THE BOOK OF 
 RED AND YELLOW 
 
 BEING A STORY 
 OF BLOOD AND A 
 YELLOW STREAK 
 
 By 
 
 FRANCIS CLEMENT KELLEY 
 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 The Catholic Church Extension Society 
 OF the United States of America 
 
 1915 
 
r 
 
 •/f-^f 
 
 Copyright, 191S. 
 
 by 
 
 FRANCIS C. KELLEY 
 
 Chicago 
 
 JAN 25 1915 
 
 TheHenryTshepardCo. © Gl, A 1^ 9 1 4 6 6 
 
 632 Sherman Street 2iy\ i 
 
 Chicago ^^ ' 
 
The Book of Red and Yellow 
 
 READERS of this book who have been following European war 
 news will understand the reference to colors in the title. A friend 
 suggested that I could appropriately call it " The Red Book," 
 because it is a tale of blood. Another urged that " The Yellow Book " 
 might be a better title, since it shows the yellow streak in human nature. 
 Both suggestions appealed to me; but the using of both titles together 
 seems better still. This book tells a tale of blood and shows the yellow 
 streak in some human beings. The trail of the coward is over the per- 
 petrators of the outrages which here are told. No one but a coward 
 could take advantage of weakness and murder innocence. " The Book 
 of Red and Yellow " expresses exactly what I want to express. 
 
 A few months ago strange rumors of outrages committed by the 
 Constitutionalists in Mexico began to appear in American papers. The 
 first inclination of practically all who read the items was to doubt; 
 and the second inclination to shrug the shoulders and say : " Well, it's 
 war." Even in Mexico itself, when the news of the horrors at Durango 
 was received, Mexicans themselves charitably said to one another: 
 " These things are the work only of irresponsible leaders and in one 
 place. They do not imply that the Revolutionists have any such program 
 in mind. Those who have done these fearful things will, in due time, 
 be punished." But we were all wrong. 
 
 When Saltillo fell, the outrages were repeated. At Zacatecas they 
 not only were repeated, but new infamies were added. At other cities, 
 Zacatecas was outdone. Then the horrors were visited on every city and 
 state taken by the Constitutionalist forces. 
 
 Some refugees from Mexico at last began to cross the American line. 
 The border towns of Texas rapidly filled up with them. At Vera Cruz 
 there were so many that they became a serious problem to the American 
 authorities. Not only were officers of the Federal army, officials of the 
 Huerta government and other political exiles among the refugees, but also 
 priests who had never taken up arms or interfered in political matters, 
 sisters whose lives had been given up to teaching the works of charity, 
 brothers who had spent themselves on the education of the Mexican 
 youth, bishops and archbishops. Over five hundred of these religious 
 refugees came into the American lines. Most of them were destitute. 
 Practically all had been robbed of everything they possessed. They told 
 
4 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 of hardships, of murders, of crimes worse than murder, and of sacrileges. 
 It was the men who heard these stories, many of them officers of the 
 United States army and navy, who, shocked and outraged in their finer 
 feelings, spread the awful news, which now began to reach the ears of the 
 American people in all its repulsiveness. 
 
 It seemed, however, as if a conspiracy of silence had been organized. 
 Reputable papers, supposed to be anxious to print the truth and to give 
 the news, did neither. Statesmen, so-called, pooh-poohed everything. 
 The man on the Street said the thing was too horrible for credence. The 
 wily politician saw danger ; but all the time the people in Vera Cruz, who 
 had hearts, saw red. 
 
 At last a pitiful appeal to charity, to feed the hungry, to clothe the 
 naked, and to give asylum to the homeless, reached The Catholic Church 
 Extension Society, chiefly through the efforts of the Rev. R. H. Tierney, 
 Editor of America, and the Rev. H. A. Constantineau, Provincial Treas- 
 urer of the Oblate Fathers in San Antonio. It was plain to the directors 
 of the Society that, if they could not do justice to these suffering exiles, 
 they could, at least, be charitable to them. The Most Reverend James E. 
 Quigley, D.D., Archbishop of Chicago, at once directed me, as President 
 of the Society, to go Avherever the refugees were, and use what funds 
 were needed to assist them. I proceeded at once to Texas, saw the situa- 
 tion, relieved the immediate needs in San Antonio, El Paso, Laredo, 
 Galveston, etc., and then started for Vera Cruz. Before taking the boat 
 for that point, I learned by cable that, when the news of the impending 
 evacuation of that port by the American troops was given out, all the 
 refugees who could go had left for Cuba. I went to Havana instead of 
 Vera Cruz, and found as many of these refugees in Cuba as we had in 
 the United States, but in a far more deplorable condition. With the 
 funds at my disposal, I spent what was needed, and came back to report 
 to the Board of Governors of the Society and beg that more assistance 
 be extended. 
 
 While in Texas I had the opportunity of hearing the stories of the 
 refugees and investigating them. Knowing that there would be more of 
 these stories in Cuba, I requested the Archbishop of New Orleans, who 
 spoke Spanish and who had been a bishop in Porto Rico, to come with me. 
 He kindly agreed to do this; and His Grace took especial care of the 
 investigations, securing information which perhaps could never have been 
 secured otherwise. 
 
 On my return to Chicago, the Society took further action and author- 
 ized me to pay the expenses incident to saving and helping the remaining 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 5 
 
 priests and sisters at Vera Cruz, should the Government fail to act favor- 
 ably on the request of the refugees for transportation to Galveston. Our 
 appeal to the charity of American Catholics has not been in vain, yet 
 much still remains to be done. I publish this book in the hope that it 
 will stir up even a greater manifestation of charity. The Board of 
 Governors of the Society, relying on this, has authorized the publication. 
 Our motives are purely charitable and humanitarian. The Society 
 declines to enter into the discussion of these things except from that 
 standpoint. We have no political axe to grind. We do not propose 
 to attach blame to any one, much less to the administration now in 
 power in Washington. If mistakes have been made, good-will may 
 rectify them in part. If the President and his advisors have been 
 deceived, one can readily understand that it was an easy matter to 
 deceive them. They were not on the ground. No one can read this 
 story without knowing that it was to the interests of some party or 
 parties to lend themselves to such deception. That the deception was a 
 crime every reasonable man and woman will concede ; and the crime is all 
 the clearer in that the sufferers have, as usual, been the innocent. If there 
 were no refugees except political ones, we could be sorry for them ; but 
 we would be obliged to admit that chances must be taken in Mexican 
 politics. The political refugees, however, formed the minority. Those 
 who had committed no crime, and who had not mixed in political 
 squabbles of any kind, had to suffer the most. 
 
 It will easily be understood that I can not give the names of persons 
 and places referred to in niany of the statements to follow. After reading 
 the statements, and considering the conditions in Mexico, the reader will 
 not wonder why, in the majority of instances, such details had to be 
 left out. I do not care to sign death-warrants. But I have the original 
 documents in my possession, or I know where they are, and have con- 
 sulted them. They may be examined by those who have a right to see 
 them and whose honesty in asking for them is beyond question. 
 
I. 
 
 The General Conditions of the Persecution. 
 To begin I give a partial list of the outrages which have been com- 
 mitted in the name of " liberty " and the Constitution, by the men who 
 claim to be fighting in Mexico for both. Not one single charge is over- 
 drawn. I give them as they were given to me, not by a few individuals, 
 but practically by all. I append proofs which can not be questioned. 
 
 first. 
 The Constitutionalists in Mexico have attempted to destroy, and prac- 
 tically have destroyed, three-fourths, if not more, of the Catholic Church 
 in their country ; which means that they have destroyed three-fourths of 
 all the organized religious forces in Mexico. They did it deliberately, and 
 as a result of a prearranged plan. They did it remorselessly and cruelly. 
 
 SECOND. 
 
 These same men drove out of Mexico, imprisoned or sent into hiding 
 in fear of their lives, practically all the Catholic bishops in the Republic. 
 Of those who remain, one alone is exercising his ministry unimpeded, 
 because he is in the territory held by General Zapata, who is not and was 
 not at any time subject to Carranza's authority. Of the others still on 
 Mexican soil, three to my certain knowledge are in hiding, and one is in 
 the penitentiary, sentenced to eight years' imprisonment for no crime 
 whatever. To this charge may be added that oi driving into exile priests 
 and Sisters of Charity, religious men and women of all kinds, some of 
 whom are Mexican citizens and some citizens of other nations. 
 
 third. 
 These same men were guilty of seizing private property, even property 
 held in the names of individuals, only because such property was used for 
 religious purposes. They looted churches, destroyed libraries, scientific 
 laboratories, colleges, schools, museums of Mexican archeology, valuable 
 manuscripts and residences. They practically wiped off the map of 
 Mexico her best institutions for higher education. 
 
 fourth. 
 They imprisoned, tortured and murdered priests and teachers. 
 
 fifth. 
 They committed most abominable and unspeakably vile outrages 
 against the persons and virtue of young girls, good women, and Sisters 
 whose lives had been vowed to the service of Almighty God. 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 7 
 
 SIXTH. 
 
 They interdicted practices of religion publicly under the penalty of 
 death. 
 
 SEVENTH. 
 
 They usurped ecclesiastical jurisdiction by appointing to office, in what 
 was left of the Church, such men as they pleased. 
 
 EIGHTH. 
 
 In order to carry these things out with some show of reason, they 
 published the vilest lies against the Church and her clergy. 
 
 NINTH. 
 
 Proclaiming their desire for a free government under a constitution, 
 they destroyed absolutely the liberty of the press, suppressing all news- 
 papers and other publications not controlled and directed by themselves. 
 
 TENTH. 
 
 In various other ways they set aside the very Constitution to which 
 they proclaimed allegiance, and set it aside deliberately. 
 
 Before taking up the discussion of these charges, a word about the 
 Revolution itself. Porfirio Diaz had given peace to Mexico, but had ruled 
 the country as a dictator. The rebellion against him by Francisco Madero 
 was successful, and Madero himself was legally elected President of the 
 Republic. It is probable that Madero was the first President really 
 elected by the people themselves. If there were irregularities in his 
 election, these irregularities could not have changed the result. Under 
 Madero, an attempt was made to give Mexico a constitutional form of 
 government, or rather to put the Constitution into effect for the first 
 time. It was not an ideal constitution. The addition to it of the Laws of 
 Reform of Benito Juarez made it even less desirable. Neither of these 
 were ideal democratic documents, but they were the law. The murder 
 of Madero was a vile act, but it was never proven that Madero's suc- 
 cessor. General Huerta, had been a party to that murder. Huerta himself 
 was selected to succeed Madero in accordance with all the forms of law. 
 He was a strong man, democratic, and fairly just. His government was a 
 dictatorship like that of Diaz; but this much can be said of him: he 
 could have brought peace to Mexico. He was prevented from doing 
 this, however, by a new revolution headed by Governor Venustiano Car- 
 ranza. The new revolution was fostered by influences from the United 
 States. No revolution is possible in Mexico otherwise, since Mexico has 
 no facilities for supplying arms and ammunition. All arms and ammuni- 
 
8 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 tion for Carranza's outbreak were supplied by American firms, whose 
 names are known, and who could easily have been prevented from supply^ 
 ing them. To end any revolution in Mexico, it is only necessary to forbid 
 the sending of arms from the United States into that country. The 
 Carranza forces had unlimited supplies, both of arms and money with 
 which to buy them. They were successful, and were aided to their suc- 
 cess by the closing of the port of Vera Cruz to Huerta. I do not question 
 the right of our Government to close the port. Neither do I criticize the 
 attitude of the administration to Huerta. I merely state the facts. On 
 the face of things, it looked as if the people were fighting for constitutional 
 government. I desire to show, in a general way in this chapter, how far 
 the actions of the Constitutionalists agreed with their professions. 
 
 In the beginning, the outrages committed by Carranza's army were 
 few, but at Durango it was clearly seen that the first step of the revolu- 
 tion was to be the utter destruction of religion. The Constitutionalists 
 found at Durango a venerable and holy old man, who had long been the 
 archbishop of that diocese. He was immediately arrested and from him 
 was demanded a ransom of $500,000. Now, the people of Mexico are not 
 rich. The Church is not rich. There was no union between Church and 
 State, and there had not been such a union for fifty years. - The Con- 
 stitutionalists might as well have asked the archbishop for $500,000,000 
 as for $500,000. He had not the money to give. He told his captors so. 
 They flung him into prison. When they released him, it was only to keep 
 him in durance within the city limits. They showered indignities upon 
 his head. They arrested his clergy, exiled many, closed churches; in a 
 word, they did all they could to stamp out religion in Durango. Some 
 good people got together a few thousand dollars. Seeing that they could 
 get no more, the Constitutionalists released the archbishop, but drove 
 him out of the city. He went to Morelia, where again he was held for 
 ransom, and again some good people bought his liberty. Then, after two 
 months of this sort of thing, he escaped to the United States. I saw him, 
 a sad old man, broken in health, but uncomplaining. Had I depended 
 upon him for information, however, I would have had none. He suffered 
 in silence, but I received the information from others, even those who 
 were eye-witnesses of the affair. 
 
 Here is a statement by one of these eye-witnesses to the taking of the 
 city of Durango by the Carranzista forces. I dare not give his name, for 
 fear of the consequences to himself if he returns to Mexico : 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 9 
 
 No sooner were the Constitutionalists in the city, under the command 
 of General Tomas Urbina, than there was a tremendous riot among them, 
 and the second general in command was killed and a great number of 
 others perished. 
 
 On hearing the first reports of the riot, crowds forced open the doors 
 of all business houses, ransacking and setting fire afterward to them. 
 Nine palaces and many houses were wiped out. Leading families who, 
 previous to this horrible episode, had been considered rich, to-day have 
 not even bread to eat, and many are without clothing. 
 
 The outrages committed did not cease at this point, but increased, and, 
 on the second day, without court-martial, all the officials and chiefs taken 
 during the battle or after were sentenced to death, thus disregarding 
 entirely the guarantees and promises not to execute any one. Repre- 
 sentatives of the leaders entered the archbishop's palace and other private 
 homes, forcibly carrying with them those who had taken refuge there. 
 Notwithstanding the entreaties of the sisters, mothers, wives and children, 
 they were conducted as the vilest criminals to the dirtiest and unhealthiest 
 prison cells. The day after they were compelled to beg from door to 
 door the tremendous amount of money that had been demanded as ran- 
 soms. In the meantime other groups of armed men entered and pro- 
 faned the Church of the Jesuit Fathers ; and the Carmelites were horribly 
 insulted and outraged. In the cathedral where the remains of the dead 
 bishops and archbishops had been laid they scattered the remains with 
 their swords. Not satisfied with this, they then approached the arch- 
 bishop's palace, addressing the archbishop in very unbecoming language 
 and demanded $500,000 as a " loan," which amount he was unable to pay, 
 and he was thereupon taken to jail, notwithstanding the fact that he was 
 in an almost dying condition. Not even a chair or bed was given him, 
 and he was left on the floor of the condemned cell. 
 
 These acts and others filled all the city with consternation, which 
 increased by the hearing of other outrages which have been committed 
 against families, and more especially so when priests were seen arrested 
 for the mere fact of their profession and because they were unable to pay 
 the money demanded of them. 
 
 What was done at Durango was the rule whenever the rebels con- 
 quered a new territory, and, when the payment of ransom was not 
 sufficient, exile followed. Very early also in the conquests of the 
 Constitutionalists came the same outrages in Matamoros. In both Dur- 
 ango and Matamoros the churches were pillaged, the desecrating of the 
 graves of the dead bishops was done with the object of discovering if 
 there might be some valuable objects buried with them. Swords were 
 run through the disinterred bodies. That all this was premeditated and 
 part of a plan, Carranza and the leaders themselves declared. In dis- 
 courses published in their newspapers, they claimed that they intended 
 to destroy militarism, capital and the clergy. It was in carrying out this 
 plan that the cities were given to pillage, estates seized and religion 
 trampled upon. It was a crime to have been a soldier in the Federal 
 
10 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 army, to be a rich man, no matter how honestly the riches might have 
 been gained, or to be a priest, teacher or Sister, no matter how much 
 charity or good work had been done as such. There was no process of 
 law. The Cathedral Chapters of Durango, Monterey, Zacatecas, Guada- 
 lajara, Puebla, etc., they dissolved by Constitutionalist authority.. 
 
 The following statement, sworn to by the writers before a notary, 
 gives an idea of the way the persecution was carried on in the north. 
 
 From its very beginning the Constitutionalist Revolutionary Party 
 of Mexico showed itself to be anti-religious, as is proven by the injustices 
 committed in the State of Sonora, Sinaloa and Chihuahua against priests 
 and church property. But not in the degree that it afterward attained. 
 Don Venustiano Carranza, who never before had shown signs of " clero- 
 phobia," allowed himself, according to our belief, to be influenced by 
 certain members of what is known in Mexico as the " Reform Party," 
 the same that tried to force Francisco I. Madero into a religious persecu- 
 tion. From then on, the irreligious spirit of the Constitutionalists' revolu- 
 tion appeared unmasked. 
 
 We shall say nothing of what preceded the taking of Monterey from 
 lack of concrete data sufficiently authenticated. 
 
 Monterey. — They took Monterey, the capital of the State of Nuevo 
 Leon, on April 24, 1914. According to the general custom, the Revolu- 
 tionary officials left the churches undisturbed, but on the 27th of the 
 same month they ordered all churches closed, and took possession of the 
 keys. On May 12 the priests were cited to appear. Accordingly the 
 Vicar-General, sixteen foreign and several Mexican priests went to the 
 place appointed, where a " loan " of $500,000 was demanded of them. As 
 they declared themselves unable to give such an immense sum, they were 
 put in prison. By the intervention of their respective consuls, the for- 
 eigners were set free, but at the same time declared banished from Mex- 
 ican soil. The Vicar-General and the other Mexican priests remained 
 in jail. 
 
 The archbishop's palace was occupied by the rebels, who destroyed a 
 magnificent library and possessed themselves of the archives of the arch- 
 diocese. The printing-press of the archbishopric was taken over for the 
 publication of the impious newspaper, El Bonete, in the pages of which 
 were published, in an attempt to dishonor the priesthood, the documents 
 found in the secret archives. (Records of diocesan disciplinary cases. 
 —Ed.) 
 
 On June 7 they publicly burned the confessionals and other church 
 furniture. They also publicly profaned the statues of the saints in the 
 streets, casting lots on them and shooting at those which by lot were 
 determined as " Huertistas." There were, moreover, numerous spolia- 
 tions, robberies and other excesses committed in the churches. 
 
 As a climax to these infamous proceedings, the Governor of the State 
 issued a decree, under date of July 14, in which, after an introduction 
 very offensive to the clergy, which he designated as " corrupt and cor- 
 rupting," religious liberty was practically abolished. 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 11 
 
 In several towns of this State were committed acts of sacrilegious sav- 
 agery. In Tanquecillos, for example, they profaned the sacred vestments, 
 using them for a dance. At Margaritas, the Ciborium of the Tabernacle 
 was used in drinking " mescal." At Cerralbo they took the statues of the 
 saints, not excepting that of the national devotion, Our Lady of Guada- 
 lupe, and cast them into a well, mutilating that of Our Lady of Lourdes 
 to make it small enough to be forced in, at the same time issuing a decree 
 in which it was declared that anyone caught trying to rescue the statues 
 would be summarily executed. In Las Aldamas the churches were con- 
 verted into barracks. A certain Father Regalado was obliged to walk a 
 distance of about eighty miles, from Linares to Victoria. Another priest, 
 Father Martin, parish priest of Galeana, was robbed of all he had, and it 
 was only by fleeing 'to the mountains that he freed himself from still 
 worse treatment. 
 
 Tepic— The city of Tepic, capital of the territory by that name, was 
 captured in the middle of May. They imprisoned the bishop, Rt. Rev. 
 Andres Segura, and Very Rev. Ramon Vilalto, Superior of the Mission- 
 ary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, in the penitentiary about the 
 17th of the same month, sentencing them to eight years' imprisonment. 
 Other priests were left at liberty, although forbidden to leave the city. 
 That, at least, was the belief at first, but now we know that all the Mis- 
 sionary Fathers of the Heart of Mary residing there are actually in 
 prison. 
 
 Saltillo.— This city, capital of Coahuila, fell into the hands of the 
 Revolutionists in the beginning of June, if we are not mistaken. It is 
 impossible to describe what the priests suffered there. Eight of them 
 (four Jesuits, three Eudists and a Benedictine) were shut up in a dark 
 room, and kept there eight days. Then, at midnight the door was opened, 
 and they were told they were condemned to death. One by one they 
 were taken out, and with each of them a mock execution was carried 
 out in the minutest details — the line of sharpshooters, the signal to fire, 
 the discharge and even the falHng of the body, which was produced by a 
 push from behind. Afterward they were taken in a stock car to Torreon, 
 where they were shamefully paraded through the streets ; and from there 
 they were'taken through Cuidad Juarez to the border. We have been told 
 that other priests were forced to suffer the torment of the gallows, being 
 tied by the neck and lifted into the air. One of them was raised thus 
 three times, until he lost consciousness. 
 
 Zacatecas. — This is the capital of the state of the same name, and 
 was taken June 3 at sundown. Immediately after they captured Rev. 
 Inocencio Lopez Velarde, who was a Fiscal Promoter, Professor of the 
 Seminary and Chaplain of the Theresian Sisters, and after robbing him, 
 took him to the outskirts of the city and killed him, afterward maltreating 
 his dead body, which was found the next day, the head and chest riddled 
 with bullets.^ On the 4th, early in the morning, they went to the College 
 of the Christian Brothers, and took away its chaplain, Father Pascual 
 Vega, and Brothers Adrian and Adolph, president and vice-president, 
 respectively. All three were conducted to Bufa Hill and shot. No one 
 in the city knew where they were till on the third day their bodies were 
 found half-buried. The other brothers were sent to prison and subjected to 
 
12 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 a thousand indignities. On the 25th all the priests of the cities were cited 
 to appear. Twenty-three priests, headed by the Vicar-General, presented 
 themselves. They were menaced with death if they would not give on the 
 same day before 6 p.m. a " loan " of $1,000,000, and were incarcerated 
 in a miserable dungeon. There they were kept three days without food 
 or drink and in danger of asphyxiation. In the afternoon of that day the 
 "loan" was demanded, they took out the Vicar-General and another priest, 
 pretending that they were to be shot, and at the same time threatening 
 the others with a like punishment if they would not quickly give the sum 
 demanded. Knowing very well that it was impossible for them to collect 
 such a fabulous amount, especially if they kept them locked up, the 
 Revolutionists allowed three of them to go out, and they were able to 
 get together $14,000. The rebels took this sum, "but ordered them to 
 continue their begging among the faithful until they collected at least 
 $100,000. They did so, but they were told that $4,000 was missing, and 
 obliged them to go out again and collect that sum, but they were not even 
 then set at liberty. They were kept in jail until the night of July 3, 
 when they were taken to the depot and put in a dirty box-car and sent to 
 Torreon and Cuidad Juarez, guarded by a convoy of drunken soldiers, 
 who were constantly menacing them with their guns. There they were 
 despoiled of all they had and were obliged to take refuge in the United 
 States. The Episcopal palace was changed into a barracks. 
 
 A brutal deed was perpetrated at Villa de Guadalupe. Father 
 Valeriano Medina, a charitable priest, was taking care of the wounded in 
 the parish school, which he had converted into a hospital. The Revolu- 
 tionists entered the house on horseback, killing some of the patients with 
 their horse's hoofs, and taking the others out to be shot. The Father, 
 who was the especial object of these outlaws' search, escaped. The parish 
 priest of Cabra, Rev. Jesus Alba, was taken to the cemetery and killed. 
 
 Aguascalientes. — The capital of the state of that name, was taken 
 shortly after Zacatecas, and all the priests exiled. On the 4th of August, 
 the confessionals and some statues of saints were publicly burned. 
 Governor Fuentes threatened with death any priest who would attempt 
 to exercise his ministry. 
 
 San Luis Potosi. — July 17 they peacefully entered San Luis Potosi, 
 capital of the state of that name. Nevertheless, this was one of the cities 
 in which the clergy had to suffer most. On the 19th, they asked the Vicar- 
 General for the bishop's carriage, and Col. Alberto de Avila struck him 
 and put him in prison. Thanks to the German consul, he was liberated in 
 two hours. 
 
 On the 20th an order was published forbidding the celebration of 
 Mass on week days under penalty of $1,000 fine for the first offense, 
 $2,000 for the second, $3,000 for the third, and either exile or death for 
 the fourth. Confession, outside the danger of death, was prohibited, and 
 even then only with a government official present to hear. Ringing of the 
 bells was to be confined to secular uses. 
 
 On July 25 a proclamation of exile for all priests was published, 
 ordering them to be at the depot at five o'clock next morning. They 
 complied, but had to wait until six in the evening, when the Carranzistas 
 appeared. They allowed ten priests to remain for services in the city, 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 13 
 
 and one other because he was sick. The other twenty-seven were put 
 into a stock car and thus taken to Charcas. Here they were taken out, 
 made to look into some wells, and threatened with being thrown into them. 
 Then they took them to a hacienda and enclosed them in a sacristy, the 
 walls of which were bespattered with human blood. After three days 
 they relieved them of all they had. They detained the bishop's secretary, 
 the first assistant of Del Sagrario parish, and a Franciscan monk. The 
 others were freed on condition that they leave the country. They 
 arrived at Monterey, via Saltillo, on July 31. Here the Vicar-General, 
 Very Rev. Agustin Jimenez was detained. The others were again 
 arrested, and taken under a guard to Nuevo Laredo, with orders to 
 shoot anyone trying to escape. Then their photographs were taken, as if 
 they were criminals, and they were obliged to cross the border. Among 
 the exiles was Rev. Fr. Espinosa, a venerable Franciscan, ninety-four 
 years of age. 
 
 The magnificent Episcopal palace was sacked, and the books of its 
 library sold at ridiculous prices. We hear, however, that an Englishman 
 claimed the palace and everything contained therein as his own, and that 
 it was turned over to him. 
 
 QuERETARO. — This city, capital of the state of that name, was taken 
 by the Carranzistas on the 29th of July. The same day Fathers Gabriel 
 Goray, a Carmelite, and Sousa, a Franciscan, were kept in the De la Cruz 
 barracks two days, and then driven through the streets on horseback, 
 vested in their religious habits. Then they liberated the latter and made 
 the former enter the army. The churches were all closed, the Revolu- 
 tionalists keeping all the keys, except those of the churches San Jose and 
 Santa Clara, which were deposited in the Spanish vice-consulate. In 
 this vice-consulate several Spanish priests took refuge, and others hid 
 themselves in various disguises. On the 30th or 31st the Catholic high 
 school was attacked, and the Christian Brothers and the French vice- 
 consul taken out by armed force. On the 3d of August the Seminary was 
 changed into a Constitutionalist police station. On the 8th the con- 
 fessionals were burned in Zena Garden. Father Rabago was imprisoned 
 and Canon Florencio Rosas put in charge of the diocese of Queretaro. 
 On the 11th they attacked the vice-consulate, taking prisoners the priests 
 hidden there. These were taken at bayonet point to the barracks De la 
 Alameda, thence to Griega, afterward back to the same barracks, and 
 finally set free. On the 27th a large Catholic manifestation caused great 
 fear among the Revolutionists. They exiled all the Spanish priests on 
 the 29th, taking them to San Luis Potosi, where they were detained until 
 September 12 and then sent to Laredo. The others were obliged to appear 
 in the former bank of San Luis in order to declare what goods they 
 possessed, how they acquired them and what were the possessions of the 
 diocese. 
 
