^-^iocoi^oooooo.-icoeo 
 
 CO OiOO'-Hcoco-*-*i050i^ooooo50.-HCoeoeo^ 
 
 r^t-oooJOiO'-iT-icococo-^iOioiccDr-oooooso c»CiOOi-Heoeqeo-*»o«3«oir-ooooCT>Oi 
 
 «ot^t^ooooosoO'-ir-(coeocOTtiTtno50?or~t^oo t^QOOs050'-ii-icococo'<*i»o»ci«ot^t^ooo5< 
 
 iOOOt^ooooo50JOOrHT-HCoeoco'*i'*"3»ocoo t^t>.ooooo>ooTH^cococoTti-^ioo!£>t^t^oo 
 
 >oo«o«t^t^ooooa50500i-ii-icococococo'*-<«' »«t--r»ooo50500t-i,-^coeococo-*Tj<ioioo 
 
 ^to »o«o«D«t^t^oooooooc5soooi-H'-ieoeoeo iocD50r^t^t^ooooa>0500i-H'—(cocococo-*Tt< 
 
 ^Tr-*»oio»oco««t^t»oocx5ooo»ojo»ooo'-i ^«oici;D50ot^t^QOooooa>05000'-n-iCOco 
 
 eoeo->»<-^'V^io»otocoeo;oi>-t^r-oooooooooia> ■^■^•"itiiOOiococDtDr-t^i^ooooooosoOioO 
 
 c<eoeocoe<3'^'^'^Tttus«o"5»oto;ci!05C>cot>-r-t^ coeoeO'»'-*-*»o»oio»ocDcc>to;ct^r-«>'i-^oo<» 
 
 
 63746—15 8 
 
50 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 1 
 X 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 .3 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ?§j:3?Si3^§^^:j?SS§SSS§Sg 
 
 g5^«5;^,^5:3 
 
 CO 
 
 ^^s^^^^^^^^sstsssssss 
 
 (N lO I- O <M o r^ O 
 
 COCOCOT»<-<tc-5j<-*lO 
 
 u 
 
 SSJSS?i?S§^5^^i3SS5ggS§ 
 
 T-H ■* CO 00 —< CO «o 00 
 cocoeoco-<<<^-«l'-# 
 
 ^ 
 
 oooo!MT»<coaooco>ct-a3— icoiot-^oc^-* 
 
 (MC^COCOCOCOCOT'r-*-<f^lCiOiOlOOOCD 
 
 ^^5??^^5J^^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ic 1- o — CO 'O 1- 05 --< CO >o t^ Ci ^ CO lo r- o c^ 
 eac^CMcococococOTti-r-^^-ji^riOioiCLCOco 
 
 O3rHTl<C000OC0lO 
 CMCOCOCOCOV-*-*' 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^?5^??^^^§S^^^^S:};s?SSS 
 
 CO o ^^ lO t- o <-( CO 
 
 CMCOCOCOCOCO^"* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ?5SS§J;;?:s^^^§^^^^Sn;s?:3S 
 
 S^SJ^I?^5^§^ 
 
 s 
 
 §^^S?5g5j:;??^5^???^^§^SiSS5S 
 
 ^?5^g?^^^§ 
 
 ?5 
 
 ^?5^SS^g^??^^^§^^$^?5:5L? 
 
 ssgj;^??^^?? 
 
 ?5 
 
 g?S^SI:^^g5^.^^-^^5^'5^iJ?3 
 
 ^ss§5?^??^s 
 
 ?3 
 
 2S?5^S^§5S?:?^i§f^^§^5^^^ 
 
 S5SS8§^?5S?^ 
 
 s 
 
 t-l(Me^e<»eS(M(M(MCOCOCCCOCOCO-r^Tj<TtirrTl< 
 
 ?^?a^ss^g?^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 OOOS'-'CSCOiOOOOO^fMTl-iftt^OOO-^CO^ 
 »-li— IC^C^CM(MC^(MC^5COC3COCOCOCO^TtiT3H-^ 
 
 E5?J?.8si?5???? 
 
 03 
 
 r- 00 o r^ oi Ti- lo o 00 Oi — 1 (M c-:) o o GC 05 o oa 
 
 .-H.-10)(MCS<M(NC^C^(NCOCOCOCOCOCOCO-*^ 
 
 ^?5?5^^?5§5^ 
 
 00 
 
 2::i2^c5?3^j?5^s?j^????^>?K^§ 
 
 2g?5?5^S^S 
 
 t- 
 
 SSl:;2^?J?3^^^^-S^?3g?;?J?^K 
 
 SSSgJg^S^^ 
 
 5 
 
 S:2S2SS?5?5?5^^'c^?5§J«?:^S?55^ 
 
 ^2Sg5?5?4S^ 
 
 ^-22SS§?JSgi^S^g5^^?5^S? 
 
 2^SS8g3§5^ 
 
 •* 
 
 SS;2;ssj::2S§^^g3g5^^^S555g5^S 
 
 iqSJ:;2Sgc^g5 
 
 CO 
 
 -S2^S2i:52Sgc^g^g5c5^S&j85§i 
 
 :r,^^^^^^r. 
 
 eq 
 
 ii=:£:i2;2:SSJ:;S2Sg?3?JS5SSgS 
 
 (NCO-fiCtOtl-OOO 
 
 
 S 
 
 22;:^22SSSSJ^SSSS^g3§igS^ 
 
 T-I(M CO -* »0 <0 t- 00 
 
 o 
 
 000>-iCM(NCO-*iOlOOt-0000050'-^^<N 
 
 0-H<NCOT><r(<iO-J3 
 
 ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ rHC^<NC^(N 
 
 
 o 
 
 OOOJ050'-i^<MCOM^iO>OOy3t^0000030 
 
 05 O ^ <M (M CO Tti ■* 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 C^OOOOG5050i-l^(M(NCOCO-*iOlOO«>l-CO 
 
 ooc500t-i(M(mco 
 
 
 
 t- 
 
 COt^t-OOOOOiCTiOO 1-iT-i (M <M coco Tt< TJH lO lo 
 
 t^ 00 00 Oi O O T-H rH 
 
 «D 
 
 ■' i«tDtOt-£-t-0000 05000^-H^<MCsicOCC 
 
 OJ-t-ooooooio 
 
 
 
 iO 
 
 ■*U5i0OtOCOl>t^t^0000000505OOO.-Hi-H 
 
 ic o o <o tx t^ 00 00 
 
 ■<f 
 
 ^ T»i-Tf r^ iO ^ iO O «3 «) <0 t- t- t- 00 00 00 O Ci 
 
 T,<^.0 0-^0«>« 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO ■* u5 «o' t>^ 00 o> o 
 
APPENDIX. 5 1 
 
 I in u's »o to CO to 50 1>- !>• 
 
 It— O u-JOOOC-OiOOCOCOlCOOC 
 
 itot— cocCTj<^Tf-<t>iciOinioc 
 
 t^05<>i-^cooooco>or- -ftoaa^TftDos^cccoaO'-ioo'-cc 
 TtiTfiO'omiotototoco rococo-^-*'^-^'0'0'Oio<fflcococ 
 
 «300OIM-^CO00C00iO c'3iOt^O<M'<*'t— OS"— i-^tOQO— 'COtOODO 
 
 I to »0 lO to c 
 
 •* to 00 O C^l ■* to OC O (N 
 
 o>oio»cirftctb cocococc-^^-^-^'O'bioioiototdtoto 
 
 ■IM-<*itOOOOC4-^tDOOO O<MlOt-aii-Hr0t000O( 
 ■^ -TjH Tf -^ lO lO lO lO to t~ ■■ -....— . 
 
 lOfMrfOOO CTS'-Hfomt— OfN^tOOOOCM-^tOOCOO'l TtltOOOOfOtOt-C5(M-^! 
 
 toicirtifsio eocccococo-^Tti'Ti'f'^ioioio 
 
 
 I- OC O CJ rt< iC 
 
 icr-a50(M-*tot-C30Ci-*io 
 
 05 O --H CO -t< iC t— OC- Oi ^ 1-H C-1 -^r i-O t^ 00 03 ^ C^ -f 'O I- 00 O T-l CO ^ -^ti iC I- oj o c-i co tc to c 
 
 !M r: CO CO fo fo CO CO r" -" -, ~ ,«,«-, ~, ~, ^ ^ _„ ^ _.. ~, ^, «, ^, ^ — 
 
 t— 00 Oi — ' CM CO to t 
 
 l(N(M<MCOeOCOCOCOCOCO^ 
 
 tOtOOOOiOT 
 
 icoeococococoeoco (N (N,( 
 
 Tti lO to t— 00 05 O --H CI -^ I— 00 05 T-H C-^ CO Tf '" I - 00 Oi O Cvl CO -*■ I 
 (MO^IMCSIMCICOCOCOCO i-li-lrH(M(N(MC<)C-l(NOJ(MCOCOfOCO( 
 
 ii-<(M'*iOtOI— 050'— lCO-<ftC 
 l(MC^(N(M(N(M<NCOCOCOCOCO 
 
 IC-)CM(N(MC^C^COC0COCO ^^CM(N(M(M(MCM<MOacOeOCO 
 
 
 ' >— I --H CS CO -^ lO 
 (NCS(N<NCM <N 
 
 SSS;2;i2SSi::;S2gg?5SE5§5 22;:3;SSi::;222^?^?',?5 
 
 COrf<iOiOtOt^t--OOaJCT> O O -^ (N (NCO'fOiCtOr-t-OOOJOiOi-i .-H CM CO CO ■* iSlotO I- 00 OS d^o 
 ^H >— I 1-H 1—1 1— I <-4 i-H 1— I 1-H 1— I T— I T-l i-H 1-* 1— I T-H T— ( 1— I i-H T— I T-l T-l 1— I rH I— I (N C<l i— I rH rH ,— I ,— I i— I rH t-H .— ( t— I i-H »-* CM 
 
 cMCMcocoTftoiototoi-- ooc500'-i(NC<icocO'<*i«»ctotoi^oooo oo<-<cMCMeO'<*-^iototot-oo 
 
 0.-<i-l(NeM<NCOCO-*-^ t--OOOOCiOSOO'TH'-lC^CSCOT}H^lOLOtO ODOlOO'-l'-IC^CMCOeO-^lOtO 
 
 oooia5000»-ii-iCMCM totot-i>-ooooo5030oO'-H>-^cMCM co"co t^t^-ccooososoo^'-ieMc^ico 
 
 r>.t:— t— OOOOOOOS05C50 lOiCtOtOtOt— t-£>OOCOOOOiOiOiOOO tOtOCOt^t— 1>-O00005050i00 
 
 ?5?^§5^S^S5?5Sg 3SS^2Sg?5g^S5^S8^85S§ J2Si:;SSSSSS5^^^S5 
 
52 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 00— I -!< 
 t^ X X 
 
 lOiOiOLOOcOCOt^t^-t-OOOOOOCJSl lOcOOCDOt^r^t"- 
 
 ' 00 1-H -q* t~ o ■'jn^- 
 
 ) »0 CO O CO t^ t- l> 
 
 lb?i 
 
 t^ O <N lO tX> — I 
 
 J> t^ 00 0000 5? 
 
