Qass Book 1^?.-! ^^h S— 0) ^4— i-" U (&—% /T\e/norial • apd • Bio(§rapt?ieal • jlistory — ^'^OF THE*>^>— Coast Counties JOF« (^eptral « ^aliforpia. i 4 f ILtLtUSTl^RTEtD . " . jk Coqtainiqg a History of tl^is Irqportant Sectioq of tl^e Pacific Coast from the Earliest Period of ■ its Discovery to the Preseqt TitT|e, together witFj Glirripses of its Auspicious Future; Illustrations ar[d Full-Page Portraits of some of its Enqirieqt Meq, and Biograpl^ical Mention of rrjar^y of its Pioqeers, arid Prominent Citizens of To-day. HENRY D, BARROWS, _ , LUTHER A. 'MGERSOLL, Editor of the Historical Department. ' ' Editor of the Biographical Department. "A people that take no pride in the noble achievements of remote ancestors will never achieve anything worthy to be remembered with pride by remote descendants." — Macaulay. CHICRGO: THE LEWIS PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1893. f^n^A PREFATORY. THE GENERAL HISTORY. STN presenting the result of their labors to the readers of this volume, the editors desire 11 to say that they are fully aware of the truth that the merit of a picture of any past epoch depends not a little on the manner in which it is presented. The historian, that is, the picturer of the present or the past, like the painter, should be, though he often, alas! falls short of being, an artist. He should also be an idealist and a philosopher. It is not enough for him to give mere dull descriptions of humdrum events, which in themselves alone are often, however faithfully reproduced, but the dry bones of a cadaver. He must see something of the significance of the events he describes, the wondrous and often vital rela- tions that exist between them, if he would bring an epoch vividly before the living present. He who spiritualizes and idealizes may indeed write the truest history. When Geoi'ge Eliot gave, in after years, idealized pictures of the scenes and localities of her youth, her neighbors, though seeing with different eyes, had no difticulty in recognizing the fidelity of her descriptions. So, coming nearer home, Mrs. Helen Jackson's idealized pictures in Ramona of California scenes and characters, — of the hot, dusty, sheep-shearing times so familiar to old Californians, — are not only faithful pictures, but they are also made all the more attractive by her idealized artistic mode of presentation. In telling the story of the central coast section of California, or, perhaps it would be better to say, in summarizing that story within the briefest limits, we have endeavored to give the primary facts with fidelity. But whether we have rightly grasped the signifi- cance of the events we have described, — the wondrous and often vital relations which exist between them, — is a matter, of course, which is left for the reader and the critic to decide. We must confess that the study of California's early history, and especially of the early history of Monterey and vicinity, — which, in manners, customs and language, were but a section of Spain translated to this then far distant region bordering ou the South Seas, — has greatly interested us. We can only hope that we may be able to awaken in our readers, in some slight degree, a like interest in the same study. H. D. Uakkows. PREFATORT. THE BIOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENT. The publishers believe tliey have materially added to the value of this work by supple- menting the general historical chapters with a somewhat extensive list of biographical sketches and personal mention, so called, of citizens of more or less local prominence. With the incorporation of these sketches, brief as some of them are, a two-fold purpose is served. First, it secures to the work a class of significant historical facts that cannot so appropri- ately find a place in any other portion of the history; secondly, to the general interest of the volume it adds a personal worth to a class of people who would like to see such a work in print, and leave it to their posterity. In gathering the facts for these articles, serious difliculties have been encountered. Some people have shown a reluctance to furnish us the desired data; others have over- stocked us with material; while still others have declined to furnish us with any informa- tion at all. The first two embarrassments were, with patience, in a measure, overcome; but the last mentioned was insurmountable; and thus it is that the biographies of some most worthy subjects are brief, and others are not here at all. All possible caution has been taken to record these statements in harmony with the facts, aiming in each case to give a faithful pen picture of each subject, as the artist would bring out the beauties of a land- scape picture in colors liarmonious and true to Nature. The ills of life and imperfections in character are neither pleasant nor profitable to contemplate. Therefore, we have not aimed to perpetuate them in history. To insure accuracy, these biographical sketches have been type-written and then sub- mitted by mail or otherwise to the parties from whom the information was obtained. Some have been kind enough to return them to us as requested in corrected form, and in a few cases, where they were not so returned, we are not quite certain of their accuracy, and do not feel responsible for possible errors. The writing and final incorporation of these articles in this work have not been made in all cases contingent upon a subscription for a history. No pioneer has intentionally been omitted because he could not see his way clear to order one of our books, and the sketches of many appear who could not afford to pay for the work. It may also be stated that some have ordered the work who, for reasons purely their own, desired their life's record not to be included in the list of biographies. In after years these biographies, called sketches, will have a value, because they are anthoritive records of primary facts in the lives of persons who took a more or less active part in making the history related in this volume; and as years vanish their significance will be more apparent and their value increase. L. A. Ingersoll. MONTEREY COUNTY. Chapter. Page. I. — Physical Features— Location, Topography, Min- eralogy, etc Coal 13 II. — Indigenous Plants and Animals 14 III. — Historic and Pre-Historlc California 16 Early Discoveries 17 Vizcaino's Letters 18 IV. — Commencement of the Mission Era 23 The New World Colonized on a Politico-Re- ligious Basis 25 Partial Failure of the Mission System .... 20 Pueblos 27 Spanish Governors 27 Mexican Governors 38 V. — Founding of the First Missions 28 VI. — From 1^00 to close of Mission Era 34 VII.— Secularization 37 California Becoming Known to the World . 39 The Episode of 1843 40 VIII.— Premonition of Impending Change 41 Later Views of Castaiiares 41 IX. — The Change from Spanish to Anglo-American . 4.5 X. — Raising of American flag at Monterey 50 XL— Discovery of Gold 58 Effects of the Great Gold Discoveries 59 Radical Economic Changes 59 XII. — Constitutional Convention 61 XIIL— The State Organized 70 Suppression of Disorder 71 XIV. — Monterey under American Rule 73 XV. — Pioneer Reminiscences — The Ord Brothers in California 74 A Curious Incident 75 Fort Halleck 77 Reminiscences of Mrs. Little 78 Reminiscences of Mrs. Abrego 79 XVI. — Churches, Societies, etc 80 The Junipero Serra Monument 81 XVII.— Municipal 83 Monterey City Schools 83 XVIIL— "Whaling at Monterey 84 XIX.— Climate of Monterey— The Dry, Cool Air . . 85 Temperatures 85 XX.— The County 88 Monterey County Public Schools 88 Salinas Valley 90 Lighthouses 91 XXL— Salinas City 93 Newspapers 97 Other Business Establishments 97 Salinas City Schools 98 XXIL— Pacific Grove 98 Pacific Grove Schools 101 Donations 101 California Conference 102 Mayflower Congregational Church 103 Monterey cypress 104 XXIIL— Other Towns— Castroville 104 Gonzales 105 King City 106 XXIV.— Pacific Improvement Company 106 Hotel del Monte 107 Town of Pacific Grove Ill Carmel Waterworks 113 XXV. — Concerning one of the Earliest American Settlers in California 113 SAN BENITO COUNTY. I.— Physical Characteristics— Location and Topog- raphy 118 Geology 118 II.— Mineralogy 131 Quicksilver— New Idria 123 Antimony 124 Coal 124 Petroleum 185 Lime 126 III.— Early History 127 IV. — Decadence of the Missions 133 Mexican Land Grants 133 V — Change of Government 133 VI.— American Settlement of San Benito Valley ...134 CONTENTS. County division 135 VII.— San Benito County in 1893 136 County Schools 137 VIII.— Resources of San Benito County 139 Hollister hay 139 IX.— Hollister 140 Schools 141 Churches 142 Societies 143 Newspapers 144 Fire Department 145 Grangers' Union 146 Water Works 146 Light and Power Company 147 Banks 147 X. — San Juan and other Settlements 148 Cienega Lime Kilns 150 Priest Valley Hall Association 151 XL— Eucalyptus 161 XII. — Twelve years' railroad traffic 153 XIII. — Vasquez, the bandit 153 XIV.— Panoche Grande 157 SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. I. — Natural Features, Location, Topography and Mineralogy 164 Mineral resources 165 II.— History 166 III.— Founding of Pueblos 169 IV. — Annals of the Pueblo and Mission from 1800 to 1823 171 v.— Independence of Mexico— 1822 to 1846 176 VI. — Santa Cruz under American Rule 179 VII. — Resources of Santa Cruz County 180 Vineyards 182 VIII. — County Officers and Institutions 182 County Valuations 182 Schools 183 Societies 183 Churches 183 Railways 183 IX.— City of Santa Cruz 184 Santa Cruz Weather 185 X.— Other Towns— Watsonville, etc 186 Along the Shore Line 187 SAN MATEO COUNTY. I. — Physical Features — Topography, etc 190 Mineralogy 190 II.— Early History 192 Spanish Grants 192 San Mateo under American Rule 193 A Pioneer's Reminiscences 193 Rafting Timber 194 Adventures of other Pioneers 196 III.— The Redwood Forests 197 Arcadian life 198 Redwood and its Characteristics 199 IV.— San Mateo of To-day— County Officers 200 Assessments 201 Public Schools 201 Belmont, Oak Grove and St. Matthew's Schools 202-204 A Telescope 204 v.— Redwood City 205 Schools 205 Newspapers 206 Tanneries 206 Churches 206 Fraternal Societies 207 Bank of San Mateo County 207 Fire Department 208 VI. — Miscellaneous — San Mateo (Town) 208 A Picturesque County 209 Halfmoon Bay 209 La Honda 210 Lighthouses 211 VII. — Climatic Peculiarities of the Coast 211 Causes of the Wet and Dry Seasons 212 Topography as Affecting Climate 213 VIII. — Suburban Homes — Possibilities 214 Land and Live-stock 215 IX. — Stanford University 217 ILLUSTRATIONS. Assembly Hall and Church at Pacific Grove 102 Bolado, Joaquin 345 Castro, J. B 433 Cuartel and Customhouse (old) at Monterey 50 Flint, Thomas 313 Flint, Mrs. Mary A 318 Forest Stream in Santa Cruz County 164 Jacks, David 241 Jacks, Mrs. Mary C 246 Malarin, Juan 393 San Benito County Courthouse, at Hollister 136 San Carlos Mission 28 San Juan Mission, San Benito County 132 CONTENTS. BIOGI^APHIGAL SI^ETGHES. A Abbe, Andrew 353 Alexander, J. K 364 Allen, A. E ^78 Allen, George, 377 Anderson, W. A 340 Anthony, E 298 Anzer, P. E. G 437 Archer, S. M 418 Armstrong, J. G 380 Asher, W.C 335 Austin, R. C 287 Ayers, C 343 B Bacon, Mrs. E. L 219 Baldwin, T. L 350 Ball, H. L 405 Bardin, Charles 399 Bardin, Henry 240 Bardin, James 403 Bardin, Jesse 403 Bardin, William 303 Barry, Michael 409 Bassett, Abner 347 Bassett, C 348 Berg, Mrs. P. 279 Bernhart, J. P 420 Black, Samuel 251 Black, S. M 233 Black, Victor D 339 Blackie, P 278 Blakie, George 291 Blessing, J. A 283 Blohm, Enno 401 Blomquist, A 276 Blosser, W. H 281 Bodfish, G. P 293 Bolado, J 345 Boronda, O 385 Boronda, M. S 388 Bordges, J. S 415 Bowie, Joseph 283 Boyd, A. P 348 Bradford, H. L 333 Bralee, Thomas 324 Braraers, T 340 Brannagau, A 363 Breen, Mrs, E. J 425 Breen, John 425 Breen, Patrick 42G Briggs, N. C 376 Briggs, H. W 294 Brinson, Daniel 252 Bromf.eld, D 446 Brown, George 229 Brown, Gustav 321 Brown, Henderson 352 Brown.J. C 421 Bruno, Manuel 360 Bryant, C. P 353 Buck, George H 344 Bundeson, M 401 Burns, Robert 227 Burt, J. J 353 Butterfield, G. M 413 Butterfield, James 444 Butterfield, Thomas 442 C Cambridge, S 416 Canfield, R. W 397 Carpenter. W. L 328 Casey, Patrick 389 Castro, J. B 433 Castro, Stephen 237 Chalmers. G 420 Chambers, Henry 370 Chambre, R. M 433 Churchill, Z 349 Clark, R. H 415 Clausen, J 363 Collins, Patrick 409 Conkling.T. J 408 Conley, John 366 Conrad, Peter 417 Cooper, J. B. R 349 Copley, A. J 230 Corey, Hiram 371 Conlan, John 387 Creamer, J. H 360 Crepin,E. A 239 Crow, Marion 289 Crow, W. J 267 Crowe, W. H 267 Cullen, Patrick ... 372 D Davis, H. L 310 Day, F. R 286 Decarli, A 385 De La Torre, E 330 De La Torre, J 320 Dooling, Daniel 408 Dorn, N. A 357 Doud, Francis 4J3 Doud, Thomas 423 Duckworth, S. J 434 Duncan, W.T 299 E Eaton, Alex 274 ElcheTerry, Juan 412 Edwards, T. C SU Ellis, W. R 423 Escobar, J. M 381 Espenosa, Josel'a ,. 370 F Few, C. R 234 Field, T.J 309 Finch, J. M 337 Finch, M. F 373 Flint, Thomas 313 Forster, Allen 322 Francis, Miss L. E 264 G Gable, 8. A 422 Gallanar, Mrs. A 261 Garber, J. H 294 Garman, William H 231 Garner, A. T 415 Gigling, A 402 Gilbert, S. B 343 Gomez, F. N 255 Gomez, Joseph 224 Goncalves, M. M 404 Gordon, George W 359 Gordon, S. B 384 Gordon, S. B., Jr 403 Gould, Horace 233 Graves, George 303 Greene, H. A 370 Gregg, J. W 263 Gunzendorfer, F 330 H Hall, N. D 296 Hames, John 395 Haney, O. J 286 Hardin, A. M 393 Hardwick, N. G 251 Harney, John 351 Harris, E. F 386 Hart, Patrick 269 Hartnell, U 355 Hatton, William 341 Haver, William 304 Hawkins, J. W 284 Hawkins, T. S 263 Hames, B. F 395 Hebert, Z 382 Hickey. C 410 Hilby, F. M 333 Hill, J W 441 CONTENTS. Hitchcock.B 401 Hodges, J. 1 312 Hohnan, R. L 200 Horton, J. A 341 Houghton, D. J 280 Hubbard, T. B 232 HuWer, J. N 3B1 I Indart, Juan 412 Ingram, E 380 Irelan, L 413 Iverson, J. B 307 J Jacks, David 241 Jacks,?. M 398 Jarvis, G. J 372 Jenkins, L. B 277 Jensen, C 378 Jolinson, C 402 Jolinson, J. 288 Jones, J. M 320 Jordan, P 382 Josselyn,E. S 237 K Kapman, P 365 Keleher, J. M 385 Kent, H. E 396 Kent, J. H 353 Keir, J. S 363 King, Piiilip 375 King, William 375 L Lacey, C. F 405 Lacquer, A 296 Lahiff, J. T 333 Lambert, T. U 259 Lathrop, L. B 320 Lauglilin, S. N 224 Lawrey, Mrs. M. E 358 Leese, David 281 Leese, J. R 368 Leonard, A 222 Libby, J. S 345 Little, D. S 420 Little, Milton T 227 Little, W. C 400 Lloyd, D. W 329 Long, F. H 389 Lovie, G.W 277 Luce, Allen L , 3.">8 Lynn, T. M 383 M Macdonald, Philip 3!S4 Malarin, Juan 393 Malariii, M 230 Manklns, G. W 267 Maxtleld, Frank 391 McCarthy, D. M 431 McCollum, A. J 274 McCray, Daniel 399 McCrosky, B. B 305 McCroskv, J. A 228 McCuue, Alex 276 McDougall, James 306 McDougall, J. H 290 McFadden, Charles 414 Mcllroy, R. H 301 Mclutyre, Charles 268 McKiunon, D 328 McMichaels, E 281 Meek, A. L 322 Melendy, H 222 Menke, J. H 430 Merritt, M. K 265 Messec, L G 220 Meyer, F. K 416 Miller, J. C 268 Montgomery, E. B 378 Moore, E 223 Moore, M. M 310 Moore, G. A 275 Morrisy, T 395 Morrison, C 226 Munras, C. M. de 335 Mylar, Enoch 226 Mylar, Israel 226 Mylar, Isaac 356 Mylar, J. L 429 N Nash, F. 236 Nash, G. S 238 Nash, P.L 234 Nash, Shaw 238 Nash, V. B 425 Nason, F. P 438 Nichols, W.P 371 Northrop, J 297 Norton, A 291 Norton, K. G 344 O O'Hara, P 361 Oliver, William H 334 Oyer, Philip 253 Palmer, F. L 366 Palmer, Samuel 394 PalmtHg, William 307 Parker, W. M. R 253 Patton, J. W 279 Pearce, E. F .292 Peck, N. R 285 Pomber, Juan 307 Porter, Robert 387 Prewett, J. T 254 R Raggio, Luis 429 Renison, Thomas 263 Reynolds, John 221 Richardson, J. A 254 Rico, Francisco 410 Riordan, M 303 Riordan, T. J 437 Roadhouse, G. W 414 Roberts, G.M 275 Roberts, J. L. D 280 Robinson, J. H 292 Robinson, Wm 445 Robson, William 398 Roche, J.H 342 Roderick, David 266 Rodriguez, J 235 Rohrback, W 266 Romie, C. T 382 Root, J. F 356 Roth, Hiram 312 Rowe, J. S 362 Rubell, C. F ... 272 Rudolph, C 369 Santos, J. J. . . 843 Sargent, B. V., Jr 379 Sargent, J. P 387 Schmidt, William 279 Scholetield, J. A 249 Schulte, Joseph 257 Seaside, 380 Selleck, D. M 370 Sexton, John 283 Shaw, R 232 Shaw, William 304 Shearer, S. M 319 Shepherd, W. A 340 Sherman, F. D 379 Sherwood, Milton 363 Shields, John 289 Shore, R. E 221 Skelton, Henrietta 297 Slaven, T. H 256 Small, R. H 273 Smith, J. L , 332 Smith, E. L. B 283 Smith, S. H 225 Snibley, Jacob 337 Snibley, William 411 Snively, J. B 258 Soberanes, Abel 321 Soberanes, B. A 323 Soberanes, M. G 336 Sorrentini, C 228 Stedman,S. W 259 Steinbtck, J. A 392 Stice, Richmond 289 Stirling, Duncan 262 Stirling, Robert 394 Stirling, William 239 Stone, W. H 419 Swank, J. S 235 CONTENTS. Taix, A 279 Taylor, Nelson oiiitment as administrator of customs, and brought a commission for Alvarado as colonel. Manuel Micheltorena had already been ap- pointed governor and commandante-general, the two offices being again conferred on one person. The Superior Court met in May at Monte- rey, Juan Malarin presiding. Juan Bandini, the fiscal or territorial attorney, having resigned, Castanares was chosen to fill his place. THE EPISODE OF 1842. It was in 1842 that Commodore Thomas Ap Catesby Jones, in command of the United States fleet on the Pacific coast, because of fears of impending war with Mexico, and that the British fleet might attempt to occupy California, determined to seize Monterey, the capital. Accordingly, on the 19th of Octo- ber, Jones, with two men of war, the United States and the Cyane, entered the harbor and demanded of the governor and military commandante the surrender of Monterey. In view of " the small force at his disposal, affording no hope of successful resistance against the powerful force brought against him," Alvarado signed articles of capitula- tion. But Commodore Jones, learning from Larkin and others on shore, on the 20th, that the rumors of immediate war were unfounded, as were his suspicions that England had any present intentions of seizing the country, de- cided that, to use his own words, "the mo- tives and only justiflable grounds for a surrender of the Territory was thus suddenly removed, or at least rendered so doubtful as to make it my duty to restore things as I had found them, with the least possible delay," — which determination he at once proceeded to carry out on the 21st, his forces retiring to their vessels, which thereupon tired a salute in honor of the flag of Mexico, which was again raised over the fort. The people of Monterey were much an- noyed by the soldiers which Governor Mich- eltorena had brought with him from Mexico, some of whom were pardoned convicts. They were known as Micheltorena's "cholos," and they were a pretty tough lot. The old MONTEREY COUNTY. 41 citizens of the capital and vicinity have no pleasant remembrances of this viliianous gang. CHAPTER VIII. PREMONITION OF IMPENDING CHANGE. STN July, 1844, news was again received ll that war with the United States was im- ^ minent, as the annexation of Texas had been consummated. Micheltorena announced his intention to establish his headquarters at San Juan Bautista, whither cannon were re- moved from Monterey, and where for a time the soldiers held possession; while many of the citizens, with their movables, had retired to the interior, not so much because they feared an attack by Americans as that the "cholos" would pillage the town, if an enemy of any kind should appear, and give them the slightest pretext for such an exploit. Manuel Castafiares, who represented Cali- fornia in the National Congress, was working with zeal in behalf of California. He warned the government of its danger from within and without, urging the sending of additional troops, and the payment without further delay of those already there. He declared that the holding of California was more important to the republic than to keep possession of Texas. He compared Califor- nia to a rough diamond. In his "Exposf- cion," addressed to the Government, Sep- tember 1, 1844, he used these eloquent and prophetic words: "Uncared for f^nd aban- doned as hitherto, she will be irredeemably lost. * * A powerful foreign nation will encamp there; * * then her mines will be worked, her ports crowded, her fields culti- vated; then will a numerous and industrious people acquire property, to be defended with their blood; and then, all this, for our coun- try, will produce the opposite effects. And when there is no longer a remedy, when there shall begin to be gathered the bitter fruits of a lamentable negligence, and an unpardonable error, then we shall deplore in vain evils which might have been avoided!" But the Mexican Government could not be roused to a realizing sense of the situation, or would not take Castafiares' view, that dis- tant California was really of more importance to Mexico than Texas. In the early part of 1845, the central government was again stirred up by reports, to which Castafiares earnestly called its attention, that California would share the fate of Texas, and that Gov- ernor Micheltorena would be driven out of the country, unless something was promptly done. The administration proposed to ap- point Castafiares as civil and military gov- ernor. But he would only accept on condi- tions of being adequately supported, not with promises, but with men and resources for the accomplishment of the proposed task. But the war came on, and it was already too late to do anything to save Cali- forpia. LATER yiEWS Ojp CASTANARES. Manuel Castanares, who, by his residence with his family, for several years at Mon- terey, and by his able and zealous service of the province at the national capital, had become thoroughly conversant with the af- MONTE BET COUNTY. fairs of California was in 1857 summoned as a witness, in the great Limantour claim to a considerable portion of the land on which the city of San Francisco is situated. This claim of the astute Frenchman was afterward proved to have been based largely on forged or falsified documents. So, some thirteen years after Castanares left Monterey in 1844, to wit, in 1857, he came to California again, and gave his testi- mony, which it seems was favorable to Limantour, before the United States Courts. It was the good fortune of the writer of these lines to make the acquaintance of Mr. Castanares, on his return trip to Acapulco, traveling on the same steamer, and occupy- ing the same state-room with him. The result of many conversations with that gen- tleman was embodied in a letter to the San Francisco Bulletin, which, in condensed form, is of sufficient general and local inter- terest to warrant its insertion here. The letter was dated — ON BOARD THE STEAMER CALIFORNIA, AT SEA. September 12, 1857. u * * * Castanares says that he is now ^ Gefe de Haeienda^ of the department of LaPuebla, i. e., collector of imposts on to- bacco, lotteries, etc., for that district, where lie resides with his family. In Mexico, the government has Interior, as well as mari- time collectors of customs. [We have them now, in 1892, in the United States, but did not in 1857.] It is also the business of these officers to disburse as well as collect public moneys, which go to the pavnient of govern- mental expenses, the support of troops, etc. He says that he receives and pays out monthly, $135,000, generally more now, on account of the confiscated property of the clergy. He is enthusiastic in his admiration of Comonfort; says 'he is The Man for Mexico;' that the rulers of most countries are ambitious and selfish, but that Comonfort seemed to have only the liberty and progress of Mexico in view. Of Santa Ana he said that although he was his friend personally, and his father and himself and brothers had held offices under him, yet lie did not want to see him president again. He (Castailares) made reply to one of the priests of La Puebla, which is worthy of being preserved. "In executing some of the orders of the government, one of the principal priests told liim he would not grant him absolution, '•'■Padre, si Y. no. me absuelve, Dios me ab- soj^verd!" Father, if you do not absolve me, God will! " * * * "Castanares lived four years in Montery, from 184Q to 1844, where two of his nine children were born. He knows most of the old settlers, and captains and supercargoes of the Boston ships of that period. These he named over to me. He was afterward sent to the Mexican Congress as delegate for California for two years, 1844 and 1845. "While there, and in that capacity, he opposed and prevented the grunt- ing of three hundred leagues of land in, the Californias to the Society of Jesus, who had asked for that amount of land, through one MONT BRET COUNTY. of their priests, Padre McNatnara. Castan- ares, as representative of the Californias, op- posed the measure witli all his energy. He procured secret sessions of the National Chambers, for several nights previous to the final vote, — and noisy sessions they were too, he savs, — but he gained the question by only three votes. People may now make much ado about the Limantour claim, which he also opposed, and doubt his testimony, but the United States have to thank him, that these three hundred leagues were not granted away, and which, if done, would have to be respected. He opposed, knowing well, as he did, the true interests of California, for the same general reason, the grants to the Jesuits, to Limantour and to Capt. Smith, of Bodega; not that he had any enmity against these parties, but because he desired that the lands of California should be granted to actual settlers. "He tried also to procure the reversal of the grant to Limantour for another reason; Limantour was not, and never had been a citizen of Mexico, and it was against the law, then and still in force in the republic, which prohibits the cession of lands within five leagues of the coast to foreigners. (Sic.) Although Limantour had frequently loaned the Mexican Government money at large rates of interest, Castanares was in favor of paying him in some other way, at least ac- cording to law. He wrote, he says, sundry communications on this, as well as various subjects pertaining to California history at tjiat time, wl]ich were printed, and copies of which are yet extant, both in Mexico and in the hands of i)e la Torre and others in Cali- fornia. The Mexican Government, ever dil- atory, neglected his advice, and those grants were never reversed, and now he says they are good, sin duda — without doubt. Why, he says, there is Senor Bocanegra, an old man seventy-five or eighty years of age, liv- ing now in Mexico, who was minister at the time of the grant, and who has been judge of the Supreme Court of Mexico and foreign minister, etc., and a man of the highest prob- ity and honor, and is universally esteemed, whose correspondence in relation to these grants to Limantour is preserved in the pub- lic archives of the republic, and who is ut- terly incapable of deception and dishonor, he (Bocanegra) says the titles are good, and he lately acknowledged before witnesses his own communications on the subject as contained in the archives. * * " Castailares says that in 1846 he was apr pointed governor qf California and he started to come to the country to assume the duties qf his office, but on his arrival at Tepic he learned that the American forces were on this cqast, and so it was not thought advisable to sail, and he has not been in California since 1844 till the present time. " In answer to my question as to why he came now to testify, he said that he came at the earnest request of the French minister in Mexico. In the existing difficulties be- tween his country and Spain, out of which it was feared war might result, the French minister had written several notes, favorable MONTE RE f COUNTY. to Mexico, to the Spanish Government; and now that the French minister liad desired a Mexican citizen to come to California, and tell what he knew about a grant that was made while he was a Kepresentative of Cali- fornia in the National Congress, the request in courtesy, not to say in gratitude, could hardly be denied. Castanares received a tele- graphic dispatch on the -Ith of June last at LaPuebla, from President Comonfort to come to the city of Mexico, where he immediately repaired, when the president made known the wishes of the Frencii minister. He says he told President Comonfort that he did not wish to come; that he could not leave his ofHce, etc. Well, said the president, you can do as you think best; but the French minister has pressed rae very strongly that you go, and it would gratify me very much if you would accede to his wishes, especially in view of the favors that he has lately done to the Mexican Government. "So Castanares could not but consent, and his evidence is before the court. He says that he has served his country thirty years; his father died when he was twenty vears old, charging him, being the eldest, with the care of nine brothers and sisters and a mother, all of whom are still living, and for whom he had never ceased to care. And now, after having guarded his reputation as dearer than aught else, and kept it free from blot or blemish, to suppose that he would swear to a falsity — those do not know him who believe so idle a charge. His good name he desired to bequeath to his children untarnished that they could not say: <■ Mi padre ha deshonrad mi novibre:'' My father has dishonored my name. "All this Seuor Castanares says with great earnestness and feeling. One cannot listen to him and not believe that he 'speaks the words of truth and soberness,' or at least that he is sincere in his opinions. "Again: In hearing people talk on the sub- ject of Limantour's claims, I told him I had heard many say that if his claims were good, it was unaccountable that he had not made them before. "Castanares replied that Limautoiir is, and always had been, a keen speculator, and had shown himself as such in his dealings with the Mexican Government. He had even stood ready to furnisli it money or goods, at big prices, and at high rates of interest. "He was absent in Europe, Castanares believes, from 1849 to '52, or ' 53; and then he (Limantour) thought it no bad specula- tion to let things run — the barren sand hills would not, at least, depreciate in value. This last is merely a matter of opinion with Cas- tanares: he never heard the owner say as much, but that is the way he understood it. "That Limautour's grant is genuine and legal,* and should be allowed, he does not doiibt, because he knew the circumstances under which it was given, and has been *This, however, does not agree with Castaiiares' concession that a law of the Mexican Republic pro- hibits the session of lands within five leagues of the coast to foreigners; and that Limantour was not and never had been a citizen of Mexico. Therefore, in any case, the grant was illegal. MONTE RE 7 COUNTT. familiar witli the archives in which the records of it have been preserved. "Castanares certifies to so many corrobora- ting circumstances, and refers to so many documents, and shows such close acquaint- ance with California history, and tells all with the sincere air of a true and honorable gentleman, that one is constrained to believe that he must be telling the truth. * * * "Castanares keeps his room most of the time, where many of the passengers have called on him, all of whom he receives with the courtesy of a Castilian. In an interest- ing interview with Dr. Gwin (in which the writer acted as interpreter, as Seflor Cas- tanares does not speak English), he spoke with the intelligence of a statesman and the fervor of a patriot of his country, its government, its president, and of the future of Mexico." In the meantime Michel torena had been overthrown, and his office was declared va- cant by the Junta and Pio Pico, on the 15th of February, 1845, was proclaimed the legal governor, — and he was the last governor under Mexican rule. Don Pio is still (1892) alive and vigorous, although in his ninety- second year. He was born at the Mission San Gabriel, in 1801. He is believed to be the only living representative of the Mexican ex-goveraors of California. His residence is in Los Angeles. Bancroft estimates the number of overland immigrants to California in 1845, at 250 persons, of whom he thinks 100 were women and children. They came from Oregon, and over the Sierra Nevada mountains. Ameri- can influence now began to grow very rapidly in California. Thomas O. Larkin was United States Consul at Monterey. Later he received an appointment as confidential agent of the United States Govern uient, and he carefully kept his governnient advised of the course of events here; and being a man of excellent judgment his views were considered, and really were very valuable. Mr. Larkin was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in 1802. He came to Monte- rey in 1832, on the Newcastle, by way of Honolulu, and, at first, was employed by his half-brother, Captain Cooper. Larkin and Dr. Semple^ in 1847 founded the town of Benicia, and both he and Semple were members of the Constitutional Convention, in 1849. He after- ward lived awhile, 1850-'52, with his family in New York, but returned in May, 1852, to San Francisco, where he died in 1858. Of his children, two sons and a daughter, were living only a few years since. There is an excellent portrait of Mr. Larkin in the old Cooper mansion at Monterey. CHAPTER IX. THE CHANGE FROM SPANISH TO ANGLO- AMERICAN. imLTHOUGH the actual change of gov- |™| ernment in Alta or Upper California "^^ dates from the raising of the American flag at Monterey, July 7, 1846, by order of Commodore Sloat, of the United States frig- ate. Savannah, the gradual modification of manners and customs, and modes of life, MONTEREY COUNTY. and the slow substitution of the English for the Spanish language, began some time be- fore that date, and they have been going on ever since; indeed, the changes are not yet altogether complete. American civilization in California has certainly been sensibly and probably permanently modified in an infinite variety of forms, by the adoption of Spanish nomenclature, Spanish ideas and Spanish ways of doing things, etc., as Eastern, or American, agricultural methods, under the four annual seasons of the East, have been radically changed here in the West of neces- sity under our only two annual seasons, the wet and the dry. And a further very important change, far- reaching in its effects, has been caused by the new and in the East, practically unknown use of water for irrigation, in many portions of this State. It is a fundamental maxim in the Eastern States and in England, from whom we derive our theories of water and water- rights, that the water of running streams must not he diminished . it is equally a fundamental maxim in dry countries, where irrigation is an absolute necessity, that the volume of flowing water must he diminished, or, in other words, it must be absorbed in the thirsty ground. As a matter of fact, the Spanish theory of the use of water from springs and running streams, and evolved by long experience from the actual necessities of the case, has come in contact and in conflict here in California with the English or ripa- rian theory, which is based on entirely differ- ent uses of such running streauis, to wit, for motive power and navigation. As all our lawyers and law-makers are educated under the English law, the change or adaptation of our legislation to this new use of water or to the Spanish theory, is necessarily very slow. Nevertheless it must, and eventually will be effected; though much wrong, and perhaps violence must be suffered, pending the irre- pressible conflict between the two theories. Prior to the year 1846, English-speaking trappers and traders came hither in consid- erable numbers by land, where they found the sweet Spanish idiom was the vernacular; and a few English-speaking sailors landed here from the occasional vessels that touched on this coast; and, as almost without excep- tion, they liked the country, its climate, and its people, they married and became fixture, or permanent settlers. And thus they in turn, as they increased in numbers, came to exert not a little influence on the Spanish- speaking population, and to predispose it fa- vorably toward American ways, and toward the American people. That this predisposi- tion was a very important factor in facilitat- ing the change of governments, no one can deny. Of course the marrying, occasionally, ofEnglishmen intoinfluential California fami- lies, as in the case of Don Juan Eorster, who married a Pico, had a tendency to dispose favor- ably such families toward the English, and this fully and very naturally explains why Governor Pico, when he saw that a change of government was inevitable, favored the English rather than the Americans. But of course Amer- ican alliances with native Californian families MONTEREY COUNTY. were much the more numerous, and their in- fluence was therefore proportionately greater. It is only necessary, in order to appreciate how potently and yet how insensibly this in- fluence Was exerted, to cite the names of such early pioneers as the Temples, Captain Cooper, Leese, Robinson, Stearns, Wolfskill, Warner, Fitch, Howard, Bidwell, and many others who came later, but prior to the change of government, all of whom either married into native families or established intimate rela- tions with influential Californiana. The story of the exploits of those who offi- cially took part in effectincr the change Fre- mont, Sloat, Larkin, Stockton, Kearny, etc., and of those who served under them — will always have an interest for Californians. To have brought about a transfer of allegiance of the people of California from the Mexican to the United States Government, almost with- out the shedding of blood, comparatively speaking, was a feat requiring tact and judg- ment, especially in view of the long distance of the actors from the scene of events trans- piring on the other side of the continent, on which, to a large extent, their own action must necessarily depend; and of the long and tedi- ous methods then required to communicate information between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Each acted his part according to his best judgment, though at times he was com- pelled to act in the dark. As Monterey was the capital where events centered, an account of what happened here would have both a local and a territorial in- terest. Captain John C. Fremont, an officer of the United States Topographical Engineers, in charge of sonae sixty men, reached the eastern territorial limits of California, via Great Salt Lake, on his second expedition to this western coast, in the latter part of 1845, and his party in two sections camped on Kern and Kings rivers. Desiring to obtain supplies for his exhausted men and animals, and give them rest before proceeding to Oregon, Fremont deemed it advisable to obtain permission from the authorities for his company to camp in the valley of the San Joaquin. He therefore Came to Monterey, where he met the Ameri- can consul, Thomas O. Larkin, and through him obtained the desired permission from the prefect, General Castro; Governor Pio Pico at Los Angeles was duly advised of Fre- mont's request, to the granting of which he interposed no objection. Of course in the interview between Fre- mont and Larkin, the former became thor- oughly informed concerning the pecular sta- tus of political affairs in California at that time; and of course the information thus gained influenced his future action, which has been sharply criticised by various writers, and especially by Professor Royce. Fremont may not always have acted wisely; but his in- tentions were certainly patriotic. Imbibing Senator Benton's advanced, but enlightened views, as to the very great importance of opening communication with Oregon, and the farWestof our own country,then undeveloped, and almost unknown; and well knowing that in case of war with Mexico, which was liable MONTEREY COUNTY. to break out at any time, England might at- tempt to secure the deht due her from Mex- ico, by seizing California, whicii our govern- ment could never permit; it was very nat- ural that he should take a lively interest in the course of events in California, and should desire to do all in his power to further the views, which he knew were held by the ad- ministration. Undoubtedly he was stimu- lated to take steps, at times, which were in- discreet, by mingling freely with the Amer- ican settlers (who also ardently desired to see California become an American territory;) as for example, in the cases of the " Bear Flag " and other episodes. The native Calif ornians had twice initiated movements looking to- ward independence. If war broke out, of course, as a mere war measure, California would be seized by United States naval forces in Pacific waters. Although Fremont was engaged in a purely scientific exploring expe- dition, it was natural and right and patriotic, that he, being on the ground, should take an interest in the important events which were then transpiring here. That his instincts were right, in assuming as he did, that the administration at Washington would expect him, in case of war, to assist the navy and and such land forces as might be sent here, in forestalling the English in the seizure of California, is shown by the fact that orders to that effect were not long afterward re- ceived by him. That Fremont and Sloat, and others some- times erred in judgment, for reasons already suggested, is not at all strange. With this proviso, it is but just to say, because it is the simple truth, that all those oflicials who took part in the conquest of California, aimed to do their duty to the best of their ability, with the light they pos- sessed; and that they deserved and received therefor the communication of the American Government and people. It is vastly easy for the student in his closet to criticise the daring explorer who, thousands of miles away from home and from his base of supplies, must constantly encounter new and unexpected exigencies, involving, as they sometimes do, the success of his expedition, and not infrequently the very existence of the party under him. Only a carper and a prig would pretend that an academician or finnicky doctrinaire, in his seclusion, is better able to decide what should be donein a given emergency, full of complica- tions, in a distant part of the world, than the man of action who is on the ground, and knows intimately and practically all the com- plex circumstances of the situation. As Fremont's company moved about the country rather freely. General Castro became uneasy, and on the 7th of March, 1846, dis- patched a note to him, reciting that he and his party, contrary to law, had entei-ed the settled portions of the Territory, and notifying him that he must immediately re- tire beyond the limits thereof, threatening to expel him if he did not at once obey his order. On receiving this rather brusque notice to get out of the country, Fremont fortified himself on the Gabilan mountain^ MONTEREY COUNTY. probably in order to save liis party from be- ing overwhelmed by a force superior in numbers to bis own, which Castro bad hastily gotten together. Fremont, in answer to a note from Larkin, insisted that he had in no wise done wrong to the people or the authorities. He undoubtedly intended, after the receipt of this note, to move on northwardly, but he evidently did not propose to be incontinently driven out, and thus run the risk of being attacked on the road, where he would be at a disadvantage; if compelled to protect himself and party from assault, he would do so in a position which could be defended. On the 10th of March, Fremont, finding there was no prospect of immediate attack, withdrew his company into the San Joaquin valley, and from there proceeded on his way to Oregon. Fremont's own account of this affair is given briefly in a letter to his wife: " About the middle of next month, at latest, I will start for home. The Spaniards were some- what rude and inhospitable below, and ordered us out of the country, after having given me permission to winter there. My sense of duty did not permit me to fight them, but we retired slowly and growlingly, before a force of three or four hundred men, and three pieces of artillery. Without a shadow of a cause, the govei-nor suddenly raised the whole country against us, issuing a false and scandalous proclamation. Of course I did not dare to compromise the United States, against which appearances would have lieen strong; but though it was in my power to increase my party by many Americans, I refrained from committing a solitary act of hostility or impropriety." This is certainly coherent and altogether reasonable, if we take the view, which seems to be the true one, that Fremont's course was wholly defensive, and that it was only adopted after the sudden change of policy of Castro. In the permission given him to en- camp and recuperate his party in the country, there may have been some misunderstanding as to bow much that permission implied. Ferhaps Fremont interpreted it too freely, and that the subsequent movements of his party alarmed the Californians, causing Cas- tro to suddenly change his attitude toward Fremont, thus giving his acts the appear- ance of being, as the latter expressed it, ''rude and inhospitable." Being called upon to defend bis party — that was one of the imperative functions imposed on him by his position as the responsible leader of the ex- pedition from the time he left the Missouri till his return thither — Fremont promptly placed his men where they could defend themselves against all comers, on the summit of Gabilan peak, where they hastily fortified themselves, and raised the stars and stripes. All this was done strictly in the line of self- defense and self-preservation, and not at all in the line of aggression, or as indicating in- tent to raise the standard of revolution, which would have been absurd. If these acts implied apparent defiance of the Califor- nians, it was clearly defiance of the defensive kind, and not intended to be aggressive in 50 MONTEREY COUNTY. any sense of the word, if interpreted in the light of prior and subsequent events. In the meantime, changes in the condition of affairs, both in the East as well as on this coast, were going on. Lieutenant Gillespie arrived at Monterey, April 17, on the United States vessel Cyane, bringing instructions from Wasbington to Consul Larkin and Captain Fremont, which modified their sub- sequent action, somewhat. Matters here were rapidly approaching a crisis. Even as early as March 27, a meeting of leading citi- zens, with the military junta, was held at Lar- kin's house, to consider the situation, in which the several propositions were discussed, of independence, annexation to the United States, to England or to France, by Castro, Vailejo, Prudon, Hartnell, and others. From this it was evident that the partisans of all these schemes already believed that a political change of some kind was certain to come very soon. This belief, more or less clearly defined, extended throughout the Territory; but it was probably more actively discussed at Monterey than at any other locality. All through the various phases of events leading to this change, Consul Larkin acted with great efficiency and skill. CHAPTER X. RAISING OF AMEEICAN FLAG AT MONTEREY. fOMMODORE Sloat, of the Pacific squadron, on his flag-ship. Savannah, fifty-four guns, arrived at Monterey, July 1, 1846, from Mazatlan. There were in port, on his arrival, the Cayne, Captain Mer- vine, and the Levant, Captain Page, twenty- four guns each. Several days passed before Sloatd ecided to take possession of the town, and to order Captain Montgomery of the Ports- mouth, then at San Francisco, or Yerba Bueua, as it was more generally known, to raise the American flag at that point. On July 7, however, having completed all his arrangements for the important step, he sent Captain Mervine ashore with a force of 250 men, who hoisted the stars and stripes over the custom house, which was saluted with three cheers by the marines and spectators, and by twenty-one guns from each of the three United States vessels of war in the harbor.* A proclamation in both Spanish *Mr. Thomas Bralee (a sketch of whose life appears elsewhere), who was one ot the actors in the raising of the American flag at Monterey, in 1846, gives some interesting details, not heretofore published, concern- ing that important event. Mr. Bralee served on the Savannah, a sixty-four gun, double bank, frigate, the flag-ship of Commodore Sloat. He says the American frigate sailed out of Mazatlan several times, and Ad- miral Seymour of the Collingwood would follow them to learn in which direction the Savannah would head. But every time she would return to port, and back again would come the British admiral. Once, on the oc- casion of a court martial having tried and found guilty a young sailor, who had struck an officer, the penalty of which was death, the Savannah put to sea to carry out the sentence of hanging at the yard-arm, which was not permissible in a foreign port, under inter- national law. The poor boy was pardoned by Com- modore Sloat. But the incident served as a pretext to put to sea. The Admiral got tired of following the movements of the Commodore. Meanwhile, on the arrival of Gillespie, with later news from Washington Sloat set sail in earnest for Monterey, where he arrived July 1, having entirely eluded the Briton, who sup- posed the sallying forth this time, as before, was only a feint. On July 3, some of the men from the Savannah were allowed to go ashore at Monterey. But on July 4, Oli Government Cuartel, Monterey Old Custom House, Monterey. MONTEREY COUNTY. and English, addressed "to the inhabitants of California," was posted in various public places; the necessary steps for the preservation of order were taken ; and information of what had been done was sent to Montgomery, Fremont, Castro, Stearns and others. At San Francisco Montgomery raised the American Standard two days later, without opposition, and on the same day Lieutenant Kevere performed the same act at Sonoma. Thus was the change of government in cen- tral California effected quietly, as an event that was expected by all, and gladly welcomed by many. On the 15th of July, Commodore R. F. Stockton arrrived on the Congress from Nor- folk, via Honolulu. On the 16th, nine days after the raising of the American Hag by Sloat, Admiral Sir Geo. F. Seymour, on the English man-of-war, Collingwood, arrived at Monterey from Mazatlan. Whatever views Seymour, as commander of the British squad- ron in the Pacilic ocean, may have enter- tained concerning the desirability or feasibility of establishing a British protectorate over they were not allowed ashore, as they were liable to get too merry on our Nation's birthday, and thereby make trouble. Neither on the 5th were they allowed to go ashore, and the men began to grumble. But on the 6th matters were made clear to them. The dec- laration of war with Mexico was read and active arrangements were made to them to go ashore the next morning. About 400 men, Mr. Bralee thinks (or one-half the force of the Savannah and the sloops of war, Cyane, Captain Mervine, and Levant, Captain Page), disembarked on the morning of July 7, and marched, under command of Captain Mervine, up to the custom house in the center of town to demand the surrender of the place, and detachments of the United States forces then took possession of the cuartel and other points in the town. Of course the inhabitants California; and whatever may have been the wishes and hopes of resident partisans of any •each scheme, all now saw that the time had passed in which it was possible of realization. At any rate, Seymour remained only a week in port, and then left for the Sandwich Is- land. On the 23d of July, Commodore Sloat turned over the conamand of the United States land forces in the conquered Territory to his successor, Commodore Stockton, who, on the 29th, assumed command of the naval squadron , and Commodore Sloat sailed for home on the Levant. After having appointed Walter Colton, who had been a navy chaplain, as alcalde, Stockton, in the Congress, with 360 marines and seamen, on the 1st of August, set out for San Pedro, to complete the conquest of the Territory in the south, the Cyane, with Fre- mont's battalion having sailed for San Diego two or three days before. The Savannah, Captain Mervine, remained at Monterey, whither Stockton returned in September. Alcalde Colton and Robert Semple pub- recognized that they could not successfully defend the place against the gun United States men of war, and their well armed, formidable crews, and therefore no attempt was made to do so. It is customary for a con- queror, in taking possession of country or port, to go through the formality of lowering the tlig of the con- quered before raising his own. But the Mexican flag had been removed, which caused some delay in the proceedings, while messengers were sent aboard the frigate to bring a Mexican flag. This was raised to the top of the tiag-staff. Whereupon it was duly lowered, and the United States flag was elevated in place of it. Three cheers were given by the seamen and spectators, and a salute of twenty-one guns was fired by the men-of-war. MONTEREY COUNTY. lisbed the first newspaper in California, at Monterey, from August 15, 1846, till May 1847, when it was moved to San Francisco. The old press and Spanish type, which they used, they found in the government house, where they had been stored since the time of Governor Figueroa. As there is no letter w in the Spanish alphabet, the printers, in set- ting up matter for the English portion of this pioneer weekly journal of western civilization, which was called The Californian, were com- pelled to use two v's, thus, vv for w. The following is Colton's own account of this journalistic enterprise, as recorded in his diary of Saturday, August 15, 1846: "To-day the first newspaper ever published in Califor- nia made its appearance. The honor, if such it be, of writing its prospectus fell to me. It is to be issued on every Saturday, and is published by Semple & Colton. Little did I think when I relinquished the editorship of the North American in Philadelphia, that my next feat in this line would be off here in California. My partner is an immi- grant from Kentucky, who stands six feet eight, in his stockings. He is in a buckskin dress, a fox-skin cap; is true with his rifle, ready with his pen, and quick at the type- case. "He created the materials of our office, out of the chaos of a small concern, which had been used by a Roman Catholic monk in printing a few sectarian tracts. The press was old enough to be preserved as a curiosity; the mice had bun-owed in the balls; there were no rules, no leads, and the types were rusty and all in pi. It was only by scouring that the letters could be made to show their faces. A sheet or two of tin were procured, and these, with a jack-knife, were cut into rules and leads. Luckily we found with the press the greater part of a keg of ink; and now came the main scratch for paper. None could be found, except what is used to envelop the tobacco of the cigar smoked here by the nations. A coaster (vessel) had a small sup- ply of this on board, which we procured. It is in sheets a little larger than the common- sized foolscap. And this is the size of our first paper, which we have christened The California. Though small in dimensions, our first number is as full of news as a black- walnut is of meat. We have received by couriers during the week intelligence from all the military posts throughout the Terri- tory. Very little of this has transpired; it reaches the public for the first time through our sheet. We have also the declaration of war between the United States and Mexico, with an abstract of the debate in the Senate. A crowd was waiting when the first sheet was thrown from the press. It produced quite a little sensation. Never was a bank run upon harder; not, however, by people with paper to get specie, but exactly the re- verse. One-half of the paper is in English, the other in Spanish. The subscription for a year is $5.00; the price of a single sheet is 12^ cents, and is considered cheap at that." Colton, in his book, "Three Years in Cali- fornia," gives some detached but exceedingly graphic pictures of the California of nearly MONTEliET 00UNT7. half a century ago, which lose nothing of their interest by contrast with the California of to-day. Thus, all old timers will recognize the following: " A Californian is most at home in his saddle; there he has some claims to originality, if not in character, then in cos- tume. His hat, with its conical crown and broad rim, throws back the sun's rays from its dark, glazed surface. It is fastened on by a band which passes under his chin, and rests on a red handkerchief, which turbans his head, from beneath which his black locks flow out upon the wind. "The collar of his linen rolls over that of his blue spencer, which is open under the chin, is fitted closely to his waist, and often ornamented with double rows of buttons and silk braid. His trousers, which are fastened around his loins by a red sash, are open to the knee, to which his buckskin leggins ascend over his white cotton drawers. His buckskin shoes are armed with heavy spurs, which have a shaft some ten inches long, at the end of which is a roller, which bristles out into six points, three inches long, against which steel plates rattle with a quick, sharp sound. "His feet rest in stirrups of wood carved from the solid oak, and extremely strong and heavy. His saddle rises high, fore and aft, and is broadly skirted with leather, which is stamped into figures, through the interstices of which red and green silk flash out with gay effect. The reins of his bridle are thick and narrow, and the headstall is profusely ornamented with silver plate. His horse, with his long flowing mane, arching neck, broad chest, full flanks, and slender legs, is full of Are. He seldom trots, and will gallop all day, without seeming to be weary. On his back is the Californian's home. Leave him this home, and you may have the rest of the world." The main vehicle for transportation in use by Californians in early times was the ox-cart, or careta, of solid wooden wheels, already mentioned. Concerning this unique institu- tion so serviceable in the primitive pastoral period, when no other kind of carriage was attainable, and which has continued in use on some of the interior ranches, even to the present day, Colton thus writes: "On gala days it is swept out and covered with mats; a deep body is put on, which is arched with hoop poles, and over these a pair of sheets are extended for a covering. Into this the ladies are tumbled, when three or four yoke of oxen, with as many Indian drivers and ten times as many dogs, start ahead. The hal- looing of the drivers, the barking of the dogs, and the loud laughter of the girls, make a a common chorus. The quail takes to the covert as the roaring establishment comes on, and even the owl suspends his melancholy note. What has his sad tone to do amid such noise and mirth? It is like the piping cry of an infant amid the revelry and tumult of the carnival." " The wild Indians here (says Colton) have a vague belief in the soul's immortality. They say, 'As the moon dieth and cometh to life again, so man, though he die, will again MONTEREY COUNTY. live.' But their future state is material; the wicked are to be bitten by serpents, scorched by lightning and plunged down cataracts, while the good are to hunt their game with bows that never lose their vigor, with arrows that never miss their aim, and in forests where the crystal streams roll over golden sands. Immortal youth is to be the portion of each, and age and pain and death are to 1)6 known no more." This is more like the idealized dream of the white man of civiliza- tion tlian the creed of the ignorant aborigine of California. Under date of September 14, 1846, Colton makes this note of the advance guard of overland immigration: "A letter from the Sacramento received to-day informs me of the arrival of 2,000 immigrants from the United States. They are under the guidance of experienced men, and have been but a lit- tle over four mouths on the way." The California of the period of which Col- ton writes was almost exclusively a pastoral country; and the interior was occupied by many thousands of Indians, a portion of whom had been partly Christianized by the missionaries, who had labored zealously, but with indifferent success, three-quarters of a century, in an almost hopeless attempt to make good Christians and good citizens of Indians, who, by nature were incapable of any high degree of moral, intellectual, or so- cial development. Besides these so-called mission Indians, which came to be known by the name of the mission with which they had been connected, as " Migueleiios," " Barbar- enous," " Diegueiios," etc., there were many wild or " unconverted " or gentile Indians throughout the interior of California. But all the Indians, whether quasi-Ghris- tianized or not, were distinguished from Mex- icans or from people of European descent, by being called, not altogether inaptly, hestias or ffente sin razoii, i.e., " beasts, or people without reason;" for their reasoning powers, or capacity for mental development seemed to have been extremely limited. Very probably, the fact that it was an impossibility to make full-fledged citizens of the Indians of California, influenced the Mexican Government to secularize the mis- sions and grant the lauds, which they had claimed, to gente de razon, — settlers who were capable of citizenship, and of self-gov- ernment. The liberal policy, adopted a dozen years before the ti-ansfer of the Territory to the United States, of granting land to actual settlers was a wise one; and under it Cali- fornia increased in population and prosperity. As the missionaries had demonstrated, she was especially adapted to pastoral pursuits. And, although they showed that her fertile valleys were also fitted for horticulture and agriculture, it was better that her territory should be divided up into many ranches managed by their owners, even if devoted to stock-raising, than that it should be under the sway of a comparatively few friars, who, though they controlled vast numbers of In- dian laborers, could never, with such material, as the result showed, build a State or a real commonwealth, with all that that term im- MONTEREY COUNTY. plied. And, as in a civic sense, the era of ranches, or of actual settlers on large farms, was an advance on the mission regime, so the later division of the big ranches into small holdings, and the substitution of diversified industries for the single occupation of stock- raising, are another and a longer step in the process of State evolution. In 1846, when Colton was appointed al- calde of Monterey by Commodore Stockton, California's beautiful and luxuriant valleys were all unfenced and unoccupied, save by scattered rancheros and their countless herds of cattle, horses or sheep; now they are very generally cultivated in grain or fruit, and not infrequently fenced; then the roads were few and the only modes of locomotion were on horseback or on foot, except that caretas, with solid wooden wheels, hauled by oxen with yokes strapped to their horns with raw- hide thongs, were used by the rancheros to convey their families from ranch to ranch, or from ranch to town, or to church on Sundays, or (lias de fiesta. Now the principal valleys of the State are traversed by railroads and cities are gridironed by street-car lines. Thus Commodore Sloat was compelled, in return- ing to the Atlantic States, to sail around Cape Horn, a distance of 15,000 miles; and Lieutenant Gillespie found the quickest and safest route by which he could bring dis- patches from Washington to Consul Larkin and to the military and naval commanders on this coast, was by way of Yera Cruz and across Mexico to Mazatlan, and from thence by a United States sloop-of-war to Monterey; while Fremont, with an armed mounted force had been sent out by Government to explore or find a path across the continent on our own territory. Now a courier can travel from ocean to ocean in palace cars by one of several continental routes in five or six days. On entering upon his duties as alcade of Monterey, Colton records that when he went ashore from the flag-ship, the Congress, he was hospitably received at the house of Con- sul Larkin. " This," he adds, " is the more appreciated from the fact that there is not a public table or iiotel, in all California. High or low, rich or poor, are thrown together on the private liberality of the citizens. Though a quasi war exists, all the amenities and courtesies of life are preserved; your person, life and liberty are as sacred at the hearth of the Californian as they would beat your own fireside." All Americans who lived in California in the early times will bear witness to the truthfulness of this picture. He further says: " My jurisdiction (as alcalde) extends over an immense extent of territory, and over a most heterogeneous population. Almost every nation has, in some emigrant, a representative here — a representative of its peculiar habits, virtues and vices. And then he gives a list, which includes with their characteristics, the Californian, the Indian, the trapper of the West, the Mexican, Spaniard, Englishman, Frenchman, German, Irishman, Russian and Mormon. " All have come here with the expectation of finding but little work, and less law. Through this discordant mass, he MONTEREY COUNTY. exclaims: " 1 am to maintain order, punish crime and redress injuries." He gives a few prices current thus: " Un- bleached cottons, fifty cents the yard; shirt- ings, seventy-five; plain knives and foriis, $10 the dozen ; the cheapest tea, $3 the pound. The duty on a cheap straw hat is $3." Of the bigness of the ranches in those days, when land was not of much value, he says: " It sounds strange to an American, and much more to an Englishman, to hear Cali- fornians talk of farms. They never speak of acres or even miles; they deal only in leagues. A farm of four or five leagues is considered quite small. Et is not so large, in the con- ception of this people, as was the one-acre farm of Horace in the estimation of the Ro- mans. Captain Sutter's farm in the valley of the Sacramento is sixty miles long. The Californians speak in the same way of the stock on their farms;" a thrifty ranchero having 2,000 horses, or 15,000 cattle, etc. Some families bad from fourteen to twenty odd children. Colton's journal, August 12, 1846, records the arrival at Monterey, thirty days from Mazatlan, of the United States ship Warren, bringing the exciting news that war had been declared between the United States and Mex- ico, which he says " produced a profound sensation." " It was an extinguisher on the hopes of those who had looked to Mexico for aid, or who had clung to the expecta- tion that the American Government would repudiate our possession of California and order the squadron withdrawn." October 1, the French man-of-war Brill- ante arrived, bringing J. A. Morenhout as French Consul to Monterey. Afterward M. Morehout became vice-consul at Los Angeles, where he resided many years and where he died in July, 1879. As war between the United States and Mexico was now being waged vigorously. Commodore Stockton determined to raise as large a force as possible, and go south and take a hand in the fight, on the west coast of Mexico. But the unsettled state of affairs in California prevented him from carrying out his intentions. Although the better class of Californians as a rule did not countenance these uprisings, and took no part in them, the disturbances caused considerable trouble to the new officials. They were mostly fo- mented by restless, dissatisfied and irrespon- sible persons, to whom the new rule was dis- tasteful. Fremont, with his headquarters at Mon- terey, was very active in raising recruits, and in securing horses for his battalion, which afterward became somewhat famous. There are still many old-timers, both in central and southern California, who remember well the exploits and marches of Fremont's battalion: and quite a number of its members are still living in 1892. The battalion numbered over 400 men, mostly frontiersmen and expert marksmen, and was really a formidable military force. September 4, 1846, the first jury trial under the new regime took place, at Mon- terey. The plaintiff, Isaac Graham, an MONTEREY COUNT T. 57 Englishman, charged Carlos Roussillon, a Frenchman, with stealng lumber. One-third each of the jury were respectively, Ameri- cans, Mexicans and Californians, and the wit- nesses represented about all the languages known in California. Hartnell, the linguist, acted as an interpreter; there were no law- yers. The trial lasted all day, the jury de- liberated an hour, acquitted the defendant of intentional theft, but ordered him to pay for the lumber, and decreed that the plaintiff should pay the costs of court. On the night of November 15, Consul Larkin, while on his way from Monterey to San Francisco, was captured at Gomez' ranche, by a squad of Castro's men, the object being, apparently, to hold him as a hostage to be exchanged for certain Californians who had broken their parole. Larkin was well treated, however. Later, he was sent south and turned over tu Flores, at Los Angeles, where he was finally released, January 9, '47, just before Stockton's occupation of Los Angeles; and he arrived back in Monterey early in the next month. Larkin witnessed, as a prisoner, the desperate fight between the Californians and Americans, at Natividad, where the former were dispersed. On the 17th of November, Fremont with his force set out from Monterey in search of Castro's men, but did not find them. At San Juan he completed the organization of his battalion for service in the south. January 22, 1847, Commodore Shubrick, on the Lidependence, arrived at Monterey, to take command of the United States Naval forces on the Pacific coast; and a few days later came Captain Tompkins, with a com- pany of artillery, on the Lexington; and Feb- ruary 8, General Kearny, came up from San Diego, on the Cyane. Commodore Stockton, January 16, had appointed Fremont as Governor, Kussell as Secretary of State, and a number of citizens as a Legislative Council; but this latter body never met, as some of its members de- clined to serve. Referring to the conflict of authority which had arisen, between Stockton and Fremont on the one hand, and Shubrick and Kearny on the other, and to the difficulty of obtain- ing funds in the department for current ex- penses. Lieutenant Colonel Cook, under date of March 12, at Sau Luis Rey, wittily wrote: " General Kearny is supreme, somewhere up tlie coast; Colonel Fremont is supreme at Pueblo de los Angeles; Commodore Stockton is commander-in-chief at San Diego; Com- modore Shubrick the same at Monterey; and I at San Luis Rey; and we are all supremely poor, the Government having no money, and no credit; and we hold the territory because Mexico is poorest of all." On February 23, 1847, Colonel R. B. Mason, of the dragoons, and Lieutenant Watson, of the navy, arrived at Monterey, bringing later orders from Washington, directing that Kearny, and, in his absence, Mason, should be recognized as civil and military governor; and that to the commander of the naval forces should be committed the regulation of the import trade, and of the conditions on which ves- 58 MONTEREY COUNTY. sels should be allowed to enter the porta of the Territory, etc. ; and a joint notice or cir- cular was published fixing Monterey as the capital on the first of March, 1847. A separate proclamation by General Kearny, as governor, in English and Spanish, at the same date, addressed to the people of Cali- fornia, was published. On the 31st of May, General Kearny and escort, and Fremont, with nineteen members of his original exploring party, and others, left Montery for the East, overland, arriving at Fort Leavenworth on the 22d day of Au- gust. A month or two later, Commodore Stockton and party also left for the East, ar- riving at St. Joseph in November, and at "Washington about December 1st. Colonel R. B. Mason, on the departure of Kearny, became his successor as military governor. January 28, 1847, the United States vessel Lexington brought to Monterey Company F of the Third Artillery, and also guns and military supplies. Among its offi- cers were names which have since become famous. Its lieutenants were E. O. C. Ord and William T. Sherman, and H. W. Hal- leck, the latter of the engineer corps. Its captain, H. S. Burton, was temporarily at- tached to General Stevenson's regiment, but on the mustering out of the latter in Califor- nia, at the close of the war in 1848, he re- turned to his own command. This company did garrison duty at Monterey for some time. Lieutenant (afterward General) Sherman acted as assistant adjutant-general under Governor Mason. There may be yet living citizens who re- member pleasantly the presence, forty-live years ago, in Monterey, of this artillery com- pany, with its genial officers. While they were stationed here, gold was discovered, turning things upside down in California, and electrifying the world. CHAPTER XL DISCOVEEY OF GOLD. ITN an address in New York, April 6, 1892, fJH Senator John Sherman gave extracts from '^ the following letter from his brother, Lieutenant W. T. Sherman, which gives an interesting and characteristic picture of the Monterey of that period. It is dated — " Monterey, August 24, 1848. "Gold in immense quantities has been dis- covered. All the town and farms are aban- doned, and nobody left on the coast but soldiers, and now that the New York Volun- teers are disbanded, there remain in service but two companies. Our men are all desert- ing, as they can earn, by so doing, in one day, more than a soldier's pay for a month. Everything is high in price, beyond our reach, and not a nigger in California but what gets more pay than we officers do. Of course, we are running into debt, merely to live. I have not been so hard up in my life, and really see no chance of extricating myself. All others here in the service of the United States are as badly ofE. Even Colonel Mason himself has been compelled to assist in cook- ing his own meals. Merchants are making fortunes, for gold : such as I sent you can be MONTEREY COUNTY. 59 bought at $8 or $10 an ounce, and goods command prices thirty times higher than in New York. * * * This gold is found in the beds of streams, in dry quarries, in fact, mingled with the earth, over a large extent of country, and the whole cannot be extracted in centuries. I have not the least doubt that 15,000,000 or $6,000,000 have al- ready been extracted, and men are getting from their individual labor froin $5,000 to $8,000 a month! This is not fiction. It is the truth. I went with Governor Mason and saw the evidences of it myself." EFFECTS OF THE GREAT GOLD DISCOVERIES. Of course the discovery of gold (in Janu- ary, 1848) disturbed the quiet course of events at Monterey, as it did in every other community in California. Bancroft says (Vol. VI., p. 63), " At the capital, a letter from Larkin gave the impulse, and al)out the same time, upon the statement of Swan, four Mormons called at Monterey, en route for Los Angeles, who were reported to carry 100 pounds avoirdupois of gold gathered in lees than a month at Mormon Island. This was in June. A fortnight after, the town was depopulated, 1,000 starting from that vicinity within a week!" Governor Mason tried to check desertion of the military forces under his command, but practically gave up the attempt. Gen- eral Sherman, in his memoirs (I., 46) says: " I of course could not escape the infection, and ^t l^st convinced Colonel Mason that it was our duty to go up and see with our own eyes, that we might report the truth to our Government." Mason's official report of August 17, to the adjutant-general at Wash- ington, which carried great weight in con- vincing people in the East, because of its official character, of the richness of the mines, was based largely on what he saw during this trip. RADICAL ECONOMIC CHANGES. The radical economic changes wrought throughout California by the discovery near by, and the production, in such enormous volume, of that commodity by which the value of all other commodities was measured, could be but imperfectly understood abroad. The sudden and violent changes in the value of all property, caused by the sudden abun- dance and consequent cheapening of gold, upset, financially, many people, sometimes in the most unexpected manner. That many, and often those who were most reckless, were made rich; and that many, and not infre- quently those who were the most careful, were made poor, were facts of common occur- rence, which should not cause surprise. People living in old communities, where values have acquired stability, often criticise the judgment of those who, in a new placer- mining country, are overwhelmed or bank- rupted, or who have not made the fortunes they might have made; when these same smug critics, if placed in simjlg-r positions, would very likely have met a similar fate. The world's material values are seldom dis- turbed by the discovery of placer or surface mines of gold, so enormously rich as those MONTEREY COUNTY. found in California and Australia about the middle of the present century, and which added to the world's stock of gold in twenty- five years an amount equal to that already in the hands of man, or more than three thousand million dollars. Consul Larkin sent from Monterey, June 1, 1848, the first oflicial account of the dis- coveries of gold in California; and a month later he and Commodore Jones sent letters by Lieutenant E. F. Beale, to Secretary of State Buchanan, giving further information about the wonderful richness and extent of the placers; all of which set the people of the East, and of the world, aflame with ex- citement, causing a movement from all parts of the world toward the new El Dorado equaled only in magnitude by the crusades of the middle ages. News of the ratification of a treaty of peace between the United States and Mexico was received in California, August 8, 1848, and was duly celebrated by the people on the 11th of the same month. General Persifer F. Smith arrived at San Francisco, and suspended or superseded Colo- nel Mason as military commander of Califor- nia, February 26, 1849. The latter returned east, and died the same year at St. Louis, aged about sixty years. April 12, Lieutenant-Colonel Bennett Riley of the Second United States Infantry, arrived at Monterey on the Iowa, with his brigade, numbering about 650 men. He brought orders from the Secretary of War to take charge of the administration of civil affairs in California. The situation of California at this time, as Bancroft well says (VI., 276), was not like "that of Oregon, which was without laws until a provisional government was formed; but was nearly identical with that of Louisi- ana, whose laws were recognized as valid until constitutionally repealed." The laws of Mexico were in force in California at the time of the conquest by the United States, and theoretically should remain in force until abolished or replaced by new ones enacted under United States authority, — unless, in- deed, the country should be governed wholly by military rule, which would not have long been tolerated by the people. Of course after the conquest of California, and until a new civil government was estab- lished, there were many irregularities and anomalies in the administration of the affairs of the conquered Territory. Alcaldes, whether appointed by the military or naval commander, or elected by the people, continued, as under the Mexican system, to be very important ofiicers, each in their several localities. And till new laws and new rules were provided under the new regime^ naturally these officers, even when Americans, continued to perform their duties according to Mexican customs, modified at times by common sense and their own intuitions of natural justice, and in doubtful cases the right of appeal to the governor was allowed. Their provisional or de facto government, partly based on antece- dent conditions, and partly evolved from the MONTEREY COUNTY. necessities of the situation, probably answered the exigencies of the people nearly as well as a regularly established territorial or provis- ional government would have done. CHAPTER XII. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. fN the 3d of June, 1849, General Riley, who succeeded Governor Mason as mili- tary governor of California, in accord- ance with instructions from Washington, issued his pi'oclamatiou to the people, calling on them to elect delegates to a convention to meet at Monterey, September 1, to formulate a State Constitution, which was deemed an urgent necessity, as the provincial govern- ment, existing since the conquest of Califor- nia by the United States, was, in the nature of things, only temporary and transitional in its character, and by no means adequate to the needs of so incongruous and rapidly growing a population as that which now occupied the Territory. The discovery of the richest and most extensive placer gold fields that had hitherto ever been known in any age or country, had drawn people here from every part of the civilized world, so that the population had now become thoroughly cos- mopolitan. Spanish or Mexican civilization, which had supplanted to a considerable ex- tent the savagery or lack of all civilization of the Indians, was now in turn overrun, not only by "hordes of Yankees," as Governor Pio Pico phrased it, but by a flood of immi- gration from every nation under the sun. Tliis convention, consisting of forty-eight members, representing all parts of the Terri- tory, and including natives of nearly every State in the Union, assembled at the time and place designated. As part of the delega- tion spoke only the Spanish language, it was found necessary to have a translator, and William E. P. Hartnell was appointed to that position. After six weeks of delibera- tion, during which the constitutions of New York and Iowa were taken as models, a con- stitution was framed, reported and signed, October 13, 1849. This constitution was sub- mitted to the people for ratification on the 13th of November following, when 12,064 votes were polled in favor, 811 against it, and 1,200 were set aside on account of in- formality. The following is a list of the names, na- tivity, residence and age, of the members of the first constitutional convention of Califor- nia, signed in triplicate by each member. Of the three original documents containing these autographs, one copy went to Dr. Semple, one to Consul Larkin, and the third to Milton Little, which his widow still has in her pos- session: NAMES. NATIVITY. RESIDENCE. AGE. John A. Sutter, Switzerland, Sacramento, 47 H. W. Halleck, New York, Monterey, 32 Wm. M. Gwin, Tennessee, San Francisco, 44 Wm. M. Stewart, Maryland, San Francisco 49 Joseph Hoborn, Maryland, San Francisco, 39 Thos. L. Vermeule , New Jersey, San Joaquin, 35 0. M. Wozencraft, Ohio, San Joaquin, 34 B. F. Moore, Florida, San Joaquin, 39 Wm. F. Shannon, New York, Sacramento. 27 W. S. Sherwood, New York, Sacramento, 33 Elam Brown, New York, San Jos^, 52 Joseph Aram, New York, San Jos6, 39 J. D. Hoppe, Maryland, San Jos6, 35 John McDougal, Ohio, Sutter, 33 MONTEREY COUNTY. Elisha O. Crosby, H. K. Dimmick, Julian Hanks, M. M. McCalver, Francis J. Lippitt, Kodman Price, Thos. O. Larkin, Louis Dent, Henry Hill, Chas. T. Belts, Myron Norton, James M. Jones, Pedro Sainsevine, J. M. Covarrubias, Antonio M. Pico, Jacinto Rodriguez, Stephen C. Foster, Henry A. Tefft, J.M. Hollingsworth, Abel Stearns, Hugh Reid, B. S. Lippincott, Joel P. Walker, Jacob R. Snyder, L. W. Hastings, Pablo de la Guerra, M. G, Vallejo, Jos(? A. Carrillo, M. Dominguez, Robert Semple, Pacificus Ord, Edward Gilbert, A.J. Ellis, M. de Pedrorena, New York, New York, Connecticut, Kentucky, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New York, Missouri, Virginia, Virginia, Vermont, Kentucky, Bordeaux, France, California, California, Maine, New York, Maryland, Massachusetts, Scotland, New York, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, California, California, California, California, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, New York, Spain, Vernon, 34 San JosC; 34 San Jose, 39 Sacramento, 42 San Francisco, 37 Monterey, 47 San Francisco, 36 Monterey, 26 Monterey, 33 Monterey, 40 San Francisco, 27 San Joaquin, 25 San Jose, 26 Santa Barbara, 41 San Jose, 40 Monterey, 36 Los Angeles, 28 San LuisObispo 26 San Joaquin, 25 Los Angeles, San Gabriel, San Joaquin, Sonoma, Sacramento, Sacramento, Santa Barbara, Sonoma, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Benicia, Monterey, San Francisco, 27 San Francisco, 33 San Diego, 41 The occupations of the members of the convention is given as follows: Fifteen were rancheros or farmers, fourteen were lawyers, nine were merchants, two printers, and there was one engineer of the army, one naval officer, one physician, etc. In December, 1849, Feter H. Burnett was elected governor of California under this constitution, and application was made in due form for the admission of California into the Union, which application, after a long and stormy debate in Congress, turning mainly on the provision forever prohibiting slavery within the State, was finally granted, on the 9th of September, 1850. The con- stitution formulated in 1849 served as the charter of the State for about thirty years. The house in which tiiis constitutional convention was held, a large two-story stone building, called " Colton's Hall," was the most pretentious and fitting structure for the purpose in California at that time. It had been erected by Rev. Walter Colton, the alcalde of jy.onterey, with funds raised by subscription, by tines imposed in his court, and by prison labor; and it still stands in a good state of preservation, having been used for many years as a public schoolhouse and public hall. It is the property of the Monterey school district, as is the public library founded in 1849. Evidently Chaplain Colton was a very use- ful citizen at this time, when the services of intelligent, full-fledged, reliable citizens were in demand. He was first appointed alcalde by Stockton, and then, on September 15, 1846, he was duly elected to the office, by the people. The office of alcalde of Mon- terey was a very important one. " It in- volved jurisdiction," says Colton, " over every breach of the peace, every case of crime, every business obligation, and every disputed land title within a circut of 300 miles. To it there was an appeal from the court of every other alcalde in this district, but there was none from it to any higher tribunal. There was not a judge on any bench in the United States or England whose power was MONTEREY COUNTY. so absolute as that of the alcalde of Mon- terey." The following interesting account of the convention, and of the experiences of the delegation from one of the distant dis- tricts of the Territory, and of the difBcnlties they encountered in their journey to the capital, is here inserted as giving a fair pict- ure of the Californian of forty-odd years ago. It was written in 1878, by Stephen C. Foster, a graduate of Yale College, class of 1840, who came to California in 1847, with Cook's battalion, as interpreter, was afterward alcalde and mayor of Los Angeles and a member of the delegation from that district to the convention. He is still a resident of Los Angeles county, being the only surviving member of the Los Angeles delegation. A similar sketch of the delegates from all the other districts to that historic convention, if obtainable, would be of exceeding inter- est, not only to citizens of Monterey bnt also to all the people of the commonwealth, for whom they builded so wisely. Mr. Foster says: "The war with Mexico had ended with the acquisition of California and New Mexico, but Congress, instead of giving them at once a Territorial govern- ment, entered into a tierce fight on the eternal slavery question, and the Cabinet took steps to force Congress to do something to secure a government for the newly acquired Terri- tories. How, after a delay of two sessions, the whole matter was settled by the famous ' Omnibus Bill,' the last work of Henry Clay, is a matter of history. " The writer, who had acted as alcalde of Los Angeles from January, 1848, to May, 1849, had just been relieved by the election of an ayuntamiento by the people, when the proclamation (of Governor Riley for the election of delegates to a constitutional con- vention) was received, and at the same time came a private letter from H. W. Halleek, captain of engineers, United States Army, and Secretary of State, urging the paramount necessity of southern California being fully represented in the convention, as the parallel of latitude 36° 30', the Missouri compro- mise line of 1820, south of which slavery might be established, ran just below Monterey, and requesting ine to use my influence to have the people hold the election, and saying that the United States propeller Edith would be sent down to bring up the delegates from San Luis Obispo to San Diego. I acted as he requested, and saw that due notice was given to the different precincts, but so little interest was felt that the only election held was in Los Angeles, and only forty-eight votes were polled and there was but one ticket in the field. The discovery of gold had deranged everything in California. Va- queros and others, who had worked for their $15 per month, were off to the mines. I knew that everything was at a fabulous price at the North, and although I knew that one could travel from one end of California to the other, and stop at a place among the Spanish-speaking population as long as he wished. I knew no one in Monterey, and as we had no idea where the money was to come MONTEREY COUNTY. from to pay our expenses, I was at first dubi - oils about goiug, hardly coasideriug that the honor to be acquired, by helping the aJininis- tration out of its ditiiculties, would be a fair consideration for the money to be paid out of my own pocket. Not one of us dreamed that our constitution would stand, but supposed that it would force Congress to give us a Territorial government, to save the country from anarchy. The permanent population of California did not then exceed 25,000, nearly all ignorant of our laws and language. There were between one and two hundred thousand more, but nine out of every ten had come to get what gold they could, and then go home. " I then had a consultation with my old father-in-law (Don Antonio Maria Lugo) on the subject. He said: ' So the Mexicans have sold California to the Americans for $15,000,000, and thrown us natives into the bargain. I don't understand how they could sell what they never had, for since the time of the king we sent back every governor they ever sent here. With the last they sent 800 soldiers to keep us in order, but we sent him with his ragamuffins back too. How- ever, you Americans have got the country, and must have a government of your own, for the laws under which we have lived will not suit them. You must go, and you can stop with ray sister. Dona Maria Antonia, the widow of old Sergeant Vallejo.'" " But you must give me a letter to her." " A letter,' was the quick reply; ' I can't write and she can't read, for we had no schools in California when we were young. They tell me the Americans will establish schools where all can learn. I tell you what I'll do: I will make Jos6 loan you ' El Quacheno^; the name of a notable horse which had been used by Lugo's sons to lasso grizzly bears that had attacked their stock on their San Bernardino ranche, and which besides the brand had the marks of a griz- zly's claws.* 'My sister knows the horse. *In 1843, the cattle-owners of the district of Los Angeles began to complain of Don A. M. Lugo, that he owned more stock than his ranchos, San Antonio and El Chino could support, and that they were en- croaching on their lands. As the old Don had already granted to him all the land the law allowed, he pro- cured a grant of eight leagues in San Bernardino val- ley to be made to his sons, and moved on it a portion of his immense herds. The adjoining mountains then abounded in grizzly bears, and they at once com- menced their depredations on the cattle. To guard against them the vnqaeros were seat out every evening to drive the stock away from the timber on the creeks and the foot of the mountains, into the open plains, and soma of them kapt watch all night; during the night there was often heard the bellow of some unfortunate bullock followed by the rush of his companions. By daybreak all haads Were in the saddle, aud bruin gorged with his feast, was overtaken before he could reach shelter, by some four or five vaqueros, and would soon be stretched out with a riata around his neck, and each foot, when one of the riders making fast his iHata to the horn of his saddle, and trusting to the horse to keep it taut, would dismount and with his knife dispatch the helpless bear. Three or four were sometimes the result of one morning's sport, and sev- eral hundred were killed before they were driven back into the mountains, and no longer molested the cattle. This business required skill and coolness on the part of the rider and horse, as the failure of any one would lead to fatal accidents. Among the most dextrous in this dangerous sport was one of old Lugo's sons, and his favorite horse was a stout bay, on the brand of Ygnacio Sepulveda, nicknamed " El Quacheno, " who was killedjanuary 8, 18i7, charging the American square at the " Paso de Birtolo," on the San Gibriel river. Besides the brand the horse was marked with the scars of wounds MONTE BET COUNTY. 65 for I rode hitn to Monterey three years ago, and she knows my son would lend that horse to no man in California except his old father. " I will tell you how I happend to ride to Monterey at my time of life: In 1845, when Don Pio Pico became governor, and es- tablished the seat of government in Los Angeles, as the Mexican Government had directed in 1836; but there was no govern- ment house, so I made a trade for a house for $5,000, for which drafts were given on the custom house in Monterey, and like an old fool 1 went security for their payment. The house and lot occupied the ground from Main to Los Angeles streets, and from Com- mercial street to the county bank. The owner was pushing me for the payment; so I had to go to Monterey to see if that hop eful grandson of my sister. Governor J. B. Alva- rado, then in charge of the custom house would pay thejn. I found hiui and Castro preparing to come down and deprive Pio Pico of the governorship, and they had use for all the money they could get; so I had my ride of 300 leagues for nothing! Plague take them all, with their pronu7icimnenios and revolutions, using up my horse and eat- ing up my cattle, while my sons, instead of taking care of their old father's stock, were oif playing soldier! The Americans have put a stop to all this, and we will now have peace and quiet in the land, as in the good old days of the king. When you get to Mon- inflicted by a grizzly's claws, caused by the awkward- ness of oae of the vaqueros, but he held his ground untiiachingly until the monster was secured and dis- patched. terey, you go to my sister and tell her for me, by the memory of our last meeting, to treat you as I have ever treated her sons and grand- sons, when they visited me. ' "The next step I took was to go to Don Louis Vignes, old 'Aliso,' as the people called him, one of our few moneyed men and borrow $100. ' £1 Quacheno.' thehorse so-called from ' Quacho ' Sepulveda's brand, was good for my transportation, and my board and lodging in Monterey, and I was now in a position to act as an independent delegate from the district of Los Angeles. " We had no news of the promised steamer, the Edith (she was lost off Point Concep- tion): so, on August 20, 1849, Stearns, Do- minguez, Carrillo and Foster, natives re- spectively of Massachusetts, California and Maine, started from Los Angeles together, on horseback, for Monterey. Hugo Reid, a native of Scotland, was already in Monterey, and completed the full delegation. The com- mon mode of making long journeys here then, was to take four or five horses to each rider. The loose horses were driven along, and whenever any horse showed signs of fa- tigue, a fresh horse was caught, the saddle was shifted, and the tired horse turned into the band, and the rate of traveling was sixty or seventy miles a day. The scarcity of serv- ants, caused by the gold fever, was the reason that the two Californians and myself started each with one horse. Don Abel Stearns, as "El Rico" (the rich man) of the delegation, took along a vaquero, with six spare horses; but since, if he rode California fashion, he MONTEREY COUNfY. would have to go alone, he concluded to jog along with the rest. There were no hotels from San Diego to Monterey then, and each night we lodged at some private house gratis. No greater insult could liave been oiTered to a ranchero than to offer to pay for one's ac- commodation. " On the road from Santa Barbara to Santa Ynez, there accompanied us an old soldier, named Olvera. He pointed out to us a live- oak, beneath which they found the body of Don Jose Dolores Sepulveda, the great- grandfather of the Misses Lanfranco, of Los Angeles, who was killed in 1822, when the Indians of the missions La Purisima and Santa Ynez revolted. He was coming from Monterey to Los Angeles, and ignorant of danger, arrived at Santa Ynez the morning of the outbreak. He was pursued by some Indian vaqueros, and he had no arm except a short sword, a useless weapon against the riata in the hands of men who could throw it fifty feet with the accuracy of a ritle, and his only hope of safety was to reach Santa Barbara, distant some fifty miles. He succeeded in crossing the Santa Ynez mountain, and had ridden some seven leagues when the foremost vaquero overtook and lassoed him, but before the riata could be tightened, he cut it with his sword. A second vaquero overtook him, and this time dragged him from his horse; but he again cut theriata and remounted his steed; but the third time his pursuers dragged him off, and then sharp knives did the rest; and when the soldiers from Santa Barbara, of whom Olvera was one, went out to rescue the little garrison, besieged in the guard-house of Santa Ynez, they found only his naked disfigured, corpse. . " The sight of the old Mission of Santa Ynez recalled to my mind an incident that occurred there at the time of the outbreak. When the Indians rose, there were two Span- ish priests in the mission. One of them fell into the hands of the Indians, and was put to death, under circumstances of the most atro- cious cruelty. The other, a powerful man, succeeded in breaking away and escaped to the guard-house, where, as in all missions, a guard of four soldiers, commanded by a cor- poral, were always kept as a sort of police force. The Indians were destitute of fire- arms, but their overwhelming numbers and the showers of arrows they directed against the port-holes had demoralized the garrison, when the priest took command. It must have been a singular scene; the burly friar, with shaven crown and sandaled feet, clad in the gray gown, girt with the cord of St. Francis, wielding carnal weapons, now encouraging the little garrison, now shouting defiance to the swarming assailants. " ' Ho! Father,' cried a young Indian aco- lyte, ' is that the way to say mass?' "'Yes! I am saying mass, my son; here (holding up his cartridge box) is the chalice; here (holding up his carbine) is the crucifix, and here goes my benediction to you, you ,' using one of the foulest epithets the Spanish language could supply, as he leveled his carbine and laid the scoffer low. " There was a large force collected from the MONTEREY COUNTY. 67 different towns, the Indian converts were fol- lowed into the Tulare valley and captured, the ringleaders shot, and the others brought back to their missions; and things in Cali- fornia were again quiet, when my informant had occasion to go to Monterey, and on his way arrived at the Mission of San Luis Obispo, where he found the hero of Santa Tnez. 'Welcome, countryman 1 ' was his greeting. 'The same to jou, Fatherl' was the reply, " but father, they tell me you are in trouble.' ' Yes, my son; the president of the missions has suspended me from the ex- ercise of clerical functions for one year, for the unclerical language I used in that affair at Santa Ynez. The old fool, he knew 1 was a soldier before I became a priest, and when those accursed Indians drove me back to my old trade how could I help using my old language?' Then, taking out a couple of decanters from a cupboard, he continued, ' Here, countryman, help yourself; here is wine; here is aguardiente. The old fool thinks he is a punishing me; I have no mass to say for a year, and I have nothing to do but to eat, drink and sleep.' " We stopped over night at the ranch of Santa Margarita, and from there to the Oji- tos (small springs), some fifty miles, there was not a single residence. On our way that day we stopped at the San Miguel Mission, the scene of the massacre of the Reed family, eleven in number, in December, 1847, the first, as it was the most atrocious, of all the crimes that miri mc-ra fames, the accursed thirst for gold, brought upon California. We entered the once hospitable hall and looked at the dark-red stains on the floor where the assassin had piled up their victims, with the intention of firing the building; and on the wall was another dark stain, where one of the fiends had caught up poor Eeed's baby-girl by the feet and dashed out its brains against the wall. We visited the churchyard and stood by the long grave where were buried the eleven victims, the jovial, hospitable English sailor, his pretty California wife, with her infant and unborn child, the old motherly midwife, Olvera, two grown up daughters, and all the servants. Not one escaped to tell the tale, but it was afterward told by the murderers, who were arrested, tried and shot in Santa Barbara. " The second night after, we stopped at the San Antonio Mission, and from there we rode to the Soledad. We had got along peaceably together so far, but that day oc- curred the only difiiculty among us that hap- pened on the trip. Two of the party got into an animated discussion as to whether the world was round or flat. The first main- tained that it was round, that all the scien- tific men and books maintained and proved it to be so. The second insisted that it was . flat, that he had traveled from San Diego to San Francisco, and saw it was flat; and the sailors that came from Boston and China found the ocean always flat, and he would believe the evidence of his own eyes in pref- erence to all the books and scientists in the world. In leaving the question to the third member of the party, who had traveled all MONTEREY COUNTY. the way from Maine to California by an ir- regular route by land, amounting to over 4,000 miles, was, as far as he could tell by the size had all seemed level to him, but he could not decide between them. The first one used such sarcastic language that the second be- came sullen, and, spurring his horse, rode ahead of the others in silence. The third member told the first that that would never do; that they were delegates from the oldest and most substantial section of Cali- fornia, and that their business was to see that the interests of their section were protected, and it would never do for them to quarrel among themselves; that they should have all those Yankees from San Francisco and the mining districts to contend with, and that the matter in dispute between them had nothing to do with making a constitution. ' You are right,' he said, ' and I will make it up,' and spurred his horse to overtake his countryman and make friends with him. From that time on, we had no further diffi- culty. " Our last day's ride was from Soiedad Mis- sion to Monterey, down the west bank of the Salinas river. About half way, Carrillo pointed out a large oak tree, where, in 1846 was found the dead body of his uncle, Don Jose Ygnacio Lugo, the grandfather of the Wolfskills of Los Angeles, who are his only descendants. He was over eighty years of age, and all Jiis life had been eccentric, and as old age came on this eccentricity became more marked until it bordered on insanity. He owned a few cattle and horses, which he tended himself, permitting no assistance from others, and which he kept under complete control. He had been in the habit of travel- ing from Los Angeles to Monterey and back again, as the whim took him. " He always drove his cattle with him, and wherever he unsaddled to pass the night they were trained to come up and remain qniet all night near him, and not leave until he gave the signal in the morning. He started for Monterey on his last trip, and a vaquero, about sunset, returning from his rounds, found him lying beneath the oak ap- parently asleep. He was a handsome old man, with long, snow-white locks. His cat- tle wore lying down near him, chewing their cud, while the horses were near by, and his saddled horse stood mutely gazing on his master. He had evidently stopped to rest at noon, and the vaquero, after speaking to him and receiving no answer, dismounted and found he had died apparently without a strug- gle or groan. The spirit of the old soldier had gone to meet his God! "We arrived at Monterey near sunset, after a warm, dusty day's ride. Stearns stopped with Don David Spence, an old resident like himself. Carrillo and Dominguez rode on to the house of Dona Augustias de Jimeno, a niece of the former. Carrillo pointed out to me the house of the Seiiora Vallejo. I asked him to introduce me to his aunt, but he shrugged his huge shoulders and said: ' She gave me a good scolding the last time I met her, and I don't care to face her now.' I rode on to the house, where 1 found my MONTEUBT COUNTY. hostess seated on the porch. I recognized her at once from her resemblance to her brotlier. She was over seventy-five years of age, and must have been a handsome woman in her prime. She politely rose to return my salutation. I gave her her brother's mes- sage, while she fixed on me her keen black eyes, from beneath the heavy eyebrows. Two of her daughters had long been married to Americans, who had come to California in early times (Captain Cooper and Mr. Leese), and she liked the old residents well enough, but could not bear the newcomer. When the Bear Flag was raised in Sonoma, by the newly arrived American immigrants in 1846, before news of the declaration of war had reached California, they had imprisoned two of her sons, and made free use of their cattle and horses. When I finished she asked me to dismount, and gave me a warm welcome for her brother's sake. There were tears in the eyes of the aged woman, caused by the memories recalled by my message, and there were tears in the writer's eyes, as he remem- bered the warm embrace of the New Eng- land mother when she parted from her first born, long years before, far off on the rock-bound coast of Maine. " I did not know until months afterward that that mother was in her grave, and that the last news she ever had of her wayward son was a catalogue issued in 1845 of the alumni of Yale College of the class of 1840, where opposite my name, was the entry, ' Last heard from in northern Mexico. Keported to have been killed by Indians.' "I will here insert the circumstances of the ' last meeting ' mentioned in the message I bore. In March, 1846, Dona Maria Antonia was seated in the porch of her house, which commanded a full view of the town and the Southern road, accompanied by one of her granddaughters. Three horsemen were seen slowly turning the point where one coming from the south can first be seen. The old lady shaded her eyes and gazed long and ex- claimed, 'There comes my brother!' O, grandmother, yonder come three horsemen, but no one can tell who they are at that dis- tance.' ' But, girl,' she replied, ' my old eyes are better than yours. That tall man in the middle is ray brother, whom I have not seen for twenty years. I know him by his seat in the saddle. No man in California rides like him. Hurry off, girl; call your mother and aunts, your brothers, sisters and cousins, and let us go forth to welcome him. The horsemen drew near and a little group of some twenty women and children stood waiting with grandmother at their head, her eyes fixed on the tall horseman, an old white-haired man, who flung himself from the saddle, and, mutually exclaiming 'Brother!' 'Sister!' they were locked in a warnj em- brace. "We met at tiie time appointed in Colton hall and organized. " We finished our work in the early part of October, for Governor Riley's proclamation calling upon the people to vote on the con- stitution is dated October 12, 1849. Whether we did our work well or ill is not for the 70 MONTEREY COUNTY. writer to say; but, under that constitution, California, from a state of anarchy in 1849 has become a prosperous and well-organized State in 1878. "In regard to our compensation it was fixed by ourselves, and paid out of a fund arising from duties on foreign goods, in virtue of a tariff established during the war, for Mexican ports occupied by the United States forces, as Congress, in its first session after the acquisi- tion of California, failed to extend the reve- nue laws over California. "Another convention is now (March 1878) to be called, and when the Los Angeles delegation go up to attend it, they can have their choice of the steamer or the palace car; and if compensation is allowed, they have the treasury of a rich and powerful State; while the writer, thirty years ago, had to go depend- ent on old Lugo's bear horse as his means of transportation and letter of recommendation, and the old Frenchman for funds to defray his necessary expenses." Dr. Robert Semple was made president of the convention, William G. Marcy, secre- tary; J. Ross Browne, official reporter; W. E. P. Hartnell, interpreter, etc. The convention having finished its work October 13, the new constitution, together with Governor Riley's proclamation, and an address to the people, signed by all the delegates, was printed and circulated throughout the Territory, with all dispatch; and preparations were at once made to hold an election, for the purpose of adopt- ing the new instrument, and the election of officers, etc., as provided for in the same. Governor Riley allowed the members of the convention, from the money collected from customs since the conquest, $16 per day, and $16 for each twenty miles traveled, counting each way. Ross Browne was paid §10,000 for 1,000 bound copies in English, and 250 copies in Spanish of his official report of the proceedings. At the election held November 13, 1849, the Constitution was adopted by a vote of 12,064 for and 811 against. The population at the time was estimated at a little over 100,000 souls. At the same time Peter H. Burnett was elected governor: John Mc- Dongal, lieutenant-governor; Edward Gil- bert and G. W. Wright as Congressional representatives, etc. CHAPTER XIIL THE STATE ORGANIZED. ^^IS December 20, 1849, the governor IPHJ elect Burnett was duly installed; Gov- ^ ernor Riley and his secretary of State, Halleck, at the same time resigning their re- spective offices. Governor Riley remained at Monterey until July of the next year. Be- fore his return to the Atlantic States, the city of Monterey voted him a medal of gold, weighing one pound, as a token of respect, the same being presented to him in behalf of the city, at a large banquet given in his honor, by P. A. Roach. One side of the medal bore the arms of the city; the other the legend, "The man who came to do his duty and who accomplished his purpose." The first legislature (which consisted of MONTEBEr COUNTY. sixteen senators and thirty-six assemblymen) met at San Jose, December 15, 1849, though a quorum failed to appear on the first and second days of the session. As there were yet no county organizations, the members of the legislature had been elected, as were the delegates to the constitutional convention, by districts. The senator from the Monterey district was Selim E. Woodworth, son of the author of "The Old Oaken Bucket;" and the assemblymen were T. R. Per Lee and J. S. Gray. E. K. Chamberlain of the San Diego dis- trict, was elected president of the Senate pro tern, and Dr. Thomas J. White of the Sacra- mento district was elected speaker of the assembly. John C. Fremont and William M. Gwin were elected United States Senators; Ricliard Roman, state treasurer; J. S. Houston, comptroller; E. J. C. Kewen, attorney-gen- eral; C. A. Whitney, surveyor-general; S. C. Hastings, chief justice and H. A. Lyons and Natlianiel Bennett, associate justices of the Supreme Court, and thus a constitutional State government was set in motion. The legislature established nine judicial districts Monterey being included in the third dis- trict; the territory of the newly organized State was divided into twenty-seven counties. Monterey county including the present county of San Benito, was one of the original number. The act of Congress admitting California as a State into the Union was signed on September 9, 1850, after a prolonged and bitter contest in each House on the question of the perpetual prohibition of slavery in the new Territory, in which contest the cause of freedom triumphed. The news of the ad- mission caused great joy to Californians, when received by them, on October 18. The 9th of September has become a State legal holiday. SUPPEESSrON OF DISOKDEE. The tremendous influx of adventurers into California after the discovery of gold, from all parts of the world, of course, resulted in much disturbance to public order. Many vicious, lawless characters roamed about the State, singly and in bands, committing rob- beries and murders, till citizens were com- pelled to defend their lives and property by summary, and sometimes irregular, methods, inasmuch as the legal machinery of the State often proved altogether inadequate to meet the exti'aordinary emergencies as they arose. Governor McDougal authorized Selim E. Woodworth to raise a military company in 1851, to pursue marauders, who were steal- ing stock in Monterey county. But neither ordinary nor extraordinary legal methods, nor even vigilance committees, could entirely ex- terminate the evil. A conglomerate pop- ulation, suddenly gathered together from the four quarters of the world, could hardly be expected to assume, all at once, the customs and the decorous appearance of old-established communities; and a long time elapsed before these disturbing causes disappeared in Cali- fornia. " Healthy hangings" of murderers, 73 MONTEREY OOUNTT. outlaws, and highway robbers, etc., by vigilance committees, when legal remedies failed, tended powerfully to clarify the moral and social atmosphere. The alternative was forced on people in many localities in California in early times, whether cut-throats and murder- ers should be hung hy the people or not at all; all other remedies failing, the simple issue was: Shall a murderer be hung by the people, or shall he go unhung? When corrupt political gamblers and ballot- box stuffers, through chicanery and violence get control of the government, and paralyze the normal workings of its machinery; when the dominance of gamblers and blacklegs, and the presence of the vicious in overwhelming numbers, aided by shyster lawyers, make the administration of justice by regular, or by le- gal methods, impossible, the question may be fairly asked by philosophical students of history, — as it has often been asked by Cali- fornians themselves, when actually confronted by exigencies which required an immediate answer. Is it not in fact an evidence of the highest moral virtue in a community that it summarily puts a stop to a state of aflairs which have become intolerable, rather than let it continue indefinitely, with all the ruin- ous, demoralizing influences which inevitably attend such indefinite continuance of crime unchecked ? Did not the great vigilance movement of San Francisco in 1856 rise to the dignity of a revolution? Was the "sacred right of rev- olution" ever more justly invoked than on that occasion? Of course vigilance commit- tees, great or small, can only be vindicated by their results and by the justness of their cause on precisely the same principles as are revolutions; for they are in fact quasi-rev- olutions. When people, whether in large or small bodies, with good and high motives and for justifiable ends, to save the life of the State, or their own liberties, go back to first principles, and take political power into their ovim hands, they thereby become responsible for the proper use of that power. If they use it wisely, for the best good of all, then they justfy their acts; if not, not. Better, sometimes, is aggressive revolution, if wisely directed, than is imbecile submission to the murder of liberty; better vigilance committees than stark anarchy! At least so think many old-time Californians, who have so often seen both the necessity and the prac- tical wisdom of these much-disputed maxims exemplified. Many, many times, when the law failed, have the people themselves suppressed crim- inals who, but for the uprising of the people, would not have been suppressed. Tlie first Mayor of Monterey, under the State organization, was Philip A. Roach, who had been judge of the first instance, under the military rule of Governor Riley. In 1851, Roach was elected to the State Senate from Monterey. The assemblyman this year was A. Randall, and for 1852 Isaac B. Wall. In the legislatures of 1854-55, Monterey's senator was B. C. Whiting, after- ward United States district attorney for the southern district of California, D. R. Ashley MONTEREY GOUNTT. being the assemblyman. In 1856, Ashley was senator (holding for two years); and R. L. Matthews was assemblyman for this year, and E. Castro for the succeeding year; and Jose A.brego was elected to the assembly in 1858; and Mariano Malarin in 1859-'60; A. W. Blair in 1861; Juan W. Cot, in 1862; J. H. Watson was senator in 1860-'61, and G. K. Porter for Monterey and Santa Cruz, in 1862-'63; Estevan Castro was assembly- man in 1863. CHAPTER XIV. MONTEREY UNDER AMERICAN RULE. fHE removal of the capital from Monte- rey, the residence of the governors else- where, the superior attractions for commerce of the harbor of San Francisco, all tended to lessen the relative social, politi- cal and commercial importance of the ancient capital. The changes in the town itself, or in its outward appeai-ance, during the last forty years, have been comparatively few. Changes in its surroundings, and in the coimty of Monterey, have occurred. That portion of the county lying east of the Gabilan range of mountains was set off in 1874, forming the county of San Benito. Although the old town presents much the appearance that it did thirty and forty years ago, and the houses and most of the streets have changed but little, the building of the railroad and of the magniticient Hotel del Monte, and of the adjacent town of Pacific Grove, have brought bustle and business to the town in spite of itself. The combination of his- toric associations, running buck to a different civilization, which cluster around the ancient Spanish and Mexican capital, in close juxta- position with the luxuries and gayeties of a modern grand caravansary, like the Hotel del Monte, and the building up, close by, of a religious, social and literary sea-side resort, al^ make Monterey and its environs a very attractive center, to which, in recent years, thousands annually flock, as to a modern Mecca. There is no other town in the State, which retains, in the appearance of its houses and streets, its Mexican characteristics, to any- thing like the extent that Monterey does, though improvement and Americanizing changes have been going on around it. The old Catholic church, built and completed in 1794, as is indicated by these figures on its front, and the rectory near by, still stand; the old custom house, and " Colton Hall," built under early American rule; and many of the old adobe or stone residences, still en- dure; the old " Cuartel " has been entirely demolished within the last few years. The venerable oak on which it is supposed Father Junipero hung a bell (as a large iron spike has, during the present year, 1892, been cut out of it), and under which he first said Mass after landing, is still green as it was 122 years ago. The cross marked "June 3, 1770," still stands near this tree, symbolizing the locality and date of the " landing " of the heroic Franciscan and his party, which is appropriately and finely tyiiified by the ideal- ized monument on the hill hard by. And the actors qf the early years of American MONTEREY COUNTY. rule, Sloat, Larkin, Colton, Fremont, the bright, youthful, but afterward illustrious Lieutenants Sherman, Halleek and Ord; Cooper, Spence, Hartiiell, Abrego, Little, Leese, and many others have passed away, and their places have been taken by their descendants, or by strangers, who knew them not. Of the survivors of that era, compara- tively few remain; and most of them were children then: of those who were adults at that time, Mrs. Captain Cooper, Mrs. Little, Mrs. Abrego, Mr. David Jacks, Mr. Thomas Bralee, Mr. John A. Swan, of whom mention is made elsewhere in this work, and perhaps one or two others, still, in 1892, survive. During the succeeding era, and until the coming of the i-ailroad. the annals of Monterey town were comparatively uneventful. The United States district court used to hold its sessions alternately here and at Los Angeles for a number of years. The southern United States judicial district of California, under the first law establishing the southern dis- trict, included Monterey, and provided that sessions should be held here as well as at Los Angeles. The judges were: Mr. Jones, who died soon after appointment; L S. K. Ogier, who served till his death, May 21, 1861; and Fletcher M. Ilaight, who died about the year 1866. The attorneys for the first southern district were: Alfred Wheeler, L S. K. Ogier, afterward judge; Facificus Ord, J. E. Gitchell, Kimball H. Dimmick, and B. C. Whiting. The marshals were: Pablo Noriega, Edward Hunter, and Henry D. Barrows; and the clerks were: Alexander S. Taylor, James C. Pennie, and John O. Wheeler. Many very impotant land cases came before both Judge Ogier and Judge Haight. Among the most important was that of the Mexican grant of the ranche, " Panoche Grande," to Vicente Gomez, men- tioned elsewhere. After the death of Judge Haight the two districts were consolidated in one. Under the new Federal law dividing this State into two districts again, passed in the 'SOs, Monterey remains in the northern district. The only members of the old court now living, are ex-Clerk Wheeler and ex- Marshal Barrows, who reside in Los Angeles. CHAPTER XV. PIONEEK KEMINISCENCES THE ORD BKOTHEES IN CAUFOKNIA. fHE following interesting account of the Ord brothers, who were prominent in '^ the early annals of California, is de- rived from one of their number. Dr. James L. Ord, at present a resident of Santa Bar- bara. The brothers, Facificus, born in 1816, Ed- ward O. C, afterward the General, born 1818, and James L., born in 1823, were sons of James Ord, of Washington, D. C, a native of England, who was supposed to have been a son of George IV, by Mrs. Fitzgerald. (See Lord North's Life of Mrs. Fitzgerald.) While an infant he was sent to Spain, and two years later to the United States, where he was placed in charge of a man named Ord, whqse name he took, and at the age of ten MONTEREY COUNTY. 