 Gaunajuato. — On the 31st of July almost all the cities of this very 
 rich state were captured. In the capital, on the 1st of August, " loans " 
 were forced, heavier ones on priests than others. After a few days all 
 the priests were convoked and told that confession was absolutely pro- 
 hibited, even to the dying, and that any commission of ladies asking for 
 repeal of these laws would not be received. 
 
14 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 Leon. — Although they entered this town July 31, they were expelled 
 the next day by Pascual Orozco ; but regained it on August 2. They im- 
 posed on the bishop a "loan" of $500,000, and, as his representatives could 
 not collect more than $6,000 they took possession of the stipends and 
 goods of the clergy. The canons were arrested and imprisoned in their 
 own houses. Foreign priests were expelled. They prohibited the ringing 
 of church bells and drove out the nuns from the convents. 
 
 Irapuato. — Here the confessionals were burned August 3 ; confes- 
 sion was prohibited under pain of death, and nuns exiled. They tried to 
 kill the parish priest and Father Chavez. , 
 
 SiLAO. — They arrested all the priests, and, on giving them their free- 
 dom, they kept as hostages the parish priest and another Father whom 
 they robbed, even of the dinner and supper their families brought them. 
 
 Celaya. — The Missionary Sons of the Heart of Mary hid themselves 
 in near-by farms. The Archbishop of Michoacan, Most Rev. Leopoldo 
 Ruiz, who happened to be there, hid himself in the home of a Catholic 
 gentleman. The other priests hid in different houses in the city. One 
 of the fugitives betrayed the others, telling where they were concealed, and 
 all were captured. The Archbishop, Father Penaflor, a Franciscan, and 
 Father Lara, a parish priest, were especially sought after. Thanks to the 
 
 courage of Mr. C , who was on the point of being shot three or 
 
 four times for not telling where His Grace was concealed, he was able 
 to save himself by flight to a hacienda. Some others were also able to 
 remain in hiding. Those who were imprisoned, in number about twenty- 
 five, as they were unable to pay the $60,000 demanded, were exiled ; being 
 taken to Laredo in a filthy stock car. 
 
 Zamora.— It seems that in this town the venerable Archbishop of 
 Durango was imprisoned, and with all his priests compelled to sweep the 
 streets. He was taken, guarded and on foot, to Piedad, and from there 
 by train to Irapuato, August 27, according to the account of an eye- 
 witness. 
 
 ToLUCA. — The Revolutionists entered this city, the capital of the 
 State of Mexico, on August 8. On the 10th they closed all the churches, 
 keeping the keys themselves, and they have not been opened until the 
 present day. They laughed at a commission of Catholics who asked per- 
 mission to have Mass, saying they would allow it if for each mass they 
 paid them $300,000. The Sacraments and all public worship were pro- 
 hibited. They arrested Fathers Garduno, Campos, Orhalas and Joaquin. 
 The Passionist Fathers, nine in number, whose hiding-places were dis- 
 covered, were taken prisoners and incarcerated for fifteen days ; then 
 permitted to go to the Spanish vice-consulate on the express condition 
 that they would leave the Republic within fifteen days. Because he would 
 not disclose the hiding-place of the Holy Cross Fathers, Brother Mariano 
 Gonzales, of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, was 
 shot. 
 
 The Church of Carmen was plundered, a very large and beautiful 
 statue of the Sacred Heart chopped to pieces, and the sacred vessels, 
 jewels and ornaments of the statues stolen. They also sacked the Church 
 of La Merced and were engaged in burning various things taken there- 
 from until eleven at night. 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 15 
 
 In nearly the whole city of Toluca there was no priest to baptize, for 
 all were in hiding. 
 
 Finally Father Paredes tried to make some arrangement, but was able 
 to obtain absolutely nothing. Before this a decree was published, which 
 reached even the absurdity of prohibiting fasting and mortification, etc. 
 
 Mexico. — In the capital of the Government religion has relatively 
 suffered less. However, Father Paredes was set up as Vicar-General. 
 About thirty priests have been arrested, and some of them beaten. For 
 example, Father Zaragoesa. The House of Retreat of the Angels was 
 changed to a barracks, and the confessionals of its Oratory burned in the 
 streets. The Church of St. Bridget was closed and the Carranzistas took 
 possession of the rectory, etc. 
 
 PuEBLA. — In this, the capital of the state, Father Escobedo was placed 
 as administrator of the diocese. They dissolved the Cathedral Chapter 
 and exiled its members ; the confessionals of many of the churches were 
 taken away and stored in a cellar. The places in the cathedral formerly 
 occupied by the confessionals were marked with secret society emblems. 
 The pulpit of the cathedral was declared open to all. A decree was pub- 
 lished suppressing confession. A dance was held in the chapel of the 
 Catholic College of the Jesuits. By another decree all religious were 
 expelled. They took possession of De la Salle College and others. They 
 made a barracks of the Episcopal palace, etc. 
 
 Vera Cruz. — The capital of this state being protected by American 
 troops, all has been peaceful there, but in some cities of the state atrocities 
 have been perpetrated. 
 
 At Tepozotlan they stole the ciborium, dropping the Sacred Hosts 
 on the floor, and not permitting them to be gathered up until two days 
 later. 
 
 At Jalapa all priests were expelled, being given twenty-four hours to 
 leave. 
 
 In Cordoba all the churches were taken possession of and a decree of 
 expulsion against all priests was published. 
 
 Orizaba fell into the hands of the Carranzistas August 24. Four 
 days after all nuns were expelled. Afterward, by proclamation, all priests 
 were banished and the churches closed; all except that of El Calvario, 
 for fear of the people. Mass, however, was not allowed to be said there. 
 
 The above statements give a very general idea of the persecutions. 
 In the chapters to follow a few statements more in detail are given. 
 
II. 
 
 Guadalajara. 
 
 This statement I print in full. To attempt to compress it would be to 
 destroy its force. It was written by an exile who suffered the horrors of 
 the persecution himself. Were I to take the facts as a basis for writing 
 the story myself I would, at the same time, take a note of personal 
 experience out of it, which could only destroy some of the vividness of 
 the sad narration. 
 
 " After a weak show of resistance and a sham battle on the outskirts 
 of the city, Huerta's troops abandoned the city of Guadalajara in the 
 night between the 7th and 8th of July, 1914. During the sortie the ineffi- 
 cient General Mier was killed and his small army scattered. At the same 
 time the army of General Obregon entered the city by detachments. They 
 met no resistance from the inhabitants, but were acclaimed by a number 
 of ragged workingmen and some revolutionists of the city. Up to this 
 time it was thought that the Huerta newspapers were libeling his oppo- 
 nents and that the Obregonistas were not as barbarous as the Villistas and 
 their kind. The invaders themselves declared that the city of Guadalajara 
 would be convinced that the Constitutionalist cause was that of peace and 
 justice; and they ordered the motto of Juarez to be engraved over the 
 door of every school : ' Respect for the rights of others is peace.' The 
 irony of this motto is great. Scarcely had the Constitutionalists entered the 
 city when they confiscated all the automobiles. They began with that of the 
 archbishop, which Obregon appropriated for himself. They took all the 
 carriages and fine horses. The officers broke into the houses of the well- 
 to-do, whether they were at home or away. They camped there and 
 parceled out among themselves and their women and friends the furniture, 
 table service, and even the clothes of the women and children of the house. 
 They searched everywhere for the officials of the Huerta government, 
 for the principal employees of that government, for the members of the 
 Catholic party and for every one whom they considered political enemies. 
 A number of these were shot, some with the greatest cruelty. 
 
 " General Obregon managed to restrain individual outrages of his 
 soldiers, but the pillage went on unchecked in other forms as violent and 
 as criminal. The barracks were left empty, while the troops were pur- 
 posely lodged in the most flourishing and best-kept institutions of learning 
 and charity. On July 9 a picket of soldiers was placed at all the doors of 
 
 16 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 17 
 
 the Jesuit College.' This is the best in the city, and possesses a fine equip- 
 ment of physical and chemical apparatus from Europe. The rector had 
 just left the classrooms on the first floor, when a band of Yaqui Indians, 
 bedecked with feathers, entered and camped with their women in the 
 clean and elegant lecture-rooms. Colonel Calderon, one-time school- 
 master and afterward an inmate of San Juan de Ulua prison, and now 
 a shining light in the Constitutionalist army, although without any educa- 
 tion and evidently without principle, took for himself the rector's room 
 and quartered his officers and musicians in the upper stories. He refused 
 to listen to protests. He made no effort to stop the destruction of scien- 
 tific instruments which was going on, nor did he respect the French flag 
 which hung above the door of the building. Only one who has seen it 
 can picture a barracks in Mexico. It is a mass of human bodies, filthy 
 men, women and children, who cook their meals, make their beds, wash 
 their clothes and bathe themselves in view of all. They live with all 
 their instruments, arms, playthings and animals heaped around them. 
 
 "As the spoliation was to be accomplished by degrees, the rector was 
 allowed a miserable lodging in the barracks, which he had to accept, 
 unless he wished to sleep in the street. For several days he was not 
 allowed to pass out the door of his own house. Colonel Calderon's 
 troops are the most moral, if there can be any morality among soldiers 
 where the petty thefts of the enlisted men are punished by death, while 
 wholesale thefts are committed with impunity by the officers. Calderon's 
 troops are composed of full-blood Yaquis, who possess a religion of a kind, 
 in that they carry pictures and medals of saints on their hats and show 
 respect toward churches and priests. On this account the Constitu- 
 tionalists dissemble the war which they are making on religion by leading 
 the Indians to think that they are pursuing, not their beloved priests, but 
 one Mr. Clergyman' (Don Clero), whom they portray as the worst of 
 criminals. The Yaquis showed respect to the Jesuit priests who continued 
 to live among them. The Indians did not destroy the furniture and 
 apparatus except after the example of some of the officers who came 
 there. 
 
 " The other colleges suffered even a worse fate. The ecclesiastical sem- 
 inary, which is one of the finest buildings in the city, was occupied by 
 troops and horses the same day that the Jesuit College was entered. At 
 once officers and soldiers began to sack it. They threw the books out of 
 the windows or sold them for 10 cents a volume to any one who would 
 buy. Still worse was the occupation of the College of the Ladies of the 
 Sacred Heart. This is an English establishment. But the consul pro- 
 tested in vain, and the flag of that country was not respected. The most 
 shameless troops, with their women and horses, took possession of the 
 
18 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 beautiful garden of the nuns. The women camp-followers afterward 
 entered the sleeping apartments of the Sisters and stole the clothes of the 
 nuns and their pupils. They dressed themselves up in these, or sold the 
 finest clothes and furniture for a pittance and destroyed what they could 
 not use or sell. The sick and wounded were placed in the infirmary of 
 the college, notwithstanding that there was no need of it, because there 
 was plenty of room in the hospitals. The soldiers and their shameless 
 women went to bed in the rooms of the Sisters and pupils. The teachers 
 and children had fled the evening before at the approach of the bandits. 
 
 " It can not be said that -these outrages were committed only by the 
 soldiers, and without the knowledge or consent of the so-called Generals 
 Obregon, Lucio Blanco, Rafael Buelma, Benjamin Hill, and the pre- 
 tended Governor, M. M. Dieguez. The last-named was once a miner at 
 Cananea and a resident for several years in San Juan de Ulua prison on 
 account of a mine theft committed by him at Cananea. These were the 
 men who, for the purpose of uplifting society, advancing civilization and 
 spreading the sciences, preferred to leave the many barracks and other 
 available public buildings unoccupied and to lodge their troops in these 
 centers of learning. These were the men who commanded the flags of 
 foreign nations to be taken down from the houses and who threatened the 
 consuls who dared defend their countrymen or who would attempt to 
 appeal at any time to Mexico City or Washington. These Constitutional- 
 ist leaders were informed and led by the secret society members of the 
 place, who are more intelligent but not less savage than themselves, and 
 who advised them to levy their heaviest tolls on Catholics and to imprison, 
 as they did, the priests and other persons whom they pointed out as 
 enemies deserving to be shot. These Constitutionalist leaders are the 
 very men who closed all the courts, so that nobody could defend his 
 rights. They destroyed all means of communication, so that they would 
 not have to obey any one, even Carranza himself. Finally they got a 
 woman of the underworld, a notorious character called Atala Apodaca, 
 to proclaim war unto death upon the Catholic priests. And they published 
 the vilest attacks and the grossest calumnies in two or three miserable 
 sheets, which were the only papers they allowed to be circulated. 
 
 " At first they did not persecute the priests so violently. But before 
 long the mask dropped from their faces. They faked a plot of the clergy 
 which had for its object to make the people rise against the new govern- 
 ment. On July 21 Governor Dieguez gave an order forcibly to arrest all 
 the priests of the city and to take possession of all the churches. Soldiers 
 were let loose in detachments of fifty. They went through the whole city 
 and arrested not only the priests, but also the sextons and even persons 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 19 
 
 found praying in the churches. They took the Marist Brothers, with 
 many boys who were at play in the college. They arrested a number of 
 servants, and even some seamstresses, whom they accused of having made 
 mustaches and beards to disguise the priests. The poor prisoners were 
 forced to pass the night in the barracks, cooped up in foul-smelling cells, 
 where they had to stand or to sit among drunken soldiers, who pointed 
 their guns at them and brutally threatened and vilely insulted them. The 
 prisoners were stripped of everything — money, watches, books, and even 
 glasses. Among them were sick people who were brought in on cots. 
 These were simply the orders of Governor Dieguez, which were carried 
 out by his bloodthirsty troops. They were eager to shoot, without investi- 
 gation, any one whom a drunken or furious officer might point out. 
 
 " The following day they filled the Escobedo prison with more than 
 one hundred and twenty priests of all nationalities. Among them was 
 the Bishop of Tehuantepec, Rt. Rev. Ignacio Plasencia, who was visiting 
 in the city. The accusers did not even know the names of the prisoners. 
 Three improvised courts made ridiculous the forms of justice. They 
 afterwards declared that * no cause was found for proceeding against the 
 defendants ' ('no haher hahido causa para proceder en contra'). Mean- 
 while the prisoners were kept isolated (incommunicado) in the dungeons 
 for six or seven days, against all the laws of the country. To inquiries 
 by friends as to what offense they had committed or what charge there 
 was against them, the only answer was ' these are the orders of General 
 Dieguez.' 
 
 " The Catholics of the city were in consternation. There would have 
 been an uprising, except for the fear that the innocent prisoners would 
 be shot. There was no service on Sunday, nor were the bells rung. The 
 churches were not opened during these days, except to save the Sacred 
 Hosts such as had not been profaned. These had been picked up and 
 removed (recogidas) by pious women. Meantime the Constitutionalists 
 took advantage of these days to invade the churches. They profaned 
 them with their troops and women. They stole everything of value in 
 some of them. And they searched for arms and cannon which they said 
 were hidden there. They even opened and profaned the graves and 
 announced that they had found bodies of persons assassinated by the 
 clerical party, together with the arms which they had hidden there. All 
 that they really did find was thirty or more old guns which had been 
 bought for 25 cents each by the Marist Brothers for the military drills of 
 their students. The Constitutionalists celebrated this find as a victory, 
 and made vague assertions about having found even a cannon and dyna- 
 mite bombs in nobody-knows-what hiding-place of the priests. They 
 
20 • THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 kept up these charges until they made themselves ridiculous. Then they 
 abandoned them for others equally false and such as could be invented 
 only by wild men. A week later, when Obregon returned from Colima, 
 they began to set the priests free without any more order or judgment 
 than was shown before. They were allowed to depart, minus the money 
 which had been stolen from them in part or altogether in the various 
 places where they had been. 
 
 " The Jesuits did not return to their college, because they were for- 
 bidden to. Moreover, the officers and soldiers had cleaned out everything 
 of use to themselves. They had even gone so far as to sell to any one 
 who wished to buy costly scientific apparatus for which they took a dollar 
 or two. Colonel Calderon, who was careful under other circumstances, 
 now showed that his sectarianism was equal to his lack of culture. He 
 had promised to protect the library and scientific laboratories. For fifteen 
 days he had lived with the Jesuits. During that time he was convinced 
 that they were honorable gentlemen. But to no avail. Calderon let them 
 be thrown into prison as common criminals. Not only did he not protest 
 himself, but he paid no attention to the protest of some of his officers and 
 almost all of the soldiers. The college was occupied thenceforth by a 
 guard of soldiers, and the musicians and their families. No protection 
 was afforded the college, either by the captain who was sick there, or by 
 Dieguez, to whom notice was given, or by Secretary Berlanga, who, with 
 cynicism, had coriie some days before to see for himself the fine equip- 
 ment and perfect arrangement of the physical and chemical and natural- 
 history laboratories and the library. Finally, August 3, the college 
 building was confiscated, with all that it contained, without allowing the 
 priests to take even their personal effects or clothes. 
 
 " Many of the professors in the colleges of the Jesuit Fathers, the 
 Ladies of the Sacred Heart and the Marist Brothers were Mexicans. But 
 most of them were foreigners who had come to Mexico to supply the lack 
 of Mexicans in these congregations. And, so as to destroy them with less 
 trouble, the Constitutionalists made up their minds to banish the foreign 
 priests and professors from Guadalajara. In order to suppress the col- 
 lege of the nuns, all they had to do was to take away the building and 
 steal or destroy everything in it. 
 
 " August 5, Mr. Lobato, mayor of the city (presidente del ayuntami- 
 ento), who is a man of some education, but with rabid anti-Catholic 
 notions, directed the foreign consuls to call their nationals among the 
 priests and professors to the city hall (palacio de ayuntamiento) in order 
 to define to them their situation. About forty-eight gathered there. He 
 marched them through the streets to the government palace (palacio del 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW ' 21 
 
 gohierno) to hear the orders of Diegiiez. The Governor did not show 
 himself. He is an uncouth person, who does not know how to talk. 
 Instead, his secretary, M. Aguierre Berlanga, appeared. He is as small 
 in mind as he is in body. If he knows how to write, certainly he can not 
 speak or appear to advantage before people. He spoke in the name of 
 Dieguez. He said that, although most were innocent, nevertheless for 
 political reasons the Governor would banish them in three days from 
 Mexican soil. They all protested against such a flagrant violation of the 
 Constitution and the international laws committed by these very persons 
 who called themselves Constitutionalists. The application of the thirty- 
 third article of the Constitution — namely, the expulsion of " pernicious " 
 foreigners without formal trial, is reserved to the President of the Repub- 
 lic alone. They appealed to Carranza and to all the foreign consuls. But 
 no attention was paid to anybody, nor were telegrams allowed to be sent. 
 The foreigners were compelled to leave by the port of Manzanillo, 
 although that port was still occupied by Federals.- To their protests, 
 Dieguez replied that the Constitutionalists would be in possession of the 
 port in three days and that the exiles meantime could wait any place they 
 pleased, even in the. field of battle, until the way should be cleared. As 
 the foreigners were Europeans, they asked Dieguez to delay the banish- 
 ment until the road to Vera Cruz should be opened, because Carranza 
 was on the point of entering Mexico and it would be less expensive for 
 all of them to leave the country by this road. Dieguez replied that they 
 must leave by way of Manzanillo, in spite of its unhealthy climate. From 
 there they might go any place they chose. He would do no more than 
 put them on a ship. He would not give them any assistance for the 
 journey. All that he would grant was five days, without any extension of 
 time. Since Dieguez is as stupid as he is fanatical, the decent people of 
 Guadalajara could not impress upon him the barbarity of this banish- 
 ment by way of Manzanillo nor the need of assistance felt by these men 
 who had been robbed of everything they possessed, nor the violation of 
 all law and justice which he was committing against all foreign nations 
 by forbidding them communication with their consuls in Mexico or the 
 United States. 
 
 " On August 10 the foreign priests and professors were given an hour's 
 notice to be at the railroad station. The purpose of the short notice was 
 to prevent the people of the city from gathering to bid them farewell. 
 They were threatened with prison or death if they delayed. Soldiers 
 were waiting for them in the station. There also were a number of 
 Constitutionalists, secret service members, and a band of music. Like a 
 tiger lapping the blood of its victim and roaring with delight over the 
 dismembered body, Dieguez ordered the band to play the hymn of 
 
22 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 Juarez and, after other such pieces, as the train pulled out, ' la Goland- 
 rina.' The Catholics and pupils of the exiles who crowded the station, 
 having come to bid them an affectionate farewell, wept with grief and 
 indignation. The priests also wept to see so many good people in Mexico 
 victims of a few bandits. They were somewhat consoled with the hope 
 that their own woes would cease when they should arrive among people 
 who could better appreciate their science and virtue. But their cares 
 were not to cease there. The guard which accompanied them had orders 
 to leave them at the end of the road, even though it were in the line of 
 fire between Federals and Constitutionalists. When they arrived at 
 Colima, Governor Ruiz, who was more humane than Dieguez, knowing 
 that the road was not open and that there was no food on the way, and 
 that to abandon the exiles there would be to condemn them to death, 
 gave orders to keep them all night in the station in the car in which 
 they arrived. The following day he took their names, because in Guada- 
 lajara even this much had not been done. Governor Ruiz informed them 
 that they would continue to be prisoners, but he gave them permission to 
 live in the city, with the city limits as their prison walls. He allowed 
 them to lodge wherever they could, and made them pay their own 
 expenses, besides requiring them to report daily at the police head- 
 quarters. 
 
 •I- 
 
 " When the Constitutionalists entered Manzanillo, whch was not until 
 some days afterward, the big chief Dieguez wanted to send the forty- 
 seven foreigners away at once, without giving a thought as to whether 
 there was a train, a ship or lodging and food in Manzanillo. August 20 
 he gave orders for all to be in the station. It was known there that there 
 was no train; but the passengers were kept in ignorance until midday. 
 The governor knew all day there was no train. But he was feasting in a 
 neighboring plantation. He said to his military aide, Lepe, that he 
 would punish them with one day of Constitutionalist camp life. For 
 fifteen hours they waited for the train and almost suffocated with the 
 heat. At night the Governor arrived and ordered the train to start. But 
 the English consul, and the German consul who himself was being 
 expelled, and the Spanish consul, all pointed out that in Manzanillo there 
 was neither food nor ship, and they prevailed on Dieguez to let them 
 wait in Colima until some steamship should arrive. 
 
 " Eight days more the exiles waited for a ship. They lived on the 
 charity of the good citizens of Colima and especially on the alms of the 
 priests of this diocese who, unconscious of themselves, displayed won- 
 derful charity. On the twenty-ninth of August came a new order to 
 depart, because a ship was soon expected. Since now Carranza had 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 23 
 
 established his government in Mexico and since he had promised the 
 United States to respect the persons and property of foreigners, the 
 governor was asked that they be allowed to receive orders from Carranza 
 or from the foreign ministers in the capital, to the effect that they might 
 sail from Vera Cruz, or at least that their passage be paid from Manza- 
 nillo. But Governor Ruiz would neither do nor allow anything of the 
 kind. He who was living in a house he had stolen, and he who ate and 
 slept in another's home, need have little care for unhappy exiles. He said 
 that there was a ship at Manzanillo and meantime they would be lodged 
 in the hotel recently confiscated from D. Bias Ruiz. But this lodging, 
 during the three days they had to stay in Manzanillo, consisted only of 
 the choice of the floor for a bed or some rooms which had been wrecked 
 in a filthy, abandoned hotel. On the floor below were lodged the troops 
 and on that above the officers and some shameless women. The port, 
 which had lately been abandoned by several thousand Federals, had 
 been cleaned out of all provisions. As a climax to the outrages suffered 
 by the priests, they were denied permission in that hot climate even to 
 bathe in the sea. To add to their woes and to share them, fifty nuns. 
 Ladies of the Sacred Heart, who had been deceived by the promise of a 
 ship, were set down without protection in this hell-hole. The only hope 
 which the Mexican government offered to the one hundred persons whom 
 it had proscribed was to suggest to them the ship Bonita, in which one 
 hundred Constitutionalists were to be carried to Mazatlan and in which 
 it was said there was scarcely room for eight persons more. And this 
 took place while Carranza and Dieguez allowed a shipload of Chinese to 
 disembark at Manzanillo. Surely the Chinese were an advantageous 
 exchange for so many religious teachers who were being exiled for no 
 other crime than that of having consecrated their lives to the welfare 
 of the Mexican people; to teach them a religion which forbids robbery 
 even under the Constitutionalist name of loot (avance), a religion which 
 teaches the people the difference between right and wrong, in order that 
 they may not be the playthings of anti-Christian atheists and political 
 bandits, a religion which teaches the Mexican people to exercise their 
 rights as citizens and to demand for Catholics that religious liberty 
 which the so-called Laws of Reform, to the destruction of civilization, 
 deny them. Yet these Constitutionalists permit the Mormons, the Chi- 
 nese and the Hindus to practice their religion and morality. There is 
 plenty of liberty in Mexico for the association of prostitutes, and yet 
 not enough liberty to permit three Catholic women to associate for the 
 purpose of teaching little girls Mathematics and English. What crime 
 have the Constitutionalists found in these latter? None. They them- 
 selves are now ashamed of the fable which they invented of a plot and of 
 
24 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 arms. But we are wrong. They accuse them of having written over the 
 doors of their houses ' obscene ' words such as ' Ave Maria Purissima,' of 
 having written upon their walls the name of Jesus, of having read in their 
 churches the pastoral letters of their bishops. 
 
 " But these Constitutionalists, who have written over the doors of the 
 schools the motto of Juarez, ' Respect for the rights of others is peace ' ; 
 these men who at the same time open stores to sell their loot, which they 
 have stolen from individuals and Catholic schools ; these men whose 
 only thought is to rob peaceful citizens in order to enrich themselves, 
 what do they know or care for the rights of others or for peace? These 
 men, who destroy all the schools and force the children to listen to the 
 lessons of an ignorant, bloodthirsty and immoral woman, like Atala 
 Apodaca and admirers of her, like Valencia and Ortega, what apprecia- 
 tion have they of the right of freedom of education which the Constitu- 
 tion of Mexico itself guarantees ? 
 