 O C5 IM lO 00 ^H TJ« 
 lO O O to O t^ Ir^ 
 
 ec«o 00 looo c 
 
 00 C CO «0 C5 CJ 
 •^ U5 lO lO »0 o 
 
 cOOt^t^J~-t^OOOO lOiOirj 
 
 50 CO «0« 
 
 i-H CO CO CO CO C; 
 
 rti-*-*lO>0»-0>OcOCO 
 
 oooc 
 CO r-i 
 
 I lOOO O CO CO( 
 ) iC lO CO CO CO < 
 
 OOOCO (Nr}'r-C5(N>0t-OiMi000OC0'000 
 COt^t^ •<*i -^ -^ Tj< lO lO lO CO CO CO CO t^ t^ t^ t^ 
 
 t^OCOlOOOrH-^t^ 
 ^< to iO ^O to CO CO CO 
 
 I O O IC CO O CO c 
 
 iO00i-ICOCOC--^-<9' 
 Tj< Tj< u'S lO lO >0 CO CO 
 
 ) CO CO CO t~ I 
 
 ■ O »0 'O lO CO 
 
 ; lO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 Tji -^r -v^ O >0 ' 
 
 O (M lO t^ O (M ■ 
 
 irj lO L.O CO CC CO - 
 
 COOCO(M^COOOO<M«OI>-Sr3^C 
 
 I lO lO lO iC CO c 
 
 I o CO lO r^ cr. (M • 
 
 1^§ 
 
 I lO lO O lO lO CO 
 
 CO CO C'': CO CO ■ 
 
 -^ TP "S^ -^ lO 1 
 
 <N CO CO CO CO CO ^ - 
 
 COOO IVOi^lM-^cOt^O'-ilMTrcOOOCSi-H 
 •>!<■■*< C<1 (N CO CO CO CO CO CO ■*■ -^ TT -^ ■^ Tr lO 
 
 Tl< Tj< Tfl <N IM (M CO CO CO CO 00 CO ■ 
 
 ^p 
 
 -^ -qi CO 00 C5 1 
 
 ^^1 
 
 _., t^ 35 O IM 'S' "3 t^ 00 
 
 TP Tf rjt ■<*< (M (M CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 
 ICOiOcOt^OO^IM-^LOCDOOCn ■>SiL'5CO00Ja»-IC 
 I :vi !M (M (M (M CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO e<l W (N O^ (N CO 5 
 
 00(MeO"T»OCOOOC50^(M-^OCO (NCO 
 i-i(MC<l(NC<l(Mr^!N(NCOCOCOCOC0CO (M(N 
 
 M (M C-) (N <M CO 
 
 2Sa?3?^§5^S^§§Nj 
 
 'cO (MC 
 
 1^ Si^2SS53g5g5^^SS5?§§J^ SSSc3?^g5^^ 
 
 •^iCCOJ^00S5Oi-i<N(Mc0-S"iOcOr^ 
 
 1 t^OO CiO^C^ 
 I -H .-H tH (M (M <N 
 
 ?5 
 
 i(MC^ CO-^-^lOCOt^OCOOCSO— tC^lMCO-^ 
 
 ITS lO CO t>- 00 C5 
 
 gg 
 
 )OJO i-H iM CO CO -^ lO lO CO t^ 00 00 O O O T-H 
 
 I rH C^ 1— I ^H T— I .— I 1— I .— I .— ( r-( i-H T-( 1-1 I-H C^ (N e<l 
 
 ) CO •^ »C CO CO t^ 00 
 
 cocot^ ooi-ii— •NcoeO'^'^'Ococot^t^oo i-ic<JC<>coco'V'Oic 
 
 IOOOOOO.-IIM(N(MCO'*'W 
 
 OS O O .-H r-1 <M (M CO 
 
 >t^ t>.oooooooo5000^i-He^c^ r^ooooooooo 
 
 III 
 
 ^3 ?°. 
 
APPENDIX. 53 
 
 00000005 0; 05 !050t^t^l--0000000>05C--OO t^r^t-OOODOCOOlOOOi-i t^oooooo-.osoo 
 
 ^"OOOiMiOOOINiOOC^t OOtNcOC: ..__ -- ^^^i- - ^ ^ =^ ^ ^ - 
 t--t-I^OOOOOOC5C5030 CDI>t^t^OCX05 0>05000 t^OOOOOOOOJOlC 
 
 )0000050 lOCD«5«Ot^t^l^OOOOC000505 COt^l^r-OOOOOOOlOiOSOO 
 
 >C 00 f-H 131 t-- o 
 t^t^OO 00 00 Oi 
 
 c^'icoo r:) 3: «r 
 t^ r- 1-- 00 00 00 
 
 «o<ot~-t--r^oo loiOkO'Ccosotor^t^i^t^oox icocO'£>50t--i>'t^ooocooo> ocot^t^t^t^oooo 
 
 «0 CO to !>• r- t^ Tf »C lO lO CO CO O CO t^ t— t~~ t^ 00 10 10 CO CO CO CO t-- O- t^ 00 00 00 CO CO CO t> l^ t-- t^ 00 
 
 T^iitiLOiOiOcOCOCOcOt^t^t^t^ lOiO'-TcOcOcOcOt^r-r^OOOO lOcOCOCOt^r^t^t- 
 
 lOcOc 
 
 ss§ 
 
 •OcOcdcOCOt^ TtiTt<iOLCiOiOcOCOcOCOt^t^t^ 
 
 COOOOM»Ot- C0lC06OC>q»0F-O(M^t^O'-t OOCSCO'-O'X-OC 
 
 • OiOCOCOCOCO TtiTtiTfiOiOiOiScDCOcOCDCOt-- ■^iOlOjIiOcOc 
 
 CO »CO0 O Oa Tfi tH CO lO 00 O (M -r"!^ O"-^^ rO^~W CO"o6 O CO lOOOO<NlOt^O(M i^CO CO 00 r-l CO ^ ' 
 
 ioioiocOoS ■a'TJi^'^liCioic'OLbcOCOcOCD Tt<^iO>JOiOLOCOcOcOcOt^t>- iOiOiOiOCOcOCO< 
 
 r-t CO "O OC O CO 1 
 
 iC lO lO lO O CO ! 
 
 ^eOlOt>.C5'-l O-HCOLOt^OC-l-^COOOOtNiO COCOOOOOIlOt^OJC^'J'COOO OOrHCO 
 
 iO«0>OiOiCcO co-*'^'«I'^»'>C'OiOiO>-OCOCOCO ■^Tj<-<*<iOiO>OiC'OCOcOCOcO -rriCiO 
 
 oe'o'c^f^ cooo' ' >-;'c»^ CO iot-'ci5^"co"int^ o -^^ —i co o 00 o im ■^ cd^"o co 10 ~«o"o2 o S ^ fS S ^ 
 
 •<!»HC>0»OiO>0 eOCO'^'^-^'*Tj"iOiOiOiOiOCO ■rri^'^i'.fiOiO'-C'OiCcOcOcO •giTfiLOiOiOuSiOCO 
 
 «o t^ C!5 >-i CO ■5< iot-a50(M-^coooo(N-^cooo cs r-n co "O t- oi i-i coTo>- 05 r-; 52 if2 'i S fS rS S ?2 
 
 Tt<T}<-*lCiO>0 COCOCO-<Ti-*-^'<J<-<fiOiO>0'OiO cO-^-^-f-fliTfiirjiC-OifiiOCO ■.tc^TMOiOiOiCi"^ 
 
 1 lO ' 
 
 _ - - . . . ... ..... Tc^T . ... - 
 
 TP -^ Tfi -^ -^ -^ eo CO CO CO CO CO -^ •* ■* •^ ■«3< -^ o co eo co ■<*<■*-*■* -^ ■ 
 
 )00 (N-^Ot^OJOM-^iiOI^OC 
 
 C<ICO>OCOt^00 TticOt^C50^CO'»ilOI>-00_. .. ,.^. ---r.---i ii.i^i^««^«i^, 
 
 cocoeoeococo <N04S<ic^cocococococococo'* ci(NcococoeocococOTj<-*-* eoeoeocoeoeo- 
 
 ?3c 
 
 I CN <M CO CO 
 
 O i> t^ 00 cTOi C<ICO'9''«9<»«COOt^OOOCO>00 rr.Ti.i.ocOt-t>0005050T-H21 ic co t~- b- 00 02 O rj 
 
 CO T}( tp »o »c «o Oi— ii-t(Ne<ieo-*n<u^iccocot~> i-ic<icoeo-^-^iococot- t^oo coco^ioicocor~ 
 
 fi-H (N N (N eo ocooiOOO'-iTHcqc^coco-* osoO'Hr-'iMiNCOcoco;^;'* S::jr:l£i^£2£2^ 
 
 l(NiM<M(N(N<N(N<N(N( 
 
 i?5^^^^?5^§ ^S§i?i^^^55 
 
54 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 »0 O -f OO CC1-- -M -^ c 
 
 OO-^ rj> O0O5 O Q ^ GO C^ <r>0 (M 
 
 (M i>. r-i lo ~ CO as 
 
 CO oscq < 
 
 1— I ^H (M ( 
 
 
 S! 
 
 r-H lO 35 CO l^ 1 -r DO C^l t 
 
 COOOCOOCriOCOr-, 
 
 ^OS5"ro~ 
 
 o o o 
 
 OC <N •£ C CO t^ — < " 
 
 ~. O C — I ^ ^ 
 
 !OC5CO«00'^t^T-l-»CO 
 f-l>0000C3C2OOOO 
 
 o -^r t^ ^ lO X) (M ( 
 
 00 00 00 C-. cr. c- o < 
 
 l^OrroC>-ifOO(N>-0 
 
 t^ X 00 C« O O C-.' o o 
 
 • 00 'X' X ;j; Si 33 
 
 J C-. O ccccor. 
 