75 he was placed in Georgetown College. He was later in the navy, being two years on the frigate Congress, during the war of 1812. After that he resigned and entered the army. He married Miss Rebecca Cresap, daughter of Colonel Daniel Cresap, of Revolutionary fame, whose house in Cumberland, Maryland, was Washington's headquarters when he was a young surveyor in that country. Both Lieutenant and Doctor Ord came to California as members of Company F, Third Artillery, on the United States ship Lexing- ton, arriving at Monterey, January 26, 1847. Lieutenant Ord was in command a portion of the time at Monterey till 1850, when he returned East, where he was made a captain and stationed at Boston Harbor. In 1854 he came again to California — served at Fort Miller, then in Oregon. He was in the fight with the Nez Ferces; General George Wright, who commanded, said the battle was saved by Captain Ord's battery, which he unlim- bered on the top of a hill and with it raked the Indians with canister and grape, killing lai-ge numbers of them. He was also at Rogue river, where he saved the lives of Ballard and the settlers, who were sur- rounded in a log-house by Indians, when he with his company came to their rescue. A CURIOUS INCIDENT. Dr. Ord gives this curious incident in the life of his brother, in connection with the precipitation of the Mexican war, and the far- reaching issues which grew out of it, includ- .ng the taking of California, etc. At a meeting of President Polk and his Cabinet, it was decided to send Lieutenant Ord as a bearer of dispatches to General Taylor, order- ing him to cross the Nueces river and occupy the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande. At a later meeting of the Cabinet the previous determination was reconsidered and a courier was sent to countermand the pre- vious order, but he was delayed by heavy rains and bad roads, and failed to overtake Ord till it was too late, and till after the battle of Palo Alto had been fought. While the American fleet on this coast was lying at Mazatlan, Surgeon Wood, be- ing in poor health, went East, and he learned somewhere in Mexico that General Taylor had crossed the Nueces river, and he sent back a courier with the news to the American consul, and through him to Commodore Sloat, who thereupon set sail for Monterey, where he arrived July 1, 1846, and some two weeks ahead of the English fleet under Ad- miral Seymour of the Collingwood. The latter vessel arrived at Monterey on the 16th of July, one day after the arrival of the Congress, and anchored right between the Congress and Savannah, and Sloat supposing that Seymour had later news from the seat of war, and also not knowing that the Oregon boundary question had been settled, ordered his guns double-shotted, with directions to aim at the water line of the Collingwood. But whatever sinister appearance Seymour's act of anchoring between the two American men-of-war ma}' have had, no other move- MONTERET COUJ^TT. ment indicating possible hostilities on the part of the English admiral was made, and the subsequent intercourse between the oiR- cers of the two fleets was very friendly till not long after Seymour sailed away. Later (in December, 1846) Seymour met the Lexington, which was on its way to Cal- ifornia with Company F of the Third Ar- tillery, at Valparaiso. The British Admiral, in a friendly interview in Captain Tomp- kins' cabin on board the Lexington, Captain Bailey, Lieutenants Sherman, Ord and Hal- leck being present, said, " The Yankees were two weeks ahead of us in the taking of Cal- ifornia." Lieutenant Ord was stationed at the pre- sidio of San Francisco, in command of Ord's battery, at the commencement of the Civil war, when he received the appointment of brigadier-general. He was with Grant at the siege of Vicksbnrg; and at its capitu- lation he was second in command. Later in the war, he relieved General Butler, and be- came commander of the Army of the James, and hie army made a forced march and headed off Lee; and he was one of the few officers present at Lee's surrender at Appo- mattox; and he afterward purchased the table of McLain, on which the surrender was signed. He was afterward placed in com- mand at Richmond. Subsequent to the close of the war, he was military governor of Arkansas and Missouri; and later in com- mand of the department of the Lakes, with headquarters at Detroit. He then came to California, and relieved General McDowell. After being successively in command of the Platte, and in Texas, he was retired as full major-general, by special act of Congress. After a visit to Mexico General Ord went to Havana, where in 1884 he died of the yellow fever. His remains were brought home and interred in the National Cemetery by special resolution of Congress. Pacilicus Ord, the eldest of the three Californian Ords, after the adoption of the constitution (he being a member of the con- stitutional convention), was elected one of the judges of the Supreme Court. Afterward he was United States District Attorney for the southern district of Cali- fornia. Judge Ord's first wife, whom he married in New Orleans, died in Monterey. His second wife he married in San Francisco. They went East and to Europe, where she died. On his return he lived in New York, where he married his third wife, who also has since died. He now lives in the city of Washington, in the seventy-seventh year of his age. He has a daughter living who mar- ried a Colonel Preston; and a sun, an attorr ney who lives in New York. Doctor Ord, after serving a year at Mon- terey, was ordered to Santa Barbara, where he was attached to Captain F. J. Lippitt's company. In '56, he married Dona Augustias de la Guerra de Jimeno, widow of Secretary Jim- eno, under Governor Micheltorena, and Mrs. Hartnell, and of Judge Pablo de la Guerra- In '57 or '58 they went to Santa Barbara to MONTEREY COUNTY. live. In 1871 he went to the city of Mexico, _^ where he was made consul-general of the United States; he also for a time represented England and France, in that capital. In '73 he returned to San Francisco, and again entered the army, and served twelve years in Arizona, resigning in November, 1891. Doctor Ord has interests in Santa Barbara, and he makes that his home as much as any place. Doctor Ord's further reminiscences of per- sons and events, in the early times in Mon- terey, are exceedingly interesting, and no excuses are needed for inserting them here. He says his company landed in January, '47, and was stationed on the hill where the earthworks still exist. As they occupied tents and the weather was quite cold, they moved down in February to the old custom house. Lieutenant Sherman and Doctor Ord occupied the north end of the building, and the south end was used as a hospital, some three months. Spence had a store then: so had Larkin and Green, and also Watson. Among the old residents were: Araesti, from Spain, who had married a Vailejo; and Cooper and Leeseand Del Valle, all of whom had married Yallejos; and Abrego, who mar- ried an Estrada, etc. Dr. Ord says that the officers of his com- pany were received by the people of Monte- rey, not as enemies, but as friends. Among the ladies of influential families were Senora Vailejo (mother of the general) Senoras Amesti and Abrego, and Mrs. Larkin, who was the first American woman to come to Monterey to live. Dr. Ord thinks the Lark- ins have a son, who is still living; and that he (the son) has several children. The de- scendants of the Vallejos, the Coopers, the Leeses, the Spences, the Abregos, etc., are quite numerous, and live, some still in Mon- terey, some in Santa Clara, and some in San Francisco, or Sonoma, or elsewhere. The father of the Russ' brothers, who built the Huss House in San Francisco, was a mason, and he built, or helped to build Colton Hall. The newspaper. The Californian, was pub- lished while Dr. Ord was in Monterey. Dr. Ord was in the mines awhile in '49, and Sherman, and Mason, and Colton, came to his camp at Jamestown, and stayed over night. Dr. Ord relates this curious incident: The officers of Company F gave a jjarty, or haile, with supper and champagne, etc., at Mr. Hartnell's house on the hill, on the 6th of July, 1847; and, although the Californians were very friendly, they got the idea errone- ously that the ball was purposely given on the anniversary of the taking of California, and they would not come. Nevertheless the officers had a good time: Sherman, Halleck, Ord, etc., were there; also Mr. Hartnell's family and a few others. In The Monterey New Era of July 28, 1892, Dr. Ord furnishes the following cor- rection of history: FOET HALLECK. We were favored with a very pleasant call yesterday from Dr. James L. Ord, the only MONTEREY COUNTY. surviving officer of the company of Third Ar- tillery (of which he was surgeon) that came in '4:7 with the expedition of American occu- pation. From his interesting reminiscences of early days in Monterey, we learn that the old fort on the Government reservation is mis- named in the Southern Pacific maps, being designated Fort Fremont. It is really Fort Halleck, so named in honor of Lieutenant (afterward Major-General) H. W. Halleck, of the corps of engineers, by whom it was laid out. The fort was built by Lieutenant E. O. C. Ord and Lieutenant W. T. Sherman, in 1847, and the earthworks were thrown up bj Colonel J. D. Stevenson's command, the New York Volunteers and the regulars then sta- tioned on the hill. How the error of attrib- uting the erection of the fort to Fremont came to be made it is hard to determine. Dr. Ord has retired from active service and is taking life easy now. He spent the winter in Santa Barbara, and is now staying for a time at the El Garmelo Hotel, Pacific Grove, revisiting, with much pleasure, the scenes of former days in old Monterey. KEMINISCENCES OF MRS. LITTLE. Mrs. Milton Little, still living in 1892, in the enjoyment of excellent health and with a perfect meinory, gives this very rational and without doubt perfectly true account, based on her personal knowledge, of the establish- ment of the first public library in Califor- nia, at Monterey. She says a joint-stock company, with forty shares, was formed, for the purpose of founding a public library, and her husband took two shares; and each share was assessed $40 (Mr. Little paid |80, his assessment on the two shares); and $1,500 was thus raised, and sent to Rev. Walter Colton, in Philadelphia, or New York, who selected the books and sent them round the Horn. When the books arrived, another assessment of $8 a share was made to pay the freight and expenses; and she remem- bers that Mr. L. had to pay this assessment on his two shares, of $1(3. The stockholders were the prominent citizens of Monterey. Mrs. Little thinks that probably not more than one-half the original number of books are now in the collection, as many of the stockholders, after a while, did not return them often when they drew them out; and thus in the course of years many of the books have disappeared. This valuable and unique library, or what remains of it, is now in the possession of the Monterey City School District. It is kept in the upper story of the new. public-school building. It still includes full sets of very valuable and very rare works, as for example, the proceedings of Congress from the fonnda- tion of the Government in 1789, and many other very scarce volumes. It ought to be kept in a tire-proof building, as its loss would be irreparable. In a catalogue issued by the directors, dated Monterey, June 1, 1853, those officials say, among other things: "The Monterey Library Association was organized at Mon- terey in the year 1849, and, it is believed, is MONTEREY COUNTY, the first established public library in Cali- fornia." " The greater part of the library was pur- chased in New York," " and contains about 1,000 volumes of well-selected American, English and Spanish books, treating upon the various subjects of human knowledge," etc. "The officers of the association are: Milton Little, President. J. B. Knapp, Vice-President. Wm. S. Johnson, Treasurer. D. R. Ashley, Secretary arid Librarian.''^ Mrs. Little, whose reminiscences of early times and persons in California are invalu- able, furnishes the following bit of history concerning a file of The Californian, the first newspaper published in California, by Colton & Semple, in 1846. Mr. Little, as a regular subscriber of the paper, saved a com- plete file of the same during the whole time it was published in Monterey. This file he preserved with great care, as he naturally prized it very highly. But some time in the 'SOs, Editor McElroy was publishing a paper in Monterey, and he borrowed this file of Mr. Little to copy items from, and he never returned it. Afterward, when asked for it by Mr. Little in San Francisco, he said he had donated it to the " Society of California Pioneers." When asked in whose name he had done this, he replied, in his own! Mr. Little was exceedingly angry, although if he had been accorded the credit of the gift, as was his just due, he doubtless would have been entirely satisfied to have had it gone into the keeping of the historical association, in whose possession it is now supposed to be. But it is due to Mr. Little that these facts should be known, even after the lapse of forty years, than that they should not be known at all, by the pioneers and by the world. REMINISCENCES OF MES. iBREGO. One of the most interesting personages now (1892) living in Monterey, is Dona Josefa Estrada de Abrego, widow of Don Jose Abrego. Although Mrs. Abrego was born in 1814, in Monterey, and has borne eighteen children; and although her eye- sight fails her, so that she is only able to re- cognize her acquaintances by the sound of their voices, she is still as fair and youthful in her appearance as though sli% were only fifty-eight or less, instead of seventy-eiglit; and she moves about the various rooms of her spacious home in which she has lived ever since her marriage, fifty-six years ago, with the ease and precision of a maiden of twenty. Her husband, Don Jose Abrego, was born in the city of Mexico, in 1813, and came to Monterey in 1835, with the colony, on the Natalia, a portion of the timbers of which historic vessel he had built into his house. Mrs. Abrego's father, Raimundo, and a brother, Mariano Estrada, were brought from Mexico when mere boys, by Governor Luis Arrillaga, who reared and educated them. Mr. and Mrs. Abrego were married in 1836, and moved at once into a part of the house (which he had built, and to which additions were afterward made), in which she has ever since lived, and in which all her children were MONTEREY COUNTY born. Don Jose died some fifteen years ago. Of their children, only four sous and one daughter are still living. One daughter, the beautiful and accomplished Mrs. Bolado, died within the present year, 1892. Mrs. Abrego has in her home one of the first pianofortes ever brought to California. A paper on the inside of it, written by Mr. Abrego, says: " In 1841, Captain Stephen Smith arrived with his vessel in Monterey, and I engaged him to bring me a piano on his next trip to this country. " In March, 1843, he returned to this city in a brigantine; lie had three pianos on board. I bought this one of him for $600. He then sailed to San Francisco, where General Vallejo purchased another of the pianos. The third one was afterward sold by Captain Smith to E. de Cells at Los Angeles." The Abrego piano is a six-octave, made by " Beitkopt & Harrtel," "Leipzig;" "im- ported by Brauns & Focke, Baltimore." CHAPTER XVI. CHURCHES, SOCIETIES, ETC. ffljSHERE are three churches in the city of W^J¥ Monterey, namely: the Roman Catho- ^ lie, whose venerable place of worship was erected nearly a century ago; and the Presbyterian and Episcopalian, with their modern church edifices. Episcopal service was held at Monterey, in the old Washington Hotel Hall, March 14, 1875. The Episcopal Church at Monterey and Pacific Grove at the present time is represented by three chapels, named and located as follows: St. James, at Monterey; St. Mary's-by-the-Sea, at Pacific Grove; and St. John's, near the Hotel del Monte. The St. James Chapel, Monterey, was erected about the year 1877 or 1878, under the rectorship of the Rev. James S. McGowan, It was consecrated by Bishop Kip, July 14, 1878. It cost about ^1,500. St. Mary's-by- the-Sea was organized in 1887, and the erec- tion of the church edifice was commenced the 27th of August, 1890. The spacious rectory, located near the church, was built during the summer of 1891. St. John's Chapel, near Hotel del Monte, was erected under the supervision of the Rev. Dr. E. B. Spalding, rector of St. John's Church, San Francisco, from funds contributed by guests of the hotel; and the land upon which the church is located, containing about one acre, was a gift of the late Charles Crocker. The church edifice is a unique structure, of the old Nor- man style of architecture, built of a combina- tion of stone and shingles. It was formally opened for divine service, June 14, 1891, by the Right Rev. W. F. Nichols, D. D., assist- ant bishop of California. The three chapels, comprising one parish, are under the rectorship of the Rev. C. S. Fackenthall, under whose able ministration they are enjoying a period of spiritual and material growth. The valuation of the prop- erty of the parish is about $32,000. There are two ladies' guilds, one each at Monterey and Pacific Grove; and at the former place an organization auxiliary to the ladies' MONTEREY COUNTY. guilds, viz., St. Agnes' Guild, composed of the younger ladies of the church. These guilds have been the most active and efficient workers of these church societies, and in fact the foundation of their growth and pros- perity. The new and elegant rectory at Pa- cific Grove is the result of the combined labors of the two guilds. The benevolent societies of Monterey are represented by the Masons, Odd Fellows, Chosen Friends, Sons of the Golden West, Young Men's Institute, United Workmen, etc. Their stated meetings, etc., are as fol- lows : Monterey Lodge, No. 182, I. O. O. F., meets every Thursday evening, at 7:30 o'clock. E. B. Rich, N. G.; A. L. Luce, secretary. Monterey Parlor, N. S. G. W., No. 75, meets on second and fourth Wednesdays of each month. Alex. Underwood, president; Abe Gunzendorfer, secretary. Monterey Lodge, No. 217, F. & A. M., meets Saturday evening, on or before the full moon. T. G. Lambert, master; W. Craw- ford, secretary. Seaside Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 109, I. O. O. F., meets second and fourth Tues- days of each month. Mrs. J. D. Rich, N. G.; Miss Clara Arendt, secretary. Monterey Lodge, No. 98, A. O. U. W., meets every Tuesday evening, at Masonic Hall. Ernest Michaelis, M. W. ; W. J. Towle, secretary. Monterey Chapter. No. 68, O. E. S., meets on first and third Wednesdays of each month. William Sutton, secretary. Monterey Council, No. 126, Order of Chosen Friends, meets first and third Friday evenings of every month, at 8 o'clock. Joseph Schulte, Jr., C. C; A. L. Luce, secretary. Del Monte Lodge, No. 357, L O. G. T., meets every Monday evening at 8 o'clock, in Progress Hall, Pacific Grove. R. G. Mitchell, L. D. Court Del Monte, No. 7759, A. 0. F. of A., meets first and third Wednesdays, in Odd Fellows' Hall, Monterey. James P. Dwyer, chief ranger; F. M. Boughton, financial secretary. THE JUNIPEKO SEEKA MONUMENT. In 1891, Mrs. Stanford, wife of Senator Stanford, caused a granite monument to be erected on an eminence fronting the bay of Monterey, and close by that spot where Friar Junipero Serra first landed and said mass, June 3, 1770. Tlie monument consists of a single massive block of gray granite, repre- senting a life-size statue of Padre Junipero, in the act of landing, with one foot standing in the small boat, and the other stepping on the shelving rocky shore. A large cross, ready to be erected as soon as the landing is made, lies in the boat, and lengthwise with same, on which is inscribed: "June 3, 1770." The statue represents Father Junipero in full canonicals, with right hand held up in moni- tory gesture, and left hand clasping Bible to left breast, the book marked " Scripta " and "Serra" in small letters with cross on book; MONTEREY COUNTY. at left side, a rosary and cross with crucified Christ. The monument, in plain, durable granite, is in excellent taste throughout. The simple, but exceedingly appropriate design; the seri- ous, noble features; the shaven crown; the erect form and earnest mein, — all impress the beholder profoundly. Those who have read the story of the great pioneer missionary's life and labors on this coast, will concede that he has been worthily and appropriately repre- sented in this granite block. Back of the monument and pn a higher hill, are the old earthworks and the ruins of the fort, used by the United States troops in 1846 — and per- haps by the Californians before that time, as the hill commands the bay perfectly. The north (polished) face of the monument bears the following inscription, cut in capital let- ters, into the granite: "Here June 3, 1770, landed Very Rev. Father Junipero Serra, O. S. F., and founded the following missions: San Diego, July 16, 1769; San Ciirlos Monterey, June 3, 1770; San Antonio de Padua, July 14, 1771; San Gabriel, September 8, 1771; San Luis Obispo, September 1, 1772; San Francisco de los Dolores, October 9, 1776; S. Juan Capi- strano, November 1, 1776; Santa Clara, Janu- ary 18, 1777; S. Buenaventura, March 21, 1782; and died August 28, 1784, in S. Car- los Mission, Carmelo valley. As the Lord liveth, even what my God saith will I speak. — II. Chron. 18th chap., 13th verse. "This monument erectedby Jane L. Stan- ford, in the year 1891, in memory of Father Junipero Serra. A philantiiropist seeking the welfare of the humblest. A hero daring and ready to sacrifice himself for the good of his fellow-beings. A faithful servant of his Master." CHAPTER XVII. MUNICIPAL. fHE following is a list of the municipal oflicers of Monterey for 1892: ID. Rodrick, Chairman. M. T. Little, H. Prinz, T. J. Field. Clerk and Assessor S. J. Duckworth Treasurer J. M. Laporte Recorder A. Westfall Marshal A. Pinto Engineer W. C. Little The Monterey Electric Light and Develop- ment Company was incorporated March 10, 1891, with the following directors: B. V. Sargent, S. H. Smith, Frank R. Day, E. M. Carver, J. W. Bagley, A. A. Manuel, Chas. R. Few. OfiScers: President, B. V. Sargent; secretary, Charles R. Few; treasurer, E. M. Carver; attorney, R. H. Willey; manager, Frank R. Day. Capital stock, $25,000; paid up, $5,500. The plant is first class; the company has just bought ground and erected a new build- ing in the central part of town, and put in boiler and equipment for furnishing its own steam power. The lights are Edison's in- candescent. It runs about 250 at an average of $1.25 per light per month. There are two newspapers pul^lished in the city of Monterey: The New Era, now in its second volume, published by William Kay; and the Monterey Cypress, in its fourth volume, published by H. L. Bradford. MONTEREY COUNTY. ilOXTEKET CITV SCHOOLS. Monterey city maintains excellent public schools. For a considerable number of years prior to 1892, the classes of the cen- tral school were taught in the historic build- ing, '• Colton Hall." But when more room was needed, the proposal to build on a part of the lot, which would have involved a demo- lition of that venerable pile, there was a general protest by the citizens, to their credit be it said, against the destruction of all or of any portion of a building around which so many interesting historical associations cen- ter; and a fund of §1,800, to which one citizen contributed $500, and several §200, and $100 each, was raised, and an eligible lot in another locality was purchased, on which a fine two-story, nine-class building has been erected, at a cost of $17,000. The new schoolhouse was commenced in Decem- ber, 1891, and finished in July, 1892. Prof. James T. Stockdale has been for a number of years the etficient principal of the Mon- terey city schools. He has, since commence- ment of the present school year, eight assistant teachers. A small high-school class has been started. A ten months' school is maintained. The current income of the dis- trict is about $7,000 annually. The trustees contemplate erecting two other schoolhouses, one at Oak Grove and the other at New Monterey, to accommodate the children of those respective localities. The first public library ever established in California is now in possession of the Monterey school district; this valuable col- lection is kept in the new school building, where it may be freely consulted by the student of history. By the school census report there were, in the district, at the close of the school year, June 30, 1892, three schoolhouses, eight classes (three grammar and five primary) and eight teachers (one male and seven females) and 569 census children, between five and seventeen, as follows: White, boys, 272; girls, 287 — 559; Mongol, boj's, 5; girls, 5 — • 10; total 569; number of children under five, 156; total under seventeen, all native born, 725; number of pupils enrolled in each grade, high, 4; grammar, 118; primary, 280; total 402. Total receipts from State, county and city, $26,973.17; total expenditures, salaries, sites, buildings and furnishings, 823,757.84; bal- ance June 30, 1892, $3,215.33. Total value of school property, §27,500; bonded debt, §20,000; number of volumes, including first public library in California, 2,000. The California State Savings Bank, of Monterey, was organized March 17, 1890, with capital subscribed, $500,000; paid in, §25,000. J. B. S. Maltby, president; H. Priuz, vice-president; E. M. Carver, cashier; W. W. James, assistant cashier. Directors: J. B. S. Maltby, E. M. Carver, Felipe Gomez, H. Prinz, M. Malarin. The Bank of Monterey: Capital stock, §100,000. Directors: Jesse D. Carr, presi. 84 MONTEREY COUNTY. dent, T. J. Field, vice-president, B. V. Sar- gent, F. Doud, Sr., M. Malarin. There are two State banks at Pacitic Grove. CHAPTER XVIII. WHAIING AT MONTEREY. ? HALING was first commenced as a regular industry in Monterey bay in the year 1854, by two joint stock companies of about twenty-one men each, mostly Portuguese; the captain of one com- pany was a Portuguese, and of the other was J. P. Davenport, from Cape Cod, Massachu- setts. These companies were successful, and kept up the business till 1865, when the two consolidated into one company, and Captain T. G. Lambert, from Martha's Vineyard, took charge of the consolidated business. Within the first four months the company landed $31,000 worth of oil and bone on the beach at Monterey. The season for catching the California gray whales usually began about December 1 and ended April 1; that is, during a plortion of that period, to-wit, from the 1st of December to the 1st of February, these whales were passing south to their breeding grounds, in the warm, protected bays iu the Gulf of Cali- fornia, and oflF the coast of Mexico; and from about February 1 till April 1 they were passing north to their summer feeding grounds in the Arctic ocean; that is, they were hunted from the bay of Monterey, both whilst passing south and on their return north again. It is asserted by old whalers, who claim to know, that the California gray whales take no food whatever, from the time they leave the Arctic ocean till they return thither; during which time, their blubber, or the oil from their blubber, is exhausted to the full amount of fifty per cent. This statement ap- plies only to the California gray. The hump- back whale partakes of food at all seasons; and if he cannot find it on the California coast, he goes to the Alaskan coast, or to wherever food can be found. The California grays, whilst on their way south (i. e., from December 1 to February 1), will average about fifty barrels of oil each; whilst on their northern passage they will average only about twenty-five barrels. From the fact that they were persistently hunted for many years at their breeding grounds, this species has become nearly extinct. During the time the females are nursing their young in Southern waters, they will de- fend them with all the ferocity of wild beasts. An old whaling captain once had four boats smashed in Magdalena bay, Lower Califor- nia, by a female whale, which was defending her young; and each time he and his men had to swim to other boats; but with the fifth boat he finally got her. The hump-back whales are to be found in all the waters of the Pacific coast, from Cape Horn to Behring straits, and their numbers are apparently inexhaustible. The yield of oil of these whales varies greatly, or from, say, five to one hundred and forty barrels each. This fact, and the fact that they range MONTE RE Y CO UNT Y. m over wide fields, or wherever they can find food, render the husiness of hunting them uncertain. The right whale, which produces the bone of commerce, is found on the coast of Cali- fornia, and some of this species have been captured on the coast, which produced 150 ban-els of oil, and 1,500 pounds of bone each. Whales caught within twenty-five miles of Monterey were usually towed to that port, where they were tried out on shore. Whaling as a regular business at Monterey which from many causes gradually became unprofitable, was finally abandoned about the year 1888. Much of the foregoing informa- tion is derived from the veteran Captain T. G. Lambert, who has given over the fascinat- ing pursuit of hunting the great monsters of the deep, and become a permanent and pros- perous resident of Monterey. CHAPTER XIX. TUB CLIMATE OF MONTEREY THE DRY, COOL AIR. fO L D, with moisture, leads to pulmo- nary diseases; heat, with moisture, leads to malarial fevers; and pulmonary and malarial afi'ections are two of the main classes of mortal diseases. From both of these, Monterey is comparatively free. The deaths for each one thousand inhabitants in several cities of the United States are as follows: COMPARATIVE DEATH RATES. New Orleans 37 New York 29 Baltimore 27 Philadelphia 25 Chicago '. 24 San Francisco 21 St. Louis 21 Los Angeles 13 San Diego 13 Monterey 10 The healthfulness of Monterey is simply unquestionable, and is second to no place in the world. MEAN SUMMER AND WINTER TEMPERATURES. Observations kept by priests and army officers for more than a century have shown that in some years the mean of summer and winter temperatures have ranged from 6° to 18° apart, and many years only 9° and 10°. The following carefully prepared table pre- sents the mean temperature of Monterey com- pared with that of several other health resorts throughout the world. PLACE. JAN. JDLY DIPF. LATITDDB degs. degs. degs. degs. min. Monterey, California, 52 58 6 36 3G San Francisco, " 49 57 8 37 48 Los Angeles, " 55 G7 12 34 04 Santa Barbara " 56 66 10 34 24 San Diego " 57 65 8 32 41 Santa Monica " 45 65 7 34 00 Sacramento " 45 73 38 38 84 Stockton " 49 72 23 37 56 Vallejo " 48 67 19 38 05 Fort Yuma " 56 92 36 32 43 Cincinnati 30 74 44 39 06 New York 31 77 46 40 37 New Orleans 55 82 27 29 57 Naples 46 76 30 40 52 Honolulu 71 77 6 21 16 Funchal 60 70 10 32 38 Mentone 40 73 33 43 71 Genoa 46 77 31 44 24 City of Mexico 53 63 11 19 26 MONTE RET COUNTY. PI.ACK JAN. JULY DIFF. LATITUDE degs degs. degs. de6s. min. Jacksonville, Florida 5S 80 22 30 50 St. Augustine 59 ' 77 18 30 05 It will bo seen by this table that the bay of Monterey has but one rival (Eonolulu), in equability of temperature. It must be understood, however, that there is a great deal of hot, disagreeable weather on the Sand- wich Islands, and a multiplicity of draw- backs which Monterey does not possess. There are seldom any high, cold winds at and around Monterey, and never any hot ones. There is more or less foggy weather in the spring months, as there is all along the coast, and occasionally foggy mornings in the sum- mer. The latter, however, are really agree- able, as they infuse new life and freshness into tree, and shrub, and flower, and are not detrimental in their influences upon human beings at that season of the year. The fol- lowing table shows the winter temperature for 1884 '-85 '-86: December, 1884 52°01 January, 1884 49°51 February, 1884 50°60 December, 1885 54°29 January, 1885 49°90 February, 1885 52°46 December, 1886 51°70 January, 1886 52°10 February, 1886 54°70 During the warm season or summer months, from May to October, the mercury seldom rises to 65°, as the heat from the valleys and mountain sides is tempered by cooling winds from the ocean between meridian and sunset, and by breezes from the mountain gaps during the night. During what may be termed the winter months 50° will mark, on an average, the mean temperature, and water is seldom congealed. What is generally known as the rainy season commences in November, and lasts three or four months. Many people who have never visited California erroneously imagine that during the " wet season " rain never ceases to descend. This popular error is corrected by glancing at weather tables, which show that during the wet season in California there is not only less rain, but more fair and beautiful days than in that por- tion of the United States between the Missis- sippi river and the Atlantic ocean during the same time. The following table represents the average annual rainfall in inches in Mentone St. Paul, St. Augustine (Florida), and also in San Diego, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles and Monterey; San Diego 10 inches Santa Barbara 15 " St. Augustine 55 " St. Paul 30 " Mentone 23 " Los Angeles 18 " Monterey 11 " Monterey's equable tempekatuke throughout the year. The following carefully prepared table pre- sents the maximum, minimum and mean tem- perature of Monterey, from meteorological observations, taken at Hotel del Monte, from January, 1882, to December, 1886: MO ST ERE Y COUNTY. 87 MONTHS. M EAN Temperature. Pemp . FOB Month Rain 1880. 7 A. M. 2 P.M. 9 P.M. Max Min. Mean. Fall. January 44.87 60.30 51.20 70 30 .53.10 3 09 1882. February 46.70 64.10 53.40 75 39 54.70 1.14 January 40.32 54.58 45.64 57 38 46.75 1.50 March 45.40 00.90 50.00 72 33 52.10 2.52 February 44.10 54.25 46.71 58 41 51.52 2.53 April 51.20 63.20 53.80 70 42 56.10 3.39 March 51.29 60.48 51.35 00 49 54.29 5.64 May 50.50 66.50 50.70 73 50 59.90 .08 April 53.60 61.33 52.66 63 53 57.78 1.57 June 50.70 65.90 57.00 78 51 59.90 May 57.58 65.74 57.58 06 55 60.51 July 57.70 67,00 57.80 76 55 60.80 June 59.97 68.63 60.73 67 60 63.24 August 55.60 07.70 57.00 79 54 60.13 July 61.96 69.16 63.00 68 63 65.38 September 54.00 06.70 50.30 79 47 58.90 August 60.41 73.41 61.16 09 00 03.82 October 47.40 04.00 51.60 72 38 54.55 70 September 59,60 66.96 59.33 ;3 00 63.26 .22 November 41.20 63.10 48.30 71 33 50.90 .78 October 55.41 65.23 55.29 64 52 .58.64 1.67 December 46.80 59.80 48.50 70 36 51.70 .60 November December 48.90 46.74 59.38 61.74 49.03 50.92 61 58 46 40 52.58 53.13 1.03 .80 The tbl owing table jresents the maximum. 1883. minimum and mean temperature of Vlonterey, January February 39.67 42.17 59.00 60.75 46.16 49.50 70 82 27 39 48.27 50.80 2.00 2.22 from meteorolog cal observation 3 taken at Ho- March 51.29 62.58 54.35 84 43 50.04 5.68 tel del Monte, f roni January, 1888, to De- April May 54.36 56.80 62.80 66.54 53.33 56.04 68 87 40 50 56.83 59.99 1.42 1.32 cember, 1891: June 59.76 70.06 59.96 87 56 03.20 .10 MONTHS. Meas Tempebatcre. Temp. FOB Month. Eain July 59.64 69.64 59.80 84 55 03.03 T A.M. 2 P.M. 9 P.M. Max Mln Mean. FALL. August 56.74 67.83 58.70 75 50 61.09 1888. September 57.56 70.36 61.06 85 48 62.99 .19 January 43,60 56.50 48.90 63 20 49.70 3.95 October 49.93 63.54 54.48 73 37 55.98 .71 February 50.20 61.60 53.50 72 43 54.80 1.09 November 44.36 59.60 50.20 71 33 51.38 .39 March 50.60 59.80 53.30 06 43 54.60 3.29 December 43.67 60.67 49.09 73 33 50.81 1.16 April 52.70 64.00 55.30 77 47 57,50 .33 1884. May 56.20 65.20 58.70 72 53 60.00 .81 January February March April May June July 41.71 43.34 49.67 53.53 55.70 58.16 56.65 57.29 59.48 60.29 62.46 65.35 55.33 67.23 49.54 49.00 53.58 54.86 58.00 59.90 59.16 64 74 70 71 78 69 76 31 28 40 45 50 56 53 49.51 50.00 54.51 56.95 59.68 61.13 61.01 3 00 5.34 0.08 3.75 .30 1.80 June July August September October November December 60.90 60,30 57.80 57.90 5370 51.00 49.00 71.40 71.00 69.20 68.80 67.80 64.30 63,80 02.10 62.00 62.30 60.90 57.00 56.50 53.70 78 90 75 74 75 71 70 58 58 56 54 44 31 40 64 87 62,53 63.10 6'J.50 59.50 57.30 55.C0 .65 1.76 August 55.35 68.19 59.77 77 50 61.11 .07 1889. September 52.50 65.00 55.06 77 44 57.52 .03 January 40.90 63.40 46.00 70 29 48.14 .81 October 49.03 61.29 52.80 77 40 54.39 1.81 February 44.82 63.18 51-79 73 33 53,30 .94 November 45.26 61.43 50.00 71 40 52.23 .30 March 53.30 65.50 57.30 79 45 58.70 3.58 December 45.29 60.23 50.51 68 30 52.01 5.33 April 56.70 66.00 58.50 70 52 60.60 1.15 1885. May 56 60 64.40 .-,9.00 68 50 60.00 1.23 January February March April May Jttne July 43.43 45.93 49.09 54.73 55.48 56.27 58.65 58.74 61.29 64.51 64.93 60.09 64.90 68.61 47.55 50.18 54.23 5563 56.48 57.03 00.20 65 08 81 76 77 69 75 35 35 41 43 52 53 54 49.90 52.46 55.95 58.43 59.35 59.40 62.50 1.33 .09 .40 1.70 .20 .03 June July August September October November December 01.80 64.30 58.00 57.40 56.70 51.00 49.30 71.80 73.50 74,30 70.70 68.30 66.00 57.90 62.80 63.90 55.20 59.00 59.80 86.40 51.70 98 78 78 83 85 75 04 54 60 50 48 50 44 35 65.50 07.20 03.50 02.60 61.60 57.80 53.00 4.28 1.63 1.54 August 56.29 66.68 58.00 76 53 60.31 1890. September 53.03 66 50 57.77 73 44 59.10 January 43.60 53.50 46.70 62 39 47.60 7.67 October 51.71 06.94 55.74 72 41 58.13 February 42.10 56.70 47.70 68 28 48.70 2.67 November 51.37 63.90 55.33 74 38 56.52 0.05 March 47.50 60.90 51.70 70 35 53.40 .83 December 45.55 63.39 53.94 73 35 54.29 1.73 April 49.80 63.20 53.10 80 42 54.70 .34 MONTE BET COUNTY. May 57.80 68.10 56.10 80 47 59.70 .37 June 55.00 68.20 55.30 80 48 59.50 July 55.50 69.00 56.00 84 50 00.30 August 57.90 70.30 56.30 82 49 61.51 September 55.00 86.80 75..59 83 47 59.50 .10 October 48.50 69.60 54.60 87 38 57.60 November 44.30 68..50 .53.40 79 37 55.40 1.33 December 45.30 63.20 50.70 69 35 53.10 3.66 1891. January 44.40 59.70 50.50 71 30 5150 1.06 February 45.96 60.35 50.82 65 32 52.80 3.68 March 51.80 63.00 54.20 67 43 56.30 .95 April 52.90 63.30 5670 70 40 65.00 3.36 May 50.50 65.50 61.00 76 50 60.10 .09 June 59.10 75.20 63.20 96 49 65.50 .08 July 55.30 71.40 57.70 86 53 61.40 August 57.70 73.90 58.50 90 52 63.40 September 58.40 73 90 63.30 83 50 65.20 .11 October 53.40 68.10 57.80 81 40 59.40 .03 November 46.00 66.70 50.70 1h 40 54..50 .19 December 38.00 56.00 45.50 63 26 48.00 4.73 CHAPTER XX. THE COUNTY. ^ONTEREY COUNTY constitutes one judical district. Hon. N. A. Dorn is the present superior judge of this district, to which position he was elected in 1890, for the term of six years. He was pre- ceded in that office by Hon. John K. Alex- ander. The following is a list of attorneys of Monterey county: W. A. Kearney, S. F. Geil, J. K. Alexander, W. M. R. Parker, C. F. Lacey, J. J. Cullman, N. G. Wyatt, P. E. Zabola, B. V. Sargent, W. H. Webb, G. A. Daugherty, J. A. AYall, W. M. Pense, Chas. E. ISougues, Fred. Sherwood, G. W. Road- house, of Salinas city; Thos. Renison, of Gonzales; and W. H. Willey and Mr. Brad- ford of Monterey. The following are the county officers for 1892: Assemblyman, Claude Lacey; sheriff, J. A. Horton, county clerk, Thos. Riordan; treasurer, U. Hartnell; auditor, W. T. Dun- can; recorder, J. R. Robinson; tax col- lector, A. J. McCullom; assessor, W. A. Anderson; district attorney, B. V. Sargent, Jr.; coroner and pal)lic administrator, J. Parker; superintendent of Schools, Job Wood, Jr.; surveyor, J. H. Garber. supervisors: H. Samuels, chairman, of Salinas; J. B. Cas- tro, Castroville; T. J. Field, Monterey; A. J. Copley, Kings City; C. T. Romie, Soledad. The Monterey County Agricultural As- sociation, District No. 7, of the State, was organized in 1874. It was reorganized under the new State law, in 1883. Its annual fairs are held at Sherwood Park, Salinas city. The Pacitic Coast Live Stock Owners' Mutual Protective Association was incorpor- ated as a Monterey county institution, March 12, 1890. It is located at Monterey city. Its objects are the suppression and preven- tion of the spread of contagious diseases, etc. Its officers are: Hon. B. V. Sargent, presi- dent; E. Ingram, vice-president; W. C. Little, actuary; R. H. Willey, attorney; C. R. Few, secretary; M. M. Gragg, busi- ness manager; F. R. Day, general manager. MONTEREY COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. There are ninety-three school districts in Monterey county. Job Wood, Jr., is the county superintendent. The annual salary of this office is $1,650. From the superin- tendent's report for the year commencing July 1, 1891, and ending June 30, 1892, the following statistics are extracted. The school MONTEREY COUNTY. census was taken May 15 — 31. Tiie total number of census children between the ages of five and seventeen years, in tlie county, was 4,986. Of these, 4,921 were white, to wit, 2,541 boys and 2,380 girls. There were 12 negroes, 3 boys and 9 girls; and two In- dian boys; and 51 (24 boys and 27 girls) na- tive born Mongolians or Chinese. Total census, children under 5 years: White, 1,909; negro, 6; Mongolian, 14; total 1,929. Number of children between 5 and 17, who have attended school, 3,956; number children between 5 and 17 who liave attended only private school, 86; number chil- dren between 5 and 17 who have not attended school, 944. Of these latter, two were negro and fifty-one were Mongolian children. Nativity of children, native born, 6,797; foreign born, 118; total, 6,915. Number schools or classes employing one teacher each, 124; number schools of each grade, high 1; grammar 41; primary, 82 ; total, 124. Number pupils enrolled, boys, 2,169; girls 1,994: total enrolled, 4,168; average number belonging, 2,813; average daily attendance, 2,628; percentage of attendance on average, number belonging, 93. High school, number pupils enrolled, 85; grammar school, number pupils enrolled, 846; Primary school, number pupils enrolled 3,232; total enrolled, 4,163. Average number of months schools were maintained 8.6; number male teachers, 21; female, 103; total, 124; average monthly wages of male teachers, $76; average monthly wages of female teachers, $62.86; number teachers holding high-school certificates, 5; number teachers holding first grade or gram- mar certificates 61; nutnber teachers iiolding second grade or primary certificates, 58; number teachers who attend county institute, 124; average monthly^salary of teachers, $65; total amount paid teachers' salaries for year, $68,771.71; total amount paid rent, repairs, fuel, contingent expenses, $8,845.53; total amount paid school libraries, $2,311.73; total amount paid school apparatus, $1,582.49 ; total current expenses, $81,011.46; amount paid for sites, buildings and school furnishing, $24,791.80; total expenditures for school year, $105,803.26. Receipts: Balance on hand July 1, 1891, 121,437.10; from State, including library fund, $40,314.73; from county, $36,541.00; from city or district taxes, $26,609.06; from subscriptions and miscellaneous sources, $2,- 070.75; total $126,972.64; balance close school year, June 30, 1892, $21,169.38. Value school lots, houses aud furnishings, $141,950; value school libraries, $17,970; value school apparatus, $6,825; total value school property, $166,745; number school houses in county, 90; new districts organized, 60; number volumes in school libraries, 18,- 208; amount bonded or other indebtedness of districts, $89,500. The annual teachers' institute \vas held at Salinas, September 21-25, 1891. Thirty- live teachers of the county are graduates of the California State Normal School, and nine MONTE RET COUNT T. are g;raduates of other State normal scliools and eis^liteen hold life diplomas. According to the decennial census of 1890, the population of Monterey county was then 18,637. Of this number there were: Whites, 16,821; Chinese, 1,653; Indians, 57; Ne- groes, 105; Japanese, 1. Present estimated population: Children un- der 17, 6,915 x3|=24,202. The vote of Monterey county at the guber- natorial election of 1890 was as follows; Markham, 1,956; Pond, 1,834; Bidwell, 113; total, 3,903. The courthouse of Monterey county was erected at a cost for building, grounds and furnishing of S60,000, in 1878, from pro- ceeds of bonds voted the same year. In 1888, bonds were issued to the amount of §150,000 for the purpose of building bridges. Of these latter, §40,000 have already been paid off. The county hospital located one and one- half miles from Salinas, was built in 1886 at a cost of about 810,000. The land, some sixty-two acres, cost $5,000. The hospital has accommodations for seventy-five persons. The county physician is Dr. S. M. Archer, who has filled this position some fifteen years. The Monterey Agricultural Association for District No. 7, has its headquarters at Sal- inas. Jesse D. Carr is president, and J. J. Keeley is secretary. It has held fairs an- nually during the last sixteen years. COUNTY ASSESSMENT. 1891. — Value real estate and impro'ments, $14,38o,120 Personal property 2,142,415 Railroads 1,284,949 County rate, $1.50. Total . . . ij;l7,712,484 1893.— Value real estate and impro'ments, §14,722,787 Value personal property 2,202,785 Total $16,925,572 Railroads 1,341,922 Total $18,367,494 County rate, 11.25 per $100. State rate, 43.04 1893. — Number acres land assessed in M. Co., 1,109,394 1891. — Number acres land assessed in M. Co., 1,102,084 By the Act of the Legislature of March 11, 1891, the Sixth Congressional District was constituted as follows: Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Monterey, Ventura, San Luis Obispo, and Los Angeles counties. Seventh District. — Stanislaus, Kern, Mer- ced, Orange, San Benito, San Bernardino, Tu- lare, Fresno, and San Diego counties. State Senatorial Districts, forty. Thirty-third: Monterey and San Benito counties. Twenty-ninth: Santa Cruz and San Mateo counties. Assembly Districts, eighty. Fifty-second: San Mateo county. Fifty-third: Santa Cruz countj. Fifty-ninth: Merced county, San Benito county (part). Sixtieth: San Benito county (part). Sixty-first: Monterey county. SALINAS VALLEY. The valleys and foothills of Monterey county, which in early times had been de- voted to stock-raising, have been gradually changed into a grain and fruit growing re- MONTEREY VOUNTY. 91 gion. The rich and extensive salinas valley in particular, has been utilized very profit- ably for agricultural and horticultural pur- suits, and latterly also in the culture of the sugar beet. In 1874 the narrow-gauge rail- road was built, connecting the town or bay of Monterey with Salinas city. Later, the South- ern Pacific Company built its road, connect- ing various parts of the county with its general system. Although there are still many big ranches in Monterey county, yet gratifying progress has been made in the building up of homes by industrious and prosperous settlers. There has been a steady increase in population and wealth during the last twenty-five years. Less than thirty years ago Salinas valley was mostly an open plain, with hardly a house, a fence or a corral in sight throughout its entire area; now numerous settlements, and occasionally cities, dot its beautiful land- scape. The writer of these lines well remem- bers riding in the stage between Natividad and Monterey in the '60s, and stopping at the Half-way Plouse, or at Trescony's, where now stands the Abbott House, in the center of Salinas city. The county seat remained at Monterey till 1872. The gradual develpp- ment of other portions of the county changed the center of population, and a movement was made to change the county seat to Sali- nas, which, however, was vigorously opposed. The matter was finally submitted to a vote of the people, :N"ovember 6, 1872, the day of |;he presidential election. The vote resulted: 1,436 in favor of Salinas city, and 488 for Monterey. The county seat was transferred to Sali- nas city, its present location, the following February. LIGHTHOUSES POINT TINOS LIGHT. The Twelfth Lighthouse District of the United States extends from the southern boundary of California to the southern bound- ary of Oregon. Inspector (1891) Thomas Perry, lieutenant-commander United States Navy, San Francisco; engineer, William H. Heur, major of engineers. United States Army, San Francisco. (See United States " Official List of Lights and Fog Signals on the Pacific Coast, corrected to January 1, 1891.") Point Pinos Lighthouse is one of the oldest stations on the coast: it was first ex^ hibited PWn-uary 5, 1855. It is what is known as a "fixed light," i. e., it does not revolve and flash. It is a white light of the third order, of ninety -candle power, and is visible at a dis- tance of fifteen and one-fourth nautical miles. Its location is in latitude N. 36° 37' 55", and in longitude W. 121° 56' 02"; and on the south side of entrance to the harbor of Monterey, height of light from sea level, ninety-one feet. The light is supplemented by a whistling buoy of the first class, audible for a distance of six miles. The light is surrounded by a catoptric lens of the third order. 93 MONTE RET COUNTY. Point Pinus light is a one-keeper show station. The first keeper was Charles Layton, who was killed; and his wife applied for and Biicceeded to his position. Her second hus- band, George C. Harris, was her successor. The next keeper was Andrew Wasson. Allen T. Luce was appointed September 21, 1871, and he has served continuously till the present time. POINT S0E LIGHT, twenty-one miles soutii of Point Pinos, is a light of the first order, visible twenty-three and one-fourth nautical miles. It is a white light, alternated with red flashes every fifteen seconds. Altitude above sea level, 272 feet. This is a four-keeper station, and was estab- lished in 1889. It has a twelve-inch steam fog signal, with five-second blasts at inter- vals of thirty-five seconds. CHAPTER XXL SALINAS CITY. I^JALINAS city, situated as it is, in the 1^1 midst of a splendid farming country, is ^ a prosperous, modern American city. Its transportation facilities are excellent, its climate is healthful, making it a very de- sirable place of residence; its people are enterprising, and as both the commercial business of the valley and the political busi- ness of the county center here, it has really become one of the most important cities in the county. According to the census of 1890 its population was 2,339. From June 1, 1891, to June 1, 1892, there were shipped from Salinas station between 8,000 and 9,000 tons of wheat, barley and oats. Owing to short rains in the early part of 1892, the secretary of the Salinas Board of Trade estimates that the crop of grain of 1892 will not be much more than one-half of an average crop. There are five points at which the products of the valley may be shipped by water. The Salinas Milling Company, now con- solidated with The Sperry Flour Company of San Francisco, handles an enormous amount of grain annually, mostly the product of Monterey county. A brief account of this great corporation is of sufficient local in- terest to insert here. Eleven mill com- panies have combined — not in the form of a trust at all, they claim, — but by an actual transfer of ownership, — in one company, which has incorporated under the name of "The Sperry Flour Company," with a cap- ital stock of $10,000,000, which has issued paid-up stock to the amount of §5,840,000. Horace Davis, of San Francisco, is president of this company, and D. B. Moody, secretary. The total capacity of all the mills of this huge company is 6,000 barrels of flour daily, and its markets are the Pacific coasts of America and Asia, and the islands of the Pacific ocean. Its mills, each of which has a local manager, are located as follows: One mill at Stockton, capacity 1,500 barrels daily; 1 mill at Salinas, copacity 600 barrels daily; 1 mill at Hollister, capacity 400 bar- rels daily; 1 mill at Kings' City, capacity 250 MONTE KEY COUNTY. 93 barrels daily; 1 mill at Paso Robles, capacity 200 barrels daily; 1 mill at Marys ville; 1 mill at Gridley, Sacramento county; 2 mills at Sacramento city; 1 mill at San Francisco; 1 mill at San Jose. V. D. Black is the managing director of the Salinas mill, which makes a brand of flour widely known as" Drifted Snow Flour.'* Its market is Monterey county, also the Pacific coast and islands. This is a full roller mill; it has twenty-four double sets of rollers. Its motive power is a 300-horse-power steam engine, the fuel used being the refuse from the Santa Cruz sawmills. The mill, which was erected in 1883, employs about thirty operatives. As it runs day and night (ex- cluding Sundays) it requires double sets of employes. In the year 1891, out of a little more than 300 workiilg days, it ran 292 days of twenty-four hours each. Its bill for sacks (all its flour is sacked) froiii July 1, 1891, to July 1, 1892, was |27,000. This mill con- sumes annually 25,000 tons of wheat, which it converts into flour, and about 5,000 tons of barley, which it rolls for feed purposes. It requires about $250,000 capital to run this business, including the amount irivested in the plant. The business ddne anilually by this oftice amounts to something like $1,000,- 000; and that done by the Consolidated Cen- tral Company will probably amount to $1,000,000 per month. Six hundred barrels of flour, or twenty-four hours' run, require about eighty tons of wheat. Superintendent Black sells flour on thirty days' time, but buys wheat all along the railroad from Gilroy to its terminus, in San Luis Obispo county, for spot cash. The daily price of wheat is made, not by Mr. Black, nor by the Sperry Flour Company of San Francisco, but at the great centers of population in New York and in Europe. The boards of trade of the latter meet daily and fix the price for the day, according to demand and supply, and adjourn before the boards of New York and other Eastern cities of the United States meet, owing to the differ- ence in time. And the latter meet and fix the price, subject to the rate already estab- lished in the European markets the same day. Several hours later the San Francisco Board meets, and, with full knowledge of the state of the markets of the East and Europe, fixes the price for the day in San Francisco. This price is telegraphed in cypher to Mr. Black, who is then prepared to buy wheat of the farmers of Salinas valley intelligently, be- cause he knows what it is worth in other parts of the world, or whether the tendency, as compared with its price the previous day, is upward or downward, in the great centers of consumption, where in reality the price to a large extent is made. And thus this branch of the milling business, to wit: the buying of wheat is done on scientific princi- ples, just as the conversion of the wheat into flour, is, in similar fashion, done by means of the latest-improved scientific ma- chinery. And all this is better for the farmer than the haphazard way of buying without regard to the price in other parts of the world. And by these methods of doing business, the MONT EBB 7 COUNTY. ability of any local operators to bull or bear tlie market is confined within very narrow limitations. The level of Monterey bay is certainly steadied by its intimate connection with the universal sea. It is estimated that Monterey is one of the largest barley-producing counties in the State. Mr. Black placed the quantity of barley on hand in the various warehouses of the Salinas valley on the first day of October, 1891, at about 82,000 tons, and the total production for the year at 50,000 tons; and the produc- tion of wheat at 60,000 tons. The quantity of hay raised in the valley, over and above what is needed for home consumption, is also very large. Some portions of the valley are found to be admirably adapted to the growth of sugar beets; a narrow-gauge railroad has been run up the valley, from the Watson ville Sugar factory, some thirteen miles, thus stimulating beet farming along its line. A Mr. Graves has a 200-acre field of sugar beets, not far from Salinas city, for which, it is reported, he has been offered, and has refused, $10,000. He estimates that his crop will average be- tween twenty and forty tons of beets per acre. Fruit is beginning to be raised for profit in the valley, and without irrigation. There are two commercial banks in Salinas city. The Salinas City Bank was or- ganized in April, 1873. It? directors are: J, D. Carr, president; A. B. Jackson, acting president; Elisha Archer, J. H. McDougall, Thomas Kea; W. S. Johnson, cashier. The bank has a paid-up capital of $300,000, and a surplus of $95,000. Its sworn statement of June 30, 1892, showed: Assets. — Cash and due from bks $ 58,14:0.69 Loans 570,451.11 Eeal estate 25,714.33 Expense 3,080.10 S. F. bk stock 5,000.00 $657,386.23 Liabilities.— Capital stock .... .$300,000.00 Due depositors... 242,576.29 Profit and Loss. -. 95,000.00 Unpaid dividends. 7,500.00 Int., dis's and rents 12,137.44 Suspense account. . 172.50 $657,386.23 The Monterey County Bank of Salinas city was incorporated October 17, 1890, with a subscribed capital stock of $200,000; paid-up capital, $120,000. Its directors are: Will- iam Vanderhurst, president; J. B. Iverson, vice-president; Luther Kodgers, cashier; R. L. Porter, assistant cashier and secretary; M. Lynn, J. H. McDougall, C. T. Romie, Francis Doud. Its semi-annual statement, June 30, 1892, showed: Assets. — Bank premises $ 18,100.00 Loans 204,411.61 Cash and due from bks 23,612.00 Fur. and fi.xtures 1,900.00 Ex. and taxes 7,287.96 $255,261.57 MONTEREY COUNTY. 95 LiABiLiTtEs. — Capital paid in . . . $120,000.00 Due depositors. ... 117,839.95 Due banks 1,127.46 Interest 14,908.98 Rents and exch.: . . 1,385.18 $255,261.57 The officers of the Salinas Board of Trade, which was organized in 1887, and which has about fifty members, are as follows: Jesse D. Carrj president; William Vanderhurst, vice- president; W. H. Clark, secretary; Mark Meyer, treasurer. The following are the city officers: II. S. Ball, mayor; J. J. Wyatt, city attorney; G. S. Miller, treasurer; D. F. Davis, surveyor. Council: T. S. Mabel, William Tholke, Bt. Menke, J. J. Connor, P. Iverson stnd William Schmedel. Salinas is divided into three wards, with two councilinen representing each ward; The indebtedness of the city is about 120,- 000. The city ta.v for 1802 is sfeventy-five cents on the $100, including twelity-five cents for schools. The post office of Salinas belongs td the third-class. The annual gross receipts of the office are $6,000. The various social and benevolent societies are well represented in Salinas. There are two lodges of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows: Alisal, No. 163, established in 1869, with a present membership of 122; Fraternal, No. 276, organized in 1878, mem- bership sixty-five. There is also a Canton of Patriarchs Militant, and an enampment of over sixty members. Also a Rebekah Lodge, No. 42. The Masonic fraternity is repre- sented by Salinas Lodge, No. 204, organized in 1869, with a present membership of over 100; and by the Salinas Chapter, No. 59, of Royal Arch Masons; and by Reveille Chap- ter, No: 47, of the Order of the Eastern Star. There are also, Salinas Lodge, No. 131, of I. O. G. T., and a society of the W. C. T. U., a Council of the Legion of Honor, and a Parlor of N. S. G. W., etc. When a young man and a professor in a college in Italy, Father Sorrentini was an intimate friend of the illustrious Ital- ian composer, Verdi, for whose genius and many noble qualities he has very high admiration. To the remark that the great maestro had been made a senator by the Italian Government, Father Sorrentini responded: " Yes, but he takes but little interest in political matters, being wholly engrossed in his art." Evidently the close re - lations between the young professor and the youthful composer must have been strong and altogether honorable to both parties, judging from the enthusiasm and kindly feeling which the venerable prelate does not conceal when speaking of his early friend who also is now an old man. Some of Ver- di's music is thoroughly churchly in style; not a little of it, including characteristic sacred pieces introduced into his grand operas, have already become classics. The Methodist Episcopal Church South of Salinas was organized in 1867. Rev. J. C. Simmons, D. D., is its present pastor. The MONTEREY COUNTY. church building was erected in 1871; its seating capacity is about 250; the church membership is about seventy. The trustees are: John Kalar, John Sexton, Curns John- son, H. V. Morehouse, Jasper Phares and R. J. Emraerson In 1861, thirty-one years ago. Rev. Dr. Simmons, as presiding elder of the San Francisco District held a camp meeting at the Blanco schoolhonse, on Salinas river, about four miles from the Bite of the present city of Salinas. Dr. Simmons, who came to California from Georgia in February, 1852, was present and took part in the organi- zation of the Pacific Conference at San Fran- cisco, April 15, of that new year; and he is the only person who was present then and is now a member of the conference, and he has been a member ever since. Rev. Dr. Simmons is the author of '• The History of Southern Methodism on the Pacific Coast," pages 454, published in 1886; and of a theo- logical work, entitled ' The Kingdom and Comings of Christ," pp. 320, and published in 1891. Dr. Simmons attended, as a i-epre- sentative of his church on the Pacific coast the Ecumenical Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church held at Washington, Dis- trict of Columbia, in October, 1891. The Salinas United Presbyterian Congre- gation was organized by Rev. W. H. Wilson, acting under tlie authority of the Presbytery of San Francisco, December 7, 1869, and is the oldest Presbyterian congregation in Mon- terey county. Mr. Wilson was succeeded August 10, 1873, by Rev. George McCor- mick, who has been continuously in charge ever since. The present membership is about 100, and the average attendance about the same. About 300 names in all have been enrolled during the present pastorate. Out of these have been formed congregations in Castroville, and in Easton, Fresno county, both of which are flourishing. The present beautiful church building, seating about 300, was erected in 1876, at a cost of about $7,000. It is free of debt. The present members of session are W. H. Clark and George A. Daugherty, Esq. The latter is also Sunday- school superintendent and choir leader. The preseiit board of trustees are J. A. Wall, Esq., Alfred Grant and Thomas Chappell. The congregation is self-supporting, and for many years has used the voluntary or envelope sys- tem of finance. The Baptist Church of Salinas, was organ- ized in 1873, and the church edifice was erected in 1875. It has a seating capacity of about 200. Rev. E. B. Hatch is the present pastor. The trustees are Dr. E. K. Abbott, Judge J. K. Alexander, W. F. Treat, Ira Tucker, Henry Whisman. The Methodist Episcopal Church (North), Rev. C. G. Milnes, pastor, has about sixty members. St. Paul's Episcopal Church of Salinas built its present church edifice in 1875; it was consecrated by Rt. Rev. W. I. Kip, D. D., LL. D., July 4, of that year; it has about 120 sittings, and cost $1,200. Its present rector is Rev. John Acworth. Some of its former rectors have been: Revs. J. S. Mc- MONTEREY GOUNTT. Gowan, William Lund, J. Fred Holmes, J. S. Siinonds. Rev. N. V. Holm is pastor of the Danish Lutheran Church, which holds regular ser- vices. NEWSPAPERS. The Salinas Weekly Lidex, established in 1871, W. J. Hill, editor and proprietor, is an influential local journal. It is the county ofiicial paper, and is Republican politically. Editor Hill is a practical newspaper man, of long experience and considerable force of character. His paper, having been long in the field, and being well managed and edited' has come to be a valuable property and a power in the community. The Salinas Weekly Democrat is another long-established and influential paper, Demo- cratic in politics, as its name implies. It ig published by Thomas Harris, and is edited with much ability. It was started at Monte- rey in 1867, by D. S. Gregory & Co., with Rasey Bivan as editor. Some time after, J. W. Lee became editor and proprietor of the Democrat, and he moved it to Salinas city about 1874, or just prior to the removal thither of the county seat. He conducted the paper until 1885 or 1886, when Thomas Harris and D. W. Lee bought out J. W. Lee. In February, 1888, Mr. Harris became sole proprietor. Mr. Harris is a thoroughgoing newspaper man; he is practically acquainted with every department of the newspaper busi- ness, from printer's "devil " to editor. The Salinas Daily Journal is published, as its name indicates, daily, by Harris & Smelt- zer. It is now in its seventh volume. OTIIEE BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS. The oflicers of the Salinas City Gas and Water Company are: J. B. Iverson, presi- dent; William Vanderhurst, treasurer; R. L. Porter, secretary; F.B.Day, superintendent. Directors — J. B. Iverson, William Vander- hurst, P. Zabilla, C. Hoifman, J. H. Mc- Dougall. The gas works were established in 1873, and the water works were built in 1874, and the electric arc-light system was put up in October, 1888. The Thomson- Houston arc-light system is used with a thirty-light dynamo. The Incandescent Na- tional Electric Company started November 1, 1891. Two thirty-tive horse-power Westing- house, Jr., engines are used. Each dynamo is run by a separate engine. Capacity of in- candescent machine, 500 sixteen-candle power lights. The water works use one No. 10 Knowles pump, and one duplex compound Worthington; capacity of both, 60,000 gal- lons per hour. Three 50,000-gallon tanks, eighty-six and seventy feet above the ground, are supplied from five artesian wells. Capi- tal stock, $60,000; but about $75,000 have been put into the works. The Salinas brewery, G. H. Meuke, pro- prietor, was built in 1891-'92, and com- menced operations in May, 1892, with a capacity of twenty-five barrels per day. It consumes 3,000 sacks of barley per annum. It has the latest and best machinery. The present plant cost about |20,000. Before V MONTEREY COUNTY. buildin^^ his present establishment, Mr. Menke had been engaged in the same busi- ness here in a smaller way since 1877. The annual rainfall of Salinas city, based on an average of eight years, is about four- teen inches. SALINAS CITY SCHOOLS. From the last annual report of the county school superintendent the following facts are derived concerning the schools of Salinas for the year ending June 30, 1892: There were fourteen classes, one high, six grammar and seven primary classes, taught in three schoolhouses, by fourteen teachers, for ten months in the year. The number of pupils between five and seventeen in the district were: Boys, white, 393, negro, 1; girls, white 379, negro, 1; total 774 Total number of children under five years in district 165 Total under seventeen, native, 922; foreign, 17. . 939 Grades, number of pupils, high, 79; grammar, 215; primary, 343; total 637 Teachers, male, 2; female, 12 14 Grade teachers' certificate, high, 3; first gram- mar, 6; second grammar, 5 14 Current expenses: Teachers' salary $10,652.50 Rent, repairs, etc 2,276.57 Libraries 114.10 Apparatus 754.00 ?ites, building, furniture 2,534.62 Total $15,731.79 Receipts: Balance July 1, 1891, $3,087.43 From State 4,870.00 From county 3 922.00 From city 4,647.03 From subscription 1,220 75 Total $17,747.21 Balance June 30, 1892 | 2,015.42 CHAPTER XXII. PACIPIC GKOVE. THE GENESIS OF PACIFIC GROVE EETREAT. IJN 1873, a Methodist minister by the name f1 of Ross, and his wife, both being in feeble "^ health, and having tried all the remedies that science could suggest, were advised to find some place where the temperature varied but little through the entire year, and where the fluctuations from heat to cold were merely noininal. After many months spent in re- search, it was at last decided that Monterey was the most likely place to supply those re- quirements. By the kindness of Mr. David Jacks, who at that time owned large tracts of land extending throughout what is now known as Pacific Grove and all the grounds acquired by purchase by the Pacific Improve- ment Company, they were induced to try a residence amongst the pines as being bene- ficial and conducive to the restoration of health. They accordingly came here and located on what it now known as Grand avenue, and near the present site of El Carmelo Hotel. After a short residence, the effects were so palpable that Mr. Ross went back to his for- mer home and brought with him his brother and his brother's wife, who were also troubled with pulmonary complaints. They all lived out of doors, they slept in hammocks under the trees, and ignored for the time being all indoor comfort, living principally on fish and game. Their recovery seemed almost mirac. MONTEREY COUNTY. ulous, for in a very few months they were perfectly restored to health. In 1875, Bishop Peck, who was ever on the alert to do good, conceived the idea, after a brief visit, that this place so nearly resembled those health-giving retreats in the East, that negotiations were soon pending with Mr. Jacks for the purchase of a site that should at once form the nucleus around which could be built a retreat where spiritual and social comfort could be had without limit, and where the ever rolling, restless sea would sing a sweet lullaby to woo the drowsy god and produce that sweet, refreshing sleep which is acknowledged by all scientists to be the great restorer of human nature. Here in this lovely spot, breathing the pure aroma of the pines, and inhaling the pure ozone from the broad Pacific, with do one to trouble them or make them afraid, these people proved be- yond all doubt that so far as they were con- cerned, this was to them the Mecca for which they had so long and so persistently searched. TOWN OF PACIFIC GKOVE. The town of Pacific Grove, one of the most healthful, equable all-the-year seaside resorts in the world, was founded in the year 187B, by David Jacks and representatives of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The articles of incorporation of the "Pacific Grove Retreat Association" are dated 15th of June, 1875. Among the purposes stated in these arti- cles, for which the corporation was formed, were the pui'chasing or leasing, and improve- ment of lands in Monterey county, for a sea- side resort, and for holding camp-meetings, etc. The original corporators were the follow- ing named gentlemen: Revs. J. W. Ross, F. F. Jewell, Otis Gibson, George Clifford, G. O. Ashe, H. B. Heacock, E. S. Todd; also Messrs. J. W. H. Campbell, G. F. Baker, J. A. Clayton, A. Gallatin. At first, about 100 acres were laid off in lots, including the present town site; water was brought in pipes from "Dairy Springs," about a mile away; some twelve or fifteen cottages, and a considerable number of tents were put up the first year, sufficient to ac- commodate 350 to 400 people. A camp-meet- ing was held that year, commencing August 9th, and continuing about three weeks. Some 29,000 or $30,000 were expended in im- provements during the year 1875. Summer religious meetings were held annually there- after. In later years, other features were added, such as the meeting here of the Chau- tauquans, the State Sabbath-school conven- tions, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, etc. The annual conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Central California has met at Pacific Grove the last six years; and in the summer of 1892 both the California State University and the Stanford University established here experimental stations for the study of marine life. In the early years of the town's existence, the Monterey and Salinas narrow-gauge railroad facilitated the coming hither of people from the interior; excursion steamers also brought large numbers from San Francisco. Afterward the Southern MONTEREY COUNTY. Pacific Railway Company brought, and con- tiuues to bring, thousands frona many points, far and near. And as the temperature of Pacific Grove in winter differs but little com- paratively from its temperature in summer, people from the East and from Europe, who visit California in winter, find this a delight- ful winter resort. Northern people who visit Florida in winter must flee that section in summer. Here, the climate is bracing and healthful and charming all the year round. At a meeting of the Board of Trustees, June 21, 1883, it was announced that the land including the site of Pacific Grove had been sold by Mr. Jacks to the "Pacific Im- provement Company," subject to the con- ditions which had been previously agreed upon between the Board and Mr. Jacks, with some modifications; and that an understand- ing with the Pacific Improvement Com- pany had been reached March 31, 1883, whereby the latter should retain the financial management, and the Pacific Grove Associa- tion should continue to have the moral and prudential control of the grounds, and that this control should extend to the distance of one mile from the geographical center of the original survey. Later the Pacific Improve- ment Company put up at the Grove, the large, fine hotel, " El Carmelo," which has over 100 rooms. As indicating the good faith with which the Pacific Improvement Company has car- ried out its agreement with Grove Association, the following incident is related. When the Hotel del Monte was burned, representatives of the Pacific Improvement Company pro- posed to the Grove people that with their consent they would like to have the privilege of supplying their guests, transferred from del Monto to El Carmelo, with wine, etc. The Grove people did not see how they could consent to a violation of the conditions on which the tenure of title to their grounds depended, and they declined to assent to the proposition — to which declination the Pa- cific Improvement Company cheerfully and in good faith assented. The population of the town of Pacific Grove, according to the census of 1890, was 1,336. Probably 10,000 transient visitors come here every summer. Its location among the pines and on the shore of the ocean, its all-the-year- round equable climate, and its quiet, wholesome moral atmosphere, com- bine to make it one of the most desirable health resorts in the world. The balm of its pine forests, and the coolness of its sum- mer sea breezes, are wonderfully invigorating, as thousands on thousands of its visitors can testify. In 1883 or '84 the Pacific Improvement Company brought water in pipes, at a cost of several hundred thousand dollars, from a point some twenty-two miles up the Carmel river, for the supply of Pacific Grove, Monterey, and Hotel del Monte and grounds of seventy acres. The water is brought to two immense reservoirs, of a capacity of 140,000,000, and 16,000,000 gallons, respectively; one of these is located on the hill back of Pacific Grove, whence it is distributed to consumers. The MONTE HEY COUNTY. supply is abundant and the quality of the water excellent. The consumption is from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 gallons daily. The following is a list of civil officers of the town of Pacitic Grove: E. A. Eardley, O. S. Trimmer, C. Johnson, C. K. Tuttle, and W. V. Jubb, trustees; E. C. Smith, clerk; E. P. Wilbur, treasurer; "W. C. Little, engineer; J. R. Patrick, recorder; E. B. Rich, marshal; William Quintel, street superintendent. Tlie Pacific Grove Review is a weekly journal, published and edited by Anna A. Gallanar, a bright newspaper woman, who makes a paper that is a credit to the com- munity in which it is published. The Review was first started under its present name, but merely as a real-estate advertising sheet for gratuitous distribution by B. A. Eardley. It was neatly printed, took in outside advertisements, and also gave the local news in condensed form. It was a four-column, eight-page paper, and was well conducted. Afterward G. W. Gallanar took charge of it, and enlarged it to a seven-column folio, and published it as a Republican journal, at a subscription price of $2 per annum. Latterly the Review has been entirely under the control of Mrs. Gallanar, who makes it a worthy local organ of Pacific Grove. PACIFIC GROVE SCHOOLS. The public schools of Pacific Grove are divided into four classes, taught by four teachers. There are about 150 pupils in at- tendance. There is a high-school class, where pupils are prepared for the university. The Chinese colony of 400 or 500, within the dis- trict, includes some thirty-five native-born Chinese children, for whose education in En- glish provision was made by theschool trus- tees; but the parents of these children seemed to be averse to sending them to school. A kindergarten class is also maintained. Prof. G. W. Gretter is the principal of the Pacific Grove schools. The trustees of the school district are: H. W. Briggs, clerk, A. J. Painter, S. B. Gor- don. The district has a fine school building, with si.\ rooms, and a large hall, capable of being divided into two more rooms when the occa- sion requii-es. The schoolhouse is thor- oughly furnished with all the modern ap- pliances for heating, seating and ventilation; and the plumbing is of the best. The assist- ant teachers are: Mrs. J. D. Rogers, Mrs. M. G. Hood, Miss Nettie Waring. Ten months' school are maintained. Value of schoolhouse and lot, $14,000. DONATIONS. The Pacific Improvement Company has donated to the University of the Pacific a fine tract of about six acres, in a desirable locality, for the purpose of establishing at the " Grove " a branch of that institution. Mrs. L. G. Waterhouse, a former resident but now deceased, donated eight lots in the town of Pacific Grove, for an " old ladies' home." MONTEREY COUNTY. Dr. Helen W. Webster, a visitor from Boston, lately bouprht a tract at the Grove, on which she intends to erect a " home for invalids" from Bostoi\ and vicinity, who are seeking a milder climate. CALIFORNIA CONFEEENCE. The thirty-ninth annual session of the California Conference of the Methodist Epis- copal Church was held at Paciiic Grove, September 9 to 15, 1891, Bishop W. F. Mallalieu, president. Members in full con- nection, 180; on trial, 28; total, 208; local preachers, 140; church membership, — in full connection, 12,855; on probation, 1,673; total, 14,528; number of churches, 188; value of same, $1,173,470; number of parsonages, 98; value of same, $141,675; ministerial sup- port, 1136,360; number of Sunday-schools, 227; number of scholars, 19,587; number of volumes in libraries, 19,252. The confer- ence, which includes Sacramento, Napa, San Francisco and Oakland districts, has met at Pacitic Grove since 1884 (with one ex- ception). The fortieth session was held at the Grove from September 7 to 12, 1892, with Bishop John H. Vincent of Buffalo, New York, as president of the conference, and M. D. Buck, of Modesto, California, as secre- tary, and Thomas Filben, treasurer. The trustees of the conference are: Wesley Dennett, president; John Coyle, secretary; J. D. Hammond, treasurer; George Clifford, H. C. Benson, J. W. Ross, E. R. Dille, H. B. Heacock, W. W. Case. Conference mem- bers in full connection, 190; on trial, 23; total, 213. Of these, there are effective, 180; supernumeraries, 9; superanuated, 24; total, 213. Local preachers, 150. Church mem- bership, in full connection, 13,893; on pro- bation, 3,168; total, 17,061. Number of churches, 191; value of church building, §1,233,321; number of parsonages, 107; value of parsonages, $153,200. Ministerial support: Pastors, presiding elders and bish- ops, $143,363; conference claimants, 4.889; number of Sunday-schools, 230; number of schol xrs, 19,919; number of volumes in libraries, 20.960; money raised for all pur- poses, $318,189. The Women's Christian Temperance Union of the State held its annualj Summer School of Method for 1892, at Pacific Grove, from July 14 to 20, and was largely attended; and a very elaborate and interest- ing programme was discussed. The Slate officers of the Union are: Mrs. Sturtevant-Peet, president; Mrs. Dorcas J. Spencer, corresponding secretary; Mrs. H. E. Brown, recording secretary; Mrs. Emily Hoppin, treasurer. Instructor, Mrs. Mary Allen West, of Chicago. Musical conductor, Mrs. A. M. Hilliker. Official reporter, Mrs. M. G. C. Edholm. Pacitic Ensign: Editor, Mrs. Ada Van Pelt; manager, Mrs. D. J. Spencer; secre- tary. Miss .fulia French. There are three church organizations in Pacitic Grove, namely: Methodist, Congre- gational and Episcopalian. Assembly Hall, the place of worship of the Methodists, was > w m ^^ S. W tr- tr' o' k: o > i" tr' Q i, 2. K ? G Q MONTEREY COUNTY. 103 built l)y the Pacific Grove Retreat Associa- tion, at a cost of $25,000. The Pacific Im- provement Company donated $10,000 in cash, and, besides, eight- central lots, upon which the ball is located. Several individuals gave large amounts, and the citizens of Pacific Grove and its property owners, some of whom lived elsewhere, gave the balance to make up the above sum total. These amounts were given with the express understanding that this edifice was to be owned by the association and used for the meeting of all religious and educational as- semblies which come to the Grove, free of charge. It is so owned and used, and is an ornament to the town. It is, however, dedi- cated as a Methodist Church, and is so used by the local Methodist Episcopal Church organization of Pacific Grove. Yet it is the property of the Pacific Grove Retreat As- sociation. It was dedicated as a church by Bishop Vincent, in 1 8S8. It was erected in the spring and summer of that year, by W. H. Iloyt, as contractor, and a Mr. Price, of Philadelphia, as church architect. Rev. T. H. Sinnex, D. D., first pastor; Rev. M. C. Briggs, D. D., second pastor; Rev. S. G. Gale, present pastor. The Methodist Episcopal Church of Pacific Grove has erected a fine new parsonage, adjoining the church, or Assembly Hall, at an expense of about $2,200. The Assembly Hall is situated three blocks west of El Carmelo Hotel, fronting on Light- house avenue. It is in Gothic style, having two towers of equal height. The auditorium is 56 X 78 feet, with galleries. On each side is a chapel 24 x 48 feet, and in the rear an organ gallery 10 x 25 I'eet. The extreme di- mensions of the building are 95 x 105 feet. The chapels are separated from the main room by glazed partitions, which are mov- able; and the whole may be thus thrown into one large auditorium. This beautiful and commodious temple is a great public conven- ience, where many large religious and edu- cational bodies meet annually; and it is a credit to the town of Pacific Grove. The Episcopalians have a church, St. Mary's-by-the-Sea, at Pacific Grove. An account of this church, appears elsewhere and of the churches at Montei-ey, and the Hotel del Monte, all of which belong to one parish, of which Rev. C. S. Fackenthall is the rector. He resides at Pacific Grove. MAYFLOWER CONGKEGATIONAL CHUECH OF PACIFIC GROVE was organized with twenty-four charter iiieai- bers. It was incorporated January 26, 1892. E. Snell, M. D., Mrs. C. D. Dresser, deacons; Mrs. S. A. Virgin, Mrs. Fox, E. Snell, trustees. The church owns a lot 100 x 225 feet, which was donated by the Pacific Improve- ment Company. The foundation is laid for the entire structure, which is intended to seat 500 persons. A modest chapel has al- ready been put up. The church proper is to be of Gothic architecture, and to cost between $5,000 and $6,000. The present MONTEREY COUNTY. attendance is from forty to fifty persons. Monterey and Pacific Grove are connected by a street railroad, which gives the public good service, and which is really a gi-eat public convenience; for the passenger traffic between the two towns, or between the Hotel del Monte and the Grove, is quite extensive. The track of the Southern Pacific railroad extends to and beyond the Pacific Grove, or to lake Majella in the pine t'orest beyond Point Pinos lighthouse. Both roads pass the Juni'pero cross and monument. New Monterey, and the Chinese town, and close along the shore of beautiful Monterey bay. A large portion of the 7,000-acre tract, adjoining Pacific Grove, is kept by the Pa- cific Improvement Company as a park. The "seventeen mile drive" winding around this park is one of the finest of its kind in the United States. It is graded, piked and grav- eled, and passes through a most picturesque region. A ride over it is something to be remembered for a lifetime. MONTEREY CYPEESS. On the Pacific Grove tract, at Point Cy- press, near Carmel bay, is to be found in its native habitat, the beautiful, ornamental tree, the Monterey cypress. Prof. Sargent, of the United States Botanical Department, at Washington, asserts that this tree is indige- nous to no other part of the world. But great numbers have been propagated, and introduced all over the State and to many parts of the East. It is a beautiful ever- green, susceptible of being trained into many unique forms; it grows rapidly, is thick, hardy and graceful, attaining a height of thirty to sixty feet. The largest trunk in the grove at Point Cypress three feet above the ground measured over nineteen feet in cir- cumference, or al)0ve six feet and a quarter in diameter. Its timber is very durable. The cones or globules are produced annually, and are about the size of a large filbert. The seed, in shape and size, is like onion seed, and may be sown in the same way and in the same sort of soil. The cones do not fall from the trees, and the seed is retained in them. It is said also, that a species of pine grows at Point Cypress that is found no- where else in the world. CHAPTER XXIII. OTHER TOWNS — CASTROVILLE. fASTKOVILLE is- a thriving railroad town, situated in the midst of a rich farming country, and near to tide-water at Moss landing. Its population, according to the Federal census of 1890, was about 640 souls, and probably it is something more than that number at the present time. The school census of 1892 would indicate that its population must be over 1,000. The town was founded by Juan B.Castro, in 1864. It has a Protestant and a Roman Catholic Church; also lodges of Odd Fellows, Masons, Good Templars, etc. The Enterprise is the name of its bright, saucy, independent local paper, published by Miss Louise E. Francis, editor and proprietor. The Enterprise maintains a regular W. P. A. column, (Women's Press Association), and a W. C. T. U. column. The MONTEREY COUNTY. 105 editor evidently believes that women, by com- bining; and working for their own elevation and independence, can improve their con- dition, as men, in modern times, have vastly bettered theirs, by similar methods. The Enterprise favors strongly one cause which would greatly benefit not alone Castroville and the Salinas valley but the entire State, namely, the subdivision of the big ranches. The following school statistics for 1892, are drawn from the latest annual report of County Superintendent Wood: Castroville has two schooUiouses and four teachers. Pupils between five and seventeen: boys 112, girls, 119, total, 231; children un- der five 88; under seventeen, 319; enrolled, boys 108, girls 106, total, 214; pupils, gram- mar grade, 49; primary, 165. Current expenses: teachers, $2,800; rents, etc., $522.61; total, $3,322.61. Receipts: State, $1,750; county, $1,450; balance 1891, $287.23; total, 13,487.23. Balance June 30, 1892, $164.62. Value of lots, buildings and furniture, $4,000; library and apparatus, $600; total, $4,600. GONZALES is a thriving town on the railroad, about seventeen miles southerly, and up the valley from the county seat. The town has several churches; and its schools are excellent, being taught by three teachers, in two school- houses. Number of children — boys, 75; girls, 77; total, 152. Enrolled in grammar grade, 33; primary, 74; total, 107. Children 7 under 5, 96; between 5 and 17, 152; total under 17, 248. Receipts of moneys from all sources $2,537,27 Expenditures, - - - 2,269,11 Balance June 30, 1892, - 268,16 The census of 1890 gave Gonzales a pop- ulation of only 359. The schjol census would certainly indicate a much larger popu- lation, at least twice that number in 1892. The Gonzales Tribune is edited and pub- lished by Thoj. Renison, who has also ably represented the people of his county in the Legislature (in 1889). The Baptist Church of Gonzales was or- ganized May 31, 1883. The first pastor was S. C. Keech; the other officers were Geo. J. Boekenoogeu and Thos. F. Faw, deacons; D. K. Edwards, clerk; Thos. F. Faw, treasurer. A Sunday-school was organized in 1874, by D. K. Edwards, which has been kept up ever since. Mr. Edwards and Mr. Faw have been its superintendents. November, 1883, a church edifice was commenced, and com- pleted in tlie following spring, at a cost of about $3,100. It was dedicated, free from debt, July 13, 1884, by Rev. Dr. "W. H. Pendleton, of San Francisco, but now of Los Angeles. Two lots, fifty by one hundred and forty feet, were donated by the Gonzales brothers. The church supports a permanent pastor, and owns a parsonage and grounds. Moss landing is the principal shipping point of the Salinas valley, being located at the mouth of Salinas river. Captain C. H. Moss, from whom the landing takes its name, commenced shipping grain from that 106 MONTEREY COUNTY. point in 1866. It lias large warehouses. The landing is accessible at nearly all seasons of the year. KINGS CITY, altliough only six years old, is a thriving town on the railroad, some forty-live miles southerly from Salinas city, with a population in 1890 of upward of 250. The newly organized Sperry Flour Company has a mill at Kings City, with a capacity of 250 barrels of flour per day. The town has a fine schoolhouse and its school facilities are excellent. Kings Citv is worthily and zealously rep- resented in the journalistic line by the Settler, under the direction of Mr. W. A. Beebe. The location of the town is such that it is bound to prosper. Los Burros mines and Jolon connect with the railroad at Kings City. There is a fine bridge across the Salinas river, built by the county, at this place. Kings City has excellent public schools. St. Mark's Episcopal Church at Kings City was built in the year 1890, the first services having been held here in June 1888. The church was dedicated by Rev. N. F. JSTichols, D. D., April 2, 1891. The cost of the church building was $1,050, Bev. J. S. McGowan was active in build- ing this church, as well as St. Paul's at Sali- nas; St. Luke's Church at Jolon and St. John's at San Miguel; all these churches were consecrated free of all debts. The other towns along the railroad are Chualar and Soledad, near the old mission of the same name, San Lucas, San Ardo and Brad- ley, the most southerly town in the county. San Lucas has a newspaper, the Herald, pub- islied by Eugene Rogers; and Bradley has the Mercury, published by J. Maloney. St. Luke's Episcopal church at Jolon was built in 1884, the first services having been held, on the first Sunday after Easter, in 1883 The church was consecrated by Bishop Kip, D. D , L L. D., October 11, 1885. The cost of the building was $1,250. This was the first Protestant church in the community and is yet the only one. Natividad is one of the oldest towns in the county, and in the ante-railroad times, it was a station on the coast line of stages. It is six miles northeast of the county seat, and at the foot of the Gabilan range of mount- ains. CHAPTER XXIV. THE PACIFIC IMPKOVEMENT COMPANY. t historical and statistical account of the town of Monterey and its surround- ings, would be incomplete, and hardly fair, which neglected to recognize the achieve- ments of the Pacific Improvement Company in the modern development of that locality so rich in historic associations as well as in natural attractions. It is currently reported, and the truth of that report is altogether probable, that the company has expended in the vicinity of $2,500,000 in Monterey county. By request, the company furnishes the following data concerning the famous Hotel del Monte, the MONT ERE T COUNTY. town of Pacific Grove, the Carmel Water- works, etc. THE HOTEL DEL MONTE. The controlling idea in the conception of the Hotel del Monte was the need of a large, handsome and perfectly equipped resort to render available the extraordinary natural charms which the peculiar climate of the coast afforded. Up to this time there was not, outside the cities, an adequate establish- ment in this part of the State, so that those Eastern and other non-resident persons who wished to take advantage of the fine winter climate of California, had to suffer the dis- comforts inseparable from a commercial hotel in a crowded and noisy city, it was left for the Pacific Improvement Company to supply the one great lack under which California suffered, and to take the first and most im- portant step in the direction of bringinor the charms of the State to the attention of intel- ligent health and pleasure-seekers in all parts of the world. The eflFect that the establishment of the hotel has had upon California has been very marked. By the providing of elegant ac- commodations at a reasonable cost, and by taking intelligent advantage of the beauties of nature which were found at hand, the delightful features of California have been strongly impressed upon all who have visited the hotel; and the presence of such a hotel, and the fame which it has acquired through- out Christendom, have induced a large special travel, which otherwise might never have come. Hence, incidentally, a greatly increased number of persons, numbering many thousands annually, have been brought in contact with the attractions and resources of the State; have expended their money freely with all classes of citizens; have been instrumental in increasing the population of the State, and have spread tJie fame of the country to all parts of the world. An interesting and uncommon feature of the hotel is that it always has a large busi- ness; there is no time of the year when the house has to be closed; the trained employes are not sent adrift at the end of the " season," to be replaced with green and untried hands at the reopening. This is so iincommon a circumstance, and has so important a bear- ing on the management of the place and the maintenance of its standard, that is worthy of particular attention. In the Southern States there are numerous fine winter resorts, but they do little or no business in the sum- mer. In the Northern States are countless summer resorts, which have to close their doors long before the snow begins to fly. The Hotel del Monte is entirely unique in being both a winter and summer resort of the highest order; and while it is true that its clientele changes with the seasons, the house is always comfortably filled and that, too, with the best class of people. The cli- mate explains this anomaly. In winter the freezing and rheumatic residents of the colder States find comfort at the Del Monte, and in summer it is a pleasure resort proper, but with a }arge sprinkling of permanent l08 MONTEREY COUNT Y. guests who find both health and uninter- rupted comfort here. The natural beauties of the place are in- comparable; nowhere else on the continent, if at all in the world, is there so generous a collection of those natural charms which bring the highest pleasure. The hotel is situated in a splendid grove of giant pines and oaks, and these mammoth trees, together the with safe distance which the hotel was placed from the bay shore, afford a protection against the winds from the ocean. The Pacific Improvement Company owns the greater part of the peninsula separating the bays of Monterey and Carmel, having here a splendidly wooded park of 7,000 acres de- voted to the pleasure of the guests of the hotel. Along this peninsula are numerous bold headlauds, at whose rocky feet the waves break with a continual roar, and now and then beautiful sand beaches, some famous for their mosses and others for the pebbles. The great forest of pines which cover the peninsula gives way, at the southeast corner, to the most singular forest imaginable; the far-famed cypress grove, the singularly con- torted and gnarled members of which sug- gest the famed cedars of Lebanon. The Carmel river, flowing through the property, is one of the most charming streams in the State, and is kept especially stocked with trout for the guests, they alone being permitted to fish in the waters. There are several mountain ranges immediately at hand, including the Santa Lucia and Gabilan ranges, and they abound in deer and other game. The bay of Monterey itself is a beautiful sheet of water, being the most graceful in its out- lines of all the ocean inlets. For many miles a perfect sand beach stretches in front of the hotel, and upon it the white surf breaks con- tinually. The temperature of the water, though low at all times of the year, varies very little between winter and summer, and affords the finest bathing for guests every month in the year. Fishing and boating and sailing are favorite pastimes on the placid waters of the bay, and a diversion some- times occurs in the form of a school of whales. Seal Rock, just outside the bay and close to the peninsula, is covered with thousands of sea-lions, which are protected by stringent laws. Taking all these natural beauties (and sev- eral others that could be mentioned) into ac- count, it is extremely fortunate that they ex- isted in the immediate vicinity of the quaint old Spanish town of Monterey, the mostcharm- ing of all the older towns in the State, and richer than any other in legend, romance and dramatic history. It was here that Junipero Serra, the pioneer Franciscan friar, planted the cross; it was here that the flag was raised, and here that the first State government was or- ganized. The charm of the place is inde- scribable, and it grows and strengthens with time. Seemingly at no other place are the winds so welcome, the sunshine so genial and the flowers so bright. Only a mile away the towers and minarets of the stately Hotel del Monte are seen emerging from the dark green foliage of the trees. MONTEREY GOUNTT. 109 All these charms aud advantages having been taken into consideration, the hotel was built, and on June 6, 1880, was opened. The business trom that time forward in- creased witli unfailing steadiness, eventually requiring greatly enlarged accommodations. The general ground plan of the house is a long building, from either end of which, connected by circular arcades, extend an- nexes, while between them, running out from the center of the main building, are the din- ing room and kitchen. It will be seen from this that every room is necessarily well lighted, and from every possible view the guest finds acres of beautiful flowers before him. The main building is 840 feet long and 110 feet wide. In the center is a large office, or lobby, a favorite resort in the even- ings. There are also several parlors, includ- ing the grand parlor where tlie sacred con- certs are given on Sundays, and ladies' bill- iard rooms, reading rooms, a handsome ball- room, etc. The dining room, like all the pub- lic rooms of the house, is finished in pure white, dark colors and other dirt-concealing devices being nowhere employed. The din- ing room is of noble proportions, with hand- some plate mirrors set between the windows on either side of the room. The establish- ment contains nearly 500 bed-rooms and can accomodate 750 persons comfortably. The manager is George Sciionewald, the chief clerk is J. A. Clough, and the chef is J. A. Harder; 218 persons are employed. In 1891 the number of registered guests was 12,644. This does not include the great number of excursion parties, which are not registered. These are estimated at 5,000. The aim is to have the management as nearly perfect as possible, not the least item concern- ing the comfort and pleasure of the guest ever being overlooked. No dust or dirt is seen, nor a scratch on the furniture, nor does car- pet or linen show the least wear. While the guests sleep, an army of silent servants swarm through the corridors and public rooms, overhauling and polishing evei'y- thing in the most thorough manner. The architecture of the hotel is a pleasing and airy Gothic, with horizontal lines broken constantly, and numberless cosy nooks intro- duced. Towers and observatories, from which grand views of the bay and mountains are to be had, crown the structure, and the soft gray color of the pile harmonizes with the graceful surroundings. As has been said, the hotel is situated in the heart of the noblest forest of pines and live-oaks to be found in C!alifornia, and on one side of this is the bay, and on the other the mountains. But the owners were not satisfied with the lavish provision that Nature had made. Inclosing a section of the fores t 126 acres in extent, they have beautified it in a manner and to an extent unequaled no- where else in America, and approached in beauty and variety only by a few of the more famous flower-gardens of Europe. It would be impossible to find anywhere else a climate that would permit of the success in floricul- ture, which the efforts at the Del Monle have secured. It is not only a garden for sum- MONTEREY COUNTY. mer, but at all times of the year it is ablaze with gorgeous color. No frosts or snow are present to prohibit the uninterrupted frolic of the flowers, and many rare plants from the antipodes, where the seasons of bloom are re versed from those obtaining here, tind a con- genial home and add to the beauties of the midwinter season. A lover of the art may here tind the most attractive, instructive and varied range of blooming plants to be seen in the world, and many weeks would be re- quired to explore all the marvels of this won- derful collection. Another accessory to the hotel is Laguna del Eey, a charming lake 200 yards from the hotel. It covers about fifteen acres, and is surrounded with a tine boulevard and an end- less succession of ornamental trees and plants and shady nooks with seats. In the center of the lake is a fountain, which throws a graceful stream high in the air, and numer- ous boats are provided for the free use of the guests. Several tine tennis courts and croquet grounds are provided. These are disposed under the shade of the great oaks, all are paved with asphaltum and kept in the best order, and are provided with seats for specta- tors. The maze is one of the best and most elaborate in the country, covering several acres and requiring over a half mile of walk- inc to find the center, and as much more to eraero-e as lovers can spare from their meals. Numerous swings and other pleasure-making devices exist througliout the grounds, besides miles of shady and romantic walks through the lawns, flower-beds and trees. The club-house is removed more than a hundred yards from the hotel. It is a grace- ful and comfortable building, and is provided with ten-pin alleys, billiard rooms and the like. Three hundred yards beyotd it, and concealed from the hotel by the trees, are the extensive stables, surpassing in extent any other public or private stables in the AVest. One reason for this is the great number of beautiful drives to be found in the neighbor- hood. Every possible kind of turnout — drags, four-in-hands, carts, buggies, carriages, sur- reys, tallyhoes, saddle-horses and everything else in the line, can be had on a moment's notice, and at prices at which none could complain. Not far from the stables are the nurseries of the hotel garden, with acres of young plants under glass, and seed-beds show- ing the future queens of the garden in their infancy. A leading attraction is the great bathing pavilion, situated a quarter of a mile from the house, down on the beach. It is a large glass-covered structure, containing all kinds of hot and cold baths, principal of which are the four large swimming pools, heated to different temperatures to suit all tastes. The water is salt, being pumped from the bay, and is kept constantly changing. It is a great fashion to take a plunge into the surf as a finish to the luxurious swim within doors. Possibly the most picturesque of the side attractions is the famous seventeen-mile drive, running from the hotel through Mon- MONTEREY COUNTY. Ill terey, then across the neck of the peninsula to Carinel bay, and tlien all around the peninsula, passincj through the grotesque Cypress Grove, past the Seal Rock and Moss Beach, through Pacific Grove and so back to the hotel. Throughout its whole extent the drive is macadamized or graveled and kept in perfect order, so that at no time is there either mud or dust. The remarkable variety of scenery, which it brings in review, cannot be surpassed, and to describe it in detail would require much more space than is avail- able here. No traveler of taste and education thinks of visiting California without seeing the Hotel del Monte. Its nearness to San Fran- cisco, which is the converging point of all western travel, makes it easily accessible, and the country traversed by the railroad between San Francisco and Monterey is the most attractive and highly developed in California. The road takes one through the beautiful suburban towns containing the summer resi- dences of many San Franciscans, — past the Le- land Stanford, Jr., University, with its quaint Moorish architecture and its unparalleled en- dowment of more than $20,000,000; through San Jose, the "garden city " of California; within sight of Mount Hamilton, crowned with the glittering dome of Lick Observatory; through the famous vineyards of the Santa Clara valley, and on through a series of charm- ing valleys in the highest cultivation, and showing prosperous California in its pleasant- est aspects. It would bo almost impossible to enumerate the famous men and women who have enjoyed the comforts of the Del Monte, but among them may be mentioned President Harrison, ex- President Hayes, the late General W. T. Sherman, Mr. and Mrs. Henry M. Stanley, John W. Mackay, Joseph Pulitzer, Edwin Booth, the Marquis of Lome and the Princess Louise, the Marquis of Queensberry, Don Cameron, Mrs. James Brown Potter, and many others. THE TOWN OF PACIFIC GKOVE. The town of Pacitic Grove is a unique institution, being the place of summer assem- bly for the more cultured and intellectual societies of the State. It was bought by the Pacific Improvement Company in 1880 to supply the need of the Methodist General Conference for an attractive spot for its sum mer gatherings. Hence the original inten- tion was that it should be a camp-ground only; and in order to secure an orderly management of the camp, the conduct of the place was invested in a board of trustees, and camping lots were leased or sold and numerous permanent tents erected. During the twelve years which have elapsed the place has undergone a remarkable change illustrating human inability to foresee the future. Instead of being a Methodist camp- ing ground, it is now the headquarters of the numerous societies on the coast, religious and intellectual, still including the Methodists, but many in addition. Among the societies which held meetings there last season were the following: Pacific Grove Retreat Associa- tion, Young Men's Christian Association, MONTEREY COUNTY. District Conference and Summer Encamp- ment of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Chautauqua Assembly, the W. C. T. U. School of Methods, the Midsummer Eeunion for Political, Civil and Social Reforms, and others, including the California State Teachers' Association. The size and character of the place have expanded with the extension of its original purpose. There were many natural reasons for this. The grove is only three miles from Monterey and four miles from the Hotel del Monte, and is situated in a sheltered cove on the south arm of the bay of Monterey. The soil is a rich, sandy loam, producing flowers equaled only by those at the Hotel de Monte. The old lighthouse on Point Pinos is near by, as also is the pretty lake Majella, while bathing, boating and fishing constitute the chief charms which the bay affords. The great forest of pines, which cover the penin- sula here, reaches down to the water's edge, making the site remarkably attractive and picturesque. An idea of the growth of tiie place may be inferred from the assertion that the summer population of the Grove is now 6,000, with a permanent population of about one-fourth that number. So great has been the growth that the Pacific Improvement Company has had to make several additions to the origina site. From 100 acres the place has grown to 470 acres, divided into 3,380 lots, and an- other addition of 800 lots is about to be made. The original tents have given way to lono- streets of artistic summer cottages, in which the ingenuity of skillful architects has been taxed to produce charming effects. In- stead of the meetings now being held in the rough hall which was originally supposed to be sufficient, there is now a handsome struc- ture that would be an ornament to any city. Several religious societies have erected at- tractive houses of worship, graded and graveled and clean streets make walking and driving through the avenues of tall trees a luxury. The principal structural attraction of Pa- cific Grove is El Carmelo, second only in ex- tent to the Hotel del Monte. Severe in its exterior lines, there is a repose in the external aspect of the house which gives fair promise of the warmth of comfort within. The house is well managed, and the charges are not ex- cessive. A livery stable in the town furnishes turn- outs, whereby visitors may enjoy the excel- lent drives that abound everywhere in this vicinity. A large public school is a comparatively recent improvement, and a public library is an important attraction. An academic de- partment of the University of the Pacific is in successful operation. Besides a line of horse cars connecting the Grove with Monterey and the Hotel del Monte, the Southern Pacific Company, on the 1st of August, 1889, opened an extension of its main line running from San Francisco to the Hotel del Monte and Monterey, so that one may now go directly to Pacific Grove by rail. MONTEREY COUNTY. 113 One of the most interesting of the new attractions is the seaside laboratory, en- dowed by Timothy Hopkins, and conducted by the Stanford University. It is intended to make this a place for original investigation of the habits, life, his- tory, structure and development of marine animals and plants, and to carry on work here similar to that wliich has made the aquarium at Naples known all over the world. THE CARMEL WATER WORKS. In order to secure an adequate supply of the purest water for the Hotel del Monte, Pacific Grove and as many private consumers as might wish to avail themselves of the privilege, the Pacific Improvement Company in 1883 began and completed the Carmel water-works. The water is brought from the Carmel river, which, passing through a very wild and uncultivated region, is pure and clear. The water is conveyed in pipes from the river to two reservoirs near Pacific Grove, one of these having a storage capacity of 18,000,000 gallons and other 140,000,000 gallons. Thence it is distributed through pipes, there being in all twenty-six miles of pipe. The capacity of the service is 1,200,- 000 gallons daily, and the supply is unfailing. CHAPTER XXV. CONCERNING ONE OF THE EARLIEST AMERICAN SETTLERS IN CALIFORNIA. fHE following interesting facts concern- ing one of the earliest American pio- neers of California, are contributed by Mr. S. C. Foster, of Los Angeles, who ch- ained them direct from his father- in-law, Don Antonio M. Lugo, who was an actor in the events recounted ; and also from a brother- in-law, who well remembered that the events occurred " en el aiio de los Insurgentes" (in the year of the Insurgents), or of the " Pirate Bouchard." A man by the name of Juan Groem, or Graham, came with Malaspina's expedition to Monterey in 1791; whether he was an American or not is uncertain. He shipped at Cadiz. The sketch of Mr. Foster was written and first published in 1876, the centennial anni- versary of our national independence, in a Los Angeles journal. As it gives the sequel of the famous attack of " Bouchard, the Pi- rate," on Monterey, it is reproduced here. Mr. Foster's narrative reads as follows: One day, in the year 1818, a vessel was seen approaching the town of Monterey. As she came nearer she was seen to be armed, her decks swarming with men, and she was flying an unknown flag. Arriving within gunshot, she opened fire on the town, and her fire was answered from the battery, while the lancers stood ready to repel a landing, if it should be attempted, or cover the retreat of the families, in case the effort of repulse should be unsuccessful; for Spain was at peace with every maritime nation, and the traditions of the atrocities committed by the Buccaneers at tlie end of the seventeenth century, on the Spanish main, were familiar to the people. After some firing, the strange vessel appeared to be injured by the firing from the battery, and bore away and disap- MONTEREY COUNFY. peared. The alarm spread along the coast as fast as swift riders could carry it, and all the troops at every point were ordered to be on the alert. The strange craft next appeared off the Ortega ranch, situated on the sea- shore above Santa Barbara, and landed some men, who, while plundering the ranch, were surprised by some soldiers from Santa Bar- bara, and before they could regain their boats some four or five were captured. She next appeared off San Juan Capistrano, landed and plundered the mission, and sailed away and never was heard of more. All that is known of her is that she was a BuenosAyrean privateer, and that laer captain was a French- man named Bouchard. As to those of her crew she left behind, the circumstances under which they were captured might have justified severe meas- ures, but the comraandante was a kind-hearted man, and he ordered that if any one would be responsible for their presentation when called for, they should be set at liberty until orders were received from Mexico as to what disposition should be made of them. When the alarm was given. Corporal An- tonio Maria Lugo (who, after seventeen years of service in the company at Santa Barbara, had received his discharge and settled with his family in Los Angeles in 1810), received oi'ders to proceed to Santa Barbara with all the force the little town could spare. (He was the youngest son of Private Francisco Lugo, who came to California in 1771, and who, besides those of his own surname, as appears from his will, dated at Santa Barbara in the year 1801, and still in the possession of some of his grandsons in Los Angeles county, was the ancestor, through his four daughters, of the numerous families of the Yallejos, Carrillos, De la Guerras, Cotas, Ruizes, besides numerous others of Spanish and English surnames.) Don Antonio, the son, lived to be an old man; and he was the same person whose striking form was so familiar to our older residents, who seventeen years ago (in 1859), at the ripe age of eighty- five years, died in Los Angeles, honored and respected by all. Some two weeks after the occurrence of the events recounted above, Doha Dolores Lugo (wife of Don Antonio,) who with other wives was anxiously waiting, as she stood after nightfall in the door of her house, which still stands on the street now known as negro alley, heard the welcome sound of cavalry and the jingle of their spurs as they defiled along the path north of Fort Hill. They pro- ceeded to the guard-house which then stood on the north side of the Plaza across upper main street. The old church was not yet built. She heard the orders given, for the citizens still kept watch and ward; and presently she saw two horsemen, mounted on one horse advancing across the plaza, toward the house, and heard the stern but welcome greeting "Ava Maria Puri'sima," upon which the children hurried to the door, and kneeling with clasped hands uttered their childish wel- come and received their father's benediction. The two men dismounted. The one who rode the saddle was a man full six feet high, of a MONTE BEY COUNTY. spare, but sinewy form, which indicated great strength and activity. He was then forty- three years of age. His black hair, sprinkled with gray, and bound with a black handker- chief, reached to his shoulders. The square- cut features of his closely shaven face indi- cated character and decision, and their natur- ally stern expression was relieved by an ap- pearance of grim humor — a purely Spanish face. He was in the uniform of a cavalry soldier of that time, the cuera hlanca, a loosely fitting surtout, reaching to below the knees, made of buckskin doubled and quilted so as to be arrow proof; on his left arm he carried an adarga, an oval shield of bull's hide, and his right hand held a lance, while a high-crowned heavy vicuna hat surmonnted his head. Suspended from his saddle were a carbine and a long straight sword. The other was a man about twenty-five years of age, perhaps a trifle taller than the first. His light hair and blue eyes indicated a different race, and he wore the garb of a sailor. The expression of his countenance seemed to say, "I am in a bad scrape; but I guess I'll work out somehow." The senora politely addressed the stranger, who replied in an unknown tongue. Her curiosity made her forget her feelings of hos- pitality, and she turned to her husband for an explanation. "Whom have you here, old man?" "He is a prisoner we took from that buc- caneer — may the devil sink her! — scaring the whole coast, and taking honest men away from their homes and business. I have gone his security." "And what is his name and country?" "None of us understand his lingo, and he don't understand ours. All I can find out is his name is Jose and he speaks a language they call English. "We took a negro among them, but he was the only one of the rogues that showed fight, and so Corporal Ruiz lassoed him, and brought him head- over-heels, sword and all. 1 left him in Santa Barbara to repair damages. He is English too." "Is he a Christian or a heretic ?" "I neither know nor care. He is a man and a prisoner in my charge, and I have given the word of a Spaniard and a soldier, to my old commandante for his safe keeping and good treatment. 1 have brought him fifty leagues, on the crupper behind me, for he can't ride without something to hold to. He knows no more about a horse than I do about a ship, and be sure and give him the softest bed. He lias the face of an honest man, if we did catch him among a set of thieves, and he is a likely looking young fel- low. If he behaves himself we will look him up a wife among our pretty girls, and then, as to his religion the good Padre will settle all that. And now, good wife, i have told you all I know, for you women must know everything; but we have had nothing to eat since morning, so hurry up and give us the best you have." Lugo's judgment turned out to be correct, and in a few days afterward the Yankee pri- vateersman might have been seen in the MONTEREY COUNTY. raountains in what is known among the Cal- ifornians as the " Church canon," ax in hand, helping Lugo to get out timbers for the con- struction of the church; a work which the excitement caused by his arrival, had inter- rupted. The church was not finished until four years afterward, for tbey did not build as fast then as they do now. Chapman con- ducted himself well, always ready and willing to turn his hand to anything, and a year af- terward he had learned enough Spanish to make himself understood, and could ride a horse without the risk of tumbling off, and he guessed he liked the country and people well enough to settle down and look around for a wife. So he and Lugo started off to Santa Barbara on a matrimonial expedition. Why they went to Santa Barbara for that purpose I do not know, but this much I do know, that in former times the Angelenos always yielded the point that the Barbarenos had the largest proportion of pretty women. In those days the courtship was always done by the elders, and the only privilege of the fair one was the choice of saying " yes " or " no." Lugo exerted himself, vouched for the good character of the suitor, and soon succeeded in making a match. The wedding came off in due time, Lugo giving the bride away, and as soon as the feast was over the three started back to Los Angeles. One fashion of riding in those days, was the fol- lowing: A heavy silk sash, then worn by the men, was looped over the pommel of the saddle so as to form a stirrup, and the lady rode in the saddle, while her escort mounted behind, the stirrups being shifted back to suit his new position; and in this style Chap- man once more set out on the long road from Santa Barbara to Los Angeles for the second time a prisoner. But now, in the saddle before him, instead of the grim old soldier, armed with targe and lance, rode the new-made bride, armed with bright eyes and raven tresses, for the Seilorita Guadalupe Ortega, daughter of old Sergeant Ortega, the girl who, one short year before, had tied in terror from the wild rovers of the sea, as, pistol and cutlass in hand, they rushed on her father's house, and who had first seen her husband a pinioned prisoner, had bravely dared to vow to love, honor and obey the fair gringo. Years afterward, when the country was open to foreign intercourse, on the establish- ment of Mexican independence, in 1822, and the first American adventurers, trappers and mariners found their way to California, they found Jose Chapman at the mission of San Gabriel, fair-haired cliildren playing around him, carpenter millwright and general facto- tum of good old Fatiier Sanchez; and among the vaqueros of old Lugo they also found Tom Fisher swinging his riata among the wild cattle as he once swung his cutlass when he fought tiie Spanish lancers on the beach at the Ortega ranch. Chapman died about the year 1849, and his descendants now live in the neighboring county of Ventura. I saw Fisher in Sep- tember, 1848, when I met him in the Monte. The news of gold had just reached here and MONTEREY COUNTY. he was on his way to the placers to make his fortune, and he has never been heard from sicne. To ray readers of Castilian descent, I would say that I have not used the prefix of Don, for I preferred to designate them by the rank that stands opposite to their fore- fathers' names on the old muster rolls of their companies, now in the Spanish archives of California. And iu conclusion of my humble contri- bution to the Centennial history of Los An- geles, I have only to say, without fear of contradiction, that the first American pio- neers of Los Angeles, and as far as tradition goes, of all California, were Jose el Ingles, Joseph the Englishman, alias Joe Chapman, and El Negro Fisar, alias Tom Fisher. This concludes Mr. Foster's letter. SAN BENITO GOUNTY. CHAPTER I. PHTSICAI, CHAKACTEEISTICS — LOCATON AND TOPOGKAPHT. fHE county of San Benito, its name be_ ino; theSpanish diminutive of Saint Ben- jamin, was created as a political division of California in 1874. The principal portion of its territory formerly constituted a part of the historic county of Monterey. By an Act of the Legislature, passed subsequent to that date, certain additions to its area, aggregating 200,000 acres, were made from the counties of Merced and Fresno. San Benito county, as it now exists, is bounded on the north by the counties of San- ta Cruz, Santa Clara, Merced and Fresno; on the east by Merced and Fresno, and on the south and west by Monterey. It lies between 36° and 37° north latitude, and mostly be- tween 121° and 122° west longitude, and is from twenty to forty miles inland from the coast. Its longest extension is in the direc- tion of northwest and southeast; it is in- closed between the summits of the Monte Diablo (Devil's mountain) and the Gabilan (Hawk) ranges. It is about seventy miles in length and averages something over twenty miles in width, containing about 925,000 acres. The county is naturally drained by the San Benito river, which runs northwest- erly through the middle of the county, and empties into the Pajaro river. Tres Pinos (Three Pines) creek and several other smaller streams are tributary to the San Benito. Be- sides the main valley of the county, which is known as San Benito valley, and which merges to the northwest into the Santa Clara valley, there are numerous valleys of smaller extent within the county, to wit: San Juan, Santa Ana, Quien-Sabe, Los Muertos, Bear, Pano- che and Bitterwater (Aqua Amargosa), etc. GEOLOGT. Tile following account of the geological formation of San Benito county is by Prof. F. B. Abbe: " The origin of the Mount Diablo and Gabilan ranges of mountains, which belong to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods just subsequent to the great carboniferous age, is due to the contraction of the crust of the earth in cooling. The ocean swarmed with shell-fish at this time, and with the uptieaval vast quantities of their remains were exposed to view, and to-day, wherever we may wander, we constantly meet with some fossil form of this ancient life, from the minute foraminifera SJJ\f BENITO COUNTY. 119 of marble and limestone to the immense oys- ter shell weighing fifty pounds. There are but two points where any presence of igne- ous action is manifest; one at Fremont's Peak, the culminating point of the Gabilau range' the other farther south near the old Santa Bonita quicksilver mine. At the former point the range terminates abruptly in a series of jagged ridges, pitching into the plains below at sharp angles. These ridges are composed mainly of calcareous rocks, having been previously in a state of fusion, succeeded by aqueous action. On the fused walls and roof of a cave in the peak are sta- lactites and other curious aqueous formations. Unlike the structure of the Sierras, these ranges had a more gradual growth, there being an entire absence of lava. Occasionally- a great convulsion would take place, disrupt- ing huge masses of the crust, but not de- stroying its structure. This is clearly shown at several places in the southern part of the county. For many miles the course of the San Benito river cuts through or skirts these mountains. The strata exposed thus have many twists and curves. In following the course of these strata, the general direction for some distance is horizontal, when it is suddenly broken off, just beyond, strata having the same markings have a vertical direction, and still farther on the direction is again horizontal, showing that during one of those violent disturbances, huge masses of the crust were forced bodily upward, dropping back into the same place again endwise. These are termed " faults" in mining parlance, and are commonly met with in mountains of this nature. The formation of our valleys and canons, geologically, is claimed by scientists to be due to the action of glaciers and floods.' During the peon known as the glacial age, the northern half of the United States was buried under an ice cap, the rim extending as far south as the latitude of San Benito county. Following this age of ice was a period of great floods and tempests. The disintegrating mountain walls were carried into the valleys below, covering their floors successively with layers of clay, boulders, gravel, sand, and the various loams, thus bury- ing the original crust hundreds of feet. The boring of artesian wells has made this clear; fossil shells have been raised in the San Juan valley from the depth of 120 feet. From wells in San Felipe have been taken, at vari- ous depths, animal and even human remains, besides fragments of vegetation of both mod- ern and extinct species. The exposed face of any high blufl" showing the variety and thick- ness of the stratum, is an open page in the history of this period. In discussing the composition of the rocks of our mountains and valleys, which more properly belong to the science of mineralogy, it is our aim to merely classify and describe the different minerals found here. The de- velopment of the mineral resources, excepting a few cases, is yet in its infancy. More at- tention, however, is being given to this im- portant branch of our industries, so that ledges, and deposits of ores and minerals of SAN BENITO COUNTY. many varieties and of great industrial value, are being constantly located. The three metals, silicon, calcium and aluminuni, form the base of the three most prominent classes of minerals found in the country, and which are known as the silicate, calcites and clays. The silicates are more abundant, but the calcites represent nearly every form known to mineralogy, ranging from the primitive chalk rock to the highly crystalline forms of spar and selenite. Other forms common here are marble, limestone, alabaster, gypsum, satin-spar, Iceland spar and dolomite. The limestone is of the finest quality, and the deposits of great extent. The products from the marble, lime, and cienega kilns meet with favor with builders. The gypsum and marble deposits are yet undeveloped, waiting better transportation facilities. The latter has been pronounced of fine quality. It has dark-colored streaks running through it, the whole when polished presents a beautiful appearance. Were it a little closer grained, it would fully equal the famous Italian product in durableness. The oldest of the three classes, the silicites, is not so fully represented as to variety, the lower grades only being common. The sandstone of the Bromas district possesses valuable features as a building stone, many of the old- est structures in San Juan being built of it. Other forms of this class scattered in more or less quantities throughout the country, and valuable to the lapidarian for inlaid and ornamental work, are agate, chalcedony. milky and rose-tinted quartz, jasper and flints, all of which are susceptible of a high polish. Granite of this class, the oldest of all metamorphic rocks, is here found side by side with marble, an occurrence rarely met with, owing to the vast periods of time elaps- ing between the origin of the two rocks. Soapstone, another silicate, is met with in several localities, the product from one of the deposits being shipped to San Francisco and used in the manufacture of a variety of articles. The aluminites are not well represented in the county, although clay banks, shales and slates are met with everywhere. A fact not generally known is that under every man's home in the county lies a " gold vault " in the form of that most useful, as well as beautiful metal, aluminum, which awaits only the magic key of chemistry to deliver it to the fortunate possessor. The other minerals and metals found here each of which forms a base of a class, are sulphur, asbestos, coal, petroleum, iron, cop- per, antimony and cinnabar, from which comes mercury. Coal is found in extensive deposits, but like all the coal on the Pacific slope, is of a soft, lignitic variety, owing to the recent period of its origin. It is well adapted for the manufacture of gas and household pur- poses, but where an intense heat is required^ as in blast furnaces, etc., it is found wanting. The two metals that have made San Benito county famous as a mining county, and of SAN BENITO COUNT y. which fact it may well be proud, are anti- mony and mercury, commonly called "quick- silver." These metals are met with in but few localities throughout the world, but here they appear to exist in inexhaustible quanti- ties in the Mount Diablo range. The New Idria mine is ranked as the third largest quicksilver mine in the world. From the Shriver antimony mines have been taken huge masses of the metal in needle-like crystals, much sought after for cabinet uses. The metal is used most ex- tensively for the manufacture of type, pos- sessing the property of contracting when in a state of fusion, and expanding on resuming a solid form. Much has been said and written about the presence of gold and silver within the bor- ders of San Benito county. Many twice- told tales of discovery of ledges of fabulous wealth have oft thrilled groups of listeners to such an extent that they caught the min- ing fever and started in search of these hid- den riches; but fate had decreed otherwise, and the ledges remained to be rediscovered. From almost every caiion of the encom- passing mountains " color " may be washed, but that either gold or silver, in paying quan- tities, is to be found in San Benito county, or even in the coast ranges, the science of geology denies. The precipitation of these metals occurred before these mountains rose from the bosom of the Pacific, with the exception of a few isolated peaks. Another law of geology is, that where there is an ab- seuce of lava, there will be like absence of these metals. In conclusion it is safe to say that prob- ably in no spot of like extent within our country is there a greater variety of minerals and a richer field of geological research than in San Benito county. CHAPTEH II. MINEEALOGY. fHE following brief notes are gleaned from the reports of the State mineral- ogist for the years 1S88 and 1890, and are of interest in this coimection. While this (San Benito) county is regarded as essentially agricultural, yet to an observer it appears to possess mineral resources of equal impor- tance to others in the State. The Mount Diablo range has proved of incalculable wealth in its coal, quicksilver, copper, chrome, petroleum, ochre and antimony; and in the Gabilan range, lime, gypsum and iron are present. Nearly one-half of this country, including most of its arable land, lies in the San Be- nito valley; and the mountains bordering on this valley are grass-covered to their summits. There is a little timber on the Crabilan mountains, but not much of any kind else- where in the county. The San Benito river and its tributaries, together with the Pajaro on its northern boundary, take in the entire hydrographic system of the county. SAN BENITO COUNTY. QUICKSILVER NEW IDRIA. As is well known, the Nen- Idria quick- silver mines rank among the most famous in the world. They are situated in the western end of Vallecitos valley, on the southeastern borders of San Benito county, in the portion acquired from Fresno. These mines were discovered about the year 1852 or 1853. Work was iirst commenced upon a deposit of chromic iron at the top of the mountain near the boundary line between Monterey and this part of San Benito county, then a portion of Fresno, under the impression that it was silver ore. Throucrh assays made by the old padres of Monterey cinnabar was discovered where New Idria now stands, and about 1854 or 1855 the New Idria mine was located. The lode is a large body of ore, in some places having been worked to a width of two hundred feet. The vein has a general pitch toward the south of from forty-live to sixty degrees. The foot- wall is a"silico-argillaceous" slate. In the lower workings there is a dark-colored clay, from a few inches to a foot or more in thickness between it and the vein matter. The hanging-wall is a similar slate, but rather more compact in structure, often presenting a slicken-side surface toward the vein, and beincr easily broken into glossy laminae. The vein matter varies in different parts of the workings. The better grade of ore has been found in the highest and western portion of the mountain. Most of the gangue is hard and siliceous, but at some times it is slaty or of a clayey nature, often containing much oxide of iron. The ore richest in mineral is usually found toward the hanging- wall. Be- low the Day tunnel, as far as has yet been explored, the vein becomes poorer, and the gangue, which is at first siliceous or slaty, changes to a sandy character. The New Idria mines are all in the northeastern slope of the mountain, which rises to the height of about 1,500 feet above the reduction works, which are situated at its base; the summit of the mountain is between 4,000 and 5,000 feet above sea level. There are over one and one- half miles of tunneling in the New Idria mines, not including the huge chambers which have been dug out in the heart of the mount- ain. The highest workings are the oldest, and are at the ridge of the mountain. These con- sist of an incline running down upon the vein to the Sleeman tunnel. This tunnel, which is about 900 feet above the reduction works, runs south into the mountain for a distance of 700 feet, and was made in 1859. About 200 feet lower down is the Myers' tunnel, which was commenced in 1859 and finished in 1860. This penetrates the mountain to a distance of about 1,000 feet. It is from this tunnel and the Sleeman that the highest grade of ore and the largest quantities have been taken. The ore here also appears to be the most ferruginous, and at one point, where a small stream of water drips from the roof, there are to be seen stalactites of sulphate of iron. 8Ay BEKITO COUNTY. 