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"*<^ j>^ .-r-'- 'f:^^'''"''' , •..1* <,«<., -^o <. •o»o' ^ ^ *> - " - \' AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF RACING ■ IN THE UNITED STATES THE AM N m^ AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF RACING IN THE UNITED STATES WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF TURF CELEBRITIES ^'J^^k^ M-DCCC-XC-VIU THE HISTORICAL COMPANY NEW YORK V._ h 'j'> v^^ Copyright, 1898. by The Historical Company (C'COLL *• ROY COMPANY PKINTERS, NEW YORK VVo^— \.^V\ u^ PRHFACE WITHIN the lifetime oftho present goneiMtion nicSrio; li;is :itl;iincd the highest import:ince ;ind popuhirity ornny sport in the United St;ites, while the blood horse has t:ikcn :i position in public estimation only second to that held bv his compeers of Great Britain, the native honle of hisiace. it is true that love ol the horse and interest in his capabilities have never at any time in our history been lackina; on the part of Americans. In this respect, indeeil, our coMnti'vmrn ha\'e frankly confessed their oritiin. and have been line to one of the principal tiaits of chai'acter that dislinijuish the Hn^lish speaking people. Nc'vertheiess, despite the attention that was early given to the lunning turf in this coLintrv. the com- plete development of this spoil and a full lecognition of ihe importance of the thoroughbred horse have been of comparatively recent growth. It is almost within the remembrance of those now living when racing was con- lined to particLilar sections, wlien breeding the noble animals who minister to the highest of sports was con- ducted on ,-1 small scale, and when theii' peiloiin- ances on the tiack awakened, outside of the ciixle especially devoted to racing, only a very limited popular interest. It is our privilege to live at a time when this condition of .affairs has passed away almost completely and. it is conlidently hoped, perm.inenth'. 1 )isc(iur.igement now no longer confmiUs the sportsman whose intelligent efforts ai'e directed towaid the impro\-ement of the hoi'se n|- ihe diauiiiisn.ilinn ni his iiowris. lu^lead there is e\en e'xhibiled a libel, d aiui iiicieasiiig degree of public appreciation of the benefit which is thus conferred upon llieiMiiiiiiiinilv.it l.iige. ap.iil hum the mere rclax.ition which the sport affoiiis its p.itroiis. Racing h.is .also helped to break down the sectional b.irriers which Innm-ih' existed between the v.irious divisions ol our coLintrv. While the turf owes so much of its prest'iit popularity ,ind success to unsellish devotion .ind unslinled expeiidiliiie "11 Ihe p. lit of men of we.illh. it rem.iins a truly democratic sport, the legitimate pleas- ures of which can be shared b\' all classes, and which is llierefore eminenllv suited to the spirit 1h.it animates our n.itional life. The widespre.id interest that is shown in It is no longer limited bv any sectional considerations, ll fuithermore creates hiller general knowledge o( the- c.ipabilities of all parts of the land ,ind arouses the spirit of national pride, demonstratinir as it does the wonderliil diversity ol natiii.il conditions within the limits of the United States. These things are conspicuously displ.iyed m the .animals that the different sections produce and the modificiltlon and improvement of horseflesh th.it results under variations of soil and climate, j, Moreover, the popularity of the tiirf'With the very class whose presence is most needed to irtsute its continued existence and healthy devolpment is, fully assured. Its honors arc, as they should be, sufficient to draw into the ranks of its active supporters those who are foremost in our social and business life. Men of the highest standing and greatest wealth arc numbered among its most active participants. As already intimated, they have taken the lead in raising the standard of the Amer- ican horse. Their private breeding establishments, conducted on a scale unequaled in any part of the world, have given the most successful and remarkable evidence of the science and skill that can be devoted to the pro- duction oj' perfect animals, and the appreciation which their efforts call forth is a powerful inducement to others to follow their example. At the same time it is to gentlemen of such character that the patrons of the turf look for the regulation of its affairs upon the basis which alone can render it a spoit worthy of public confidence. In this respect, too. there is every reason for congratu- lation on the part of all lovers of the horse. Considerations such as these have led to the prepara- tion of this volume. A demand has often been expressed by the general public .and the turf world fora publication SLich as it has been the aim of both the editors and the publishers to make this book. Interest in the subject which is tie. lied in the following pages has never been lully satistied. It has been our object to present an accur.ite account of the development and conditions of racing and of Ihe thoioughbied horse in .Americi, in a form which, while rendering the volume authoritative and accurate, may increase popular knowledge of the turf, past .and present. (^ommencino; with an historical account of the runninor turf of this country at its inception in colonial days, the book thence pursues the subject through the golden age of racing in the llrst half of the nineteenth century, and also reviews the developments of more recent times by vx'hich contemporaneous r,icing has been elevated to its present condition of importance and dignity. The story is told of some of the most famous racing I'wnts known to the .'Vmerican turf from the lime of the great four-mile contests down to the Suburbans and Futurities of to-day and concise histories of a few of the great thorough- breds that have distingui.-.hed the American turf are also presented, with an n-c^'ipt "'' "■"" I'entures (■ American iiursemen on the Hnglish turf. THE AMERICAN TURF Tlie extraordinary ailvaiicemeiit of racinj; in thf pres- ent generation has, however, rendered the subject too large to be treated entirely in the historical form that has just been indicated. It is a complex theme and necessi- tates detailed reference to the racing careers of innumer- able individuals and descriptions, historical and otherwise, of many organizations and properties devoted in one way or another to the purposes of the sport. A biographical form was, therefore, alter matLire consideralii)n, adopted as the most satisfactory method of setting lorth the many interesting details concerning the individual components of our racing world of to-day. Its organizers and leaders, with the oftkial heads of the various bodies connected with it, command the first attention, almost equaling whom in interest are the leading breeders of the country and their establishments. The owners and trainers involving, as their liuf histories do, the ri'cords and performances of their horses, past and present, are next in ordei', following whom are the jockeys ot the past and the present, a body about whose achievements there is always a large and legitimate amount of public curiosity. The large interests now involved in book- making and the individual representatives of that pro- fession are next treated, while finally, atleiitii^)!! is directed to the racing associations and their tracks. Our task has been both novel and difficult, and was undertaken and has been carried out with due recogni- tion of this fact, as well as of the requirements of accu- racy and of devotion to the true interests of the IlmI'. It is believed that nothing has been presented in its p.iges that does not conform to those purposes. The labors incident to the preparation of the volume have been ex- acting and sometimes discouraging, but, on the whole, have been pleasurable and satisfactory. The total absence of reliable information relating to the early years of the American turf has been the one serious obstacle in the way of a comprehensive and reliable story of that interesting period, but il is believed that wh.it is set forth in the chapters devoted to those years is more complete, .ind will be found more valuable, than any- thing of the kind ever printed before. A work of this character, essentially a compilation, must depend for much of its subject-matter upon pre- vious publications that have treated with more or less fulness different phases of American turf history. We have drawn freely from those sources of information, as well as '''•om the personal recollections of prominpnt turfmen, .iiul liom many original recimls aiui piivate papers. In some instances due credit has been given to the authorities upon whom we have relied, but it has not been possible to do that in every case. We desire, however, to make here a general acknowledgment of our indebtedne.ss to many gentlemen, and especially to some ol the more impoilaiit publkatioiis, to whom we have freely placed ourselves under obligations. Those well-known spoiling joLirnals, The .Spirit of llie Times and The Turf, I'ield and l-'arm, are so well reciigiiized as mines of information regarding tuii m.itti-is, that it seems ^\\JH^: superlUiuus tn say that any one attempting to compile a work ol this character must almost of necessity make a very generous use of their columns. The daily newspapers of the last half century, and occa- sionally some of our leading magazines, especially Out- ing, I larper's and File ("eiiturv, have also contribuled much general inform, ition on the subject. Outing in p.irticul.ir h.is published within the last tew years many articles in relation to the thoroughbred and racing that are well nigh invaluable. Of the older peridd ol the ,'\iiieiicaii turf, prob.ibly nothing cm surpass in iiileiest and in value Frank Forester's Horse and Horsemanshi|i of the Uniteil .States and British Provinces of North America. The historian of those early veais llnds liimsell. to a wry surprising degree, dependent upon this volume, v,'hich, .ilthough not wholly accurate or reliable, still remains the best .lulhoiitv th.it We possess upon the subject. Special .iltention must be called in this connection to The Horse of America in His Derivation. History and Development, by Mr. John H. W.ill.ice. llu' eminent tuif wiili-i" and ex- pert, a book that w.is published in 1.S97. Although Mr. Wallace has devoted himself in this vokime almost entirely to the trotting horse with whom he h.is bi'en so conspicuously identilied throughout his lite, he gives much valuable information in regard to the early history of the Ameiic.in tliniuiighbieil. His rese.irches into the history ot the horse in the colonial periotl have been exhaustive, and have thrown great light upon those hitherto neglected times. His original discoveries tiom old records and newspapers are of a valuable character, and it is no less a pleasure than a duty for the editor of this volume to acknowledge particuLir indebtedness to his book in these respects. LYMAN HORACH WHbKS EniTOR INTRODUCTION OF THE HORSH INTO AMERICA Okigin anp Hariy History of thk Enci ish Thoroughbri.d— ^First Colonial IiyippRtATjouS ittKiSTAi.iioNS AND Mares and their ProM'CE— PrimitivH Rl\ciNrr in NrW Yo^il, ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Ni-w England and THfi South. " HAT ;in historicnl review of the AmericMn turf "^ Wdiiki 1h- m.inifesllv incdiiipU'tc tiiJ it not pre- sont some tieneiMl consideration of tiu" origin and career of this "sport of kini^s" among oLir Imefathers in Imuiand must be fuliv apparent to any one who has even moderate acquaintance with tire sub- ject. It is (juite without llie scope that is ]iro|iosed for this volume, and, indeed, needless (or our purpose, to trace fully the genesis of the tiioroughj-'red horse. That is a t.isk tiiat has been tloiie so nlteii and so thoroughly by (ither pens as to call for no repetition in this conncc- linn. Nevertheless, (mm the verv n.itiu'e of the case, it is impossible to have a comprehensive or intelligent undeistaiuiing of the .American thoroughbred without at least some general relerence to his piogeiiitors on the other side of the Atlantic. The thoioughbrcd is a horse th.it has been developed for the special use ol the running turf He is of mixed origin, tracing his pedigree back to ancestors of many divergent races. Rut he breeds so true at the present st.ige of his deveio|-iment .and his family is confined within such well defined limits as to give full justillcation for his title. Although since its inception, nearly four centuries ago. his race has multiplied and spread its like- ness over all the world, m.iintaining a superiority in every cluiie wherein it has been repnulucetl, Hnglaiiti w.is the cr.idle in which he was nurtured and has been the scene ot his great successes. He is commonly spoken of as being of purely Arabian oiigm. but the historical accur.icy of that ascription has been torcibly. denied by m.aiiy authorities, who have pointed out that other strains of blood, even more important and more powerfLiI than the traditional Arabian, have contributed to his perfection. Without venturing upon a considera- tion of these disputed points ,it this time it is wholly sutficient for our present pLirpose to start with the undis- puted historic (act that the modern thoroughbred in the beginning was developed to his present stately size .ind form by careiul selection .iikI breeding under the e.vcep- tionallv favorable climatic intlLiences "t dreat Mrit.iin. Both for spceil aiul endurance the bnghsli blond hoisc is the most peili'Ct .inimal ol his lace that ha.s ever been produced since the world began. The American thor- oughbred tr.ices directly without mixture \n 1-nglish and still further back, thiough the Hntjlish, to the oritjinal parentage, be that' Turkish, Arabian, Spanish or other. Hence it is that we are brought; face to face with the absoliit(i necessity of reverting to the creation of the English variety in order to come lit the pedigree, to fol- low the history and to analyze the characteristics of the American horse of this class. Should we undert.ike to trace to its primal origin the utilization of the horse in conte.sts of speed, as distin- guished from his u.se as a draught anim;i! or a warsteed, we should lind ourselves in the course of this investiga- tion, tr.ivcling far b.ick beyond modern times. Horse racing in one form or other was a popular indulgence among the most ancient historic peoples of whom any record Kas been handed down to ;Us, while centuries before the modern thoroughbred had ever been dreamed of breeding and training were scientifically practiced. The early Assyrians and Egyfitians, as well as other Eastern nations, learned to value the horse, not alone for his practical usefulness, but also for his racing prowess. The horse played a prominent part in the ancient life of Greece, and perhaps the earliest example of racing recorded in literature is that in Homer's Iliad, where the various incidents of the chariot race at the funeral games held in honor of Patroclus, are detailed with much vivid- ness. The Ciiceks spared neither pains nor expense in order to arrive at excellence in speed, endurance and condition. (Chariot races were introduced into the Olympic games as early as the vear dSo B. C. the twentv-littli Olyiiipi.id. Four-hor.se chariot races, two- horse chariot races, racing with mounted horses, loose horse races, mule races and special races for under-aged horses early became established features of these games. In all the other national games of Greece similar contests had prominent place. To such a height did the passion for horse racing attain among the Greeks th.it the Rcro- ti.ins nafned one of the months of the year Hippodromius or horse racing month. Alcibiades. the Athenian, at one tune h.id no less than seven four-horse chariots in the Olympic games and carried off three prizes. Aris- tophanes speaks of the horse breeding mania among the noble youths of Athens, a pursuit that often brought them to impoverishment. The Romans followed the Greeks in their enthusiasm for this sport, and to own a large and valuable stable was a mark of high dis- tinction among the wealthy patricians. TULi AMERICAN TUKi>' AlthoLifili it h.is ivinaiiici.1 lot tho English [Hoplc in develop this sport to the highest degree aiul to in;iitorv oi' h^rse racing in England. That it went beyond ihe time of the Roman invasion is probably true, and the Romans established many race courses in the counlrv. The lirst delinite mention of the sport is made by Malmeslnirv. who spe.iks of certain running horses' that were sent in the niiuh ceniuiy by HuL;h C.ipel, founder of the myal house of France, as a present to King Alhelstane, to whose sister, Hthelswitha, he was paying court. Very soon the people began to manilesl a desire to preserve a monopoly of the breed that h.id been iiuioduced among them and that had evidently been improved by crossing with the n.itive breed. In the year 930 a law w.is passed prohibiting the exportation of horses of any description. it was also in Athelstane's reign that many Spanish horses were imported, and these undoubtedly had a strong influence upon the thoroughbred stock that was to come upon the scene some seven centuries latei'. During *'m- reign nf William the Conqueror nviny fint ...11.,.. is were brought into the country from Nor- mandy, Flanders anc'. Spain and about the same time Roger de Belesmy, Farl of Shrewsbury, introduced sev- eral Spanish stallions into his Welsh dominions in order to improve the stock then existing. The hist Arab horse ever imported into Great Britain came in the reign of Henry I., 1100-15. Alexander 1., King of Scotland, presented the animal to the Church of St. Andrews, but the progeny of this steed, if any there were, ti.is never been recorded. In the early part of the tweltth century, a regul.ir race course was established in London, the celebrated Smithlield, at once horse market and race course. The description of this affair, appearing in an account of the hmse market held .it Smithlield Plain, w.is written hv William Filz-Stephen and is the earliest printed account of English horse racing. The author says : " When a race is to be run by such horses as these, and peril. i|is by others whuh, in like manner, according to their breed, are strong for carriage and vigorous for Ihe course, the peo[>le raise a shout and oi\K-r the com- mon hui'.ses {o be wilhdiMwn to .mother pait of the field, fhe jockeys, who are boys expert in the m.iii.igemeiit ol horses, which they regulate by means of curb bridles, sometimes by threes and sometimes by twos, as the match is made, prepare themselves for the contest. Their chief aim is to prevent a competitor from getting before lliem. The horses, too. after their manner, are eager for the race; their limbs treml'le, .ind, impatient of delay they c.innol stand still; upon the sign.il being given they stretch nut llieir limbs, liiiiiv dii ihe course, and are borne along with unremitting speed. fhe riders, ins|iired wilh ihe love of praise and Ihe hope uf victory, clap spurs to Iheir llyiiig horses, lashing them with whips and inciting them by their shouts." Ill the killer p. Ill of the same cenlury. about the lime that Kich.ird Caviw de Limi was reigiimg. the nobility indulged themselves 111 running their horses at cerl.iin seasons of the \r.iy and especially in the f.isler and WhilSLintide hnlul.ivs. In the old meliic.il roiii.ince ol Sir Bevis ol SoLiih Hampton it is s.iid: " 111 suiiinKT .11 Wlnlsiiiilklc, When Knights nuist on hoisc rule, A course let Ihem make on ;i i.l:iy, Skviies aiul I'.illV.iyc lor lo .iss^ye Whuh horse thai best m.iy leii. Three miles in the course was then, Who that iiiii^ht ryile him shouKle Have lorty ponnas uf ready goUle." It has been pointed out that here we have an authen- tic record of something iie.irlv resembling a real race with a limited course and .1 v.ilu.ible prize, the Smith- field runnings, described by Malmesbury, seeming to savor more of horse dealers' displays in order to sell, than of real r.ices. Running horses are mentioned in the register of royal expenditures in the reign of King John, who succeeded Richard CcL'ur de Lion. The Ed- wards II., ill. .iiul IV., were breeders ol horses .ind Henry Vlll. also imported running horses from the East. Public races wereest.iblished at Chester as e.irly as I 512, and, some thirty years alter, silver bells, denominated .St. George's bells, were offered as prizes. Horse racing came very considerably in vogue in the closing years of the sixteenth century and during the reign of James !., i()OV2S, it seems in have been fin.illv perm.ineiitly es- tablished in pul>lic lavor. In this period private matches between iieiiilemen who Were their own jockeys be- TiiR A^^•jl-tlp\N WuiFjIf i i "'i ( j ' ■ ' 'I cami' viMV common .'iiul nt the same tiinr llic llrst piinlic the King seems to liave sent agents tp Bavbaiv as well as to the Levant ami elsewhere t(i puici'iase horses for him. race nieelmiis weie estabiislied. Kini;' James maJe special efforts to impro\'e the brfed of native hoises by importations and thenceforth lireed- iny: was conslantiv and proi:;ressiveiv attended to. The Kini; in peison imported Maikham's Ar.ibian. for wiiich he p. nil yj.^no. luit tiie horse w.is not a success, beinii (requentiv defeated, so that the Turi\ish and Spanish ship and breeding of race houses became one of the re t(i But MJihi'lher Arabjans or no[!: the iroyal mares were a most iniportant addition to tlie nngiisli stud and left a verv decided impress upon the. Hnglish thoroughbred. Thecpurtiers of |'-' by Mr nnley, mm Fr.j;nMi ■ientU 111.111 u-sidinji in Aleppo, who sent the coll to his brother in the North Riding of Yorkshire. Known hence- forth as the Darley Arabian, he became the progenitor of Flying Childers, Almanzor, l)acda!ii.>, fcclipse, Snap. King Herod and others. The performances of Flying Childers formed the second epoch in linglish turf his- tory. From that motnent pure Kehilan blood was more eagerly sought than ever. Flying (Childers, a handsome chestnut horse, was foaled in 1715 out of Betty Leeds, a mare who is said to have produced no other offspring. He was the fastest horse that ever ran upon the New- market course, or anywhere else in Hngland, and never was beaten. The Godolphin Arabian took up the mantle of the Darley and between them they may be said to have recreated the English thoroughbred, nearly every important horse running on the turf in succeed- ing generations tracing its origin Irom these two. The get ol these three stallions, Byerly Turk, Godol- phin Arabian and Uarley Arabian, by mares boasting, in nearly all cases, of more or less Eastern blood, represents the consummation of the whole process ol evolution, and it only rem. lined to lix the breed by a judicious inter- mingling of their several progenies. Moreover, it may be remarked that subsequent attempts to introduce fresh Arabi.m blood into the thoroughbred race horse has never been attended by happy results, thoLigh breeders in England and America have spared neither expense nor labor in the effoit. In the generation immedi.itely suc- ceeding the Byerly Turk, Godolphin Ar.ibian and Darley Arabian, we llnd among their sons and daughters such names of importance, either as racers or in the stud, as Flying Childers, Jig, Lath, Cade, Regulus, Monica, Aleppo, Almanzor and others and .ire carried down to the three great sires of a later day, the immortal Eclipse and the hardly less celebrated King Herod and Malchem, Eclipse representing the choicest result of the Darley Arabian's line, as Herod does that of the Byerly Turk and Matchem of the Godolphin Arabian. When Flying Childers and Eclip.se appe.ired nothing ecjual to their speed had ever been seen in England or perh.ips even expected. It cannot be doubted that their wonderful attainments were the result of the new infusion of this best Anazeh blood from their immediate ancestors. Still, it is interesting and important to recognize that the infusion was an infusion only and the incomparable Childers and Eclipse themselves, although far more nearly Arabian than any of their predecessors, had'more than one strain of inferior blood. This brief review of the origin and history of the English thoroughbred has brought us down to the time when the Englishmen who were settling the colonies in America that were ultimately to become the United States, were beginning to give some con- sideration to the subject that was engaging the attention of their brethren whom they had left behind when they had come to establish new homes for themselves in the New World. Back of this, however, there is an inter- esting chapter relative to the lirst introduction of the horse into this country. Although (his has very little to do with the history ol the American thoroughbred, it may be well just to rec.ill the fact, as a matter of record, that the history of the horse in America goes back over four hundred ye.irs. (Columbus, when he came on his second voy.ige to this country in 149), brought several anim.ils lor the purpose of creating a stock. In 1S27 Cabe(;a de Vaca brouiiht forty-two horses to Florida, which were the liist ever introduced into the United St.ites; these all perished or were killed. The next im- portation was that of De Soto, who brought a heavy force of c.ivalrv on the expedition that resulted in the discovery of the Mississippi River; when his party returned home their horses were abandoned and from them, it is generally believed, originated the wild horses of Texas and the prairies, which have always been strongly marked by the characteristics of Spanish blood. Many horses were brought over from Europe in tlie other early expeditions of the Spanish invaders and these also contributed to the hordes ol wild anim.ils th.it have long existed, both in South and North Americi. At a nuicli later d.ile. however, the history ol the American thoroughbred really begins, and it has no con- nection wh.itsoever with these e.iiliir sporadic importa- tions. As h.is been just pointed out. the English thor- OLighbred horse was in process of development, princi- pally during the seventeenth century and the e.ii ly part of the century following. The importation of Barbs and Arabians into Great Britain and their eiigraftment upon the horse of the old native stock began about the time that Virginia and New England were established, and it was not until these and their sister communities had attained to a commercial and political growth th.it entitled them to throw off the yoke of the mother coun- try that the modern race horse, in their old home .icross the sea, had achieved its perfection, or tli.it the English turf had risen to the plane of a n.itional institution. The (irst settlers of the American colonies brought a few domestic animals with them, and some of these, as might be expected, were English horses of pure blood. This was particularly true of those men of birth who, at home, had been attached to the cavalier party, and who brought with them an inherited and cultivated taste for the turf. A letter of one of the earlier settlers, who came to Virginia on the ship The Blessing, states that the company brought as part of the cargo, six mares and two horses. According to the report of the Governor and Council of the Virginia Colony in 1610. the colonists who had already been settled there a little more than 14 '■Ml'' three years, had in their possession several hdrsesl ;ind inares. Another compnnv of Viininia colonists broLiiihl with Ihi-m in iMi, alnnt,^ with other domestic i :ini- ntals. seventeen liorses and ni.iies. hista.nces mightlbe fmther muhiplied to show that the importation of hirsos l\v ail the, companies of colonists arriving in Virgini'a during the first half of the se\'enteenth centurv were Re- garded as matters of supreme importance, alike hv the settlers here and their agents in London. In 1020 the Virginia Company, of London, sent to its c ilnnv a shipment of twenty mares, and in 1(1^7 the e\- port.ition of mares from the coliin\' U'as prohibited, a leslriction that rem. lined in tui'ce lor more than a decade. .Some ot the eaily Virginia hoises c.ime to the colony by the way of Canada. The French, who settled Canada in i(-)()2, brought a few hoises with them. These animals were of Noi'm.in bieed, but did not attain to great value. save as working horses, in which respect, however, thev were exceedmgl\- useful to the colonists. Captain Argall, who made ;i r.iid upon the French settlement of Fort Koval in 101 1, (.airied back to Virginia most of these lirst I'reiich-Can.idian hoises. For half a century .liter the settlers ol C.in.id.i got along practically w ithout horses, lor it was not until loo^, when the M.irquis de Traci came over as \'icerov, that these .inimals in any considerable number were again brought to that part of Noith America. Coincident with the importation of horses into the .South came their arrival in the more northern colonies. It is believed that the lirst immigrants who came to New Netherland in 1025 brought several horses with them and Irom lime to lime alter that there were other impor- t.itions of like character. In April, 102^. Fieter Hvertsen Hultt contracted with the directors of the Dutch West India Comp.iny to ship to New Netherl.ind. lor the use ol the colonists, one hundred head o\' c.ittle, including stallions and mares. Thii'e vessels were prepared for this service, one lor horses, another for cows and .1 third to carry hay and other tood supplies. Considerable caretul attention seems to have been paid to the animals. Hac!^ had its own stall with a tloor of three feet of sand and, being well attended and pimided with plenty of water and forage, only two of the stoik died on the voyage over. They were less loitiin.ite .liter landing in the New World, for twenty of them were soon poisoned from feeding on rank weeds in the pastures. Those who survived were, hinvever. r.ipidlv added to by im- portation and by breeding and were generally distributed throughout (lie colony. Father jogues. writing in 1644, said thai every new scltlei in New Netherland received a loan of horses, cows, etc., and of provisions, which he repaid at his own convenience. From the same author- itv we learn th.it •'at Rensselaersu yck the people raise chiellv wheat and oats for beer and for their horses, of ANi^ mAv. -A whic]-| they had 'gt-^ht' stock.' 'Ji 1(1 1643, several cargoes of horses were brought Irom Cur^coa M'nl Azuba in the DutcliljWesl Indies, but the^ do rtotiseem to iiave flour- ished,: pbrhap.s, 4s has been sugigcStcd, on account of the chang^ (bf climate. 1 Th^ coloni.MS'w'erq anxious to be rid of the||Ti' arid, in ifijy, (saac Allerto|n, their agent, was authon;ibd to sell them to the Virginians. Corhelis Van Tienhoven wrote in 1650 that a young mare with her second or third foal was worth from one hundred and fifty to one hundred and sixty florins, about sixty dollars, and a four or five-year old stallion onehun- dreii and thirty florins. At the same time, in New Eng- l.ind, a good mare sold for one hundred to orle hundred and twenty florins, and a stallion for one hundred florins, the animals being more numerous in that colony, A description of New Netherland by Adrian Vanderdonk, published in 1656, says: "The horses are of the proper breed for husbandry, having been brought from Utrecht for that purpose, and this stock has not diminished in size or c]uality. There are also horses of the English breed, which are lighter, not so good for agricultural use, but.fit for the saddle. These do not cost so much as the Netherlands breed and are easily obtained," Arnoldus Montanus, in his " Description of New Nether- land," published in 1 67 1, also speaks of the horses from Utrecht as being superior to the English stock. In 162c) horses were brought to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, but the early settlers in the Flymouth Colony do not seem to have had their animals with them, for Will- iam Bradford nowhere makes mention of them in his writings. Probably the Flymouth colonists obtained such as they needed from their immediate neighbors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The first general letter, written in 1029 by the Governor and Deputy Governor of New England for the plantation of Massachusetts Bay, provides that "all the cattle, including horses and rnares shipped to tile cOlony, shall be equally divided between the shipper and the company." Soon after that date six vessels were despatched to the colony, on*- , !' . v.ich, T"hc Lyons Whelp, brought over ten mares .ind horses. A second letter from the company in London to Gover- nor Endicott advises him regarding the care of the cattle, especially the mares, and Mr. White, minister, recom- mends that William Doilge, " a skilful and painful hus- bandman, be appointed to the charge of a team of horses," When Governor John Winthrop came to the colony on the ship Arabella, in i6w, he brought with him si.xty horses, along with many cattle. In the same year the Mayllower and the Whale arrived in (^harlestown, with most of their live stock cargo dead, however, including a mare and a horse belonging to Winthrop, although, as he writes in his journal, " Some stone horses came over in good plight. ' During the next few years there were I'llE .\MI':i>:lCAN TURF. other impoilMtioiis intu tlu' MassMcliusotts colonii's ;iiui ill it)3s two Dutch sliips lioiii the 'li-xcl ;u rived in S;iiLiii bringing twenty-seven Flanders mares and three horses, tile Ibrnier valued at ihiilv-roiir pounds each. From this time forward horses began to increase in all the New Hngland colonies and soon became objects of con- siderable traffic, being especially in demand by the. Dutch in New Amsterdam and also by the jieopie of the West Indies. When the Reverend Thom.is Hooker went into the wilderness to found the city of Hartford, on the banks of the Connecticut River, he was c.irrietl in a horse litter and his company had other horses with them. Among tho.se who early turned their attention to' raising horses was Dr. John Clarke, of Boston, who intro- duced the breed long known in that part of the country by his name. He died in 1664, leaving a large stock of horses, mares and colts in Massachusetts .ind Plymouth. In the first instance nearly all these original equine emigrants were unquestionably working animals of a nondescript character, probably below the average of the nags that in the Old Hngland of those days did service in agriculture or for ordinary purposes of transporting goods or travelers. It is, indeed, supposed that the w.mts of the colonists in this respect were in pail sup- plied from the Spanish possessions in South and Central America, where the Moorish type of horses had been domesticated for several generations before the ancestors of the American people became permanently established on this side of the Atlantic. There is, however, little evidence on this point, and the question is in itself not important. As the princifiles of scieiititic breedmg became better known in the Old World, and as it was realized there that the horse of high degree surpassed his plebian fel- lows in speed, endurance and general usefulness, a bet- ter class of animals seems to have found its way to the colonies. References to such facts are, however, scat- tering, and h.ive little bearing upon the subject of this inquiry. It w.is nol until a comparatively later period that attention was paid in this country to the highest type of horses, and then they were derived directly from the running turf of Hngland itself. In fact until the eighteenth ceiiturv was well advanced, we discover no firm ground upon which to stand in the consideration of, either, the condition of horsellesh in the colonies or the existence of racing, except of the most sporadic and primitive character. Notwithstanding the early introduction of hordes into New England the Puritans who settled in that part of the country, were, of course, on leligioiis principles, aveise to all kinds of sports or anything savoring of indulgence or recreation. They regarded horse racing with particu- lar disl.ivor because it was a pastime and puisuit spe- cially identified in their minds with the kings and princes of the Slu.irt tlvnastv. .ind Ihe cavalier nobilily and gen- tly ol the iiiolluT ciiuiitry. vi'ilh whom they had been so long at issue, and to escape from whom they had emigrated to Aiiieric.i. The early sl.iliiles of all the New Hngland colonies imposed severe penalties upon •' horse coursing." In 177.S. in Connecticut, the law prohibited horse racing uiidei the pen, illy ol loileiluie ol the horse and a tine of forty shillings. At the same time, however, it appears that racing was indulged in to a considerable extent in Rhode Island as early as the opening years of the centLiry. Silver plate prizes were run for, ■^\\d many of these iiii'iiientos of the ancient sport are preserved to this d.iy. Before the middle ol the century, however, racing and the betting coincident therewith had attained to such importance that the in- herent religious spirit of the community protested against them, so that in 1740, the General (]ourt of that colony prohibited racing under a penally of the forfeiture of the horse and a line of one hundred dollars. Similar enact- ments to those passed in (^.omiecticut and Rhode Island were also decreed in the other New Hngland colonies. It may be obseryed, however strange though this ni.iy seem under all the circumstances, that the only distinct breed prodLiced in America during the colonial period was the Narragansett pacer, an aiiim.il so named from Its natural action and famous for speed and value before those characteristics pertained to any other laiiiily ol horses ill the United States. It is believed tli.il the Narragansett p.icer was derived from some i>l the liiig- lish pacers that were among the horses early imported into the Massachusetts C(_>loiiy. These weie unquestion- ably horses of good blood, with perhaps str.iins ol the thoroughbred in them, aiul by careful selectiiij^ .and breeding attained to m.irked distinction fur many excel- lent qualities; but their le.il origin h.is always remained, to a great extent, mythical and uncertain. They were raised largely for export to Barbadoes and the other islands of the West Indies, and were also in demand from the other colonies. 1-or lack of scientilic care this interesting class of animals died out even before the be- ginning of the present century. Later on New Hngl.ind also yielded the celebrated Morgan strain, so useful in the creation of the American trotting horse, in which case a combination of the Canadian pony with the com- mon stock used in Vermont is apparently responsible for the result. But apart from these accidental incidences. New Hng- l.ind has played little part in the development of the horse 111 this country. The inherited Puritanism of that section has, generally speaking, held everylhing that pert. lined to llie track in profound ahliuiieiice. While in other parts ol the United States, especially during the present century, the "sport of kings" has Inlly est.ib- lished itself, 111 New Imghiiul there h.is been, coni- 16 TriF. 4 Mm; p:ir;itively spe.iking. Diily modcrale intiMcst manifested ill the turl'. Theiv is not, nor ever has been, a raci; course of any pretension in that part ol the country, aiui vet spoiMdic instances of popular devotion to the track h.ive not been infrequent. Reference has already been made to e.iilv horse lacins; in Rhode isi.ind. In a' work publisiied in DuiiHn in 17^^. entitled. ■• Aiiieiica Dissected," the Reverend James McSparren. who w.is sent out as an Hpiscopal missionais' to Rhode Island in 1721 bv the London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, has much to sav concerning the Narragansett pacers, and in a note to a later edition of this interesting work, its editor speaks of the eaiiy races in these terms: " I.ittle Neck Beach in South Kiiii^ston. of one mile in length, w.is the r.ice course. A sihei' t.uik.u'd w;is the prize, and high bets were otherwise made on speed. Some of these prixe tankaids were remaining a few years ago." Another authority, speaking on the same subject, says that contests on the turf between the racing sportsmen of Narrag.anseti and Virgini.i were frequent in the e.u'lv colonial d.ivs. the matches takuig place al- ternately in each section, followed by a return visit to the other, Strangelv enough, too. coming down to later times, we find .m early attempt at systematic racinsj; under exact regulations in Eastern Massachusetts. In The Columbian Centinel and Massachusetts Federalist the following .idvertisement appeared in August, iSoi : "SPORTING— A HOLIDAY FOR THE INHUSTRIOUS LABORER. "The Heats or races will be run, for the lirst time in New England, September 1 next, in the park of Mi'. Joel Herriman, one and a half miles north of Haverhill Bridge. There will be a stage erected on the centre of the ground for the accommodation of the Ladies who may wish to be spectators; also boxes at e.icli corner ol said stage, hung upon swivels, large enough for ,1 Gen- tleman and Ladv. If is expected that these boxes will be occupii'd by p.nlicul.ir application. The purse to be run for will be §so ; distance round the course, one mile ; any one horse distancing the whole, first or Second He.it, will be entitled to the pLirse, otherwise the foremost horse the last Heat. Any horse losing the distance will be debarred running again; the distance pole will be twenty yards from the winning pole, liii- trance money for each horse. $2. will be run lor the next day, by what is called the scrub race; the sweepstakes or horse that wins the purse will be excluded. .Anv Cientleman wishing to enter a horse for said Heat will have an oppoitunitv any time before the List d.iy ol this month by applying to James Smiley or William Sawyer, living near said ground. Any horse entered for s.iid Heats, at the pole, u'ill be double price. The horses must be ujion the spot precisely at 2 o'clock p. m. Any I->||. 1,::,. [ , ;h|ijise tiik|lig|iidval1tag^ of said poles \yhen running the racp mustijtake a retrograde step ai*ouncl;the poles again. This piece of amusement, although very novel in this part of tlVe country, has been long practiced in Europe and the l,Southern Stjites. ' OurijuStly esteemed and much adiiiired Washington made it' a constant rule to enter for the Heats one or more horses every year, and oftentimes made the purse himself, and always attended in person when he could make it convenient. He fre- quently invited Gentlemen and Ladies of the first families in order to encourage the breed of horses." There are some things both unique and interesting in this announcement. The reL'rence to the Father of his Country as a patron of the turf was evidently necessary to persuade the strict New Englanders of the upright ch.ir.icter of the sport, but the plea in favor of racing to encourage the breed of horses has a very modern sound. A grand .stand in the centre of a race course, as described in this advertisement, would be a novelty in these days, and yet it undoubtedly had its advantages tor those who would like to see a contest frOin start to finish. The boxes or swivels enabled their occupattts to turn in any .direction; so as to follow the horses in the circuit of the track without moving from their seats. The tli;st regular racing in this country, of which we have any historical account, was not in New England, however. It dated from 166s, when Governor Richard Nicolls, the first English Governor of the colony of New Netherland, inaugurated a race course at Hemp.stead Plains, Long island. The Governor named this course Newmarket, after the famous English course, and offered a plate to be run for. In 1669. Governor Lovelace ordered the justices of Hempstead to receive subscrip- tions from all such as were disposed to run for a crown of silver or value thereof in good wheat, "for the pur- pose of improving and encouraging good breed of J horses." For several years under Governor Nicolls and his successors there were spring and autumn meetings at this course, and generous prizes were offered. The competing horses were of Dutch stock, for no English thoroughbreds had been imported at that time. They c.irried ten stone weight, and ran two-mile distances. The opening of the course on Hempstead Plains awak- ened such an interest that other courses were con- structed in the neighborhood of New York, and racing soon became the popular sport of the period. Il is, however, in the Southern colonies that we find the real beginning of racing in America, and the first systematic and persistent attempts to improve the ch.iracter of horses by importing and breeding from rep- resentatives of the aristocratic thoroughbred. Although in the North, specially in New York and New Jersey, there v\'as, as we have seen, some early interest in the turf, generally speaking, the South and Southwest became THE AMERICAN TURF the lirst re:.l home of the race horse in this countiy, and was a feature in the life of all the principal towns of the it was in those re-ions that the racer of hi-hest type in colonies for some years pievious to 17SU. In that early America was gradually and delinitely developed. There period quarter racm- was most m vogLie, and a traveler were some especially strong reasons for the existence of m that section of the country, speakmg ol this .sport, this condition of affairs. The original settlers of the belore ihe Revolutionary War. said : "In the southern .Southern colonies were, principally, men of good Eng- p.irl of the colony and m North (,.,rol.na they are much l.sh hirlh, representatives of the landed gentry of the attached to auarler Racing, which is always a m.itch mother country. At home they had been attached to between two horses to run one-iiuarter ol a mile, the cav.iher party, and, having been born to wealth, straight out. being merely an exertion ol speed; ,ind were devoted to the chase and tournament and inclined they have a breed that perform it with astonishing to all kinds of lield sports. The turf was just springing velocity, beating every other for that dist.mce with great into prominence when they were leaving Hngland, and ease, but they have no bottom. However, 1 am confi- they naturally brought an interest in it with them. That dent, that there is not a horse in tngland, nor. perhaps, part of the country where they settled was soon found in the whole world, that can excel them in rapid speed; to be peculiarly adapted in climate, soil and productions and these, likewise, make excellent s.iddle horses for to the raising and breeding of thoroughbreds. Further- the road." more, the mild chmatc of the .South was not only a An advertisement ili.it .ippe. nvd 111 1 lu' Virginia strong incentive to outdoor sports of every description, Gazette of J. muary 11, 17^4. gives as clear .in idea as it but also afforded them every possible opportunity for is possible to secure from .my source of the general char- the indulgence of their tastes in this direction. acter of the racing events of that time. This interesting The possession of large estates cultivated by slaves old document is well worth presentation in its entirety. >Mve the colonists abundant leisure, and the profits ol It read as follows: •• 1 his is to give notice that there will tobacco growing, which soon became the principal in- be run for at Mr. Jose|^li Se.iwall's, in Gloucester County, dustry of the South, enabled the owners of these planta- on the lirst Tuesd.iy in April next, a Purse of I'hirty tations to indulge in a style of living modeled on the Pistoles, by any ht>rse. mare or gelding: all sized horses generous scale of that of country gentlemen in Enpl:"-'d. to carry 140 pounds and Callow. lys to be allowed yycight B(i "._, '""^ii the outset, as they have ever since continued for inches, to p.iy one Pistole eiitr.ince. it a subscriber, to be, an essentially .igricLiltural people, the raising of and two if not. .ind ilie entrance money lo go to the stock, including horses, n.itLirally engaged a considerable second horse, etc. .