 " What crime have the priests committed ; what fault have they been 
 guilty of that secret societies and the revolution hate them so? The 
 Jesuits had the misfortune to have accredited their schools and colleges 
 and to have shown the inferiority and disorder of the government system. 
 They have committed the fault of educating the more cultured class of 
 society and of having merited the esteem of these because of their faith- 
 ful service and modesty in that work. They have committed the fault 
 of being taken for rich men and of having received the sons of rich men. 
 What matters it that nearly one-fourth of their, pupils could not, on 
 account of their poverty, pay even one-half of the small tuition which 
 was asked? 'You are immensely rich,' repeated the parrot Dieguez, 
 when the Rector of the college went to ask permission to get his clothes. 
 An educated person would have tried to find out the truth. The Jesuits 
 are not a business concern, which combines its interests for trade. Their 
 constitution requires complete financial independence in all their houses. 
 One house can not assist another to any considerable extent. Thus there 
 are houses that are rich, and there are colleges that are poor and even 
 poverty-stricken. The latter might fail and the Order could not help 
 them. Each college and institution must live on its own resources and 
 for the benefit of the community in which it is located. The College of 
 Guadalajara did not even have its own building. And the scientific 
 apparatus and furniture were not paid for, but were owed for to the 
 extent of $70,000 which is still due various Mexicans and foreigners. 
 This is the wealth which ' was being sent to Europe.' These are the 
 millions which they put in their banks. 
 
 " The crimes of the Marist Brothers were of the same kind and their 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 25 
 
 wealth the same. They taught commercial courses and the elementary 
 branches better than the atheist teachers, and their pupils finished their 
 studies better educated, more industrious and more moral than those of 
 their enemies. Secret society fanaticism and Mexican constitutionalism 
 could not stand the scientific and moral superiority of the Catholics, and 
 they preferred to bury the people in ignorance by leaving them without 
 teachers, which they confess they lack, rather than allow ' these pernicious 
 foreigners ' to teach them. 
 
 " And what was the crime of the Salesian Fathers? They occupied a 
 large building, still unfinished and unpaid for, where they taught the arts 
 and crafts to the children of the common people. They had the very 
 best tools and machinery for carpentry, bookbinding, printing, shoe- 
 making, and the like. They committed the crime of teaching, practically 
 for nothing, trades whereby the sons of the poor workingman would be 
 enabled to earn an honest living. These are the things for which they 
 were hated by these infamous bandits, who claim to work in behalf of 
 the people and yet who have never been able to establish a single school 
 of this kind for the people. These pretenders were ashamed to let a 
 foreigner inspect their poor imitations of industrial schools. Nor will 
 they try to run these machines, which they do not understand, and which 
 they have stolen from their legitimate owners. 
 
 " The Fathers of St. John were guilty of even greater crimes : they 
 conducted a free hospital and a free insane asylum. It is incredible, 
 perhaps, but true, that the religious antipathy of Dieguez and the atheists 
 went so far as to condemn such well-known and efficient nurses as the 
 Fathers of St. John. Nay, more, they defamed them. Their newspapers 
 declared that the Fathers of St. John were holding at their asylum 
 persons whom they pretended to be insane for the purpose of getting 
 possession of their property. Dieguez even sent his private secretary 
 to demand the freedom of an insane man who, he maintained, was 
 unlawfully detained. The secretary was not satisfied until he saw the 
 man, who was a violent maniac. Another time General Hill took out a 
 patient and carried him away with him. But the patient, who was almost 
 an idiot, paid no attention to his supposed liberator and at night said he 
 wanted to go home. He was let go and he went back by himself to the 
 
 asylum. 
 
 •!* 
 
 " The proscribed priests and sisters spent three terrible days in Man- 
 zanillo. Yet the promised ship did not arrive. Nor was there any hope 
 of getting out of that dangerous climate. If they did not leave there. 
 
26 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 they would die of starvation, disease or anxiety. They engaged to pay 
 $6,500 for passage on the ship Hong Kong and Mexico City, where they 
 would have to mix with Chinese and to sleep on miserable bare canvas 
 cots in the hold of the ship. But they preferred this to the savage hos- 
 pitality of the Constitutionalists. The exiles were able to make up among 
 them only half the price for their passage. It became necessary for the 
 captain to accept their promise to pay him upon their arrival at San 
 Francisco, where American citizens would not fail to give assistance in 
 their misfortune to so many foreigners, whose interests the Government 
 in Washington had promised to protect. Will the American people allow 
 outrages such as these to continue ? Will they not demand from Dieguez 
 and the Mexican government an indemnity which will permit us to 
 return to our homes and in the meantime to buy food during our exile? 
 "We all protest against the unjust spoliation of our property, for which 
 we will demand indemnity when a government shall be established. We 
 protest against the barbarity with which they have expelled us. We 
 protest against the savage manner in which they have driven us out of 
 the country for which we have labored so many years. We protest 
 against the according to us of such treatment as would not be accorded 
 the worst criminals. We protest against the indignity offered our flags 
 and our consulates, against the illegality of the verbal decree by which we 
 were expelled and against the execution of that decree which was even 
 more illegal and cruel. We trust that the American people, who are 
 lovers of justice and civilization, will realize that they are in honor 
 bound to defend us in the name of science and humanity, to demand 
 satisfaction for the flagrant violation of the recommendations which were 
 made by them to Carranza and his followers. If this be not done, then 
 the declaration of the Carranzistas will be confirmed that, whatever they 
 do, is done with the knowledge and approbation of the Washington Gov- 
 ernment." 
 
III. 
 
 NUEVO LEON, ZACATECAS AND SALTILLO. 
 
 The Archbishop of Monterey, Monsignor Plancarte, is one of the 
 scholars of Mexico, and one who has devoted his great talents to Mexican 
 historical and ethnological research. For forty years he has been at 
 work, during which time he has published valuable contributions to the 
 history of his native country, notably, " Tamoanchan el Estado de Morelas 
 y el Principio de la Civilisacion en Mexico." A sequel to this work, a 
 study of the third period of Mexico's ancient history, entitled: "La 
 Invacion Chichimeca en la Valle de Mexico," was in preparation and 
 almost finished when the revolutionists reached the city of Monterey in 
 the State of Nueva Leon. The archbishop had collected, during his 
 forty years of work, at the expense of great labor and sacrifice, a mag- 
 nificent library of books and manuscripts, as- well as a museum of 
 Mexican antiquities which he had himself excavated. This latter collec- 
 tion was begun in 1883. When Archbishop Plancarte was at Cuernavaca, 
 where he resided before his promotion to Monterey, the Hon. Elihu 
 Root, and the foreign geologists who attended the Geological Congress 
 of Mexico, came to see this splendid collection. Some of the archbishop's 
 archaeological discoveries were outlined to American scientists by Mr. 
 Holmes, of the Smithsonian Institution of Washington, in an article pub- 
 lished in a Philadelphia scientific review. The archbishop had scientific 
 correspondence on this subject with the Smithsonian. As Mexico is one 
 of the richest, as well as the most interesting fields for archaeological 
 research, because of its ancient civilization and absorbing story, the work 
 of Archbishop Plancarte was most valuable to scientific men interested in 
 the North American continent. This scientist at least might have escaped 
 the charge of political meddling. His diocese, his studies and his never- 
 ending writings, gave him little thought or interest in anything else. 
 
 But such was not the case. When the Carranzistas entered Monterey, 
 it was to commit the same crimes as they had committed in other cities. 
 Homes were entered and taken, the archbishop's being among the first. 
 Then his effects began to disappear. The most valuable books, it is 
 openly said, were taken by Urrieta, a Deputy to Congress, and De la 
 Paz Guerra, Government Secretary of the State of Nuevo Leon, both 
 supposed to be men of honor and character. The labor of forty years 
 was destroyed. The almost completed manuscript of the archbishop's 
 new scientific book went with the rest. No one gained by the destruction 
 
 27 
 
28 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 of the manuscripts, for they were thrown away as useless. The museum 
 was looted and its contents taken by people who knew nothing of their 
 value, or who looked upon them as no better than ordinary curios. With 
 these went, valuable pictures, family heirlooms, personal belongings, etc. 
 The archbishop was left without the result of his life's labor, and is 
 to-day in exile in San Antonio, with not one single dollar. When I met 
 him he was wearing the borrowed cassock of a simple priest. He had 
 not saved even his pectoral cross. 
 
 When the shepherd was stricken, the sheep could expect no pro- 
 tection. Priests were taken publicly to jail; professors were dragged 
 with them. The " liberators," who wanted schools, as they said, had the 
 same respect for the teacher as they had for the preacher. Later on, the 
 foreign priests were freed on the representations of their respective con- 
 suls ; but they were at once sent out of the country. 
 
 Then the Carranzistas turned their attention to the churches. The 
 confessionals were burned and the temples closed. But this was going 
 pretty far, and the people, who however, had no arms, were muttering. 
 So five churches were allowed to open, but only under such restrictions 
 as to do away altogether with liberty of conscience. Nero and Diocletian 
 had their counterparts in Monterey. 
 
 Then followed a reign of terror for the other towns of the State of 
 Nueva Leon; All the school property was seized. Even that belonging 
 to individuals was taken. A monument of antiquity, and the finest 
 church in. the State, St. Francis of Monterey, dating from the sixteenth 
 century, was destroyed, and its works of art mutilated. 
 
 There were no priests killed in Monterey, but the faithful laity were 
 not so fortunate. Senor Mandin was shot without cause or crime. The 
 nuns were spared from the crowning shame, so far as I can learn, but 
 not so the daughters of many respectable and honest families. Zacatecas 
 saw five priests killed horribly; Coahuila lost by shooting the pastor of 
 St. Peter's ; Zamora had the awful spectacle of one of her priests found 
 killed in a field and his body half-eaten by animals. But for Monterey 
 there was only robbery, spoliation, imprisonment, exile, the destruction 
 of schools, and the wiping out of scientific records which some would 
 say were worth many lives. 
 
 Why did the archbishop leave? He was ordered to go. They 
 accused him of receiving a letter from one of Huerta's ministers, begging 
 his influence to bring about peace. So even the reception of such a letter 
 was considered a crime which merited banishment. 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 29 
 
 As to the facts I have here set down, they are all from a resident of 
 Nuevo Leon who had every opportunity of knowing the truth. He was 
 well acquainted with the archbishop and all the prominent people of the 
 State. He gave the facts to me in an interview and afterward set them 
 down in writing, offering to have the truth of them attested under oath 
 before a notary. Knowing the man's reputation, I replied that this was 
 not necessary. So he added to his statement an expression of his 
 willingness to swear to the truth of his words at any time. 
 
 One of the most informing statements in my possession, because it 
 goes very much into detail, was given by an eye-witness to the treatment 
 of the priests of Zacatecas, already touched upon in a general way. 
 Because this statement is written so that the printing of it in full would 
 immediately expose the name of the person who gave it, I rewrite and 
 summarize, using the facts as they were sworn to. 
 
 At ten o'clock on the morning of June 25 the staff-officers of General 
 Villa summoned all the priests of Zacatecas to appear at the headquarters. 
 The priests obeyed, and arrived very soon at the house of Dr. De la 
 Torre, where Villa had taken up his residence. Colonel Beytia, chief of 
 Villa's staff, ordered the Vicar-General to send for the priests who had 
 not yet arrived. One of the officers was appointed to accompany the 
 priests appointed by the Vicar-General, the Colonel saying to him : "If 
 this officer does not come back, you will answer with your head." 
 
 At noon twenty-three priests were present, and the Colonel made the 
 following statement : " General Villa asks a million pesos from you. If 
 this sum is not turned in by to-morrow morning, all of you will be shot." 
 The priests answered that it was an impossible request, and they prepared 
 themselves to die. 
 
 At twelve o'clock that night the Vicar-General and another priest 
 were taken to the guardhouse by Major Villareal, who said: "You are 
 going to be shot, because you will not give the money." The priest said 
 that they had until ten o'clock in the morning, but the Major answered : 
 " I know nothing about that. I know only the orders I have received." 
 The Major gave the Vicar-General permission, however, to return to the 
 other priests, that he might delegate some one to act as Vicar-General 
 after his death. This done, he returned to the guardhouse. Five mounted 
 soldiers took the two priests in charge and brought them to a hill near 
 the railroad station. They were separated at a ditch and money demanded 
 of each one in turn. The priests said again that they possessed nothing. 
 One said that he had his family home and offered to give them that. 
 He said that he had no right to take money which did not belong to him, 
 
30 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 meaning whatever diocesan funds he held. The question was then asked: 
 " What kind of a death do you prefer ; to be hanged or shot ? " The 
 priests selected shooting. The officer in charge then said to one of the 
 soldiers : " Give me your rifle. How many bullets are in it ? " The 
 soldier answered : " Two." " Well," said the officer, " I think two are 
 enough." Bitterly, one of the priests said : " T think so, too." " Why," 
 asked the officer of another priest, " do you allow yourself to be shot 
 instead of handing over the money? " The priest answered: " I possess 
 nothing but a few old books. Take them, but let it be known that I am 
 killed on account of my poverty." 
 
 The officer then took them back to the guardhouse, where they slept 
 on the bare floor. The same night Major Villareal informed the other 
 priests that the Vicar-General was to be shot unless they raised the money 
 required. The next morning the good people of the city sent food. At 
 eight o'clock the priests were sent out to see if the money could be col- 
 lected. They came back at four with ten' thousand pesos. VillareaL 
 ordered them to secure at least twenty thousand, or he would shoot four, 
 beginning with the Superior. The priests were sent out again on June 27, 
 and collected the required sum of twenty thousand pesos, the people 
 giving the money to save the priests. When this money was paid over. 
 Colonel Beytia demanded one hundred thousand pesos. If the money 
 was not forthcoming, eight would be killed. He said that the graves 
 had already been dug on the hills. He gave the priests paper and told 
 them to make their wills. The priests went out again, but could get 
 nothing, for the rich families had gone away. The officer said : " Go out 
 again and beg from door to door." Again the priests went out and 
 begged. It was pitiful, for even the little children gave them their 
 pennies. This was on Friday. On Saturday, Sunday and Monday they 
 were driven out again under guard. On Sunday no devotions were 
 allowed in the churches. On Tuesday, at four in the morning, the priests 
 were awakened by the cries and laments of a girl in the adjoining room 
 occupied by the Colonel. The reason can be guessed. The girl was kept 
 in the house two days. At eight o'clock that morning the priests returned 
 with a hundred thousand pesos that had been given by the people to save 
 them from death. The money was handed over to Major Alvarez and 
 Major Villareal. Thursday morning the priests were still prisoners and 
 Major Alvarez said that four thousand four hundred and fifty pesos 
 of the one hundred thousand were lacking. When the money was paid 
 over, there was nothing lacking. When they counted the money, two 
 thousand and sixty-six pesos were gone. The priests had to go out and 
 beg agfain. They a'^ked for a receipt and the permission to leave and go 
 about their duties. At eight o'clock that night the priests were ordered 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 31 
 
 to the railroad station to be given their freedom. They gathered up their 
 little belongings, but Major Villareal ordered them to leave everything 
 behind, as they would be back in a few minutes. Six officers brought 
 them to the station. One showed them a railroad coach and said : " Get 
 in here, because General Villa wants to see you in Torreon." On the 
 night of July 4, on the train, the officers were drunk and insulted the 
 priests in vile language. On the fifth they reached Torreon and were 
 turned over to a guard. In the guardhouse they slept on an earthen floor 
 full of vermin. There were twenty priests, all Mexicans except one. 
 The room in which these twenty were confined was about sixteen feet 
 square. In the middle of the night they were awakened by women who 
 had to pass through the room to reach the officers' quarters in the adjoin- 
 ing room. They received no food from the officers, but the people of 
 Torreon gave them food and clothing. They were kept prisoners until 
 Friday. On that day they were loaded into a railroad coach, where they 
 met four Christian Brothers (teachers). There should have been six, 
 but two had been killed brutally at Zacatecas, together with the Chaplain 
 of the Brothers, Father Vega. This killing was done by General Urbina. 
 On Saturday, the train reached Juarez and the priests were sent across 
 the international bridge into the United States. No charge was made 
 against these priests for violating the laws or helping the cause of Huerta. 
 There was no trial ; no hearing of the priests' side of the case. The only 
 possible charge that could have been made was that one of the priests, 
 a canon, went to console the dying soldiers at the hospital, when he saw 
 them lying on the bare floor without medical care and attention. Moved 
 by their deplorable condition, he collected some money from the clergy 
 and gave it to the Governor of Zacatecas to help the wounded. That was 
 all the money they gave to the Federals. 
 
 An interesting sidelight on this story comes from the town of Jalpa. 
 After the fall of Zacatecas, several Federal soldiers went to Jalpa. The 
 parish priest remained there. The town occupied an advantageous posi- 
 tion between two mountains and was very difficult to approach. 
 Knowing what had occurred at other places, the parish priest told his par- 
 ishioners that they had a right to defend their lives and property, and 
 the honor of their wives and daughters. The people took up arms and 
 defended themselves. The priest is accused of being a Huertista. Stories 
 will probably be circulated, because of his action, that the priest opposed 
 the government. 
 
 It is also interesting to note, since the Constitutionalists claim that the 
 rural priests are good and that they are in favor of them, that Father Alba 
 
32 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 in the little town of Calera, near Zacatecas, was killed. Reports say that 
 it was by the order of Gen. Eulalio Gutierrez. Is this the Eiilalio 
 Gutierrez selected by the Constitutionalist Convention for President of 
 Mexico? 
 
 Zacatecas was attacked twice. During the first attack, the Constitu- 
 tionalists took a little village about three miles from the city, Guadalupe. 
 The parish priest was attending eight or ten wounded soldiers in his 
 house. The Constitutionalists took the soldiers out and shot them in 
 the yard, and then rode over their dead bodies on horseback, crushing 
 them horribly. 
 
 "^ 
 
 Another statement, sworn to before a notary, is of no less interest, 
 because of the details it gives. While I have the sworn statement itself, I 
 have also had the story verified personally by one of the priests who was 
 tortured. He is a Spanish Benedictine Father, now located at the Bene- 
 dictine Abbey at Covington, Louisiana. His own story was published in 
 The Morning Star, of New Orleans, but this I take from the sworn state- 
 ments mentioned. 
 
 "There were nine Jesuit Fathers in a college at Saltillo, with four 
 scholastics and nine lay Brothers. Three priests were Spanish, one 
 French and the rest Mexicans. The college had a total enrollment of 
 ninety-six students. When Torreon fell the foreign priests were sent 
 away. On the 21st of May, 1914, the Federals withdrew, pillaging the 
 town before leaving, exacting taxes and taking the horses. That same 
 afternoon, at two o'clock, the Constitutionalists came in and killed the 
 remaining Federals. The Constitutionalists came to the college and took 
 possession on the 21st. Villa came to Saltillo the next day at nine o'clock. 
 The Fathers were summoned to headquarters at three o'clock. _ Six 
 Jesuit Fathers, three Eudists, a Benedictine, and a number of Diocesan 
 priests were ushered into Villa's presence, who began abusing them and 
 asked how many Spaniards there were among them. The Benedictine 
 Father informed Villa that he was a Spaniard. He then ordered the 
 priests to give him a million pesos in coin. They had no money and 
 three were sent out to beg. Colonel Fierro was sent as a guard. At the 
 college they had three thousand and eighty pesos. They gave Villa that. 
 He was not satisfied. Colonel Fierro was informed that the families 
 who were able to help them were out of town. The priests told him that 
 there was nothing to do but beg from door to door. This, however, he 
 would not permit. Villa said: * It is necessary to put you to the guillo- 
 tine and to execute all of the Fathers, and I am the only man to do it.' 
 When Villa was speaking, he kept cracking nuts with his teeth and using 
 vile language. He kept the priests prisoners that night in his house. 
 Some P'athers by this time had collected thirteen thousand pesos. Villa 
 let the secular priests go, but kept the others. That night two priests 
 became ill. One of them got permission to go to the English consulate ; 
 the other, who was a Jesuit, was not allowed to go out. Villa himself 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 33 
 
 said : ' Take away that shameless man from here. Put him in a separate 
 room and shoot him in order to cure him.' The priest was in a high fever 
 that night. ^ The sick priest heard Villa say : ' Take this big goat out and 
 shoot him.' He was carried out on a mattress into another room and left 
 alone. In the afternoon Villa came into the room. ' What is the matter 
 with you ? ' he asked. ' I am sick with fever,' replied the priest. Villa 
 replied : ' I will send you out to be shot.' All of Sunday night and 
 Monday, the priest was left there sick. At midnight on Monday, he was 
 ordered to get up and follow a soldier. Again he was put with the other 
 priests. In the meantime, at the same hour. Colonel Fierro summoned 
 the other priests, and with a naked sword in his hand ordered them to 
 follow him. As they passed through the hallway, they met several sol- 
 diers, who were commanded to load their rifles. The priests were lined 
 up, two by two, and taken to an adjoining house which was empty. They 
 were then shown into a large room, illuminated by candles. An officer 
 told them that they had been sentenced to death, and then turning to the 
 other soldiers, he said: 'Whom shall we begin with?' The priests 
 quietly gave one another absolution, and a Jesuit volunteered to be the 
 first. He was taken away and the others left under guard. After a 
 short time, the priests heard a shot and the noise of a body being 
 dragged out. Colonel Fierro and the soldiers returned. One had a 
 horse-hair rope in his hands. He approached another priest and said: 
 'Your time has come.' The priest himself put the noose around his 
 neck. He was taken to the large room and commanded to reveal the 
 place where the treasures were hidden. The priest answered that he 
 could do no more. The rope was tightened around his neck, and he was 
 choked until he became unconscious and fell to the floor. He recovered 
 consciousness, however, and one of the soldiers drew a revolver and fired 
 a shot. The same soldier ordered him to stand up, and the priest was 
 again asked for treasures. He answered in the same way and was tor- 
 tured as before. Again the priest came to his senses and was once more 
 choked into unconsciousness. He was then taken to another room, 
 where he found the other Fathers. Later, two others came in and 
 told them what had happened to them. They heard the groans and chok- 
 ings later of the sick father." 
 
 The sick man had the same experiences as the others. They were 
 taken back to Villa's house, and on the way the soldiers who had mal- 
 treated them asked forgiveness, saying that they, had to obey superior 
 orders. 
 
 Colonel Fierro, with an escort of soldiers, took the priests to the 
 railroad station. The people had gathered around to show sympathy, but 
 the Colonel shouted : ' Those who show any sympathy for these men 
 must go with them.' They were placed in a freight car under guard. 
 One of the officers was drunk. When the train was about to leave 
 Saltillo, a girl fifteen years of age came with blankets for the priests. 
 Villa ordered this girl to be thrown into the car with them, so as to make 
 people think that she was one of their party, but she broke away and 
 escaped. During the journey the drunken Colonel kept threatening to 
 
34 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 kill the priests. Once he pointed his revolver at the Superior of the 
 Eudists, but a soldier knocked up his arm and the shot went wild. At 
 Paredon, a prostitute was put into the car. They came to a place where 
 the track was torn up, and horses had to be had for six miles. When 
 asking for the horses, it was announced to the people that ten horses 
 were needed for the priests and one for the prostitute, who was their 
 traveling companion. When they reached the railroad again, they were 
 put into a cattle car without food. During the night the prostitute 
 remained with the officer in charge. At Torreon the priests were kept 
 prisoners. At the barracks they were given food. In the morning they 
 were sent to Chihuahua under the guard of Beytia, General Villa's chief 
 of. staff, who was drunk and kept threatening death to a sick priest and 
 to an old one. They had no food all day. They passed the night at 
 Chihuahua on the bare floors. On Sunday they were given a meal and 
 on Sunday night taken to the station again. The following morning they 
 were sent to Juarez and expelled from the Mexican territory. There was 
 no medical attention given them until they arrived at El Paso, where 
 Dr. Paul Gallagher and Dr. Carpenter treated their throats. They had 
 never contributed one dollar to Huerta. No crime was charged against 
 them." 
 
IV. 
 
 The Persecution of the Sisters. 
 
 vSincerely do I wish that this chapter could be left out of my record. 
 I never approached a task with more reluctance of soul than the one 
 which faces me now. It is abhorrent to even think that men could be so 
 low and bestial as to touch, with unholy hands, the pure women who 
 have dedicated their lives to God and to God's poor; and who have 
 consecrated their white souls to the virginity made forever blessed by the 
 Virgin Mother of our Redeemer. But the story must be told, and, since 
 it must, let a Sister from Mexico who saw with her own eyes the conse- 
 quences of the unbridled lust let loose by the revolutionists, tell it in her 
 own way. Her statement was sworn to in the most solemn manner before 
 an American archbishop, and in my presence. Signatures are attested 
 by an ecclesiastical notary under the official seal of the diocese. I use 
 nearly all of the document. What follows is translated from the original 
 Spanish : 
 
 " The sad and lamentable situation of our Mexican Republic compels 
 me to state under oath the conditions which exist in Mexico as a result 
 of the diabolical persecution of the Catholic Church. 
 
 " Our temples are closed and our churches profaned. On our altars 
 the Holy Sacrifice is no longer offered. Our confessionals have been 
 burned in the public squares and there is hardly one that dares to approach 
 the Sacrament of Penance, even in the most remote corner of a home. 
 The Immaculate Lamb no longer comes to aid our souls, and the priest 
 who dares offer the Holy Sacrifice is sentenced to death. Homes are 
 desolated, mothers cry over the death of their sons, husbands are torn 
 from their families for service with the troops, while their children weep 
 at bidding their father the last farewell. Our priests are persecuted. 
 They wander along the road without anything to eat. Prelates have been 
 forced to abandon us and it seems that God Himself has hidden. Church 
 bells no longer ring. The blood of our brothers runs in the streets. Nuns 
 are taken to the barracks and their virginity attacked. 
 
 " It appears as if hell had unchained itself and devils had taken pos- 
 session of men to harm their brothers. Anarchy and revenge have seized 
 their hearts, and the rich are left in the worst misery. 
 
 " Since Don Francisco Madero, in 1910, declared war against Don 
 Porfirio Diaz to this date, we have not had a moment of peace, and fol- 
 lowing Madero's example, many others have arisen in arms to attack the 
 Catholic Church on all sides — some worse than others — so that there is 
 not one single State in the Republic that has not been a victim of horrible 
 outrages. 
 
 35 
 
36 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 " The revolutionists have closed the temples and prohibited the Sacra- 
 ments to the degree that any priest daring to hear confession or offer the 
 Holy Sacrifice is shot. Confessionals and some of the statues of the 
 Saints have been burned in the public squares, accompanied by music 
 and improper speeches. The churches have been so profaned that some 
 of the revolutionists have entered them on horseback. Statues w^ere 
 demolished and relics trampled on. Over the floor the Holy Hosts have 
 been scattered, and in some instances have been fed to the horses. 
 
 " In some churches the Carranzistas have impersonated priests, saying 
 Mass, and have occupied the confessionals, hearing confessions and dis- 
 closing v^hat has been told to them. (All of this I have seen v^ith my 
 own eyes.) 
 