123 Upon the walls of all the upper workings, fibrous gypsum forms in beautiful tufts like glossy moss. Some 200 feet lower down, and about 600 feet above tlie reduction woi-ks, is the Day tunnel. This also was started in 1859, and penetrated the mountain to a depth of 1,500 feet. This tunnel has been pro- longed outwardly by timber, in order to al- low dumping facilities for the work above, that otherwise would have covered up the mouth of the Day tunnel. The dump of the Myers' tunnel above has accumulated and slid- den down upon the prolongation until there are over 100 feet at the commencement of the Day tunnel running under this waste rock. All these workings, from the top of the mountain to the Day tunnel, constitute the upper portion of the mine, and are connected with each other by various tunnels and up- raises. About one hundred feet above the reduction works, and 500 feet below the Day tunnel, is the Bell tunnel, or lower workings, about 4,000 feet in length. This tunnel is timbered almtost througiiout its entire length with closely set timbers, there being over 3,000 sets, with lagging both on the roof and sides. Each set requires a log twenty feet long and ten inches in diameter. The temper- ature in this tunnel is high, and the atmos- phere damp and oppressive. Whether it is the effect of the heat and moisture, or some gaseous exhalation of the formation is not known; but the timbers decay in an unusually short time, and two men are kept constantly employed jn replacing the old ones by new. This rapid decay is more marked during sul- try weather, when the draft in the tunnel is almost nil and the atmosphere oppressive. Timbers immersed in water, or those which are kept constantly wet by seepage, do not seem to be so affected. Dry, seasoned wood lasts the longest. Timbers, after having stood in place for only thirty-six hours, have ac- cumulated a mildew one inch in thickness. The furnaces of the New Idria mines are of the same style as those in use at the Idria, Austria, being square, about thirty feet in height, ten feet in width, and twelve feet in length. The furnace is fed at the top by means of a drop hopper, at the rate of one ton per hour, and holding twenty-four tons when full. There are employed two men to each shift of twelve hours on the furnace, and fifty men in and about the mines. The fuel used is almost entirely manzanita and oak, which is delivered at the furnace at $6.50 per cord, one cord being consumed every twenty- four hours. A-condensed history of the Mexican grant, " La Panoche Grande," on which these " New Idria quicksilver mines " were discovered, may be found in another part of this work. The enormous output of these mines, which are claimed only by a squatter's title (by a company composed largely of foreigners or of persons living in foreign countries) has enabled the claimants of the mines to con- test the title to the ranche for thirty-five years, notwithstanding the fact that said title has been pronounced genuine, and that a patent was ordered issued therefor nearly 134 SAN BENITO COUNTY. tliirtj years ago. The case is one of the most anoinalons in the history of this country. ANTIMONY. Antimony is found in the McLeod mining district, which is situated some fourteen miles northeast of Hollister, the county seat. The mines, which were discovered in 1861 are situated on the northern and Avestern slopes of Antimony mountain, which rises to the height of over 3,000 feet above sea level. The backbone and higher portions of Anti- mony mountain are formed of diorite, syenite and serpentine rocks, which penetrate a sand- stone at its base, and argillaceous slates upon its slope, in which the principal mineral- bearing veins are chiefly located. The Shriver and Ambrose are the principal antimony mines which have been worked. The ore fiora the latter contains 38 per cent metallic antimony, which sells in San Fran- cisco at 155 per ton. The former was bonded in 1890 for $35,000, the bonders paying |5 a ton on all antimony ore taken out. Valuable discoveries of coal have been made in numerous localities in San Benito county; as in the New Idria, Vallecitos and other dis- tricts. A variety of coal resembling jet has been found near Elkhorn, and good coal pros- pects are to be found on the Cienega Gabilan (Hawk swamp or marsh) ranche. The coal- bearing formations at Emmett were worked as early as 1878. The Bart coal mine, situated about 1,000 feet above the roadway north of Emmett, is developed by an incline and a cross-cut at the upper working andalOOfoot tunnel lower down. The incline commences on a small vein about three inches wide of black, lustrous lignite, much of which shows a woody structure. The working itself is in clay slate, of which both hanging and foot walls are composed. The pitch of the vein is to the northwest at an angle of about twenty degrees. At one place, about halfway down the main incline, the vein pinches out, but reappears shortly before reaching the cross- cut, which is at a depth of about thirty feet. The main incline is continued for about sixty feet farther, but has now caved. The cross-cut is continued to the west as an incline and fol- low the vein, which is from two to six inches in thickness. This cross-cut was filled with water to within a distance of thirty feet irom the main incline. At the wat- er's edge the vein is about six inches in diameter. Eighty feet below the mouth of the upper working is a tunnel, which has been started to connect with the incline and drain the upper workings of water. In this tunnel slate or conglomerate is encountered with small crystals of gypsum on the cleavage sur- face of the hard slate passed through. On Panoche creek, also upon the east side of the roadway, to the west of the well of the California Central Oil Company, some work has been done in the way of development. There appear to be three coal veins separated by strata of light-colored sandstone. These veins, the largest of which are over four feet SAJSr BENITO GOV NTT. thick, are composed of shale iuterstratified with seams of coal. On the Ashurst ranch in the Vallecitos, are several coal prospects, — probably a^ con- tinuation of the coal measures which crop out on the east side of the road near the central oil well. The formation is sandstone, occa- sionally iuterstratified with shale; in the up- per portion of the hills is a fossiliferous sand- stone containing Pecten and other shells. The coal measures are exposed at two places on this ranch in the channels of the creek. At one point the vein is about eighteen inches wide and dips a little to the east of south at an angle of about forty-five degrees. It is composed of black fissile shale mixed with carbonaceous matter and rests upon a stratum of clay about six inches thick, sliowing car- bonized plant remains; above the coal is a stratum of highly colored clay. In another portion of the same creek other veins are ex- posed. Crossing the New Idria section of the coast range, which here rises to the height of about 4,000 feet above sea level, the water- shed of San Benito creek is reached. On the western slope of the mountains, about three miles northeast of the creek, a large vein of coal is exposed. This vein was uncovered by a landslide, which occurred during wet weather in 1885. It is on the northern side of a ravine in the western slope of the New Idria section of the coast range. The vein of about six feet in thick- ness is exposed along its strike for a dis- tance of 100 feet, and dips to the north at an angle of ai)out forty degrees. The hang- ing-wall is a brownish shale, eighteen inches thick, containing gypsum. Above this wall are about eight inches of sandstone, stained with yellow oclierous impregnations, which is overlaid by a stratum of hard, ferruginous sandstone, a foot or more in thickness; and from that to the top of the bluff, probably 200 feet, the formation is a gray, friable sandstone, iuterstratified with pebbles, some- times increasing to the size of small boulders and strata of hard, iron-stained sandstone a few inches in thickness. The coal appears to be of good quality, and resembles that in the Vallecitos. These croppiugs are partly on Government land and partly on land belong- ing to the Southern Pacific Railway Company. There is no doubt that a careful investigation will discover similar formations in other spurs and hills on the western slope of the same mountain. PETROLEUM. The oil-bearing strata of San Benito county have as yet been only partially prospected. A well has been bored by the California Cen- tral Oil Company in the Vallecitos mining district. The road to this district from Pa- noche lies through Grizzly canon, a treeless, desolate section of country, where the erosive action of the winter's storms, cloudbursts, and atmospheric agencies, are strikingly demonstrated in the precipitous banks of the dry watercourses, the gaping crevasses in the alluvial soil, and the grotesque shapes into which the sandstones and softer rocks are worn. S^jV BENITO COUNTY. The works of the oil company are situated about eight miles from Panoche. Work was commenced here in 1886, and suspended during the following year. It is said that the company expended §20,000 on their works, and that their well, which was sunk to a depth of 400 feet, has partially caved. The boring was through a light-colored sand- stone, which became quite white toward the bottom, where a small quantity of oil was struck. In the canon to the north is a spring of dark-colored oil, and oil also seeps through the bed and bank of the creek at several places, as well as on the Ashurst ranch in this district. LIME. Lime is extensively manufactured at Cien- ega, in the Gabilan mountains, sixteen miles south of Hollister; and excellent limestone also occurs in the Twitchell range, nine miles west of Hollister, where it has been burnt in pot kilns. The Twitchell kilns furnished the lime used in building the Hollister court- house. The geological formation of the neighbor- hood is entirely metamorphic, the rocks of the vicinity being principally granitoid, to- o-ether with altered limestone. The latter is a beautiful crystalline variety, which yields an excellent quality of lime, and is in great demand, especially for plastering and brick work. The strata of limestone in the quarry appear much disturbed, pitching southwest at an angle of sixty-five degrees upon the west side of the quarry, and upon the north side to the northwest at an angle of forty-live de- grees. Before reaching the line, a body of decomposed grantic rock was cut through for a few feet, and the clays and shales which sep- arated the strata of limestone previous to the metamorphic action, are strangely diversified, some being chalky, others slaty, while a few feet off they are granitic. The hill, at the foot of which the quarry is situated, rises to the height of over 2,000 feet above sea level, being about 700 feet above the quarry. The limestone crops out at various places among the chemisal almost to the summit. Further to the northwest granitic rocks make their appearance in a ridge running north-northeast by south-southwest, and a short distance up the canon from precipitous cliffs. Immediately at the point of contact between the ridge of granitic rocks and the limestone, is a spring of water and an appear- ance of vein matter. One great peculiarity of the granitic rocks of this locality is their singular stratified appearance. A few yards to the south of the quarry are the (perpetual) lime kilns. These kilns are upright, tapering toward the top, thirty-one feet high, and having a circumference at the level of the fireplaces, of forty-two feet with an inside diameter of four and one-half feet at the same level. The charging floor is twenty-one feet above the tiring floor, where two fireplaces heat the kiln ; the point of dis- charge is ten feet lower down. The kilns are two in number and have a capacity of about fifty barrels each twenty-four hours, each kiln consuming two and one-half cords of SAN BENITO COUNTY. 137 wood. The wood used is pitch pine, costing $2.50 per cord delivered at the kiln, and the wages paid to the seven employes is from $50 to $60 per month. The lime can be de- livered at the Tres Pinos railroad station for $1.30 per barrel. A copper mine called the Antelope has been opened about fourteen miles east of Emmett, on the east side of the Panoche section of the coast range. Chromite is found near New Idria, and in many other localities, but all at present are too far from railroad communication to make the deposits of commercial value. There is a large body of hematite near Cienega, and gypsum is found in the south end of the county. CHAPTER III. EAKLT HISTORY. PUT little was known of the interior of California prior to the commencement of the mission era, or 1769, although various navigators had sailed along the Cali- fornia coast, as recounted elsewhere in this volume, during the period intervening be- tween the time of its discovery by Cabrillo, in 1642, and the advent of the Franciscan missionaries. The Indians had roamed through the mountains and plains of this western coast for unknown ages, living a degraded life, but little above the level of that of the wild ani- mals indigenous to this region. Of their origin or history there is no record. Aside from the story of the rocks, and the vague lesson taught by the topography of the country, we know absolutely nothing of Alta California prior to 1642; nor indeed but very little until the latter part of the eighteenth century. The historical period, therefore, may be said to commence with the founding of the missions. During Father Junipero Serra's able ad- ministration, nine missions had been founded in Alta or Upper California. These missions had gathered many Indians into their folds, or had brought them under their control; and they had also acquired considerable wealth in the form of cattle, horses, sheep and other useful animals, and in grain, etc. ; and also, four presidios or military appen- dages of the missions had been established by the government for the protection of the latter; so that the missionary establishments may be said to have had the territory along the coast, at least, practically under their control. After the death of the pioneer president of the missions, Father Junipero Serra, in 1784, Father Palou, the senior priest in California, who had filled Father Junipero's place during his absence, became acting president till the appointment of a successor in the person of Father Fermin Francisco Lasuen of San Diego, in honor of whom Point Fermin was named. The policy of establishing missions in eligible localities was continued under the presidency of F'ather Lasuen, in accordance with orders of Governor Borica. Expeditions were sent out from different missions, for the SAN BENITO COUNTY. purpose of finally fixing the locations for these new missions. In November, 1795, Friar Danti and Lieutenant Sal and party set out from Monte- rey to explore the San Benito valley, and they found two suitable places, — one on the San Benito river, and the other near the site of the present town of Gilroy. President Las- nen reported these to Governor Borica, who embodied the same in his report to the vice- roy. As two sites had been recommended for the mission between San Carlos and Santa Clara, a further examination was ordered, and the site on San Benito river was chosen. Here, on St. John's day, June 24, 1797, was founded the mission of San Juan Bau- tista (St. John the Baptist), so named to distinguish it from the mission already estab- lished, of San Juan Capistrano, which was named after an entirely different personage or saint. President Lasuen appointed, as the first ministers of the new mission, "Los R. R. P. P., Pred'res, App. cos, Fr. Jesef de Mortea- rena, y Fr. Pedro Adriano Martines;" i. e., the reverend prelates, preachers apostolical, friars, etc., etc. A few years after, or on the 13th of June, 1803, the corner-stone of a church building was laid. Among the names of the persons who took part in the ceremonies of laying the corner-stone of this church, almost ninety years ago, were Padre Viader, conductor of ceremonies, Jose de la Guerra, padrino., and Captain Font and Surgeon Morelas. A record of the proceedings and a few coins were de- posited in the corner-stone. An image of the patron saint of the mission, St. John the Bap- tist, was placed on the high altar in 1809; and on the 25th of June, 1812, or nine years after the corner-stone was laid, the church was dedicated, the records of the mission, noting the contemporary facts, of "Fernando VII (whom God preserve!) being king of Spain; Don Fernando Venegas, viceroy of New Spain (Mexico); Jose Joaquin Arrilkga, governor of California; Esteban Tapis, presi- dent of the missions in California, and Fr. Felipe de la Cuesta, minister at the mis- sion." Probably the buildings, including the church, warehouses, etc., as they exist at the present day, afford a fair idea of the mission establishment as it appeared during the early part of the century, less the busy and numer- ous neophyte actors and the missionary fathers under whom they labored. These buildings, of course, show the effects of time and the action of the elements; nevertheless, they are still in a fair state of preservation, and they show plainly, even to this late day, that their designers and builders were wise managers in temporal affairs, as well as faith- ful and devoted teachers of the spiritual doc- trines which they believed in. Some distance from the church were two rows of buildings, about 300 feet in length, under a common roof, with a passage-way between them, divided into many rooms, each entirely separate from the others, in which the neophytes were shut up nights, sepa- rately. SAN BENITO COUNTY. These Indian abode quarters long ago dis- solved into earth mounds, which now are all that is left to mark their locality. The church buildings were so planned as to in- close an area some 200 feet square, in which the friars and their wards were safe from all outside enemies. A story is told that beneath the fallen wall on the west side of this square, sixty Spanish silver dollars of ancient dates were found. The San Juan church was built of adobes and slack-burnt bricks — the latter being twelve inches by eight inches, by two inches thick, and being baked in a slow lire were very durable. The plan of the building is in the form of a cross; being 140 feet long, thirty feet wide, and forty feet to the ceiling, with a tile roofing. There are three altars, the principal one dedicated to St. John the Baptist, with a life-size statue of this titular saint, at the end of the nave of the church, and an altar on each side of the transept. The walls are four feet thick, braced with brick abutments outside when over twenty feet long, and plastered with lime mortar. The church formerly had a chime of nine very line-toned bells, cast in Peru, only one of which is now remaining in the building. Of the venerable ten -acre mission orchard, only the old pear trees still live and bear fruit; and but a very few hardy olive trees are left of the olive orchard about a mile south of the church; while the vineyard disappeared many years ago. According to the church records, over 4,000 bodies are buried in the cemetery ad- joining the north wall of the church. Friar Esteban Tapis, who labored as a missionary in Alta California thirty-five years, died at this mission, November 4, 1825, and was buried under the chancel floor of the cluirch. He had been in charge, successively, of the missions of Santa Clara,, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Santa Ynez, San Carlos and San Juan Bautista. The books of the church show that tlie number of Indians baptized amounted in all to 3,981. Humboldt reports that at the time of his visit to California, in 1802, there were at the mission 530 male and 428 female In- dian neophytes, or 958 in all. As a center of activity of nearly 1,000 human beings, we can imagine that it presented a vastly different scene from what it does now. As indicating the number of Indians in that neighborhood, at that period, it may be men- tioned that within three and a half years after the founding of San Juan Mission, nearly 650 Indians had been baptized, and that there were twenty-three rancherias, or Indian villages, within tliat jurisdiction. The numerous Indian tribes of the dis- trict annoyed the mission by various un- friendly acts from time to time; and Ser- geant Castro was sent out by Governor Borica with sufficient force to chastise them, and to partially check their depredations. The prosperity and fertility of the country around San Juan are shown by the fact that during the first three years the increase of ganado mayor (large cattle or animals) be- longing to the mission amounted to over 700 SAN BENITO COUNTY- head, and the ganado menor, or smaller animals, exceeded 2,000 head; while 2,700 bushels of grain were produced in the year 1800. In October, 1800, numerous earthquake shocks were felt; and especially on the eight- eenth of that month, a very severe one oc- curred, causing considerable damage to the adobe buildings standing at the time, an ac- count of which, as noticed at San Juan Bautista, is given in a letter of the Captain of the presidio of Monterey to Governor Ar- rillaga, on October 31, 1800: "I have to in- form your Excellency that the mission of San Juan Bautista, since the lltli inst., has been visited by severe earthquakes; that Pedro Adriano Martinez, one of the Fathers of said mission, has informed me that during one day there were six severe shocks ; that there is not a single habitation, although built with double walls, that has not been in- jured from roof to foundation, and that all are threatened with ruin; and that the fathers are compelled to sleep in the wagons to avoid danger, since the houses are not habitable. At the place where the rancheria is situated, some small openings have been observed in the earth, and also in the neighborhood of the river Pajaro, there is another deep open- ing, all resulting from the earthquakes. These phenomena have tilled the fathers and inhabitants of that mission with consterna- tion. "The lieutenant, Don Kaymundo Carrillo, has assured me the same, for on the eight- eenth he stopped for the night at this mis- sion (San Juan) on his journey from San Jose and being at supper with one of the fathers, a shock was felt, so powerful, and attended with such a loud noise, as to deafen them, when they fled to the court without finishing their supper; and that about 11 o'clock at night the shock was repeated with almost equal force. "The fathers of the missions say that the Indians assure them that there have always been earthquakes at that place, and that there are certain cavities caused by earthquakes, from which salt water has flowed. "All of which I communicate to you for your information. "May our Lord preserve your life many "Heemenegildo Sal. "Monterey, October 31, 1800." Old records recite that in 1800 the San Juan Indians sent three carts, nine yoke of oxen, nine horses and fifteen Indians to Mon- terey, when an attack from foreign vessels was feared, for which they were remunerated by order of the viceroy to encourage or stimu- late zeal in the future in like cases. Disagreements between the missions and settlers, and eventually between missions and the government, commenced early and from time to time caused more or less friction. It is recorded that in 1802 the clerical authori- ties of San Juan Bautista were directed to remove their stock from land claimed un- der a grant, Mariano Castro; but the matter being appealed to the viceroy, that oflicer decided in favor of the mission. SAN BENITO COUNTT. In the year 1806, an exploring parly, con- sisting of twenty-five men under lieutenant Moraga, was sent out from San Juan Bautista to explore the Tulare country, and incidentally to find suitable sites for new missions. Friar Pedro Munos accompanied the expedition, and kept a diary of the same. Leaving San Juan September 21, in an easterly direction, Moraga crossed the San Joaquin river and went north down the valley of that name, and continued his explorations twelve or fourteen days; and then turned about and traveled south on the east side of the valley, and fin- ally, about November 1, reached the mission of San Fernando. The report of this and other expeditions, by Father Tapis, for the year 1805 and 1806, says, twenty-four ranclierias, with an aggre- gate of over 5,000 Indians, had been visited; and that but four or five sites were found be- tween San Miguel and San Fernando suitable for the location of new missions, which, if established would require a new presidio. The mission church at San Juan Bautista was finished and dedicated June 23, 1812; Manuel Gutierrez, of Los Angeles, standing as sponsor {^padrino), aided by the padres of San Jos^ and Santa Clara. The next ten years were apparently un- eventful ones at San Juan. Occasional expe- ditions were sent out to punish neighboring, unfriendly or thieving Indians, or to bring in converts. According to the archives, in 1815 or '16, Corporal Jose Dolores Pico, of San Juan, who went ont with a small force after runaways, was badly wounded in a fight with the Indians. Mention is also made of an expedition un- der one Soto against the Mariposas, which brought in to the San Juan Mission some 300 Indians. The estimated population of this mission, San Jnan Bautista, at the beginning of this century, was about 1,000, mostly Christanized Indians. Humboldt, who visited California in 1802, estimated the population of Alta California, whites and mulattoes, 1,300; converted Indians 15,560. Dwindle tells us that in 1834, or 65 years after the founding of San Diego, over 30,000 Indian converts were lodged in the buildings of the twenty-one missions of California; over 700,000 head of cattle of various species, be- sides 60,000 horses, pastured on the plains; 180,000 bushels of grain, mostly wheat, were produced annually, besides large quantities of wine, brandy, wool, oil, etc. The mission of San Juan Bautista owned in 1820 over 40,000 head of cattle, nearly 1,400 tame horses, 4,800 mares, fillies and colts, and about 70,000 head of sheep. Indians, under the control of this mission, employed more than 300 yoke of work oxen in carrying on its extensive farming operations. In 1818, and again in 1828, the Spanish Cortez decreed the secularization of missions in all Spanish Colonies. The Mexican Con- gress, August 17, 1833, passed a secularization law, which was effectually enforced within two or three years thereafter. 133 SAN BENITO COUNTY. CHAPTER lY. DECADENCE OF THE MISSIONS. fROM the commencement of the era of Mexican independence, in 1822, or per- haps a little later, till the acquisition of California by the United States, the missions gradually declined, the policy of Mexico, after attaining independence, being to encourage the settlement of the country, which made necessary the curtailment, and finally the secularization, of the missions. From about 1825 or 1830, to 1846, a large and increasing number of persons, who became settlers, had been pouring into California; these included Mexicans by land and by sea, American trappers and hunters, who had emerged from the deserts east of the Sierras ; Russians from Russian America; sailors and adventurers of all nationalities, who had es- caped from merchant ships, or who had been left here at their own request; and occasion- ally a citizen of the Eastern States more venturesome or more restless than his neigh- bors. With the coming of Mexicans, and of foreigners who became Mexican citizens, naturally there arose a demand for land ; and as the missions practically claimed all the land, although they occupied it only by per- mission of the government, these citizens com- plained to the authorities of the difficulty of acquiring land to cultivate or to live on. Governor Figueroa and some of his suc- cessors sought to distribute the lands of Alta California to the Indian neophytes in sever- alty. But these attempts were utterly im- practicable, and of course were utter failures: first, because the Indians were incapable of self-government; and second, this plan left no room for the settlement of the territory by Mexican citizens and foreigners, in other words, by (j/ente de razon (literary people of reason) who were capable of developing the country, and of local self-government, which is what Mexico desired. The logic of the situation plainly required the secularization of the missions long before that policy cul- minated in the passage of the law of 1883. Therefore, it is a matter of congratulation and commendation, instead of censure and regret, that the United States Land Commis- sion and United States Courts followed both the spirit and the letter of the Mexican law in their decisions concerning the tenure of title to lands in California. The original aim of both the Spanish and Mexican Governments, of converting the California missions into pueblos or towns, having, by actual trial, for more than half a century, proved a palpable failure, the alter- native policy of granting the public lands of the territory to actual settlers, who were capable of governing themselves without the aid of paternal or clerical guardians, was finally forced on the Mexican Government. In looking back, we can now clearly see that this policy ought to have been adopted long before. Therefore, it was plain that if California was to ever have a future — with her magnificent natural resources and climate unequaled anywhere in the world — it must SAN BENITO COUNTY. be by a system other than that under which the inhabitants were little better than peones, or, more properly speaking, wards, who were incapable of becoming full-fledged, self- sustaining, self-governing citizens. Hence, a change from a monastic to a civil, — from a religious to a political system of government of the Territory, — became a necessity. Hence the necessity of secular- izing the lands, i. e., providing for the grant- ing of legal titles to lands to actual occupants — which in reality was what secularization meant; the tenure of ownership of the soil was to vest thenceforth in men, able to per- form their civic duties as citizens and capa- ble of building up a commonwealth, instead of in children, in trust, who must ever de- pend upon overseers (either clerical or sec- ular) to manage for them. Certainly, three-quarters of a century was long time enough in which to try the exper- iment of testing whether the Indians of the Californias were capable of building up a State or not. MEXICAN LAND GRANTS. The following is a list of confirmed land grants wholly or partly in San Benito county, with names of confirmes, dates and numbers of acres each. NAME OP GRANT. Date . Acres. Gbanteeb. Aromitae y Agua Caliente 1835 8,659 F A MacDougall,etal. Ausaymae y San Felipe, 1S33 11,744 P. P. Pacheco Bolsa de San Felipe, 1840 6,795 F. P. Pacheco CienegQ del Gatilan, 1843 21,874 J. D. Carr Cienega de los Paicines, 18J3 8,917 A Castro, et al Los Carneros, 1842 236 F.A. MacDcugall, etal. Llano del Tequisquite, 1835 16,016 Sanchez heirs Lomerias Muertae. 1842 6,660 Sanchez heirs L08 Vergeles, 1835 2,085 James Stokes MisBion S. Jnan Bautista, 1797 55 [ Bishop, etc. J. S. Alemanj NAMB OF QRAMT. Date. Acres. Grantees. Real de los Aqnilas, 1844 31,052 F.A. Mac Dougnll, etal. San Antonio, 1846 4,493 M. Larios Santa Ana y Qaien Sabe, 1839 48,822 M. Larios, et al. San Joaquin, 1836 7,425 C. Cervantez San Justo, 1&39 34,619 F. P. Pacheco San Lorenzo. 1846 23,813 R. Sanchez Tract near Missions. Juan 1839 401 P. Breen The status of Panoche Grande, about 17,000 acres, 18'14, to V. P -Gomez is given elsewhere. Total area of Mexican grants, 232,100 acres Total area of public lands, 442,900 " Total area of S Benito county, 676,000 CHAPTER V. CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT. fHE quiet of San Juan Bautista Mission was disturbed by the events attending and immediately succeeding the change from Mexican to United States rule. Shortly after the raising of the American flag at Monterey, July 7, 1846, and at the other important points a few days later, Castro, with such dis- affected forces as he could save from the gen- eral demoralization that began to set in, withdrew to San Juan; but he did not re- main there long as, on the 17th of July, Fre- mont and his liattalion arrived there from the north, and the same day Fauntleroy and a squad of dragoons reached there, where- upon the American flag was raised, thus com- pleting the conquest of this portion of Cali- fornia. On the 19th, the battalion started for Monterey, leaving a small force at San Juan. A little later Captain Fauntleroy with fifty men was sent from Monterey to relieve the force left at San Juan by Fremont. While stationed there an expedition was sent out against Indian horse-thieves, with whom it had a fight, in which several Indians were SAN BENITO COUNTY. killed and the horses stolen were recovered. In October, Fanntleroy's men having been called elsewhere, a small force under Mad- dox was sent to San Juan, where they spiked the iron cannon which had been left there, and took away the brass cannon to keep them from falling into the hands of the Califor- nians. About the middle of November several re- cruiting parties for Fremont's battalion arrived with men and horses at San Juan Bau- tista. Consul Larkin, while on his way from Monterey to San Francisco, was capt- ured at Gomez ranch, Los Verjeles, where he stopped for the night, by a band of Cas- tro's Calitbrnians led by Chavez, and taken to Castro's camp, the object evidently being to use him as an exchange for some of their own patroled men who had been captured. The Californians entertained a plan of attacking San Juan, and they endeavored, but of course to no avail, to get Larkin to aid them in the scheme. Their plan, it would seem, contem- plated a feigned attack on San Juan by a few men for the purpose of drawing out the gar- rison in pursuit, which they then thought they could overcome with their principal force. A severe fight ensued at the Natividad ranch) in which several men were killed and more wonnded on both sides. In the meantime word was sent to Monterey, and Fremont immediately hastened to the rescue; and the Californians having withdrawn, he gathered his varones at San Juan, where the battalion's organization was completed and preparations were made for a march south against the foe The course taken was up the San Benito and over into the Salinas valley, and thence to San Luis Obispo, which latter place was captured without opposition. Here Jesus Pico, who had been captured at Wilson's ranch, was tried by court martial for having broken his parole in the San Juan and Natividad campaign. He was found guilty and sentenced to be shot. But the pathetic appeal of his wife and fourteen children, and of many other women, her neighbors and of some of Fremont's own officers who had been formerly befriended by Pico, caused Fremont to relent and to grant him a pardon. Pico thereafter became the grateful and sincere friend of the man who had thus saved his life. Pico died quite recently. CHAPTER VI. AMERICAN SETTLEMENT OF SAN BENITO VALLEY. fNE of the first American settlements in the San Benito valley was begun by Jacob Watson in 1854, near the site of the pres- ent town of Hollister. Prior to that time the valley was occupied as a stock range by the owners of Mexican land grants. The neigh- boring foot-hills and mountain ranges were the home of deer, antelope and bear. From 1861 to 1870 much of the valley now used as a sheep range, the Ilollisters and Flint, and Bixby & Co., having engaged in breeding improved sheep in tliis section, which was then a portion of Monterey county. SAN BENITO COUNTY. COUNTY DIVISION. The rapid settlement of the extensive and fertile San Benito valley and the valleys tribu- tary thereto, which were separated from the rest of Monterey county by the Gabilan range of mountains, developed interests which centered in the new communities, and out of which grew, very naturally, a desire by the people to manage for themselves their own local affairs. The first attempt to divide Monterey county, by having San Eenito set ofl by itself as a separate political division, was made in the legislature of 1869-'70; but the opposition interposed by the resident por- tion of the present old county caused the movement to fail at this time. Nevertheless, it continued to gain strength from many and legitimate causes. The contest became a very heated one for the time being, swallow- ing up all other issues. The .people living east of the Gabilan insisted thai they were entitled to a division, and they were almost unanimously determined to have it. The election of a representative in the legislature turned on this one issue. The question was di- vision or no division, Kepublicans and Demo- crats forgetting their party affiliations. But though the "new-county" people were still in the minority, they did not give up the fight. They returned again to the charge in the next election, and won by a small ma- jority. The contest was carried to the As- sembly and then to the Senate, in each of which houses the divisionists won, and then to the governor, who after some hesitation signed the l>ill, and thus, finally, in March 1874, the act creating the new county became a law. By this act the governor was author- ized and directed to appoint five commission- ers who were charged with the organization of the new county. The names of the com- missioners appointed were: T. S. Hawkins, Jesse Whitton, Mark Pomeroy, John Breen and H. M. Hayes. This commission met at the town of Hollister, February 18, 1874, and organized by electing John Breen as president, and H. M. Hayes as secretary. The new county was subdivided into four townships, viz.: Hollister, San Juan, San Benito and Paicines, and three supervisorial districts, numbered one, two and three. Dis- trict number one, comprised Hollister town- ship; number two, San Juan township; and number three, San Benito and Paicines town- ships. The new officers were to be appointed by the governor or filled by special election. James F. Breen, who had resigned the judge- ship of Monterey county, was appointed by the governor to the same position in San Benito county, while the commissioners, under provisions of the organic act, ordered a special election on the 26th day of March, 1874, whereat the required county officers were to be chosen, and the county seat was to be permanently located by popular vote. At this election the following officers were elected, viz.: Siieriff and ex officio tax col- lector, Benjamin F. Ross; clerk and recorder, H. M. Hayes; district attorney, N. N. Briggs; treasurer, T. McMahon; assessor, Haydeu Dowdy; surveyor, F. P. McCrary; school SAN BENITO COUNTY. superintendent, H. Z. Morris; coroner and pulilic administrator, J. M. Black; super- visors: district No. 1, Mark Pomeroy; dis- trict No. 2, Thomas Flint; district No. 3, D. J. Watson. Under the provisions of an amended act of the Legislature, approved March 10, 1876, the boards of supervisors of the old and new counties jointly selected a commission of five members, — two by Monterey, two by San Benito, and the fifth by the judge of the twentieth judicial district court, — which met at Salinas city, inventoried and appraised the property and assets of each county, ascer- tained the amount of indebtedness of Mon- terey county, on the 12th day of February, 1874, the date on which the act creating San Benito county became a law. The commis- sioners deducted the total value of assets of both counties from the total indebtedness, which exceeded the assets, and ascertained the pro- portion of the debt due from San Benito county to be §5,808.56. for which amount bonds bearing interest at the rate of seven per cent per annum, and payable in five years, were issued, and made payable to the order of Monterey county. The principle is sound in the division of a partnership or of a county, that each partner shall assume his or its proportion of the existing indebtedness. CHAPTER VII. SAN BENITO COUNTY IN 1892. f AN Benitocounty constitutes one judicial district, of which Hon. James F. Breen is the superior judge. The other county officers are: John L. Hudner, district attor ney; C. C. Cargill, assemblyman; E. E. Hol- brook, sherifl^aiid ex officio tax collector; Rody Shaw, county clerk, ex officio recorder, and auditor ; D. V. McPhail, assessor; E. B. Mont- gomery, treasurer; J. N. Thompson, school superintendent; W. K. Brown, surveyor; D. McCarty, public administrator and cor- oner. The county is now divided into five super- visor districts, and the following are the present supervisors: D. Snibley, district No. 1; Luis Raggio, district No. 2; G. S. Nash, district No. 3; A. J. Chaney, district No. 4; M. F.' Finch, chairman, district No. 5. The county courthouse at HoUister, the county seat, was erected in 1887, and cost about $45,000. It is a two-story edifice with baseraeut and tower; the walls are of brick, stuccoed; its site is on a lot 300x200 feet, fronting on Monterey street, between b'ourth and Fifth streets. The courthouse has entrances on three sides, by fourteen granite steps, with columned porches. In the northwest rear corner of the grounds stands a substantial one-story brick jail, cost- ing about §10,000, which, though neatly and carefully kept, appears (to the credit of the community be it said) to be poorly patron- ized. The grounds of the courthouse are sur- rounded by an ornamental iron fence; and on three sides, outside the cement walks, are some thirty beautiful bright-green, ever- graceful "umbrella trees," which, with the grass plat surrounding the building, give the San Benito courthouse and grounds a unique SAN BENITO COUNTY. appearance during a greater portion of the year, which is as rare as it is beautiful. There are also a few palm and other ornamental trees interspersed within and around the yard, but not of such numbers or size as to interrupt the view from within or without the grounds. The county has built three bridges, costing in the aggregate about $25,000. SAN BENITO COUNTY SCHOOLS. The following facts and figures concerning the rising generation of the county, are significant and interesting. They are taken from the annual report for the year ending June 30, 1892, of Superintendent of Schools J. N. Thompson. The school census for 1892 shows the number of children in the county to be: Between five and seventeen — white, 1,029 boys, and 1,043 girls — 2,072. Between five and seventeen — negroes, 6 boys, and 7 girls —13; total, 2,085. Under five— white, 661; Mongolian, 2; total, 663. Total number of census children under seventeen, 2,748. The nativity of these is as follows: 2,708 were native born, and 40 were foreign born. The number of children between five and seventeen who attended public school at any time in the school year, 1,542; or private school at any time in the school year, 153. Number who have not attended school during the school year, 390 ; total 2,085. Number of teachers or classes — grammar, 11; primary, 43. Total, 54. Number of pupils enrolled — boys, 921; girls, 785. Total, 1,706. Average number belonging, 1,128; average daily attendance, 1,049. Percentage of attendance on number be- longing, 93. Number months of school maintained, average, 8^. Grammar grade — number enrolled, 503; primary grade — number enrolled 1,203 ; to- tal, 1,706. Sex of teachers — males, 15; females, 39; total, 54. Monthly salary paid, average, $65. Monthly salary paid male teachers, average, 175. Monthly salary paid female teachers, aver- age, $61. Annual salary paid county superintendent, 11,500. Number of teachers, graduates of Califor- nia State normal schools, 11; number of teachers, graduates of other State normal schools, 2; number of teachers who hold life diplomas, 11; number of teachers who hold State educational diplomas, 7; number of teachers who hold high school certificates, 2; number of teachers who hold county certifi- cates, first grade, 30; number of teachers who hold county certificates, second grade, 22. CTJERENT EXPENS|;8 AND RECEIPTS. Amount paid for teachers' salaries, |29,- 179.61; amount paid for rents, repairs, fuel, etc., 13,902.02; amount paid for school libraries, $884.72; amount paid for school apparatus, $101.80; amount paid for sites, 138 SAN BENITO COUNTY. buildings and furnishings, 19,173.80; total, $43,241.95. RECEIPTS. Balance, July 1, 1891, $9,664.75; from State, $16,100.96; from county, $17,837.50; from city and district taxes, ^31,784.23; from subscription, etc., 193.18. Total, |75,- 480.62 ; balance on hand, June 30, 1892, $32,238.67. SCHOOL PEOPERTY. Value of school lots, buildings and furniture, $50,475 Value of school libraries 8,315 Value of apparatus 3,695 Total $62,385 Number of volumes in school libraries 7,967 Aggregate indebtedness of districts of county. ..$31,033 Number of public scboolhouses in county 43 Rate cf county school tax 29.4centsper $100 Assessment roll $6,113,050 Total drawn from unapportioned county fund : Institute, $98.90 ; postage, binding, etc., $63..50; $162,40 Number of private schools in county, 2 ; private teach- ers, 6. Number of pupils in private schools, average attendance, 120. CODNTY BOARD OF EDUCATION. Term expires Frank B. Abbe, San Juan, president, June 30, 1894 J. N. Thompson, Hollister, secretary, January 7, 1895 J. B. Hankenson, " June 30, 1894 John Paterson, " June 30, 1893 Thomas H. Slaven, Paicines, June 30, 1898 EEPOET OF FIEST SCHOOL SUPEEINTENDENT. H. Z. Morris, the first superintendent after the organization of San Benito county, for the school year ending June 30, 1874, ei<^lit- een years ago, gives in his report these items, which are of interest by contrast: There were fourteen school districts; Hollister had four teachers; San Juan and Jefferson, two each; and the other districts each had one, making nineteen teachers in all. There were 703 boys and 636 girls, or a total of 1,339 children, between five and seventeen, in the new county, besides 711 under five years of age, all of whom, if still living, must be now men and women grown. The population of San Benito county, ac- cording to the federal census, was in 1890, 6,412. In 1892 it must be 8,000 or more, or three times at least the number (2,748) of school census children in the county, under seventeen years of age. The population by race as reported by the superintendent of the eleventh census, was: whites, 6,223; Chinese, 85; Indians, 50; col- ored. 54; total, 6,412. The vote for governor in 1890 was: Mark- ham, 683; Pond, 850; Bidwell, 83; total, 1,616. The population of towns was: 1880 1890 Hollister 1,034 1,234 San Benito 672, 1,129 San Juan 484, 463 A. T. Butler is postmaster of Hollister. The annual receipts of the office are |3,770. MISCELLANEOUS. By the act of the Legislature of March 11, 1891, San Benito county was made a part of the Seventh Congressional District; and by the same act it was made, with Monterey county, to constitute the Thirty-third Sena- torial District; and the Fifty-ninth Assembly District was made to consist of Merced and a part of San Benito counties; and the Sixtieth SAN BENITO COUNTY. District was to consist of tlie remaining por- tion of San Benito county. The following is a list of the members of the bar of San Benito county, viz.: N. C. Briggs, H. W. Scott, M. T. Dooling, G. B. Montgomery, J. L. Hudnerand W. 11. Hill. The assessment of San Benito county for 1892, is as follows : Value of real estate and improvements $o,i::i0,200 Value of personal property 1,023,533 Assessment of railroads in S. B. Co. $163,782 Assess'tof Pullman Car Co., S. B. Co. 1,260 165,043 Total $6,318,775 Acres assessed, 407,677. CHAPTER VIII. EESOOECES OF SAN BENITO COUNTY. !ilSUE agricultural resources of San Benito Wjf county are very extensive. Some of the best wheat produced in the State is raised in the upper San Benito valley, and in the other smaller valleys in the southern part of the county. The soil of this region seems to be peculiarly adapted to the growth of both wheat and barley. While the crop of grain for the year 1892 is reported short in other sections of the State, owing to the lateness and shortness of the rains, that of San Benito county is said to be a full aver- age in quantity, and extra in quality. San Benito county is noted for its hay product. The quantity of grain and hay produced in the county is prodigious. The Victor Mills of the big Sperry Flour Company are located at Hollister. The ca- pacity of these mills is 400 bi^rrels of flou^ per day of twenty-four hours each, and they are now run night and day. They have twenty sets of rollers, and a200-horse-power engine, and consume 1,500 tons of wheat per mouth, or 18,000 tons per annum, or the larger part of the local product, besides about 200 tons of barley per month, or 2,400 tons per annum, which they convert into feed for stock. The market for their flour is the entire State. William Steinbeck is the local manager. Last year a business of about 1600,000 was done by these mills, less than the average; this year they will do more. A capital of about 1200,000 is required to carry on the business, including the plant. The Victor Mills are of immense value to the county, as tliey furnish its farmers a sure market for the greater portion of the grain they raise. The mills buy for cash and sell on thirty days' time. " HOLLISTER HAT." The quantity of hay shipped by the South- ern Pacific railroad from tiie Hollister station from June 1, to August 18, 1892, as shown by the record, was 492 carloads of eleven tons each; or 5,412 tons, which is estimated to be less than one-fifth of the total quantity which will be shipped from that station dur- ing this calendar year. Mr. R. P. Lathrop, who has been in the hay business here since 1876, and who has been over all that portion of San Benito county which is tributary to Hollister rail- road station, and who has taken careful sta- SAN BENITO COUNTY. tistics of existing stocks, states that the quan- tity of hay, which will be shipped from this station, of this year's crop, will not be less than 27,000 tons, in addition to what will bo consumed locally. The hay raised about Hollister commands the highest price in the San Francisco and neighboring markets, and " Hollister hay " is well and favorably known from San Diego to Seattle. The reasons are: Climatic condi- tions, quality of soil, no fog, and the education of the farmers in the art of making and cur- ing hay. A stranger visiting Hollister, espe- cially during the haying season, is struck with the sight of trains of hay-loaded cars, trailing hay-loaded wagons, and the loading and unloading by tackle and block of endless bales of hay, hay, hay? CHAPTEK IX. HOLLISTER. f"T|f HE modern enterprising, thoroughly M American city of Hollister, the county i^J seat of San Benito county, was named after Colonel W. W. Hollister,* now de- ceased, who, with the Flints and Bixby's brought improved American sheep all the way from Ohio, in the early fifties, to Cali- fornia; and who eventually settled down to the business of sheep-raising in the neigh- borhood of the old mission of San Juan Bau- tista and in the upper portion of San Benito valley. These enterprising sheep farmers, pioneers in introducing improved sheep into this State, purchased the "San Justo ranch," a Mexican grant of nearly 35,000 acres, which was finally confirmed to Francisco Perez Pacheco, who occupied the same a number of years as a sheep range. -j- Colonel Hollister acquired control of the ranch, and in 1862, bailt what is known as the Montgomery House, the oldest house in the present town of Hollister. It is said that during the '60s, there were several hun- dred feet of troughs used for watering sheep in the vicinity of where Third street is now located. THE SAN JUSTO HOMESTEAD ASSOCIATION, consisting of fifty members, held its first ♦Colonel W. W. Hollister was a native of Licking county, Ohio. He was a man of great force and deci- sion of character. He brought a flock of sheep across the great plains as early as the year 1851, which was no trifling undertaking. He sold these sheep in Santa Clara county, and went back and brought out with his brother, Hubbard, and a sister, Mrs. Brown, who accompanied them, another flock of 8,000 sheep, 150 cattle and 100 horses in 1853. This time he started from Missouri April 1, 1853, and arrived in Los An- geles about February 1, 1854, with 0,000 of the sheep, having been on the road ten months. The route trav- eled was by way of the Platte, Great Salt Lake, Mountain Meadows, Armargosa, and the Canon Pass. W. H. Perry and C. P. Switzer, since then residents of Los Angeles, came with the Hollister party. Colonel Hollister took the sheep north, and went into the business of breeding improved sheep on an extensive scale. Eventually, with others, he bought the San Justo ranch in the San Benito valley, then a portion of Monterey county. Other parties with sheep, Thomas Flint and Jotham and Llewellyn Bixby, came at the same time by the same route, and all three parties kept near each other and co-operated together, in overcoming difficulties, and in defense against the Indians, etc. Colonel Hollister was a man of education. He was engaged in mercantile pursuits before he came to California. He died in Santa Barbara a few years ago, where his widow and sister still live. His brother died eight or ten years since. t The firm of Flint, Bixby & Co., consisted at this lime of Thomas and Benjamin Flint, and Llewellen Bixby, who entered into a co-partnership in Terre SAN BENITO COUNTY. meeting October 10, 1868, at which S. S. Swope was elected president, W. H. Briggs secretary, and J. M. Brown, treasurer. This association bought the San Justo ranch of Colonel Hollister for $400,000; but when on survey there was less land than had been estimated a deduction of |30,000 was made, and the actual amount paid was $370,000, of which $100,000 was paid down, and the bal- ance on time. The land, or a portion of it, including the present town site of Hollister, was divided into tracts of 172 acres each, and, on the 19th of November, 1868, the choice of tracts was sold at auction, T. S. Hawkins (now president of the Bank of Hollister) purchasing the first choice, paying therefore |4,500. The aggregate amount realized from the " sale of choice" of these fifty tracts for premiums alone was |87,352. The town of Hollister was laid off the same day, November 19. It had been decided at first to locate the town about two miles northeast of its present site, and keep the latter as the Hollister homestead, but finally the present site was fixed on and named. During the month of December, $3,600 worth of town lots were sold, and the towu commenced to grow rapidly. Its population in 1880, by the federal census, was about 1,000, and in 1890, 1,234. At present, 1892, the school census indicates that it must be double that number. HOLLISTER SCHOOLS. The present condition of the public schools of Hollister is shown in the following figures taken from the latest report of the county superintendent; The number of children in the district between 5 and 17 are: White, boys, 330; girls, 310-G49. Negro, boys, 6 ; girls, 7-13. Total 662 Under 5, white 142 Total number children under 17 (all native born). 804 Number of children between 5 and 17 who have attended public school 527 Number children between 5 and 17 who have at- tended only primary schools 112 Total 639 Number pupils enrolled, boys, 300; girls, 237 537 Number pupils belonging 382 Average daily attendance 870 Percentage of attendance on average num'r belo'ng 97 Number pupils in grammar grade, 299, Number pupils in primary grade, 238 587 Number months school maintained 9}^ with many important business interests of this and other parts of the State, having beon partners in the firmsof J. Bixby & Co., Irvine, Flint «& Co., B. P. Flint ip- posed were old customhouse papers of no value, which were on shelves with doors, but were not locked; that the papers were not in charge of any one; and that some of them were used by him in putting up prescriptions for the sick; that witness did not undei-stand the Spanish language, and that it was one or two months before he found out that they were of any value from seeing the papers in the hands of Captain Halieck; that wit- ness thinks some of the papers were exj>e- dientes; that he does not recollect seeing maps in the papers, and that he cannot form an idea of the quantity of papers used; that some of them had numbers on the outside; that from January until May the papers were in such exposed condition; that witness left Monterey about the first of May and re- turned in June, when the papers were not in the place in which he left them; that he thinks Captain Halieck took charge of them when they were removed from the custom- house. Jose Castro testified February 24, 1853, that he was a resident of Monterey and was then forty-four years of age; that he knew Vicente Goniez, who was a Mexican by birth, and who liad lived in California since 1832; that some time in 1844, on Gomez asking his advice as to where public land could be petitioned for, witness recommended the place called the Panoche Grande, east of San Juan Bautista about twenty-five leagues, for which Gomez received a concession from Governor Micheltorena; that the map shown witness and tiled with his testimony, is a correct delineation in the general outlines of said tract; that Gomez was a clerk in the commissary department at Monterey from some time in 1846, to the change of govern- ment. The witness testified that he knew the place well from personal observation, having camped upon it fifteen or twenty days while engaged in military service against the Indians; that he knew nothing on the matters of Gomez' occupation or visits to the place, as he had seen him only once after having recommended him to apply for land; that witness had filled the offices of political chief of California, and a member of the Territorial Diputacion; he had also been prefect, and commandante general. The next witness, Jose Abrego, who was examined October 27, 1853, testified through an interpreter that he was forty years of age and had lived in Monterey twenty years; that Gomez showed him a title or grant of the land called La Panoche Grande, near the rancho of San Luis Gonzaga, belonging to Francisco Pacheco, issued by Micheltorena in 1844 or 1843; that Gomez was at that time clerk in the office of the commissaries- general of California, of which witness was SAN BENITO COUNTY. the chief; that after that Gomez placed the same for safe keeping among the papers be- longing to the archives of said oiRce, where it remained until said archives were taken possession of by the American forces, July 7, 1846; that witness was at the head of the commissary's office until that time, and Goraez remained as a clerk until then; that the title was signed by Micheltorena and Jiraeno, governor and secretary, and bore their true and genuine signatures; that he did not know the data of the grant; that it was lor four leagues; that he had seen a plat of the law and read it, but did not recollect the boundaries; that the plat annexed to Castro's testimony witness had seen before, at tlie same time he saw the title papers in the hands of Gomez; that it was drawn no the same kind of paper that he had in his office. In reply to questions by the United States law agent, witness said that Gomez was in his office for about two years; that the grant was issued at Monterey; that Micheltorena left Monterey for Los Angeles in February or March, 1845, and did not return until the occupation of the country by the United States; that Gomez joined General Jose Castro at the time Colonel Fremont appeared at Monterey about May, 1846; that witness frequently gave Gomez leave of absence for twenty days or a month; that he was em- ployed in the office of witness, but had to go to the office of the Secretary of State, when called upon to assist in that office. Ill reply to questions liy petitioner's attor- ney, witness testified that at nine o'clock in the morning of July 7, 1846, the American troops took possession of all the archives of the government, which were in the various public buildings at Monterey, and carried them in blankets to the customhouse build- ings, where there were about 400 men under Colonel Fremont, and where many of the papers constituting the public archives were torn up and destroyed; that from that time the archives remained in possession of the American authorities, and witness did not know what became of them ; that the papers which were destroyed were torn up and scat- tered about the streets and lost; that witness called upon Mr. Hartnell and requested him to remonstrate with Lieutenant Maddox, who was in command, to prevent further destruc- tion of the papers. A master of a whaling ship, testified before the land commission, that he was in Monte- rey in the fall of 1845, and was intimate with the family of Gomez, who offered to sell him three or four leagues of land, and showed him papers which he said were a title to the land from Micheltorena; that Gomez proposed at that time returning to Mexico; that witness then understood the Spanish language. Gomez, in his petition to the United States Land Commission, filed February 9, 1853, recites amongst other things that the lands for which he asks confirmation, called Pa- noche Grande, of the extent of four leagues, (now lying in the county of San Joaquin), are bounded on the south by the lands of Francisco Arias; on the north by the lands of SAN BENITO COUNTY. Julian Ursua and the low hills; and on the west by the barren hills, as explained by the map of tliereto annexed. He alleges that for some time before the military occupation of Monterey, California, by the American forces, July 7, 1846, he was a clerk in the Commis- ary's office of Monterey, and that at that time he had his original title-papers for said tract of land deposited in his desk in said office of the Commissary; that shortly before the naval forces of the United States took pos- session of the town of Monterey, he had left the town with some of the Mexican troops to assist in the defense of the country; that when he so left Monterey he left his said original grant of said land in his desk at the office of the Commissary as aforesaid, be- lieving it to be a secure place; that upon his return to Monterey he found it in pos- session of the United States troops, and the public buildings, offices, and papers were all in possession of and guarded by American soldiers; that he made application without delay to the American officer in charge of the office and papers where his said original title for said tract of land was deposited, but the said officer (Lieutenant Maddox, of the Uni- ted States Marine troops) refused to deliver any paper or papers then in his possession or under his charge. He further alleges that the map presented with his petition is the map which accompa- nied the original expediente, and that the grant made by Governor Micheltorena was the land delineated by this map. Gomez further avers that he became posses- sed of this map by permission of the proper officers, for the purpose of having a copy made for his use and benefit; and he had taken it to his present dwelling-house a short time before California fell into the hands of the American authorities. It had remained in his possession ever since. He has made application, he says, to the person in charge of archives of the former government, which were taken at Monterey for information in in relation to this grant, and title made to him, but it could not be found; nor was the original expediente found. Gomez concludes his petition to the Land Commission in these words: "Your petitioner has heard, and believes and alleges, that many original papers and documents belong- ing to the government archives taken at Mon- terey on July 7, 1846, have been since lost or destroyed. If such be the fact, his title papers and the expediente must have been among the papers and documents so lost and destroyed. Your petitioner hopes that, after such proof as the nature of the case will ad- mit, your honorable board will contirm his said claim to the said four leagues of land granted as aforesaid, and that he may have a decree accordingly, and general relief, as in duty bound." In the Panoche Grande case, all the evi- dence, as collated by the House land commit- tee, both oral and documentary, as in the case of all the other confirmed Mexican grants, strongly indicates the genuineness of this grant; and there is abundant warrant for the dictum, of old settlers in San Benito and SAN BENITO COUNTY. 163 Monterey counties, that the title of the gran- tee would never have been contested, had there never been discovered on it quicksilver mines. But this belief of laymen, in the equities of the grantees of this rancho, which have been fought with desperate persistence and cunning by a band of squatters for thirty-live years, is fortiiied by the decisions of two United States district judges, two sec- retaries of the interior, and lastly by an il- lustrious president of the United States, all of whom were known as honest conscientious and enlightened men and officers, who sought, moreover, in faithfully performing their of- ficial duties in connection with this remark- able case, to carry out their convictions — which, nevertheless, have not been realized, even to this day! How can American citi- zens study the long tortuous history of the fight which has been made in the courts, in Congress and before the various executive departments of the Government, including at least three presidents of the United States, against the final confirmation of title to the hona-Jide grantees of "Panoche Grande," without having their self-respect, their amor propria, seriously wounded? The scandals connected with this case have become intoler- able to the moral sense of the American people. SANTA SRUZ (BOUNTY, CHAPTER 1. NATURAL FEATUEES, LOCATION, TOPOGEAPHT, AND MINERALOGY. fHE county of Santa Cruz, (Holy Cross,) is centrally situated on the coast of California, extending from the bay of Monterey northwesterly some forty miles, by an extreme width of about fifteen miles, and it contains something less than 440 square miles, or 280,000 acres. It extends from the Pacific ocean to the summit of the Santa Cruz range of mountains, a section of the coast range, which separates it from Santa Clara county, on the northeast. It is bounded on the north by San Mateo and Santa Clara counties; on the east by Santa Clara county; and on the south and west by the Pacific ocean. The southwesterly or ocean slope of the Santa Cruz range of mountains is heavily timbered with redwood oak, fir, etc., thus mak- ing lumber one of the important resources of the county. The numerous valleys drained by the San Lorenzo, Soquel, Pfijaro, Aptos, Valencia, and several other smaller streams, embrace some of the richest and most productive lands in the State. Loma Prieta, sometimes known as Mount Baclie, is the highest peak of the Santa Cruz range, being about 3,000 feet above the sea level. It is some twenty miles northeast from the county seat, and is a conspicuous landmark, being visible many miles out at sea. Its summit is often covered with snow in winter, although there is a thermal belt along the foot-hills, above the level of the valleys, where frost is hardly ever seen. The location of Santa Cruz, on the sea coast, gives the county an equable climate in summer, as the daily sea breeze, coming directly from the ocean, without being heated by passing over intervening laud, has very nearly the same temperature which it has on the sea; whereas this same breeze becomes gradually heated more and more, as it passes overland into the interior. It is thus that the immediate coast area of Califor- nia, from its extreme northwest to its ex- treme southwest boundaries, has the finest summer climate that can be found anywhere in the world. Lying between the main, or Santa Cruz mountains and the ocean, is a lower range, the trend of which corresponds with that of the seacoast. More than three- fourths of this county consists of hills or rolling lands and mountains, all of which are well timbered with pine, oak or redwood. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. Large quantities of lumber are manufactured from pine, and redwood, most of which find a market in San Francisco or San Jose, being shipped either by rail or from several small coves and harbors along the coast. The Santa Cruz mountains are well watered, and many streams flow through the canons directly west into the Pacific, while a large number unite to form the San Lorenzo river, which courses south through the middle of this re- markably fertile county, and empties into Monterey bay. MINERAL RESOURCES. Among its minerals that can be counted as a known source of actual wealth are: gold, silver, bituminous rock, coal, mercury and lime, together with sufficient building stone for local purposes. Placer mining is carried on along various creeks when water is abun- dant, and generally yields fair wages to those engaged in it. Placer gold has been found on Wardell artfl Major creeks, and Gold Gulch near Felton; while accounts are given in the report of the State Mineralogist of the gold found being coarse-grained, some pieces of which were worth from twenty-five cents to ten dollars. Tarious attempts have been made to discover the source of the placer gold, but thus far prospecting has met with but little success, the great obstacle being the depth of soil covering the rock formation, and the dense growth it maintains, both of which prove great hinderances; yet a few mineral bearing ledges have been found. Auriferous black sand is worked in the San Andres hills, where gold was found sev- eral years ago, and a company organized in 1886. This sand is the remains of an old sea buach, now forming dunes and hills of friable sand-rock and beds of sand. The latter deposits contain these black sands car- rying gold. Several small veins of coal have been dis- covered, and small quantities have been mined about fifteen miles north of Watson- ville, in the Santa Cruz mountains and on the Corralitos creek, and croppings have been found on the Valencia creek and also near Felton. The State Mineralogist reports, in 1888, that the bituminous rock deposits were yield- ing large quantities of paving material. The total shipments for the year are given at 8,182 tons. The industry is growing and becoming very important, as the supply is practically inexhaustible, with a future de- mand likely to be unlimited. Asphalt pavements properly laid are ex- ceedingly popular in large cities, as Wash- ington, Paris, etc., although liable in winter to be injured by frosts, while in Clalifornia they are nearly free from this trouble. Bituminous rock is formed by the dis- charge of liquid asphaltum, or " brea" as it is called in Spanish, from springs upon sand or gravel, with which it mingles, thus form- ing a conglomerate, from which the volatile portions are, in course of years, thoroughly evaporated. It is thus by natural processes that a composite material is formed, which, when subjected to a high degree of heat and SANTA OBUZ COUNTY. mixed with lime, and properly treated, makes one of the best paving materials, at least in a frostless country, which has ever been dis- covered. The Californians, as well as the Americans in early times, especially in the southern portions of the State, where lumber was scarce, adopted this method of roofing their houses. CHAPTER II. fHE history of early voyages along the coast of Alta California has been given elsewhere in this work. The description of Cabrillo's explorations in 1542-'43, three and a half centuries ago, as given in the histori- cal sketch of Monterey county, will serve with- out repetition here, with slight variations, as a correct account of that pioneer navigator's voyage along the coast of Santa Cruz, as well as of San Mateo. The same maybe said of Vizcaino's voyage, sixty years later. It is not to be supposed that Cabrillo, before his death, January 3, 1543, or Ferrelo, his suc- cessor in command, or Vizcaino, at those re- mote periods, and in this remote part of the world, penetrated inland at any point to any o-reat distance as they sailed along these un- known shores. The true historical period of California commences with the founding of the Fran- ciscan missions, in the year 1769. This date marks an important epoch, because it signal- izes the introduction of European civilization into a region, where hitherto only ignorant savages and wild animals had lived. The missions symbolize the coming and perma- nent settlement of a race of men capable of making, as well as recording, history. Although the Indians of Central California were very numerous at the time of the ad- vent of the Franciscan fathers, their intelli- gence was of so low a grade, that their annals, even if they had been preserved, would have possessed but little interest for Europeans. Evidently they had made but little progress in evolution, during the unknown ages of their occupation of this land, where the climate was so mild, and Nature so kind, that they were enabled to live almost without exertion. The Indian tribes, whose habita- tions were in the Rocky mountains, or in the northern part of North America, were un- doubtedly stimulated by the rigors of a colder climate and by their environment to activity, both physical and mental, that was unknown to the torpid aborigines of California. Thus, the former had developed into spirited and war-like races, while the latter had remained apparentlj', for ages, on a dead level, but little at all above that of the wild animals, which disputed with them the mastery of the land over which both roamed. The establishment of a mission on the San Lorenzo river was finally determined on in 1789, although the fathers had known of the desirableness of the site for several years. Rivera and Palou on their return from their exploring expedition to San Francisco, in 1774, had examined and approved the loca- tion. Ralou, in speaking of this and several SANTA CRUZ OOUNTT. other sites, which thej had examined during their trip, makes this record in his diary: " God grant that in my day I may see them occupied by missions, and in them assembled all the gentiles who inhabit their vicinities, and that none of the latter die without holy baptism, to the end that the number of the children of God and His holy church be in- creased, and also of the vassals of our Catho- lic Monarch." After sundry delays, caused by correspond- ence with the viceroy, whose authority it was necessary to obtain, President Lasuen pro- ceeded to the work of founding the mission of Santa Cruz. He thus describes the steps taken under date of September 28, 1791, a little more than 100 years ago: " In view of the superior order of His Excellency, I at once named the missionaries. I asked and obtained from the comandante of this pre- sidio, the necessary aid for exploring anew the region of Soledad, and there was chosen a site having some advantages over the two previously considered. I applied to the mis- sions for vestments and sacred vessels; and as soon as the commander of the A.ranzazu furnished the servants allowed for the new establishment, I proceeded to Santa Clara, in order to examine anew, in person, tlie site of Santa Cruz. I crossed the Sierra by a long and rough way, and found in the site the same excellent fitness that had been reported to me. I found, besides, a stream of water very near, copious and important. On the day of St. Augustine, August 28, 1791, I said Mass, and a cross was raised on the spot where the establishment is to be. Many gentiles came, large and small, of both sexes, and showed that they would gladly enlist un- der the sacred standard, thank God! I re- turned to Santa Clara by another way, rougher, bnt shorter and more direct. I had the Indians improve the road and was per- fectly successful; because for this, as for everything else, the comandante of San Fran- cisco, Don Hermenegildo Sal, has furnished with the greatest activity and promptness all the aid I have asked for. I ordered some little huts made, and I suppose that by this time the missionaries are there. I found here in Monterey, the two corvettes of the Spanish expedition; and the commander's power of pleasing obliged me to wait their departure. I endeavored to induce them to transport the Santa Cruz supplies by water, but it could not be accomplished. Day before yesterday, however, some were sent there by land, and with them a man from the schooner, which came from Nootka, under Don Juan Carrasco. The plan is to see if there is any shelter for a vessel on the coast near Santa Cruz, and there to transport what is left. To- morrow a report is expected. This means is sought because we lack animals. To-day eleven Indians have departed from here with tools to construct a shelter at Soledad for the padres and the supplies. I and the other padres are making preparations, and my de- parture thither will be by the favor of God, the day after, from San Francisco, October 8, at least." The foregoing is quoted at length as it af- SANTA CRUZ COUNTT. fords the reader of to-day a glimpse of the difBculties the good fathers labored under in carryinor forward their important nndertak- inc of establishino; a mission here, and it also represents a picture of things as they were a century ago, — multitudes of wild Indians, but few whites, and they compelled to travel be- yond the immediate precincts of the mis- sions with a military escort; the country rough and without roads; everything to be done, with scant means to do with. Thus may we gain some slight conception of the difficulties under which European civilization was introduced into this land, where we now have our homes, surrounded as they now are, by all the aopliances of modern civilization. On the 23d of September, Ensign Sal, with two friars of San Jose, arrived from San Fran- cisco presido, and some neopliytes con- structed a cabin to shelter the priests, and when all was ready, on Sunday, the 25th day of September, 1791, with religious ceremo- nies, conducted by the padres, and the tiring of salutes, the Mission of the Holy Cross, or Santa Cruz was duly founded. The contributions of the neighboring mis- sions to the new establishment, according to one account were: Santa Clara, 151 head of cattle, nineteen horses, eighteen fanegas of grain; San Francisco, six yoke of oxen, 100 swine, twelve mules and eight otlier animals. The Fathers seemed to have been success- ful ill gathering the Indians into the church, for within tive years after they commenced their labors in this field their converts numbered over 500, which indicates that In- dians were very plentiful hereabouts in those days. How many remained outside the fold, within this jurisdiction, we are not informed, but probably a considerable number, although the sight of even 500 nearly naked, wild In- dians roaming about this valley and among the adjacent hills, at the present time, would be likely to produce something of a sensation. Up to and including the year 1800, accord- ing to the records kept by the friars, about 950 Indians had been baptized at this mission ; 270 couples had been married, and about 475 persons had been buried. The increase of ganado mayor (large animals or cattle) from the small number brought to the mission, amounted to over 2,000, and that of ganado ■menor (small animals) had been at about the same ratio. The production uf grain the first season after the foundincf of the mission was about 650 bushels; while for the year 1800 it amounted to over 4,000 bushels. A mill for grinding grain was built in 1796. The corner- stone of the church was laid on the 27th of February, 1793, and the building was sufficiently completed to be occupied the next year. It was built of adobes, with stone foundation; its dimensions being 112x30, and twenty-five feet high. Although timber was plenty near by, tlio fathers were without means to utilize it, and consequently most of the permanent buildings of that and a long subsequent period, throughout the Territory, were constructed of adobe or of stone. A paragraph in a letter written in 1798, clearly shows the contrast between then and SANTA VRUZ COUNTY. now. Fernandez writes: "one hundred and tliirty-eiglit neophytes have deserted, leaving only thirty or forty to work, while the land is overflowed and the planting not half done. * * * The cattle are dying, and a dead whale on the beach has attracted a multitude of wolves and bears." Engineer Cordoba reports, August 1, 1798, that Santa Cruz has 3,435,600 sqnare varas of irrigable lands, of which 1,120,000 are sin ahrir, and pastures one-and-a-half by eight or nine leagues, with seven permanent streams. CHAPTER III. FOUNDING OF PUEBLOS. tN the year 1795 recommendations came from Spain to the viceroy, to select a place ^ for the founding of a pueblo, the object being to inaugurate and encourage the forma- tion of secular establishments as contradis- tinguished from those which were wholly under clerical control. This highly judicious policy did not in the least detract from the credit which the church was entitled to, in its work of subduing, and practically civilizing the Indians, since there was room then, as there is to-day, for the State and the church, and for all churches, to work on totally difr ferent, but perfectly harmonious lines, for the healthy development of the country and the upbuilding of the commonwealth. If the missions or clerical authorities had looked with favor, instead of jealousy, on the policy of establishing pueblos, and the granting of lands to Spanish and Mexican citizens in Cali- fornia, both parties might have been helpful to each other, as in later years and under a different regirne, the parties representing each, were thus helpful. If the friars could have brought themselves to see that there was land enough for all, and had not opposed the acquisition of land by actual settlers, who would have become their allies in the work of converting the people of this vast territory into a Christianized and civilized province, the hard destructive policy of secularization might not have become necessary. It was certainly short-sighted policy, even from the stand- point of the church, though that church were a State institution, in so goodly, fruitful and fair a land as this, to force the government to adopt the harsh measure that it finally did adopt of taking away from the missions all the lands of the province, because they were not willing that some of those lands should be occupied and cultivated by actual settlers. Besides the government desired to encourage the raising of grain and other supplies for the military establishments in California, to save the expense of shipping them from great dstances. The pueblo of San Jose was founded in 1776; that of Los Angeles in 1781, and that of Branciforte, near the Mission of Santa Cruz in 1797. The settlers of these pueblos at iirst were mostly soldiers, whose terms had expired. Afterward, trappers, sailors and thers who had come to the country naturally gravitated to the pueblos. There was greater freedom of action or independence enjoyed by the citizens of these free towns, than ihe 170 SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. same class would possess at the inissions. Under the laws of Spain, citizens of pneblos were entitled to various rights of ownership of land, or building-lots and water, with tim- ber and pastorale. Under the laws of the Indies, pueblos were entitled to the absolute control of the waters of running streams on which they were situated. That the pueblos did not show any thing like the progress in material prosperity ex- hibited by the missions may seem strange at first sight, but as Bancroft well says, it was because the problem was a more compli- cated one; and he suggested two fatal obsta- cles to their success, (1) in the worthless char- acter (if the half-bred settlers, and (2) the lack of provincial commerce to stimulate in- dustry. In the year of 1800 the populaiion of the missions (eighteen in number) was estimated at over 13,000; and the total number of ganado mayor., horses, cattle, etc., had in- creasd to over 65,000; and sheep, etc., gan- ado menor, to 85,000. The yield of grain including beans, lentils, peas, etc., for the year was estimated at about 75,000 bushels. The population of the three pueblos in the same year was only about 550, and they owned nearly 17,000 head of stock, mostly horned cattle. This of course includes rancheros who engaged in stock-raising, out- side of pueblo limits. According to Spanish laws, pueblos were entitled to a small guard of soldiers, in acalde, regidores and a comisionado. This system continued down to, and even after the change of government in 1846. Labor was mostly done in the pueblos, as in the mis- sions, by Indians. In the vineyards, espe- cially in and about the pueblo of Los Angeles, work was mainly done by Indians, even as late as late as 1875, because their labor was cheaper, and because they understood vine- yard work, particularly irrigation, better than white or American laborers, who as a rule had had little or no experience in practical irrigation. There is a deal of good sense contained in Engineer M. Costanso's report of 1794, in wich he says: " The first thing to be thought ofjin my opinion, is to people the country. Pre- sidios to support missions are well enough for a time, but there seems to be no end of them. Some missions (in other provinces) have been for 100 years in charge of friars and presidial guards. The remedy is to in- troduce gente de razon, (people of reason) among the natives from the beginning. Cali- fornians understand this and clamor for in- dustrious citizens. Each ship should carry a number of families, with a proper outfit. The king supplies his soldiers with tools; why not the farmer and mechanic as well? They should be settled near the missions, and mingle with the natives. Thus the missions will become towns in twenty-five or thirty years. " The views of Father Salazar and Sefian, who were in Mexico in 1796, are of interest in this connection. According to Bancroft's version, the former reported, that "the inhabi- SAJfTA CRUZ COUNT?. tants of the pueblos were idlers, paying more attention to gambling and playing the guitar than to tilling their lands and educating their children; as the pagans did most of the work. Young men grew up without re- straint and wandered among the rancherias setting the Indians a bad example, and in- dulging in excesses that were sure, sooner or later, to result in disaster. The great remedy was to build up commerce, and give the col- onists an incentive to industry. Now they could not sell tlieir produce; they obtained a small price for what they did sell, and often they could not get the articles they wanted in payment, or liad to pay excessive rates for them " Father Seilan's report, dated May 14, 1796 , at the College of San Fernando, urged the importance of introducing a better class of settlers; and Governor Borica, in his corres- pondence with the viceroy, agreed with the views of these fatliers and favored encourage- ment of commerce, as the surplus products cannot be sold. Governor Sola later, in 1817, urged, as es- sentia] for the development of the agricult- ural and commercial resources of California, the introduction of 500 Spanish families; the opening of the overland or Colorado river route, and the sending of, at least, two vessels to transport from here to a market, the surplus products of the province. According to the laws of the Indies each pueblo was entitled to four square leagues of land. It was expected thp missions would become pueblos when the neophytes could take possessicni in severalty of the lands hitherto occupied in common under the mission system. None of these anticipated results ever came about, as the Indians were not capable of becoming citizens in the European sense of the word. The provincial or temporary granting of land to settlers in California, commenced very soon after its permanent occupation by Europeans; that is, settlers of good character were permitted to go on unoccupied lands for the purpose of cultivating them or raising cattle, temporarily, leaving the matter of conceding absolute title for future determinatioD. CHAPTER IV. ANNALS OF THE PUEBLO AND MISSION FROM 1800 TO 1822. N DUSTRY and the tools of industry, at the beginning of the new century, at the pne- ■^ bios as well as at missions and presidios, were exceedingly rude, and tiiere were but few mechanics in the province to use them. There were a number of tanneries and jabon- erias or soap-making establishments scattered throughout the country, and a two-story granary and a house for looms had been built in Santa Cruz in 1793. Artisans in March, 1796, from another district, with the help of the natives built a flour mill, utiliz- ing water power at Santa Cruz, and also a few looms at San Luis Obispo. Four mill stones were ordered made at Santa Cruz for San Carlos mission. Metates or hand-mills for grinding grain were in common use at that time in nearly every home. Buildings SANTA CBUZ COUNTY. were mostly of adobe, tlie roofs being covered either with tile or, where timber was scarce, with earth overlaid with a coating of hrea or asphaltum. The useful grains and domestic animals were brought to Alta California by the first settlers and as the result showed contributed in a wonderful degree to the prosperity of the country. What has been known for many years in California as the "mission grape," was brought from Spain to Mexico, and to lower California, and from the latter province here, probably very soon after the founding of the first missions. There is little reason to doubt that olives, pears, and possibly apricots and peaches, with an inferior variety of apples, had a very early introduc- tion, but precisely when is a matter of uncer- tainty; while oranges were brought to the southern missions very much later. Before 1800 attention had been directed to the raising of hemp, which met with some success at the pueblo of San Jose; coarse hemp cloth being used to some extent by the neophytes at San Carlos. The increase in live-stock from the small number first brought from la Eaja to Alta or northern California in 1769, had been regu- lar and rapid, except during the year of drought in 1794:-'95, when many animals died for want of grass. All the ranches had a large amount of stock at the end of the century, more particu- larly the ranch del Rey in the Salinas valley, with its branches at San Francisco and San Diego; the cattle and sheep being the main dependence of the presidios, while the horses were used pi'incipally in the cavalry service. The valleys and low hilly regions of Cali- fornia were the natural habitat of various nutritious- grasses, and it is not strange that live-stock, especially neat cattle, in the early times when there were no fences and the whole country was an open common, should have multiplied very rapidly, despite all drawbacks, such as the inci'easing slaughter for food, by both man and wild beast, which latter for many years were extraordinarily plentiful. The principal grasses were wild oats, alfileria, "tilaree" or pin-grass, and bur- clover. The wild-oat ranges were liable to be "eaten out" or fed so closely as to prevent seeding, especially on ranges where the stock increased rapidly. The same was liable to happen, and in later years did happen, with alfileria ranges; but to "eat out" the bur- clover was next to impossible, for no matter how closely fed or hoM' dry the season might be, this very valuable natural grass would yield seed even if barely above ground; and its spiral, rolling seed would, with the aid of the wind, "sow itself," thus each year mak- ing sure of a crop the succeeding year. The increase of stock was so great in after years, or during the first half of the present centnry, that horses being considered less valuable than neat cattle, were either killed off or permitted to wander off, or, in a num- ber of cases during a drought they were driven to the interior where they became wild. After the great influx of people, drawn hither by the gold mines in thp early '50s, SANI'A CRUZ COUNTY. the "wild horses" ofthe"Tulares" were caught, as animals without owners, in large numbers and tamed and broken by the settlers of the coast counties. Jf rior to the founding of Branciforte, which was a source of considerable expense to the government, the annual appropriation from the royal treasury in Mexico, for the main- tenance in California of the military and civil ofHcers and employes of the crown, amounted to over $60,000 and subsequently to $80,000. The military force maintained in Califor- nia during the decade 1791-1800, was 280 men of the presidial companies, besides gov- ernor and surgeon, and after 1796, ninety Catalan volunteers and artillerymen. Of these twelve were commissioned officers, thirty-five non-commissioned officers and about 240 privates. The salaries were: Gov- ernor, $4,000; Captain of Catalan volunteers, $840; Alferez (ensign), $400; and minor of- ficers smaller amounts. The officers of both civil and military governor in California dur- ing the Spanish regime seemed to have been filled by the same person. The population of the Santa Cruz Mission, in 1796, was a little over 500. Father Fran- cisco Gonzales was in charge of this mission from 1797 until 1805. The question was agitated in 1796-'97 of separating Upper and Lower California into two separate provinces in order to secure a more convenient and efficient government of each district, but as very little action was taken in that direction the final separation did not occur until 1804, when it was brought about in a very quiet manner and with no noticeable change in the northern portion. In 1801 $15,000 were furnished by the viceroy for the support of Branciforte and for the continuance of work at that pueblo, which at a later period, however, was sus- pended. Goycoechea reported that Branciforte lacked all the advantages enjoyed by the other pueb- los, inasmuch as the mission was in posses- sion of all the available lands in the vicinity. Besides the character of the settlers was not such as to justify the expectation of success in building up a self-sustaining and self-gov- ering town. Comandante de laGuerra rather uncharitably wrote the governor that they were not so bad as other convicts sent to Cali- fornia, but that their absence for a couple of centuries, at a distance of a million leagues, would prove beneficial to the province and re- dound to the service of God and the king! But it should be said in extenuation of these settlers, that without lauds, or with only a small quantity obtainable, not much ought to have been expected of them in the way of town building. The fact was the mission entirely overshadowed the pueblo. In 1806 the latter had only seven small mud and tim- ber houses, thatched with tule, and the num- ber of inhabitants, including several invalids and their families from Monterey and else- where, were only forty-six. The other pue- blos, San Jose and Los Angeles on the con- trary, were situated in the midst of fertile valleys at some distance from a mission with large amounts of land available, which served 174 SANTA GBUZ COUNTY. to draw to them a better class of settlers than those of Branciforte. Under all the circum- stances it is therefore, not surprising that Branciforte gradually fell iuto decadence. Vicente Mojica was alcalde in 1802 and Fe- lipe Hermandez in 1805; of otlier years, there is no record. In 1807 the missionaries, Ca- ranza and Quintana insisted that the lands of the town from which fields might be assigned to vecinos or neighboring residents and inva- lids extended only to the Rancho de Bravo or the Soquel and to Aptos or Corralitos, and that all other lands belonged to the mission. The population of California in 1810 was estimated at about 21,000, of whom about one-tenth were gente de razon, or people of reason, there being very little increase during the following twenty years. Live-stock was estimated at that time at 140,000 head of ganado mayor (large animals), and 157,000 head of small animals, mostly sheep. About 84,000 bushels of grain were the average annual yield of all the missions at that period. The missions, considered as estates of the king, were capable, in case of a conquest of this country by another power, of furnishing abundant supplies of all kinds. The governor and others strongly protested against the sending of convicts to California. It is recorded that of the sixteen convicts, in 1803, under the control of the authorities of the Monterey jurisdiction, eight were at Branciforte, five at San Jose, two at the pre- sidio, and one at the ranch Buena Vista. An order was issued to tlie effect that in granting pueblo lots, settlers should be en- titled to receive them first, if there were not enough for all, as Invalids could depend on their pensions. Langsdoff, in his "Voyages," mentions that in 1806, the cattle had become so numerous in the valleys around San Francisco bay and at Santa Cruz, that the governor had been compelled to send out soldiers to slaughter 20,000 head. In 1812, Father Quintana was murdered by his neophytes at Santa Cruz, and Governor Arrillagadied two years later. Captain Jose Arguello became acting governor, until the appointment of his successor, Tablo Vicente de Sola, who assumed the duties of the office the next year. In 1818, " el ano de los Insurgentes^^ all the inhabitants of the province, were greatly excited because of news received, that two privateers were fitting out at the Sandwich Islands for an attack on California. Gover- nor Sola issued orders to all the comand- antes, to be on the alert, and there was everywhere the greatest activity displayed in preparation for the coming of the piratical vessels, and provision was made for concen- trating, with the utmost promptness, as iai'ge a force as possible, at whatever point the enemy might attempt to land. It seems that Bouchard, who was in com- mand of the piratical crafts, sailed under some sort of letters of marque, and under the flag of the insurgents of Buenos Ayres, who with the people of other Spanish American coun- tries had raised the standard of revolution against the mother country, Spain. Of course, SANTA ORUZ COUNTY. 175 the church took sides, as a rule, against the revolutionists, although iu Mexico, Hidalgo, a priest, led the revolt of that country against Spain to a successful issue. Bancroft gives a minute account of the excitement at Santa Cruz, caused by the ex- pected incursion of Bouchard's forces and robbery of that mission. Padre Ramon Olbes believed, or affected to believe, that the Branciforte settlers would join the insurgents in robbing the mission, and he subsequently chai'ged that on the approach of the vessels, they had sacked the mission, intending to lay the blame on the insurgents, who, however, by not landing, left them in the lurch. Governor Sola ordered an investigation, Olbes in the meantime having abandoned the mission and gone with his neophytes to Santa Clara Joaquin Buelna, comislonado, was instrncted by the governor to go to the mission and carry away everything movable. Before the completion of his task, however, Bouchard appeared, but was unable to land on account of the rough surf. Joaquin Castro, the mayordomo of the mission, with some of the neophytes, returned and found Buelna hard at work moving the mission goods. When he found that this was being done by order of the governor, he joined his force to that of the comisionado. A portion of the goods were inventoried by Buelna, and taken to the pueblo; some were buried and some were taken by Castro to Santa Clara. The friars, after getting over their fright, which was mostly without cause, finally ad- mitted that the danger had been exaggerated. Olbes went back to his mission, and matters went on as before. Although the two pirate or insurgent vessels, anchored in the bay of Monterey and engaged in a tight with the fort, of which an account is given elsewhere in this volume, there is no evidence that any of Bouchard's men landed at Santa Cruz. This advent of the ''insurgentes" or pirates on this coast in 1818, created a great sen- sation throughout California. Governor Pio Pico, who is still, 1892, living at Los Angeles, at the age of ninety-one years, hav- ing been born May 5, 1801, has recounted to the writer how his father Sergeant Jose M. Pico of the artillery company at San Diego was sent in 1818 to San Gabriel to put down a rising of the neophytes, and that during the same year he was recalled to San Diego to assist in the defense of that port against some pirates, which, however, sailed by in sight without entering the harbor, although the inhabitants and military authorities had made ample preparations to receive them. The fathers in charge of the missions at Santa Cruz, from 1811 to 1820 were: Quin- taiia, Kodriquez, Tapis, Marquinez Escudi, Olbes and Gil. In 1817, the control of the rancho Bolsa de Salispuedez, was temporarily transferred by the pueblo to the missions. In 1816, Governor Sola gave the comision- ado of Branciforte, minute instructions as to the government of the town, requiring watch- fulness against gambling and other vices, and insisting that religious duties be enforced; prohibiting all intercourse between citizens 176 SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. and Indians; enjoining industrious habits on the settlei-s, and finally, that full reports must be made '■'■de los torrenos y de las cosechas''' (i. e., of the lands and of the crops ). The total population of Spanish or mixed blood, known as gente de razon in 1820, was estimated at something over 3,000 souls; and of foreigners not of Spanish or Indian parent- age, twelve; of these Thomas Doak and Daniel Call, who came in 1816, and Joseph Chapman in 1818, were Americans; John Gilroj in 1814, and John Kose in 1818, were Scotchmen; Thomas Lester in 1817, and I. Thomas in 1818, were Englishmen; John Mulligan in 1814 or 1815, was an Irishman; Jose Bolcof in 1815, was a Russian; Juan Cristobal in 1816, M. J. Fascual and Fisher or Norris in 1818, were negroes. Tiiere were at this time (1820), twenty missions and thirty-seven missionaries. Of these Father Senan was the only one left who came before 1790. The total neophyte population in 1820 was estimated to have been a little over 20,000 souls. The mission register up to this date showed that there had been altogether of gente de ra- zon^ 250 marriages, 1,375 births, and 535 deaths. The estimate of mission cattle was 140,000 head; horses, 18,000; mules, 1,900; and sheep, 190,000 head. The amount of grain raised during the preceding ten years aver- aged nearly 114,000 bushels per year, or be- tween 5,000 and 6,000 bushels for each mission. The president of the missions in 1820 was Father Seilan, Payeras having been elected prefect. The missions mainly supported the provincial government, including the presid- ios during this period, as no aid came from Mexico. The settlers at the pueblos were not in- clined to labor with their own hands, but were accustomed to get the Indians to till lands for one-third or one-half the crops, liv- ing themselves on the balance. Although timber was abundant in the Santa Cruz mountains, there were no saw- mills and all the lumber had to be hewn or sawed by hand. Mention is made in the local records that in 1816, Sergeant Pico was directed to build a bridge across the Pajaro river. The weather reports show that the season of 1816-'17, was a very wet one, and that of 1820-'21 was a dry one. The fathers complained that soldiers, as well as Indians, often killed the tame cattle while slaughtering the wild ones. CHAPTER V. INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO — 1822 to 1846. fALIFORNIA was influenced, of course, to a certain extent by the political changes in Mexico from the regime of Spanish rule to independence, first as an em- pire and finally as a republic. THET MET AT SANTA CRDZ IN THE LONG AGO. About the year 1822, William Thompson, an Englishman, lauded at Santa Cruz and SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. 177 started a business in hides and tallow. His native place was London. His father was a sail-maker, and there lived the family, mother, brother and sisters. With regret and sorrow they parted with William when he went to sea, and after a time they ceased to hear from him. Years went by, and the father grieved and the mother pined for her son as time went on. At last another son, Samuel, pro- posed to go in search of his brother; his plan was agreed to, and he started. How loug he sailed and where he went is not known; but after awhile he was on a ship that came to Santa Cruz. Here was anchored at that time another ship, taking on board a cargo of hides. Samuel came ashore, and inquiring for the captain of that ship, asked him if among his crew there was a William Thomp- son. The captain said he did not know cer- tainly whether there was or not, " But there the men are," said he, pointing to the men at work on the beach, carrying hides; ''you can go and see." And there, sure enough, Samuel met his brother William! But in- stead of Sam^^el getting William to go home, they both remained on this coast. They afterward shipped together on a voyage to South America, but they returned again to Santa Cruz and settled here. Various vessels landed at Santa Cruz from 1825 to 1830. The Frenchman, Duhaut- Cilly, in the Heros, touched here in 1827. The number of citizens of the village of Branciforte had increased in 1830 to about 150. Branciforte had been transferred in 1822 to the political jurisdiction of the pueblo of San Jose, as it was lacking in sufficient population to entitle it to an ayun- tamiento, or town council ; and in 1826 the two pueblos were transferred from the mili- tary jurisdiction of Monterey to that of San Francisco; but in 1828 Branciforte was re- ti-ansferred to Monterey again. It had al- caldes, however, during this period. Their names were: S. Pinto, Buelna, Borondo and Rodriguez. The citizens ef the pueblo in 1830 are said to have owned some 2,000 or 3,000 head of cattle. Heavy rains, doing much damage to gardens and buildings, including the church, in the winter of 1824-'25, are mentioned in the archives of Santa Cruz. The number of head of large stock belonging to the mission of Santa Cruz, in 1830, is given at a little over 3,000, and of sheep nearly 5,000. The local records of 1828 show that the pueblo boundaries then were described as on the north by Santa Cruz and the mountains; on the east by Santa Clara creek; on the south by the ranch of Amesti; and on the west by Monterey bay. In 1830 the population of the pueblos and ranches of the province of Alta California was estimated at about 1,700 souls. in 1827 an order came from Mexico per- mitting foreign vessels to trade at Santa Cruz, San Luis Obispo, etc. Father Gil y Taboada was in charge of Santa Cruz mis- sion in 1830, being succeeded by Father J. Jimeno. The Mission of Santa Cruz, under the national secularization of August 17, 1833, 178 SANTA GBUZ COUNTY. and the provincial regulations of Governor Figueroa of August 9, 1834, was turned over to Lieutenant Ygnacio del Valle, as comis- ionado, on the 24th of the same month; and Juau Gonzales was mayordotno from and after October. This mission was at this time known as '* I'ueblo de Figueroa," and the In- dians were reported to have behaved well under the new system. Among the vessels which arrived on this coast in 1835, was the Pilgrim, of Boston, and the Alert; on the former of which was R. H. Dana, the author of "Two Years Be- fore the Mast." In 1833, Isaac Graham came to California from Hardin county, Kentucky, and settled near Monterey. His name is intimately as- sociated vvith the early history of Santa Cruz and vicinity. It is said he erected on the San Lorenzo, somewhere in the neighborhood of where the powder works are, the first sawmill in Cali- fornia. He went to Los Angeles in 1835, and in 1836 removed to Natividad, where (according to B. D. Wilson, of Los Angeles) he established a small distillery in a tule hut, which soon became a nuisance, owing to the disreputable character of those who fre- quented it. The population of gente de razon (rational people) of the Monterey district, including Branciforte and seven missions, in 1840, is estimated at about 1,600 souls. Of this num- ber 250 lived at and in the neighborhood of Branciforte. No reliable enumeration of the inhabitants of the pueblo was taken, as far as is known, prior to 1845, when there were 294 Californians and Mexicans, fifty-six foreign- ers, and 120 neophytes. Mention is made of a case, wherein Na- than Spear, who owned the schooner Nic- olas, used to carry produce between Monterey and Santa Cruz, got into trouble growing out of the construction of trade regulations. The ayuutamiento insisted on their exclusive right to grant licenses, and Spear was fined by the alcalde, which, on appeal to Governor Chico, was decided against the ayuntamiento. Spear afterward took the Nicolas to San Francisco. In 1839, two Boston ships brought car- goes of goods to Monterey which paid up- ward of $50,000 in duties. The total reve- nues this year were over $80,000. The French frigate Artemise anchored at Santa Cruz in August, 1839. Her commander, La- place, who, expecting perhaps from reading La Perouse many hospitable attentions, in- cluding the offer of gratuitous supplies, was 80 surprised because of the exorbitant charges the settlers demanded for the provisons lie needed, that he left without making pur- chases. One pretty maiden, however, greatly pleased him by offering to sell supplies needed cheaply; but she was intimidated by the padre from delivering the goods she had promised. The American flag had been raised at Santa Cruz at the time of the taking of Mon- terey by Commodore Jones, in 1842, but was, on restoration of the authority to Mexico, re- placed by the Mexican flag. SANTA CEUZ COUNTY. In 1842, Larkin and Belden established a store at Santa Cruz. During the somewhat troubled rule of Governor Micheltorena, 1842-'45, that irrepressible citizen of Santa Cruz, Isaac Graham, offered to the governor the service of himself and forty other foreigners, neighbors of his, hoping thereby, presumably, to be able to get even with his old enemies, ex-Governors Alvarado and Castro, in the disturbances then thought to be imminent growing out of the general dis- satisfaction with the actions of that unpopu- lar governor and his " cholos "or " hatallon fijo," which consisted of a disreputable class of Mexicans, sent by the Mexican Govern- ment to California. But seven of these foreigners protested to the governor that they had given Graham no au- thority to act for them, and that their only de- sire was to live in quiet, without being drawn into trouble, by the man whom they pretty accurately characterized as " that seditious evil-doer, and promiscuous disturber of the peace. " Micheltorena replied that Cali- fornia was at peace, and that his force was amply sufficient; but that if the services of foreigners should be needed they would be notified in due form, through the proper authorities. Santa Cruz Mission went to ruin in 1841, under the administration of Bolcof, and be- came a part of Branciforte, the population of which, as we learn from a list taken in 1845, was about 470, of which 350 were gente de razon, about eighty foreigners, and forty ex- neophytes of the mission, the pueblo and mission being known in general as Santa Cruz, as the name of the Pueblo de Figueroa gradually fell into disuse. Justice of the Peace Bolcof complained in 1849 that foreigners engaged in the lumber business refused to pay taxes. CHAPTER VI. SANTA CKUZ UNDER AMERICAN RULE. PANCROFT estmates the Hispano-Cali- fornian population in California, at the time of the change from Mexican to United States rule, at about 7,000 souls, and of the foreign population about the same number. He also thinks that between 3,000 and 4,000 ex-neophyte Indians were lead- ing a somewhat civilized life, at or near the towns and ranches, with perhaps twice as many of the same class scattered amongst the gentiles, or wild Indians, although he concedes that these estimates of the Indian population may be only approximately cor- rect. On the American occupation, Bolcof was desired to continue to act as a magistrate at Santa Cruz, either alone or with John Hames, but he apparently declined, and Joseph L. Majors was appointed in August with William Thompson as second and Law- rence Carmichael as secretary. March 24, 1847, Governor S. W. Kearny appointed W. Colton judge of admirality, and E. P. Hart- nell interpereter for the government two weeks earlier. William Blackburn was ap- pointed alcalde of Santa Cruz, June 21, 1847, by Governor Mason. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY- Of the twenty-seven oi-iginal counties into which California was divided by the act of February 18, 1850, Santa Cruz was one, al- though it was first named after the villa, or pueblo, Branciforte, but the legislature, April 5, 1850, changed the name to Santa Cruz. In 1868, a small portion of Santa Cruz county was set off to San Mateo county, in- cluding the town of Pescadero, on the coast about thirty miles from Santa Cruz, the county seat. The population of Santa Cruz county, as reported by the last Federal census (1890), was 19,270. Of this number, 18,416 were, whites or Caucasians, 58 negroes, 13 In- dians, 16 Japanese, and 767 Chinese. According to the same census, there were 72,780 Asiatics in California, and of these, 71,681 were Chinese, and 1,099 Japanese, and there were 12,355 Indians and 11,437 negroes in the State. In the gubernatiorial election of 1890, Markham received in Santa Cruz county, 2,- 029 votes. Pond, 1,666, and Bidwell 242, the total vote of the county being 3,937. By the act of the legislature of March 11, 1891, Santa Cruz county was made a part of the Sixth Congressional District, and with San Mateo county it constitutes the Twenty-ninth Senatorial District, the State being divided into forty Senatorial Districts, and Santa Cruz county alone constitutes the Fifty-third Assembly District — the total number of as- sembly districts in the State being eighty. CHAPTEE VII. RESOURCES OF SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. fANTA CRUZ COUJNTY'S resources are extensive and varied, and probably intelligent and persistent labor finds no surer or more profitable rewards, any- where in the State than in Santa Cruz county. A local authority estimates that during only the last twenty years 400,000,- 000 feet of lumber have been cut in the county, besides railroad ties in unlimited quantity, and that 87,500 acres of timber lands remain, equal to more than a thou- sand million feet of lumber, or a supply suf- fiient to last fifty years yet. The large companies engaged in the lumber business include the Loma Prieto Lumber Company, Grover & Company, Cunningham & Com- pany, and the Santa Cruz Company, each of which has one or more sawmills. Both the stock-raising and the dairy busi- ness are extensive and prosperous. Several million dollars are invested in the coiinty, in manufactures of various kinds, in- cluding powder, paper, lumber-mills, beet sugar, soap, glue cheese and butter factories; tanneries, and lime-kilns, etc. These indus- tries enjoy here many advantages, such as rail and water transportation facilities, abundance of cheap fuel, water-motor power, coal, lumber for building, etc., etc. Besides, the climate is favorable for the preservation of all per- ishable products. The Western Sugar Beet Company, near Watsonville, has something like half a mill- SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. 181 ion dollars invested in its plant and busi- ness. Its average daily capacity is about three hundred and fifty tons of beets, or forty-five tons of sugar. It runs from three to five months a year; employs 150 men, when in operation, paying $12,000 per month in wages, and |40,000 per month to the farmers for beets. The company pays four dollars a ton for beets yielding fourteen per cent of sugar, and fifty cents a ton for each additional per centum or degree of polariza- tion above fourteen. Thirteen hundred tons of lime rock are used annually for making lime, used in the process of making sugar. Pajaro valley and portions of Salinas valley, are admirably adapted to the growth of beets. The company has planted 1,200 acres to beets, near Castroville; and a nar row-gauge railroad has been constructed by the company, thirteen miles in length, from their factory to lands in the Salinas valley, which the company has rented for the pur- pose of raising beets on a large scale. The South Coast Paper Mills, on the So- quel creek, were established in 1880. The motive power of these mills is water and steam; their present daily capacity is three and one half tons of straw wrapping paper. They employ about twenty-five hands; their expenditure annually for labor is $15,000, and for straw and lime $9,000 and 3,000 respectively. The Corralitos Paper Mills are located seven miles northerly from Watsonville. They use steam power and have about thirty- five employes, and produce about five tons of various kinds of straw paper daily. The California Powder Works have an ordinary capacity of six or seven hundred kegs of powder per day; but during the past year they have produced as high as 900 kegs, of twenty-five pounds each, per day. The supply of lime rock in Santa Cruz county is practically inexhaustible; Santa Cruz lime is well known all over the State. Its quality is excellent, and exportations are large. Several hundred men are employed in this industry, which brings much money into the county. There are several tanneries, which turn out in the aggregate large quantities of leather, of excellent quality, the products of one establishment alone being about $160,000 worth annually. Bituminous rock, of which mention has already been made under the head of " Min- eral Resources" of Santa Cruz county, is also a source of large revenue. It is asserted that since April 1, 1892, the product of this valuable commodity has been about 100 tons daily. The principal sources of supply of merchantable bituminous lime rock, in Cali- fornia, are in the counties of San Luis Obispo, and Santa Cruz; and in both coun- ties the supply is said to be practically in- exhaustible. In the Pdjaro valley hops are raised to some extent, and with success, the average yield being about one ton per acre, worth fif- teen cents a pound. Thei-e are several hundred acres of olive SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. trees growing in the county, but not yet in bearing. All kinds of fruits and berries of the tem- perate zone grow well in this county; and on the hills and highlands, apples, plums and cherries and apricots do remarkably well. VINKYABDS. The vineyards on the hill lands and on the mountain sides, in Santa Cruz, as in nearly every other county in the State do well, and with the right kind of grapes and proper treatment, produce wines of superior quality. There are about 3,000 acres of vineyard in the county, mostly of choice foreign varieties. With the rich soil and genial climate of tliese mountain sides, and the true wine grapes of France or of the south of Europe; and with skill and experience in treatment, there are almost limitless possibilities in the excellence of wines that can be produced in the future in this county. These possibilities have liardly, as yet, begun to be appreciated. CHAPTER VIII. COUNTY OFFICERS AND INSTITUTIONS. SiSIIE coi;nty of Santa Cruz constitutes a fiw judicial district; the present superior judge is Hon. F. J. Cann. County clerk, auditor and recorder, Ed. Martin; sheriff, and ex-othcio tax collector, A. J. Jen- nings; after the present term these two offices will be separate. District attorney, Carl E. Lindsay; treasurer, William H. Bias; superintendent of schools, J. W. Linscott; assessor, Frank Mattison; surveyor, E. D. Perry; coroner and public administrator, F. E. Morgan. Supervisors: members — W. S. Rodgers, San Lorenzo district; J. S. Collins, Branciforte district; F. D. Baldwin, Santa Crnz district; H. Daubenbis, Soquel district; J. A. Linscott, Pajaro district. Officers — W. S. Rodgers, chairman; Ed. Martin, clerk; B. R. Martin, deputy clerk. Committees^ auditing and and finance, Baldwin, Linscott, Collins. Roads and bridges: Linscott, Rod- gers, Daubenbis. Franchises and ordinances: Collins, Daubenbis, Linscott. County hospi- tal: Linscott, Baldwin, Rodgers. Public buildings: Eodgers, Collins, Baldwin. Print- ing: Daubenbis, Rodgers, Collins. Outside indigents: Baldwin, Daubenbis, Linscott. COUNTY VALUATIONS. 1891. Total value real estate and personal prop- erty $11,078,253 Total value railroads in the county 760,183 Total $11,778,434 Total number of acres assessed, 258,902. 1892. Total value real estate aud improvenients..$10,390,878 Total value personal property 1,490,958 Total $11,881,836 To which add value of railroads in the county, as apportioned by the State Board of equalization, to wit: South Pacific Coast Railroad Co $374,480 Southern Pacific Railway Co. 253,127 Pajaro Valley Railroad Co. . . 3,964 Pullman Palace Car Co 1,937— 633,508 Total assessed valuation $13,514,344 Rate, $1.20 in cities and towns; rate, $1.60 outside cities and towns. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. The u umber of children who attended the public schools of the county in 1891 was 3,733; and the number of census children was 4,994. There were sixty-two school- houses in Santa Cruz county, and ninety-nine teachers; eleven of these were males and eighty-eight females. The average monthly wages paid the male teachers were $99.36; and to female teachers, $57.93. The county raised $22,475 for school purposes. The total expenditures of all the districts for the school year, including buildings, lots, etc., was $79,580.60. Value of lots, houses and furniture, $182,400; libraries, $11,050; ap- paratus, $6,975; total, $150,425. Number of volumes in libraries, 12,256. There were live private schools in the county, with thir- teen teachers and 260 pupils. The number of school-census children in Santa Cruz county for the year 1892 is 5,250. The number of public schools in the county, is 102. The average number attending the public schools was 2,859. The Pajaro Roman Catholic Orphan Asy- lum, for boys is under the management of the Franciscan fathers, and has from 250 to 300 children under its charge. There are in the county four lodges of Odd Fellows, membership 670; two lodges of Master Masons, membership 225; two chapters of Koyal Arch Masons; one com- mandary of Knights Templars; two lodges Knights of Pythias, membership 250; three lodges United Workmen, membership 250; two lodges Knights of Honor, membership 250; four parlors Native Sons G. W.; three posts G. A. li. Also other societies, as Young Men's Institute, Sons of Temperance, Y. M. C. A. and W. C. T. U. The first church built in the county, of course, was the old mission church, erected in the latter part of the last century. In 1856 part of it fell. It was replaced by another structure, and dedicated by Bishop Amat, July 4, 1858. The modern brick church of the same denomination was completed within the last few years, at a cost of about $35,000. The first Methodist church in Santa Cruz was organized in 1850; the tirst Congregational in 1852; the first Baptist in 1855; and the first Episcopalian Church was organized in 1862. At the present time there are about twenty Protestant churches in this county, includi,;g in addition to those named above, Presbyter- ian, Christian, Adventist, Universalist and German Methodist and Lutheran. The following official figures show the earnings, mileage and tonnage of the South Pacific Coast Railway (Narrow Gauge), or "Santa Cruz Division" of the Southern Pa- cific Company, for the last twelve years. These figures show, in condensed form, and very effectively, the material and economic SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. progress of the section tbrongli which said road runs: SOUTH PACIFIC COAST RAILWAY — NARROW GAUGE. YEAR. EARNINGS. MILEAOE. TONNAGE. ....$ 400,307.74 80.86 119,396 .... 569,968.10 77.30 172,045 .... 663,301.50 77.30 193,112 .... 711,426.22 80.30 196,633 .... 743,934.56 87.60 103,317 .... 765,484.09 88.48 318,075 .... 847,530.64 104.48 255.999 .... 935,235.02 104.48 275,336 .... 1,093,805.47 104.48 358,080 .... 1,078.344.76 104.48 349,185 .... 1,10.5,.543.45 104.48 381,335 .... 1,107,773.87 104.48 373,910 MAIN LINE. San Francisco to Santa Cruz (incl. ferries) 80.60 miles BRANCHES. Alameda Junction to 14th St., Oakland 180 miles Newark to Centerville 300 " Campbell's to New Almaden 960 " Felton to Boulder Creek 730 Junction South Big Trees to Old Felton... 