\n^\ 011 the d.iy lollowing. on the part of their attention purely as a nv'tter of business, same course, theic will be .1 S.iddle, HiIlIIc .ind llousing. Fox hunting was introduced into Virginia at an early of ti\e pounds wilue. to be run for by any horse, mare date, and the records of the colony contain abundant or gelding that never won a prize of that vakie, four evidence showing that racing, although, truth to tell, of miles, bet'oie. F.ich horse lo p.iy live shillings eiitiMiice. a somewhat primitive and informal kind, was also a and that to go to the horse that comes in second. And leading amusement. So far as can be judged from the on the day lollowing there is to be run for. by horses reports that have come down to us from that time, these not exceeding thirteen hands, a hunting s.iddle, bridle contests were, to a considerable extent, of what may be and whip. Fach horse to jxiy two shillings and sixjience termed a "scrub character," like the matches that are so at enti.ince, to be given to the horse th.il comes in see- often made in rural districts all the world over. Still, ond. Happy is he that can get the highest rider." the fact that the sport was indulged in, even to a limited The first record ol tlu' import. itioii ol ,1 thoroughbred extent .iiul in an imperfect way, as early as the middle horse into American colonies w.is in 17^0, when .1 of the seventeenth century, is a signilicaiit fact, and it is stallion called Bully Rock was brought into Virginia. not strange to find that the love of horses and a knowl- He boasted of royal equine blood, having been loaled in edge of their cap.ibilities among these pioneer colonists 1718 by the Uarley Arabian, out of a mare by the Bverly should early have given birth to a desire for the improve- Turk, grandam by the Lister Turk and great-gr.nuhim a ment of the breed. The prizes for these early races were royal mare. Some ten years later .1 famous brood mare generally several hundred pounds of tobacco, a product named Bonnie Lass by the Duke ol Bolton's bay Bolton, that was then the staple medium of exchange, jn some put of a daughter of the Darley Ar.ibi.in, w.is also instances, as appears from old records, the wager of the brought to Virgim.i. 1 his is believed to be the lirst race was that both horses should become the property instance of an imported thoroughbred m.uv. Before the of the winner. year 1708 a noted stallion n. lined Bashaw was kept on Racing of a more formal character began to develop Long Island. He c.ime from the stables of the Fmpeior in the South, particularly in Virginia and Maryland, in of Morocco, the early years of the eighteenth century. The sport A si, illioii th.it .ilt.mied to fame shortly .ilter tlie middle THE AMERICAN TURF of the eighteenth century was Lindsay's Arabian, a big gray horse. Many romantic stories were told concerning him. It was said that he was a Barb and was a present to the commander of a British man-of-war from one o( the Sultans of Barbary. Being taiaddock, dying in Greenville County, Va., in 1772 at thirty-one years of age. He left many descendants of remarkable speed for that day. Janus, by Old Janus, the latter being a son of the Darley Arabian, was another of our early importations, and did good service in the stud. Practically the importation of English race horses did not begin until about the middle of the century that is here under consideration. The records bearing upon this matter are exceedingly scant and unsatisfactory,-. and in many respects altogether unreliable. Mr. John H. Wallace, the accomplished turf writer) has, perhaps, given more attention to the subject than any other man in the United States, and has dug out of the old musty records many interesting facts. In his valuable work, "The Horse of America," Mr. Wallace says: "From about 1750 to 1770 seems to have been a period of great prosperity in Virginia, and, notwithstanding the general improvidence of the times, many of the large land- holders and planters were getting rich from their fine crops of tobacco and their negroes. This prosperity manifested itself strongly in the direction of the popular sport of horse racing and improving the size, quality and fleetness of the running horse. * * * * The action of one planter stirred up half a dozen others who felt they could not afford to be behind in the matter of improvement, but more especially that they could not afford to be behind in the finish at the fall and spring race meetings of the future. These importations went on continuously for about twelve years, and until they were interrupted by the excited relations and feelings between the colonies and the mother country and the preparations for the War of the Revolution, which was then imminent. After the close of the Revolution a per- fect avalanche of race horses was poured upon us. some of which were good, but a great majority of them were never heard of after their arrival on the race course or elsewhere." Mr. Wallace records the names of six horses that were brought over within a year or two after 17S0, Monkey, Traveller, Dabster, Childers, Badger and Janus, and adds that others might be named, although some, at least, are mythical. He thinks that the whole number imported into all the colonies before the War of the Revolution counts up to about fifty, some of these being practicallv unknown, while a few of them are wholly fictitious. During the quarter of a century immediately preceding the Revolution not more than twenty mares of English race horse blood were imported. Monkey, who was imported in 1747, when twenty-two years old, was by the Lonsdale bay Arabian, dam by Curwen's bay Barb, daughter of the Byerly Turk and a royal mare. Make- less, another good horse that came about this time, was by Oglethorpe Arab out of Trumpet's dam. The pedigrees of many of these early horses have been lost, and as they are now given, are full of errors and falsifications, while the history of others is based upon nothing more trustworthy than oral tradition. Among those of whom we have traditions as early importations were Aristotle, said to be by the Cullen Arabian ; Bolton, by Shock, dam by Partner; Childers, said to have been imported into Virginia in 1771, by Blaze, son of Flying Childers, dafn by Fox; Cub, foaled in 1739 by Fox, dam by Warlock Galloway, out of Curwen's Bay Barb; Othello, foaled in 1743, by Crab out of Miss Slammerkin; Silver-Eye, by the Cullen Arabian, dam by Curwen's Bay Barb. In 1751, came Colonel B. Tasker's Selima, by the Godolphin Arabian, said to have been an own sister to Babraham. She was bought of the Marquis of Granby on the express condition that she should be ex- ported. In 17^2, she won the first great race on record, at Gloucester, Va., beating Colonel Byrd's renowned Try-All and Colonel Tayloe's imported Jenny Cameron and others, four miles for a purse of 500 pistoles. In 1771, and several years following, a distinguished Mary- land mare was Colonel Lloyd's imported Nancy Bywell, by Matchem. She beat all competitors, among them such famous horses as Selim, Apollo, Brittania, Wild- air and Regulus. General Spottiswoode's Apollo, by Fearnought, was beaten only by her, but in Virginia he turned the tables and twice defeated his previously vic- torious competitor. , Moreton's Traveller was imported in 1754. His pedi- gree has always been in much dispute, but he was one of the most celebrated stallions of Virginia in the last century. The best authorities generally agree that he was foaled about 1748, being the son of Partner, a grandson of the Byerly Turk and grandsire of King Herod. Traveller was one of the most valuable early stallions in America, and was the sire to many celebrated racers, including Yorick, Try-All, Silver Legs, Barwell's Traveller and Lloyd's Traveller. Janus was imported by 19 THE AMERICAN TURF Mordecai Booth in 1752, and his best son was Medoc's Ceier. Tom Jones was imported in 175s; Bolton by Mr. Lightfoot in 1765; Childers by Colonel John Tayloe in 1769; Dottrel by IVlr. Lee in 1769, and Sterling by Mr. Evans in 1768. Besides the importations of brood mares by the above-named gentlemen, we find IVlr. Nelson's Blossom, Mr. Carter Braxton's Kitty Fisher, Colonel William Byrd's Calista, and other mares im- ported by Messrs. Peter Randolph, John Page, John Bland and others. it is, however, impossible to set forth, more than par- tially, a record of all the horses of high descent that were imported into the United States in this period, down to the close of the eighteenth century. Some of these importations were of a particularly interesting character and became historically important. Previous to 1753, the celebrated Spark came hither. He was owned by Governor Benjamin Ogle, of Maryland, to whom he had been presented by Lord Baltimore, who re- ceived him as a gift from the Prince of Wales, father to King George 111. Spark was by Honeycomb Punch, out of Wilkes' Old Hautboy mare, and the latter horse was also impoited into Virginia by Colonel Colville and known in this country as Miss Colville. Old Hautboy was a son of the D'Arcy White Turk, out of one of the royal mares of King Charles II. Governor Ogle also im- ported Queen Mab by Musgrove's Grey Arabian. About 1750, Colonel Tasker, of Maryland, imported the cele- brated English mare, Selima, a daughter of the Godol- phin Arabian. She was one of the most distinguished mares that ever ran in America, and through Rocking- ham, Marc Antony and many others of her descendants was the progenitrix of some of the best and most fash- ionable blood in America. About this time, or a little earlier, there were imported into Virginia Routh's Crab, by Old Crab, dam by Coun- sellor, daughter of Coneyskins and also Monkey by the Lonsdale Bay Arabian, dam by Curwen's Bay Barb, daughter of the Byerly Turk and a royal mare. Monkey was twenty-two years old when imported, but left good stock. To these and a few other notable horses that were early imported with the mares, Selima, Queen Mab, Jenny Cameron, Kitty Fisher, Miss Colville and others, may be traced all, or almost all, the families of running horses now existing in the United States to a greater or less degree and with nearly as much certainty as the English champions of the olden day may be fol- lowed up to imported Arab and Barb on both sides. Many of the earliest Virginia and Maryland importations, it has been pointed out, ran through Partner on the one hand, to Spanker and Spanker's dam, the white and yel- low D'Arcy Turks, the Selaby Turk, and either the old Vintner or the Layton Violet Barb mares; and, on the other hand, to the Godolphin Arabian through Babra- ham, Juniper, Dormouse and others. In this connection it is also interesting to note that the celebrated Sir Archy of later date ran back through his sire into pre- cisely the same strain of Partner blood, and through his grandam into the same Babraham and Godolphin Ara- bian strain. In New York, two particularly celebrated horses were imported as early as 1764 by Colonel de Lancey. These were Wildair by Cade and Lath by Shepherd's Crab. Colonel De Lancey also imported the Cub Mare. Both Wildair and Lath greatly distinguished themselves as sires, the former being considered so valuable that he was reimported to England. Flimnap, Sweeper and Toby were imported into the Carolinas between the years 1760 and 1770. The former was a grandson, on both sides, 01 the Godolphm Arabian, while both Sweeper and Toby, the latter being imported by Colo- nel William Alston, of North Carolina, traced to the same piogenitor. Although Pennsylvania has never been conspicuous for the interest that its people have taken in the turf, two notable hoises were imported into that State about this time. One of them, known as as Grey Northumberland, and also called Irish Grey, is said to have been bred by Lord Mazarine. The pedi- gree of the other, Old England, is also unknown, but he is supposed to have been by Old England, a son of the Godolphin Arabian. One of the oldest American time races on record was run in 1767 in Philadelphia between these two horses and a bay horse named Selim and another named Granby. The first heat was run in 8 minutes, 2 seconds, Selim winning from Old England by a single length. In the second heat, after running three times round, close to the heels of Selim, Old England flew the course. It would appear, according to the records of this race in a Philadelphia newspaper of that date, that, even before that time, there were regular meetings in Philadelphia, it being stated that this race was run "for the gentlemen's subscription purse of 100 guineas." The American Revolution once ended, there was a marked revival of interest in racing and in the thorough- bred horse which was not confined to the South, as had been largely the case during the colonial epoch. Many causes combined to produce this result. The people, freed from foreign domination, threw themselves into business activity, so that in the years succeeding the peace with the mother country large fortunes were accumulated and the Northern seaboard cities be- came centres of social life on a much more extended scale, one of the manifestations of which was an in- creased interest in sports of all kinds. At the same time the turf in England had at last emerged from its unsettled state and assumed the position which it has ever since occupied in the estimation of her people. THE AMERICAN TURE Heretofore, the ground in regard to the complete an- cestry of many of the horses which have made the fame of the turf, either in England or America, wasve'ry un- certain. In 1 79 1, however, the Stud Book was compiled. Thenceforth horse breeding was rescued from being a hap- hazard pursuit and reduced to a scientific basis, in which the combination of the powers of animals of known de- scent and approximately well defined qualities could be relied upon to produce certain results in their descend- ants. iMoreover, it had become well recognized by this time that the improvement of the breed of horses was one of the most valuable benefits that could be conferred upon a country, and that the infusion of thoroughbred blood among the mass of animab was, beyond all doubt, the best method of accomplishing such a desirable result. Although there might be complaint in some quarters as to the supposed evils, moral or otherwise, of the turf it, and it alone, furnished the incentives, either sentimental or substantial, that would induce men of wealth and in- telligence to devote their efforts to improving the char- acter and capabilities of horseflesh. To a people as quick-witted as Americans these arguments appealed with peculiar force, and in the period immediately suc- ceeding the Revolution we find a great and marked re- vival of interest in horses and racing, although the turf had not as yet gained the importance which it was presently to assume. Soon the number of thoroughbreds in this countrv, both imported and of native breeding, began to exhibit a decided increase. Many of these animals were of worthy origin, and showed themselves capable of cred- itable achievements, while they have handed down their names and reputations through long lines of descendants even to the present day. Others were less distinguished, but still are eminently worthy of position on the rolls as contributing no small part to the development of the early American turf Several famous imported stallions from whom have been derived many important Ameri- can families came in these years. Earliest among them was Medley, who was imported into Virginia in 1783 and was one of the best sires ever brought into this country, his descendants including Atalanta, Bel Air, GrayDiomed, Calypso, Gray Medley, Lamplighter, Boxer, Pandora, Quicksilver, Virginia and others, all of whom were good racers and in their turn getters of racers. Medley was by Gimcrack, dam Arminda by Snap, out of Miss Cleveland by Regulus. His great-great-grandam was by Bartlett's Childers. His sire was by Cripple, out of Miss Elliott by Grisewood's Partner, and Cripple was by the Godolphin Arabian, out of Blossom by Crab. Diomed, who was foaled in 1777 and imported into Virginia in 1798, has been called the greatest sire of the greatest winner getters ever brought into this country. 21 It is only necessary to mention among his descendants Duroc, Florizel. Gracchus, Gallatin. Hampton, King Herod, Potomac, Sir Archy, Truxton, Boston, Fashion, Virginius, Peacemaker, Primrose, Dinwiddle and others, without going further on the list, to show the high place to which he is entitled as a progenitor of great American racers. This famous stallion was by Florizel, dam by Spectator, grandam by Blank and great-grandam by Childers. Florizel was by Herod, dam by Cygnet, and Herod was by Tartar out of Cypron, Tartar going back to jig, Byerly Turk and a royal mare and Cypron being the great-great-granddaughter of the Darley Arabian. Diomed came to this country from the stables of Sir Charles Dunbury. He will remain forever famous as the first winner of the Blue Ribbon of the turf, having van- quished all his rivals at the first Derby race at Epsom in 1780. He was twenty-two years old when he was brought to the United States, and his blood, particularly through his son. Sir Archy, whose dam was also im- ported, was a most valuable element in our old Ameri- can stock. Another great stallion imported into Virginia before the close of the century was Bedford, who was foaled in 179^, a son of Dungannon, dam Fairv by Highflyer, and in the sixth generation from Byerly Turk on the side of his dam. His sire, Dungannon, was by the famous Eclipse, out of Aspasia by Herod, his great-great- grandam, Daphne, being by the Godolphin Arabian. Bedford was a great stallion and there has been scarcely a family of horses in the Southern States that has not in some degree, more or less, partaken of his blood. He was a rich bay, but a peculiar elevation on his rump that amounted almost to a deformity detracted from his ap- pearance. This mark was known as the Bedford hump and was transmitted to his posterity, so that such cele- brated winners as American Eclipse, Black Maria, Shark, Boston, Argyle and others, were distinguished by it. Among the children of Bedford were Aeolus, Cup-bearer, Fairy, Lady Bedford, Nancy Air, Shylock, Lottery and others. Another importation into Virginia in this early period was Shark by Marske. out of the Snap mare, Marske, who was also the sire of Eclipse, being by Squirt, dam by Foxcub. Squirt was by Bartlett's Childers, dam by Snake. On the side of his dam Shark was descended from Marlborough, who was by the Godolphin Arabian. The most distinguished prog- eny of Shark were Opossum, Virago, Americus, Black Maria, Annette and others. Contemporaneous with Diomed was Gabriel, who was foaled in 1700 and imported into Virginia. He was got by Dorimant, his dam being a Snap mare. Dorimant was by Otho out of a Babraham mare. Otho was by Moses, dam Miss Vernon by Cade, grandam by Partner and in the eighth generation from Place's White Turk. THE AMERICAN TURF Moses was out of a Portland Arabian dam. Gabriel became famous for the splendor of his get and their great performances. He got Oscar, Post-boy and others, the former, out of a dam by imported Medley, being his most celebrated son. Other early importations were Saltram, winner of the Derby of 1783, who was a son of Eclipse and also Sir Harry, the Derby winner of 1798. whose sire was the famous Sir Peter Teazle by Highflyer, by King Herod. Other Derby winners who came over during this same period were John Bull (1792), Spread Eagle (1795), and Archduke (1799). At the same time a large number of brood mares of the most approved strains were brought to American studs, and with the female descendants of the early and subsequent importa- tions furnished material on which the skilful breeder was able to display his aptitude in selection with the most gratifying results. In the long list of champions of this period, besides those that have already been enumerated, were Celer, Yorick, Try-All, Marc Antony, Regulus, Flag of Truce, Goode's Brimmer, Butler's Virginia Nell, Cincinnatus, Leviathan, Collector, Amanda, Hickory, Maid of the Oaks and Pacolet. The most famous progenitor of Virginia race horses in the early colonial epoch was Fearnought, who was im- ported about 1764, and is regarded as the Godolphin Arabian of America. He was a handsome bay, 15 hands, 2^2. inches high, and was foaled in 17,7. His sire was Regulus, by the Godolphin Barb, out of the dam Grey Robinson, by the Bald Galloway, his grandam being by Snake, out of Old Wilkes' Hautboy mare. The dam of Fearnought was out of Silvertail. by Whitenose, his grandam by Rattle, his great-grandam by the Darley Arabian, and his great-great-grandam the Old Child mare by Sir Thomas Gresley's Arabian. In Fearnought was the highest and purest blood of England. His progeny were of uncommon figure and contributed addi- tional size and bottom to the American race horse. Im- portations previous to his time had already given to the American turf many mares of excellent quality. Janus and Jolly Roger particularly had left many good descendants, and with them, and those derived from other imported stallions and mares,- he was not called upon to engraft his aristocratic blood on that of unknown or unworthy dams. It may, in fact, be said that the records only par- tially give the names of the large number of other thor- oughbred mares and stallions that were imported during the period in question, and that constituted a substantial foundation for the Fearnought family. It is unquestioned that from the date of Fearnought's appearance his progeny firmly established a fashion not only of speed but of endurance as well, that put all animals of inferior breeding at a decided disadvantage. He was decidedly superior as a sire to anv previous representa- tives of thoroughbred blood that had as yet come to Amer- ica, and his get proved a better class of horses than Virginia or the Southern colonies in general possessed. Under the stimulus of his reputation and that of other stallions who came soon after his arrival here, breeding grew to be a favorite occupation of the wealthy gentlefolk of Virginia and other Southern States. A little earlier than this date, quarter-mile races, which had generally prevailed up to that time, began to be abandoned for trials at longer dis- tances, which the superior bottom of the newer horses enabled them to accomplish. As we have already seen, it was in 1752 that Colonel Tasker's English mare Selima ran and won a sweepstakes at four miles. The prowess of Fearnought and his descendants was, how- ever, the most powerful factor in leading up to the substi- tution of the three and four-mile races for the hitherto popular quarter-mile events. Among his progeny were such distinguished early horses as Nonpareil, Nimrod, America, Regulus, Godolphin, Shakespeare, Gallant, Apollo, Harris' Eclipse, Laurel, Matchless, King Herod, Whynot, Dandridge's Fearnought and Symmes' Wildair, the latter being considered his best son. In 1788 there was also brought to the United States a thoroughbred stallion who holds a unique position in the history of both racing and breeding in America. This was the celebrated imported Messenger, son of Mam- brino. His lineage went back through his grandsire Engineer to the great Flying Childers, son of the Darley Arabian and Betty Leeds. Mambrino, his sire, was foaled in 1768 out of the Cade mare, the dam of Dulcinia. Cade was by the Godolphin Arabian, out of Roxana. Mambrino was a great horse on the turf and got many fine race horses, as well as some very famous hunters and road horses. From his blood the English coach horses are thought to have derived their fine qualities, and this capacity to get either racers, weight-carrying saddle horses or road horses for harness, was transmited in its full perfection to his son. Like his sire, imported Messenger was a gray. He first started in 1783, when he beat Spectre for $i,soo, at one and a quarter miles. He was then three years old. The next year he was beaten for a sweepstakes and for the Jockey Club Plate for four-year olds. At Ipswich he was second for the King's Purse, winning one heat. He was kept well at work, for at the Newmarket meeting he won the Sixty Guineas, weight for age. Ditch-in. He also beat Ulysses in a mile match for $500. These per- formances ended his doings in his four-year old form. The next year he began running at the Newmarket first spring meeting, where he beat the Prince of Wales' Ulysses, in a match for $1,000. At the same meeting he was successful in a match with Fortitude, whom he beat for $1,500, across the flat. His last starting was at the Houghton meeting, where he was beaten in a weight- for-age race, the last three miles of the Beacon Course. THE AMERICAN TURF He was not a great race horse, for, though often success- ful, he did not meet those grand performers, sons of King Herod and Eclipse, who ran for the great turf prizes in his day. But he was a good, honest horse, and in matching him his owner had good luck. It was from this gray horse that the animals descended in America, whose blood, permeating in many channels, has made his name famous throughout a wide extent of country. There is not upon the Continent a reputation higher, more widely spread, or more deserved than that which belongs to the Messenger horses. He got horses for the turf whose performances at four-mile heats have seldom been surpassed, and when put to country mares he pro- duced a race of trotting horses whose names have become almost synonymous with speed, pluck and a constitution in wind and limb that defied hard work and endured to a very old age. He was about seven years and a half old when he was brought to this country, a rather coarse looking horse, is hands, 5 inches high. For over twenty years he was in the stud, first in the vicinity of Philadelphia and afterward near New York. Mr. Henry Astor, of New York, owned him in 17Q3, at which time he was valued at a little more than $4. 000. He was afterward owned in part by Mr. Cornelius W. Van Ranst. He died in 180S in the stable of Mr. Townsend Cock, near Oyster Bay, Long Island. His burial was made the occasion of a great turnout by all the country people ■ thereabout, and he was placed in a grave specially pre- pared for him, a short distance from his stable, while a military organization gave him the honors of a hero by firing volley after volley over his grave. Descendants of Messenger have been famous both upon the running course and the trotting track. He got Miller's Damsel, the dam of American Eclipse; Potomac, Fair Rachel, Little John. Bright Phoebus, Hopperboy, Empress, Romp. Grand Turk, Washington Gray and other horses that were distinguished three-quarters of a century and more ago. The last colt of which he is known to have been the sire was called the Bush Messen- ger, after his owner, Mr, Philo C. Bush. But he is better known now as the ancestor of a great tribe of trotting horses, whose name is legion, rather than as the ancestor of thoroughbreds. In truth, he is the fountain head of the American trotting horse. Among his sons and daughters who were distinguished in the trotting annals of the United States, alike from their accomplish- ments on the track and in the stud, were Hambletonian, who was originally called Hamiltonian, Mambrino.Win- throp or Maine Messenger, Engineer, Commander, Tip- poo Sahib, Grey Mambrino, Black Messenger, Saratoga, Mount Holly, Coriander and Fagdown, The best line of Messenger trotters has probably been that short and very direct one through Mambrino and Abdallah to Hamble- tonian and his descendants. The horses of this famous blood get excellent produce, and its mares are equally va\- uable. The Messenger blood has always been well repre- sented in the West, where Mambrino Chief was long its leading stallion. To one of the sons of Messenger Vermont is indebted for those crosses which have largely sustained the size and quality of the horses of that State in spite of the mania which has prevailed for the small and mongrel- bred Morgans, Hambletonian was got by Messenger out of a mare called Peacock. She was not thoroughbred, though she foaled winners to Messenger, and when it came to breeding from them, the black drop soon showed itself. Hambletonian, however, was a stallion calculated to do immense service in the State of Ver- mont, where he stood many years. The Bush Messen- ger, the last of the sons of the fine old horse, who had run and won at Newmarket, stood much in Maine and established good crosses there. Wherever Messenger sent a son, especially if he had good country mares to go to, a fine, stout, long-lived race of horses was the result. There are not in the history of the turf, or in the Stud Book, or in the traditions of general breeders, any two horses from whom has flowed such peculiar, such general and such varied excellence as from .Mambrino in England, and his son Messenger in this country. Ham- bletonian, the great-grandson of Messenger, and well inbred, was the nearest to and the richest in the blood and proved that he possessed and transmitted to his offspring the great leading characteristics of this tribe, viz., speed, bottom, stoutness of frame, endurance and courage. Of the many excellent thoroughbred mares that were imported during the closing years of the century none was more distinguished, or was of more value in the stud than Black Maria. She was one of the prodigies of her day, and united not only great speed to unflinching gameness, but was possessed of remarkable stamina, run- ning until her fourteenth year. She was out of a celebrated race mare by imported Shark, one of the best racers and stallions that England ever produced. Her dam was by Regulus. Originally known as Selden's Maria, she was sold to Mr. Alexander when she was three years old, and soon afterward became the property of Colonel John Tayloe, of Virginia, and General Wade Hampton, of South Carolina. She was sent to South Carolina for the express purpose of a trial with General William Washington's renowned Shark by imported Shark, who up to that time had been considered invincible. Suc- cessful in this race, she defeating Shark upon the course of the Charleston Jockey Club in four-mile heats and sub- sequently had a brilliant career extending well into the nineteenth century. Another mare belonging to Colonel John Tayloe was Virago, by imported Shark out of imported Virago by Star. She was foaled in 1791, and 23 THE AMERICAN TURF for several years after attaining her three-age form, stood at the head of the turf, beating in many races the best horses, including the famous Virginia Nell, twice, once in September, 1796, in a match race at Port Royal, S. C. It will not have escaped notice that in our review of the American turf down to this point, Virginia and Maryland have been exhibited as taking a predominant part in advancing the cause of the thoroughbred. Never- theless, while the turf on this side of the ocean was thus in a formative state, other sections of the country bore a share scarcely less distinguished than that of Virginia and Maryland in bringing it to settled condition. Especially was this true of South Carolina. The City of Charles- ton, in that State, was the business and social centre of a community which prided itself on English blood and aristocratic tastes. Racing would naturally find favor in such a society, and as far back as 1734 horses were matched against each other there, although these early contests were not of a particularly notable character, nor had they much bearing upon the subsequent develop- ment of the turf One of these match races is recorded as having been run for twenty pounds a side, the contest taking place on what was called the green, the use of that term indicating that, at that time, racing, as in Eng- land, was actually on the turf In the newspapers of South Carolina of the middle of the eighteenth century were occasional announcements referring to "the famous racing horse named Roger," "a gelding chestnut owned by one Joseph Butler," and other horses that were advertised as great race horses. Notwithstanding there is little or no historical evidence of any strains of blood specially bred to run in the colony at that time. Soon, however, a jockey club was organized in Charleston, and horses of approved blood were procured from Virginia and from England, although breeding apparently made little progress until shortly before the outbreak of the Revolution. The first noteworthy thor- oughbred imported into South Carolina was Flimnap, a bay stallion by South, out of a mare by Cygnet, the hitter by the Godolphin Arabian. Flimnap was imported soon after 1770 by a Mr. Mansell and served to notably enrich the blood of the race horses of the period. He was an excellent performer on the course and the pedi- grees of some of the best horses of America during the last century or more begin with him. He had a reputa- tion that extended beyond local confines, and during the invasion of South Carolina by the British under Lord Cornwallis, expeditions were organized several times to capture him from the plantation of his owner. Major Harleson. The horse, however, was secreted, and escaping his would-be captors, was taken to North Carolina, where he remained in safety until the war was ended. Even before the breaking out o( the Revolution races were becoming more and more frequent upon the New- market and other courses that were opened in diflerent parts of South Carolina. Most of these races, it must be confessed, however, could bear little comparison with the sport of subsequent days, for they were little more than scrub affairs. Everybody, however, men and women, attended them, and gentlemen of the highest standing in the State, whether in wealth, political eminence or social position, were active supporters of the turf Josiah Quincy, the eminent Massachusetts statesman, who visited Charleston in 1773, made these notes in his journal: '■ March 5 — Spent day in viewing horses, riding over the town, and receiving complimentary visits. March 16 — Spent the morning, ever since five o'clock, in perusing public records of the Province, etc., etc.; am now going to the famous races. The races were well performed ; but Flimnap beat little David (who had won the last sixteen races) out and out. The last heat the former distanced the latter. The first four-mile heat was performed in 8 minutes and 17 seconds, being four miles. Two thousand pounds were won and lost at this race, and Flimnap sold at public vendue the same day for 300 pounds sterling. At the races I saw a fine collection of excellent, though very high priced horses, and was let a little into the singular art and mystery of the turf" Indeed some of the most brilliant pages in the history of the turf of America are those that comprise the racing annals of South Carolina immediately following the close of the Revolution. The wealthy citizens of the State were among the most ardent turfmen in the country and the race meets that took place in Charleston were celebrated even beyond the borders of the United States. For many years Charleston was a great racing centre and the meetings on the Newmarket Course and afterwards on the Washington Course, under the auspices of the South Carolina Jockey Club, were the great social and sporting events of the year. Among the names associated with the sport in this early period, which has been called "A golden age of racing in South Carolina," were members of such families as, Moultrie, Pinckney, Alston, Wigfall, Sumter, Rutledge, Hampton, Singleton, McPherson and Fenwick. What would even in these days be considered no inconsiderable sums were expended in the purchase of the highest class of high- bred stock and the equipment and maintenance of racing stables, and the South Carolina horsemen were justly regarded as among the foremost representatives of the sport. A chronicler of 1786 thus wrote of the gatherings on the Newmarket Course at that time: " Whether we consider the elevated character of the gentlemen of the turf; the attraction the races possessed at that time, and for many subsequent years, for all sorts 24 THE AMERICAN TURF iind foiuiitions of nu-n— vduth :inticip;itiiia; its delitihts for weeks belbreli;ind, the sternness of ;itje rehixing by their appro;icli, lovers becoming; more ardent, and young damsels setting their caps with greater taste and dex- terity — the quality of the company in attendance; the splendid equipages; the liveried outriders that were to be seen daily on the course; the gentlemen attending the races in fashionably London-made clothes, buckskin breeches and top-boots: the Liniversal interest pervading all classes, from the judge upon the bench to the little schoolboy with his satchel on his back; the kind greet- ings of the town and country; the happy meetings of old friends, whose residences were at a distance, affoid- ing occasions of happy intercourse and festivity; the marked absence of all care, except the care of the horses; the total disregard of the vakie of time, except by the competitors of the races, who did their best to save it and economize it — everything combined to render race week in Charleston emphatically the carnival of the State, when it was unpopular, if not impossible 1o be out of spirits, and not to mingle with the gay throng." .^fter the Revolution New York was slower than the Southern sections of the country in renewing its interest in racing. It is worth recalling, however, that during the British occupation of the city the British officers found leisure to indulge in their national sport. The Royal American Gazette, published in New York in 1781, by Alexander Robertson, has an advertisement of one of the racing meetings of that time, that is of more than ordinary historical interest. It appears in the issue of the paper for Thursday, April 26, as follows: "Ascot Hhath, Secoihi Mri-.t:ng. — On Tuesday. Wednesday and Thursday, the sth, 6th and 7th of June next, being in Whitsl'Ntidk Wki:k. will be run for on each of these three days, A purse of ion poiiiuls value; also on each of the said days will be run for a purse of Twrntv Pounds value, calculated for horses that are not properly trained. Particulars of the whole will be notified in proper time, by advertisements and hand bills. Chari.ks Loosi.EY, Broohlyu-Hall, April 26, lySi." In the same issue of this newspaper also appeared another unique advertisement in which Mr. Loosley pleads for the attention and commiseration of all lovers of amusement: "Stole from the Plains of Flatlands on Saturday night last, between the hours of 9 and 10 in the evening, aboLit seventy yards of new White Inch Rope, that had been fixed there for the utility of the races. The rope is the property of Charles Loosley, at Brooklyn-Hall: and he hopes that every exertion will be made to bring to justice the perpetrators of this inroad upon property and insult upon commendable amusements — for which purpose Twenty Guineas will be paid on conviction of any one or more of the offenders, by Charles Loosley, Broolilyn-Hall. tApn'l 26. lySi." 25 A GOLDEN AGE OF RACING The American Turf in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century— A Period of Great Horses, Distinguished Turfmen and Brilliant Racing— Full Development of the American Thoroughbred i ^HE early years of the present century were a golden age of the turf, especially in the Southern States where, almost alone, it had ? secured a permanent footing. Most of the great turfmen who had devoted themselves to the sport, even though, it must be confessed, in a some- what tentative manner, in the years immediately fol- lowing the close of the Revolution, continued their interest and activity in breeding and racing well into the succeeding century, it was from the planters and stock raisers of that section that these notable horse- men were developed, and they and their successors, drawn fron this original social rank, continued until within comparatively a few years, to be a large majority of their class in this country. In those early days of the turf it was generally conceded that, to make racing pop- ular, successful and profitable, horses should be bred, trained and run in the sections where they were raised. It is only since the Civil War, perhaps, that this view of the subject has been substantially changed, and even at this time it would scarcely be true to say that the old idea has been entirely obliterated. This consideration, combined with other circumstances, was a most potent factor in making Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennes- see and other States of the South famous for the fre- quency, popularity and social and financial success of their various race meetings. It was not, however, until the century was well on its way that the American turf assumed a form of settled order and that the pedigrees of horses on this side the Atlantic became clear and distinct, affording the desired opportunities for that comparison between different strains of blood that is so fascinating to the lovers of horses and so necessary to an intelligent view of the sub- ject. Although racing had been fully established in all sections of the country previous to the War of 1812, the contests during the first quarter of a century after the War of the Revolution were, as we have already seen, of a somewhat desultory character, while results were not officially recorded, so that the records of running down to about 1815 are far from reliable. Writing upon this special phase of the subject, Henry William Herbert, better known as Frank Forester, has expressed himself in this wise: ■■ To draw a parallel as nearly as I can draw one, 1 re- gard the old American turf, prior to the fifteenth year, at least, of the nineteenth century, as neither more nor less authentic than that of England up to the time of English Eclipse, and I consider that the era of the importation and covering of Diomed and Messenger in the United States as parallel to that of O'Kelly's wonderful stallion (Eclipse) in the old country. From the day when the sons and the daughters of these noble animals began to run upon the turfs of England and the tracks of America all is plain and on record, so that he who runs mav read." The list of thoroughbreds who made good report of themselves during the first fifty years or so of the cen- tury, and elevated the American turf to a position of re- nown and even of prospective rivalry with the more ancient turf of England, is both imposing and brilliant. It includes many names that have become household words, not only in sporting circles, but also in general public estimation. The fame and the achievements of such great champions as Boston, Fashion, Ariel, Sir Archy, Lexington, Lecomte and scores of others have extended not only throughout the United States, but even to foreign lands. Their imperishable performances have made some of the most glowing pages in the turf history of the wodd. Besides these famous ones there were scores, aye, hundreds, that were scarcely less worthy, and whose careers helped to round out a won- derful half century of turf achievements. Their names have been less conspicuous than those of the greater cracks, it may be, but, none the less, they scarcely yield second rank to those of the most brilliant reputation. Even to record the names of these eminent thorough- breds would require many volumes. A few of them only may be referred to here in order to give a sugges- tion, at least, of the richness of American turf history in this period. The stable of Colonel John Tayloe, of Virginia, con- tained many excellent stallions and mares who were successful on the turf and also transmitted valuable strains of blood to their descendants. One of the best of Colonel Tavloe's string in the first decade of the cen- tury was Lady Lightfoot by Sir Archy, out of Black Maria by Shark. From youth until she was aged there were few better race horses in Virginia or elsewhere than Lady Lightfoot. When Vanity was winning 26 THE AMERICAN TURF triumphs alonp; the James River, I.adv Lightfoot was equally successlul along the Potomac. In 1817 she won the (Aip of the Charleston, S. C. Jockey Club, two-mile heats, defeatiuij Colonel Singleton's Young Lottery, a few days alter that performance winning another two-mile heat race, again beating Young Lottery and three more, while on the next day she won the handicap race in three mile heats, beating the renowned Transport, Merino Ewe and others. In this one week she accomplished the unprecedented triumph of winning three days out of four against the best horses in the State. The following year, in a three-mile heat, she beat Vanity, but before the question of superiority was fully decided by the completion of this race Vanity trod on a pole and fell, breaking her neck. She after- ward beat Tuckahoe who, in his time, was deemed the best horse on the turf and almost invincible. From three to eleven years of age she was in constant training, and out of the 199 miles that she run, she won 113, her triumphs extending from South Carolina to New York. As a brood mare, afterward owned by Mr. Chailes H. Hall, of Harlem, New York, she was distinguished by her progeny, especially by Mr. J. C. Stevens' Black Maria, Colonel Wade Hampton's Bay Maria and Com- modore R. F. Stockton's Shark, all of them being by Eclipse. Vanity, one of the closest rivals of Lady Lightfoot, was an own sister of Reality, both of them being by Sir Archy, OLit of a dam by imported Medley. Both were run with great success by Colonel William R. lohnson, who bred from the latter by Sir Charles, the equally famed Bonnets O'Blue, the winner of many great matches and particularly of a four-mile heat race, over the Charleston, S. C, course, against Clara Fisher, who was got by Kosciusko, a son of Sir Archy, out of a dam by Hephestion, son of imported Buzzard. Bonnets O'Blue became most renowned as the dam of Fashion, who beat Boston in 1842. Nancy Air, by imported Shark out of Annette, dam of the Maid of Oaks, by imported Shark, played a conspicu- ous part on the turf in the first few years after the century opened, being run by Colonel W. Alston in the stable with the renowned Gallatin. She was the dam of the great racer and brood mare Transport, by Virginius. After a brilliant career on the turf Transport produced Sir William, by Sir Archy, and Bertand, Jr. , and Julia, both by Bertrand. Annette, the dam of Nancy Air, was run successfully by Colonel Tayloe under the name of Phantasmagoria. The Maid of Oaks, who was foaled in 1 80 1, and was owned by Captain Bird Willis and Gen- eral Ridgely, proved superior to all her competitors until she trained off, beating such horses as Surprise, Oscar, Floretta, Topgallant and others of the same class. With Post Boy, the Maid of Oaks and Oscar, General Ridgely had one of the strongest strings at that time. From the Maid of Oaks, by Duroc, came Marshall Duroc, a good racer, and, by imported Expedition, the dam of Medoc, who was the best son of Eclipse. Lottery, by imported Bedford, out of imported Anvi- lina, was foaled in 1800. She was owned by Colonel Singleton, .uid in her phenomenally brilliant career beat Merchant, Hampton, Farmer, Peggy and others. By Sir Archy she produced Young Lottery, Kosciusko, Saxe- Weimar, Mary Singleton and Phenomenon. Sally Hope, who was foaled in 1822, was by Sir Archy. out of a dam by imported Chance. Although by accident and mis- management she was unfortunate upon her first appear- ance upon the turf, she ran a long and brilliant career, achieving twenty-one victories out of twenty-live con- tests. In about eight months she traveled nearly i.soo miles and won sixteen races in succession, most of them being three and four-mile heats against a succession of fresh horses, beating such good ones as Betsey Ransom, Snowstorm. Trumpator, Phillis and others. Colonel Wynne, her owner, considered her the best four-miler of the day, superior even to the more famous Ariel, whom he also owned and trained. Polly Hopkins, who was foaled in 182s, was got by Virginian out of a dam by imported Archduke. She won twenty-six races out of the thirty in which she entered at all distances, break- ing down the spring that she was six years old, after having defeated the best horses of her day — Star, Kate Kearney, Slender, Collier and others — and having the best time to her record. Trifie, by Sir Charles, out of a dam by Cicero, son of Sir Archy, was foaled in 1828, and had a long and celebrated career, being regarded as a phenomenon of speed and bottom. When in condition she beat all competitors— Black Maria. Spark, Alice Grey, Mucklejohn. Red Gauntlet, Collier and others. Although she lost a few races, she won about twenty before she retired, twelve or more of her best ones being in suc- cession. One of the most distinguished daughters of Timoleon was Omega, out of Daisy Cropper, by Oscar. Foaled in 1834. she was very successlul throughout her career, her most celebrated achievements including a winning four miles in 7 minutes, 40 seconds, the best time on the Washington City course: a good second place to Boston in the best time on the Petersburg. Va., course, and a winning four-mile heat race in four heals upon the course at Charleston, S. C. During her career she beat Gano, Santa Anna and others. Andrewetta, by Andrew, out of a dam by Qscar, was foaled in 183s and ran a lengthy and famous career at Petersburg. Va., winning a heat from the peerless Boston in 7 minutes, so seconds, the fastest over the course. She was the dam of Engineer, by Revenue, and of Bostona, by Boston. Sarah Wash- ington, by Zinganee, out of a dam by Contention, both 27 THE AMERICAN TURE Zinganee :ind Contention bcino; by Sir Arciiy, was dis- tinofuislied by her fast races in Virginia and Washington in the forties. She ran a second four-inile heat with Utaw in 7 minutes. 42 seconds, except that of Omega, the fastest four-mile heat over the Washington Course. She was the dam of Oratrix. Escape. Inspector, Slasher. Sue Washington and Fanny Washington, names of imperishable renown. In the same decade Reel, by impoi'ted Glencoe, by Cotton, was the champion of the Southwest until she broke down when running against George Martin, by Zinganee, out of a dam by Sir Aichy. Reel was more distinguished through her sons than by her own achieve- ments, she being the dam of Lecomte by Boston, Stark by Wagner and Prioress, the two latter being in the string that Mr. Richard Ten Broeck took to England, where Stark won the Goodwood and other great stakes and Prioress won the Cesarewitch. Of the same period was Nina, by Boston, out of an imported dam by Lot- tery. Her career was nearly, if not quite, equal to that of any of her illustrious predecessors. She ran over several courses in the best time, especially in a four-mile heat contest over the Broad Rock course in 7 minutes. 