 OOQC 00 
 
 r^QOoo 
 
 O to t^ t- l^ X X X X : 
 (M lO i-^ cTco'o^ "Sl^ 
 
 ■O 35 C.1 T^ ■ 
 
 1-- C3 •^ I^ O CO t^ 
 
 ■ t^ X X X 35 C5 C5 
 
 ;s j§^ 
 
 <riS5rtft^35(NiOl:^0 
 if5iCO«OcOcDt^l^t-X 
 
 s?; 
 
 O O CO 10^0 0*0 
 
 (M lO t^ O <M 
 
 OXOCOCOOOrHCOO 
 
 lO i--; ;d CO «5 S 1-- 1^ i^ 
 
 CO to CO TT «o iC iC 
 
 lO lO CO CO CO CO lO O lO CO CD CO CO CO l" 
 
 122^21 
 
 I CO X oc 
 • "^ -^ »o » 
 
 ) lOcO 
 
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 IQ lO O CO 
 
 rHC0'0t^C5O(N-^C0 CO»Ot^35T-ICO«Ct^35 
 
 ■* -^ Tf -rP -^ -qi iO > 
 
 •<9<iOr^XO<M00iO'OX t^C50!>5-^iOr^35 
 
 I ^ ^ CO CO CO CO ' 
 
 CO CO ^P 'J' ■^ -^ ■<»■ ■ 
 
 eccococococo-*-^-^-^ 
 
 (MCO-^ lOCOXOOr-l(M 
 
 §5^; 
 
 IIMCOCOCOCCCOCOCO 
 
 lO CO t- X O O i-H ( 
 (M CS M (M (N CO CO < 
 
 )cOt^ O r-l i-l(N CO "^ iCi CO t^ X (N CO ' 
 1(M IM iM (N iM C^ (N <N C^ iM CS iM (N M C 
 
 I §4 
 
 t— XXC50i-l(M(M 
 
 ?^^ 
 
 OOO0C3 tmo »o CO r^ r^ X 03 05 o lOco t^xxo500»-H 
 
 t^X X 
 
 t- t^ l~ 
 
 t~^^51o 
 
 I IC t^ C5 "^ CO i-l CO >o 
 
 C5 "^ CO "-I CO ' 
 l:^ CO CO »C iC ' 
 
 S5?5^ 
 
 ^M(M 
 
 I^M Nc5( 
 
 |(MC<J T-lrH. 
 
 I (M (M CO CO ■Tf TjiiO »0 CO <N CO CO -^ lO IC CO O t>. CO Tf< »0 
 
 
 ^ IM M CO P*C>» 
 
 CO-* lOCO t-X05 < 
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APPENDIX. 55 
 
 (MINCOCO ^ 
 
 ^??,n^^^^ 
 
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 SS3S 
 
 SfeK 
 
 f^S 
 
 1 
 
 i-H 1— 1 i-H r-H 1— 1 
 
 '"' 
 
 
 
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 ^^ 
 
 1—1 r-i 
 
 SSi^^J? 
 
 ss5;^?s^^ 
 
 (M C^l CO CO -S< ^ 
 
 ^§^SS 
 
 ^sss 
 
 sss 
 
 ^^ 
 
 1 
 
 ^^^,HrH 
 
 '"*'"""""''"""* 
 
 
 
 rHr-lrH>-( 
 
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 S2?5?5g? 
 
 SlSSJ^g???^ 
 
 C<l(MCOM^5J 
 
 gj?^?~$'g 
 
 §^^^5g 
 
 »0 lO CO 
 
 ss 
 
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 ^ 1— 1 I— 1 rH 
 
 I— ( tH 
 
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 2?5J;lg^^ 
 
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 ?5^;?J?S 
 
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 5§^2?5S 
 
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 SSS 
 
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 ^-?3Sig 
 
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 ^iSSXj 
 
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 35 
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 t-H T)< 00 ■— 1 -^ 00 1— 1 
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 gg|S2 
 
 2255 
 
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 sg 
 
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 t> 00 00 00 O C3 o 
 
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 S5§g£^8 
 
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 222 
 
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 t^ I- I- 00 00 
 
 g?2Sgg3SSs 
 
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 ooooooiiCJ 
 
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 88 
 
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 igggSSJBS 
 
 gsss^s 
 
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 g?2SS 
 
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 SSSSSSS 
 
 lOiOcOcOCOCO 
 
 ssggg 
 
 sggjs 
 
 liSS 
 
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 gnSSigJS 
 
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 ssssss 
 
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 5g^i5s5S 
 
 5^^§SSS 
 
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 SSiSSS 
 
 ssss 
 
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 g^;^^^ 
 
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 5^^§3S 
 
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 g§?:5^5 
 
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 §^^^^^ 
 
 ^:3^^g 
 
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 CO "* CO t^ O O .-H 
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 to t^SftOOJCO 
 
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 ■» 'S' '*< Tli 
 
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 5a CO oo eo M CO CO 
 
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 i§^^^5 
 
 
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 ^?^2^^^ 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO 
 
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 ^p.^. 
 
 g?S 
 
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 S2a?3?3gJS5 
 
 g?5?i?^?5;5 
 
 ^?]?5^^ 
 
 ?5SS^ 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 S^85 
 
 s 
 
 jgcgcct^o6 
 
 jg "o CD t- 1- 2 2 
 
 CO £;^ t-; 2 2 '=^ 
 
 t>j OC Ci o o 
 
 22gc5 
 
 F^F^r^ 
 
 S3 §5 
 
 §5 
 
 ^?5?5^^ 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 §5 
 
 ^ 
 
 K 
 
 s 
 
56 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 3.— CULL FOR SQUARED DEFECTS. 
 
 [20 per cent deducted for kerf from solid board foot contents.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Length of defect— feet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 End dimensions. 
 
 * 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 12 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contents 
 
 —board feet in tens. 
 
 
 
 
 Inches. 
 2x2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.5 
 .5 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 b 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 11 
 13 
 15 
 
 '' 
 
 19 
 22 
 24 
 27 
 29 
 
 32 
 35 
 38 
 42 
 45 
 
 49 
 52 
 156 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 0.5 
 .5 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 9 
 
 11 
 12 
 14 
 16 
 19 
 
 21 
 24 
 26 
 29 
 32 
 
 35 
 39 
 42 
 46 
 50 
 
 t? 
 
 62 
 66 
 
 1 
 
 0.5 
 .5 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 8 
 10 
 
 12 
 M 
 16 
 18 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 29 
 32 
 35 
 
 39 
 42 
 46 
 50 
 54 
 
 58 
 63 
 67 
 72 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 6 
 7 
 9 
 10 
 
 12 
 15 
 17 
 20 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 31 
 35 
 38 
 
 42 
 46 
 50 
 54 
 59 
 
 63 
 68 
 73 
 78 
 
 0.5 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 5 
 6 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 
 13 
 16 
 18 
 21 
 24 
 
 27 
 30 
 34 
 
 37 
 41 
 
 45 
 49 
 54 
 58 
 63 
 
 68 
 73 
 
 78 
 84 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 10 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 20 
 22 
 26 
 
 29 
 32 
 36 
 40 
 
 u 
 
 48 
 53 
 58 
 63 
 68 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 84 
 90 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 11 
 13 
 
 15 
 18 
 21 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 31 
 35 
 
 39 
 43 
 47 
 
 52 
 56 
 61 
 67 
 72 
 
 78 
 84 
 90 
 
 pe 
 
 5 
 
 3x3 
 
 4x4 
 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Il4 
 115 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 121 
 
 122 
 24 
 
 0.5 
 
 • 5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 '• 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 15 
 
 16 
 18 
 19 
 ,21 
 '23 
 
 24 
 i26 
 
 ;28 
 
 j30 
 
 0.5 
 .5 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 !^ 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 21 
 23 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 34 
 36 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 S 
 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 
 13 
 15 
 17 
 19 
 21 
 
 23 
 25 
 27 
 29 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 11 
 
 42 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 14 
 
 1? 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 28 . 
 31 
 33 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 45 
 
 48 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 in 
 12 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 17 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 i29 
 32 
 35 
 
 38 
 41 
 
 44 
 47 
 50 
 54 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 5x5 
 
 3 
 
 6x6 
 
 7x7 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 8x8 
 
 9x9 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 10x10 
 
 11 
 
 11x11 
 
 14 
 
 12x12 
 
 16 
 
 13x13 
 
 19 
 
 14x14 
 
 22 
 
 15x15 
 
 16x16 
 
 26 
 29 
 
 17x17 
 
 33 
 
 18x18 
 
 19x19 
 
 20x20 
 
 37 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 21x21 
 
 50 
 
 22x22 
 
 55 
 
 23x23.... 
 
 60 
 
 24x24 
 
 65 
 
 25x25 
 
 26x26 
 
 71, 
 
 77 
 
 27x27 
 
 28x28 , 
 
 83 
 89 
 
 29x29 
 
 95 
 
 30x30 
 
 102 
 
APPENDIX. 
 TABLE 3.— CULL FOR SQUARED DEFECTS— Continued. 
 