170 " 10,400 " In August, 1892, steps were taken looking toward the changing of the Pacitic avenue line from a horse-car line to an electro-motive- power line, to be consolidated with the Santa Cruz, Garfield park and Capitola Electric Street Railway Company's line. The Pacific avenue road runs from the Pope House to the beach, and is the pioneer street railroad of Santa Cruz. A consolidation of the street railroads of the city under one management would be advantageous to both tlie owners and the public. CHAPTER IX. THE CITY OF SANTA CEUZ. fANTA CRUZ, the county-seat and prin- cipal city of the county, was incorporated as a town in 1866, with a board of trustees. The same year Congress granted or relinquished the misson lands to the town, thus making the title of the lands of the town, or of the city as its successor, perfect. Santa Cruz was incorporated as a city, with mayor and common council, in March. 1876. According to the Federal census, the pop- ulation of the city of Santa Cruz was in 1880, 3,988; and in 1880, 5,596. The present pop- ulation, including East Santa Cruz, which is considered as a part of the city, although not inside the corporate limits, is estimated at 7,500. The city owns its water, gas and electric- light works, as every city ought. Its water works cost about $300,000, for which bonds were voted in 1888. The water is brought from the mountains twelve miles. The sys- tem includes a reservoir near and above the city, with a capacity of 65,000,000 gallons. This is supplied by a ten-mile line of four- teen inch pipe. The mains consist of one mile of twelve inch pipe, three and one-half miles of six-inch, and fourteen miles of four-inch pipe. The pressure on the street mains is one hundred pounds to the square inch. So the city of Santa Cruz has no paid fire department and needs none. Neither has it any need for fire engines. SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. 185 The total loss by fire in 1891 is said not to have exceeded $1,400. The water rates are: A family of two per- sons pays forty cents per month, and this covers all nses for domestic purposes, includ- ing baths, irrigation, etc. All additional persons over two are charged ten cents each per month. The plant of the electric-light works has two dynamos, operated by a Corliss engine of 300-horse power, furnishing 1,500 lights. There are three street railway lines in Santa Cruz, one of which is run by elec- tricity. The officers of the city of Santa Cruz for 1892 are: William T. Jeter, mayor; F. W. Lucas, J. H. Bailey, F. J. Hoffman, E. G. Greene, councihnen; O. J. Lincoln, city clerk and ex officio superintendent of city water-works; C. E. Williams, treasurer and collector; C. L. Piola, engineer; Matt. Rawle, chief of police. Many people of culture, as well of wealth, have recently come to Santa Cruz and made themselves homes; for in trutii the city has many attractions as a place of residence. Its climate is so equable and healthful, and every way so delightful, and the city is so easily accessible, either by water or by land, its facilities for summer sea-bathing are so per- fect, that it is not strange that eclectic people, who have once experienced the many charms of Sauta Cruz, are enamored of the place and want to see more of it, or to make it their permanent place of abode. No wonder that the old friars looked upon it with lono-ino- eyes a hundred years ago. There are two commercial and two savings banks in the city of Santa Cruz, namely: The Bank of Santa Cruz County, which was organized in August, 1875, has a capital, of 1200,000; paid-up capital, $80,000; reserve fund and undivided profits, $61,208. Officers: President, J. H. Logan; vice-president, P. B. Fagen; cashier, P. G. Menefee; secretary, Clarence E. Fagen. Directors: J. H. Logan, J. D. Phelan, P. B. Fagen, William T. Jeter, Louis Schwartz, B. F. Porter, S. F. Grover. The Santa Cruz Bank of Savings and Loan, was organized March, 1870, under the same management as the above. Paid-up capital, 150,000; reserve fund and undivided profits, $14,022.14. City Bank. — Officers: L. K. Baldwin, presi- dent; F. A. Hihn, vice-president; W. D. Haslam, cashier and secretary. Directors: L. K. Baldwin, F. A. Hihn, Jackson Sylvar, Alexander Russell, L L. Thurber, M. A. Buckley, A. H. Wilbur. Under the same management the City Savings Bank is conducted. CONDENSED RECORD OF SANTA CRUZ WEATHER IN 1891. Compiled from the official daily observa- tions furnished the Signal Service by W. R. Springer. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June Highest barometer 30.37 30.39 30.20 30.23 30.10 30.14 Lowest barometer 29-86 39.30 39.90 29.73 ^9.79 29.80 Mean barometer 30.1629.9730.66 30.045 39.99 29.937 Range for month 61 1.19 -30 .48 .31 .34 Greatest daily variation 18 .52 .29 .20 .11 ,11 SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. Jan. Feb. Msr. April May June Least daily variation no .00 .00 .no .00 .00 HiglieBt temperature 68° 63° 72» 78° V3» 92° Lowest temperature 28° 30° 34° 36° 43° 42° Mean monthly temperature 49.35° 47.1° 55.4° 54.4° 58° 62.3° ■Monthly variation of temperature 40° 30° 36° 42° 31° 50° Greatest daily variation 29° 26° 29° 35° 28° 38° Least daily variation 13° 5° .5° 11° 9° 14° Coldest day of month 41.5° 44.75° 48° 48.5° 56° .57° Hottest day of month 53° .58= 60° 61° 62.5° 70° Dampest day 78% 86a; 88« 78!S 82s(78;< Drieatday S.'W 44« 39* 59S SSH 48« Mean humidity 62.S% 66.5« 65« 61% 69.K64.2« Number cloudy days 2 10 7 7 6 1 Partial cloudy days 11 11 10 ;9 19 4 Clear days IS 7 14 14 6 35 Eainfall . 77 10.68 1.36 2.57 .61 .10 July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Highest barometer 30.08 30.10 30.12 30.22 30.37 30.59 Lowest barometer 29.84 29.87 29.83 29.84 30.05 29.77 Mean barometer 29.946 29.98 30.13 30.82 30.15 30.26 Range for month 24 .2:i .33 .38 .32 .82 Greatest daily variation 10 .09 .10 .17 .17 .31 Least daily variation 00 .00 .00 .00 .00. .02 Highest temperature 92° 1TO° 93° 89° 80° 69° Lowest temperature 48° 46° 39° 38° 31° 25° Mean monthly temperature.... 44° 64.8° 61.80° 58.9° 54.7° 48° Monthly variation of temperature 44° 54° 53° 51° 49° 44° Greatest daily variation 37° 46° 43° 42° 41° 41° Least daily variation 14° 15° 19° 8° 9° 10° Coldest day of month. 59° 59° 55° 53° 49° 38° Hottest day of month 71° 70° 68° 64° 63° 56° Dampest day SS% 76i 79« Si% Sit tit Driestday 50« 52« 55« 29« 43« 40« Mean humidity 6.8S 66.2S 70.7* M% 62S 60« Number cloudy days 10 1 4 4 13 Partial cloudy days 13 13 6 8 15 15 Cleardays 17 19 23 19 11 4 Rainfall 00 .00 .70 .45 .58 7.60 CHAPTER X. OTHER TOWNS — CONCLUSION. J^JEATSONVILLE, now the second town WKk ^" importance in the coiintj, was laid \-^i out in 1852 by J. H. Watson, the pioneer, after whom it was named, and by D. S. Gregory. The population of Watson ville, in 1880, was about 1,800, and iii 1890 it was reported by the census at 2,149. In 1892 it probably is not less than 2,500, probably more. It is locatad at the junction of the Pajaro and Corralitos streams, about twenty miles east of the county-seat. It was incorporated in 1868. Its public schools, including a high school, are excellent. The churches, benevo- lent societies, etc., are well represented. Wat- sonville is on the Sontiiern f'acilic railway line, Santa Cruz division, and is the terminus of the Pajaro Valley or Moro Cojo narrow gauge railroad, and is in the midst of a very fertile region. Its raiiroail facilities, its near- ness to tide-water, and its important and growing manufacturing interests, make it already an active business center, and such it must continue to be in the future. The town supports three newspapers. It is supplied with abundance of excellent water, brought in pipes some eigiit miles, from Corralitos creek, to two reservoirs two miles from town, which hold 2,500,000 gallons. At the point of division the pipe is 290 feet above the town, at the reservoir, ninety feet. Size of pipe above reservoir is Hfteeu inches, and below, eight inches. The water- works, which were constructed in 1878, and the electric- light works, which supply the town with light, are owned by a private company. Felton and Boulder creek are thriving towns north of Santa Cruz, on the San Lorenzo river, and stations on the narrow-gauge rail- road. The population of Felton in 1890 was 259, and of Boulder, 489. Capitola, four miles southeast of Santa Cruz, and Aptos, eight miles, both fronting SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. 187 on the bay of Monterey, are delightful and prosperous seaside resorts. Aptos is located near the mouth of the creek of the same name. In fact, there are many points in Santa Cruz county which have be- come, in late years, very popular as summer resorts. Annual encampments of the Na- tional Guard of California are held at the city of Santa Cruz. A local journal gives the following graphic and suggestive epitome of attractions east and west of Santa Cruz: ALONG THE SHORE LINE. Santa Ckhz Westward — West Cliff Drive —From Santa Cruz Beach to Moore's Beach, two and half miles. Attractions — Lighthouse at northern headland of Monterey bay; fine museum of curios; Phelan park; coast line of Pacific ocean, with sculptured cliffs and dashing surf Vue de I'eau, terminus on cliff of electric railway; natural bridges and wonder- ful natural aquaria at Moore's beach, with mussel, clam and abalone gathering, and ample space for picnics and camp fires — Gar- field park and Tabernacle; the State resort of Christian or Campbellite Church one, and a half miles. Coast Road — Extension of mission street to county line and from there to Pescadero, a stage coach line of thirty-five miles from Santa Cruz. Attractions — Coast Road; creameries; dairy ranches; e.xceptionally fine natural bridge on ocean shore of Wilder's ranch, six miles; a succession of fine creeks, taking their rise in the Santa Cruz mountains and emptying into the Pacific ocean, teeming with spotted and salmon trout; magnificent groves of laurel with century-old trees, under which are the finest camping grounds in the world, a paradise for the sportsman, the health and pleasure seeker; Pescadero is noted for its unique pebble beach and fine fishing. Santa Cruz Eastward — East Cliff Drive — Already finished some two miles along the bay coast and soon to be continued to Capi- tola, five miles. Attractions — Skirting the San Lorenzo river and the bay shore, with constantly changing panorama of magnificent mountain foot-hill, and marine views; numerous beau- tiful suburbs, East Cliff; Seabright; a collect- ion of picturesque summer cottages, with fine bathing beach; Seabright park; Twin lakes, beautiful resort of State Baptist association situated between Lake Seabright and Lake Schwan and possessing fine beaches; still and surf bathing, station on broad-gauge road, pretty church, numerous cottages, hotel, walks and drives, one mile from Santa Cruz, with access by steam and horse cars; Santa Maria del Mar, tine and extensive grounds of seaside resort of the Catholic Ladies' Aid Society, magnificently laid out in broad streets and fine lots, large hotel nearly fin- ished; thousands of trees and shrubs planted the past year, grand views, fine beach for bathing and driving, wonderful cliff sculpt- ure; Corcoran's lagoon, picturesque sheet of salt water, etc.; constant succession of beaches, 1H8 SANTA CRUZ COUNTY. rocky points, where surf fisbing is good, mussel, claiii and abalone gathering, fine ranches, cultivated to the water's edge; Fair- view; mouth of Soquel creek; Capitola, pop- ular bathing resort, with large summer pop- ulation, hotels, cottages and bathing houses, grove, railway station, post oifice, beautiful surrounding country, wharf for vessels and steamers. Aptos — Pictui-esque village; magnificent groves of live-oaks, growing almost to water's edge; wharf, romantic walks, rustic-dance pavilion and admirable picnic grounds, rail- way station, schools, hotels, express, postof- fice, etc. Camp Goodall — Mouth of Pajaro river, which is the boundary between Santa Cruz and Monterey counties; broad beach; race and driving track. THE FOOTHILL SLOPE. Between the foot of the Santa Cruz range and the bay of Monterey there lies a belt of rolling foot-hill land, sloping toward the bay in which there are miles of the most product- ive land, through wiiich no less than thirty' living streams find their way oceanward, and where the mountain canons spread out into broad valleys teeming with fruits and flowers grains and vegetables of phenomenal size, magnificent quality and imment-e yields. In Father Crespi's diary of the Portala expedition in 1769, mention is made of the redwood trees, which the party saw on the Santa Cruz mountains. He says "these trees are imlike anything seen in Spain ;" and be- cause of their color, they named them "palo Colorado." The value of the inexhaustible forests of these trees in California is literally beyond computation. Although considerable inroads have been made on the redwoods of the Santa Cruz mountains, yet they are by no means exhausted. As a source of revenue to the county, they are better than a placer gold mine, because not so easily worked out. Santa Cruz lighthouse or Point Santa Cruz, 600 feet from the extremity of Bluff Point at the entrance of Santa Cruz harbor, was established in 1869. It is nineteen and three-quarter miles from Point I'inos. This light is a fixed red, of the fifth order, and is visible eight and one-half nautical miles. The light is sixty-nine feet above sea level. Santa Cruz has excellent railroad facilities, being connected with San Francisco and in- termediate towns by means of the two divisions of the Southern Pacific Company, the broad-gauge and tho narrow-gauge lines. The steameis of the Pacific Coast Steamship Company stop regularly at Santa Cruz. The contrast between the Santa Cruz of to- day, and the Santa Cruz of the mission era is striking. Then, there were comparatively few Europeans or "people of reason," as the Spaniards so aptly expressed it, living at Santa Cruz, or in Alta California, though many bands of Indians, both tame and wild, were to be seen. The mission was the center of activity, with the little villa (village) of Branciforte as a side show. Nature was wild, as it had been for unknown centuries, with SANTA CBVZ COUNTY. 189 only very small areas in the immediate vicin- age of the mission subject to cultivation. Now, civilization, with all the word implies, with its wealth of homes and schools, and churches, and industries with their ware- houses and wharves and manufactories and railways, and endless other institutions, are visible on every side, seeming almost to have changed the very face of Nature, and yet we know that nature was substantially the same, in this goodly region known as Santa Cruz, then as now. Then, the fertile soil and other natural resources, including the blessed climate (for its climate is one of its natural resources), were what they are now. But it is not necessary to enlarge on this wondrous change. All that is required is to suggest the outlines of the contrasted eras, and the imaginations of the present and future deni- zens of Santa Cruz can readily fill in the details of the picture. SAN MATEO SOUNTY. CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL FEATUEES — TOPOGRAPHY, ETC. This county is named after Saint Matthew and occupies nearly the entire peninsula which separates San Francisco bay from the Pacific ocean. San Mateo county is bounded on the north by the city and county of San Francisco, on the east by the San Francisco bay and Santa Clara county, on the south by Santa Cruz county and on the west by the Pacific ocean. It has an area of about 300,- 000 acres. It fronts si.xty-five miles on the ocean and thirty-five miles on San Francisco bay. The Sierra Morena, or northern portion of the Santa Cruz mountains, traverses this coun- ty throughout its entire length. The trend of these mountains is parallel to the sea coast, and of an average height of 1,500 feet, reaching at some points to twice that height. Their precipitous sides are in many places broken by deep canons down which water flows the year round, and from which the city of San Francisco obtains her water supply. The south half of the Sierra Morena is tim- bered with redwood, oak, and manzanita. Upon the sea coast, and along the shore of the San Francisco bay is a strip of level farming country, the greater portion of which is cov- ered with rich alluvium, the soil of the entire county being exceedingly fertile. MINERALOGY. The minerals of this county, as far as inves- tigation has shown, consist of gold, silver, petroleum, coal, quicksilver, lime and build- ing stone. Of these petroleum and building stone are, at present, alone turned to account. Gold and Silver. — Traces of gold have been discovered in various creeks and gulches, es- pecially near Redwood City, prospects there having been struck, which yielded several colors to the pan. Placer raining has, at in- tervals, been carried on at several points along the sea-shore with varied success. A bed of black sand on the beach, about one mile from Amesport landing, has been worked with only partial success. Petroleum. — Petroleum occurs at several points in the Tunitas and Purisima canons, yielding from one to three barrels for each well per day by pumping when first bored but dwindling down to one or one and a half barrels per day, soon after boring. One fea- ture of the wells is that no "shells" are en- countered before striking the oil. These "shells," as the oil men call them, are hard SAN MATEO G0UNT7. silicious strata, usually met with immediately above the strata containing the oil. The bi- tuminous series of rocks crop out along the west side of San Mateo county. Thisasphal- tum, so common in many parts of the Coast Range, is no doubt produced from the pe- troleum bj the corporation of the lighter naphthas, and a partial oxidation of the vis- cous residue under the influence of air and wind. Limestone is found six miles from San Ma- teo on the ranch of the Spring Yalley Water Company, at the headwaters of San Mateo creek, where lime was formerly burned. Building Stone. — Sandstone is quarried about a mile southwest of Redwood City. This has been used in the construction of the railroad depot at San Carlos and for other local purposes. A light-colored sandstone crops out about two and a half miles north of Halfmoon bay, which has been used in the library building at San Mateo; also for foun- dations at Halfmoon bay. It is a fair quarry of free stone, with a dip a trifle east of south, and at an angle of 50°. A quarry of meta- morphosed sandstone is now open at Coleman and varies from a yellowish brown to a gray- blue color and appears to be an excellent building material, splitting readily in 'all di- rections and working smooth. A rock, much resembling the bluish variety of the Coleman sandstone, is being used by the Spring Valley Water Company of San Francisco, in the dam they are constructino- about five miles west of San Mateo. This company has dammed the San Mateo Creek, in order to form a lake of the caiiada. It may be of interest to state in this con- nection, that by the construction of a dam, the Canada Raimundo will, in the course of time, be converted into a great storage lake, having a capacity of upward of 30,000,000,- 000 thirty billion gallons of water. The present water supply of San Francisco is derived chiefly from the Pilarcitos, the San Andres and upper Crystal Springs lakes, the water of which is conveyed in pipes, a dis- tance of twelve miles to that city. It is also the intention of the Spring Valley Water Company to connect the San Francisquito creek, with the before- mentioned large storage lake by means of a tunnel, extending there- from to the town of Searsville, where another dam is to be built, for the purpose of making ft second storage reservoir to receive all excess of water during times of heavy rain fall. The rock used in the first-mentioned dam, now under construction, is a bluish meta- morphosed stone, and is quarried from the immediate vicinity. It contains shales and sandstones, between which small veins of clay and coal have been found, the latter having at times shown a width of two feet, although it has mostly appeared in a thin seam broken and mixed with clay. The dam when finished will be about 170 feet high, 172 feet wide, at its base, tapering to a width of twenty-five feet at the top, and having a water slope of one vertical to four horizontal. 193 SAN MATEO COUNTY. CHAPTER II. EARLY HISTOET. tLTHOUGH the ocean coast, of what is now known as San Mateo connty, was doubtless seen by the early navigators. Probably the first Europeans to set foot on its soil, were the Portala party, which in seeking and missing Monterey bay pursued their jour- ney northward and passed np the peninsula to its terminus, in the month of October, 1769; and in the early part of November of the same year some of the soldiers of the party climbed the hills while hunting for deer, and saw for the first time the magnificent inland sea, since known to the world as the bay of San Francisco. The subsequent history of San Mateo, down to the American conquest of California, is somewhat meager. The Californians who had received land grants within the present limits of the county, pastured their stock on the same. The county was created in 1856. One of the first towns started was Belmont, which was made the county seat. Later, Redwood City becarae,and still remains, the county-seat. The latter place was laid out in 1854. The growth of the county was due to a con- siderable extent, first, to its nearness to San Francisco, and second, to the inexhaustible wealth of its redwood forests. The town of San Mateo was founded as a railway station in 1863. THE PASTORAL AGE. In the pastoral age of California, where hides and tallow were its chief exports, the country around the bay was the great center of traflic. Vast herds were pastured on the ranches bordering on the bay, in wild oats and clover of luxuriant growth, with nothing to disturb them except the riata and brand- ing iron of the vaquero, or an occasional attack of a ferocious grizzly bear. SPANISH GRANTS. The land lying on the bay was, early in the history of the country, granted to Mexican citizens, in large tracts, for grazing purposes, under the very liberal land policy of the Mexican Government. These grants in- cluded " Burri Burri," "San Mateo," from which the county was named, " Las Pulgas," on part of which Redwood City is located, and " Corte Madera." These four ranches embrace about 70,000 acres, which is very nearly the extent of the level and foot-hill land lying along the shore of the bay of San Francisco, within San Mateo County. On the ocean side of the Sierra Morena mountains are the " Corral de Tierra," " San Pedro," " Miramontez," " Canada Verde," " San Gregorio," " Pescadero," " Buttano " and " New Year's Point " ranches. Much of the coast country is now under cultivation, or is used for dairy farms. Of the mountain land, at least one-third is till- able, and the remainder is suitable for grazing, or is even more valuable for its timber, which includes most of the useful varieties common to California. Besides this, there are other SAN MATEO COUNTY. valleys of importance, among them the " Canada Kayraundo,'' upper " San Gregorio" and " Fomponio," containing considerable areas of tillable land. It was the custom in the old Spanish or Mexican times to transport the hides from the ranchos, in huge wooden-wheel vans, to the heads of the sloughs running inland from the bay. When this could not be done, a vaquero would select a large hide, pile half a dozen or more other hides on it, attach one end of his riata to it, and the other to the pommel of his saddle, and drag the load over the dry grass to waiting boats at the head of the slough. In this way, the estuary, upon which Red- wood City is now built, was first used for traffic. The hide business ceased on the coming of the Americans, and the estuary of the Fulgas rancho lost its primitive com- merce, and for a long time the ebb and flow of the tides alone disturbed the quiet of its iwZe-sheltered shore. SAN MATEO UNDER AMERICAN RULE. In 1848, and the greater part of 1849, all the freight by water, for this section, was landed at the San Francisquito creek estuary. A road led from there to the Coppinger and other lumber camps in the redwoods on the mountains. The re-discovery and utilization of the redwood estuary was the result of an opportune error, and forms an episode in the history of San Mateo county of sufficient interest to entitle it to reproduction here, in detail. A PIONEER S REMINISCENCES. Dr. R. O. Tripp, still an honored citizen of San Mateo county, arrived in San Fran- cisco in May, 1849, from New York, having crossed Mexico from Vera Cruz to Tepic, and by sailing vessel from San Bias. After practicing his profession as a dentist awhile in San Francisco, charging four dollars for extracting a tooth, and eight dollars for plugging one, while his friend and com- petitor. Dr. Blankeman, had the face to charge a man six ounces of gold for drawing six teeth, he set out for the mines, but was " shipwrecked " in Suisun bay, and was com- pelled '♦ to wade ashore," whereby he took cold, and on his return to San Francisco found himself quite ill. About this time he met Farkhurst and Ellis, of San Mateo, who had leased the right to cut timber on widow Coppinger's rancho, el Corte Madera; and on their advice he concluded to go down there and recuperate. He went from the city to the mission in a sail boat, landing in Mission slough near the present site of the sugar refinery. It was easier to go that way than over the sand-hills. He walked as far as el Puerto Suelo, now Ocean View, and sat down to rest. There was, at that time, no habitation of any kind in sight. A man passing with a team, offered to take him as far as the Sanchez rancho, now Millbrae, where the first house was encountered after leaving the mission. The teamster charged the doctor five dollars for the ride, and, after staying all night at the Sanchez house, offered 194 SAN MATEO COUNTT. to take him to the redwoods for ten dollars. They proceeded down the road to San Mateo, atid crossed the creek at the old mission building, which was kept as a hotel by Nicholas de Peyster, and was called the " Half- Way House." From there they went on to San Francisquito creek, and up that creek to the Mountain Home ranch, where he staid a week as the guest of the owner, Andrews, who had just sold a large crop of onions at $16 an arroha, — twenty-five pounds, equal to sixty-four dollars a hundred; and who, from the proceeds, had supplied himself with champagne and other luxuries, not common then nor since in the redwoods. From there the doctor went to the camp of Parkhurst and Ellis, who had returned from San Francisco, and had commenced making shingles. As Ellis drank hard, Parkhurst bought him out and invited Tripp to become his partner, which he did January 1, 1850. And here we come to the incident which reopened the Redwood estuary, and gave it the name it now bears. RAFTING TIMBER. Parkhurst and Tripp entered into a contract with some San Francisco carpenters to get out square timber and piles, and float them with the tide to San Francisco. An old North river boatman was to manage rafting the lumber down the bay to the city. The San Francisco partners, Lloyd, Rider and Hayward, left San Francisco in a small boat in February, 1850, for a visit to the red- woods. They were directed to steer for the usual landing place for the San Mateo red- woods, at San Francisquito creek. By acci- dent they entered the Redwoods estuary, instead, sailed up as far they could go, tied their boat to an oak tree, on what was after- ward the Hawes farm, and struck out for the foot-hills. From an elevation they saw the smoke of the camp, and made for it. On questioning them, Mr. Tripp soon concluded that they had not come by the San Francis- quito creek embarcadero. The next day he went with them, and found that the new route, which they had drifted into, was the nearest and best route from their camp. They set about building a road to it, and hauled out their square lumber and pile-logs that way that season. They launched these logs from the bank, where Chamberlain's store now stands. Their first raft contained 250 pieces of timber in six sections. They were shipped when the winds were highest, and three sections got away from them near Goat island, and were lost. They got the other three sections to the wharf, with the aid of a tug. They realized $82 per thousand for the square lumber, and for tiie piles eigiity-two and a half cents a running foot. They hauled lumber to the landing all summer; but they did no more rafting till the high winds had subsided; after that they got the logs into San Francisco without loss. During the summer they received all their supplies by way of Redwood. And these were the first shipments to and from what is now Redwood City. They had all the hard ground from Chamberlain's store to the tannery crowded SAN MATEO COUNTY. with lumber, which was hauled during the suiiiiner and shipped that fall. It was this redwood timber, strewn along the shore wherever hard ground was found, that gave the place the name of " Redwood Slough," after- ward changed to Redwood City. Dr. Tripp says that he and his partner closed out for that year, and found that they had done fairly well, after having paid Andrews and South- ard $1,300 stumpage. They received their first load of supplies by teams from San Francisco; and two loads came by way of San Francisquito creek; the latter costing them $75 a load, freight from the embarcadero to their camp. In the summer of 1850, when one of the loads of supplies arrived in a flat-bottomed boat at the slough, Dr. Tripp says he sent for the freight, but the man could not find either the slough or the freight, and he him- self had to go down after it, but he had to pay the man $25 extra for the day he had lost in looking for it. But as he was out of provisions, he had to have them at any cost. They had a scow built that summer, and after that received all their supplies that way. A man named William Smith built the first house on the slough. Charles Living- ston started the first store just back of Cham- berlain's, in the old building used as a ware- house. This was in 1851. Smith built the brick warehouse now used by Hanson, and lived in a house opposite. He married one of the Voiget girls. Dr. Tripp was in fact the first regular merchant in the county. lie left the lum- ber camp and built where he now lives, in 1851, and commenced merchandising. Park- hurst, who had been Tripp's partner, went to San Francisco, where he obtained a place in a hardware store. While there, he would buy goods for his old partner, and have them shipped to him. One day, in the fall of 1851, Dr. Tripp says a man came to his store and told him that he, Tripp, was running for supervisor, and wanted to know what his politics were; to which he replied that he had voted lor General Taylor. The election was held at the Mountain House ranch. Some voters scratched his name, but he says he took no interest in the matter, and had almost for- gotten the election when he received a letter requesting him to meet with the San Fran- cisco supervisor, San Mateo being then a part of San Francisco county. After that he says he rode up to the city every Sunday and met with the board on Mondays. Dr. Tripp and his partner, for a considera- ble time, had the only store between the Mission Dolores and Santa Clara. They had trade from San Mateo, Halfmoon bay, and Pescadero. The coast trade was carried on pack-mules. The stock and outfit for the first store started in Pescadero was supplied by this firm. Dr. Tripp is fairly entitled to the distinc- tion of being the first merchant and the first elected public oflBcer in San Mateo county, and perhaps the only merchant in this State continually in business from 1850 down to he present date, occupying the same store. SAN MATEO COUNTY. witli some improvements, in which he com- menced his mercantile life forty years ago. ADTENTUKES OF OTHER PIONEERS. Among other early settlers of the penin- sula now known as San Mateo county, were William Holder, Charles Ayres, and James Weeks, who gave some very interesting rem- iniscences to a local journal, from which a few extracts are here given : William Holder and William Cottam came here in 1850, and first settled at tlie place where Belmont is now located. In 1851 they put up a small building on the bank of the creek, and opened what was then called a fonda, where refreshments were offered for sale. The same year they bought the long boat of a vessel, which they con- verted into a sloop of about eighty tons' burthen, and engaged in carrying freight up and down the creek, and also in carrying fire- wood to San Francisco. About this time Charles Davidson appeared on the creek with the sloop Plumas of twenty tons' capacity; and Dennis Martin was running a sawmill by water power near Searsville. In 1852, Peter Becker brought the Julia on the creek, which some years after Charles Hanson and Peter Brown bought. A Mr. Shaw started the first store here in 1851. Of those who were prominent here from 1850 to 1854, was Captain Yoiget, who had been here buying hides as early as 1836. In 1850 he lived on what is now the Polhemus place. Holder says Captain Voiget showed him a sketch in water colors of this section, drawn when he was here in 1836. W. C. R. Smith married a daughter of Captain Voiget. The first grand ball was given in his house on the 1st of January, 1854. In 1855, or soon after, Charles Liv- ngston put up a brick store, where Price's hotel is. Having sold out to Langley, Price afterward bought out the latter, and took down the brick store to make room for his hotel. Charles Ayres came in 1852, and he and J. G. Pritchard, in the spring of that year, bought eighty acres of what is now known as the Selby tract, and engaged in farming with poor success, and so they came to Eed- wood City and put up a building for a bakery, part of which is still used as an ofiice of the Tremont House. Mr. Ayres says he paid as high as $47 a barrel for flour while he was running the confectionery and bakery. In 1855 they bought more ground and built, and engaged regularly in the hotel business. Mr. Ayres says the first hotel which was opened, in April, 1853, in Redwood City, was built by a man named Harris. It was the original American Hotel, and stood where the Wahl building now is. The successive owners of this hotel were: Hancock, Thur- ber, Aldrich and Raymond. It was burned down in 1864. It was rebuilt in 1866, by Merrill, and again burned in 1878, but was not rebuilt. The building now owned by Glaus Hadler, known as the Eureka corner, was opened as a 8JN MATEO COUNTT. hotel in 1854. It was built by Harry Morse, an early sheriff of Alameda connty, but now the head of the well-known "Harry Morse Detective Bureau," and Daniel Balch, after- ward a noted assayer on the Comstock. It was kept as a hotel by Ayres & Pritch- ard for awhile, and after various changes came into the possession of its present owner and into its present uses. CHAPTER III. THE REDWOOD FORESTS. fNE of the first things which attracted the attention of Americans and other foreigners on their arrival in central or northern California, when the country was under Mexican rule, was the redwood forests of the coast counties; and there many of the first comers to the province commenced their California life. This is especially true of San Mateo county. It is believed that the first foreign settler in the county (though Joseph Chap- man, who came in 1818, was the first in the county) was one William Smith, known at the time as "Bill, the sawyer." The late James Pease claimed to have deserted from a Hudson Bay Company's ship, the Nereid, in Yerba Buena, in 1823 or 1824, and that he wandered into the redwoods near Wood- side, where he found Smith, who was married at the time, and lived in a hut with his wife and baby, near where John Coppinger after- ward built his residence. He was the only foreigner thei-e, and liad already dug a saw pit, felled some trees, cut them into proper lengths, and had sawed some lumber, with much difficulty. He had to get his Indian help from the missions. The arrival of Pease was a fortunate event for "Bill, the sawyer," who at once engaged the newcomer as an assistant. They cut timber for a number of years with whipsaws, and supplied the Cali- fornians with such timber as they needed in the adobe houses, which were being built then on the ranchos of that region. They worked at this business alone for several years. One day, however, they were joined by George Ferguson, who had de- serted from a ship at Sausalito, and who, after many adventures, arrived in the redwoods. Ferguson took up a claim near Smith and Pease, and was soon after joined by a fellow- seaman named James Weeks. From that time on others came, but did not remain per- manently, until the arrival of John Coppin- ger, a deserter from the British navy, in 1834 or 1835. He set about felling trees and making lumber in a systematic manner, pro- curing the aid of Californians, Indians, and of foreigners, whenever they could be- found. James Weeks was first employed by " Bill the sawyer," and Ferguson, who was with Smith when he came. He staid there some time, learning to whipsaw, and afterward went with Ferguson to San Jose, and built the first flourmill there. He then returned to the redwoods, and with Smith built a saw- pit, felled trees, and began to hew lumber for sawing, sometimes sleeping in the pit, the log cabin of Bill being some distance from SAN MATEO COUNTY. the work. Smith and Weeks parted when Coppinger came, and Weeks joined the latter in making sliingles and sawing lumber. ARCADIAN LIFE. Weeks gives the following picture of his Arcadian life in the San Mateo redwoods: " I spent a happy life working in the Pul- gas redwoods. Sometimes I would go to San Jose, Yerba Buena, Santa Clara, Monterey or Santa Cruz; was not overburdened with constant hard labor. Our time was our own, and we knew how to enjoy it. Except the house of ' Bill, the sawyer,' and the residence of the Soto family, there was not a building in the township. The Indians who had not been gathered into the fold of the missions, had rancheriasm thecanons amid timber-clad mountains. Hill and vale were alike thronged with game, while the herds of the ranches roamed literally upon a thousand hills. " The marsh lands occupied a greater area than they do to-day, while the cultivated or occupied (pasture) lands were covered with wild oats that grew 'shoulder liigh with a horseman.' " Thus the land lay for many quiet and peaceful years. Immigration began in 1841, and increased with each succeeding year, compounding in numbers like interest on a note of hand in the flush times of the gold discovery. " In 1844, Dennis Martin arrived in the Sacramento valley, and in the following year came into San Mateo redwoods, to the Corte Madera rancho, then owned by John Cop- pinger, James Pease, John Pepper and Charles Brown was tlien there. Brown was occupy- ing the Mountain Home ranch. " The country was now on the eve of an eventful change. It passed under the sov- ereignty of the United States in 1846, but nothing more than the rumor of the war with Me.xico reached the shades of the San Mateo redwoods. " It was not so with the discoveiy of gold, which took place two years later. That event came like an electric shock, and was felt in every town, mission, ranch and camp, not only in California, but throughout the civil- ized world. Dennis Martin and others rushed from the peaceful redwoods to the gold pla- cers. Martin, contrary to the general rule, was successful; and in 1850 he returned and located near Searsville, and in the fall of that year, he erected a water-power sawmill on San Francisquito creek, about three-fourths of a mile below Searsville. This was the flrst sawmill ever built in the country. But it was only run for a few weeks, when it was carried away by a flood. " The next mill was built by a man named De Hart, on the Mountain Home ranch, then owned by Charley Brown. De Hart let a contract to one Whipple to run the lumber to the tail of the mill at $25 per 1,000. Whipple soon made money enough to buy the mill, selling a large quantity of lumber at $75 a 1,000, for which he did not have to pay for the hauling at the rate of $25 per 1,000. He afterward moved the mill and broke up. SAJSr MATEO COUNT r. Whipple, who was a Mormon, died recently in San Francisco." REDWOOD AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS. It is apparent from the foregoing that its redwood forests were a very important factor in the first settlement of San Mateo county. Eventually the products of the forests gave name to the estuary, whence they were shipped, and afterward to the city wliicli was huilt on its shore and in fact, tlie lumber interest played an equally important part in the development of other sections of California. The first steam mill of any kind in the Territory was built in the Bodega redwoods, by Captain Stephen Smith in 1843. General Vallejo, who was present when Captain Smith started the mill, said afterward, " I distinctly remember hav- ing predicted on that occasion that before many years California would have more steam engines than soldiers." This prophecy was soou verified. The redwood (^Sequoia sempsrvirens), in many of its valuable qualities, equals, if it does not surpass, any tree known in the for- ests of America. It belongs to the same general family as the so-called "big trees," but differs materially from it in the texture of the wood and its foliage. The redwood proper grows only on the coast of California. It approaches on the north the Oregon line, but does not cross it. It is not found south of Monterey county. It grows best in the fog belt along the coast, or within the influ- ence of the sea breeze. Beyond that line it does not flourish. Formerly the canons fac- ing the ocean were literally packed with red- wood trees, as they are still in northwest Cal- ifornia. It is a grand sight to see the gray line of fog crawling like a living creature through the high foliage of a redwood forest. It is the tribute of the sea to the greatest of the productions of its embracing shore. As the mist moves slowly on it is condensed, drops from the foliage and moistens the feeders of the tree to the tips of its outlying roots. This mild but effective process of irrigation is continued every day and night during the season of fog. Undoubtedly the tremendous height and girth, which the tree attains in favorable localities, are due to the moisture it distils from the northwest summer trade winds blow- ing fresh from the ocean. Wherever this in- fluence is felt within the line of its growth, the canons contained more or less redwood. On the rich bottom land on Russian river, there was a forest of many thousand acres, where the trees ranged from ten to eighteen feet in diameter, and from 250 to 400 feet in height. QUALITY OF THE TIMBER. Redwood does not warp; its grain runs strait and therefore it splits true; and it takes on a fine polish as a finishing wood. This is especially true of what is known as "curly" redwood, which can be made to surpass in beauty the finest mahogany. Redwood con- tains no resin, and when green or wet is difli- SAN MATEO GOUNTT. cult to burn, although when thoroughly sea- soned it burns very rapidly. It is very durable, both in or above the ground, in the water or out. It is said that the stockades, built by the Russians at Fort Ross, in 1820, is still a solid structure. Fences built in the early settlement of San Mateo county are still sound. For water, wine, and other tanks, it is the best material known. Redwood water tanks are universally used throughout California, and in the arid regions of Arizona and New Mexico. Tanks of this material are nsed by all the brewers on the coast for the storage of beer, and it is coming into use in the East for the same purpose. About 1,500,000 feet of this tank lumber was used by brewers in Milwaukee, Toledo and Detroit, in 1890; and during the same year 12,000,000 feet of redwood lumber of all kinds was shipped to the East, with every prospect that this trade will largely increase in the future. John Muir, the naturalist, thinks some of the. Sequoia gigantea, coMfims, oi the redwood, may be 6,000 years old. On a sixteen-foot redwood tree, as many as 1,280 rings of annual growth have been counted. There is an extensive business done in wood, tanbark and other forest products, which are shipped direct to San Francisco by sea. A large area of redwood timber, in the same section, owned by private individuals, will prove valuable to the county in the future. The forests at present inaccessible are practically untouched, which is in some respects fortunate, as standing redwood tim- ber is getting scarce, especially so near San Francisco, and every year adds to its value- The question of facilities for marketing it is only a question of a short time, as there are a number of shipping points along the coast which can be utilized for this purpose when it will pay to build roads to them. New channels of trade are being opened up in the Eastern market, where the reputation of this valuable timber will steadily improve and hold its own against any wood on earth. When all of its good qualities are more gen- erally known, the demand for it will be enormous. The products of the county include all the crops common to the country bordering on the bay of San Francisco. The staples are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, beans, and in some parts of the county flax has been suc- cessfully grown for the manufacture of oil from the seed. The dairying interest of San Mateo county is large and profitable. The largest dairies ai-e at Visitacion, San Bruno, Millbrae and Belmont, nearly all of which send their supply of milk daily to San Fran- cisco. CHAPTER IV. SAN MATEO OF TO-DAY. COUNTY OFFICERS. fOLLOWING are the civil officers of San Mateo county: George H. Buck, super- ^ ior judge; George W. Fox, district attorney; J. F. Johnston, county clerk and recorder; E. Eskerenkotte, deputy clerk; W. J. McGarvey, deputy clerk; George W. SAN MATEO OOUNTIT. 201 Lovie, assessor; George Barker, auditor; F. P. Chamberlain, treasurer; W. H. Kinnie, sheriff; Claud Fox, under sheriff; H. S. Pitcher, tax collector; J. F. Utter, superin- tendent of schools; D. Bromfield, county surveyor; Alexander Gordon, assemblyman; A. F. Greene supervisor (chairman) first town- ship; W. B. Lawrence, supervisor second town- ship; John Stafford, supervisor third town- ship; Jas. B. Freitas, supervisor fourth town- ship; H. B.Adair, supervisor fifth township. ASSESSMENTS. The following are the property valuations of the county for 1891 and 1892: 1891. Real estate and improvemeots $13,690,47o Personal property 1,151,305 Total 113,841,780 Southern Pacific Railroad Company 235,094 Total 114,076,874 Tax rate 1.20 1893. Real estate and improvements $14,889,065 Personal property 1,140,310 Total $16,029,975 Southern Pacific Railroad Co $333,090 Pullman Car Co 1,497— 234,587 Total $16,264,562 Acres of land assessed 293,973 County tax rate $1.15 SAN MATEO COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS — 1892. J. F. Utter, superintendent County Board of Education: George' H. Rice, president, Redwood City; J. F. Utter, secretary. Red- wood City; Mary Stewart, Redwood City; Etta M. Tilton, San Mateo; J. C. Nash, Halfmoon Bay. CENSUS ClIILDEEN. No. between 5 and 17, white, boys, 1,373, girls, 1,260; total 2,683 No. between 5 and 17, negro, 6, Mongd, 2 8— 2,641 No. under 5, white, 989; negro, 3 — 991 No. under 17 total 3,632 No. between 5 and 17 attend public school in year 1,952 No. between 5 and 17 attend only private schools in year 244 No. between 5 and 17 not attending.school in year 445 No. native born, 3,137; foreign born, 495 3,633 No. teachers or classes, grammar, 25; pri- mary, 31 5(5 No. pupils enrolled, boys, 1,108; girls, 986 2,094 Average number belonging 1,473 Average daily attendance 1,336 Percentage of attendance on number belong- ing 91 COURSE OF STDDY. No. of pupils enrolled, grammar grade, 566; primary grade, 1,538; total 2,094 Average number months schools maintained.. 9 Sex teachers, male 8, female 48 56 Grammar certificates, high 5; first grade 43; second grade 9 Average salary paid teachers per month $60.3-7 CURRENT EXPENSBS. Paid teachers $34,077.11 Paid rent, fuel, etc... 5,781.28 Paid libraries 603.95 Paid apparatus 386.01 $40,848.35 Paid sites, buildings and furniture.. 8,745.32 Total expenses Balance July 1, 1891 $13,254.03 Received State taxes 20,814.00 Received county 15,:i38.00 Received city and district. 1,394.91 Received subscriptions.etc. 7,069 00 Total received $57,869.93 .$49,593.67 303 SAN MATEO COUNTY. Total expenses 49,593.67 Balance June 30, 1893 $ 8,376.26 Value of lots and buildings and furnishings $ 94,055 Value of libraries 9,170 Value of school apparatus 4,360 Total school property f 107,585 No. of volumes in libraries 11,441 Average month wages paid male teachers ..$88.14 Average month vpages paid female teachers 63.81 Salary of county superintendent $1,500.00 No. graduates from California normal schools 7 No. teachers holding life diplomas 12 No. teachers holding State education diplomas.... 14 No. teachers holding hfga school certificates 5 No. teachers holding first grade certificates 43 No. teachers holding second grade certificates 9 AmoD^ the private schools of the county are the following: BELMONT SCHOOL. This was opened in 1885, near Belmont, on the Southern Pacilic railroad, twenty-five miles south of San Francisco. It was founded by the present head-master, H. T. Reid Harvard 1868), who resigned the presidency of the University of California for the pur- pose of carrying out his long cherished plan of erecting a preparatory school for boys, which should hold an honorable place among the best educational institutions in the country. The location of the school is prob- ably unsurpassed as regards healthfulness, beauty, convenience and adaptability. Its steadfast purposes are to offer thorough preparation for those colleges and technical schools whose requirements for admission are most severe; to do all that it may to quicken the moral and religious sense, and strengthen the moral courage; and to give such attention to systematic physical culture as shall contribute to good liealth and a vigorous physical development. The greater part of all students attending the school, 72 per cent (1892), are preparing for college. The graduates of the school have for the most part entered Harvard, Yale, the Uni- versity of California, Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Cornell University, or the jy^assa- chusetts Institute of Technology. No candi- date from the school has ever failed to pass the examinations for which he was recom- mended as prepared, and its graduates are admitted to the University of California, Leland Standford, Jr., University, Cornell University, and the Van Rensselaer Institution without examination. Physical culture un- der the direction of a special teacher of gym- nastics will hereafter be a stated requirement, and will have a place in the program of exercises, the same as mathematics, English or any other requirement. Military drill is a feature only as an adjunct to the work of physical culture. The discipline of the school is very simple, and entirely in the in- terest of the boys, who are on the whole well meaning. Belmont does not pretend to keep and successfully deal with bad boys, and is perhaps a little intolerant of them, for it in- sists on their immediate withdrawal as soon as their unruly, vicious, or vulgar dispositions become known. The school was started in the belief that the best social, scholarly and disciplinary results are likely to be obtained in a school whose numbers are so limited as to make it SAN MATEO COUNTY. possible to exercise over every pupil a close individual supervision. Certainly nothing could compensate for the loss of such super- vision. On the other hand it is of great advantage to the scholarship of a school to have its classes formed with such care that only pupils of like capacity or attainments and with a common purpose may be placed togetiier. It is also highly desirable that classes should be large enough to stimulate interest and a healthy rivalry. How to combine in one the advantages of a small and a large school has been one of the educational problems. Its solution seems to be pretty well assured in the so-called cottage system. In this system there is a separate building for every forty boys, more or less, and this building is the family home of a teacher and his wife. The cottage system, therefore, secures all the ad- vantages of a school limited in numbers, while a group of several cottages gives the numbers necessary to the most advantageous classification. The gradual enlargement of the school on the cottage system has become the fixed policy of the school. The increase in the size of the school calls for an imme- diate increase of the school facilities; a gym- nasium equipped with the best modern con- veniences will be erected and other buildings will soon follow. The best equipment for the best work is the steady purpose of the school. OAK GEOVE SCHOOL. This institution for boys, although the most recent to be established in San Mateo, is the peer of any other in the county. It is presided over by Ira D. lloitt, A. U., M. A., a teacher of life- long experience and late State superintendent of public instruction. lie is assisted by a full corps of able teachers. The location and grounds were weighty considerations in the selection of this place for the school. It includes the private resi- dence and beautifully improved grounds of the late J. H. Redington, situated two and a half miles from Millbrae, three miles from San Mateo and one and a half miles from Oak Grove Station, which can be reached from San Francisco in one hour. It is there- fore near enough to the city to allow of tak- ing advantage of any special privileges from that source. It is two and a half miles from Millbrae, the nearest village, and therefore free from any disadvantages of town sur- roundings. It is accessible and convenient not only for pupils but for parents who may wish to visit their sons when on business trips to the city. The grounds include 156 acres and are possessed of great natural beauty, to which extraordinary attractions have been added by the expenditure of many thousands of dollai's, under the direction of a skillful landscape gardener. The purpose of the school is to stimulate in the boy manly impulses, quicken and strengthen his sense of duty and moral cour- age, contribute vigor to his physicial develop- ment, lead him to a clear idea of right, and to the acquisition of such mental furniture as shall prepare him for admission to the 8AJV MATEO COUNTY. best college, university, or technical school in the land, or for a successful business life, and at the same time surround him with as many of the relinemento, comforts and pleas- ures of home as are possible in a first-class school. Onlj teachers of accredited ability and high standing will be retained in the school. The course of study extends from the primary school to the college and university. ST. Matthew's school. St. Matthew's School founded in 1866, is situated about a mile and one-half from San Mateo. The site commands a fine view of the bay of San Francisco, with Mount San Bruno to the north, Mount Diablo in the center beyond the bay and the Conta Costa range, and Mount Hamilton to the extreme south. Nestling as it does at the base of the eastern slope of the Coast Range, there is ab- solute protection from all fogs, and the cli- mate is much warmer than in the valley be- low. The buildings are placed on three sides of a quadrangle, thus affording every oppor- tunity for close communication, and at the same time securing perfect lighting and ven- tilation and unlimited sunlight. A TELESCOPE is permanently mounted on a solid pier of masonry and furnished with necessary gear- ing for perfect and easy equatorial motion. A teacher of gymnastics is engaged when opportunity arises, and a gymnasium is con- nected with the school. Target practice with small arms is indulged in, under proper super- vision. A revolving Wingate target for all distances up to and including 300 yards, with a marker's shelter, is provided. A large play, ground has been carefully leveled, providing drill ground, a base ball diamond and foot- ball grounds. Dancing is taught as classes are formed. Every means is employed to arouse en- thusiasm in lines of study and self-improve- ment outside of the prescribed courses and in sports. In this connection clubs and so- cieties have proven most helpful and stimu- lating. Besides the regularly organized baseball and football " leagues," a 1 iterary association, with its own reading room, has been maintained, a reading club has held frequent meetings, a yacht club and tennis club have been actively engaged, and the Brotherhood of St. Andrew has been estab- lished. The junior grammar, middle grammar and intermediate grades constitute the grammar department, while the academic department is composed of the junior academic, middle acade- mic and senior academic grades. The course of the grammar department is the same for all students, but in the academic department there are three distinct courses, designed to prepare boys for an English scientific or class- ical course at college. While the course has been arranged, primarily, with a view to pre- paring boys for college, the scientific course is arranged for those who expect to enter upon active business life when they have left school. Those who have this object in view SAJSr MATEO COUNTY. will be allowed to omit trigonometry and astronomy during the last two terms, taking up bookkeeping and commercial arithmetic instead. French, German, Spanish and music are tauglit. But lessons in these branches must take second place in the arrangement of the schedule and cannot be substituted for stud- ies in the regular course. In general, boys should not begin the study of languages and music if they are in any way backward in their common-school branches, unless such study is in the line of their preparation for college. Special attention is given to preparing boys for the University of California, and gradu- ates of this school are admitted to that insti- tution, as well as to the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, Cornell University, Trinity Col- lege, Hartford, Connecticut, and Plobart Col- lege, without examination, on recommenda- tion from the rector. Such recommendation, however, is given to those students only, who have shown marked industry and ability throughout the course. St. Matthew's school is conducted by Rev. A. S. Brewer. The Convent of Notre Dame, built in 1886, has an attendance of eighty pupils, with Sister Mary Louise at its head and five assistants. CHAPTER V. REDWOOD CITY. tEDWOOD CITY was started in 1851 at the head of tide-water on Redwood creek as the erribarcaclero for shipping lumber from the immense redwood forests on the eastern slope of the Santa Cruz, Santa Morena and Coast Ranges, being incorporated as a city without a mayor. Tlie city council (1892) consists of Alex. Gordon, president; George H. Rice, Henry Beeger and Robert Brown ; J. W. Glennan, clerk. The other of- ficials are: J. V. Swift, assessor; P. B. Jami- son, marshal; J. S. Hughes, superintendent of streets. REDWOOD CITY SCHOOLS. Census children between 5 and 17, boys, 294; girls, 297; total, 591 Census children under 5 204 No. between 5 and 17, who have attended public schools 441 No. between 5 and 17 who have attended only pri- vate schools 87 No. between 5 and 17 who have not attended any schools 63 Native born, 407— foreign born,38S 795 No. of schools or teachers 9 No. teachers holding grammar grade certificates 4; primary grade, 5 Enrolled whole No. boys, 2"il; girls, 233 484 No. months school maintained 10 Sex, teachers ;male, 1; female, 8 9 Grade teacher's certificate; high school, 2; first grade, 4; second grade, 3 CUKRENT EXPENSES. Paid teachers $5,592.50 Paid rents, fuel, etc 799.28 Paid libraries 15.15 $6,406.93 Paid sites, building and furnishing 2,719.14 Total e.xpenditures $9,126.07 RESOURCES. By balance July 1, 1891 $2,879.84 By amount state apportionment 3,762.00 By amount county apportionment 2,534.00 Total $9,175^4 Total expenses 9,126.07 Balance June 30, 1892 $ 49.77 206 SAN MATEO COUNTY. Value of lots, buildings, and furnishings $23,000 Value of libraries 1,000 Value of apparatus 500 Value of school property $24,500 No. of volumes in library 1,300 The school buildings, all but tiie primary department, are located on between two and three acres of land, donated for school pur- poses by J. V. Dillar, on what is known as the Island. The main building has four class- rooms, 30 X 40. Horace Hawes in his life-time built and equipped a complete gymnasium and presented it to the school. The trustees built two additional school-rooms 35x65. In 1880 two more school rooms were put up, and part of gymnasium converted into a class room. They now have in course of construc- tion a two-room building on B street, between Eleventh and Twelfth, on land purchased from the Mezes estate. Land and building will cost about $5,000. Redwood city contained a population of 1,383 in 1880; and 1,572 in the year 1890. I^ree Library. — There is a free reading- room and library on Bridge street, where all the San Francisco daily papers and leading periodicals are kept on tile for public use. Miss Kate Stewart is librarian. The directors are Mrs. Sarah T. Fox, C. N. Kirkbride, B. A. Rankin, Oliver Dodge. NEWSPAPERS. The Times-Gazette, now owned by the San Mateo Publishing Company, was consolidated from two papers: the Gazette, started April 9, 1859, by William Godfry, in Redwood City; and the Times started at San Mateo in 1875, by Alvinza Hayward & Co., who soon after bought the Gazette. The Redwood City Democrat, started in 1884, is published by the Redwood Demo- crat Publishing Company, with Frank P. Thompson as manager, and Robert A. Thomp- son as editor. The Democrat is ably con- ducted and is a very valuable exponent of the social and economic interests of the com- munity in which it is published. This work is indebted to the Democrat for much local and historical data of value, which is hereby thankfully and cordially acknowledged. TANNERIES. "The Frank Tanning Company," one of the largest of its kind on the Pacific coast, owned by Frank Brothers, turns off 3,000 sides per week, principally of sole-leather; it employs 100 men; it uses bark mostly from California, but also from Mexico. The plant includes a 100-horse-power steam engine, with the necessary machinery, building, etc., and three artesian wells, be- sides over 260 automatic sprinklers, attached to pipes throughout the works, as precaution against fire. The Beeger Tannery, owned by Henry Beegei', employs twenty men and handles some 600 sides a week. Most of the prod- uct of both these extensive tanneries finds a ready and remunerative market in the East. REDWOOD CITY CHURCHES. Mount Carmel Roman Catholic church was erected in about 1865, with a seating SAN MATEO COUNTY. capacity of 400: Kev. D. O'Sullivan, rector, the membership or parishioners being about 700. The church property consists of au entire block of land, upon which is located the church edifice, a handsome parsonage, and the convent of Notre Dame. St. Peter's Episcopal church is located on First street, near Bridge street. Rev. Jon- athan Nicols is the missionary in charge. The church building has been newly painted inside and out, seats cushioned and many comforts and appropriate appointments added. The First Congregational church is located on Jefferson street. It is in charge of Rev. L. D. Rathbone. The Methodist Episcopal church is located on Maple street, between Phelps and Stam- baugh streets. Rev. W. V. Donaldson is the pastor. The Baptists have a church on Heller street, but only occasional services are held. FRATERNAL SOCIETIES. Redwood, as will be observed from the following list, has its share of fraternal so- cieties: San Mateo Lodge, No. 168, F. and A. M., — B. A. Rankin, M.; George C. Ross, secretary. Bay View Lodge, 109, I. 0. O. F.— A. Bahler, N. G.; H. Larsen, V. G. ; James Wade, P. G. ; George W. Fox, recording secretary; J. W. Glennan, permanent sec- retary. Hope Encampment, No. 60, L O. O. F. — Henry Mangels, G. P.; Henry Tvibolet, S. W.; William Hadley, H. P. Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 48, 1. O. O. F.— Dora Horn, N. G.; Mrs. A. A. Titus, V. G.; Mrs. John Deilman, permanent sec- retary, J. W. Glennan, recording secretary . Redwood City Lodge, No. 82, K. of P.— Leon S. Bean, 0. C; W. H. Malott, V. C; James Van Court, K. of R. ; and S. ; James Swift, K. of F.; C. H. Offermann, K. of E. Metamora Tribe, No. 24, L O. R. M. — Leon Bean, sachem; A.. Q. Hanson, secretary. A. O. U. W., No. 25.— Jens Hanson, M. W.; A. Fisher, F.; George H. Buck, R.; J. W. Glennan, F.; B. F. Cooper, R. Redwood Parlor, No. 66, N. S. G. W.— H. C. Hall, president; A. D. Walsh, past president; William Havey, first vice-presi- dent: Michael Thompson, second vice-presi- dent; William Johnson, third vice-presi dent; C. N. Christ, recording secretary, Guy Hull, financial secretary; W. H. Scha- berg, treasurer, Frank Wentworth, mar- shal. Trustees — Will Beeson, Carl Plump and Fred Glennan. The Native Daughters also have a Parlor. There is also a G. A. R. post; a Women's Relief Corps and an organization of the Ancient Order of Druids. THE BANK OF SAN MATEO COUNTY was organized in 1891, as a commercial bank, under the laws of the State, with a capital stock of 1200,000. It is located at Redwood City. Its directors ?,re: J. L. Ross, presi. dent; L. P. Behrens, cashier; L. J. Frank, P. P. Chamberlain, J. D. Byrnes, George H. Rice, John A. Hooper, Ch. Josselyn, Charles Hanson. SAN MATEO COUNTY. REDWOOD CITY FIRE DEPARTMENT. There are three hose companies and one hook and ladder company. Edward Fisher is foreman of No. 1; Fred B. Joyce, foreman of No. 2; William J. Fitzpatrick, foreman of No. 3. The foreman of the hook and ladder company is M. H. Thompson. Henry Beeger is chief of the fire department. Besides tliis there is an organization of exempts. They have a hand-power machine which is still capable of doing good work. George W. Fox is president of the exempts. CHAPTER VI. MISCELLANEOUS — SAN MATEO. JlnraHE town of San Mateo is a station on ^\W the Southern Pacific railway, and has ^^ many elegant homes, being a favorite place for country residences of merchants and others doing business in San Francisco, on account of its nearness to that city. An excellent road over the mountains greatly facilitates the handling of such products from the neighboring coast as are not sent to the metropolis by water. SAN MATEO DISTRICT SCHOOLS. No. children between 5 and 17; boys, 253; girls, 1^5; total 388 No. children under 5 144 No. children who have attended school 247 No. children between 5 and 17 who only attend pri- vate 73 No. children who have not attended any school.. . 68 Native born, 504 — foreign born, 28 582 No. and grade of schools, grammar grade 2; pri- mary grade 5 7 No. boys enrolled 211 — girls 89 300 Average No. belonging 209 Average daily attendance 197 Percent of attendance on average No. belong 94 No. pupils enrolled in grammar grade 32; primary grade 268 300 No. months of school maintained lO^:^ Sex of teachers : all females 7 Teachers certificates high school, 1 ; 1st. grammar, 4; 2d grammar, 2 CURRENT EXPENSES. Paid teachers |4,323.75 Paid rent and contingent ex- penses 1,710.61 Paid libraries 101.50 Paid apparatus 30.00 $6,165.86 Paid lots, buildings and furnishings 5,681.30 $11,827.16 Balance July 1, '91 $952.43 Received State $2,574.00 Received county 1,818.00 Received subscription, insurance, etc... 7,069.00 Total receipts $11,413.42 $12,413.42 Balance June 80, '92 $586.26 Valuation of lots, houses and fur- nishings $600 Valuation of libraries 600 Valuation of apparatus 250 $1,450.00 No. of volumes in library 900 Note — In this district a six-class schoolhouse was burned during the school year and $7,000 insurance received. $25,000 bonds were voted for erecting an eight-class and also a four-class building. OTHER POINTS. There are numerous small towns in San Mateo county, besides EedwoodCity with its population of 1,570 and San Mateo with 950 inhabitants, among which are: Half moon bay, Pescadero, Menlo Park, Colma Station; and smaller settlements, as Millbrae, Colusa, SAN MATEO COUNTY. Belmont, Searsville, Woodside, La Honda, Purisinia and San Gregorio. A PICTURESQUE COUNTY. Esthetically considered, San Mateo is one of the most attractive sections of the State. It abounds in the beautiful, both in nature and art. It has long stretches of beach, the finest for bathing in the world, rolling iiills, elevated ridges, wooded glens, rugged roman- tic caiions, precipitous cliffs, against which the ocean beats unceasingly, dense forests, where deer and qnail find a home, and crystal streams tilled with trout. From the summit of the ridge the view is unequaled in grand- eur and extent, except possibly from Mount Shasta, a point few people ever reach. Stand- ing on the crest of the divide and looking north, east and south, the eye commands at a sweep a distance of a hundred miles. From Vallejo to Gilroy, the hills of Marin, the bay of San Francisco, in its entirety, the counties of Alameda and Santa Clara, with their nu- merous cities, towns and villages, lie like a map spread at the observer's feet, with Ta- malpais, Diablo and Hamilton, rising like stately sentinels at intervals. To the west- ward adown deep canons over the tops of giant redwoods, that darken the slope, are seen the coast towns, the long shore line, the Far- allone Islands and the Pacific ocean with a stretch of unnumbei-ed miles north and south and limited in the west only by the impene- trable curtain at the horizon. HALFMOON BAT. Of all the towns in San Mateo this most wears the air of the pre-Americau regime. It is a quaint, rambling place with as much variety in its architecture as there is in the patois of its people. Situated in the beauti- ful and fertile Pilarcitos valley, on the border of that semi-luna of water, from which it takes its name, it is one of Nature's chosen spots, but unfortunate in its isolation. The valley spreads out into thousands of acres, through which the Pilarcitos creek makes its way to the sea. The climate is not excelled in its loveliness by any on the ocean side, not excepting the much vaunted Santa Barbara channel. From the town there stretches away to the north for miles a clean gradually shoaling beach, the finest without exception in California. From Pilar point, the north- ern headland, a reef of rocks, just discernible at low water by the break of the waves, ex- tends southward for two miles, forming a natural breakwater and rendering the beach absolutely free from undertow, high rollers and every possible danger. Here is the grandest bathing place in the world, prepared and protected by Nature. The building of the coast railroad will deflect the great army of people who annually flock to Monterey and places farther south. Halfmoon Bay will be rediscovered and the borders of the cres- cent be ornamented with summer hotels and villa residences. There is room for all in the spacious waters of the bay and the most ele- gant sites for hotels or summer homes to be found anywhere on the coast. This valley was the seat of the Miramontez and Vasquez families long before the appear- 210 SAN MATEO COUNTY. ance of the American settler, and by all old residents the town is still called Spanishtown. The old adobe homestead is still here, but before many years will have yielded to the assaults of time and become an unnoticed tumulus. There is something in tlie atmos- phere of Spanishtown that breeds a spirit of independence. The people believe in them- selves. Not that they consider that they are the salt of the earth entirely, but they love the valley where they have made their homes and cling to it as to a family tie which they are loth to sunder. The business of the place is drawn inainly from dairymen and farmers. At Amesport, a short distance north of town, there is a wharf and warehouse where coasting vessels call and take away the butter, cheese and beans. LA HONDA. In the romantic canon of the San Greg- orio, where ^iant redwoods cast their elon- gated shadows and the murmuring waters of tile stream sing a ceaseless lullaby, Mr. John H. Sears, one of the pioneers of San Mateo, is passing the afternoon of his life. Here he has built a hotel and store and does not lack for company. During the summer sea- son the woods ring with the merry voices of campers and the hotel and cottages are crowded to repletion. No more charming place can be found anywhere in the State. It is reached by stage from Redwood City over a fine road, but so strong is the impres- sion of a primeval wilderness when once in the heart of the forest that even the rattle of the daily coach and the receipt of diurnal messages from home does not suifice to break it. White tents peep through the bushes at every turn, but that serves to high ten the illusion. You are out of the world when you know you are in it. The days are spent in eager angling after the elusive trout with which the stream abounds. In the ev-ening there are concerts in the camps; bear stories to be swapped with the landlord; compara- tive fish yarns by young men, who could'nt catch three trout in a week, but who love to talk about it; a championship game at crib- bage with the drummer, who knows it all and then to be abed for seven hours in deepest oblivion. It is a joyful place, un- conventional, unaffected, but unexceptionable in the personnel of its patrons. A writer in one of the many visits to this favorite spot was introduced to a camp, where the party was almost entirely composed of ladies. When out of hearing of the camp he asked the lady who acted as chaperon of the party how they managed to enjoy themselves with- out the aid of the sterner sex. " Enjoy themselves?" said she in a burst of enthus- iasm, " oh, yes; they do! We have plenty of horses, wear divided skirts, ride astride like men and have such lots of fun." Of course they did. It was harmless, healthful fun, and they were free to throw their souls into it. It was an active exercise of body and mind in a pure air, and with such surround- ings as induced joyful hearts, consuming ap- petites and refreshing sleep. Every day so spent added a year to their lives. It is not SAN MATEO COUNTY. 211 strange that when the sun dips to the south they look forward with eager anticipation to the June days when they shall again set up their tents at La Honda. LIGHTHOUSES. Ano Nnevo (New Year's) Island fog sig- nal station (lantern) is located on the south- western or seaward side of the island. It was established in 1872. Its latitude is 37° 06' (43") north; and longitude 122°, 19' (51") west. The liglit is a fixed white lens lantern, twenty-four feet above sea level. This station is equipped with a twelve-inch steam whistle. Blasts, ten seconds; intervals fifty-five seconds. Point Pigeon lightliouse is located on the extremity of Pigeon Point, latitude 37°, 10' 49" north, and longitude 122°, 23', 39", west. Light, flashing white every ten sec- onds, a Fresnel of the first order, 150 feet above sea level, visible eighteen and one-half (nautical) miles; established in 1872. It has a twelve-inch whistle: blasts, four seconds, alternate intervals of seven and forty-five seconds. It is thirty-eight miles south of Golden Gate and thirty-nine miles from Point Pinos light. The lantern of this station did duty at Cape Hatteras on the coast of North Caro- lina before the war, but so perfect is its construction that the revolviag apparatus shows no sign of attrition, although it has been in use half a lifetime. CHAPTER VII. CLIMATIC PECULIARITIES OF THE COAST. j^^UK uniform temperature throughout the flM year, on this coast, is largely due to that "^^ great conservator of climate, the ocean, on our western border. During the winter months, warm southeast winds prevail at in- tervals. The long winter nights, with the lessened amount of heat from the sun, and consequent cooler atmosphere, reduce the temperature of the southeast winds, coming from a warmer region, and cause the condens- ation and precipitation of their moisture in the form of copious showers of rain. This makes the so-called rainy season; during which (especially, if there is much south wind) there is a general growth of vegetation, as in spring in the Eastern States. Exception- ally dry seasons are caused by a failure of these southerly winds in their seasons; when this occurs the weather is colder, with more frost than in wet winters, when the south winds prevail. In October, when the days are shortening and the resident of the Atlantic States is hauling his " back logs " over the frozen ground, to protect himself against the long, cold nights of winter, the farmer on the bor- ders of the bay of San Francisco is plowing his land for the next year's crop. Should the rains begin in October, by the first of Novem- ber the hills are green. The new season's growth follows close upon the heels of har- vest, and often overtakes the vintage. Grain I may be sown as early as October, or as late as SAN MATEO COUNTY. April, and will perfect a crop. Curn is rarely planted until the rains cease. In favorable locations the japouica, the rose, and geranium will bloom all the year round. About the first of April the climatic condi- tion is reversed. The days grow long and warm, the south winds cease entirely, and are succeeded by the regular northwest winds. The temperature of these winds from the ocean is colder than the temperature on land; hence their moisture is dissipated instead of condensed as it passes over the heated plains, and all clouds disappear altogether, resulting in the absence of rains until the return of the southerly winds again in autumn. From the above it will be seen why it is that the win- ters on the California coast are comparatively warm, and the summers cool; in other words, why we have an all-the-year equable climate, being a benefaction from the all-generous ocean. THE CAUSES OF OUR WET AND DRY SEASONS. As the summer sun, after it passes the equator in its northward march, heats up the interior, or the Colorado desert, each day, rare- fying the atmosphere and causing it to rise over an immense area, thereby creating, or tending to create, a vacuum, the surrounding air, and especially the cooler and heavier air of the ocean, rushes in along the surface of the earth, to replace the attenuated; lighter, rising air of this vast interior region. And thus it is that the trade-winds of the Pacific ocean north of the equator, which, as mar- iners tell us, blow six months in summer towards the southwest, are diverted inland near the coast each day, with such force as to drive off, or in fact to dissipate altogether all clouds, which might but for this powerful local cause tend to gather and produce rain as in most other parts of the world. Now, as aqueous precipitation is caused by precisely the same law, whether produced by natural or artificial processes, it follows that if vapor is distilled or condensed into liquid, artifically as in the still- worm, by passing from a heated state to a relatively cooler state, or from a warm to a colder locality, then air currents bearing moisture, — ^and all air currents do carry moisture, whether visible in the form of vapor, or clouds, or not — must have their aqueous particles condensed by the cold when passing from a warm to a relatively cool local- ity. Air currents, moving from the equatorial regions toward either pole must have their watery particles chilled and condensed by the increasing cold and by the intenser cold over- head, and, if the process is continued long enough, precipitated, in the form of mist, rain, hail or snow. This is the general law; and it is uniform and inexorable in its opera- tions, whether invoked by Nature or by man. And the converse of this law is equally in- exorable and uniform in its operations. If relative cold condenses, relative heat dissi- pates. Herein then are found the causes, both of our wet and our dry seasons. The heating up of the interior daily, while the sun is north of the equator, causes a draft or suction of air- currents from where it is cool to where it is SAN MATEO COUNTY. warm, the result of which is the dissipation or dispersion of the moisture which those air currents may carry. Therefore, the agencies which cause rain elsewhere are wholly inoper- ative here so long as the sun is north of the equator. All winds, and all fogs and clouds within the area of this all-potent local causey to wit, the suction of the daily super-heated desert, are subordinated to its action, and the phenomenon of rain becomes, as a rule, im- possible. And thus we have our long, dry, but bracing, summers near the seacoast. But when the sun passes south of the equator it ceases to heat the desert, and therefore causes but little or no draft, and then agencies which usually bring rain the world over, are free to operate here. And thus we have our so-called rainy seasons, ^. e., seasons during which it becomes possible for rains to come here, as they do elsewhere. Another incidental peculiarity of our daily wind currents may be noted in this connec- tion. These ocean breezes come up daily with the sun (or as soon as he has heated the desert, say at nine or ten o'clock) and go down with the snn. The earth, being heated on the surface, cools quickly, whilst the ocean, heated to a considerable depth, cools slowly, and thus it is sometimes warmer in the night than the land; and thus it happens that we have sea breezes by day, and land breezes by night. These latter, however, are not regu- lar. Sometimes these night currents are off and sometimes on land, and sometimes there are none at all. The copiousness of our summer fogs near the coast are at least a partial substitute for irrigation. These dense fogs are condensed whenever they drift inland, by the relatively colder temperature of the land in the night; and vegetation feels their influence and ab- sorbs their life-giving moisture. Tiie effect of a few such summer nights equals a light shower of rain. This is why all farm, orchard, and other crops will mature near the coast without irrigation. This also, as has al- ready been remarked, is why the dense redwood forests thrive so wonderfully all along the im- mediate coast of northern California. In this respect, the climate of the coast counties differs from that of the great and magnificent interior valleys of the State (out- side of the influence of these heavy fogs), where irrigation is necessary to produce a crop. The temperature of the sea-breeze is from 55° to 60° Fahrenlieit. When the ocean winds do not blow, the valley temperature, east of the mountain, ranges from 80 to 90 degrees in summer, but this heat is neither dangerous nor oppressive, as the air is dry and the nights are always cool. There is rarely a day in winter or summer, when work out of doors cannot be performed without physical discomfort; and in winter there are l)right days in California which would lead a traveler, coming from the ice- bound East, to believe that he had really found a climate rivaling that of ancient Italia; and few would question his belief. TOPOGRAPHY AS AFFECTING CLIMATE. The topography of San Mateo county, to 314 SAN MATEO COUNTY. a considerable extent, governs its climate. The mountain range which constitutes the backbone of tiie county, at a point some fonrteen miles from the straits through which the waters of the Pacific ocean flow into the bay of San Francisco, rapidly decline in height, and seem to lose themselves in the ocean. From this point to the Golden Gate, the face of the ground is broken into low, rolling hills and sand dunes of variable height. The northwest summer trade winds, accompanied by detached drifts of fog, sweep over this de- pression, and give San Francisco its harsh but not unhealthful summer climate. But the mountain range in San Mateo county turns the current of the sea-breeze, and holds back the fog which crawls up the slope, and banks itself along the summit of the mountains, being condensed by the rela- tive cold of that attitude, and also slightly obstructed, perhaps, by the trees and shrubs which crown the crest of the range. This mountain fog bank is the condensed freshness of the sea, out of which a cool breeze flows down the eastern slope of the range to the bay shore, cooling the atmosphere of the plains and foot-hills, without the disagree- ableness or inconvenience of the propelling winds, or actual contact with the fog. In other words, the morning sun warms the temperature of the air of the valley below, wlilch (as relative heat, according to an in- variable natural law, always does) rarefies and dissipates the fog and tempers the breeze as it flows down the slope. CHAPTER VIII. SUBURBAN HOMES POSSIBILITIES. fHE almond, apricot and other early varieties of fruit bloom in the last days of February. The conditions of the climate were appreciated very early by wealthy residents of the metropolis, many of whom have made tiieir summer homes in San Mateo county. It was rather unfortunate for the county, perhaps, that land was so low in price at the time those purchases were made, for many of the holdings are in large tracts, which is detrimental to the settlement and progress of this section. Many of these homes are improved to a high degree. The grounds combine the beauties of the native growth, with all the semi-tropic plants which flourish on the coast, and are dreams of beauty, as examples of landscape gardening. They show at least what can be done on small lots and acre tracts by the application of water during the summer months and an intelligent hand to direct the improvements. There are in this area, extending from the town of San Mateo to the Stanford University, over 100,000 acres of land susceptible of as high a state of culture as Palo Alto, the Flood grounds, or any other of the best improved places at San Mateo, or Menlo Park, at a distance of only from twelve to thirty miles from the city of San Francisco. It is an anomalous fact that land in this choice region can still be bought in acre tracts or lots, for from one-fifth to one-tenth the sum asked on the Oakland side of the 8AN MATEO COUNTY. bay. Between Oakland and Berkeley, land is held at from $2,500 to $4,000 per acre. Good land, relatively as well located on the west side of the bay, can be bought for $250 to $400 per acre. One of the principal causes for this remarkable difference in values, in the opinion of many citizens, is to be found in the cost of transportation. Single fares from Redwood City to San Francisco cost 80 cents, and from San Mateo 60 cents, and monthly commutation tickets from $5 to $8; as against 15 cents single fares, and $3 com- mutation between Oakland and Berkeley. Population, business improvement, and rapid progress followed the lines of low fare and freight rates. That San Mateo county, under the influence of high fares, has been forced to the rear in the procession of progress, by which it is on all sides surrounded, cannot be controverted. With tlie coming of the electric road, now a certainty, for which a franchise was wisely granted by the Board of Supervisors, all this will be changed. The franchise calls for 20 cents fare from Redwood City to San Fran- cisco, being just one-fourth the price now asked by the only means of transportation at the command of the people. This road has already crossed over the border and is push- ing its way to the interior of the county, and unlocks the gate which has heretofore barred the progress of the county, and gives it an even chance with its neighbors over the bay who have long had rapid and cheap com- munication with the metropolis. LAND AND LIVE-STOCK. As a matter of curiosity, we transcril)e for comparison some typical values of land and live-stock as fixed by M. A. Parkhurst, deputy assessor, in the year 1853, when this county was a municipal district of San Fran- cisco. The San Miguel rancho, containing 4,800 acres, was assessed to Jose Jesus de Noe at $10 per acre; total $48,000. Fifty vara lots on the same tract near the mission were as- sessed at §125 each. This grant was near the mission and the owner once wrote a de- scription of the animals he met in traveling from Yerba Buena to his ranch. The Sunny Side tract, containing 160 acres, recently sold by Senator Stanford for $300,- 000, and the Crocker tract of 166 acres, that sold for a like amount, was a part of the Noe ranch. At the rate fixed for these two par- cels, viz., $1,885 per acre, the whole tract would bring 5^10,000,000. That portion nearer the mission is, of course, worth i;;iu;li more. Twenty millions of dollars would be short of the actual value of what Parkhurst \alued, in 1853, for $48,000. Don Jose Jesus de Noe would have made $1,000,000 a year had he held his vast estate until to-day. The rancho Laguna de Merced, 2,170 acres, was assessed to the heirs of Francisco de Haro for $6 per acre— 113,020. The Portrero rancho, south of San Francisco, was assessed at $10 per acre. The Red House, old Pavilion House, was assessed to D. C. Broderick for $3,000. SAN MATEO COUNTY. The pioneer race-course and improvements was assessed at 8", 000. Donna Carmen, widow of C. Berual, was assessed for 4,800 acres of land at $10 per acre— $48,000. The Pnlgas rancho was assessed — up land $25 per acre, hill land $6, and swamp land at the rate of five cents per acre. From this it will be seen that farming land in this neigh- borhood was valued twice as high as land near the city, which is now worth nearly one hundred times more. The Sachez rancho, now Millbrae, was as- sessed at $4 per acre. D. W. M. Howard, of Santa Mateo, was as- sessed for eighty acres of up land at §20 per acre and 3,720 acres of hill land at $4 per acre; house and improvements, at $5,000. Mr. Macondray, adjoining Howard, was assessed for 100 acres of up land at §25 per acre, and 160 acres of hill land at $4 per acre; house and fixtures, $7,500. T. G. Phelps, 150 acres up land at $20 per per acre; fifty acres of hill land at $4 per acre. John Greer, 4,840 acres El Corte de Ma- dera rancho, $6 per acre — §29,040. Captain Harrington, 2,000 acres Canada de Eaymundo rancho, at $2 per acre — $4,000. Colonel Jack Hays, Mountain Home ranch, 2,000 acres at $5 per acre— $10,000. The Angel o house — real estate, 100 acres, at §25 per acre; 100 acres at $4 per acre; house and improvements, $5,3t)0; two yoke of cattle, $300; fifty hogs, $1,750; 100 pigs, §600, and poultry $100. This was the site of the present town of Belmont. It was afterward selected as the county-seat by a ring of roughs who tried to run county af- fairs. An investigation by the courts upset their calculations. Dennis Martin, 2,400 acres of land near Searsville, at $5 per acre, $12,000; eight yoke of oxen, at §150 per yoke; four cows, $40 each; 150 head of cattle, §25 apiece; twelve saddle-horses, $70 each; 130 sheep at $4 per head; six hogs, $10 each; one wagon §150; one sawmill, §10,000. Total §33,720. George Thatcher, store and stock in Red- wood City, $2,000. Captain Voiget, real estate (the present Polhemus place, near Menlo Park) 320 acres, at $20 per acre— §6,400. Haskell & Woods, 2,068 acres of land, now Menlo park, at $25 per acre. The Purisima rancho, on the coast, was assessed at $2 per acre. The Miramontez ranch was valued at $3 per acre. Tiburcio Vasquez was assessed for 4,800 acres on the coast, at §3 per acre. The San Gregorio rancho of four leagues was assessed to Francisco Casanuevo for the lump sum of §4,000— $1,000 a league. Tripp & Parkhurst were assessed for $2,- 500 for personal property — the stock and fixtures of their store. SAN MATEO COUNTT. 217 CHAPTER IX. THE LELAND STANFORD, JUNIOK, UNIVERSITY t generous education should be the birth- right of every man and woman in America." Such is tiie noble motto of this young uni- versity. Such, in fact, has been the unform- ulated and once-thonght-to- be- visionary motto of a large portion of the people of the United States. Will the generous aspiration ever be actually realized? Let us hope so! Although the various buildings of the Stanford University are located Just over the line, in Santa Clara county, a considerable portion of the land endowment of the institu- tion is in San Mateo county. FOUNDING OF THE UNIVEIfSITY. The founding at Palo Alto of "a university for both sexes, with the colleges, schools, seminaries of learning, mechanical institutes, museums, galleries of art, and all other things necessary and appropriate to a uni- versity of high degree," was determined upon by Leland Stanford and Jane Lathrop Stan- ford, in 1884. In March, 1885, the Legis- lature of California passed an act providing for the administration of trust funds in con- nection with institutions of learning. No- vember 14, 1885, the grant of endowment ■was publicly made in accordance with this Act, and on the same day the board of trus- tees held its first meeting in San Francisco. The work of construction was at once be- gun, and the corner-stone laid, May 14, 1887, the nineteenth anniversary of the birth of Leland Stanfoi'd, Junior, deceased, after whom the proposed institution was named. The university was formally opened to students October 1, 1891. The idea of the university, in the words of its founders, "came directly from our son and only child, Leland; and in the belief that had he been spared to advise as to the dispo- sition of our estate, he would have desired the devotion of a large portion thereof to this purpose; we will, that for all time to come, the institution hereby founded, shall bear his name and shall be known as the Leland Stanford, Junior, University." ITS OBJECTS. The object of the university, as stated in its charter, is "to qualify students for personal success and direct usefulness in life," and its purposes to promote the public welfare by exercising an influence in behalf of humanity and civilization, teaching the blessings of liberty, regulated by law, and inculcating love and reverence for the great principles of government as derived from the inalienable rights of man to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. ENDOWMENT. The property conveyed to the university in addition to the Palo Alto estate of 8,400 acres, partly lowland and partly rising into the foot-hills of the Santa Cruz range, con- sists of the Vina estate in Tehama county, of 55,000 acres, of which about 4,000 acres are SAN MATEO COUNTY. planted in vines; and the Gridley estate, in Butte county, of 22,000 acres, devoted mainly to tbe raising of wheat. BUILDINGS. In arranging the buildings and grounds, the plan has been to conform them to the peculiar climatic conditions of California, and to provide for indefinite expansion without crowding or distortion. A series of quad- rano-les, to be erected as tlie needs of the uni- versity demand, will furnish facilities for all general university work. Surrounding these will be various detached buildings for miscel- laneous purposes and the university town, with carefully laid-out streets and grounds. The buildings are of a buff sandstone, some- what varied in color. The stone-work is of broken ashlar, with a rough face, and the roofs are covered with red tile. The archi- tectural motif is to be found in the old Spanish missions of California. THE HOPKINS LABORATORY OF NATURAL HISTORY. In order to carry on the biological work of this institution, a seaside laboratory of natural history has been founded as a branch of the university, by the liberality of Mr. Timothy Hopkins, of San Francisco. The laboratory is located on Foin Anion, a headland pro- jecting into the sea near the town of Facific Grove, on the bay of Monterey. It will be provided with aquaria and with all apparatus necessary for carrying on studies in the structure, development and life history of marine animals and plants, and will be open during the summer vacation of each year to naturalists wishing to carry on original inves- tigations, and to students and teachers who desire to make themselves familiar with methods of study in marine zoology and bot- any. The work of the laboratory will be un- der the general direction of Frofessors Gil- bert, Jenkins and Campbell, the committee of the university faculty in charge. The general purpose of the laboratory is similar to that of the marine zo5logical laboratory at Wood's Holl, Massachusetts, and to the sea- side and marine laboratories established by Johns Hopkins University at different places along the Atlantic coast. The bay of Mon- terey is peculiarly favorable for investigations of the kind contemplated, being exceedingly rich with life; and the life history of the peculiar animals and plants of the Facific coast has for the most part received little study from naturalists. [SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIONS. It is intended to bring together in the miieenm of the university a full representa- tion of the natural history and mineral prod- ucts of California, collections of all books, pamphlets, photographs and maps, bearing upon the early history of the West, and full collections of Indian antiquities and illustra- tions of aboriginal life. The general management and control of the institution is vested \n a board of twenty- 8AJ^ MATEO OOUNTr. 219 four trustees, chosen for life, of whom fifteen constitute a quorum, their names being: James Mc M. Shatter, John Boggs, Charles Goodall, T. B. MoFarland, Alfred L. Tubbs, Isaac S. Belcher, Francis E. Spencer, John Q. Brown, Charles F. Crocker, George E. Gray, Timothy Hopkins, Nathan W. Spald- ing, Henry L. Dodge, Mathew P. Deady, Irving M. Scott, William M. Stewart, Harvey W. Harkness, Stephen J. Field, Horace Davis, Horatio Stebbins, D. D., Joseph D. Grant, Leon Sloss, S. F. Leib, Edward R. Taylor; Herbert C. Nash, secretary. The charter provides that the founders, Leland Stanford and Jane Lathi'op Stanford, during their lives shall "perform all the duties and exercise all the powers and privi- leges enjoined upon and vested in the trus- tees." FACULTY AND COUNCIL. The faculty consists of the president, pro- fessors, associate professors, assistant profess- ors and instructors aided by non-resident lecturers, assistants and other officers. RELIGIOUS SERVICES. Religious instrnction is provided in apcord- ance with the provision of the charter, which prohibits sectarian instruction, but requires the teaching of "the immortality of tliesoul, the existence of an all -wise and benevolent Creator, and that obedience to His laws is the highest duty of man." ADMISSION AND GRADUATION. Candidates for admission must be at least sixteen years of age. They must present certificates of good moral character, and, if from other colleges or universities, must bring certificates of honorable dismissal. FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY. David Starr Jordan, LL. D., president, assisted by over sixty professors, including several eminent non-resident professors and lecturers. Among the latter are Hon. Andrew D. White, professor of European history; Jacob G. Schurman, president of Cornell University, non-resident lecturer on ethics, and others. STUDENTS. The register for 1891-'92 (to June, '92) shows the following summaries: By classes: Graduates 37 Undergraduates 376 Special and partial students 146 Total (men, 417; women, 142)... 559 These include natives of thirty States, several Territories, and also Canada, England, Mexico, Ireland, Hawaiian Islands, Japan, France, Germany and the Netherlands. During the last half of the present year, 1892, the number of students in attendance is as follows: Young men 499 Young women . ., 212 Total .711 ^RS. ELIZABETH L. BACON, one of the earliest residents of Bear Val- ley, in San Benito county, located here in 1866. 220 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Mrs. Bacon is a native of Oliio, having been born in that State, November 23, 1827. When she was about three years of age her parents emigrated to Illinois, where she spent her girlhood, and in 1846 married Philip Shell, at Gilead, Calhoim county, Illinois. In 1851 the young couple came overland to Oreu;on, where they engaged in farming near Salem, and there Mr. Shell died in 1854. The following are their children: Deborah, wife of Henry Melendy, of Bear Valley; John, of Bear Valley was born May 3, 1848, married and died, leaving a son, John, who was adopted and reared by his grandmother, the subject of this sketch; Snsan was born in Salem, Oregon, June 14, 1854. In 1856 Mrs. Shell married Myron A. Bacon, a California pioneer of 1849, who came across the plains with an ox team. He engaged in mining, farming and dealt in stock-raising. He returned to Illinois for a brief time, but returned to California via the isthmus, and upon his return to California pursued farming and fruit culture until his death. He was born in Ohio, January 25, 1821, and died at San Jose in 1890. By this marriage Mrs. Bacon has three sons and one daughter, namely: Oliver F., a farmer of Bear Valley, born October 13, 1856; Horace G., born March 7, 1864; Benjamin, born December 12, 1866, and Mary, now Mrs. David Churchill of Sumner, Kern county, California, born August 10, 1858. All the children reside in California. Horace G. Bacon is by profession a school teacher. He completed his studies at the State Normal School at San Jose, from which institution he graduated in December, 1885. Upon graduating he embraced teaching as a profession, and taught one year in Tulare county, three years in (Contra Costa county, and two years in San Benito county. He married at Alamo, in Contra Costa county, December 9, 1891, Miss Nettie, daughter of George and Annie (Truby) Smith. Mrs. Bacon was born at Alamo, December 9, 1869. The estate of our subject comprises 320 acres of titled land, fertile and nicely lo- cated at the foot of Bear valley. tAPTAIN I. G. MESSEC is a native of Macon, Georgia, and a California pio- neer of 1849, whc came to the State from Texas, via El Paso and Yuma. He was a soldier of the Mexican war, fought under General Taylor, and was one of the noted brigade of Texas Rangers. Upon his arrival in California he engaged in mining and also owned and operated, on a large scale, pack trains into the mining regions of Humboldt and Trinity counties. During the year ofl858-'59 he accomplished the transfer of the Trinity and Mad river, Humboldt and Elk river Indians to the Round Valley Reservation, which he had been com- missioned to do by the governor of Cali- fornia. This was not successfully accom- plished without some lighting, but finally he located about 400 of them. In 1860-'61 he served as Sheriff of Trinity county. After this he engaged in mining, on a large scale, at Virginia City, Nevada. He then spent four years in San Francisco, where he figured prominently in local politics and served on a commission that opened new Montgomery street. In the development of the great Paniment mines he worked a force of over 500 men, at an expenditure of about $2,000,000. The years 1878 and 1879 found him at Bodie, California. He also was Notary Public, and in 1882 to 1886 was Sergeant-at- Arras of the California State Senate. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. He came to the Santa Clara valley, Cali- fornia, in 1880, and has since been engaged in stock-raising on his Lone Tree ranch, which is divided by the Santa Clara and San Benito county lines. Captain Messec married Miss Lucy J. Kel- logg in 1856, a most estimable lady. No man in central and northern California is more favorably known or has a wider circle of friends than the venerable pioneer of 1849, our subject. Captain Messec. fOHN REYNOLDS, a successful agricult- urist and stock-raiser and esteemed citi- zen of Priest Valley, Monterey county, California, is a native of London, England, born November 24, 1840. He left the home of his birth and came to America when quite young. His boyhood and youth were spent in Oneida county. New York, on a farm near the city of Eome. At about fifteen years of age he went to Michigan and com- menced work for the Michigan Central Rail- road Company, at Grass Lake, Jackson county, where he remained until the break- ing out of the late war. In 1862 Mr. Reynolds volunteered his service and was mustered into Company F, Seventeenth Michigan Lifantry, at Detroit, being immediately sent to the front. He participated in the battles of South Mount- ain the following September, and there re- ceived a gunshot in the left leg, and soon after, while lying on the field of battle, was wounded in the left side by a bursting shell. On account of disability, he was honorably discharged, in January, 1863, and has since been granted a pension. Returning to Michigan, Mr. Reynolds re. sumed his connection with the service of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, acting as station and ticket agent at Grass Lake He came to California in April, 1868, via Panama, and the following May, through the agency of a friend, located on his present estate in Priest Valley, being among the first in the valley to make permanent settle- ment. Mr. Reynolds married, in Washtenaw county, Michigan^ Miss Ada H., daughter of John W. Green, a Michigan pioneer. Of their four children, Arthur E. is the first white child born in Priest Valley, the date of his birth occurring July 29, 1870. Mr. Reynolds is wide and favorably known in San Benito and Monterey counties as a dis- creet and prosperous business man. Jj^ E. SHORE, a venerable citizen of San ^^k Benito county, and a California pio- ^1^® neer, was born in Washington county, Missouri, November 6, 1827. In 1850 he came to California, making the journey through New Mexico and from San Diego coming north into the mining districts. He spent about ten years in placer mining. In 1861 he located in Santa Clara county, near Mountain View, and made that place his home until 1870. That year he came to San Benito county, bought a ranch of McClay & Springer, and on this place is probably set- tled for life. Mr. Shore is one of the survivors of the Mexican war. He was under General Price, served eighteen months, was honorably dis- charged, and now draws a pension. August 19, 1863, Mr. Shore was married in Santa Clara county, to Miss Martha Janes, daughter of William Janes, deceased. She was a native of Missouri and was a most es- MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, timable woman. Her death occurred March 20, 1890. Following are the names of their children: Grace, wife of William Brown of San Felipe; Frank E., a resident of Hollister; Ruth, wife ol' William Beggs, now of Ann Arbor, Michigan; George W., of Hollister; Itha, at home; Fred, of San Jose; Ernest D., at home. Mr. Shore has served on the Board of Su pervisors of San Benito county and as one of the Trustees of his school district. i^ENRY MELENDY came from Chicago, ^ Illinois, to California in 1864, and in ^(11865 settled in Bear Valley, San Benito county, being the iirst settler of the valley. Here he has prospered and acquired a large tract of fine land, by pre-emption and purchase, becoming the owner of 1,240 acres. Mr. Melendy was born in Eagle, Waukesha county, Wisconsin, June 21, 1848, son of Daniel F. and Eunice S. (Rockwood) Melendy, natives of Vermont. Daniel F. Melendy was one of the pioneer farmers of Waukesha county. He lived on Melendy's Prairie, Eagle Township, nntil his death; his widow moved to Chicago, where she still lives, having reached an advanced agb. Henry is the youngest of their three children. Of the others be it recorded that Cephas J., a mem- ber of the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, died in 1862; and that Ellen R. is married and lives in Chicago. Mr. Melendy was married April 7, 1868, to Miss Deborah Shell, at San Juan. She was born in Oregon, December 16, 1851, daugh- ter of Philip and Elizabeth Shell, the latter being now Mrs. Bacon, of Bear vallej', of whom mention is made elsewhere in this work. Their seven children are as follows: George, born January 31, 1869; Daniel, De- cember 21, 1871; Ella, August 26, 1876; Thomas, November 24, 1878; Lucretia, Sep- tember 15, 1881; Deborah, October 17, 1886; and Henry, July 2, 1888. tLLEN LEONARD, a prominent figure in the business circles of San Benito, is well known throughout this part of Sau Benito county, and it is litting that some per- sonal mention be made of him on the pages of this work. Mr. Leonard was born at Mechanicsburg, thirteen miles east of Springfield, Illinois. He came to California in 1860, to take a position under J. S. Short, Indian Agent in the northern part of the State, who had re- ceived his appointment from Abraham Lin- coln. Mr. Leonard, however, remained there only a short time. Going to lone, Amador county, he successfully engaged in copper mining two years. He then went to Virginia City, Nevada, and turned his attention to silver mining, but this expedition resulted in financial loss. In 1868 he went to work for the Central Pacific Railroad Company, as foreman of teams, and followed railroading until 1872. That year he came to San Benito county, purchased a store at San Benito, and engaged in business for himself, being still engaged in merchandising here and doing an extensive business. He also owns and con- ducts a hotel, blacksmith shop, meat market, etc., and for several years has been Postmaster of San Benito. He is also engaged in farm- ing and stock-raising and owns a fine tract of land. He has served two years as Super- visor and two years as Chairman of Board of Supervisors of san Benito county. Mr. Leonard was married April 15, 1872, AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES, 323 to Miss Bell Morton. They have had eight children, viz.: frank M., Belle E. (deceased), Mollie, Allen, Ilarrj, Edna, Jacob and Her- man J. -^g^^>^-». ~ «DWIN MOOKE, a leading agricultur- alist of San Benito connty, a pioneer of California, and for many years a resi- dent of Paicines, is a native of Clinton county, New York, born in Beekmantown, December 13, 1826. His father, Charles B. Moore, a farmer by occupation, became one of the pioneers of Michigan, locating in Washtenaw county as early as 1834. Later, he removed to Eaton connty, same State, where he passed the rest of his life, and died, in 1861. He had a family of seven children, of whom Edwin was the first born. In 1852 Mr. Moore left Lansing, Michigan, and came across the plains, via the Carson route, to California, reaching Placerville that same year. He spent about six years in the mines, and then turned his attention to ranch- ing, in the pursuance of which he lived at Tomales, Marin county, about eight years. He spent sixteen years in Sonoma county, and in 1883 located the farm he now occu- pies, which is one of the best farming and stock ranches in his section of the country. Mr. Moore has been twice married. At Grand Rapids, Michigan, August 29, 1846, he wedded Catliarine Salter, a most estim- able woman in every respect. She was born March 5, 1827, and died December 7, 1873. Following are the names of her children: Charles B., born November 7, 1846; Betsey E., wife of G. W. Qriffeth, Ventura county, California, was born January 18, 1850; Ed- win J., born September 21, 1851, died in Michigan, October 20, 1854; and Mary E., born November 18, 1864. September 13, 1874, Mr. Moore married Miss Eliza Spald- ing, of Petaluma, Sonoma connty, California. She is a native of Westminster, Massachu- setts, born June 17, 1838, and is a lady of intellectual culture and domestic grace. Mr. and Mrs. Moore have four children, viz.: Phffibe L., born January 2, 1876; George W., April 24, 1877; Edwin S., May 21, 1879; and Arthur T., October 10, 1880. . The Moore home circle is a model one. Here good literature and music abound, and harniony of social sentiment prevails. I^^ORACE GOULD, an eminently success- IHll ^"^ agriculturist of San Benito county, '^M was born in the town of Chester, Wind- hnm county, Vermont, October 12, 1837. He *as a son of Sylvester Gould, deceased, a native of the same State, as was likewise his inother, Hannah Mitchell. Mr. and Mrs. Gould, Sr., were pioneers of Knox county, near Yates City, Illinois, where our subject spent his boyhood and youth. Mr. Gould left home, when a young man and learned the carpenter's trade, at Leaven- worth, Kansas, and came to California in 1869, for his health. Until Mr. Gould came to Los Angeles he traveled through the State, but upon reaching this city he found employ- ment with Perry & Woodworth, who were at that time extensive builders and contractors. Upon the death of his father, Mr. Gould returned home and remained until 1874, when, August 1 of that year, he returned to California and purchased his present home, near Paicines, of George Butterfield. On this farm he has made extensive improvements, in- creasing it, until he now is the proud owner MONTEREY, SAJX BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, of 808 acres of fertile grain producing and sheep-ranging land. Mr. Gould married, in the fall of 1870, Miss Hannah A., a daughter of Orson Gard, deceased, a farmer of Yates City, Illinois. Mr. and Mrs. Gould have seven children, namely: Charles O., John R., Franklin H. and Nellie H. (twins); Edwin O., Ella L. and Etta B. Mr. Gould is a man of great energy, who takes a commendable interest in the local affairs of his town and county and is one of the Trustees of bis school district. tON. S. N. LAUGHLIN, the efficient manacrer of the warehouse, steamship and railroad interests at Moss landing, in Monterey county, is a native of Conneaut, Ohio, where be was born, March 28, 1844, a son of Hugh and Mary Laugblin, of that place. His early days were given to labor upon his parents' farm, and to study. At the awe of eighteen he left the farm and home and engaged in teaching at Poughkeepsie, New York, where he remained one year. From there he went to New Haven, Con- necticut, where he tanght three years. In 1866 he came to California, where he continued teaching at San Jose and San Fran- cisco for about four years. Owing to im- paired health, be q_uit teaching and accepted a situation as accountant in a San Francisco shipping and commission house, which he re- tained for four years. In September, 1871, he was married to Miss Hattie J. Potter, a daughter of Kiley Potter, a merchant of Springfield, Pennsyl- vania. The result of this union has been three children, namely: Mabel Hattie, Mary Adella and Lester Sarou. In 1874 he came to Monterey county, and ever since has been continuously one of that county's most energetic and enterprising business men. In 1884 he was given, by acclamation, the Republican nomination for the State Assem- bly, and was elected by the largest majority ever given a legislative candidate in Monterey county. He proved himself a valuable repre- sentative; served as chairman of an important standing committee, and labored zealously for the best interests of his county and State. He was urged to accept a renomination for the Assembly, or a nomination for the State Senate, but owing to a continuous pressure of business matters he declined to do so. Mr. Laugblin is a gentleman of large busi- ness attainments. He is self-reliant, courteous and universally popular. He owns about 80,- 000 acres of land in Santa Fe county. New Mexico, and about 800 acres in Monterey county, California. fOSEPH GOMEZ is well known in and about Castroville as an upright, thrifty and prosperous farmer. He is a native of Flores Isle, one of the Azores, lying off the coast of Portugal. He was there born, March 17, 1850. In 1869 he came to Cali- fornia and settled in the Salinas valley, where he has since remained. For years, Mr. Go- mez has been the trusted employe of the P. C. S. S. C, as foreman of their extensive warehouses and wharf, at Moss landing. In addition to bis duties in this connection, our subject is the owner of a fine ranch of 124 acres, near Moss landing- Mr. Gomez was married, April 25, 1881, to Miss Mary Hayes, a native of Castroville, born January 1, 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Gomez AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. have one daughter, Annie, born December 10, 1882. Both our subject and his esti- mable wife are highly respected citizens of Oastroviile. fS. SWANK, Justice of the Peace and a Notary Public, Watsonville, California, ® was born in Richland county, Ohio, March 25, 1835. His father, Henry Swank, was a schoolmate of President Buchanan, and for many years was a successful farmer in Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He went to Ohio in 1817, and built a log cabin, going ten miles to get help. He died in 1876, at the advanced age of eighty-six years. He had twelve children, eleven of whom lived to be grown. The subject of this sketch was next to the youngest. He was educated at Marietta College, and taught school when seventeen years old. At the age of twenty he started out in life for himself, teaching school at Winchester, Yan Buren county, Iowa. In 1856 he cast his first vote, for James Buchanan for President. While in Iowa he spent some time working at the carpenter's trade. In 1858 he started for California. He left New York city on board the North Star, September 20, 1858, and from Panama he sailed on the John L. Stephens, landing in San Francisco, October 17, 1858. Then, in company with J. C. Lee and his younger brother, he went on foot to San Jose. He slept in a straw stack to save the little money he had. From San Jose he continued his way on foot to the mines, 200 miles from San Jose. Mr. Swank followed mining and prospecting with varying suc- cess, till 1863, when he started back east, via Nicaragua. He first paid a visit to his old home in Ohio, and then went to Iowa, where he remained a year with his wife and two children. In 1864 he brought them to California, coming across the plains with mule teams. They left Omaha April 27, and and reached Virginia City June 26, after lifty-nine days of travel, which was a remark- ably quick trip. Two months later they came across the mountains to Railroad Flat, Calaveras county, where he mined till 1866. Then he and his brother discovered the Petticoat quartz mine, and a year afterward they sold it for |10,000. Then he invested in the sheep business, taught school for some time, and for four years was boss carpenter. At Railroad Flat he was Justice of the Peace two terms, and in Murphy's township three terms; was also Deputy Assessor and a Notary Public. In 1888 he resigned, came to Watsonville, and went to carpentering. In May, 1890, he was appointed Justice of the Peace, and in November was elected for a term of two years, which office he now Ulls. Mr. Swank was married September 6, 1856, to Miss Mary Calhoun. They have seven children, namely: Willard B; Eliza- beth E., vpife of Dr. C. L. Butterfield, of Gilroy; John F; George E., deceased; Nellie and Henry. Socially, he is an I. O. O. F. and an A. O. U. W. He still is largely interested in the mines. His residence is on Foni-th and Rod- riguez streets, Watsonville. fIDNEY H. SMITH, M. D., of Mon- terey, is a native of Australia, born March 18, 1855, son of Alexander Smith, a California pioneer of 1849, of En- glish birth. He lived in San Francisco and manufactured the first sash, doors and blinds in the city. With the exception of about four 226 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, years spent in Australia he has been and still is a resident of San Francisco. He has en- gaged actively in the exploration of mines and done some successful mining in Cali- fornia. The subject of this sketcli is the first born of a family of eight children, six of whom survive. Dr. Smith was educated in the public schools of San Francisco and pursued his medical studiesat the Hahnemann Homeo- pathic Medical College of San Francisco, graduating in 1885. He practiced his pro- fession in that city until 1889, when he came to Monterey, where he has become a fixture, professionally, civilly and socially. He con- trols a growing practice and is the health officer of the city, and is a member of the Board of School Trustees. Another promi- nent position that he holds is that of Secretary of the Monterey Electric Light and Develop- ment Company. JSRAEL MYLAR, deceased, one of the California pioneers of 1850, was born in ^ Kentucky, came to this State from Mis- souri, but not being exactly pleased with the country he returned to his home in a very short time; but as many of the other pioneers were again making the trip, in 1852, Mr. Mylar a second time made the journey, this time bringing with him his wife and one son, Enoch. After arrival he engaged in mining until 1855, when he located in Mon- terey county, and engaged in farming, he lived many years at San Juan, in San Benito county. Israel Mylar lived and died at San Juan, the latter event occurring April 29, 1884, when he was sixty-eight years of age. The maiden name of his wife was Mary Wal- ters, a native of Ohio, who died May 15, 1866. Four children were born to them, of whom Enoch, who came to California with his parents was the eldest. He was born in Illinois, January 6, 1841. After his birth his parents removed to Gentry county, Mis- souri, about forty miles east of St. Joseph, when Enoch was quite young. He was about eleven years of age when the trip was made to the " Golden State," and he grew up in the State of his adoption, where he received his education. His early life was spent at San Juan. He now owns a fine farm of 280 acres, near Mulberry post office, San Benito county, which he located in 1875. May 15, 1866, Mr. Mylar married Miss Lucretia, a daughter of Benjamin Hames. She was born in Chili, South America, and her mother, Carmen Laing, was also a native of the same country, and of English descent. The father of Mi-s. Mylar was a native of Rochester, New York. Both he and his wife lived many years in Santa Crnz county. Eight children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Enoch Mylar, namely: Hattie, Walter, Eva, Carmen, Estella, Lola, Lester and Clyde. Mr. Mylar is highly esteemed and respected by all who have the honor of his acquaint- ance. fINCINNATUS MORRISON, a repre- sentative California pioneer and a worthy citizen of San Benito county, was born in Marion county, Indiana, May 22, 1826.' His father, Ephraim Morrison, an early set- tler of Louisa county, Iowa, lived on the Mississippi river between Muscatine and Bur- lington. Cincinnatus was reared on a farm. In 1850 he came across the plains to Califor- nia, making the journey via the Carson river route. At Green river he traded his team for horses, packed his effects thereon, and AND 8AN MATEO COUNTIES. walked the remainder of the distance to Ilangtown. lie farmed near old Mission San Jose until about 1873. In July of that year he located near Paicines, on the Tres Pinos creek, where he still lives under the shadow of his own vine and tig- tree. He has one of the prettiest and most fertile spots in all this section of the country. Grapes grow to per- fection here, and from them he produces the finest quality of wine. Here Mr. Morrison and his old friend and cousin, Henry J. Den- nis, enjoy life as men can only in the sunny quietude of a California valley home. Mr. Dennis is a native of Indiana, born April 23, 1828. He came to California as early as 1852, has seen much of pioneer life, and expects to spend his remaining years in this beautiful San Benito country. I^OBERT BURNS, who resides near Mul- ^iM ''^""''J' ^'^'^ Benito county, California, is ^C\ one of the most substantial farmers of the county. Mr. Burns is a native of Madison, a town on the Kennebec river in Somerset county, Maine, and was born May 18, 1839. His father, Samuel S. Burns, a farmer by occupa- tion, was of Scotch nativity and a relative of Robert Burns, the eminent Scotch poet. The subject of our sketch came to California in 1860, making the journey via Panama, and landing at San Francisco. He located at San Juan, on the San Justo ranch, and in 1878 went to San Luis Obispo, where he continued stock-raising, operating on the Huerhuero ranch. In 1884 he took up his abode on his present farm, 640 acres, on the San Benito creek. Mr. Burns was married in 1870, to Miss Florett Willington, a native of Maine. Their four children are: Willis L., Mabel E., Ger- trude and Herbert, — all living at present with their parents. ||SAAC THEXTON has for eleven years |[| been the efficient manager of the Paicines ■=?