46^ seconds, 7 minutes, 46 seconds and 7 minutes, 49 seconds. She was the dam of Planet and Exchequer, both by Revenue. Undine, who was foaled in i8st), was got bv Jeff Davis out of a dam bv Imported Monarch. During a short but biilliant career she beat the best horses of her time — Nicholas 1., Exchequer, Fanny Washington and othei's— and won from Planet much the fastest race of four-mile heats ever run over the course at Chai'leston, S. C, in 7 minutes, 36^ seconds and 7 minutes, 42 seconds. Even more famous than the mares were the stallions of the period under consideration, both imported and native born. Earliest among the importations were Phoenix in 1803, Bussorah in 1819, Roman in 182^, Bare- foot in 1827, Hedgeford and Autocrat in 1899 and Trustee in 1835- Trustee produced the imperial Fashion, Roman got Treasure!', Barefoot was the sire of Clara Howard and Hedgeford the sire of Duane. Bussorah was an Arabian, but did not add essentially to the value of thor- oughbred stock in the United States any more than have other Arabians that have been imported since his time. He was a horse of great beauty, had a good pedigree and was free from any particular defects of form, but lacked the perfect degree of excellence that was neces- sary to make him successful in the stud. Florizel, by imported Diomed out of a dam by imported Shark, was the Eclipse of the first years of the century, defeating all his competitors without ever being put to his topmost speed. He won the great match of the day, $3000 a side against Peacemaker, another renowned son of Diomed. He also became more famous as the sire of the dam of Boston. Gallatin, who was owned by Colonel John Tayloe and Colonel William Alston, was got by imported Bed- ford, out of an imported dam by Mambrino. He was a horse of extraordinarv speed, one of the best, if not quite the best, of his day. and supposed to be superior to all his predecessors. Governor Benjamin Ogle's Os- car, bv imported Gabriel out of Vixen by imported Med- ley, was renowned on the turf and in the stud, and especially for the match race, four-mile heats, in which he beat First Consul. Medoc, by American Eclipse, was one of Mr. John C. Steven's best horses and had a fine record, both on the turf and in the stud. Post Boy, by imported Gabriel, was a brilliant race horse, one of the best on the American turf. He died when aged from an accident, which befell him when running against Hickory, the victor in a three-heat race. He was owned by General Charles Ridgely. First Consul, by Flag of Truce, out of a dam by imported Slender, out ot imported Diana by Eclipse, was considered one of the best horses on the turf until he was beaten in the famous match race by Oscar in Baltimore. Brown Dick, by imported Margrave out of Fanny King by imported Glencoe, was owned by Colonel Goldsby. He ran with success, especially in winning at Charleston, S. C, two-mile heats in 5 minutes, 42 sec- onds and 3 minutes, 46 seconds, and the following day three-mile heats in s minutes, 43 seconds and s minutes, 42 seconds. Another one of his celebrated races was upon the course near New Orleans, when he beat Arrow three-mile heats in s minutes, 30 seconds and 5 minutes, 28 seconds. Argyle, by Monsieur Tonson out of Thistle by Oscar, was a renowned racer, bred in Maryland, and stood at the head of the turf in South Carolina and Georgia, until beaten m a great race by John Bascombe. Mingo, by American Eclipse, his dam Bay Bett being by Thornton's Rattler and he by Sir Archy, was a magni- ficent and beautiful horse, regarded by many as an animal in the highest form. He was a good winner and good performer, but suffered a great deal from bad man- agement, honors being taken from him by Post Boy, Lady Clifden and others. John Bascombe, by Bertrand. son of Sir Archy and out of Gray Goose by Pacolet, was renowned for winning two great matches of four-mile heats in Georgia, in one of which he beat Argyle in 7 minutes, 47 seconds. Upon the Fashion Course at New York he was the Southern champion against the North in one race, beating Post Boy, by Sir Henry. He was a large, tall and light-bodied horse, had fine action, and was an easy and speedy goer, but was not a stayer. Trustee, one of the best horses imported into the United States during this period, arrived here in 183s. and died in 1836. He was foaled in 1829, and was got 2y TITE AMERICAN TIIRE by Cation out of Kmma by Whisker, his tjrandam bi-iiiti Gibside Fairy by Hermes, lie tracuJ baci< to Lord Ox- ford's IKin Arabian out of the D'Arcy black-legged, royal mare. He was selected by Commodore Robert F. Stockton and Messrs. Francis P. Corbvn and F. G. Ogden, and after his arrival in this country Commodore Stockton trained him and ran him at Trenton on a private trial at four miles, in which he performed admir- ably. By Bonnets O'Bkie. he was the sire of the cele- brated Fashion, was also the sire of Trustee, the first horse in the world that ever trotted twenty miles within an hour, and of America, Grace Darling, Revenue, Car- lotta, Livingston, John Black, Nero, Logan and others. Imported Sovereign was bred by King William IV. in 1836. He was purchased at the annual sale of yearlings in 1857 by Colonel Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, for 400 guineas and brought to the United States. At that time he was described as a sumptuous looking colt, having as much bone and substance as Commodore Stockton's Langford. also bred at Hampton Court. In color he was a dark bay. with a small star, stood \b hands high, and was of commanding presence. On his voyage over to this country he was injured so that he never appeared on the turf, but was a valuable addition to the stud. He was got by Emilius out of Fleur-de-Lis, who was sold to the French Government for a large price at the sale of the royal stud. Fleur-de-Lis, with Elizabeth and Maria, were the three great favorites of King William IV., and also of George IV. She was considered the most blood-like mare in England, and when purchased for the royal stud cost $7,500. She was by Bourbon out of Lady Rachel by Stamford. Emilius, the Sire of Sovereign, was got by Orville out of Emily by Stamford, and traced to Whiskey out of Grey Dori- mont by Dorimont. Sovereign became the sire of Childe Harold, Berry. Charleston, Prioress, Ruric, Governor Johnson, Bailie Jordon, Avis, Territler, Nat Pope, Fleur- de-Lis, and many other famous cracks. To this list, which is by no means complete, of the worthy thorough- breds of the first thirty years or more of the present century, might also be added the names of Clarion, by Monmouth Eclipse out of a dam by Oscar; Expedition, Baronet, Alexander, Rockwood, Clumsy, Grey Gran- them, Bay Bolton. Clockfast, Spread Eagle. Rocking- ham. True Whig, Giantess, Henry Perrit, and scores, if not hundreds, of others not less entitled to considera- tion. Sectional rivalry in racing matters has in this age entirely passed away. All inteiested in the turf are thoroughly acquainted with the fact that the West is the best breeding ground for the thoroughbred horse, and that in the past a very large proportion of the keenest and most successful horsemen have been natives of that section; at the same time, the prominence of the North as the centre of racing and the influence of other sections in breeding is now frankly conceded. It would, however, be impossible to gainsay the fact that Kentucky in particular has played the most important part of any State in the modern development of the thoroughbred on this side of the Atlantic. Both that State and Tennessee were settled largely, it not mainly, by Virginians, who carried with them to the West both a love for the sport and a large number of the best horses that could then be found m this country. It was quickly discovered that soil, climate and the particularly nutritious character of the grasses — above all, the famed Kentucky blue grass — favored the development of all the best qualities of which the thoroughbred is capable. Consequently, even before the admission of Kentucky into the Union, it took a high rank for both breeding and racing, while Tennessee was not far behind in these respects. Though still very much in the condition of a wilderness, Kentucky had its race meets as early as 1788, and boasted at that time of horses of no mean descent or small merit. Time has only emphasized the advantages with which nature herself has endowed Kentucky and her neighbor, and if there is any part of the land which can contest their supremacy as a place for bleeding it is only California, where within recent years that indiistrv has assumed remarkable proportions and been attended with wonderful results. Lexington, Ky., possesses the oldest race track in the West. The association which conducts the racing there was organized in 182^, and since that time its regular races have been held practically without interruptions. Indeed, even during the Civil War, when the stress or the conflict closed the gates of practically every track in the land, whether in the North or South, the passion of the Kentuckians for their favorite sport could not be sub- dued. The only break in the record was in 1862, when the State itself was the scene of hostilities and when the forces of the Confederate General Kirby Smith occupied Lexington on their advance into Kentucky and encamped on the race grounds, the spring meeting being then omitted. Horsemanship is a natural accomplishment with the natives of that section and all classes are intensely interested in the turf, to which they have always given generous support and encouragement. Even the great commoner, Henry Clay himself, was a breeder ot note. He imported the famous mare. Yorkshire, and his son, Mr. James M. Clay, made the statesman's beauti- ful home at Ashlands famous for its breeding stud. It is. indeed, impossible to exaggerate the important part which Kentucky horses and Kentucky horsemen have had in the development of the turf in our country. In the matter of importations her leading men displayed the utmost liberality, as well as a true power of selection. Many of the best English horses which came to this 29 TTTE AMERICAN TURF country after the e;irly period of the turf ultimiitely found their way to KtMiluciL' seconds. In his famous race with Fashion in 1842, Boston led two miles in 3 minutes, 42 J 2 seconds, and three miles in s minutes, 37V2 seconds. In i8ss. Brown Dick, by im- ported Margrave out of Fanny King by imported Glen- coe, three years old and carrying 86 pounds, beat Arrow a three-mile heat race over the Metairie Course in s minutes, 30^ seconds and 3 minutes, 28 seconds. At the same meeting, Lexington, in his record-breaking four-mile race of 7 minutes, 19^ seconds, ran three 35 THE AMERICAN TURF miles in s minutes, 27 seconds. In iiis great four-mile victory over Lecomte on the same course, Lexington made three miles of one heat in 5 minutes. 31 '_■ seconds. At the same meeting. Henry Perrit, by imported Mar- grave, won two-mile heats in ;; minutes, ^q seconds and 3 minutes, 40 seconds, running the first mile of the sec- ond heat in i minute, 42J2 seconds. Doubloon, bv im ported Margrave out of Picayune by Medoc, beat Topaz and Charmer on the same course in 1849 two-mile heats in 3 minutes, 48^4 seconds, 3 minutes, 42 seconds and ^ minutes, 37 seconds. Lecomte, Berry, Miss Foote. Sally Waters and others ran two miles on the same course in about the same time. Lecomte, Prioress and others doing a mile in about i minute, 4s seconds. Examples might be multiplied almost without limit showing the speed and bottom of the racers of the olden times. it is evident, however, without proceeding further, that in everything that goes to make up the per- fect thoi'oughbred. the great horses of the second quarter of the centurv were nonpareils that were the equal of any in the world, and that would scarcely lower their colors if put to the supreme test with the best of those who have succeeded them. In the States south and west of the Potomac, the high standard of this early period was steadily maintained. In the North, legiti- mate racing gave way to the trotting turf to such a pre- eminent degree just previous to the Civil War that such horses as Eclipse and his distinguished , get, Maiia, Mingo and others, who sustained the credit of the turf in this section, were no longer to be found. It is only within the last decade or two that the North has re- established itself, and with its turf achievements has recalled the brilliancy of that great epoch when 'iclipse, Fashion, Black Maria and others of their class success- fully challenged the best that any other section of the country had to offer. At least a decade preceding the outbreak of the Civil War the prospects of the American turf began to be of a decidedly unceitain character. Gentlemen who had been thoroughly identitled with its interests for a quarter of a century or more and who had given to it generous support, had gradually withdrawn from all connection with it, principally because the general conduct of its affairs had fallen into unworthy hands. Men who had followed the business of breeding and of racing from a wholesome love of the sport rather than from any pur- pose to make it a profitable pursuit from a financial point of view, could not look with complacency upon the growing commercial spirit which was slowly but surely coming to dominate the turf and all that pertained to it. Especially was this true in the North, where such men as Messrs. Stevens, Coster, Livingston, Stockton, King and others, who had heretofore given the turf in this section pre-eminent business character and social standing, had broken up their studs and were seeking diversion in other sports than racing, particularly in yachting, which was then coming into great prominence. In the North racing almost entirely died out, while in the South the meetings were, generally speaking, of an unimportant character when compared with the great affairs of previous years that had been of really national importance. At a few of the headquarters of historic racing in the South, such as Nashville, Louisville, New Orleans, Lexington. Charleston, and a few other places, some very good racing was still continued, the attrac- tions being such horses as General W. G. Harding's Herndon by Albion ; Mr. George Everly's AUemdorf by George Elliott; Mr. R. A. Alexander's Lavender, by Wagner out of Alice Carneal ; Mr. A. K. Richards' Glycera and Colossus, both by Sovereign; Mr. John M. • Clay's Daniel Boone by Lexington out of Magnolia, by Glencoe; Mr. John Harper's Edmonia Taylor by Cracker; Mr. J. M. Haye's Hanover by Yorkshire; Major T. W. Doswell's Planet by Boston ; Colonel D. McDaniel's Financier; Mr. R. A. Alexander's Lilla by Yorkshire, and others of the same class. This list, which of course does not in the least pretend to be comprehensive, is fairly representative of what the turf of that day had to present, and shows very clearly the striking difference between these days and those that had preceded them. In the North new divinities had arisen and the fickle public was bowing before the shrines of Flora Temple, Ethan Allen and other great trotters of the period, when it was not going wild over the fistic work of the redoubtable Heenan and Sayres and their compeers in the prize ring. Many of the turf meetings failed to attract more than a corporal's guard, which was in sad comparison with the earlier part of the century, when the attendance often thousand or twenty thousand enthusi- astic spectators was by no means uncommon upon important racing days. To such a low estate had racing fallen in the vicinity of New York about this time, that the famous old Union Course on Long Island was often given over to some very weird performances. A newspaper report of the period thus describes an event of this character, a mule race on Thanksgiving day for a purse of $so: "Eight of the obstinate brutes were brought to the starting point, but only four could be induced bv all the persuasive arguments of the ti.iiners or owners to go anyhow. The money was awarded to Eastern Jack, who, after being left behind in two heats, won the last three. lAfter the second he:it a nigger mounted him. and as there is some natural affinity between niggers and mules, he won easily. Tom Tit, a very ugly customer, appears to have created the most fun or sensation, for he kicked out when struck with a whip, ran into a ditch, was whipped out of that and then made straight for the bar-room and 36 nil': AMERICAN TURF scattered all the siiiilers aiui knocked their .i^lasses into a thousand sparkles; finally he kicked a niiijier on the head and it was thought ' the crowner's crest ' would be necessary, but nigger's suffering is most tolerable and to be endured." it was generally acknowledged that scarcely anything worthy of being considered legitimate horse racing was now in existence in the United States. To make the situation even more unpromising, there did not appear to be any appreciable effort being made for its rehabilita- tion. In the N'icinity of New Yoik there still existed clubs, on Long Island and in Hoboken, and also further south in Trenton, Camden, Baltimore, Washing- ton City, and, of course, in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, South Carolina. Alabama, and other Southern States. At each of these courses there were two meet- ings annually, and for the entire list of these races there were only about ten stables that were able to make entries, and even of this small number some three or four very rarelv had a winner. There was but one possible outcome of this condition of things. First came an inevitable loss of public interest in the turf and a decrease of patronage upon racing events. Following this was a deterioration in the management of race courses and less and less interest paid to breeding and training. Ultimatelv it came about that many of the courses were abandoned, their grounds being turned over to agricul- tural purposes, and the stables devoted to the plough. Still, soon after the middle of this decade there were abundant indications that the apathy that had so long prevailed was in a fair way soon to be dissipated. Undeterred bv the difficulties that surrounded them and the clouds that overshadowed them, many of the most devoted turfmen in different parts of the country were united in determination to revive interest in racing by concentrated efforts to elevate its character and to make it more profitable to breeders and owners and more attractive to the public. There was quick response to these efforts, and it was not long before reports of a new and encouraging spirit began to be heard from all parts of the country. Confidence increased that the sport would again resume the prominent and commanding position which it had enjoyed during the brilliant days of Boston, Fashion. Sir Henry, Eclipse, Sir Archy and other giants of the early turf. To be sure it was no longer expected that such gentlemen as Messrs. Stevens and Livingston, of New York, Stockton and Cibbons, of New Jersey, Craig, of Pennsylvania, and Johnson. Botts and a score of others of the South would give to the turf the countenance that they had bestowed upon it. before it had become so thoroughly imbued with the spirit of professionalism. Nevertheless, during the time that racing had rested somewhat under a cloud, a lew devoted spirits had still been generous in time and atten- tion to breeding and were developing new racers, who were showing a speed that was surprising and that was again commanding the attention of all lovers of sport. Indeed, it mav be said, that the thoroughbreds themselves constituted the most important factor in this impending revival. It was impossible for anyone, with an ounce of spoiling blood in his veins, or with a genuine love for the horse, to resist the appeal that was made to his enthusiasm, or to escape the influence that was an inevitable outcome of the performances of the new race of thoroughbreds. Looking at the matter solely from the point of view of the time test, Iheie was certainly no degeneracy to be discovered in the race horses of the period, however it might have been in the managements of the affairs in which thev were the principal actois. If we should except, perhaps, Boston and a few of his best sons, the race horses that now existed in the United States were as perfect as any that had preceded them, and quite as capable at any and all distances. For example, during the year i8s6 there were many good racers at various distances that would compare favorably with the best in the d.ivs gone bv. Leaving out of the reckoning the phenomenal Boston and Fashion match, the contest between Floride and Sebastapol in the spring of i8s6, near Baltimore, was faster than any four-mile race ever run in the Atlantic States. Floride's time in the two straight heats in which the race was run was 7 minutes, 58 seconds and 7 minutes, 42 seconds. In the aggregate this was only 3 seconds slower than Fashion's most wonderful achievement, when at the same age as Floride and carrying nearly the same weight. It was 8 seconds faster than the memorable heats of Henry and Eclipse, that for years were unsurpassed and were regarded by many sportsmen as unapproachable. In the same year Sebastapol, on the Newmarket Course, in Virginia, beat- ing Frankfort, by Glencoe. run four miles, in the precise time of Sir Henry and John Richards with the same weight for four-vear olds in the memorable Eclipse year of 1823, Balloon, by Yorkshire, in Kentucky, won a sec- ond heat in four miles in 7 minutes. 47 seconds. 2 seconds faster than Eclipse's lamous second heat, when he beat Henry. The get of Tally Ho. son of Boston: of Revenue, son of Trustee; of Glencoe. Sovereign, York- shire Wagner and others stood at the head of the turf. In this Renaissance meetings in different parts of the country, especially in the South, began to attract more attention than had been given to them for many years. In this era there were several places in the South in which racing began again to be eminently successful and flourishing, as. for instance. Lexington. Ky. ; Charleston, S. C, and New Orleans. Besides almost every little town of 10.000 inhabitants or more strove to maintain a course, and races were advertised to be held at such 37 THE AMERICAN TURF places as the Rapides Course in Alexandria, La. ; the Herring Run Course in Baltimore. Md. ; the Washington Course in Charleston, S. C. ; the Congaree Course in Columbia, S. C. ; the Chattahooche Course in Columbus, Ga. ; the Central Course in Macon, Ga. ; the Nashville Course in Nashville, Tenn. ; the Atlanta, Ga., Course, under the auspices of the Atlanta Jockey Club; the Lafayette Course, of Augusta, Ga., under the auspices the Jockey Club of that place; the Prudhomme Course in Natchitoches, La. ; the Newmarket Course in Peters- burg, Va. ; the Ten Broeck Course in Savannah, Ga. ; the Warrenton Course in Warrenton, N. C. ; the Fairfield Course in Fairfield, Va. ; the Bascombe Course in Mobile, Ala. ; the Glasgow Course in Kentucky, and others of like standing. The more important of these places supported racing very well. Indeed, the sport thrived better and seemed to be in better condition generally in the South than it had been for many years, or in any other part of the United States at that time. According to population, the turf was more generously patronized in the smaller places than at any other courses, e.xcept, perhaps, those in Lexington and New Orleans, the meetings often attracting from fifteen to twenty of the best horses from all parts of the United States, while the purses offered ranged in value from $300 or $400 to $1,000. Among the prominent owners who were represented on these occasions were Messrs. William H. Gibbons, Thomas W. Doswell, Richard Ten Broeck, David McDaniel, T. B. Poindexter, John Campbell, B. F. Cheatham, W. T. Cheatham, H. E. Barton, William Roundtree. Thomas G. Bacon, Thomas Puryear and T. B. Goldsby. Good prices began to be paid for thoroughbreds, for their value on the turf and in the stud was fully recog- nized. Mr. R. A. Alexander, of Woodford, purchased Lexington from Mr. Ten Broeck in 18^6, paying for him $15,000. That was not, however, the highest price that had been paid for a horse in the United States at that time. Priam, who was imported, cost $25,000. Rodolph, a horse that never amounted to much in anyway, brought $18,000. Monmouth Eclipse sold for $14,000, and one authority of that period declared that he was worth about twenty shillings. Post-boy. who was the North- ern champion and ran against John Bascombe, by whom he was defeated, was sold for over $18,000. Porter's Spirit of the Times said of these two horses " Neither he nor Bascombe were worth shucks, and neither has been the sire of a winner fit to start for sour buttermilk." Bertrand and Medoc were each held to be worth $55,000. Shark and Medley sold for $10,000 each, and to quote again from Porter's Spirit of the Times, "The first was originally worth, as a stallion, twenty shillings; the second not the cost of the powder and shot that should kill him." Other horses of that day brought prices comparable with those that have already been quoted. Nor was the South entirely alone in feeling the stimu- lus of the new spirit and in participating in the renewed activity in turf matters. New York had hitherto main- tained almost alone the standing of the thoroughbred in its section, and now the old Fashion Course began again to witness affairs that in a small way, at least, recalled its earlier triumphs. One of the most interesting races of this period, whether of the North or of the South, was that wherein Nicholas I. defeated Engineer, an account of which is given in another chapter of this volume. In this race were matched the Glencoe stock, represented in Nicholas, champion of the North; the Sovereign stock, represented in Charleston, the cham- pion of the more extreme South, and the Revenue stock, represented by Engineer, the champion of Vir- ginia, three illustrious sons of three of the most renowned stallions in America. Not only as a contest between rival sections of the country, recalling memories of simi- lar meetings of previous generations, did this race attract attention, but it was also the occasion of animated dis- cussion regarding the relative merits of the three great equine families represented by the contestants. Locally it was regarded as the greatest turf event of the season, and called out the attention not only of rac- ing men, but of society folk and the public generally. Special preparations were made for the occasion by the managers of the course, as the following advertisement, which was published in the newspapers of the day, will show: "Fashion Course — In order that those in mod- erate circumstances may have an opportunity of seeing the Great Four-Mile Race between Nicholas, Charleston and Engineer at a moderate expense, the Proprietor has adopted the following scale of prices for admission to the Course and Stands: Subscribers' Badge for the meet- ing, $10.00. Quarter Stretch Badge for the day, $5.00. Admission to Field and Public Stands, $1.00. Gentle- man's Badge for Ladies' Stand, $2.00. The Members' Stand has been set apart for the exclusive use and occu- pancy of Ladies and their attendants, and no charge will be made for Ladies; and a handsome saloon has been fitted up for their special accommodation, where refresh- ments of all kinds and of the best quality can be obtained. Billy Florence will be on hand in the Quarter Stretch Stand with Fish, Chowder, Oyster Stews, Oysters in the half shell and all sorts of accompaniments; and visitors to the course may rely on everything being in perfect keeping with the occasion. An efficient police is en- gaged, and the most perfect order will be kept." Another good four-mile heat race was run in June, 18S7. upon the Fashion Course, on which occasion Mr. John G. Cocks, of Louisiana; Mr. Francis Morris, of New York, and Mr. Henry K. Toler, of New Jersey, were the judges. Mr. John Hunter's Nicholas 1., by imported 3S THE AMERICAN TURF Glencoeout of Nanny Rhodes by Wagner, Campbell and Barton's Lizzie McDonald, formerly Sue Washington, by Revenue out of Sarah Washington by Garrison's Zin- ganee, and Mr. James Talley's Lucy Philips, by Tally Ho out of Betsey White, were the contestants. Nicholas 1. won in two straight heats, the time being 7 minutes, 39 seconds and 7 minutes, 44^^ seconds. Nicholas 1. was a celebrated horse of his day. In 1856 he was sold for $3,000, and within one year won double that amount in stakes, while those who backed him rarely failed to realize large money. He was foaled in Kentucky, near Lexington, and the famous jockey, Pincus, almost invariably rode hiin. Down to the close of the half century, Virginia stock or descendants maintained their supremacy. Close up to the time of the outbreak of the Civil War such horses of Virginia families as Whale, Marksman. Bonnie Lassie, Lizzie McDonald, Engineer, Shocco and Slasher were among the leading winners, and even Governor Wick- liffe, although got by the renowned Glencoe out of Motto by the St. Leger winner. Barefoot, and bred in Kentucky, was claimed to be of old Virginia stock in several of his crosses. The Virginia horses still con- tinued to be held in the same high esteem as during the previous loo or iso years, and the patriotic horsemen of that State never tired of referring to the period when the valuable blood horses of the Old Dominion were the most renowned productions of this country. Washing- ton Irving in his Life of Washington tells how the cele- brated Colonel Tarleton got the advantage of the Conti- nental troops by mounting his cavalrymen on race horses that he found on the Virginia plantations. That the Virginia -horses still continued to be as ex- cellent animals as their ancestors was shown again and again by their brilliant performances in this period. A race in four-mile heats in 1858, in which the celebrated Lizzie McDonald, quite as well, if not better, known by her original naine of Sue Washington, defeated Nicholas !., the occasion being their seventh contest, was quoted in support of this proposition. The first heat of this race was run in 7 minutes, 41 >^ seconds, its third and fourth miles respectively being in i minute, 543^ seconds and i minute, =52)^ seconds, an aggregate for the two miles of 3 minutes, 47 seconds. The second heat was run in 7 minutes, 49 '-2 seconds, the last three miles being in i minute, 38 seconds, i minute, s? seconds and i minute, 53,'^ seconds, an aggregate for the three miles of '^ min- utes, 46^1^ seconds, and of the first and second miles of 3 minutes, 53 seconds. The first heat was the fastest four miles by half a second ever made on the Charleston Course, where this race was run, and was a gallant test of blood and bottom, honorable alike to the victor and the conquered. The entries for the autumn races over the Fashion Course on Long Island in September, 1858, will give as fair an idea as it is possible to present in any way of the personality of the turfmen of that period, and of the character of the horses that were then most prominent. The Fashion Course was no longer controlled by a gentlemen's jockey club, but was simply a private en- terprise managed for business purposes by a single pro- prietor, Mr. O. P. Hare, of Virginia. In this respect it was in the same class with many other important race courses throughout the country, which were at that time entirely individual business projects. At this meeting nine stables were represented. Mr. John Hunter, with N. B. Young for trainer, had Nicholas I., Mohican, Jim Watson and others. Mr. William H. Gibbons, with D. Macoun for trainer, had the Czar, Mary Eveline, Gold Leaf and Crinoline. Mr. Francis Morris, with W. E. Ellis, trainer, had Throgg's Neck, Westchester and Profit. Colonel R. H. Dickinson, with William Stewart, trainer, had Don Juan and George Wickliffe. Messrs. Branch & Dickinson, with William Wyche, trainer, had Tar River. Colonel John Campbell, with T. B. Patter- son, trainer, had Lizzie McDonald and Laura Spillman. The Messrs. Doswell, of Virginia, with Jerome Edgar, trainer, had Slasher and Planet. Mr. P. C. Bush, Messrs. Reber & Kutze, Dr. A. Kirwin, of Canada, and others were also represented. There were eight nomi- nations for a great four-mile sweepstakes, among them Lizzie McDonald, Nicholas I., Mohican, Tar River and Slasher. For the Fashion Handicap, with three pieces of silver plate as a prize, there were sixteen nomina- tions, among them being Mr. P. S. Forbes' Zanoni, by Zinganee; Mr. W. H. Gibbons' The Czar, by Tally Ho; Mr. Charles S. Lloyd's Charlie Ball, by Wagner; Mr. John Hunter's Nicholas I., by imported Glencoe; Mr. John Campbell's Laura Spillman, by Wagner, and also Don Juan, Slasher, Toler, Parachute and others. This particular meeting has a special historical interest. In the Fashion Handicap was in effect the first actual introduction of the handicap in a practicable and effect- ive way that had ever been made in the United States. For a long time there had been many advocates of the English system of handicapping, and strenuous efforts had been made to secure its trial, if not its complete acceptance. Up to this time, however, none of these attempts had been successful. The adoption of the sys- tem in this instance, even though in the form of an experiment, was looked forward to with much interest by turfmen and the public generally. The first effect of it was seen, as had been predicted, in the large field that the race presented and the high merits of the horses that were nominated. For a sweepstakes to close with six- teen nominations of the best horses then on the Ameri- can turf was something unusual, where three, four or half a dozen entries were generally the highest number 39 THE AMERICAN TURF that could be expected. It was, therefore, hoped that the effect of this innovation would be that larger fields would be the custom on all tracks and that instead of two or three horses, or frequently one of pre-eminent ability appearing to take easy posse.ssion of a stake, or, perhaps, walk over the course for it to the disappoint- ment of thousands of spectators, there would be many competitors and .m e.xciting contest in every event. Our consideration of the history of the American turf has now led us to a point where the beginning of civil strife and sectional dissensions made their influence felt upon the fortunes of this popular sport even as they were impressed upon all other business, professional and social interests of the two prominent sections of the country. The existence of the turf at that time depended largely upon the hearty accord of owners representing different portions of the Union and with the growing bitterness of feeling upon the political ques- tions that were then uppermost in the minds of all citi- zens, it became impossible to maintain the conditions that were needed for successful racing. As we have already seen, the decadence of the turf had really com- menced some years previous to this date, and the interest which prominent and influential men had heretofore manifested in it was palpably on the decrease, tor rea- sons other than mere sectional differences. Moreover, the public, after passing through the great panic of iSsy, which brought ruin to thousands and naturally depleted the ranks of the wealthy patrons of racing, was pre- occupied, not only with thoughts upon the political situation, but with energetic effort to recover its finan- cial standing. All these things combined to make it, that at no pre- vious time in the history of the nation had there been so little disposition for the diversion afforded by sport of any kind. The turf, in short, suffered a decided set- back and at every point declined enormously. Although a semblance of racing was still kept up, the few events that came off were of a desultory and unimportant char- acter, Kentucky being about the only section in which the sport flourished with anything that could be consid- ered as approaching its normal vigor. Before actual hostilities between the North and South broke out pub- lic interest in the turf had become reduced to a low point and the final clash of arms gave the sport what was feared at the time would be its death blow. It is singular to notice, however, and is also an inter- esting commentary upon the spirit of the times as showing the general hopefulness that pervaded both sections up to the last moment that somehow the dreaded conflict would be avoided, that the racing events, such as they were, were continued throughout i860 and even into 1861. They were advertised in the Northern newspapers and reports of them sent from the South were of a character that showed that many of the turfmen were even more concerned over questions of pedigree and speed than they were over the controversies of poli- tics and arms. Even after Fort Sumter had been fired upon, this condition of affairs continued. As late as June, 1861. the Magnolia Jockey Club, of Mobile, Ala., announced its Winter Meeting for the following Decem- ber and its spring stakes for March. 1862, with seem- ingly the fullest confidence that nothing would be likely to occur to interfere with the complete realization of its plans. At the same time the Savannah Jockey Club was contemplating its annual meeting in January, 18O2, and other events were set down in Tennessee, Kentucky, South Carolina and Virginia for the summer and autumn of 1861 and the spring of 18O2. This anomalous condition of affairs, however, could not long continue. Men soon became impressed with the terrible seriousness of the struggle before them and shortly abandoned all further thoughts of turf exploita- tions. Race tracks in all parts of the country largely suspended their meetings, the jockey clubs, especially of the South, were dissolved, while the great breeding establishments that for generations had been the pride of Virginia, Tennessee and other States of that section were completely broken up. The thoroughbreds had graver work before them now than striving for mastery over the course. They were drawn into the armies, especially for the South, and probably never in history had officers and men oi the cavalry service been so superbly mounted as was now the case in the Confed- erate Army. Leading turfmen of the South generally took an active part in the struggle, and their farms and race tracks wei'e, for the time being, abandoned. Mis- fortunes of the character that naturally afflicted the Southern people, for the most part, were spared the tLirfmen of the North, who were relatively few in num- ber. Nevertheless, for the time being, the war put an end also to racing upon the courses of the North, where the sport had been kept alive tor so long mainly through a spirit of rivalry with the South. General attention on the part of those who. despite the overshadowing clouds of war, still maintained a lingering interest in horse flesh, was now in the absence of those particular exhibitions of the thoroughbred that had here- tofore concei'ned them turned to a consideiable degree toward the English turf The presence in that country of Mr. Ten Broeck. who had already been there for several years with his stable of American cracks, afforded a special reason why turf affairs in that country should be watched with incieasing attention and interest. Consequently, we find that at this period the literature of the American turf confined itself almost exclusively to that special branch of the subject. The trotting horse, however, held a decided supremacy ovei' the thorough- 40 THE AMERICAN TURE bred ill the attention tlial was jiiven to him in the North during the war davs. Having never, to anv great extent, been in favor in the South, the trotter remained unartected by the changed conditions in that section. The Noith. and especially New York and New Hngland. was the natural home of the trotter, even as the South had on the other hand always CLiltivated the thorough- bred almost exclusivelv. In New Hngland, where racing had never taken tirm hold and has not even to the present day, the trotting horse was the only favorite and continued even throughout the war to engross such attention from those interested in horses as could be given to the subject amid the increasing distraction of arms. But even this modified concern over horses and racing soon fell into the background, overwhelmed by the more pressing exigencies of the hour and the demands upon the patriotism of the public in those times that tried men's souls. It was not long before the tuif, whether in its running or trotting manifestation, dis- appeared from the public and business life of the North, as well as in the South, not to be revived until .after the great question of national existence should be forever settled. \ And yet it was at this critical time, as late as August, 1862, that the fust meeting ever held in Boston for the flying contests of the turf was inaugurated upon the Franklin Park Course, which had been hitherto given up / to the trotters who have always been exceptionally popular in Boston. Up to that time the knowledge of the stay-at-home sporting public of that city had been con- fined in the way of racing entirely to trotting features. The elimination of the Southern tracks from the calcula- tions of owneis had moved them to a desire to expand the circuit for the performances of their champions in the North. The owners of the Kentucky and New York stables, who were then furnishing nearlv all the turf attractions, were a little doubtful about the expei'iment of trying racing in the old Bay State, but made the venture in default of anything better offering. The meeting was measurably successful, but after all failed to lix the running turf in the affections of the Bostonians. The entries for this four days' meeting show vei'y well upon what stables and horses the tiuf was then depend- ing. Mr. John lUuiter was there with Sunshine, by B.ilrownie out of imported Comfort and Miss Jessie by Revenue; the Honorable /.eb Ward with a bay filly, by Lexington out of a dam bv Yorkshire, and Reporter, by Lexington oLit of a dam by Hclipse; Mr. P. C. Bush with Aerolite, by Revenue out of a dam by Rhoda, Cyclone by Vandal out of Marigold and Trovatore by Vandal out of Marigold; Mr. C S. Lloyd with Throgg"s Neck, by (jacker out of Sally Ward, Avalanche by Revenue, and Revenge by Monarch out of Fashion: l)i\ J. W. Weldon with Betty Ward by Lexington out of Whalebone; Captain T. G. Moore with Laura Paris and Idlewild. both by Lexington : Dr. Underwood with Emma by Logan, and Mr. I). Robbin with Wragram by Yorksliire. In a four-mile race, single dash, at this meeting Throgg's Neck made the very good time of 7 minutes, S4''j seconds, over a course that was in very heavy condition. During the same year there were spring meetings in New York and Philadelphia. Most of the same stables were represented on these occasions, as in the Boston meeting. It is interesting to recall also that Philadelphia was like Boston in its devotion to the trotter and had never patronized the thoroughbred, save in occasional instances. At the Philadelphia meeting Mr. R. A. Alexandei' entered Ann Clark, by Lexington out of Kitty Clark by Glencoe, Bay Flower, by Lexington out of Bayleaf by imported Yorkshire and Norton bv l,exington out of Novice by Glencoe. The Honorable Zeb Ward presented Blondone by impoi'ted Sovereign out of a dam bv Glencoe. Colonel Campbell entered two Wagner colts and Mr. A. J. Minor entered two Balrownie colts. In the New York meeting, which lollowed the Philadelphia meeting by one week, the same horses that had appeared in Philadelphia and Boston, with others from Kentucky and New York stables, weie entered, including such cracks as Idlewild, Molly Jackson. Nicholas I., Solferino and otheis. These meetings are now of interest chielly from the tact that they were practically the last expiring manitestations of turf activity previous to the stag- nation that was to exist for the ensuing ten years. 