 " The most beautiful of the temples in the Republic, the Church of 
 San Antonio, at Aguascalientes, has been converted into the Legislative 
 Hall. The Church of San Jose, in Queretaro, is now the public library. 
 The wonderful convent of the Discalced Carmelites, also in Queretaro, 
 has been seized, and the Brothers of the Christian Doctrine, who owned a 
 handsome Lyceum, the approximate total value of which was over 
 $500,000, lost more than $50,000 spent in repairing it. The colleges of the 
 Lazarist Fathers, Jesuits, and many others have perished. The property 
 of the Church has been appropriated and many of the ecclesiastical 
 archives have been burned. The orders of nuns have been expelled from 
 the Republic, giving them only a half hour's time to leave, and without 
 allowing them to take the least piece of wearing apparel. Many religious 
 have been taken to the barracks and the prison, where their chastity has 
 been in grave danger. From the Catholic schools the furniture has been 
 stolen. Immorality has extended to such a degree that not only virginity 
 has been violated, but nuns have been taken away by force and are being 
 subjected to the most horrible suffering. 
 
 " In Mexico City I have seen with the utmost regret many religious 
 who have been victims of the unbridled passions of the soldiers. Many I 
 found bemoaning their misfortune, being about to become mothers, some 
 in their own homes and others in maternity hospitals. Others have 
 allowed themselves to be carried away by their misfortune and have given 
 up all, filled with desperation and shame. They complain against GodT*" 
 saying that they have been abandoned by Him. 
 
 " Religious of various orders have so dressed themselves, and so go 
 about, as to hide the fact that they are nuns, for fear that the revolu- 
 tionists may carry them away. Some priests worthy of full credit, have 
 
 told me that, in a hospital located in , there are fifty religious that 
 
 were taken away by the soldiers, out of which forty-five are about to 
 become mothers, notwithstanding the fact that they have religious voca- 
 tions and were bound by vows. 
 
 " In the , in Mexico City, are others in this same condition and 
 
 others also in the hospital of . In Celaya and Mexico City I have 
 
 seen many others that were obliged to join the Red Cross, and under this 
 pretext were held as slaves, treated by the soldiers as though they were 
 their own women and not giving" any attention to the sick. In a great 
 many cases young women, after having been compelled to lead this life, 
 were thrown out into the street, some being killed as though they were 
 animals. 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 37 
 
 "As to the clergy! What have the ministers of God not suffered? 
 
 Fathers and (at present in the United States) can tell. 
 
 They were under sentence of death only because they directed Catholic 
 labor societies. Many have been shot, and those having any property 
 have been e-> iled and their property seized. In Guadalajara the clergy in 
 its entirety was exiled, having been compelled to leave in box and cattle 
 cars, their departure being accompanied by a band playing burlesque 
 music amidst mockery and hooting. Eight days later the religious were 
 compelled to leave and, thank God, women were brave enough to arm 
 themselves with stones to use if music was played upon their leaving. 
 
 " The clergy in Torreon and Zacatecas were offered for ransom, and 
 after obtaining $100,000, were compelled to pave the streets. Many were 
 forced 'to enlist with the army, while others were shot. Lastly, they were 
 exiled without being allowed to take any clothing or money. 
 
 " The clergy in Queretaro were imprisoned and exceedingly heavy 
 fines imposed upon them and were later exiled. 
 
 " Many Fathers have been in the penitentiary in Mexico City, while 
 others are at present used as servants. When they are discharged they 
 must go without clothing — many of them being obliged to dress as 
 women in order to leave. In some towns they have been locked up 
 together with bad women and threatened with death if they resisted. 
 
 " I have seen used as saddle blankets and ornaments on the horses, 
 the chasubles, stoles, maniples, girdles, pluvial capes and altar linen ; 
 while women wore the copes, and the corporals were used as handker- 
 chiefs. The holy vases have been profaned in sundry ways. After 
 drinking from them, the soldiers used them as night vessels, which they 
 afterwards threw into the street. In some towns the chalice has been 
 burned and the Hosts scattered on the floor. Soldiers have sacrilegiously 
 eaten them and, as before said, they have also been fed to the horses. 
 Statues were used as targets until they fell to the floor. I have seen 
 wagonloads of statues that were on their way to be burned; some I was 
 fortunate enough to save, by daring to address the chief, telling him that 
 I would rather be burned before the statue of my Holy Mother. The best 
 sculptures have been taken away to the museums. The Del Carmen 
 Church, in Queretaro, was to have been transformed into a dance hall, but 
 I do not know whether the intended work has been completed. In other 
 churches the images of Christ have also been shot at. 
 
 " On the road from to Mexico City I found seven religious 
 
 who asked to be directed to a maternity hospital, claiming not to be 
 religious, but the fact that they were religious was very evident from 
 their manner of speaking. They related to me how they were able to 
 escape from the mountains where the revolutionists had held them. I 
 tried to console them, but it was useless. They said that they were 
 already condemned and abandoned by God, and were in such a despairing 
 condition that they cursed the hour of their profession. 
 
 " All these horrible things have compelled me to come to as a 
 
 refugee, bringing with me seven religious, of whom I was Prioress, in 
 order to bring them to safety and away from the personal persecution 
 that some were subjected to. It is a fact that they were being searched 
 for by means of photographs, and when found would have been taken 
 away and killed if they resisted. 
 
38 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 " Our community, the , was located in the city of , 
 
 where I left on July 9 for , in the hopes of making a new home, 
 
 bringing with me ten postulants and other religious, to get away from 
 
 the danger which threatened them in . I left there other 
 
 religious awaiting the results of my new foundation in , who were 
 
 to join me later. Only with great difficulty was I able to keep them 
 together and alive, as their families had lost all their property; conse- 
 quently their dowries were gone and I had not even a single cent. On 
 the 27th of July all the Orders were expelled from , including our- 
 selves, and we were given twenty-four hours' time to leave the country. 
 
 "Not having any means, I presented myself to the local military 
 
 chief, , begging him to intercede in our favor, with Governor 
 
 , so that we might be allowed two or three months to look for 
 
 funds with which to leave the country. This gentleman told me that he 
 was a Catholic, and advised me to leave the Republic as soon as possible 
 if we did not want to suffer the same outrages that many others went 
 through in other places. He offered me all kinds of guarantees and told 
 me how to save my nuns from the many dangers that threatened them. 
 
 " To this gentleman I also came after having scaled the walls of the 
 Church of in order to save four sculptures and other altar orna- 
 ments. In this case I was incurring a fault which was subject to the 
 death penalty as punishment. Not only was I forgiven for this, but he 
 gave me a safe conduct to avoid being molested by any one. I take the 
 liberty of recommending him as a good man. I am very grateful to him. 
 
 " On the 28th of August, I returned to to bring the other 
 
 religious that remained there, in order that we might leave the Republic 
 
 together. Our religious were badly persecuted in and had to be 
 
 divided and placed in private homes to avoid their being taken to the 
 barracks. 
 
 " I returned to with my nuns, and on the road I met several 
 
 spies who injured us greatly. In a rented house we only had three 
 rooms for twenty-four religious and novices, and each day I had to go 
 out in search for bread to eat. They were deprived of hearing Mass and 
 receiving Communion. God only knows what I suffered to liberate them 
 from danger and obtain food. 
 
 " For twenty-two days I was scarcely able to sleep, fearing that at 
 any moment the house would be attacked and the nuns stolen. They 
 were obliged to sleep on the floor of one room after offering to God the 
 sacrifices of the day. 
 
 " Some days I was obliged to change houses as often as three times, 
 since our hiding-places had been discovered, which fact the officer (my 
 friend) would tell me. The spies denounced us again. I was compelled 
 
 to leave with seven for the , and beg of foreign prelates that they 
 
 permit me to make a new home, where I could safely place the other 
 religious that I had under my charge, and who are at present hiding in 
 the city of , Mexico. 
 
 " I leave to God the fulfillment of His holy will and, in the meantime, 
 pray Him to remedy the troubles of the Mexican Republic and preserve 
 the President of the United States of America, so that he may stop the 
 numerous calamities that have fallen upon the Mexican Church." 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 39 
 
 Names of persons and places which might identify the Sister Superior 
 who wrote the above statement, or her friends, have been eliminated for 
 reasons already given ; but, in this case especially, because some of the 
 Sisters have not yet escaped, and the devoted Superior, supplied with the 
 necessary money by The Catholic Church Extension Society, has returned 
 to Mexico to find them and bring them to a place of safety. 
 
 No further comment on this sworn statement is necessary. 
 
 If any doubt remains as to the certainty of these abominable out- 
 rages, the following, which is a sworn statement before a notary, by one 
 of the most prominent parish priests of Mexico City, ought to put it 
 to rest : " The stories regarding outrages against Sisters are so common 
 in the City of Mexico that they are believed by all. I have never heard a 
 'denial even by those whose interest it would be to disprove them. The 
 common information is to the effect that many Sisters are pregnant, and 
 others suffering from loathsome diseases, because of assaults upon them 
 by revolutionary soldiers." 
 
 Another sworn statement, for the publication of which full permis-^ 
 sion was given by the person making it, testifies to the same effect. The 
 part of the statement which concerns the outrages is as follows : 
 
 " I have it on the authority of Dr. (no permission to publish 
 
 this name, as the doctor is still in Mexico), physician in the street called 
 
 — in , Mexico, that in his own private house there were 
 
 seventeen Sisters who had been outraged by revolutionists, and were in 
 a pregnant condition. I also know that other Sisters in the same condition 
 
 were in the Asylum of Mexico City." , 
 
 (Signed) N. Corona. 
 " State of Texas, | 
 
 " County of Galveston, j 
 
 Sworn to and subscribed before me on this 24th day of October, 1914. 
 
 (Signed) H. Rebaud, 
 [seal] Notary Public for Galveston County, Texas. 
 
 On the same day the following sworn statement was given me : 
 
 " I know that one month ago, to my certain knowledge. Sisters out- 
 raged by revolutionists and in a pregnant condition were in the 
 
 Asylum of Mexico City. This house is in charge of Miss , 
 
 (Street ) . The stories of the outrages on Sisters are so 
 
 commonly spoken of in Mexico City as to vanquish all thought of their 
 not having occurred. Naturally, the names of the Sisters, and the 
 houses they are in, were kept as secret as possible, in view of the future 
 of the poor, unfortunate victims themselves. 
 
 Superior of Church. 
 
 '" State of Texas, | 
 
 " County of Galveston. J 
 
40 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 Sworn to and subscribed before me this 24th day of October, 1914. 
 
 (Signed) H. Rebaud, 
 [seal] Notary Public for Galveston County, Texas. 
 
 The next statement is signed by the Superior-General of one of the 
 large teaching orders of Mexico. The good reputation and high character 
 of the Superior-General is attested by two archbishops, who in witness 
 thereto have signed the original document, which is in my possession : 
 
 " Having been requested to inform you of my knowledge regarding 
 the outrages suffered by the religious in Mexico at the hands of the 
 revolutionists, I can truthfully give the following information: 
 
 " ' While the Mother Superior of of Sisters of , 
 
 was in Mexico during the month of June last, and having heard that 
 there had arrived a number of religious that had been outraged, filled 
 with indignation and pain, she asked permission of the Mother- 
 General to investigate the whereabouts of these religious, in the hope of 
 offering them refuge and taking care of them, if it were possible. Her 
 
 first efforts were directed to the Hospital, where it was stated 
 
 these religious would be found. Upon calling there, she was informed 
 of the veracity of these charges, but was advised that the nuns had 
 
 already been transferred to the religious' house of . Finding that 
 
 they were already being taken care of, she made no further inquiries in 
 this direction, in view of the fact that it was very painful and mortifying 
 to all.' 
 
 The following is an extract from a letter dated, " Mexico City, Octo- 
 ber 25, 1914." Original is in the hands of a gentleman in San Antonio, 
 Texas : 
 
 " Concerning the subject you speak of in your letter (the outrages), I 
 can tell you that, only three months ago, a lady asked me to receive in my 
 sanitarium three nuns from Durango who were in the said condition." 
 
 Here is a translation from the columns of El Presente, a Mexican 
 paper published in the Spanish language at San Antonio, Texas. The 
 date of the issue from which the article is taken is November 7, 1914. 
 
 " But let us not mislead ourselves. We said that the revolution com- 
 pletely ignored the manly virtue of respect towards women, and the irre- 
 futable evidence is at hand. Even if some of our readers who are not 
 accustomed to read in print of certain criminal deeds, it is necessary to 
 state that the Constitutionalist horde not only devoted themselves to 
 stealing, murdering and incendiarism, but, worst of all, are the violators 
 of unfortunate women and are guilty of all kinds of wrongs and indig- 
 nities. In every city, in every town, and in every country place, they 
 have left the ravages of their visit. While we could specifically give 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 41 
 
 names, places and dates, we will not do so for fear of being considered 
 chroniclers of dishonor and lost virginity. 
 
 " Yet there is still more. The Mexican revolutionists have committed 
 the greatest crime that could be committed, the one that can hardly be 
 conceived by any civilized people of the present day. We refer to the 
 infamous and monstrous outrages upon the nuns in Mexico." 
 
 The refinement of deviltry could scarcely surpass what the following 
 from signed statement of a Vicar-General, the original of which is in my 
 possession, narrates : , 
 
 "A priest of the same diocese ( ) was locked in a room with 
 
 a woman of evil repute. Then they (the revolutionists) calumniated him, 
 and gave him a mock trial before a " Council of War," and sentenced 4iim 
 to be burned to death. They did not carry this sentence out, but the 
 priest became mad. He lost his reason for three days. Then they 
 brought him to and let him go free." 
 
 Why did they not finish their work? A ruined reputation is not pre- 
 ferable to a martyr's crown. 
 
 This letter comes from Toluca. I have the original, which was 
 written by the daughter of a respectable family of that city, a lady who 
 had devoted herself to charitable works. It was addressed to her pastor, 
 who was then and still is in exile in the United States : 
 
 " I am going to ask you a question. If one should fall into the hands 
 
 01 (revolutionists), would it not be preferable to end one's life 
 
 than to sufi:"er their usual outrages ? I did not think that this would ever 
 come, and therefore never made this inquiry before, but the situation 
 seems very probable now. Had we not full confidence in our good God, 
 I believe we would perish. What we expected did not happen, but what 
 vv^e never imagined took place. There is a feeling of pain, fear, indigna- 
 tion and shame in the face of so many horrible things." 
 
 Should she commit suicide rather than suffer what others suffered? 
 God of Heaven ! and this is the twentieth century of the Christian dis- 
 pensation, but Christians remain unmoved. 
 
 To these I add a sworn statement, already published in America, 
 addressed to the Hon. William Jennings Bryan, Secretary of State, and 
 which is, therefore, to be found in the archives of the State Department 
 at Washington : 
 (COPY) 
 
 Washington, D. C, October 8, 1914. 
 To His Excellency, The Hon. IV. J. Bryan, Secretary of State: 
 
 Sir, — On July 22 last I had the honor of addressing your Excellency 
 
42 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 on the subject of the persecution of the Catholics in Mexico as prac- 
 ticed by the revolutionary parties now in power in that country. 
 
 The Third Assistant Secretary of State, under date of July 24, 
 acknowledged receipt of my letter. 
 
 Since then I have made the acquaintance of the Rev. R. H. Tierney, 
 editor of the Catholic paper America, published in New York City, who 
 writes me that he visited you concerning this subject, and that your 
 Excellency wished to hear me on the same matter. I have thought it 
 well, therefore, to note down for your convenience the principal points, 
 and I wish to say that I have written down nothing of which I am not 
 fully aware and can vouch for personally. I have lived in Mexico twenty- 
 three years, am a German by birth, by religion a Lutheran, and am sixty 
 years of age. 
 
 I know of Catholic clergymen, who under pain of death were forced 
 to sweep the streets of a city and do menial work for common, illiterate 
 soldiers. 
 
 Of a bishop, seventy years old, deported to the penal colony on the 
 Pacific Coast. 
 
 Of several priests in the Monterey penitentiary as late as August 30, 
 last. 
 
 Of a parish priest, eighty years old, so tortured that he lost his reason. 
 
 Of many deported to Texas, both Mexicans and foreigners. 
 
 Of priests and sisters tortured by hanging and strangling. 
 
 Of a priest in hiding who was enticed out to confess a person and 
 instead was thrown into a dungeon. 
 
 Of forty Sisters of Charity who have been violated, of which number 
 four are known to me, and one of these has become demented. 
 
 I have been instrumental in saving six Sisters and seven girl pupils 
 from the same fate. 
 
 Of an Englishman who tried to save the personal effects of these thir- 
 teen women, being fined $2,000 for the attempt. 
 
 Of all the confessionals of the Monterey district churches being piled 
 in a public square and burned. 
 
 Of valuable paintings stolen from churches and supposedly brought 
 to the United States by filibusters. 
 
 Of Constitutionalist soldiers, led by a man who is now Governor of a 
 State in Mexico, doing on the altar what decency does not permit me to 
 say. 
 
 Of doing the same at another church, into the chalice, and making the 
 priest drink of it. 
 
 Of decrees published by those now Governors of States, prohibiting 
 the practice of religion, and closing the churches, convents and schools. 
 I am respectfully your humble servant, 
 
 (Signed) Martin Stecker. 
 
 117 B Street S.E. 
 District of Columbia: 
 
 Martin Stecker, being first duly sworn, deposes and says that the fore- 
 going is a true copy of a letter sent by him to the Hon. Wm. J. Bryan, 
 and that the same is in all substantial particulars a true statement of facts. 
 
 Martin Stecker. 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 43 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of October, 1914. 
 
 Charles M. Birckhead, 
 
 Notary Public, D. C. 
 
 Decency refuses permission to chronicle more. Even as these state- 
 ments stand I have hesitated about printing all of them, but if the story 
 is to be told it must be 'told as it is. Whatever good is to come out of it 
 for the poor refugees, and the almost destroyed church in Mexico, will 
 come only when a fair-minded and just people have the truth. 
 
 How do you like it? Put your own religious teachers and pastors in 
 the same place and judge. 
 
V. 
 
 YUCATAN. 
 
 The case of Yucatan is one of the saddest in the history of the Mex- 
 ican persecutions. Not because the people and the Church were treated 
 more severely than in other places, but because Yucatan had not been in 
 rebellion at all, and had kept the peace. The citizens of the State simply 
 accepted conditions as they were. The people of Yucatan are a very quiet 
 and industrious people. They ask for nothing better than such quiet and 
 industry. Stories published some years ago by an American magazine 
 concerning " barbarities " in Yucatan were bitterly resented by the people. 
 No section of Mexico has had more prosperity, considering everything, 
 than the State of Yucatan. The fact that the people did not take up arms 
 is perhaps one of the most eloquent testimonies that could be given as to 
 the satisfactory condition of the State. 
 
 The great industry of Yucatan is the growing of hemp. The country 
 could, if the people so desired, grow a great many other things, but the 
 hemp industry is very profitable. Most of it is sold in the United States 
 or through American merchants. The port of the state is called Pro- 
 gresso. It is the Mexican terminus of the Ward Line steamers from 
 New York. The city of Merida, the capital, as well as the state, is rich 
 in antiquities connected with the history of Mexico. Excavations have 
 been made which have resulted in rich archaeological treasures. One of 
 the greatest archaeologists was the former Archbishop of Merida, a native 
 Mexican, by birth of Indian blood. He was one of Mexico's most 
 learned men and did in the South what Archbishop Plancarte was doing 
 in the North. He had published valuable works which attracted the atten- 
 tion of scientists everywhere. The present Archbishop of Yucatan is a 
 native Mexican of German descent, a man of very great ability and a wise 
 administrator. He has made a decided mark on the Church in his diocese, 
 and is loved and revered by his people. 
 
 Although Yucatan was, as I already said, peaceful and industrious, 
 and although it was taken over by the revolutionists without fighting, 
 nevertheless the first effort made was to bleed the people. As soon as the 
 Constitutionalist Governor Avila took command, a " loan " of $8,000,000 
 was imposed upon the hemp growers. The decree calling for this robbery 
 was printed in La Revista de Yucatan on September 29, 1914. The decree 
 
 44 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 45 
 
 gives, as a reason for the impost, that the northern section of Mexico 
 suffered great dangers; that its fields were made barren and its cattle 
 destroyed, so as to make it impossible to contribute in a financial way 
 " to the complete reestablishment of order." The decree goes on to 
 say that " the State of Yucatan has been the only one not suffering the 
 consequences of a civil war, and able to preserve all its fountains of 
 wealth, which are in full production." The impost of $8,000,000 was made 
 on all the inhabitants of the State who have a capital of $100,000 or more. 
 The " loan " was compulsory and individuals subject to it were obliged 
 to pay within live days. 
 
 Before issuing this decree, and also before the expulsion of the clergy 
 and the closing of the churches, the Constitutionalists took good care to 
 disarm the people. Not a gun was left in Yucatan. Resistance was im- 
 possible. This was only following the plans already put into force in 
 other states. The Constitutionalists imposed their will in the name of 
 the people, whether the people wanted it or not. Robbery under these 
 circumstances is easy. One can not object too strenuously when the 
 robber has a gun and the victim is weaponless. 
 
 The condition of the hemp growers was, however, not so favorable 
 as the decree intimated. It was not easy for them to raise $8,000,000 in 
 five days, with the consequences of war in other states and in Europe 
 upon the country. They complained very bitterly, mentioning their busi- 
 ness debts. If they could not pay these, they would be ruined. The 
 paying of the Constitutionalist impost meant paralyzing the industries of 
 Yucatan. 
 
 But there is a side light also to be thrown upon the difficulty — 
 currency. While Yucatan had more coin than perhaps any other section 
 of Mexico, yet the coin had constantly been withdrawn from circulation. 
 The people were hoarding it, because they knew very well that every 
 effort was being made by the revolutionists to get all the coin of the 
 country into their hands. Instead of coin the revolutionists had issued 
 paper money. The paper money of Carranza and Villa was practically 
 worthless, and even the paper issued by the Mexican banks was, while I 
 was in Texas, valued only at about 16 cents on the dollar. Americans 
 bought it at 16 cents to pay their bills in Mexico where it had to be 
 taken at face value. Mexican producers were, therefore, being paid at 
 the rate of 16 cents on the dollar for what they were exporting. To 
 make matters worse, the Constitutionalists issued a decree obliging all 
 people having coin or bank notes, to put them in circulation, or be pun- 
 ished severely. It will be remembered that more than one Mexican 
 " patriot " decamped with considerable money. He always took his money 
 
46 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 out in coin or transferred it to Europe. There is a good reason why 
 the present " patriots " should force the- Mexican people to put their coin 
 in circulation and accept paper instead. The effect on the currency and 
 on business of such a move can easily be imagined. The position of the 
 planters of Yucatan was an unenviable one. 
 
 However, the Governor was willing to relieve the situation as far as 
 he could, but not to the extent of giving up the " loan." He relieved it by 
 declaring that for six months the planters should not he obliged to pay 
 any other debts. He intended putting on another " loan " of from 
 $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 and hitting the smaller planters with it; so it 
 was declared in another decree that no one in Yucatan should be obliged 
 to pay his business debts for a period of six months. There was then no 
 excuse for the planters. The Constitutionalist government was their 
 only debtor — for six months ; but after that time they would have to 
 pay the other debts in the face of hard times and a debased currency. 
 There was no recourse, for the guns were aimed at them. One planter's 
 share was $400,000. A little more " liberty " of this kind in Yucatan 
 and the industries of the state would be no more. 
 
 Then the Constitutionalists tackled the Church, but it was necessary 
 now to take a further measure of precaution, so the Governor issued 
 Decree No. 18, which " under authority vested in him by the First Chief 
 of the Constitutionalist Army," considered : " that the government 
 should aim to purify all social elements, in order to prepare for a vigorous 
 revival of constitutional government — considering, secondly, that as the 
 national press is amongst these elements it must have immediate attention, 
 as up to the present time, editors have in their profession lacked the 
 necessary social guarantee." (What this means, of course, was known 
 only to the government. Editors have never been considered social 
 beings by their contributors ; and the Governor of Yucatan had become 
 quite a contributor to the press, with decrees at least.) So the Governor 
 ordered that on the very next day all newspapers in the state should 
 cease publication. And further, " that before resuming publication they 
 would have to apply to the Governor for a permit, setting forth qualifica- 
 tions and proofs of honesty, morality and capacity to direct such a pub- 
 lication." The Governor offered to give such permits " to those who in 
 his opinion possessed the necessary qualifications." 
 
 The editors had to have their honesty passed upon by the greatest 
 set of thieves that ever operated in the Republic of Mexico; their 
 morality passed upon by the representatives of the most bestial soldiery 
 that ever inflicted themselves upon a peaceful populace. The liberty of 
 the press went out by the scratch of a governor's pen. Yet this is the 
 government in which we Americans place our hopes for peace in Mexico. 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 47 
 
 Only last week I read a laudatory editorial on Carranza in one of the 
 most prominent American dailies.- I wonder how the writer of the 
 editorial would enjoy having his hero pass upon his honesty and morahty. 
 
 All means of defense gone, and the press muzzled, then came the 
 destruction of the Church. Archbishop and priests were exiled. The 
 foreign priests, of course, went first. All residing in the State of Yucatan 
 for less than thirty years had to go within five days' time. Sixty-five 
 arrived in Cuba penniless. If they did not go peacefully, violence was 
 threatened. They had already resorted to violence in Campeche. So the 
 clergy were expelled as " pernicious foreigners," but not without protest. 
 The ladies of Yucatan took up their cause and forwarded the following 
 to the governor : 
 
 '' To the Honorable Governor: 
 
 " We have come to intercede on behalf of those who have lived on 
 the Yucatan soil, loving it as their own, dividing the sorrows and happi- 
 ness of our land with us, with no other end than to propagate the doctrine 
 of love, peace and mercy ; with no other idea than to give consolation to 
 the fallen, courage to the harassed and hope to the despairing; with no 
 other arms of defense than the image of Him who ordered us to love 
 one another as brothers; with no other politics than planting seeds of 
 goodness, charity and the fulfilment of our duty; and with no other 
 defense or shelter than faith in our laws and the guarantees of the 
 Yucatan land as a mother to all living on her soil. Those men to-day, 
 against whom no shade of wrong can be found in Yucatan or anywhere 
 else, in whose lives society has never found the least flaw, are cruelly 
 expelled from this land without any wrong-doing, but solely for political 
 reasons to which they are entirely foreign. Our spirit can not conciliate 
 this with the points of liberty and democracy stated in the Constitution. 
 Those for whom we ask justice have had no part in the battles that have 
 stained with blood our country and filled our homes with sorrow and 
 pain. Here in Yucatan we do not and can not understand the danger 
 that would compel the exiling of the priests, as from these priests that 
 are to-day exiled we have only received lessons of piety, beneficial deeds 
 and a public education. We desire for our children, for our brothers, and 
 for all the sons of this Yucatan soil who want to keep their beliefs and 
 their ideals as their richest social inheritance, the Christian education 
 which is the most becoming for the safeguarding of dignity and nobility 
 of life. You, Sefior Governor, no doubt retain amongst your most pleas- 
 ing remembrances those of your school days, and from which you have 
 unquestionably found much consolation more than once. Therefore, 
 Sir, we dare invoke the sweet, maternal love that, even after death, lives 
 in your mind as a benediction from the regions of eternity, and are, 
 therefore, sending to you our manifestation of pain and respectful sup- 
 plication against the expulsion of foreign priests. We ask in the name 
 of all Yucatan, in the name of all that live and love our land, and in the 
 name of the blessed woman to whom you gave the sweet title of ' mother,' 
 
48 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 and who from Heaven joins us in our request, that you do not consent 
 to close the Yucatan soil to those priests, and that they may not receive 
 as compensation for their labors for good and peace, the bitterness of 
 exile. We ask that you do this for our people in the same spirit as if 
 you were placing the case before your own father, and as if you wanted 
 to deed a title of just pride to your son." 
 