 57 
 
 End dimen- 
 sions. 
 
 Length of defect— feet. 
 
 18 19 20 21 22 23 
 
 24 25 26 ' 27 28 129 30 31 32 
 
 Contents— board feet in tens. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 2x2 
 
 3x3 
 
 4x4 
 
 5x5 
 
 6x6 
 
 7x7 
 
 8x8 
 
 9x9 
 
 10x10 
 
 11x11 
 
 12x12 
 
 13x13 
 
 14x14 
 
 15x15 
 
 16x16 
 
 17x17 
 
 18x18 
 
 19x19 
 
 20x20 
 
 21x21 
 
 22x22 
 
 23x23 
 
 24x24 
 
 25x25 
 
 26x26 
 
 27x27 
 
 28x28 
 
 29x29 
 
 30x30 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 0.5 0.5 
 1 1 
 
 0. 5 0. 5 
 
 0.5 
 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 
 0.5 
 1 
 3 
 4 
 
 77 
 85 
 92 
 96 1 100 
 99 il04 [108 
 
 i 1 
 
 107 jll2 117 
 115 {120 1125 
 123 ,129 1135 
 132 138 144 
 
 0.5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 11 
 14 
 17 
 20 
 
 24 
 28 
 33 
 38 
 43 
 
 48 
 54 
 60 
 67 
 74 
 
 81 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 104 
 113 
 
 122 
 131 
 140 
 150 
 
 0.5 
 2 
 
 0.5 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 
 10 
 12 13 
 16 16 
 19 20 
 23 24 
 
 90[ 94 
 99102 
 108111 
 117121 
 126131 
 
 136141 
 146 152 
 157 163 
 168174 
 
 10 10 
 
 13 14 
 
 17 17 
 
 21 21 
 
 25 26 
 
 67 69 
 
 75 77 
 
 80i 83 85 
 
 88 91 94 
 
 100 103 
 109 113 
 119 123 
 1251129133 
 135 140 144 
 
 151 156 
 162 167 
 174 179 
 186,192 
 
58 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 4.— SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS. 
 
 Average middle diameter (in inches). 
 
 7 8 9 10 I 11 12 13 ! 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 
 
 Contents (in cubic feet). 
 
 Feet. 
 4 
 5 
 
 0.25 
 .25 
 
 .25 
 
 .25 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 
 .5 
 .5 
 .5 
 .5 
 .5 
 
 0. 25 0. 5 
 .5 .5 
 
 16 1 
 
 17 1 
 
 18 1 
 
 19 1 
 
 20 1 
 I 
 
 21 il 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 
 5 7 
 
 5 7 
 51 7 
 
 6 8 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 7 10 
 
 8 10 
 8 11 
 
 6 
 
 
 91 
 
 6 
 
 8, 9i 
 
 6 
 
 8l lOi 
 
 7 
 
 8 10 
 
 
 9, 11 
 
 7 
 
 91 11 
 
 8 
 
 10! 12 
 
 8 
 
 lO; 13 
 
 8 
 
 11 13 
 
 9 
 
 11 14 
 
 9 
 
 11 14 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 Ifi 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 1? 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 1^ 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 22 
 
 13, 16 
 
 lol 18 
 
 16 19 
 
 16' 20 
 
 17! 20 
 
 18t 21 
 
 20 24 
 
 20 24 
 
 21 25 
 
 22 26 
 22; 27 
 
 23 27 
 
 24 28 
 24 29 
 25' 30 
 26 31 
 261 31 
 
 24' 
 
 25i 29 
 
 26 30 
 
 27 31 
 
 71 8 
 9 10 
 
 19 22 26; 
 
 20' 24 i 27 
 
 21 25 28 
 
 22 26 29 
 
 23 27 31 
 
 28 32 37 
 
 I 
 
 29 33 
 29 34. 39 
 301 35l -40 
 31, 36 42 
 32| 37 43 
 
 33 1 38j 44 
 
 34! 40 45 
 
 35 41 47 
 
 36 42| 48 
 37; 43 49 
 
 181 21 
 
 22 
 
 31 i 35 
 
 32| 36 
 
 341 38 
 
 35 39 
 
 28 32 35 
 
 30j 33 37 
 
 32[ 35 39 
 
 34| 37 41 
 
 35 39; 44 
 
 33 37 
 
 49 55 
 
 50 57 
 52 58 
 
 54 60 
 
 55 62 
 
APPENDIX. 59 
 
 TABLE 4.— SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS— Continued. 
 
 Average middle diameter (in inches). 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 26 
 
 26 27 
 
 28 
 
 I 
 29,30 31 
 
 32 33 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 Contents (in cubic feet). 
 
 Ft. 
 
 11 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 21 
 24 
 26 
 
 29 
 32 
 34 
 37 
 40 
 
 42 46 
 
 45 49 
 48! 52 
 501 55 
 53 1 58 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 27 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 43 
 
 47 
 
 51 
 
 55 
 58 
 61 
 63 
 66 72 
 
 75 
 
 50 551 59 
 53, 58 '- 
 bl 61 
 60 65 
 63 68 
 
 72 
 75 
 78 
 82 
 85 92 
 
 16 17 
 20 21 
 
 24 26 
 28 30 
 321 34 
 36 38 
 40 43 
 
 44 47 
 48 51 
 52 56 
 56 60 
 m 64 
 
 64' 68 
 68: 73 
 
 72| 77 
 76! 81 
 80i 86 
 
 83 1 90 
 
 87i 
 91 
 95 103 
 99 10' 
 
 96 103111 
 85i 92100107115 
 88 95103 111 120 
 911 99107 115 124 
 94:10211111119 128 
 
 97106 114 
 101109118 
 104:il2il22 
 107116125 
 110 119 129139150 
 
 93 
 
 21 
 
 98105 
 
 103 1 110 
 108115 
 113121 
 118126i 134 
 123 131 140 
 
 123 133 142 
 127 137 14 
 131141151 
 135145156 
 161 
 
 113123133 
 1161261361 
 11913011401 
 123 133 144, 
 1261361471 
 
 143154 
 147158 
 151 162 
 155 167 
 159171 
 
 128 136 
 133 142 
 137147 
 142! 152 
 
 1471157 
 
 152' 162 
 157168 
 162tl73 
 
 167178 
 172183 
 
 177189 
 182194 
 187 199 
 191204 
 196^210 
 I 
 
 95^ 101 
 
 101 i 10 
 
 1071 113 
 
 113 120 
 
 119 126 
 
 125 132 
 
 131 139 
 
 137 145 
 
 143 151 
 
 148 158 
 
 154 164 174 
 
 1601 170 180 
 
 166 177 187 
 
 172 183 194 
 
 178 189 200 
 
 184' 195 207 
 190 202 214 
 196 208 220 
 202; 2141 227 
 208 221 234 
 
 214 227; 241 
 
 220 2331 247 
 
 226 240 254 
 
 232 246 261 
 
 238 252; 267 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 82 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 39 
 
 42 
 
 45 47 
 
 49 
 
 52 55 
 
 57 
 
 60 63 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
 71 
 
 75 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 82 
 
 87 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 92 
 
 97 
 
 102 
 
 99 
 
 105 110 
 
 106 
 
 112 118 
 
 113 
 
 119f 1261 
 
 120 
 
 127 
 
 134 
 
 127 
 
 134 
 
 142 
 
 134 
 
 142 
 
 150 
 
 141 
 
 149 
 
 158 
 
 148 
 
 157 
 
 165 
 
 156 
 
 164 
 
 173 
 
 163 
 
 172 
 
 181 
 
 170 
 
 179 
 
 189 
 
 177 
 
 187 
 
 197 
 
 184 
 
 194 
 
 205 
 
 191 
 
 202 
 
 213 
 
 198 
 
 2091 2211 
 
 205 
 
 217 
 
 228 
 
 212 
 
 224 
 
 236 
 
 219 
 
 231 
 
 244 
 
 226 
 
 239 
 
 252 
 
 233 
 
 246 
 
 260 
 
 240 
 
 254 
 
 268 
 
 247 
 
 261 
 
 276 
 
 254 
 
 269 
 
 284 
 
 262 
 
 276 
 
 291 
 
 269 
 
 284 
 
 299 
 
 276 
 
 291 
 
 307 
 
 283 
 
 299 
 
 315 
 
 174183 
 183 192 
 1911201 
 199 209 
 207 218 
 
 216 
 224 
 232 
 241 
 249 
 
 257 
 265 
 274 
 
 282 
 290 
 
 299 
 307 
 315 
 324 
 332 
 
60 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 4.— SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS— Continued. 
 
 1 
 
 Average middle diameter (in inches). 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 46 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 1 
 
 "1 
 
 51 j 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 1 
 54 55 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 58 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 Contents (in cubic feet). 
 