>■ ranch, and is well known throughout San Benito county as an enterprising citizen and thorough farmer. The Paicines ranch com prises about 9,000 acres, from 500 to 1,000 acres of which are annually devoted to grain. Stock-raising is also a prominent feature of the place, from 800 to 1,000 head of stock, besides about 100 milch cows, being the aver- age number kept here. Mr. Thexton is a native of Scotland, born in Perthshire, April 2, 1849. He was reared a farmer, and has made this business his life work. Upon coming to California, about eighteen years ago, he came to Paicines rancho as manager. In his present position as manager of all the Grogan interests in San Benito county, he has exercised good judg- ment and displayed marked ability, conduct- ing the ranch in such a manner as to advance the interests of all concerned. He was married in 1885, to Miss Helen Crawford, daughter of Robert Crawford, of Glasgow, Scotland. Mrs. Thexton's untimely death occurred September 1, 1890. ILTON T. LITTLE, a member of the Board of Trustees of the city of Monterey, is the second son and fourth child of the lamented Milton Little, an esteemed pioneer of Monterey county, of whom mention is made on another page in his book. Our subject was born at Monte- 228 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, rey, October 3, 1855, and has continuously made his native town his home all his life. Mr. Little was married September 16, 1879, at Salinas, to Miss Nancy, a daughter of James and Margaret (Childres) Davis, natives of Kentucky and Virginia. Mrs. Little was born at Leon, Iowa, April 19, 1858. She came to California with her par- ents in 1862, a!id has since made this State her home. Mrs. Little has borne her hus- band two children, Elsie and Frederick. Mr. Little is a man of sterling traits of character and modest bearing. There are few who hold to a greater degree the confidence and good will of the public than Mr. Little. He is now serving his second term as a member of the City Board of Trustees, and is a member of Monterey Lodge, No. 317, F. & A. M. fERY KEY. CAJETANUS SORREN- TINl was born in Rome, Italy, Au- gust 7, 1815. From his youth up he felt called to the ecclesiastical state, and hence devoted himself assiduously to study and prep- aration for the work before him. His early education was received in Naples, which he completed at the Jesuit College in Rome, where he graduated and was ordained priest on September 19, 1839. Shortly after his ordination he was appointed a professor of theology in the Seminary of Amolfi, Italy, which position he retained till he received instructions from the Propaganda to journey to Jerusalem in the capacity of a missionary. After three years of severe labor in this field, his impaired health compelled him to return to his native Rome, but not till he had left behind him a substantial memorial of his zeal and humanity in the construction of St. John's Hospital, which he founded and pushed to completion. After recruiting himself in " The Eternal City," he came to the United States, and was for a time assigned to important pastorates in the dioceses of Philadelphia and of New Or- leans. He also, in a religious capacity, visit- ed Peru and Chili and other countries on the west coast of South America, where his elo- quence as a pulpit orator attracted much at- tention. In 1877 Father Sorrentini came to Salinas, Monterey county, California, where he has since continued to reside. On his arrival here the outlook was not promising. There was no pastoral residence, only a small wooden church, and the flock had grown negligent. He set himself to work to restore matters, to renew and reform, and now the fruit of his labor is seen in a handsome brick church, with frescoed walls, containing a costly mar- ble altar; a parochial school, with accommo- dations for one hundred and fifty pupils; a comfortable residence for the pastor; and a spirit of unity and zeal in the congregation that is indeed refreshing. His golden jubilee, the fiftieth anniversary of his ordination, was celebrated in Salinas, September 19, 1889; on which occasion a vast concourse of the clergy and high dignitaries of the church assembled to felicitate the ven- erable priest. fA. McCROSKET, an early settler and an influential business man of Hol- ® lister, has been a resident of California since 1859. His father, John McCroskey, was a native of Sevier county, Tennessee; was born about thirty miles east of Knoxville, March 17, 1798. He was a farmer by occupa- AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES, tion, a man of local influence, an! of great character. He was twice married, flrst to Miss Lucinda Ann, a daughter of lieuben Grant, a merchant of Shelby ville, Tennessee, who was for several years Sheriff of Mon- roe county, Tennessee. Mi"s. McCroskey was horu in 1799. She bore four children, of whom Mrs. M. A. McCray, widow of the late Daniel McCray, of Hollister, is the oldest. One other now survives, viz.: J. P. T. Mc- Croskey, of Washington. The mother died in 1833. In 1836 Mr. McCroskey mar- ried Mrs. Priscilla McCray, a daughter of Harry McCray, by whom he had six sons and two daughtei's, viz.: John A., subject; Penta- lope, Henry M., Robert C, Frances, Thomas H., Benjamin B., and Edgar H. Of these children our subject and Benjamin, who is located in Hollister, are the only ones in California. When our subject came to California he located at San Jose, and later lived at Gilroy and engaged in farming. Upon the forma- tion of the San Justo Homestead Association and the division of the Hollister Grant, he came to San Benito county, and was the orig- inal settler on 172 acres of farming land, adjoining the town site. Here he remained for about eight years, when he engaged in the warehouse and grain shipping business, which he followed about nine years. At that time he leased his property to the Hollister Warehouse Company and retired from busi- ness, and now devotes his time to the care of an eight-acre fruit farm, his home in the city of Hollister and other business affairs. His marriage occurred at Gilroy, in 1863, to Elizabeth F. Howkins. This lady has borne her husband six children, five living and one deceased. All the living children are residing at home. Two are teachers in the public schools of San Benito county. Our subject has been a successful business man, and has the confidence and esteem of the entire community. fEOKGE BROWN, Esq., a pioneer of California and a highly respected citi- zen of San Benito, San Benito county, was born in England, July 11, 1827. At the age of eleven years he left home, and from that time forward took care of himself. In 1846, at the outbreak of the Mexican war he enlisted in the United States Navy at Boston, being assigned to the ship Cumberland, which ship joined the Gulf Squadron, commanded by Commodore Connor and afterward by Commodore Perry. He served all through the Mexican war, was present at the import- ant engagements at Vera Cruz, Tabasco, Tnspan and Alvarado, and was honorably dis charged at the termination of the war. In 1850 he located at Fall River, Massachusetts, where he was employed in an iron mill until 1854, when he came to California, making the journey from the East to San Francisco via the Nicaragua route. Upon his arrival in the Golden State Mr. Brown sought the gold mines of Shasta and Trinity counties, and was engaged in mining until 1865. That year he located in Watson- ville, Santa Cruz county, and turned his attention to farming, remaining there until 1869. In November of that year he located in the Dry Lake district, San Benito county, on a fertile farm of 320 acres, his present home. Besides this property he also owns 940 acres of untilled land. He has been prominently identified with the best interests of this county ever since he settled here. He held the ofiice of Justice of the Peace eight MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, years, and for a number of years was Post- master of San Benito. He was married, in 1853, to Miss Catharine Kennedy, in Fall River, Massachusetts. She was a native of England, and a woman of rare domestic qualities. She died, leaving five sons and one daughter, namely: John, Joseph, George W., P. F., Kate M. and W. K., all of whom now occupy honorable positions in life. Judge Brown, as he is familiarly called, has a wide circle of friends, and is highly esteemed throughout San Benito county. -^/^'^^^■^^^/^^ tj. COPLEY, a representative citizen, farmer and a pioneer of southern -,. ® Monterey county, is a native of Dela- ware county, New York, having been born in that county and State, at the town of Harpers- field, December 18, 1829. When only seven- teen our subject started out from home, locat- ing first in Knox county, Illinois. His next home was at Monroe City, Louisiana, on a plantation, where he remained one year. In 1850 he came to California, by water, and upon his arrival went into the mines, on Feather river, in 1850. He next went to El Dorado county, where he spent eighteen years, in the mines, meeting with fair success. He then located in the southern portion of Monterey county, in Long valley. Later he removed to Peach Tree valley, but finally located in San Lucas, where he has made his home for so many years and developed one of the finest farms in the county. His Spring- valley farm comprises 640 acres of fine graz- ing and grain lands, which are well watered. Mr. Copley married, in El Dorado county, in June 27, 1852, Miss Hannah Nattrass, a daughter of Cuthberth Nattrass, a pioneer of 1849. Mr. and Mrs. Copley have four sons, three daughters and twenty-seven grand- children. Our subject has held the position of Justice of the Peace for two years, and has served four years as a member of the County Board of Supervisors. ®S:^ARiANO MALARIN, a nativeson of «W« the soil, having been born in Monte- ^=5^^^ rey county, where he figured conspic- ously in the early history of California, is now a resident of Santa Clara county. Mr. Malarin's birth occurred in 1827, and he is a son of Juan Malariu, a native of Peru, of Italian parentage. Mr. Malarin, Sr., was a mariner, and as such came to Califoi-nia in 1820 or 1822. As a reward for services ren- dered the Mexican Government he was made a Lieutenant in the Mexican Navy. In 1824 he married Josefa Estrada and made Monte- rey his home. Although still going to sea, from that time on he took an active part in Mexican-California affairs, and is frequently mentioned in history as a participant in im- portant political matters. In 1833 he was Captain of the port and grantee of the Gua- dalupe rancho, and later was granted the Chua- lar rancho. In 1843 he was Justice and President of the Tribunal Superior. He died in 1849, when nearly sixty years of age, leav- ing a large and valuable estate and an honor- able name to his posterity. Of his ten children our subject was the second in order of birth. This last-named gentleman had the honor of being born in the government house at Monterey. When nine years of age he was sent to Oregon to attend an English school, said to have been established by the Hudson AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. Bay Company. Failing to find it as reported lie went to Lima, Peru, in Soutli America) where he received instruction in the Latin, French, Eu^Iish and Spanish languages, be- ing then eleven years of age. He remained in Lima until tlie death of his father, when he returned to Monterey and assumed charge of the family estate. That same year he was appointed Judge of the First Instance; in 1850 and in 1851 he iield the office of City Assessor and Public Administrator. In 1858 he was elected to the position of Supervisor, and represented his district in the State As- sembly, session of 1859 and 1860. Late in 1859 Mr. Malarin married Ysidora, a daughter of Francisco Pacheco, one of the influential and wealthy rancheios of those days in California. Mrs. Malarin was born on the Pacheco grant, at the present country resi- dence of the family, now the well-known Malarin ranch, near Hollister. The ranch now consists of 67,000 arcos of land, 8,000 of which are in San Benito county. Of the 4,000 which are tillable, 3,000 acres are cultivated by tenants. The old adobe mansion, built by Don Francisco Pacheco and remodeled by Mr. Malarin, is one of the finest specimens of early-day architecture now to be found. Mr. and Mrs. Malarin have two daugliters, Mariana F. and Pauline E., the latter the wife of Dr. L. Fatjo. Mr. Malarin's home is in Santa Clara county, although he has ex- tensive interests in San Francisco and San Jose. The mother of our subject, Josefa Estrada, was born in California, as was also his grandmother, Arguello, and in this State the entire family is highly honored and es- teemed. He is president of the San Jose Safe De- posit Bank of Savings. He is a quiet, unob- trusive man of exalted character and Influence. Although now a resident of Santa Clara county he is largely interested in San Benito county, where he is one of the largest property own- ers. Mr. Malarin enjoys the esteem and respect of the entire community, where he is so honored a citizen. ILLIAM II. G ARM AN, one of the unique historical figures of Monterey county, may well be called one of the veritable " Path Finders," having come to the State when it was but little known. He was one of the members of the Joe Walker expedition that piloted General Fremont over the mountains to California. Mr. Garman is a native of Berks county, Pennsylvania, and was born within twelve miles of Daniel Boone's birthplace. His fa- ther, Philip Garman, was of German descent, a breeder by occupation, which calling he pursued in Harrisburg, in addition to carry- ing on a brewery and tannery on a larae scale. The maiden name of the mother of our subject was Elizabeth Hirsch, also a na- tive of Berks county. Our subject was educated in Harrisburg, and there learned the trade of a printer, which he followed for about eight years, a portion of the time in St. Louis, Missouri. He also was engaged with Lieutenant (now General) W. B. Franklin, in the survey of the breakwater at Michigan City, Indiana, and later at St. Joseph, Michigan. His next move was to Chicago, and from there he en- tered the service of the Government and fought in the Seminole war in Florida. The next account we have of him is in the Mex- ican war, where he served as Courier from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, New Mexico. After the close of the war he joined Walker's expedition bound for California, and was one MONTEBEY, SAN BENITO. SANTA OBUZ, of the twelve men that explored the country and directed General Fremont's course through the Rocky mountains, westward. It was this party that first invaded the quiet precincts of Priest Valley, in 1850, although their stay was but a brief one at that time and the party pushed on, over the mountains into the valleys of the Tulare and Kern rivers. They found the valleys uninhabited, save by a priest and a small band of Indians, camped near the center. They failed to get the name of the good priest, but named the valley in which he resided, " Priest Valley," a name that has clung to it ever since. So impressed were Captain Walker and Mr. Garman with the beauty of the valley that they returned to it in 1854, and Mr. Gar- man made a location, where he has since re- sided, but Captain Walker did not remain for any length of time. These old-time ex- plorers built the first house in the valley, in 1854, under a large oak tree near the present Palmer residence and but a short distance from Mr. Garman's present home. Ever since his residence in this valley Mr. Garman has led a quiet, inoffensive life, and is well known for his kindness of heart and other sterling traits of character. He never married, but a host of friends unite to pre- vent his feeling lonely in his declining years. His is a happy old age, for he has the con- sciousness of having led a good life and spent wisely the goods bestowed upon him by the all-wise Creator. fB. HUBBARD is a well-known and successful farmer of Hollister. He ® was born in Sullivan county, Mis- souri, June 18, 1840. His father, James Hubbard, was a farmer and carpenter and a mason by trade and occupation, and his son ■was born with the true instincts of a me- chanic and was successful in all his under- takings in that line. Our subject crossed the plains from his native State in 1864, and lived about four years at Middleton, twenty-five miles north of Boise City, Idaho. He then went to Ne- vada and carried on a freighting business until 1871, when he engaged in stock-raising, continuing therein until 1882, when he came to California and purchased his present home, near Hollister, on the Sau Benito creek where he owns and farms about 900 acres of the best land in San Benito county. Mr. Hubbard married, in Missouri, in 1875, Miss Sarah R. Purdin, daughter of William Purdin, a farmer by occupation and an expert carpenter by trade. Mrs. Hubbard was born June 18, 1848, and she has borne her husband six children, namely: Harmon W., Virgil P., Eva, Lena, Ella and Edna. Mr. Hubbard is School Trustee of his dis- trict and an active member of long standing in the Christian Church. to DE RICK SHAW was born in Liver- pool, England, September 5, 1851. In 1853 his father fitted out a vessel and, accompanied by his family, sailed for Aus- tralia, landing at Melbourne. He remained there for seven years. Then, in 1860, he went to New Zealand, where he sojourned eight years, after which, in 1868, he went to the Sandwich Islands. He remained there until 1869, when he landed in San Francisco. In 1872 he came from that city to Hollister, San Benito county. Here he founded the San Benito county newspaper, Advance, which paper is now owned by his two sons, AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. George and Albert D. Sluiw. The fatlier siibseqiiontly went back to England to visit bis native home, and on his return to Amer- ica was taken sick at Philadelpliia, Pennsyl- vania, and died in July, 1876. Roderick being the oldest of the children (there being eight sons and one daughter in the family) the care of his brothers and sister fell largely on him, and in a measure lie filled his fa- ther's place toward them. All are now mar- ried and settled in life except the youngest brother. Mr. Shaw, the subject of our sketch, served for several years as Deputy County Treasurer, and in 1885 was elected County Treasurer. In the fall of 1886 he was elected County Clerk, which office he is now filling with ability and honor, and to the entire sat- isfaction of all concerned. He is also prom- inent in social circles, being identified with the Masonic lodge, the I. O. O. F. and the A. O. U. "VV. Of the first two he is secre- tary, and of tiie last named, financier. July 29, 1876, he was united in marriage with Miss Harriet Mead, by whom he has three children, two sons and one daughter, — Richard, Ernest and Susie. His mother makes her home with him, and is now sixty- one years of age. Mr. Shaw is ranked with the pioneers of the county, and is respected by all who know him. Although his county is Demo- cratic, and he is a strong Republican, he has always been elected by a large majority. \WMl ^ TEMPLETON.— Mr. Temple- Wmm. ton is a well-known citizen of ^^^® Monterey county, and is known especially for his business energy and enter- prise. He is a native son of the ' Golden West," and was born in Trinity county, Cal- ifornia, May 13, 1860. He was reared in Alameda county and was in the railroad serv- ice for about six years, when he came to Monterey county. His father, Benjamin S. Templeton, was a wool-grower and a native of Ohio. His mother (now deceased) was born in Germany. In 1885, Mr. Templeton, in company with F. O. Oaks and T. A. Cunningham, pur- chased 4,000 acres of land of the Moro Cojo rancii, made extensive improvements on the same, and the purchase was recently divided between the partners, Mr. Templeton tak- ing 380 acres, upon which he has put out about 3,000 fruit trees, erected new and com- modious buildings and otherwise made great improvements. His estate lies in a fertile and picturesque county, especially adapted to fruit culture. I^AMUEL M. BLACK, a well-known twl f'l'''^^^'' of Blanco, Monterey county, '''^ has been a resident of California since 1861. He is a native of New Yurk, having been born at Auburn, Cayuga county, No- vember 23, 1840. His father, Robert Black, was a farmer, who reared his sons to that calling. Upon coming to California, our subject engaged in tiie occupation he had been reared to near Sacramento, in 1861. As the Sac- ramento river flooded his section of the country and retarded work, he left that local- ity and engaged lor a time in mining. He also visited Nevada and Montana in 1864, but in the fall of 1867 he returned to Cali- fornia and located in the Salinas valley, near Castroville, where he leased lands of the Cooper ranch, and there farmed until he MONTE RET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, purchased his present farm of 100 acres, at Blanco. In addition to this farm he owns a stock ranp;e of 368 acres. Mr. Black was Supervisor of Monterey county one term, which lasted six years, — from 1869 to 1875. He has also been Clerk of the Board of Trus- tees for Blanco district for many years. In September, 1869, our subject was mar- ried to Amelia Warth, a daughter of William Wartl), deceased, who lived and died at Blanco, after coming from Germany, of which country he was a native. He located in California in 1864, and his daughter, Mrs. Black, was only an infant when he made his settlement here. She was born in Germany just before the trip was begun, which carried the parents and little ones to this great land of freedoni and plenty. Mr. and Mrs. Black have nine children, namely: William, Rob- ert, Elizabeth, Amelia, James, Samuel, Clara, Marguerite and Ethel. Mr. and Mrs. Black are substantial people and enjoy the respect of their fellow-citizens. fL. NASH, a well-known farmer of Hollister, came to California in 1853, ® from his native state of Maine, where he was born in Washington county, January 22, 1839. The journey to California was made with his father, Shaw Nash, and upon arrival the father and son went to the mines and en- gaged in that perilous and fascinating pur- suit until 1864, when they located in the Santa Clara valley and engaged in farming at Warm Springs. They removed therefrom to Hollister, in 1869, where our subject has since resided, pursuing his calling of farming very successfully. Besides his home in Hol- lister, Mr. Nash owns 300 acres two and one-half miles southeast of Hollister, and another tract of 300 acres three miles west of the same city. Mr. Nash was married, July 25, 1866, at Warm Springs, to Miss Perthina N. Gates, a daughter of Edward Cates, a native of Maine. Mr. and Mrs. Nash are highly respected in Hollister, where they have resided for so many years, and where Mr. Nash has amassed a small fortune. HARLES R. FEW, an active and suc- cessful business man of Monterey, is a native of London, England, where he was born August 4, 1853. He spent his boyhood and youth in the metropolis of the world, and there received a liberal education. Mr. Few left his native city in 1884, for America, landing in New York city, after a safe voyage, whence he proceeded to Cali- fornia, reaching San Francisco in Decem- ber of the same year. He came to Mon- terey, intending to adopt the dairy business as a calling. In order to become familiar with the business he engaged on a dairy farm in the Carmel valley, but after three years on this farm changed his intention and engaged in the livery business, with Charles Norton as partner. This business they continued in Monterey from 1888 to 1889, when Mr. Few purchased his partner's interest and has since been the sole owner of the Club stables. He was married April 17, 1888, to Miss Agatha M. Hilby, a native daughter of Cali- fornia and second child of Francis M. (de- ceased) and Katherine (Kissler) Hilby. Mrs. Few is possessed of many feminine graces, takes a lively interest in society matters and presides over one of the finest private resi- dences in Monterey county. AJS'D SAN MATMO UOUNTIES. 235 No citizen has more liberally invested his capital in local enterprises and more thor- oughly identified himself with the business growth of his chosen home than Charles R. Few. He is a stockholder in the Bank of Monterey and the California State Savings Bank, is stockholder, director and secretary of the Monterey Electric Light and Develop- ment Company. He is a director and sec- cretary of the Pacific Coast Live-stock Asso- iation, and director and secretary of the Monterey Board of Trade. This gentleman is genial and gentlemenly in his manner, social in his daily intercourse with his fellow-citizens. He has an inherent love of sport of all kinds and is consequently popular with the masses, which, combined witli his hard business sense, in a large measure unfolds the secret of his success. :1LLIAM C. ASIIER, one of the nimn ^"cnerable pioneers of this coast, was l^^^s^ born in Madison county, Kentucky, December 19, 1810. In 1830 he removed from his native State to Missouri, which place continued to be his home until 1849, In May of that year, on the second day of the month, he started overland for Cali- fornia, traveling with ox teams like the other emigrants that made their way across the plains and mountains at that period. He entered the Golden State by the Lassen route, and the first dinner lie took in California was where Senator Stanford's vineyard is now located. He visited Shasta county, Sacra- mento, and other points, and arrived in Ne- vada City on the last day of 1849, In the fall of 1850 he engaged in mining, and the following spring began teaming. From that he turned his attention to the hotel business. His hotel was burned in 1852. Kcit discour- aged, however, he bought another the same week of the fire, and conducted the business until 1853, when he sold out. About that time he was appointed Under Sheriff of Ne- vada county, and served as such till 1855. In 1856 he was reapptiinted to the same })osition, serving under William Butterfield until 1858. He also acted as jailer, and at one time came near being killed hy one of his prisoners who struck him on the head with a bar of iron. He subsequently served as jailor for Sheriff Boing. In 1859 Mr. Asher left Nevada City for South Yuba river Bridge, where he remained until 1869, and while there came near losing his life by a premature explosion in blasting rock. Next we find him at San Joaquin, engaged in build- ing a levee. He then returned to South River Bridge. Since 1870 he has been a resident of Ilollister, San Benito county, and during these years has been variously occu- pied ; served as Road Supervisor two years and as Constable two years; was engaged in the poultry business from 1874 till 1877. He was then called on to nurse some diphtheria cases, and was engaged in nursing until 1880. He then turned his attention to ranch- ing, and at times also nursed some. In 1887 he was elected Justice of the Peace for the city of Hollister, and is now occupying this position. Mr. Asher is unmarried. §0N JACINTO RODRIGUEZ was born January 12, 1815, in the Pajaro valley, -^„ Santa Cruz county, on which place is now situated the prosperous city of Watson- ville. His father, Don Sebastian Kodriguez being then the owner of a vast tract of land MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, consisting of thousands of acres abont and in tlie immediate vicinity of Watson ville. Our subject removed to Monterey soon after the death of his father and was soun very prominent in tlie affairs of the capital of Alta California, Monterey. It will be re- membered that education was very limited in tlie early days in California, but Jacinto applied himself, under the tuition of his father and was soon able to master the Spanish language, in which he learned to read, write and keep accounts. These accomplishments secured him a position in the customhouse, under the Mexican Government, wliich posi- tion he retained until California became a part of the Union. Don Rodriguez was a member of the first constitutional convention, which convened in Monterey, July 3, 1850, and gave California her first organic law under American rule. In 1847, he commenced the creation of a noble house on what is now the corner of Alvarado and Franklin streets, and in one year succeeded in building one story of the house and putting on aslight roof of shingles. The price of lumber was so very high and wages demanded by carpenters so great that it was several years before the house was completed. It was then considered one of the mansions of the city, and unlike the others of its kind the rooms were large and light. In 1848, he married Miss Pergrina Pinto, daughter of Don Rafael and Donna Mana Ygnacia Amador de Pinto, and they had five children, four sons and one daughter, all of whom are dead excepting the second son. Charles H. Rodriguez; he and his mother are the surviving members of the family. They are at present living in the same adobe building that was built in 1848, the son hav- ing been employed as bookkeeper for the Pacific Live Stock Mutual Protection Asso- ciation of Monterey, and at present clerk in the law office of Messrs. Parker & Nougues, Salinas city, the county seat of Monterey county. In 1880, Don Jacinto Rodriguez died, leaving considerable property behind hira, on the principal business street in Monterey, he havin purchased the property formerly be- longing to Curtis & Conover, on which was built tlie first brick store in the city, in 1857. He purcliased this property at the time the county-seat was removed to Salinas city, pay- in j a small price for the same; but to-day it is considerably enhanced in value, and it is all in the possession of the family and there is no incumbrance on it, whatever. This is but a brief history of one of the old families of California, who have ever proved themselves brave and true citizens of one of the largest States in this glorious Union. fO. NASH, M. D., has been a resident of California since 1874, and of Hollis- jt^ " ter. He is a native of Columbia, Wash- incrton county, Maine, born August 28, 1841. He spent his boyhood in his native town, and later at Machias, in the same State, in which he laid the foundation of his education. He took a course of two years' study at Amherst College, Massachusetts, in the class of 1867, having taken a classical course. His medical education was received at Bowdoin College, from which he received his diploma in 1868. In 1873 he entered the regular army as surgeon, and during his term of service, which lasted about two years, he was one of the expedition that fixed the boundai-y line between British Columbia and the United States. AND SiiN MATEO COUNTIES. Upon his arrival in California he located in Hollister, wiiere he has since resided and successfully practiced his profession. During the years of 1885 and 1886 he served his county as CoroQer and Public Administrator. With the exception of 1882 and 1883 he has resided continuously at Hollister. He was Surgeon at New Idria mines during 1882-'83. His marriage occurred in 1878, when he was united to Miss Ida JVl. Ladd, and they have two children, Francis L. and Flor- ence M. fTEPHEN CASTRO, of Castroville, is a member of a family whose historic name, in the annals of California, is legion. He is the son of Don Jose Francisco and .Narcisa (Soto) De Castro, honored citizens of Monterey. Our subject was born in Monte- rey county, on the Pilarcitos ranch, January 12, 1860, and was reared in his native county. Mr. Castro is a fine type of the Spanish Cali- fornian, both in physique and in his uniform kindness of heart and genial manner. Our subject took unto himself a wife in the person of Miss Marie Mardocco, a daugh- ter of Don Pedro Mardocco, an honored citi- zen of Watsonville, and the ceremony was performed on the 4th of September, 1889, in Castroville. Mr. and Mrs. Castro have two daughters, one named for her grandmother, Teresa Narcisa, and the other Anna. Since 1886 Mr. Castro has been the trusted agent for the "Wells, Fargo Express Company, and United States mail carrier at Castroville, in which latter position he is universally popu- lar, and in both positions he continues to give entire satisfaction. The father of our subject, Jose Francisco, was a son of Simeon Castro, a prominent figure iu the early days of California, and grantee of the Bolso Nuevo and Moro Oojo ranches. He held numerous responsible pub- lic positions, and reared a large family, of whom Don Juan B. Castro, uncle to the sub- ject of this sketch, is one member. A more complete account of this illustrious family may be found elsewhere in this work. fDWAKD SPENCEK JOSSELYN was born December 7, 1827, iu the town of Duxbury, Plymouth county, Massachu- setts. He remained at the place of his birth, receiving a common-school education, until the year 1842, when he entered upon a sea- farincr life and sailed to the ports of the At- lantic and Indian oceans. He continued in that trade until the year 1849, when he sailed from the port of Boston as second officer of the ship Raritan,for San Francisco, via Cape Horn, and arrived at his destination in the spring of 1850. Immediately he assumed command of the vessel and sailed out of the San Francisco harbor for different ports on the California coast, and in the year 1858 he made his first voyage to Tahiti, one of the Society islands. In 1863 he sailed for Boston by way of Panama, and there took charge of the ship Thomas Woodard, and sailed along the coast of South America, doubling Cape Horn, visiting the port of Valparaiso, and again the Society islands. He returned to San Francisco and made that his terminal point for the succeeding two years. In 1865 he repeated the former trip to Boston, and there he built and equipped the brig Percy Edward, and sailed as her master for San Francisco, passing through the straits of Magellan on his outward voy- 238 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SAhTA GRUZ, age, and arriving at his destination in 1866. In the next three years lie sailed from San Francisco to Japan and China in the tea trade, and to Java in the coft'ee trade. In 1874 he permanently located in Monterey, Calitornia, and permanently abandoned the sea. lie has served one term in the State Legislature, and is a man well known in this locality. Captain Josselyn was initiated as an Appren- ticed Mason, and was made a Master Mason in 1860, in Oceanic Lodge of F. & A. M., at Tahiti, under the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of France. He demitted therefrom, February 21, 1871, and affiliated with the Occidental Lodge, No. 22, at San Francisco, Calitornia, May 6, 1872. He demitted from the latter lodge, February 7, 1876, and affili- ated with the Monterey Lodge, No. 217, at Monterey, April 8, 1876, of which he is still a member. He was admitted through the various degrees of the order, and was knighted Red Cross, August 1, 1885, and Templar and Knight of Malta, August 15 of the same year, in Watsonville, California, Commandery No. 22, of which he is still a member. April 19, 1888, he was elected an active member of the Masonic Veteran Association of the Pacific coast. The father of our subject was the Rev. Aaron Josselyn, of Duxbury, Massachu- setts, a clergyman of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, and by trade a watchmaker. He was a native of Duxbury, born in 1804, and followed his profession about forty years. He represented his town three times in the State Legislature, and later was for two terms Chaplain of the Legislature. He died in 1887, at the age of eighty- three years. His wife was Miss Ann Binney, of Hull, the daughter of Spencer Binney, who was one of the original owners of the Boston town site. He had been the owner of 114 acres of Bos- ton common, which he gave to the city as a cow pasture only, and it served that purpose for many years. He was a farmer, and Bos- ton common was a part of his farm. Captain Josselyn of this notice is the second oldest of a family of seven children, of whom one brother, Joseph, is still living in California. Three of the others died in this State. Our subject was married August 2, 1863, to Miss Caroline Sears, a native of Duxbury, Massachusetts, a descendant of the Wads- worths. She was a daughter of Hannah Wadsworth, who was born in the old Miles Standish house, of Duxbury. Two sons and one daughter of Captain Josselyn are living, and they are: Spencer Binney, of Boston; Edward Lyman, a merchant of Monterey; and Caroline E. fHAW NASH, deceased, one of the hon- ored pioneers of 1853, is the lamented subject of this brief sketch. He was a lumberman and shipbuilder in Maine, but in 1853 crossed the water to California, by the way of Panama, and with two of his sons, E. ft. and P. L. Nash, engaged in mining, where the former and eldest of the two died. Later Mrs. Nash and two younger children came to California to join the husband and father, and the family then made them a home in Alameda county, where the youngest, a beautiful girl of fifteen summers, passed away, and another chair was left vacant. They finally located at HoUister, where the father and mother both died. Mr. G. S. Nash, the son who came to this country with the itiother' still resides in San Benito county, where he is well known and highly esteemed, as is also AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. his only surviving brother, Mr. P. L. Nash. Mr. G. S. Nash was born in Washington county, Maine, April 3, 1842, and therefore was but eigiiteen years of age when he made his trip to the great West. In 1871 he re^ moved to HoUister, and has remained there ever since, carrying on farming on an exten- sive scale. He owns one of the finest farms in that vicinity, consisting of about 100 acres. He also owns 255 acres in the fertile Santa Ana valley, east of HoUister. He married, at his native home, Miss Le- titia Gates, a native of Washington county, Maine, an old schoolmate of his. She is a lady of tine domestic tastes and social culture-. Two children still brighten their home, and two are deceased. Those living are Erastus G. and Carrie A. The entire family are higiily appreciated by their host of friends. ;ILLIAM STIRLING, a substantial and esteemed citizen of Castroville, (Jalitbrnia, is a native of Scotland, having been born at Glasgow, in 1835. He left the land of his birth and came to Amer- ica in 1857, locating at Glencoe, Ekfrid town- ship, Ontario, Canada, where he remained and pursued farming for about ten years. In 1867 he came to the great Golden State, via the Isthmus of Panama, arriving in the city of San Francisco, November 3, 1867. Although by profession Mr. Stirling is a weaver, having learned his trade in a seven years' apprenticeship with his father, and thoroughly understands his work, he has adopted farming as his calling. The first two years of his residence in this county was spent on the farm of John Martin, Esq., at Carmel, a few miles from Monterey. After that he next engaged for six years on the Estrada rancho, in the Salinas valley. In November, 1876, he located on the Cooper ranch at Castroville, where he has since re- mained. The father of our subject, John Stirling, came to this State with his son, the mother having died in April, 1853. By profession he was a weaver, at which trade lie earned his living. He was a native of Scotland, born in 1799, and was eighty-five years of age at the time of his death, July 26, 1884. Mr. Stirling was married in Scotland, in January, 1857, to Miss Jane MacNaughton, by whom he has four children, namely : Mag- gie, now Mrs. B. E. Cahoon, of the Laureles rancho; Nellie, now Mrs. Charles Whitcher, of Castroville; John W., foreman of the Spery Mills, located at Salinas; and Duncan, a teacher in the public schools of Monterey county, — a brief mention of whom appears elsewhere in this work, — the three youngest children, Nellie, John and Duncan, being graduates of the State Normal School at San Jose. Our subject and his estimable wife may justly be proud of their fine family, and few people are so nicely situated in their de- clining years as they. fA. CREPIN, M. D., is one of the prominent and influential citizens of * San Benito county, California. He has been a resident of the State since 1876, and of HoUister since 1881. Upon arrival on the Pacific coast he spent four years in San Luis Obispo, where he practiced his profession. He was born in Valenciennes, in the north of France, on November 30, 1841, came to America, with his parents, when only fourteen years of age. The father, Andrew Crepin, was a merciiant in his na- MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA ORUZ, tive land, but when be came to America he engaged in farming, at Dubuque, Iowa. Dr. Crepin is the youngest of a family of four and received the rudiments of his education in the College of Notre Dame, of Valenciennes. He studied medi- cine in St. Louis, Missouri, at the medical college of that place. In 1867 he became connected with St. Louis city hospital and later practiced medicine at Dubuque, Iowa, and other points in the Mississippi valley. Since his residence at Hollister he haa been favored with a most extensive professional practice and has thoroughly identified him- self with the business interests of the county. He holds stock in the recently established banking house of Hollister and is likewise interested in the Hollister Water Works, the Hollister Gas Works, the Electric Light and Power Company and Irrigating Company. He responds promptly to any demand made upon him as a citizen of Hollister that tends to the dtvelopment and public good of the community. Dr. Crepin was married, in Lansing, Iowa, to JVliss Mary McKeogh, and they have two accomplished daughters, Emilie and Celia. These two worthy people enjoy the esteem and respect of all who know thero. ^^Efr A. ANDERSON, of Salinas, is a na- WwH ^^^® ^°° ^^ ^^^ " Golden State," L*=§s^ ® having been born at Santa Cruz, June 30, 1852. His father, William J. Anderson, was an important figure in the early history of Cali- fornia. He came to the coast as early as 1837, as an English sailor on a whaling ves- sel. In Larkin's notes he is referred to as one of Graham's self-made men, and in 1840 one of the exiles to San Bias. He returned, however, to California and successfully prosecuted a claim for damages. He was granted a car carta, and in 1842 married a Miss Espinosa. He then ran a soap manu- factory and flour mill on the Salinas plains, but sold both establishments in 1842. He then removed to Santa Cruz and there held the oflice of alcalde in 1849. In 1854 he removed to Monterey and followed his trade of mechanic there, and is said to have laid the first roof upon the old Monterey custom- house. He has four sons and two daughters, of whom the subject of this sketch is the oldest. Mr. W. A. Anderson was a man of intelligence and skill in his trade and en- joyed the respect and esteem of all who knew him. Our subject remained in Monterey until July, 1862, following his trade of contracting carpenter and builder, when he removed to Salinas Valley, and in 1868 located in Castroville, until 1890, when he removed to Salinas. He was elected in the campaign of 1890, Assessor of Monterey county, and therefore removed to Salinas to assume the duties of his otiice, which at this writing, 1892, he still retains. In 1871, he married Miss Inez, a daughter of the late Jose Boronda, of whom mention is made elsewhere in thi* volume. Eight children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Anderson, four girls and four boys. Mr. Anderson is an estimable gentleman and has proved a faithful official. ^ENRY BARDIN.— The subject of this ^^ sketch has the honor of being the ^c(| seventh born in a family which is well known throughout California, that of Mr. OA¥fl D JACKS. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. James Bardin, deceased. Our subject is a native of Mississippi, where he was born December 20, 1853, and consequently was but two years of age wlien the family re- moved to the " Grolden State," in 1855. (A full account of the settlement of the family at Blanco is given elsewhere in this book). Henry grew up on his father's estate, and January 10, 1883, he married Miss Martha Thompson, a daughter of Martin J. Thomp- son, and a native of California, having been born in Sonora, Sacramento county. She has born her husband three children, namely: Roy, Hazel and Ethel. Mr. and Mrs. Bardin reside on tlieir beau- tiful home, situated three miles from Salinas city, consisting of 250 acres of choice land. Mr. Bardin enjoys the respect of his fellow- citizens and is a thoroughly reliable gentle- man. .^.. ^ . S .. ; . g ..... §AVID JACKS was born in Crieff, Perth- shire, Scotland, in 1822. His ancestors were French Huguenots. He came to New York in August, 1841, and engaged as clerk in a store, first at Williamsburg, and then at Fort Hamilton, where he remained till 1848 in a large mercantile and manufact- uring establishment. His employer, who was a very capable business man, was the inspector of all the wagons and harness bought by the Government in that market for use in the war with Mexico, and who, like 80 many others, under similar circum- stances, was inclined to extend favors to the army officers at Fort Hamilton, expecting that those favors would be returned in some form, thereby placing officers, by implication at least, under some sort of obligations to him. Captain Robert E. Lee, who was then stationed at the furt, and who had, in his official capacity, large dealings at this store, preferred always to deal with Mr. Jacks, and studiously avoided the proprietor. So thor- oughly honest was he that he shrank from laying himself under obligations to any one in any manner that might in the least inter- fere with the conscientious discharge of his duties to the Government us a purchasing agent. Thus Mr. Jacks came to know him well, and to admire very highly his nobleness of character. James C. Flood, in after years a miner and banker in California, learned the carriage- maker's trade at this establishment where Mr. Jacks was employed, working there three years or more. As the clerks had all they could do, young Flood, after his days work was done in the shop, would often come in and help them, which kindness on his part they greatly appreciated. About this time the commissary sergeant of a company of the United States Army, which had been ordered to California, needed a competent assistant to help him to keep his accounts correctly, and he engaged Mr. Jacks to go with him in that capacity. Having about the same time read a letter in the New York Herald, from Rev. Walter Colton, a chaplain of the Navy, stationed at Monterey, and holding some civil office there, giving definite information about the gold discoveries, Mr. Jacks concluded to invest his earnings, amounting to $1,400 or $1,500, in goods which he thought would sell out there. He sailed with the company on the Sea Queen from New York for San Francisco, December 14, 1848, stopping at Rio De Janeiro and Valparaiso, at both of which places they were shown gold from the new Eldorado, the nuggets exhibited at Rio de Janeiro having been brought overland from Valparaiso. MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, 6.1NTA CRUZ, He arrived at San Francisco in April, 1849, where he disposed of his goods in forty-eight hours, realizing about $4,000. Revolvers costing 318 in New York readily sold in San Franciso for §50. He loaned his money at one and one-half per cent per month (the rates of interest ranging at that time from one to five per cent per month), the party keeping it upward of two years, when he paid up in full. Mr. Jacks was employed in San Francisco as an inspector in the customhouse at SlOO per month, his duties being performed mostly on ship-board, as there were no wharves then, cargoes being discharged by means of flat-bottomed lighters. Lighter- men received §8 per day, and were scai-ce at that, as nearly everybody had gone to the mines. (Jn the 11th of October, 1849, Mr. Jacks and two other young men had their supplies of clothing and provisions ready to start on the following day for Sacramento and the mines. During that night the rain com- menced and continued three days and three nights. Reports came from Sacramento and the upper country that teams could not haul provisions from Sacramento to the mines; that the roads were so bad, or the ground was so soft from the heavy rains as to be im- passable for teams. Flour, bacon, beans, etc., in the mines, went up to three times the prices they were worth before the rains. And so Mr. Jacks gave up all notion of going to the mines — then or afterward. The semi-monthly arrival of the Pacific mail steamers was quite an important event in those times in San Francisco. Once Mr. Jacks says he went to the post ofiice at four o'clock in the morning, and took his place at the end of a long line, and there remained — the postmaster being very short of help — till the post office closed, with still a number of persons ahead of him I There were so few women in San Francisco at that time that if one walked along the streets the men would watch her, of course in a deferential way, and when she had passed them they would turn round and stare at her till she was out of sight, so great a novelty was the sight of a woman in those days I They could also see a few French women in the gambling houses, which were then numerous, and often gor- geously equipped, even when located in large tents or other temporary structures. Mr. Jacks arrived at Monterey on the first day of January, 1850, and he has made his home here ever since. He came on the steamer California, the fare from San Francisco being $25; the steamer was bound for Panama, and Monterey was one of her stopping places. Monterey at that period was the headquarters of the Tenth Military Department, which in- cluded all of California and Oregon, and which was under the command of Brigadier-General Bennett Riley. Mr. Jacks well remembers most of the young officers who were then stationed at this point. Among them were: Captain H. S. Burton of Company F of the Third Artillery, afterward in command at Fortress Monroe; Lieutenants Ord and Hamil- ton; Captain fl. W. Halleck, who afterward became general of the army in the Civil war, was General Riley's chief engineer, and iu fact most of the duties of the governor's office devolved on him; Captain Kane was quartermaster, and Lieutenant Sully was commissary of subsistence; Major Canby, with his wife and adopted daughter, was here then, and was Riley's Adjutant-General; Lieu- tenant Derby, afterward widely known as the genial and witty humorist " John Phoenix," was stationed here; also Lieutenant Steele, who was with a company of infantry, and AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. Captain Lyon, was in command of another infantry company; there was also a Captain Wescott; and Captain Baldwin, was in cliarge of ordnance. Captain W. T. Sherman was here occasionally at that period. Some 300 head of horses and mules be- longing to the United States, nnder charge of Mr. Jacks, were kept on the San Francis- qnito rancho, about twenty-four miles south- east of Monterey. Expeditions consisting of a small force, well armed, with wagons and supplies, etc., were sent out into the interior (Tulare and San Joaquin valleys), for the purpose of making known to the Indians that there was a government or military force in the country which would make itself re- spected. Of course tliere were lively times in Mon- terey then, as the United States had consider- able military forces stationed here, and large sums of money were disbursed. Gold dust, Spanish doubloons or ounce pieces, and Mexi- can silver dollars were very abundant. Mr. Jacks clerked for nearly two years, at a salary of $2,000 a year, for James McKinley, who had a large grocery and dry-goods store. The traders from the Mariposa mines came to Monterey to buy goods, bringing each from fifty to 150 pack mules, usually pur- chasing from S'6,000 to $8,000 worth of goods at a time, and paying for the same in gold- dust, which usually was received at $16 per ounce, and which the Monterey merchants sent to New York, where they generally realized about $18 per ounce, net. In the latter part of 1851, Mr. Jacks en. gaged in farming, though with indifferent success, in the Carmel valley, hiring men to work the land. In 1854 he personally took hold of the business of raising potatoes, pay- ing from six and one-half to seven and one- half cents per pound for seed potatoes at Santa Cruz, employing western farm hands at 180 per month and board; also Carmel mission Indians, who were excellent workers, at $40 per month and board. From twenty- two sacks of seed potatoes left over after planting, which he sent to San Francisco, he realized $252 net, over and above expenses, including $20 a ton freight and twelve per cent commission. But the results from the planting were not quite so encouraging. Three speculators came to Carmel, in June of that year (1854), offering or proposing to buy from $20,000 to $40,000 worth of "spuds" at two cents a pound, deliverable in November or December following at Mon- terey, in storehouse or on the wharf; but they finally concluded a contract with Mr. Jacks for 18,000 worth, on the same terms. Jacks was the only man who would sell at this price, because potatoes had been sold that spring at from three and one-half to seven and one-half cents per pound. In the out- come, this syndicate paid Jacks the $8,000 as agreed, hut never took a potato, although he delivered them all at the warehouse accord- ing to contract! but they afterward hired him to haul them off and throw them away. Subsequently, two young men came to to Jacks and contracted for the delivery, at one and three-fourth cents per pound, in the spring (1855), of 300,000 pounds of spuds, paying one-half the money down. They never paid the balance and never took the spuds away. These last buyers, Mr. Jacks was informed, "hedged" by selling the potatoes and receiv- ing the same amount of money they paid Jacks; but as he was not aware of this hedg- ing, and supposing that the original buyers still owned the goods, he had pity on them and did not insist on their complying with the balance of their contract. He sold that MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA ORUZ, season |20,000 worth of potatoes, and came out about $500 short; expenses, including high wages, etc., ate up everything. He continued farming in 1855, planting potatoes, bayo beans and barley. All of these brought excellent prices and he cleared this season, ending in the spring of 1856, about $8,000. During the preceding three years, hogs had been going up in value, and he had meanwhile gathered about 300 head, some of which were iine-biooded English stock, which had cost him from $50 to |80 a piece. The entire lot had cost him in the aggregate be- tween $2,500 and |3,000, but as he made up his mind to visit his old home in Scotland, he offered them for $1,000, without finding a buyer; but finally sold them all for |50, as they were "eating their heads off," in barley, worth in the market four and one-half cents per pound, and besides, if he left them he would become responsible for any damage wiiich they might cause to his neighbors. He thereupon quit farming and went to Scot- land, remaining there twelve months, visiting his mother and sister. In a little more than two years, the parties who had bought these hogs realized about $4,000 for them. Mr. Jacks returned to Monterey from his visit to Scotland, in the latter part of 1857. He took personal charge again of his exten- sive business — having left it, during his absence, in the hands of agents — and con- tinued to loan money, or to carry on one line of a banking business without actually hav- ing a banking house. He says he was averse to purchasing lands as he considered he was not so well adapted to their management as to the management of money; his policy being like that of most savings banks in loaning money, to get the interest and principal, and not to get land ; although often, as with them, he was compelled to take lands which he did not want. He says that about 1860, having a mortgage for money loaned on five and one-half leagues of latid, he com- promised to receive only three and one-half leagues, leaving two leagues to the mort- gagors, which would all have been absorbed by foreclosure at the then very low price of land. In fact, he afterward offered these lands again and again at seventy-five cents per acre without finding purchasers. There- fore, in spite of his adoption of this policy in his business of loaning money, as has so often happened with others, in the course of years he has come to be a large land owner. THE NAEEOW-GAUGE KAILEOAD. The Monterey and Salinas Valley railroad, narrow gauge (the pioneer railroad enter- prise of Monterey county), was built in 1874, by the business men of Monterey and the farmers of Salinas valley. When com- pleted and ready to be operated, having two locomotives, and two passenger coaches, and eight box cars, and forty flat cars, the cost of the same was about $360,000; and, the farmers being unable to borrow the amounts of money necessary to pay up their sub- scriptions to the capital stock, Mr. Jacks borrowed $75,000 on his ranchos, " Chualar " and " Zanjones." Of this sum he put $25,- 000 into the company, and loaned most of the balance to other stockholders. He also acted as treasurer for the company about twenty months, disbursing all funds received, amounting to some $250,000, for which serv- ices he never received one cent. He sank over $40,000 in this road, which was finally sold to the Southern Pacitic Company. This latter corporation converted it into a broad- gauge road, connecting it with their general continental system, and giving, instead of one AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 245 train a day, two trains and sometimes three trains daily, between San Francisco and Monterey. PACIFIC GEOVE. The presiding elders of the San Francisco Methodist Episcopal Conference having con- ferred with Mr. Jacks in May, 1875, with reference to a suitable seaside location for holding annual camp-meetings, he suggested the site where the town of Paciiic Grove now stands, and Bisliop Peck anving purposes after paying a visit to Bonnie Brae farm, which lies across the San Benito river, two and one half miles west of Hollister. The owners of this now celebrated property are Messrs. Cunningham, Curtis & Welch, of New York and San Francisco. Previously to 1888, the firm owned prop- erty in Santa Clara county, but having sold it they must needs look about the State to find another location suitable for horticultural purposes, but where land could be purcliased at a low figure. Their attention having been called to San Benito county, the firm sent hitiier the superintendent of their Santa Clara ranch, Mr. J. A. Scholefield, the subject of this sketch, who made a thorough ex- amination of the Hollister valley as a whole, and this property in particular, with regard to the probable successful cultivation of fruit. He tested the soil, obtained statistics as re- gards rainfall; summer and winter tempera- ture, etc , and finally reported to the company, that although fruit trees had never been planted in the locality, that the soil and cli- mate were eminently adapted for horticulture, and he was convinced that fruit trees would thrive and bear as well here as in any portion of California. His report was accepted, and what was known as the McCroskey ranch, of 365 acres, was purchased. The work of pre- paring the ground commenced at once. On February 7, the work of laying off the ground was begun, and by March 1 about 10,000 trees were planted, finished just before the heavy rain of the season. Twenty acres of apricots (Moorpark and Hemskirk), five acres of peaches (Foster, Newhall, Sal way and Muir), ten acres of Bartlett pears, two acres of cherries (Black Tartarean, Royal Ann, Governor Wood and Rockport Rigarreau), ten acres of apples (Rhode Island greening, Violet, Baldwin and Newtown pippin), 500 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, silver prunes, 100 Adriatic figs, twenty acres of French prunes, twenty-five Pntparturiens walnuts and 700 Ficholine olives, were planted; also fifteen acres of wine grapes, seven and one-half acres each of the Cabernet Franc and Carrignane varieties. The second year the planting continued, until tliere are now 150 acres planted. The place contains now: 2,500 apricot trees, 750 peach, 1,500 pear, 300 cherries, 1,500 apple, 1,000 silver prune, 2,500 French prune, 500 plum prune, 600 almond, 1,000 walnut, 300 pecan, 150 fig, 250 chestnut, 800 olive. The growth of the young trees, ail of which are, as any one who is initiated will re- cognize, very choice and each a staple fruit. Being very much rushed, the care bestowed on the young orchard was only common, nothing scientific, though thorough. Yet the result has been marvelous. While in many localities of the State the percentage of loss of young trees was heavy, Bonnie Brae farm lost less than three-fourths of one per cent the first season. The young trees have been pruned and repruned, so rapidly has the new wood grown. Though not quite three years old, at the present time (1892) the orchard has the appearance of being al- most twice tliat age. As a two-year old, it bore heavily, Mr. Scholefield being obliged to pick ofif a large amont of fruit in order to save the young trees. This coming season the orchard will be four years old and much of the fruit will be allowed to remain on the ti-ees and ripen. This orchard, the first one of any extent in the valley, has proven beyond a doubt how fully this country meets all the requirements of a fruit-producing region. The orchard is situated in the San Juan valley, which belongs largely to Dr. Thomas Flint, who is subdivid- ing it and putting it on sale. As yet, fruit- growing there is but an infant industry, and is just emerging, as it were, from an experi- mental period. San Benito county is now able to take its stand among the other fruit- producing counties of the State, and will aid them in meeting the constantly increasing demand for California fruit, — a demand that is increasing marvelously, not only in Amer- ica, but in all civilized countries where fruits, preserv >d and dried, are coming to be re- garded, not so much as luxuries, but as ne- cessities. In a year or two, Bonnie Brae farm will add its quota to the tons of fruit that are being shipped from Central Cali- fornia. Besides horticulture, Bonnie Brae farm is also devoted largely to fine stock, there being on it a herd of about fifty thorough- bred Holstein cattle, the original stock of which was imported from Pennsyl- vania, and the bull at the head of the herd from New York. At the recent annual State fair, at Sacramento, the herd had four entries, secured one first and two second premiums. It also has one of the finest poultry yards in this section of the State, includino' the hio-h- est grade of domestic fowls. The able superintendent of this vast entei-- prise is J. A. Scholefield, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Scholefield is a native of Ger- many, and came to America in 1866, when only seventeen years of age, iiaving been born November 18, 1848. His father, M. H. Scholefield, was a wholesale merchant in the city of Hamburg. Our subject was very poor when he landed in America, but possessed one faculty that eventually was of more benefit to him than mere riches would have been, that of cultivat- ing and caring for fruits and plants. He had studied and labored in the field of scien- tific horticulture from his youth up, and AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 251 located in Grundy county, Iowa, where he re- mained for about fifteen years. In 1882 he came to California to take charge of a ranch for John Campbell, in Santa Clara county. Mr. Scholetield was married in Indiana, in 1888, to Miss Celia Zimmerman, a native of Ohio, and two children have been born to them, namely: Crighton W. and Arthur H. fAMUEL BLACK, a repected citizen of Castroville, has been a resident of Cali- fornia, since 1863. He is a native of Indiana, born in Posey county, January 15, 1821. His father, .lames Black, was a native of North Carolina, and a pioneer of Indiana, having located in Pusey county at an early day, where he lived and died. He was a miller by trade and occupa- tion, and built one of the first grist mills in Southern Indiana. Samuel Black was there- fore reared a miller. In March, 1846, he was united in marriage witli Nancy A. Stall- ing, a native of Indiana. The earlier years of his life Mr. Black de- voted to milling in Indiana. In 1863 he came to California. He engaged in the mill- ing business at Los Gatos until 1869. He was also at Soquel, Merced Falls and So- noma. Then he came to Castroville, and has since resided here. He and his son, Victor D., purchased the Castroville mills in 1880, of Mr. George Chalmers, and in 1887 sold the same to the Central Milling Compmy. The machinery was soon removed therefrom, and Mr Black repurchased the building and ground. He has introduced a I)arley-crush- ing mill into the building, and propels the same with a gasoline engine, the first engine of the kind used for a like purpose in Monte- rey county. Following are the children born to Mr. and Mrs. Black, three of wliom are living: H. C, born May 18, 1848, now of Oakland; Julius, born May 1, 1850, died July 10, 1852; Julia A., born January 20, 1853, was married June 1, 1870, to Professor J. G. Kennedy, of San Francisco. She died Janu- ary 14, 1874, leaving one daughter, Julia May, born January 7, 1874. Victor D., born August 11, 1855, is superintendent for the Central Milling Company, at Salinas; Esther, born April 14, 1858, is now Mrs. J. R. Cran- dall, of 46 Liberty street, San Francisco. Mr. and Mrs. Black are among the most highly respected people of Monterey county, and live in comparative retirement at Cas- troville. fG. HARDWICK, a resident of Pai- cines and a pioneer of the Golden ** State, is well known in the agricultural and political circles of San Benito county. He came to California in 1853 from Edgar county, Illinois, crossing the plains with a regulation, early-time, overland outfit, and coming over the mountains via the northern route. Mr. Hardwick was born in Greenup county, Kentucky, April 20, 1835. His father, J. W. Hardwick, a farmer and stock-raiser, came to California in 1850; merchandised at Coloma and Placerville, and returned East in 1851 for his family. In 1853 he brought his family to California, located in Eagle Gulch, Plumas county, and transferred his business to that point. Two years later he moved to Santa Clara to educate his children, and bought a ranch near San Jose. In 1872 he came to San Benito county, lived two years on Tres Pinos creek and then settled in Hollister, where he died in 1878. Of his six children. MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, four are living, viz.: Lucinda, wife of G. W. Moody; J. S., of Virginia City,-Nevada-, J.^ H., of Helena, Montana; and N. G. His wife, nee Lovey Pngh, a native of Virginia, died in Hollister in 1877. N. G. Hardwiek has been a life-long farmer and stock-raiser. His home farm consists of 200 acres, and is located on Tres Finos creek. Mr. Hardwiek was married at San Jose, January 1, 1867, to Miss Mary Dean, a na- tive of Illinois, and a daughter of Isaac Dean. They have live children: John W., Effic J.. Matilda M., Charles N. and Howard II. mm- PAVENFORT BKOMFIELD, Esq., of Kedwood City, California, has been a resident of this State since 1883. He is a native of Australia, born in 1862, son of James A. Bromlield, a chemist. Mr. Bromfield served a four years' ap- prenticeship as a Civil Engineer, and thor- oughly prepared himself for the profession he had chosen. He served two years as Deputy County Surveyor of San Francisco under George Rogers; was subsequently em- ployed by the Southern Pacific Railroad Com pany, as Civil Engineer, and in 1890 was elected County Surveyor of San Mateo county. The latter position he isat present occupying. In 1879, previous to his coming to Califor- nia, he was united in marriage with Mary Ware, by whom he has two sons and two daughters. M. R. FARKER is a native of Bos- ton, Massachusetts, born Novem- IH^J® ber 15, 1837. He availed himself of the ed ucational advantages for which that city is celebrated, attending the Quincy grammar school and the English high school, and graduating at both. Before reaching his majority he was employed in a commercial house, acting as clerk. In 1856 he resolved to visit California, and, directing his steps hither, he arrived in San Francisco, where he remained for two years, employed in surveying. He then drifted up to Colusa county, laid out the town of Frinceton, being one of its orig- inal founders, and opened a general store there. He continued in this business till the fall of 1858. Looking about for a suitable location, he found himself in Sonoma county, where he taught school on Mark West creek till the latter part of 1861. His next move was to Monterey county, in January, 1862. Here he engaged in farming, putting in a crop on what is now known as the Beet ranch, near Castroville. Mr. Parker had proved himself capable and able to follow almost any useful pursuit, his versatility being early recognized in Monterey county, and he turned from farming to enter the office of the County Clerk as Deputy, in November, 1862, under George W. Bird. The latter however, failed to qualify on his re-election, and Mr. Parker was appointed County Clerk in March, 1864, holding the office till March, 1868. Ne.\t he was ap- pointed Under Sheriff to Thomas Watson, serving in that capacity from 1868 to 1870. He left his previous employment at the call of the people to serve four years as County Clerk, his term of office expiring in 1874. At this time the county was divided (San Benito county being organized), and Gover- nor Booth appointed him County and Probate Judge, which office he filled two years. Since then he has resided in Salinas, and devoted himself exclusively to the practice AND HAN MATEO COUNTIES. 253 of law, having been associated with Hon. N. A. Dorn from 1878 till January, 1881. He was married in 1863, to Miss Lola Dutro, of Monterey, and their union is blessed with nine children. In his law practice, Judge Parker makes a specialty of the land business. His knowl- edge of the Spanish language, of the intrica- cies of the old Spanish boundaries, together with a thorough understanding of the Span- ish system of jurisprudence, have caused him to be regarded as the most accomplished authority on land titles in this part of Cali- fornia; hence his services in this depart- ment are much sought after. fHILIP OYER, Esq., one of the most worthy citizens of Pacific Grove, has been a resident of the State of Califor- nia since 1851, having come from Jackson couutj^ town of Springport, Michigan, He is a native of Cayuga county, New York, and was born in the town of Genoa, August 11, 1834. His father (Philip Oyer) was born in Pennsylvania, of German parents, and he was by trade and occupation a stone-mason. His mother was also of German descent, and a native of the same place, her maiden name being Sarah Wagner. Mr. and Mrs, Oyer were blessed with eight children, our subject being the youngest child. Mr. Oyer's route overland to California was by way of the Carson river, and upon his arrival in the State, he like many others engaged in mining in Yuba and Placer counties, in which he had varied successes and failures. He then went into the logging business in El Dorado county, and furnished large quantities of pine and cedar logs for local mining and building purposes. In 1859 he removed to Nevada, where he engaged in freighting wood, quartz, etc., in the mining regions of this State. He also embarked in the butchering business, and supplied Carson City and Virginia City with their meats, controlling the wholesale trade of those lively mining centers. He also engaged in the sheep-raising business on an extensive scale, and owned large herds numbering as high as 11,000 head. In 1864 he engaged in the same line of business in Fresno and Sacramento counties, on equally as large a scale for live years, when he shifted his base of business to New Mex- ico^ where he is still largely interested in cattle, Mr. Oyer was married June 21, 1876, to Miss Caroline Stolts, a native of California, and a daughter of Herman Stolts, a farmer of Sacramento county. SJie is, like her hus- band, of German descent. They have four children, namely: Daisy, born December 3, 1877; Frank, born January 25,1880; Philip, born December 9, 1881, and William, born December 25, 1886. Mr. Oyer removed with his family to Pa- cific Grove, and there permanently located in 1887, where he erected one of the most at- tractive homes in the city of beautiful cot- tacres by the sea. He has been and is still engaged in the lumbering business. Has invested liberally in local realty and takes a pride in the beauty and growth of the town of his adoption. The adjoining town of New Monterey is likewise receiving the bene- fit of his business push and enterprise, where he in partnership with Mr. R. L. Holman is erecting a substantial and attractive public house at a large expense, which is located on one of the most sightly eminences of the town overlooking the lovely bay of Monte- rey. MONTEREY, SAJSl BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Mr. Oyer takes a becoming interest in the civil affairs of his locality, and is always found on the side of progress and good gov- ernment. fOSEPH A. KICHARDSON was born in Monterey, California, in 1847. Will- iam B. Richardson, his father, came from Maryland to California as early as 1830, locating in the town of Monterey. Here he wedded Josefa Soberanes, a daughter of one of the distinguished early citizens of this coast. She is still living and is now in her eightieth year. Joseph A. was reared in his native town and educated in her schools. He has made his home in or near Soledad for many years, a portion of the time engaged in ranching. He is now occupied in the harness-making business in Soledad. fGNACIO P. VILLEGAS.— The sub- ject of this sketch is a native of Lower California, having been born near Cape St. Lucas, October 3, 1848. His father, Francis Villegas, was born in Mexico, but took up his residence in Alta California in 1848. Ygnacio was reared a vicurio and from 1849 to 1874 his parents lived in Monterey on the Pacheco ranch, and later on the Los de Paicenes and also at San Juan. Mr. Ville- gas followed the life of a vicurio until 1868, excepting the year 1858, which he spent in the mines of California. He received a liberal education at the Santa Clara College, where he studied telegraphy and since then has been in the employ of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, with the exception of two years. He located at Soledad, May 15, 1876. He married at San Juan, in 1871, Miss Gaudalupe Salgardo, a lady of California birth. She died in 1887, at Soledad, leaving a family of two daughters and five sons. Mr. Villegas is highly esteemed for his sterling traits of character, and is regarded by the railroad company that employs him as an astute and faithful employee. fOHN T. PREWETT, a successful farmer and one of the pioneers of Bear Valley, San Benito county, California, is a na- tive of Missouri, born in Cass county, De- cember 17, 1840. Samuel Preweft, his father, a farmer by occupation, was a native of Whitney county, Kentucky, and his mother was of Kentucky birth. Of their five chil- dren, John was the second born and is one of the two now living, his sister, Sarah, being the wife of Andrew Irwin of Bear Valley. John T. Prewett located in Bear Valley in 1871. He is well known throughout San Benito county as an aggressive and enterpris- ing farmer, and by dint of his industry and business tact he has here developed a good farm and tine estate, having about 1,100 acres. He introduced into San Benito county the first sawmill, in 1878; and in 1891 intro- duced the first successful traction engine. He was married December 19, 1860, in Cass county, Missouri, to Miss Elizabeth J. Rayburn, daughter of Alexander R. Rayburn, who was a native of Virginia. They had known each other from childhood, having at- tended the same school together. His father crossed the plains to California, in 1849, making the journey with ox teams. He first AND 8AN MATEO COUNTIES. engaged in mining at Georgetown, El Dorado county, and subsequently turned his attention to fanning in Sonoma county. Mr. and Mrs. Prewett have five children: Nellie E., Mar- garet B., Lizzie, Ray and Lena, SELIPE. N. GOMEZ, Esq., is a well- known citizen of Monterey, because of the active part he has taken in its business and civil development and of the historic prominence of his family in the State. His father, Rafael Gomez, was one of the conspicuous figures in California's Mexican history; coining to California from Mexico in 1830. Being an able and eminent lawyer he was sent as an advisor of Governor Manuel Victoria, Commander-in-Chief of tiie Mexican forces, and Mexican Governor of California during the year 1831. Victoria was an honest and an energetic officer, as well as aggressive, yet well mean- ing in the enforcement of the rules of good government. Disregarding the counsel of his friends, he made frequent short-cuts to justice by military methods, thereby exciting the people to revolution. His rule was there- fore decisive and brief, and, in 1832, he left the country in evident disgust. Gomez, however, had the respect and confidence of all law-abiding jieople and he remained in the State. His official acts were later passed upon and approved by the then home government at the city of Mexico. In 1831 he was grantee of the ranche Santa Rosa. He was a supporter of Figueroa's government, but resigned this position; and, in 1834, he was granted the Tulareitos ranche, and lield local offices in Monterey in 1835 and '36. He was also appointed Government Agent to Mexico, which honor he declined. He married, March 7, 1831, Josefa Estrada, to whom were born Felipe, the subject of this sketch; a daughter, Ysibela; and Juan, a prominent business man of San Francisco. Mr. Gomez lost his life in 1838, by an accident, being entangled in a lareta wliile looking after his stock on the Tulareitos ranche in Monterey county. He was born in the State of Jalisco, Mexico; was of Spanish decent, and a man of broad intelligence, a lawyer of fine legal ability, and possessed of a kind heart. His wife, Josefa Estrada, was a daughter of Mariano Estrada, a Lieutenant of Mexican Artillery, who was born at Loreto, Mexico, 1784, and came to Cali- fornia in 1797 with Arrillaga as Alferez of Monterey, which position he held for ten years, being Habilitado most of the time. He was granted the Buena Vista ranche for his efficient services as a soldier, military and civil officer, retiring from the public service in 1829. He was one of the most respected and influential men in northern California. Felipe Gomez is a prominent citizen of Monterey, and inherits many of the excellent traits of his illustrious father's character. He was born at Monterey, California, May 25, 1832, and was educated at a Latin college in Guadalajara, Mexico, taking a classical and physiological course of study, receiving his diploma in 1848. He then returned to Monterey, where he has ever since resided. On December 12, 1870, he received the appointment of Postmaster at Monterey from Postmaster-General Creswell. He was again appointed to the same office, January 2, by President Chester A. Arthur, and held this position until the expiration of the term, April 4, 1887, when he turned it over to Ed 256 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Ingraham, Esq. Mr. Gomez was appointed Notary Public in and for the county of Mon- terey, by Governor Newton Booth, May 20, 1874. He was married February 5, I860- at. Monterey, to Refugio, daughter of H. Sanchez, Esq., and they are the parents of the following children: Josefa, married in Santa Cruz; Coucepcion and Alex, (deceased), Mariana, Adelaida, Martha, Mary Y., Amelia (deceased), Charles, (married), Frank and Julio M. Mr. Gomez is an active man of affairs, strictly honorable and just in all his business dealings, and owns a line ranche near Pacific Grove, besides his city property in Mon- terey. fH. SLAVEN, one of tlie leading citi- zens of San Benito county, post office ^^^ ® Baicines, is identified with both the farming and banking interests of the county, and for many years has also been prominently connected witii educational affairs. Mr. Slaven was born in Erie county. New York, October 21, 1837, on the farm where lie spent his boyhood and youth. His parents, P. and Eliza (Walsh) Slaven, were natives of Long Island, New York, and Westchester county, that State, respectively. They had a family of ten sons and one daughter. Owing to ill health, the subject of our sketch aban- doned farming and engaged in teaching school. He made four trips to California at various times. His first journey was in 1866, via Panama. Here he continued teach- ing until 1882. He holds a life certificate to teach in this State. For a number of years he has been, and is still, a member of the County Board of Education, having always shown a keen interest in educational matters. Of late years he has been successfully en- gaged in farming. He owns a fine farm in San Benito county, his present home, and has landed interests in San Joaquin county. He is also interested in banking, being vice- president of the Farmers & Merchants' Bank of Holiister, one of the wealthiest financial institutions in California. Mr. Slaven was married June 7, 1859, to Miss Ellen Marr, a native of Boston, and a daughter of John Marr. They have six children: Thomas, Ellen, Isaac, Eliza, Ed- ward and James. Ellen is the wife of E. Chamberlain and lives in New York city. f HO MAS WATSON, a leading citizen of Monterey county, and an esteemed rancher of Corral de Tierra, is a native of Monterey, born June 14, 1834. His father, James Watson, was known also as Santiago, the Spanish for St. James, often by Spanish-speaking Californians so-called. He was one of the most prominent citizens of Monterey in his day. He was an Englishman by birth, and came to this country as a sailor on a trading vessel. He left his ship at Santa Barbara, and came to Monterey by land as early as 1823. Here he located and engaged in merchandising, becoming identified with local public matters. He wasone of about fifty citizens to organize a compania estranjera (meaning company of strangers) for the de- fense of Monterey against forces from the interior, when, in 1832, the country was in a state of warfare. In 1834 he married Mariana Escamilla, by whom he had eight children. The year previous to his marriage he was naturalized, and afterward was often a mem- ber of the local legislature of Monterey. Hon. Thomas Larkin writes of him as "an educated, unambitious, honest man, not in- AJ>!D 8AN MATEO COUNTIES. 257 clined to politics." lie amassed a fortune. He bore the reputation of being a generous, open-hearted man; was a genial companion, and was ever true to his friends. In 1850 he bought the San Benito rancho, consisting of a league and a half, and located with his family on the same. He was iinancially ruined by the drought of 1863, and died the following year. Mariana, his faithful con- sort, was a daughter of Thomas Escamilla, a Spanish soldier, who came to Mexico when that country was under Spanish rule, and there married a lady of Mexican birth. He was a soldier at the old Mission Dolores, San Francisco, and at that place his daughter Mariana was born. He finally retired from the army and removed to Monterey, where he died, leaving three sons and two daugh- ters. To James Watson and his wife were born the following named children: Frances, in 1830; Catalina, in 1833; Thomas, June 14, 1834; David, in 1836; and Adolph, Marignacia, Narcisa and Anitas, all but one living at this date. Thomas Watson, the subject of this sketch, was educated in Monterey, and for many years followed the occupation of cattle-buyer. He later engaged in the butchering business, in which he was very successful. He served the people of Monterey county as Sheriff four successive terms, commencing in 1866, and voluntarily relinquished his hold to the office. Of recent years, although repeatedly urged to take a seat on the county board of Super- visors, he has witliheld from shouldering public responsibility. In 1855 he married Miss Louisa Moreno, a member of one of the old families of Cali- fornia. Santiago Moreno, her father, lived at Monterey and afterward at Salinas, she be- ing born at the latter place. Mr. and Mrs. Watson have ten children, the youngest at this writing (1892) being eleven years of age. Their home place consists of a fine ranch of 800 acres, utilized as a dairy and cattle ranch. There is probably not a man in Monterey who is more popular with the masses, and who as a business man and citizen bears a more honorable name than Thomas Watson, Esq., of Corral de Tierra. fOSEPH SCHULTE, Jr., a success- ful merchant and esteemed citizen of Monterey, is a native of Rome, Oneida county, New York, born June 28, 1851. He is of German parentage, his father, also Joseph, having been born in Prussia, Germany. He came to New York State, where he lived about five years, and then removed to Canada, but not being satis- fied there, he came to California with his family in 1873. He is a merchant tailor by trade and conducts a thriving business on Alvarado street, Monterey. His wife, Mary Fraver, likewise of Prussian birth, bore him four children, of whom two are now living, our subject and a sister, Mrs. Henneken, of Monterey. Mr. Schulte received his primary educa- tion in the public schools of Canada and afterward attended a convent school for six years, studying one year for the priesthood, but during that time became convinced that clerical life was not suited to him. He abandoned the study of theology, joining his parents on their farm, where he engaged in farming in Norfolk county, Canada, for some time. He later acquired the blacksmith trade, and afterward thoroughly acquired the watchmaking and jewelers' business. He came with his parents to California in 1878. They all pursued farming for about five 258 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, yeans in the town of Vallejo, Solano county. Our subject tired of agricultural life, so, after three years of indifferent mining in Shasta countv, near Igo, he resumed his trade as a journeymau and traveled for three years more. He located in Monterey in 1885, opened a jewelry store, and has, from that date, been prospered financially and socially. Mr. Schulte was married at Monterey January 13, 1885, to Miss Eloisa Gutierrez, born December 1, 1866, daughter of Joaquin Gutierrez, who, in his day, was one of the most respected citizens of his State and town. He came to Monterey as early as 1831, from Mexico, on a ship under the command of Captain Juan Malarin. He was a native of Spain, and was an honorable, intelligent gentleman, who became connected with the history and military government of Monterey, commanding the esteem and confidence of all the military officers and governors of Cali- fornia. Upon his retirement frotn public life, he lived in independence until his death, which occurred December 1, 1872. He married, in Monterey, Donna Josepha Escobar, daughter of Don Marcelino Escobar, an early influential Spanish resident of Monterey, and in 1833, its Alcalde. He had fifteen children, twelve of whom are still living. One daughter has been born to Mr. and Mrs. Schulte, October 25, 1885, and the fair young child died the following December, less than two months after its birth. Mr. Schulte is one of Monterey's most successful business men, and is a member of the local board of trade. As a citizen, he is enterprising and universally popular. Fra- ternally, he has more than a local reputation, as he is a foremost and important member of Chosen Friends, and has filled some of its most important offices; he is the originator of the Y. M. I., No. 57, of Monterey; was its first delegate to the fourth Grand Council, and was there appointed one of its Grand officers. He has since represented his society at the sixth and seventh Grand Councils, con- vened respectively in San Francisco and Watsonville in 1890 and 1891. He is a member of Institute, No. 109, of San Fran- cisco, and was appointed Grand Deputy for Salinas, where he has organized No. 88 of that city; also, he was the first delegate to the Grand Council of Chosen Friends, April 12 to 16, San Francisco, Cal. It is such men as Mr. Schulte that every prosperous city needs, and his energy and good citizenship are a credit to Monterey. fAMESB. SNIYELY, oneof the repre- sentative men of Monterey, was born near Buffalo, New York, October 21, 1835. He enlisted in the Thirty-Eighth Illinois Infantry, August, 1861, and served three years; being mustered out at At- lanta, Georgia, October, 1864. The rigors of a soldier's life had left him an invalid; so he resolved to seek a more congenial climate, and, as California seemed to promise such a climate, he emigrated to this State, arriving in 1868, and the following year engaged in the lumber business with Capt. T. G. Lam- bert. In 1873, he was appointed Wells, Fargo and Company's agent at Monterey, and has held that and the Western Union Telegraph office ever since. He was the first president of the Board of City Trustees under the new incorporation. He is connected socially with the G. A. K., I. O. O. F. and F. & A. M. He has two brothers, Richard and Daniel, the former a successful dairyman and fruit- AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. grower in the Carmel valley, ten miles from Monterey, who arrived in California in 1863. The latter brother, Daniel, is a successful fruitgrower in Santa Clara county, having come to the State in 1868. Mr. Snively is a highly respected gentleman and faithful employe of the company whom he has served for so many years. fW. STEDMAN, the subject of this sketch, was born fifty-two years ago, ® in Cortland, New York, from New England stock. He came to California in the year 1858, and first settled in Marin county, where he engaged in dairying. From there he went to Contra Costa county, where he followed stock-raising and butchering; thence to Solano county, where he engaged in butchering and merchandising; thence, in 1869, to his present place of residence, Qui- nadoCaiion, about six miles from Kings City, Monterey county. Here he has engaged in various pursuits, keeping a feed yard and boarding-house, and doing a blacksmith busi- ness, and drifting eventually to farming and stock-raising, in which he has been eminently successful. The soil in this vicinity is espe- cially adapted for grain culture and fruit, and the wheat he raises is classed as A No. 1 Mill- ing. He owns 760 acros of land, but farms several hundred acres more belonging to other parties. Mr. Stedman married Miss Griselda A. Bradley, of Sebastopol, Sonoma county, Cali- fornia, October 21, 1873. The result of this union is five sons and one daughter, namely: Alvirus, born in 1874; Maud, 1876; Albert C, 1878; Walter Scott, 1881; Ray Bradley, 1886; and Jack, 1890. Mr. Stedman has held the office of Clerk of the Board of School Trustees, and Justice of the Peace for many years. In the year 1879 he was nominated for Sheriflf on the New Constitution ticket. The ticket, being a side issue, was defeated. He is a cousin of H. D. Coggswell, of San Francisco, James P. Coggswell, of Oak- land, and William Coggswell, the artist and owner of the celebrated Madraville mines. Personally, Mr. Stedman is large, muscular, of good presence, and stands high for his in- tegrity in the community in which he lives. fAPTAlN THOMAS GRAFTON LAM- BERT. — There are few names more familiar to the people of Monterey and adjoining counties than that of Captain Lam- bert. He belongs to a class of sturdy pio- neers who came to California at a time when her future was very uncertain. It was be- fore her mineral wealth had been developed or even discovered. The American flag had only a few months waved on the shores of the California coast. Her constitution had not yet been formed, and her individuality as a State of the Union was as yet unestab- lished. There are now comparatively few men living who took a part in those early-day scenes and events of California's infancy, and it is therefore fitting and profitable that ap- propriate and becoming note be made on the pages of history, touching the influences which directed the path of the men whose mature lives have made the past history of this coast. Captain Lambert is a natis'e of the Old Colony State of Massachusetts, born in Dukes county, January 10, 1826. His father, Thomas H. Lambert, was of New England ancestry, which dates back to 1662, when the founder MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, of the family emigrated from England. His mother, Lydia West, was likewise of English extraction and a member of an old Massachu- setts family. Thomas H. Lambert was a man of affairs. He served the public as Sheriff of Dukes county thirty-nine consecutive years. He was a man of intrepidity, undaunted courage and cool judgment, and left to his posterity a most honorable name. Of his family, which consisted of tliree sons and seven daughters. Captain Lambert is the oldest, and the first one to leave his na- tive State and deal in tlie uncertainties of life in the then almost limitless West. He had re- ceived a good common-school education in his native county, and inherited a strong constitu- tion and many of the pronounced qualities of his sturdy father, and had developed a vigor- ous intellect. As opening the way to the gratification of a desire he had always felt for travel and seeing the outside world, he at the age of twenty- one years went to sea. He shipped on a Kew Bedford whaling vessel, the John Cogswell, and reached the Pacific coast in 1847. He remained on the coast, with but two brief interruptions, up to 1855, from which date he made the post of San Fran- cisco his point of departure and return, and up to the year 1869 engaged in no other busi- ness than that of a mariner. From 1855 to the close of his life on the seas he was master of a ship, during which time he visited all the ports of the west coast, and likewise most of the seaports from Cape Horn to Southern China. His numerous and extended cruises took him from time to time to all the various important islands of the Pacific, and he captured whales in every sea and clime where they have been pursued by man. In 1879 he abandoned the seas, located at Monterey, and established himself in the lum- ber trade, in which business he still continues. No citizen has become more thoroughly identified with the material interests of this section of California business, civil and social, than Captain Lambert. Typically a business man, he has aimed to confine his energies in strictly business channels. In political matters, he has been in a meas- ure aggressive. A Republican in principle and action, he has persistently worked for and with his party, and, being a man of methods, broad information aud forcible argument, has done his party valuable service. He has never sought political favors and never willingly be- came a candidate for any office. He was, without his own effort, nominated and elected to the office of Justice of the Peace of Mon- terey in 1878, and held the office for six years. The promptness and efficiency with which he administered justice is well known to be beyond reproach, and needs no com- ment. Fraternally, Captain Lambert is a promi- nent figure on the coast. He was initiated an Apprentice in the order of Free and Ac- cepted Masons May 5, 1862; has passed the various degrees of the order to the Knight- hood, and is a member of the Watsonville Commandery of Knights Templar. He has for some years been a member of the Masonic Veterans' Association, and is now its efficient first Vice-President. He has served the order as a Master Mason since November 4, 1862, a period of almost thirty years. Captain Lambert is a public-spirited and patriotic citizen. He inherited a love of liberty in its broadest sense, and in early life became imbued with the western spirit of progress. He is versatile in conversation, genial and courteous in manner, and eloquent as a public speaker. Not infrequently is he called upon to do the honors of public occa- sions, such as in the course of events naturally AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. take place in dignified and historic Monterey. It is such men as Captain Thomas G. Lam- bert who have laid the foundation of empire in the Golden West, have remained with it, fostering its interests, and must soon leave it as a proud heritage to the coming genera- tions. fOHN TOMAS is a fair representative of a class of men who have paved their own way over rugged paths to success. He is a resident farmer of San Benito county, coming to California with his parents in 1853. He was born October 28, 1843, and Ills father was Massey Tomas. Upon arrival in California lie, father of onr subject, located at Gilroy, Santa Clara county. He had iirst come to California to the mines in 1849, but returned to Missouri and brought the familj', four years later, consisting of seven sons and one daughter and his wife. John Tomas is one of twins and the fourth in the family. He received a liberal education in Santa Giara county and grew up a farmer and stock-raiser, coming to San Benito county in 1870, where he took up a squatter's claim of government land on San Benito creek. He has acquired the title to his first claitu and has added to it until he now has 1,000 acres of tillable and grazing land. Before he was twenty-one he went to Arizona, in the fall of 1863, and there washed his first gold dust and assisted in killing his first Apaches. He traveled and prospected two years in that healthful zone; was one of a company of 100 men who elected Colonel Ring S. WoUsey, their commander, the purpose of which was to prospect the headwaters of the Gila and Salt rivers, and in so doing discovered the wheat patch, planted by Apaches, between Penal mountain and Salt river. Richard Gird, the sugarfactory man of Los Angeles county, was made one of their captains. Gold was found in various places, Init not in paying quantities. Three men were killed in this expedition, one by Indians and two by carelessness. Mr. Tomas returned to California in 1867. His marriage occurred in 1878, to Miss Agnes Duval, a daughter of Thomas Duval. Her father died when she was yet a small child. The place of her birth was Napa county, California, occurring September 25, 1859. She is a lady of excellent domestic and business qualifications, and has borne her husband five children, namely: Florence, born November 7, 1879; Myrtle, born June 28, 1881; Minnie B., born May 7, 1883; Grover C, born February 19, 1886; and Marion M., born May 1, 1887. They are all bright intelligent children. Mr. Tomas is a man of enterprise and broad general information and strong con- victions. He is classed among the most suc- cessful farmers of San Benito county. RS. ANNA GALLANAR, editor and proprietor of The Pacific Grove Re- view, is a native of New Franklin, Howard county, Mo.; a daughter of Adam Lohry. He was a native of Germany, and by occupation a merchant. He was married at Louisville, Kentucky, to Miss Susanna Deer- ing, and emigrated to California in 1853, locat- ing at Lotus, El Dorado county, where he for the remainder of his life engaged in merchan- dising. He died in 1880. Of the ten children of his family, Mrs. Gal- lanar was the fifth. She enjoyed the blessings of a happy home circle and received a thorough schooling, and at the age of twenty- tour mar- ried Geo. W. Gallanai'. After marriage they MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CltUZ, made their home in San Francisco, where they resided until 1888, when they came to Pacific Grove. In 1889 Mr. Gallanar commenced the pub- lication of the Pacific Grove Review and con- ducted the same until Mrs. Gallanar assumed control in 1890. The following year she be- came sole owner and editor of the Review, and now conducts its publication. Mrs. Gallanar's management of the paper has proven a marked success. She is by instinct and inclination a journalist, admirably fitted to edit end publish a journal such as the cul- tured and ethical people of Pacific Grove demand. Mrs. Gallanar is a lady of irrepressible de- termination and force of character. She also possesses a hopeful, sunny nature, these notable traits of character giving a strength and luster to her writings that constitute a valued and happy feature of the Pacific Grove Review^ mention of which will be found elsewhere in this volume. fUNCAN STIRLING, of Castrovilie, a native of Canada, was born in that one of Her Majesty's possessions, August 18, 1864. He is the youngest son of Will- iam Stirling, of Castrovilie, a sketch of whom may be found elsewhere in this book. Our subject came to the Golden State with his parents and received his education in the public sciiools of Monterey county. Later, he attended the State Normal School, at San Jose, at which institution of learning he graduated in the class of 1886. Mr. Stir- lino- first taught school near Santa Ana, Orange county, California. He is now the efficient principal of the public schools of Castrovilie, which position he has filled for the past three years, and stands in the front ranks of Monterey county's progressive corps of teachers. Mr. Stirling was married, May 29, 1889, to Miss Ella, the accomplished daughter of J. W. Mullis, of Castrovilie, a native of Sonoma county, born August 22, 1866, and she and her husband enjoy the respect and esteem of all who know them. |g.ON. THOMAS RENISON, editor and Jml o^"^"" °^ the Gonzales Tribune, one of "^11 influential newspaper journals in the State (notice of which will be found else- where in this work), and a resident of Gon- zales, Monterey county, and also the presen- representative of the Sixty-ninth District in the Assembly, was born in the county Tipper- ary, Ireland, in 1850. He came to California in 1868, and located in Monterey county in 1869, beginning life here as a farm-hand. His education had been obtained in the common schools of Ireland, and after coming to this county he studied law by himself, being ad- mitted to the bar in 1881. In 1879 he was elected Justice of the Peace at Salinas, serv- ing one term. He was appointed Deputy District Attorney under J. A. Wall, and was elected to the Assembly in 1886, and again in 1888, by a large majority. From the first he took a leading position on the floor of the House, and at once became one of its most influential members. He has been the author of several bills and resolutions of importance, and has taken no uncertain position on all questions involving the rights and privileges of his constituents. Mr. Renison is a married man, very domestic in his tastes, and fond of his home and its comforts. Retiring in manner, yet in debate " forcible. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. aergressive, losrical, and convincit)^ " he is destined to many years of usefulness, as the people will not fail to take advantage of his abilities in the future, as in the past. His career is a shining exemplification of the truth that if the true metal is in a man it will be made manifest in spite of poverty, obscurity, and difficulties to overcome. Let no man sit down to wait hisopportunity, but rather, with his own hands and brain, shape it for himself. fHOMAS S. HAWKINS.— The leading spirit of 8an Benito county, the man above all others to whom the com- munity looks in matters of public moment, who for years has been its acknowledged leader, whose advice is sought and opinion respected in all questions of importance, is Thomas S. Hawkins, president of the bank of HoUister. Born in Marion county, Missouri, in the year 1836, Mr. Hawkins is now in his fifty- fifth year. ' His early life was passed on a farm, and despite the disadvantages surround- ing young men in Missouri fifty years ago, he managed to secure a good education. Laboring on the farm until sixteen years of age, he attended a local school, teaching in the meanwhile some of the younger pupils. In 18G0 he turned his steps to the West. Accompanied by his wife and infant son, he, with some neighbors, successfully made the long journey across the plains, and attracted by the fertility of the Santa Clara valley he located there and engaged in the occupation of farming. He remained there until 1867, and by economy and good management found himself in vastly improved circumstances. In 1868 the San Justo Homestead As- sociation was organized, having for its object the subdivision of a portion of the San Justo rancho, in Monterey county. Although hut thirty-two years of age, Mr. Hawkins was the leading spirit in this gigantic task, and the prosperious town of Hollister, with its sur- rounding fertile farms, now mark the result of their labor. Arriving on the ground be- fore the town was laid out, he secured two of the subdivisions, amounting to 340 acres, immediately adjoining the town site on the south. As the village commenced to grow, by skillful management in the disposal of lots he directed its growth toward his land, and soon one ranch of 170 acres was disposed of at a great advance, and a portion of the other was also on the market. With the money thus realized he, with others, founded the Bank of Hollister, in 1873. Chosen to be its first president, he has retained the position ever since. This institution has been a powerful factor in the development of the resources of the county of San Benito. In the organization of the county, which was cut off from Monterey county in 1874, Mr. Hawkins was one of the most influential and indefatigable workers. Since then his po- sition as a foremost man in the community has never been assailed. fW. GREGG, Esq., of Monterey, is ranked with the pioneers of California, ® having made the journey from the East to this coast in 1853, coming via New Or- leans and the Isthmus of Panama. Mr. Gregg is a native of Virginia, born in Loudoun county, December 8, 1828. His ])arent8 removed to Ohio during the early settlement of that State, and located in Lick- ing county. Aaron Gregg, his father, was a farmer by occupation. His mother was be- MONTE RET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, foie her marriage, Miss Elizabeth Fleinming. Both were natives of the Old Dominion. The father died in Ohio. Of their si.\ chil- dren, tlie subject of our sketch was the third born, and is the only one of the four now living who has settled in California. Mr. Gregg has been a life-long farmer and stock-raiser. He came to California with naught save a strong constitution, resolute purpose and willing hands, and commenced life by working on a farm and in a sawmill at Monterey. He farmed for sixteen years on the ranch owned by the Snively Brothers, in the Carmel valley, and had large numbers of cattle on the then open ranges. After about ten months' residence in Monterey, he purchased and moved to the place now occu- pied by William Hatton. He added to this acreage from time to time, until he owned 1,270 acres of fine farming and grazing lands. May 9, 1868, he was united in marriage with Miss Lola Soberanes, a native of Mon- terey, and the second daughter of Don Ma- riano Soberanes. Four children have been born to them, namely: Elizabeth A., now Mrs. Thomas Oliver; Lola M., wife of John Sparolini; Mary A., wife of J. B. Steadman; and Joseph Gregg, at home. Mr. Gregg has disposed of his landed in- terests, and has retired from active life, living quietly at Monterey. He is an esteemed citizen, unassuming in his manner, and enjoys the confidence and respect of a wide circle of friends and old-time acquaintances. 5ISS LOUISE E. FRANCIS, the gifted editor and owner of the Castroville Enterprise, is well known in the field of Pacific coast journalism as one of the most successful newspaper publishers on the coast. At the age of seventeen she left home and friends and started out into the world to gain an independent livelihood. Having received a thorough academic education and possessing a facile pen, she naturally drifted into literary work. She was soon tendered an editorial position on the Santa Clara Valley, a monthly horticultural journal published at San Jose, which she accepted, and became the editor of the household department of the publication. Later she acted as special correspondent for the San Jose Daily and Weekly Mercury. In 1890 she, in partnership with C. A. Peckham, established the Monterey Eater- prise at Monterey, California. The enter- prise proved financially unsuccessful and after six months the periodical was discon- tinued. In April, 1891, she began publish- ing the Castroville Enterprise, which she now owns. Through all her editorial work is seen her independent spirit and commeiidably aggres- sive newspaper policy, the inflence of her pencil being felt throughout the Salinas val- ley. Its tone is elevating and carries with it the assurance of success in all battles, where the principles of right are arrayed against the wrong. Miss Francis is a member of the Pacific Coast Woman's Press Association and her Enterprise is the official organ for the associ- tion. She is also a member of the National Editorial Association and assistant corre- sponding secretary for the same, she being the only member of the organization on this coast who was honored with a position on its staff of officers at their recent national con- vention at San Francisco. Miss PVancis relinquishes her editorial duties for a time to aid her associates in the national association work at the coming World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 1893. She is a bright and vivacious business woman, and her pencil is ever ready to grace- fully acknowledge all courtesies shown to the newspaper world to which she belongs. jANUEL R. MERRITT, Esq., a native son of California, born in Monterey, June 8, 1855, son of Hon. Josiah Merritt, deceased, a pioneer of California of 1849, native of New York, born in Orange county, August 21, 1796. He received a college education in his native State, and then studied and entered the practice of law, being admitted to the bar in New York city, where he practiced his profession for several years. Later, in 1845, he located and pursued his profession in Illinois a short time, coming to California via the southern route through Texas, arriving in 1849. In January, 1850, he reached Monterey and took a somewhat active part in organizing Monterey county in 1851, and was chosen iirst County Judge, serving from 1851 to 1854. As a lawyer, citizen, jurist and friend he was able, fearless, active and true. He was twice married, tirst in New York, where his wife died, leaving two sons, Caleb, of Newbury, on the Hudson, a successful business man, and Sylvander, an engineer on the Erie railroad ; served as Mayor of Port Jervis, New York, and died in 1886. Josiah Merritt came to California and married a second time, in 1850, to Juana, eldest daughter of Simeon Castro, deceased, Judge of the First Instance under Mexican rule, and a prominent and wealthy Spanish citizen of Monterey. Mrs. Merritt was an amiable Spanish lady of unusual graces of heart and mind, and was greatly admired for her personal beauty. She was born June 24, 1820, in Monterey, where she spent her entire life. Here she bore and reared an attractive family, and died February 27, 1889. Her children were: Joseph Merritt, born April 19, 1851 ; Joseph, learned the art of printing in his native city, in the Monterey Gazette office, and was later one of the publishers of the Monterey Democrat, which he established and published for time, and also of the Cas- troville Argus; he was married in 1872, to Miss Annie Phillips, of Monterey, now de- ceased; in 1882 he was editor of the San Jose Mercury, and later, in 1884, on the editorial staff of San Jose Daily Herald. In August, 1887, he engaged in real estate and died No- vember 21, 1887. He was a first-cla^s news- paper writer, and able with his pen, astute in business, kind of heart and of gentlemanly bearing. The living children are: Lavinia, Herlinda, Jennie and the subject. M. R. Merritt was born in the town of Monterey, June 8, 1855. He is the son of ex-County Judge Josiah Merritt, and was educated in the public schools of his native town. In 1869, his father having died, he left school and entered the office of the Mon- terey Republican., where he learned the printing business. He later became the editor and publisher of the Castroville Argus, and later published the Monterey Herald, in connection with E. E. Curtis, now telegraph editor of the San Francisco Chronicle. In 1878 he engaged in mercantile business, which he followed for several years. In 1882 he was elected Supervisor of Monterey county from the First District. He has been a delegate to the Democratic State Convention four times, and served as Secretary to the Democratic County Committee for several years, and is now Chairman of said County Committee. For several years he was Clerk of the Board of Trustees of Castroville Dis- trict, also Justice of the Peace, a Notary MONTEBET, SAN BENITO, SANTA OBUZ, Public and ex-Postmaster of that town. He is Past President of Gabilau Parlor, No. 132, of the Native Sons of the Golden West. At present ho is Chief Deputy in the County Assessor's office. Several years a^o he was married to Miss Lizzie W. Townsend, of Alameda. They have a charming home in Salinas city, and three children. §AVID RODERICK, a prominent busi- ness man of Monterey, and President of ■^^ its Board of City Trustees, was born in North Fairfield, Maine, February 22, 1845, one of the eleven children of Francis and Catherine Roderick. His parents were both of English descent, and his father was a farmer. In his youth David was apprenticed to the trade of sash, door and blind making, and later learned, and for a time worked at, the trade of barber. He came to California in 1876, and here turned his attention to mining and merchandising, at which he was engaged for three years. He spent eight years in San Francisco, identified with a wholesale coal and iron business, and frcmi there came to Monterey. During the years of his residence in this city, Mr. Roderick has done much to advance its best interests. On locating here, he en- gaged in the real-estate business, and in part- nership with Dr. J. P. E. Heintz purchased, subdivided and put on sale the Oak Grove tract. The enterprise proved successful, and as a result a charming addition to Monterey is fast being developed. He also successfully handled other properties. He was one of the promoters of the Bank of Monterey, which is one of the most solid financial institutions of the State. In 1892, he engaged in the hard- ware business, also handling doors, windows, etc., and in this line does the leading busi- ness of the town. He has been active and foremost in the recent marked developments of Monterey, identifying himself with the various local enterprises. He is now serving his third year on the Board of City Trustees, and as ofKcial head of the city government is discharging his duties with credit to himself and his constituency. Mr. Roderick was married, February 13, 1866, to Hattie S. Tozier, by whom he has two daughters, Mrs. F. A. Botsch, of Oak Grove, and Mrs. E. C. Mainwaring, of Oak- land, California. He has for twenty-five years been a mem- ber of the F. & A. M., St. John's Lodge, No. 1, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the second oldest lodge in the United States. l^lfASH ROHRBACK, one of the sub- K stantial farmers and highly respected citizens of Priest Valley, Monterey county, California, has been located here since the fall of 1871. He has under improve- ment about 300 acres of land, and has 400 acres used as a stock range. Mr. Rohrback was born in Washington county, Maryland, April 28, 1842, son of Daniel Rohrback. The family subsequently removed from Maryland to Ogle county, Illi- nois, where they were residing when the civil war broke out. In 1863 the subject of our sketch volunteered his service for the Union cause, and served as a member of the Seven- teenth Illinois Cavalry until the war closed. After the close of the war Mr. Rohrback came to California. He first located in Con- tra Costa county, and from there came to his present farm. In 1875 he was married, at Watsonville, to Miss Clara, daughter of Eli AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 267 Hughes. They have five cliildrei), Clara, May, Daniel, George and Ethel. Mr. Rohr- back is one of the School Trustees of his district. .., .I,;?.,;! i;ii.?i.i. .. . fW. MANKINS, who owns 160 acres oF fine land located about three miles * and a half from Paiciiies, San Benito county, is one of the representative farmers of this vicinity. Mr. Mankins was born in Madison county, Arkansas, January 14, 1842, son of J. B. Mankins. Ris father came to California in 1850, mined on Mount Shasta and at Placer- ville, and subsequently returned to Arkansas and brought his family to this State, locating at Placerville, where he continued his mining operations. Later, he lived in Mariposa county and in other parts of central and southern California. In the meantime he made several visits East. On his fourth re- turn trip to California he died. This was in 1876. He and his wife, ?iee Matilda Gibson, had seven children, three of whom are living, namely: James; Masa J., now a widow; and G. W., the subject of our sketch. Mr. Mankins was married in 1870 to Miss Arminda C. Watson, daughter of Jacob Wat- son, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. She died October 22, 1876, leav- ing two children, Jacob and Charles. June 16, 1877, Mr. Mankins wedded Mrs. Meg- gitts, of Tres Pinos Creek. J. CROW, of Hollister, California, was horn in Franklin county, Mis- • souri, January 21, 1842, son of Joseph and Cassia (Sullivan) Crow, the former of Scotch and the latter of Garnaan descent. Joseph Crow visited California in 1849. Af- ter mining in Placer county for a time he returned to Missouri, and still lives in Craw- ford county, that State. W. J. Crow came to California in 1862. He first lived on a farm at Gilroy, and later at Mountain Yiew and San Jose. He then came to San Benito county and located on his present place at Cienega. Here he owns 237 acres of tilled land, under fence and good im- provement. Mr. Crow married Angeline Whitton, a native of Napa, California, and has six chil- dren: Joseph W., Annie Laura, Angeline, Emma, Warren and Hugh, Both socially and politically Mr. Crow stands high in San Benito county. He repre- sented his district on the County Board of Supervisors for the term of four years, from 1884 to 1888. H. CROWE, a native of Nova Scotia, was born January 12, 1855. He learned the trade of harness-maker in his native land, and came to California, where he followed the same calling at Sacra- mento, Hollister and San Fi'ancisco. Later he engaged in the grocery business at Wat- sonville. At Blanco, November 11, 1885, he married Alice (Lewis) Bardin, widow of the late Jacob Bardin, who died January 1, 1879. Mrs. Crowe is the daughter of R. H. Lewis, origin- ally from Missouri, who spent the latter portion of his life at Salinas, and is now a resident of Santa Cruz. Mrs. Crowe was born in Sonoma county, July 5, 1860. By her former marriage she has one daughter, Lillie Bell, and she has borne her present husband two sons, namely, John W. and MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Harvey J. Our snliject has recently taken up his residence in Santa Crnz, and engaged in merchandising. Both he and his estima ble wife are highly respected citizens of Santa Cruz, and Mr. Crowe is a very snccessful business man. fllARLES McINTYRE, a pioneer of Calil'ornia, came to this State in 1850. He crossed tlie plains, via St. Joseph, Missouri, spending two months in Salt Lake City and Utah. He came overland as a com- panion of General George E. Groves, who came to California for his health. Their route from Salt Lake City lay through Car- son and the Humboldt river route. At the head of the latter river they found a pack team and came into California at Ringgold, two and one-half miles from Weberville, and about the same distance from Hangtown. Our subject engaged in mining from Febru- ary to July, in 1851, on Bear river, with in- different success, however. He then engaged ill the hotel business in Sacramento, until February, 1852, when he engaged in farming in Santa Cruz county until 1865, since wliich time he has been farming near Castroville, on the Cooper ranch. The subject of this sketch is of Scotcli descent, and was born in Batton, Warren county. New York, May 15, 1830. His father. Garner Mclntyre, was a farmer of that town, who married Mariah Putnam, a lineal descendant of General Israel Putnam, and a native of New York. Garner Mcln- tyre emigrated to Dane county, "Wisconsin, in 1848, and of his nine children our subject is the fifth born. Our subject married, in 1860, Miss M. J. Buelna, a native daughter of California, born of Spanish parents, at Santa Cruz, February 15, 1843. Mr. and Mrs. Mclntyre have had fifteen children, namely: Frank M., born De- cember 1, 1861; John B., born June 24, 1863; Cordelia M., born March 12, 1865, and is now Mrs. William Gowanlock, of Sali- nas, and has two children, — Annie, born Oc- tober 20, 1885, and Charles William, born July 27, 1887. The third child of our sub- ject is Charles G., Iwrn December 1, 1866; next, William Henry, September 19, 1868; Jennie, August 9, 1870; Hiram J., January 28,1873; Annie, September 25, 1874; Josie, April 16, 1876; Martha, January 23, 1878; Nellie, July 8, 1879; George, December 11, 1880; Maggie, August 4, 1882; Addie, Au- gust 26, 1884; Eva M., June 17, 1888. Frank, the eldest, married Annie Bacon, of Salinas, and has three children, — Inez, born February 17, 1886; Eunice, June 16, 1887; and Ver- nie, November 10, 1888. The second child, John, married Laura Bennett, of Soledad. Mr. Mclntyre is one of the substantial farm- ers of Castroville, and is higlily respected iu Monterey. fOHN C. MILLER was born in Clarke county, Iowa, February 6, 1855. At the age of eight months he was bereft of a father's care and protection, and he was reared by his grandparents. When he was eight years old he came with them across the plains to California, making the journey with ox teams. They first located at San Joaquin, where they remained two years, after which, in 1865, they went to Santa Clara; thence, in 1868, to Hollister, Monterey county, now San Benito county. Young Miller engaged in ranching at an early age, and has ever since continued thus occupied. Mr. Miller has one brother living, at Coro- ANJ) SAN MATEO COUNTIES. nado, San Diego county, California. He also has four half-brotliers and two half-sisters, — all in California. His mother is a resident of Stockton, this State, and is now fifty-six years of age. October 6, 1881, he married Miss Georgia Cumniings, by whom he has one son, Clyde, aged eight years. Although yet a young man, Mr. Miller is ranked with the pioneers of the State. He has been successful as a rancher and a busi- ness man, and as a citizen is honorable and «ipright. 3^ATRICK HART, one of the well-known l^p farmers and respected citizens of Priest ^t Valley, Monterey county, California, is a native of the Emerald Isle, born in 1830. At the age of twenty he came to America, landing in Quebec, where he remained two years. He subsequently spent some time in Wisconsin, engaged in lumbering, and in 1859, came to California. Until 1861 he lived in the northern counties of the State, and at that time located on his present farm in Priest Talley. He raised the first crop of wheat ever raised in thisvalley, and threshed it in the old-fashioned way, tramping it out with horses. Mr. Hart was married iu Oshkosh, Wis- consin, to Miss Margaret Burns, a native of Tipperary county, Ireland, They have five children, viz.: Mary, wife of John Clayton; Ella, wife of Leroy Akers; Maggie; Kate, wife of William Wescott; and Thomas. fEDRO ZABALA.— This gentleman, though not himself boastful or vain, it is but just to remark, bears a name distinguished in the annals of Spanish his- tory, and is himself descended from one of the most noted families that did honor to the name. Mr. Zabala was born in Bilbao, Biscay, Spain, June 29, 1826. Although brought up in a fertile country, where the soil was generous and compensating, and where he was inured to farm life in childhood, he always evinced business tastes and aspira- tions. After studying in the government schools, he took a commercial course and was shortly afterward placed behind the counter as a clerk in his native city. In 1843 he set out for the west coast of South America, which so many of his coun- trymen had sought and where they had achieved fortune, and landed in "Valparaiso, Chili. There he was employed in a large importing and shipping house, and so thor- oughly adapted to the business did he show himself that after five years of service he was sent by his firm to San Francisco to dis- pose of a large cargo, and determine upon the expediency of opening up a branch house in that city which had become the cynosure of the commercial eye by reason of the wonderful gold discoveries. He arrived in San Francisco, February 20, 1849, disposed of his cargo, and, like many thousands of others, was lured to the mines. He pros- pected, with indifferent success, in what is now Calaveras county, and other localities. Tiring of the uncertainties of a miner's reward, he returned to San Francisco after an absence of a few months, intending to sail direct for Chili. Hearing of Monterey, of its climate and harbor, and that business was brisk and inviting there, he went to Mon- terey, arriving October 1, 1849. There he engaged in general merchandising, conduct- ing it profitably for nine years and laying the foundation of his present affluent posi- 270 MONTE BET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, tiou. Having acquired large tracts of land, he retired from business and devoted his energies to the cultivation of the soil and to the raising of stock, in which he is still prosperously engaged. He has made Salinas his home for many years, it being convenient to some of his largest holdings. Mr. Zabala was married April 24, 1859, to Miss Anna Hartnell, a daughter of the dis- tinguished and highly esteemed pioneer, William E. P. Hartnell. Nine children out of the fifteen born to them are now living, and Mr. Zabala in the evening of his days is as blessed with domestic happiness and worldly goods as man could well desire. tARRY A. GREENE, of Monterey, is one of the foremost citizens of the county and a capitalist. He is a native son of California, and was born in San Fran- cisco January 12, 1852, and was a son of the late Hon. AVilHam Greene and Annie Eliza- beth Cotton Fisk, of Rhode Island. "William Greene was a pioneer of 18-49. He brought his bride to San Francisco that year on a wedding tour. The then infant seaport gave promise of so bright a future that they re- mained. He was one of eight children of William and Jane (Meredith) Greene, and was a grandson of General William Greene, conspicuous in English history of his day as a brave English officer. William Greene, the California pioneer, came to America when a mere youth. He was a shrewd, business man of affairs and upon locating in California he became closely identified with the growth of his city and went hand in hand with such men as Lick, Geary and others of his day and from year to year aided in shaping her civil and political policy, and he was made President of the first board of Alderman of the city of San Fran- cisco, and became the owner of large blocks of real estate in the city. He subdivided various tracts of land into additions to the city. The names. Van Ness avenue, Geary and Greene streets were named after those leading officers of the first government of San Francisco. He died August 1, 1870, leaving an honorable name and a valuable estate to his wife and heirs. Mrs. Greene still sur- vives and lives in San Francisco. She is a native of Rhode Island, and a member of a family that has been very conspicuous in the financial world. Her father, Francis Mel- bourne Fisk, was at one time one of the wealthiest men in New Orleans, and was an uncle of the famous Colonel " Jim " Fisk, whose name is familiar to the world as a bold and successful capitalist and railroad mag- nate. Of the five children of Mr. and Mrs. Greene, Clay Meredith is the oldest, being born March 12, 1850, and was the first white male child born in San t'rancisco. He is now a successful dramatic author of wide repute. Francis Melbourne is the youngest child, and is also a talented and a successful literary man. Harry Ashland, the second son, is the subject of this sketch. Clement Herbert died at the age of eight years, and the only daughter, Elizabeth, died at the age of five years. Harry Ashland Greene spent his boyhood and youth in his native city. He received the rudiments of his education from private tutors. Later he attended the public school, mission near Sixteenth street, and still later the city college on the corner of Geary and Stockton streets. Afterward he went to Santa Clara College. In 1866 lie took a course of study at the military institute at Poughkeep. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES, 371 sie, New York, and in 1870 he went to Paris to resume liis studies, but the Franco- Prus- sian war broke out, throwing Paris in a state of siege, and he returned home. He then completed a commercial course of study at Pacific Business College and took up mining. Ue spent several years in the mining districts of Placer county, gaining a thorough knowl- edge of mining methods, and while yet a vouth in years dealt in mining properties and oper- ated in mines. Keturning to San Francisco he took a clerical position with George Babcock & Cu. large dealers in produce and grain. He re- mained with them for a few months, and then became a stockbroker. He remained with an active and influential member of the Stock Board until 1889, serving two terms as vice- president. In 1874 he, with his brother. Clay, organized the stock-brokerage firm of Greene & Co., but in a few months Clay drew out to follow his profession and owing to a serious illness our subject closed up the affairs of Greene & Co. in 1890, with an honorable record on the " Board " as the oldest commission stock-broker that had not succumbed to financial disaster. In 1886 Mr. Greene built his present residence at Monterey as a summer home. Broken down in health he retired from active business and came hither to permanently reside. He is one of the owners of the JNew Monterey tract, which is fast developing into one of the most attractive and healthful resident points on the central California coast. The marriage of Mr. Greene took place July 31, 1873, to Miss Belle, daughter of the late Milton Little, of Monterey, a respected pioneer of whom extended mention is made in another part of this work. Mrs. Greene, Jr., is a native daughter of Monterey, a lady of rare social accomplishments and domestic tastes. They have one son, William, born in San Francisco, May 2, 1874, and a daugh- ter, Belle Ursula, born June 27, 1876, like- wise in San Francisco. During their residence in San Francisco, Mr. and Mr. Greene were active in social circles. He was a leading member of the Olympic club, S. F. Bycycle club, and a veteran of the National guards. He was one of the fathers of roller skating on the Pacific coast, and the game of Polo found recognition there on account of his individual efforts; and he originated a code of rules and regulations to govern Polo playing, which has been pub- lished, widely cii-culated, and has become standard authority. Mr. Greene is one of the oldest and most active members of the San Francisco Bicycle Club, a conservative organization, and served for a time as its chief. Since locating in Monterey Mr. Greene lived in coraj)arative retirement devoting the most of his time to the management of his personal business affairs until lately, when he originated the Monterey & Fresno railroad, and by his hard work for the people's inter- ests he has become immensely popular. He has invested liberally in the Bank of Mon- terey, and is a stockholder and officer in the Monterey Electric Light and Improvement Company and takes an interest in all matters tending to the prosperity of his chosen home. He is a man of broad culture and finds much pleasure in books and study. He is a student of nature and delights in the grandeur of his surroundings. His beautiful home is an evidence of his taste and judgment. Mr. Greene is a proud son of the Golden State, enthusiastic in the preservation of her history and the early landmarks, and it is safe to say that but for his vigorous protest old Cotton Hall, the place of California's MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, birth, would have been obliterated to give place to Monterey's public school buildings, which through Mr. Greene's efforts were built on a more desirable location, and on more spacious grounds, thus saving the grand monument to early California's industry, the place of the making of the iirst constitution of the Golden State. PAVID J. WATSON, of Hollister, is a California pioneer, who came to the State in 1849, being at that time ten years of age. His father, Jacob Watson, came originally from Virginia, lived two years in 'Missouri, and then started to Cali- fornia across the plains, with ox teams. He joined a train of sixty-four wagons which started from " Big Blue," near the present city of Omaha, and proceeded irregularly westward and over the Truckee route, leaving Salt Lake to the south. Jacob Watson was a teamster and wagon freighter by occupation, and worked his way to Sacramento by follow- ing his trade. He brought with him a wife, Phoebe Baldwin, and eleven children, which tlock was later increased to the number of fif- teen. Upon his arrival in California, he, like nearly all others in those days, was seized with the mining fever, and from 1849 to 1850 he spent his time in the diggings on the Ameri- can river, with gratifying success. He later lived in Sutter county, and in Grass Valley, an"d then in Nevada, coming at last to San Benito county, where he engaged in the stock busi- ness and merchandising, at San Juan. He died in 1874, when seventy-three years of age. Mrs. Watson is still living in San Benito county, on Tres Finos creek. Twelve of her fifteen children are still living, namely: Jonathan, deceased; James, living on Tres Finos creek; Henry, resident of Fresno county; Stephen, a prosperous farmer of Tres Finos; Hiram, deceased; David J., sub- ject; Nancy A., resident of Fhiladelphia, Pennsylvania; Julia M., Mrs. Harris of Downey, Los Angeles county, California; Sarah E., now Mrs. Mankins, of Santa Bar- bara county, California; Jane, now Mrs. Sheegle, of Fresno county; Arminda, de- ceased; Jacob, on Tres Pinos creek, living with his mother; John M., of Lompoc, Santa Barbara county, and Charles H., on Tres Pinos creek. David J. Watson was born in Scott county, Virginia, in the mountains of the Blue liidge, coming to this State, with his father, when he was still a very young lad. In his youth he was associated with his failier in his min- ing operations, and later in the stock-raising business, and at twenty-one he embarked in that business for himself. He located 824 acres of stock range, at the head of San Juan valley, which he after a time converted into a farm, and operated it until 1888, when he sold out and retired to Hollister, where he owns a beautiful home. He married, in 1862, Miss Nancy J. Cox, dauo-hter of David Cox, a pioneer of Califor- nia, who crossed the plains from Missouri in 1849. Mr. and Mrs. Watson have no children. They have the esteem and respect of all who know them. fLADDlUS F. RUBELL, a native of Greene county, Missouri, was born at Springfield, i5ecember 15, 1853. Three years after his birth his father, W. H. Ru- bell, emigrated to California, making the trip overland with ox teams. He was one of AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. the first settlers of the present city of Chico, California, where, in 1860, he built the first house. General Bidwell's home adjoined Mr. RubelJ's, but was l<)Cated outside the city limits. Mr. Rubell remained there un- til 1866, when he removed to Eugene City, Oregon, and in 1870 to Dallas, Polk county, Oregon. In 1884 he returned to the "Golden State," and located at Bitter Water valley, San Benito county, and there died December 1, 1890. He was a native of Tennessee and married Mrs. Tabitha Johnson, a native of the same State. In his youth and early man- hood he pursued fanning, but later learned the trade of a carpenter, which occupation he followed for several years. Mr. Ilubell next learned the dentist profession and pursued it for the last thirty years of his life. The mother of our subject died in Oregon, in 1867, leaving three children, of whom our subject is the oldest. Mr. Rubell, the subject of this sketch, re- ceived his early education at Eugene City, Oregon, and Salem, the same State. Later, he had the advantage of attending the La Creole Academy at Dallas. After finishing his course there he adopted school teaching as a profession, which he followed in Folk, Lane and Linn counties, Oregon, for six years. In 1878, however, he came to Cali- fornia and taught school for two years at Salinas, in Monterey county. In 1888 he taught in Priest Valley. San Benito county, for three terms and then came to Bitter Water. Mr. Rubell's ranch comprises 160 acres of land, a portion of the Domingo Villa ranch, with ample stock range adjoin- ing. In the fall of 1891 Mr. Rubell em- barked in the nursery business, in partner- ship with Mr. B. F. Gruner. They have about 30,000 almond, apricot and peach trees. Mr. Rubell was married in Salinas, in 1880, to Miss Emma, a daughter of Samuel Gruver, of Priest Valley. She was born in Stanislaus county, September 2, 1858, and has borne her husband three children, namely: William II., born August 26, 1881; Samuel G., born November 30, 1884; and Hattie A., born January 16, 1887. Since 1890 Mr. Rubell has been an active member of the Bitter Water Alliance, No. 30, which was the first alliance organized in the county and now has seventy-five members. He is Pres- ident of the County Alliance and Secretary of the Sub-Alliance. For four years he was a member of the San Benito County Board of Education, and for two years served as its president. In 1879 he was the Constitution candidate for County Superintendent of schools of Monterey county. As an in- structor Mr. Rubell was unexcelled, and the educational interests suffered when he aban- doned that calling for an agricultural one. I^UFUS H. SMALL, a well-known citi- T^. zen of Bitter Water valley, San Benito ^^ county, has been a resident of the State since 1858, having arrived in San Francisco in May of that year. He is a native of the town of Bucksport, Hancock county, Maine, where he was born March 14, 1883. Upon arrival in California he spent one year on a farm, and in 1869 went to the red woods of San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties and en- gaged in lumbering for about sixteen years, but in 1871 he located on his present fine home in Bitter Water valley. Mr. Small was married in 1885, and the lady he chose to be the partner of his joys and sorrows was Miss Temperance Lewis Farnham, of Hancock county, Maine. Mr. MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA ORUZ, and Mrs. Small have three children, namely: Fred M., Elmer W. and Lena E. Mr. Small has been Road Master of his district for six years and is, at this writing (1892), the Peo- ples' Party candidate for Supervisor. Mr. Small is a man of energy and good standing, and is highly respected throughout the com- munity. tLFRED J. McCOLLUM.— This gentle- man is a native of Byron Center, Gen- esee county. New York, born Septem- ber 27, 1841. His early life was spent in farming and in other laborious occupations, and the education he acquired, which fitted him for the practical duties of life and use- fulness as a public official, was the result of some sacrifice on his part, coupled with a firm endeavor to succeed. He attended the pub- lic schools until he had reached his seven- teenth year, working hard in the summer and doing chores in the winter to pay for his board while he went to school. When he was nine years old his parents removed to Paw Paw, Michigan, and nine years later he went to Lake county, Illinois. He traveled for four years as an agent, and was employed as salesman for the same length of time in a store at Waukegan, Hlinois. In 1866, he tried his strength and fortune in the mines near Central City, Colorado; but, it not prov- ing a bonanza, he went back East, locating in Kenosha county, Wisconsin, where he farmed for four years. Later he engaged in the wood business. In 1876, during his resi- dence in Kenosha county, he was married to Miss Belle McDougall, by whom he has six living children. In 1876, and for three years thereafter, he held an important position as foreman of a large stock ranch at Ottawa, Illinois. In the fall of 1879, Mr. McCollum, ac- companied by his family, arrived in Califor- nia, and located in Salinas, where he has ever since made his home. The diversity of his experiences in the East had fitted him to till almost any position offered, and during the first six years of his residence in Salinas he was employed as clerk in the post office and store. For four years he served most ac- ceptably as Deputy Tax Collector; was after- ward elected Tax Collector by a popular ma- jority, and is now serving his second term in that office. tLEXANDER EATON, a citizen of Hol- lister, but a native of the State of New York, having been born there, January 18, 1830, in Orange county. He is a son of John Eaton, a carpenter by trade, who was born, reared and died in the town of Mini- sink, the same county. Our subject learned the trade of black- smith in his native town, in 1845. After learning he pursued his chosen trade until 1852, when he embarked for San Francisco from New York city, on the bark Fannie Major. He sailed around Cape Horn and reached his destination in safety. Mr. Eaton spent about three weeks in the mines, but then went to San Francisco and began practic- ing his trade. In 1857 he engaged in busi- ness for himself and pursued the same in San Francisco for about twenty years. At that time, on account of the poor health of his wife he was obliged to seek a more con- genial climate, and so came to Hollister, in 1871, which place he has since made his home and place of business. Our subject has been twice married. His first wife was Martha Lockwood, a daughter of J. Lockwood, a farmer. She was born in AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 275 Orange county, New York, and bore him three children. Her death occurred August 8, 1887. Her children are: Edwin A., of Kings City; Charles L., who lost his life by an accidental discharge of a gun,July 2, 1887; and Ivy M. Mr. Eaton again married April 18, .1888, this time Miss Nettie Brewton, of Placerville, California. Mr. Eaton is one of HoUister's most enter- prising and public-spirited citizens. He is a member of the City Board of Trustees, and is now serving his second term in that posi- tion. For eight years he has been Chief of the fire department of Hollister, and has been largely instrumental in putting and keeping it on its present sound footing and efficient working order. He takes an active interest in educational matters, and in every move- ment tending to benefit the people or the business interests of his town or county. fEORGE A. MOORE, a successful farmer and an esteemed citizen of Hollister, has been a resident of California since 1857. Almost immediately after he came to this State he located in old Monterey county, and commenced work on the Hollister Grant for Flint »fe Bixby. He spent a brief time for the same firm in San Luis Obispo county, and in 1859 he engaged in business for him- self. He raised sheep on the open range of Santa Barbara county until the drouth of 1864, after which he returned to Monterey county. The years 1868-'69 he spent in Los Angeles county. In 1870 he purchased 1,070 acres of the Hollister grant, a part of which he has under a high state of cultiva- tion, and which produces a variety of fruits of excellent quality and flavor. Few if any farms in San Benito county are better watered or have better improvements than that of G. A. Moore. Mr. Moore was born in Somerset county, Maine, August 15, 1829. He married Miss Emma L. Carr, a native of Hallowell, Maine. They have six children, viz. : George H., Car- rie C., Arthur S., Irving W., Helen G. and Winfield R. j^EORGE M. ROBERTS is a California Hw pioneer of 1852, who came from Mis- ^^ souri. He is a native of Mercer county, Kentucky, where he was born June 11, 1830. His father, John Roberts, was a native of Virginia, and a farmer by occupation, and lived and died in Kentucky, the latter event occurring in 1845. Our subject removed to Missouri and lo- cated at Independence, but remained there only one year, and then, in 1852, crossed the plains for California. Upon arrival in the Golden State he worked at his trade of car- pentry, in Yolo county. During 1855-'56, he mined in Plumas county, but again re- turned to his trade and pursued the same at San Jose. Finally he followed stock-raising for twelve years, from 1857 to 1869, in Con- tra Costa county. The marriage of our subject occurred in Independence, Missouri, where he was united to Rebecca Clevenger, daughter of Archibald Clevenger, March 4, 1852. She was a pio- neer of 1849, who lived for many years at San Jose, and is now a resident of San Diego. Mrs. Roberts was an estimable lady, who reared a family of four sons and three daugh- ters, all of whom are living. She died De- cember 27, 1877, and was interred in the cemetery at Hollister. After this lamentable event Mr. Roberts spent about six years traveling in the State, also in Mexico and 276 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SAATA CRUZ, Central America, and in 1888 he returned to HoUister, wliere he has since resided. His energy in business and frugal habits have been rewarded by a competency. He owns valuable real estate in and about Hollister, where he has ever been esteemed as a citizen and known as a resolute and typical Califor- nia pioneer. tNDREW BLOMQUIST, the subject of this sketch, came to Monterey county, California, from his native land, Sweden, in the year 1868. Here he was first employed by Hon. C. S. Abbott, near Salinas, at §30 a month, taking his pay in calves. He had a good education in his own language, and speak the English language sufficiently to be understood. His father, also named Andrew, was born in Malmo, Sweden. His mother's maiden name was Kate Andresen. They were married about the year 1841, and to them were born five children, all of whom are living, namely: Anna born February 20, 1842; James A., October 24, 1844; Andrew, December 6, 1846; Peter, in 1847; and Juana, in 1849. . After working three years for Mr. Abbott, Mr. Blomquist formed a copartnership with Charles McFadden, which lasted two years. It being dissolved, Mr. Blomquist engaged in business for himself — dairying and farming — near Chualar, Monterey county, where he now resides. In this enterprise he has met with eminent success. He now owns 5,000 aci-es of land, valuable horses and hogs, and over 1,000 head of cattle. He chose for his life companion and wedded Miss Matilda Lenander, who was born in Orkolljunga, Sweden, February 24, 1858. This union resulted in the birth of live chil- dren, of whom four are living, namely: Mida Nervida, born March 11, 1881; Anna Louisa, deceased, born July 28, 1882; Ada Elizabeth, September 30, 1883; Andrew Bernhard, Sep- tember 5, 1885; Charlotte Christinia, Jan- uary 21, 1887. Mrs. Blomquist's untimely death occurred on the 3d of August, 1891. Mr. Blomquist still keeps his little family together, preferring to take care of them himself rather than to entrust them to others. As an honorable and upright citizen, Mr. Blomquist sustains an unblemished reputa- tion, his word being considered as good as his bond. He is economical, yet generous, and has good cheer for all who visit him. He is popular as a citizen, and more so as an employer. Doing an extensive farming and dairying business (milking about 150 cows), he, of necessity, keeps a large number of men around him, and many of them have been with him for years without making changes. Eschewing all vices and bad habits, he is a most exemplary man. tLEXANDER McCUNE, a prosperous farmer of San Benito county, Califor- nia, post office Hollister, came to Amer- ica in 1869, as an importer of Ayrshire cattle for the Grogan estate, and has since been identified with the interests of this county. Mr. McCune was born in the north of Ire- land, near Belfast, October 3, 1842, son of Andrew and Eleanor J. (Barn) McCune, both of Scotch ancestry. His father, however, was a native of New York city, born in 1807, and was by trade and occupation a boot and shoe manufacturer. He finally returned to Ireland and engaged in keeping a cab yard or livery stable. His mother was a native of the north of Ireland. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. Alexander McCune is married, and has six children: James; Mary, wife of James Sted- maii; Charles, Thomas, Alexander and Mag- fi;ie, all save the oldest born in California. tOUIS B. JENKINS, a native son of Cali- fornia, was born at Stockton, September 27, 1859, a son of John G. Jenkins, for many years a resident of San Joaquin county, and a prominent member of the State bar. This gentleman came to the " Golden State" in 1852, from Dodgeviile, Wisconsin. He was born in Tennessee, and married Mrs. Marella A. Rhodes in Wisconsin, a native of New York, of German descent, and our sub- ject, Louis B., is the youngest of her four children. Louis B. Jenkins was reared in Stockton, graduated at the Stockton public schools, and later he studied law at Santa Cruz, and was admitted to practice in 1881. As soon as he was admitted to the bar he located in Santa Cruz, and from there came to Salinas in 1886. Two years later he was elected to the office of Justice of tlie Peace, and in 1890 succeeded himself. He is a popular Democrat in politics, and in his election ran far ahead of his ticket. Mr. Jenkins married in 1889, Miss Carrie O. Pursell, a native of Tulare county, and was born in 1871, and to these parents two daughters have been born, Stella and Ella. Mr. Jenkins enjoys a large jiractice, and has gained the respect and esteem of all who know him. fEORGE W. LOVIE.— The life of this gentleman illustrates, in a marked degree, that high type of American character that this country has developed. Mr. Lovie was born in Maumee City, Ohio, March 4, 1848, and with his heroic mother came to California in 1850, to join his father, who had grossed the plains in 1849. His boy- hood was spent in the mining districts of Placer, El Dorado and Nevada counties, where tlie self-reliance and hopefulness so characteristic of tlie time were strongly en- grafted in his disposition. In 1868 he married an accomplished woman, Maria F., daughter of Mr. O. S. Holbrook, a prominent mining man of Ne- vada county, and the union has proved an exceptionally happy one. His parents died soon after his marriage, and he then assumed the responsibility of educating and support- ing his brother and sisters (five in number). He engaged in the draying business in San Francisco, but, not taking kindly to city life, he in 1871 removed to San Mateo county and engaged in farming. His ability as an enterprising citizen was at once recognized, and he soon became prominent in county af- fairs. In 1884 he was elected Tax Collector of the county and moved to Redwood City, the county-seat. Having served with great success in that office, he was elected in 1886 County Assessor, re-elected in 1890, a:;d is at present discharging the duties of that of- fice with signal ability. While the subject of this sketch excels as a public officer, he is eminent in his private capacity in what is known as a "society man." He was Chief Engineer of the Redwood City fire department; P. G. of Ocean View Lodge, No. 143, I. O. O. F.; P. C. P. Hope Encamp- ment, No. 60; F. S. Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 48; and Grand Sentinel of the Grand En- campment, I. O. O. F. ; Chairman of the Committee on Credentials and Returns, Grand Lodge Knights of Pythias; and holds im- portant official position in the Great Council MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, of Improved Order of Red Men. He has served on several important committees in the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and during the past year be veas the Noble Grand Arch of the United Ancient Order of Druids, visiting every grove of that order in the State and organizing two new groves. At the close of his term, in recognition of his valuable services in behalf of the order, he was presented by the Grand Grove with a handsome gold watch. He was Captain of the successful team in the K. of P. competi- tion in rendering the work, which took place during the recent session of the Grand lodge in this city. Mr. Lovie is now in the prime of life, and is a man of pleasing address. The keystone of his character is strict integrity, personal honesty and geniality. He is a representa- tive specimen of that class to whom the people must look forward to give credit and tone to American politics. He is a man of much magnetic influence, and is well calcu- lated to be a leader. 1^^ TAIX is well known in San Benito ^Pi county as one of the enterprising and ^^^ successful men of San Juan. He has recently purchased one of the most beautiful spots of land in that locality, which will be his future home. Mr. Taix was born in the Alps of France, July 30, 1853. When scarcely seventeen years of age he volunteered his services in the ambulances during the Franco-Prussian war; hence, during the ministry in the latter part of 1871, longing to see the world, he embarked for San Fj-ancisco, went to work and pushed himself rapidly forward on the road of success. Two years later he moved within the boundary of San Benito county. He then turned his attention to tlie sheep industry, when the county was then open and ranges plentiful, with good results. In 1882 he next engaged in merchandising and operating a meat market in the old town of San Juan, where he is still doing a lucrative business, with the best intention to live and reside among his many friends. Mr. Taix has four bright children to suc- ceed him in life: Antoine, Vickie, Lena and Rosie Taix. I^KANCIS BLACKIE, of Castroville, is IK one of Monterey county's most energetic *^' farmers and business men. He came to California in 1862, almost directly from his native county, via New York city. He is a native of Roxburghshire, Scotland, born October 4. 1840, where he was reared to the occupation of a merchant. In time, as many other young men of his native land have done, he came to America, choosing California as his objective point, and sailed for that State, via the Isthmus of Panama, and in the fall of 1863 reached Salinas valley and engaged in farming on the Cooper estate. In 1887 he purchased the warehouse busi- ness of Mr. Charles Louis, which he had been operating since 1881, when he had leased it. This warehouse is located near Castroville, on the Monterey line of the Southern Pacific railroad, and is the shipping point of the product of a tine portion of the Salinas valley, and Mr. Blackie handles an unusually large quantity of potatoes, beans, barley, etc., yearly. In this he is very successful and has gained the respect and esteem of all who know him by his honesty and fair dealing. Mr. Blackie was married in 1874, to Miss Jane Mullis, daughter of John MuUis, of AUD SAN MATEO COUNTIES. Salinas. Mr. and Mrs. Blackie have four children, namely: Francis, Walter J., Sarah M. and William G. Mr. Blackie is esteemed as a citizen and a prompt and successful busi- ness man. -^^uxpjiy- -^yiyirx^^ fW. PATTON, Esq., a wealthy stock- raiser and farmer of Salinas, Califoi'nia, ® has been a resident of this State since 1860. A native of Fayette county, Pennsylvania, he was born November 1, 1833. When a young man he directed his way westward, first to Salt Lake, and thence to California via San Bernardino county or the Southern route. After prospecting along the coast he finally located at Natividad, Monterey county. He commenced farming on a comparatively modest scale, and from time to time has add- ed to his acreage until he now owns about 2,500 acres of the best soil of the Salinas valley. He was married in 1859, to Miss Cornelia Stewart, a native of Pennsylvania, and they have one son and four daughters, namely: Alice, William, Emma, Mary and Annie. Mr. and Mrs. Patton are both of German descent. They and their family are highly esteemed b}' all who know them. T-*rTILLIAM SCHMIDT, deceased.— h:\l:\l'jj William Schmidt was one of the first i*=%l^l settlers of the Salinas Valley, and a pioneer of California. He was born in Olden- bnrg, Germany, in 1815, and came to America in 1845. He is an industrious and frugal farmer, and located on a claim in the Salinas valley of 160 acres. He was married in 1865, to Miss Francis Fabry, daughter of John Fabry, Esq., an early settler of Salinas valley. Mr. Schmidt died leaving a comfortable estate, a widow and the following children: William F., An- nie J., Francis M., August H., Emma L. and Fannie A. Mrs. Berg is a lady of great business energy and executive ability, and has a personal pride in her family'. She, in a lai-ge degree man- ages the family estate, and is respected by a large circle of friends. PANIEL TUTTLE, one of the success- ful business men of Watsonville, and a pioneer, was born in Kichland county, Ohio, in 1823. He is a son of Hiram and Annie (Dille) Tuttle, who were among the earliest settlers of Ohio. In that State his father built a house which had not a single nail in it, even the doors being pinned to- gether. They had six sons and two daugh- ters. The father died in 1848 and the mother in 1890. Mr. Tuttle received a fair common-school education, and was reared on a farm. At the age of twenty years he began to do for himself. He had only three dollars in money, and after paying half of it for his license, he began married life with the small sum of Si. 50. Near Ottumwa, Iowa, he engaged in farming and got a good start. Then, in 1852, he came to California, across the plains. Their party was composed of about eighteen persons, and they had seven wagons. After a journey of five months, they landed safe in Shasta City, in August. Six months later they went to Colusa county, and there Mr. Tuttle at first farmed, by the month. Then he bought land and raised barley for the Gov- ernment. In 1854 he came to Santa Cruz MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, county. His first purchase of land was 200 acres, which, after he had it all fenced, etc., he lost through an old Spanish title. Not discouraged, however, in 1860 he bought ninety acres near Watson ville, which he has since improved, and to it added eighty acres. He has also owned some desirable stock ranches and has raised some fine stock. He is ranked with the successful men of the county, notwithstanding the fact that he was broken up in the start through a defective title. He laughs over it now, and says he is able to buy out all who claimed a better title than he could prove. Mr. Tuttle was married in Iowa, in 1844, to Miss Mary A. Pardoe, a daughter of Rev. John and Susan (Lotspeich) Pardoe. Their children are as follows: Dr. Hiram P., of Tacoma, Washington ; Susan, wife of Sheldon Allen; Owen S., a stock-raiser of Santa Cruz county; Mary, wife of Sidney Menasco; and Frank G. and Schuyler, butchers, Watson- ville. In politics Mr. Tuttle is a Republican. He was chosen by a large majority to repre- sent his county in the Legislature in 1878, to form the new constitution. He has taken a lively interest in educational matters, and has not only given his children good education, but has given them all a comfortable start in life. fEASIDE. — This town was laid out in the fall of 1888, and the land upon which it is located comprised a portion of tlie Noche Buena rancho. The town was originally platted as East Monterey, but upon the location of the post otHce it was found necessary to change the name, as it conflicted with other offices of a similar name; so January, 1890, it was given the appropriate name of Seaside. It contains 1,800 fine residence lots, about 1,200 of which are sold, the remaining 600 still on the mar- ket. About 100 families from the various interior towns make this charming place their summer home, while others are so de- liglited with the attractions of the place, that they reside here all the time. It has many advantages as a place of residence, located as it is on the broad sand beach of Monterey bay, affording excellent bathing facilities. The climate is free from the harsh winds of the ocean, and when it has been proven that the most delicate plants can be propagated, and roses made to bloom, out of doors all the year round, as it has, there is no further need of expatiating upon the perfect climate of this gem of resorts. It has a post office, which is located one mile from Del Monte, on the Southern Pacific railroad. It has very excellent school facilities, and all the advantages to be obtained upon the shores of old Monterey bay. Among the natural attractions of Seaside are the beautiful lake and wonderful live-oak tree, said to be the largest of its species in the world. D. J. Houghton and his partner, J. L. D. Roberts, M. D., operate a lumber-yard at the railroad station, and encourage the erection of homes at Seaside. J. L. D. Roberts, the present eflicient and obliging Postmaster of Seaside, is a native of Osceola, Lewis county, New York, having been born in that place January 14, 1863. He took a thorough course in the English branches at Watertown, New York, and later an academic course at Utica, New York, and after that attended Union College, and there entered upon the study of medicine with Dr. H. N. Porter, of Utica. He graduated at the University of New York in 1885, and commenced the practice of medicine at Utica, AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 281 where he remained for tliree years, and then came to California and settled at Monterey, in 1887. In 1888 Ur. Koberts married Miss Edith A. Maltby, of Troy, New York. To the Doc- tor and his wife one son has been born, — Houghton Maltby Roberts. H. itLOSSER, a prominent and highly respected citizen of San Ben- ito, San Benito county, California, was born in Fayette, Seneca county, New York, April 24, 1827. In his youth he learned the trade of tanner and currier at Lockport, New York, and in 1848 went to Michigan, where he worked at the same in Medina, Lenawee county. While working quietly at his trade in Michigan, the California gold fever swept over the country and Mr. Blosser was one of its victims. He drove a team overland from Michigan to the American valley in Plumas county, this State, arriving at his destination August 14, 1852. From that time until 1861, he pursued the various callings of a persistent miner, and with no very brilliant success. In 1861 hejoined the United States Army and fought the Indians on the frontier, in New Mexico and Arizona, until 1864. In November of that year he returned to Plumas county, via steamer from Wilmington to San Francisco and np the Sacramento river, and remained in Plumas county until October, 1868. The following year he came to San Benito county with Bolivar Smith, and bought a squatter's claim to land that now comprises a portion of his coirjfortable home at San Benito. Mr. Blosser was married, December 10, 1873, to Mrs. Rachel (Pullen) Appleton, a native of Livingston county, Michigan, and the widow of D. E. Appleton. By her first husband she had three children: Maggie, May and De Witt. She and Mr. Blosser have one daughter, Etta O. AJOR E. McMICIIAELS is one of the respected pioneers of San Benito county. He came to California in 1849. Passing on his journey to the mines, he camped in the fruit orchard adjoining, and comprising a portion of the San Juan Mission property at old San Juan. He ar- rived safely at the mines of Tuolumne county, and remained there until 1853, spending first, however, a brief time in Mariposa county. Later he followed stock-raising in Stanis- laus county, whence he removed to the San Joaquin valley. He finally, in 1859, took up his residence in San Benito county, and continued stock-raising. And since that date he has been an honored citizen of San Juan. Major McMichaels was born in the town of Orangeburg, Orangeburg county. South Caro- lina, June 1, 1809. In 1858 he married, in California, his present consort, who was, by maiden name, Emma Stone. They have three children. The Major lives in comparative retirement at San Juan, and since 1887 bas ably filled the position of United States Post- master. He is a gentleman possessing many estimable qualities, and is highly regarded by all who know him. fAVID LEESE, son of Jacob P. Leese, was born in Sonoma county, California, January 8, 1846. He came to Mon- terey county when a child, and attended the public schools of Monterey. Then for a 282 MONTEBET, SAN BENITO, SANTA GBUZ, number of years he followed various pursuits. He was married in Salina*, in 1875, to Delia Estelle, daughter of W. G. Martin, and their union has been blessed with two sons and six daughters, all living, namely: Her- bert Primer, born in 1876: Adelaide Sophia, in 1878; Grace Estelle, in 1880; David Will- iam, in 1882; Edith Anna, in 1884; Delia, ia 1888; Jessie Frances, in 1890; and Ber- tha Pomposa, in 1892. Mr. Lease came to King City in the year 1885. He is now engaged in farming on the San Bernabe ranch. On the 15th of September, 1888, a serious accident, and a phenomenal one for California, occurred to him. Tlie house in which he was living, lo- cated live miles from King City, was struck by lightning and its contents burned. Many horses and cattle were also killed from the effects of the lightning. Mr. Leese has l)een and is still a very suc- cessful farmer, and in his chosen pursuit has acquired a competency. He bears a reputa- tion above reproach. Mr. Leese conies from an ancestry of which any one might well be proud, his mother being a sister of the dis- tinguished General Vallejo. For further reference to his ancestry see the various allu- sions to Jacob P. Leese in the general history in this work and a sketch of him. fOSEPH BOWIE, for many years a resi- dent of San Juan, San Benito county, and one of the most successful merchants of the place, is a native of Montreal, Canada, born September 6, 1830. His parents, Alex- ander and Elizabeth (Arthur) Bowie, were natives of Scotland and of the north of Ire- land, respectively, the latter being a daughter of William Arthur. Alexander Bowie was a baker by trade. He came to California in 1852, worked at his trade in Murphy's camp, and in 1857 came to San Juan. Joseph was twenty-three years of age when he landed in California. He mined in the diggings of Calaveras county about three years. In 1857 he came to San Juan aud found employment on a stock ranch. He subsequently served six years as Deputy Sheriff of Santa Clara county, under Sheriff" Adams, and during that time was stationed at the New Almaden quicksilver mines. He afterward served as Deputy Sheriff of old Monterey county, un- der Andy Wasson. Since 1877 he has been engaged in the merchandise business at San Juan. Of Mr. Bowie's family we record that he has one single sister, Eliza; Alexander, his brother, is in Europe; Agnes is the wife of J. 1*. Sargent, a prominent and wealthy rancher of Santa Clara county; Charlotte H. is the wife ofS. W. Smith, of Monterey. f5[DWAKD L. B. SMITH, deceased, one L of the honored and esteemed pioneers ^ of California, paid the debt of Nature in 1853, leaving to his descendants an in- heritance beyond price, that of an untar- nished name. Our subject came overland from Spring- field, Illinois, to California, in 1848, leaving Springfield in April of that year. The journey was a perilous one and Mr. Smith was so un- fortunate as to receive an accidental wound in the arm from one of the guards while placing them around, that proved very serioiis. This wound was received while guarding the camp at night, when he was serving as Cap- tain of the guard. Mr. Smith made his ad- vent into San Francisco on the 22d of Octo- AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 383 ber, the same year. He was a merchant by trade and pursued his calling until Novem- ber of the year 1849, when he removed to Santa Cruz, where he remained until January, 1850, when he located at San Juan. As he was a man of broad intelligence and well versed in English and American law he be- gan the practice of the same in San Juan. Mr. Smith was the first Postmaster of San Juan, and at the time of his death, in 1853, waa Surveyor of Monterey county. Mr. Smith married Miss Jane Whittacer, a native of Kingston, New York, where the marriage ceremony occurred. Mrs. Smith was of Holland Dutch descent. Mr. Smith was also a native of New York, his birth- place being Ulster county, that State. The six children of Mr. and Mrs. Smith were all born in Kingston and were by name as fol- lows: Annie, wife of Judge R. F. Feckhara of San Jose, is now deceased; Caroline is the widow of John N. JBigley and resides at San Juan ; Leath M. is the wife of John Breen, of San Juan;. Mary S. is the wife of George Chal- mers of San Juan; Josephine married W. Jeffries of Santa Clara county and is now de- ceased; and John, the only son, who is now a resident of Stockton. Mr. Smith was an honorable man, an energetic and esteemed citizen who is still remembered by the host of friends he left behind. fA. BLESSING, a California pioneer of 1850, and a prosperous farmer of San '^ Benito county, residing near HoUister, is deserving of some personal mention in this work. Mr. Blessing is a native of Virginia, born on the Bed river, son of Abraham and Mary (Anderson) Blessing. By the death of his parents he was left an orphan at the age of two years and was cared for and reared by strangers. When a youth he went to Mis- souri and at the age of twenty crossed the plains from that State to California, coming via the northern route, and after a journey of seventy-five days landed in " Hangtown " on the 1st of July, 1850. He spent twenty-five years in the mines of Placer, El Dorado and adjoining counties, and in 1875 came to San Benito county and located near Hollister. Here he owns a fertile farm of eighty acres. Mr. Blessing was married at San Francisco, in 1863, to Mrs. Ruth Roe, a native of Lena- wee county, Michigan. They have five chil- dren: William A., Estella M., Mary. Alice, John Franklin and Oliver C. The two daughters and one son are married. ?OHN SEXTON, a native of Arkansas, was born December 28, 1837. His fa- ther, Jacob Sexton, a farmer, came to California in 1850 and died the same year, in Sacramento county. His wife, nee Eliza Reed, a native of Kentucky, died in the spring of 1886, leaving four children, of whom our subject is the second. Mr. John Sexton served during the rebel- lion three years as United States Government Wagon-master in the Commissary depart ment. After the war, in 1865, he came to California and remained two years at Napa, where he engaged in farm work. Li 1867 he located in Salinas, where he bought seventy acres of land, his present home. The Sexton residence is one of the most attractive rural homes in the valley and is a source of pride to the citizens of the surrounding county. Mr. Sexton was married July 17, 1865, to Sarah C. King, the daughter of Philip King, MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA ORVZ, a farmer of the Salinas valley. Mrs. Sexton was born in Indiana, March 21, 1846. Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Sexton, namely: Ida B., now Mrs. James Kenney of San Jose; O. C, now Mrs. Wright Alsop of Salinas; A. D., now Mrs. J. H. Al- sop of Salinas; Eda May and John T., at home. Mr. Sexton enjoys the respect and esteem of all who know him, and he and iiis wife are worthy representatives of the Salinas valley. fOHN W. HAWKINS, a representative business man of Hollister, is a native of Marion county, Missouri, having been born near the city of Hannibal, September 22, 1840. His life has been chiefly devoted to agricultural pursuits, in which he has been very successful. His father, Nicholas Hawkins, was also a life-long farmer and a native of Kentucky, where he was greatly esteemed. Our subject was reared in his native State, and in 1868 came to Hollister and was one of the original settlers on the subdivision of the San Justo or Hollister grant. He now owns one of the finest farms of 200 acres in the county, which joins the city of Hollister, also 700 acres of productive farm land near Winters, Cali- fornia. Mr. Hawkins married Miss Frances J. Chapped, a native of McDonald county, Mis- souri, born near Neosho, October 7, 1845, and a daughter of Alfred Chapped, a resident of Hollister. Mr. and Mrs. Hawkins have four living children, namely: William E., born July 30, 18G7; Alfred N., bote April 11, 1869, married Emma Elizabeth Sherman, and is now a farmer of Woodland, California; Mary A., born December 28, 1870; Lee, born January 15, 1878; and Frank C, born May 22, 1878, died March, 4, 1892. Mr. Hawkins has been active in all enterprises that had for their object the material, educational or social advancement of the city of Hollister and county of San Benito. No family in the State is held in any higher esteem by those who know them than is that of the subject of this notice. ~'w/^'^^^-^^/^^ fAPT. E. P. WRIGHT is one of the oldest pioneers of San Benito county. He came to California, in 1849, from Wilcox county, Ala., but is a native of South Carolina, being born in Sumter district, September 3, 1816. Soon after his birth his father removed to Alabama, and there died live months after. The captain was reared in Conecuh county, Alabama, until eighteen years of age,when he engaged in raising cotton and corn until 1835, when he went to Texas, joined the revolution and aided in gaining the inde- pendence of the Lone Star State. He served there as a private during 1836, and then located in Concordia parish, Louisiana, near Natchez, Mississippi, as a farmer. In 1844 he returned to Alabama, but in 1849 came to California, being one of a party who chartered a schooner and sailed for Brazos-Santiago, Texas; crossed the Rio Grande river, and with teams, wagons and pack mules made their way to Mazatlan, Mexico. From this point they sailed to San Francisco, taking thirty-one days to the trip. Upon arrival in California, Captain Wright spent about three years in the mines and then returned to Alabama. In 1852 he again made the trip, and embarked in farming at Gilroy. While living there he was several times elected Justice of the Peace, which ofhce he filled AND SAA MATEO COUNTIES. 285 with credit. Later, lie came to San Benito county and located his present home at the confluence of the Tres Finos and San Benito creeks, in the most fertile and cultivated portion of central California. He was married in Alabama in 1844, to Miss Margaret L. Hank, a native of Ala- bama, who is still living. Mr. and Mrs. Wright have eight children, seven of whom are daughters, and of these seven six have occupied responsible positions as teachers in the public schools. Mrs. Wright is a lady of intelligence, and is a devoted wife and mother. Although born and reared in the heart of secession, Capt. Wright has always been a strong Union man and a Gerrit Smith abolitionist. He served in his early days in the Alabama militia, with rank as Captain, which title has clung to him, and he is known and liked as Captain Wright by a large circle of acquaintances and friends. He is a raau of wide observation, general information and pronounced opinions, and is liberal to a fault. tWESTFALL, M. D., has been one of the physicians of Monterey since » 1878, and of California since 1869. He is a native of Indiana, born July 30, 1841, son of Isaac Fall Westfall. The Doctor received his medical education at Keokuk, Iowa, where he graduated in 1869 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Upon coming to California, he practiced his profession at various points in California and finally located at Monterey, in January, 1878. In 1861, Dr. Nestfall joined the Union army in Iowa, and was mustered into the Fourth Iowa Infantry. He served one year, taking an active part in the battles of Shiloh and Donelson, where he received injuries, and was commissioned First Lieutenant as a reward for his bravery, but was discharged on account of his wounds, Ilis marriage occurred in 1875, to Miss Nellie Fadden, a native of Minnesota, and they have one son, Jacob. The Doctor is a Republican in politics, and has held the office of City Recorder for two years. He enjoys a fine practice, and has the confidence and esteem of all who know him. l^EV. N. R. PECK, one of the honorable 1^^ members of the superannuated Methodist ^^i clergy, is a well-known citizen of Pacific Grove. He is a native of Chittenden county, Vermont, born March 23, 1813. His father, a Baptist preacher, was born in Rhode Isl and, although he followed his calling chiefly in Vermont and St. Lawrence county, New York, in which latter place his death occurred in 1860, when he had attained the age of eighty-five years. His wife, mother of subject, Sahara Rounds, was born in Rutland county, Vermont, town of Clarendon, of English de- scent. Our subject was the second child in a large family, was educated in the public schools of Vermont, and also attended the St. Lawrence Academy at Malone, New York. In 1838 he joined the Black River Conference, having been engaged in the local ministry of the Northern New York Conference for some time prior to this step. In 1855 Mr. Peck became a member of the California Confer- ence by transfer from the Black River Con. ference in northern New York, being sta- tioned at Los Angeles in the same year. He remained only about six months when he was 28G MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, stationed at Sacramento, where he built np a fine church organization and erected the pres- ent Methodist Church on H street. He tilled various appointments in Sacramento, Placer, El Dorado, and Amador counties, and served as Presiding Elder in the California Confer- ence in 1861. This good man continued his ministrations until 1889, when he superannu- ated, alter a service of tifty-four years. He resided for several years in Placer county, where he was a pioneer in the growing of olives and oranges in that county, propagating them from the seed. In this way Mr. Peck became interested inhoricultnre, and for some time was an influential member of the State Board of Horticulture. In 1889 Mr. Peck took up his residence in Pacific Grove, where (in 1892) he still lives, and is universally beloved. Mr. Peck first visited California in 1850, and as an indepen- dent preacher traveled and preached the gos- pel of the Bible to the miners, sometimes hav- ing audiences as large as 1,500 people, chiefly miners, at the old Spanish bar on the Ameri- can river. When asked how he could afford to preach so long without remuneration he said, "Why, bless you, I never had up to that time seen so much money, and scarcely have I since. While sitting alone in my cabin door those open-handed and generous miners used to throw sacks of gold dust through my open window or door, not even halting to receive my thanks." Mr. Peck married, in 1833, Mary Rounds, a daughter of Joseph Rounds of Monkton, Vermont. Two children were born to them, namely: Marilla, who married and was sent to India in 1856 as a missionary, where she died in 1863, leaving a daughter who was re- turned to her native land and is now the wife of Rev. J. W. Kuykendall, of the California Conference. The other daughter of Mr. Peck was married to J. N. Maddux, of California, and is now living in San Francisco. Mr. Peck is greatly esteemed in Pacific Grrove, and is now enjoying a well-earned rest after a life of toil and arduous labors. fj. HANEY, the subject of this brief sketch, is a native of Ireland, where * he was born in 1814. In 1840 he shipped for America, and after arrival in this land of freedom and plenty, he located in Wisconsin, where he resided for about twenty-two years. ^rior to his settlement in Wisconsin he had traveled extensively in the United States, and so finally resolved to seek in the mild climate of California the comfort during winter that Wiscon- sin does not afford; so in 1875 he made the trip, and, since his arrival in the State, has been the keeper of t!ie court- bouse grounds of Monterey county. This work he is well able to perform, as he was reared on a farm and has always engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1849 our subject was married to Miss Henrietta Luce, who bore him one son, Edward. Mr. Haney has always been very industrious, and his energy and thrift have won for him a competency. He now has a comfortable home in Salinas, where his sociability and strict integrity have made him many friends. fRANK R. DAY is a representative busi- ness man and capitalist of Monterey. He has been a resident of California for about twenty-five years. His father, Lott Day, coming to California with his family in 1866, purchased the Capital Hotel at Sacramento, AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. and operated the same until 1871. After a trip East he settled in Oakland, where he lived in retirement until his death in 1883. He was a native of Ohio, born at the present site of Cincinnati about 1822. He became one of the most successful hotel men of his day, and owned some of the leading hotels in Ohio and adjoining States. The mother of our subject was Anna, daughter of John K. Wright, M. D., an eminent physician with a practice extending throughout Indiana. She was bom in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and died at the age of thirty-three years, in South Bend, Indiana, leaving three children, a son and two daughters. The younger daughter died at the age of five years, and the older Lizzie, married W. S. Bender, a nephew of E. B. Crocker, agent for the Central Pacific Railroad Company. They lived at Reno, Nevada, where she died in 1871. Mr. Day was born in South Bend, Indiana, April 9, 1853. He learned civil engineering after coming to California, and as civil engi- neer worked for the Pacific Improvement Company for a time. Later, he worked for the Southern Pacific and other railway com- panies in various capacities, and was also in the employ of Wells, Fargo & Company, these engagements covering a period of about twenty years. In 1883 he located in Los Angeles. He organized and was for a time connected with the well-known business firm of Joe Bayer & Co., of that city. In 1886 he disposed of his business interests and became one of the volunteer firemen of Los Angeles, which position he filled four years, the last two years being Chief of the paid department. He served as a member of the City Council of Los Angeles two years, from the second ward, one of the wealthiest wards in the city. He was popularly known for his political sagacity and business enterprise. He was an organizer and director of the first telephone company in that city. He is is an organizer of, a heavy stockholder in, and manager of the Monterey Electric Light & Development Company. Mr. Day has been twice married, his first wife being Elizabeth Mappa, a member of one of the oldest families of Los Angeles. His present companion, fomerly Miss Jessie Oliver, is a native of Monterey, a daughter of the late George Oliver, and a lady of rare social culture. By his former marriage he has one daughter, Anna C, now (1892) eight years of age. No citizen in Monterey is more active or takes more pride in the business development of the city than Frank R. Day. He is a mem- ber of the Town Council. In social as well as business circles he is held in high esteem. SODELPHUS C. AUSTIN, of Monterey county, California, was born in Oxford county, Maine, February 25, 1854, son of Amos and Florence S. (Taylor) Austin. His father was a native of that same State and county, and was by occupation a dairy- man. He made the trip to this State in 1856, coming direct from Maine, via Pan- ama. Two years later his wife and son Rodelphus (youngest child) came by the same route, leaving the two daughters with their uncle, G. I). Austin, until about the year 1863. One year the father was engaged in mining in Butte county. Daniel for three years was in company with ex- Sheriff P. K. Austin, a brother on Point San Pedro, Marin county, this State. Then for five years he conducted a dairy in Sonoma county, and also dealt in live stock. The mother is still living. She dates her l)irth in 1823. Of MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, their six children, four are now living, the subject of this sketch, and his three sisters, all married and settled in life. Flora is now Mrs. William Ferguson, of Los Angeles; Ora B. is the wife of J. Q. Bradburj, a superintendent of mines in New Mexico; and Linnie E. is the wife of Dr. G. H. Heald, of San Francisco. The maternal grandfather of Mr. Austin was Stephen B. Taylor, a native of Maine, who lived to be ninety years of age, and died in Byron, that State, and his father, John Taylor, was a Eevolu- tionary soldier under Washington. Grand- father Abiah Austin was by trade a wheel- wright. Mr. Austin attended the State Normal School at San Jose and graduated at the McMeans Normal School of Santa Rosa, Sonoma county. He also took a scientific course of study in the Cliristian College, Santa Rosa. He followed school teaching for a time, being very successful, and urged by school trustees to continue. He pre- empted Government land, and in 1873 owned 1,060 acres. Since that time, how- ever, he has sold off portions of his land, and at this writing has a fine ranch of 120 acres. He is one of Monterey's best-informed and most reliable citizens, and in politics he is an ardent Republican. fOSEFH O. JOHNSON, a pioneer of Pacific Grove, has figured quite con- spicuously in the development of Pa- cific Grove. Mr. Johnson was born May 10, 1844, in Rappahannock county, Virginia, and was the son of Farmer Johnson, deceased, a planter by occupation, who came to California in 1869, and settled in Monterey county, where he remained until his death, which occurred in Salinas, in 1877. The subject is one of the most active busi- ness men of the county and has engaged largely in the mercantile business. Upon his first arrival in San Francisco, in 1869, he spent a year in prospecting throughout the State. In 1872 he located near Salinas, and sold merchandise during 1875, 1876, and 1877. At the last-named date he closed out and spent a year in traveling in northern California, after which he settled in Pacific Grove. Upon his arrival at this popular seaside resort he purchased of the Pacific Improve- ment Company the only livery business of the town and erected, without question, the most complete and largest livery stable in the State, which cost him 110,000, and which has been considered by all the town as one of the most enterprising businesses of the place. These stables are liberally patronized, not only by the townspeople but by visitors. Mr. Johnson also platted the town for the Pacific Improvement Company, in Pacific Grove, acting as superintendent. He made many improvements, and during the time he served in that capacity he sold over 3,000 business and residence lots. It was under his able management that Pacific Grove acquired its fame as a desirable resi- dence town, and its largest sales were made under his directorship. Mr. Johnson has been twice married, the first time, August 2, 1862, to Miss Emma Gray, who died September 13, 1884, at Pacific Grove. January 19, 1886, Mr. John- son married Miss Carrie L., daughter of the lamented D. W. Lloyd, of Pacific Grove, and they have three daughters: Carrie J., Mabel J. alid Esther. Mr. Johnson owns a large amount of real estate in Pacific Grove and AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 289 valuable farm property in Oregon. He is a man who is noted for his business energy and every project which has him at its head is sure to succeed. ARION CROW, Hollister, San Ben- llTOIK ito county, California, came to this ft^^ State from Crawford county, Mis- souri, in 1871. His father, Joseph Crow, mined in California as early as 1849, as will be seen by reference to the sketch of W. J. Crow elsewhere in this work. Marion Crow was born in Crawford county, Missouri, December 13, 1853. He was vari- ously employed until finally he took up farm- ing, and located where he now lives, in the vineyard district, about six miles southwest of Hollister. Here he lias 600 acres of farm- ing and grazing land, about 125 acres of which are under cultivation. Mr. Crow was married in 1875, to Miss Emma Whitton, of Napa, California. They have four children: Cassie A., Mary E., John F. and Josephine. fOHN SHIELDS, an esteemed pioneer of California, crossed the plains from Keo- kuk, Iowa, via Council Bluffs, and the northern route, in 1852, being six months in making the journey. Upon his arrival in the Golden State, he first located in Shasta county, where he lived two years, from there going to Trinity county. Here he devoted four- teen years of his life to mining, and was favored with average success. Since April, 1870, he has been a resident of San Benito county. Mr. Shields was born in Ireland, in 1831, and at the age of seventeen came to America. His life has been one of industry and so- briety. In San Benito he has developed a fine estate, has a comfortable home, and has reared a family of seven children, all of whom are capable of taking independent and hon- orable positions in life. He was married in Santa Clara county, in 1864, to Miss Julia Wallace, a lady of ster- ling qualities, and who proved herself a faith- ful wife and devoted mother. She died in 1892. The names of their children are: Frank, Augustus, Agnes, Ida, John, George and Murty. Frank and his brother-in-law, J. R. Young, are engaged in the Garden City Brass Works, at San Jose. Mr. Shields was reared in the Catholic faith. hi politics, he is an out-and-out Brohibitionist. I^ICHMOND STICE, deceased, was born 1^^ in Randolph county, Missouri, October ^ 18, 1823. His father, Peter Stice, a Missourian by birth, emigrated to Oregon and there died, at the age of 104 years. Richmond Stice was reared on a farm in his native State, and in August 31, 1843, he mar- ried Elizabeth AUred, and had the following children: William T., deceased; Nancy M.; and Elizabeth, who died November 17, 1846. In 1856 Richmond Stice came to Califor- nia. Arriving on this coast, he engaged in mining in Amador county one year. He then farmed two years in Napa county, and ten years near Vacaville, Solano county. He came to San Benito county, in 1869, where he followed farming until 1876. Then he moved to Lompoc, Santa Barbara county; in 1877, back to San Benito county, settling at Willow creek. In 1883 he located on Tres 390 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Pinos creek, near Paicines, where he spent the rest of his life, dying February 2, 1891. Mr. Stice was married, in Missouri, in 1848, to Miss Martha J. Barnes, a native of Boone county, Missouri, born July 11, 1827. Their children are as follows: Lizzie, wife of Benjamin Duvaul; Jaraes B., deceased; Khoda A., wife of G. "W. Joice; Henry P., Lottie E., John M.. Tyra R., deceased; Sarah F., wife of M. C. Druden; Silas N., and Lee, deceased. Richmond Stice was active and enterprising in business affairs, and in his home was ever hospitable and social. He had hosts of friends and was highly respected by all who knew him. >X^ — :(^^^^ tENSSELAER L. HOHNAN, a native of Orange county, Vermont, was born May 26, 1843. His father, Luther Hohnan, was a farmer. Upon leaving his na- tive State, Mr. Hohnan, in 1865, came to Cali- fornia and spent two years in the wholesale fruit house of J. & D. Conrad. At the time of his leaving this house he returned to Ver- mont, and spent three years farming on the old home place of his father, then engaged in the mercantile business in Willistou, Ver- mont, for two years; then sold out his busi- ness there and engaged in farming for two years at Jericho, Vermont. In 1872, he made a second trip to California, this time as traveling agent for the Walter A. Wood Mow- ing and Reaping Machine Company, of Hoo- sick Falls, New York, remaining with them two years. Next he was employed by Messrs. Frank Bros, of San Francisco as traveling salesman for four years; then engaged in the hardware and agricultural implement business for himself, in company with Perrin Stanton at Sacramento, California, where he remained in business for five years; then sold his in- terest in the business to Stanton, Thomson & Co. of that city, and moved to Pacific Grove, investing his capital largely in Pacific Grove residence property. Mr. Hohnan married, in 1869, Miss Laura A. Whitcomb, of LTnderhill, Vermont, and they have two sons and one daughter. The family reside in a beautiful home on the Lighthouse road, and it is one of the most complete homes in its appointments and sur- roundings in Monterey county. Mr. Hohnan is esteemed for his sound business judgment and integrity. fAMES H. McDOUGALL.— The subject of this brief sketch is one of the most widely and favorably known business men in Monterey county. He has been a resident of California since 1854, and his rise and progress from step to step as a business man is briefly noted in the following lines: Mr. McDougall is a native of Glasgow, Scotland, and was born October 4, 1836. His father, James McDougall, is a pioneer of California, of 1853, a venerable resident of Salinas. Our subject, upon arrival in San Francisco, viaChicago, came directly to Monterey county and engaged in farming in the Parnell val- ley, until 1858. He then followed lumbering for a brief time, and also operated a thresh- ing crew in the Pajaro valley. In 1868 he commenced merchandising in Salinas city, in partnership with Deacon Howe, carrying a somewhat mixed assortment of goods, mostly stationery. For about thirteen years he served as Postmaster of Salinas, receiving his appointment from Postmaster-General Key, under President Hayes' administration. In 1884 he was elected Tax Collector of Mon- AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 291 terey, and is still connected with the office, as a deputy. He retired from the mercantile husiness in 1889, having been engaged there- in for twenty years. During these busy years Mr. McDougall has been very prosper- ous and has accumulated a iine property, which consists of valuable productive real estate and business property, in and about Salinas. He has figured more or less in poli- tics, and has never lost a political contest. He has served several times on his local School Board, and is President of the same at the present time. In January, 1880, he was elected Treasurer of Alisal Lodge, No. 163 I. O. O. F., of Salinas, and has since been cus- todian of its finances. He is interested in banking, and is a director in one of the strongest banking institutions in the interior of the State. Mr. McDougall married Miss Elizabeth, the daughter of the late James Bard in, Esq., an esteemed pioneer and leading farmer of Salinas, a brief sketch of whose life can be found on another page in this work. Mr. and Mrs. McDougall have two bright children, Jay Edward and Charles. fEORGE BLAKIE, a well-known farmer of Salinas valley, has been a resident of California since 1860. He is a na- ive of Scotland, and was born at Kelso, October 6, 1834. He came to America in 1857, and located in Monterey county in 1863, where he has successfully farmed about 300 acres of the Cooper ranch, producing chiefly potatoes and grain, and he keeps about forty head of horses, his ranch being one of the largest in the vicinity. Mr. Blakie was married at the little town of Castroville, to a daughter of Thomas Will- iams. Mrs. Blakie is a native of the State of Connecticut. About a year ago, he removed with his family to their home place, "Cypress Corner," in San Miguel canon. t NORTON, one of the most proficient and able tutors of the youngin Mont- ..,, ® erey county, is the sixbject of this brief sketch. Mr. Norton was born in Susquehanna county, Pennsylvania, in the town of Lanes- boro. His parents, P. L. and Sarah (Thayer) Norton, are both natives of New York State. His father served throughout the war in the Union army, was twice wounded, once taken prisoner, and was promoted to the rank of Major of volunteers for meritorious services on the field of battle. Our subject enjoyed the advantages of a liberal early education in his native town and in the town of Susquehanna, and entered upon a course of study at Cornell University, New York, in 1871. Owing to an almost total loss of eyesight his studies were aban- doned for a while. Upon a partial recovery he went to Philadelphia and embarked for California on the steamship "State of Cali- fornia," which sailed for San Francisco, via the Straits of Magellan. As he had devoted himself to his studies, he was able, after a few mouths passed in the steamship service of the San Francisco and southern coast route, to engage in teaching district school, in the northern end of Monterey county, near Watsonville, Santa Cruz county. Later his talents as an instructor were recognized to such an extent that he was offered the Prin- cipalship of the public-schools of Gonzales, in Monterey county, which position he acceptably tilled for seven years. The follow- 2£3 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, ing two years he held the same position at San Miguel, San Luis Obispo county. In 1892 he resigned his position, relinquished educational work and accepted the position of Monterey agent for the Pacific Coast Station Ship Company. Mr. Norton's thorough knowledge of school work and his conscien- tious devotion to his duties, have made him one of the most able and popular teachers in central California, and his pleasant, genial manner and business tact is making him very popular and successfnl in his new position of agent for the above company. Mr. Norton has acceptably served the pub- lic for three terms, or six years, as member of the County Board of Education, and was without solicitation made the Democratic nominee for County Superintendent of schools, but as his party was in the minority he fell short of an election. fAMES H. R O B I N S IS , a prominent farmer of Salinas and Deputy County Recorder of Monterey county, is a native of Texas, having been born in Dallas, De- cember 26, 1855. He is the son of Ephraim Robinson, a native of North Carolina, who came to California in 1860 and located on a farm near Salinas city. When our subject was five years old his parents came to Cali- fornia and located in Monterey county. James received his education in the public schools of this county and early in life em- braced stock-raising and farming as his occu- pation. He now is the proud owner of a fine ranch of 1,810 acres, near what is known as the Corral de Tierra, in this county. Mr. Robinson was married in this county, January 1, 1884, to Miss Annie Condon, of Salinas city, daughter of George W. Condon, a farmer of Salinas. Slie was born at Slug Gulch, Placer county, California, May 2, 1856. Mr. and Mrs. Robinson have had three children. Two years ago Mr. Robinson accepted the office of Deputy County Recorder, which position he has successfully filled to the pres- ent time. He was deputy recorder from 1887 to 1889. On the ranch from January 1 up to the fall of 1890, when he entered the campaign for the ofiice of County Re- corder, against a popular young native son of the Golden West, and was elected by a good majority, and holds the ofiice at the present time. He is a successful farmer and enjoys the respect and esteem of his fellow-towns- men. fF. PEARCE, who has a beautiful home of seventy acres, located in ® San Juan canon, California, is one of the represenative citizens of San Benito county, and is deserving of some personal mention in this work. Mr. Pearce was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts, December 15, 1834. His parents, Edward H. and Mary (Brown) Pearce, were natives of Gloucester and Hamilton, Massachusetts, respectively. Ed- ward H. Pearce was a seafaring man, a cap- tain of various ocean vessels, and navigated nearly all the open seas of the world. He was born in 1800, spent the evening of his life on a farm in Massachusetts, and died in 1875. In early life the subject of our sketch learned the trade of shoe-cutter and became an expert cutter. He worked in a factory in Nova Scotia for some time. It was in 1851 that he made his first trip to California, com- ing via Cape Horn, as a sailor before the AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. mast. After spending four months in San Francisco he went back into the country and liunted wild orame for the San Francisco mar- ket. This business he pursued about four years. Then, after a trip through the min- ing districts, he in 1856 returned East. His second journey to California was made by way of Panama in 1861. Mr. Pearce was married in 1857, at Nova Scotia, to Miss Sarah Eaton, a native of Liv- erpool, Nova Scotia, born May 24, 1837, a daughter of Captain Thomas Eaton, her par- ents being both of English birth. Captain Eaton was a seafaring man and was com- mander of the ship Fairy. This vessel, which had her keel laid on Friday, was launched on Friday, and sailed to sea on Fri- day, was, indeed, a most fortunate craft, not- withstanding the supersti'.ion which gov- erned the movements of many sailors in those days. Mr. and Mrs. Pearce have two sons and five daughters, viz.: Kate, wife of C A. Dorsey, Sacramento; Lida, widow of Henry Hounds, San Francisco; Edward, a rancher, Mabel, a teacher in the public schools of San Juan; and Lillian, Arthur and Minnie. Mr. Pearce has served as Justice of the Peace of San Juan and as a School Trustee of his district for sixteen years. During the time Edward H. Pearce lived on his farm he was a member of the Massa- chusetts Legislature for over twenty years. Henry, the second son of E. H. Pearce, joined the Union army at the commencement of the war and continued until the close; was in forty-seven engagements and came out with- out a scratch although he was six feet and five inches in height and weighed 256 pounds. After the war he removd to St. Louis, Mis- souri, where he died, in July, 1889. of Bright's disease. David, the youngest of the boys, also enlisted in the Union army early in the war, served in the Army of the Potomac about two years and six months, and, after his return, died of the same disease. jgEORGE FENWICK BODFISH, of wf -'^'^'^^^^ Grove, is a native of California, w'- born in San Jose, February 1, 1859. His father, George H. Bodfish, deceased, was a native of Barnstable county. Massa- chusetts, and an active and influential pioneer of California. Grandfather Eben Bodfish was a native of the same county, and was by occupation a farmer. Grandmother Bodfish was, before her marriage, a Miss Fish, and, like her husband, was of old Puritan stock. George H. was the fourth of nine children born to Eben Bodfish and his wife. He was reared on a farm. He, however, inclined to mechanics and to milling. Locating at New Bedford, Massachusetts, he engaged exten- sively in lumbering, shipping cargoes by an ocean vessel around Cape Horn to San Fran- cisco in 1849. In the latter part of that year he came to California, via Panama, re- maining two years. He disposed of his stock of lumber and engaged in farming in Sauta Clara valley, near San Jose, and also opened one of the first mercantile houses in that city. Both these enterprises proved success- ful, and he continued the same until 1855, when he embarked in the milling business in the Coast Range mountains, about six miles west of Gilroy. He manufactured large quantities of Redwood lumber, operat- ing lumber yards and planing mills in both Gilroy and San Jose. In 1855 he took into the Santa Clara valley the first steam tliresh- ing machine of that region of country. In 1863 he mined gold in the quartz mines of Kern county, California. He died at Sage MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Land, a mining town of that county, in 1869. He was married in 1853, to Mrs. Allen Luce, a widow of New Bedford, Massachusetts, re- turning to California the same year with his bride and her only son, Allen. Allen Luce, at this writing, is the keeper of Point Finos lighthouse. To George H. Rodfish and his wife were born three children, namely: Emma, now Mrs. W. H. Lambert, of Mon- terey county, born March 9, 1855; George Fen wick, February 1, 1859; and Jessen M., May 26, 1861, died in 1868. Mrs. Bodfish by maiden name was Sarah A. Brent, daugh- ter of Honorable William M. Brent, deceased, an eminent jurist and ex-member of Congress from Louisiana. George Fenwick Bodfish was educated in the public schools of San Jose and Monterey, and has for years been a dealer in stock, cattle and horses. He was married Decem- ber 23, 1884, to Miss Brenda R. Prague, a daughter of Honorable J. B. and Maria (Watkins) Prague, of New Orleans, Louis- iana. She is a lady of literary tastes and rare domestic accomplishments, and is a fre- quent contributor to the San Francisco daily papers and Monterey local press. She is a true southern lady, charming in her manner and brilliant in conversation. The fainilys home is in Pacific Grove. They have two interesting little boys. fOHN H. GAKBER comeso f old Penn- sylvania Dutch stock, a people proverb- ial for thrift, domestic neatness and that judicious conservatism which invariably leads to a comfortable competency if not to wealth. Mr. Garber was born in Trappe, Mont- gomery county, Pennsylvania, January 13, 1845. He worked on a farm, when not at- tending the public school, till he had reached his twenty-fourth year. He then entered Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsyl- vania, of which institution he is a graduate of class '71. After that he taught school one year. Then he took a post-graduate course at Lehigh University, in his native State. In May, 1875, Mr. Garber came to this coast and took up his permanent abode at Salinas. For some time after his arrival he took hold of various employments, both at manuel labor and in assisting the county of- ficers in clerical work, serving four years as Deputy County Clerk. He revisited the scenes of his old home in the East for a few months, and on returning to Salinas, in 1881, he was again employed in the county olfices. In May, 1882, Mr. Garber was appointed County Surveyor to till the unexpired term of F. S. Ingalls, and has been elected to till that ofiice as the Democratic nominee ever §W. BRIGGS was born in Rome, Oneida county. New York, August 25, ® 1819. He resided with his parents, attending the public schools, until the Janu- ary after he was twelve years old, when he entered the store of his cousin, Lyman Briggs, in Rome. He served as a clerk at Rome and Watertown until 1838, when he went to his parents in Lake county, Ohio. In 1840 he resolved to go South for the purpose of teach- ing, as he was very well fitted for that life, he having kept up his studies and read exten- sively on law questions. He went to Tennes- see an entire stranger, but was fortunate enough to get a school at Beech Grove Semin- ary, in Giles county, Tenn. In 1847, July 4, he married Miss Mary Stinson, one of his pupils. That year the AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. negro question was beginning to ajijitate tlie people, and his wife's family were all Presby- terians and opposed to slavery, although they owned slaves; a number of the family con- cluded to make their home in the free States, and after visiting a number of the Western States finally settled at Troj, in Davis county, Iowa, where our subject again went into mer- cantile life, and acted as Postmaster, School Trustee and "boss" generally. While here he was elected County Commissioner, Supervisor, and when the Board of Commissioners was abolished and the County Judgeship, having all the supervisors' and probate business; when criminal jurisdiction was created, he was elected to that office, as a Whig, altliciigh the county was a few hundred Democratic. This office he held four years, after which he resumed merchandising. In May, 1855, his wife died, leaving five children, one girl and four boys. In June, 1856, he married Miss Julia E. Willej, of Genesee, New York. In the same year he made up his mind to remove to California,, where he had a brother. Rev. M. C. Briggs, and in the spring of 1859 he started with his family and a number of the neighbors across the plains with an ox team and quite a herd of cattle. After all the usual hardships of the trip, our subject arrived in Santa Clara county October of that year and bought a farm at Berryessa, and as he knew as much about fanning as Greeley did he cal- culated to get rich. While threshing his first crop, in July, 1860, he accidentally fell into the cylinder of the thresher and lost his right letr. Farming did not look very encouraging after that. In the fall he was elected to represent Santa Clara county in the State Legislature, and at- tended the very important session of 1861, was the author of the Sunday law, which a recent Democratic legislature repealed. In the spring of 1861 he was appointed Kegister of the Land Office at Visalia, which position he filled for six years, and a portion of that time was the efficient editor of the Visalia Delta, which was published by his son. Afcer enduring from three to seven spells of chills per season for six years he removed to Gilroy in 1868, and again engaged in mercantle life. He held the position of Postmaster there for sixteen years, until he went out with his party. In June, in 1887, he came to Pacific Grove and, finding the climate, associations and con- ditions just suited to his notions of comfort- able life, he concluded to stay right here the few years of life remaining to him. Politi- cally he is a Republican, out and out, and be- longs to I. O. O. F. & A. M., L O. of G. T., and Knights of Honor. The children of our subject are as follows: H. M. Briggs, a merchant of Modesto; Walter, lumber merchant of Riverside, Calfornia, but by trade a mechanic; Mary B., the only livino- daughter, widow of Dr. J. E. Benn, of Gilroy She served for several years as Postmistress of Gilroy,~ and in that capacity she proved herself a woman of great executive ability. She is also an accomplished musician. Judge Briggs is without doubt the busiest and most prompt business man in Pacific Grove. lie is a man of genial manners, is well posted on all matters of public or local importance, and thousands flock to his office every season to confide in him their business aflfairs and ask tiie advice which is always forthcoming. This gentleman resides in a beautiful home, which is a bower of floral beauty. A son of our subject, the late Rev. Eugene Briggs, had the misfortune to lose his eyes at the age of nine years, but he was well edu- cated in a school for the blind, became a fine MONTE RET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ , musician and music teacher, and finally en- tered the ministry and preached for ten years, without intermission, as an evangelist, travel- ing throughout the entire State of California. This wonderful man was a thorough Bible scholar, having read that book through from cover to cover fifteen times, using the raised letters and reading by feeling. He ofiiciated as pastor of a church at Downey, California, and erected a church edifice at that place. His death occurred at Crystal Springs, California, in 1890. Judge Briggs is now seventy-three years of age. For president he cast his first vote for William Henry Harrison, and expects to cast what will probably be his last vote, for the grandson, Benjamin. tNDREW LACQUER is a native of the Golden State, having been born at Diamond Springs, El Dorado county, December 17, 1853. His father, B. Lacquer, was a pioneer of 1850, and a native of Norway, coming to America in 1836. He located first in Dodgeville, Wisconsin, where he pur- sued his trade of a carpenter. Upon coming to California he went to the mines, and there resided until 1859. He finally located in Sonoma county, where he engaged in farm- ing, and there died in 1890, September 12. He married in Norway, and was the father of five children, of whom three sons and one daughter are living. Andrew is the third born of this family and spent his youth in Sonoma county, locating on his present home in 1887. Here he has seventy- two and one half acres of ex- cellent land, delightfully located at Hollister. Mr. Lacquer was married February 9, 1885, to Miss Ida B. Chestnut, a native of Cincin- nati, Ohio, and daughter of James G. Chest- nut, who came to California, following mining and mineral assaying as a business. Mr. and Mrs. Lacquer have three children: Anna, Merle and Laverne. Mr. Lacquer is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and K. of P. He and his wife are highly respected through- out the county in which they have their home. fOAH D. HALL was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, September 21, 1851. His father and mother, aged eighty-six and eighty-three years, resprectively, are still living at the old home in Wisconsin. In 1872, at the age of nineteen years, he left his native home and came direct to San Jose, California. After remaining there a short time, he came to Hollister, San Benito county, and engaged in ranching. He was on a ranch for about five years, and each sea- son went with a threshing machine, acting as engineer. In 1877, he sold his ranch and started for Oregon, making the journey by team. Not liking the country in Oregon, he returned to Hollister in November of the same year, and engaged in the express and truck business. After conducting that busi- ness five years he sold out and began work at his trade, that of machinist. In 1874 Mr. Hall returned to the home of his childhood, and was there married to Miss Emma L. Conrad, by whom he has had four children, one son and three daughters, namely: Edna, Irvie, Mary and Kattie. At this writing (1892) they are aged fifteen, thir- teen, ten and seven years, respectively. Mr. Hall is now Superintendent of the Hollister Water Company, which position he AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 397 has filled most efficiently for the last three years. He is an active member of the In- dependent Order of Odd Fellows, the Ancient Order of [Tnited Workmen and the Ancient Order of Foresters. He is also a member of the National Association of Engineers. As a pioneer of the county he is well known, and wherever known is highly respected._^ fOSEPH NORTHKOP came to Califor- nia, in 1865, from Washington county, Vermont, town of Cabot. He is a native of Peacham, near Caledonia, Living- ston county. New York, March 26, 1837. Upon coming to the coast he first mined at Dutch Flats and at Gold Run, where he re- mained about nine years. He then came to Monterey county and located in the Salinas valley, where he has continuously farmed on the Cooper ranch since that time. Here he has 155 acres of land. Mr. Northrop's father died in Vermont, in 1868, and all of his eleven children are still living, except three. None of them are on the coast, except our subject. The latter has a niece and nephew in California, however. Mr. Northrop is one of Castroville's best citizens, and is a prominent member of Con- fidence Lodge, No. 20, A. F. & A. M. of Castroville. ,RS. HENRIETTA SKELTON, State Lecturer and Organizer of California for the Woman's Christian Temper- ance Union, is a native of Germany. She was born at Giessen, a daughter of Professor Heddrich, who was President of Heidelburo- Univert^ity. At fifteen years of age she was bereft of her parents and can)e to America, where she joined an uncle. Professor Karl Buff, a professor of Toronto University, (Canada). In 1869, being then seventeen years of age, she married Mr. Murray Skel- ton, a native of Plymouth, England, who was at that time Superintendent of the Northern railway of Canada. Mr. Skelton died in 1871, and in 1883 she lost her only son, Louis G. Upon the death of her husband Mrs. Skel- ton threw herself into the temperance work, with which she lias since been identified. She established the first German temperance paper in the United States, at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1880, which she christened the BahnbrecKer {Roadhreaker) and which she edited for two years and then gave it to the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Mrs. Skelton then went into the lecture field, in which line of temperance work she has since labored. She came to the Pacific coast in 1883, and did the first practical temperance work in southern California, establishing many of the live-working unions in that part of the State. Since that time she has traveled in twenty-eight States and Territories of the Union. She spent two years, 1880 and '87, as Lecturer and President of Idaho, and es- tablished the work there. Later she resumed the work in California, where her field of labor now is. Mrs. Skelton at the National Convention in Denver, 1892, was elected a member of the National Staff of Lecturers and Organizers, and her field of work greatly extended. Mrs. Skelton is a lady of great force of character and fine intellectual attainments. She has found time to write several instruc- tive books, and is the author of '-The Christ- mas Tree," a character story of home life in MONTEREY, SAJS BENITO, SANTA GRVZ, the Fatherland, with the scenes laid at Gies- sen, her native home. Another one of her productions is, "The Man Trap," a temper- ance story; and the third is entitled, "A Fatal Inheritance." She will soon issue from the press her most recent work, "Grace Morton." Mrs. Skelton is thoroughly imbued witlj the subject of her life work, temperance. She is entertainini^ on the platform, and a lady of great executive ability. Her home is at Facitic Grove and her personal friends, numbered by the thousands, are scattered across the continent. Mrs. Skelton has one grandson, Erdly, to whose future she is much devoted. ^. fLIHU ANTHONY, one of the first settlers of Santa Cruz, California, was born in Saratoga county, New York, November 30, 1818. His parents were Asa and Sarah (O'Dell) Anthony: the former of Welsh descent, the latter of English. Their family consisted of six children, the subject of this sketch being the second. From the ao-e of five years till he was thirteen he attended the district schools during the winter months. His father was a mechanic, and started the first scythe factory in Sara- toga county. "With him Elihu learned the blacksmith trade. In 1»31 they moved to Allegany county, New York, and ten years later to Indiana. In the meantime our sub- ject went to Michigan, remaining a few months, after which he joined his father at Fort Wayne. There they worked at their trade till 1841, when Elihu was married and set out for himself. The lady of his choice was Frances Clark. Soon after their marriage they went to Wolf Lake, thirty miles from Fort Wayne, where he engaged at work at his trade. About this time he became interested in the salvation of his soul, was con- verted and joined the Methodist Episcopal Church. One month later he received a license to exhort, and three months after this was licensed to preach, and sent to Warsaw Circuit, North Indiana Conference. After serving as pastor on this charge for one year, he was sent to La Grange Circuit. While there his wife contracted a severe cold, which turned into hasty consumption, and~ caused her death. They had three children, all of whom died in infancy. He was married the second time in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1845, to Miss Sarah A. Van Anda, and their union has been blessed with the following children: Louisa, wife of Wilbur Huntington; Bascom F., Alman, Gilbert and Frank, all citizens of Santa Cruz except Alman, who lives in Tulare county, and who is one of the leading horticulturists of that county. In the fall of 1846 Mr. Anthony, wife and one child went to Oskaloosa, Iowa, on his way to Oregon, as a missionary. He left Oskaloosa May 1, 1847, as a member of a company composed of one hundred wagons and some four hundred men, women and children. They were on their way six months. At Fort Hall they met Mr. Apple- gate and two men who had gone to Oregon on a new route. Mr. Anthony left the com- pany near the sink of the Humboldt, and, on account of his wife's sickness, came to Cali- fornia, arriving at San Jose Mission, and two weeks later at San Jose, where he lived three months. In January, 1848, he came to Santa Cruz and took up an alcalde grant of land, and put up a shop on what is now Front street. Subsequently, be laid out the first town lots in what is now the most beautiful AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 2y9 city on the coast. While in San Jose he preached the tirst Sunday to twelve men and women, and this is said to have been the first protestant sermon ever preached in the State of California. For several years he rode horsebacii from Santa Cruz to Sau Francisco and San Jose every four weeks, doing missionary work. He organized the first society in Santa Cruz with seveTi members. In 1854 he asked to resign, since which time he lias not preached, but he has ever been a faithful attendant upon tlie services of the cliurch, and has, by his large means, aided the good work, helping to build churches, support the gospel, etc. Mr. Anthony followed mining a little in 1884, and in his shop he made seven dozen picks, which sold for three ounces of gold each. They were made of iron bolts with the points made of old files. After he came back from the mines he opened a stock of goods with A. A. Hecox, with whom he con- tinued one year. In January, 1848, he laid out the first town lots in Santa Cruz. In 1851 he tore down his old shop and built a better one. It was a story and a half high, and was used for a store, offices and the post office. He was the tirst Postmaster and received the first mail ever delivered to Santa Cruz in December, 1849, which was two letters and one newspaper from San Jose. The mail carrier brought them in his pocket, sealed. For thirteen years he was Postmaster, and also kept a store. In 1871 he built a fine block on the old site, In the upper story is Anthony's hall, and tiie lower story is used for store-rooms. Mr. Anthony owns some very valuable property in Santa Cruz and vicinity, from which he realizes a handsome income in the way of rents, etc. He has al- ways taken an active interest in the county, nd was one of its tirst Supervisors. He served one year as County Treasurer, and was the choice of the people for the Assembly in 1880. He has led a very active life, and has identified himself with everything that has been for the proper development of the county's resources. This is, in brief, an outline of the life of one of the pioneers and leading citizens of Santa Cruz, and, althougii only an outline, it will serve to show something of his long, success- ful and useful life. T. DUNCAN.— Mr. Duncai. is a native of California and was born " at San Francisco, July 6, 1850. His father, Thomas Duncan, was a California pioneer of 1849, who came to the State from Buenos Ayres, South America, via Cape Horn. Thomas was born of English parents, at Buenos Ayres and there married a lady of Scotch parentage. Upon coming to Califor- nia they settled in San Fiancisco. One son, James D. Duncan, came with them. Heis now a butcher of Gonzales. The father, Thomas, died in 1862, but his wife still survives him and resides at San Rafael, this State. The subject of this sketch was educated in the public schools of Marin county, Califor- nia, where he learned the butcher trade and followed the same about fifteen years. In 1876 he came to Monterey county and worked for Hon. C. S. Abbott, until the fall of 1888, when he was elected to the office of County Auditor, on the Democratic ticket. He was re-elected, in 1890, and still holds the position. Our subject married, in 1878. Miss Julia, a daughter of B. B. Eaton, a carpenter and contractor. Mr. and Mrs. Duncan have two children, namely: Charles D. and Emily F. 300 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Mr. Duncan is an efficient officer, as is evinced by his reelection to office and it also indicates his popularity with his fellow- citizens. fOB WOOD, Jr.— If, as is universally conceded, the life and perpetuity of our Government are based on the intelli- gence of our people, vsfhen we take into con- sideration our public-school system, — that network of "people's colleges" which rami- fies the lengtii and breadth of tliis republic, — then can we vision ahead numberless cycles of prosperity for this great land of ours. Monterey county is abreast of any county in California in the number of its facilities for popular instruction, and the curriculum of studies is as practical as it is diverse. This prosperous condition of the public schools is the result of the labors of many, but perhaps no one is more entitled to a generous recog- nition of his services in this usually thank- less field than the subject of this sketch. Mr. AVood was born in Meigs county, Ohio, July 19, 1856. When a lad his time was occupied in working on the farm or in the gristmill owned by liis father. He attended the public schools for about five months in the year, until he was nine years of age. He was diligent in seeking knowledge, and culti- vated every opportunity for study that his occupied enei-gies could lay hold on. In 1865 he removed with his father's family to St. Francois county, Missouri, to a farm near Farmington. Here his time was nearly altogether taken up in the labors of the field till he reached his majority, though he let slip no opportunity to train and replenish his mind with such information as an inter- mittent course of reading could provide. In 1876 he visited his uncle. Job Wood, in Pleyto, Monterey county, California, where he engaged in farming, attending the public schools whenever he could, and reading studi- ously. He had by this time mastered the elements of a practical Englisli education, and, in order to thoroughly equip himself for his chosen profession, he attended a course at the Normal of San Jose, passing with credit his examination for a teacher's certificate in December, 1879. He taught his first school at Pleyto, the next year at Spring school, near Salinas, and afterward served as principal of the East End school, Salinas. Being earnestly urged to return to tlie Spring school, he did so, remaining there nearly five years. It is no small test of the appreciation in which Mr. Wood is held, tiiat his services were being constantly sought wherever he had taught the youth of the country. In the fall of 1886 we find him back again as principal of the East End school, Salinas. In 1886 he was elected County Superin- tendent of Public Schools, on the Republican ticket, by a majority of ninety-three votes; and four years later he was re-elected to the same position, this time by a majority of nearly 500 votes. These figures speak louder than any encomiums. His zeal in the cause of education is unmistakable, while his encouragement to teachers, and his tact in superintending them, render his work most efficient. Mr. Wood has a system that is not necessarily an inflexible one, but one that renders mutuality of dependence between teacher and superintendent. He has intro- duced a method of reports which enables him to locate every child in the county, with age, class and attendance, without occupying more than a minute in so doing. It is as simple as it is oriujinal and effectual. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. Mr. Wood is a man of family. He was married September 27, 1883, to Miss Eva- line A. Miller, of Saliua, a Canadian by birth, and has one son. fAPTAIN KOBERT H. McILROY, pro- prietor of a hotel at Emmett, San Benito connty, California, was born in Harri- son county, Ohio, September 22, 1824. His father, a farmer by occupation, and a pioneer of Harrison county, emigrated from there to Pike county, Illinois, in 1836, taking with him his family. The subject of our sketch was the third born iu a family of nine chil- dren. He received his education in Pike county, and at nineteen years of age started out to seek his fortune. He was married in 1847 to Miss Mary A. Nelson, a native of Ohio, and a daughter of Elisha Nelson, and of her children one son is now living,- — ^Will- iam N. McElroy, of Emmett, California. Soon after his marriage, Mr. Mcllroy went to Wisconsin, and located near Platteville, where he engaged in mining until the fall of 1849. He then came across the plains to California, and engaged in mining on the Yuba river, at Foster's bar and Goodyear's bar, with more than average success. He traded a mining claim for a mule, prospected for a time, and then engaged in merchandis- ing on J street, Sacramento. In September, 1850, he transferred his base of operations to Mormon bar on the American river. In 1851 he i-eturned East and brought his family to California, and upon his arrival here, in 1852, settled on a farm near San Jose. In 1857 he removed to a ranch near near the Twenty- one-Mile house in Santa Clara county, and there lived until 1863. In 1861 he raised and mustered a company of militia, known in history as the Burnett Light Horse Guards. He was elected Captain of this company, and served as Captain until February, 1863, but resigned his commission and raised a second company of ninety-five mounted men, mus- tered into the United States service as Com- pany E, of the First California Cavalry, and served as Captain of said company until March, 1866, in Arizona and New Mexico, under General Carleton. Keturning home in 1866, Captain Mcllroy was appointed United States Revenue Col- lector, and also Deputy United States Mar- shal, and also Under Sheriff of Santa Clara county, by Sheriff Adams, and served until March 4, 1870. He held the position of Marshal for two years, and that of Revenue Collector for four years. He then came to San Benito county, and located 368 acres of land on Tres Pinos creek, since known as Elk Horn station, on a public thoroughfare. Here he keeps a comfortable hotel, and has served as Postmaster of Emmett for four successive terms. He has also held the ofSce of Justice of the Peace eight terms, and is a notary pnblic- As a soldier his record is a brilliant one, and as a citizen he is held in high esteem by all who know him. ILLIAM D. TUTTLE, of Watson- ville, Califoi-nia, was born in Wash- ington county, Pennsylvania, August 29, 1821, and is the oldest son of Hiram and Annie (Dille) Tuttle, natives of Pennsylvania and New Jersey respectively. When Will- iam was two months old his parents moved to Ohio, where he was educated in the district schools, such as they were, and brought up to work on a frontier farm, grubbing, making rails, chopping, etc. At the age of eighteen 303 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, he went to Iowa with his father. When he was twenty-one years old, he left home and settled on a claim near Ottuinwa. On this he remained until 1857, when he went to Johnson county, Kansas, and bought 160 acres of land. There he farmed till 1875. That year he came to California and located in Watsonville, where he has since remained. He has a neat home in the town, and a line little fruit ranch adjoining, and here he is spending the evening of his life, surrounded with the comforts and luxuries that this sunny clime affords. He has been a farmer all his life, and for fifty-eight years has never missed plowing and sowing some ground. Though now well advanced in years, he still does not feel right if he cannot plow a small patch of ground and plant out something which he can watch grow. Mr. Tuttle was married November 9, 1848, to Sarah A. Rouse, a native of Indiana, and a daughter of David and Eliza (Mansan) House. Following are their children: Mil- ton, a butcher of Watsonville; Elizabeth A.; Mary F., wife of C. A. Cook; and Flora B., deceased. The mother died November '28, 1888, aged fifty-nine years. Mr. Tuttle is a highly respected citizen, and an intelligent supporter of the Prohibition party. He has never paid a dollar for any intoxicant as a beverage. ^H ILLI AM BARDIN, deceased, the old- ImPi ®®* ^^'^ "^^ the late James Bardin, was f^l born in Tippah county, Mississippi, January 31, 1843. In 1856 he came to California with his father, when only thirteen years of age. William grew up on his father's farm, and was known as a joung man of unusual at- tainments in business matters. He was at his father's side in all his enterprises, and early took an interest in local politics. By nature social and genial he made a large number of friends, who greatly mourn his loss; epecially was he mourned by the early settlers, who took such a pride in his bright- ness and business instincts. Mr. Bardin was strictly a moral man in his habits and disposition and became a successful farmer. March 29, 1871, he married Mrs. Mary A. Collins Stone, widow of Thomas H. C. Stone, and daughter of General Benjamin Collins, a pioneer of Arkansas, and a native of Geor- gia. Mrs. Bardin was boni in Tippah county, June 16, 1848. February 9, 1891, occurred the lamented death of our subject, who left a sorrowing widow and three children: Ada May, Oliver and John C. Mr. Bardin left his family well provided for, as his estate consists of valuable lands in the Salinas valley, 664 acres in all, and 150 more in the State of Washington. The mem- ory of this gentleman will linger long after that of many has faded from the minds of those who know them. |g2||.ALTER WALLACE, a substantial citizen and successful business man of Castroville, is a native of Ireland, having been born in Galway, Ireland, March 16, 1855. He was reared in his native land, where he learned the trade of a butcher. In 1877, he came to California, and the follow- ing year located at Salinas, where he engaged in business as a member of the butcher es- tablishment of E. St. John & Co. and there continued nntil he located at Castroville, in 1890. He is a fine business man, and enjoys the respect and esteem of all who AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. know him for his practical knowledge of his trade. Mr. Wallace was married, in Salinas, April 23, 1890, to Miss Mary Vaughn, a native daughter of Monterey county, and eldest daughter of P. Vaughn, a well known farmer and pioneer citizen of Salinas. Mr. Wallace is the owner of some line residence property in Salinas, and a beautiful home in Castroville. ^EORGE GRAVES, deceased, was a na- nlWjp tive of Marion county, Kentucky, where ^r- he was born, July 28, 1813, near the town of Lebanon. His father, William Graves, was a planter by occupation, and slave owner, and carried on a large business. Of his five children, George was the eldest. Unr subject left Kentucky in 1846, and located in Nottaway county, near Marysville, where he lived four years. In 1850 he came to California, and located near San Leandro, in Alameda county, but soon returned to Ken- tucky for his family, which he brought to the " Golden State " across the plains, via Carson river. They lived about four years in Alameda county, when they located on the present estate, near Salinas, in 1853, where Mr. Graves built up a fine property, reared his family and served the public as an enter- prising, upright citizen. His death occurred, April 20, 1889, when he had attained the age of seventy-six years, leaving behind him a handsome property as provision for his fam- ily. A large circle of friends and relatives mourn his loss. Mr. Graves was married in Kentucky, August 15, 1846, to Miss Nancy, a daugh- ter of Ignatius Walker, a farmer of Marion county. Siie was born January 30, 1825, and reared in the same neighborhood as her husband. She still survives, and is the mother of eight children, namely: Ann Lethea, now Mrs. Jackson Geliitt. of Ven- tura; Georgiana, now Mrs. Robert C. Bemiss, of San Jose; Siraion, lives on the farm; Jennie, now Mrs. J.J. Conner, of Salinas; Mary, now Mrs. J. J. Kelly, of Salinas; Benjamin and Charles, at home. By a former marriage Mr. Graves had four children, namely: Thomas Graves, and Will- iam T. [jGraves; and Lovina, a daughter, who married Eijenezer Harris, but is deceased; and another daughter, Rosina, a widow of Robert Laws, of San Francisco. Mr. Graves was a man of great energy and probity, and was highly esteemed by all who knew him. l^^mlCHAEL RIORDAN can claim the ff^wl^ honor of being a pioneer of Califor- *^^^ nia, having come to the State in 1854, landing at San Francisco. He had come to that city direct from St. Louis, Mis- souri, via Nicaragua. He is a native of Lim- erick, Ireland, born on September 18, 1834. Upon his arrival in California he spent about six months in the mines of Yuba county and then bought and ran a dray in San Francisco for about four years. His next ventui'e was raising sheep in the Salinas valley. This business he pursued for ten years, from 1858 to 1868. He then engaged in farming at Natividad, and in 1890 he engaged in merchandising at Salinas, in which line of business he still continues. Our subject was married, in San Francisco, in 1859, to Miss Margaret Coughlan, of Irish parentage and they have four living children, namely: Tiiomas J., born in San Francisco, is the present efficient Clerk of Monterey MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, 8 ANT A CRUZ, county; Philip H., deceased; Joseph M., William F. and James E., all native sons of California, and all except the oldest born in Monterey county. Mr. Riordan is esteemed for his integrity and upright citizenship. T-tTILLIAM SHAW (deceased) was the l7 \/;j pioneer journalist of Hollister, and l-tg!^ as will he seen by the following was active, enterprising and aggressive in his work. He was a native of Dublin, Ireland, being born in that city in 1815. He was, however, reared and educated in Liverpool, England, where early in mature life he era- barked in the stationery business, and in this city married Miss ^mina Jsewling, of Man- chester, England. In 1854, lured by the reported discovery of gold in Australia, he purchased a schooner of seventy-five tons burden and with his wife, his SOD Eobert (the present efficient County Clei'k, of San Benito county) and crew em- barked for that country. Upon his arrival at Melbourne he established The Melbourne Age and entered the field of journalism. This enterprise proved a success and the paper is still issued, being one of the influential peri- odicals of the county. In 1862 he left Australia, sailing for New Zealand, where he engaged in the same line of business quite extensively, and which proved very successful. His next field of conquest was in the Sandwich Islands, where he purchased and edited the Haioaiian Daily Times, which he operated about seven months. In 1871 he came to San Francisco, remaining there about eighteen months, and the follow- ing year located in Hollister Here he estab- lished the San Benito Advance, which soon ranked among the leading weekly publica- tions of the State as an aggressive exponent of the resonrces and attractions of its chosen locality. This was the pioneer newspaper of Hollister, and the plant and outfit were the same which Mr. Shaw had used in printing his paper in New Zealand. After Mr. Shaw's death, Mr. George Shaw, the second son, succeeded to theovvnershipof the Advance (of which mention is made else- where in this work). Mr. Shaw had eight children, seven of whom are sons: Robert, born in Melbourne, Australia, July 16, 1855, and was married in San Francisco, in 1878, to Miss Kate, daughter of John Bowen (de- ceased) ; they are the parents of five children : George E., Albert D., J. Harnette; William F. Shaw, the fourth son was born in New Zealand, August 25, 1865; in 1889 Miss Emma, who was born in Watsonville, (Cali- fornia, and a daughter of Jonas L. Myles, became his wife; one child has been born to them, Reginald; Charles J., and one daugh- ter, Ada, widow of the late Lester Baldwin. Mrs. Shaw still survives and resides in Hol- lister. -^^-^i^^t^?^^ ILLIAM HENRY HAVER.— Mr. Haver is one of the thrifty farmers of the Salinas valley. He was born in Ashtabula county, Ohio, January 10, 1841. At twenty years of age he came to Califor- nia, with his eldest brother, Horace Haver, who is now a resident of Watsonville. Mr. Haver lived one year in San Mateo county, whereupon he located in Monterey county, on the Cooper ranch in the vicinity of Cas- troville, where he has since farmed 150 acres of the this ranch. Mr. Haver has pur- chased a farm, a portion of the Buena Vista ranch, and will soon locate there. He married in Watsonville, October 24, AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 305 1880, to Miss Annie, a daughter of Theoph- ilus Candill. She is a native of Monterey county. Mr. and Mrs. Haver have four chil- dren: William H., Jr., died September 30, 1883; Lottie, Eva and John E. fAMES THOMPSON was born in Edin- burgh, Scotland, in the year 1832, and comes of a noble line of ancestry, whose character has ever been above reproach. His father, William Thompson, was born in Scot- land, in 1801, andjhis oiother, whose maiden name was Margaret Anderson, was also a native of that country. They were married in 1824, and lived happily together for many years, until his death, which occurred in 1885, and the mother died the following year. To them were born nine children, of whom five are now living. James Thompson was married near Edin- burgh, Scotland, in 1854, to Mary Bailley. By her he had eight sons and four daughters, of whom the following- named are living, two having died in Canada and one in California: William, born in 1856, Andrew in 1858, Adam in 1860, these three being natives of Edinburgh; Matthew in 1862, Joseph in 1864 and John in 1866, born in Canada; and Jane and David in Monterey county, Cali- fornia, the former in 1875 and the latter in 1882. In September, 1889, the mother of these cliiklren died of cancer. She was a woman of many estimable qualities; was educated and cultured, and previous to lier marriage had been engaged in teaching school. She was a consistent member of the United Presbyterian Church, and was a true Chris- tian, always exerting an influence for good wherever she went. Of their children we state that William, the oldest son, married Miss Mary Dillon, by whom he had a son and a daughter. His wife died in 1888, and he subsequently wedded a Miss Johnson. Mary Thompson, the second daughter, was married in 1881 to William Williamson. She became the mother of one child, a daughter, and died a year later. Matthew, another son, married Katie Logwood, daughter of Edward Logwood, in 1890. Mr. Thompson came to California in 1874, since which time he has been a resident of this State. He and his sons have been engaged in farming and stock-raising, chiefly in Mon- terey county. Atone time he superintended the large ranch of the Hon. Jesse D. Carr, and while acting in this capacity gained much valuable information in regard to the tinest breeds of cattle, horses and sheep. He now carries on farming on a large scale, hav- ing met with good success in his various operations. He has served the public as Clerk of the Board of School Trustees. By all who know him he is held in high esteem, and is regarded as a man of the strictest integrity. PB. McCROSKEY, deceased October 1, 1888. In the death of B. B. McCros- ® key San Benito county has lost an able and faithful District Attorney, Hollister has lost an enterprising citizen, his friends mourn the loss of one in whom they could rely, and his family are bereft of a tender and affectionate husband, brother and father. Few men in this portion of the State were better known and few were moi"e popular. As a lawyer he was faithful in the detail work so often neglected by his fraternity, and at the bar he was both eloquent and convincing. He possessed all the attributes of a successful attorney, and had his life been spared he 306 MONT BRET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, wonld undoubtedly have been prominent in his profession, not only in his county, but out- side of it. His legal acquaintances held him in high esteem, and his loss is more deeply mourned by them than by any other of his associates. Mr. McCroskey was born in 1847 in East Tennessee, in the beautiful Sweet Water val- ley. His early life was passed on the Mc- Croskey homestead, and he early displayed an adaptability for scholastic pursuits. His early education was gained in the district schools, but at an early age he attended col- lege at Hiwassee and Lebanon, at which institutions he graduated with high honors. For "a while he taught school, but having fitted himself for the legal profession, he was admitted to the bar, and for a number of years practiced law in Monroe county, Ten- nessee. In 1878, however, he came to Hol- lister, and in June of that year opened up an office. He shortly afterward formed a part- nership with Robert H. Brotherton, which did not exist long. His office was first on San Benito street next to that occupied by ]M. C. Briggs, then in the Odd Fellows' block, and in 1882 he moved into the quarters where his office has since been located. In 1883 and the year following he was in part- nership with John L. Hudner, Esq. This alliance was severed in 1885, but was renewed again in 1887, and at the time of Mr. Mc- Ci'oskey's death the partnership still existed. For six years he was engaged on one side or the other of almost every ease which has come before the courts of this county. In the Prew- ett. Mylar and Carleton cases he was promi- nently connected, and in these and other trials his talent and ability have been dis- played. In the fall of 1882 he was elected District Attorney, which office he has satisfactorily filled. In 1884 he was defeated for the Su- perior Judgeship, but in 1886 was again elected District Attorney, for which position he was a candidate at the ensuing election with no opponent to contest his election. Stricken down while in perfect health and in the enjoyment of all his faculties, both mental and bodily, his sudden death cast a gloom over the town and county. The family and relatives of the deceased were tendered the sympathy of the entire community. Mr. McCroskey married October 21, 1874, Miss Irene Clifford Barratt, at Madisonvillej Tennessee, and the following are the names of her children: Mary Irene, born August 3, 1875, died February 24, 1886; Elizabeth Priscilla, born November 21, 1876, died October 24, 1878; Benjamin Barratt, born February 9, 1880; and John Marshall, born September 19, 1881. Mr. McCroskey left a comfortable estate behind him for his wife and little ones. fAMES McDOUGALL.— Among the honored pioneers of Salinas occurs the name of the venerable James McDou- gall, a native of Scotia, having been born March 3, 1815. In his native land he learned the baker's and confectioner's trades and came to Amer- ica in 1841, and located land in Lake county, Illinois, where he resided until 1852. At that date he came, overland to California, via Salt Lake and Southern route into San Ber- nardino county, with an ox team, bringing with him his wife and one child. The first winter was spent in Santa Barbara county, and from there the little family removed to Monterey county, where the father found employment with David Jacks, Esq., of AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. Monterey. Mr. McDougall worked for wages for one year and then engaged in farming for himself in the Carmel valley, later removed to Blanco, near Salinas, and in 1868 he located in Salinas, from which point he did a general teaming and freighting busi- ness. This he pursued about ten years. At present Mr. McDougall is engaged in merchandising at Salinas, where he has spent BO many years, and where he is greatly es- teemed by all who know him for his ster- ling qualities of character and strict honesty in his l)usiness dealings. While discharging his duties as City Mar- shal of Salinas, which position he held ten years, he received seven gunshot wounds, which seriously impaired his health for sotne time. Mr. McDougall was married, October, 1835, to Miss Margaret Parlen, also of Scottish birth, and the following children have been born to them: James H., leading business man of Salinas; Daniel T., a carpen- ter by trade, an ex-soldier, resident of Salinas; Margaret, now Mrs. M. M. Huges; Bell, wife of J. A. McCollum, Tax Collector of Monterey county; John and George, of Santa Barbara county. fUAN POMBER. one of the well-known and highly respected citizens of Castro- ville, is a native son of the soil, having been born at Monterey. His father, Loais Pomber, came to this country as one of the three survivors of a party of 400 trappers, who left Canada for California, under the leadership of Jared Smith. Mr. Pomber, Sr., was of French ex- traction and a brave, aggressive and adven- turous man. He made his way through southern California via Kern and Tulare counties to San Jose and engaged for about two years in ranching. He was of a mechani- cal turn of mind,- an excellent stonemason and also worked in wood. He was at Mon- terey as early as 1821, and resided there for several years, and took part in the civil, local and military affairs of those days. In 1823 he married Filomena, a daughter of Dolores Pico, and they had thirteen children, of whom ten lived to maturity. Mr. Pomber manufactured carts entirely of wood after the old primitive style of solid wooden wheels, and with them did a freighting busi- ness. He died at Castroville, in 1864, and his wife in the same place, in 1887. Juan, the subject of this sketch is one of the eldest of the family, and was born at Mon- terey, August 13, 1836. For many years he engaged, with his father, in building in Mon- terey, and erected many of the old Spanish adobe houses in that city. In 1850 they moved out of Monterey to a ranch in the Pajaro valley, where he remained until 1863, when he engaged in business at Castroville. Mr. Pomber married Miss Marie A. Boronda, a daughter of Jose Manuel Bo- ronda, at Castroville, in 1868, and ten chil- dren have been added to their family. Our subject is a highly esteemed citizen of California and is a prominent business man of Castroville. ILLIAM PALMTAG, a prominent citizen of San Benito, who has been for the past five years Supervisor of the county and Chairman of that body since 1886, is of Teutonic extraction, born in Ba- den, Germany, in 1847. The father of young Palmtag was a farmer by occupation, and the boy spent his early life on his father's N/ 308 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CUVZ, farm, acquiring meanwhile such education as was afforded by the schools of his native home. He comes of a prolific race, and the members of his immediate family consisted of father, mother, eleven boys and one girl. Six of the brothers had preceded the subject of this sketch to California, and when he had attained his seventeenth year his enterprising and ambitious spirit predominated. Bidding good- by to his native heath, he proceeded to Liverpool, whence he set sail for Calfornia via New York and the Isthmus of Panama, arriving in San Francisco in November, 1863. From the metropolis of California he went direct to Nevada county, where for the following three years he was engaged in mining, part of the time as an employe and part of the time hydraulicking on his own account. During the last year of his stay in Nevada county, he was employed as a clerk in a grocery store. Then, after a short so- journ in Watson ville, he located in the Sa- linas valley, where he engaged in farming, and followed that pursuit for one year with such poor success that he seriously impaired the small capital which by his energy and industry, he had acquired in the mines of Nevada county. In the fall of that year, 1869, he went to Watsonville, where his brother, one of the six who had preceded him to America, was engaged in the brewery business, and here he remained and was em- ployed in driving a beer wagon for his brother until the spring of 1872. Having by tliis time, after several strokes of ill for- tune, again accumulated the necessary means, he came to Hollister and established himself in the wholesale and retail liquor business, which he continued to run in his own name until 1882. His business had prospered and by close attention thereto and shrewdness and sobriety, he had accumulated considera- ble money and was desirous of visiting the land of his birth: so he took in as a partner in his business, Mr. Charles Bernhardt, and placed him in charge and control thereof, and the following year he made a trip to Ger- many, spending six months in the Father- land, reviewing the scenes of his childhood and paying a pleasant visit to his brothers and other relatives, his mother and father having died several years before. Upon his return to Hollister he purchased the interest of Mr. Bernhardt and soon afterward joined forces with Messrs. Barg and Kleen, who were running a similar business in the town, and since that time the business has been con- ducted under the firm name of Palmtag, Barg & Kleen. Mr. Palratag's time is now taken up in attending to his ranch, which consists of 420 acres, about 150 of which are set in vines, while the rest is devoted to general farming. The ranch is on rich bottom land and well suited to the growing of alfalfa, of which up- ward of 100 tons are raised by Mr. Palmtag yearly and used mainly to feed his own stock. A winery of the most modern style, on which §10,000 were last year spent in re- pairing and renovating, is part of the prop- erty, and in it the product of the vineyard is made into wine of a superior quality and bouquet, which is sold to customers in San Francisco and the adjoining counties. One of the advantages which Mr. Palmtag pos- sesses over the majority of other vineyardists in California is that he is possessed of the necessary means to enable him to keep his wines in storage for a year or two, until it becomes marketable, instead of being obliged, on account of scarcity of funds, to sell it at an almost losing price as soon as it is squeezed from the grape and before it has had time to mature. AND -SAN MATEO COUNTIES. On the incorporation of the Farmers and Merchants' Bank of Hollister, November 3, 1891, Mr. Palratag was elected its President. Mr. William Palmtag is a stanch Demo- crat, and has, since he took the oath of allegi- ance to Uncle Sam, been a sincere adherent to that great political party. In 1876 he was elected one of the Town Trustees, and was thereafter twice re-elected to that honorable office. His honor and the conscientious handling of the trust which had been placed in him, was duly appreciated by the citizens of this district of San Henito county, as shown by the fact that he was chosen from among the many prominent residents to represent this district in the Board of Super- visors, of which honorable body he was made Chairman in 1886, which position he has maintained and filled with honor to himself and satisfaction to his constituents for the past six years. Mr. Palmtag is univers- ally recognized and respected as a man who, in the discharge of official duties, is incor- ruptible and fully deserving of the trusts which have been reposed in him. In 1880, he was sent to the Convention at Oakland to nominate State delegates to the National Con- vention at, Cincinnati, and was likewise chosen as the representative to the Los Angeles Con- vention last year,whicli nominated delegates to the national Democratic Convention at St. Louis, and notwithstanding the opposition which he meets from the Prohibition element of Hollister and Saii Benito county, he has never been defeated for any office fur which he has accepted the nomination. Mr. Palmtag was married, in 1875, to Miss Kate Moore, of Amador county. He lives in a comfortable home in Hollister, which gives every indication of being one of contentment and happiness. Mr. Palmtag is a shrewd, conservative man of business. He has worked hard since he has been in Hollister, the disposition to do so being one of the characreristics of his nature. He has acquired the handsome competency, which he now possesses, by hon- orable methods and by close and constant application to his business aflairs, and he richly deserves the high estimation in which he is held throughout the country. In addi- tion to his residence in Hollister, he owns the building in which the business of the firm is conducted — fifty-six feet on San Benito and 150 feet on Fifth street — and the ranch previously referred to. On this latter he employs continually from fifteen to twenty- five men. MMfi J- FIELD is a native of Indiana, ■MW born June 3, 1848, in Scott county. '^' ® He spent his boyhood in Kentucky, went South in 1863, where he remained until 1874. He then entered the employment of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, in 1865, and was for many years associated with railroad work. He came to California in 1874, and for several years was in the em- ploy of the Southern Pacific Railroad Coai- pany. He was married October 24, 1882, to Miss Cutatina Danglada, a daughter of Don Raphal Danglada (deceased). Don Raphal was a native of Spain and of French descent, and a professor of instrumental music. He came to Monterey in 1849, and in 1853 married Marie Antonia, the third child of Don Estevan Munras (a sketch of whose useful life appears elsewhere in this work). Prof Danglada was for many years the only professional musician in Monterey, and as a man was possessed of rare social gifts. Some of his ancestors were celebrated MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, scientists, an uncle being the discoverer of the art of daguerreotyping, which revolution- ized the early practice of portrait-making. Don Raphal died at San Luis Obispo in 1867. His widow,still surviving, is making her home with her daughter, Mrs. Field. Mr. T. J. Field of late years has devoted himself to the management of the extensive interests of the Mnnras estate. The family home is the Munras adobe, one of the finest specimens of the spacious early day adobe architecture in the county, and is the birth place of Mrs. Field, her mother and her (Mrs. Field's) children, of whom there are two: a daughter, Antoinette, born December 5, 1885; and a son, Stephen J., born December 5, 1886. Mr. Field is a business man of absolutely unimpeachable integrity, and has served as a member of the Board of Supervisors of Monterey county since 1884. ^ift®) ^' ^^^^E '^^^ ^^0''" "' Wayne '^rvWi county, Indiana, in 1835, but af- ■^^^^"^terw ard moved to Howard county, where his father, David Moore, a farmer by occupation and a carpenter by trade, pur- chased a large farm. Mr. Moore came to the Golden State in 1858, arriving in San Francisco, February 17, of that year. He worked for a time in Gilroy, Santa Clara county, in the dairy busi- ness, tiien came to the Pajaro valley and en- gaged in farming until 1865. He then moved to the Cooper ranch located near Castroville, where he has since farmed successfully. His principal crops being wheat and potatoes. He owns 340 acres of fine land adjoining the town of Castroville, on the Moss landing; road. Mr. Moore was married in Watsonville, in December, 1869, to Miss Katie Leonard, a native of Montreal, Canada. They have three children, two sons and a dauj^hter. Mr. Moore is well known throughout Mon- terey county as a man of honest dealing and safe business methods. In domestic life lie is a kind husband, in- dulgent father and a true friend. No mem- bers of the community in which they live are more highly respected than Mr. and Mrs. Moore. ^ LEE DAVIS, of Salinas, California, IBV was born in Canada, January 18, 1843. -^A ® A brief review of his life and ancestry is as follows: His parents, Thaddeus and Nancy A. (Hagar) Davis, were natives of Canada, the former born July 27, 1811, and the latter in 1820. The maternal grandparents of Mrs. Davis were Jonathan Hagar, born August 4, 1765, and Azulah (Hopkins) Hagar, born in New Jersey, in 1770. Her marriage with Thaddeus Davis occurred October 20, 1836. Their happy union resulted in the birth of four sons and two daughters, of whom two sons and one daughter are now living. Thad- deus Davis comes of a long-lived and sturdy race, some of his ancestors having attained the advanced age of 107 years. In 1850 the father of our subject left Can- ada and came to California, being followed three years later by his wife and children, who made the voyage to this State on the steamer Uncle Sam on the Atlantic and the Cortez on tlie Pacific side, landing in San Francisco. Cholera and yellow fever broke out on the vessel after they left Panama, and sixty of the passengers were attacked with it, many dying. In the year 1859 Mr. Davis returned AND 8AN MATEO COUNTIES. to Canada, but came back to California the following year. Mr. Davis and his sons have been engaged in farming, merchandising and stock-raising. They own about 1,300 acres, of which about 500 acres are sediment — rich and valuable land. It is said, and on good authority, that 180 bushels of wheat to the acre have been raised on the land, now owned by the Messrs. Davis. The floods of 1861 washed away half the house in which the Davis family lived. This was situated at Hill Town, three miles from Salinas, on the Salinas river. The other half of the house was moved to higher land, where it now stands. The channel of the river was narrow then, and the great volume of water was forced over its banks and spread over the entire plains to the depth of from two to four feet. The large sycamore, cotton- w'ood and live oak trees that bordered its banks have long since been washed away, and much valuable soil has also been carried away by the current. H. Lee Davis was married, November 10, 1887, to Florence Titus, and their union has been blessed with three children. fOHN SAMUEL YOACHAM, one of the venerable pioneers of California, was born near Kansas City, in what was then Indian Territory in 1832. His parents were Daniel and Rosa (May) Yoacham, natives respectively of Kentucky and Tennessee, he being the fourth in a family 'of six children. His father was a contractor and builder, for the Indians, in the Government employ. Education in those days was received in log ecboclhouses, and each man had to pay for his own children. In this way Mr. Yoacham obtained his schooling. In 1848 he left for Mexico as a teamster, freighting from Santa Fe and back home in 184-9; then back to Santa Fe, and thence to Old ]\[exico, and to El Paso, Texas; thence to Chihuahua, Durango and Mazatlan, packing. From the latter place he shipped to San Francisco, where he arrived June 15, 1850, on the bark Diana, a French vessel. After his arrival in California he mined about one year. The following three years he was en- gaged in farming at San Jose. Then he came to Santa Cruz county and settled in the Pajaro valley, farming, butchering, doing a livery business and keeping store, etc. At this writing he is still conducting a store. Polit- ically he is a Democrat, of uncompromising principles. He is an extensive reader, is well posted on the general topics of the day, and is in every respect an intelligent citizen. He has served three terms in the City Council and one term as its President. Socially he is an Odd Fellow, and is Past Grand of Pajaro Lodge; also a charter member of Watsonvillo Lodge of A. O. U. W. Mr. Yoacham was married, in 1854, to Miss Mary J. Hooker, a native of Virginia and a daughter of Major Hooker. Their children are as follows: Susie, Llewella, wife of A. W. White; Robert Lee and Daniel H. fllOMAS CLAY EDWARDS, M. D., so widely and favorably known tlirough- ^v^ out Monterey county, California, was born in Columbia, Missouri, August 24, 1860. His early intellectual training was received in the public schools of his native place. When in his fifteenth year he accompanied his mother and sister to California, his father having died when the Doctor was a mere child. Woodland in Yolo county was the MONTEREY, bAN BENITO, SANTA VBUZ, place selected for their abode. Here young Edwards invested his immature muscle in the harvest fields during the summer and fed his mental cravings in the schools of his neighborhood in the winter, till he graduated at Hesperian College, Yolo county, receiv- ing the degree of A. B., he entered Cooper College, San Francisco, to prepare himself for the practice of medicine. Here he fol- lowed a course of study for one year, after which he returned East, entered the St. Louis Medical College, St. Louis, Missouri, where he took three courses, and received his di- ploma in Marchj 1883. Two months after he returned to this State he located in Sa- linas, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. Dr. Edwards was united in marriage to Miss Grace McCandless, of Salinas, by whom he has four children. J^IRAM ROTH, deceased, was well known tin his day, as a miner and a cook in mining camps, later as a prosperous business man in Monterey, where he owned and operated a meat market on Alvarado street. In early life he engaged in a sea- faring life, and the date of his coming to California is not known for a certainty, but it is thought it was in the early '50s. He was an active and reliable business man. Mr. Roth was a native of Germany, and combined the native smartness of the people of that country with the business tact of his adopted land. Mr. John Roth, his brother, was a native of Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, and died at Castroville, December 12, 1879, leaving a widow, Mrs. Mary Roth, a native of county Tipperary, Ireland. Mrs. Roth is an astute business woman, and manages the comfort- able estate left her by her husband in a very capable manner. She is the owner of a very pretty home, and enjoys the respect and esteem of all who know her. fAMES I. HODGES, a well-known and much respected pioneer of San Benito county, California, dates his birth in Wilson county, Tennessee, September 30, 1830. At an early age young Hodges left home and started out in life for himself. In 1846 he enlisted in the army for the war with Mexico, but was rejected on account of his age. He then went to Arkansas and worked for a man by the name of Wood, with whom he remained until May, 1849. During that time he was employed on a pony express route from Rockwood to Morrow, Louisiana, a distance of 150 miles. It was the inten- tion of Mr. Hodges to make the journey to California via water that spring, but circum- stances prevented him from doing so. Still, however, determined to come to this coast, in the spring of 1852 he left Clarksville, Ar- kansas, with Captain Jamison's company, April 14 being the day on which they started. Their company consisted of about 380 per- sons; they crossed the plains with ox teams, and their experiences were similar to those of many other emigrants. When they reached the North Platte, Mr. Hodges was taken with the mountain fever, and was sick some two weeks. A few days after he had sufficiently recovered to take charge of his team, he had a run-away and was thrown into a creek. Getting wet caused him to take a relapse, which came near proving fatal. September 18, 1852, was the date of their arrival in AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES, 313 Stockton, CaliCornia. Mr. Hodges turned his team ont, took his pack and left for Sonora, Tuolumne county, where he engaged in chopping down timber for building purposes. He remained at this place one month, re- ceiving $4 a day and board, after which he returned to Stockton. He then began haul- ing goods from Stockton to the mines, and the last load he took stuck fast in the mud. He sold flour at $1 per pound. In 1853 he and live others took up a claim. After they had opened it and were about to begin work, a man came along and wanted to buy out Mr. Hodges, and he sold his interest for $500. He was next engaged in hauling lumber from the mines to Stockton for three months. After that he went back to the mines and was engaged in mining until 1865, when he sold out for tlie sum of $70,000. Iteturning again to Stockton, he remained there till 1866, thence to Santa Rosa, and from there, in 1867, to Watsonville. In the fall of 1868 he went to Soquel, and the fol- lowing fall located in Hollister, then Monte- rey county, now San Benito county. November 28, 1860, Mr. Hodges was united in marriage with Miss Mary J. Shir- ley, by whom he has had seven children, five sons and two daughters. One daughter is deceased. I^ON. THOMAS FLINT.