 " Requested in Merida on the 5th of the month of October, 1914." 
 The above document will be interesting to those who assert that these 
 expulsions of clergymen were desired by the people. It is at once a 
 testimony to the priests themselves, to the religious character of the people 
 of Yucatan and to the efficiency of the Church in that State. 
 
 The appeal to the "liberties" guaranteed under the Constitution is 
 certainly appropriate, when made to a Constitutionalist Governor; but 
 not tinifly, for Villareal said : " We want to get along awhile without 
 our Constitution." 
 
 I have set down this story of Yucatan, not as a solitary example of 
 overriding the laws and the Constitution of Mexico, but simply as an 
 example of the peaceful actions of the Constitutionalists. It is true that 
 the Governor- of Yucatan did not murder any priests, nor did his soldiers 
 outrage any Sisters, but he murdered the free press and outraged the 
 laws. Yet we Americans expect that from such actions will come peace, 
 tranquillity, and the revival of industry to the Republic of Mexico. 
 
VI. 
 
 . THE CAMPAIGN OF CALUMNY. 
 
 General Antonio I. Villareal was the president of the Constitutionalist 
 convention at Aguascalientes. This convention was called for the purpose 
 of bringing peace to Mexico. Its keynote was supposed to be conciliation. 
 It began with a declaration of war against the Church, and ended with a 
 declaration of war against the chief of the Revolution. It has plunged 
 Mexico once more into a bath of blood. Villa is in arms against Carranza. 
 They are flinging charges at one another ; and, incidentally, proving from 
 their own mouths the charges that I make in this book. In the manifesto 
 of General Villa against his rival, an original copy of which is in my 
 possession, he charges his superior with having " interfered with liberty 
 of conscience by the persecution of the Church; of having permitted 
 governors to suppress religion, of imposing penalties on religious prac- 
 tices authorized by law, of outraging profoundly the religious feelings of 
 the people through acts condemned by civilization and the rights of 
 nations." 
 
 Carranza's answer is interesting. He says : 
 
 " If General Villa were capable of weighing the meaning of what 
 they wrote for him to sign, he would not have put himself in such an 
 unseemly situation by formulating the charges against me, because it was 
 he himself who exaggerated this just resentment of the Constitutionalist 
 party against the members of the Catholic clergy for sustaining the dic- 
 tatorship. He went so far as to cause real alarm or indignation among 
 all classes of society. 
 
 " The fact is that General Villa, who now seeks an agreement with 
 the clergy by showing himself so respectful toward religion and religious 
 practices, did, in every place he occupied during the campaign, expel the 
 priests, close the churches, and forbid religious exercises. And in Zaca- 
 tecas his anti-religious fanaticism reached a climax which contrasts 
 greatly with his present Christian meekness. He expelled eleven priests 
 of different nationalities, of whom three were French, and of these no one 
 yet knows their resting-place. 
 
 " It is high time to recall to General Villa in this regard the hearty con- 
 gratulation which he sent to General Antonio I. Villareal, Governor of 
 Nueva Leon, when the latter published a decree in which he restricted 
 
 49 
 
50 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 religious exercises and forbade Confession. The following is the text of 
 the congratulatory message : 
 
 " ' Chihuahua, July 29. 
 " ' General Antonio I. Villareal, — I congratulate you heartily and 
 enthusiastically on your decree imposing restrictions on the clergy in the 
 State over which you worthily rule. And already I am hastening to 
 follow your wise example, because, like yourself, I think that one of the 
 greatest enemies of our progress and liberties has been the corrupt clergy 
 who have so long ruled in our country. I salute you affectionately. 
 
 " ' General-in-Chief Francisco Villa.' '■* 
 
 This effort on the part of General Carranza to shift the blame for 
 outrages against liberty of conscience guaranteed by the Constitution 
 weakens when it is understood that at no time before the rupture of the 
 relations of the two leaders was General Villa anything but a subordinate 
 of General Carranza. The latter claimed the title and rights of " First 
 Chief," quarreled with the Aguascalientes Convention for daring to 
 suggest that it was more powerful than he, and quarreled with Villa 
 himself when he gave his allegiance to that body. On the other hand, 
 after the Battle of Torreon, when Villa was certainly at the height of his 
 power and all looked for him to proclaim his attitude and take the 
 leadership, he gave out a statement, which was published in all the 
 American and Mexican papers, acknowledging his position of inferiority 
 to that of Carranza, hailing him as his Chief, and proclaiming his loyalty 
 to him. This declaration Carranza accepted. 
 
 All this makes very plain the fact that General Carranza was the man 
 who directed the policy of the Revolutionists ; who was behind him makes 
 little difference. It is certain that General Villa was not. He was acting 
 under the orders, or according to the known policy of the First Chief. 
 The responsibility rests with General Carranza. 
 
 It is not without significance that the moment General Villa broke with 
 his Chief, his policy toward religion changed ; and it was he who launched 
 the charges of persecution and invasion of the rights of conscience against 
 his former superior. Villa's name, it is true, appears in the accounts of 
 the torturing of priests, but Villa's own actions were few. His officers, 
 especially Colonel Fierro, seemed to take the actual work out of his hands. 
 Much was done in Villa's name of which he probably knew very little. 
 His account was bad enough. How much did certain officers add to it 
 without his authority or with the certainty that he could not interfere? 
 Villa's later actions do not agree with his former ones ; while Carranza 
 began as a persecutor at Durango and persecutes still in the State of 
 Vera Cruz. - 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 51 
 
 This same Antonio I. Villareal, to whom General Carranza referred 
 above, is, I beUeve, the man upon whom the chief responsibiHty for the 
 persecutions rests. It was he who opened the convention of Aguas- 
 calientes with an attack upon the Church, from which I take the following : 
 
 " One of our main objects should be to annihilate our enemy, so that 
 he may be absolutely dead. . . . Our Constitution prohibits confisca- 
 tion; therefore we want to live a little time zvithout our Constitution. 
 . . . We must tear from the enemy the foundations upon which a new 
 revolution may be builded. We must tear from him his properties. We 
 must make him impotent, as an enemy without gold is an enemy at whom 
 we may laugh. Our enemy is privilege, the privilege maintained from 
 the pulpit through the services of the entire Christian clergy. . . . 
 We must tear away the wealth of the powerful and must also comply 
 with the Laws of Reform, which refer to the wealth of the clergy. In 
 the same manner that the Laws of Reform nationalize the property of 
 the clergy, we must nationalize the property of privilege for the welfare 
 of this Republic. It has been done. . . . From the clergy we must 
 tear the property which they acquired under the conciliatory policy of 
 General Diaz. They have a right to use the temples consecrated to 
 religion, but no right to OAvn, as they do, convents and beautiful buildings, 
 all of which the priests call ' educational property,' but are nothing else 
 than foundations of perversion for children's minds. 
 
 " The Revolution should not attempt anything against liberty of 
 conscience or liberty of worship. During the period of activity it was 
 just and it has been done. It was in order to punish the clergy that 
 associated with Huerta and the Catholics that furnished him money ; but 
 past that period, we should, like good Liberals, respect all worship, but 
 never allow our children to be poisoned. It is better to prohibit the 
 teachings of the clergy than .religion. Let them continue to preach, but 
 prohibit their teaching-rights." 
 
 From this speech, which was received v/ith great applause by the con- 
 vention, some things stand out very strongly. First, that the Constitu- 
 tionalists do not want the Constitution until they have finished robbing, 
 raping and murdering. No one can read anything else out of the 
 discourse. Second, after they have taken all they can get, and have com- 
 mitted all the atrocities in the calendar of crimes, then they want to sit 
 down for a period of merited rest, with the money they have gathered, 
 and ask the Republic to give them and their ill-gotten gains the protection 
 of the law. Third, they desire to take away from the Church every- 
 thing but the use of the church buildings ; that is, such of them as have 
 not, at that time, been turned to other uses. This, of course, means 
 
52 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 liberty of conscience and worship ; but the clergy must not do any more 
 than pray in the churches. They will not he permitted to teach, to 
 admAnister the Sacraments, to attend the dying, or, in fact, carry out their 
 ministry in any way except by prayer. 
 
 How would the Protestants of the United States like to be in this 
 ^condition? Supposing the shoe were on the other foot, would it pinch? 
 And yet a great many of our Protestant fellow-citizens hope for great 
 things in Mexico from the Constitutionalist regime. 
 
 It is interesting to ask how the clergy are supposed to live under these 
 circumstances. According to Constitutionalist decrees, copies of which 
 I have, they are forbidden to ask offerings or tithes. Now, all offerings 
 and tithes for the support of religion in Mexico have been free-will 
 offerings. No one has been taxed for the Church. No one has been 
 forced to pay anything. In some sections of the Republic the old tithe 
 custom has been kept up by the people themselves ; in other sections 
 religion is supported only through offerings at baptism, marriages and 
 funerals; but these, too, are forbidden, and forbidden tinder severest 
 penalties. So liberty of worship in Mexico is to consist of this : The 
 clergy can not teach, therefore can not train candidates for the priest- 
 hood in seminaries. That disposes of the question of having priests; 
 there can be none. It might be said that the deficiency can be made up 
 from other countries ; but a foreign clergy is prohibited in Mexico, and 
 all the foreign clergy have already been expelled. The clergy has the full 
 right and permission to pray, when it is provided that there will be no 
 clergy at all to offer the prayers. Again, those priests who remain may not 
 take up collections, may not receive offerings when people are accustomed 
 to make them, may not live by their labor of love at all. In fear lest some 
 of them could make a living otherwise, the law is to be enforced that they 
 may not have investments, and may not even leave their family legacies 
 to the upkeep of religion. This is " liberty of conscience." This is " free- 
 dom of worship." This is " democratic government." With this program 
 the Constitutionalists come before the American people to ask for sym- 
 pathy and assistance ; and have had it. 
 
 How would this affect the Protestant missionaries in Mexico? They 
 want it because they desire the destruction of the Catholic Church. Are 
 they going to live within the law, or stand up against the law ? They will, 
 of course, live within the law; but if foreign priests are not allowed, 
 foreign ministers can not be allowed either. If they are, the law is 
 violated. If they violate the law and live in Mexico, how about their 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 53 
 
 teaching ? How about the many existing Protestant schools and colleges ? 
 Will an exception be made in favor of these? If so, Protestants will be 
 demanding the special privileges against which General Villareal shouts. 
 If Protestants build churches, will not these also be confiscated? But, ' 
 above all, what of the future? The aim of all Protestant missionary 
 activity is to found Protestantism permanently. Missions call for begin- 
 nings only. The day is looked forward to when the output from the 
 missionary treasury will cease, and the converts support their own 
 church. The missions are then said to be on a " self-supporting basis," 
 Donors to missions in the United States are encouraged with the hope that 
 many of their missions will soon be in that condition. Very well ; how 
 soon will the Mexican Protestant missions arrive at that happy state 
 under these laws, if the people may not give to the support of their work, 
 even after it has been established? In their mad desire to kill off the 
 Catholic Church, are not many of these reverend "generals " and 
 " colonels " killing the goose that laid the golden egg for them ? But what 
 need they care? They no longer need the goose. 
 
 How does it come that General Villareal can utter such sentiments — 
 utter them with impunity — and even win applause ? It has come about 
 because of a campaign of calumny, the most outrageous that has ever 
 occurred in the history of the world. It is perfectly true that isolated 
 examples can be found everywhere of priests who have been unfaithful 
 to their holy obligations, as of ministers who have been anything 
 but examples to their flocks; but that is only weak human nature 
 occasionally showing itself. The overwhelming majority of the clergy of 
 Mexico have been faithful, both to their vows and to their duties. Even 
 Sehor Zubaran, who attempted to reply to Cardinal O'Connell, acknowl- 
 edges this of the rank and file of the country priests; but the most 
 exemplary priests in Mexico are the hard-working priests of the populous 
 city parishes ; and the most pious of all have been the religious who were 
 thrown out in a body. The most abominable stories have been circulated 
 among the people of irregularities of the clergy, not forgetting even to 
 slander individuals. For example, recently they sent through every 
 Mexican paper accusations of rape against Father Vincente Latorre. His 
 victim was supposed to be Miss Josefina Pimentel, and the priest was 
 supposed to be in prison for his crime. The American-Mexican paper. 
 El Presente, had the following about this charge in its issue of November 
 7,1914: 
 
 " We have taken pains to investigate this, and information shows that 
 it is untrue. Accusations of all kinds directed to the clergy in Mexico are 
 
54 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 all too frequent, and, for reasons or pretext always unfounded, the Car- 
 ranzistas have exiled them. Let us not forget the accusation made of 
 finding arms and ammunition in the temple of Santo Domingo, which was 
 found to be a great untruth and which the Carranzistas themselves had to 
 correct. 
 
 " This is not a religious organ, nor have we any political agreement 
 with the Church, but we aim to be defenders of truth and justice, and, 
 therefore, believe the action of our colleagues a little hasty in accepting 
 scandalous and untrue reports such as these. 
 
 "As regards Miss Pimentel, we are assured that she is not known in 
 Mexico." 
 
 The editor states the truth. When the churches were looted, stories 
 were given out that arms were found in them, skeletons of murdered 
 people and skeletons of babies. No one in Mexico believes these stories 
 except the ignorant ; but they serve their purpose. Most of them are for 
 American consumption, and American consumption only. 
 
 What are the facts regarding the condition of the Catholic Church in 
 Mexico? Perhaps the best answer is the letter already quoted from the 
 ladies of Yucatan. Read it over again ; it is enlightening. Then add to 
 it the following, which is the translation of a signed statement made to 
 me, and now in my possession, by a lawyer from Mexico, a writer of 
 distinction and note: 
 
 " I had not written to you, according to my promise, because I was 
 awaiting the confirmation of some very important news from Mexico 
 relating to a fact which fully corroborates an opinion of mine. 
 
 " This news has just been confirmed by my wife, who received it from 
 
 the Superior of the of Mexico City, who heard it from his 
 
 confreres in Morelia. 
 
 " This city (Morelia) is the capital of Michoacan, a very rich and pop- 
 ulous State (having more than one million inhabitants, and unequaled for 
 agriculture and mining) . It has for many years been noted for its fervent 
 and solid piety. 
 
 " Gertrudis Sanchez, who took part in Madero's revolution, a coarse 
 and irreligious man, ordered the expulsion of the Salesians of Don Bosco 
 and the confiscation of their college. (I must tell you, by the way, that 
 I am proud to have had the honor of materially aiding in the foundation 
 of this useful establishment.) 
 
 " I forgot to tell you that this Sanchez, by the will and grace of Car- 
 ranza, is now Governor of the State. 
 
 " The Salesians are greatly liked by the people, who uprose to defend 
 them, armed with guns, clubs, stones, whatever was at hand, and so 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 55 
 
 intimidated the officials that they revoked the order, and for a few days 
 left the poor exiles unmolested. 
 
 " But Sanchez, who had gone to Mexico City after this, and there held 
 conference with Carranza, drinking courage at that fountain, on his 
 j-eturn to Morelia, convoked, at night and by stealth, not only the 
 Salesians, but the entire clergy, to whom he gave notice of expulsion, 
 giving as a reason, of course, that they were making fanatics of the 
 people. 
 
 " But the courageous population was ready, and several thousand men 
 gathered in front of the Governor's palace. (Bear in mind that the city's 
 population is 50,000.) All were armed as well as they could, all were 
 prepared to fight and die, and when the Governor, trembling with rage 
 (I do not say fear, for he is no coward), came out on the balcony and 
 tried with fair words to calm the just riot, nothing could be heard but a 
 shout from thousands of throats: 'Robber! outlaw! Godless wretch! 
 Either leave our priests in peace or we will destroy your palace !' 
 
 " I believe that the soldiers of Sanchez sympathized with the people, 
 for he himself, soulless as he is, made no attempt at resistance. On the 
 contrary, he underwent the humiliation of having to revoke the decree, 
 which had been orally given. The priests were carried in triumph to their 
 houses by their brave deliverers, who have sworn never to permit such a 
 savage and sacrilegious treatment of their clergy. 
 
 "The Carranzista papers said not a word about this, which occurred 
 during this very month of October (the second uprising was on the 17th) ; 
 but the fact is notorious, and will serve as a lesson to many other cities 
 just as Catholic as Morelia. And this confirms my idea that a leader 
 who would proclaim the fullest religious liberty, such as exists in the 
 United States, and does great honor to that noble country, would have 
 in his favor the strongest national elements, and the result would neces- 
 sarily be most favorable, for he would have established a strong, prudent 
 and patriotic government. 
 
 " If the American people would help us in this undertaking they 
 would permanently cement the Christian alliance of two nations, and 
 would deserve more glory for having procured freedom for our con- 
 sciences than they already have for the emancipation of the negro. 
 
 " Further commentary is unnecessary. You, honored sir, will readily 
 understand that I am right. 
 
 " You may publish this, if you like, but please do not mention my 
 name or residence, for my family is still in Mexico, and those in power 
 there are capable of anything ! 
 
 " When my family (I do not know when!) will be at a safe distance, 
 there is no fact to which I will not be ready to attest, and defend in every 
 way." 1^ 
 
56 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 But even far more interesting is the statement of a former Governor, 
 himself a " Liberal." The statement was made before a notary in Texas, 
 a copy of which is in the hands of His Excellency, the Apostolic Delegate 
 at Washington. (A certified copy is in my possession.) The Governor 
 resigned his high office, not because he was in sympathy with Huerta, but 
 because he objected to Huerta's methods. He left his home for the sake 
 of his two daughters. He states emphatically that the majority of the 
 Mexican people are law-abiding and in favor of order. He states also 
 that : " The Catholic Church, a few Protestant churches and all the 
 other religious creeds of Mexico have never taken any part in this revo- 
 lution." Again : " In order that you may understand that I am not 
 untruthful and that I am not partial to priests, I will state that in politics 
 I belong to the Benito Juarez party and I was always recognized as a 
 member of the Liberal party. I have tried to practice the greatest respect 
 toward the Catholic religion, and I know for certain that the priests of 
 my State, after having suffered various vexations, and this without any 
 motive or reason, have been exiled. We have had the good fortune of 
 never having heard any scandal on the part of any of our clergy. The 
 same may be said of the other religious sects. I repeat that never in any 
 revolution has Mexico witnessed such barbarous excesses as in the present 
 uprising, and I speak as one having experience, for I witnessed two and I 
 fought on the side of Juarez. To-day there is no respect for any of the 
 political divisions, or any religious body in Mexico. To me any man who 
 is honest has a right to be respected, be he Catholic, Protestant or Jew. 
 One may think " pro " or " con " about some ideas, but about stealing 
 and killing there must be only one opinion. 
 
 "As regards the clergy, they have no power, no chance to favor the 
 rich people rather than the poor. Besides, the greater part of the clergy 
 in Mexico comes from the poorer classes. Furthermore, the idea of 
 morality and justice is prevalent in the minds of our priests." 
 
 It is charged that the Church has kept the people of Mexico in 
 ignorance, and that ninety per cent of these people are ignorant. The 
 answer to this is very easy. 
 
 I need only call attention to the fact that the history of the Catholic 
 Church in Mexico may be divided into only two chapters : one, the 
 Church under Spanish influence; the other, the Church under the Re- 
 public. The idea of giving freedom to the Church rarely occurs to the 
 Latin governmental mind. Its idea of the separation of Church and 
 State never admits the possibility of the Church being free within the free 
 State. The separation laws of France clearly show what I mean. Under 
 the pretext of separation, a plan was introduced which, if accepted, would 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 57 
 
 have utterly destroyed the Church. The Latin statesman, when hungry, 
 wants a chance to take a bite out of the Church. Nothing else will satisfy 
 him. Under Spanish rule the Church had often to be used as far as 
 possible to develop Spanish power. Later the Government seized 
 churches, religious institutions and church property. It gave back the 
 church buildings and some of the institutions, but on condition that ,it 
 could keep the property and in reparation pay for the upkeep of religion. 
 It took that burden, therefore, away from the Church, while indirectly 
 keeping it upon the people. It made itself the gatherer of God's share, so 
 that it could always keep its hands on the source of supply. It dictated 
 appointments of bishops and pastors, and said how far the Church could 
 go in carrying out her teaching mission. Its policy was to send to the 
 colonies the unworthy clergymen, who were not wanted abroad. Bishops 
 had no choice but to accept them. It hampered the Church on every side, 
 and then blamed it for the consequences it had brought upon itself. In 
 spite of this, the Church Christianized the people. But Spanish laws 
 were enforced which did not suit the colonies. Nothing could be done 
 without the consent of the Spanish monarch. Education was hampered ; 
 but, in spite of this, the Church established schools. The Franciscans 
 and other missionaries placed schools side by side with their monasteries. 
 At first the Indians did not go to them, but after a while their opposition 
 was overcome. In 1524 there was not a single Indian who could read. 
 Twenty years later, when Bishop Zumarraga wanted a book translated 
 into the Indian tongue, he mentioned the good it might do, because 
 " there are so many who know how to read." Pedro de Gante had a 
 thousand children under his instruction, teaching them religion, music, 
 singing and Latin. He began a school for grown-up people and founded 
 another for fine arts and crafts. Some of the schools had as many as 
 from eight hundred to a thousand pupils. In spite of the difficulties, the 
 Church did all she could, and the Government as little as possible. 
 
 When the Revolution came, and with it the Laws of Reform of 
 Benito Juarez, an end came also to what little freedom the Church had. 
 She was despoiled of such possessions as had been left her. She was 
 forbidden to teach, which means to open schools of any kind, except of 
 theology. Her ministers even could not dress as clerics. The law of 
 May 13, 1873, forbade any religious demonstration outside of a church 
 building, and forbade clergymen or Sisters to dress in any way that would 
 indicate their calling. The Constitution of 1857 interfered with personal 
 liberty to the extent of forbidding anybody to enter a religious Order, 
 and refused religious Orders a legal right to hold property. The law of 
 July 12, 1859, suppressed religious Orders and religious societies, forbade 
 the foundation of new congregations, ordered all books, manuscripts.. 
 
58 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 prints and antiquities belonging to such Orders to be given up. The law 
 of February 26 suppressed female communities. The law of July 12, 
 1859, took away all property from the clergy ; but that of February 5, 
 1861, returned to the Church its parochial residences, bishops' houses, 
 etc. Then September 25, 1873, saw a new law which forbade any religious 
 institution to acquire property or the revenue derived from it. The law 
 of December 14, 1874, struck at the right of the clergy to receive legacies. 
 The law of July 31, 1859, took away from the clergy the right to manage 
 or have anything to do with cemeteries. The law of February 2, 1861, 
 took from the Church her hospitals and charitable institutions, as also 
 did a law of February 28 of the same year. To make it more certain 
 that the Church could not be charitable, the law of August 27, 1904, 
 forbade clergymen to act as directors and administrators, or patrons of 
 private charities, and extended this decree even to include those delegated 
 by clergymen. It will clearly be seen that, under the Constitution and 
 Laws of Reform, the clergy had little power left, and the Church little 
 chance to uplift the people. A] Mexican archbishop has written : " Not 
 only was the Church despoiled of her ancient properties and oppressed 
 by tyrannical laws, but the situation was rendered more difficult later on 
 by the Law of Public Instruction." However, General Diaz permitted 
 some educational foundations, seeking his authority under the Law of 
 Private Beneficence ; but under this law, even if the priests themselves 
 wished to found a work of charity, they had to leave religion out of it* 
 Yet, in spite of it all, some schools were founded — many, in fact — but 
 always under the danger of information being laid against their directors 
 and persecution following. A Mexican bishop, now in exile, told me 
 that Mexican Catholics who desire to give religious instruction to their 
 children have to go the length of " seeing " the secular schoolmaster, and 
 even bribing him not to tell on them. Still, one religious Order had over 
 four million dollars invested in schools and colleges. The Constitu- 
 tionalists took it all, but left the mortgages for the Order to pay. Then 
 they assassinated the professors of Zacatecas, destroyed the libraries, etc. 
 
 ►I* 
 
 All these unjust laws are the more to be regretted when it is known that 
 only the Church can educate or civilize the Indians. With the Indian the 
 civil power is impotent. The Indian is religious. He may be deceived 
 into revolution, but it must be deception that brings him into it. Car- 
 ranza's troops told the Indians that they were fighting against a certain 
 Mr. Clergyman (Don Clero), and the Indian was always looking for this 
 tyrant, not knowing that it was the Church the Carranzistas meant. The 
 suppression of the flourishing missions of the Jesuits and the Franciscans 
 in the north of Mexico, at the end of the eighteenth century, resulted 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 59 
 
 either in the complete extinguishing of these Indians or their return to 
 barbarism. Within the last few years missions among the Indians started 
 again ; but now they are destroyed. What must be said of the " patriot- 
 ism " that, in a country where ninety per cent of the people are illiterate, 
 destroys, or attempts to destroy, the only power that has shown its ability 
 to do the work of civilization ? They may advance theories by the bushel, 
 but there is no theory regarding the work of the Church. A business 
 man does not desert his true and tried methods of securing business. He 
 tests his theories before he replaces the old by the new. Mexico, fifty 
 years ago, embarked in a new venture. The result has been constant 
 revolution, murder, destruction of property, and crimes which cry to 
 heaven for vengeance ; and now those responsible ask the world to 
 believe that it is all done in the name of liberty, and that the Church which 
 their forerunners reduced to impotence is responsible for it. 
 