 Ft. 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 52 55 
 
 57 
 
 59 
 
 61 
 
 64 
 
 1 
 
 68 
 
 68 
 
 71 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 5 
 
 46 
 
 48 
 
 50 
 
 53 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 60| 63 
 
 65 68 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 80 
 
 82 
 
 86 
 
 89 
 
 92 
 
 95 
 
 98 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 58 
 
 61 
 
 63 
 
 66 
 
 69 
 
 72 75 
 
 79 82 
 
 85 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 103 
 
 106 
 
 110 
 
 114 
 
 118 
 
 7 
 
 64 
 
 67 
 
 71 
 
 74 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 84 88 
 
 92 95 
 
 99 
 
 103 
 
 107 
 
 111 
 
 115 
 
 120 
 
 124 
 
 128 
 
 133 
 
 137 
 
 8 
 
 73 
 
 77 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 88 
 
 92 
 
 96 101 
 
 105109 
 
 113 
 
 118 
 
 123 
 
 127 
 
 132 
 
 137 
 
 142 
 
 147 
 
 152 157 1 
 
 9 1 83 
 
 871 91 
 
 95 
 
 99 
 
 104 108 113 
 
 118 123 
 
 128 
 
 133 
 
 138 
 
 143 
 
 148 
 
 154 
 
 159 
 
 165 
 
 171 
 
 177 
 
 10 j 92 
 
 95101 
 
 106 
 
 110 
 
 115 120 126 
 
 1 
 
 131136 
 
 142 
 
 147 
 
 153 
 
 159 
 
 165 
 
 171 
 
 177 
 
 183 
 
 190 
 
 196 
 
 11 101 loeliii 
 
 116 
 
 121 
 
 127 133 138 
 
 144 150 
 
 156 
 
 162 
 
 169 
 
 175 
 
 181 
 
 188 
 
 195 
 
 202 209 
 
 216 
 
 12 110115121 
 
 127 
 
 133 
 
 138145 151 
 
 157 164 
 
 170 
 
 177 
 
 184 
 
 191 
 
 198 
 
 205 
 
 213 
 
 220: 228 
 
 236 
 
 13 119 125131 
 
 137 
 
 144 
 
 150 157 163 
 
 170 177 
 
 184 
 
 192 
 
 199 
 
 207 
 
 214 
 
 222 
 
 230 
 
 239! 247 
 
 255 
 
 14 128135141 
 
 148 
 
 155 
 
 162 169 176 
 
 183 191 
 
 199 206 
 
 214 
 
 223 
 
 231 
 
 239 
 
 248 
 
 257i 266 
 
 275 
 
 15 138 144 151 
 
 158 
 
 166 
 
 173 181 188 
 
 196 205 
 
 213 
 
 221 
 
 230 
 
 239 
 
 247 
 
 257 
 
 266 
 
 275 285 
 
 295 
 
 16 147154 161 
 
 169 
 
 177 
 
 185 193 201 
 
 210 218 
 
 227 
 
 236 
 
 245 
 
 254 
 
 264 
 
 274 
 
 284 
 
 294 304 
 
 314 
 
 17 156 164 171 
 
 180 
 
 188 
 
 196 205 214 
 
 223 232 
 
 241 
 
 251 
 
 260 
 
 270 
 
 280 
 
 291 
 
 301 
 
 312 323 
 
 334 
 
 18 165173182 
 
 190 
 
 199 
 
 208 217 226 
 
 236 245 
 
 255 
 
 265 
 
 276 
 
 286 
 
 297 
 
 308 
 
 319 
 
 330 342 
 
 353 
 
 19 174 183 192 
 
 201 
 
 210 
 
 219 229 239 
 
 249 259 
 
 270 
 
 280 
 
 291 
 
 302 313 
 
 325 
 
 337 
 
 349 361 
 
 373 
 
 20 183192 202 
 
 211 
 
 221 
 
 231 241 251 
 
 262 273 
 
 284 295 
 
 306 
 
 318 330 
 
 342 
 
 354 
 
 367. 380 
 
 393 
 
 21 193 202 2l'2 
 
 222 
 
 232 
 
 242253264 
 
 275 286 
 
 298 310 
 
 322 
 
 334 
 
 346 
 
 359 
 
 372 
 
 385* 399 
 
 412 
 
 22 202 212 222 
 
 232 
 
 243 
 
 254 265 276 
 
 288 300 
 
 312 324 
 
 337 
 
 350 
 
 363 
 
 376 
 
 390 
 
 404 418 
 
 432 
 
 23 |211 221 232 
 
 243 
 
 254 
 
 265 277 289 
 
 301 314 
 
 326 339 
 
 352 
 
 366 
 
 379 
 
 393 
 
 408 
 
 422, 437 
 
 452 
 
 24 '220 231 242 
 
 253 
 
 265 
 
 277 289 302 
 
 314 327 
 
 340 354 
 
 368 
 
 382 
 
 396 
 
 411 
 
 425 
 
 440, 456 
 
 471 
 
 25 229 
 
 241 252 
 
 1 
 
 264 
 
 ,276 
 
 289 30L314 
 
 327 341 
 
 355^ 369 
 
 383 
 
 398 
 
 412 
 
 428 
 
 443 
 
 459 1 475 
 
 491 
 
 26 238250262 
 
 275 
 
 287 
 
 300 313 327 
 
 340 355 
 
 369 383 
 
 398 
 
 414 
 
 429 
 
 445 
 
 461 
 
 477! 494 
 
 511 
 
 27 1248 260 272 
 
 285 
 
 298 312 325 339 
 
 354 368 
 
 383 398 
 
 414 
 
 429 
 
 445 
 
 462 
 
 478 
 
 495 513 
 
 530 
 
 28 '257 269 282 
 
 296 
 
 309 323 337 352 
 
 M7 382 
 
 397 
 
 413 
 
 429 
 
 445 
 
 462 
 
 479 
 
 496 
 
 514 532 
 
 550 
 
 29 1 266 279; 292 
 
 306 
 
 l320 335 349 364 
 
 380 395 
 
 411 
 
 428 
 
 444 
 
 461 
 
 478 
 
 496 
 
 514 
 
 532! 551 
 
 569 
 
 30 275 
 
 289 303 
 
 31- 
 
 331346 361377 
 
 i 1 ! 
 
 393 409 
 
 426 
 
 442 
 
 460 
 
 477 
 
 495 
 
 513 
 
 532 
 
 550 570 
 
 589 
 
 31 284 
 
 298 313 
 
 327 
 
 342 
 
 358 373 39C 
 
 406 
 
 423 
 
 440 
 
 457 
 
 475 
 
 493 
 
 511 
 
 530 
 
 549 
 
 569! 589'609 
 
 32 293 
 
 308 323 335 
 
 353 
 
 369 386 402 
 
 419 
 
 436 
 
 454 
 
 472 
 
 490 
 
 509 
 
 528 
 
 547 
 
 567 
 
 587| 608 628 
 
 33 303 
 
 317 333 34« 
 
 1364 
 
 381 398 41^ 
 
 432 
 
 450 
 
 468 
 
 487 
 
 506 
 
 525 
 
 544 
 
 564 
 
 585 
 
 605 627 648 
 
 34 312 
 
 327 343 35c 
 
 376 
 
 392;410 42' 
 
 445 
 
 464 
 
 482 
 
 501 
 
 521 
 
 541 
 
 561 
 
 582 
 
 603 
 
 624 1 646 668 
 
 35 
 
 321 
 
 33735337C 
 
 |387 
 
 404^422 44C 
 
 1 
 
 458|477 
 
 497 
 
 516 
 
 536 
 
 557 
 
 577 
 
 599 
 
 620 
 
 642^ 665687 
 
 36 
 
 330 
 
 346:363 38C 
 
 ;398 
 
 415 434 452 
 
 471491 
 
 511 
 
 531 
 
 552 
 
 573 
 
 594 
 
 616 
 
 638 
 
 661 683707 
 
 37 
 
 339 
 
 356 373 39] 
 
 !409 
 
 427 446 46.^ 
 
 485 505 
 
 525 
 
 546 
 
 567 
 
 1 588 
 
 610 
 
 633 
 
 656 
 
 679 702 726 
 
 38 :348 
 
 3661383 40] 
 
 420 
 
 439,458 475 
 
 :498 518 
 
 539 
 
 560 
 
 582 
 
 604 
 
 627 
 
 650 
 
 673 
 
 697, 721 746 
 
 39 358 
 
 375 393 41^ 
 
 ;431 
 
 450|47049( 
 
 ;511532 
 
 553 
 
 575 
 
 598 
 
 620 
 
 643 
 
 667 
 
 691 
 
 i 716! 740 766 
 
 40 367 
 
 385 403 42i 
 
 442 
 
 462 482j50C 
 
 524 545 
 
 567 
 
 1 590 
 
 613 
 
 , 636 
 
 j66C 
 
 684 
 
 709 
 
 734 759 785 
 
 ! 1 1 
 
APPENDIX. 61 
 
 TABLE 5.— BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF TIMBERS 
 
 Knd di- 
 
 
 
 Length of timber- 
 
 -feet. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 men- 
 
 10 
 
 12 1 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 sions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Contents—boaxd feet. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ix 2 
 
 H 
 
 2 
 
 2i 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 44 
 
 5 
 
 54 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3i 
 
 4 
 
 4? 
 
 5^ 
 
 6 
 
 6§ 
 
 74 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 4- 
 
 5 
 
 5i 
 
 6§ 
 
 74 
 
 84 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 8* 
 
 
 104 
 
 111 
 
 121 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 61 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 10§ 
 
 12 
 
 134 
 
 141 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 8^ 
 
 10 
 
 111 
 
 m 
 
 15 
 
 16S 
 
 184 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 11§ 
 
 14 
 
 m 
 
 185 
 
 21 
 
 234 
 
 25| 
 
 28 
 
 16 
 
 13J 
 
 16 
 
 m 
 
 2H 
 
 24 
 
 26§ 
 
 294 
 
 32 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 i 20 
 
 16f 
 
 20 
 
 23J 
 
 26§ 
 
 30 
 
 334 
 
 36§ 
 
 40 
 
 lix 4 
 
 4| 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 61 
 
 74 
 
 84 
 
 94 
 
 10 
 
 ' 6 
 
 
 7h 
 
 10 
 
 lU 
 
 m 
 
 184 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 8^ 
 
 10 
 
 111 
 
 13^ 
 
 15 
 
 16§ 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 IOtt 
 
 m 
 
 14A 
 
 162 
 
 18f 
 
 20^ 
 
 2214 
 
 25 
 
 i 12 
 
 12i 
 
 15 
 
 17J 
 
 20 
 
 224 
 
 25 
 
 274 
 
 30 
 
 1| X 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 n 
 
 9 
 
 10^ 
 
 12 
 
 134 
 
 15 
 
 164 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 12J 
 
 15 
 
 m 
 
 20 
 
 224 
 
 25 
 
 274 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 2x3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 6f 
 
 8 
 
 9K 
 
 101 
 
 12 
 
 134 
 
 14§ 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 * 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 13^ 
 
 16 
 
 18f 
 
 ' 214 
 
 24 
 
 202 
 
 294 
 
 32 
 
 10 
 
 16f 
 
 20 
 
 23J 
 
 262 
 
 30 
 
 334 
 
 3& 
 
 40 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 14 
 
 23§ 
 
 28 
 
 32S 
 
 37^ 
 
 42 
 
 46| 
 
 514 
 
 56 
 
 16 
 
 261 
 
 32 
 
 m 
 
 42S 
 
 48 
 
 534 
 
 58§ 
 
 64 
 
 2i X 12 
 
 25^ 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 14 
 
 
 35 
 
 40| 
 
 46§ 
 
 524 
 
 584 
 
 64| 
 
 70 
 
 16 
 
 33i 
 
 40 
 
 46§ 
 
 53- 
 
 60 
 
 66i 
 
 734 
 
 80 
 
 3x 4 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22' 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 33 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 1 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 63 
 
 70 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 16 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 4x 4 
 
 m 
 
 16 
 
 18§ 
 
 . 214 
 
 24 
 
 261 
 
 294 
 
 32 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 48 
 
 8 
 
 261 
 
 32 
 
 37i 
 
 42? 
 