— That portion ^mi of California particularly embraced ^^ within the territorial limits of this vol- ume, is peculiarly prolific ground, from the point of view of the historian. Much of its history, however, centers about a compara- tively few men, whose names must ever re- main in the foreground in the aimals of the Golden State, but who, for the most part, have gone to join the silent majority. Some remain, however, as active participants and leaders in present affairs, as they have been since the early days. Dr. Flint, San Benito county claims as a citizen of one of these, and one who has been a prominent figure for- upward of forty years. A brief outline sketch of his career, giving some of the earlist features, becomes there- fore a valuable, and indeed essential, contri- bution to this work. He is a native of Maine, born at NeV Vine- yard, then in Somerset, but now m Franklin county, on May 13, 1824, his parents being William Reed and Electa (Weston) Flint. Both tlie Flint and Weston families were among the early settlers of New England, and are creditably associated with the impor- tant epochs in its history. On the father's side, the founder of the family in this country, ac- cording to the authentic published volumes of New England genealogy, was Thomas Flint, who came from Wales. The first men- tion of his name in the town records of Salem, Massachusetts, is in 1650, but this is known to be a considerably later date than that of his arrival. He was among the first settlers of Salem village (now South Danvers), and the spot in the wilderness which he selected for his later home is situated on the Salem and North Reading road, about six miles from the present courthouse in Salem. The first deed to him on record describes a tract " containing 150 acres of meadow and past- ure land, and lying within the bounds of Salem," bought on September 18, 1654, of John Pickering. His son. Captain Thomas Flint, was an oflSeer in King Philip's war, and was in Gardner's expedition against the Narragansetts in 1675. Dr. Thomas Flint, great-grandfather of our subject, was fifth in descent from the original Massachusetts set- tler; and he was a physician by profession, MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, and served ass a surgeon in the Revolutionary war. His son, Dr. Thomas Flint, was born in North Reading, and located in Sandy river valley, in 1787; he was a prominent set- tler and is recorded as the first merchant in Farniington. As a physician and surgeon he had an extensive practice in the sparsely settled community. His third child, William Reed Flint, was the father of the subject of this sketch; he was a laud surveyor, and fol- lowed his profession for years in the lumber regions of Maine; he was County Commis- sioner, and in this capacity took an active part in the building of permanent roads; he ligured prominently in public life in his day, and was three times elected a member of the Senate of the State of Maine; he was born October 25, 1796, and on July 9, 1823, was married; March, 1831, he removed with his family frow New Vineyard to Anson, Maine; where his death occurred, August 5, 1887. His wife. Electa Weston, also came of one of the prominent old New England families; the founder of the family in this country was John Weston, who was born in Buckingham- shire, England, in 1631, and came to America at the age of thirteen years, having landed at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1644. He resided in Salem until twenty-one years of age, then became a resident of Lynn village, in South Reading, now Wakefield, Massachussetts, where he purchased an extensive tract of land, on a part of which his descend'ants are living to-day; the line of descent is traced through several generations do Joseph Wes- ton, who settled in Concord, Massachusetts, and later removed to Canaan (afterward Bloonifield, and now Skowhegan), Maine. In the winter and spring of 1771-'72, he re- moved with his family to a grant of land, which he had helped to purchase from the Kennebec Company, and his wife was the first wliite woman to settle in Somerset, county, where they lived for several years almost entirely isolated from the outside world. He died of fever contracted by fa- tigue and exposure assisting Geneial Bene- dict Arnold's expedition past Skowhegan and Norridgwock Falls on its way to Quebec in October, 1775. Among their nine chil- dren was one who later became prominent as Deacon Benjamin Weston, who married in March, 1788, Annie Powers, a grand- daughter of Peter Powers, the first settler in Hollis, New Hampshire; their daughter. Electa, who was born in 1802, became the wife of Hon. William R. Flint, and was the mother of the subject of this notice. She died April 10, 1885. Ten children were born to William Reed and Electa (Weston) Flint, of whom three became residents of California; Benjamin, who came ii» 1849, and until his death was a prominent citizen of this State; B. P. Flint, the youngest of the family, who is a business man of San Fran- cisco; and Thomas, the subject of this sketch; George, the eighth child, who resides on the old family homestead at Anson, Maine, has also been a public man and a member of the Senate of Maine. Dr. Thomas Flint, with whose name this sketch commences, received his literary edu- cation in the high schools and academies of A i- son, Skowhegan and North 1 armouth, Maine. At the age of twenty-one, he began the study of medicine with Dr. V. P. Coolidge, at Waterville, and later attended the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, where he was graduated in 1849. While in attendance at the Jeflterson Medical College, his thoughts were seriously turned toward California, but circumstances intervened to delay his de- parture until a later time. Leaving college, he returned to Anson, Maine, where he re- AJS'D SAN MATEO COUNTIES. niained until 1S51. His brother Benjamin had gone to California in the early days of the gold excitement, and the consummation of the Doctor's intention to do so had only been deferred by the fact that parties who were to accompany him on the journey had been delayed. IVLeantime, lie practiced medi- cine causally, but in May, 1851, he went to New York to begin the sea voyage to Cali- fornia. He secured passage on the steamer " Crescent City," which left New York har- bor on May 28, arriving at Chagres on June 6. On the following day an incident occur- red, which seriously threatened to mar the pleasure of the journey. Captain Jewett of the Chagres river steamboat, in violation of the terms of the contract, attempted to transfer the passengers to small boats with native boatmen, to' continue the trip to Gorgona. The passengers rebelled, and soon a collision was imminent, weapons being drawn on botli sides. The interference of General Hitchcock of the United States Army, however, was the means of bringing about an understanding, and as a result the Captain took them to Gorgona by steamer. Small boats manned by naked natives with long poles, conveyed them to Crnces, and from there they proceeded on foot, sending their bag- gage on by express. Two days, the 8th and 9th of June, were consumed in the foot jour- ney to Panama, at which port they remained until the 15th, when they boarded the steamer " Northerner, '' on which the jour- ney was to be completed. She sailed on June 16, and reached San Francisco on July 7, forty days from the date of leaving New York. The same evening, Dr. Flint left for Sacramento by river steamer, and thence pro- ceeded to Volcano (now Amador county), where he mined a little. On August 8, he started for Coloma, where he remained until January 9, 1852, engaged in mining to some extent and in the cattle and beef business. He returned from Coloma to Volcano, and there soon found himself incidentally attend- ing to quite an extensive medical practice. The residents of Volcano at that time will recall the 3d of November, when Rod Stowell shot and stabbed Frank Kerns nearly to death at Fort John, near that place. " Old Rod " as he was called had established his reputation as a " tough customer" from his having shot and killed an Indian, and having pinned a gambling companion to the floor with his bowie knife sticking through his head. It was expected that Frank's wounds would soon prove fatal, so a vigilance committee was or- ganized which had " Old Rod " arrested and held under guard for a lynch trial. Frank recovered, which circumstance kept "• Old Rod's " neck from being stretched, and brought Dr. Flint fame as a skillful surgeon On Christmas day, 1852, he started on his return to the East, making the journey via Panama, and visited his old friends and rela- tives in the State of Maine. In the spring of 1853, he started again for California, this •time overland, as had been his intention on coining East. He went to Terre Haute, In- diana, the most westerly point which could then be reached by rail, and there was formed the firm of Flint, Bixby & Company, which afterward became so widely known through its extensive operations in California, composed of Dr. Thomas Flint, his brother Benjamin, and Llewellyn Bixby, his cousin. At Quincy, Illinois, they purchased sheep, and then started in earnest on their westward journey, crossing the Mississippi river at Keokuk, with 2,400 head of sheep, a team of tiftecn yoke of oxen, some saddle horses and other stock. From Keokuk, those in charge of the stock proceeded across the State of 316 MONTEREY, SAJ^ BENIIO. SANTA CRUZ Iowa to Council Bluffs, where they crossed the Missouri river on the ferry. Dr. Flint, however, went to St. Louis, purchased the remainder of the outfit, and took it by steamer to Council Bluffs, where the expedition was met. From the Missouri, they proceeded up the North Platte, by the old trail, and through the South Pass and Echo Canon to Salt Lake. Considerable trouble was had with Indians, and on the Platte river they lost one man, killed by the savages. While encamped one night, some Indians crept in at midnight, cut the horses loose and when a man was aroused by the noise, he was shot by the Indians, who then fled. At Salt Lake, 100 head of cattle were purchased and added to the outfit. They arrived at the Mormon capital too late, however, to take the northern route across the mountains, and they consequently turned to the southward, taking what was known as Fremont's trail. At Provo, Utah, they fell in with Colonel Hollister, with whom were Messrs. Woodworth and William Perry, who afterward made their mark in California, and the two trains traveled more or less in com- pany from Mountain Meadows, at which point they overtook Colonel Hoilister's company. They moved along leisurely, remaining some time at places where they found favorite camping grounds, and arrived at the Mission San Gabriel January 7, 1854, having passed the winter quite comfortably on the road. They remained in the vicinity of the mission until March, and then started northward along the coast and stopped at what is now Coyote Station, in the Santa Clara valley. In July, 1855, they came down to the San Juan valk^y, and in October following purchased the San Justo ranch of Francisco Perez Pa- checo, who boasted of being an Aztec Indian, and also made the same claim for his wife, although she may have been part Spanish. Pacheco had purchased the land from Gen- eral Jose Castro, to whom it had been granted by the Mexican Government. From this point, the firm of Flint, Bixby & Co. carried on their extensive operations, which made them a power in the State. No change has ever been made in its membership since its organization at Terre Haute, except by the death of Benjamin Flint, October 3, 1881, and since that time, the remaining partners have carried on the business. They were at first engaged principally in sheep-raising, but from time to time other interests were added. In 1858, the firm disposed of half the San Justo ranch to Mrs. Lucy A. Brown, sister of Colonel Hollister, from whom the property passed to Colonel Hollister, the deed of par- tition being made in 1861, and the land for- mally divided at that time. Dr. Flint making the choice of the portion of the ranch re- tained by his firm, this portion consisting of 14,000 acres. This land is varied as to its topography and productive character, but is all valuable. Its capabilities in some direc- tions, and the progress made therein, are mentioned elsewhere. In 1858, the firm of Flint, Bixby & Com- pany, engaged in the business of staging, and became the owners of the line between San Jose and Los Angeles. Later, this liue was extended to San Diego, and for four years they transacted the passenger and express- carrying business, and carried the United States mail between those remote points, the enterprise being one of vast magnitude. Seven hundred head of horses were required as stock for carrying on this business, and three days were consumed in the trip between the terminal points. Stations were estab- lished tliroughout the entire line, at intervals of about twelve miles, and a schedule of six AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. miles an hour was maintained throughout, including stops. The iirm conducted this line for twelve years; but when the extension of the railroad from the north began, the length of the line was gradually lessened. Their Buperintend- dent was William Buckley, and, in connection with him, they ran the Panainint stage line for two years, the run being at first from Caliente to Panainint, and later from Mojave to Panamint. They sold out their interests to William Hamilton. In 1872, Flint, Bixby & Co. embarked in the beet sugar manufacturing business, as stockholders in the California Beet Sugar Company, being among the pioneers in this line on the Pacific coast. They built a large factory at Alvarado, importing the special machinery from Germany, and established a plant, having a capacity of fifty tons of sugar per day. This plant was moved from Alvar- ado to Soquel Santa Cruz County. During their experience in this industry, they manu- factured large quantities of sugar, but the methods then in vogue were considerably more expensive than those of the present time; and when the market price of sugar fell below what it cost them to produce it, on ac- count of the admission duty free of Sandwich Island sugars, they withdrew from the busi- ness. During this time, they were also engaged in working the Cerro Bouito quicksilver mine in this county, which, though not now in operation, is still their property, as also the Monterey quicksilver mine. About the same time. Dr. Flint was interested in the wool- shipping and commission business, in the firms of Perkins, Flint & Co., and B. P. Flint & Co., of San Francisco. Flint, Bixby & Co. have all along been interested in mining, both in this State and in Nevada, and so continue at present. They also took part in the original organization of the Southern Pa- cific Railroad Company, and were the active workers in securing for the company the franchise and grant of land in San Francisco, and in the preliminary work generally, and were represented in the directorate of the road; Benjamin Flint, of their firm, was the first vice-president of the Southern Pacific Company. Dr. Flint is now largely inter- ested, by himself, through Flint, Bixby & Co., and through other partnerships, in land and stock, banking and other interests, and in their operations his firms have handled and owned vast tracts, part of which have since been disposed of. The firm of Irvine, Flint & Co., in which he was a partner, owned the San Joaquin ranch, and in that and the Lomas de Santiago and Santa Ana ranches, together, they had about 100,000 acres. At about the same time, Flint, Bixby & Co. owned the Huer-Huero ranch, in San Luis Obispo county, containing about 46,000 acres. As a member of the firm of J. Bixby & Co., he is an owner in 9,000 acres of the Ceritos ranch, 16,000 acres in the Palos Verdes ranch, and over 7,000 acres in the Alamitos ranch. Flint, Bixby & Co. also have other and smaller tracts in this and other counties and in the State of Washington, as well as real estate in San Francisco. Their stock interests are now principally in the line of cattle, of which they have something like 7,000 head of Durham and Holstein and their crosses. They still retain some sheep inter- ests, though not nearly so extensively as for- merly. They were among the first on the coast to import Merino sheep from Yerraont and J^ew York, and were the first to pay such a price as $1,000 for a Merino ram, which price they paid to Hammond, of Vermont. It was considered at the time a foolish act on 318 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, their part, but was a signally successful stroke of enterprise, and helped to gain them the fame they achieved in connection with the sheep interest. They have sent sheep from their flocks on orders from Panama, from the Sandwich Islands, from Nevada, and other remote points. All of their sheep are either full blood or high grades. Dr. Flint, besides his main business inter- ests, is connected in various ways with a mul- tiplicity of financial and other institutions. His interests in the old Los Angeles County Bank (now tlie Bank of America) are repre- sented in the directorate through Bixby, Llewellyn & Jothara; he is a director in the Grangers' Business Association, of San Fran- cisco; a director since organization in the Bank of Hollister; and in its allied savings bank department; president and director of the Grangers' Union, at Hollister, director of the Somerset railroad, in Maine. He has also served as director in sevei-al mining companies with which he has been identified. Frater- nally, he is one of the most prominent Masons in the State of California. He is Past Master of Texas Lodge, No. 46, F. & A. M., San Juan; is High Priest and Past High Priest of Hollister Chapter, No. 68, K. A. M.; Past Commander of Watsonville Commandery, No. 22, Knights Templar; member of Islam Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, San Francisco; member of San Francisco Council, No. 2, R. & S. M.; member of the High Priesthood; and is Grand Captain of the Host of the Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; in the order of the Eastern Star, he is Past Grand Patron. He also belongs to Hollister Grange, Patrons of Husbandry. In political life, Dr. Flint has been prominently identified with the Republican party since its organization in the State, and has taken an active part in the councils of the party. He served old Monterey county as a member of the Board of Supervisors, and San Benito county in the same capacity after the division. In 1876. he was elected to the State Senate, and in that body represented for four years the counties of Monterey, San Benito and Santa Cruz. He is now a member of the State Central Committee of the Republican party, and has previously served a number of years thereon, and has been chairman of the Central Committee of this Congressional Dis- trict. As a delegate from the State of Cali- fornia to the National Republican Convention he helped to nominate Blaine at Chicago, in 1884. Dr. Flint was married at Woodstock, Ver- mont, on May 20, 1857, to Miss Mary A. Mitchell, a native ot Woodstock, and daugh- ter of Joshua and Mehitable (Gilmore) Mitch- ell, both parents being of old families of New England. The Mitchells were largely a sea- faring family, and her grandfather, a ship's captain, was lost at sea. The Gilmores are an old New Hampshire family, which furn- ished a number of members who took an ac- tive part in important periods of the Nation's history. A brief extract from the family genealogy is appropriate in this connection: Joshua Mitchell and Mehitable Gilmore were married April 30, 1818; she was the daughter of Thomas Gilmore and Tabitha Wilkins, granddaughter of Captain Daniel Wilkins, and great-granddaughter of Rev. Daniel Wil- kins, the first minister of Amherst, New Hampshire, who was baptized May 18, 1710, and died February 11, 1784. Thomas Gil- more died in the service of his country at Burlington, Vermont, in 1814. Mehitabla Gilmore was a cousin of Gen. John A. Dix. Captain Daniel Wilkins married Tabitha Weston; he died in December, 1819; he was First Lieutenant in Captain Crosby's com- ■Sllf^h. -yC AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 319 pany on Bunker Hill, and Captain of a com- pany composed largely of Amherst (New Hampshire) men, in Col. Bedel's regiment, which was surrendered to the British and In- dians at the " Cedars," in May, 1776; he died of disease shortly after his exchange. Tabitha Weston was of the third generation from John Weston (mentioned in the Weston genealogy); she was born in 1631, and married April 18, 1653. The records of Salem witchcraft con- tain the following: "Daniel Wilkins be- witched to death May 16, 1692, at the age of seventeen." He was probably the uncle of Rev. Daniel Wilkins. Mrs. Flint is a woman of superior intellec- tual qualities. She is recognized as one of the highest authorities in this country of the Order of the Eastern Star, in which she has attained the greatest prominence. She is Fast Grand Matron of the order for the State, and served two years in that executive office, an unusual occurence, and is the only one on whom that honor has been conferred. She is now Past Most Worthy Grand Matron of the Order of the Eastern Star for the United States, having reached the highest attainable position in her great work for its welfare. Mr. and Mrs. Flint have three children living, viz: Thomas, Jr., a sketch of whom appears in this volume; Sarah, wife of George Otis Mitchell; and Richard H., who, at this writing, is attending the School of Technology, Boston. In concluding this sketch of Dr. Flint, a brief mention of his personality is necessary. Though his life has been from boyhood an active one, and though his interests have been so vast and so far reaching for so many years, requiring an almost inestimable amount of thought and attention, he is in manner one of the most quiet and unassuming of men, a quality, however, generally to be found in connection with real strength and stability of character. In all respects. Dr. Flint stands to-day, as he has for many years, one of the foremost citizens of California. fMcCONNELL SHEARER is a man of versatile talents, having devoted ® the greater portion of his time to school teaching, dabbled in literature, and is now following the more prosaic, and probably more profitable, pursuit of real-estate and grain brokerage. He is a native of Leesville, Carroll county, Ohio, where he was born De- cember 26, 1836. In 1847, after having atttended the public schools, he was sent to New Hagerstown Academy until about 1855, when he taught his first school in Goshen, Tuscarawas county, Ohio, and subsequently taught at Lockport, Tabor, Ohio and Pleasant Lake, Indiana. In September, 1860, he came to California and engaged in teaching in the Springfield district, also at San Juan, Monterey, Gilroy, Mayfield and Salinas. He was elected School Su- perintendent of Monterey county, in 1871 and again in 1879. Mr. Shearer has also filled the positions of School Trustee and Superin- tendent of Schools of Salinas. He was Deputy Tax Collector of Monterey county, in 1874. In 1875 he was editor for the Salinas city Index and for several years correspond- ent to the San Jose Mercury, and also served in the same capacity for many years for the San Francisco Bulletin and other journals of note. Almost continuously since 1873 he has followed the business of grain broker and is very successful. July 1, 1862, Mr. Shearer married Miss Climena Catnmilla French, of Milpitas, Cali- fornia. She was a lady of rare intellectual 320 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CHXJZ, attainments and a native of St. Joseph county, Michigan. Her death occurred December 18, 1874, at the age of forty years. Of her three children, two are now living, namely: Edward French and Grace V. Mr. Shearer again married, December 31, 1876, Miss Mar- tha Young, a daughter of William Young, of Hancock county. West Virginia, of which State Mrs. Shearer is also a native. She is a lady who combines domestic qualities with mental attainments. Before marriage she was one of Monterey county's most success- ful teachers. She possesses great executive ability. Three children were born to this union, two of whom are still living, namely; Laura L. and W. S. McConnell. Mr. Shearer is a man of great energy and quick perceptions. He is social in his na- ture, tempei-ate in his habits and is esteemed throughout the Salinas valley and Monterey county for his many excellent qualities of head and heart. The family resides in the city of Salinas, in an attractive home, beauti- fully located in the central part of the resi- dence portion of the city. In addition to this home, Mr. Shearer is the owner of some valuable property in Pacihc Grove. fOJM ESTEVAN de la TORRE, one of the respected citizens of San Miguel Canon, Monterey county, was born June 29, 1818, in the city of Monterey. His father, Joaquin de la Torre, was a native of Castile, Spain. Through his marriage to Dona Ascencion Espinosa, the only daughter of Don Salvador and Dona Lugarda (Castro) Espinosa, he came into possession of 1,300 acres of the famous Espinosa rancho. This 1,300-acre tract has been subdivided and dis- posed of, with the exception of 869 acres, which he still occupies as a home. It is de- lightfully located about four miles and a half east of Salinas, on the Watsonville pike. Don de la Torre has five surviving children, whose names are as follows: Juliana, now Mrs. Pablo Hartnell; Mannela, now Mrs. F. R. Rico, of Monterey; Ysabel, now Mrs. li. J. Castro, of Gonzales; Julio T. de la Torre; and Lucia, now Mrs. C. M. Fisher, of San Mateo county. Julio de la Torre was born in Monterey, December 21, 1860. He married, February 8, 1883, Miss Annie Hartnell, daughter of John E. Hartnell, and they have three chil- dren. -^^>^^^^^y^k^ fAMES MADISON JONES was born in Anderson county, Tennessee, May 27, 1840. He remained at home with his parents until he reached his majority, and at that time, the war of the Rebellion breaking out, he tendered his services to the Con- federate Government. He served under Generals Bragg, Hood and J. E. Johnston, and in the cavalry divisions of Generals Ashley, Wheeler and Morgan, being in the Department of the Cumberland for four years. He was engaged in every battle and skirmish whicli took place in his department, but was never wounded; and, although he fought for a cause that was lost, it was one that he be- lieved to be right, and one in whicii, by his bravery, he won distinction. Mr. Jones left his native home in the fall of 1867 and came direct to California. Landing in San Francisco, he remained in that city a short time, and then went to San Jose, soon after going to Santa Barbara. A few months later he came to Hollister and engaged in farming, which he continued for a number of AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. years, also dealing in hay. At present date he has for sale 8,000 tons. He subsequently gave up fanning, and has since devoted his energies exclusively to the hay business. He has two of the largest warehouses in the county, and his business is one of the most extensive of its kind on the coast. He is one of the pioneers of San Benito county and has been one of the important factors in develop- ing its interests. In politics he is Democratic, and is always found identified with the best elements of his party. Mr. Jones was married in Hardin Valley, East Tennessee, in 1873, to Miss Martha Steele, by whom he had three children, one son and twin daughters, one of the daughters dying in infancy. Mrs. Jones died in 1877. In 1880, Mr. Jones married for his second wife Miss M. E. AVliite, by whom he has a son and two daughters. fUSTAV BROWN was born in Bavaria, Germany, February 17, 1836. He left his native home in 1843 and came to the Cnited States, landing on American soil at Baltimore. He went to school until he was thirteen years old, when he hired out to learn the trade of a shoemaker. At that trade he worked three years and six months. In June, 1852, he enlisted in the light artillery at Fort McHenry, but was discharged on account of his age. Then he went back to work at his trade and continued at it until January, 1858, at which time he set out for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he enlisted in the First Drao-oons, Company K. They were sent out on the frontiers, and he continued in the ser- vice eight years, all this time being spent in California, New Mexico and Arizona. He was discharged on account of disability, hav- ing been shot and wounded by an Indian on the Mojave desert in 1862. After being discharged, Mr. Brown went to San Francisco, thence to Sacramento, and from there to Los Angeles. At the latter place he was employed by Governor Downey to superintend his large ranch, remaining there one year. Next we find him at Santa Clara county, where he acted as Deputy Sheriff of the county one year, and private officer for the Almadeii Mining Company under Super- intendent Arnot. After that he took up his abode in the Santa Cruz hills and engaged in the fruit business. That was in 1865, and he remained there until 1883, when he sold out and came to Hollister, San Benito county. Since locating here he has given his atten- tion to ranching, and in this occupation has met with the usual success which has crowned the efforts of his thrifty countrymen. He has, indeed, one of the tinest homes in the neighborhood, and is surrounded with all of the comforts and many of the luxuries af- forded in this sunny clime. Mr. Brown was married August 23, 1864, to Miss Lydia Morse, by whom he has eight children, three sons and five daughters, namely: James F., Charles E., Robert A., Annie M., Matilda J., Mary Alice, Cora and Minnie. One of the daughters is the wife of Mr. John Griffith, and has one son. A fact remarkable and worthy of note is, that in raising this large family Mr. Brown has never expended $25 for a doctor's bill, all having enjoyed the best of health. ,BEL SOBERANES was born in Mon- f/&K terey city, California, June 2, 1859, W' and remained in his native city until he was ten years of age. At that time lie MONTE BET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CBVZ, moved to the old Soledad ranch, formerly be- longing to the mission, and which became the property of his father, Francisco Soberanes. His education was obtained in the schools of Monterey county. Mr. Soberanes is one of the prominent ranchers of Monterey county. He has 4,612 acres of choice land, forty of which are de- voted to fruit, iiis other products being grain and stock. His place can boast of some of the oldest fruit trees in this section of the country, they having been brought from the gardens of the Soledad mission some thirty- five years ago. ^^LLEN FORSTER was born in Detroit, Iffils Michigan, December 25, 1835. When ^=5|«- lie was an infant he had the misfortune to lose his father. His mother lived to an advanced age, dying when she was seventy- six. For eight years she had the entire care of her young family, and a most heroic woman did she prove herself, for to rear a family in a new country was no small under- taking. Mr. Forster was married, November 22, 1860, to Miss Matilda J. Nance, near Chico, Butte county, California. Mrs. Forster was born in New Albany, Indiana, May 17, 1842, and departed this life December 17, 1889. Her ancestors were a long-lived and sturdy race, distinguished for their high moral worth. Her father lived to be eighty-five years old. Mr. and Mrs. Forster became the parents of four daughters and two sons, all of whom are living: Anna Belle, born August 25, 1861, in Butte county, California, is now the wife of Francis A. Abbott, son of Hon. C. S. Abbott, and has two children — Charles Eldon and Chester Forster, the former a native of Arizona and the latter of Salinas, California; Charles, the eldest son, was born in Butte county, California, May 13, 1863; Uattie Mary, at the same place, J une 8, 1867; Grace Geneva, April 9, 1870; Benjamin Franklin, March 21, 1874; and Jessie AUene, April 25, 1872; the last three being natives of Salinas. Mr. Forster came to California in 1858. He lived for ten years in Butte county, and from there moved to Monterey county, where he has since resided. He has been and is now engaged in farming and stock-raising, making a specialty of the latter, raising line horses and cattle. In these operations he has met with eminent success. He also owns a large body of land in San Luis Obispo county. In public affairs, especially educa- tional matters, he has been interested, having held the office of School Trustee for more than twenty years. He and his wife were both noted for their genial hospitality. Such is a brief sketch of one of the worthy and highly respected citizens of Monterey county. fL. MEEK is a pioneer of California. He came to the State in 1850, and ^, * mined from that date until 1859. He then joined the United States Army, and during the war of the Rebellion did pro- vost duty in Calfornia until 1865. At the expiration of that time he engaged in mer- chandising at Antioch, Contra Costa county, and later farmed in Colusa county. He came to Monterey county in 1874, and en- gaged in agricultural pursuits on the Salinas river bottoms and in San Miguel canon. In 1887 he turned his attention to the hotel business at Santa Rita, where he still remains. He is widely known as a man of strict integ- AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. rity and of genial manner, and during his long residence on this coast has made many friends. He was married, March 6, 1866, to Miss Lottie Leech, of lone, Amador county, Cali- fornia. She is a native of Canada and came to this State with her parents when she was quite young. They have a son and daughter, Thomas and Etta. The latter is now Mrs. Dr. Long, of King City. fTEPHEN F. WATSON was born in Scott county, Virginia, March 22, 1834. Ilis father, Jacob Watson, was one oi two sons (the second being Henry) who came to California, across the plains with ox teams, in 1849, their route being via Chimney Rock and Independence Rock and the Carson river through Nevada. Jacob Weston and his wife, nee Phoebe Baldwin, were of Virginia birth. Of their fifteen children four were born in California. Arrived in this State, he first located near Sacramento, but soon moved to Mormon island. He pursued mining operations until about 1851, and came to Monterey county — -now San Benito — in 1854, locating near Hollister and engaging in stock- raising. He died in 1871. His wife is still living. The subject of this sketch was therefore reared as a miner and stock- i-aiser. In 1866 he located at Tres Pinos in San Benito county, where he has since lived, engaged in farming. He is a successful business man and one of the leading men of this locality. At one time he owned about 1,000 acres of fine farm- ing lands, a portion of which he has sold. He still owns 500 acres, located one mile from Tres Pinos station. Mr. Watson was married in Watsonville, Santa Cruz county, in 1865, to Miss Bridget Conner. In connection with his family history, it should be further stated that Jacob, Charles and James Watson, his brothers, reside in the southeastern part of San Benito county. Other members of the family live in various parts of the northern portion of California. PENITO A. SOBERANES was born on the Laurelas ranch in Monterey county, California, March 21, 1853, son of Fran- cisco and Isabel (Baronda) Soberanes. In this county he was reared, receiving his education in the public schools of Monterey and Watsonville, and all his life has been devoted to farming and stock-raising. His present home, wiiere he has resided for the past ten years, is a part of the old Paraje del Sanchez rancho. May 25, 1881, he was united in marriage with Miss Ada Smith of Salinas, daughter of Don Miguel Smith, who has been a resident of Monterey county since 1849. He was married here in 1851, and is the father of a large family, most of his children being mar- ried and living in different parts of the State. Don Miguel Smith is well and favorably known from Los Angeles to San Francisco. Since leaving college he has spent the most of his life in literary and scientific pursuits. He has been a student simply because he loved knowledge. Of late years he lias given much of his time and energy to the study of law; and, though not an active practitioner, in legal knowledge he is considered a peer of the legal lights of California. Study seems to be a part of his nature, and we dare say he will die with a book in his hand! His wife is a daughter of the well-known W. E. 334 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, P. Hartnell, deceased, and a granddaughter of the late Don Jose de la Guerra of Santa Barbara. Mr. Soberanes has two children. fHOMAS BRALEE, Esq., a venerable pioneer of Monterey, is a unique figure in its history, as will be seen from the following narration of facts: He was born in the city of Worcester, England, February 17, 1821, and in early life learned the trade of a bricklayer, but later on became a carpenter and builder. At one time he worked for a rope spinner and became proficient in that business. At the age of about twenty -one he adopted the hazardous life of a sailor and as such came to America,landiug at Quebec from what sailors term a lumber droger, that is, a ship, in the lumber trade; she was a brig of 350 tons, called the Harvey of North Shields, on the Newcastle river; his master's name was Captain Cunningham. There he left the brig and traveled through New York State and city and on to Baltimore in Maryland, getting only one job of work, which was to build a two-story brick house on a farm in the north part of the State of New York. He found it very hard to get employment at his business, as work was scarce, and he a stranger, and there were plenty of mechanics out of employ- ment. But he will always say this for the American people, that they treated him royally and God bless them for it! for he needed their help, having run away from his ship between two days, and of course just as he stood. His funds running out there was nothing left for him to do bat ship in the Navy, which he did at Baltimore, August 7,1843,and was sent with others on board the United States brig Fio. neer, then lying at Baltimore as a receiving ship for recruits; some time afterward he and about thirty others were sent on to New York and put on board the United States battle ship. North Carolina, a 120-gun ship lying in New York harbor as a guard ship. Some short time afterward, our sub- ject with others was drafted as the crew of the United States frigate Savannah, a sixty- four-gun ship just built and fitting out at the Brooklyn navy yard. (By the way, the hull now lies at Mare island navy yard.) Slie was condemned some three or four years ago as unseaworthy, and, as he says, "I guess that's about my fix!" He continues," Weli,God speed all travelers! for I expect to be on the road pretty soon, as I find it's getting toward the end of the cruise. Like King Solomon of old, 'my glory has departed!" He left Brooklyn navy yard in November, 1843, in the frigate Savannah, under command of Post Captain Fitzue, who was a thorough seaman and the heart yarn of a mainstay. We were bound for the Pacific station as flag ship of the Pacific squadron, there to be com- manded by Commodore Dallas, who went to the Pacific coast overland to take the place of Commodore Clackson, who had died on that station; and after a while Commodore Dallas also died, and we buried him in Callao in Peru, who two years later was taken up and taken home, to be interred with his friends. Post Captain Armstrong, who was on this coast with the United States frigate, United States, then took command, of the squadron until the arrival of Commodore Sloat, who came on board the Savannah and relieved Post Captain Armstrong of his command, and raised his flag on board the frigate Savannah, which he commanded until the close of the Mexican war, or until the arrival on this AUD SAN MATEO COUNTIES. coast of Commodore Shnbrick, in the Col- umbus line-of-battleship, of tlie East India station. Commodore Sliubrick, being the sen- ior ofKcer of Commodore Sloat, he relieved him and took command of the Pacific Squad- ron: Commodore Sloat then went home. Captain Mervin was captain of the Sa- vannah under Commodore Sloat and had command of the party that came on shore and hoisted the American flag, and took pos- session of this country, in the name of the United States of America, and our subject is one of the party that first hoisted the stars and stripes to the breeze on the Pacific coast, which act has added a golden empire to our beloved country. Long may it wave! Our subject is now in his seventy-second year, and the only survivor of that band around liere, though there are a few scattered around the State; but most of the boys have "passed in their checks" and gone to that country from whose bourne no traveler has returned. Well, as to the landing of the forces and' hoisting of the flag, it is customary, when taking possession of a country, for the invading party to haul down the flag of the country they are taking; but the Mexicans euchered them on that point by secreting their flag. So they were delayed for a while until a boat could go to the siiip and get a Mexican flag to run up and haul down, and then ran up the stars and stripes. After taking possession of the country they brought three forty-two-pounder cannon from the ship and mounted them on the spot, where was afterward built a fort. They first made a block house one and a half stories high, which is yet standing and all that is left of the fort. The upper or half story was the quarters for the officers and men, divided by partitions; the lower story was pierced on three sides for the canncjnades, on the other side was built a stockade out of young pine trees as there were plenty close by; they were set close together about three feet in the ground and about ten feet out; there was a dry ditch just outside the stockade, on the side next to the bayiV/hich is one of the finest in the world. After the regular troops came they built barracks of pine logs, but they have since all been dis- troyed by Ore. Mr. Bralee, with about a dozen sailors and six or eight marines, were left in charge to hold the fort, while the ships were down the coast. Mr. Bralee remained in the service about seven months after the war with Mexico first broke out, or after raising the flag here, receiving his discharge in March, 1847. Monterey at that time con- tained only about forty houses, most of which were built of adobe or sun-dried brick. Mr. Bralee made and burnt about the first kiln of brick in the country in 1848, and built the first chimney in Monterey in 1847. He was called by Walter Colton at different times to inspect the work of Colton Hall, as he could not do the work on that building, he being engaged at that time erecting at the port a stone building for an ordnance department, contracted for by Captain Marcy, then act- ing as Commissary Captain United States Army. He also built some of the most sub- stantial adobe buildings, one of which is now standing and looks as good as ever, although forty-two years has passed since its construc- tion. And to give the readers an idea of what a mud house may cost we will here state that this one cost over $20,000! Many foreigners of different nationalities landed at Monterey at an early date, but com- paratively few remained. Mr. Bralee how- ever continued his residence here and has been closely identified with its interests. Our subject was Sujierintendent of the Public Schools in 1866, the first superintendent of MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CEUZ, Monterey county, and in 1861 was elected a Justice of the Peace. Mr. Bralee married Alice Scandlin, a na- tive of Armagh, county Sligo, Ireland. Of the four children born to them two are living: Alice Bralee; and Thomas P. Bralee, who is a farmer of Carmel valley, Monterey county. For thirty-nine years Mr. Bralee was en- gaged in agricultural pursuits, on his ranch of 1,400 acres, in Carmel valley, but since 1891 has been living a retired life in Mon- terey. — ^..^..^.j^,...- tEVl B. LATHROP, a retired and sub- stantial citizen of HoUister, a pioneer of California, crossed the plains in 1850, from Illinois, via Salt Lake, as Captain of a company of fifty-three emigrants, who were equipped with sixty horses and the usual out- fit of an old-time emigrant train. He was young, ambitious and hopeful, and quick to discover the possibilities of the new and Golden State. The spirit of mining was at the time of his arrival at Placerville, at " fever heat " and he saw a rapidly growing demand for sup- plies, and almost immediately he betook himself to Trinity county, where he was one of the first to embark in the growing of vege- tables, and farm produce, for which he found a ready market, and large prices. He soon engaged in milling, and built the first dam across Trinity river that stood the floods, and erected the first sawmill in Trinity coimty. He sold his pine and spruce lumber in the mining district at a great profit. In the fall of 1851 he went East and returned to California the following spring, via Panama, with his wife. She sufiered sickness on the way, and in 1855 he sold out from business with a competency at San Jose. He soon found it impossible to rest without an occu pation, and embarked in the uursery and or- chard business, on a large scale. He planted an orchard of 13,000 trees, and in 1855-'56 he bored six artesian wells on his estate which furnished an ample supply of water, boring the largest in the State, and irrigating 100 acres of orchard. On this or- chard Mr. Lathrop took the first premium as being the best in the State both times it was entered at the State fair. This property he finally platted and made it an addition to the city of San Jose. This property he finally sold and then came to Hollister in 1875, when he purchased a claim of 2,000 acres, and eng'^ged in an extensive trade of dairying. He erected the first hay warehouse in Hol- lister, and established a business that has de- veloped vast proportions. This he conducted for a few years, and then sold the same to a son, R. R. Lathrop, who still operates it. Mr. Lathrop was born in Onondaga county. New York, April 30, 1815. He is of Eng- lish ancestry, and descends from one John Lathrop, an eminent clergyman of the Church of England, who came to America as a clero-yman, and founded the family in this country. Mr. Lathrop. the subject of this sketch, was educated for the ministry, and started out as a Wesleyau Methodist preacher and finding it an occupation insufficient for the support of a family, he took up business pursuits. He read extensively and he early imbibed and developed a spirit of independence, and hs became imbued with a spirit of un tram- meled thought and a dislike for all secret or- ders or societies, and he has ever been an enemy to secret orders. He has carried his belief into practice, and has opposed all secret societies and combines. AND HAN MATEO COUNTIES. 327 The following family records, which are in- scribed on the beautiful Scotch granite monu- ment in the cemetery at Hollister, and every one will reflect on his thoughts and belief. On the north side of the monument is written as follows: Record of the children born to L. B. and Laura Lathrop: In Illinois: Cynthia A., March 29, 1840, died March 29, 1841, buried at Malugin's Grove; Martin A., January 7, 1842; Nancy M., December 12, 1843, died December 13, 1844, buried at Inlet Grove; Curtis G., De- cember 30, 1845. In California: Martha E., December 25, 1852; Mary E., January 1, 1854; Ransome F., December 6, 1855; Cyrus F., September 1, 1858; Hattie A., October 11, 1861, died January 22, 1883; Ida M., October 11, 1863. South side: This lot was bought in 1884, when secret societies were all the rage, in order that the owner might have a place where his family could be buried without in- dorsing secret orders. All secretly taught religions are delusive. Christ never taught in secret: John 18, 20; Isa. 45, 19. There is but one way to Heaven: Christ is that way; His name, the only ladder; he that climbs up any other way is a thief and a robber: John 10, 1; 7, 10. Heaven is love organized; secret societies are selfishness combined. West side: Levi Bennett Lathrop, born in New York, April 30, 1815; converted at seventeen, and at once engaged in Christian reform. He never smiled on slavery; never used whisky or tobacco; and never Joined a secret order. Died in — ; Laura Judd, born in Vermont, March 26, 1819; converted at eighteen, married to L. B. Lathrop, at twenty. Died in . A funeral service ignoring the name of Christ is an insult to His Majesty: Col. 3, 17. East side: "Whatsoever maketh manifest is light; whatsoever conceals is darkness. Men choose darkness rather than light because their deeds are evil, and they will not come to the light, lest their deeds should be re- proved." True philantluophy seeks light; sel- fishness seeks concealment. Heaven has no dark corners or secret conclaves. No Hiram Abiff or Osiris of old Can afford any help in saving the soul ; Our trust is in Jesus, the sinners friend; On Him, and Him alone, our souls depend. There is no grand lodge in Heaven above; There is a grand lodge in the regions below, Where devils assemble and wicked men go; And, when all are entered from every way. The door will be shut for ever to stay. Rev. 20. Mrs. Lathrop, whose maiden name was Laura Judd, is a daughter of Ira Judd, who was a farmer of Orange county, Vermont, where she was born, in the town of Stratibrd, in 1819. She came West from Vermont when she was nineteen years of age, and was married at twenty years of age. fAMES M. FINCH was born in Stafford, Connecticut, June 10, 1830. His father Stephen B. Finch, a cooper by trade, was for many years a resident of Stafford. He moved from there to New York, and in that city continued work at his trade. James is the oldest in a family of nine children. When a young man, became, in 1854, to California, and in 1858 was followed to this coast by his brother Charles. He made the journey thither via the Isthmus of Panama. Upon his arrival in this State, Mr. Finch clerked for two months in a hotel in San Francisco; came to Monterey and ran a fruit store two years; kept wine rooms two years, and then conducted a hotel three years. In 1861 he located at the head of Cashagua 328 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA ORUZ, creek, in Monterey county, and engaged in stock-raising. This raocli he still owns. During the past five years he conducted a livery in Monterey, which he sold in 1891. Mr. Finch was married in 1881, to Miss Ellen O'Neal, by whom he has two daughters, Ethel E. and Alma J. Being one of the early arrivals to this coast, Mr. Finch has witnessed the wonderful pro- gress and development of California. His brother Charles lives in the upper Carmel valley, and is a prosperous and highly re- spected stock-raiser. L. CARPENTER, of the city of Salinas, one of the pioneers of ^ California, was born in Herkimer county, New York, February 22, 1829. His father. Low Carpenter, was a farmer and a native of the same county, where he married Nancy Barney, likewise born in the same place. Of their family of nine children, our subject is the fourth. Of these four sons and five daughters, some are still living. A brother of the subject, David Carpenter, has been Tax Collector of Contra Costa county, California, for many years. He came to the State of California in 1850. Our subject came to the " Golden State " in the " golden days" of 1849, and mined in California for about nine years in Placer and El Dorado counties. Later he also mined in Sacramento county, then located in Contra Costa county in 1859, and engaged in dairy farmincr.' There he lived until 1867, when he located in the Salinas valley, where he has since resided. In 1872 he was elected Assessor of Monte- rey county, on the Republican ticket, and succeeded himself, in 1874. Pie proved him- self an efficient official, and gave thorough satisfaction. In 1877, Mr. Carpenter married Laura Ilorvell, and one daughter has been born to them: May Laura, who came to them May 9, 1887. The family home is located on the outskirts of Salinas, surrounded by thirty acres of land, and is a model dwelling place. Mr. Carpenter is esteemed for his many ex- cellent traits of character. fUNCAN McKINNON, a weU-known, thrifty farmer and successful business -n^ man of Monterey county, is a native of York county, Canada, where he was born, June 15, 1836. His parents were natives of Scotland who emigrated to America in 1835. When our subject was only nine years of age he suffered the loss of his father, who left a widow and seven dependent children, of whom Duncan was the second child and oldest son. At an early age he assumed the responsibilities that seldom fall upon the shoulders of boys much his senior, and when but a youth took charge of the household and ran the farm. During this time he ac- quired a good common-school education and remained at home nntil 1862, when the gold excitement in British Columbia broke out, and his ambition was fired and he determined to seek his fortune in the gold fields. Accord- ingly, April 7, of that year he started for New York city by rail, and April 11 sailed from that port on the steamer Northern Light, for Aspinwall, arriving at his destina- tion on the twenty- second. Crossing the Isthmus at that point, he sailed for San Francisco, on the Golden Age, and reached that city. May 5. From thence he proceeded AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. to Victoria, Vancouver's Isle, and after sev- eral days started for the mines, arriving Sep- tember 11, 1863. After some thrilling ex- periences in this wild country, in 1805 he re- turned to San Francisco, arriving November of that year. In May, 1866, he resumed farming, working in Santa Clara county, and for the first time in his life received wages for his work. In 1867 he returned home to Canada, but he found that his boyhood home had lost its early charm as his motiier was dead and the family scattered; so, in October, 1867, he returned to California with his brother Anthony, and settled in Monterey county, wliei'e lie rented land of Don Juan M. Soto, near Salinas. Here the two broth- ers farmed until 1874, when they purchased 1,100 acres of the Sausal rancho, paying $60,000 for it. To this they added about 200 acres more from the Natividad ranch. Mr. McKinnon purchased his brother's inter- est in this property in 1881, and now is sole owner of 1,300 acres of the best land in this county. His residence is two and one-half miles northeast of Salinas, and surrounded by this fine ranch of 1,300 acres of land which is perfectly level. The soil is very productive, but at present Mr. McKinnon is devoting less attention to farming than to dairying. He has recently constructed an immense barn for his cows, the plans of which for utility and convenience are unexcelled. He also has a fine machine shop, where he could make a thresher if he needed it. In this machine shop he has a magnificent lathe, an excellent carpenter shop, barley crusher, steam engine, etc. He is not only a mechan- ical genius, but a careful and methodical business man, and the success lie has attained has been the result of his own eflbrts. Mr. McKinnon was married, January 1, 1877; to Miss Alice M., a daughter of J. R. Hebbron, Esq. She died in 1889, leaving two children, namely: Duncan P., born De- cember 6, 1877, and William E., born May 12, 1880. PAVID W. LLOYD, deceased.— It is safe to say that very few men, if any, held in a greater degree the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens than this well known California pioneer. He was a native of the Empire State, born near the city of Rome, Oneida county. May 1, 1831, and was of Welsh descent. He at- tended the public schools of his native town until about thirteen years of age, and one year's study at Whitesboro College, New York, terminated his school days. Inclining to business rather than a profes- sional life, he went to New York city, and for three years clerked in a wholesale mercantile establishment. He then, after spending a few months in Boston, Massachusetts, went (in 1847) to New Orleans, from which point he boated on the Mississippi river to St. Louis. March, 1849, found young Lloyd at Fort Leavenworth, making preparations for a journey across the plains to California. He commenced his overland trip the following April and arrived at Georgetown, El Dorado county, California, June 1, 1850, having wintered in Salt Lake. He engaged in placer mining in Oregon Canon for a time. For lack of water there, he removed to Nevada City, Nevada county, and there remained, with varied success, till the fall of 1853. In 1854 he engaged in merchandising at Santa Cruz, continuing there until 1860. He then returned East, and conducted a hotel business for two years in New York- He could not, however, dispel the desire to return to Call- MOXTERET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, fornia, and again lie sought this coast. Lo- cating in Santa Crnz, he engaged in the livery and lumbering business. In these ventures he met with financial reverses, and went out of business. He spent two years in San Francisco, and then embarked in the fruit business at Santa Clara, remaining there eight years. He located at Salinas, Monterey county, in 1874, where he was successfully engaged in the grocery and provision trade until January, 1887, when he became one of the first permanent residents and a merchant of Pacific Grove. Here he lived until the time of his death, September 8, 1891. Mr. Lloyd was married in 1860, at New York city, to Miss Elizabeth F., daugliter of Dr. K. Wellington Roberts. Dr. Roberts was a successful practicing physician of New York, an Englishman by l)irth and educa- tion; came to America at about twenty-two years of age. He married in England, and during the first years of his professional life in New York lived at Troy, where Mrs. Lloyd was born November 8, 1841. She is a lady of fine domestic tastes, good judgment and Christian fortitude. She has four daughters living: the Misses Marguerita, Leonia and Mabel; and Mrs. Carrie L., wife of J. <>. Johnson, a leading capitalist and business man of Pacific Grove. David W. Lloyd was a man of many ad- mirable qualities of mind and heart. He was generous and open-handed to a fault. He was buoyant and cheerful in his nature and al- ways approachable. He was an ambitious and somewhat aggressive business man, a man for emergencies. Reverses he met without complaint or misgivings. He was never lacking for resources of mind to devise means of recovery. He was broad in conceptions, and, while not despising small things, he in- clined to broad and liberal deals in all his business. He possessed great personal pride and love for his family; was in the highest degree and truest sense of the term a loyal husband and a fond father. Home was his retreat from the bustle of business and cares of a busy outside life. He was a public- spirited man. No citizen was more ambi- tious for the growth and building up of his town than David W. Lloyd. He was active in all movements tending to the public good, foremost in educational matters, and the pro- moter and a director of the bank of Pacific Grove. His death was a grievous loss to Mon- terey county and his home town. The funeral took place at the Methodist Church, of which he was a constant attendant, and all that was mortal of this esteemed pioneer of 1850 was laid to rest September 10, in El Carmelu cem- etery, overlooking the peaceful and placid waters of Monterey bay. The business which Mr. Lloyd established and so successfully conducted at Pacific Geove, continues under the supervision of his widowand the three unmarried daughters, ladies of excellent social accomplishments, popular in society and possessed of tine busi- ness abilities. SERDINAND GUNZENDORFER, one of the most conspicuous figures in the material development of the city of Monterey, is a pioneer of the place, and has the honor of being one of the few early in- habitants still resident within the boundaries of this pleasant, ancient burg. His life's history has fully demonstrated that in this country, with its illimitable opportunities and possibilities, any young man fired by laudable ambition, determined effort and fidelity to every trust can win distinction and attain material prosperity, honored and re- AN^D SAN MATEO CUUNTIES. spected by his friends and associates. His course in life has ever been upright and just. Manly, unpretentious, genial, whole-souled, kind, generous and sympathetic, he has been universally popular. The idol of his inti- mates, the confident of his friends, the trusted associate in business, a friend of the distressed and needy, honored for his intellectual at- tainments and respected for his sterling in- tegrity, it would be strange, indeed, were he not regarded as a model and worthy citizen. Mr. Gunzendorfer is a native of Bavaria, Germany, born in the town of Adelsdorf, August 1. 1838. In early life he was thrown upon his own resources and emigrated to the United States, arriving in the year 1849. Friendless, unknown and without means, for two years he struggled for existence in the Eastern States. However, the young emi- grant was not discouraged. Pie labored on faithfully and ardently, industriously laying aside such portions of his scant income as might some day enable him to seek brighter and more remunerative fields. The great furore created by the announcement of the discovery of gold in California, turned the young man's thoughts to this Golden State, and early in the year 1851, having saved a small amount of money, and having obtained the position of supercargo on one of the vessels sailing to Panama, laden with gold seekers, he came to this coast. Almost im- mediately after landing in San Francisco he proceeded to Monterey, where he found em- ployment as a salesman in a general store conducted by B. Goldman. In 1855 Mr. Gunzendorfer entered into business for him- self, having for a time a partner. Since 1851, with the exception of the years intervening between 1872 and 1884, he has been continu- ously a resident of Monterey county. In 1884 he associated with himself hi-' son Adolph, from which time the business has been conducted under the firm name of F. Gunzendorfer & Son, which is as well known throughout Monterey county, as it is deserv- edly popular. The firm is now compofeed of the subject of our review and his youngest son, Jacob W. In the year 1863 Mr. Gunzendorfer was united in marriage with Miss Fannie Gold- stein. They have four sons, viz.: Gustave, an able lawyer and at present one of the prosecuting attorneys of the city and county of San Francisco; Adolph, Abraham, and Jacob W. All except the oldest are asso- ciated with their father in business. Mr. Gunzendorfer has ever been thoroughly identified with the business history and growth of his adopted county and town, and has invested largely in local realty, thus dis- playing his confidence in the stability and future of his section of the country. As further evidence of his undoubting faith in the permanent prosperity and solidity of Monterey, Mr. Gunzendorfer will shortly erect a substantial business block on Alvaiado street, near the location of his present estab- lishment. TUe building will be an architect- ural ornament, spacious in size, embracing all 'the modern improvements and conven- iences for a first-class dry-goods and clothing store. Away from business Mi'- Gunzendorfer is found to be a man of social culture and wide reading, an accomplished linguist and a thorough musician. Few persons speak as many languages as he, and none are more fluent. His acquaintance with language is not superficial, but descends to all the intri- cacies of derivation, construction and expres- sion. In music he excels, being regarded as an expert. His instrument is the clarionet. For a time in the early days he was the di- MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, rector of a band in Monterey, which was justly celebrated for its remarkable excellence. The musical instinct of the father has been inherited by his sons, as each plays some instrument. Gustave is a tine pianist, Adolph a violinist of superior merit, Abraham a splendid elarionetist, and Jacob a good per- former on the piccolo. In public spirit no one excels Mr. Gunzen- dorfer, he being one of Monterey's most energetic citizens, promptly encouraging all movements liliely to advance its welfare. He is an active and useful member of the Board of Trade, and has been for a long time one of its directors, and as such has done much to increase the progress of the city. Although a busy man, Mr. Gunzendorfer finds time to devote himself to fraternal so- cieties. For more than a quarter of a ceTitury he has been a member of the Masonic order, and is afiiliated with Monterey Lodge. He is also a member of the A. O. U. W. Such a career as we have here recorded may well be studied by the rising youth as a glowing example of what energy, thrift and intelligence may accomplish under trying circumstances, and without §timulant other than such as comes from labor worthily done. In Mr. Gunzendorfer, Monterey county has a citizen of whom any community would be proud, and of whom no higher praise can be ~ sung than that he ig an enterprising and ster- ling citizen, a firm patriot and a true friend. fL. BRADFORD, editor and publisher of the Monterey Cypress, was born in ^ the city of San Francisco, June 28, 1851, and is therefore one of the first native sous born to white parents in this State. His early years were spent in tlie city of hi« birth. where he received a liberal education. In 1875 he took up the study of law, which he practiced in Stanislaus and Mono counties until 1880, when he started the Modesto Strawhttck, a German paper, which was suc- cessfully published for a number of years. Subsequently he published the Modesto Re- puhlican, Modesto Free Press, the Interior Press and California Railroad Journal. In 1881 Mr. Bradford was wedded to Miss Mary Eva Roehrig, daughter of Philip Roehrig, of Modesto. Mrs. Bradford was born in Wayne county, New York, and came to California with her parents in 1868. The issue of this marriage is Carmen Bradford, a girl nine years of age; and Lafayette Harri- son Bradford, aged four years. In 1888, Mr. Bradford, at the solicitation of several business men of Monterey, came to the old capital and established the Mon- terey Cypresn, which paper he still owns, al- though he devotes the most of his attention to the practice of law. The subject of this sketch traces his an- cestry back to the landing of the Mayflower, his father, Judge H. C. Bradford, being a descendant of William Bradford, a passenger on that historic vessel. fOHN LEWIS SMITH, deceased, a na- tive of Germany, came to this country, with his parents, when about two years of age. The family settled in New Albany, Indiana, on the banks of the Ohio river and engaged in farming. In 1848 Mr. Smith crossed the plains to California and worked at the mines of the Feather river district. April 21, 1859, he married Miss Hannah Hillock, a daughter of Edward Hillock. The ceremony took place AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 333 in Santa Clara county, and then in 1859, the young couple removed to San Benito county and located on San Jjenito creek, where Mr. Smith engaged in stock-raising and he and his wife were among the very early settlers of that county. Here he lived and did an ex- tensive business until his death, which oc- curred October 12, 1883. He was widely known throughout the county as a conscien- tious, honest and enterprising citizen. Eight children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, namely: Mary E., now Mrs. William Mantes of Salinas; Margaret A., now Mrs. James Barton, of King City; Charles P. andLouis G., at the old homestead; Emma J., Charlotta M., John E. and Clara B. at the family home in Hollister. Charles Putman Smith, above mentioned, married, October 28, 1891, Miss Florence Hoag, daughter of James W. Hoag, of Oak- land. He occupies and manages the old home on San Benito creek. fAMES T. LAHIFF, of Hollister, is a native of Nevada county, California, and was born at Moore's Flat, June 17, 1866. His father, David LahitF, a successful miner and mine owner, and an expert in the art of mine drilling, operated a mine at Virginia City, Nevada. About this time he aban- doned mining, and in 1872 located at Hollis- ter, where he now lives and enjoys the confi- dence and esteem of his fellow-townsmen. David Lahiff married, in 1863, Miss Mary Murphy, of San Francisco, and of their seven children, four are now living, and James T., the subject of this sketch, is the second oldest. He was educated in the public schools of Virginia City, Nevada, and of Hollister. Being a faithful student he fitted himself for teaching, and after secur- ing his certificate, taught his first school at Park Mills, then at Willow Creek and later on at i'aicines, and finally at Hollister, where, for two terms, during the years of 1890-'91, he served as vice-principal. He relinquished teaching and took up the study of law, but abandoning this he turned his attention to journalism, and having acquired an interest ia the Hollister JP'7'ee Zance, he assumed ed- itorial charge of it, as will be seen elsewhere in this work, and he is still identified with this excellent Journal. Mr. Lahift" being a Republican in politics, is not partisan, as all his editorial work plainly shows. His keen sense of honor and his inherent desire to see the right in all mat- ters prevail, stamp his newspaper with his individuality and carries with it a wide in- fluence for good throughout San Benito county. The enterprise of the J*^ree JLance, under its present, as well as former manage- ment, has done much for the material ad- vancement of its county. Its several beau- tifully illustrated and exhaustive special editions, issued in large quantities, have spread, far and wide, the story of San Benito county's greatness. Mr. Lahiff is a liberal and broad-minded editor, a genial gentleman, and his circle of friends is as vast as the beauti- ful valleys and plains of central California. SBANCIS M. HILBY, a leading druggist and esteemed citizen of Monterey, Cali- fornia, was born in the picturesque little town of Cloverdale, California, February 28, 1860, and enjoys the distinction of having been the first white child ever born in that place. His father, Francis M., was a rugged native MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, of the laud of William Tell fame, who left the fastnesses of his grand and beautiful country to seek, in 1844, a home and fortune in America, that Mecca of the restless and discontented. His first settlement was made in Galena, Illinois. Later, hearing the glow- ing accounts of California, he, with his broth- er, iu 1852, crossed the intervening plains to this El Dorado of the West. They both located in Sacramento for a time, where Fran- cis M. worked at his trade of saddler. The latter was subsequently married, in San Fran- cisco, to Miss Catherine B. Kessler, also a native of Switzerland. After seven years' residence in Sacramento, be removed to Cloverdale, where his death occurred January 2, 1862. He was a man of sterling qualities of heart and mind, and enjoyed the respect of all who knew him. This worthy couple were the parents of three children, two of whom are now living, the subject of this sketch and a sister, Agatha, now Mrs. Charles Few, of Monterey. Mrs. Hilby afterward remarried, and ac- companied her husband to Flint district, Idaho, where he had mining interests, taking with her the children by her first marriage. Francis, the son, remained there until 1871, when he returned to Cloverdale, where he attended school. He subsequently went to San Francisco, and, in 1879, graduated from Heald's Business College of that city. In 1883-'84 he attended the California College of Pharmacy. He also learned teleg- raphy, and served as telegraph operator and station agent for the San Francisco and Northern Pacific Railroad Company and after- ward for the Southern Pacific Railroad Com- pany. In 1882 he resigned his position with the latter company to engage in the drug business in Monterey, his efforts in this direc- tion having been crowned with gratifying success. He is eminently a self-made man, and deserves universal commendation for his persistent and honorable efforts in gaining a livelihood. He was married, April 14, 1887, to Miss Julia Mayer, of Maytield, California. They have three sons, who promise, under the able tutelage of their father, to become typical Californians of indefatigable push and energy. Mr. Hilby is Republican in his political affiliations, and has been for a number of years an active member of the Union League Club and of the Republican County Central Executive Committee. He is a member of several societies and orders, belonging to the California and Amer- ican Pharmaceutical Associations, and being actively identified with the Native Sons of the Golden West, having served the latter order as delegate to several Grand Parlors and acted as Deputy Grand President for three terms. California's broad expanses of country, affording her inhabitants ample room to ex- pand, financially, socially and individually, has much to do, no doubt, with the develop- ment of her hardy, progressive and aggressive citizens. Certainly her sons are brave and effective champions, who, by their united and persevering efforts have succeeded in planting her beautiful banner in the fore- most rank of the glorious Sisterhood of States. ILLIAM H. OLIVER came to Cali- fornia in the fall of 1861, and is a native of Bath, Maine, where he was born November 7, 1841. His father, Ben- jamin Oliver, was a farmer, and dealer in stock and farm and timbered lands. Our subject came to California via the Isthmus AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. of Panama and went to the mines in Hum- boldt county, Nevada. At the expiration of six months he returned to California and re- sided there until 1868 at San Jose. In the fall of that year he removed and located near Hollister, and engaged in the raising of grain, fruit and stock, in which he has been very successful. He now owns a fertile farm of 285 acres, all grain and fruit land;, a thrifty young orchard is on the place, besides his farming property near Hollister. He also has large real-estate interests in Pacific Grove, Monterey county. In 1876 he married Miss LuelJa, eldest daughter of the Kev. D. A. Dryden, a well-known clergyman of Gilroy. They have two children: Ruth Elinor and Edith Bernice, aged, respectively, fifteen and twelve. This family is highly respected throughout the entire neighborhood. §ONA CATALINA MANZANELl de MUNRAS is one of the few represent- atives of the early days of historic Monte- rey. She was born at San Bias, Mexico, April 30, 1798. Her father, Nicholas Man- zaneli, was a native of Genoa, Italy, and her mother, Maria Casilda Ponce de Leon, was descended from one of the famous fami- lies of Spain and a lineal descendant of Ponce de Leon, the illustrious explorer and navi- gator. When Dona Catalina was one year old she was bereft of her father, and her mother mar- ried a Spanish gentleman, Don Manuel Quix- ano, who was an eminent physician and sur- geon. The climate of Mexico, where he held the Government position. Surgeon of Troops, not agreeing with him, he petitioned the authorities for a change. By the death of the then acting surgeon of California, a va- cancy was created and the king of Spain at once appointed Don Manuel to the position as Captain, and stationed him at Monterey as physician to the Spanish troops of California. At the age of fifteen Doiia Catalina suf- fered the loss of her mother, who was a lady of great physical beauty, as well as extraor- dinary mental culture. She was laid to rest within the sanctuary of the Roman Catholic Church at Monterey, the obsequies being at- tended with the solemnity and honors due to her as the wife of the foremost medical officer of the Spanish troops of America. February 12, 1822, Doiia Catalina was united in marriage to Don Estevan Munras, a native of Barcelona, Spain, where he was born in 1798. Don Estevan left his native country in 1815 on a long sea voyage. After travel- ing through South America, he left for California, where he arrived August 12, 1817. There he met and won the heart of Doiia Catalina, and but for the fact that his business demanded his almost immediate re- turn to Spain, and that his affianced could not 'leave her stepfather, to whom she was most devoted, her marriage to the man she had chosen as her life protector, would have taken place ere his return to Spain. Don Estevan, with a brave, yet aching heart, left his affianced and returned to the land of his birth, settled his business afEairs, and in 1821 returned to Monterey, and led the charming Catalina to the marriage altar. After his marriage he located at the old capital, where he became a successful merchant and land- owner, and one of California's most influen- tial citizens. En 1829 he erected one of the most spacious adobe residences in Monterey, in which was built the first fireplace in Cali- fornia. The mode of heating rooms in those days having been by use of the brazier, an iron or hard metal vessel filled with live MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, coals, a very unhealthy custom. He further erected extensive warehouses on the same property where he had conducted au exten- sive trade with the missions, Soledad, San Miguel, San Antonio, and San Carlos; also trading with vessels coming from foreign ports in to the harbor of Monterey. He was the chief merchant of his class in California during those early days of Monterey, and was of Italian birth, and spent the greater part of his life in the silver mines of South America. The subject of our sketch is a man of family. He was married in 1874 to Miss Cristina Malarin, a distant cousin of his, and their union has been blessed with five children. Quiet and unobtrusive in manner, kind- hearted and generous in disposition, Mr. Malarin is popular with all classes of people, and especially with those in his employ. tOBERT STIRLING, one of Castro- ville's esteemed citizens, is a native of Scotland, having been born there, in Lanarkshire, April 10, 1831. (For history of his ancestry, see sketch of William Stir- ling, this book.) Our subject was married, in his native land, in 1853, to Miss Agnes Mounts, also a native of Lanarkshire, and after marriage the young couple came to America, arriving the following year. Mr. Stirling and his brother learned the art of weaving and he worked at his chosen calling for several years. He had also learned the trade of baker, but only pursued it a brief time, while in New York. Upon coming to California, in 1873, he lived on the present Martin ranch, on the Salinas river. He later located at Castro- ville in 1876, where he still remains. Four sons of Mr. Stirling's are still living, name- ly: John B., a native of Scotland; Andrew, Robert and James, the two latter being na- tives of Canada. Mr. Stirling is one of a large family and he is a man highly esteemed in the city of his adoption, where he is a re- spected citizen. fAMUEL PALMER, one of the first settlers of Priest valley, has been a resident of California since 1853. He is a native of New York and was born in Westchester county, April 18, 1881. His father, B. M. Palmer, was a pioneer of Wash- tenaw county, Michigan, having located in the town of Lyndon, in 1836. The maiden name of the mother of our subject was Sarah Griffin. Our subject remained in his native place until his marriage, October 26, 1852, to Miss Nancy L. Fox, a daughter of Benjamin F. Fox, of Unadilla, Livingston county, Mich- igan. The following year the young couple started overland, for California, via Council Bluff, Iowa, north fork of the Platte river, etc., and on to Marysville, where Mr. Palm- er pursued farming fi-om 1855 to 1867: and from 1867 to 1869 he traveled and pros- pected for a location for a farm. The last named year he met John W. Green, at Gil- roy, who told him of the fertility and beauty of Priest valley. Mr. Palmer visited the valley with Mr. Green, but returned to Gil- roy, where he spent ^ne year. In 1870, however, he located on his chosen home, where he has since resided. The land on which Mr. Palmer located was unsurveyed and belonged to the Government, but was afterward surveyed by John Raymond, in AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 395 1871. Mr. I'aliner now has 1,280 acres of as fine land as can be found in the county, or in fact in the entire State of California. A portion of this land is devoted to grazing purposes. Mr. and Mrs. Palmer have three sons and an adopted daughter, namely: Frank Love- land (see sketch elsewhere in this work), George Fox, Charles N. and Helen. Mr. Palmer is one of the solid men of San Benito county and is a good representative of the early pioneer. fHOMAS MORRISY is a farmer and resident of Castroville. He came to California in 1865 direct from his na- tive county, Ireland. He was then about seventeen years of age, having been born in Limerick county in 1841. He spent three years in the war of the Rebellion, in the Union army, as a soldier of the One Hun- dred and Forty-nine New York Volunteer Infantry: soon after his enlistment he was transferred into the regniararmy. He fought through the battles of the wilderness and the battle of Gettysburg, besides numerous hot engagements of less note, and received two wounds, in his left leg. He was married to Mrs. Edward Nolan. By her former marriage she had two chil- dren, Maryand Lizzie, and by her latter mar- riage she has had one son, Thomas. fOHN HAMES, one of the oldest American settlers of California, came to the State, via Cape Horn, from New York, as a carpenter of the ship "Phoanix." He remained abroad of his ship one year, leaving her in Peru, South America, and worked at his trade in Peru, Chili and Equador during the years of 1842-'43. Com- ing to California he first located at Monterey, in May, 1843, but visited Los Angeles and San Francisco, at both of which places he worked at his trade. His next venture was the taking of mill timber to the Barbadoes for Captain Smith. Mr. Hames then built the first sawmill at Niles Station, Cal- ifornia, in 1844-'45. He located tlie present town of Soquel, in Santa Cruz county, at which place he built mills and made the town hie home, until 1883, during which time he ranged sheep in the Saliuris Vallfjy. Mr. Hames has seen much of pioneer life in California, following as he did his trade of carpenter and millwright so many years. He knew Marshall, to whom credit is given of having discovered gold at Sutter's mill, in 1848, and was working in the mill race at the time the first gold nugget was picked up. To quote the words of Mr. Hames: "The Mormon boys were working at the mills for Sutter, with Marshall as fore- man. One of these brothers found the gold, handed it to Marshall, who in turn gave it to Sutter, who sent it to San Francisco, where it was pronounced gold." Mr. Hames also relates the fact of having himself raised the first stars and stripes at San Jose. It was a small banner, about six feet long. He put it on a little willow pole that surmounted an old adobe building. "Tom" Fallon has been credited in historical volumes as having performed this act. Mr. Hames is a native of Orange county. New York, having been born there March 22, 1811. His father, Benjamin Hames, was a millwright by trade and a native of the same State, who came West in the early days of Michigan settlements, located at Bath MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Creek, Calhoun county, Michigan, where he bnilt the first mill and resided until his death, which occurred in 1850. The maiden name of the mother of our subject was Re- becca Hardin, who was born near the city of Rochester, New York. The subject of this sketch was married to Drusilla Sliadden, in 1846, by the Hon. Thomas O. Larkin, at Monterey. Mrs. Hames was a native of Arkansas, but came to California in 1843, with her father, Thomas Jeiferson Shadden, now a resident of Oregon. This lady bore her husband eight children, namely: Benjamin F., born in Santa Cruz county, April 9, 1847, married July 3, 1873; Miss Ella, daughter of A.J. Copby, and they have four children, namely: Bart, May, Frank and Eva, the two former are twins. The other children of our sub- ject, are: George, Susan, Eliza, Martha, Lucrecia, Carrie and Lillie. Our subject makes his home with his son Benjamin, of Feach Tree valley, San Benito county. JI^ENRY E. E.ENT, one of the most en |wV terprising and popular business and ■^(s public men of Pacific Grove, Califor- nia, was born in Yates City, Knox county, Illinois, March 17, 1858. His early life was passed in his native place and he graduated at Mount Morris Seminary at the age of nine- teen years. On first coming to California, he settled on a farm near HoUister, San Benito county, and was for some time engaged in agricult- ural pursuits. To benefit his wife's health, be removed, in 1888, to Pacific Grove, where he has ever since resided, meeting with flat- tering success in business. On first coming to this city he purchased the n] am moth livery stable from J. O. Johnson, and by un- tiring energy and careful management en- larged both his facilities and trade until he now has one of the most commodious and best appointed establishments of the kind on the coast. As a citizen, he is strikingly public-spirited and progressive, ever the first to put hi.'^ shoulder to the wheel of the city's enterprises. An admiring constituency elected him one of the first Councilmen, in which position he was untiring in his efforts to revoke the old charter and secure the is- suance of a new one, reincorporating the Grove as a separate city, distinct and apart from old Monterey. He was chosen as a committee of one to wait on the Legislature then in session at Sacramento, and present the matter for the consideration of that hon- orable body. His success is sufiicient proof of the wisdom of their choice. He was married November 7, 1876, to Miss S. A. Dunlap, an estimable lady of Buda, Illinois, and they have three interest- ing children. As a husband and father, business man and public citizen, he has always been the same, able, upright and whole-souled man, and justly enjoys the esteem of his entire community. ILLIAM TIBBETTS, a pioneer resi- dent of California, dates his arrival in this State in 1852. He is a native of Maine, born in Brewer, Penobscot county. Leaving the Pine Tree State, he went to New York, and from there sailed for San Fran- cisco, via Panama, in December, 1851, ar- riving on the Pacific coast in February of the following year. Like many others Mr. Tibbetts came to California in order to better his financial con- U^ND SjIW MATEO COUNTIES. dition. He accordingly proceeded immedi- ately to the mining fields of Calaveras and El Dorado counties, where he i'emain«d during the years 1852-'53-'54, his mining adventures resulting in average success. In the latter part of 1854 he went to Sonoma county, located at Sonoma, and engaged in the livery and stage business. Later he con- ducted the same business in Petaluma. He was a pioneer in this branch of business. He ran the line from Petaluma to Toraales for about eleven years. He then went to Silver mountain, California, where he had acquired mining interests. He also spent some time at Carson City and Genoa, Ne- vada. In 1865 he returned to Sonoma county and resumed staging for two years. Here he remained up to the year 1873, with the ex- ception of one year when he kept the Wilson's Exchange hotel at Sebastopol. In 1873 Mr. Tibbetts took up his residence in Monterey county, and for several years was successfully engaged in sheep-raising on the headwaters of Carmel river. For three years he was in the employ of Charles Spreckels in the hotel business at Aptos, Santa Cruz county. This was from 1876 to 1879. In the winter of the last named year he mined on Aptos beach, doing a fairly profitable business in mining fine gold. In 1880 he returned to Monterey, where he has since resided, and since 1886 has conducted the Central Hotel and bar. December 5, 1860, Mr. Tibbetts was united in marriage with Miss Carrie E. Mauk, of Sonoma county, California. They have two daughters and two sons, namely: Amy J., wife of John T. Bell, of Los Catos; Augusta, wife of Grant Troole, of Monterey, Charles Nathaniel and William Wilson. In connection with Mr. Tibbetts' family history it should be further stated that his father, Nathaniel Tibbetts, a native of Maine, passed his life on a farm in Penobscot county, and died there. His mother, whose maiden name was Mary E. Shedd, was a daughter of Captain William Shedd, a patriot of the Revolutionary army. He entered the service from Massachusetts, and participated in the historic battle of Bunker Hill. After the war he became a citizen of Maine, locating in the Penobscot valley. William Tibbetts' life has been one of business activity, and during the years of his residence on this coast he has made many friends and acquaintances. 1^ W. CAN FIELD, a resident of San f ^? Juan, and an esteemed pioneer of San ^|}i® Benito county, is a native of New Or- leans, having been born there, March 27, 1820. His father, R. F. Canfield, was a merchant by occupation, and lived during President Jackson's administration, was active in political matters, and held the office of Appraiser at the port of New Orleans. He was a native of Morris county. New Jersey. Mr. Canfield's great-grandfather, Jatnes Can- field, was a patriot of the Revolution, and was a native of Virginia and a graduate of Princeton College. He developed into an itinerant clergyman of Elizabetbtown, New Jersey, serving in the Revolutionary army as a chaplain and soldier. He was murdered by a sentinel, June, 1780. Mr. Canfield's grand- father was locally prominent as an advocate of the principles upon which American inde- pendence was founded. His home was at Morris Plains, and there he pursued his occu- pation of farming. Mr. Canfield's father left his native State when about eighteen years of age, and located in Louisiana. He gained 398 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA OMUZ, practice and experience in mercantile busi- ness while in a tirm of that description; be- came a merchant, and lived and died in New Orleans. Our subject left New Orleans for Illinois, and located on a prairie farm in Sangamon county, nine miles west of Springfield, on Spring creek, where he lived for several years. He came to California in the fall of 1850, and after a brief stay in San Francisco he located a claim on Mountain View, in Santa Clara county. His claim formed the nucleus of the present town, to which he gave its name. He lived there until the spring of 1858, when, owing to the serious defect of the title to his land, he abandoned his claim and located on his present estate, near San Juan, where he has lived for the past thirty years, engaged in farming and stock-raising, also dairying. He has been an active busi- ness man, alive to the interests of his State, county and town. His estate comprises 200 acres of land, all very fine. Mr. Canfield was married at twenty-one years of age, to Miss Frances A. Bowers daughter of H. G. Bowers, of North Hamp- ton, Massachusetts. She died in 1872, leaving a family of six children, all settled in life. faiLLIAM ROBSON, a pioneer of Cali- M fornia, is a native of Scotland, hav- ^ ing been born in that country, Feb- ruary 5, 1828. Upon arrival in California our subject spent about five years in the mining regions of Rich Bar, Feather river country and Pine Grove. He then located in Sonoma county, near Petaluma, and engaged in dairy farming, where he remained from 1857 to 1865. He then located in Monterey county, at Salinas, and continued for some time in the dairy business, but now has practically retired from active Inisiness. In 1858 Mr. Robsoii married Miss Jennie Scott of San Francisco, a lady of Scotch birth, also. Mr. and Mrs. Robsou have one daugh- ter, Jennie, now Mrs. B. A. Erdley, wife of a prominent and well-known citizen of Pacific Grove. Mr. Robson and his wife are well known and highly respected in Salinas as thoroughly reliable people, of whom all speak well. fERRY M. JACKS was born in Pike county, Missouri, not far distant from Kansas City, September 3, 1827. His father, Thomas Jacks, was born in 1797, and emigrated to Missouri in 1817, where he was for many years engaged in farming and stock- raising. He was a carpenter by trade, but never followed it as a business. Mr. Jack's mother, nee Miss Cynthia Martin, was born in "Virginia, and with her parents went to Ken- tucky, where from infancy she was reared. They raised a family of eight sons and three daughters, of whom Perry M. Jacks is the third. The subject of our sketch inherited from his father the true instincts of a business man, and at an early age became familiar with stock-raising in its every detail. He came to California in 1849, and almost direct to the Salinas valley. He purchased and sold stock, off and on, for about three years. He then engaged in merchandising on the south fork of the American river. In 1854 he located the Strawberry Valley ranch of about 10,000 acres, it then being unsun'eyed land. The following year he sold his claim to Dr. Roup, and went to Sacramento. He there AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 899 became extensively engaged in dealing in hay and grain, and owned the valuable property he occupied, corner of Seventh and J streets. In 1855 Mr. Jacks married Miss Elizabeth Headrick, a daughter of George and Matilda Headrick, natives of Howard county, Ken- tucky, and later residents of Virginia. Mr. Jacks returned to Missouri and became a merchant at West Point, in the meantime having made a trip to Pike's Peak. In 1867 he came back to California, and here he has since resided. He owns and operates one of the best farms in the Salinas valley, located on the San Juan road, two miles and a quarter east of Salinas. Mr. Jacks is of Scotch and English extrac- tion and Mrs. Jacks' ancestors were English and Irish. Their union has been blessed with two sons, Henry C, a fanner of San Ardo, and Thomas, at home. fAlSriEL McCRAY, deceased, a well- known and highly respected pioneer of California, who settled in Hollister in 1873, with the best interests of which he was identified for many years, was born in Wash- ington county, Tennessee, June 14, 1814. His father, Henry McCray, was a well-to-do farmer of Tennessee, where he also was born, and passed a long and useful life in that State. Daniel McCray passed his early years on the home farm, and attended the common schools in his vicinity. He was reared to agricultural pursuits, which he followed un- interruptedly during his entire life. In 1857, he removed with his family to California, crossing the plains in the usual emigrant fashion and experiencing tiie hardships and vicissitudes common to all. Arrived in the Golden State, he settled on land near San Jose, where he pursued farming for many years. Having been favorably impressed with Hollister and the surrounding country, here- moved, in 1873, to a farm of eighty acres in that vicinity. He was here successfully oc- cupied in agricultural pursuits until his death, January 4, 1888. Perhaps no one could have been called hence whose loss would have been more keenly felt by the community in which he had passed so many useful years of his life. Of the highest integrity, unusual intelligence and uniform courtesy, he was a general favor- ite with all who knew him. He was married in Monroe county, Ten- nessee, October 17, 1837, to Miss Malinda McCooky, daughter of J. A. McCooky, a highly respected resident of that county, and sister to John McCooky, an influential busi- ness man of Hollister. There are five living children: Julia F., now Mrs. John Weathers of San Jose; Frank P. and Victor, civil en- gineers, living in Arizona; Harry W., an architect and civil engineer, of Bakerstield, Kerli county, California; and Ella, a teacher in the public schools of Hollister. Mrs. Mc- Cray lives in Hollister and enjoys the esteem of a large circle of friends. fHARLES BARDIN, a successful and enterprising farmer and the second youngest of the family of the late James Bardin, was born at Blanco, on the old home- stead, February 1, 1859. Mr. Bardin married December 1, 1880, Miss Rachel, a daugiiter of William Rider, a resident of the Salinas valley. He and his wife reside at Blanco, on the original location of Mr. Bardin's father, in 1855, which now contains one of the finest ranches in the valley. MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, This farm consists of 150 acres from the family estate at Blanco, 388 acres of the west side of the Salinas river and forty-six acres of land added to the home farm, from an ad- joining property. Mrs. Bardin is a native daughter of the soil, having been born in San Francisco, October 1, 1858, and she has borne her hus- band four children, tiiree daughters and one son, namelj: Elizabeth, Bertha, Maggie and Charles W. Mr. and Mrs. Bardin are very estimable people, and support with honor the name that is known throughout all the por- tion of the State in which the family has made its home for so many years. PAN WILLSON, of San Juan, San Benito county, is a California pioneer, having come from Boston to this State in 1849. He was born in Keeue, Cheshire county, New Hampshire, January 22, 1827. His father, a farmer by occupation, was a native of !Northtleld, Massachusetts, and his mother, nee Levina Collins, was born in Cheshire county, New Hampshire. The subject of our sketch learned the trade of bricklayer and plasterer, and worked at tiie same at his native place. On arriving at California he went to the mines of Mariposa and spent the winter there in gold mining. Later he took up quartz mining in Tuolumne, on the Stanislaus river, and followed the same for about two years. After that he turned his attention to farm- ing, stock-raising and dairying. He located on his present place at San Juan in 1868. Here he owns 300 acres of excellent land, one of the best farms in San Benito county. Mr. Willsou has been thrice married. In 1854 he married Miss Bicente, daughter of Don Jose Maria Sanchez. She left live chil- dren: Henry, George, Emma, Elbridge and Alvin. All are now married and settled in life except Elbridge. His second marriage occurred in 1868, at Santa Cruz, the lady of his choice being Mrs. Malvina Maloua, a native of Maine. They had five children: Nellie, Dan, Belle and Mell (twin daughters) and Joe. The mother died January 3, 1875. In 1880, Mr. Willsou wedded his present companion, nee Miss Cornelia Hardenbergh, a native of New York. He is a member of San Juan Lodge, F. & A. M. He has taken a commendable inter- est in the progress and development of San Benito county, and has always evinced a lively interest in educational matters, having served for about twenty years as Trustee of his school district. 7r-Tl| ALTER C. LITTLE, a son of the la- ' A/A1| mented Milton Little, was born at l^=^l Monterey, April 21, 1861. He was educated in the public schools of his native place, and in 1876 went to San Francisco, where he spent three years as clerk in a drug store. In 1879 he returned home and for two years was assistant superintendent of the Pacific Improvement Company's interests at Pacific Grove, under Superintendent John- son. He then took up surveying and civil engineering and now is filling the position of City Engineer for both Pacific Grove and Monterey. Mr. Little has served on the City Board of Trustees of Monterey, but resigned the office, owing to press of business cares. The marriage of our subject occurred Sep- tember 21, 1887, to Miss Anna Smith, a daughter of S. D. Smith, of Oakland, then AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 401 of Sacramento, where Mrs. Little was born. Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Little, namely: Walter Cotton and Arthur Elwood. The beautiful home of Mr. Little is at New Monterey, where he lives sur- rounded by his wife and family. Mr. and Mrs. Little enjoy the respect and esteem of a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. fNNO BLOHM, the genial and efficient Postmaster and a merchant of Blanco, Monterey county, California, is a native of Germany. He was born April 25, 1854, and came from the old country direct to Cali- fornia in 1874. After having farmed on the Cooper ranch for two years, he removed into Corral de Tierra country, and there farmed about 260 acres. He then spent two years in Germany, returning to this State in 1884. After his return he resumed farming on the Bardin ranch, on the west side of the Salinas river. Here he raised fine crops of English mustard, marketing one year as high as 800 sacks, which he sold at 3 cents per pound. He then, in 1889, bought a home at Blanco, and has since been engaged in merchandising. Mr. Blohm chose for his wife and wedded Miss Katharine Dircks, a native of his own country, and by her has six children, namely: Emma, Andrew, Fred, William, George and Henry. PEN JAMIN HITCHCOCK is one of the leading citizens of the Salinas valley, and is a pioneer of California, having come to the State in 1855. The first years of his residence on this coast were spent in the mines of Nevada county and vicinity. He then engaged in dairying in Sonoma and Marin counties. Later he farmed for C. S. Abbott until he purchased his pi-esent home, in 1872. His farm comprises 200 acres of as fine land as can be found in the beautiful and fertile Salinas valley. Mr. Hitchcock was married in Santa Cruz in the fall of 1872, to Miss Agnes M., daugh- ter of John Abbott, and their union bas been blessed with a son and daughter: Elba E. and Donna Laura. Mr. Hitchcock is a man of strict integrity and temperate habits, and is held in high esteem by all who know him. I^^^ARCUS BUNDESON, deceased.— fllTOt This esteemed gentleman was a na- -i>^^ tive of Denmark, having been born there, February 24, 1840. He came to America, when about nineteen years of age, as a sailor before the mast from Liverpool. Upon arrival at San Francisco he aban- doned the sea and proceeded to Redwood City, where he worked in the redwoods till he earned money enough to buy himself a team, then he was teaming there for several years. After that he went to Watsonville and en- gaged in farming for four years. The marriage of this estimable young man occurred in San Francisco, 1872, to Miss Mette M. Sandholdt, a young woman of Dan- ish birth, who bore her husband four chil- dren, namely: Peter, Christine, Andrew and Marcus, all of whom were born in Monterey county. Then he came to Salinas and engao-ed suc- cessfully in farming on the Alisal ranch for about sixteen years. His next location was made at Hollister in 1887, where he bought a nice farm from Mr. John Range adjoining the city. Mr. Buudeson died January 10, 1892, at 402 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ' the age of fifty-two years, in the prime of manly youth and vigor. He was an indus- trious and frugal young farmer, and upright and esteemed citizen, who left behind him a wide circle of friends to join with his family in mourning his loss. fE. SAMUEL B. GOKDON, Jr., was born in Monterey, October 17, 1866, a son of Samuel B. Gordon, of Monterey. He attended the public schools of his native town until he reached bis sixteenth year, when he entered the University of California, remaining there two years. In 1884 he be- came a student in the Cooper Medical Col- lege, San Francisco, where he took a two years' course. He next attended lectures in the New York Medical College, graduating therefrom in 1888. He came back to Cali- fornia and located at Gonzales immediately after his graduation, and began the practice of medicine. Here he has been successful, professionally, and has continued to reside ever since. •^^^^^^^^^^ fyPRESS JOHNSON, a successful busi- ness man and esteemed citizen of Pa- cific Grove, is a pioneer of California. He is a native of Henry county, Indiana, having been born at Kingstown, July 13, 1834, a son of Cypress and Patience (Tall- man) Johnson, the former of whom was among the early settlers of Indiana, a native of Massachusetts, and the latter was born in the city of Quebec, Canada. Mr. Johnson was reared on a farm and left home to come to California, in 1853, cross- ing the plains with an ox team. He went into the mines of El Dorado county, near Diamond Spring, but after eight mouths' experience in the mines, with indifferent re- sults, he located at Gilroy, in Santa Clara county, and pursued farming in that locality for about thirty years. In 1858 he engaged business in Gilroy, Santa Clara county, and continued there until 1883, when he lo- cated at Pacific Grove. Mr. Johnson was married, September 13, 1859, at Gilroy, to Miss Harriet P. Hawver, a native of Wisconsin, and six children have been added to their family, namely: Leanna; Ivy, who is Mrs. Jacob Knapp; Ada L., now Mrs. Theodore Meves; Cypress, Otis and William Henry. Three children are deceased. Mr. Johnson is a gentleman of sterling traits of character and a member of the Crescent Order of United Workmen, Gilroy Lodge, No. 26. tNTONE GIGLING.— It is safe to say that this pioneer is the first settler in ,,, that portion of the Salinas valley lying between Castroville and Salinas, and as an early settler of Monterey county he merits appropriate mention on the pages of this work. Mr. Gigling is of German birth and edu- cation. He was born at Baden Baden, Germany, July 21, 1819. He learned the business of a brewer and distiller, and fol- lowed that occupation until he was about twenty-eight years of age, at which time he came to America. He spent the years 1847 and 1848 in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1850 he came to California on the bark Alameda, and, after spending a brief period in San Francisco, went to the mines. In 1852 he located in the Salinas valley, this being before Watsonville, Castroville or Salinas had come AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. iuto existence. Here he lias lived all these years, and is now one of the most thrifty and thorough fanners in Monterey county. He owns a splendid home at Blanco, where he resides, surrounded with all the comforts of life. At this place he raises a great variety of choice fruits, apples, pears, etc. He also owns 500 acres of grazing and farming land on the west bank of the Salinas river. Mr. Gigling was married at Castroville, in the fall of 1862, to Fannie Fox, of Irish na- tivity. She was born May 12, 1832, came with her parents to this country iu 1855, and to California in 1860. By a former marriage she had one son and one daughter. fAMES BAKDIN.— There was no pioneer in the Salinas valley more widely and favorably known in his day than the la- mented James Bardin. lie was a native of North Carolina, born January 16, 1810, and there lived, until early manhood. He com- menced active life for himself iu Alabama, later located in Tippah county, Mississippi, and lived there until 1855, when he came to California and purchased a large tract of land lying along the Salinas river in the vicinity of the present city of Salinas, at and around Blanco post office. In 1856 he returned to Mississippi for his family, with whom he took up his permanent abode in his chosen Cali- fornia home. Mr. Bardin was a man of great physical endurance and energy, was very ambitions and strictly honest. He was a shrewd farmer, thoroughly familiar with all matters pertain- ing thereto, and possessed of keen business instincts. Mr. Bardin purchased land at Blanco to the amount of 1,200 acres. Later he purchased one and one-half leagues of land on the west side of the Salinas river, which he improved and there lived for many years. At the time of his death he owned 991 acres of land. Mr. Bardin's father was a blacksmith by trade, but as he preferred farming he engaged in that occupation, and at the time of his death owned a large plantation and many slaves. Mr. Bardin married a Miss Lucinda Wal- ker, a native of South Carolina, born in 1817, married in Tippah county, Mississippi, in April, 1842, and died November 29, 1878. She was a woman of great fortitude of char- acter, a true helpmate and affectionate mother. Mr. and Mrs. Bardin had ten children, viz.: Elizabeth, wife of James H. McDougall, of Salinas; Jesse; Henry; James; Charles; Lucinda, now Mrs. Robert Porter, and four deceased. The six living children are all residing on or owning portions of the family estate, and mention is made elsewhere of them. fESSE BARDIN, a successful farmer of the Salinas valley, is the third son of the late James Bardin, Esq.,and was born October 27, 1849, in Tippah county, Missis- sippi. He came to California in 1856 with the family, who settled in the Salinas valley, and here his boyhood and youth were spent. In 1872 Mr. Bardin was married to Miss Jennette, daughter of Harrison Cockrill, of Sonoma county, where he was an early settler and pioneer, and a well-known citizen of Santa Rosa. His daughter, Mrs. Bardin, is a native of Santa Rosa, where she was born April 20, 1855. Mr. and Mrs. Bardin have had five children, namely: James A., Nellie, Annie L., Helen J. and Winifred. MONT E HE Y, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Their home is located about two and one- half miles west of Salinas. In addition to this pleasant home he is the owner of valua- ble residence property in Pacilic Grove. Mr. and Mrs. Bardin are worthy represen- tatives of the grand old name they bear and which the honored father made so respected. fAPTAIN JONATHAN WRIGHT is one of the few early pioneers of Califor- nia still snrviviug, and is a man whom it is a pleasure to know. His experiences would fill volumes, as his life has extended over many years of thrilling adventure. It was he who with William Richardson drove the first wagon train that made its way overland from the Missouri river via Salt Lake in 18465 proving that such a thing was not only possible but was quite as easy a route as any. Captain Wright and companion crossed over into California on Bear river in Yuba county. In October of that year Captain Wright enlisted under General Fremont, and remained with him six months and four days, making the trip to San Francisco, thence to Monterey and on into southern California. He received his discharge at San Gabriel Mis- sion April 12, 1847. Returning north to the Napa valley he worked in the redwood tim- ber business until the excitement arose about the discovery of gold, when he, like the rest of the world, hastened into the gold diggings. Not making a success of gold mining our subject returned to the less exciting life of civilization after a term of thirteen months. In 1859 he again came to Monterey, becoming lighthouse keeper at Point Pinos, remain- jncT in this position for about eighteeen months. Then came an experience in whal- ing in Monterey bay for about live years, since which time he has been engaged in the peaceful life of agriculture. Captain Wright, is the owner of a tine ranch in Monterey county, about twenty miles from Monterey city, where he raises about live hundred Angora goats. Twice has the gallant Captain become a benedict. His lirst marriage was in 1849, to Miss Luly Brown, of Sacramento, but she died in 1854, leaving two daughters, Mrs. E. H. Gates and Mrs. John Staples. The second marriage of our subject was with Mrs. Lizzie Claudy, by whom he has three daughters. The Captain, like all of his former profession, is bluff and pleasant, enjoying tales of the ad- ventures through which he has passed, al- though not more so than do his hearers. -mi &«lANUEL MARINO GONCALVES of Monterey, is a native of Portugal, where he was born August 13, 1828 ; since 1841, however, he has lived under the American flag, having come to Boston, Massachusetts when only thirteen years of age. From this port he made two voyages, in the bark Nines, Capt. LaFayette in command. This was a whaling vessel and these voyages consumed about live years of his life. At the end of the second cruise he shipped aboard the Commodore Preble and sailed into the Kamtschatka sea. This was a most successful three years' cruise, in which they took 3,000 barrels of whale oil and a valuable lot of whale- bone, but the latter article was low in price, its market value being only twenty-five cents per pound, whereas it is now worth $4 to §4.50 per pound. During this voyage several whaling boats were "stoven up" and seven men lost their lives while capturing the vicious whale of that rearion. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. Upon tlie expiration of tiiis last cruise our subject engaged in the merchant-marine serv- ice, but this proved monotonous to the hardy sailor and tame after his adventures in the far North, and after two years he again resumed whaling, from New Bedford, Massachusetts, this time in the South seas. He made two voyages of twenty-two months each. Later he shij)ped from Stonington, Connecticut^ aboard the Betsy Waltham, to the Artie sea, where, in two seasons, they secured 5,000 barrels of whale oil, taking as much as 250 barrels from one tish. Upon a cruise to the Sandwich Islands his vessel, the United States, was condemned, and from the year 1856 to 1862 he was at the head of the Monterey Whaling Company, at Mon- terey. They only took about 100 barrels of oil per season at this station, except the year 1861, when they secured about 1,500 barrels. The last whale captui'ed at Monterey was in the season of 1886. This was a fine specimen. Capt. Marino Goncalves then sold his interest in the company and retired from the business, and now resides in Monterey. Our subject was married in 1862, to Miss Clotilda Gardner, a daughter of William ft. Gardner, an Englishman by birth, and they have nine children living. The Captain is greatly respected where he is so well-known as a pioneer and worthy citizen of the old capital city. ^ON. CLAUDE F. LACEY, of Salinas, In^ ^"lif"'"'!'^' '8 a native of old Monterey, tSaI born September 1, 1864. He came with his parents to Salinas in 1868, and has since made this place his home. When not attending the public schools, he worked on the ranch until he was fifteen years old. At that time he began to learn the blacksmith trade. It was hard work for a boy of his age, but his fine physique demonstrates that it caused him no injury. After working at the blacksmith trade two years, he attended school for a time, devoting his leisure mo- ments to the study and practice of short- hand writing. Becoming proficient in this, in the spring of 1884 he began reporting the court proceedings, and was subsequently ap- pointed Court Reporter, which position he con- tinues to fill. In 1886 and 1888 he was elected a Justice of the Peace of Alisal town- ship. As will be observed, Mr. Laccy's occupa- tions afforded him excellent opportunities to acquire a knowledge of the law, as well as to familiarize him with its forms and practice. Making the best of these advantages and still further equipping himself for the legal pro- fession by diligent study of the text-books, under the sagacious directions of Judge N. A. Doru, he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the State in July, 1891. In the fall of 1890 he was elected a member of the State Assembly for Monterey county, as a Republican, in which body he served on the committees on apportionment and elec- tions, the Judiciary Committee, and the com- mittees on public buildings, public printing, and counties and county boundaries. Mr. Lacey was married in June, 1888, to Miss Emma Edrington. He is a prominent member of the Native Sons of the Golden West, and was the first president of Santa Lucia Parlor, No. 97. §L. BALL, one of the prominent citi- zens of Monterey county, is an ex- ® ample of what business judgment and honorable persistence can accomplish, not MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, only for their possessor, but likewise for a community, fortunate enough to have an in- dividual like him for associate and counselor. Henry L. Ball was born March 4, 1830, in Chautauqua county, New York. He becran when a mere boy to encounter the labors of a farm, and except while he was attending the public schools near his home, he worked as industriously as the typical farmer boy. When he had reached his sixteenth year he accompanied his parents to Wisconsin, where, in Jefferson county, they founded a new home. There for some four years young Ball was employed in handling horses and team- ing. His next step was an important one, and spiced with adventure withal, for he now sought distant fields for the enterprise of his young manhood, arriving in Piacervilie, Cali- fornia, September 5, 1850. Mr. Ball is hence a pioneer. He passed the winter in Piacervilie, after- ward trying his hand at mining at Downie- ville and Mud Springs till August, 1851. Meeting with indifferent success, and feeling that fortune for him was not to be won with pan and shovel, he went to Sacramento and engaged in staging and teaming till 1856. His next move was to Shasta county, where he took up land, and farmed and worked in the lumber business for eleven years. In 1867 he went to San Jose, where he tarried for a year, and then moved to Monterey county. Here he has since resided. He first located on the Alisal ranch, near Salinas, where he farmed six years. In this he met with unqualified success. In 1874 Mr. Ball purchased property in Salinas, and, in connection with ex-United States Marshal Franke, erected the first brick building, a livery stable, in the town. When he first came to Salinas, the place was a broad expanse of mustard. He, like others of that period, felt confident that it must some day be a county-seat; and from the time of his arrival here, he has been prominent and ac- tive in everything that could promote the ad- vancement of the town. His success as a grain farmer and his solid business qualifications attracted the attention of Isaac Friedlander, the then "Wheat King of the World,'" with whom he became as- sociated in buying grain and warehousing the same. At the same time he was busy in erecting warehouses in Gonzales, Chualar, Salinas and Castroville. Some idea of the magnitude of the business of this firm may be obtained by the statement that the first two years of the partnership, their business amounted to over $2,000,000. This partner- ship continued for seven years, up to the date of Mr. Friedlander's death, after which Mr. Ball conducted it alone. For the past six years he has been conducting farming operations on his ranch of 900 acres, located three miles north of Salinas, although he is still actively engaged in the warehouse busi- ness. It is said of Mr. Ball that he is an authority on grain production, both as to methods of agriculture, and its standing in the markets of the world, for a quarter of a century past. He prides himself on the accuracy and com- pleteness of his great statistics, they being frequently consulted by the great grain buy- ers of tlie State. That Mr. Ball during this busy period has secured the respect of his fellow-citizens is vouched for by the fact that he was the first Mayor elected in Salinas, and continued to hold that office for eleven consecutive years. And he has never sought office. His desire has been the laudable one of being useful in the community, which he calls his home. He AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. is a life member of tlie Monterey District Acrricultural Association, and a director of the Salinas City Board of Trade. Mr. Ball was married to Miss Eva B. Al- len, of Salinas, his second wife, in 1872, and by her has one child. fOHN WRmilT, of Hollister, is a suc- cessful farmer of San Benito county and a pioneer of the State, having crossed the plains from Wabash county, Indiana, in 1854. He is a native of Ireland, cotning to America in 1848. His first place of residence was New York, where he remained until 1852, and then spent the next two years in Indiana. Upon his arrival in California he resided in Yuba and Sierra counties, where be followed mining until he came to Hollis- ter and became one of the original purchasers of a fraction of the Hollister grant. His present holdings comprise 344 acres of fer- tile soil adjoining the town corporation. Mr. Wriglit is one of the most popular of the citizens of his county, and enjoys the esteem and respect of all wlio know him. 5ATTHEW WILSON, one of the leading farmers of Hollister, San Benito county, has been a resident of California since 1869. Mr. Wilson is a native of the Emerald Isle, born August 14, 1862. At the age of eighteeen years he left home and alone era- barked for America, coming to this land of the free to seek his fortune. Joseph H., of Redwood City, Thomas, of Lorapoc, and William, of Menlo Park, are brothers of Mr. Wilson, who came to this State later on. Another one of his brothers is Chief of Police of the commonwealth of New Zealand. Upon his arrival in California, Mr. Wilson commenced work for the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. He hrst worked on the grade, but was soon advanced to the position of head track layer, and as such laid the track between San Jose and (iilroy. He took up contracting in San Francisco, and finally came to Hollister and engaged in stock-raising and ranching on his present place. Here he owns 416 acres of the finest soil of the county. Mr. Wilson was married, in 1877, to Miss Maggie L. McCarty, of Hollister, a member of one of the old families of San Benito county. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson have four sons and one daughter. PAVID YOUNG, a California pioneer of 1849, is a native of Halifax county, Virginia, born in 1824. He was the son of Jesse Young, a farmer by occupation. At the time of the Revolution, the last named gentleman was fifteen years old and a son of a Revolutionary soldier, a native of Scotland. Jesse was reared to the trade of a blacksmith, and during the war put in much of his time, though but a lad, in shoeing horses for the soldiers. After the close of the conflict he closed his shop and engaged in farming, marrying the mother of our sub- ject. In 1835 he removed with his family to Barren county, Kentucky, where he died at an advanced age. David grew up in Barren county on the farm, until 1841, when he located in Piatt county, Missouri, where he lived until he came to California. During 1849, 1850 and 1851 he mined in Placer county, with aver- 408 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, age success, but in 1852 he engaged in farm- ing, near San Jose, where he remained until 1868, and then located on his present place of 172 acres in Fair View, San Benito county, being one of the original purchasers of the Hollister grant. Mr. Young married, in 1853, Miss Sarah Johnson, at San Jose, and they have three children. They are estimable people and it is to the energy of such pioneers that Fair Yiew owes its prosperity. fHOMAS J. CONKLING, one of San Benito county's substantial citizens, iw resides near Tres Pinos. Of him we make the following brief record: Thomas J. Conkling was born in Clermont county, Ohio, May 12, 1835, son of Zela and Sarah (Chapman) Conkling, natives of New Jersey and Maryland respectively. In the spring of 1838 the Conkling family moved to Missouri and located in what was then Liv- ingston, now Grundy county. It was here in the valley of the Grand river that Mr. Conk- ling spent his youth and received his school- ing. He commenced life as a school teacher and after teaching for awhile entered Grand River College at Edinburgh, where he took a four years' course. He held the office of Deputy Court Commissioner and also Deputy County Recorder of his county from 1857 to 1860. He then served about eight months in the Confederate army, from his State, a portion of the time acting as Chief Clerk of the Muster-roll Department. He retired from the army on account of poor health, and came to California. This was in 1863. For a time he worked on farms by the month, and in 1869, just after his marriage, he lo- cated on his present home. He now owns 720 acres, one of the best grain farms in San Benito county. In 1875 Mr. Conkling served on the County Board of Supervisors, per- forming his duty faithfully and with much ability, and was elected to a second term of three years. His general information and knowledge of business affairs render him a valued citizen, and he is held in higli esteem by all who know him. Mrs. Conkling was formerly Miss Sarah A. Dryden, she was born in Missouri, May 10, 1837, and is a dau jhter of Jonathan Dryden, of Santa Clara county, this State. fANIEL DOOLING, generally called "Governor" Dooling, was born in Kerry county, Ireland, December 25, 1828. In 1846 he left his native land and emi- grated to America, landing at New York. From that city he went to Stockton, Massa- chusetts, and from there to Bridgeport, Con- necticut, being employed at the latter place in loading coal ships. While there he con- tracted ship fever. Recovering from his sickness, he went, in 1849, to Georgia, where he was employed on the Atlatitic & Macon railroad, then being constructed. From Georgia Mr. Dooling came to Cali- fornia, landing in San Francisco in 1851. After a short time he went to Sacramento, and from there sought the mines. He was engaged in mining for fifteen years, and understands the business thoroughly in its every detail. Leaving the mines, he returned to San Francisco. In 1869 he came to Hol- lister, and has since resided at this place. Here he engaged in the dairy business, and in it has been successful. His pleasa!;t home called Fair View, is located near Hollister. Mr. Doolins was married in 1868 to Miss AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. Hannah Lef. Their union has been blessed with five children, three sons and two daugh- ters, and the oldest one living is now the wife of Ed Holbrook, Sheriff of San Benito county. fATRICK COLLINS, a native of Ire- land, has been a resident of Monterey county, since 1868. This gentleman was born, in county of Coric, Ireland, in 1838, and catne direct from his native land to California, where he first found employment on a farm, near Watsonville. Hlere he re- mained for about six years and then located at Castroville, on the Moro Cojo ranch, where he has since resided. He leases about 400 acres of land, on which he raises stock, grain and dairy products. Our snl)ject married, in 1873, Margaret Mahoney, and they have four sons and four daughters. He is a thorough and successful farmer and a respected citizen. |ICIIAEL BARRY is a well-known \j^ farmer of Castroville, who came to California in April, 1858, from East Abington, Massachusetts. He is a native of county Cork, Ireland, where he was born, March 25, 1835. His parents both died in 1850, and he almost immediately set sail for the United States, bringing with him a small sum of money. His relatives had all pre- ceded him to this country, one of them, an uncle, Michael Barry, was for seventeen suc- cessive years Town Clerk of New York city. Our subject remained in the East for some time, where he learned and pursued for seven years the trade of shoemaking. Later he learned stove cutlery and pursued that calling for three years. Upon arrival in San Fiancisco, he shipped as fireman on the Golden Gate, a steamship which then plied between that city and the Isthmus of Panama, but finally, tiring of the sea life, he located at Castroville, in tlie fall of 1863, where he now owns a valuable farm, of 350 acres and ranges five herds of stock. Mr. Barry was married, March 13, 1858, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Margaret Hoyes, a native of Ireland, born in county Cork. She has borne him seven living children, namely: Mary A., now Mrs. Daniel Hurley, of Castro- ville; Edward H., a farmer of Gonzales; Annie, now Mrs. William Sterling, of St. Louis, Missouri; Margaret, Kate, John and William, the last four of whom are at home. Mr. Barry is a well-informed man of ster- ling integrity, a successful farmer, a promi- nent Democrat and respected citizen. fAMES WOOD is one of the early settlers of the Pdjaro valley. He came direct from the town of Monmouth, Illinois, crossing the plains with teams. He made the trip in company with a party of emi- grants and their route lay through Salt Lake, and Carson Canon. The company was made up of about 160 persons, who were under the direction of Captain Clapp. Typhoid fever and malaria, known in those days as mountain cholera, affected this party, of whom forty-seven died, and were buried along the route. The company had organized at Coun- cil Bluffs, where parties were usually formed, some as small as four or five teams of oxen. Here it was that our party had their first glimpse of the " red men," but as they be- longed to the friendly Pawnee tribe, the com- pany experienced no trouble from them, nor MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SA.\TA CRUZ, could they complain of any of the savages a'.onCT the entire route. Upon arrival in California Mr. Wood spent his first winter at Placerville, but in February went to the Feather river mines and spent six weeks. Here he was compelled to pay $300 for a bag of flour, and all other pro- visions were proportionately high, and his mining tools were very expensive. The bed of the Feather river at that time showed rich deposits of gold, but very few had time to stop to secure it, although it was in sight. They were bound for richer fields. Mr. Wood went to Grass valley, and ar- rived there with a lame mnleand twenty-five cents in cash as the extent of his worldly possessions. At this place he received $10 per day for his work, and soon opened and operated a miners' hotel. In 1853 he located in Pajaro valley, where there were but two houses, one of which, an old adobe, is now occupied by William Spiegles, a pioneer of Monterey county. Mr. Wood purchased 300 acres of land in this valley, in 1855, and he now has a tine home of twenty-six acres at Pdjaro Station. Mr. Wood married, in 1884, Elizabeth (Gruewell) Taylor, a widow of William C. Taylor, deceased. She is a native of Indiana, and was born at Boonsville. She is a daugh- ter of Jonathan Gruewell. Mr. Wood and his wife have three children: James L., born July 6, 1885; Hazel, born April 19, 1887; and one born April 12, 1891. fORNELIUS H I C K E Y.— This gencle- man is a native of Limerick, Ireland, born June 5, 1827. His father, John Hickey, came to America in 1829, with his family and settled in Susquehanna county. Pennsylvania, where he reared his family of eight children and where all of the children, except our subject, settled. Our subject came with James McMahon, now of San Jose, in 1850. He spent the year of 1851 and a portion of tiie following year in the mines of Sierra, and then located at San Juan, where he lived until 1875. He then spent six years in Oakland, and in 1882 located at IloUister, which has since been his home. In 1854 he married Miss Ann Brum, wlio died at Oakland, in 1869, leaving two daughters: Ellen, now Mrs. John Welch, of Hollister; and Annie, who died at the age of eighteen. In 1874 Mr. Hickey again mar- ried Mrs. Jennie Pepper, of Hollister, and two daughters have been born to these two, namely: Lula and Annie. Mr. Hickey is a carpenter by trade and has followed this calling for more than thirty years. He is held in high esteem as a citi- zen and takes a somewhat active part in the local politics. He owns a pleasant home in Hollister and is surrounded by a happy family. fON FRANCISCO RICO is a native of Guadalajara, Mexico, born January 11, 1826. His father, Don Vicente Rico, was born in the same place, in 1781, was a soldier of the Mexican artillery, and a captain of his company. By trade he was a saddle- maker. In 1880 he came to San Diego, Cali- fornia, and the following year to Monterey. The mother of our subject, nee Guadalupe Villarnel de Rico, was born in the city of Guadalajara, December 12, 1808. She was married to Vicente Rico March 7, 1824, and Francisco was the only son born to them. Two years after the father's death the mother AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. married Theodore Gonzales, who was also of Mexican birth. He came to California in 1825, and lived at Monterey, where he was a man of political influence, and where he figured in 1836 as Alcalde. He was grantee of the Rincon de la Puente and Sur Cliiquito ranchos, and was regarded as a man of wealth. Francisco Rico was reared and educated at Monterey. In 1845 he was appointed by the Mexican Govern iiient second officer of the port of Monterey, under Pablo de la Guerre, being then about nineteen years of age. That responsible position he held until the American occupation. He also held the captaincy of a company of the Monterey cavalry for a time. Alter the change of government he was ex- tensively engaged in the stock business in Monterey county until 1849. Upon the dis- covery of gold he turned his attention to mining and merchandising, in partnership with the Hon. Thomas O. Larkin, in the Dry Creek diggings, their partnership continuing a year, after which he prosecuted the biisiness alone. His mining operations were conducted with great vigor and on a large scale, and covered a period of about five years, during which time over $300,000 in pure gold was secured. He then engaged in merchandising and stock-raising. The dry years of 1863 and '64 resulted in heavy losses of stock, which finally proved a financial calamity to him and to hundreds of other leading capitalists of California. Since that time Mr. Kico has re- sided quietly in Monterey, and for the past several years has been practically retired. He was married in Los Angeles, in the the summer of 1847, to Tomasa Sepulvedade Rico. She died in Los Angeles, October 21, 1870, leaving a family of seven sons and one daughter. The names of the children born to them are as follows: Guadalupe, August 20, 1847: Vincent E., November 15, 1849, died in 1852; Vincent E., November 15, 1850; Francisco, in 1851; Alexandre F., January 21, 1857; Jose, April 13, 1858, died in 1860; Jose B., June 5, 1859, now a resi- dent of Salinas; Thomas F., February, 1861; Maria, wife of Sostens Sepulveda, born in 1862; Berloldo E., March 29, 1867; and Fredrico, born in 1869 and died in 1870. Don Francisco Rico is in the highest sense of the term an honorable gentleman. As a public ofiicer and a private citizen his record is above reproach. He is a man of generous impulses, and in manner is genial and affable. Few men of the present day have figured more conspicuously and honorably in the past history of Monterey than he. IILLIAM SNIBLEY. — Few men 1 have seen more of frontier life than ==ri "William Snibley, one of Hollister's old settlers. He was born in Warren countv, Pennsylvania, son of Jacob Snibley, a Ger- man by birth, who came to America in 1832, with his wife and one child, a daughter. He located on a farm in Pennsylvania, where he lived about three years, and then emigrated to Du Page county, Illinois, where he re- mained until 1850, when, with the subject of this sketch, he crossed the plains via St Jo, Missouri, and Salt Lake, with a two-horse team. The trip occupied about four months, and they arrived at Hangtown, now Placer- ville, August 4. Here they spent two years in the mines, and then returned home, where the father died. The mother had already passed away, in 1849. She left ten children to mourn her loss, of whom William was the second born and oldest living. Our subject has passed through all the vicissitudes of pioneer life in a new country. MONTEREY, f-AN BENITO, SANTA UROZ, His boyhood, youth and manhood have all been spent in the frontier settlements of the various States in which he has lived. Born with a strong constitution, he withstood physical hardships that would have wrecked a less vigorous man. After the death of his father, he returned to Oalifornia and resumed mining, which he followed in its various branches until about 1869. During this time he spent much time in hunting wild game, and was known throughout the camp as a " crack shot." He came to San Benito in 1869 and en- gaged in farming and stock-raising near Hollister. He now owns and conducts one of the livery and feed stables in Hollister. Our subject was married, in 1890, to Nar- cissa Vargas, a daughter of Don Francisco Vargas, a native of Spain, who lived many years in Mexico, and later in Monterey county. He was prominent in the business circles of Monterey, and was an intelligent and enterprising man. Mrs. Snibley was born in Monterey, where she received a good education. She is recognized as a lady possessing fine domestic traits. She has pre- sented her husband with one daughter. Three brothers are mentioned elsewiiere in this volume, and they are residents of Hollister. fUAN ETCHEVERRY, a successful busi- ness man and prominent rancher at Tres Finos, San Benito county, California, is a native of France, born October 6, 1830. He lived in South America for a brief period before coming tu this country, having left his native land in 1849. He came to Cali- fornia in 1851, and mined for three years at Murphy's Camp. He then purchased stock in Southern California, drove the same north, and then sold at a profit in the mining dis- tricts. He lived for many years in the San Joaquin valley, engaged in stock-raising. Extending his business operations into San Benito county, he purchased land at Tres Pinos, and finally located thereon, where he has for many years resided. He owns 1,400 acres of fine land in and adjoining Tres Pinos village, which includes the Southern Pacific hotel stables and several rentable houses in the same block. Mr. Etcheverry married, at Visalia, Miss Mary Amastoy. a lady of French birth. They have one son, John Felix, born July 29, 1880. Mr. and Mrs. Etcheverry have a large number of friends and acquaintances in this vicinity, by all of whom they are esteemed for their many good qualities. fUAN INDART, a leading rancher of Tres Pinos, San Benito county, Cali- fornia, was born in France in 1826. He came to California in 1851, via South America, spending a brief time at Buenos Ay res. After his arrival in California he was engaged for several years in mining in Calaveras county. He subsequently turned his attention to dealing in stock. With a partner, he bought cattle in Southern California and drove them north to the mines and sold them tor beef. He ranched for several y.ears in the King's River valley, and in 1873 located his present ranch near Tres Pinos, where he owns about 3,600 acres of the choicest farming and graz- ing land in San Benito county, it being a portion of the Santa Ana grant. Eight hundred acres of it are devoted to grain raising, and the rest to stock grazing. Mr. Indart was married in 1863, in San Francisco, to Miss Mary Errica, also a native AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. of France. Following are the names of their children: Peter John, Tillie, Mary, Domica and John Feter; the last two being twins. The Indart estate is one of the best in the county of SanBenito, and has been peipetuated bj the frngal industry and business sagacity of its founder; and no family is more highly esteemed for their sterling qualities than that of John Juan Indart. |p| AMBEllT IRELAN, M. D.— This ven- ft^ erable practitioner of the " healing art " =S^ was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, April 20, 1819. His parents were Japhet and Mary (Lambert) Irelan, natives of New Jersey and Kentucky, respectively. His father was a manufacturer and wholesale dealer in shoes at Cincinnati. His two sons, Japhet and the subject of this sketch, were educated in the public schools of that city, Lambert also tak- ing a course at the Cincinnati seminary. His first medical studies were with Dr. Daniel Drake, with whom he subsequently went to Cooper Medical society at Louisville, where he was granted matriculation papers. In 1845 he began the practice of medicine at Spencer, Indiana. He subsequently went to Chilli- cothe, Missouri, and thence across the plains to California. Of this camping-out trip the Doctor laughs and relates many amusing in- cidents. He arrived in Weaverville, Trinity county, California, September 21, 1850, and remained there till Decemljer, when he went to Stockton. There he practiced medicine till 1864, when he located in Watsonville. Here he has built up a large and lucrative practice. He also had a fine drug store, which he lost by fire afew years ago, his fine library being consumed by flames at the same time. Of his private life it may be stated that Dr. Irelan was married at Fort Wayne, Indi- ana, in 1846, to Miss Martha McGashlan, by whom he had seven children: John Eberly; Amanda; Mary, deceased ; Richard W.; Eliz- abeth, deceased; Laura, wife of Mr. McCasler; and Frances. His first wife died in Septem- ber, 1868, and in September, 1869, he mar- ried Mrs. Charlotte Johnson, by whom he has two children, Nellie and Lambert. She had eight children by her former marriage, who have grown up useful and highly respected citizens. Socially, the Doctor is connected with the Masonic fraternity, having been a member of that order for many years. His residence is at the corner of Third and Carr streets, Wat- sonville, and he also owns other valuable property in the city. — .■.. .? . ; . .; - ^ ^ — J^EORGE M. EUTTERFIELD, of Bear iiw V"alley, is one of the substantial and W'- most highly esteemed citizens of San Benito county, where he has made his honje for so many years and become so justly popular with all his fellow-townsmen. Mr. Buttertield is the third son of the revered Thomas Butterfield, an honored pio- neer of California, and a resident of HoUister. Our subject was born at Wilton, Maine, Au- gust 24, 1833. He came with his father across the plains, in 1833, to Califor- nia. He is now the owner of a fertile and productive farm in Bear Valley, and with his estimable wife and family is enjoying the fruits of years of patient industry and fru- gality. Mr. Butterfield was married, in 1858, Feb- ruary 14, near the town of Alpha, in Nevada county, California, to Miss Cordelia C, daugh- ter of G. P. Hill. Mrs. Butterfield is a native MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, of Yerrnont, and came with her parents to California, in 1857, and located in Napa county. Of her six children, four sons are living, namely: Oscar, George A., Elmer E. and Ebben Thomas. At this time, 1892, all are still single and are industrious, sober young men, prosperous farmers, popular throughout San Benito county,and are a credit to the honored name they bear. Mr. Eutter- lield has cause to be proud of so promising a family. fEORGE W. ROADHOLTSE is a native of the Badger State, having been born at Mineral Point, Wisconsin, April 18, 1847. His father, Joseph A. Koadhouse, was a California pioneer of 1849, a station tavern keeper by occupation. He built the Six Mile House on the old Sonoma pike, near Stockton, in San Joaquin county, in 1849, and conducted the same for three years. In 1852 he sold out and came to Monterey county and located in Pajaro township, about six miles from Watsonville, midway between that town and Castroville. Plere he also carried on farming and raised stock and con- tinued to reside until his death occurred, in 1871. He was a native of Yorkshire, En- gland, and married Charlotte E. Morris, who was born in London, England. Mr. Road- house was a veterinary surgeon and followed the same as a profession for several years dur- ing his earlier manhood. His widow still survives him, aged seventy-three years, at Westonville. She has two sons and three daughters, all living. The subject of this sketch was the eldest of the family and was educated at the Univer- sity of the Pacific, at which institution he graduated, December 18, 1863. He then read law on the farm, where he had spent his boyhood and youth. Later he pursued his studies at Monterey and was admitted to practice in 1871. Upon the death of his father he retired to the farm, where he spent four years. He was then elected Recorder of Monterey county, in 1877, and served two years. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for eight years. Mr. Roadhouse married, in Monterey, in 1868, Emma Rock, and five children are the result of this marriage. Mr. Roadhouse is a prominent member of L O. O. F. and has held the honorable position of Grand Master of the State. fHARLES MoFADDEN, one of the California pioneers came to the State as early as 1853. Mr. Mc Fadden was born in the north of Ireland, in 1822, and came to America with an uncle and aunt, who located at St. Johns. Here he spent his boyhood and youth, but came to Dane county, Wisconsin, and lived there about three years, when t-lie attractions of the great West drew him across the plains to California, via Council Bluffs and Salt Lake City. Upon his arrival in California he went to the mines, but on ac- count of ill health he remained only three months and then removed to San Francisco, where he stayed a short time, but the milling business, in the redwoods of Santa Clara county offering attractions to him, he went to that locality and engaged in that business for about five years. In 1859 he bought a portion of his present home, about 200 acres, to which he has added until he is now the owner of about 400 acres. Here he carried on a dairy for about three months, but since that time has engaged in general farming. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. In 1875 our subject married Miss Sophia, a daughter of John Tarby, one of the pioneers of the Salinas valley. Mr. and Mrs. Mc Fad- den have six children, namely: Frank, Thresa, Sarah, David, Mary S., and Charles J. Mr. Mc Fadden is a successful farmer and a re- spected citizen, who has seen much of pioneer life in Monterey county. S. BORDGES was bora on the West- ern Isles, January 1, 1848. He * came to America, via Boston, Mas- sachusetts, in 1871, and after remaining at Boston about three months he engaged in farming in Massachusetts for a short time, and then came to California. After his arrival in this State he first worked for a short time on a farm at San Jose, and then made his way to the Salinas valley, about 1874, where he now owns a good farm of about 190 acres. He has gained an independent position in his community by his untiring industry, and has gained the respect of all who know him. Mr. Bordges has one brother, J. S. Bordges, who has been a resident of California for about nine- teen years. The two brothers live on farms adjoining. In addition to his farm already mentioned, our subject is the owner of 125 acres known as the Thomas Grove's place. Mr. Bordges is married and has seven sons and one daughter. He is a prosperous and successful citizen, and enjoys the comfort his hands have gained for him. tLONZO T. GARNER,a well-to-do farm- er and stock- raiser of San Benito, county, California, was born inMissouri, Octo- ber 28, 1843. Mr. Garner was reared in his native State, and in 1861, when the Civil war broke out, he joined the C^ SR. MEYER, Esq., a resident of San Benito, California, and one of the wor- " thy pioneers of the Golden State, is deserving of more than a passing notice on the pages of this volume. It is a matter of regret that limited space in a work of this character will not permit us to publish in full the lives of these pioneers, many of which are replete with experiences as instruc- tive and interesting as they are thrilling. F. R. Meyer was born in Germany, March 3, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Texas in 1844. His father was an educated man, and is supposed to have been killed by the Indians who then infested that country. His mother died at Cedar bayou, Harrison county, Texas, in 1S47, of yellow fever. In April, 1846, after the annexation of Texas, young Meyer was in Galveston, when the report started that the Mexican fleet had effected a landing on Point Bolivar. This caused great excitement, and a call was issued for volunteers to man the Stephen F. Austin, a twenty-eight-gun war ship to be used for coast and harbor defense. He and many others responded, went on board of that ship, signed the articles, and served on board till September, 1846. at which time the ship was ordered to Pensacola, United States Navy Yard, and he was honorably discharged and paid off by the United States Commissioner. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 417 Toung Meyer left Texas with three com- panies bound for California in February, 1849, via the El Taso route. They were driven back by the Indians and changed their course, coining by way of San Antonio. At this point they met Colonel Jack Hayes, who was under contract to furnish supplies to the United States army, at that time guarding the Mexican frontier and fighting Indians. Mr. Meyer engaged to superintend the butch- ering department of Colonel Hayes' enter- prise, stationed at El Paso. The Colonel was soon delegated by the Government to negotiate a treaty with the Apache Indians, and Mr. Meyer was chosen one of eighteen men to aid him in his mission, in which a period of four months was passed without seeing the face of a white man besides those belonging to his party. At this time Mr. Meyer was between twenty-one and twenty- two years of age. He then crossed the mountains into California, reaching Los An- geles in 1849. There he spent one month and then proceeded to Monterey, through the Salinas valley, thence via San Juan and Pa- checo pass into the mines of Mariposa county. After mining one year, he engaged in mer- chandising, traveling through the mining regions with his stock of goods on pack mules. That country was then full of hostile Indians. They raided the mining camps, killed 153 white men, stampeded Captain Meyer's pack train, stole |5,000 worth of goods, and as a result he, after vigorous efl'ort to recover the same, abandoned this line of business. Then, after mining a few months, he went to San Francisco and joined the Lopez expedition to Cuba. As a disastrous result of that enter- prise he drifted to sea from the isle of Cuba on a whale boat, from which he was rescued by the steamer Falcon, and landed in New Orleans in August, 1851. From New Orleans Mr. Meyer returned to Texas, and while there married Miss Rose Fromner. After his marriage he came back to California, via the Nicarauga route, and resumed mining and trading on Oregon bar, Yuba county. He subsequently engaged in ranching in Yuba county, and also developed a vineyard and orchard in Nevada county. In 1870 he located at his present home, near San Benito, where he owns an 800-acre stock and grain farm. Mr. and Mrs. Meyer have had ten children, of whom seven survive. Mr. Meyer acquired a good education, has a large fund of general information, and is versed upon the important issues of the day, political and otherwise. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace for a long time, and has served as Trustee of his school dis- trict many years. aETER CONRAD.— Mr. Conrad is one ffl^ of the venerable citizens of Hollister ^C and is a native of Germany, having been born in the Province of Rhine, Septem- ber 29, 1818. He inherited a good business mind from his father and received a liberal schooling in his native land. He emigrated to America when nineteen years of age. His first location was at Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, in 1843, where he engaged in farming and in an insurance and loaning business. This latter he was able to carry on as he had estab- lished credit in England and controlled large amounts of money, which he negotiated in the form of loans, secured by mortages on lands. Upon coming to California he located in San Benito county, near Hollister, where he purchased 320 acres of land and engaged in farming. To this property he added broad acres which he still owns. 418 MONTEREY, SA2f BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, Our subject was married, at Bridgeport, New York, April 25, 1843, to Elizabeth E., a daughter of Wheeler French, of that city, who was a contractor and house-builder of New England ancestry, and his wife of En- glish descent. Mrs. Conrad was born Janu- ary 1, 1823, and her children are as follows: John William, deceased; George F., deceased; Louise, deceased; Martin J.; and Emma L., now Mrs. Hall of Hollister. Mr. and Mrs. Conrad have retired from their active farm life to a beautiful little home, such as Hollister is noted for, where they are esteemed for their kindness of heart and noble traits of character. fM. ARCHER, M. D., is not only an eminent physician and genial gentle- ® man, but one of the landmarks of Monterey county, having resided here since 1869. He has reached the age of forty-two, and came to California from Louisville, Ken- tucky, in 1868. He comes from a long line of colonial settlers, the first of whom made their homes in Maryland and Virginia. At a later date members of the family partici- cipated in the wars of the Revolution and lbl2, and in the early Indian wars, many of them miing important positions in tiie army and Government. Among Dr. Archer's an- cestors, is John Archer, of Maryland, who was the first man to graduate in medicine in the United States. He obtained his diploma from the Philadelphia Medical College in 1768. The subject of this sketch received his lollege education at the Asbury (Indiana) University, and graduated in medicine, at Louisville. He then attended the clinics at the Bellevne and Blackwell Island hospitals, New York, for a considerable length of time. After arriving in San Francisco, as an advent- ure, and to see more of the world, he made a trip to Cliina, via Sandwich Islands and Japan, as surgeon of a vessel. The passage both ways was rough, dangerous and disa- greeable, and when the young medico got back to San Francisco he concluded that he had enough of " life on the ocean wave." He determined to locate in the country, contrary to the advice of Dr. H. H. Toland, the well-known physician of San Francisco, to whom he had letters of introduction from personal friends. In 1869 he went to Monterey county, intending to return to the city to locate permanently, in a few years, but he soon became a fixture in Monterey county, although he is often called to the city professionally. In 1872 he was ap- pointed County Physician of the county hospital, and has held that position ever since, during which time he has treated successfully more desperate cases of dropsy than any other physician in the State. He served one term as Coroner and Public Administrator, from 1876 to 1878, but declined a renomination, and also declined the nomination for the As- sembly in 1886. Dr. Archer is married and has seven daughters. l^OBERT H. WILLEY, a member of the W^L Monterey county bar and resident of ^^ Monterey city, is a native of the city of New York, having been born there, Nov- meber 18, 1852. His father, an English- man, was a surgeon of the English navy, and the son's birth was an incident of the parents visit to America and stay in New York city. Robert spent his boyhood and youth in AlfB SAN MATEO COUNTIES. the county of Yorkshire, England, where he received his early education. When he was seventeen years of age lie visited this countrj' with his father, and coining to San Francisco entered into the study of law. He was ad- mitted to the bar of the State Supreme Court, in 1877, and commenced the practice of his profession in Napa city. In 1879 he located at Monterey, where he has acquired the confidence of the public at large and en- joys a large and lucrative practice. His marriage occurred, in Napa city, to Miss Susie C. Racher, March 1, 1877. She is a daughter of A. G. Kacher, a resident merchant of San Diego, California. Mr. and Mrs. AVilley have three beautiful children, two sons and one daughter. Besides his other practice, Mr.Willey is the Attorney for the city of Monterey. These two young people are among the best of the society of the little city where they have the pleasure of residing, and are respected by their large circle of acquaintances. F. WALSH, one of the most pros- '9WWI perous and influential citizens of ^^^^ Castroville, Monterey county, Cali- fornia, is a native of Ireland, where he was born forty-two years ago. In his youth the love of liberty was instilled into his mind. When the patriots of 1867 revolted against English oppression, he was one of the first to take up arms iu defense of his country's rights, though coraparitively a boy at that time. Being one of the " wild geese," he sailed for America the sauie year, and landed in Boston, Massachusetts, where he remained twelve months. Finding the climate of the East too severe he came to San Francisco and ei-gaged in the shoe business, in all of its branches. While there he took an active part in organizing some of the leading Irish societies of that city. In 1877 he came to Castroville, and becoming charmed with the tine climate and beautiful scenery, concluded to locate there permanently. Acting upon this resolution he sent for his family, bought him a little home, and has ever since had the best interest of the town and county at heart. He owns a large amount of real estate in the old and new towns, which he has carefully improved. His residence and beautiful grounds are an ornament to Castroville, and a credit to himself. He be- lieves implicitly in the town as the coming city of Monterey county, and works ever with that object in view. Besides his real-estate interests, he is an active and prosperous mer- chant of his town, and is well and favorably known throughout the Golden State. He has four bright children, attending the normal and home schools, who, with their mother, a most amiable daughter of the Emerald Isle, form a happy household. <•> miLLIAM H. STONE, the first settler in southern San Benito county, lo- cated at his present home, near Mul- berry, in the fall of 1857. He is a California pioneer of 1849, having come to the State, in that year from Boone county, Missouri. Upon arrival in the "Golden State," he mined nearly all of the time, until 1853, when he became sick and was obliged to return home. His second trip to the coast was made the following year, and he spent two years in the redwood lumber camps of Santa Cruz and Santa Clara counties. When he came to California he brought MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CUUZ, with him only his son, John, a child of a former marriage, as the mother had died iu Missouri. In 1867 he married in Hollister, Miss Hanna Thompson, a native of Putnam county, Ohio, daughter of Alfred Thompson, who came to California in 1849. She bore her husband three sons and two daughters, namely: Mary F., Edward F., Norman A.., James A. and Freeman. Mr. Stone is a native of Albermarle county, Virginia, having been born there in 1818. His father, John D. Stone, emigrated to Cumberland county, Tennessee, in 1820, where our subject spent his boyhood and youth. His mother, Elizabeth Moods, was likewise a native of Virginia. Mr. Stone has now about 1,100 acres of tilled land at Mulberry, and also a stock farm of about 2,000 acres upon which he ranges nearly 200 head of cattle and forty head of horses. In politics he is a life-long Repub- lican, a man of sound business judgment and has the respect and esteem of the citizens of San Benito county. fAVID SPENCE LITTLE, is a native of Monterey county, and the oldest son of the late Milton Little (see sketch). Our subject was born March 28, 1849. When he was sixteen years old he had the honor to be appointed naval cadet by the Senator, Cornelius Cole, now of Los Angeles, and Mr. Little spent three years at Aunap- olis, Maryland, when he resigned his position and returned to California. After his return he learned the joiner trade and pursued it about nine years, in San Francisco. He has pursued his chosen calling at various points in the State, and in 1887 settled in Monterey, his native home. Our subject married, October 28, 1878, Miss Uelela J., a daughter of John C. Cald- well, deceased, then a resident of Monterey. Mrs. Little is a native daughter of California and was born near Stockton. After marriage the young couple spent the major portion of the year from 1879 to 1880 in Oregon, but finally returned to their native State, where they have since remained, and where Mr. Little has successfully pursued his occupation. Mr. and Mrs. Little have four children, two sons and two daughters, namely: LoUie M., Henry P., Leia O and David C. fP. BERNHARDT, of Soledad, is a native of Denmark. He came to * America iu 1869, landing at New York, April 14. After acquiring the black- smith trade he left New York and went to southeastern Texas, where he remained until 1875, when he came to California and after spending four months in Salinas he located in Soledad, where he has successfully pur- sued his trade. Here he has built up a good trade in the blacksmithing, wagon manufact- uring and repairs and is also engaged in ranch- ing. His marriage occurred in New York city, and he has a son, Roy, and a daugh- ter, Mary. Mr. Bernhardt is a Democrat in politics, but is not much of a seeker for pub- lic notoriety. He is greatly esteemed as a citizen. fEORGE CHALMERS, one of the well- known citizens of San Juan, came to California in 1850, from Boston, Mas- sachusetts. Our subject is a native of Fifeshire, Scot- land, but came, with his parents, in 1858 to AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. America. His father, William Clialiners, a farmer by occupation, and his mother, Isabel (Barker) Chalmers were both natives of Scot- land. Upon arrival in America Mr. Chal- mers, Sr., located in Orange county', Yer- mont, town of ISewbury, where he reared his family and there died. Of his eleven chil- dren, two are residents of California, our subject and a brother, Alexander, a resident of Watson ville. Our subject sailed from New York city to California, via the Isthmus of Panama, on the steamer " Georgia." After arrival at the Isthmus Mr. Chalmers spent six months at the town of Panama, working at his trade of mechanic. He there fitted up the first theater in the town, and also aided in the fitting out of a steamer. He then proceeded on his journey westward and landed in San Francisco in August, 1850. Like almost all of the emigrants of that day he went into the mines, choosing those of Calaveras county. Later he returned to San Francisco and worked at his trade. He then followed building and contracting in various portions of the State until 1856, when he located in San Benito county and engaged in stock- raising, continuing there until the winter of 1863-'64. Daring the dry season of that year memorable to stockmen he suffered the loss of about 3,000 head of cattle. He then invested in the first steam threshing machine that came into San Benito county and likely the third in the State. Mr. Chalmers also engaged in the milling business at Castro- ville, building the Castroville mills, in 1865. This property he finally disposed of and located at San Juan, where he has since con- tinuously resided. Our subject was married, October 26, 1856, to Mary S., a daughter of the late Ed- ward L. B. Smith, one of the first residents and a time-honored citizen of San Juan. (See sketch of his life in this work.) Of the eleven children born to Mr. and Mrs. Chal- mers, four are now living, namely: Lillie G., now Mrs. J. Cabera, of Fresno; Florence, wife of J. P. Mitchel, Esq., of Castroville; and Angle M., a single lady, a resident of San Jose. The fourth child, Leona Z., is still at home. Mr. Chalmers has led a very busy life and has born an honorable part in the material development of his chosen locality. He has served the local public several times as Justice of the Peace, and is at present a member of the Town Board of Trustees of San Juan. He is well-known throughout San Benito and Monterey counties as a man of strict integrity and upright principles. f JOSEPH C. BROWN, the subject of this I sketch, came to California by the Sunset route, via New Orleans, from Oxford, England, in the year 1883. His father, Jo- seph Brown, was born in Oxford, England, in the year 1820, and his mother, whose maiden name was Susan Palmer Bezant, was born in 1823 and died in 1877. They had a family of live children, all sons, Joseph C. being the fourth-born. The mother was a descendant of an old and distinguished fam- iiy- The subject of our sketch obtained his edu- cation principally in the public schools, and he is by trade a miller. He came to Kino- City a few years ago and was engaged as head miller in the Central Milling Com- pany's mills, at a salary of $120 per month. This position he still retains, his services be- ing regarded as \Qry efficient. He resides on his claim of 160 acres, located a few miles MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, from King City, in what is known as the Shearer school district. Mr. Brown was married in the year 1874, to Miss Eliza Jane Oaksford, by whom he has six children, three sons and three daugh- ters. 1^^ A. GABLE has been a resident of IJ^I Soledad since 1873 and of California ^^® since 1852, having come to this State from Iowa. Mr. Gable was born on the Little Mohawk river, in Washington county, Ohio, and when a small boy, moved with his parents to Iowa. His father. Solomon Gable, who was of Penn- sylvania birth and Holland Dutch ancestry, was by occupation a farmer. His death oc- curred in Iowa. The mother's maiden name was Elizabeth Holden. They had twelve children tiiat lived to maturity. Upon his arrival in California, the, subject of our sketch was engaj/ed in farming and stock-raising in Yolo county previous to his locating in Monterey county. He was mar- ried in February, 1865, in Tehama county, this State, to Miss Ida James, and they have eight children, namely: Maggie J., Harry S., Harvey E., Herbert A., Milton J., Earnest E., Daisy M. and Ida E. R. ELLIS. — Nowhere more than in the lives of the California pioneers * do we find the lights and shades of fortune and misfortune reflected in more varied hues. The subject of this sketch af- fords an excellent illustration of the truth of this statement. Briefly given, an outline of his life is as follows: W. K. Ellis was born in Rochester, Monroe county, New York, October 3, 1842, and is descended from a line of patriotic ancestors, some of them having fought on Revolution- ary battle- fields. His father, W. R. Ellis, a midshipman in the English navy, was killed in the Mexican war. And his mother was a direct descendant of Commodore Rogers of the American navy. She died in 1882, aged ninety-one years. In 1857, when a boy of thirteen years, Mr. Ellis ran away from his home in New York and went to sea. He visited every port of any note in the United States, and was at Liverpool three times. Returning to New York about the»time the Civil war came on, the patriotic spirit he had inherited from his ancestors was aroused, and he enlisted when the first call for volunteers was made, the date of his enlistment being May 7, 1861. As a member of Company C, New York Vol- unteers, he entered the conflict and heroically did he serve all through that sanguinary struggle. He was in many of the most im- portant battles of the war, among which were the battles of Bull Run, Gettysburg, Antie- tam, South Mountain and Fredericksburg. On the 22d of July, at the time General Mc- Pherson was killed, he was taken prisoner at Atlanta. Fourteen times he was wounded. He now receives a pension of |27 per month. Mr. Ellis received his education in the public schools of New York and Michigan. He came to California in 1868, making the journey by way of Arizona and with an ox team. After his arrival here he was var- iously employed. He helped to build the Union Pacific railroad, fought the Apaches in Arizona, etc. He came to this State with $27,000. Since then he has lost three for- tunes and has been a tramp and everything else except a thief and a rascal. He has AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. never held any office save that of Cit}' Mar- shal. He was for a time engaged in farming and stock-raising, but is now conducting a livery business in Salinas. Mr. Ellis was married July 3, 1888, to Mrs. Joanna Edwards, who died December 1, 1890. Like her husband, she was de- scended from Revolutionary stock. Her brother fought through the late war and lost a leg in tliat conflict. fRANCIS DOUD, of Monterey, is a California pioneer of 1849, and one of the veteran soldiers of the Mexican war. He was born in Ireland, January 20, 1820. He left his native home at the age of sixteen years, and, after a brief visit with relatives in New York, joined the regular United States Army in 1838, to fight the ludians. He served the Government through the Sem- inole war in Florida, which lasted about four years, and is. one of the very few soldiers of that conflict who now survive. He contin- ued in the Government service, entering the Mexican war; was wounded at the siege of Vera Cruz, and a second time at Cerro Gordo, in consequence of which latter severe wounds he was honorably discharged in 1847, He distinguished himself at these battles, and for gallant and meritorious service there rendered he holds a bronze medal, made from tlie metal of brass field-pieces used at Vera Cruz. This medal was presented him by the Mexican Veteran Association, and bears the date of 1847. He has other memeritues of that historic conflict. After the close of the Mexican war he be- came a private citizen, and came, in 1849, to California, locating at Monterey, where he has since lived. He has been for several years engaged in the butchering business, conduct- ing a meat market in the town of Monte- rey. He has also engaged in stock-raising and farming. He owns valuable ranch property in the Salinas valley, and a stock range of about 5,000 acres lying along the seacoast south of Monterey. Mr. Doud has been the custodian of the Government property at Monterey, and looks after the Government's landed interests at this point. He was married at New York in 1845, and has six children, namely: Frank, Nellie, Mary, Thomas, Martin and Edward. Nellie is now Mrs. Pardee. Thomas was born June 13, 1855, in Monterey, and on September 11, 1889, was united in marriage with Miss Margaret E. Boland, a native of Connecticut. They have one daughter, Annie, born in Monterey, September 16, 1890. By occupa- tion, Thomas Doud is a butcher; Martin, also a native of Monterey, born November 13, 1857, was married Juae 11, 1881, to Miss Mary Erliart. They have two children, Nettie and Eva. tM.^CHAMBRE.— There are few men, the story of whose life experiences, if ® related in detail, would form a more interesting and thrilling narrative than that of R. M. Chambre, of Monterey. He is a native of Bombay, India, and the only son of an Englisli officer. His father, Meredith Chambre, was a native of England, but of French ancestry. He served as a Lieu- tenant of the English army; fought at the battle of Waterloo; and later, as an officer in her Majesty's service, went to India. There he met and married Miss Eliza Fisher, a lady of Irish birth and education, and a tutor and MONTE RET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, governess in the family of the celebrated Major Kelly, a famous English officer. As a result of this union, R. M. Chambre was born in Bombay, India, May 24, 1849. The father finally retired from the army and iden- tified himself with a firm extensively en- gaged in the indigo trade, and returned to his native home. The latter years of his life were spent in Ireland, where he died in 1856. R. M. Chambre was educated at Rossell College, Lancastershire, England. He later, during the years 1866-'67, took a thorough course in music at Kneeler hall, Whitton, a suburb to the city of London, England. In 1879 he joined the English army as a soldier and musician, and that and the following year (1880) he spent in South Africa; fought in the Zulu war, and witnessed the most hor- rilile slaughter of the larger number of his comrades. Mr. Chambre retired from the Englisii army in 1879. In 1881 he came to America. August 17, 1888, he joined the United States Army, and was commissioned Sergeant. He spent eight month at David's Island in New York Harbor, where he was assigned to the First United States Infantry, and filled the position of Drill Instructor. He came with his regiment to Angel Island in San Francisco Harbor, and was there appointed Band Ser- geant and Drum Major, and the following July was made principal musician of his band. After spending several montiis in the Sioux Indian campaign in South Dakota, he purchased his discharge, and relinquished army life. April 20, 1891, he married Mrs. Rosalie Schaufle, of Monterey, where he has perma- nently located, and is proprietor of the Pa- cific Ocean House, one of the best kept and most popular hotels on the coast. His final location at Monterey, has arroused a hitherto somewhat latent interest in local musical cir- cles, and as a result the Chambre's Monterey Orchestra has been organized. Mrs. Chambre is an old resident of Mon- terey, and is well known as a lady of many excellent qualities, marked executive ability and business energy. fANTIAGO J. DUCKWORTH was born in Monterey, June 13, 1865. At the age of six years he lost his father, and with his two older brothers was sent to the Watsonville Orphan Asylum, then in charge of the Franciscan Fathers, where he was educated, In 1883 he accepted the of- fice of chief operator in the Federal Tele- graph service of Mexico in the State of So- nora. This responsible position he filled for term of three years, when he resigned and returned to Monterey, where he established a real-estate and insurance business in com- pany with his brother, B. E. Duckworth. He is a prominent member of the Young Men's Institute, being District Deputy of Monterey county, and having represented Institute No. 57, at the Grand Council held in Stockton, September, 1888. He belongs to an old fam- ily, and is a natural and talented orator; has taken an active part in political campaigns, addressing citizens in Monterey county. The father of our subject was named Wal- ter Duckworth, an Englishman by birth. He arrived in California, in 1829 and was a sailor by occupation. In 1832 he was one of the forty-five foreigners to resist the revo- lutionary movement of Eschendia against the legitimate authority of the Mexican Gov- ernment, in California, at Monterey. Mr. Duckworth followed varions occupations in Monterey, keeping a store and teaching AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. school at various points near Monterey. He lived in a house, not tar from the presidio walls, which was for years a favorite and quiet resort for sailors and officers of the presidio. Here they had their games, drank their wines. Walter Duckworth accompan- ied Douglas on a trip from Monterey to San Francisco, in 1841, and probably died soon after, in 1843. He was sometimes called Santiago and was at the head of local political affairs in Monterey, in 1835. He was a man of modest demeanor and was born about 1804. He married, at Monterey, Miss An- tonio Armento, a daughter of Tio Armento, owaer of Point Pinos and a retired Mexican Boldier. Dr. Francis Rico says of Don Tio Armento that " he was a generous-hearted and brave man. He saved the life of the captain of the brig Natalia, which was wrecked in harbor, on her return voyage from the banishment of Napoleon, on the is- land of St. Helena. The brig went to pieces while lying at anchor of Monterey and Don Armento seeing the peril of her crew swam to the wreck, rescued the captain by bringing him safely to shore on his back ". The land that Don Armento owned included the pres- ent site of New Monterey. Our subject has proven himself worthy of the brave ancestors and is a true descendant of them. If either father or grandfather could see him now they would have no reason to feel anything but proud of the representa- tive who so honorably maintains the credit of the old and honored family of Duckworth. •^1 B. NASH, one of the pioneers of Cali- fornia, came to the State, in 1853, * via the Isthmus of Panama, from the Pine Tree State, Maine. Mr. Nash was born in Columbia, Wash- ington county, Maine. March 3, 1834. His father, Jesse Lee Nash was a lumberman and shipbuilder, and of the four sons and two daughters born to him, our subject is the youngest. Upon coming to California our subject proceeded to the mines where he spent six months. He then went to Astoria, Oregon, and spent a year in the pine lumber- ing mills of that place, from which section he went to liedwood City. Mr. Nash then spent nine years in the lumber regions of San Matio and Sierra counties, after which he made a trip of about six months to the East- ern States. January 15, 1865, he married Miss Abbie W. Dorman, a dangiiter of L. Dorman, of Addison, Washington county, Maine. Her father was a ship-carpenter. In 1869 Mr. and Mrs. Nash settled on their present home of 112 acres, adjoining the city of Hollister, of which city Mr. Nash is a prominent and esteemed business man. Mr. and Mrs. Nash have six children, natnely: Warren G., born November 11, 1865, married Eliza M. Wood, November 13, 1889, at San Jose; Minnie A., born February 9, 1867, now Mrs. James A. Cushman of San Jose, married November 28, 1889; Edward L., born August 19, 1868; Wilber D., born February 15, 1871 and died May 30, 1872; and two others. l^ATRICK BREEN, deceased.— This fam- l^p^ ily name is a most familiar one to the ^k residents of Mouterpy and San Benito counties. It also has an honored place in the early annals of California's history. Pat- rick Ureen was born in Ireland. He came to America in 1828. He lived for a time and married in Upper Canada. In 1834 he re- 436 MOST E RET, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, moved to Iowa and located near Keokuk, where he engao;ed in farming, and where several of his children were born. In the spring of 1846 he decided to emigrate to California, and with his family, then con- sisting of his noble helpmate, Margaret, and John, Edward J., Patrick, Jr., Simon P., James F., Peter and one danghter, Isabella M., took up the journey and proceeded as far as Independence, Missouri. Here they joined the historic Donner party, a train made up of about 250 wagons, making one of the largest and best-equipped trains that ever left that frontier town for the overland trip to this coast. The party proceeded on their journey across the plains, was without notable happenings as far as Fort Bridger in the valley of Salt Lake. Eighty-seven of the party there determined to leave the estab- lished route over the Ilocky mountain range and took a more recently explored trail known as Hastings' cut-off, a portion of which lay through the Weber canon, which was thought to intersect the old road again on the Humboldt, making a cut-off of about 300 miles. Patrick Breen and his family east their lot with this ill-fated party. The new route proved to be in poor condition, the journey slow and their ox teams became wearied and exhausted, and their stock of provisions ran low. They became appre- hensive of serious troubles and delays, which soon proved well founded. They pushed on under various difficulties. Hungry and foot- sore they felt compelled to take a few days' rest at the point where now stands the town of Reno, Nevada. During the four days' delay here storm clouds were seen to gather and the party resumed their journey. The storm came, and on October 28, 1846, they found tliemselves about three miles below Truckee, on Prosser creek, in about six inches of snow. They were dismayed, but faltered not. and in a somewhat disorganized condition they readied Donner lake. All attempts to make further progress were baffled by the storm and camp was struck at this point. The storm raged in relentless fury for days; three ox teams were frozen and other stock were buried beneath the snow and frozen to death. The details of the starvation and suffering that this party endured during their long, tedious and cold weeks of confinement beggars de- scription. The Breen family found and occupied a rude cabin standiug about one-fourth mile distant from the lake, which they occupied. The Murphys built another about 300 yards distant, and the Groves family built theirs near Donner creek and about 150 yards dis- tant from the lake, and the Donners con- structed a brush shed in Alder Creek valley, seven miles from the lake. About six weeks passed in these terrible prisons, when a party of five women, eight white men and two Indians started out on snows-lioes over the mountains to obtain a relief if possible. Of this party one only succeeded in reaching Johnson's ranch on Bear river, and this on his thirty-second day after leaving Donner lake. The others, save four, who were rescued a day or two later, perished on the way. From Johnson's ranch the story of distress flew swiftly down the Sacramento valley and Captain Sutter fitted out a relief train of men with mules and provisions. San Francisco city raised a fund of $1,500 and fitted out a second expedition, and the naval commander of the port of San Francisco started out a third. It was this last party that, late in April, 1847, found and rescued the Breen and Graves families from the clutches of death by starvation in an icy prison of a full AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. six raontlis' confinement. One John Stark, a brave, true-hearted anil coiiscieutioiis man, stood firm for a complete rescue against the judgment of a possibility of two other members of the rescuing party of three. John Stark piloted this famished party out of danger, carrying all the provisions, blankets and utensils on his back and at times one or two of the weaker children. The names of this company were Patrick and Margaret Breen, John Breen, Patrick Breen, Jr., James F. Breen, Peter Breen, Isabella M. Breen, Nancy Graves and Mary Donner. Stark was a man of great physical power and endurance: he also had a stout heart and an abiding sense of duty. Thus he was the only one of this rescuing party who had the bravery to un- dertake the great task of taking this cold and starving company out of their bondage. The others of the rescuing party strongly favored taking a portion of the party first and leaving the Breens for another expedi- tion, which meant certain death to all who were to be left. All finally arrived at Sut- ter's Fort in safety, however, James F. Breen having had his feet badly frozen. Patrick Breen lived at Sutter's Fort from March until September, 1847, and at San Jose until February, 1848, when he located with his family at San Juan, where he reared his family, took an active and honorable part in local affairs. He died at his home in 1868, and Margaret, the widow, who was a woman of great force of character and Chris- tian fortitude, died in 1874. Portraits of these esteemed pioneers appear in " Mc- Glashan's Donner Party." The Breen fam- ily in San Benito is honored and influential. John Breen, the oldest of the children of Patrick and Margaret Breen, is a resident of San Juan, a prosperous farmer and stock- raiser. He was born in Upper Canada, Feb- ruary 21, 1832. In June, 1848, he, in com- pany with James Enright, of San Jose, engaged in placer mining at Mormon island on the south fork of the American river. He spent the fall and winter of 1848-'49 at Hangtown, now Placerville, in El Dorado county. He there witnessed the lynching of three men, the first occurrence of the kind in the mines, which affair gave the raining town its early-day name. In March, 1849, he returned to San Juan, where he has, for the greater part of the time, since lived. He married at Monterey, in October, 1852, Miss Leah Margaret Smith, who came with her parents across the plains in 1848, froui Illinois. A sketch of her fa- ther. Judge E. Smith, who was the first Postmaster at San Juan and held other local otfices, appears elsewhere in this work. Mr. and Mrs. John Breen have eight children. In 1860 Mr. Breen held the ofiice of " Su- pervisor at Large " of Monterey county be- fore its segregation, when each supervisor district had a representative on the County Board, and one at large was elected, and as such was ex-officio Chairman of the Board. He has for thirty years continuously served on the Board of School Trustees of San Juan district. He has cast his vote at every general election in San Juan since he was twenty-one years of age. He voted the Democratic ticket until Lincoln's second can- didacy for the presidency, since which time he has voted with the Republican party. He was elected to a seat on the Board of Super- visors ot San Benito couuty at the last elec- tion (1892). John Breen is a man of broad intelligence, practical sense and good judg- ment. Bancroft mentions his " Pioneer Mem- oirs," of eighty manuscript pages, as among the most valued in his extensive collection Edward J. Breen, deceased, the second old- 428 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRVZ, est of the family, was known throughout Monterey and San Benito counties as an en- ergetic and successful business man. He was born in Upper Canada, September 3, 1833, and was consequently thirteen years of age when the family came to the coast. He spent his youth in the valleys and the mountains of Monterey and San Benito coun- ties, where he gained a practical knowledge of stock-raising. His industry, frugality and aptness for business were potent factors in his early success, and in due time found him in possession of bands of sheep and cattle of his own on the open ranges. He married Kate Sullivan, in 1856; she survived only until 1862, leaving him three sons. Mr. Breen was married again October 25, 1881, to Mary J., a daughter of Patrick and Mary Burns, pioneers of San Francisco, where Mrs. Breen was born. Mr. Breen was an active, thoroughgoing business man. He was generous and open-hearted, and very so- cial in his nature, consequently widely known and had an army of followers who were proud to claim him as a personal friend. By his last marriage there are three sons, William A., James Edwin and Henry J. He died August 3, 1890, leaving a valuable es- tate and an honorable name to the widow and his sons. The family home, one of the most substantial in San Benito county, is lo- cated at San Juan. Patrick Breen, the third son of Patrick and Margaret Breen, was born at Keokuk, Iowa, March 12, 1837, and came overland with the family, as heretofore stated, and suf- fered with them the excruciating mental and physical torture that fell to the lot of the Donner party. He was then ten years of age and has spent his youth and early man- hood in San Benito county. He early took up farming and has continuously pursued the same. In 1868 he married Miss Amelia Ander- son, a native of Australia, a lady of domestic tastes and social culture. They reside in the city of Hollister. Mr. Breen's farm, con- sisting of several hundred acres of the choic- est soil of the San Juan valley. Like all others of this pioneer family he is esteemed for his sterling traits of character. Hon. James F. Breen, Superior Judge of San Benito county, is one of the most earnest men in law and literature in the State. He was born at Keokuk, Iowa, January 21, 1841, coming overland to California with his par- ents in 1846, as before stated ; he was a small boy when they located at San Juan, where he grew up and received the rudiments of his education. In 1857 he entered Santa Clara College, graduating in 1861. He then en- tered the law office of Clark & Carpentier, in San Francisco, and in 1862 was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court. He then re- turned to San Juan and engaged in the prac- tice of his profession. In 1864 he was elected District Attorney of Monterey county, and was re-elected in 1866. In 1870 he was elected Judge of Monterey county, which position he held till 1874, when San Benito county was carved from Monterey, when he resigned to cast his lot with the county which included his home, San Juan. He was ap- pointed Judge of the new county by Gov- ernor Booth, but at the end of his term of office, declined re-election, and resumed the practice of law in Hollister. In 1877 he was elected Assemblyman, and while represent- ing this county, served on the Judiciary, Public Lands and Labor Investigation Com- mittees of the House. In 1879, after the adoption of the " New Constitution," Judge Breen was almost AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. nnaiiiinously elected Superior Judge, there being but thirteen votes cast against him. He was re-elected in 1884. and again in 1890, which position he now (1892) holds. Jndge Breeu is a Republican in politics, a student of the law, an impartial and able jurist and with all a popular citizen. He is married and has for years resided in Hollister. Isabella Breen, the only daughter of Pat- rick and Margaret Breen, married Thomas McMahon, Esq., a well-known citizen of Hollister. Peter Breeu, a member of this family, died, and the writer believes, next younger than James F., arrived safely in California. He died single in 1870. Simon P. Breen, Bancroft mentions as be- ing the next younger than Patrick, Jr., or the fourth born. The writer is lacking data oonceruincr him. fAMES L. MYLAR, one of the early pioneers of California, came to this State in 1850, from Gentry county, Missouri, although he was born in Madison county, Missouri, April 17, 1825, a son of James and Henrietta (Jette) Mylar, natives of South Carolina and Virginia, respectively. They were pioneers of Missouri, having lo- cated in Gentry county, about seven miles from Athens, the county seat. Twelve children were born to them, nine of whom lived to maturity, namely: Polly, Richard, Jnlia, Enoch, Frank, Israel, James L., Isaac and Thomas. Mention may be found of Is- rael and Enoch on another page of this vol- ume, by reference to the index. Upon coming to California Mr. Mylar spent about six years in the mines of Placer, Toulumne and Mariposa counties, meeting with average success in both quartz and placer diggings. In 1868 he left Mariposa county and located in San Juan, where he engaged in farming and stock-raising and here he still resides. Mr. Mylar married Miss Mary A. Neal, the accomplished daughter of William Neal, on November 27, 1848. William Neal was a farmer and stock-raiser. Mr. and Mrs. Mylar have six living children, namely: William, who died when an infant; James L., born January 6, 1851, died 1868; Julia A., who died at the age of fifteen; John died when nine years of age; Dicie J., born August 21, 1856; Emma, wife of William Shaw, born March 29, 1859; Mary, born May 1, 1861; Carrie, wife of George Mc Iiityre, of Salinas, born November 7, 1863; Fred J., born March 2, 1866; and Frank, born January 13, 1870. Mr. and Mrs. Mylar have six grand-chil- dren of whom they are very proud. The Mylar home in San Juan canon is one of the most picturesque and retired spots anywhere in the vicinity of the historic old town of San Juan. Mr. and Mrs. Mylar are estima- ble people and the family command the re- spect of the community in which they have lived for so many years. tUIS RAGGIO.— The subject of this sketch was born in Italy, seventy-two years ago; but in spite of a life of great activity he is still well reserved and as capa- ble of work as most men of fifty. His fa- ther was a large farmer in his native land, but at the age of twenty-one young Luis ac- quired a longing for life in America and came to New Orleans, where he remained for five years, during most of which time he MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, acted as pilot on the Mississippi river. From that city be caiue to San Diego, Cali- fornia, via Mexico, and from there went to San Francisco, where he remained one win- ter; thence returned down to the coast to Monterey, where he engaged in lumbering, and owned and operated a primitive whip sawmill, on the Polero, and later the San Francisquito ranch. He furnished the lum- ber for the old Washington Hotel and also the old Pacific hotel, at Monterey, two relics of the by-gone prosperous days of old Mon- terey. Such lumber as he was able to pro- duce at that time sold for |340 per M. In 1849 he went to San Luis Obispo, opened a general merchandise store and operated it successfully. In 1853 he ob- tained a contract from the United States to supply the Indians and the army at Fort Miller, at the head of the San Joaquin river. When the garrison moved to Washington Territory, Mr. Kaggio went to Visalia, where he built and conducted the Eagle Hotel. After three years he moved to San Luis Obispo, on account of sickness, and there he engaged in farming and stock raising. In the dry year of 186.3-'64 he moved to San Juan, where he has ever since remained and has held an iniiuential position in the com- munity. At first he was engaged in the butchering business, but now is the owner of 1,200 acres of fine land near San Juan, which is devoted principally to the raising of cattle. In San Luis Obispo he was appointed the first Jus- tice of the Peace and was also Associate Jus- tice in the District Court of that county. He is an accomplished linguist, speaking fluently French, Spanish, English, Portu- guese and Italian. He was elected in 1890, to the office of Supervisor in the important district of San Juan; has faithfully attended to the duties of the office intrusted to him and still retains that oflice, in 1892. Our suliject married Marie Einisa, whose father was a native of Spain, by this lady he has six living children, four sons and two daughters. — >^>^ It < ; . ^i ,i>...>— — fW. THOLCKE.— Mr. Tholcke is a fa- miliar figure on the streets of Salinas. * This gentleman came to the Golden State in 1873. He is a native of Germany, and came to America, when about nineteen years old. Lauding at New York city he remained in the East about three years, dur- ing which time he traveled in the United States and British Columbia. In 1874 he came to Salinas valley, where he spent a few months on a ranch and then assumed the man- agement of the Gabilan House, on the creek of tlie same name, between Salinas and San Juan. Here he remained about six years and then came to Salinas, where he has since re- mained. Mr. Tholcke is now the owner of one of the most popular wine rooms in the city. In 1880 Mr. Tholcke married in Salinas Miss Henrietta Markman, who bore him seven children, namely: Neta, Minnie, Frederick, Grover C, Etta and John. In politics Mr. Tholcke is an influential Democrat and a member of the local City Council. fH. MENKE, one of the most prosper- ous business men of Salinas, has been ® a resident of the State of California since 1869. He is a native of Hanover. Germany, and came to America in 1865. His first stopping place was New York city, where he worked for two years in a ship- AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. chandlery store, but in 1869 he made his way to San Francisco, where he engaged in work in a grocery store. Later he removed to Santa Cruz, where he remained until 1874, when he purchased an interest in the brewing business of Messrs. Louis & Wagner. Li 1877 he bought out Mr. Wagner, and in 1891 he erected a spacious and complete brewery, 50x112 feet in size, three stories in height, with a capacity of about twenty-iive barrels per day. He ships the product of the Salinas brewery to adjoining towns, besides supplying a large local demand. Mr. Menke married Emma Tholcke, of Sa- linas, in 1879, and they have six children, namely: William, Leta, Emma, Henry, Maria and Carl. Mr. Menke is serving his second term on the City Board of Trustees; is a popular officer and an enteipaising and suc- cessful business man. fANIEL M. McCarthy, of Holllster, California, is a native of Saratoga, Santa Clara county, this State, born March 20, 1860. In 1874 he came to Hol- lister, and for eight months attended school here. After that he went to San Jose and learned the gas-fitting and plumbing busi- ness, at which he worked three years. The following year he was engaged in ranching there. He then worked in the paper mills at Saratoga, and again farmed. From 1879 to 1888 he conducted a winery and raised grapes, etc., at Hollister. He then rented his winery and ranch and engaged in the ex- press business, being agent for Wells, Fargo & Co. In 1890 he was elected Coroner of the county. While in Santa Clara county, he served as Deputy Sheriff and Constable. In June, 1888, Mr. McCarthy was united in marriage to Miss Mary L. Marsh, in his native town, they being the first native son and daughter to marry at that place. Mr. McCarthy's father, now deceased, was a Mexican war veteran. His mother is still living. —■■ ^«^«^>~- 1g»,0N. E. C. TULLY.— This well-known IH) pioneer of San Benito county is known ■^(f throughout the State as a reliable, honest citizen. He came to California from Chi hiiahua, Mexico, in 1853, via Los Angeles. Mr. Tully is a native of Tennessee, and was born on the banks of the Mississippi i-iver, April 16, 1826. His father, L. B. Tully, was an Attorney at law, a Virginian by birth and his mother, Sarah ClafSn, a native of Tennessee. Mr. Tully spent spent his boy- hood on a farm in Arkansas, but when only sixteen he started in life for himself. He spent several years in the western interior, joined the United States Army as an inde- pendent volunteer in 1847, at Santa Fe, New Mexico, and fought until the close of the Mexican war. He then engaged in mer- chandising at Chihuahua until 1853, when he sold the business, invested his capital in sheep and with a partner drove a herd of 20,000 sheep to California. Tiiese they sold, and from 1856 to 1861 engaged in stock- raising. In the latter year he located on his present ranch and for several years was the only settler in Bitter Water valley, his nearest trading post and post office being Gilroy, sixty-five miles distant. Mr. Tully is a self-made man, never having had but eight months of common schooling, but ranks among his associates as a " many- sided " and most thoroughly educated person. In addition to his complete mastery of the English language and all its branches of MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, literature, he reads, writes and speaks fluently the French and Spanish languages, reads and writes the Italian and Portuguese, and has some knowledge of German and Latin. Mr. Tully was married, in Chihuahua, Mexico, in 1849, to Miss Maria Gaudalupe Quintanar, and thej have had eleven children: Louis B., Edward A., Frank P., Richard R., James B., JohnC, Lucrecia, Sarah E., General Lee, George W. and Henry C, the last four but one being deceased. The Tuily family tie is a strong one. The estate is owned and managed in common, and the family live almost as one. Their musical instinct is very great and the Bitter Water brass band, of several pieces and a full " string band " are almost entirely composed of members of the Tully family. Mr. Tully is well read in legal matters, and is now the People's candidate for Disti-ict Attorney of San Benito county. He is a licensed, but not now a practicing attorney, preferring his present farmer life. He has, on several occasions, declined nominations for Congress from his State, but has served his Assembly district in the Legislature of 1857-'58, 1868-'69, 1872-'73 and 1887^^88, and as a Legislator he has made an able officer. He is a clear, forcible reasoner; is logical, and, at times, even eloquent. He has left a clean record in his public career, and his pres- ent comparative poverty fully attests his honesty and integrity, whicli has never been questioned. We quote entire the following extract from a biographical sketch, written by a long-life friend of Mr. Tully: " His life has been one of many interesting adventures, one of which, as illustrating the character of the man, or rather boy, was the leading of a party of four from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Independence in the midwinter of 1846-'47, over the then desert of 1,100 miles of unbroken, snow- covered plains, without the loss of a man, — a feat that, it is believed, had never before been successfully accomplished by a white man. Another was the 'piloting' of a ' prairie schooner,' as the huge Santa Fe traders' wagons were called, with six yoke of Missouri oxen attached, from Independence, Missouri, to the city of Chihuahua, Mexico, in 1847-48, a distance of about 1,700 miles. And later, the driving of a herd of 20,000 head of sheep from the interior of Mexico overland to San Francisco, California, in 1853, 2,500 miles, through a country teaming with hostile Indians. "Mr. Tully belongs to the ' Old School ' of gentlemen (now fast becoming extinct), the ' Southern type,' inheriting as he did from his father those ideas of social life and un- bounded hospitality common to the ' Old Virginia gentleman.' He has always kept 'open house,' and is known far and wide for his genial hospitality; in his own words, ' the latch string always hangs on the out- side.' As may readily be inferred, his varied experience and adventures in life, and especially, in the ' woolly West,' have furn- ished him with an almost inexhaustible store of anecdote and story, which make him a genial and interesting companion and a good conversationalist. Always ' at home,' what- ever the place or occasion, whether to respond to a toast, make an impromptu stump speech, or pull an unfortunate out of a mudhole; frank and open handed; always ready and willing to help the distressed. It need scarcely be necessary to add that he is not a ' bloated bondholder ' or millionaire, yet he has always contrived to ' keep the wolf from the door,' and is at present in ' good circum- stances,' with a reasonable guarantee that his old age will be comparatively free from dan- r^l. ^^r^)/^l^ ^ AND SAN MATEO G0UNTIE3. 433 ger of want. His time is spent mostly on his ranch in company with bis family, who are mostly settled down around him ; occupied in making or repairing wagons and other farm machinery, — for he is 'a jack of all trades,' — and writing occasional articles for the press, on poll Heal and social economics, many of which have been extensively copied throughout the land. "Mr. Tully was ' born a Democrat ' and lived a Democrat until the late campaign, when he joined the F. A. & T. U. and became a ' Populist,' dedicating himself to the cause of » the class with which his lines in life have been cast' (to use his own words) the ' labor- ing and producing class.' He was a dele- gate to the late ' Supreme Council ' of the F. A. & T. U. from California; is Deputy State Organizer and Lecturer for his State; and expects to make a vigorous canvass, in the interest of the order for the next campaign. Such, in brief, is the man whose biography we have presented in these pages." flJAN B. CASTRO.— It is safe to eay that no citizen of Monterey county is more widely or favorably known through- out the central coast counties, than Don Juan Bautista Castro. His family name has been a conspicuous one in the annals of old Span- ish history and the Spanish-American history of the last two centuries. He is a native of the old city of Monterey, California, and was born June 24 (St. John's day), 1836, and was the son of Hon. Simeon de Castro, deceased, the tirst Alcalde of Monterey, later Judge of the First Instance, and one of the wealthiest men of his day and a most distinguished tigure in California's civil and political life. The mother of our subject was Maria Antonia Pico de Castro, a sister of Governor Pico, likewise a distinguished family. Juan B. in- herited many of the excellent traits of his father's character, a warm, loyal heart, a most amiable and social nature, and a laudable busi- ness ambition. He received his early school- ing in Monterey. His father died in 1842, leaving a large landed estate, and at the age of twenty-one he assumed the business con- trol of this property, embracing about eight leagues of land in Monterey county. He was one of the first Californians to discern and concede the necessity of dividing up and settling the old land grants of California, if they would have the State develop in popula- tion and wealth. He demonstrated his faith in this theory by subdividing a portion of the Castro estate and selling it off to actual set- tlers, or leasing to those who were unable to buy. Also, in December, 1863, he platted and laid the foundation of the present little thrifty city of Castroville. In 1868 he sub- divided the ranchos Balsa Nueva and Moro Cojo, a total of 39,000 acres. The city of Castroville, which he founded, grew rapidly and did a large business until the coming of the Southern Pacific railroad, whereupon a share of the business was di- rected to other points on this line. In Decem- ber of that same year he founded the Castro- ville Argus, which for a period flourished as one of the most influential newspapers of the State. There is scarcely a public enterprise of merit that Mr. Castro has not promptly identified himself with and become a chief sup- porter of the same. He has always been a con- spicuous figure in local politics, and is a loyal, ardent Democrat. Mr. Castro has never failed to do his utmost to promote the success of his party in every contest. He has willingly expended thousands of dollars to maintain Democratic organization in this MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SA.\TA CRUZ, county, wl>en it was uphill business. He has always befriended the poor man, often to his own detriment, and has always encouraged American labor by employing it at good wages. In 1871 our subject was made the nominee for State Treasurer of California, and received a flattering vote, his party being in the minor- ity. Touching his candidacy, we make the following clipping from the Stockton Daily Leader, whicii is in touch with many other articles upon the subject that appeared in many other leading State journals: "The State Treasurer is made by law the custodian of the public moneys, hence in the choice of a candidate for that oiflce the people ought to be vigilant and prudent. Hon. J. B. Castro, of Castroville, is announced as a candidate for the office of State Treasurer. He is a brother of the late Governor Castro, of lower Cali- fornia, and also of Don Manuel Castro, a respected citizen of San Francisco, and a member of a family honorably identified with the history of the State. He has filled the office of Treasurer of Monterey county for several terms, and discharged its duties in such a manner as to win the approbation of all parties. We can say with truth that the people of Monterey and adjoining counties honor Mr. Castro and would give him a nearly imanimous vote for the office of State Treasurer. There is one other reason why his nomination would be most gratifying, and that is because he is a native Californian. That gallant people ought to have at least one representative upon every ticket placed in the iield, and the political party that ignores the native Californian may count upon inevitable disaster and utter overthrow. The Americans, who have professed such ardent friendship for the natives of our favored State, must remember that they are to-day, as ever, alert, vigilant and powerful, and that it is their boast and pride that they never turned their back on a friend nor an enemy." Our subject was offered the nomination for the same office later on, but he declined. He has twice held the office of Treasurer of Monterey county, and several times has been Supervisor of the First District. Mr. Castro was married in 1868, to Miss Catalina, a daughter of the late Louis Pom- bert, a California pioneer, further mention of whom appears in this volume in the sketch of Juan Pombert, Esq. Mr. and Mrs. Cas- tro have three sons and four daughters, namely: Juan B., Jr., Elijah, Jose, Louis, Lucy, Felicia and Maria, and three who died in infancy. Mr. Castro's interests, landed and other- wise, are extensive, and his circle of friends large throughout the State. General Castro, brother of our subject, now deceased, was a remarkable man, and passed through a career at once brilliant and varied. In his death, not only his relatives and immediate friends mourned, but accord- ing to Spanish history all Christeudon should have wept, for he was, without doubt, a lineal descendant of the General Castro who e.x- pelled the Moors from Spain. The death of this distinguished gentleman occurred April, 1891, at the residence of his brother, Juan B. Castro. From the Castroville Enterprise, May 1, 1891, we add the following paragraphs: GENERAL CASTRO's DEATH AN OLD HERO AND EARLY PIONEER PASSES AWAY. The woodman goes through the forest and at night time many a tree has fallen; he comes again, and other trees fall, but we do AJ^J) SAir MATEO COUNTIES. not note his progress until some special favorite of ours, or a grand old monarch of the forest is taken from us; then we grieve and mourn over the ruthless work of the woodman's ax. Last Saturday night, at 3 a. m., General Manuel Castro, a man with an individuality and character that marked him as a monarch oak in the forest of life, was cut down by Death's sharp battle-ax. Here was a special favorite, a man who had played many im- portant parts in the history of California under the old Spanish regime, and his death will be a matter of regret to many of the early pioneers who knew him and loved him for his goodness of heart and head. General Castro had been lying dangerously ill for some time at the residence of his brother, Juan B., of this place, and though his death seemed sudden, as death always does, still it was not unexpected. The de- ceased was a native of Monterey county, and his life seems intimately connected and woven in with the history of the same. Strong and stanch, and ever ready to ad- vance the best interests of those around him, Monterey county and (California generally will cherish the memory of him who helped to mold and make her early history. In his last hours of suft'ering he had the kind attention of his brother. Supervisor J. B. Castro and wife, Mrs. C. Bomber de Castro, and her two nieces. Misses Rufina and Rosa Bomber, daughters of the late Jose Manuel Bomber. One striking coincidence is that General Castro was sponsor for the late Bomber, father of the young ladies who were among his last attendants, and who ever waited upon him day and night. The funeral services were held at 3 o'clock on Sunday. Many friends of the deceased from Monterey, Watsonville and Salinas were present to pay their last sad tribute to the dead. We are indebted to E. B. Kelley, who had the pleasure of being a personal warm friend of the deceased, for the following interesting account of his life: General Castro was a remarkable man, and passed through a career at once brilliant and varied. Born at the old presidio of Monte- rey (where the present Catholic church stands) on Christmas day, 1821, he was ushered into Mexican rule at the beginning of her independence from Spain, and was destined to play an important role in the country's government. Mexico then included all the territory from the gulf of Mexico west to the Bacilic ocean, and north to the northern boundary of California. His father was the late Simeon de Castro, the first Alcalde of Monterey, and one of the wealthiest and most prominent men in California, afterward holding the office of Judge and other offices of honor and trust. The mother was Maria Antonia Bico de Cas- tro, a sister of Governor Bico. Backed by a parentage so distinguished and wealthy, he was given every opportunity that wealth and influence could bring to him. Being naturally ambitious and possessing great native ability, he improved all advantages. In 1839, at the early age of eighteen years, he was Secretary and Collector of the port of Monterey, and three years later, in 1842-'43, was Secretary to the Brefect of Monterey. He was the prime mover in the revolt against Michelto- rena. Governor of Alta California, and took an active part throughout the troubles of 1844 and 1845. He was once captured and exchanged, and was finally commissioned to make a treaty. Under the administration of 1845 he was made Brefect of Monterey dis- trict and Lieutenant of the Monterey com- MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRVZ, panj. He was little less distinguished Id civil affairs, and was the warm supporter of Governor Pico, against General Jose Castro. In 1846 he was promoted as Captain of the Santa Barbara company, and received a grant of eleven leagues of land, the celebrated Laguna Detache, but continued his services as Prefect. In the war with the United States for the conquest of California, he was the most prominent figure on the Mexican side, and fonght General John C. Fremont's army to the last. He was a patriot and fought in de- fense of his government and its citizens. His trouble with General Cambuston is too well known to review at this time. He was sent south in July, 1846, as comisionado to effect a reconciliation between his cousin, General Jose Castro, and Governor Pico, who was his uncle. On the departure of General Jose Castro, he was elected to command at Los Angeles. General Castro would never admit that he was, and it is not known whether he was, one of the officers captured and paroled by Stock- ton's men. On the outbreak of the Flores revolt, he was put in command of the north- ern division, and commanded during the en- tire Natividad campaign. After the war he fled to Mexico with Flores, where he con- tinned in the military service several years. He was violently opposed to the treaty of peace, and for his opposition was, together with several other generals, arrested by the Santa Ana faction, but was released and ap- pointed to command in Lower California. He afterward yielded the command to Gen- eral Xegrete, and veuturing to San Francisco in 1854, has since resided the greater part of his time in California. To the moment of his death he remained loyal to his country, and never became an American citizen, pre- ferring to spend the remainder of his life true to the sentiments and principles for which he had staked his life and fortunes. One thing noticeable in his character, how- ever, was the interest he manifested in the growth and prosperity of his native State — California. The American people, appre- ciating the patriotic desires of the General, joined Mexico in pronouncing his conduct brave, heroic and patriotic. Indeed, all who knew his kind, gentle manners, could only the more admire his devotion to his lost cause. During the Maximilian war he aided in raising troops, arras and money to fight Maxi- milian, and, together with Generals Hocho and Pega, accomplished much in that direc- tion. For the distinguished services rendered by him to the Government, General Diaz, Presi- dent of Mexico, tendered the appointment of colonel and brevet-general in the regular army, with full pay, or offered him the choice of going on the retired list of the army, with half pay, and in addition a patent to twenty square leagues of land, on condition that lie would reside upon Mexican territory. To this condition he would never accede, and de- clined the offer made him. The' General was refined and courteous, but firm in his opinions and his demeanor. He was a Roman Catholic, and never be- longed to any secret society of any kind. While he loved society and was well known for his gallantry, he preferred to remain sin- gle, and therefore never married. Two brothers, Juan B. and Leandro Cas- tro, survive him; while two sisters, Juana Castro de Merritt and Maria Castro de San- chez, and four brothers, Manuel. Jr., Pedro Jose, Antonio and Jose Francis, preceded him to the grave. In his death not only his AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. relatives and immediate friends mourn, but according to Spanish history all Christendom should weep, for lie was, without doubt, a lineal descendant of the General Castro who expelled the Moors from Spain, under ap- pointment (as Generalissimo) of a king of Spain who was canonized and made a saint. fHOMAS J. RIORDAN, the efficient and popular Clerk of Monterey county, residing in Salinas, was born in San Francisco, November 15, 1859. His family removed to Salinas valley in 1860, his father, Michael Riordan, having come to California in 1854. After attending the public schools of Natividad, in this county, he was two years in St. Mary's College, San Francisco, leaving this latter institution in 1876. He commenced his business life as a clerk in the general merchandise store of John S. Paine, at Pajaro, where he remained about a year. After this he went to tlie southern part of the county with W. H. Taylor, superintend- ent of the coast stage line, coming to Salinas later, in the employ of W. W. Battles, a prominent grain buyer. After the death of W. W. Battles, he went into grain business for iiimself, and while in this business was elected Auditor. He was elected County Auditor in 1882; subsequently he went into the tailoring and furnishing goods business with T. B. Johnson, under the firm name of Johnson & Riordan. After three years of successful business operation he sold out, in October, 1887, and went into the grain-buy- ing business with S. Z. Hebert. He was elected County Clerk in 1888, 1890 and again in 1892, which fact plainly shows the general satisfaction his services have given and the esteem in which he is held. Mr. Riordan was married October 21, 1884, to Miss Madge Sheehy, daughter of e.x-Super- visor John Sheehy, and they have two bright children, a son and daughter. Socially, Mr Riordan belongs to the Native Sons of the Golden West, one of the largest societies on the coast. In all the various walks of life, as a hus- band and father, business man and public official, he has always been the same able, honorable and kind-hearted person, and has achieved an enviable position in life and in the regard of those who know and appreciate his many excellent qualities. J^ E. G. ANZAR, of San Juan, Califor- i^p nia, a descendentof one of the earliest ^e * settlers of California, and a man of wealth and influence, was born in this city, February 10, 1851. His father, Juan M. Anzar, was grantee of Aromitas rancho in 1835, and of the Santa Ana ranch in 1839, constituting him a man of wealth; and pos- sessing strong traits of character, he had great influence. He served as Justice of the Peace at San Juan, from 1839 to 1841, and favored the cause of the United States. He married Marie Antonio Castro, who was the mother of the subject of this sketch. She was a daughter of Mariano M. Castro, a na- tive of San Juan, and a man of considerable prominence. P. E. G. Anzar, whose name heads this notice, grew up at his native home and re- ceived a good business education. He spent several years in business in San Francisco and Los Angeles, after which he returned to the place of his birth, where he now owns and cultivates about 3,500 acres of the old family estate, situated near San Juan, which is one of the tinest ranches in the county. MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, He married Miss Zeuetta of San Juan, in 1877, and they have three interesting children. Mr. Anzar is a leading Democrat of San Benito county. As a business n>an and citi- zen, he stands deservedly high in the esteem of his community, who know and appreciate his sterlino- traits of character. fRED PORTER NASON, one of the most prosperous farmers of Corral de Tierra, near Salinas, Monterey county, California, widely and favorably known as a progressive business man and public-spirited citizen, was born in Haverhill, New Hamp- shire, January 24, 1856. In many respects his has been a most remarkable career, rival- ing in interest that of Kobinson Crusoe's, and which when written, as it soon will be, will furnish much food for wonderment to all those fortunate enough to read it. Advent- ure and patriotism are in his blood, as his ancest- ors have been men of prominence and action from the earliest known records. His great- grandfather fought at Bunker Hill, and also with two brothers, fought all through the war of the Revolution, from 1776 to 1783. His grandfather, John Nason, was a faithful soldier in the war of 1812. He was a native of Massachusetts, and one of the earliest set- tlers of Haverhill, Massachusetts, where he was a sawmill owner and farmer, and who lived to the advanced age of ninety-three years. The father of the subject of this sketch, also a native of Haverhill, was a loco- motive engineer and was killed in an accident when his son, Fred, was five years of age, after which young Fred went to live with his grandfather. At the age of fourteen, he left home with only $1 in money, and worked his way to Boston, Massachusetts, where he shipped before the mast in the whaling bark, Louisiana, for a three years' voyage. After six months at sea, he was made boatsteerer or harpooner, and before he was fifteen years of age had harpooned his whale. This voy- age lasted thirty-two months, the vessel in that time circumnavigating the globe, so that before he was seventeen, Mr. Nason had been around the world. Upon his return to Boston, he shipped as second mate in the merchant service, in which he spent about two years, during which time he was twice ship-wrecked. Upon his return, he again shipped on a whaler for a short voyage, as third mate, making $1,500 in five months. He then embarked on another vessel and went around the world on an extended whal- ing voj'age of nearly four years' time, meet- ing with many adventures, some of which rival Robinson ('rusoe's; he fought with Chinese pirates in their own waters, and with the cannibals of the Fiji islands on their own shores. Returning again to New Bedford, Massachusetts, he once more, in 1876, shipped as second mate of a large whaler, on which he went around Cape Horn and up into the Arctic ocean, where he spent two seasons, coming to San Francisco in the fall of 1879. He then resolved to quit whaling, so left the vessel and came to Monterey county, where in 1880, he settled on his present farm of 484 acres, which he has cultivated with care, and on which he has made many improve- ments in the way of substantial buildings, etc., until he now owns one of the finest places in the county. In 1881, he married Adeline Watson, an estimable lady, and daughter of ex-sheriff Thomas Watson, of Monterey county. They now have, in 1892, three sons and two daugh- ters. AND 8 AN MATEO COUNTIES. Mr. Nason has always been a DeiDOcrat until recently, when he went into the People's Party. He is a leading member of the Farm- ers' Alliance, for which cause he has done much good work. He has t:early ready for the press, a his- tory or narrative of his personal adventures, extending over the time he was a sailor, about ten years, which will be a very interesting work. As a husband and father, seafaring man and citizen, he has always been the same hard-working, conscientious, brave man; uni- formly genial and courteous, and ever popu- lar with his fellnw-raen. fR. WHITCHER, Jr., is a son of C. R. Whitcher of Castroville, and is an in- ® fluential citizen, merchant and Post- master of the town. 0. R. Whitcher, Sr., is an Englishman by birth, having been born in the suburbs of London. He was about nine years of age, when, with his parents, he came to America and settled in Canada. He there grew up and learned the blacksmith's trade. In 1859, he came to California, and worked at his trade at Degraw's mills, near Cypress point, in Monterey county. He later opened a wagon-shop at Salinas in partnership with Joseph Lacy. He was afterward at Monterey, Watsonville and for a time at Virginia City, Nevada. In the fall of 1865, he settled in Castroville, where he has since resided, and where he enjoys the universal respect of his fellow-citizens. He married to Miss Ann Coy, at Lowell, Massachusetts, and of their three living chil- dren, the subject of this sketch is the young- est. A brother, F. L., is a resident of Los Olivos, Santa Barbara county, and a sister, Lizzie, is the wife of H. J. Laughlin, Esq., of Moss Landing. The subject of this sketch entered business as a general merchant in 1887. On Septem- ber 22 of that year he married a daughter of William Stirling, Esq., of Castroville, and they have one daughter, Jeane Rozella. fOSEPH FRANCICSO VIERRE.— This successful and respected citizen is one of the thrifty farmers of Blanco, Monterey county, California. Like many others of his nationality, he came to this county without money, and laid the foundation for a compe- tency by working on the farm. Mr. Yierre was born on the Azores, off the coast of Portugal, February 28, 1836. He came to America on a whaling cruise in 1856, and made voyages on the coast of Nova Scotia and South America. Upon arrival in California he spent about five years in the mines. He then came to Monterey county, and worked four years on the wharf at Moss' landing. He then spent seven years on farms in the Carmel valley, after which he came to Salinas valley and located at Blanco, where he has since lived. Here he owns 150 acres of fine farming land, and also rents ninety-three acres from J. Jacks, Esq. Mr. Vierre was married in Monterey, in 1866, and has four attractive daughters. f HESTER R. WITTER, a pioneer of California, resident of San Benito county and a native of Albany county. New York, was born near Albany city, October 17, 1833. His father, Robert Witter was a farmer by occupation and was one of the pioneers of Wisconsin, during 1833 and 440 MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, 1840. The family was of German descent and were noted for their industry and thrift. The subject of this sketch came to Cali- fornia via northern route and arrived at Placerville, August, 1853. He spent the greater portion of ten years in the gold diggings, and then resumed his occupation of a farmer in the vicinity of Stockton. In the fall of 1872 he came to San Bernardino county and located on Santa Ana creek, near the fort of Santa Ana peak, where he has since resided and reared his family. The home farm comprises 186 acres of valua- ble land. Mr. "Witter was married, in 1862 to Miss Nancy Skaggs, a native of Missouri, and they have seven children and four grandchil- dren. Mr. Witter is among the most highly re- spected citizens of San Benito county. fAPTAiN WILLIAM J. TOWLE, a California pioneer of 1850, who crossed the plains from Pittsburg, Pennsylva- nia, where he had been born February 22, 1834. His father, Tiioraas F. Towle, was a pioneer of Pittsburg, who worked in the first nail factory built in that city. He was born at Exeter, forty miles east of Boston, in 1809, and came to California in 1850, but returned East the following year. In 1860 he again made the trip and is now a resident of Sonoma, California. Several sons of Thomas F. Towle live in California, — George W., Hugh P., Thomas S. and Oliver C, all farmers of San Benito county. Calvin F., the oldest of the family, is a merchant of Los Gatos. William J., the subject of this sketch, ex- perienced all the vicissitudes of a miner's life, having varied successes and failures until 1864. For sixteen years, until the early part of the year, 1892, he had charge of the Pacific & Coast Steamship Company's interests and wharf at Monterey, in which position he proved himself a most efiicient official, and made hosts of friends by his pleasant and oblging manner. Since his service in the above oflice he has been engaged in the hotel business and stock raising, and is the owner of the Mai Paso (Spanish words meaning Bad Crossing) rancho, comprising 900 acres of stock range, about eight miles south of Monterey, on the coast. Captain Towle married, in 1863, Miss Amelia A. Eaton, a native lady of Wiscon- sin, who came to this State when about ten years of age with her parents, in 1855. The marriage took place in San Francisco, and Captain and Mrs. Towle have one son. Grant, born May 22, 1864. Mr. Towle is a prominent Republican. He voted for Fremont in 1855, and has voted for every Republican nominee for the presiden- tial otfice since. He is widely known through- out the county as a man of great force of character, pronounced and outspoken in his opinions, firm and sometimes aggressive in supporting them. fPHRAIM J. TURNER, deceased, was one of the prominent and worthy pioneers of California. Mr. Turner was born near the town of Dorchester, Massachusetts, November 1,1826. His father, Seth Turner, a shoemaker by oc- cupation, died in that town at the age of eighty-five years His mother, whose maiden name was Lydia Jones, was a native of the same State. She was born in 1804 and died at the age of eighty-six years. Of their four AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 441 sons and one daughter, Epliraiin Jones was the oldest. He was a manufacturer of bri- tannia ware, and pursued that business at Dorchester and later at Taunton, same State. In 1850 Mr. Turner left home and em- barked at Boston for San Francisco, coming via Panama, and upon his arrival at San Francisco went to the mines, where he drove teams and engaged in freighting. Not long afterward he returned East, married and lo- cated in Illinois. His wife died there, and after her death he again came to California, this time making the journey overland with pack males. He located in Santa Clara county, threshed grain, dealt in stock, and did a successful business. He finally located on the farm at San Felipe, where he developed a valuable estate. In 1870 he revisited his native State, and while there met and mar- ried Miss Douglass Jenkins. Her father, John Jenkins, a shipbuilder by trade, was a native of Maine. Mrs. Turner was born on Prince Edward Island, November 25, 1844. She received a thorough education, became an accomplished school teacher, and is a woman of social culture and domestic ac- complishments. Their marriage occurred June 7, 1870. F'ollowing are the names of their children: Everette J., born April 9, 1871; AlbrosG., May 23, 1872; and Charles H., October 20, 1884. Mr. Turner left a fine estate, comprising 160 acres of fertile land, under a high state of cultivation, besides much personal prop- erty. m^ C. TOLLETT, a resident of the "Golden |[M) State" since 1872, is a successful ^sM* farmer of Salinas, Monterey county. He is a native of Washington county, Ar- 29 kansas, having been born there September L7, 1849. After coming to this State Mr. ToUett engaged in farming, and now has a fine farm of 120 acres of rich land under a good state of cultivation. The property is situated one mile from the city of Salinas, and Mr. Tollett has erected a superior grade of buildings upon it, in a rural architectural style, that has a beauty of its own. The lady who presides over his home is the daughter of George Archer, a capitalist of Salinas. Mrs. Tollett is a native of Illinois, and she and her husband are the happy par- ents of one daughter, Hattie, born in 1883. Mr. and Mrs. Tollett are highly respected and esteemed among their neighbors, and are worthy good people. tON. J. W. HILL, proprietor and editor of the Salinas Index, and well-known throughout the State as an able news- paper man, was born of Scotch parentage on a farm near Prescott, Canada West, in 1840, being the eldest of ten sons and three daughters. He received his education in his native country, where he lived until 1862, when he came to California via water, reaching San Francisco in April. From here he continued his journey to British Columbia on a mining expedition, going also to Alaska, return- ing to California in the fall of the same year. He tiien prospected in Nevada, Utah and Idaho. During the bloody In- dian wars of the Northwest in 1864-'65 and '66, he kept a ferry crossing the Owy- hee river, in Idaho Territory, where he experienced the vicissitudes of a frontiers- man. In 1867 he disposed of his business and went to Silver City, the county seat of MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, .SANTA CRUZ, Owyhee county, Idaho Territory, where he purchased the Weekly Avalanche, an infant weekly newspaper, which he published until 1876. From this date he has been a resident and newspaper publisher of Salinas, Califor- nia, finally purchasing the Salinas Index. In 1876, he introduced the first cylinder steam printing press and conducted the first daily paper in Idaho Territory, the Idaho Daily Avalanche.- This press he now uses in the printing of the Index. Although in a Kepublican county, with an easy Demo- cratic majority, he was elected to the several offices of County Clerk, Sheriff and Tax Col- lector of his county. He was a Centennial Commissioner from Idaho, and was tendered the nomination to Congress by the Republi- can party of his district. Upon locating in California and assuming the publication of the Index, his ability as a forceful newspaper writer was promptly recognized, and he gained the confidence and esteem of the peo- ple of a rich and influential community. The new constitution of California was the absorbing theme of interest in political circles in 1871, and he was one of its ardent pro- moters. Upon this issue, he was nominated by the Republican and New Constitution par- ties as a candidate for the State Senate, to which office he was elected. He served in this capacity with eminent ability and to the highest satisfaction of all persons and parties interested in the public weal. In 1886, he was elected Mayor of Salinas city and served in that capacity three successive terms or six years. The second and third terms he was the people's unanimous choice, having no com- petitor, and finally declined to serve longer. He was one of the first to advocate the rais- ing of the American flag over all school build- ings of the State, and delivered the address at the first flag-raising upon the public school buildings of Salinas. Mr. Hill was married, June 2, 1873, to Miss Belle Peck, eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Peck, and a granddaughter on her mother's side of Colonel Gallant Duncan Dickinson, of whom prominent mention is made elsewhere in this work. Mr. and Mrs. Hill have a son William C. Hill, now (1892) in his nineteenth year. These are a few of the most prominent events of an eminently active and useful career, which has been justly crowned with financial success and the highest regard of his fellow-men. fHOMAS BUTTERFIELD (an Autobi- ography). — I was born the 3d day of November, 1806, in the town of Wil- ton, then Kennebec county, then Providence, Maine. My father, Henry Butterfield, was born in Massachusetts, and his father, Samuel Butterfield, the pioneer of what is now the town of Farmington, Maine, also. I worked for my father, after I was old enough to work, on his farm, except what time I spent in get- ting a common- school education until I was twenty -one years old. I then went on a small farm in the town of Farmington, which my father gave me, and December 12, 1827, I married Hope Eaton, who was born the same year that I was born and in the same neigh- borhood. We worked at farming and stock- raising for about seven years, buying other lauds and prospering both financially and otherwise. We then sold and removed on a farm where the town of East Wilton now stands and there I engaged in building and operating the Wil- ton Woolen Mills, of which I was part owner and I acted as Secretary and Treasurer for AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. the company. 1 acted as Selectman and Over- seer of the Poor fur two years and as Justice of the Peace for fourteen years, carrying ou my farming, a hotel business and a sawmill at the same time. Owing to losses in the factory business, we closed up our affairs, and in 1843 I moved my family into Aroostook county, settled on the Aroostook river and engaged in farming and lumbering preparing timber for the St. John market. I prospered financially and in 1848 we removed to Appleton, "Wisconsin, and there engaged in the lumber and mer- chandise business. I built a bridge to Ap- pleton, over the Fox river, 900 feet long, and furnished planks for a fifteen-mile plank road. I ran two sawmills about two years and furn- ished the logs myself. The Plank road company failed to pay as agreed and I suf- fered a loss and took stock in the road that was of no value. In 1853 I came with my family to Cali- fornia, across the plains, and stopped in Ne- vada county, where I engaged in mining, butchering and selling goods, also in lumber- ing and doing some farming. In 1858 I bought a farm of 775 acres on the river for $20,000 in Yuba county, and here 1 farmed and raised stock, mostly good horses for about three years; but the floods, ague and mosqui- toes compelled us to leave that place and we sold at a sacrifice and went to Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz county, and lived there until the fall of 1869. At this time we moved to San Benito county and there engaged in import- ing, breeding and selling Angora goats and pure-bred sheep. My son, James, was with me in that business. We had theCottswold, Lincolnshire, Leicester, South Down, Texile, French and Spanish Merino sheep, and we prospered in this business. "We sold $25,000 worth of goats in one year. In 1875 we bought 1,400 acres of land in Contra Costa county, paying $17,550. Before we went on the land we were at great expense in build- ing levees, clearing off the tules and breaking up the ground. The floods broke our levees, ruined our crops and destroyed many thou- sand dollars worth of live-stock. After four years of hard work and continual losses we became financially bankrupt and we left the county without means and with health shat- tered. My son went to the State of Oregon and my wife and I came back to San Benito county and stopped in Bear Valley. Here we com- menced in a small way and with a little assis- tance from our son George, and with industry and economy we accumulated enough to now place us in comfortable circumstances and we are living in our own home in the town of Hollister. "We are about eighty-six years of age, still able to be about and wait upon our- selves and do something more. We have been blessed with five children, one daughter and four sons, the oldest being sixty-three years old and the youngest fifty years old. Our daughter is now the wife of K. O. Tompkins of Nevada City, California. Our son, Will- iam, lives in Menlo Park, where he is in the real-estate, auction and commission business in San Francisco; George and James are in San Benito county, engaged in farming; and Charles is living in Clatsop county, Oregon, engaged in the daii-ying business, but he will probably, soon remove to San Jose, Califor- nia. They are all married and have famlies, all temperate and industrious, in comfortable circumstances and are blessings to their par- ents, themselves and to the community where they live. Our grandchildren range from one year to thirty-seven and are nineteen in number, fifteen grandsons and two great- grandchildren, and all bid fair, so far, to be MONTEREY, SAN BENITO, SANTA CRUZ, temperate and industrious like their parents. We have been blessed in many ways, have been married sixty-four years and have lost no children and have had no trouble except the loss of property and that does not amount to much in this world and nothing in the world to come. fAMES BDTTEEFIELD is one of San Benito county's most enterprising and • active pioneers. He is the oldest son of the venerable Thomas Butterfield, of HoUis- ter, an autobiograpical sketch of whom appears in this work. He was born at Farmington, Maine, May 5, 1836. He married Miss Jessie, a daughter of Samuel Holt, Esq., a native of Nova Scotia, by whom he has seven children: Harrie,Kellie, Edwin, Carrie,Thomas, George, and Arthur. Mr. Butterfield's life has been a singularly busy one and has been spent thus far in rural pursuits. He preceded his father two years to this country. He has spent several years in Oregon. He also, at one time, operated a goat ranch on one of the group of the Sand- wich Islands. He located on his present place near San Benito, in 1876. He, in 1892, is preparing to take up his family residence in Sau Jose, California. fAMES WATSON, a prosperous farmer and influential citizen of San Benito county,Calii'ornia, residing near Paicines, was born in Scott county, Virginia, Septem- ber 22, 1831. He is next to the oldest of the children of the well-known pioneer Jacob Watson, who is prominently mentioned in various connections elsewhere in this history. Upon coming to California, Mr. Watson first engaged in wagon freighting from Marys- ville to the mines, in 1855. Later he lived in San Luis Obispo county, in the Santa Rosa valley, near Cambria, where he lived for about twenty-one years, engaged in farm- ing and stock-raising. In 188-4, he settled near Paicines, on Tres Pinos creek, being the first man to locate in his section of the valley. He was married, in 1869, to Miss Hannah R. Carnack, who was born about twelve miles from the World's Fair city of Chicago, and a daughter of Perry Carnack, who came to California in 1855, and died near Paicines August 24, 1871. Mr. and Mrs. Watson are useful members of the First Baptist Church of Paicines, and are esteemed for their many good qualities. fICTOR D. BLACK, of Salnas, Cali- fornia, a leading milling and business ■^^=5 man of his vicinity, was born in Mt. Vernon, Black township, Jefferson county, Illinois, August 11, 1855. He is a son of Samuel Black, Esq., of Castroville, Califor- nia, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this work. Mr. Black came to California with his parents when he was eight years of acre. His parents spent the first three years in the mines, and then settled at Los Gatos, where the subject of this sketch received the rudiments of a splendid business education. His father, being an excellent miller, taught his son this business. At the age of fifteen, he received his first experience as a miller in a small and somewhat primitive mill on So- quel creek. This was a small custom mill, propelled with a thirty-foot overshot wheel. He later milled at different points in the State, and, in 1880, in partnership with his father. AND SAN MATEO COUNTIES. 445 purchased a gristtnill at Castroville, which they operated until 1885, when they sold out. Mr. Black, of this notice, then went to Salinas, and assumed charge of the Salinas mills for C. L. Dingley, Esq., of San Fran- cisco. The Central Milling Company was organized during this year, of wliich Mr. Black became an incorporator, and in 1890, was eleqted to a seat in its directory. The Central Milling Company commenced doing business January 1, 1887. The entire Salinas interests of this heavy corporation, which absorbed and controlled nearly all the milling interests along the Southern Pacific railway line, in several counties of central California, devolved upon Mr. Black, as Superintendent. The Sperry Flour Com- pany was incorporated August 5, 1892, with a capital of 110,000,000, $6,000,000 of which is paid in. This corporation absorbs the interests of the Central Milling Company; Sperry and Company of Stockton; the Pio- neer Milling Company of Sacramento city; the McCrary Milling Company of Sacra- mento city; the Buckeye Mills of Marys- ville; the Golden Gate Mills of San Fran- cisco; and the Chico Milling Company of Chico, California, the combined capacity of which is about 6,000 barrels flour per day of twenty-four hours run. Mr. Black was one of the incorporators, and is a director, of the Sperry Flour Company, and has the manage- ment of the mills of the corporation at San Jose, Salinas, King City, Paso Robles and San Luis Obispo. The foregoing plainly stated facts attest the sterling qualities that Mr. Black possesses as a business man, which have placed him in the front rank of the milling men on the Pacific coast. Mr. Black was married, July 30, 1890, to Misa Dalia Norris, a native daughter of California, born at Sonoma, and a daughter of E. Norris, Esq. Mr. and Mrs. Black have three interesting children: Victor D., Jr., and Lester, twins; and an infant daughter. Mr. Black's eminent success in life is due entirely to his own ability, industry and perseverance, supplemented by correct busi- ness methods and uniform courtesy shown to all in the various walks of life. m-' ILLIAM D. ROBINSON, Esq., one of the few surviving pioneers of JVlonterey, California, was born in New York city, October 26, 1825, and spent his earlier years in his native city. He came to the State of California in 1847, and to Monterey in March, same year. He came as a soldier of tlie Mexican war, and a member of the famous Stevenson's regiment, the his- tory and mission of which is familiar to readers of California history. Mr. Robinson joined this expedition in New York city, whence he sailed around Cape Horn, and after a six months' voyage landed in San Francisco harbor. After a two days' stay there, they were transported to Monterey. From 1848 to 1852 Mr. Robinson engaged in mining. He also invested in Monterey city property, which he still owns, and like- wise bought a ranch in the vicinity of Monte- rey. He was for years more or less identi- fied with local civil affairs, holding various offices. In 1862 he was Inspector of Cus toms at the port of Monterey for two years; in 1864 he was appointed President of the local Council, and for a time was acting Mayor of the city. He was later Town Mar- shal, which position he filled with credit to himself and to the people for whom he acted. He married Miss Esther Bertholf, in New 446 MONTEREY, ETC., COUNTIES. York city, a lady of German descent, and they have four sons and one daughter living. Few men now living have seen more of pio- neer life in California than he, and few enjoy more justly the esteem of their fellow-men. tUTHER S. TOOTHAKER, one of Cali- fornia's pioneers, and a mechanic by trade and profession, is one of Monte- rey's most respected citizens. He came to California in 1850, via the Isthmus of Pana- ma. He is a native of Maine, being born in the vicinity of Bangor. His father, William Toothaker, was born on Long Island, and fol- lowed the sea for many years, but later turned farmer. Mr. Luther Toothaker is the third child of a family of six children. He left home at about twenty years of age, and, coming West, learned the trade of a car- penter in Iowa, and has made this his chief occupation. Upon arrival in California he went into the mines, and pursued mining for about fifteen years, with varying success. A portion of this time he was engaged in mill- building, and later worked in the car shops of the California railroad at Sacramento. He aided in the construction of the passenger coaches that conveyed the State Railroad Commissioners to Ogden, upon the historical mission of driving tiie golden spike. Still later he worked in the mills at Red Bluff, California. He has been married twice, and has one step-daughter. He came to Monterey in 1873, wiiere he has since resided and followed his occupation. Mr. Toothaker is one of the types of the old-time pioneers, that all men delight to associate with, exhibiting sociability and frankness in all their dealings and intercourse. fANIEL BRINSON.— Mr. Brinson ig the pioneer boot and shoe merchant of Hollister. ' His advent into this State was made as early as 1853, when he came from Winterset, Madison county, Iowa. He is a native of Ripley county, Indiana, and was born at Versailles, on February 14, 1835. His father Joim was born on Licking river, in Kentucky. He was a farmer by occupa- tion and his wife was Elizabeth Wade. They had twelve children born to them before they removed to Iowa, where they reared their large family. Upon coming to California Mr. Brinson engaged in mining for a short time with in- different success. He then followed lumber- ing at Redwood City for a time. His next venture was a boot and shoe factory in Mon- terey, which he started in 1862. In 1865 he removed to Santa Clara county, where he re- sided and carried on business until 1871, when be came to Hollister, where he has since been engaged in the same occupation. Mr. Brinson was married, in 1859, to Miss Lucinda Vargas, a native of California, born at Los Angeles. The marriage ceremony took place in Monterey. Mr. and Mrs. Brinson are highly respected and esteemed among a larcje circle of friends.