 The revolutionists frankly directed their efforts against the rich as 
 well as against the clergy. They demanded the forcible impoverishment 
 of the wealthy class, without due process of law and without compensa- 
 tion. They have put this into force wherever they could. They have 
 seized haciendas, forcibly entered homes and drove the owners and their 
 families on the streets, moving in themselves. Now they insist that the 
 clergy catered to the rich, and are, therefore, become the enemies of the 
 poor. They forget that it is the province of the Church to aid and 
 comfort the poor, and that the only means she has for doing it is her 
 influence in securing the money for carrying on her work from those 
 who have it to give. She has, therefore, always in history stood between 
 the rich and the poor. If this were not her position, how could she 
 establish her hospitals, schools, orphanages, and a thousand other works 
 of charity ? Even in the United States the cry goes up that the Church (by 
 which is meant all Christian religious effort) should devote itself more to 
 philanthropy and less to the cultivation of simple piety. In other words, 
 the demand is being made that the Church more than ever must devote 
 herself to securing from the rich the means to alleviate suffering. How 
 could religion answer that demand if its enemies charge that it caters to 
 the rich when it begs from them? In Mexico the Constitutionalists not 
 only kill the Church because they say she does no good, but, on the other 
 hand, they kill her when she does do good. 
 
 During the Spanish regime in Mexico the Church maintained as 
 friendly a relation with the State as was possible. If she had not main- 
 tained such relations her voice would never have been heard in court. 
 It was the influence of the Church that secured a hearing for Las Casas 
 against the oppressors of the Indians. To-day in Mexico the Church has 
 
60 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 no influence. A new Las Casas could accomplish nothing; but the 
 Church has had some influence with property-holders, which was always 
 used to favor the poor. The only mitigation of the hard lot of some of 
 the peons was won by the influence of the Church over individuals. 
 
 The Constitutionalists insist that the people of Mexico are against the 
 Church ; yet, when the churches are opened, they are crowded. In more 
 than one case the persecutors had to stop their fury in fear of an uprising 
 among the people, who crowded around the exiled priests until the leaders 
 were terrified. But the same leaders took good care in the next place that 
 the people could not menace them, for they took away their weapons. 
 
 The Zapata revolution is a case in point. Zapata has held two States 
 in a grip of iron. His revolution is popular. His soldiers are the only 
 ones who show a disposition to work. They have taken up land and 
 they are cultivating it. A short time ago I met a prominent gentleman, 
 Mexican, who had gone through the entire length of Zapata's territory 
 in carriage and on horseback. He scarcely saw a soldier. People were 
 working in their fields. The Church in Zapata's territory has not been 
 molested. Churches are open, and one of the bishops, at this writing, is 
 actually out on his confirmation tour. If the Revolution is a popular 
 uprising against the Church, why is it that Zapata holds his power 
 through the popularity of his movement with the people, though he has 
 made no attack whatever upon the Church and religion? Some excesses 
 have been committed by Zapatists, it is true, but by the camp-followers. 
 None of the exiles I met have charged Zapata with responsibility for 
 them. On the contrary, they warmly defended him, and stated that 
 when outrages have been committed neither Zapata himself nor the 
 general run of his people had any responsibility for them. On the other 
 hand, outrages by Constitutionalists had been fomented by the most 
 abominable calumnies, and by the leaders themselves. They manu- 
 factured plots out of whole cloth. " Conspiracies by the clergy," never 
 even thought of before the troops entered, were announced even before 
 the Constitutionalists had had time to make an investigation. 
 
 The cry in this revolution has been a cry for vengeance against the 
 assassins of Madero. Carranza himself makes this his rallying cry, 
 forgetting that he himself was against Madero and intended leading a 
 revolution against him. The opportunity which arose through Madero's 
 death did not change his mind about a revolution, but changed the details. 
 Now he charges the clergy with having cooperated in the assassination of 
 Madero. His proof is that the clergy recognized Madero's government. 
 How much truth is there in this statement? 
 
 The revolution which ended in the assassination of Madero lasted ten 
 days. It came on suddenly and without warning. These days are called 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 61 
 
 the " Ten Tragic Days." The outbreak occurred in the City of Mexico, 
 and was practically confined to that city. If the, clergy were in league to 
 bring about the downfall of Madero, it might be expected that the revo- 
 lution would have been general. What time did the clergy have to 
 compass their ends in ten days, and what object could they have had for 
 bringing about the downfall of the first government in fifty years zvhich 
 permitted free elections, by means of which the Catholic party, it is 
 conceded, would have been placed in power? The downfall of Madero 
 was a blow to the interests of religion. It is perfectly true that the 
 bishops and clergy recognized the government of Huerta. What else 
 could they do ? He had been placed in power according to the laws and 
 Constitution of Mexico. He had been recognized by the Congress, the 
 Senate, the Supreme Court and the diplomatic corps, including the 
 American Minister. The Church stands for lawful authority. When 
 that authority is in power it is the duty of the Church to accept it and 
 live under it. This is exactly what was done. It is not the business of 
 the Church to foment revolution. The clergy had no right to put Huerta 
 on trial. Neither the laws of Mexico nor their own obligation as priests 
 assigned to them any such duty. The Church wanted peace, and accepted 
 Huerta as she had accepted Madero. Had she done otherwise, there 
 might have been a lawful charge against her of fostering rebellion ; but 
 against the Church the charges will be made anyhow. The hatreds of man 
 for man are unaccountable enough, but there is a still more unaccountable 
 hatred of man for God, and all that represents Him. 
 
 I have seen a document issued by the Constitutionalist representatives 
 in New York City, attempting to prove that the Church was playing 
 politics. The letter is dated July 11, 1913. It is from Archbishop Mora 
 of Mexico City to Sefior Urrutia. The Archbishop said : " I beg to 
 assure you once more that all the curates and priests under my jurisdic- 
 tion, in compliance with their duty, will make every effort, in order to 
 bring about, as soon as possible, the fulfillment of the aspirations of all 
 the good people in this Republic, who desire the peace and tranquillity 
 of the beloved country. I say that they do so in compliance with their 
 duty, because the Church desires peace and to avoid bloodshed, and that 
 all cooperate to the ultimate object of society, which is the well-being 
 of all its members." Is there anything in these words that indicates more 
 than a desire to work under the existing form of government, with an 
 object of bringing peace to the country? This is the evidence put forth 
 by the representatives of the Constitutionalists themselves to justify 
 murder, exile, imprisonment and unspeakable outrages against the 
 innocent. What decent court could accept such evidence? Did even 
 
62 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 Robespierre send a single person to the guillotine on such testimony? If 
 he did, who wants to be classed with Robespierre ? 
 
 Truth is that the Constitutionalists have gone forward without even 
 a probability of evidence. They have gone forward in the face of a 
 pastoral letter, issued by a number of bishops in the City of Mexico, 
 protesting vigorously, while Huerta was still in power, that neither the 
 Church nor the clergy had mixed up in revolution or in political matters. 
 As one Mexican archbishop said to me : " These men have adopted the 
 cry of Voltaire, ' Fling mud ; some of it wall stick.' " They fling the mud 
 in such generous quantities that some of it is bound to stick ; even in the 
 face of the fact that Huerta himself, whom the Church was supposed to 
 uphold, gave out a law of oppression concerning ecclesiastical property, 
 and suppressed Catholic newspapers, among them La Nacion, the organ 
 of the Catholic party, simply because this party refused him votes. He 
 exiled its president and persecuted its members ; yet they charge that he 
 was the candidate of the Catholics themselves.' 
 
VII. 
 
 OUTSIDE INFLUENCES AGAINST THE CHURCH IN MEXICO. 
 
 The assertion that the recent revohition in Mexico was financed and 
 the revolutionists armed by capitalists in the United States, one meets 
 constantly and hears on every side. I have never heard it denied, even 
 in our own country. Americans do not take the trouble to deny what 
 they believe to be true. With that situation I have nothing at all to do. 
 As a citizen of the United States I deeply regret it, but my present dis- 
 cussion concerns chiefly the outrages against religion. 
 
 The charge that the Government of the United States directly aided 
 and abetted the revolutionists I do not entirely believe. I have too high 
 a regard for President Wilson to concede anything of the kind. I do 
 believe that he was mistaken; but I also believe that, for the mistake, 
 biased information and biased investigators were mainly responsible. I 
 believe that men sent by the President to report facts as they found them 
 reported visionary dreams of things as they wanted them. I believe it, 
 too, on the testimony of honorable men, who had more opportunity of 
 knowing the actual condition of things in Mexico than these strangers, 
 some of whom could not even speak the language of the country, but who 
 allowed their own bigotry to taint their judgment. Sefior Frisbie, an 
 American and the son of General Frisbie, who spent nearly all of his life 
 in Mexico, informed me that, on a Ward Line boat for New York, he 
 met the wife of one of these representatives, who was himself on the 
 boat, returning to report to the President, and that this lady said to him, 
 not knowing that he was a Catholic, that " the priests and nuns should 
 be driven out of Mexico." Another of these representatives made similar 
 statements in Vera Cruz to a gentleman whose letter I have in my posses- 
 sion. But all that is neither here nor there. It concerns the political 
 situation, which, so far as this book is concerned, is no afifair of mine. 
 
 Two outside influences were exerted, and have been exerted for years, 
 to the injury of the Catholic Church in Mexico. Oine of these is the 
 influence of secret societies and the other the influence of a section of 
 American Protestantism. 
 
 ►J- 
 
 Concerning the influence of the first, the following editorial, taken 
 from the New York Times of November 8, 1914, will be enlightening: 
 
 " The reappearance as a threatening factor in Mexican politics of 
 Scottish Rite Masonry is a phenomenon which merits a word of present 
 
 63 
 
64 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 comment. In 1824, with the very beginning of modern Mexico, the two 
 principal poHtical factions were allied either with the Scottish or York 
 Rites of Masonry. The Scottish Rite had grown up under Spanish 
 influence and was all-powerful until our first diplomatic representative in 
 the young republic, Joel Poinsett of South Carolina, remembered now 
 chiefly as the botanist who gave his name to the poinsetta, founded the 
 York Rite purely as a political factor. The lodges of the Yorkinos, who 
 were much less exclusive than the Escoseses, multiplied rapidly and 
 exerted all the influence of the various branches of an American political 
 machine. Of course, Poinsett was not authorized by our Government to 
 meddle in Mexican politics or to extend the influence of Masonry in 
 Mexico, and his imprudence eventually led to his recall. But for many 
 years Masonry exerted a strong factional force throughout the country, 
 and the sudden reappearance of the Scottish Rite, in a pronunciamento 
 against the United States Government for not withdrawing the troops 
 from Vera Cruz without conditions, suggests that Masonry may have been 
 exerting its influence quietly in the upheavals of the last four years. 
 
 " Of course, the historic Masonry of Mexico took on its political 
 purpose accidentally. The order of Scotch Masons was largely composed 
 of men of Spanish blood, the aristocracy of the country which had thrown 
 off the foreign yoke, put its first Emperor to death, and asserted itself as 
 a self -governed community. They worked together for protection. But 
 Poinsett's York Grand Lodge was founded deliberately with political 
 intent and inevitably lent fresh political strength to the older lodge. The 
 survival or the revival of Masonry as a force in politics in Mexico is 
 interesting, and may be important. The report that all the signers of the 
 inflammatory document have been put in jail indicates that the authorities 
 in Mexico City do not view favorably the intrusion of secret societies in 
 politics." 
 
 I do not, in publishing the above editorial, desire to make charges 
 against the rank and file of the membership of the American Masonic 
 body. I am not unaware of the fact that Masonry in the United States is 
 considered by the great majority of its members as nothing more than a 
 fraternal or social organization ; but Masons themselves in America have 
 recognized the fact that the Masonic body all over the world does not 
 hold the same ideals. It will be remembered that some years ago, a protest 
 was made by a Masonic body in Canada to the English Grand Master (at 
 that time the Prince of Wales, who afterward became King Edward 
 VII.) against the establishment in Montreal of lodges operating under a 
 charter from the Grand Orient of France. Their objection was based 
 upon the fact that such lodges were anti-Christian, while Masonry under 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 65 
 
 British jurisdiction held beHef in God to be a fundamental condition for 
 membership. Their protest was ineffectual, for the foreign lodges were 
 established, and, as a matter of fact, exist to-day. It will also be remem- 
 bered that only three or four years ago, when Montreal was preparing 
 for the great Eucharistic Congress, which would bring to the city Catholic 
 prelates, priests and laymen from all over the world, and was, as a matter 
 of fact, the largest convention the city was ever called upon to handle, it 
 was discovered that one of these foreign lodges deliberately planned to 
 direct visiting priests to houses of' ill-fame instead of to respectable 
 boarding-houses, and afterward to have the places raided, so as to make 
 it appear that priests had chosen such residences during their stay at 
 Montreal. The exposure of the whole plot was made in the public press of 
 Montreal. If proof is needed that American Masons know that universal 
 Masonry is. something entirely different from their own ideals, it is found 
 in the acknowledgment of the British and American lodges themselves, 
 whose members claim openly that they have no affiliation with what we 
 might call Latin Masonry, which includes the Masonry of Mexico and 
 South America. I have talked with hundreds of American Masons, and 
 every one has the same statement to make, that Latin Masons would not 
 be received in American lodges. However, this statement is not entirely 
 true, though those who make it believe that it is. Even Latin Masonry is 
 divided. In Italy, where Latin Masonry is strong, the division exists; 
 and the point of difference is the question of political activity and infi- 
 delity. As an illustration, it may be remembered that when Mr. Theodore 
 Roosevelt visited Rome he received representatives of one body of Italian 
 Masons, headed by Baron Fava, as brothers. Representatives of the 
 other had no such recognition. Now, no one for an instant dreams that 
 Theodore Roosevelt, Mason, would affihate himself with men who aim at 
 the destruction of order and who deny the existence of God, any more 
 than any one would believe that William H. Taft, Mason, could do the 
 same thing. There are numberless American Masons who have not only 
 been most friendly with their Catholic fellow-citizens, but are even sin- 
 cere admirers of the Catholic Church. No one believes that these men 
 have any desire to see her influence destroyed, her charities broken up, 
 and her children left without religious direction of any kind. We may 
 safely absolve the great body of American Masons from the charge of 
 knowingly injuring the Church in Mexico. 
 
 Nevertheless, it is true that, from the great body of American Masons, 
 some men have been selected who are in sympathy with the irreligious 
 propaganda of Latin Masonry ; and there is every reason to believe that, 
 through these men. Masonic influence has wrought injury to religion in 
 Mexico. How far this has gone no one can tell, but that representatives 
 
66 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 of the United States have fraternized with the Masons in Mexico is 
 openly charged by the Mexicans themselves. I have a letter from which 
 this remarkable statement is taken: " When the Masons in Mexico called 
 on United States Masons to get us out of Vera Cruz, I knew," etc. 
 
 What evidence my informant had I do not know. Having been in 
 Vera Cruz practically from the beginning of American occupation, he 
 was in a position to learn things that I could not possibly have learned. 
 The point I desire to make is, that American Masons, viewing their society 
 purely as a fraternal and social organization, can scarcely blame the 
 Church for objecting when all we know of Masonry, outside of British 
 and American possessions, is that the fraternity stands before the people 
 as religion's unqualified and unrelenting enemy, through whose influence 
 murders, robberies, exilings and worse have been perpetrated, not only 
 in Mexico, but also in Portugal. It is a recognized fact in both Italy and 
 France that Masonry stands for irreligion and the total destruction of the 
 Catholic Church. 
 
 In Mexico, though Porfirio Diaz was himself a Mason, yet during his 
 dictatorship the lodges were greatly reduced in membership. When 
 Madero came into power there was a campaign for active reorganization. 
 This campaign sought recruits not only among the middle class, but also 
 among the workingmen. Before the revolution entered cities, the lodges, 
 fiercely attacked the Catholic religion, through calumnies from press and 
 platform. Their members served as spies and informers, and even 
 exposed the hiding-places of the priests and of the sacred vessels. This 
 is not a guess. It is an admitted fact all over Mexico. 
 
 El Liberal, the official organ of Carranza, can b^ quoted as an authority 
 upon this point. 
 
 It charges that the Church in Mexico wants American intervention, 
 in spite of the fact that two archbishops have issued letters as patriotic 
 as any statements ever given out in Mexico, and in spite of the fact that 
 not one of the churchmen who are refugees here would even consider the 
 idea of upholding intervention. The Mexican bishops and priests are 
 Mexicans and patriotic men. 
 
 " It is indispensable," says El Liberal, " that to accomplish our deter- 
 mination a strong call be made to the followers of truth to come to the 
 line to fight for victory or death, for liberty and fraternity in the temples 
 consecrated by triumphs and inexplicable abnegations — the lodges. 
 . . . We Mexican lovers of liberty, equality and fraternity, let us 
 hasten to join the army of the defense of these ideals. Let us work in 
 our lodges toward its realization." 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 67 
 
 When I charge that a section of American Protestantism has played 
 an evil part in the Mexican persecution, I do not intend to charge my 
 Protestant fellow-citizens in general with the crime. There are some 
 thirty million people in the United States who have allied themselves in 
 some way with Protestantism. Most of these meet their Catholic fellow- 
 citizens socially and in a business way every day. They live at peace 
 with them, and they ask for nothing better than that this condition 
 continue. They are willing to grant to others the liberty of conscience 
 which they desire for themselves. They know their Catholic fellow- 
 citizens. They have confidence in them. Many of their families are allied 
 with Catholic families by marriage or ties of blood. They contribute to 
 Catholic charities, and often generously at that. They believe the Catholic 
 Church has a mission in the United States, and they look upon the Church 
 as having given a notable contribution to the peace and prosperity of this 
 Republic. In American wars they have fought side by side with Catholic 
 soldiers, as to-day they work side by side with Catholic men and women 
 in the daily duties of life. It is far from my thought to charge such men 
 and women with complicity in the outrages perpetrated in Mexico. 
 
 Still there is another section, representing the uneducated and bigoted 
 sectarians among Protestants. Nothing less than the total destruction of 
 the Catholic Church in America would satisfy them, and to bring about 
 such a result they would not hesitate at all to revive the iniquities of past 
 ages, when religion was so bound up with the politics of nations that in 
 her name thousands were sent to their death. This section has many 
 papers and magazines devoted to the cause of religious enmity. One of 
 these papers has a circulation of a million and a half. Decent Protestants 
 have protested against this situation. They have been horrified at the vile 
 calumnies these organs of bigotry fling at the Church and her priesthood. 
 Their protest has been voiced time and again by such men as Dr. Wash- 
 ington Gladden. The secular papers will not print their tirades, but still 
 they go on with their work. They scatter their infamous libels. They 
 call the Pope " the Chief of White Slavers." They brand priests as 
 monsters of iniquity. They declare our religious houses to be dens of 
 prostitution. They put the mark of shame upon pure and virtuous 
 Catholic womanhood, a mark which the worst libertine is willing to 
 declare, from his own experience, to be notoriously undeserved. The 
 papers printing such libels freely circulate through our mails at second- 
 class rates. Consequently they are virtually subsidized by the Government 
 and Catholics themselves are taxed to uphold them. The Dominion of 
 Canada has refused permission to circulate such papers through its post- 
 offices, or even through other carriers. We permit it all in the name of a 
 free press ; but it is not liberty of the press that we are granting, but the 
 beginning of unbridled license. ju 
 
68 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 The vile calumnies of these people have been circulated in Mexico. 
 Their lurid tales have been printed in Spanish, with the intention of 
 swaying Mexican Catholics from their allegiance to the Church. They 
 have preached in. Mexico through Protestant missionaries that the United 
 States is a Protestant nation, but Protestant in their own sense ; so that 
 whatever is done against the Catholic Church surely meets with approval. 
 A court of the Guardians of Liberty, the bigoted society which has 
 General Miles for its leader, sent to Villa the following letter : 
 
 " Alamo Court, No. 1, Guardians of Liberty of Texas, a patriotic 
 organization of American citizens, with courts throughout the entire 
 United States, which has for its purpose the maintaining of the United 
 States Constitution and the complete separation of Church and State, 
 desires to express to you, and other patriotic Mexicans, our hearty 
 approval of your actions and the 'great good and service you have and are 
 rendering your people and the country. 
 
 " We would especially commend your actions in ridding your country 
 of the basest of human vultures, the Catholic priesthood. Whenever 
 women are forced to secretly confess to a man who has never married, 
 and knows nothing of the sacredness of woman or of home, it is but 
 natural for immorality to exist, and until this practice is stopped it is 
 impossible to raise up a liberty-loving, intelligent, patriotic, moral gen- 
 eration. 
 
 " Again assuring you of our appreciation of your invaluable worth to 
 your country, and trusting that you may continue your good work until 
 the people of your country are freed, indeed, from the root of the trouble, 
 the Roman Catholic Church, in the language of the patriot, we would 
 exclaim, ' Viva Mexico by Villa !' " 
 
 This was openly offering the encouragement which we very well 
 knew had been for a long time extended secretly. All of these things 
 are done in the name of American Protestantism, and done in such a way 
 as to make American Protestants responsible for them. Protestant 
 missions in Mexico have their share of the blame for the persecutions. 
 For years they have been working, but their achievements have been 
 practically nil. . By this time people ought to know from experience that 
 the Latin is a Catholic or nothing. When he loses his allegiance to the 
 Church he becomes an infidel or an atheist. Such a being as an 
 indifferentist can hardly find room to breathe among Latin people. The 
 Latin must be one thing or the other. Those who are swayed from the 
 Catholic Faith by Protestant missionary efforts land in the ranks of open 
 infidelity, enemies to all religion. What triumph is it for Protestantism 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 69 
 
 that France persecuted the CathoHc Church, when Viviani declared that 
 his task was to " blot out the stars from heaven " ? What triumph did 
 Protestantism gain from the new birth of atheism in Portugal? If 
 Protestants believe that the Catholic Church is Christian at all, why do 
 they follow a plan which they know will destroy Christianity with the 
 Church? Can any one answer these questions? To me they are mys- 
 teries beyond solution. In Mexico former Protestant ministers are to-day 
 "generals, colonels. and captains." The Provisional President, Guiterrez, 
 is said to be an ex-Protestant minister. The revolutionary governors of 
 two states were Protestant ministers. Almost to a man have these former 
 salaried officials of American Protestant missionary societies entered the 
 ranks of revolutionists. 
 
VIII. 
 
 A LAST WORD, 
 
 This story I have written down as I received it from the mouths of 
 eye-witnesses. I am well aware of the fact that due allowance must be 
 made for natural resentment in those who were the victims of injustice 
 toward their persecutors. I have no objection to the reader making his 
 own allowance in this regard, and making the allowance as generously as 
 he pleases. There still remain the great facts of the case : the murder, 
 exile, imprisonment, rape and robbery of the innocent. Nations often 
 have in history been built on a foundation of crime, but we all had hope 
 that the enlightened twentieth century would have nothing to add to the 
 evil record. In making your allowances will the reader please weigh 
 these, some findings of my own, to the evidence ? 
 
 First. In all my conversations with the refugees, lay and clerical, I 
 met but few who were not enlightened men and women, many highly 
 educated, all sober and serious, some speaking many languages, most of 
 them graduates of colleges and universities — in short, the kind of people 
 the average American citizen likes to know, and feels honored in knowing. 
 
 Second. Among these refugees I found but one who disliked Mexico 
 and would not return there under any circumstance. In justice to him, 
 however, I must state that he was not a Mexican citizen, and that he had 
 private reasons of his own for the dislike, reasons which any red-blooded 
 man would justify sentimentally, if not logically. All the others loved 
 Mexico and wanted nothing better than the opportunity to return to their 
 native land. They desire peace and the reign of law. Their passionate 
 attachment to their country might well be envied by our more matter-of- 
 fact sort of patriotism. 
 
 Third. Not one Mexican with whom I conversed desired the inter- 
 vention of the United States, if such intervention meant the loss to his 
 country of her independence. The utmost limit of their concession to the 
 necessity of intervention was for that kind of intervention which would 
 guarantee beforehand the integrity of their nation, and her freedom as 
 soon as peace was restored and a just and stable government set up. 
 They all believed that the United States could well be a sister, but never 
 a successful stepmother to Mexico. 
 
 Fourth. I found that every one of these refugees had lost all sus- 
 picion of American motives, even though condemning what they consid- 
 
 70 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 71 
 
 ered our "mistakes" in dealing with Mexican problems. They had 
 learned that our motives, that is, the motives of the great mass of the 
 American people, were good. 
 
 Fifth. The charitable and fraternal action of American Catholics 
 deeply touched the refugees, and, learning of the liberty of conscience 
 enjoyed in this Republic, their admiration increased with their gratitude. 
 I could not help thinking that this argues more for the prosperity of 
 future trade relations than the cruel policy of concession-grabbers, whose 
 money and influence have deluged Mexico with innocent blood. A founda- 
 tion is now laid for a brotherly feeling between Americans and Mexicans. 
 Love will build up what cupidity has destroyed. 
 
 On these things, as well as on the facts before presented, let me base 
 my last word about Mexico to my fellow-citizens, Protestant and Catholic. 
 
 There is need in the world to-day of an enlightened nation, honoring 
 God, loving peace and presenting ideals of true liberty, whose very 
 existence will be a rebuke to lawlessness, and whose greatest message is 
 the old message of faith, hope and charity. There is need in this Western 
 world of a great nation, whose glory is not in conquest by arms, or even 
 conquest in commerce, but rather in a spirit of justice and fraternity 
 which permeates all its people. We all think that the United States comes 
 nearer both ideals than any nation yet born to the earth ; but, alas ! her 
 sister nations on this Western hemisphere look at her with suspicion not 
 unmixed with fear. To them she is " The Colossus of the North," whose 
 sons come only to extort riches, while scorning their people, berating their 
 convictions, mocking their religion, and often fomenting bloody discords. 
 Have we any idea how deeply many of our fellow-citizens have gone in 
 encouraging and paying for the frequent revolutions of which we speak 
 so often with such contempt? 
 
 We, who love to think that we regard the rights of conscience above 
 all other rights, do we reflect on the fact that, in our name and to the 
 flaunting of our flag, we send to the neighbors whose good will we desire 
 to cultivate, men who tell them that their ideals of centuries must be 
 abandoned, that their methods of worshiping God are idolatrous, that 
 their own sons in the clergy are moral lepers, that their own daughters 
 who have adopted the religious state are dupes and prostitutes, that their 
 shrines are abominations, that their love for God is a sham ? 
 
 Do we ever reflect that Spanish civihzation has had a more difficult 
 task than " Anglo-Saxon " civilization in the Americas, in that it was 
 " handicapped " by the inexorable Faith which forced the conqueror to 
 preserve and not destroy the conquered, and, thus limited, could not 
 colonize one-tenth as much as attempt to civilize? Do we give the 
 
72 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 Spanish conqueror of Indian nations credit for the fact that, when he 
 brought his Church with him he was hampering the exercise of his own 
 power, by rehgion's demand to give the Indian the right to live? Does 
 he not sometimes stop to think what would be the condition even of these 
 United States had the conquerors here preserved the Indian to the 
 extent of outnumbering the whites ten to one ? Could we expect anything 
 better, under such conditions, than Mexico has, and some other Spanish 
 republics have, to-day? 
 