 48 
 
 534 
 
 581 
 
 64 
 
 10 
 
 m 
 
 40 
 
 46§ 
 
 534 
 
 60 
 
 66§ 
 
 734 
 
 sa I 
 
 12 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 14 
 
 461 
 
 56 
 
 1 
 
 65J 
 
 74§ 
 
 84 
 
 934 
 
 102§ 
 
 112 
 
62 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 5.— BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF 
 
 TIMBER— Continued. 
 
 End di- ' 
 
 
 
 
 Length of timber- 
 
 -feet. 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 men- 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 ! 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 sions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contents 
 
 —board feet. 
 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5x 8 
 
 33§ 
 
 40 
 
 46f 
 
 53J 
 
 60 
 
 66| 
 
 73^ 
 
 80 
 
 6x 6 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 42 
 
 48 
 
 54 
 
 60 
 
 66 
 
 72 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 48 
 
 56 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 88 
 
 96 
 
 10 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 100 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 12 
 
 60 
 
 72 
 
 84 
 
 96 
 
 108 
 
 120 
 
 132 
 
 144 
 
 14 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 98 
 
 112 
 
 126 
 
 140 
 
 154 
 
 168 
 
 16 
 
 80 
 
 96 
 
 112 
 
 128 
 
 144 
 
 160 
 
 176 
 
 192 
 
 8x 8 
 
 53J 
 
 64 
 
 741 
 
 
 96 
 
 106§ 
 
 117J 
 
 128 
 
 10 
 
 66§ 
 
 80 
 
 93i 
 
 106§ 
 
 120 
 
 133J 
 
 146§ 
 
 160 
 
 12 
 
 80 
 
 96 
 
 112 
 
 128 
 
 144 
 
 160 
 
 176 
 
 192 
 
 14 
 
 93^ 
 
 112 
 
 130f 
 
 149^ 
 
 168 
 
 1862 
 
 205^ 
 
 224 
 
 10x10 
 
 SH 
 
 100 
 
 116? 
 
 133J 
 
 150 
 
 166§ 
 
 183i 
 
 200 
 
 12 
 
 100 
 
 120 
 
 140 
 
 160 
 
 180 
 
 200 
 
 220 
 
 240 
 
 14 
 
 1161 
 
 140 
 
 163^ 
 
 186§ 
 
 210 
 
 233§ 
 
 2561 
 293^ 
 
 280 
 
 16 
 
 133^ 
 
 160 
 
 1861 
 
 213i 
 
 240 
 
 266§ 
 
 320 i 
 
 12x12 
 
 120 
 
 144 
 
 168 
 
 192 
 
 216 
 
 240 
 
 264 
 
 288 ! 
 
 14 
 
 140 
 
 168 
 
 196 
 
 224 
 
 252 
 
 280 
 
 308 
 
 336 ! 
 
 16 
 
 160 
 
 192 
 
 224 
 
 256 
 
 288 
 
 320 
 
 352 
 
 384 ; 
 
 14x14 
 
 163^ 
 
 196 
 
 228f 
 
 261i 
 
 294 
 
 326§ 
 
 359^ 
 
 392 
 
 16 
 
 18G^ 
 
 224 
 
 261§ 
 
 2981 
 
 336 
 
 373^. 
 
 410S 
 
 448 
 
 18 
 
 210 
 
 252 
 
 294 
 
 336 
 
 378 
 
 420 
 
 462 
 
 504 : 
 
 16x16 
 
 213^ 
 
 256 
 
 2982 
 
 341§ 
 
 384 
 
 4262 
 
 469§ 
 
 512 
 
 18 
 
 240 
 
 288 
 
 336 
 
 384 
 
 432 
 
 480 
 
 528 
 
 576 
 
 20 
 
 266§ 
 
 320 
 
 373i 
 
 4262 
 
 ! 480 
 
 533i 
 
 586§ 
 
 640 
 
 18x18 
 
 270 
 
 324 
 
 378 
 
 432 
 
 - 486 
 
 540 
 
 594 
 
 1 648 • 
 
 20x20 
 
 333J 
 
 400 
 
 4662 
 
 533J 
 
 600 
 
 6661 
 
 733i 
 
 1 800 
 
 22x22 
 
 403J 
 
 484 
 
 5642 
 
 645§ 
 
 726 
 
 806§ 
 
 887i 
 
 968 
 
 24x24 
 
 480 
 
 576 
 
 672 
 
 768 
 
 864 
 
 960 
 
 1 1.056 
 
 : 1,152 
 
 26 X 26 
 
 563^ 
 
 676 
 
 7881 
 
 901J 
 
 1,014 
 
 1, 1262 
 
 ! 1.2391 
 
 1 1,352 
 
 28x28 
 
 653i 
 
 784 
 
 914§ 
 
 1.045i 
 
 1,176 
 
 1,3062 
 
 1,4371 
 
 1 1.568 
 
 30x30 
 
 750 
 
 900 
 
 1,050 
 
 1.200 
 
 1,350 
 
 1,500 
 
 1,650' 
 
 : 1,800 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 63 
 
 TABLE 5.— BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF 
 
 TIMBER— Continued. 
 
 End di- 
 
 Length of timber — feet. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 men- 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 38 
 
 40 
 
 sions. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Contents- 
 
 -board feet. 
 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8x 8 
 
 1494 
 
 170f 
 
 1814 
 
 192 
 
 2021 
 
 2134 
 
 10 
 
 186§ 
 
 213^ 
 
 226§ 
 
 240 
 
 2534 
 
 266§ 
 
 12 
 
 224 
 
 256 
 
 272 
 
 288 
 
 304 
 
 320 
 
 14 
 
 261§ 
 
 298S 
 
 3174 
 
 336 
 
 354§ 
 
 3734 
 
 10x10 
 
 233i 
 
 2661 
 
 283l: 
 
 300 
 
 316§ 
 
 3334 
 
 12 
 
 280 
 
 320 
 
 340 
 
 360 
 
 380 
 
 400 
 
 14 
 
 326f 
 
 3734 
 
 3962 
 
 420 
 
 4434 
 
 466§ 
 
 16 
 
 3734 
 
 426§ 
 
 4534 
 
 480 
 
 506^ 
 
 5334 
 
 12x12 
 
 336 
 
 384 
 
 408 
 
 #32 
 
 456 
 
 480 
 
 14 
 
 392 
 
 448 
 
 476 
 
 504 
 
 532 
 
 560 
 
 16 
 
 448 
 
 512 
 
 544 
 
 576 
 
 608 
 
 640 
 
 14x14 
 
 457A 
 
 5221 
 
 5554 
 
 588 
 
 6201 
 
 6534 
 
 16 
 
 522i 
 
 5974 
 
 634§ 
 
 672 
 
 7094 
 
 7461 
 
 18 
 
 588 
 
 672 
 
 714 
 
 756 
 
 798 
 
 840 
 
 16x16 
 
 597i 
 
 682§ 
 
 7254 
 
 768 
 
 810§ 
 
 8534 
 
 18 
 
 672 
 
 768 
 
 816 
 
 864 
 
 912 
 
 960 
 
 20 
 
 7461 
 
 8534 
 
 906§ 
 
 960 
 
 1,0134 
 
 1,066§ 
 
 18 x 18 
 
 756 
 
 864 
 
 918 
 
 972 
 
 1.026 
 
 1.080 
 
 20x20 
 
 933J 
 
 1,0661 
 
 1,1.334 
 
 1,200 
 
 1,266§ 
 
 1 1.3334 
 1 1,6134 
 
 22x22 
 
 1, 129J 
 
 l,290f 
 
 1,3714 
 
 1,452 
 
 1,.532§ 
 
 24x24 
 
 1,344 
 
 1.536 
 
 1,632 
 
 1,728 
 
 1.824 
 
 1,920 
 
 26x26 
 
 1.577i 
 
 1,802?5 
 
 1.9154 
 
 2.028 
 
 2. 1402 
 
 ! 2, 2.534 
 
 28x28 
 
 1.829i 
 
 2,090§ 
 
 2, 2214 
 
 2.-352 
 
 2.482? 
 
 1 2.6134 
 
 30x30 
 
 2,100 
 
 2,400 
 
 2.550 
 
 2,700 
 
 2,850 
 
 3,000 
 
64 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 6.— STANDARD CONVERTING FACTORS. 
 
 The following converting equivalents will be used in reducing 
 various products to feet, board measure: 
 
 Product. 
 
 Assvimed di- 
 mensions. 
 
 Equiva- 
 lent in 
 board feet. 
 
 Long cord (chestnut acid -wood). 
 
 Cord (spruce pulpwood) 
 
 Cord (shingle bolts) 
 
 Cord(fuelf. 
 
 Load (in the rough) 
 
 Pole (telephone) 
 
 Do 
 
 Pile 
 
 Stull 
 
 Tie (standard) 
 
 Tie (2d class) 
 
 Tie (narrow gauge) . 
 Tie 
 
 Do 
 
 Derrick pole 
 
 Derrick set (11 pieces). 
 Trestle timber 
 
 Do 
 
 House log 
 
 Do 
 
 Do 
 
 Mining timber 
 
 Prop. 
 