4t MODERN TURF DEVELOPMENT REVIVAL OF Racing After the Close of the Civil War— A Brilliant Period in the North— Anti-Race Track Legislation and its Effects — Entering Upon a New Career Under Changed Conditions WHEN we come to consider the progress of the turf in the United States during the last quar- ter of the nineteenth century, the tasi< is even more appalling in its magnitude than that undertaken in reviewing the earlier records. As we have already pointed out, in preceding chapters, the great dif- ficulty that lies in the way of evolving a thorough and reliable history of the American turf in the first century or more of its existence, arises from the fact that com- paratively little attention was given to the preservation of records in those times. This was most emphatically true of the time previous to 1800, and it is only measur- ably less so of most of the present century. Until well toward 1850 no one seemed to consider it worth while to gather the perishing records for permanent preserva- tion. To be sure, the Stud Book antedates that time and the pedigrees are substantially reliable back, perhaps, to the first quarter of the century- But pedigrees, however important to the breeder and professional turfite, consti- tute only a small part of the whole history of the turf To the general public, and to turfmen as well, the story of the great races and of the owners of olden times with the records of the various efforts that were made to stimulate and develop breeding and racing are quite as interesting and, from certain points of view, quite as valuable as the mere list of pedigrees. It is in these latter particulars that the history of the early turf is notably deficient. The periodical press, upon which we now mostlv relv for the preservation of the fieeting facts of the day for the benefit of posterity as well as for our own profit and enjoyment, was then almost unknown so far as it related to the turf. To be sure, as early as 1829, the publication of the monthly magazine, entitled The American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine, was be- gun by Mr. John F. Skinner, of Baltimore. Although there was much valuable information in this periodical, it was not altogether reliable, nor did it pretend to any degree of thoroughness regarding the events of the turt during its existence. Moreover, it lasted only fifteen vears. For some two or three years Mr. Cadwalader R. Colden, of New York, who was well known as a writer about the turf over the signature of "An Old Turfman," published another sporting magazine that was very admirable in its way, howsoever inadequate and disappointing it was in its failure to cover the entire field. Some time in the thirties Mr. William T. Porter founded the first weekly sporting newspaper ever pub- lished in this country. The Spirit of the Times. More space was given in this paper to other kinds of sport than to racing, such as hunting, fishing, gaming, etc., but on the whole, the periodical entered upon an un- occupied field and became of very decided usefulness, in its columns, and in those of its successors, variously known as The Old Spirit, Porter's Spirit and Wilkes' Spirit, the delver tor information regarding the American turf down to the time of the Civil War, finds much that is valuable and interesting and out of which it is possible to construct a fairly accurate history of the turf of that period. Although breeding and racing assumed consid- erable proportions between 182=; and iSso, the sport was, generally speaking, in compact shape, that is, com- paratively few horses attained to great prominence, few breeders and owners were prominent, and the racing events, while of transcendent interest, were not notably numerous. It is. theiefore. not difficult to gain some- thing of a comprehensive view of the general condition of the sport in those generations. Coming down to the immediate present, the task of reviewing the progress of the turf ot the United States dui'ing this last quarter of the nineteenth century be- comes almost appalling in its magnitude. Racing has arisen to be one of the most popular forms of sport, and the gallant thoroughbred, as a subject of popular admir- ation, is scarcely second to the great operatic prima donna or the famous actress, in the aggregate, many thousands of persons are regular attendants upon the race meetings in the various parts of the country during the season, which is generallv considered to begin in May and end in November. Nor does this activity cease altogether with the autumn months. Such is the popular demand for the sport that it is almost impossible to satisfy it anywhere within reasonable limitation. As a result, winter racing has been instituted as a feature of several of the courses in the South and in California, and for a short time was even indulged in to a limited extent in the North, where, however, the spectacle of game blood horses tearing their way through mud and snow was anything but agreeable to admirers of the noble animal. But take it throughout the country, start- ing with New York in the North, since there is almost 42 THE AMERICAN TURF. no running known in the section fLiitlier Hast, and going througii the West, South, Southwest and to the Pacific Coast, it is scarcely exaggeration to say that liiere is practically no cessation in the beat of the thoroughbred's hoofs upon the traci< throughout the entire year. It is a common thing tor a thousand or more horses to be in training at a single one of the more important race tracks, and the total number of thoroughbreds of each season is almost beyond calcula- tion. The difficulties that lie in the way of even a compara- tively adequate review of the phenomenal activities con- nected with the taif in the present day must be apparent to everyone. V'oluines would be ret]uired and a lifetime of work would be called for to treat the subject compre- hensively and thoroughly. As it is, the Stud Book and the various turf guides are plethoric with information, which, however, is purely statistical, and does not pre- tend to give, in any sense whatsoever, a picture of the turf as it really exists, with the influences surrounding and guiding it and its position as a great national insti- tution. The miscellaneous literature of the subject has become something enormous. Daily newspapers give a great deal of their space to recording the movements of the thoroughbreds and of those who are interested in them, whether as owners, breeders, trainers, racing officials, or followers of the turf generally. Special periodicals devoted to the business have increased in number and in value, and it takes thousands of columns every year to even measurably record the turf activity of the period. With this superabundance of material at hand, while so much of it is of a desultory and ephemeral character, one may not hope within reasonable limitations of time and space to be able to present much more than a gen- eral idea of the prominence that turf affairs have assumed in contemporaneous times, or to more than merely touch upon some of its most salient features with the idea of fairly exhibiting its present status, the character of the gentlemen who are now conspicuously recog- nized as its supporters, the ups and downs of its career, some of the more notable and picturesque features that identify it, and the outlook for its future greatness. Looked at in this way, it becomes absorbingly interest- mg, not only to sportsmen, but also to the general reader, who is perhaps little concerned over long pedi- grees or tables of records. Certainly, the relation of the history of no national institution of this period could by any possibility be more fascinatingly interesting than that pertaining to the American turf. A revival of racing was not immediate after the close of the hostilities that had racked the North and South. The widespread destruction of important business and social interests that had been the inevitable result of that terrible contest made it impossible for communities to return at once to their former condition. Profound governmental and other questions that had arisen out of the struggle between the two sections remained so long unsettled that, as the history of the period shows us, the animosities between North and South were scarcely less violent than they were in the dark days when the ap- peal to the abitrament of arms was being considered, and when partisan passions raged fiercely. Moreover, the great breeding establishments of the South had gone with the general ruin that had swept over that section of the United States, while hundreds of the best thorough- breds had fallen upon the battle field. In years gone by the turf was really dependent for its existence upon these Southern stables and stud farms. Their loss now was seriously felt all over the country and was impossible of remedy, except by a slow and steady growth extending over many years of the future. Gradually, however, the atmosphere began to clear, business came back to its normal condition, men's minds turned more and more from the strife of arms and politics and sectional controversies, and they again found time to devote to the amenities of life. Among the inteiests that earliest felt the influence of this new national life, racing was most conspicuous. A few years had served to bring into existence almost a new race of thoroughbreds, principally based upon a few noble horses who had escaped the perils of war and the demands of military service. Yearlings from Kentucky, Tennessee and other great breeding States came out again, and although at first they were few in number, their presence indicated that a start had been made in the right direction. This gave abundant encouragement to those who were most hopeful of seeing a return of the glorious days of the old regime in racing. In the decade that included the period of the Civil War, particularly in its latter years, some of the greatest blood horses known to the American turf made their appearance. To a considerable extent they were the get of Lexington or Leamington, although other families continued to perpetuate themselves in a no wise unim- portant manner. Lexington, who had escaped falling a victim of the war, was again engaged in repopulating the paddocks and in introducing a new crop of sons and daughters who should perpetuate his fame even more grandly than those who had preceded them. Of Lexing- ton's sons, Kentucky. Asteroid and Norfolk had been first in the public eye. while Foster, Preakness. Harry Bassett, Monarchist and others were just at the begin- ning of their careers. War Dance had returned from exile in Texas to new and valuable service in the stud. Imported Australian was adding new strains to the old Lexington and other purely American blood that were soon to practically recreate the American thoroughbred. 43 THE AMERICAN TURF Miiggie B. B., one ot'tlu' most v;ilujble biood in:ii'es ever known to the turf in the United States, saw the lii,fht in the latter sixties, while Eolus was just entering upon a brilliant and important career. Vandal threw Virtiil and other sons, and was taking a noble part in the recreation of the turf. Fnc|Liirer and t)ther sons of Leaniington weie giving abundant promise of I'ulure usefulness, while Billet, Glenelg, Mortemer and other representatives of the greatest Hnglish lamilies were arriving from abi'oad. and by their engagements in the stud opening a distinctly new as well as most important chapter in the annals of breeding on this side of the water. Well it might be that the genuine turfman ol this period I'egarded the sitLiation not only with complacency, but with a profound con- fidence that the brightest days that the noble sport had ever known were about to dawn. Nor, as history has since recorded, was this confideace in any wise prema- ture or misplaced. The older genei'ation of tuifmen had, to a considerable extent, passed away. Some of them, however, still lingered upon the scenes of their former tiiumphs, and were no less enthusiastic and enei'getic than in the days long gone by. The places in the ranks of those who had fallen out were more than filled by new accessions, and the public began to take an interest in racing matters such as it had scarcely ever before shown. And the equine champions of this period were in every lespect worthy of their ancestors and ec]ual to the demand that the public enthusiasm made upon them. ___ Within five years after the Civil War had been brought ' to a close men had found time to consider again the delights of the turf. This was the era of the Ameri- can Jockey Club at Jerome i^ark and the courses at Saratoga and Monmouth Park, all of which are more fully described in another chapter of this volume. These three courses in particular spi'ang at once into the full llower of public approval, and wei'e above all else the means of leading to the complete rehabilitation of the turf. Other courses in the vicinity of New York were opened at P.iterson and Secaucus, N. J., while running meetings w^-re held at Chicago, Narragansett Park. Springfield, Mass.; Boston, Columbus. O., and other places that had rarely, if ever before, seen jockeys in silken jackets, and that have not since then shown more than a passing admiration for the thoroughbred. Stimulated by this turf activity of the North, and also, of course, moved by their inherited predilection for the thoroughbred, the men of the South, those who had been identified with the turf lor a generation or more, as well as many younger men who were joining the ranks, took up again the work that they had laid down in '6i. Beginning to recover, at last, from the debilitat- ing effects of the internecine struggle in which they had been engaged, they turned their thoughts and their energies again to the old-time sport that had for a cen- tury and a half been characteiistic of the section of the country with which they were identified. Mobile had her Magnolia Course, New Orleans iier Metairie Course, Memphis her Chickasaw Jockey Club. Nashville her Blood Horse Association, Louisville her Woodlawn Course and Lexington her Association Course, around all of which the most delightful historic memories clus- tered, and that now returned to their former high estate. St. Louis organized the Laclede Jockey Club. (Cincinnati had her Buckeye Jockey Club, while Zanesville and Chillicothe, O.. and numerous other smaller places, were also becoming interested in the lunning horse and establishing courses where theie was always good racing to be seen. This growth of public interest in racing was steady and lapidlv enlarged in proportions from this time on. Localities where racing was introduced multiplied, such was the unbounded enthusiasm that had sprung up among people in all sections of the country. In the early years of the succeeding decade running meetings were fimly established in public favor in Nashville, New Orleans, Richmond, Lexington, Louisville, San Fran- cisco, Denver, Baltimore, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chilli- cothe, O. ; Chicago, Columbus, O. ; Philadelphia, Ogdensburg, N. Y. ; Helena, Mont., and elsewhere, while the great courses in the vicinity of New York City were at the height of their unprecedented popularity and success. The racing season had been already extended, so that on the regular and most important tracks it lasted with scarcely an interruption throughout the spring, summer and autumn. At the same time the demand for racing outside of the regular season was already beginning to show itself, so that they were here and there supplementary seasons that were scarcely sec- ond in interest to the more important and generally recognized meetings. It must not be thought, however, that all this advance- ment, pronounced though it was, was seen immediately, or its importance fully recognized until after long years had gone by and men were able to look back and con- sider the events of those times in the light of their rela- tions to each other and in their final results. A great deal of this newly manifested interest in the turf was, it must be confessed, of a somewhat spasmodic character and did not outlive the immediate period in which it first displayed itself. The great New York courses long main- tained their supremacy and exercised an enduring mllu- ence. In some other places that started in brilliantly and with great promise lor success there proved to be less endurance, and the sport was abandoned there almost as quickly as it had been taken up. Notwithstanding some favorable circumstances pecu- liar to the South, it required fully ten years after the 44 THE AMERICAN TURF C-ivil War liad closod to revive any pronounced uiterest in racing in tiiat part of tiie countiv or in the West, that was more or less inlluenced bv the South. The people who lived below the Mason and Dixon line had not yet recovered from the depressing effects of the sanguinary trouble that ended in 1X04, and thev were, on the whole, too fully engaged in seeking to restore their former com- mercial and indListrial welfare and in consideiing the grave political and governmental c]uestions that pressed to the fiont as an outcome of the war. They had little time, little money and little disposition for sport of any kind. With their country laid waste by the armies that had marched and fought over it, with their material possessions wasted and their lives to be begun all over again, it was the practical problems of the hour that confronted them. Something more than a day or a year was rec]uired to bring back the past and to open the way for a new Riture. Even as late as 1874 the racing events of the South and West were neither prominent nor valuable. New Orleans, Nashville and Lexington were the only places in which racing had as yet begun to assume anything like its ante-bellum proportions, and even in those places the supporters of the turf were not able to offer very great financial inducements to call horses of the first class to the courses supported by them. The events on those courses were mostly filled by local talent, or were some- times contributed to by breeders and owners in adjacent States. The Howard Sewanee, Phoenix Hotel and other stakes were not yet large enough to attract much out- side attention, nor was a victory ovei' the ticlds that generally ran for them considered of much importance. Attempts were made to start racing on a considerable .scale in Louisville, St. Louis, Chicago and elsewhere, but in no case did notable success attend the enterprises. Chicago tried to mix the incongruous elements of trotting and running with, of course, the inevitable failure that has ever attended such ill-advised attempts. The half a dozen seasons or more that the course was open there has scarcely left a memory, and certainly no important impress, upon the turf of the country. As for St. Louis, only the slightest attention was paid to the racing intro- duced there, for owners and breeders in other parts of the country found better engagements nearer at home. Even in Louisville there was manifest ditficulty in reviv- ing interest, despite the lact that that city was so near the great blue grass region. In North Carolina almost the lirst attempt to hold a running race after the war was at the State Fair in Raleigh in 1.872. The event is interesting as affording a striking illustration of the weakness of the turf in that State at that time, and it is also a fair illustration of the condition of things that generally prevailed then through- out the South. With difliculty even the semblance of a lace was aiianged. A chestnut colt, named Jack Roul- hac, a nameless, thoroughbred gray mare and a nameless gray colt were entered. The chestnut colt ran one and one-half miles in ^ minutes, 50 seconds, and was easily the winner. In ihe following year a few moie horses appeared upon a similar occasion, and Jack Roulhac was again at the head of the procession. In 187s, the annual race was contested by Jack Roulhac, Notre Dame (a bay mare by Lexington out of Novice) and Mary Long, a bay mare by Warminster. In 187s. there was some very good racing at the State Fair, and from th.it time on the condition of things began to steadily improve. In 1872, Red Dick was the only thoroughbred stallion stand- ing in the State. A project for reviving racing in the South on a broad scale was started in the summer of 1872. Some of the leading turfmen of the country made an appeal to members of the old Charleston Jockey Club and the supporters of the turf in Macon. Savannah and Augusta. Recalling '• the happy hours spent under the old regime," they urged that measures should be taken to re-establish racing, particularly in the cities named, and pledged themselves to send their horses and to do all in their power to perpetuate the interest of racing throughout the old Southern circuit. Among the prominent owners and trainers who joined in this declaration were Colonel David McDaniel, Major T. G. Bacon, Major Thomas W. Doswell, Dr. J. W. Weldon, Mr. E. V. Snedeker, Mr. David McCoun, Captain W. M. Connor. Mr. Thomas r^uryear. Mr. H. P. McGrath, Mr. R. W. Walden and others to the number of twenty-five. Down even to the time of the early seventies, the glory that has compassed the turf in this generation was still in the future, despite the gratifying progress that had been made towards its revival and the llxed position that it had been able to attain in several localities. Not- withstanding the multiplication of race tracks, Lexington and Nashville in the Mississippi Valley and the American Jockey Club and Saratoga in the East, were the only ones that made anv pretense of offering substantial inducements to breeders and owners to do their part toward the development of the blood horse. Elsewhere there was little that made it worth the while of breeders to expand their business or to owners to subscribe to stakes. Those who have made the closest study of the historv of the turf scarcely need to have it pointed oLit to them that at the period v\'hich is here under con- sideration, by far the greater part of the important racing in the United States was upon the great Northern courses and one or two in the South. Elsewhere the racing, however interesting it might be and however suggestive of a great future, was. on the whole, of secondary im- portance and valuable mainly as a starting point, rather than as marking a positive and valuable achievement. 45 THE AMERICAN TURF The great race courses of the North for several years monopolized public attention to a degree that was alto- gether to the disadvantage of other sections, temporarily at least, although of course the ultimate influence that went out from Northern institutions was beyond all question healthful. The rich stakes and prizes of the East drew all the first-class horses from other parts of the country, so that the local courses of the old-time racing region were practically denuded. Longfellow, Harry Bassett, Monarchist, Enquirer, Nellie Gray, Bonita, Tom Bowling, Vandalite and scores of other great cracks of that period could be counted upon for greater success and more money for their owners by running at Jerome Paik, Saratoga. Monmouth Park, Baltimore and else- where, than upon the courses nearer home, where, as yet, it was impossible to offer large purses. The longer this condition of things continued the lower fell the condition of the Southern turf so that ultimately, as has been pointed out by one authority, " the racing clubs of the South got poorer and poorer, while those of the East got licher and richer. Each coming year those of the South became less prominent, those of the East more prominent." When the Louisville Jockey Club was organized in 187s it was with a distinct recognition of this condition of affaiis and the plan of opening valuable stakes to call back the great thoroughbreds to their native heath was inaugurated. The result was what might have been anticipated, and, in the years immediately following, racing on the Southern courses began to show new vigor, somewhat even at the expense of the turf at the North, which for a decade or more had enjoyed such unex- ampled prosperity. In the end affairs regulated them- selves so that a fair balance was maintained between the two sections, but for a time the struggle for supremacy was fierce and unyielding and engaged the energies and resources of turfmen everywhere to the fullest extent. The year of 1876 was a memorable one in the history of American racing. The revival of interests in turf matters had been by this time fully accomplished and the outlook for general prosperity during the centennial year of the Republic stimulated the expectations of every one connected with the sport. The outlook was most favorable for a large patronage upon racing meetings and for renewed activity among horsemen, while at the same time many great thoroughbreds were coming to the front whose performances seemed to justify the fullest expectations of those who looked forward to sport of an exceptionably important character. Such flyers as Bonaventure, King Alfonso, Aristides, Ten Broeck. Longfellow, Enquirer, Salina, Tom Bowling, Leander, Parole, Vagrant, Rhadamanthus, Viator, Sultana, Sun- burst, Fiddlestick, Brother to Bassett, Tom Ochiltree and a score of others were among those who were on the cards, some of them having already become of approved merit, while others, who have since attained to fame, had yet their laurels to earn. Four hundred and twelve races were run at the recognized meetings at Jerome Park, Long Branch, Saratoga, Baltimore, Wash- ington, Philadelphia, Lexington, Louisville, Nashville, Cincinnati, New Orleans, Savannah, Charleston, Austin and San Francisco. The minor meetings may be left out of consideration, for they did not have a serious influence upon the turf although the number of races run in connection with them would largely augment this quota. Of these four hundred and twelve races, two hundred and eighty-four were dashes of from one-half a mile to four miles distance, while eighty-five were heats, twenty hurdle races and twenty-three steeplechases. The total amount of money run in stakes and prizes amounted to $371,150. The prominent owners who paiticipated in these events were Messrs. August Belmont, Pierre Lorillard, George L. Lorillard, H. P. McGrath, Dwyer Brothers, M. H. Littell, E. A. Clabaugh, Frank Harper, J. A. Grinstead, A. Keene Richards, E. J. Baldwin, Governor Bowie and Captain McDaniel. When the season was ended the record showed that in many re- spects the tui'f performances had been the most remarka- ble ever witnessed in this country. Unprecedented speed was shown by horses of every age and several records were substantially reduced. Palmetto, the two- year old daughter of Narragansett, equaled the best distance by a two-year old at Js of a mile, Rhadamanthus sharing with her the honor of the i minute, 3/2 seconds, that he made a month previous in the same year. Belle of the Meade twice ran a one mile dash in i minute, 44'^ seconds, and was ranked as one of the best daughters of imported Bonnie Scotland. First Chance, a five-year old, made the best time, i minute, 15 seconds, for % of a mile. Vigil, the three-year-old son of Virgil, ran 2 miles in ^ minutes, 37^4! seconds, the best race at this distance, weight and age, and Brother to Bassett, the same age with 1 10 pounds up, ran the same distance in 3 minutes, 3s seconds. Aiistides, son of imported Leamington, ran 2'8 miles in 3 minutes, 45 seconds, and 2>2 miles in 4 minutes, 27>ii seconds, both the fastest, time ever made at the respective distances. Ten Broeck reduced time on three occasions, first, when he made lyk miles in 4 minutes, 583^ seconds; second, when he ran 3 miles in 5 minutes, 26^4^ seconds, and third, when he beat down the record for 4 miles to 7 minutes, 15^ seconds. In citing these extraordinary performances, the point was constantly and firmly made, and scarcelv denied, that the horses appearing in this year were far superior to those of any former period. Accepting this view of the case, it becomes interesting to note as a striking indi- cation of the constantly improving quality of our thor- 46 THE AMERICAN TURF oughbreds, that even these record-breaking feats, which were considered, in their day. phenomenal, have since then been many times surpassed by having many sec- onds knocked off of them. The only two records that have maintained their place during the more than twenty years that have elapsed since they were placed are those of Aristides' 4 minutes, 2iyi seconds for two and one- half miles, and Ten Broeck's 4 minutes, 58^^ seconds for two and tlve-eighths miles. It is also significant of the growing interest that characterized turf affairs at that period that there was no falling off in the ensuing year as regards the entries and other general preparations for the season. This was especially gratifying when it was considered that the extraordinary features connected with the observance of centennial year had a natural tendency to stimulate an exceptional activity in the turf world, as in other affairs, that engaged the attention of the pleasure-seeking public. The conclusion was irre- sistible that the American turf was firmly established upon more solid ground than ever before, and that the interest of sportsmen and of the public generally could no longer be considered of a trifiing or ephemeral nature. The character of the attendance upon race meetings had also reached a higher plane than ever before, having, in this respect, shown a steady and gratifying improve- ment for a decade past, and holding out equal promise for the future. Looking over the field as it existed at this particular time, one can scarcely fail to be profoundly impressed with this aspect of general development and the univer- sally high standing to which, at last, the turf had attained in nearly every part of the country. The revival that had been eagerly looked forward to and persistently labored for had been a long time in com- ing, but it had finally arrived, and in a way that delighted all who were in any way concerned for the welfare of the blood horse or eager to raise the turf to a position of national importance. It was particularly between 1875 and 1880 that exceptional changes were taking place in the status ot racing. The record of 1876, as we have just pointed out, was exceptionally brilliant, but it was surpassed, in some respects, in the years immediately following. Some definite idea of the char- acter of this remarkable development may be gained by caj:eful_examination of some of the most important turf fixtures of the country for several successive years about this time. These will demonstrate, more than any argu- ment or lengthy dissertation possibly can to what ex- tent jockey clubs and horse associations were growing in power and infiuence and how responsive horsemen were becoming to the liberal inducements that were held out to them from various quarters. A comparison of the stakes and entries at the principal courses in the country for the closing years of this decade is certainly instructive. The recapitulation will give a reasonably fair idea of the status of the turf in that par- ticular period. On some accounts the presentation would seem to be much more favorable than it might have been in other years, for the reason of the advantageous condi- tions that attached to 1876 as being our first centennial year, the members of jockey clubs and racing associations seeming then to unite in special efforts in the interests of the sport. Nevertheless, these figures, even though somewhat incomplete, may be accepted as giving, at least, a reasonably fair suggestion of the condition of the turf as it existed ten years after the close of the Civil War and a little more than two decades ago. There is suggestion, also, in the discovery that notwithstanding the unexampled activity of the centennial year, the years immediately following showed at all points of compari- son a very marked and gratifying increase. In 1876, the Louisville Jockey Club had 14 stakes for which there were 366 entries, the same stakes having 375 entries in the following year and 392 in 1878. The Kentucky Association had 11 stakes with 166 entries in 1S76, 14 stakes with 291 entries in 1877 and 15 stakes with 304 entries in 1878. The Nashville Blood Horse Association, in 1876, closed 9 stakes with 192 entries, 12 stakes with 244 entries in the following year and 13 stakes with 228 entries in 1878. The Queen City Jockey Club had 84 entries for 4 stakes in 1876, 5 stakes with 79 entries in 1877, and 5 stakes with iii entries in 1878. The three stakes of the Louisiana Jockey Club had 3s entries in 1876 and 29 in 1877; with i stake added in 1878 there were 32 entries. The Columbus Jockey Club, against 3 stakes with 43 entries in 1877, had 5 stakes with 78 entries in 1878. The Maryland Jockey Club also showed a gratifying increase during these three years, its stakes for 1876 being 9 in number with 212 entries, in 1877, 10 with 274 entries, and in 1878, 13 with }^} entries. On the other hand there was a distinct falling off in the business of the two great Northern courses at Sara- toga and Jerome Park. Saratoga, which, in 1876, had closed 10 stakes with 355 entries and in 1877, the same stakes, with 506 entries, could now command only 347 entries for its 10 events. The American Jockey Club's presentation showed, however, the most alarming deca- dence. At Jerome Park there were 16 stakes in 1876 with 579 entries, while in the following year there were 77s entries for the same stakes. In 1878. however, the Maturity, Home Bred Produce and Maryland Stakes were dropped and the remaining fixtures only called out 481 entries. The St. Louis Jockey Club came into the field with nine stakes, for which there were 237 entries, and the Association at Monmouth Park was revived and had 408 entries for its 12 stakes. Altogether the record for these three years showed in its grand total a gratifying 47 THE AMERICAN TURF increase, the entries, wliich were 1,983 in 1876 and 2,611 in 1877, risintj in 1878 to 2,989. A statement of tile numluT of races run and tlieir value for several years also sliows tlie wonderful development of tlie period. in 1874, there were 9S0 races run. of tlie vaUie of $496,772; in 1875, 866 races of the value of $490,649; in 1876, 782 races of the value of $485,509. With 1877, the advance became very noticeable and continued there- after. Ill that year 907 races were run, valued at $441, 6S2; in 1878, 1,058 races, valued at $461,395 and in 1879, 1,221 races were run, valued at $545,064. In 1877, fully 1,000 horses started; in 1878, the number had increased to nearly 1,400, while in the following year it ran up to over 1,500. At the same time the number of brood mares in the country was about 2,100, while the stallions numbered over 300 and the annual number of foals was estimated at fully 1,400. At this point in our retrospect of the turf due consider- ation must be given to California and its contributions to the history of the blood horse. It would be an agreea- ble task to go exhaustively into this particular branch of the subject, for, notwithstanding coming late into the field, California has already had a pait in the turf history of the United States that, considering the few years covered by it, scarcely holds second rank to any other State or section. In its earliest days the Golden State manifested little disposition for the race horse, whether of the trotting or the running family. Californians were engrossed in the all-absorbing search for gold and enei- getically engaged in other practical operations, so that for the time being rational sporting, that retjuired years for its full development, could scarcely be expected to meet with appreciation. This condition of affairs, how- ever, was not destined long to continue. The large fortunes that were soon accumulated in the hands of the California pioneers enabled their fortunate possessors to find a relaxation in one of the most engi'ossing as well as one of the most expensive sports. Even before the Civil War California had gone in for racing to some extent. The people there were, however, in those early days more concerned in the trotter than in the thoroughbred, and trotting matches became Ire- quent on tracks that sprung up all over the State— first in San Francisco, and afterward in other principal cities and towns. After the war interest in racing of both kinds revived in California, as well as elsewhere in the country, and soon took the form of an increased develop- ment in the direction of thoroughbred performances. Until 1873. however, there was no regular organization for the advancement of sports of the turf in San Francisco, which was naturally the dominent racing centre of the Pacific Coast. Racing had been conducted up to that time purely as a private business enterprise, backed by individual sportsmen. As far back as 1865, when Nor- folk defeated Lodi, there had been some good racing from time to time, but few, if any, really great events that could attract much, if anything, more than mere local attention. However, racing continued in San Francisco and at a few other points in this somewhat desultory fashion for the next six or eight years. It was, then, in 1873 that the first organized effort was made to give direction to turf affairs on the Pacific Coast. In the spring of that year the Pacific Jockey Club sprang into existence. Mayor Andrew]. Bryant, a successful business man, partial to the turf and well known in the community as a man of standing, became president. A purse of $25,000 was hung up by the club for a four-mile and repeat race open to all comers, and in this Joe Daniels, Hubbard and Thad Stevens, famous California horses, and True Blue, a good Eastern flyer, contended. It was subsequently charged that this race was fixed in the interest of Thad Stevens and Joe Daniels, and when, in 1S74. a purse of $2^.000 was hung up for a similar event, the same charges that the race was fixed were also made. .Another tour-mile heat race for $30,000. postponed fVom November. 187s, was run in February, 1876. and engaged the attention of such champions as Mr. M. A. Little's Foster. Mr. E. J. Bald- win's Rutherford. Mr. J. C. Simpson's Hock Hocking, Mr. A. S. Gage's Katie Pease, Mr. M. A. Walden's Revenue, Jr., Mr. Joseph H. Daniel's Golden Gate, and Mr. H. Welch's Chance. Grinstead, Wildidle, Spring- bok and Fanny Hall were .also entered, but did not run. The purse was carried off by Foster in two straight heats in 7 minutes, 98?^ seconds and 7 minutes, 53 seconds. There was the same dissatisfaction with this race as with those that had preceded it, and gradually turfmen in other parts of the country became impressed with the idea that racing affairs in California were not conducted in a manner calculated to reflect credit upon the sport, or to warrant those who were most interested in the elevation of the general standard of racing to give their countenance to it. It was some years before the Eastern turfmen regained their confidence to the extent of becoming patrons of the track in the Golden State. In recent times, how- ever, under the supervision of a different class of men from those who were identified with it in the early seventies, the turf on the Pacific Coast has assumed an importance second to that in no other part of the country. Courses are now numerous, especially in California; the purses and stakes are of a generous character that has made them attractive to the best thoroughbreds in the country, and the general manage- ment of affairs there has been, on the whole, as enter- prising and as sportsmanlike as could be asked for. Some of the greatest stock farms in the country, not surpassed in extent or importance by any of those in 48 THE AMERICAN TURF /KcntLicky oi' luither East, have been established, among ^ them being the great Rancho del Paso of Mr. J. B. Hag- gin and the i^alo Alto of the late Senator Leland Stan- lord. pLirther East, but still relatively in the Far West, we must count the Bitter Root Stock Farm of Mr. Marcus Daly at Hamilton, Mont. Such men as the late Sepator George Hearst, the Honorable Leland Stanford, m. J. B. Haggin, Mr. E. J. Baldwin, and many others not of less distinction have given the California turf the highest standing in recent years. To sunny California have gone some of the greatest American thoroughbreds of the period, among them Salvator, Firenzi, Ben Ali, Ban Fox, King Fox and others. The later importations, such as Leamington, Bonnie Scotland, Australian, Glenelg and Phaeton, that have made such a distinct impression upon the American thoroughbred of this generation, shortly began to come to the front in a strong manner, the full fruition of their labors havingbeenseen in more recent times. Leamington, however, had quite established himself by the success of his son — Parole — in England, and the work of others of his progeny in the United States. The dislike of him, that was felt by many on account of the apparent deli- cacy or want of constitution in his stock, fast disap- peared, in view of his success when he encountered the rugged crosses of the old American stock, his fine racing ciualities attaining the best results in conjunction with more substance and constitution. His sons, Aristides, Lyttleton, Lynchburg and Enquirer, also earned golden opinions for themselves and their sire. Longfellow, too, had some good performers, and Ten Broeck was perpetuating in the stud the fame of his sire, imported Phaeton. Imported Australian, who had always stood in the shadow of Lexington's greatness, was beginning to be recognized more and more at his true value, and was making it clear that the Australian line was bound to be quite as permanently linked with the futiare great- ness of the turf in the United States as that of any impor- tation in modern times. Several years ago it was remarked that in no decade in the history of horse racing in this or any other country had there been witnessed such a remarkable growth as that which had been seen in the United States during the preceding ten years or more, beginning, say, in the later seventies and extending well toward 1890. During this time it seemed as though it was almost impossible to satisfy the public with racing. New jockey clubs and horse associations were organized all over the country, and there were few important cities that did not have one or more new courses opened, while the historic racing centres, whose history extended back over a gen- eration, seemed about to renew their youth. The horses that were in training had doLibled, tripled and quad- rupled in number, and wealthy sportsmen were again contributing with their money and influence to the breeding and running of the thoroughbred. This unex- ampled growth really started in the later seventies, abun- dant proof of which is derived from the records for those years to which we have just referred. In a measure this development was a reflex of the phenomenal activity that marked the history of that rac- ing period in the sixties which was so considerably dominated by the famous American Jockey Club. The lurf received a considerable setback from the financial panic of 1873, but soon afterward began to recover with a bound. Although this renewed activity was seen in a great measure in many widely separated parts of the country, it was especially notable in the North. The Monmouth Park Association, which had fallen some what from its earlier high estate, came under new man- agement, and its course was so improved that the varied attractions which it offered and the wholesome change in the character of its directors attracted an attendance larger and of a better class of people than ever before in its history. Old habitues still recalled with pleasure the famous inaugural at Long Branch in 1870, when the Americus Club, led by the valiant William M. Tweed, and headed by the Seventh Regiment Band did honor to the occasion, but later supporters of Monmouth felt that the famous course was in worthier hands than ever be- fore, and better calculated to advance the interests of high-class sport. The American Jockey Club, which had not been quite able to maintain the pace that it had set for itself and for all its rivals, or to quite hold through all these years to the brilliant social character that originally distinguished it, felt the impulse of the new order of things and was roused to life and activity, so that its meetings were made more interesting and important than they had been for many years. A new rival to the old courses about New York was established in the Coney Island Jockey Club, with its admirable grounds, at Sheepshead Bay. Some of the gentlemen who had helped to make the success of Jerome Park were the promoters of this new enterprise, and their wisdom in turf affairs was fully demonstrated by the inauguration of some of the great fixtures that have since become historic and are now recognized as among the supreme attractions of the turf in this country. In the South and West and on the far-away Pacific Coast turfmen continued to come forward in increas- ing numbers, and race courses in those sections carried on the sport in a generally enterprising and admirable manner that contributed to the enjoyment of those who loved to see the thoroughbred in his best performances. Nevertheless, it still remained indisputable that, for com- pleteness and perfection of appointments, care and thor- oughness of management and the unexceptionably high 49 THE AMERICAN TURF character of racing that was constantly offered, no courses in the country surpassed those of Jerome Park, Mon- mouth Park and Sheepshead Bay. The supremacy of New York— which had been unchallenged ever since the American Jockey Club, Saratoga, and their competitors entered the field — was more generally conceded than it had been at any preceding period in the history of North- ern racing. Under the favoring conditions that then ex- isted the turf of New York became so firmly fixed in its royal position at the head of the line that it has been able without difficulty to hold itself there ever since. It may sometimes seem to the casual observer that the turf his- torians of this period are inclined to give undue prominence to that branch of the subject pertaining particularly to New York. A little thought, however, and even a cur- sory examination will show that the North, in every respect save that of breeding, had taken the place that was occupied by the South and the West in the first half of the century. The great stud farms are still retained in the section of which Kentucky is the centre, and in California and nearly all of that branch of the turf business still pertains to those localities. In every other respect, however, New York dominates and has long dominated, the turf of the country. it would be an agreeable task to trace further, year by year, the career of the American thoroughbred and the events of the race course by which he has madi; himself celebrated in the third decade of the period to which consideration is here being given. The futuie historian will find there much that is interesting and valuable. These times are so near to us that they are still fresh in mind, and are not yet far enough I'emoved to be regarded discriminatingly and impassionately from the purely his- torical point of view. The career of the turf in the eighties was not altogether as satisfactory as its most ardent admirers and supporters could wish, but there were brilliant years when great horses gave as wonderful displays of their mettle as had ever been seen, and such active millionaire owners as Messrs. Belmont, Hearst, Scott, Haggin, Lorillard, Cassett and others, were foremost in the pursuit of turf honors. In the early part of this decade the sport was represented by such distinguished owners as Messrs. August Belmont, George L. Lorillard, Leonard W. Jerome, Pierre Lorillard, Dwyer Brothers, and others of New York; J. A. Grin- stead, H. P. McGrath, J. Jackson, B. G. Thomas and others of Kentucky; J. B. Malone, J. S. McCall, J. G. Greener and others of Tennessee; O. Bowie, P. A. Lynch, E. A. Clabaugh, and others of Maryland; T. W. Doswell, of Virginia; E.J. Baldwin, of California; and representatives of such other States as Missouri, Illinois. Louisiana, New Jersey, Texas, Georgia, the Carolinas, Ohio and Pennsylvania. In one particular year, 1881, there were ninety-three establishments, representing nineteen States, engaged at Saratoga alone for the sum- mer meeting at that popular resort. Over 1,200 horses were then in training in these stables, and during the season fully 700 horses were run in the East. By reason of death or otherwise, several of the most energetic and most useful supporters of the turf in the North and West were withdrawn from the field, and, for the time being, the much dreaded spirit of commer- cialism that has so frequently forced its way upon the race course, much to the detriment of the sport, began to make its periodic appearance. Later on, however, the ranks of the genuine turfman were reinforceed by fresh blood and by the return of some of the older leaders, who, for a time, had been conspicuous by their absence. The accessions were numerous and important, among them being such gentlemen as Messrs. William Astor, Frank A. Ehret, Marcus Daly, Foxhall Keene, A. F. Walcott, Pierre Lorillard, Jacob Ruppert, Charles Fleischman, August Belmont, Perry Belmont, Oliver H. P. Belmont, and the Dwyer Brothers. This was the era particularly of such famous cracks as Eole, Miss Wood- ford, Loisette. George Kinney, Drake Carter, Leo, Bob Miles. Himalaya, Freeland, Bushwacker, Leonatus, Badge, Hindoo, and his son Hanover, Kingston, and others whose names are legion. Soon there developed what has been fairly de- nominated as "the high priced period of the Ameri- can turf," when gentlemen of unlimited wealth vied with each other in forming large stables and in paying big prices for thoroughbreds, both of native and of foreign product. The almost incalculable benefit derived by the turf from the enterprise of these public spirited gentlemen scarcely need be dwelt upon in detail here. The labois of such eminent turfmen as Messrs. Belmont, Withers. Haggin, Lorillard, Scott. Thompson, and scores of others, will live long in memory, and will for- ever be recognized as the most potent influences that have led up to and brought about the condition of the turf to-day. It was common to pay thousands for horses then, where hundreds had been paid before, and our men of means seemed to be in a fair way to emu- late the spirit of their forefathers, and to follow the examples of so many of their English cousins, with whom racing is not only a passion but a dignified pur- suit as well. Some of these new found allies lost their interest shortly, but their ventures had due effect and must be regarded as valuable contributions to the turf activity of the period. In this connection we may not pass over without, at least, brief reference the dispersal of several large stables that were features of this period, and that in many ways were suggestive of the new aspect that turf affairs were taking, particularly from the financial point of view. The sale of the Nursery stud of Mr. August Belmont 50 THE AMERICAN TURF in iSqi was perhaps the most important in the list of these affairs. It showed a magnificent collection of the choicest thoroughbred blood that money could bring together, and fetched the aggregate sum of $630,- soo, a total that exceeded that of the famous breaking- up sale of the late Lord Falmouth's stud in ICSS4 by some $70,000, although the average of the English sportsman's sale was somewhat higher than that of Mr. Belmont's. Nor must we overlook the sale of Mr. Frank A. Ehret's horses in i8q2. The meteor-like career of Mr. Eliret's stable closed with appropriate glory. Mr. Ehret was on the turf only a few years, but he owned some of the most valuable horses then in training. His Don Alonzo, by Long Taw out of Round Uance, fetched $30,000. The famous Dobbins, then an untried yearling, was sold for $20,200. Yorkville Belle, whose performances for the " white, red cap, star and cuffs " were among the sensa- tions of the two-year old class in 1892, fetched $24,000. Fairy, by Argyle out of Fairy Rose by Kisber, sold for $10,000. Sir Fi'ancis. by imported Mr. Pickwick out of Thora by Longfellow, for $26,000; Runyon, by Longfel- low out of Fanfare by imported King Ernest, for $13,- 100: Bowers, by imported Great Tom out of Moselle by jack Malone, for $13,^00; and Young Arion, by Miser out of Glencairne by Glenelg, were among the highest priced horses on this occasion. The total amount of the sale for nineteen horses and seven yearlings was $223,- 250. The sale of the Algeria stud of the Honorable William L. Scott, of Pennsylvania, antl that of the Fern- cliffe stud, of Mr. William Astor, also were features of this period of big stables and high prices. Undoubtedly the publicity that was given to the prices which wealthy sportsmen were willing to pay for thoroughbreds of distinction or of promise, the increas- ing number and value of stakes and purses offered at tile principal race tracks and the large sums of money which it was possible for a well managed stable to carry off, had the effect of attracting to the turf many men who entered the ranks of racing purely as a business. Before many years had passed away this developed a con- siderable change in turf affairs, whether for good or for ill only the future may be able to reveal. Nowadays with a few notable exceptions, racing is a business with the majority of stable owners. While the turf still remains the playground of the wealthy leisure classes, it is also the theatre of operation for those who recognize its possibilities from the purely financial point of view. One result of this has been to increase the importance of the breeding business to much larger proportions than ever before and to add to its profits. Furthermore, the race-going public is provided with a healthful, pleasant and exciting recreation and is pr t. J to witness more brilliant turf performances tha;, :ii tite past. At the same time, while the management of jockey clubs and associations and the direction of turf affairs generally remains as it does in the hands of gentlemen who are inspired by their love for the "sport of kings," rather than by thoughts of the money to be made therefrom, it is difficult to see how the fact that a racing stable may become a profitable enterprise can have a deleterious effect. It is also this busine.ssside of the case that has brought about one of the most marked changes in racing in recent times, and that is the increase in races and the shortening of distances. Nothing more clearly empha- sizes the difference between the turf as it exists to-day and as it was in previous generations, than the change from the old three and four-mile heat racing to the shortei' dashes that now dominate the race course. Out of this has naturally grown important changes in breed- ing and training that have had undoubted effect upon the general character of the native race horse. In early days, as we have many times had occasion to remark, turfmen and turf patrons held in the utmost contempt races that were shorter than heats of one, two, three and four miles. No stallion could attain to any degree of popular favor unless he could maintain himself in long races. Hence, supreme attention was given to the pro- duction of thoroughbreds who could combine endurance with the highest rate of speed, and it was not uncommon for the horses of those days to be able to run even twelve, sixteen or twenty miles in a single race. They had vast recuperative power also and lasted many years before their final retirement. Now, however, the short dash is the thing. The change as to distances was at first gradual, dashes in the long races being substituted for heats. Next the cup distance, which was 2^X miles, was made a favorite. For a decade or more in the first part of the present period every race course of prominence had its cup event and cup winners became almost as much a class by themselves as were the old four-milers. This particular race held decided prominence during many years, but now its absence is marked. Step by step followed the further reduction of distances until finally races for fractional parts of a mile have become predominant. As a result of this new condition of things the two-year old is the all-important factor at the present time. For him the richest prizes are offered and the whole ten- dency of racing is to encourage the production of the spirited, speedy youngster, who can sprint as fast as the wind. No longer is the well seasoned, sturdy old horse, who has passed to full maturity, accorded the first place in the affections of the multitude or in the desires of the turfmen. As a rule, to be "aged" is now to have passed beyond the line of desirability. Moreover relatively fewer horses now than before become "aged" ere the race course has ceased to Sr THE AMERICAN TURF Commnnd them. The demands that are made upon the younjisters wear them out in shorter time than did the demands made upon their forefathers. But they are no less fondly remembered than they would be if they were able to do their four miles and repeat. An animal that is successful in his two-year old and his three-year old forms can now reap richer rewards than those who were able to stay for four-mile heats a quarter of a century and more ago. Even though the severity of his training and his work should so overtax his powers that he is never able to race again, he could if he had the reasoning intelligence console himself with the thought that he will be forever remembered as one of the world's great race horses. Pi obably Tremont, the unbeaten black whirl- wind, Salvator, and Tenny, not to invidiously neglect to mention others, who have had short but brilliant turf careers, will occupy as high a position in the temple of equine fame and be as long remembered as any ot the great champions, like Boston, Black Maria, Trifle, Lecomte and others of that class. It is no slight work that is put upon these youngsters, and they are fully entitled to all the renown that comes to them. Commonly they run in single seasons more races than their forefathers did in an entire lifetime. It is by no means extraordinary for them to run twenty, thirty, or even forty races in a year, which is alone enough for a strong horse's entire career. Out of this conspicuous moditication in the charactei' of racing has arisen a demand for the yearling such as was not dreamed of thirty or forty years or more ago, and this demand has resulted in very pronounced changes in methods of breeding and has affected the entire busi- ness of raising thoroughbreds. With horses as with everything else, from the commercial point of view, the supply must meet the demand, and the new demand having been created, it was inevitable that those whose business it is to supply the tuif with its race horses should make their plans accordingly. Therefore, we have had to an unexampled degree the development of the young and speedy sprinter and the increasing impor- tance of the yearling, who by reason of the royal blood of his sire and dam, gives promise of bringing a fortune to his owner in his two-year old or three-year old form. Yearling sales have become prominent features of every season and may be considered to be quite as in- dicative of the character of the turf of the period as are the race meetings that are more conspicuously in the eye of the public. Year by year these yearling sales have been growing more numerous, more important, from the amount of money that is involved in them, and more significant of the temper of the racing community. A yearling is something of a gamble to be sure, for he may turn out to be utterly worthless, but his possession really offers the only chance for the great prizes of the turf, and, if he shall be a winner, the profits on the speculation are so far and away beyond the risk that no one with the true instincts of a sportsman can do other- wise than make the venture. A few instances may be cited of some of these profitable transactions, but it will be unnecessary to multiply them since a greater number than it would be possible to set down here must come involuntarily to the mind of every turfman the moment the suggestion of the subject is made. Sally McClelland cost Mr. Byron McClelland $2,500. She was a chestnut yearling filly by Hindoo out of Red and Blue, and, in 1890, won for her owner, $s6,ooo. As a yearling the Messrs. Morris paid $62^ for Russell, who won for them as a two-year old. $s6. 