 Let us be fair. Spain preserved where we destroyed. With a con- 
 stantly diminishing Indian population, wards of the State, having schools 
 and colleges for all who wish to enter them, what one of our Indians has 
 ever shown the governmental and military genius of a Diaz, the intelligent 
 bravery of a Mejia, the surgical ability of a Urrutia, the philosophical 
 knowledge of a Munguia, the science of a Carrillo y Azcona, the theo- 
 logical training of an Alarcon, the poetic fire of an Altamirano, the 
 political acumen of an Estagnol, the legal and journalistic career of 
 Sanchez Santos, the artistic talents of Panduro and Velazquez ? Indians ? 
 Yes, all Indians, pure-blooded Indians. Name those of ours whose 
 genius has made such marks on the history of our country. Sitting Bull? 
 Geronimo ? Alas ! such a beginning speaks badly for an ending. Think 
 this over before you condemn Spanish civilization in the Americas. We 
 have little to show for one hundred years of " Anglo-Saxon " attempts 
 to upHft our Indians. Yet the Indians of Mexico have produced men of 
 letters, artists, statesmen, soldiers, scientists, learned bishops and priests — 
 men of genius. But for all of that Spain's government was not respon- 
 sible. The credit belongs to the maligned Church, which stood out, with 
 Fray Las Casas, Fray Martin of Valencia, and Bishop Juan de Zumarraga, 
 for the rights of the natives, and sacrificed their entire lives for their 
 conversion, civilization and protection. What if there still remain some 
 of the ancient superstitions ? Have we, the enlightened, gotten rid entirely 
 of ours ? What of the Wall street broker who still trusts the clairvoyant 
 before his brains, who will not fling his hat on a hotel bed because the 
 action is supposed to be unlucky ? What of the thirteen-at-table nonsense, 
 or the fear of beginning a work on Friday ? The missionaries of Mexico 
 did not transplant Spaniards to Mexican soil to grow a garden without 
 seeding and to dispossess the wild beauty already there. They seeded 
 the ground anew, an(l grafted religion and civilization to plants their 
 colonies already had. Thus they worked to gradually clear off the ancient 
 superstitions. We tried to burn off our Indians' superstitions, and our 
 Indians went fast with them. We transplanted England and Ireland, 
 Scotland and Germany here ; but the Indians who yet live have still their 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 73 
 
 superstitions. They are dying, in many cases, with them. It's a different 
 story, that of Mexico and that of our country ; but, for the ancient people 
 of both, those of Mexico have the greater reason for gratitude. 
 
 When Sir Lionel Garden, the British Ambassador to Mexico under 
 Huerta, left this country for England, he expressed sympathy for the 
 " decent people " of Mexico. Do we even think of these " decent people " 
 when we give our unqualified sympathy to hordes of bandits, whose past 
 records alone would be prima facie presumption of guilt in any court of 
 justice in our country? Are " liberators " made of such material? For 
 two generations have the old colleges and universities of Mexico been 
 closed and new ones substituted ; yet to-day we find Mexico's best people 
 sending their children, almost by stealth, to the few religious schools that 
 have stolen back, and, when that is not possible, to schools of the same 
 kind in Spain and the United States. Francisco Madero himself was a 
 pupil of Mt. St. Mary's College in Maryland ; Carranza a constant and 
 _ friendly visitor to the College of the Jesuits in Saltillo. The man in whom 
 both our Government and our people placed its highest hopes for peace 
 in Mexico was the Christian De la Barra ; and next to him the Christian 
 convert, Gamboa. 
 
 Susan Hale, in her history of Mexico, says : " It is evident that what 
 is needed is good government, good religion and good education." But 
 we have, alas ! by our own greed and our prejudice, made government a 
 thing to be fought for by robbers ; of religion a thing to be held up to 
 scorn and insult; of the old schools, that once were glorjous, barracks 
 and ruins. We listen and applaud when the " liberals " of every camp 
 tell us that the Church is responsible for poverty, ignorance and lawless- 
 ness ; but we do not listen to the Church which gave to Mexico all the 
 civilization she possesses, when she makes this gentle plaint, over the 
 noise of murder, debauchery and lust : You blame me for poverty, yet 
 you took from me the endowments for my hospitals, my orphanages, my 
 countless works of mercy. You blame me for ignorance, when you 
 closed my schools, stole my colleges and suppressed my universities 
 which first lit the torch of learning among this people. You say I have 
 added nothing to science and art, but you destroyed the art I brought with 
 me, burned my books and scattered the results of my labor for science 
 to the four winds of heaven. You blame me for ignorance after forbid- 
 ding me for fifty years to teach. You blame me for lawlessness, when you 
 destroyed my missions among a peaceful and thriving Indian population, 
 and gave, in my place to the people, the thirty pieces of silver with which 
 you bribed them to murder their fellows. You took the cross out of their 
 hands to replace it with a torch and a gun. Show me one good thing in 
 
74 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 Mexico I did not give you. Show me one genius for whom I was not 
 responsible. Show me one step in advance I did not help you to take. 
 Cut away from your country all that I put in it, and see what remains. 
 You may thrust me out, exile my bishops, murder my priests, again steal 
 my schools, desecrate my sanctuaries and my virgins, but you can not blot 
 out history, you can not erase the mark I have left on you — not in a 
 century of centuries. 
 
 If the United States is to be the friend and sister of Mexico, to the 
 advantage of both, our citizens must rid themselves of a multitude of 
 inherited prejudices, and substitute a spirit of understanding for a spirit 
 of greed. There i& more to be had in Mexico than oil and mining con- 
 cessions : there is the good will that makes such concessions a logical 
 consequence of a desire for help and a manifestation of deep gratitude. 
 I have no wish to condemn business enterprise, but it is poor business 
 that depends for success on machine guns. If powder and ball are the 
 things we want to dispose of to Mexico, the question arises: which 
 country is the less civilized, the one that sells or the one that buys ? We 
 scorn to learn the language of Mexico, yet we expect to talk to her 
 people so that they will understand. Pardon me, but do they understand 
 when we talk from the black mouths of cannon? 
 
 Mexicans do need " good government," and we have the opportunity 
 now of giving it to them, not by imposing our views upon them, not by 
 taking away their independence, but by telling them fairly and honestly 
 that we will help no government set up by thieves, nor any government 
 that is not founded on the principles of equal justice to all. Mexico can 
 not get along without a big brother yet; but a big brother who lets his 
 little brother fall into a well to drown is a poor excuse for a brother 
 at all. 
 
 Yes, Mexico needs " good religion." She has the Mother Church of 
 Christendom in her midst, but chained and bound by laws that were 
 intended to kill her. But Mexico's history shows that she will accept no 
 other religion. American Protestantism has tried for fifty years to sup- 
 plant the Catholic Church, but has not succeeded in doing any more than 
 the work of enlarging the number of atheists and indifferentists. These 
 missions are making no friends for us, but rather causing resentment 
 against us. Their very presence is taken as an insult by the enlightened 
 people, who can not but think that we regard them as heathen. Unbind 
 the Church of their Fathers, the Church of Las Casas; give her again 
 the right to teach and to preach ; let her build her missions anew with a 
 guarantee that they shall stand, not as relics of past greatness, but as 
 living, acting agencies for the uplift of the Indians and their advance to 
 greater things. 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 75 
 
 Yes, Mexico needs " good education." Then make every educational 
 work free, under democratic and wise laws. See that the teacher is not 
 penalized, his work destroyed, and his endowments seized by rapacious 
 banditti. Give help to every effort for the instruction of the masses. 
 Follow Washington's advice to encourage the means of education. It 
 works well with us; why should it be disregarded in Mexico? Would 
 we in these United States think of confiscating the hundreds of millions 
 of dollars invested in private educational endowments for the universi- 
 ties of Harvard or Yale or Chicago or Princeton, because" they are pri- 
 vate and not state institutions ; would we think of killing off the 
 endowments of human devotion and self-sacrifice of Washington, George- 
 town and Notre Dame, because they are religious institutions? Then 
 why give approval by a pleased look or a smirking silence, when these 
 same things are done in Mexico by bandits with American weapons in 
 their hands? 
 
 Mexico lies prostrate to-day. Anarchy reigns. Religion is over half 
 destroyed. Greed steals the very school books from the children. Capital 
 is fleeing. Labor gladly grasps a gun, and works at killing for pay. 
 Virgins put on mourning for the worse than death that has befallen them. 
 The country lifts her head to look at us with eyes that are more than 
 half reproachful, but, thank God, there is also hope in them. We have 
 our opportunity, one that, taken now at the flood, leads on to better than 
 fortune. All South America, the South America we want to win to our 
 side, the South America we need, is watching us, to see if our good offices 
 must be bought by gold, by the sacrifice of hallowed and holy traditions. 
 This hour is the hour full of fate for us. Shall we grasp the full' measure 
 of its pregnant possibilities ? 
 
The Speech of the Silent Man 
 
 A REPLY TO MR. JOHN LIND 
 
 When a silent man puts his thoughts into language, the world expects 
 something. When that silent man happens to have been the Governor of 
 a State and the trusted personal representative of the ruler of what we 
 believe to be the greatest nation on earth, we expect something of tre- 
 mendous importance. When that silent man, who had been a Governor, 
 etc., has a wise face to match his silence, as becometh a University Regent, 
 we expect, when he speaks, to shed new light on any question, of sufficient 
 " pith and moment " to wring speech out of him. 
 
 In all these things has Mr. John Lind disappointed us. The public has 
 been devoured with curiosity regarding his report to the President on the 
 Mexican crisis. Attempts have been made, even in Congress, to find out 
 what the report contained; but the attempts failed. Mr. Lind has been 
 importuned to speak, but he has spoken only on private occasions, or at 
 semi-private banquets with all reporters barred. But at last Mr. Lind 
 has given his views to the world. He has taken his time about it, pre- 
 sumably so that it might be understood they were the result ' of deep 
 study and thought. Months and months have elapsed since he returned 
 from Mexico, and only now (December, 1914) has he made his views 
 public. In The Bellman of December 5, and again in the same magazine of 
 December 12, Mr. Lind tells what he thinks of Mexico and her people. 
 I have read the articles, and after reading them have put them down with 
 anything but a feeling of satisfaction. It would have been better for Mr. 
 Lind to have maintained his dignified silence. " The mountain was in 
 labor and produced a mouse." No, that is not eJcactly the case. The 
 mouse was produced all right; but the mountain was only a mole hill, 
 and the mole hill itself is now nothing more than a mirage. 
 
 Mr. Lind's article quite naturally divides itself into two parts : one 
 dealing with the historic side, and the other giving what might be called 
 the personal side, because it gives Mr. Lind's own personal opinions upon 
 the situation. I am going to take up both sides separately. 
 
 THE HISTORICAL SIDE. 
 
 The historical part of Mr. Lind's article is absolutely worthless ; first, 
 because it is not Mr. Lind's at all, and, secondly, because it is not true. 
 Most of it is taken, with only a half attempt at paraphrasing, from an 
 article written by E. B. Tylor, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., for the Encyclopedia 
 
 76 
 
THE BOOK OP RED AND YELLOW 
 
 77 
 
 Britannica, and which was pubHshed In the ninth edition, A. D. 1888, 
 Volume 16, pp. 210 to 213. Of course, there is absolutely no reason why 
 Mr. Lind should not have consulted an Encyclopedia to verify his original 
 research, or his own studies ; but it is absolutely puerile for a man who 
 avowedly poses as an authority on Mexico, after having spent months in 
 that country on one of the most important missions within the gift of the 
 American Government, to take practically all his facts from an Encyclo- 
 pedia, and even, in many cases, borrow the very language of the book 
 itself. Any schoolboy can copy an article from an Encyclopedia; but if 
 he attempted to hand in such an article, even paraphrased, to an exam- 
 ining board, his youth could scarcely save him from censure. Mr. Lind is 
 no youth. He is no schoolboy, but he evidently has lost none of the school- 
 boy tricks. I select a few lines from Dr. Tylor and a few lines from Mr. 
 Lind, to show the deadly parallel : 
 
 Mr. Lind : 
 
 " Below the king was a numerous and 
 powerful class of nobles." 
 
 " A rich and powerful merchant class." 
 
 " Great estates were owned by the 
 crown." 
 
 " Slavery existed, but in a rather mild 
 form. The children of slaves were born 
 free." 
 
 " There was a Supreme Court for the 
 cognizance of law appeals, located in the 
 palace, in the city of Mexico. There were 
 inferior tribunals in the principal cities, 
 over each of which a Supreme Judge 
 presided. These judges held office for 
 life, and could not be removed even by 
 the king. Their decisions in criminal 
 cases were final. Lands were set apart 
 for the maintenance of these judicial 
 officers. They appointed and supervised 
 the actions of the Subordinate magis- 
 trates, and revised their judgments. In 
 fact, nothing gives a higher idea of the 
 elaborate civilization of Mexico than 
 this judicial system, which culminated in 
 a general court presided over by the 
 king." 
 
 " The laws and records of the court 
 were set down in picture-writing." 
 
 " The criminal code was very severe. 
 Fraud, the removal of landmarks, and 
 adulter}^ were punished by having the 
 offender's head crushed between two 
 stones, or cutting out the heart." 
 
 Dr. Tylor: 
 
 " Below the king was a numerous and 
 
 powerful class of nobles." 
 
 " A rich and powerful merchant class." 
 " The greatest estates belonged to the 
 
 king." 
 
 " Other classes of slaves were mildly 
 treated, and their children were born 
 free." 
 
 " The Supreme Courts of law formed 
 part of the palace, and there were tri- 
 bunals in the principal cities, over each of 
 which presided a Svipreme Judge, who 
 was irremovable and whose criminal de- 
 cisions not even the king might reverse. 
 He appointed the lower judges and 
 heard appeals from them. Lands were 
 set apart for the maintenance of judges, 
 and, indeed, nothing gives a higher idea 
 of the elaborate civilization of Mexico 
 than this judicial system, which culmi- 
 nated in the general court and council of 
 state, presided over by the king." 
 
 " The laws arid records of suits were 
 set down in picture-writing." 
 
 " The criminal laws were of extreme 
 severity. Fraud, removing landmarks, 
 adultery, etc., which differed as to 
 whether the criminal had his heart cut 
 out on the altar, his head crushed be- 
 tween two stones, etc." 
 
 The above are only a few selections. I could go on and make as many 
 more ; but any reader who desires to see the deadly parallel for himself. 
 
78 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 need only read over the historical part of Mr. Lind's article and then Dr. 
 Tylor's paper in the Britannica. How much of an authority Mr. John 
 Lind is on the history of Mexico can now be judged very fairly. 
 
 It is bad enough to engage in literary piracy, but to steal what is 
 untrue is many times worse, and unforgivably stupid. Stealing diamonds 
 is bad, but stealing paste diamonds, not knowing that they are paste, must 
 be very unsatisfactory to the thief. That is about the position Mr. Lind 
 is in. Dr. Edward B, Tylor was an Englishman, born in 1832. In 1856, 
 or when he was twenty-four years of age, he went to Cuba, and, having 
 met an ethnologist there, he proceeded to Mexico with him. He became 
 interested in Mexico through that visit, and wrote a book, which he 
 published in 1861. I take this information about Dr. Tylor from the 
 Britannica's latest edition. I merely wish the reader to know that Dr. 
 Tylor was only twenty-four years of age when he went to Mexico, and 
 that he lived at a period when he would naturally be influenced by the 
 man who was, at that time, considered the great authority on Spanish- 
 America — Prescott. Since Dr. Tylor's time Mr. Prescott's history, a 
 great part of it, has been relegated by scientific men to where it belongs, 
 to the shelves of delightful romance. Mr. Prescott used the stories of the 
 Spanish conquerors of Mexico, their reports back to the court of Spain, 
 . for all they were worth. As romances they were worth a great deal, but 
 as facts they were worth very little. It was Cortez' business to make the 
 Spanish monarchs believe in the wonders of his conquest ; and the glowing 
 imagination of some of the people with him helped to do the rest. 
 
 Two men have thrown utter discredit upon Prescott's- " history " — 
 A. F. Bandelier and Charles F. Lummis. Bandelier devoted his work to 
 the Indians of our own Southwest, Mexico and South America. Accord- 
 ing to the Britannica, Bandelier made himself " the leading authority on 
 the history of Arizona and New Mexico," and, " with F. H. Cushing and 
 his successors, one of the leading authorities on prehistoric civilization." 
 " Bandelier has shown the falsity of various historical myths, notably his 
 conclusions respecting the Inca civilization of Peru." Mr. Bandelier, in 
 a preface to Charles F. Lummis' " Spanish Pioneers," stands behind every 
 word that Lummis writes, and Lummis himself has utterly destroyed the 
 romances of Prescott. " That we have not given justice to the Spanish 
 pioneers," says Mr. Bandelier, " is simply because we have been misled. 
 They made a record unparalleled, but our text-books have not recognized 
 that fact, though they no longer dispute it. Now, thanks to the new school 
 of American history, we are coming to the truth, a truth which every 
 manly American will be glad to know. I can only say that the estimates 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 79 
 
 and statements embodied in this volume are strictly true ; and that I hold 
 myself ready to defend them from the standpoint of historical science." 
 
 The whole historic section of Mr. Lind's article, following Dr. Tylor's 
 lead, is really an attempt to show how little the Spaniards did and hov/ 
 much of a better civilization they destroyed. 
 
 The books of Mr. Lummis on the " Spanish Pioneers " and on " The 
 Awakening of a Nation" (Mexico) are eye-openers to those who desire 
 to know the truth regarding the old civilization and the new. " In spite of 
 our reasonable hostility to the Spanish blood," he says, " we must not give 
 our eyes the lie." " To such as find the testimony of Humboldt ineffi- 
 cient," says Mr. Lummis, " there could be no more useful reading than 
 the laws of Spain as to the Aborigines — the highest-minded, most com- 
 plete and most noble ' Indian policy ' ever framed by man." As an 
 example of the romance in the statements which now pass as history 
 concerning Mexico, both Lummis and Bandelier proved, from fifteen to 
 twenty years ago, that the famous " columns of porphyry and jasper 
 supporting marble balconies," which Dr. Tylor concedes " were piers 
 carrying slabs," to be nothing more than adobe houses like the houses 
 used by our own Pueblo Indians. 
 
 But even Prescott did not swallow all the yarns of the Spanish con- 
 querors ; but those that he did accept have, nine-tenths of them, gone to 
 the scrap heap. What folly it is at its best, the idea that a people could 
 have been highly civilized who resorted to frightful human sacrifices! 
 Eighty thousand prisoners of war were sacrificed by Montezuma at the 
 dedication of one great temple, " until the gutters ran red with blood." 
 
 But Mr. Lind thinks that " the Indian empire of Montezuma, which 
 the Spaniards destroyed four hundred years ago, was in many respects 
 as far advanced as some of the European states at that period. This, of 
 course, is based on Prescott, who thinks that " the degree of civilization 
 which they have reached, as inferred from their political institutions, may 
 be considered, perhaps, not much short of that enjoyed by our Saxon 
 ancestors under Alfred." But it is a long call from Alfred to the days 
 of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 Dr. Tylor and Mr. Lind vary from Prescott when they make what the 
 latter calls " itinerant traders," or, in our parlance, " peddlers," " a rich 
 and powerful merchant class." Mr. Lind is evidently unacquainted with 
 either Lummis, Bandelier, Enoch or Hale. Susan Hale's book on Mexico, 
 though biased, yet finds a place in " The Stories of Nations," pubhshed by 
 T. Fisher Unwyn of London. The author knew something of recent 
 research. She concedes, with Bandelier and Lummis, that before Cortez. 
 Mexico " was inhabited by intelligent races of men." But she also says : 
 
80 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 " Empires and palaces, luxury and splendor, fill the accounts of the 
 Spaniards; and imagination loves to adorn the halls of the Montezumas 
 with the glories of an oriental tale. Later explorers, with the fatal 
 penetration of our time, destroy the splendid vision, reducing the emperor 
 to a chieftain, the glittering retinue to a horde of savages, the magnificent 
 civilization, devoted to art, literature and luxury, reduced to a few 
 handfuls of pitiful Indians, quarreling with one another for supremacy ; 
 and sighs to think his sympathies may have been wasted on the sufferings 
 of an Aztec sovereign, dethroned by the invading Spaniard." 
 
 Susan Hale's only offered consolation is that " after brushing away 
 the sparkling cobwebs of exaggerated reports, enough fact is left to build 
 up a respectable case for the early races of Mexico," and that is all that 
 can be done to-day. 
 
 The truth of the matter is that Spanish .civilization in Mexico was to 
 early Aztec civilization as light was to darkness ; and all that Mexico 
 possesses to-day of civilization she received absolutely from the Spaniards. 
 " Our partisan histories, even our Encyclopedias," says Lummis, " are 
 either strangely silent or strangely biased. They do not seem to recog- 
 nize the precedence of Spain, nor the fact that she made in Amei^ica a 
 record of heroism, of unparalleled exploration and colonization, never 
 approached by any other nation anywhere. Long before the Saxon had 
 raised so much as a hut in the new world, or penetrated a hundred miles 
 from the coast, the Spanish pioneers had explored America from Kansas 
 to Cape Horn, and from sea to sea; and had far inland a chain of 
 Spanish cities five thousand miles long." 
 
 How does this accord with the " bondage, the ignorance, the vice and 
 the sloth " of the sixteenth century, according to Mr. Lind ? As to the 
 cruelty of Spanish conquests, Mr. Lummis says that " they (the Span- 
 iards) were far less cruel than the Saxon ones." The Spaniard never 
 exterminated. He conquered the Aborigine and then converted and edu- 
 cated him." 
 
 I have before me a book by Professor Noll of the University of the 
 South, biased, of course, as most such books are. But the professor is 
 forced to concede this : " It may be frankly admitted that the influence 
 of the religious Orders was, in the main, beneficial to the country 
 throughout the sixteenth century. The archbishops and bishops of 
 Mexico exercised great influence in the affairs of government. They were 
 respected by the civil authorities and venerated by the natives. . . . 
 The Jesuits, who arrived in the year 1572, true to the purposes of their 
 Order, tried to foster learning in the new land, though with but limited 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 81 
 
 success. Other religious Orders established and maintained admirably 
 appointed hospitals and asylums in every large city." 
 
 Enoch, an Englishman, whose prejudices are rather fairly distributed 
 against both Mexico and the United States, frankly says : " The Mexican 
 of to-day owes all he has — law, literature, art and social system, and 
 refinements of law and religion — to Spain." 
 
 I believe that any honest student of Mexican history can not but come 
 to exactly the same conclusion; but it is not according to Mr. Lind's 
 policy to say anything good of Spain. She must remain now and forever 
 the oppressor of Mexico, the excuse for revolution, and the horrible 
 example, to show the wisdom of the Lind advice. 
 
 MR. lind's personal VIEWS. 
 
 The reading of the section of Mr. Lind's article devoted to his per- 
 sonal opinions is interesting, but not informing. He cites, as a horrible 
 example of the oppression of the peon, that " the minimum fee of the 
 Church for marriages, baptisms and ceremonies of the like character is 
 ten pesos. No peon could accumulate or have so much wealth at one 
 time. If he is ambitious to wed his wife in the Church, or to have his 
 first-born baptized, the fee, with the expense of the fiesta, makes him a 
 debtor for life." 
 
 This can not apply to all peons, for, later on, Mr. Lind says that the 
 northern peon is " able to get married in the Church, have his child bap- 
 tized, to live in a decent house, and to educate his children ; and he does 
 all these things." 
 
 Now, if Mr. Lind had taken the trouble to find out the laws of the 
 Church and the customs of Mexico, he would have had an opportunity to 
 qualify his statements. It has, for example, been specifically laid down 
 for the guidance of pastors that they must not demand a fee of any kind- 
 from the poor. According to the Church law, there is not a single person 
 in all of Mexico who can not come to his pastor and, if he is poor, have 
 every one of these ceremonies performed without any offering whatever. 
 I, personally, know one pastor in Mexico who annually has had four hun- 
 dred marriages without offerings of any kind. In other words, the same 
 law applies in Mexico that applies in the United States ; and the same 
 understanding of offerings, in connection with such ceremonies, applies 
 in Mexico as applies in the Protestant churches of the United States. 
 There is not a Protestant minister that I know of, or ever heard of, but 
 expects a fee on the occasion of a marriage, and, I believe, also on the 
 occasion of a funeral, if the people receiving his ministrations are able to 
 give it. How grievously the officiating clergyman would be afflicted if 
 he found his envelope empty ! Why ? Because his fees are recognized as 
 part of his living. It is the same in Mexico. But 10 pesos in Mexico 
 
82 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 does not mean $10 in this country. At present it means $2, and at the 
 highest rate of exchange it means $5. The iiesta is the father's own 
 business, and the Church has nothing to do with it. 
 
 Would $5 put the average Mexican peon in debt all his lifetime? 
 Mr. Lind surely does not think the American public is so credulous as to 
 believe that. However, that abuses have occurred is very probable; but 
 when they did, those responsible were acting, not in accord with the law of 
 the Church, but in direct contradiction to it. 
 
 Then, too, Mr. Lind does not mention the fees of the state. To save 
 the peon from " bondage " to the priest, the state decreed civil marriage. 
 It is true that the fee is only about 50 cents if the marriage is per- 
 formed in the office of the magistrate. But no Mexican peasant wants 
 that. He wants the marriage at his house, and the state knows this. Then 
 a carriage must be supplied for the magistrate, and two visits made, at a 
 cost of 8 pesos per visit. So 16 pesos is what the civil officials exact for 
 these marriages, which formerly the peon, by simply stating his poverty, 
 could have had performed for nothing. 
 
 The conditions under which the Church is supported in Mexico have 
 also been passed over by Mr. Lind. There is no law that compels the 
 peon to give anything to the support of religion. In some places the 
 people voluntarily make offerings of grain, according to the old Spanish 
 law, which, by the way, is also an old French law, and still in vogue in 
 parts of Canada. But in the greater part of Mexico the priests receive 
 no salary and no ofiferings of any kind, except the voluntary offerings at 
 marriages, baptisms and funerals. Mr. Lind would suppress all this in 
 Mexico, but would not suppress it among his own people in the United 
 States. As a married man, he presumably has made such offerings him- 
 self ; but, to do away with all chance of the Church existing at all in 
 Mexico, he censures such a practice in the neighboring republic. 
 
 Mr. Lind thinks that the Spaniards came to gather wealth and extend 
 the "' authority and fanaticism of Spain " ; and they did it so well that 
 they imposed that bondage " spiritually and politically." He concedes 
 always that the English colonial policy was harsh and selfish, but was not 
 as bad as the Spanish. He does not mention a great difference, which is that 
 the Spanish bondage preserved the people and the English bondage anni- 
 hilated them. 
 