 Converter pole 
 
 Pole (fence) 
 
 Do, 
 
 Lagging (6 pieces) . 
 Cubic foot (round). 
 
 Rail (split) 
 
 Piece 
 
 Stick 
 
 Slab 
 
 Post 
 
 4' X 5' X 8' . . . . 
 4' X 4' X 8' . . . 
 4' X 4' X 8' ... 
 4' X 4' X 8' ... 
 
 1 cord 
 
 7"x30' 
 
 9"x30' 
 
 7"x30' 
 
 10"xl6' 
 
 6" x8" x8' .. 
 6"x7"x8' .. 
 6" X 7" x6' .. 
 7" x8" x8' .. 
 7"x9"x8'.. 
 7"x30' 
 
 10" X 20' 
 7"xl2'.. 
 8"xl6'., 
 7"xl6'., 
 7"xlO'., 
 6"xl0'.. 
 6"xl0'. 
 4" X 20' . 
 
 16' 
 
 4" >: 20' . 
 3"x6' .. 
 
 ^pole 
 6" X 7' 
 
 Post (circumference, 18 inches) . 
 Post 
 
 Linear foot . . . 
 
 Brace 
 
 Stay (fence) . . 
 
 Stay 
 
 Shake , 
 
 Picket , 
 
 Stake (fence) . 
 
 2" X 6" X 16' 
 
 6"x7' 
 
 5.7" X 7' 
 
 5" X 7' 
 
 10"xl' 
 
 4"x6' 
 
 2"x6' 
 
 4"x6' 
 
 I" X 6" X 2' . 
 
 3"x5' 
 
 3"x5' 
 
 625 
 
 560 
 
 600 
 
 333i 
 
 333-1 
 
 60 
 100 
 
 60 
 
 60 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 60 
 -380 
 
 70 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 In 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 7 
 7 
 2 
 
 6 
 5 
 3 
 2 
 
 2 
 h 
 1 
 1 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 65 
 
 This list gives the standard dimensions and board feet equivalent 
 of each product. These converting factors will be used uniformly 
 unless the dimensions of local products do not approximate those 
 given in the table, in which case board-foot equivalents applicable 
 to the correct dimensions should be used. 
 
 These factors are designed primarily for converting other products 
 than saw timber into feet, board measure, for convenience in sta- 
 tistics. Appraisals may be made where desirable on other units 
 common in local usage. 
 
 TABLE 7.— CONVERTING FACTORS— CHESTNUT TELEPHONE POLES. 
 
 [Based upon taper measurements.] 
 
 
 diameter inside bark. 
 
 Length of pole— feet. 
 
 Top 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 ,0^ 
 
 45 50 
 
 55 
 
 60 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 
 Contents— board feet in tens. 
 
 
 Inches. 
 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 6 
 7 
 9 
 11 
 13 
 
 C. 
 
 if. 
 
 \l 
 18 
 
 8 
 10 
 13 
 16 
 19 
 24 
 
 10 
 13 
 16 
 20 
 25 
 30 
 
 13 
 16 
 20 
 25 
 30 
 37 
 45 
 53 
 
 16 
 21 
 25 
 31 
 38 
 45 
 52 
 61 
 
 20 
 25 
 31 
 38 
 46 
 54 
 62 
 71 
 
 25 
 31 
 39 
 47 
 55 
 63 
 72 
 82 
 
 31 
 39 
 47 
 56 
 65 
 75 
 85 
 96 
 
 39 
 
 6.. 
 
 48 
 
 
 5S 
 
 8. . 
 
 67 
 
 9 
 
 77 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 89 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 101 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 114 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
66 
 
 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 8.— AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 
 Diam- 
 eter. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diam- 
 eter. 
 
 Area. 
 
 1 
 
 Diam- 
 eter. 
 
 Area. 
 
 ' Diam- 
 eter. 
 
 1 
 Area. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 sq.ft. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Sq.ft. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 sq.ft. 
 
 . IncJies. 
 
 Sq.ft. 
 
 1 
 
 0.01 
 
 21 
 
 2.41 
 
 41 
 
 9.17 
 
 61 
 
 20.29 
 
 2 
 
 .02 
 
 22 
 
 2.64 
 
 42 
 
 9.62 
 
 62 
 
 20.97 
 
 3 
 
 .05 
 
 23 
 
 2.89 
 
 43 
 
 10.08 
 
 63 
 
 21.65 
 
 4 
 
 .09 
 
 24 
 
 3.14 
 
 44 
 
 10.56 
 
 64 
 
 22.34 ; 
 
 5 
 
 .14 
 
 25 
 
 3.41 1 
 
 45 
 
 11.04 
 
 65 
 
 23.04 
 
 6 
 
 .20 
 
 26 
 
 3.69 
 
 46 
 
 11.54 
 
 66 
 
 23. 76 
 
 7 
 
 .27 
 
 27 
 
 3.98 
 
 47 
 
 12.05 
 
 67 
 
 24.48 
 
 8 
 
 .35 
 
 28 
 
 4.28 
 
 48 
 
 12. 57 
 
 68 
 
 25.22 
 
 9 
 
 .44 
 
 29 
 
 4.59 
 
 49 
 
 13.10 
 
 69 
 
 25.97 
 
 10 
 
 .55 
 
 30 
 
 4.91 
 
 50 
 
 13.64 
 
 70 
 
 26. 73 
 
 11 
 
 .66 
 
 31 
 
 5.24 
 
 51 
 
 14.19 
 
 71 
 
 27.49 
 
 12 
 
 .79 
 
 32 
 
 5.59 
 
 52 
 
 14.75 
 
 72 
 
 28.27 
 
 13 
 
 .92 
 
 33 
 
 5.94 
 
 53 
 
 15.32 
 
 i 73 
 
 29.07 
 
 14 
 
 1.07 
 
 34 
 
 6.31 
 
 54 
 
 15.90 
 
 1 74 
 
 29.87 
 
 15 
 
 1.23 
 
 35 
 
 6.68 
 
 55 
 
 16.50 
 
 i '' 
 
 30.68 
 
 16 
 
 1.40 
 
 36 
 
 7.07 
 
 56 
 
 17.10 
 
 ; 76 
 
 31.50 
 
 17 
 
 1.58 
 
 1 37 
 
 7.47 
 
 57 
 
 17.72 
 
 [ 77 
 
 32.34 
 
 18 
 
 1.77 
 
 38 
 
 7.88 
 
 58 
 
 18.35 
 
 78 
 
 33.18 
 
 19 
 
 1.97 
 
 39 
 
 8.30 
 
 59 
 
 18.99 
 
 79 
 
 34.04 
 
 20 
 
 2.18 
 
 40 
 
 8.73 
 
 60 
 
 19.63 
 
 80 
 
 34.91 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 TABLE 9.— TAPER. 
 
 (For scaling in maximum lengths of 16 feet.] 
 
 67 
 
 Total length. 
 
 
 Log lengths. 
 
 1 
 
 Butt bg. 
 
 Second 
 log. 
 
 Third log. 
 
 Top log. 
 
 Feet. " 
 18 1 
 
 10' 
 1" 
 10' 
 
 12' 
 
 1" 
 14' 
 
 1" 
 14' 
 
 2" 
 16' 
 
 2" 
 16' 
 
 2" 
 12' 
 
 3" 
 12' 
 
 3" 
 14' 
 
 3" 
 16' 
 
 3" 
 16' 
 
 3" 
 16' 
 
 3" 
 16' 
 
 4" 
 16' 
 
 4" 
 14' 
 
 4" 
 16' 
 
 i 
 
 16' 
 5" 
 
 16' 
 5" 
 
 5" 
 
 
 
 8' 
 0" 
 10' 
 
 0" 
 10' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 14' 
 
 0" 
 14' 
 
 0" 
 16' 
 
 0" 
 10' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 ^ 12' 
 
 0* 
 14' 
 
 0" 
 16' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 12' 
 
 O'' 
 12' 
 
 0" 
 14' 
 
 0" 
 
 Increase 
 
 20 1 
 
 Increase | 
 
 22 
 
 Increase 
 
 24 
 
 Increase 
 
 26 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 increase 
 
 ' 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 32 
 
 Increase 
 
 34 
 
 Increase 
 
 36 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12' 
 1" 
 
 12' 
 1" 
 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 38 
 
 Increase 
 
 40 
 
 Increase 
 
 42 
 
 Increase 
 
 44 
 
 Increase 
 
 46 
 
 1 Increase 
 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 14' 
 
 
 
 
 1" 
 16'- 
 
 
 
 2" 
 16' 
 
 2" 
 12' 
 
 3" 
 12' 
 
 1 . s 
 
 3" 
 1 16' 
 
 3" 
 16' 
 
 3" 
 16' 
 
 3" 
 
 
 
 ! 48 
 
 1 Increase 
 
 i 50 
 
 Increase 
 
 ! 52 
 
 1 Increase 
 
 ! 54 
 
 
 
 12' 
 
 1" 
 12' 
 
 1" 
 12' 
 
 1' 
 12' 
 
 V 
 14' 
 
 2" 
 1 14' 
 1 2" 
 
 Increase 
 
 56 
 
 Increase 
 
 58 
 
 Increase 
 
 60 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 This table ia intended to be used simply as a guide; the allowances 
 for taper shown in this table should be varied to conform to the 
 actual taper. 
 
68 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 TABLE 10.— TAPER. 
 
 [For scaling in maximum lengths of 3? feet.] 
 
 Total length. 
 
 Log lengths. 
 
 Butt log. 
 
 Second log. 
 
 Third log. 
 