125, and as a three -year- old, ,'|!is,sq5. which all will admit was a very handsome profit on the investment. Eclipse, who was sold from the Rancho del Paso in 1889 for $300, brought home in i8qo, $12,278. His Highness, for whom Mr. David Gideon paid $5,400 in 1890, returned to his owner in stakes and purses the following year, $107,285. So it seems that this steadily increasing demand for yearlings, based on the expectation or hope of their great performances in the ensuing two or three years, has had the result of stimulating prices and of making the business of breeding more than ever profitable. These yearling sales are comparatively of modern incep- tion, really going back only to the sixties, as the time when they assumed anything of prominence. It is in- teiesting to recall from the old records some of the prices that were paid for other unknown yearlings that subse- qLiently became horses of the highest fame. In 1868, from the Woodburn Stud, Preakness was sold for$2,ooo, Chillicothe for $i,72s. Kingfisher for $490, Foster for $58s, Grecian Bend for $2,000, and Annette for $600. The following year Monarchist was sold for $1,900, Harry Bassett for $315, Salina for $450, and Wanderer for$325. Acrobat, in 1872, brought $2,025, and Ruther- ford, $1,300. Attila, who sold for $500, and Ballankeel, for $750, were very nearly if not quite equal to Acro- bat or Rutherford. Tom Ochiltree, as a yearling, brought $500, and Katie Pease $S20, the latter turning out to be the best two year old in the West. Mr. Pierre Lorillard paid $780 for Parole, and his brother, Mr. G. L. Lorillard, got the Duke of Magenta for §1,750. Spendthrift, who ranked among the best horses of his period, cost $1,000, and Monitor $1,600, while Ferida cost only $325, a sum that she earned many times over. Foxhall. who lowered the colors of the best English and French horses, was sold as a yearling for $650, while Luke Blackburn brought $tIO and Glenmore $7is. At the sale of the Nursery Stud in 1891, twenty-four year- lings brought $124,550, some of them running as high as $30,000, while the foals, not yet separated from their dams, commanded altogether more than $30,000. Con- 52 THE AMERICAN TURF tr;ist these prices with those that were paid for the fjet of some of the older stallions. The last of Lexington's yearlings, live in number, were sold in i^ seconds. In the third heat they got off well to- gether. Lady Clifden leading, Mingo second, a beaten horse, and Picton third. Fanny, after passing the dis- tance stand, gradually crept up, and at the winning post saddle-lapped her conqueror. Lady Clifden won this heat in 7 minutes, 56,'^ seconds. Colonel William R. Johnson had the management of the winner throughout the race and never was his judg- ment, experience and tact so signally displayed. At that time he had in the same stable the renowned Atalanta and Boston. From this time forward, meeting after meeting, there was one constant, continued succes- sion of good, nay, great horses, on the turf, from Long Island to New Orleans. These were combats of the giants, all the rest child's play. Mingo was a magnifi- cent horse, quite equal to Bascombe and Post Boy; one that never had half a fair chance, a good winner and a good performer. Clarion, also of the North, by Mon- mouth Eclipse, dam by Oscar, was as beautiful and gal- lant a horse as man need look upon. Another famous race on the Union Course was that between Boston and Fashion on May 10, 1842. This was also a sectional contest between horses of the South and the North, for $20,000 a side, and was marked by all the dramatic enthusiasm that chaiMcterized other meetings of its kind. Boston, the Southern representa- tive upon this occasion, has a further interest for the modern lover of thoroughbieds as the sire of the immor- tal Lexington, and consequently ancestor of many of the crack performers of later times. The race was in four- mile heats and the contest drew another enormous crowd, estimated at seventy thousand people. The grand stand was crowded with a large array of those distinguished in political, social and sporting life, and for more than a quarter of a mile, on both sides of the course, spectators were packed in solid phalanxes. In- tense interest prevailed as the heats were run. The race was described by Mr. W. T. Porter, the celebrated turf writer, "as most thrilling and exciting and as throwing in the shade the most celebrated of those wonderful achievements which have conferred so much distinction upon the high-mettled racer of America." Although the course was deemed not quite so well adapted for speed as on some other occasions, Boston's trainer, Arthur Taylor, thought he required more seasoning-to make a bruising race. On the other hand, Fashion was brought to the post in condition to run for a man's life. She was admirably trained and faultlessly managed in the race. .At the start, in the first heat, Boston went off with the lead at a rattling pace. Fashion was two lengths behind to the end of the mile, run in i minute, 55 seconds, but soon after made play and the pace improved. Boston led throughout the second mile, run in 1 minute, so^j seconds, the two miles in 3 minutes, 43^^ seconds, and again through the third mile, run in 1 minute, 54 seconds, the three miles in s minutes, 37^2 seconds. Early in the 62 THE AMERICAN TURF fourth mile, under whip and spur, Fashion passed Bos- ton at a flight of speed rarely equaled. The cheers sent from the throats of thousands might be heard for miles. But Boston gave her no respite. He lapped her down the back stretch for three hundred yards. Here Gilpat- rick took a strong and bracing pull on him, and when he again let him out unfortunately pulled him inside so near the fence that the horse struck his hip against a post hard enough to jar him very much and was observed to falter. He soon recovered, and though, at this moment. Fashion led him nearly three lengths, he gradually closed the gap around the turn to within a few feet and nearly caught her at the distance stands. One shouted " Bos- ton's on you, " but, under the whip. Fashion responded and came in about a length ahead, apparently something in hand to spare, closing the heat in 7 miuLites, 32 'j sec- onds, the fastest, by all odds, ever run in America. The Boston party had expected to win in 7 minutes, ^4 sec- conds, if put up to that. Had they offered to beat the time of Eclipse and Henry, 3 to 1 would have been laid against it. For the first two miles Boston, in the opinion of many shrewd judges, had the foot of the mare, and it was thought, had he trailed her, the result of the tirst heat might have been different. For the second heat, the horses, having recovered in a few minutes, came to the post again comparatively fresh. Fashion led off with a moderate stroke. Boston occa- sionally lapped her during the two first miles, and during the third mile succeeded in taking the track. The scene which ensued was indescribable. Such cheering, such betting, and so many long faces were never seen or heard of before. This took the life out of Boston. Instead of pulling him steadily and refreshing him with a slight respite, Gilpatrick kept him at his work after he took the track and ran the third mile in i minute, 51K' seconds. The pace was tremendous. Fashion rallied and, as Bos- ton had not another run left in him, she passed him op- posite the quarter-mile post and the thing was out. She now gradually dropped him and, without another effort on his part to retrieve the fortunes of the day, she came home a gallant and easy winner in 7 minutes, 4s seconds. Boston pulled up inside of the distance stand. It was afterward ascertained that his feet were sore from a recent and too long deferred sweat that Colonel John- son considered necessary on his arrival at the course only a few days before the race. Although Mr. Taylor, the trainer, was of the same opinion as to its necessity, he would not assume the responsibility of it. as Colonel Johnson had been daily expected for more than a week. This circumstance is supposed to have decided the result. This match race prepared Boston for the race three days thereafter, when, in three heats of four miles, he beat Mariner, 8 minutes, 13 seconds, 7 minutes, 46 seconds and 7 minutes, 58 seconds. One historian of the day, commenting upon the affair, said " though beaten, it is conceded on all hands that Boston has acquired a more vast renown by this wonderful race than by his thirty-tive previous victories combined. He is worth more since than he was before the match." In the sporting world the result of the contest was sen- teiitiously put in this way, " All that can be said is that Boston has beaten himself and Fashion has beaten Boston." A strong rivalry sprang up between Kentucky and Tennessee early in the history of the American turf Matches between horses representing their respective States weie of frequent occurrence and stiri'ed the en- thusiasm and (latriotism of the people to an extreme point. The most famous contest of this character was, perhaps, the great race between Wagner and Grey Fagle at Louisville, Ky., in the autumn of 1839. Wagner, who was then a five-year old, carried the honor of Ten- nessee and Grey Eagle, a four-year old, stood for Ken- tucky. The race took place on September 30. the nominations having closed on the first of January pre- ceding the event, so that the impending contest had been the subject of discussion for fully nine months. The stake, which was for all ages, four-mile heats, closed with ten subscribers at $2,000 each, half forfeit. Only four of the nominations started, Wagner, Grey Eagle, Queen Mary and Hawk Eye. Upon the day of the race the most brilliant assembly that had ever been seen upon such an occasion gathered on the course at Louisville. Ladies and gentlemen, not only from Kentucky and Tennessee, but even from more distant parts of the North and South, were present in large numbers, and by their attendance added to the brilliancy of the affair. A chronicler of the period says. " the number of ladies in attendance was estimated at eight hundred, while neaily two thousand horsemen were assembled on the Held. The stands, the fences, the trees, the tops -of carriages and every eminence over- looking the course were crowded; probably not less than ten thousand persons composed the assembly, compris- ing not only several distinguished Senators, and nearly the entire Kentucky delegation in Congress, with their families, but all the elite of the beauty and fashion of the State." Henry Clay and John Jay Crittenden, the two United States Senators from Kentucky, were there with ex-Senator Porter, of Louisiana, and with them Gover- nor Poindexter, General Atkinson, Major Stewart, Gen- eral Hardin, Judges Rowan and Woolly and other dis- tinguished citizens, principally of the South, with repre- sentatives from Ohio and other Northern and Western States. From the day the stake closed betting had gone on spiritedly with Wagner always the favorite. From New York to New Orleans, for many months, odds were 63 THE AMERICAN TURF freely offered on Wngner ngninst the Held, but the State loyaityoflhe Keiituckians never wavered for a single moment. They backed Grey Eagle magnificently for the first heat and even for the race, and it is said that not a Kentuckian on the ground put a dollar on Wag- ner, even after their favorite had lost the first heat. The race was another of those old-time four-mile heat con- tests, and the first two heats were won and the event settled by Wagner, who came in a neck ahead. The time of the heats was 7 minutes, 48 seconds, and 7 minutes, 44 seconds. The finish, which was one of the most sensational in the history of the American turf was thus described by the late Mr. William T. Porter, the brilliant tLirf writer of that period: "From the Oakland House home it was a terrible race. By the most extraordinary exertions Wagner got up neck and neck with the gallant grey as they swung round the turn into the quarter stretch. The feelings of the assembled thousands were wrought up to a pitch absolutely painful. Silence the most profound reigned over that vast assembly as these noble animals sped on as if life and death called forth their utmost eneigies. Both jockeys had theii' whip hands at woi'k, and at every stroke each spur, with a desperate stab, was buried to the rowel head. Grey Eagle for the first hundred yards was cle.irly gaining, but in another instant Wagner was even with him. Both were out and doing their best. It was anybody's race yet; now Wagner, now Grey Eagle has the adv.intage. " If will be a dead heat!' 'See, Grey Eagle's got him!' 'No, Wagner's ahead!' A moment ensues — the people shout — hearts throb — ladies faint — a thrill of emotion — and the race is over. Wagner wins by a neck in 7 minutes. 44 seconds, the best race ever run south of the Potomac; while Kentucky's gallant champion demonstrates his claim to that proud title by a peiformance which throws into the shade the most brilliant ever made in his native State." Discussion over the relative merits of the two horses was intensified rathei- than quieted by this performance. Everybody agreed that Wagner was better managed and better ridden than Grey Eagle, and the friends of the latter horse based their dissatisfaction with the result upon the firm belief that their favorite's defeat was alone attributable to the bad riding of his jockey. One turf authority of the period wrote: " What might have been the result of the race we cannot pretend to say, but we assert with perfect confidence, our belief that with Gilpatrick on his back, Grey Eagle would have won the second heat. . . . The two horses were so nearly matched that good generalship and good riding did the business." It was not in the nature of things that the matter should be allowed to rest where it was. The Southern blood was up, and under the cir- cumstances a second race between the great champions became inevitable. Backers of both horses set on foot measures to have another test at the same meeting. The match was really forced by the admirers of Grey Eagle, but unprejudiced outsiders looked upon the affair with grave doubts, for it was generally considered that neither horse was in a physical condition that warranted sub- jecting him to another severe strain upon his prowess so shortly after the other. On October s, the Saturday following the Monday on which the first I'ace had taken place, the second one was run upon the same course for the Jockey Club purse of $1,500, conditions as before, four-mile heats. In addi- tion to Wagner and Grey Eagle, Captain Willa Viley's four-year old brown filly, Emily Johnson, own sister to Singleton, by Bertrand out of Black-Eyed Susan by Tiger, was entered. Cato, who had piloted Wagner to his previous victory, again had the mount, and Stephen Welch, despite his failing with Grey Eagle five days before, again rode that horse, as no substitute could be found for him. The antepost betting was all in Wag- ner's favor, at 2 and 3 to 1, even the friends of Grey Eagle regretfully conceding that another severe race within a week might be too much for him. When it was announced that a second four-mile contest between these two champions was on the card, an immense crowd of spectators gathered to witness the affair, for the entire country, for fifty or seventy-five miles about Louisville, turned out almost as one man, while many visitors came from Cincinnati and other distant points. As before, on the day of the race, the ladies constituted a considerable proportion of the spectators. When the word was given Wagner went off in the lead with Emily second and Grey Eagle last, but at the first half mile post the three were lapped. Then Grey Eagle drew out a little, but up the stretch Wagner came again in front, Grey Eagle, however, soon leading again and coming to the stand by half a length, being about two lengths ahead at the end of the fourth mile. In spite of a brilliant rally by his opponent, he increased the distance and when, after Wagner had declined, Emily Johnson challenged him, he was still kept to the head. He could not now be overtaken and came home a gallant winner by nearly a length, Emily Johnson taking the second place and Wagner being third. The first mile was run in 2 minutes, 5 seconds, the second in I minute, 55 seconds, the third in 1 minute, 56 seconds, and the fourth in i minute, 55 seconds, making the time for the heat 7 minutes, 51 seconds. Supporters of Grey Eagle now felt as much elated as they had heretofore been depressed. Kentucky was still a unit in support of its champion and the odds changed from 2 and 3 to i in favor of Wagner, until Grey Eagle had the call at 4 to }, many large sums of 64 THE AMERICAN TURF money being staked. In the seconJ lieat the pace at the start was little better than a hand gallop for the first half mile, with Wagner in the lead. The Kentucky horse soon locked his rival from Louisiana, and they made the first mile neck and neck in 2 minLites, 8 seconds. Immediately after passing the stand Grey Eagle went to the front, but at the end of the second mile, which was run in i minute. S2 seconds, the champions were again neck and neck. At the end of the third mile, in 1 min- ute, ss seconds, Wagner had his head and neck in front ind for the last mile there was one of the fiercest struggles that had ever been seen upon the Southern turf, at the end of which Wagner came through a winner by a neck, having run the last mile in 1 minute, 48 seconds, and the heat in 7 minutes, 43 seconds. It was said "that for an untried four-year old Grey Eagle's performance was without a parallel in the annals of the American turf, " and although defeated, he had covered himself with glory. In the final spurt for the finish, Emily Johnson was quite lost sight of and did not even save her distance. The third heat was a catastrophe, as the beautiful grey horse broke down soon after passing the half mile post in the second mile, Wagner winning the heat; but no time was kept. Perhaps few events connected with the turf about the middle of the century attracted more attention, or were productive of more animated discussion among horsemen and other frequenters of the race course than the struggle for supremacy between those two great half brothers, Lexington and Lecomte, and the wonderful performances of the latter in reducing the record that then stood for four-mile heats. The first great race between these splendid thoroughbreds came off in April, 1854, for the great State Post Stakes on the Metairie Course, in New Orleans, four- mile heat for all ages. The subscription to the stake was $5,000, representatives of the States of Louisiana, Alabama, Kentucky and Mississippi being the subscribers. The Kentucky horsemen named Lexington, Lecomte represented the State of Mississippi, while Alabama was represented by Highlander and Louisiana by Arrow. Interest in the event was at fever heat and many of the most distinguished gentlemen of the period, among them ex-President Millard Filmore, occupied seats in the judges' and the grand stand. It was thought by the shrewdest turfites of the time that the breeding of the swift-footed Lecomte promised better results than that of his white-legged and white-nosed half brother. In this expectation, however, they were grievously mistaken, for the son of Alice Carneal won in two straight heats, distancing Highlander and Arrow and leaving Lecomte not a very good second, the time being 8 minutes, 8% seconds, and 8 minutes, 4 seconds. Of course the supporters of Lecomte were not at all satisfied with this result and were still willing to pin faith upon their horse. Accordingly a week later, on the eighth day of the month, the two rivals again came together on the same course for the Jockey Club Purse of $2,000, the chestnut gelding Reube, by imported Trustee out of Minstrel by Medoc, also contending for the honors. This was really the first great contest between the two future champions and the event called out a great attendance upon the race course, more than ten thousand people being present. The ladies made a goodly show on the stands reserved for them, and were not at all averse to betting upon their favorite Lexington. The race was intensely exciting. As one of the newspaper reports put it, "since the great race of Fashion, on Long Island, in 1842, and George Martin's 7 minutes, )} seconds, and 7 minutes, 43 seconds, in New Orleans, in 1843, there had been nothing like it; and in all its incidents from the start to the victory, it will always be remembered as pre-eminently the greatest four-mile race on record." Betting was extremely heavy, Lexington being the favorite, first at even money against the field, and afterward 100 to 80 against the field, and 100 to 60 against Lecomte. The result of the race was a great surprise, nobody having calculated upon or anticipated the great victory that Lecomte was able to achieve. Reube cut no figure in the running, although in the first heat he made by far the best time he had ever made in his life; but he was wholly outclassed, barely escaping being distanced in the first heat, while in the second he was not even able to escape being caught behind the red flag. Lecomte led off in the first heat and kept his position throughout the four miles, although Lexington several times made a brush and partly closed the gap. At no time, however, was he able to outfoot his rival, and Lecomte won by six lengths, in much the quickest time ever made in the world, 7 minutes, 26 seconds. Betting now changed with Lecomte the favorite, 100 to 40 against the field. Lexington led the way from the score for nearly two miles in the second heat, maintaining a distance of about two lengths. Upon entering the third mile, Lecomte overhauled and passed him, and throughout this mile there was a constant struggle between the two, with Lecomte slightly in the lead. Holding this lead throughout the next mile he came home a winner by four lengths, in 7 minutes, 38;-^ seconds, and was proudly hailed " as the best race horse ever produced on the turf." The respective miles of each heat were run in 1 minute, 53 seconds, 1 min- ute, =,4 seconds, i minute, 49}^ seconds, and 1 min- ute, 49J3 seconds for the first heat, and 2 minutes, 2 seconds, i minute, 58 seconds, i minute, 40 seconds, and I minute, 52^ seconds for the second heat. Now the dissatisfaction rested on the shoulders of the backers of Lexington, and another test of the respective 65 THE AMERICAN TURF merits of the two horses was proposed. Upon the refusal of the owners of Lecomte to make a third match, Mr. Richard Ten Broeck. Lexington's owner, determined to settle the question in another way, by running his stallion over the Metairie Course against time. He claimed that when he was defeated by Lecomte. the stallion was not in good condition and was badly ridden, and was confident that he would be successful in another trial. He issued a challenge for Lexington to run a single four miles against the fastest time at that distance on record in America for the sum of $20,000, or to run him against any named horse, a race of four-mile heats. As an alternative proposition, he offered to run Lexing- ton over the Union Course, on Long Island, in October of the same year, on a wager of $25,000 against $20,000. After a long controversy between Mr. Ten Broeck and Colonel T. J. Wells, who was then the owner of Lecomte, two distinguished Virginia horsemen. Colonel Calvin Green and Captain John Belcher, accepted the challenge to run Lexington against time. The trial came off April 2, 1855, in the presence of an immense concourse of people. The track was in excellent order, the horses in fine condition and the weather con- ditions perfect, the day being one of the loveliest of the season. The judges for this historic occasion were General Stephen M. Westmore, who represented the Virginia turfmen, who were backing time, Mr. Arnold Harris to represent Mr. Ten Broeck and Mi'. John G. Cocks, president of the Metairie Jockey Club. The tuners were the Honorable Duncan F. Kenner, Captain William J. Minor and Mr. Stephen D. Elliott. The betting was heavy and Lexington was a strong favorite at 100 to 75 against time and a few takers at that figure. The celebrated Gilpatrick had the mount, and started in at a hot pace, making the first mile in 1 minute, 47^ seconds. The second mile was made in 1 minute, 52^4^ seconds, the third mile in i minute, si/^ seconds and the fourth mile in 1 minute, 48;'/t seconds, the entire four miles in 7 minutes, 1934 seconds, carrying 103 pounds. This knocked off 6'X seconds from the great feat of Lecomte in the earlier race, and it remained the world record for a single four-mile brush until twenty years later when it was lowered by Ten Broeck and Fellow- craft. And yet, great as was the triumph of Lexington, many who witnessed the race were confident that had it been necessary, he could have finished the four miles in at least 10 seconds less time. Again, in April, 1855, the giants met in a third fierce struggle. By this time the entire country had become excited over the rivaly between the two, and there was a general consensus of opinion that the respective merits of the horses must be again put to the test. The owners and backers of Lexington were confident of his prowess, while those who spoke for Lecomte declared that his 7 minutes, 26 seconds was better than Lexington's 7 min- utes, \()ji seconds, from the fact that the latter had all the advantage of running alone and choosing the close side of the track and having a long start, so that he received the word "go " at full speed. Arrangements were made for the running of the two horses on April 24, over the Metairie Course, for a Jockey Club purse of $1,000, with an inside stake of $2,soo each. Lexington was the general favorite of the public, and stood in the betting at 100 to 80. Gilpatrick bestrode Lexington and the negro jockey of General Wells was in the saddle of Lecomte. When the signal to start the first heat was given, the two horses went up the quarter stretch neck by neck. Lexington, slowly drawing ahead, flew by the stand at the end of the first mile, three-quarters of a length in the lead, in 1 minute, 4C)^2 seconds. About the middle ot the second mile, the son of Reel made a desperate effort and laid himself alongside his rival, nose by nose, but was able to hold this advantage only a few seconds, for Lexington drew himself a clear length in the lead at the close of the second mile, which was run in 1 minute, si seconds. Throughout the third mile Lexington was not headed at all, and covered the distance in i minute, 51 seconds, and made the last mile in i minute, 52X seconds, going with a spirit as if he had just begun to run, while Lecomte, only by a desperate rally, escaped by a few lengths the humiliation of being distanced. The time of the heat was 7 minutes, 233-j[ seconds, un- precedented as being the fastest heat that was ever made in a match. When the time arrived for starting the second heat the owner of Lecomte withdrew his horse while the purse and the laurels were awarded to the Kentucky champion. The last great match between the North and South was run May n, 184s, four-mile heats, for $10,000 ;i side, between Mr. Kirkland's Peytona, a five-year old by imported Glencoe, dam by imported Leviathan, repre- senting the South, and Mr. W. H. Gibbons' Fashion, eight years old, standing for the North. The course was extremely hard under a thick layer of dust, after a long drouth, and was not as well adapted for speed as on some former occasions. In the first heat Peytona outfooted Fashion from the stand and kept the lead throughout by about two lengths, winning well in hand in 7 minutes, 39%! seconds. In the second heat Peytona again trailed Fashion and won cleverly by half a length in 7 minutes, 4^j{ seconds. The winner, who was bred in Alabama, was in all respects an extraordinary mare, fully 16 hands, 3 inches in height, with a stride that was said to cover 27 feet. No better pedigree than hers for eight generations back to Tasker's Selima then existed. Her sire, Glencoe, her dam by imported Leviathan, her grandam by Sir Archy, and their ances- tors back to imported Othello, Selima and Godolphin 66 THE AMERICAN' TURF Anibinii constituteti the very aristocracy of equine blood. Among other notable turf events of the decade or more just preceding the Civil War, the exploits of Charleston, Sue Washington, Dallas, Kale Hunter, Don juan, Marksman, Birdcatcher and others merit some- thing more than mere passing attention. Of first rank among these, perhaps, may be named the achievement of Charleston on the Chattahooche Course at Columbus, Ga., in March, 18S7. The race was a colt stakes for three-year olds. Three horses came to the post, Char- leston by imported Sovereign; Don Juan by imported Glencoe, dam Darkness by Wagner, and Birdcatcher by Oliver, a son of Wagner, dam by American Eclipse. The first heat was won by Charleston lapped the entire mile by Don Juan, the time being i minute, 46 seconds. In the second heat the three horses closed into a cluster about the termination of the first quarter, after a bad start on the part of Charleston, and ran to the head of the stretch, when Charleston increased the rate of goinsf, which ended in a dead heat between Charleston and Don Juan, with Birdcatcher a good third, time i minute, 46 seconds. In the third heat Don Juan got off well ahead, with Birdcatcher second and Charleston in the rear, in which order they came home, Don Juan winning the heat in i minute, 48'^ seconds. In the fourth heat Don Juan led off, with Birdcatcher and Charleston following, but Charleston moved up and took the lead some six hundred yards from home, winning the heat and race with apparent ease, time i minute, 47}^ seconds. This was said then to have been the best race ever run at mile heats by three-year olds in the United States. Charleston belonged to the stable of Messrs. Puryear & Watson, Colonel David McDaniel owned Don Juan and Mr. H. E. Barton owned Birdcatcher. Adding the time of the successive heats together, it will be seen that they make an aggregate of only 7 minutes, 8 seconds for four miles, which is \i^{i seconds less than the wonderful time made by Lexington in his great exploit on the Metairie Course in New Orleans in 185s- But four days later at this same meeting Charleston was beaten by Sue Washington and Frankfort for the Post Stakes, four-mile heats, winning only the first heat in 7 minutes and 39 seconds. Another record breaking feat of the early period of the American turf were Charleston's fourth heat in i minute, 46 seconds over the Washing- ton Course, Charleston, S. C, the first three heats having been run respectively in i minute, 49;^^ seconds; I minute, 47J2 seconds and i minute, 50 seconds. Charleston beat Nicholas I. and Ada Tevis over the same course, 2-mile heats, in 3 minutes, 43^ seconds; 3 minutes, 39^^ seconds and 3 minutes, 44 seconds. Again on the same course he beat a Darkness colt in 3 minutes, 40}^ seconds and 3 minutes, 43 seconds. 67 Another great four-mile race, which, in many respects, was one of the most exciting ever run in the South, was over the Chattahooche Course, at Columbus, Ga., in April, 1857. The entries were Messrs. Campbell and Barton's Lizzie McDonald, formerly Sue Washington, Mr. Thomas Puryear's Charleston, and Colonel David McDaniel's Frankfort. Before the hour of starting, Charleston was a favorite over Lizzie McDonald, it being reported that the latter had made a bad trial run. The betting was about even between Charleston and the field, the latter, however, being slightly the favorite. In the first heat Lizzie McDonald had the track, with Charles- ton second, and Frankfort outside. At the close of the first mile Charleston took the track, and from that time led on the line, coming home the winner in 7 minutes and 39 seconds, Frankfort just dropping in to save his distance. As the track was in a very heavv state from the rain of the previous day, this was regarded as one of the best heats ever run in .America. In the second heat Charleston had the track and kept it throughout until on the home stretch Frankfort dashed in ahead in lightning speed, leading Charleston by a head, who was a neck before Lizzie McDonald. The time was 7 min- utes, 40 seconds. Lizzie McDonald won the third heat in 8 minutes, the last two miles being run in 3 minutes, 47 seconds. Charleston was drawn before the fourth heat was entered upon, and Lizzie McDonald easily took the heat in 8 minutes and ijjt^ seconds, thus winning the race. It is not a pleasant fact to recall that Frankfort ran himself to death on this occasion, expiring on the even- ing of the race. Charleston also suffered considerably from his efforts, but it is said of Lizzie McDonald that "next day she appeared as fine as silk and as playful as a kitten." Three cracks of their day, Charleston, Nicholas I. and Engineer, were entered to meet in a fierce struggle on the Fashion Course on Long Island, September 29, 1857. The event had been looked for- ward to with deep interest by turfmen and the public generally. The great reputation of the three horses, and the renown of their sires, encouraged expectation of a notable trial of endurance and speed. Previous to the day of the race. Nicholas I. had the favor in the betting, at 1,000 to 900, against both his rivals, and 1,000 to Ooo against Charleston, while Ssoo even was offered between Charleston and Engineer. The stake was for $3,000. An immense crowd of spectators witnessed the event. A report of the time says that "every conceivable charac- ter of vehicle, from a railway car to a coal cart, was put in requisition to take anxious people to the course, and at half-past two, the time named for the race, the black masses that lined the stands and strewed the field, gave evidence of a larger number of spectators than had ever before been seen upon that ground. Crowds of ladies THE AMERICAN TURF graced the scene and displayed a bank of beauty and of fashion that would have honored any occasion." An unfortunate accident befell the gallant Charleston the day before the race, when he was in prime condition. A stirrup iron struck the tendons of his ankle, so as to cause him to go lame. This made it necessary to draw him from the race, and only Nicholas i. and Engineer started. Nicholas I. was by Glencoe out of Fanny Rhodes by Wagner, and was four years old at the time of this event. His defeat of Sue Washington and Toler over the Fashion Course in the previous June, in 7 min- utes, 40 seconds, and 7 minutes, 43 seconds, had given him a prestige which had been added to by his defeat of Sue Washington and Philips over the same course in the same month in 7 minutes, 30 seconds, and 7 min- utes, 44j4 seconds. He was owned at one time by Mr. Richard Ten Broeck, afterward by Mr. William H. Gibbons, and then by Mr. John R. Hunter. He twice beat the best time of Sir Henry and American Eclipse, and at four years old was regarded as one of the most promising horses that tlie country had up to that time produced. Engineer was a tive-year old, by Revenue out of Andrewetta, the dam of Bostona and others. He was bred by the Honorable John M. Botts, of Virginia. Andrewetta was sired by the celebrated Andrew out of an Oscar mare of high reputation. She ran several races, and at Raleigh, N. C, in a stake for four-mile heats, distanced the field in 7 minutes, 46 seconds. Engineer, when he appeared against Nicholas 1., was the hero of two good races, the first being two-mile heats on the Fashion Course in 3 minutes, 42^ seconds, 3 min- utes, 43^-^ seconds, and 3 minutes, 45^2 seconds, and the second being two three-mile heats in 5 minutes, 42)^ seconds each. Charleston was by imported Sovereign out of Milwood by imported Monarch out of Fanny, by Eclipse. Both his sire and grandsire were imported by Colonel Wade Hampton, of South Carolina. His dam was bred by Colonel Hampton, and his grandam was run by Colonel Johnson and Colonel Hampton for several campaigns. As a two-year old, Charleston won the South Carolina stakes at the Washington Course in February, i8s6, and, in December of the same year, was second to Sue Washington at Columbus, Ga., beat- ing Nicholas I., Dallas and Shocco. After winning the Hutchinson Stakes over the Washington Course in Charleston, four-mile heats, in 18S7, he also at the same meeting beat Nicholas I., Ada Tevis, and Doswell's Revenue filly, winning the last two heats in 3 minutes, 39^2 seconds, and 3 minutes, 4s seconds. He also had other notable achievements to his record. With Charleston withdrawn, this race over the Fash- ion Course between Nicholas I. and Engineer was a foregone conclusion. The famous jockey, Gilpatrick, rode Nicholas 1., and allowed Engineer to lead the way in the first heat, running his horse easy some three lengths behind. Toward the end of the third mile he closed up on Engineer and, passing him on the home stretch, led by the stand into the fourth mile a length ahead. From this time on he trailed his rival until down the home stretch Engineer closed up toward his fiank. Nicholas I., however, gradually increased his distance, pLitting on more speed and passed the stand five or six lengths in advance, winning the heat in 7 minutes, 4s seconds. In the second heat Engineer took the lead as in the first and ran freely with several lengths in hand, being five lengths ahead at the end of the first mile, and two lengths ahead at the end of the second mile. When near the half mile pole on the third mile, Nicholas 1. took the lead easily and passed into the fourth mile six lengths ahead, winning the heat in 7 minutes, 47;'2 seconds. The crowd which attended the fall meeting on the Fashion Course, in i8s8, was said to have been the largest that had ever patronized any racing meeting in the North since that which gathered on the old Union Course to witness the memorable match between Fashion and Peytona. On this later occasion when Nicholas I., Tar River and Sue Washington fought for supremacy, there was an assemblage of some twelve thousand people, very many of whom were ladies. The meeting was especially memorable from the fact that a heat was run, which, in the estimation of many experts, when the difference in favor of the old Union Course and the newer Fashion Course as to fastness was considered, was superior to the great exploit of the famous chestnut mare Fashion years previously. In this great four-mile contest only Nicholas I., Tar River and Lizzie McDonald started, although there were eight nominations. In the betting Nicholas 1. stood even with Lizzie McDonald and 100 to 80 against the field, but Tar River also had his backers, and considerable sums were placed on him at 40 to 100 against the field. Gilpatrick rode Tar River, and led off in the first heat with Nicholas 1. a length behind and Sue Washington trailing. The race continued in this fashion to the end, Tar River making the running and Nicholas I. and Sue Washington coming up close behind. Tar River won handily in 7 minutes, 50^ seconds, with Nicholas I. second and the mare third. In the second heat Nicholas I. took the lead with Tar River thundering upon his haunch and forcing him close throughout the first two miles, with the mare only a length or two behind. The son of Glencoe passed into the third mile flying, with a lead only of a length, and into the fourth mile the same obstinate struggle of the two leaders continued. The mare gave out just as they passed the stand into the fourth mile, but Nicholas came in the winner of the heat by two lengths, with Tar River 68 THE AMERICAN TURF second ;ind Sue Washington distanced, in the fast time of" 7 minutes, 3s seconds. The third heat belonged to Nicholas 1. I'rom start to finish, akhough several times Tar River gallantly came up close and contended for the lead. Nicholas 1. finished two or three lengths ahead, in 7 minutes and 50 seconds. This race was considered the best that had ever taken place over the Fashion Course, and as game a contest as had ever been seen anywhere. Nicholas !., by his achievement, fully established his rep- utation as one of the foremost race horses in the country at that time. It was at the May meeting of 1861, on the Woodlawn Course at Louisville, that Molly Jackson ran her memor- able three-mile race. This meeting was altogether one of the few brilliant events of that epoch, and the four- year old chestnut filly was the star of the occasion. She started in on the opening day by winning the four- mile race for the Challenge Cup in 7 minutes, 34^^ sec- onds, in such easy style that it was clear she could have come home some seconds faster if she had been called upon to do it. Another great feat of this meeting was the performance of Idlewild, who ran the second heat of a mile heat race in i minute, 44>2 seconds, the best time at that distance that had ever been seen in Kentucky. Molly Jackson was by Vandal, out of a dam by Margrave. On this occasion she was pitted against three descendants of the great Boston, Mr. J. S. Hunter's four-year old colt, Sherrod by Lecomte out of Picayune; Mr. John M. Clay's four-year old colt, Colton by Lexington, out of Topaz by Glencoe, and Mr. H. B. Foley's four-year old filly, Bettie Ward by Lexington, out of a dam by Whalebone. In the betting prior to the race Molly Jackson was the favorite with Colton picked for second place. Three heats were run, the first of which was won easily by the favorite by two lengths, with Colton second, the time being 5 minutes, 3s --^ seconds, the third mile of the heat being run m i minute, 45^3 seconds. The second heat was run in s minutes, 34;'^ seconds, being won by Sherrod, who led the Vandal filly at the finish by half a length. Molly Jackson retrieved herself in the third heat, which she won in the phenomenal time of 5 minutes, 28^4 seconds, with Sherrod second, Bettie Ward third and Colton fourth. The ninth mile of this great race was run in 1 minute, 48 ':( seconds, the pre- ceding two miles of the heat being run respectively in i minute, 50^ seconds, and i minute, 49|<( seconds. Only once had this time been beaten in a three-mile heat, and that was by Brown Dick, who ran in 5 minutes, 28 seconds, having the advantage of carry- ing weight as a three-year old. The mile record in this race was only 11^4 seconds more than the present record time for a mile dash, and the time of the third heat is only 3-4 of a second more than the best record time for a three-mile heat made by Norfolk in 1865. The racing season of 1872 was made particularly memorable by contests between several of the greatest horses of the modern American turf. Particularly the rivalry between Harry Bassett, Longfellow and Mon- archist, stirred up the racing public to the highest pitch of excitement. The interest in such events of recent years as the Suburban, Futurity and Brooklyn Handicap may, perhaps, give an idea of that which was felt in those early events a quarter of a century ago, to which we are here referring. No races of less importance, how- ever, have in later years attracted any such general atten- tion on the part of either turfmen or the general public. Harry Bassett, who had then scarcely passed his prime, was considered by many to be the greatest runner of his generation, and he held a high position as a popular favorite among those who knew little more about racing than the names and stories of the winners. Longfellow was still a popular and professional favorite, and Mon- archist was looming up as a coming champion, destined to perpetuate the memory and carry the colors of his great sire, Lexington, for many years to come. The partisans of the Leamington blood, represented by Long- fellow, and the believers in the virtue of the Lexington stock, represented by Harry Bassett and Monarchist, were especially stirred up by the rivalry between these three great champions, whose merits were everywhere discussed with a fervor that sometimes was dangerously near to acrimony. The meeting between Longfellow and Bassett in the race for the Monmouth Cup on the second day of the Long Branch meeting. July 2, 1872. was the first of these noted events of that season. It was the first time that Longfellow had met Harry Bassett, and great concern was felt in the affair all over the country. The event was thoroughly well advertised and attracted to Long Branch hundreds of visitors who rarely, if ever before, had seen a race track. When Longfellow was brought from Louisville to Long Branch he had the dignity of a special car which bore on a great placard the announce- ment, " Longfellow going to Long Branch to meet his friend, Harry Bassett." All along the route of his jour- ney he received the attention that is generally accorded to a dignitary on his travels, and few people who read the newspapers were allowed to remain in ignorance of the forthcoming event. Not less than thirty thousand people were present upon the day set apart for the Monmouth Cup race, and in this vast concourse speculation was pretty evenly di- vided regarding the relative merits of the two champions. If anything, however, Longfellow was the favorite. This arose somewhat from the effect of the recent brilliant victories of his near kinsman and companion. 