 But, in spite of all this, Mr, Lind has found great good in the Mexican 
 people. He found them, for example, courteous and kind, grateful, 
 peaceful, patriotic, not ignorant though illiterate, progressive, skilful, not 
 really lazy, with a charming family life, artistic and hospitable. It would 
 be interesting to ask where they got these good traits. Did they persevere 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 83 
 
 throughout the entire Spanish regime, or have they sprung up since? 
 Historians tell us very plainly that the Spanish regime gave it to them; 
 and, when you come to think it out, it was not such a bad regime that 
 could leave such marks upon a conquered people. If Spain gave the 
 Mexicans only " spiritual bondage and fanaticism," the " spiritual bondage 
 and fanaticism " produced very wonderful results. Would it not, perhaps, 
 be good for us if we had some spiritual bondage and fanaticism of that 
 kind ? 
 
 ►^ 
 
 Among the " horrors " that the Spanish regime inflicted upon the 
 Mexicans, Mr. Lind mentions the Inquisition. This is rather strange, for 
 other historians tell us that the Inquisition amounted to very little in 
 Mexico. Some of them even hint that it v/as a method used by the gov- 
 ernment of keeping order ; and, what Mr. Lind does not seem to know, 
 and which I state under the authority of. Professor Noll, "the Indians 
 were, by specific command, exempted from its operations." 
 
 Of course, Mr. Lind makes an attempt to explain some of the virtues 
 he found in the Mexicans. For example, that of politeness. He charges 
 it to the tyranny of the upper classes, for class distinction, he says, ahvays 
 compels at least outward politeness. Yet, in another part of his article, he 
 informs us that he can not ". recall an instance among the thousands of 
 people that I met and came into contact with, or in my walks about the 
 city or on the country roads, where the slightest rudeness or disrespect 
 was shown." Now, class distinctions make for politeness in the oppressed, 
 but not in the tyrant ; but Mr. Lind found the politeness in everybody. 
 
 It is much to be wondered at where Mr. Lind secured the following 
 bit of information ; " One of the first acts of the Spanish conqueror was 
 to distribute the arable lands of the people among his lieutenants and have 
 churches established." The reason I am wondering where he secured 
 this information is because it is not true. The Spaniards distributed the 
 settled lands among the Indians, retaining for themselves the mines and 
 unsettled lands. The land which the Church afterward acquired was 
 received as donations and bequests from individuals, and not from the 
 State. It is very easy for Mr. Lind to verify this, and, in doing so, will 
 find another fly in his peculiar sort of ointment — where he says " a whole 
 nation was made homeless." Natives at any time could take up land in 
 Mexico, and can do so to this day. If Mr. Lind will take the trouble to 
 consult Enoch's book on Mexico, published by T. Fisher Unwyn of 
 London, he will find, on page 157, the following: " National lands have 
 been set aside in vast areas; and any inhabitant of the republic may 
 ' denounce ' or acquire a piece of such land, and retain it by paying an 
 annual tax payment, the prices varying from 2 pesos, in the remote 
 regions, to 20 or 30 pesos per hectare, equal to two and one-half acres, in 
 
84 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 the more settled states." In some cases this law may have been found 
 worthless, but it is the law. 
 
 As a matter o£ fact, Mr. Lind, in speaking of Morelos, speaks to his 
 own discomfiture. He says that there all the land is owned by twenty- 
 seven men. Well, at one time all of this land was parceled out to the 
 people, who proceeded to sell it to the twenty-seven (if that is the correct 
 number of proprietors), and, having sold it and received the money, now 
 they want it again. The question is, will the people remain proprietors 
 when the land is given to them? I have heard prominent and influential 
 Mexicans say that, if the land is again parceled out, there should be a law 
 passed at the same time forbidding the peon to sell. 
 
 Here is another statement that manifests either ignorance or a desire 
 to slander. Speaking of the peon's wages, Mr. Lind says : " They are 
 paid twenty-five centavos per day, and given a small measure (about a 
 pint) of corn. They are permitted to keep a few chickens, and occasionally 
 a goat or two ; but if they show the least inclination to increase their pos- 
 sessions, their ambition is promptly curbed." As a matter of fact, the peon 
 is given his house, enough land for himself to raise his garden truck, 
 twenty-five centavos in money, and three litres of corn and a half litre of 
 beans. He is not only permitted to keep a few chickens, but as many as he 
 wishes; and also a pig. He also receives wood. Besides this, entirely 
 away from his garden, he has another small piece of land, which is for 
 his use ; and he may raise, as he does, corn or anything else on it. It must 
 be remembered, too, that the three litres of corn and a half litre of beans, 
 together with the land he has and the wood, he may use as he pleases ; and 
 that all his chickens and pigs live on the hacienda. Of course, conditions 
 are not alike all over Mexico, nor can any one exactly define what a " peon 
 is ; but since Mr. Lind offers his statement to cover a general condition, he 
 might as well be truthful. 
 
 " The law of Mexico," Mr. Lind says, " makes it a crime for a person 
 in the employ of another to leave service while in debt to the employer. 
 Consequently, the great land owners take care that all their peons are in 
 debt." What are the facts about this ? They are that the peon will not 
 enter service without an advanced payment, which is called the " acomodo," 
 which amounts to from fifteen to twenty dollars. The land owner is not 
 at all anxious to give this, but the peon insists upon it. That binds him to 
 work for a certain length of time, but as a matter of fact, he works as long 
 as he likes and then he moves. Very seldom is the " acomodo " returned 
 to the land owner. 
 
 Mr. Lind seems to have very great affection for the Mexican of the 
 North, and he correspondingly despises those of the South. To him the 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 85 
 
 northern Mexican is the progressive Mexican, and the southern is the 
 one sunk in ignorance^ and despair. The northern Mexican earns three 
 to four pesos a day in the Texas cotton-fields, on the American railroads 
 and in the mines, so " he has learned to read his own language, and in 
 most cases, has picked up a little English," says Mr. Lind. 
 
 This statement is just as untrue as the others. The greatest destitution 
 among the Mexicans is in the North. The loosest morality among Mexi-i 
 cans is in the North. Proof of this Mr. Lind can have by studying the 
 Mexicans in Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, who are all from the North. 
 The most progressive Mexican is in the South. The State of Oaxaca has 
 produced Juarez, Diaz, Pineda, Cervantes, and almost all the governmen- 
 tal brains during the twenty years of Porfirio Diaz. The Oaxaca Indians 
 desire education more than any Indian in the North. The South is the 
 garden spot of Mexico. I wonder if Mr. Lind ever turned his enigmatic 
 face to the South. It is true the Indians in the North have had a better 
 chance — an opportunity to secure better pay, since there is more mining 
 and manufacturing and railroading in the North; there is also better 
 land. But, as a matter of fact, the South is in a much happier condition, 
 and much less prone to revolutionary troubles. No American, who has 
 read reports from Mexico, but knows that the North is the center of 
 revolution, and that the South usually has to be stirred up to join in the 
 blood-letting. A single exception might possibly be the State of Morelos ; 
 but it is remarkable, too, as I stated in previous pages, that the revolution 
 in Morelos, under Zapata, showed few of the anti-religious atrocities that 
 accompanied the revolution in the North. 
 
 Mr. Lind certainly is optimistic when he states that the northern Indian 
 has learned," to read his own language, and in most cases, has picked up a 
 little English." The truth is that the northern Indian does not want to get 
 an education ; and that the southern Indian does. I would ask the reader 
 to remember, in this connection, what I said about Oaxaca. I am not 
 speaking on my own responsibility. I have secured my information from 
 a gentleman who was born in Oaxaca, and who lives in the North, and 
 who was engaged in social work in one of the large cities, but who has had 
 experience in North, South and center. I shall be very glad, indeed, 
 if Mr. Liiid is interested, to give my informant's name. He is a Mexican 
 with a European education, and has been a professor in his own country. 
 
 ►I- 
 Another queer statement of Mr. Lind is that which concerns the opera- 
 tion of the national railroads. He says they were wholly operated by 
 Americans, but that to-day the entire system, from division superinten- 
 dents to trackmen, is in the hands of peons, who, a generation ago, had not 
 heard steam puff. " They do the engineering, superintend and manage the 
 
86 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 shops, construct cars, coaches and locomotives that would do credit to 
 any shop on this side of the line." 
 
 It is true, as Mr. Lind says, that " they are not all of the peon class." 
 Neither the engineers, nor the conductors, nor the division superintendents, 
 nor any one else except the laborers, are of the peon class. The fact is 
 that Carranza's experiment was a failure, and that these positions are now 
 open to the Americans, whenever they can get them to come {vide 
 the daily papers, which reported about a month ago that the change had 
 been made). The fact is that even when the Mexicans did run the rail- 
 roads, it was the middle class and not the peon class that did the operating. 
 Mr. Lind fails constantly to distinguish between the two classes. 
 
 In the course of his article, the ex-Governor informs us that a Papal 
 bull forbade any instruction in Mexico for two hundred years, except 
 instruction in religion and politeness. Now, Mr. Lind will concede that 
 the Catholic Church is rather a compact organization, and that Papal bulls 
 are usually obeyed by the clergy. Will he kindly explain how it was pos- 
 sible, then, to found the numberless colleges, universities and schools, espe- 
 cially for the Indians, which were established in' Mexico by the Spaniards. 
 What Pope issued that bull ? What is the date of it ? Surely, Mr. Lind 
 knows, and, if he does, he knows more than any authority on Mexico, or 
 any historian of the Church I have ever met. 
 
 But the pinnacle of loose statements is reached in the following: " The 
 discipline and restraint shown by the victorious Constitutionalist armies 
 and their chiefs were most creditable and encouraging." I am glad to 
 know what encourages Mr. Lind. He is so quiet-appearing a man, so min- 
 isterial-looking, so mild in manner and so silent, that I thought he would 
 be encouraged by the sound of the sickle in the wheat or the hum of 
 industry in the factory, or the scratching of a pen over paper, rather than 
 by the sound of knives cutting throats, guns shooting the innocent, and 
 the thunderous appeals to hatred that came from these victorious armies 
 and their chiefs. Does Mr. Lind think the American people are fools? 
 They know what has happened in Mexico. They know what the " vic- 
 torious chiefs " have done. They know of the outrages and murders 
 committed. They know that nothing short of the Reign of Terror in 
 France has equaled, for " discipline and restraint," the awful work of his 
 friends in Mexico. This statement from a man who represented the 
 United States, or rather the President of the United States, and must have 
 known everything that went on in Mexico, is one of the most horrible 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 87 
 
 and blasphemous utterances that I have ever read. It takes the measure 
 at once of John Lind. 
 
 Of what use is it to go on further, picking out the things in his article 
 which stamp him as not only incompetent, but absolutely ignorant, after 
 every chance to enlighten himself. If these are the things he told the 
 President of the United States, my contention in previous pages, that the 
 President was deceived, proves to be true. The President must have 
 trusted Mr. Lind. Who would not trust so wise-looking a man? Bulj 
 he trusted him to his own great injury. Mr. Lind was the President's 
 eyes and ears in Mexico, but the eyes saw things that never were, and 
 the ears heard things that are a tissue of falsehoods from beginning to 
 end. No wonder we are in trouble over our Mexican policy ! No wonder 
 that it stands as the one great failure and blot upon a government that 
 meant well, and that intended to do things for Mexico's good. No wonder 
 that it has raised an angry protest among sixteen million people in this 
 country, and is daily bringing to their aid the enlightened among theii; 
 fellow citizens. If this is what Mr. Lind learned, he had better go to 
 school again. We did not need to send any one to Mexico to get false- 
 hoods. We had access to the Encyclopedia Britannica for the history of 
 Mexico, and we could have copied our impressions out of it just as Mr. 
 Lind did. And as for the things that he reports of his personal knowl- 
 edge, we have enough lie factories in the United States without paying 
 John Lind to go to Mexico at the expense of the taxpayers and manufac- 
 ture more lies. 
 
 A THIRD PART. 
 
 An extra natural division of Mr. Lind's article is his defense of the 
 policy of President Wilson toward Mexico. I am not concerned in attack- 
 ing President Wilson's policy. I have tried only to give the facts and let 
 people judge for themselves. Moreover, I am in entire sympathy with the 
 President's desire to avoid armed intervention in Mexico. I can go a step 
 farther. I have frequently met and consulted with the archbishops 
 and bishops of Mexico, and I know I speak their minds when I say 
 that they do not want such intervention. They are patriotic Mexicans 
 who fear for the independence of their beloved country, who dread 
 the shedding of their countrymen's blood, and who prefer to suffer even 
 death rather than see the foot of an invader step in enmity upon the soil 
 of Mexico. So while as an American I do not want our own country 
 plunged into a war, as the representative of members of the Ad^exican 
 hierarchy I do not want it for Mexico's sake. What the Mexican bishops 
 want is religious liberty. What American Catholics want is the promiso 
 that a government which already has intervened in Mexican affairs to the 
 
88 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 extent of telling the Mexican people what they should not do, will inform 
 one and all of the factions that the thing they must do, if they want recog-, 
 nition by this nation, is to guarantee a true democracy to Mexico, by giv- 
 ing its people what they have not had for fifty years — liberty of conscience. 
 The President can do that. He ought to do it. He can do no less. 
 We'll forget what is past, but the future, we are determined, shall not be 
 marked by the John Lindisms of the past, by which I mean — the unpar- 
 donable blunders of narrow-mindedness and prejudice. 
 
 WHAT IS WRONG WITH MEXICO? 
 
 Without egotism I think I can answer that question. Every one who 
 knows Mexican history and something of the condition of Mexico to-day, 
 can answer it. 
 
 Here is the answer ; What is our President's endeavor in his Mexican 
 policy? To his honor and credit, let it be said that he is aiming at giving 
 Mexico a lasting solution for her difficulties in the shape of a pure democ- 
 racy. But no democracy can be built upon the foundation-stone of tyranny. 
 If the President wishes to solve the Mexican problem, he must begin at 
 the foundation; for all semblance of law has vanished from that country. 
 In the United States we believe that a foundation which does not guaran- 
 tee rights of conscience is a wrong foundation. Our fathers who founded 
 the republic were a unit on that point. They knew that no State can long 
 survive as a tyranny. 
 
 I think it is the general belief of the people of the United States that 
 President Wilson intends to recognize no government in Mexico that he 
 does not believe will give a lasting peace to the country. If he does not 
 secure a pure democrary for Mexico now, whatever government he recog- 
 nizes must be one in which he has confidence that it will at least prepare 
 the people for it. If his policy aims at makeshifts, we are very much mis- 
 taken about it. 
 
 In order to get at the crux of the difficulty, it is necessary to know that 
 since 1810 Mexico has been at war, civil or foreign, with but an interval 
 of peace. In the final defeat of the Spaniards with Iturbide, in 1821, the 
 last real stable government left Mexico. Since that time, one revolution 
 has followed another. The dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz was the era of 
 peace. But dissatisfaction was always there. Why? 
 
 If Mr. Lind will take a glance at the two great political parties of Mex- 
 ico, and the two great political parties of the United States, he will see 
 where the difficulty lies, always remembering that Mexican democracy is 
 a conceded failure, while that of the United States is a conceded success. 
 
 During the progress of the war between Mexico and the United States, 
 the first active attempt at anti-clericalism was made in Mexico. This 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 89 
 
 attempt took the form of robbing the Church. I do not defend the condi- 
 tion which made the Church something worth robbing. Personally, I 
 think the Church is better off with little property, outside its religious 
 houses, and its houses for charity and education, than it possibly could be 
 with great wealth. But about robbery, there can be only one opinion. 
 
 The wrong method was taken with the Church. Catholics resented it ; 
 and out of their resentment on one side, and the desire for spoliation on 
 the other, arose the two great political parties of Mexico — the Clerical 
 and the Liberal. The first was defensive and the other offensive. The 
 Clerical party feared spoliation less than the inevitable result confessed 
 by the Liberals as their goal — the restriction of religious liberty. The 
 events of the last year permit us to verify earlier impressions as to what 
 the Liberals really aimed at. Economic and agrarian questions were only 
 side issues. The great issue of Mexican politics was that of liberty of con- 
 science. Little was said about it, for the Church could say little. She did 
 not want to enter politics. But it is easy to understand other tyrannies 
 with this basic injustice in the laws. 
 
 The Mexican people have never been permitted to vote on the question 
 of religious liberty. It was never clearly put up to the suffrage of the 
 nation. Every revolution was an appeal to arms, and not until Madero 
 came was there even a partial attempt to find out the will of the people. 
 Madero proclaimed a free election. The Clerical party was organized 
 with his encouragement, although he was not a member of it. The result 
 of the election, in spite of the fact that the Liberals did the counting of 
 the votes, was really a verdict for religious liberty. Then revolution broke 
 out again. Since in a fair battle of ballots, religious liberty would have 
 won, the ballots were replaced by bullets, and the great question still 
 remains open, and still has in it the certainty of future trouble. 
 
 When our own nation was born, its founders settled the question of 
 religious liberty by constitutional enactment. They guaranteed liberty of 
 conscience ; and, as a consequence, it was taken out of politics, and every 
 later attempt to make it a part of a political struggle was frowned down 
 upon and defeated by the American people. The parties that fostered such 
 attempts lie wrecked and ruined along the highway of American progress. 
 As a consequence, our political divisions concern themselves about political 
 and industrial questions. They all aim at the material upbuilding of the 
 nation. The foundation-stone of our democracy, in the main, is justice: 
 so we have prospered, and we live at peace with our neighbors. 
 
 It is easy, then, to see the radical difference between the Mexican 
 political situation and our own; and it is easy to note the consequence 
 
90 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 of each, to put a finger on the canker that is eating the heart out of 
 Mexico, and to know what Hes at the root of its poUtical misfortunes. 
 Mexico has a poHtical issue upon which there can be no compromise on the 
 part of the majority of its people. No one can compromise on the ques- 
 tion of his natural rights. One may be defeated for the time being, but 
 never conquered. The question of religious liberty is too big for politics. 
 It transcends all other questions — overshadows them, buries them. 
 When men are sincere there can be no other thought on the matter. In 
 Mexico the religious issue is persistent. Fair play can not be secured by 
 arms. The " Liberals " will not yield until the Church is destroyed. 
 They refuse to grant others the rights which they demand for them- 
 selves ; so all questions which regard the material welfare of the nation- 
 are sidetracked. Mexico still suffers as she has suffered for fifty years. 
 How can the Catholics of Mexico yield? They are not asking for 
 rights which they refuse to grant to their neighbors. Are they wrong in 
 their uncompromising attitude? They have already yielded in every 
 non-essential. They do not ask the return of their old confiscated prop- 
 erty. They do not ask a reunion of Church and State. They do not ask 
 for special privileges. They simply ask for the essentials — recognition 
 of their Church's right to exist, to preach, to teach, to administer the 
 Sacraments, and to hold such property as is necessary for the endowment 
 of her charities and her educational establishments. With her it is a 
 fight for life, for liberty to perform her duties. She can not accept laws 
 aimed at these rights, at the sanctity of her priesthood and at her freedom 
 to do acts of charity. Immortal souls are at stake. There is and there 
 can be no further compromise under such conditions. 
 
 On the other hand, there is no reason why the Church should be asked 
 to compromise. What she demands is only what our President himself, 
 with his high ideals, would say that a pure democracy gives her a natural 
 right to demand. She has the right to exist. She has the right to min- 
 ister, and the right to have and to hold what individual free men have 
 consecrated to her service. 
 
 For fifty years, upheld by sword and gun, the minority of ^^^xico 
 has denied the majority its freedom of worship ; has interfered with the 
 religious liberty of individuals; has coined their meekness into gold. 
 They have been doing this in the name of "democracy"; so for fifty 
 years there has been no peace in Mexico. Education has been neglected. 
 Agrarian and economic sicknesses have cried out in vain for treatment. 
 Treasuries of successive governments have been looted. Theft has been 
 bold and open ; and now comes murder, more robbery, lust and sacrilege. 
 Why? Because fundamentally the whole fabric of Mexican democracy 
 is wTong. It was built on tyranny of the worst kind — tyranny over 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW ' 91 
 
 men's consciences. The foundation-stone is oppression of the people in 
 the enjoyment of natural rights. You can not tinker with such a struc- 
 ture. You can not improve it so that it will last, unless that false base is 
 pulled out and replaced by justice full and free, by acknowledging the 
 right of the individual to worship God as his conscience tells him to 
 worship Him. 
 
 That is the crux of the Mexican difficulty. Here is the thing that 
 needs to be changed. If the United States is to help Mexico to peace and 
 prosperity, the only means the United States has is to point out the funda- 
 mental defect; and to insist, now that we have intervened in Mexican 
 affairs, that the cause for future intervention, because of the certainty of 
 future strife in Mexico, must be permanently removed. When the 
 Catholics of the United States ask our Government to refuse recognition 
 to any Mexican government which denies these basic repairs to the 
 Mexican governmental structure, the Catholics of the United States are, 
 at the same time, putting into the President's hands the power to insist 
 upon something which will make his name a future benediction in Mexico : 
 and which will make the American name honored and loved instead of 
 hated and despised, as it is now. Every one in Mexico thinks that we 
 have stirred up religious strife. The Constitutionalists have killed because 
 they believed the shedding of the blood of priests and nuns would be 
 approved in the United States. They do not stop to consider that Ameri- 
 cans can not approve for Mexico what they hate in their own country. 
 
 But is the Church responsible, at least partially, by holding possessions 
 which stirred up the cupidity, of men ? Even if it were true, that would 
 be no extenuation of robbery. That the victim is rich does not excuse 
 the thief ; for the crime does not lie with the robbed, but with the robber. 
 Circumstances may influence the degree of guilt, but not the fact of the 
 crime. Did the Church receive her goods unlawfully? No one claims 
 that she did. The full indictment is that she possessed them. Is that 
 sufficient reason for spoliation? If it is, why do we not enter into a career 
 of spoliation ourselves? Why not rob, as I already pointed out, the 
 endowments of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Chicago, Creighton, St. Louis, 
 Cornell, Johns Hopkins, and the other universities of this country which 
 are endowed? Their combined endowments must certainly represent 
 more than all the wealth that was ever held for the combined religious, 
 charitable and educational works of the Church of Mexico. Why not rob 
 Mr. Rockefeller, who individually has more money than a biased writer 
 on Mexico, Professor Noll, charges that the whole Catholic Church pos- 
 .sessed? But let that point go. It is fifty years since the Church in 
 Mexico has had property. For the last fifty years she practically has had 
 none. The Laws of Reform robbed her. She can not hold property 
 except in the name of individuals, who may turn around and take it from 
 
92 THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 
 
 her. When the Constitutionalists charged, as an excuse for their crimes, 
 that the Church had given $20,000,000 to Huerta, they charged that the 
 Church had given far more money than the combined efforts of all her 
 bishops could have raised in ten years. What wealth she had, at any time, 
 came through the self-sacrifice and labor of thousands of her religious 
 men and women, who took for their part poverty, in order that religion 
 might have the means to teach and minister. Recall to mind the stories 
 told of the fabulous wealth of the Church in the Philippine Islands ; yet 
 when the friar lands were purchased by the United States, they were 
 found to be worth only $7,000,000. That $7,000,000 represented the 
 savings of ten thousand missionaries, who had nothing for themselves 
 but their food and clothes, and who died penniless through a period of 
 three hundred years. Recently France confiscated the " millions "of the 
 Church. When the spoil was counted up, the government had only 
 $2,000,000. 
 
 Yes, it may be urged, but the Church has spent much money to decorate 
 her shrines. She has silver and gold and precious stones. That is very 
 true, but she can not use such wealth. The silver and gold and the 
 precious stones are the free offerings of the people, who look upon them 
 as the possessions of their own particular towns or villages, and jealously 
 guard them. For example, in Oaxaca there is a shrine rich in pearls. 
 Every pearl came from a pearl fisherman; and these very fishermen 
 themselves to-day have hidden them away, in fear of the spoliation of 
 their own gifts. What help is it to the Church of Mexico, in a financial 
 way, that the shrines have been enriched by the people? Why charge the 
 Church with having abundant wealth when she has no more power to 
 touch it than the State has — even less ? Some time ago an American 
 millionaire said to me : " Why does not the Church in Milan sell the 
 silver, gold and precious stones around the tomb of St. Charles and use 
 the money for missionary and educational purposes?" I recalled to his 
 remembrance the uniformed government ofiicers standing all around the 
 wonderful cathedral — government guards over wealth that is looked 
 upon as the property of the nation, not of the Church. Thoughtless 
 people affect to be scandalized at the riches of the Church, but in reality 
 the Church owns none of these things. A few years ago it was suggested 
 that the Pope present a work of art from the Vatican galleries to an 
 Emperor. In the Italian Chamber of Deputies the Prime Minister, Crispi, 
 arose and stated that the Pope could do no such thing; that the Church 
 was only the guardian of these works of art; that they really belonged to 
 the nation, and that the nation would take them when she desired a new 
 guardian. 
 
 4* 
 
THE BOOK OF RED AND YELLOW 93 
 
 For fifty years the Church in Mexico has been poor, living on the offer- 
 ings of her people, just as the different Protestant churches in America 
 live on the oft'erings they receive. Now she is told by the Constitutionalists 
 that she can not longer accept even these little offerings. They proclaim 
 that she must no longer teach or preach, dry the tear of sorrow, bind up 
 the wounds of suft'ering, protect her orphans, or sooth the pillow of the 
 sick. The men who say this ask our nation to uphold them in their tyranny, 
 ask us to put the stamp of our approval on what we know to be a crime 
 against democracy — and John Lind helps them. 
 
 We can have permanent peace in Mexico, but we can not have it on the 
 basis outlined by Mr. Lind. We can have it only on the basis that every 
 thoughtful American knows is the one and only and just basis. The 
 religious issue must be taken out of politics ; and then politics will be 
 allowed to work for the industrial upbuilding of the country. I don't care 
 who governs Mexico; the Catholics of the United States don't care; but 
 what we do care about is how, whoever governs, will act in this matter of 
 keeping fifteen million unarmed people from their religious and natural 
 rights at the behest of a quarter of a million bandits, with guns supplied 
 by English and American commercial interests, having no thought of any 
 man's rights ' ■ so long as they can fill their dirty pockets." 
 
 The persecutors may buy the silence or encouragement of eveiy paper 
 in the United States as they have already bought plenty of them ; they may 
 pull the wool over the eyes of a dozen editors of religious weeklies, as 
 they have already done with some ; they may land on every wire that con- 
 nects with a secret lodge, and drag thousands unknowingly into the evil ; 
 they may spend millions to " reach " the officials at Washington and keep 
 them fed on lies ; they may play on the political " loyalty " of every office- 
 seeker or officeholder in the nation; they may slander through the pens 
 of a thousand Linds and abuse through the mouths of a million Hales and 
 Sillimans ; but — they shall not with the silence of sixteen million Catholic 
 Americans fasten anew on a devoted people the shackles of religious 
 persecution. 
 
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