 Top log. i 
 
 Feet. 
 34 
 
 18' 
 
 2" 
 18' 
 
 2" 
 20' 
 
 2" 
 20' 
 
 2" 
 22' 
 "o" 
 
 22' 
 
 2" 
 
 24' 
 
 i: 
 
 3" 
 26' 
 
 3" 
 26' 
 
 3" 
 28' 
 
 3" 
 28' 
 
 3" 
 30' 
 
 4" 
 30' 
 
 4" 
 32' 
 
 4" 
 32' 
 
 4" 
 22' 
 
 6" 
 24' 
 
 6" 
 24' 
 
 6" 
 24' 
 
 6" 
 26' 
 
 7" 
 26' 
 
 7" 
 26' 
 
 7" 
 i 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 16' 1 
 
 0" 
 18' 
 
 0" 
 18' 
 
 0" 
 
 z. 
 
 20' 
 
 0" 
 22' 
 
 0" 
 22' 
 
 0" 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 3tj 
 
 
 
 Increase . 
 
 ! 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 42 . . 
 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4S 
 
 1 
 
 24' 
 
 
 
 
 0" 
 
 50.. 
 
 
 
 24' 
 
 0" 
 26' 
 
 0" 
 26' ! 
 
 0" 1 
 28' 1 
 
 0" 
 28' 
 
 0" 
 30' 
 
 0" 
 30' 
 
 0" 
 32' 
 
 0" 
 22' 
 
 0" 
 22' 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 60.. ♦ 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 22' 
 
 4" 
 24' 
 
 4" 
 24' 
 
 4" 
 24' 
 
 5" 
 26' 
 
 5" 
 26' 
 
 5" 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 68 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 ' 0" 
 
 70 
 
 
 22' 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 0" 
 
 72 
 
 
 1 24' 
 
 
 
 0" 
 
 74 
 
 
 24' 
 
 
 
 0" 
 
 76 
 
 
 i 24' 
 
 
 
 ! 0" 
 
 78 
 
 
 ! 26' 
 
 
 
 0" 
 
 
 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 TABLE 10.— TAPER-Continued. 
 
 69 
 
 Total length. 
 
 Log lengths. 
 
 Butt log 
 
 1 
 . 1 Second log. 
 
 Third log. 
 
 Top log. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 80 
 
 28' 
 7' 
 
 28' 
 7' 
 
 28' 
 8' 
 
 -: 
 
 30' 
 
 8' 
 30' 
 
 8' 
 .32' 
 
 8' 
 32' 
 
 8' 
 32' 
 
 9' 
 26' 
 
 9' 
 26' 
 10' 
 
 26' 
 
 5" 
 
 28' 
 
 5" 
 
 28' 
 
 5" 
 
 i 28' 
 
 5" 
 
 1 30' 
 
 5" 
 
 30' 
 
 6" 
 
 '%■ 
 
 32' 
 
 6" 
 
 ! 32' 
 
 6" 
 
 24' 
 
 8" 
 
 I 26' 
 
 8" 
 
 , 
 
 26' 
 
 0" 
 26' 
 
 0" 
 28' 
 
 0" 
 28' 
 
 0" 
 28' 
 
 0" 
 30' 
 
 0" 
 30' 
 
 0" 
 30' 
 
 0" 
 32' 
 
 0" 
 24' 
 
 0" 
 24' 
 
 0" 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 82 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 84 
 
 Increase 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 88 
 
 
 Increase 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 Inci'ease 
 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 98 
 
 24' 
 5" 
 
 24' 
 5" 
 
 Increase 
 
 100 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 This table is intended to be used simply as a guide; the allow- 
 ances for taper shown should be varied to conform to the actual taper. 
 These figures are based on the actual taper of 110 Douglas fir trees 
 of average height measured in Washington and Oregon. 
 
70 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 SAMPLE PAGE 1— FORM 
 
 Timber, Sale,.... 
 
 
 /.2....^ 
 
 ._.. End Mark, 
 
 Za^ 
 
 n.^ 
 
 i^r'"" >^/^>^^^A-/7 ye//o^P/nG 
 
 
 
 liOo Mo. Lenqti 
 
 t. i^. B M. 
 
 I^: N... 
 
 Length 
 
 Ft. B: M. 
 
 I.OO Nn. 
 
 I-ENGT.I. Ft. B. M. 
 
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APPENDIX. 71 
 
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 SCALER. JS^^^C :^^^:^Z^ ^ 
 
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74 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 SAMPLE PAGE 3— FORM 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 75 
 
 631— SAW TIMBER. 
 
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76 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 SAMPLE PAGE 4— FORM 631— SAW 
 
 Sea Jed by John Doe 
 
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 SAMPLE PAGE 5— FORM 231— 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 '79 
 
 CUBIC FEET AND CORDS. 
 
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 SAMPLE PAGE 6— FORM 
 
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 Compartment Scaler, iJohn C/<3q/f 
 
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 SAMPLE PAGE 7— FORM 
 
 Purchaser, ..^c?/?/Z..../2c?^... ^.L/^...jg//o... 
 
 Compartment, ; 5ee., „...d"...-.. Twp.,../^.A/,_; R.,2^_/4^__ 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 83 
 
 651— SHINGLE BOLTS. 
 
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84 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 SAMPLE PAGE 8-FORM 
 
 Purchaser, ...^oA^... jQ.Q.G 
 
 Timber Sale, .„7.z/-/j^._Lo/_0 End Mark, 
 
 ePECIES 
 
 Cejc/ci/-\ 
 
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APPENDIX. 85 
 
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APPENDIX. 
 
 87 
 
 231-Dl— LINEAR FEET. 
 
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88 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 SAMPLE PAGE 10— FORM 648- 
 
 s. u/A/7yj 
 
 Sales 
 
 iforesl) 
 
 
 J. C. Bro^n <S- Co. 
 
 , AbK/oyP/S 
 
 (Purchaser) 
 
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 Sreen 
 
 
 Species /.oc/ae -Po/c P/he 
 
 
 Material 8 Tf Props /o/^tf)'ops/2n-/=hi/>3/4ff:/^p9 /^/9^j9v/>s 
 
 Date Scaled No. Pieces Nc. Pieces No. 
 
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APPEINDIX. 89 
 
 PROPS, TIES, AND POSTS. 
 
 Compartment U Scaler, ^. S./y<^r.c//ng 
 
 Sec. /<5* . T. 2M , R. //J^- /^/y/ & A^nc/iags 
 
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90 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 
 
 DOUGLAS FIR LOG GRADING RULES OF THE PUGET SOUND LOG 
 SCALING AND GRADING BUREAU. 
 
 No. 1 Logs. 
 
 No. 1 logs shall be logs in the lengths of 16 to 32 feet and 30 mches 
 in diameter inside the bark at the small end and logs 34 to 40 feet, 
 28 inches in diameter inside the bark at the small end and shall be 
 logs which in the judgment of the scaler shall contain at least 50 
 per cent of the scaled contents in lumber in the grades of No. 2 clear 
 and better. 
 
 No. 2 Logs. 
 
 No. 2 logs shall be not less than 16 feet long and having defects 
 which prevent its grading No. 1, but which in the judgmentof the 
 scaler will be suitable for the manufacture of lumber priucipally in 
 the grades of merchantable and better. 
 
 No. 3 Logs. 
 
 No. 3 logs shall be not less than 16 feet long and having defects 
 which prevent its cutting into higher grades and in the judgment of 
 the scaler will be suitable for the manufacture of common lumber. 
 
 DOUGLAS FIR LOG GRADING RULES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER LOG 
 SCALING AND GRADING BUREAU. 
 
 No. 1 Logs. 
 
 No. 1 logs shall be 30 inches or over in diameter inside the bark 
 at the small end, reasonably straight-grained, and not less than 16 
 feet long and shall be logs which in the judgment of the scaler will 
 contain at least 50 per cent of their scaled contents in lumber in the 
 grades of No. 1 and No. 2 clear lumber. 
 
 In a general way it may be said that a pitch ring is not a serious 
 grade defect in a No. 1 log, provided its location and size does not 
 prevent the log cutting the requisite amount of clears. The same 
 applies to rot. 
 
 Pitch pockets, seams, knots, etc., are defects which impair the grade 
 in proportion to their effect on the amount of clears the log contains. 
 A No. 1 log will admit a few small knots, but must be surface clear 
 for at least four-fifths its length ; a few pitch pockets, as permitted 
 in the grades of clear lumber, but no combination of defects which 
 will prevent the required percentage of clears. 
 
APPENDIX. 91 
 
 No. 2 Logs. 
 
 No. 2 logs shall be 16 inches or over in diameter inside the bark 
 at the small end, not less than 16 feet long, and having defects which 
 prevent its grading No. 1, but which will in the judgment of the 
 scaler be suitable for the manufacture of lumber principally in 
 grades of merchantable and better. 
 
 No. 3 Logs. 
 
 No. 3 logs shall be 12 inches or over in diameter inside the bark 
 at the small end, not less than 16 feet long, having defects which 
 prevent its grading No. 2, and shall in the judgment of the scaler be 
 suitable for the manufacture of inferior grades of lumber. 
 
 Cull Logs. 
 
 Cull logs shall be any logs which do not contain 50 per cent of 
 sound lumber. All logs to be scaled by the Spalding rule. 
 
 WESTERN YELLOW PINE LOG GRADING RULES, SUGGESTED BY 
 THE FOREST SERVICE, FOR USE IN EASTERN OREGON AND 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 Clear logs shall be 22 inches or over in diameter inside the bark at 
 the small end and not less than 10 feet long. They shall be reason- 
 biy straight-grained, practically surface clear, and of a character 
 which in the judgment of the scaler are capable of cutting not less 
 than 25 per cent of their scaled contents into lumber of the grades 
 of C select and better. 
 
 Shop logs shall be 18 inches or over in diameter inside the bark 
 at the small end, not less than 8 feet long, and which in the judg- 
 ment of the scaler are capable of cutting not less than 30 per cent 
 of their scaled contents into lumber of the grades of No. 2 shop and 
 better. 
 
 Rough logs shall be 6 inches o\ over in diameter inside the bark 
 at the small end and not less than 8 feet long, having defects which 
 in the judgment of the scaler prevent their classification into either 
 of the two above grades. 
 
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