69 THE AMERICAN TURF Lyttleton, nnd the odds that were originally strongly in favor of Harry Bassett, declined somewhat as the day and hour of the race approached. Still, it was the opinion of the great majority of those who had sup- ported him that it was impossible for him to lose. He came to Long Branch fresh from two victories, in one of which he distanced Metella, his sole opponent, running the last mile of a second two-mile heat in i minute, 46 seconds, in a sense this particular cup race partook somewhat of the old-time interstate feature that charac- terized so many of the early American races, Harry Bassett being the property of Colonel David McDaniel, of Virginia, while Longfellow, owned by Mr. John Harper, carried the colors of Kentucky. Longfellow had never been beaten in a true-run race when he was in condition, his great race with Helmbold at Saratoga being lost because he was entirely unfit. Harry Bassett also had the highest reputation as one of the truest, steadiest and most trustworthy runners ever stripped on the course. When the horses came out the appearance of both ex- cited admiration and renewed the fondest expectations of the partisans who were backing them. Longfellow, large in stature and length, was in the pink of condition and fit to run for a man's life. It was remarked that few horses are ever brought to the post in better shape than he appeared on that day. On the other hand, Harry Bassett, to all outward appearances, bore no unfavorable comparison with his rival. He looked well, but, as the event proved, was not after all in quite the condition that he should have been in order to insure success. When the signal was given for the start Harry Bassett had a little the best of it and made the running. Long- fellow came close behind him with a beautiful sweep- ing stroke that enabled him to cover the ground with ease and to hold his own. Soon the slight difference between them was closed and, although at the begin- ning of the first turn Harry Bassett led by a length, they were neck and neck at the end of the first mile, which was run in 1 minute, 44 seconds. From this point on it was Longfellow's race, he gradually increasing the dis- tance, first by a neck and then inch by inch until, at the mile and a half, which was run in 2 minutes, 37;;-^ sec- onds, he was a good length and a half ahead. Then Harry Bassett's faint heart showed itself. With his rival leading him he sulked and quit, while Longfellow won in a canter in 4 minutes, 34 seconds, having fully sixty yards to the good. The result was a severe blow to those who had pinned their faith upon the son of Lex- ington and Canary Bird, but it showed conclusively that, however much speed and endurance Harry Bassett might have, and however much courage he might display when he was leading the field or making the pace, he lost spirit when he was headed and could not be depended upon to snatch victory from impending defeat. Only two weeks later Longfellow and Harry Bassett met again, this time at Saratoga, in the race for the Sara- toga Cup. The event is of historic interest as being the final appearance of Longfellow upon the turf. The out- come of the race for the Monmouth Cup had stimulated interest in this second meeting of the champions and the attendance was one of the largest that had ever graced the Saratoga Course. When the trumpet sounded for the great performance of the day Harry Bassett first ap- peared and made a splendid impression, being appar- ently in perfect condition and in far superior fettle than he had been at Long Branch. The dark brown and mighty son of Leamington was likewise in good condi- tion, and his long, sweeping stride, as he went along the stretch in a preliminary gallop, impressed all who saw him with a full sense of his prowess. The chestnut horse, Defender, was also run, but with no expectation that he would be in at the finish. The odds were heavy on Longfellow and just before the flag fell ran up as high as 1,000 to 250. All three horses got away at the first effort, Harry Bassett and Longfellow leading off together with De- fender behind, the latter horse resolutely maintaining his place throughout the race, but gradually lettmg in more light between himself and the leaders as the course was covered. When the grand stand was passed at the end of one mile, which was run in i minute, 45/2 seconds, Harry Bassett was leading, and in another quarter had increased his lead to a length. Froni that point on it was a struggle ofequine giants. First one, and then the other was a nose, a neck, a length ahead, and at the end of two miles, which was run in about 3 minutes, 30 sec- onds, Longfellow again had Harry Bassett headed. At this point the son of Leamington changed his feet and in a second faltered in his stride, allowing his rival to pass him and to win the race easily in 3 minutes, 59 sec- onds. When the horses came off the course it was apparent that Longfellow was broken down; in fact, he finished the race on three feet, giving away on the near side forward. The sole of his foot was cut by a broken plate and the tendons were injured so that he could scarcely stand. Although suffering and partly crippled, he was game to the end and ran to the finish with an extraordinary display of force and endurance, being finally beaten only by one short length. He never re- covered from this injury and the race course never saw him again. Harry Bassett now reigned supreme on the turf in the estimation of many individuals, but it remained for his half-brother Monarchist to lower his colors a few months later in the same season. It was at Jerome Park in October in the race for the Maturity Stakes, three miles, 70 THE AMERICAN TURF thnt these two champions first met. Akhoush Monarch- ist iiad achieved notable triumphs in his three-year old form, having already won the Mansion House Stakes at Monmouth Park and the Louisiana and Grand Inautjural Post Stakes at New Orleans earlier in the season, there were few who believed him able to come to the front on this occasion. Harry Bassett was a stronjf favorite; in fact, so far as the betting was concerned Monarchist scarcely had any place at all, the odds being lo to i against him. At the start Harry Bassett got away in IVont, but Mon- archist c]uickly closed up and stuck to his rival firmly, so that the first half mile was run almost head by head. Then Harry Bassett drew away by a length, but Mon- archist declined to allow him to hold this advantage, contesting inch by inch and finally pushing his head in front at the furlong pole in the last mile, won out by fully three lengths. Again the lack of courage in Harry Basset was manifest, for he quit when he found that the race was no longer his. Monarchist was, to be sure, in first rate condition, but it was generally believed that Bassett could not have failed winning had he possessed the courage of his competitor. The time of the race was 5 minutes, 34,'3 seconds, which was slow. But the track was heavy and the turning of the course did not contribute to high speed. An interesting comparison has been made between the time of this race and the time of other three mile races about the same period. Norfolk ran three miles in California in s minutes, 27 seconds, carrying 100 pounds, while Monarchist carried 108 pounds; Idlewild, in her famous four-mile race, ran the last three miles in ^ minutes, 27^ seconds, carrying 117 pounds; Mollie Jackson, in her third and winning heat at Woodlawn as a four-year old, with 101 pounds, made a record of 5 minutes, 28^ seconds; and at Sara- toga, Fleetwing ran three miles in s minutes, }\H seconds. A week after the race for the Maturity Stakes Mon- archist and Bassett met again at Jerome Park in a purse for all ages, four miles. Three sons of Lexington joined in the fierce rivalry of this occasion— Harry Bassett, Mon- archist and King Henry. The interest that might have attached to a contest between horses representing differ- ent sires was here absent, but the standing of the two champions and their notable performances heretofore, especially Monarchist's recent Maturity victory, was sufficient to guarantee a profound public attention to any event in which they were engaged. Monarchist again demonstrated his superiority by winning this race in 7 minutes, }}% seconds, with Bassett second and King Henry a poor third. Few races in contemporaneous times have excited more general interest than the famous match between Ten Broeck and Mollie McCarthy under the auspices of the Louisville Jockey Club, July 4, 1878. Ten Broeck had long been regarded as standing at the head of the Ameri- can turf, and his name upon the card of any event was sure to awaken the greatest enthusiasm. Mollie Mc- Carthy was the champion, of California, and upon the Pacific slope was regarded as quite invincible. The relative merits of the two horses had been under discussion more or less for a long time, and turfmen generally looked forward with eagerness to a test race between them. The California people were particu- larly urgent in regard to the matter, for they believed, or affected to believe, that their favorite mare could easily lower the colors of the great son of Phaeton. A match was accordingly arranged and the mare was brought on from California. Upon the day of the match, which was the third day of the extra July meeting of the Louisville Jockey Club, there was an enormous crowd in attendance, estimated to be between twenty-five and thirty thousand people, by far the largest that had ever been upon these grounds. Visitors from all over the country were present, and es- pecially many from the Pacific coast. Kentucky was faithful to its belief in Ten Broeck and backed him heavily, his superb condition strengthening the hopes of those who had placed their faith and their money upon him. Mollie McCarthy did not make as favorable an impression, although she was very handsome in appear- ance, thoroughly blood-like and with unmistakable signs of quality. The race, as arranged, was for four-mile heats. On the first heat the two horses got away at an even start, the mare inside, and ran evenly to the quar- ter in 28 seconds. By the time they had passed the half-mile pole the mare was a little ahead and in this position they raced to the stand in 1 minute. 49:'4 sec- onds. To all appearances, at this point, the race belonged to California, for Mollie McCarthy was running beautifully and easily without effort, while Ten Broeck was making heavy work of it. Throughout the second mile, which was run in i minutes 4y;{ seconds, the relative position of the two contestants remained practically unchanged, and it was not until they had passed the two-mile and a half post that Ten Broeck drew ahead and led by an open length. At the completion of the third mile he had the lead by fully twenty yards in 5 minutes, 53 seconds. For the next half mile, although the mare was beaten, she struggled gamely on, continuing the proverbial stern chase that is always a long one. Losing ground at every stride, her courage failed her and she gave up the contest. Ten Broeck was able to gallop home leisurely with the mare distanced, the time of the heat being 8 minutes, 19^ seconds. The time was very slow, for the track was in a bad condition, sticky and stiff with mud from a rain the previous night. Both 71 THE AMERICAN TURF horses felt the effect of the h;ird p:ice at which they were run, MoHie McCarthy being in a complete state of collapse and Ten Broeck plainly showing the effect of his severe work. Probably when the world-renowned Lexington achieved his record-breaking feat of four miles in 7 minutes, \qli seconds in 185s. few who were familiar with the turf and knew the possibilities for great accom- plishments that lay in the American thoroughbred imagined that the record would stand unchallenged for nearly a generation. There were other great four-milers in those days, and the number was constantly added to of those whose speed and endurance gave promise of their being able to rival the best of those who had preceded them. Nevertheless, nineteen years elapsed before Lexington's record was lowered, al- though it was many times challenged in regular races, if not in specially arranged matches. Only after the Civil War had passed and the modern American turf was entering upon one of the most brill- iant periods of its existence, was another serious attempt made to cut down this record. It is somewhat the more surprising, perhaps, that this should have been enter- tained at a time when the character of the American thor- oughbred and of the events in which he displayed him- self were undergoing important and significant change, the day of the staunch old four-miler having nearly passed away, while the reign of the speedy horse for sharp, quick work at short distances had almost exclu- sively supervened. But that the staunchness of the great heroes of the early race course was in nowise absent from their descendants in consequence of these changes in racing practice was a tenet that was sedulously adhered to by many of the most prominent turfmen, and it was a source of satisfaction to them when the oppor- tunity was presented to have this theory put to test. Fellowcraft, to whom was set the work of demon- strating the ability of the contemporaneous thoroughbred to hold his own in comparison with the great horses of previous generations, was a son of imported Australian and Aerolite, his dam being by Lexington, out of Florine. in his pedigree he thus combined the excellences of the great horse whose record he now challenged, and who stood unrivaled in the affections of the American public _ with that of the new strain which was already being looked upon with much favor, and in certain quarters was regarded as certain to overtop the hitherto unap- proachable blood of Lexington, Boston, Sir Archy and Glencoe. Fellowcraft's match against Lexington's time came off at Saratoga in August, 1874, as one of the regular events of the Saratoga meeting, and attracted widespread attention. The success of the great son of Australian in beating the time of his maternal grandsire by }i of a second, and fixing the record for four miles at 7 minutes, iq}2 seconds, was regarded then, as it is now, as a wonderful achievment. It was only to be compared with Lecomte's 7 minutes, 26 seconds, Lexington's 7 minutes, 2334 seconds and 7 minutes, iq^ seconds, and Idlewild's 7 minutes, 26}^ seconds, in a race on Long Island in 1863 when she beat Jerome Edgar and Danger- ous. In Fellowcraft's race Wanderer and Katie Pease were started to compete with him. and ran with such extraordinary speed, bottom and gameness that they both finished close up, even sharing honors with the winner. It was generally conceded that Fellowcraft's two oppo- nents on this occasion fully won for themselves the right to stand in the same class as the greatest four-milers of the American turf. For two years after the event just recorded, the record of 7 minutes, iq^4 seconds remained unchallenged. Then the great Ten Broeck took issue with Fellowcraft, and in 1876 was engaged to run for a special purse of $1,000. The race took place as an extra day event at Louisville in September, 1876. There were two entries. Mr. D. J. Crouse's bay colt Add, four years old, by Revolver, running against Ten Broeck. The betting was on even terms, but the Revolver colt had no place from the moment the start was made. When the signal was given Ten Broeck struck a slow pace, but was leading at the quarter and improving his speed, and made a mile in i minute, s2-'4 seconds. In those figures there was little promise of success for a record-breaking result, but the jockey quickened his pace and the horse covered the second mile in i minute, 45,'3 seconds, which was as much too fast, perhaps, as the former mile was too slow. Nevertheless, Ten Broeck did not slacken to any great extent, but ran the three miles in 5 minutes, 25 seconds. Add was left a dozen lengths behind when the fourth mile was entered upon, and it was necessary to send another horse on to the course to stimulate Ten Broeck to keep up his speed. The last mile he made in 1 minute, so:'4 seconds, and covered the entire distance in 7 minutes. \<^^i seconds, thus beating Fellowcraft's record by ^^i seconds. Ten Broeck's record, for four miles, then stood unap- proached for twenty-one years. At last, in 1897, it was lowered by Lucretia Borgia to 7 minutes, 1 1 seconds, at which point it now remains. Lucretia Borgia was a famous California thoroughbred, a chestnut filly, daugh- ter of Brutus and Ledette. Her sire, Brutus, was the son of MacGregor and Teardrop, MacGregor being by Macaroni, dam Necklace, and Teardrop being by Scottish Chief, dam Niobe. Ledette was a daughter of Nathan Coombs and Gypsy, Nathan Coombs being by Lodi, dam Miami, and Gypsy being by Hercules, dam Miami. In the fifth generation the ancestors of Lucretia Borgia were Sweetmeat, Jocose, The Fallen Buck, Bracelet, Lord of the Isles, Miss Ann, Loup Garou, Miserrima, 72 THE AMERICAN TURF Yorkshire, Topaz, Bclinont, Maria Downing and Kings- ton. It will be noticed that her pedigree is entirely devoid of those crosses which have made the American thoroughbreds famous in generations past, and which, until very recent years, have been considered as almost indispensible in breeding for the turf. Lucretia Borgia was a small maie, weighing not more than 700 pounds. She was bred by Mr. Charles Boots, and, until threeyears old, was known as the Ledette filly. As a two-year old she showed that she was speedv and was matched against Seraphin. This match never came off, however, for an unfortunate reason that resulted, however, in giving the mare the new name by which she has since been known. Only a few days before the time set for the match she fell off in condition. An investigation showed that poison had been administered to her. She was brought around, although not in season to appear in this race, but on account of the poisoning episode was named Lucretia Borgia. For years previous to her day, the four-mile California record had been held by Marigold, 7 minutes, 20X seconds. For the benefit of a local charity a match was arranged for Lucretia Borgia to beat this record, and the event called out a large attendance of the best people of San Francisco upon the day the race was run, June 5th. Probably no one anticipated the wonderful result. Clawson had the mount, and the mare carried 87'j pounds. She took the start in fine shape, and the first mile was done in the remarkable time of i minute, ^o seconds. She followed this up by making the second mile in i minute, 45,'^ seconds, the third mile in i minute, 47/2 seconds, and the last mile in i minute, 48}^ seconds. The four miles was covered in 7 minutes, 1 1 seconds, which was not only 9^ seconds better than the California record, but 4% seconds better than Ten Broeck's world's record, 8>2 seconds better than Fellowcraft's record, and 8}i seconds better than the great record of Lexington, forty- two years before, which was then considered unap- proachable. As has already been pointed out, the great four- mile contests that electrified previous generations o( American turf followers have forever passed away. In place of them as measures for stimulating popular inter- est in racing contests, and for affording to owners and breeders those substantial financial encouragements by which alone the turf can be kept alive, have been sub- stituted scores of stake and purse events that are not less interesting, as tests of powers, than those older events, and even more valuable from the money point of view. Every meeting in the great centres of the country now has on its cards several of these fixtures, that, during the last twenty-five years or less, have risen to the dignity of national importance. To a very large extent, the history of contemporaneous racing in this closing part of the century has centred around them. Many of them have become historic and are looked forward to every season with the highest expectation. Their records have added many notable pages to the annals of the American turf, and some of them have been in nowise surpassed by anvthing of similar character in the Old World. An enumeration and review of all these events that have particularly distinguished and made brilliant the American turf of the present period, would alone fill sev- eral volumes and might be of the greatest interest and value to all lovers of the American thoroughbred. Such an exhaustive review is, perhaps, scarcely necessary in this connection. The names and the character of these races have become familiar as household words to every one interested in the slightest degree in racing matters. Pleasant memories cling around such affairs as the Ran- cocas Handicap, the Baltimore Cup and the Dixie, Ches- apeake and Bowie Stakes at Baltimore, the Ohio Derby and Jockey Club Stakes at Cincinnati, the Blue Grass, St. Leger, Kentucky Derby, Great American Stallion Stakes and the Louisville Cup at Louisville, the Kentucky Stallion Stakes at Lexington, the Alabama, Flash, Travers and Saratoga Stakes and the Saratoga Cup at Saratoga, the Long Branch Handicap and the Monmouth Cup at Long Branch, the Manhattan, Jerome, Nursery, Belmont, Maturity, Champagne and other stakes at Jerome Park, the Westchester Cup and the Fordham Handicap and scores of other cups and stakes that are not secondary in interest to those that have been enumerated and whose names will readily occur to every reader. An account in detail of the racing that has been associated with a few of these affairs will give a general idea of the character of the contests that have combined to make the American turf of this period pre-eminently notable. In recent years the Suburban has taken a place in the front rank of American turt events. There are other, stakes that have had a longer history and that would naturally be supposed to secure more general attention from the associations connected with them. The great value of the Suburban Stakes, however, has commanded the entries of the best horses and the event has alwavs been a subject of widespread discussion and calculation throughout the country for months in advance of its cul- mination. The Suburban was established in 1884 by the Coney Island Jockey Club. It is a handicap sweep- stakes for all ages, entries $100, half forfeit, with $2,300 added money; the second horse to receive §soo of the added money and twenty per cent, of the stakes, and the third horse to receive ten per cent, of the stakes. The entries have often run up to seventy-five or one hundred, and even more, and the entrance and added money combined have made the race one of the most valuable known to the American turf The Suburban distance is i^ miles. 73 THE AMERICAN TURF In the first running of the Suburban Mr. E. J. McEI- meel's General Monroe carried off the prize. General Monroe was nut a great race horse, but staunch and gamy, and his success in this race was due to a fortunate combination of circumstances, rather than to his own conspicuous merit. In after years he failed to hold the reputation that he had secured as a Suburban winner, finally becoming a selling plater and falling a victim to a bullet that was put through his head to relieve him from the consequences of a broken leg. A popular and well merited victory in the Suburban was that of Mr. Pierre Lorillard's Pontiac in the second year of the fixture, 188^. I'ontiac was an English horse, although he was foaled in this country. As a yearling he was taken back to Eng- land and added to Mr. Lorillard's stable, but made no particular impression upon the turf there and at the end of his three-year old form was brought back to this country. There was nothing in his first performances on the turf here to make him a promising Suburban starter. Nevertheless, he won in handsome style, defeating the favorite, Monogram, who went to the post at odds of 2^ to 1 in a field of fifteen. Pontiac's victory was a most decisive one and he cantered home far ahead of the entire field, while Monogram never had any chance whatsoever. The Suburban of 1886 was a sensational affair. Public interest was concentrated largely upon Jim Guest, who belonged to Captain Samuel Brown, of Pittsburg. The same stable was also represented by Troubadour, who was so poorly thought of that in the winter betting 100 to I was freely oH'ered against him. Before he came to the post, however, there was an awakening on the part of the talent and he started a strong second favorite to Lizzie Dwyer at 4 to i. Edward Corrigan owned Lizzie Dwyer, who stood a favorite up to the last moment at 3 to 1, and it has been said that "she started with more wagered on her chances than any animal ever had in the turf history of this country." The day before the race occurred Troubadour ran the Suburban distance, with full weight up, in the phenomenal time of 2 minutes, 7^ seconds. When the fiag dropped to the start he was the first off and had the race won before he had passed out of the first quarter. The Suburban for 1887 was in all respects a failure. The horses that started were of an ordinary character, and none of them were in Ibrm to assure particularly in- teresting sport. Eurus, who won, was from the stable of Mr. A. J. Cassett and had never had the reputation of being a horse who could be depended upon. He could run well when he was apparently so disposed and, again, would absolutely refuse to budge. After his death it was discovered that he had been for years suffering with a tumor, which fact probably accounted for the many eccentricities that had characterized his turf career. There were some rather amusing features in the Suburban that he won. The favorite, Richmond, who started at 2 to i, had no show whatsoever for the race, while Quito, who was a good second favor- ite, and Ben Ali, who was also strongly backed, were never in it at all, being left standing at the post,. The Suburban of 1888 was won by Elkwood, half brother 01 Eurus, his sire, Eolus, being the only sire who has yet begotten two Suburban winners. Elkwood was a rank outsider in the betting, even his owner, Mr. Walter Gratz, declining to back him. And yet he made a splendid finish, winning the race by a head from Terra Cotta, who had run in hard luck, being pocketed around nearly the entire course. When the Suburban of 1889 was called only nine of the entries started and none of these were horses of great merit. Mr. August Belmont's Raceland was an easy winner and his victory was popular. Terra Cotta again ran second with Gorgo third. Salvator, who won the Suburban of 1890, )was the greatest race horse that has been on the Arrrerfcan turf in the closing decade of the nineteenth century. The son of Prince Charlie, his reputation is scarcely second, per- haps, even to such great turf idols as Lexington, Lecomte, Iroquois and others who have held first place in public estimation and admiration. In his two and in his three-year old form he was sometimes defeated by such horses as Longstreet and Proctor Knott, but, de- spite those reverses, he showed a form when he was in condition that was little short of marvelous and that en- deared him to everybody. Only nine horses started in this Suburban, but among them were such cracks as Salvator, Tenny, Firenze, Raceland, Prince Royal and Longstreet. Salvator was a hot favorite. He carried 127 lbs. and came in a good winner after a gallant fight that lasted from start to finish, the only horse in the field that gave him much concern being Cassius, who had not been considered in the running at all. Fully thirty thousand persons saw Salvator's great victory and it was, as has been truly said, " the first time the event offered a contest worthy of the pride of place accorded to it as a leading classical feature of the American turf" Three rank outsiders came in first, second and third in the Suburban of 189 1 with Loantaka at the head. The odds of 25 to I were laid against Loantaka in the ring and it is said that his owner, Mr. David McCoun, would never have started him had it not been for the strenuous insistance of his jockey, Martin Bergen, who believed that he had a good fighting chance. Montana, ridden by " Snapper" Garrison, came in at the head of the field in 1892, a victory that was extremely popular. In this race Lamplighter, who was third, ran a great race, being beaten only a neck and a head for first honors. In 1895, Lamplighter was a favorite for the great handicap, which 74 THE AMERICAN TURF looked like a foregone certainty for him. But again he ran third, the race being won by Lowlander, an out- sider, who was, however, looked upon with a slight degree of expectancy. Ramapo's Suburban in 1S94 was one of the most brilliant performances that had ever distinguished the event. There were twelve starters, the winner being a strong favorite at 8 to 5. In the field were such cracks as Sir Walter, Henry of Navarre, Banquet and Pickpocket, stars of the first magnitude in the equine world, and yet, notwithstanding the noble character of his opponents, Ramapo was easily the best horse in the race, and one of the very best that has ever succeeded in winning the Suburban in the fifteen years of its existence. The race was a magnificent spectacle from start to finish and, when Ramapo flashed by the stand in 2 minutes, 6V5 seconds, the enthusiasm knew no restraint. He beat the time made by the famous and popular Salvator, the winner of the i8qo Suburban, by three-fifths of a second and was two-fifths of a second faster than Lowlander, who came in at the head of the field in 1893. in 1895, Domino was the favorite at odds of 20 to 11. Domino was regarded as peerless among the horses of that year, and was a great public idol. The talent was hard hit when Lazzarone came in at the head in 2 min- utes, 7% seconds, the odds against him in the betting having been 6 to i. with 6 to i against Sir Walter, who was second, and 10 to i against Song and Dance, who was third. To the consternation of the admirers of Domino that horse quit at the end of a mile, plainly showing the lack of those staying qualities that are needed to place a thoroughbred in the first rank. Laz- zarone, who was by Spendthrift out of Spinaway, beat Sir Walter by two good lengths. It was Henry of Na- varre's Suburban in 1896. Only a small field engaged, seven horses coming to the start. Nevertheless the race was one of the greatest that had been seen on the course for many years and the son of Knight of Ellerslie established himself by his performance as one of the greatest horses of his generation. He was a favorite in the betting at 2 to i and won the race driving by a length, with The Commoner second, Clifford third and Belmar fourth. In 1897, Ben Brush, the best horse in the field, made a very satisfactory race and landed by a length, defeating Havoc, The Winner and others. The struggle in the last quarter of a mile was one of the fiercest ever seen in a Suburban event, and the time — 2 minutes, 7% seconds—compares favorably with the best Suburbans that had preceded it. The time of Henry of Navarre — 2 minutes and 7 seconds — was only four-fifths of a second slower than Ramapo's record, one-fifth of a second slower than Salvator's, two-fifths of a second slower than Lowlander's and the same as Loantaka's. Although the Suburban holds almost unchallenged its pre-eminent position in the support of turfmen and in the interest of the general public, there are other events 01 the course that have become historic and are looked for- ward to every season with the highest expectation. Scarcely second to the Suburban in popular interest and in value from all points of view of the turfman, is the annual race for the rich Realization Stakes of the Coney Island Jockey Club. It is a sweepstakes of 1 mile and s furlongs, and is a test of speed as well as endurance. It has furnished some of the best contests that have ever been witnessed upon the course at Sheepshead Bay, and is regarded as the greatest of three-year old events. The added money is $10,000, and the second horse receives two-thirds of the starting money and $2,000, while the third horse takes the remaining one-third of the starting money and $1,000. In 1889, the year that this event was established, Salvator, carrying 122 pounds and ridden by Murphy, was the winner in 2 minutes, 51 seconds, the value of the purse being $34,100. In the second year Tournament, carrying ii2>^ pounds and ridden by Hay- ward, came in at the head of the field in 2 minutes, s i seconds, carrying away for his owner, $25,300. Another 2 minutes, 51 seconds winner was Potomac, in 1891. He carried 119 pounds and was ridden bv Hamilton. The purse this year amounted to $30,850. The fourth year of the Realization saw Tammany at the front with 119 pounds weight and ridden by Garrison. The time was 2 minutes, 51% seconds, and the amount of the purse §28,470. Daily America, ridden by Sims and carrying 107 pounds, was the victor in 1893, his time being 2 minutes, 50% seconds, and the purse amounting to $24. 170. So far as time was concerned the Realization of i8c)4 was a fiat failure. Dobbins, who cariied 122 pounds and was ridden by Sims, could only make the course in 2 minutes, 55 seconds, winning §3j;.4oo. The following year did not show much improvement, the time of the winner being 2 minutes, S4% seconds. Bright Phoebus, carrying 115 pounds and ridden by Reiff, passed by the post first, and took away with him a purse of .$29,700. In the Realization of 1896, seven horses were on the card, but Hamilton II. was scratched at the last moment. Requital, the famous crack from the Brook- dale stables, was a strong favorite. His performance fully justified the confidence that had been placed in him. Carrying 1 19 pounds, this gallant son of Eothen ran the distance in 2 minutes, 49-;-, seconds, lowering by i\i, seconds the record which, up to that time, had been held by Daily America at 2 minutes, 50% seconds. In 1897 The Friar was the winner, covering the course in 2 minutes, 48% seconds. The Brooklyn Jockey Club Handicap is a race of a mile and one-quarter, run over theCravesend Course, it was 75 THE AMERICAN TURF started in 1887, when Dry Monopole was the winner, witii Blue Wing second and Hidalgo third, with a field of fourteen horses behind them. The time was 2 min- utes, 7 seconds, and the amount of the stake $5,850. Dry Monopole was a son of imported Glenelg. In the second year, 1888, The Bard, a son of Longfellow, de- feated a field of thirteen others, with Hanover second and Exile third, in 2 minutes, 13 seconds, winning $6,925. in 1889, Exile, who was third in the running the previous year, a son of imported Morremer, was at the head of the field of seven contestants. Prince Royal being second and Terra Cotta third. The time was 2 minutes, 71/ seconds, and the stake amounted to $6,900. in 1890, Castaway II., Badge and Eric, came in respectively first, second and third in a field of nine, the winner being a son of Outcast. The time of the event this year was 2 minutes, 10 seconds, and the amount of the purse $6,900. Tenny, in 1891, beat a field of twenty-one in 2 minntes, 10 seconds. Prince Royal being second and Tea-Tray third. The stake amounted to $14,800. Tenny was a son of imported Rayon d'Or. In the sixth year of the event Judge Morrow, Pessara and Russell led a field of twelve at the finish, the time of the winner. Judge Morrow, being 2 minutes, 8;'^ seconds, and the purse amounting to $17,7=10. Judge Morrow was a son of Vagabond. In 1803. three cracks led the field of thirteen in the or- der named, Diablo, Lamplighter and Leonawell, the winner being a son of Eolus. The time this year was 2 minutes, 9 seconds, and the value of the stakes $17,500. Three other great cracks led off in 1S94, Dr. Rice coming first by the stand in 2 minutes, -j^i seconds, with Henry of Navarre and Sir Walter second and third, win- ning $17,750, and establishing the fame of his sire, Onon- daga. Hornpipe, by imported Mr. Pickwick, headed Lazzarrone and Sir Walter in iSqs, the three leaving a field of nine behind them. The time of the winner was 2 minutes. 11,!^ seconds, and the amount of the stakes $7,7S0. In i8c,6, Sir Walter carried off the honors from a field of eight with Clifford second and St. Maxim third. The time was 2 minutes, 8,'-.; seconds, and the stakes were $7,7^0 Sir Walter was a son of imported Mid- lothian. In 1897, Howard Mann, by Duke of Montrose, covered the course in 2 minutes, 9^ seconds, defeating ten contestants and winning $7,750. Lake Shore ran second and Volley third. It will been seen that the track record for this event is 2 minutes, 7 seconds, estab- lished by Dry Monopole, the first year that the handi- cap was run. The nearest approach to Dry Monopole's figure has been Dr. Rice's 2 minutes, 7X seconds, in 1894, and Exile's 2 minutes, 7>^ seconds in 1889. The largest stakes were in 1892 and again in 1894, when they amounted to $17,750. in its value to owners the Futurity of the Coney Island Jockey Club that is run at the annual summer meeting gives first place to none of the great stakes. It is a sweepstakes for two-year olds, with $8,750 added, the second horse receiving $1,000 and two-thirds of the starting money, and the third horse $soo and one-third of the starting money. The breeders of the winner, and of the second and third horses receive respectively, $2,000, $1,250 and $500 out of the added money. The Futurity course is about three-quarters of a mile. Estab- lished in 1888, the first winner of the Futurity was Proc- tor Knott, his time being 1 minute, is '2 seconds. The winner that year had $40,900 to his credit. In 1889, Chaos came in at the head of the field in 1 minute, i6| seconds, winning $54,550. Potomac reduced the record in 1890 to I minute, 14} seconds, winning $67,675. The record went up one second in 1891, when His High- ness was the winner with $61,675 for his share of the stakes. In 1892, there was another drop in the time record and also in the profits of the race, Morello getting $40,450 for running the course in i minute, 12I- seconds. Domino took $49,350 in 189? with a record of 1 minute, 12| seconds. In the following year came the great achievement of The Butterflies, who knocked the figures of the record down to 1 minute, 11 seconds, which was i\ seconds better than Morello's time, thus far the record time for the event, 4^4 seconds faster than Proctor Knott's initial record, and 5-| better than the slowest Futurity time. The amount of stakes for the winner this year was $63,950. Requital, in 1895, made a good race and won $53,750, but his time was | of a second slower than that of The Butterflies. In 1S96. Ogden took the honors, lowering the time of The Butterflies by i second, to 1 minute, 10 seconds, and winning $44,290. When the race was run in 1897. L'AIlouette re-established the record of The Butterflies, 1 minute, 11 seconds, which was 1 second slower than Ogden's best record for the event. A special sentimental interest attaches to the Kentucky Derby. It is one of the famous events of the season in the home of the American thoroughbred and its very name carries with it suggestions of the most glowing pages of turf history in this country and in England. It would be difficult to find a genuine turfman who does not feel his pulses quicken at the very thought of Ken- tucky and the Derby. The event is also interesting from the fact that it has always marked the opening of the great spring meeting in Louisville. From a purely specu- lative point of view it has always had an absorbing pub- lic interest, since its contestants have come forward com- paratively untried, so that they have been largely un- known quantities in their form of that year. They have come to the post with something of a mystery attached to their prospects, and this has given an additional filip to the event. The race is for three-year old colts and fillies, i>^ miles distance, with $2,500 added money, 76 THE AMERICAN TURF $iOO to the second horse and $iso to the third. In sucli popular esteem is this race held that the Legislature of the State of Kentuci4 seconds. In 1896, the distance was reduced to one and one-quarter miles, and Ben Brush won in 2 minutes, 7^+ seconds; 1897, Typhoon II.. 2 minutes, 12% seconds. The wonderful development of the thoroughbred in the United States during the present generation, is always an interesting subject of consideration wherever and whenever turf matters are under discussion. It lias excited the attention and the admiration of the world and has particularly impressed itself in a ve^ practical way upon the minds of our English cousins, when they have been compelled to see American bred horses carrying off some of the choicest prizes in their historic racing events. As throwing a light upon this subject and as illustrating the steady advance in achievement of the American thoroLighbred, it is interesting and impor- tant to note that, with a single exception, the best performances for all events upon the American turf have been within the last twenty-five years. The record, which is well worth preservation as an important part of the history of our turf, is here presented. It is com- plete and accurate down to the close of the racing season of 1897, and gives in order the distance run, the name, age, weight and sire of the record holder, the place and date where the record was made and the record time. Dashes, best at all distances: 'X n\[\e, Bob Wade, 4, Butte, Mont., August 20, i8t)o, 0.21X) /-« mile. Red S., aged, 122 lbs., Butte, Mont., July 23, 1896, and Fashion, 4, Lampasas, Tex., August 15, 1891, 0.34; }-2 mile, Ger- aldine, 4, by Grinstead, 122 lbs.. New York Jockey Club, straight course, August 30, 1889, 0.46, and April Fool, 4, 122 lbs., Butte, Mont., July 23, 1891, 0.47; 4'j furlongs, Handpress, 2, by Hanover, 100 lbs.. New York Jockey Club, straight course, May 26, 1897, 0.52; ii mile. Maid Marian, 4, by Great Tom, 111 lbs., New York Jockey Club, October9, 1S94, and George F. Smith, 4, 100 lbs.. San Francisco, California Jockey Club, May 7, 1893, 0.5634; 5}^ furlongs. Tormentor, 6, by Joe Hooker, 121 lbs., New York Jockey Club, October 10, 1893, 1.03; ji of mile, less 170 feet, Kingston, aged, by Spendthrift, 139 lbs., Coney Island Jockey Club, Futurity Course, June 22, 1891, 1.08; 34 mile. Domino, 2, by Himyar, 128 lbs.. New York Jockey Club, straight course, September 29, 1893, 1,09; and O'Connell, s, 121 lbs., Oakley, O., July 18, 1895, \.\2}i; 6l4 furlongs, Wernberg, 4, by Muscovy, in lbs., Coney Island Jockey (21ub, August 28, 1895, and Irish Reel, 3, by Exile, 108 lbs.. Coney Island Jockey Club, August 31, 1895, 1.19^5; Ji mile, Bella B., s, by Enquirer, 103 lbs., Monmouth Park, straight course. July 8, 1890, 1.23)2, and Clifford, 4, by Bramble, 127 lbs.. Coney Island Jockey Club, August 20, 1894, i.2s-f,; 7,'^ furlongs, Mamie Scott, 3, by Canny Scott, qo lbs., San Francisco, Cal., October 17, 189s, 1.33K; > mile, Sal- vator, 4, by imported Prince Charlie, no lbs.. Mon- mouth Park, straight course, August 28, 1890, 1.3s,'-'; Libertine, 3, by Leonatus, 90 lbs., Chicago, III. (Har- lem), October 24. 1894, 1.3834'; Arab, 8, by Dalnacar- doch, 93 lbs., New York Jockey Club, June 11, 1894, and Ducat, 4, by Deceiver, 113 lbs.. Coney Island Jockey Club, August 28, 1894. 1.39, and Kildeer, 4, by imported Darebin. 91 lbs., Monmouth Park, straight course, August 13, 1892, i.;7,'4; ' rnile and 20 yards, Maid Marian, 4, 101 lbs., by imported Great Tom, Chicago, Washington Park, July 19, 1893, 1.40; i mile 77 THE AMERICAN TURF and 70 ynrds, Lillian Lee, 3, 95 lbs., Chicago, Harlem Park, July 31, 1894, \.43'A; 'tV m''", Redskin, 6, by Runnymede or imported Pontiac, 98 lbs., Forsyth, Ind., June 6, 1896, \.4'^H; '/^ miles, Tristan, 6, by imported Glenelg, 114 lbs., Morris Park, N. Y., June 2, 1891, i.5i>^; iiV miles, Henry Young, 4, by Duke of .Montrose, 108 lbs., Chicago, Washington Park, July 14, 1894, 1.58^^; \}( miles. Banquet, 3, by imported Rayon d'Or, 108 lbs., Monmouth Park, straight course, July 17, 1890, 2.03}^; Salvator, 4, by imported Prince Charlie, 122 lbs , Coney Island Jockey Club, June 25, 1890, and Morello, 3, by Eolus, 117 lbs., Chicago, III.. Washington Park, July 22, 1893, 2. 0=^; i mile and 500 yards. Bend Or, 4, by Buckden, 115 lbs., Saratoga, N. Y., July 2s, 1882, 2. io>^; lyV miles. Sir John, 4, by Sir Modred, 116 lbs.. New York Jockey Club, June 9, 1892, 2. 14^4 ; lYa miles, Sabine 4, by Rossington, 109 lbs., Chicago, Washington Park, July 5, 1894, 2.18^; ij4 miles. Buckwa, 6, 103 lbs., San Fran- cisco, California Jockey Club, December 24, 1897, 2.32}^, Lamplighter, 3, by Spendthrift, 109 lbs., Monmouth Park. August 9, 1892, and Evanatus, aged, by Leonatus, 75 lbs., Chicago. Harlem Park, August 28, 1897, 2.32^4; 15-^ miles, Hindoocraft, 3, by Hindoo, 75 lbs., Morris Park, N. Y., August 27. 18S9, 2.48; and Exile, 4, by imported Mortemer, iis lbs., Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., September 11, 1886, 2.48^^; i^4 miles, Ben Holladay, 4, 118 lbs.. New York Jockey Club, October 23, 1897, 2.S9;4; ij/s miles, Enigma 4, by Enquirer, qo lbs., Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., September is, 1885, 3.20; 2 miles, Newton, 4, by imported Billet, 107 lbs., Chicago, Washington Park, July 13, 1893; and Ten Broeck, 5, by imported Phaeton, 1 10 lbs., Louisville, Ky., May 29, 1877, in a race against time, 3.27^ ; 2^8 miles, Joe Murphy, 4, by Isaac Murphy, 99 lbs., Chicago, Har- lem Park, August 30, 1894, 3.42; 2}/ miles. Springbok, 5, by imported Australian, 114 lbs.; and Preakness, aged, by Lexington, 114 lbs., Saratoga, N. Y., July 29, 1875, 3-56^; 2)4 miles, Aristides, 4 by imported Leam- ington, 104 lbs., Lexington, Ky., May 13, 1876, 4.27^4 ; 2^/3 miles. Ten Broeck, 4, by imported Phaeton, 104 lbs., Lexington, Ky., September 16, 1876, 4. 38^^; 2^ miles, Hubbard, 4, by Planet, 107 lbs., Saratoga, N. Y., August 9, 1873, 4-58^^; 3 miles, Drake Carter, 4, by Ten Broeck, 115 lbs., Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., Septem- ber 6, 1884, 5.24; 4 miles, Lucretia Borgia, 4, by imported Brutus, 85 lbs., Oakland, California Jockey Club, May 20, 1897, 7. 11. Heats, best two in three: ^ mile. Sleepy Dick, aged, Kiowa, Kan., October 19, 1888, 0.21,^, 0.22% ; >4 mile, Eclipse, Jr., 4, Dallas, Tex., November i, 1890, 0.48, 0.48; Bogus, aged, by Ophir, 113 lbs., Helena, Mont., August 22, 1888, 0.48, 0.48; and Bill Howard, s, 122 lbs.. Anaconda, Mont, August 17, 1895, 0.47^^, 0.48^4 ; 4,' 2 furlongs, Susie S., aged, by Iron wood, Santa Rosa, Cal., August 25, 1889, o.S5, 0.55^; fi mile, Kittie Pease, 4, by Jack Hardy, 82 lbs., Dallas, Tex., November 2, 1887, 1. 00, 1. 00; % mile, Lizzie S., 5, by Wanderer, 118 lbs., Louisville, Ky., September 28, 1883, 1.13X, \.\3y2, and Tom Hayes, 4, by Duke of Montrose, 107 lbs., Morris Park, N. Y., straight course, June 17, 1892, i.io>2, \.\2i/i\ Ja mile, Hornpipe, 4, by imported St. Mungo, 105 lbs., Chicago, West Side Park, July 19, 1888, 1.30, 1.50; I mile, Guido, 4, by Double Cross, 117 lbs., Chicago, Washington Park, July 11, i8qi, 1.41'j, 1.41J2; IV18 miles; Slipalong, 5, by Longfellow, IIS lbs., Chicago, Washington Park, September 2, 1885^ i.SO>2, 1.48; I '4 miles, Gabriel, 4, by Alarm, 112 lbs., Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., September 23, 1880, 1.56, 1.56; I'i miles. Glenmore, <^, by Glen Athol, 114 lbs., Sheeps- head Bay, N. Y., September 2S, 1880, 2.10, 2.14, Mary Anderson, 3, 83 lbs., winning the first heat in 2.09; i V3 miles. Patsy Duffy, aged, 11 s lbs., Sacramento, Cal., September 17, 1884, 2.41^4, 2.41; 2 miles, Bradamante, 3, by War Dance, 87 lbs., Jackson, Miss., November 17, 1877, 3.32, 3.29, Miss Woodford, 4, 107K' lbs., Sheepshead Bay, September 20, 1884, 3.33, }.}i]i\ 3 miles, Norfolk, 4, by Lexington, 100 lbs., Sacramento, Cal., September 23, 1865, s.27>4, s-29,'^ ; 4 miles, Ferida, 4, by Glenelg, 105 lbs., Sheepshead Bay, N. Y., Septem- ber 18, 1880, 7.23}^, 7.41, and Glenmore, 4, by Glen Athol, 108 lbs., Baltimore, Md., October 2S, 1879, '].}o''/i, 7.31 ; Willie D., 4, ids lbs., winning the first heat in 7.29K'. Heats, best three in five: }2 mile, Haddington, 6, by Haddington, 118 lbs., Petaluma, Cal., August 28, 1883, o.49>^, o.so>^, o.49;^4. Aunt Betsy, 3, 106 lbs., winning the first heat in 0.49^ ; f^ mile. Gleaner, aged, by im- ported Glenelg, 112 lbs., Chicago, Washington Park, July s, 1886, 1. 15, \.\4y2, i.isj^; I mile, Thad Stevens, aged, by Langford, 100 lbs., Sacramento, Cal., July 8, 1873, i.43>2; 1.46^^, 1.45, Thornhill winning the first and second heats in 1.43, 1.43; L'Argentine, 6, 115 lbs., St. Louis, June 14, 1879, 1.43, 1.44, i.^iji; ItV miles, Dave Douglas, s, by Leinster, Sacramento, CaL, September 23, 1887, i.si>^, i-3ij4, i.5i>^, 1-54. i-50/^, first and third heats being dead heats. 78 GREAT AMERICAN THOROUGHBREDS Champions of the Early Amrrican Turf — Eclipse and Hls Famous Daughters, Ariel and Black Maria — Boston and Fashion, the Great Rivals — Sir Archy, Glencoe, Lexington, and Others MERICAN Eclipse, whose special title to distinc- tion rested upon his famous victory over Sir Henry, when the tuif of the North and South were pitted against each other upon the Long Island Union Course in 1823, was bred by General Na- thaniel Coles, otTJosoris, Queens County, L. 1., May 2=., 1814. His sire was Duroc, son of imported Diomed and Amanda, by Grav Diomed, who was a son of Old Medley. His dam was Miller's Damsel, by imported Messenger; his second dam was an English mare, im- ported when three years old in i7c)s by William Consta- ble, bied by Lord Grosvenor and sired by Pot-8-os, son of the great English Eclipse; his third dam was by Gim- crack, who was by Cripple, by the Godolphin Arabian; his fourth dam was Snap Dragon, by Snap; his llfth dam was by Regulus, and his sixth dam by Bartlett's Childers. Broken as a three-year old, he started in his first race in 1818 for a purse of three-mile heats on the Newmarket Course, Long Island, on which occasion he defeated Black-Eyed Susan and Sea-Gull, the latter being then called the best three-mile horse of the day. The follow- ing year he was sold to Mr. Cornelius W. Van Ranst, and in June, 1819, won the Jockey Club's purse for four- mile heats over the Bath Course, on Long Island, defeat- ing Littlejohn and Bond's Eclipse and James Fitz James. Four months later he again ran four-mile heats at Bath, defeating Littlejohn, Fearnought and Bond's Eclipse, winning the race in two straight heats in 8 minutes, 13 seconds and 8 minutes, 8 seconds. After making two seasons in the stud, he was put into training again in 1821, and in October of that year entered the race for four-mile heats over the new Union Course. His competitors on this occasion were Lady Lightfoot, by Sir Archy, Flag of Truce, by Sir Solomon, and Heart of Oak. The two last named horses were drawn after the first heat, and Lady Lightfoot was dis- tanced in the second heat. The time was, first heat, 8 minutes, 4 seconds; second heat, 8 minutes, 2 seconds. In May, 1822, he defeated Sir Walter, by Hickory, in a race of four-mile heats on the Union Course, the time being, first heat, 7 minutes, 54 seconds, and second heat. 8 minutes. In the following October he won another race of four-mile heats on the Union Course for a purse of $1,000. defeating Sir Walter, the Duchess of Marlborough, by Sir Archy and Slow and Easy by Duroc. The first heat of this race was run in 7 minutes, 58 sec- onds and in the second heat Eclipse had it all his own way. Sir Walter stopping short and the two mares being withdrawn. His next great achievement was his sensa- tional defeat of Henrv upon the Long Island Course in May, 1823. Soon after this event he passed into the stud, having been sold for what was at that time the remarkably large price of ,$10,000. He stood one sea- son in Virginia, one or two seasons in B.iltimore, then for a short time in New York, and finally being employed in Kentucky, lived to a ripe old age, leaving a long list of distinguished sons and daughters whose descendants have conveyed his blood into the best thoroughbreds of .American origin of the present day. Of the immediate progeny of American Eclipse was the fleet mare Ariel, whose wonderful achievements certainly entitled her to the distinction of ranking with the best race horses of any age or clime. Ariel was got by American Eclipse out of a dam by Financier, being bred in 1822 by Mr. Gerrit Vanderveer, of Flatbush, L. 1. Her grandam was Empress by imported Baronet; her great grandam by imported Messenger. She combined the three valued crosses of Herod, Matchem and Eclipse and traced almost directly from Childers, Partner, Crab, Snap, Spark, Gimcrack, Mambrino, Medley, Diomed and other great English and American horses. She was a handsome gray, about fifteen hands high, well propor- tioned and powerful in action. Her achievements upon the turf were marvelous and it was said of her that no horse in the world ever ran or won as many races. In her last campaign she ran and won thirty-six miles in fifteen days. Beginning in 1823, when she won a hundred rods race against an Eclipse filly and a horse by Duroc and ending with her last race in May, 1830. when she easily defeated Sir Lovell in two straight four mile heats, she ran more than 345 miles in fifty-seven races, of which she won forty-two, seventeen of them being four mile heats. During the five years that she was on the turf she vanquished almost every horse of distinction from New York to Georgia, never laying by nor going lame. With five exceptions she sooner or later beat every horse who had in the first case defeated her; those exceptions were Monsieur Tonson, Sally Walker, Flirtilla. Kate Kearny and Arietta. With the exception of one match, that at 79 THE AMERICAN TURF three years old of three mile heats, she never lost a race in which she won a single heat. Her winnings in matches and purses, exclusive of bets, amounted to something more than $2=5,000. During her career she traveled at least three thousand miles, perhaps more. One of her most famous performances, especially as showing her stoutness, was her sixteen mile race on the Newmarket Course, South Carolina, where, after winning the second heat of four miles, she closely contested the third run in 7 minutes, >7 seconds and won the fourth in 8 minutes, 4 seconds. Her match with Flirtilla in October, 1825. when she was defeated in three heats, was one of the sensational events of that day. Among her other notable triumphs was the winning of the Jockey Club purse at Newmarket in October, 1828, when she defeated in four heats Trumpator, Red Murdoch and Hypona, the time being 8 minutes, 22 seconds; 8 minutes, 13 seconis; 7 minutes, 57 seconds and 8 minutes, 4 seconds. Her race with Betsey Ransom on the Duchess Course in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1829, was another event that excited intense interest at the time. She won in three heats, the time for the first two heats being 7 minutes, S2 seconds and 8 minutes, 1 second. It may be interesting to compare Ariel's record with that of other winners on the early turf in England and America. Rockingham, who, up to that time, stood at the head of the list of English winners, was a winner thirty-three times; Pot-8-os, thirty-one; Gimcrack, twenty-eight out of thirty-seven races; Wood- pecker, twenty-eight; imported Buzzard, twenty-eight; Eleanor, twenty-eight out of forty-eight; Peggy, twenty-two out of thirty-five; Dick Andrews, twenty out of twenty-seven; Lady Lightfoot, thirty or more; Polly Perkins, twenty-three out of thirty; Sally Hope, twenty-two out of twenty-seven, and others lower down on the list. Another famous daughter of American Eclipse was Black Maria, who had a long and brilliant career. Bred by Mr. Charles H. Hall, of Harlem, N. Y., she was foaled in June, 1826. At the age of seventeen months she became the property of Mr. John C. Stevens, who retained possession of her many years. Through her sire she had in her veins the best equine blood of her gen- eration. Her dam was Lady Lightfoot by Sir Archy, her grandam Black Maria by imported Shark, her great- grandam, a celebrated race mare, by imported Clock- fast, a half brother to Medley by Gimcrack, and her great-great-grandam Burwell's Maria by Regulus. Lady Lightfoot was one of the most distinguished racers of her day and never was beaten but once, except in her old age. She was bred by Colonel John Tayloe, of Virginia, and was afterward the property of Major William Jones, of Oyster Bay, L. 1., and Dr. Alexander Hosock, of New York. Black Maria's grandam, after whom she was named, was originally known as Selden's Maria. She had great speed and endurance and ran to her fourteenth year. She was owned by Colonel John Tayloe, of Vir- ginia, General Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, and Colonel W. AUston, of South Carolina. At fourteen years of age she again became the property ot Colonel Tayloe, who gave $2,500 for her, the highest price ever paid for a brood mare up to that time and for many years after. Black Maria was a superb looking horse, glossy black in color, as her name indicated, without a single white mark. She stood fifteen hands, three inches high. She was first brought to the track in 1829 in a match for $3,000 a side, two-mile heats, against Colonel William R. John- son's Brilliant, by Sir Archy out of Bet Bounce. She won easily in two straight heats, the first in 4 minutes, I second, and the second in 3 minutes, 58 seconds. On the same course, the Long Island Union, five days later, October 8, she won the Jockey Club Purse in two straight three-mile heats, defeating Lady Flirt by Hickory and Sir Charles by Duroc. Her career from this time on was one of almost uninterrupted success, she being only occasionally defeated. In May. 1831, on the Union Course, she ran second to Bonnets O'BIue by Sir Charles, but the same year carried off the Jockey Club Purse at Poughkeepsie, defeating Mark Richards and Splendid. Her first great triumph was the winning of the Post Stakes for $4,000 on the Central Course in Baltimore in October, 1831. Her contestants on this occasion were Collier by Sir Charles, Virginia Taylor by Sir Archy, James Cropper by Sir Charles, Busiris by Eclipse and Eliza Reilly by Sir Archy. She won the second and third heats, having run fifth in the first heat; the time was 8 minutes, 3 seconds, 8 min- utes, 10 seconds, and 8 minutes, 3 seconds. Three days after this race she was defeated in a contest for the Jockey Club Purse on the same course by Colonel Will- iam R. Johnson's Trifie by Sir Charles. The following year she met Trifie again in October on the Union Course, Long Island, in one of the many remarkable races of that period, when she won the first and fifth heats, her time being 8 minutes, 6 seconds, and 8 minutes, 47 seconds, the second being a dead heat with Trifie at 7 minutes, 55 seconds. Her last pub- lic performance was in May, 1835, for the Jockey Club Purse, on the Union Course, four-mile heats, when she was defeated by Henry Archy by Henry, Commodore R. F. Stockton's Monmouth by Richards being second in the running. During her career Black Maria started twenty-five times and won thirteen races, eleven of them being Jockey Club races at three and four-mile heats. Her total winnings were $14,900, which was a big sum of money for those days, when the purses were not as large as they have been since. After 1835, she 80 THE AMERICAN TLIRF was withdrawn iVoni the tuif ami sent to the stud. In the latter days of her lite she was owned by tlie Honorable Bailie Peyton, the distinijuished Southern turfman. Sir Archy, one of the most famous stallions that has ever graced the turf and the stud in the United States, was foaled in Virginia in the spring of 1805, being bred by Colonel Archibald Randolph and Colonel John Tayloe, to whom he jointly belonged. He was a horse of rich bav color, fully sixteen hands high, and very powerful, having no white about him, except on his right hind foot, it was said of him that, "upon the whole he had more size, power and substance" than were often seen in the full bred horse of that day. As a racer he held the highest rank. Although he did not appear in many races, when he did run he beat all the best horses of his day. Among those who bowed to his prowess were Wiangler, Tom Tough, Palafox, Minerva, Ratray, Gallatin and others. Even after he was withdrawn from the turf, his owner, Colonel William R. Johnson, offered to run him against any horse in the world in four-mile heats for $s,ooo a side, a challenge that met with no takers. Sir Archy was a son of imported Diomed. who was got by Florizel, one of the best sons of old King Herod, his dam being by Spectator. Diomed was one of the most successful racers on the English turf, and his colts were among the greatest racers ever foaled in the United States. The dam of Sir Archy was Castianira, got by Rockingham out of Tabitha, Rockingham being the best son of Highflyer, who was the best son of old King Herod. One of the turf writers of the period said of Sir Archy that "he may justly be allowed to be one of the best bred horses this country or England has ever produced. He was not only a distinguished racer, but as a stallion he stands upon higher ground than any other horse that has covered in America and may rank with the best stallions in England." He became the founder of a family and was so much appreciated in his native State that nearly all Virginia bred horses of the preceding generations traced their pedigrees back to him. .Among his get were such horses as Sir Henry, Flir- tilla, Timoleon (a sire of great merit). Reality, Sir Will- iam, Bertrand, Roanoke, Johanna, Lady Lightfoot, Lady Burton and others. The celebrated statesman, John Randolph, owned at one time no less than four of his colts. Among those in whose veins his blood afterward flowed were some of the foremost animals on the Amer- ican turf, including Boston, Fashion, Wagner, Gray Eagle, Post Boy, Mingo, Lady Clifton, Fanny, Sarah Washington and Gray Medoc, and a long list of othe; .-, in- cluding even the great Lexington. Probably no other horse foaled and bred in this country ever made a more dis- tinct, more valuable, or more lasting impress upon the thoi'OLighbi'ed on this side of the Atlantic than did this famous stallion. No descendant of Sir Archy won more enduring fame than Boston, who was born at the establishment of John Wickham, near Richmond, Va., in 1833, the son of Timoleon and the grandson of Sir Archy, his dam being a sister to Tuckahoe. The richest of thoroughbred blood (lowed in his veins, among his ancestors on the side of his sire being Diomed, Eclipse, Snap, Regulus, Fear- nought, Jolly Roger, the Darley Arabian, Place's Turk and several of the royal mares of Charles II. He was a magnificent chestnut, with a white stripe in his face and two white feet behind, a trifle above 15^^ hands high, not handsome, but with plenty of strength and go in him. The name Boston was bestowed upon him, not as a compliment to the Puritan capital of Massachusetts, but from the popular game of cards called by that name; there was a tradition to the effect that, as a colt, he was won as a prize at a game of Boston. He first appeared upon the turf in Virginia, in 1856, in a sweepstakes, mile heats, and was a lugubrious failure, bolting in the first heat when running ahead of the field. A few months later, in the fall of the same year, he retrieved himself, winning first a two-mile heat race and after- ward a three-mile heat race, beating, in the former, Marv Archy, Juliana and other horses, and in the latter Betsv Mingo, Nick Biddle, Bayard and others. From that time forward he was uniformly successful and rap- idly attained to first rank as a great racer. In 1837. he ran four races, each in three-mile heats, coming in at the head of the field on every occasion. In 1S38, he was entered in eleven races, winning nine Jockey Club purses, eight of which were four-mile heats and the other a three-mile heat, and being paid out of the purse not to start in the remaining two events. On the Union Course, in June of this year, he ran three miles in s minutes, ^6^2 seconds. In 1839, he lost a match race to Portsmouth, two-mile heats, in April, and then won eight other events, all but one of which were four- mile heats, defeating such horses as Queen. Omega, Tom Walker and Decatur. His record for 1840 was six races won, all but one of which were four-mile heats. From a match with Gano in Augusta, Ga., in December of this year, he carried off a purse of $10,000. During the spring of 1841 he was in the stud, but in the autumn won four four-mile heats and then lost one four-mile heat, being distanced by John Blount and Fashion in 7 minutes, 42 seconds. His record for the six years was thirty-eight races, of which he won thirty-five, twenty- six of them being at foui-mile heats and nine at three- mile heats. His total winnings aiiKumted to nearly $so,ooo. His great race with Fashion, in 1842, when he was defeated, in two straight heats, for a purse of $20,oooaside, is described in anotherchapter of this volume. 81 THE AMERICAN TURF When he retired to the stud, ;it the nge of ten years, after having run forty-live races, thirty of which were in four-mile heats, he was in as perfect physical condition as when he was a two-year old. His defeat by Fashion was amply atoned for and memories of it substantially obliterated by his subsequent performance in the stud, where his career was brilliant, even though short. In this capacity he began, in his native Virginia, in 1843, but was subsequently transferred to Kentucky in 1846, passing into the hands of that remarkable breeder, Colonel E. M. Blackburn, of Woodford County, who, with Mr. John M. Clay, son of the great commoner, and Mr. R. A. Alex- ander, of Woodburn Farm, first gave Americans an idea of that scale of expenditure on which breeding must be conducted in order to be successful. Having contracted a severe cold he died in 1849, but left a strong imprint upon the American turf in the shape of a remarkable array of sons and daughters, many of whom achieved great distinction. Judged by his blood, his form, his deeds and his produce, he has been pronounced, by many authorities, the greatest race horse ever born on American soil. Two of his descendants, Lexington and Lecomte, so far overshadowed all others of the family that it is hardly necessary to speak of them in the same connection. Imported Glencoe, bred by the Earl of Jersey, by Sultan out of Trampoline by Tramp, was one of the celebrated thoroughbreds before the middle of this century. He was foaled in 1831 and had already achieved f.une. both on the turf and in the stud, before he came to the United States. He was the winner of the Two Thousand Guineas Stake and one of his daughters was Pocahontas, the dam of Stockwell, who became the sire of the most successful racers of the day and the ancestor of probably the most reliable strain of winners that the old country turf possessed down to recent times. Although thought well of in his native land, Glencoe was not so highly valued as some of his rivals, but it has been well said of him that "looking back at the influence left by him in England in his one stud season there, and at the results of his impress here, it is doubtful whether for permanent improvement of racing stock he was not a better horse than was left in England when he came away." Glencoe was imported by Mr. James Jackson, of Alabama, and like so many of the best horses of that period, passed into the hands of the Kentucky breeder, Mr. A. K. Rich- ards, in whose possession he was when he died in 1858. He was a powerful, beautiful chestnut, with a large star on the forehead, and hind legs white half way up to the hocks, and stood 16 hands high. His work in the stud in this country was of a phenomenal character and he supplied as strong and individual an element to the American thoroughbred as any other stallion, except perhaps Diomed. He sired a multitude of famous racers, while the mares of his get proved exceptionly produc- tive, especially when bred to the distinctively American horse, Lexington, representing the line of old Sir Archy and the first Derby winner, imported Diomed. The best sons ot Glencoe were Vandal, Congaree, Frankfort, Rigadoon, Pryor and Thornhill, and among his most I'amous descendants were Lecomte, Starke. Prioress, Brown Dick, Lodi, Fleetwing, Idlewild, Asteroid, Ken- tucky and Norfolk. Fashion, who carried the colors of the North in the famous match with Boston in 1842, was foaled in 1837 at Madison, Morris County, N. J., in the establishment of Mr. William H. Gibbons. She was noted not only for remarkable performances on the turf, but for a beauty that distinguished her above most horses of the day and that bore abundant testimony to her pure and lofty descent. She was a rich, satin-coated chestnut, 15}^ hands high, and strong and graceful in build. With a star on her forehead and a ring of white on the left hind foot, her right quarter was marked with three dark spots such as had marked Plenipo and others. She was got by imported Trustee, out of the celebrated Bonnets O'Blue, who was by Sir Charles and Reality, the two latter being half brother and sister by Sir Archy. On the side of both sire and dam Fashion was thus descended from the most distinguished racing families that had figured on the American turf since the beginning of its history. Reality was declared by Colonel William R. Johnson to be "the very best race horse I ever saw." Her pedigree through her dam, a daughter of Medley, extended back through Centinel, Janus, Monkey, Silver Eye and Spanker, to an imported Spanish mare, and among her other ancestors on this side were the Darley Arabian. Bartlett's Childers mare. Place's White Turk, Snap, Cade and Partner. Trustee, the sire of Fashion, was a distinguished race horse in England, where, at three years old, he was sold for 2,000 guineas to the Duke of Cleveland, after having run third in the race for the Derby of one hundred and one subscribers. He was foaled in 1829 by Catton, out of Emma by Whisker, and the blood of Hermes, Pipator, Sir Peter, Penelope by Trumpatorand Prunella by High- flyer flowed in his veins. His brother, Mundig, won the Derby of 183s against a field of one hundred and twenty-eight subscribers. Through the dam of her giandsire. Sir Charles, Fashion was also descended from Citizen, Pacolet, Regulus. Crab, Cade, Makeless. Snake, Shark, Fearnought and others. Her pedigree through Sir Archy is too well known to have more than inere attention called to it here. Coming upon the turf in 1840, Fashion easily won a two-mile heat sweepstakes at Camden, N. J., and a similar race at Trenton, N. J., both in October of that year. In 1841, she won four out of the five races in which she started, and after her famous race with Boston in 1842, entered upon a long and 82 THE AMERICAN TURE biilli.int c;ii'eer. She w;is trained tor all hcrcaiU oiigagc- iiK'iits bv Samuel l.aird, aiul was ridden by his son, Joseph Laird, who was then considered the best jockey of tile Nortii. She died in 1861. When Mr. Richard Ten Broeck was in Hngiand. engaged in his campaign against the champions of the Hngiish turf in 1856, and several years after, he made many purchases of thoroughbreds from the Hngiish stables. Prominent among his acquisitions was the bay colt Phaeton by King Tom out of Merry Wave by Storm, the latter being a son of Touchstone and Ghuznee. Phaeton was a handsome horse, 16 hands high, with a capital constitution, good temper and well bred. He never, however, attained to prominence as a perfoimer on the turf, his achievements there not following out the promise of his blood and his youthful form. His running was confined to two events, once when he was a two- year old and again in his three-year old form, and he was beaten both times. It was believed, however, that with the blood ot King Tom, Touchstone and others in his veins, he should be of great value in transmitting the qualities of his distinguished ancestors through the stud, and with this purpose in view, Mr. Ten Broeck brought him to the United States upon his return to this country, and he made two seasons upon the Ten Broeck farm near Louisville, Ky., in 1860-70. His success was not great at the outset, however, and he was shortly transferred to the stud of Major B. G. Thomas, near Le.xington. During the short time that he was in the stud thereafter he got several fine race horses, proving his exceptional value as a stallion and the emi- nent worth of the family whose traits he transmitted to his offspring. In the generation following his service his stock generally proved its surpassing excellence and became as popular as any on the turf of that period. Besides Ten Broeck, others of his sons and daughters attained to prominence, among them being St. Martin, from Tokay by Yorkshire; The Nipper, from Annette by Lexington; Aramis, from Nellie Gray by Lexington; Patriot, from Springbrook; King Alfonso, from Capitola by Vandal; King Pharao, from a Knight of St. George mare; and Phoebe Mayflower, from Cicely Jopson. Ten Broeck, one of the most famous horses that ever graced the American turf was Phaeton's most distin- guished son. He was foaled in 1872 out of Fanny Holton by Lexington, his dam being also the dam of the famous Lyttleton. His second dam was Nantura by Browner's Eclipse, who was also Longfellow's dam. His third dam was Inez by Bertrand, and his maternal lineage ran farther back to Wormsley's King Herod, Morton's imported Traveller and imported Childers. Bred and raised by Mr. John Harper, Ten Broeck as a colt was unpromising and gave little indication of the great future before him. When he was two years old he ran a race in Lexington and was placed third to Bill Bruce and Bob Woolley. At three years old he won the Phirnix Hotel Stakes in Lexington, but was beaten for the Citizens' Stakes by Chesapeake and the same year for the Kentucky Derby was unplaced. In the autumn he was unsuccessful in the Three Year Old Sweepstakes, but three days later won another sweep- stakes for three-year olds, going one mile and five fur- longs in 2 minutes, 4<)}{ seconds. After being defeated for the Kentucky St. Leger by King Alfonso he won the Post Stakes at Louisville, three miles in 5 minutes, 32 seconds; the Merchants' Stakes at Nashville in two straight heats — 3 minutes, 36>4 seconds, and 3 minutes, 40 /'4! seconds; and the Maxwell House Stakes, mile heats, in i minute, 44^ seconds, and i minute, 4s sec- onds. As a three-year old he started nine times and won five races. Beginning with his four-year old foi'm, in 187(1, he had thenceforth a record of triumphant success. In May, he won three races, including the Louisville Cup and the Gait House Stakes, and the next autumn won two races at Lexington and at Louisville, a purse for two miles and five furlongs, the time being 4 minutes and S8J2 seconds, establishing the record for that dis- tance. For the Post Stakes he ran three miles in =, min- utes, 26/4 seconds, the fastest time on record, and in September, ran four miles against time, covering the course in 7 minutes, 15^ seconds, lowering the record, which had stood up to that time at 7 minutes, 19,-2 seconds. During the year he won seven out of the eight races in which he started, and in 1877 was successful in nine out of the ten events in which he was engaged. His greatest performances in 1877 were reducing the one mile record from i minute, 41 ''4 seconds to 1 minute, 39^ seconds and the two mile record from ^ minutes, }2}4 seconds to -5 minutes 27 '2 seconds. At Baltimore, the same season, he met Parole and Tom Ochiltree for the Grand Sweepstakes at two miles and a half, and was beaten by Parole. He won, however, the Bowie Stakes, four mile heats, at the same meeting. On July 4, 1878, occurred his sensationa\ race with the California mare, Molly McCarthy, in which he distanced his rival in the first heat. This ended his turf career, and he was retired to the stud, having to his credit the fastest time on record at one mile, one mile and five furlongs, two miles and five furlongs, three miles and four miles. During his life upon the turf he ran thirty races, of which he won twenty-three, having an aggregate value of .$20, so^. By many old turfites he was regarded by all odds the greatest racer of his day and it was generally believed that, had he been carefully handled, he never could have been beaten after he had entered the three-year old class, and that he might have been much longer retained in active work. THE AMERICAN TURF Bred by General Thomas A. Wells, of Louisiana, Lecomte was a close rival ofhis famous brother, Lexing- ton, in his phenomenal achievements on the turf, and only stood second to him in the abiding regard of the public. He was foaled in iS=,o. his sire being Boston and his dam Reel, by imported Glencoe. His grandam was Gallopade, by Catton, his great-grandam, Camillina, by Camillus, and his great-great-grandam a mare by Smolensko. His pedigree went back to Turk, Starling, Greyhound, the Curwen Bay Barb and the Lister Turk, and through Catton, the sire of his grandam, he traced to Florizel, Engineer, Eclipse and other great champions. He was a half brother of Prioress, who was got by Sovereign out of Reel. Lecomte was a rich chestnut, with white on one hind leg, and stood 15 hands, 3 inches high. He had a stride of about twenty-three feet, an iron constitution and a speed and bottom equal to the best of his day. Starting as a two-year old, in April. 1853, he defeated Voucher, Argent and others in a sweepstake, mile heats, in I minute, 48 >^ seconds and i minute, 4S,!'2 seconds. The same year, in the autumn, he won the three-year old sweepstakes upon the Pharsalia Course in Natchez, Miss., defeating in two sti'aight two-mile heats Atala, by Ruffin, and Conrad the Corsair, by Voucher, the time being 5 minutes, 4^}i seconds and 3 minutes, 46^ seconds. In 1S54, he ran three races, in January, in each of which he was successful. In a sweepstakes on the Metairie Course, New Orleans, mile heats, he made a record of i minute, 47 seconds in each of two straight heats. Six days later he won the Jockey Club Purse on the same course, in two straight heats, in ^ minutes, S4>^ seconds and 5 minutes, ^2^2 seconds, defeating Mary Taylor and Medina, both by imported Sovereign, and also Joe Blackburn, by imported Glencoe. The following week he defeated a Gallatin colt in a purse for all ages, two mile heats, in 3 minutes, 44^ seconds, and 3 minutes, 35 seconds. In April of the same year he lost the Great State Post Stakes, four mile heats, to his half brother Lexington, but seven days later turned the tables on Lexington and startled the sporting world by his two straight four-mile heats in 7 minutes, 26 seconds, and 7 minutes, 38^:5; seconds. Up to this time the record for four-mile heats had been that of Fashion, 7 minutes, ^2^2 seconds, which was now beaten in this first heat by 6)4 seconds. In the autumn of the same year he won the Associa- tion Purse, two mile heats on the Pharsalia Course, de- feating Joe Blackburn in 3 minutes, 47^ seconds, and 3 minutes, 46)4 seconds for two straight heats. To close the year he carried off the Jockey Club Purse on the Metairie Course, two mile heats, defeating Joe Black- burn and Gallatina by Gallatin, his time being 3 min- utes, 56 seconds, and 3 minutes, lub Purse, upon the same course, in a race that was the fast- est that, at that time, had ever been run. As a result of this race the rivalry between Lexington and Lecomte was raised to a higher pitch than ever before, and there fol- lowed first that great match against time in which Lex- ington ran four miles in 7 minutes, i()-/i seconds, and then the last in the trio of these sensational events when the two great sons of Boston met again on the Metairie Course and Lexington defeated Lecomte in a single four- mile heat in 7 minutes, 23^' seconds. This last race with Lecomte ended the short but brilliant career of Lexington on the turf. He started in all in seven races, winning six of them and earning $56,000. In 1856, Mr. R. A. Alexander, of Woodburn, Woodford County, Ky., while in England, purchased him from Mr. Ten Broeck. paying for him §15,000. The noble animal was taken to Woodburn, where he re- mained at service until his death, at an advanced age. in 1875. Although stricken with blindness soon after his retirement, he continued to be an object of affectionate interest to all lovers of the thoroughbred throughout the United States, and pilgrimages from all parts of the country were made to see hmi in his old age. When he died he was in a stable near the house occupied by his groom, Henry Overton, and was buried not far away. His owner had an appropriate marble shaft placed at the head of the grave, on which is recorded brief mention of his victories. Lexington proved himself to be the great- est of modern American sires; in one year alone he sired three great horses, Norfolk, Asteroid and Kentucky. For Asteroid $50,000 were refused, Kentucky sold at one time for $40,000, and Norfolk, when in his 85 THE AMERICAN TURF r;icing prime, could not be bought for less than the latter amount. Wagner, the victor over Grey Eagle in the Great Inter- state race at Louisville, Ky., in 1839, was a son of Sir Charles, one of the most renowned sires in America. Sir Charles was by Sir Archy out of a dam by imported Citizen. There is no doubt that Citizen was one of the best race horses ever imported, for he ran until he was fourteen years old, carrying heavy weights, most of his races being at four-mile heats. Wagner had three crosses of Citizen's blood coursing through his veins, and two crosses from the rich stream of Sir Archy. At one time Sir Charles, his sire, had more four-mile horses on the turf than any other stallion in America. Among the most celebrated of his get were Wagner, Andrew and Trifle. The grandam of Wagner was by Commuta- tion, his great-grandam by Daredevil, his great-great- grandam by imported Shark and his great-great-great- grandam by imported Fearnought out of Maria West by Marion, who was by Sir Archy, out of a dam by Citizen, whose dam was Ella Crump by Citizen. Foaled in 1834, he was regarded by many as at least the equal of any other horse in America of his day, not even excepting Boston. He was a beautiful chestnut, is'-' hands high, with a white blaze on his face and two white hind feet. Early in his career he showed himself possessed of speed, coui'age and bottom and was a dis- tinguished winner. When he was three years old, just after he had been defeated in a mile heat race, he was bought by Colonel John Campbell, of Baltimore, who paid $s,ooo for him, an enormous price at that time for a colt that had never won a race. Receiving the name Wagner, he was taken to Mobile. He ran the two-mile sweepstakes for three-year olds, beating Zerlina, Paul Jones and others and the same week on the same course, won a four mile purse. Next in New Orleans he won the two-mile sweepstakes and the four-mile purse and the following week walked over the Metairie Course for a four-mile purse. In fact, he won everything that was hung up all over the Southwest. In 1839, he defeated the champion of Kentucky, Grey Eagle, twice in one week. Subsequently run when he was in wretched condition he was easily beaten and then was withdrawn from the turf and placed in the stud. His owner, it is said, realized through him in purses, stakes and outside betting over $100,000. In the stud he proved himself very successful in getting good race horses. Among the best of his get were Voucher, Gallatin, Charley Ball, Dearmond, Cordelia Reed, winner of a twenty-mile race; Lawson, l.aura Spillman, Jack Gamble, Tangent, Nanny Rhodes, the dam of Nicholas I. ; and many others. What is even more worthy of notice, all of his colts that went into the stud produced winners. Two of the very best get of the famous import\;d Sovereign were also of the Wagner family, Childe Harold and Charleston, the former out of Maria West, the dam of Wagner, and the other out of a granddaughter of the same mare. In his later years Wagner was owned by Mr. John M. Clay, who had him in the stud at his historic place near Ash- land, Ky. Grey Eagle, upon whom the hopes of Kentucky rested in the great race with Wagner just referred to, and in another chapter fully described, was appropriately named from his color, which was a fine silvery grey. He was a son of Woodpecker, who was by imported Dragon. His dam waslrby's Daredevil mare, his grandam by Fearnought. Among his ancestors were Wild Med- ley, Old Medley, imported Granby and imported Janus. He was a horse of almost perfect symmetry, nearly 16 hands high, with a beautiful flowing tail and mane. In his three-year old form he won two races of two-mile heats, the first in 3 minutes, 41 seconds and 3 minutes, 43 seconds, and the other in 3 minutes, 48 seconds and } minutes, 44 seconds. Before his great races with Wagner, in the second of which he broke down, he was believed to be equal to anything in America, both for bottom and speed. A horse that in the fifties was held to be a fair rival of Lecomte and Lexington was Arrow. He was a stable companion of Lexington and in the challenge issued for the latter in the great match against Lecomte's time of 7 minutes and 26 seconds in 18S5, was named to start in place of Lexington, in case that horse should be amiss on the day of the trial. Such was the confidence that Mr. Ten Broeck had in him. Arrow was another son of Boston, got in i8so out of Jeanneton, being, therefore, a half brother of Lecomte and Lexington. Jeanneton was by imported Leviathan. The grand dam of Arrow was by Stockholder, who was by Sir Archy, out of imported Citizen. Stockholder traced back to Old Janus, Old Fearnought, Apollo, Silver-eye and Jolly Roger. The Boston and Sir Archy pedigrees have been given so fre- quently in these pages that they need here only be referred to. Citizen was by Pacolet, out of Princess, and traced to Young Cade, Crab and otheis. In the pedigree of Arrow were also included such noted horses as Regulus. Liberty, Imported Cassandra and the Godol- phin Arabian. When Arrow first appeared on the turf in the fall of 1852, he signalized his debut by taking a two-year old sweepstakes at mile heats, beating a Boston and a Bel- shazzer filly in i minute, si^^. seconds and i minute, 30 seconds. During 185^, he won thiee races out of the four in which he started, twice at mile heats and once at three-mile heats. On the Metairie Course in January, he won mile heats, the best three out of five, the time of the five heats that were run being i minute, 55 seconds, 1 minute, =js seconds, i minute, ^^^4 seconds, i minute, S6 THE AMERICAN TURF ^7!^ seconds and i ininute, 77^2 seconds. On the same couise in April, he won three straight mile heats in I minute, 52>2 seconds, i minute, 51 X seconds and i minute, si-^-i seconds, beating Hilariot by Glencoe and Pickaway by Boston. On the Pharsalia Course at Nat- chez, he won the Association Purse for all ages, three- mile heats, beating Mary TayK)r by Sovereign, Wade Hampton by Boston and Hugh French by Glencoe, in two straight heats, the time being s minutes, yiyi sec- onds and s minutes, 53,'^ seconds. He came out in his four-year old shape in January, i8s4, on the Metairie Course in a sweepstakes for all ages, a single four-mile, beating Little Flea and White Eagle, both of whom were by Grey Eagle, his time being 7 minutes, ^9 seconds. For the Jockey Club Purse, three-mile heats, over the same course, he ran second to Blonde bv Glencoe out of Cherry Elliot by Wagner. Running in the Great State Post Stakes in April of the same year, he met Lexington, Lecomte, and Highlander in a four-mile heat race and was distanced in the first heat. In 185s, after he was used to put Le.xinglon to speed in the match against Lecomte's time, he ran for the Jockey Club Purse over the Metairie Course in April, when he was beaten by Brown Dick, the time of the winner in the two heats being s minutes, 30^4 seconds and s minutes, 28 seconds. Arrow gained laurels, even though he was defeated, being not more than half a sec- ond behind in the second heat. He next lost four-mile heats to Lecomte in 7 minutes, 55'^ seconds and 7 min- utes, 'y6i4 seconds, but afterward, however, achieved his greatest glory by defeating Lecomte himself for the Jockey Club Purse at three-mile heats, Lecomte taking the first heat in 6 minutes and Arrow the second and third heats in s minutes, sg seconds and 6 minutes, ? seconds. Another one of his great victories was his defeat of Little Flea in the Jockey Club Purse of three mile heats on the Metairie Course. Little Flea was by Grey Eagle, out of an imported dam by Actacon. The first heat was won in s minutes, }3li seconds by Little Flea, the second and third heats being carried of by Arrow in ^ minutes, 36 seconds and s minutes, 43>j seconds, the time being the best on record at three mile heats. One of the most famous stallions of Westchester County, N. Y., in the fifties was imported Mango, who belonged to Messrs. J. & A. Bathgate, of Mor- risania. He stood several seasons at the Bathgate Farm and was as highly esteemed as any stallion of that period. Bred in 1834, he was imported to the United States by Mr. Thomas Betts in 18,7. He was got by Emilius out of Mustard by Merlin. His grandam, Morell, sister to Truffle, was by Sorcerer. His great-grandam. Hornby Lass, was by Buzzard. No better pedigree than his existed in the English Stud Book, for he had crosses of King Herod, Partner, Bay Bolton, the Darley Arabian, the Byerly Turk and Place's White Turk. He was brother to Captain Rock, (Curfew, Pickle, Preserve, Marmalade and other good English thoroughbreds of the early part of the century. On the turf he had some important events to his credit. He walked over for a sweepstakes at New- market, won the Derby at Ascot and the same day won a handicap. He was also the victor in a sweepstakes at Ascot, beating Ratrap and others. At Stockbridge he won a sweepstakes, and at Doncaster won the great St. Leger from a full Held. At the first October meeting at Newmarket he won the St. Leger and at the second Oc- tober meeting at the same place was only beaten by a head by Velure for the Gordon Stakes, 2 miles, having given Velure fourteen pounds. At the Newmarket Craven Meeting he won the Claret Stakes, for which he was a favorite, at 5 to 2. He was considered one of the best horses of his year and second to none ot the sons of Emilius, who was the sire of no less than s2o winners. In the stud he was also very successful, nearly all of his get becoming winners. He was the sire of Negreta. the best horse ever bred in Belgium. For several years after i8s2 he was the property of the King of Belgium, who paid $21,000 for him. Afterward, in i8s6, he was bought back by Colonel Blyth for the Hampton Court Stud, and not long after came to this country. In the United States he was not less successful than he had been abroad and he added a valuable strain of blood to the already existing families of American thoroughbreds, his crosses with the purely American stock being productive of good results. No son of Revenue ranked higher than Ducalion. He was out of The Qiieen, by imported Priam, a Derby winner. His grandam was Delphin. by Whisker, winner of the Derby and own brother to Whalebone. His great-grandam was My Lady, by Comus, out of The Colonel's dam by Delphin, and further back on the maternal side he traced to Young Marske, Regulus, Lord Morton's Arabian, Bay Bolton, Coneyskins and the Byerly Turk. His dam, The Qiieen. was one of the most distinguished race mares in the United States, at all distances, from one to four-mile heats. She was full sister to Monarch, equally distinguished, and both were bred at the royal stud at Hampton Court. Her grandam. My Lady, was the dam of the distinguished English race horse and stallion. Jareed, and also the dam of imported Passenger. My Lady's dam was also dam of The Colonel, winner of the St. Leger, one of the most distinguished racers and stallions in England. On the whole, the pedigree of Ducalion was remarkable for its richness and ranked among the best to be foimd in the English Stud Book. Ducalion was a horse of fine proportions, taller than 87 THE AMERICAN TURF his sire, Revenue, ;md his grandsire Trustee, more than two inches taller than imported Medley and those re- nowned English stallions, Trumpator and Whalebone, and more than five inches taller than the famous four- mile horse, Gimcrack. Some brilliant performances on the turf were to his credit. In October, 1856, he ran a race of two-mile heats over the Fairfield Virginia Course in 3 minutes, 52><$ seconds, and 5 minutes, 56 seconds, beating a field of four others. In the December follow- ing he beat Sally Roper in a match of two-mile heats, in } minutes 59^^ seconds, and 4 minutes 4 seconds. His best two-mile heat was at Fairfield, Va., in May, 1857, 3 minutes, so seconds. Over the Newmarket Course, at Petersburg, Va., he won the Jockey Club Purse, three- mile heats, beating Engineer and Franklin on a heavy track, in =, minutes, 57>^ seconds for each of the two heats. He stood in the stud of Colonel Nathaniel A. Thompson, of Ashland, Va., and was very successful. Pryor, who was held to be a worthy representative of the American turf, when Mr. Richard Ten Broeck ini- tiated his English campaign in 1836, and who was one of the principal members of Mr. Ten Broeck's string, was a son of imported Glencoe. He was got in 1832, out of Gypsey, own sister to Medoc by American Eclipse. His grandam was Young Maid of the Oaks by Expedition; his great-gi'andam Maid of the Oaks by Spread Eagle; his great-great-grandam by Shark; and still further back his grandams were by Rockingham, True Whig, Gallant, Regulus and Diamond. His great- grandsire, Expedition, was by Pegasus, out of Active by Woodpecker, and through this line of descent he traced to Eclipse, Makeless, Herod, the Lonsdale Arabian, the Darley Arabian, the Byerly Turk, Place's White Turk, the Godolphin Arabian, and other heroes of the English turf. Through Spread Eagle, who was the son of Vol- unteer by Highflyer, the blood of Engineer and Cade coursed in his veins. Through others of his ancestors, his descent was from Marske, Marlborough, Partner, Morton's Traveller, Greyhound, White Turk, imported Fearnought, Regulus, the Darley Arabian, the Godolphin Arabian, Herod, Hercules, Crab, Hautboy and others. His pedigree was one of the best of any American thoroughbred, being traced in all its different hues to English horses of unimpeachable character. Curiously enough, little seems to have been known about Pryor until he was brought out in his two-year old form. His color was a dull chestnut and he was a solidly built, compact animal. After he went to Eng- land, the tiuestion of his age was raised by some of the turf authorities there and a considerable controversy ensued, but in the end it was satisfactorily established that he was at that time in his fourth year. The posi- tion taken by the English turi'men and turf writers in regard to this matter occasioned ;i great deal of unfavoi->- able comment at that time, as being scarcely sportsman- like. In the end. affidavits from the owner, breeder, trainers and others, who were familiar with Pryor's history, were necessary before the suspicions of the English turfmen could be allayed. As a two-year old, Pryor made his debut on the Metairie Course at New Orleans, when he was entered for the Picayune Stakes, mile heats. Upon this occasion he met La Dame Blanche by Voucher out of Lady Jane by imported Leviathan, and Melody by Voucher out of Music. He won the race in the second and third heats, his time being i minute, 30 seconds, and i minute, 36/4. seconds, the first heat being taken by La Dame Blanche in i min- ute, so seconds. At the same meeting he ran for a sweepstakes, mile heats, against Minnow by Voucher out of Dolphin by Leviathan; Bundle and Go, out of a Medoc dam; Mary Bertiand by Glencoe and Belshazzar by Pacific out of Lauia. The pace of this race was too hot for him, the winner. Minnow, making the two final heats out of the three in i minute, 46^3 seconds, and i minute, 48>-^ seconds. In the autumn of the same year he was again defeated by Minnow for the Jockey Club Purse, two- mile heats, for three-year olds, the time of the two heats being 3 minutes, 43 seconds, and 3 minutes, 36 seconds. A month later, in December, he ran two-mile heats in 4 minutes, 13 seconds, and 4 minutes, 17 seconds, beating Corinne by imported Glencoe and Red Ox by Pat Galway. In the spring races, on the Phar- salia Course, in Natchez, in 1853, he was put up against Lecomte. Little was expected of him, for his defeats by Minnow, in the previous year, had seemed to indicate that he was not a horse of superior form. He had begun to develop considerable fleetness, but, on the whole, was regarded as a rather desperate chance in attacking so formidable a rival as the renowned Lecomte, with the 7 minutes, 26 seconds, record to his credit. There was little betting on the result, and tliat was mostly 100 to 20 and 100 to 15 on Lecomte. The race was four-mile heats, and the track was very heavy. Both horses were in the pink of condition. When the first heat was started Pryor led off, but soon fell back two or three lengths behind his rival, maintain- ing that place until the last half mile of the heat, when, by a terrific bust of speed, he passed Lecomte and ran home at a pace that could not be challenged, winning the heat by fully a clear length. The time for the heat was 7 minutes, 47 seconds, the different miles being coveied in 2 minutes, 1 minute, S7 seconds, i minute, 38 seconds, and i minute, 52 seconds. Now he was backed heavily at even to win, and the result of the second heat justified this new confidence in him. The second was almost a repetition of the first heat, save that it was faster. Pryor lay back until the last half of 88 THE AMERICAN TURF the I'oLirth mile, tlien made liis UmsIi and came in an easy winner. The time of the heat was 7 minutes, 44,'j seconds, the time of the lirst two miles being eacii, i minute, s6 seconds, the thiid mile i minute, s8 seconds, and the Iburth mile 1 minute. 54 seconds. One month latei', over the Metairie Couise, he again beat Lecomte in three-mile heats, winning the second and third heats in =. minutes, "^g^^ seconds, and 6 minutes, 12 seconds. In June, i8=;6, he conte.sted the Jockey Club Stakes of the Fashion Course, on Long Island, four-mile heats, with Floride by Wagner, winning in two straight heats, upon a heavy track, in 8 minutes, i7;'4 seconds, and 8 minutes, 19 seconds, his best time for a mile being the fourth mile of the second heat, which he ran in i minute, ^0}^ seconds. In July of the same year he was taken to England, where he died before he was able to show what he might have been capable of there. After the death of the great Lexington, imported Leamington stood at the head of thoroughbred stallions in America. He was bred in England by Mr. W. Hal- ford. He was got by Faugh-a-Ballagh, his sire being a son of Hercules and Guiccioli and the winner of the Doncaster St. Leger and Cesarwitch Stakes in 1844. His dam was by Pantaloon out of Daphne by Laurel. Leamington made his first appearance on the turf in 1855 as a two-year old, winning the Woodcote Stakes at Warwick. After several unsuccessful runnings at other meetings he carried ofl' the Chesterfield Stakes at the Derby meeting, in his three-year old form his first race was in the Epsom Derby, for which he had been heavily backed, but he was beaten by Ellington. He won the town plate at Warwick and the Stewards' Cup at Shrewsbury, and was beaten in six small handicaps. For the Chester Cup of 18S7 he started second favorite in a field of thirty-five horses and won with the greatest ease. At Ascot he was not placed for the Gold Cup that was won by Skirmisher, but at Goodwood, with the tremendous odds of 100 to } against him and carry- ing 118 pounds, he won the Goodwood Stakes, two miles and a half, from a field of eighteen, among whom were Fisherman, Gunboat and Pretty Boy. In his five-year old form he ran unplaced for the Cesarwitch Stakes at Newmarket and did not appear again until he was entered for the Chester Cup of 1859, when he was six years old. He started first favorite at T to I in a field of thirty-three starters, among them Prioress, Fisherman, Roman Candle, the winner of the Goodwood Stakes the year before; Rogerthorpe, winner of the Goodwood Cup in 1856; Polestar, Underhand and many other good horses, and won in a canter by two lengths. At Ascot, for the Queen's Gold Vase, he was second to Schism, and, at Goodwin, ran unplaced to The I^romised Land for the Cup. This was his last race, for he soon after broke down in his training and was sent to the stud. For five years, beginning with i860, he stood at Rawcliffe's stud paddocks, near York, but was not regarded as a successful stallion, owing, doubtless, to his powers having been overtaxed in his early turf career. Among others of note whom he sired in Hug- land were (loop d'Htat, Catalogue, Bella, Lady Sefton, Leicester, Bolero. Rebecca, Variation, Esmeralda, Scipio, Haymaker and Percussion. In wSO^, Leamington was purchased by Mr. R. W. Cameron, of the Clilton Stud, Staten Island, N. Y., who paid $7,875 for him. His first season was spent in Ken- tucky at General Abe Buford's farm, Bosc^ue Bonita. Dur- ing this season he got twelve foals, among them those great racers, Longfellow, Lynchburg, Lyttleton and En- c]uirer, whose subsecjuent careers were as brilliant as those of any American thoroughbreds of this generation. Lyttle- ton and Enquirer were respectively out of Fanny Holton and Lida, both of whom were Lexington dams. His next three seasons were spent at Staten Island, where he was not very successful, Eolus, Elsie and Inverary being the best of his produce. In the fall of 1809, Mr. Aristides Welch, of Chestnut Hill, near Philadelphia, purchased him and proceeded to breed him largely to the best daughters of Lexington, believing that therein lay his greatest value as a stallion. His get matured early and developed the rare speed that made him so formidable in his four-year old form. Among the most famous of his progeny were Reform, Netty Norton, Ida Wells, Aristides, Rhadamanthus, Lelaps, Bob Woolly, Parole, Faithless, Pappoose, Iroquois, Girofle, Onondaga, Lucifer and Mineola. He died in 1878, very unexpectedly, at the age of twenty-five. He was a horse of great size, standing 16 hands, 2 inches high and of a dark brown color. Another example of the value to be derived from the union of the newer Australian blood with the older Lexington and Glencoe has been seen in Spendthrift. Foaled in 1878 by Australian out of Aerolite, Spend- thrift had as good blood as any, even the most famous, American thoroughbred could boast. Australian, son ot West Australian and Emilia, and Aerolite, daughter of Lexington and Florine by Glencoe and Melody, gave him crosses of the greatest American and English pedi- grees. He traced to Matchem in the paternal line and had the blood of Herod and Eclipse, as well as that of later ancestry of the foremost rank. It has been said of him that he "was one of the best race horses ever stripped on this continent and one of the finest specimens of thoroughbred horses ever foaled." As a two-year old he won in every event in which he was started. In his three-year old form he won the Belmont and the Lorillard Stakes and the Champion Stakes at Monmouth Park. His victory for the Lorillard Stakes was one of 89 THE AMERICAN TURF the finest ever seen for th;it event, in the field of eleven which he defeated being Harold, Monitor, Magnetism, and others. For the Travers and the Kenner Stakes he was beaten by Falsetto. Purchased by Mr. James R. Keene, he was sent to England, but was not successful there, although he was started for the Cambridgeshire. Being returned to this country, he was relegated to the stud after he had run several races. He has been more famous through his get than through his own perform- ances. His most celebrated get have been Kingston, Lamplighter, Pickpocket, Speedwell, Lazzarone, De- fiulter, Prodigal, Golden Reel, Speculation, Bankrupt and Stockton. In 1893, sixty-two of his sons and daughters started in 1,055 races, being first in 113, and in the following year fifty of his get started in 652 races, of which they won 8^ Son of Eolus and War Song, the bay horse St. Saviour had in his pedigree, on both the paternal and the mater- nal lines, some of the most acceptable thoroughbred blood. His dam. War Song by War Dance, was also the dam of Eole, Eolis. Eola and Eolo. Through War Dance, by Lexington out of Reel, he had the famous Glencoe-Gallopade cross. Through Faugh-a-Ballagh, — the sire of Leamington — and Birdcatcher, — the sire of imported Knight of St. George, who was the sire of his second dam, Eliza Davis — he had the great double cross of Eclipse. His third dam, Melrose, transmitted to him a strain of the good Melbourne blood. St. Saviour was foaled in 1881 and bred by Colonel R. J. Hancock, of Virginia. As a three-year old he ran four races, of which he won three. For the Emporium at Sheepshead Bay, 1 'j miles, he was second to Rataplan. He won the Barnegat Stakes at Monmouth Park in 2 minutes, 40 seconds, beating Duchess, Bob Miles and Himalaya, and also carried off the Raritan Stakes in 2 minutes, 1 1 >2 seconds. This ended his career on the turf, and he was retired to the stud, where he has produced such winners as Zobair, Gilead, De Bracy and Monita. Three horses that made the greatest stir in the racing world toward the close of the Civil War were the three sons of Lexington, Kentucky, Norfolk and Asteroid. Kentucky was bred at Ashland by Mr. John M. Clay. He was out of Magnolia, a daughter of the famous Glencoe. When he was two-years old, in October, 1863, he won his first race at Paterson, N. J. In the sum- mer of the following year he met and was defeated by his half-brother and rival, Norfolk, in the Derby Sweep- stakes, \]2 miles. He was sold to Mr. John F. Purdy, and afterward became the property of Mr. W. R. Travers. Few horses ever had a more brilliant career on the turf, and for many years he defeated every competitor against whom he was matched. In later years he was sold to Mr. Leonard W. Jerome for $40,000, and then became the property of Mr. August Belmont, in October, 1867, he was backed to run against time, four miles in 7 minutes and 20 seconds, carrying 120 pounds. The trial took place October 17 of that year, in the presence of 20,000 people, at Jerome Park, and the noble stallion, who was badly ridden, failed in his attempt by 11% seconds. Norfolk, got by Lexington, was out of Novice, another daughter of Glencoe. After defeating Kentucky in 1864 he was taken to California by his owner, Mr. D. D. Withers, and there won greater triumphs than he had achieved in the East. His contests with Lodi, who was a son of Yorkshire, were among the most brilliant racing events ever known in California, and even attracted the attention of sportsmen in the East and in England. At the first meeting of these two great horses at the Union Park, Sacramento, September 18, 1865. Norfolk was suc- cessful in winning a race of two-mile heats. Five days later the two horses again met and then occurred one of the most terrific struggles ever recorded in the annals of the turf The first heat was won by Norfolk in the unprecedented time of 5 minutes, 27^2 seconds, with Lodi closely lapped upon his c|uarter. Norfolk also won the second heat in 5 minutes, 29 >4 seconds, Lodi gaining upon his competitor as he came down the homestretch, with the right forefoot spurting blood at every stride. The third of these remarkable half-brothers was Asteroid out of Nebula, another daughter of Glencoe. He was bred by Mr. R. A. Alexander, of Woodburn, and first distinguished himself on the turf by defeating Loadstone at Louisville, running the first mile of the second heat of a two-mile race in 1 minute, 44 seconds. Discussion as to the relative merits of Kentucky and Asteroid was very animated among horsemen, and in time assumed the proportions and character of the historic thoroughbred controversies between the North and South in the earlier part of the century. In this case it was again the South against the North, and in i856 Asteroid came to Jerome Park, where he was entered for the Inauguration Stakes in September of that year. Kentucky had been entered for the same race, and expectation and speculation ran high over what promised to be one of the great racing events of the period. People came from all parts of the country to New York to witness the contest, and large amounts of money were staked upon its outcome. Unhappily, however, dis- appointment was in store, for before the date fixed for the race. Asteroid in a trial gallop in the mud sprung a tendon and broke down. His career as a racer thus having been brought to an end, he returned to the We.st and entered the stud. One of the romantic incidents of the Civil War per- tained to the attempted carrying off of Asteroid from the Woodburn Farm. The guerillas, as well as the regular troops of the two contending armies, all had an affection 90 THE AMERICAN TURF for the horses of Kentucky th;it was particularly mani- fested by their selection of thoroughbreds whenever they could lay hands upon them. A company of raiders seized Asteroid and made off with him. The owner and his friends followed in hot pursuit, and overtaking the gLieiillas, entered into negotiations for the return of the animal. With arms in hand a tlnal treaty was arranged, by virtue of which the son of Lexington was released in exchange for two other horses that wei'e of good equality, even if they lacked the family distinction and the pedigree that pertained to the choicest and most valued denizen of the Woodburn stable. At the time when Asteroid was carried off the artist Troye was engaged in painting his portrait, and his principal grievance at the guerillas was because of the interruption of his work. After the recovery of the horse this por- trait, in which his trainer, old Ansel, and his jockey, Brown Dick, are introduced, though on a reduced scale, with the c]uaint idea of not detracting from the superior importance of the animal, was completed and for years remained the property of the Alexander estate. Foaled in 1867 by imported Leamington out of Lida, by Lexington, Enquirer was one of the great stallions of the last quarter of the nineteenth century on the Ameri- can turf. Among his ancestors were many of the ending thoroughbreds of England and America. Through Leamington, as has been set forth on a preceding page, he traced to the great cracks of the English turf. The pedigree of Lexington, the sire of his dam, is familiar to every one at all acquainted with the history of the turf. Lize, his maternal grandam, was a daughter of the famous American Eclipse, son of Duroc, and her dam was Gabrielle A., daughter of Sir Archy and Calypso. Neither Lida nor Lize were ever trained, but Gabrielle was a good race mare and was the dam of the great four-miler, who defeated Reel and Hanna, the best four-mile heat racers of their day. Bred at the Bosque Bonita Stud of General A. Buford, Enquirer Hrst bore the name Louisville, but afterward received the name of Enquirer, in honor of the Cincinnati newspaper of that name. As a two-year old he won a single race out of the three in which he started. The following season, 1870, he won all the events in which he took part, six in number, among them being the Phtcnix Hotel Stakes, the Robins Stakes, two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, 56)^ seconds, 3 minutes, 54^^ seconds, and 4 minutes, beating Kingfisher ; and the Kenner Stakes, two miles, in 3 minutes, 48,'4' seconds. His lirst appearance in the East was in the race for the Continental Hotel Stakes at Monmouth Park, when he defeated Maggie B. B., Susan Ann and Lynchburgh. In the autumn of this year he broke down while in training and was retired to General Buford"s stud, in 1879. he became the property of General Harding and was added to the Belle Meade Stud. His success in the stud was remarkable. During the eighteen years from 1875 to 1893, his get won $566,174. Several of his daughters became the dams of distinguished race horses. His daughter, Mannie Gray, was the dam of Domino; End- less was the dam of Boundless, who won the American Derby, i '2 miles, in 2 minutes, 36 seconds, defeating Clifford, Ramapo, Don Alonzo and St. Leonard; Exile was the dam of La Grande anil others of his daughters threw Correction, Saxony and others. Enquirer was also the sire of Inspector B., Falsetto, Egmont, McWhir- ter, Lizzie McWhirter, Getaway, Harkaway, Pinafore, Reporter, Little Phil, Caligula, Enigma and nLunerous other good ones. Falsetto, Inspector B. and McWhirter were the best of his get. Through Falsetto his mem- ory has been perpetuated in this generation by Dew- drop, Rupert, Fordham, Portchester, Counter-Tenor and others. Longfellow, son of Leamington and Nantuia, rivaled even the immortal Lexington in popularity. Through- out his long and brilliant career he was the equine idol of the United States, and was elevated to a pinnacle of admiration, such as it has been the fortune of but few thoroughbreds to attain, either in this country or in Europe. To this day old turfmen and even those who have had no more than the merest acquaintance with the race course, hold him in fond remembrance. His sire, who contested with Lexington the honors of the stud in this country a third of a century ago, endowed him with the best equine blood of England. His dam, Nantura, was by Brawner's Eclipse out of Quiz. Braw- ner's Eclipse was a son of American Eclipse, by Duroc, and out of a daughter of Henry and Young Romp. Quiz was a daughter of Bertrand and Lady Fortune, Bertrand being by Sir Archy out of Eliza, while Lady Fortune was by Brimmer out of Woodpecker's dam. It has been pointed oLit that his pedigree is full of those "old-fashioned, hard - bottomed American crosses founded on early importations, and is one of the most thoroughly American pedigrees in existence, being full offoui-mile crosses." In the person of Brawner's Eclipse was united the blood of those great rivals, American Eclipse and Sir Henry, and with them four crosses of Diomed and two of Messenger. Nantura was bred by Mr. A. J. Holton, of Kentucky, in 18=,=;, and was a fnst- class performer on the turf, being particularly successful in winning two-mile heats. In the stud she produced Fanny Holton by Lexington, Exchange by Endorser. Longfellow by Leamington, Germantown by Planet and other good ones. She died in 1873. Longfellow was foaled in 1866. He was a handsome brown horse, is hands, 3 inches high, with a large blaze on the face and both hind fetlocks white. He was not graceful in motion, but had a lengthy stride and, when 9' THE AMERICAN TURF fairly extended, his style was everything that could be asked for. Few horses on the turf were more easily managed, or had a more agreeable disposition, which probably accounts to some extent for the high esteem in which he was held by the public. In his three-year old form he ran five races, winning three of them, the Pro- duce Stakes at Lexington, two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, 43X seconds, and 3 minutes, 44 seconds; the Ohio Stakes at Cincinnati, two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, 37'j seconds, and 3 minutes, S5/2 seconds; the City Stakes at Nashville, tenn., two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, 4\}i seconds, and 3 minutes, 41 seconds; the Post Stakes at Memphis, Tenn., two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, 40,'^ seconds and 3 minutes, 40 seconds. The next year he was first in five races and second in one, his successes being a two-mile heat race at Lexington, Ky. ; the Mon- mouth Cup race at Long Branch, two and one-half miles, in 4 minutes, 41, '4 seconds; the Saratoga Cup race, in Saratoga, two and one-quarter miles, in 4 minutes, 2^ seconds; the purse race at Saratoga, two and three-quar- ter miles, and the Jockey Club Purse race at Lexington, Ky., two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, ^8-}i seconds, and 3 minutes, 41 K seconds. In 1S72, he won four out of the five races in which he started, including the Monmouth Cup at Long Branch, two and one-half miles, in 4 minutes, 34 seconds; and the Jersey Jockey Club Purse, mile heats, in i minute, ^6% seconds; i minute, S4 seconds, and 1 minute, 43^ sec- onds. His victory over Harry Bassett for the Monmouth Cup established his reputation as a great racer more firmly than ever before, and that was followed by the smashing race for the Saratoga Cup, which has been called "one of the most savage struggles in racing annals," and out of which he came a wreck. Entering the stud in 1873, this great son of Leamington produced in the first season Leonard, Oddfellow and Lady Salyers; Leonard won the Saratoga and Nursery Stakes as a two- year old. Other of his famous progeny have been Edin- burgh, Long Taw, h'ish King, Thora and Leonatus. Served in England, Babta, the dam of Glenelg, foaled her colt in this country the following season. She was imported along with Leamington, and Glenelg was dropped at Mr. R. W. Cameron's breeding establish- ment on Staten Island, N. Y., in the early spring of 1866. Citadel, the sire of Glenelg, was a large, handsome horse by Stockwell out of Sortie, who was out of Escapade, daughter of Touchstone and Ghuznee, winner of the Oaks in 1841. Babta was a small bay mare, bred by Sir J. B. Mill in i8s8, and never achieved a record on the turf. She was sold by Mr. Cameron to Mr. August Belmont, afterward became the property of Mr. Pierre Lorillard, and was shot as useless in 1882. Glenelg was bought as a yearling by Mr. Belmont and made his debut in 1869 in a match race of one mile with Mr. Leonard W. Jerome's filly Rapture, winning the race with ease. His career from that point on was one of brilliant success and it was at one time said of him that "his record proves him to be the best imported horse which has run upon the American course." He met the greatest performers of his time and was gener- ally successful. In 1871, Glenelg appeared eighteen times, winning ten races, coming in second four times and third three times, being once unplaced. This was the year of such great performers as Helmbold, Hamburgh, Preakness, Judge Curtis, Vespucius and others, and yet Glenelg held his own with the best of them. Breaking down in 1872, he was sold to Mr. M. H. Sanford, for the North Elkhorn Stud, the sum of $10,000 being paid for him, with the mares Ulrica and Finesse thrown in. He made his first season in 1873, and some of his progeny became dis- tinguished performers on the turf. Chief among them were Danicheff out of Salina, General Philips out of La Polka, Herbert, who was first called Tom Plunkett, Ada Glenn out of Catina, and Belinda out of Madam Dudley. Glenelg was a blood bay, without a speck of white, with black points, and stood a little more than 16 hands high. He was a large, heavily built horse, and his produce have been distinguished for strong constitutions, stout bodies and a generally handsome blood-like appearance. Luke Blackburn, who was probably one of the fastest horses that the world has ever seen, ranked in his day with Lexington, Cremorne, Gladiateur, Longfellow, Hin- doo and others of that class. He had to his credit some of the most remarkable conquests in modern turf annals, and that, too, in the face of discouragements and mis- fortune that might easily have proved his ruin. Foaled in 1877, he was the son of imported Bonnie Scotland, dam Nevada. The pedigree of Bonnie Scotland has been else- where given in these pages, where it is shown that his blood was of the best that the English thoroughbred could boast. Nevada, who was one of the greatest daughters of Lexington, was out of Lightsome, her dam being by imported Glencoe, and out of Levity, the par- ents of the latter being imported Trustee and the dam of the famous Vandal. Luke Blackburn was bred at Ken- nesaw, the establishment of Captain James Franklin. He was not a promising yearling, either in size or appear- ance, and, in fact, was an object of ridicule by many who saw him. When he was a year old, he was sold to Mr. James T. Williams for $510, and in the following spiing was put into regular training, and to the surprise of everybody developed extraordinary speed. It was when he indicated this promising future that he was named Luke Blackburn in compliment to the Governor of Ken- tucky. As a two-year old he ran thirteen races and won only two, which somewhat dampened the ardor of those who 92 THE AMERICAN TURF IkkI phiced gre;it iMith upon liini. V\c was probably overworked, and thus lost liis speed, and also had to contest with some very fast and experienced ones. The Messrs. Dwyer Brothers next came into possession of him, and he was put into training in Louisville, but fell into ill health, so that his training finally had to be prac- tically abandoned. In the single race that he ran, the Phccnix Hotel Stakes, at the Lexington Spring Meeting, he came in third to Fonso and Kinkead. When he was brought on to the spring meeting at Jerome Park that year he was still unpromising, but won five races under favorable conditions, beating such horses as Checkmate, Monitor and others. Beginning with the first meeting at Sheepshead Bay, he achieved distinguished success, his victories including the Tidal Stakes in i minute, 45 seconds, the Coney island Handicap in 2 minutes, 24^4 seconds, the Ocean Stakes in 2 minutes, ^yi seconds, the All Aged Stakes, the Grand Union Prize, the Kenner Stakes and two short-distance purses at Saratoga; later at the autumn meeting, at Sheepshead Bay, he won the Great Challenge Stake and the Long Island St. Leger, and then at Louisville won the Kentucky St. Leger and the Great American Stallion Stakes. Altogether during the year he ran twenty-four races, winning twenty-two of them and carrying off $46,q7> In only one instance was he beaten by a horse whom he did not afterward defeat: that one was Fonso, whom he never chanced to meet a second time. He became a gi'eat favoiite on the turf, perhaps no horse, except Longfellow, attaining to such a high degree of popularity with the public at large. After being withdrawn from the turf he was put into the stud at General Jackson's Belle Meade Farm. During one brief season Monarchist trailed in the dust the colors of his half brother, the great Harry Bassett. His name will forever stand high on the list of the greatest sons and daughters of Lexington, challenging interest and admiration with Idlewild, Asteroid, Nor- folk, Kentucky, Harry Bassett, Duke of Magenta and others. The dam of Monarchist was Mildred, whose family in its various branches transmitted some of the best blood in America. The grandam of Mildred was the dam of Vandal and Alaric, while her dam, Levity, was also the dam of such famous horses as Runic, by Sovereign, Lightsome by Glencoe, and Lever and Legatee, by Lexington. Mildred was a bay mare bred in 1836 by the Honorable W. A. Dudley, of Kentucky. She was never seen upon a race course, but was sent to the stud when two years old. Monarchist was bred at the Woodburn establishment, and was sold as a yearling to Mr. M. H. Sanford for $1,900, having been foaled in 1868. In his three-year old form he started out by winning the Handicap for all ages, mile heats, at Monmouth Park, in August, 1871, in 1 minute, 50 seconds, i minute, ')2'/( seconds, and 2 minutes, 2}4 seconds. His other successes of this season were the Annual Sweepstakes at Jerome Park, two miles, in 5 minutes, ^}j4 seconds; the Grand National Handi- cap, at Jerome Park, two and one-quarter miles, in 4 minutes, 9 seconds, and the Post Stakes, all ages, at New Orleans, two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, ^}}4 seconds, and 3 minutes, 49}^ seconds. During this, his first season on the turf, he ran eight races, being first by the post in four, second in three and unplaced in one, winning .$10, 3(-)0. The following year he ran nine races, in eight of which he was successful, winning $13,550, and being third in the remaining race. He started out by winning a one and one-half mile race at New Orleans, in 2 minutes, 44^ seconds, following this by taking the Metairie Cup, two and one-quarter miles, in 4 minutes, 12 seconds; the Grand Inaugural Post Stakes, at New Orleans, two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, 39 seconds, and 3 minutes, 44 seconds; the Louisiana Stakes, at New Orleans, two-mile heats, in 3 minutes, 44'- seconds, and 3 minutes, 40 seconds, and the Mansion House Stakes, at Monmouth Park, two and one-half miles, in 4 minutes, 475^ seconds. Then came his two famous victories over Harry Bassett, at Jerome Park, three miles, in 5 minutes, 34^2 seconds, and four miles in 7 minutes, 33^2 seconds. He closed the season by winning a three-mile race at Baltimore, in the slow time of 6 minutes, i ^4 seconds. While in training for the spring meeting, at Jerome Park, in 1873, he broke down and was removed from the turf. Entering the stud, he was successful there for the next ten years. His death occurred in 1883. Among his most successful progeny were Monarch, Aristocrat. Frankie B., Experiment and Marchioness. Although he was on the race course only two seasons, he left a reputation of being one of the best race horses of the decade in which he appeared. He was a blood bay with star and snip, and stood 1 5 hands, 3 inches high. One of his most striking features was his close likeness to his more famous father. Indeed, so conspicuous was this that he was called a Lexington of Lexingtons. In the stud he transmitted some of the best qualities of the Lexington blood to his descendants. Foaled in 1873, Mollie McCarthy, who died in 1883, was during the ten years of her life one of the foremost favorites of the turf in California. Her sire was Monday, son of Colton, who was by Lexington, out of Topaz by Glencoe, Topaz being out of Esmerelda by Leviathan. The sire of Leviathan was Reubens by Buzzard out of the dam of Alexander, her dam being a daughter of Highfiyer, Herod's best son, while Alexander was a son of the great Eclipse. Mollie Jackson, the dam of Mon- day, was by Vandal. The dam of Mollie McCarthy was Hennie Farrow by Shamrock out of Ida, who was by imported Belshazzar out of Madam Bosleyby Sir Richard 93 THE AMERICAN TURF Tonson, one of the four famous brothers of the celebrated Tonson family of Tennessee. Mollie McCarthy was a remarkably handsome horse, muscular, and with all the marks of her high-bred origin. Taken to California, she was eminently successful on the turf there, defeating all the best horses against whom she was engaged and 'pushing herself rapidly to the front as a popular favorite. Finally having swept everything before her, the California turfmen came to believe that she had developed a speed that would give her the right to try conclusions with the best horses of the East, even as she had defeated the champions of the Pacific coast. Coming East in 1878, she was matched to run against Ten Broeck in that famous race of four-mile heats at Louisville, that resulted so disastrously for her. She was beaten to a standstill and the outcome of the match, as well as the manner in which it was projected and conducted, was for a long time the subject of a great deal of unpleasant controversy, especially on the part of many who believed that it had not been fairly managed. The same season she tried for the Cup at Minneapolis, but was unsuc- cessful. Returning to the Pacific coast, she renewed her suc- cessful career the following spring by beating Mark L. and Mattie Moore in a race for i J^ miles. Then she crossed the Rocky Mountains again and at Chicago won the Garden City Cup, beating a field of twelve starters. She ran away from the entire field and won the race in a canter, having left the others behind her before she had reached the end of the first mile. She carried iIt pounds and covered the course, 2J2 miles, in 4 minutes. 2 seconds. In the field on this occasion was every cup winner of any standing in the Mississippi Valley. Her time foi' this distance is one of the best records that stands to the credit of cup events. Bramble had a lower record when he captured the Baltimore Cup in 4 minutes, i^ seconds, and Fortuna won the Louisville Cup in 4 minutes, iji' seconds. After this victory in Chicago, the California mare was matched to meet Bramble, but while she was in training her leg failed her and she was retired from the turf. During the five seasons that she was racing she ran sixteen times and was only twice defeated, the first time in the four-mile heat race with Ten Broeck, at Louisville, and the second time by Gov- ernor Neptune for the Cup at Minneapolis, in dashes at from 1,;^ miles to 3 miles, she was regarded as almost invincible. After she was taken from the turf she spent the remaining years of her life at the Santa Bonita Ranch of her owner, Mr. E. J. Baldwin, and there she died after having produced several colts of distinction. During the early seventies no horse in America was more widely known or had a more distinguished repu- tation than Preakness. He had a notable career on the American turf, achieved triumphs in England and finally came to an unfortunate end. Bred by Mr. R. A. Alex- ander, at the Woodburn Stud, in 1867, he was a son of Lexington by Bayleaf, who was by Yorkshire. Among his full brothers were Bayflower, Baywood, Bayswater, Bayonet, Beacon and Niagara. He was purchased by Mr. M. H. Sanford. as a yearling, but did not appear upon the track until in his three-year old form, and even then ran only once, at the first fall meeting of the Mary- land Jockey Club at Baltimore, when he captured the Dinner Party Stakes, which was then the first time run for, and for which he had been specially trained. He was a horse of strong constitution and great power, but re- c]uired caieful training and handling. His winning of the Dinner Party Stakes, which was worth $18,500, and, with the exception of the Bailie Peyton Stakes, was the richest ever lun in America, established his reputation at once. In his four-year old form he won three races out of the seven in which he was started, the Westchester Cup and the Maturity Stakes at Jerome Park, and the Pimlico Stakes at Baltimore. As a five-year old he started nine times but succeeded in winning only twice. When he came out in 1873 he was able to win the Long Branch Stakes and the Manhattan Jockey Club and Grand Na- tional Handicaps at Jerome Park. The following year, when he was seven years old, he was entered in seven races and won four. His last season in his native land was in 187s. He started in by winning the Baltimore Cup at Pimlico Park in the spring of that year and then was taken to Saratoga, where he was specially prepared and entered for the Saratoga Cup. There he was called upon to contest with a tield of six of the greatest cracks of that period. Springbok, Olitipa, Grinstead, Aaron Pen- nington, Rutherford and Wildidle. The previous year he had fought stubbornly with Springbok for the cup, and the second meeting of the two was looked upon as likely to be one of the sensational events of the year. Expectation was not disappointed for, in this trial, the race resulted in a dead heat between the two after one of the fiercest struggles ever known to the turf, and in the fastest time ever recorded for a Saratoga Cup race. Although eight years old at that time Preakness showed such remarkable power and almost youthful vigor that Mr. Sanford decided to take him to Europe as the principal member of the string which he hoped would carry his " dark blue " to victory on many a lield in the Old Country. The turf career of the old stallion, was, however, at an end. His performances in England were only a source of grievous disappointment to his owner and admirers, and gave the English turfites another opportunity to declaim against the American thoroughbred. Although started several times, he suc- ceeded only in walking over for the Brighton Cup, his best performance being third place to New Holland and 94 THE AMERICAN TURF Tfiiiplc Bmi' lor tlu' Goodwood Cup. Bcinjj; witlidrawn iVoiii the tuil', he was purchased by the Duke of Hamil- ton, wlio set great store by his form and for a few yeai's he did good service in the stud, getting several excellent performers, particularly Sweets and Fiddler. Finally he developed a violent temper, so that it was difficult to manage him, and his owner had him shot. A famous daughter of Lexington was Nevada, a bay mare, bred by Mr. A. J. Alexander, of the Woodburn Stud, and foaled in 1869. She was out of Lightsome by imported Glencoe, and nothing further than the mere statement of the Lexington descent is needed to show the superb quality of her blood. She did not run as a two-year old, but in her three-year old form won two out of the five races in which she was engaged, her most important success being the West End Hotel Stakes at Monmouth Park, for which she defeated, among others, Mr. McGrath's Jury. In the autumn of the same year at Baltimore she won the three-year old sweepstakes at one mile, beating Sue Ryder and im- ported Buckden. When the season of 1873 opened she began by winning mile heats at Nashville, and then ran three races at Monmouth Park, in each of which she was defeated. Showing a lame leg her turf career was abruptly brought to an end and she was sent to the stud. As a brood mare she was eminently successful, trans- mitting to her progeny the best qualities of the Lex- ington and other great families from which she was descended. In 1874, she produced the bay filly Nova Zembla bv imported Glengarry. In 1876, she threw the bay filly Emma Cooper, also by imported Glengarry. In 1877, she produced the bay colt, Luke Blackburn by Bonnie Scotland, in 1878, the bay colt Greenland, and the following year the bay Lilly Green Age, both by imported Glengarry. Her most successful sons were Luke Blackburn and Greenland, especially the former, who developed into one of the greatest race horses of this generation. Nevada was of medium size, I5J'3 hands high, of fine proportions, and as hand- some a mare as was ever seen upon the course or in the stud. A famous son of Enquirer, Falsetto, who was foaled in 1876, cut a considerable figure during the years that he was upon the turf, and his get have also been distinguished performers. His dam was Farfaletta, daughter of Australian and Elkhorn. Thus he had numerous crosses of all the great thoroughbred families, his sire transmitting to him the blood of Leamington and Lexington and their progenitors, while his dam gave him the blood of the Australian, Melbourne, Emilius, Lexing- ton and Glencoe stock. His grandam, Elkhorna, was by Lexington, out of Glencona, who was by Glencoe. Falsetto did not start as a two-year old, but when he came upon the tuif in the ensuing year he swept the course, being only once beaten, and then by Lord Murphy for the Kentucky Derby. His winning races were the Phcrnix Hotel Stakes, in 2 minutes, 8^ seconds; the Clark Stakes, in 3 minutes, 40^2 seconds; the Travers Stakes, in 3 minutes, ()'4 seconds, defeating Spendthrift, Harold, Jericho and Dan Sparling, and the Kenner Stakes, in 3 minutes, 39^ seconds, defeating Spendthrift, Jericho, Monitor and Harold. After the close of his three-old career, Mr. Pierre Lorillard purchased him and added him to his English stable. In the Old World, however, he never came to the track, but break- ing down in preparation, was returned to the United States and entered the Woodburn Stud. As a sire he won a reputation second to none in his generation. The list of high-classed performers that he produced is long and imposing. His most celebrated get were Dew- drop, Rupert, Fordham, Gascon, Patron, Portchester, Frontenac, Counter-Tenor, Miss Dixie, Pearl Song and Bright Phoebus. In 1895, forty-three out of fifty-six of his get that started were winners. Toward the end of the decade just preceding the Civil War Planet, by Revenue out of Nina by Boston, was the hero of many exploits, and was considered by ex- perts to be the best race horse that had been lun in America since Lexington had left the turf. Planet was of the same blood as Alice Hawthorne, the queen of the turf in her day, nearly, if not quite, the best race mare that was run in England forty years and more ago. and the dam of Thormanby, a Derby winner, both Planet and Alice Hawthorne being descended from Eclipse, Diomed and Lottery. In his veins Planet also united the blood of Timoleon and Sir Charles, the two great sons of Sir Archy. His great achievement was in defeating Congaree and Daniel Boone for a $20,000 sweepstakes on the Fashion Course, Long Island, in September, i860. In February of the following year he met Albine on the course in Charleston, S. C, in a four-mile heat contest and was defeated in two straight heats, although up to that time he had been deemed by many invincible at that distance. The time of the two heats was 7 min- utes, }6}4 seconds and 7 minutes, 42)4 seconds. Planet belonged at that time to the Messrs. Doswell, of Virginia. Albine, who was a four-year old, was by Jeff Davis, out of a dam by imported Monarch. Her pedigree was unexceptionable. She was got by Jeff Davis, out of a dam by imported Monarch, out of im- ported Eliza by Filho-da-Puta, and represented through her sire the best blood of South Carolina, Bertrand. Bert- rand, Jr., Hero and Jeff Davis. Hero, the sire of Jeff Davis, was one of the finest horses ever upon the South Carolina turf. Albine was bred by Colonel James Fer- guson and was a ciiestULit. is hands. 3 inches high, with a streak of white in the face and a little white on the 95 THE AMERICAN TURF near hind foot. In her four-ye;H- old form she beat Nicholas 1. a two-mile race, and the same year defeated Exchecquer in a three-mile race and won the Puryear Stakes, three-mile heats, beating Fanny Washington, an- other very fast one, over a track that was covered with December mud and snow. Harry Bassett was foaled in i86S and bred by Mr. A. J. Alexander, of the Woodburn Stud. He was one of the most famous sons of Lexington. His dam was Canary Bird by imported Albion; his second dam Penola by imported Ainderby; his third dam imported Sweetbriar by Recovery; his fourth dam Primrose by Comus; his fifth dam Cowslip by Cockfighter; his sixth dam Brown Javelin bv Javelin; his seventh dam Young Maiden by Highflyer; his eighth dam Maiden by Matchem; his ninth dam the celebrated Pratt mare by Squirt and his tenth dam. Lot's dam by Mogul. His third dam, Sweetbriar, was imported in 1838 by Colonel Lucius J. Polk, of the Ashwood Stud, Ten- nessee, who also imported Ainderby, the sire of Penola, his second dam. Canary Bird was also the dam. by Lexington, of the celebrated Charlie Howard, better known, perhaps, as Brother to Bassett. As a two-year old, Harry Bassett made his first appearance upon the turf when he finished thii'd in the race at Saratoga in July, 1870. The next month he won the Kentucky Stakes, one mile, beating Buckshot, Susan Beane, Aureola, Idaho and others in i minute, siK sec- onds. At Jerome Park, the same year, he won the Nursery Stakes in i minute, 4q'i seconds. At Balti- more, he won the Supper Stakes, distance, one mile, beating Madam Dudley, in i minute, 40':^ seconds. He began his third year in good fashion by winning the Belmont Stakes at Jerome Park in 2 minutes, =j6 seconds, defeating Newport, Tubman, Monarchist and others, and at Long Branch, in July, he won the Jersey Derby in 2 minutes, 52)4! seconds, defeating Monarchist, Idaho, Wanderer and others. At Saratoga he won the Travers Stakes in ^ minutes, 2\i< seconds. Moving on to Saratoga, she ran second to Checkmate for the Excelsior Stakes, but left behind her a field that included Parole, Crickmore, Ripple and Oden. She succeeded in winning the Ala- bama Stakes in i minute, ^()}^ seconds, defeating Bonnie Lizzie and Brambaletta, and then had a string of triumphs that included the winning of the Clarendon Hotel Stakes, the Relief Stakes, and the Baden Baden Handicap at Saratoga, the West End Hotel Stakes I't Monmouth Park, a handicap sweepstakes at the Jerome Park Fall Meeting, and the Pimlico Stakes at the Baltimore Fall Meeting. As a two-year old, she ran eleven times and won four races, being second twice and unplaced \]ve times. As a three-year old, she won eleven out of fifteen races, being second in two, third in one, and unplaced in one. Her winnings in the two years were $18,485. She had no equal on the American turf over great distances of ground, and was universally classed with such horses as Luke Blackburn, Hindoo and Crick- more at all distances. From the great army of thoroughbreds that unceasingly raced over the turf during the seventies and eighties, it is possible to record even the names of only a compara- tive few. Some have already been referred to upon preceding pages, but scores and hundreds are not less deserving of recognition or of having their deeds per- petuated. There was Runnymede, daughter of imported Billet and Mercedes. His dam was by Melbourne, Jr., out of Lady Hadaway, and through her he derived from the Melbourne and Birdcatcher families of England, and the Boston and Union families of America. Among many victories that Runnymede placed to his credit was the Tennessee Stakes and the Tidal Stakes in 1883, and he defeated Apollo, Macbeth, Bedouin, Turco, and other good ones. Buchanan, who won the Kentucky Derby in 188;!, was a full brother to Harry Gilniore, being by imported Bucdeii out of Mrs. Grigsby, his dam being by Wagner and Folly, daughter of imported Yorkshire and Fury. Buchanan's winning of the Derby was some- what of a surprise, since, in iSSi. he had the discom- forting record of running six races without winning one. Imported Pizarro was one of the strong cards of Mr. Pierre Lorillard's stable in 1882 and 1885. He was by Adventurer out of Milliner, his sire coming from Touch- stone and Emilius and his dam from Rataplan, the Baron, Pocahontas and Birdcatcher. He was bred in 1880, and, as a weanling, was sold to Mr. Lorillard for 420 guineas. He proved in time to be one of the best horses, either in the Old or in the New World. As a two-year old, he made his first appearance in the Surf Stakes at Sheepshead Bay, running unplaced to Jacobus, and also ran unplaced in the Hopeful Stakes at Mon- mouth Park, his second appearance. After that he began winning, taking a purse at Monmouth Park, the Atlantic Stakes at Monmouth Park, when he defeated ten others, three-quarters of a mile, in i minute. [S'/i seconds, and the Red Bank Stakes at the same place, the same distance and the same time. In subsequent years, he won some of the most important fixtures of the Eastern turf. Above all else an American horse, Pat Malloy had in his pedigree crosses of nearly all of the early families upon which the American tun was constructed. 97 THE AMERICAN TURF I'robablv few horses th:it have been identified with the turf in the United States have been better or more fully bred, or could boast of more royal lineage. His sire was the immortal Lexington, and that gave him the crosses of Boston, Timoleon, Sir Archy, Sarpedon, Emiiius and others. On the side of his dam his blood was none the less potent. His dam was Gloriana, daughter of American Eclipse and Trifle. Nothing need be said of the strength of American Eclipse, whose career is never absent from the mind of the student of the American turf Through him crosses of Duroc, Diomed, Messen- ger and others were the heritage of Pat Malloy. Tritle, the dam of Gloriana, was one of the most fiimous race mares of her age, a daughter of Sir Charles, who was by Sir Archy. Gloriana was bred in 1846 by Mr. John C. Guild, of Tennessee, and while not being noted as a racer, added to the value of the American turf by her services in the stud. Pat Malloy, who was bred in the Woodburn Stud, was foaled in 186s. As a two-year old he won the Young America Stakes, at Nashville, in i minute, 'jo}:^ seconds, and in his three-year old form was highly suc- cessful, winning a purse at Memphis, Tenn., mile heats, best three in five, the time being i minute, 59 seconds, 2 minutes, 1 second, 2 minutes. 2 seconds, 2 minutes, 4 seconds, and 2 minutes, byi seconds; the Senate Stakes at Memphis, 2 miles, in 4 minutes, 8}{ seconds; a purse at Nashville, i]4 miles, in 2 minutes, iS'/i seconds; the Southern Hotel Stakes at St. Louis, two-mile heats, the time being 3 minutes, 44;^! seconds, 5 minutes. 44:'-4 seconds, and 3 minutes, ^o^^ seconds; the Chicago Stakes at Chicago, mile heats, the time being 1 minute, 472^ seconds, i minute, 4834^ seconds, and i minute, 49 seconds; and the Union Stock Yard's Purse at Chicago, 2}4 miles, in 4 minutes, 4^'i: seconds. In 1S70, he was relegated to the stud and there produced Bob Miles, dam Dolly Morgan; Charlemagne, dam Alice Buford; Reveler, dam Schottische; Pathfinder, dam Amy Farley, and other good ones. Fellowcraft's principal title to fame will rest securely upon his achievement in wrestmg from the immortal Lexington the record laurel for the four mile distance, when, in 1874, he broke the record from 7 minutes, 19^ seconds, to 7 minutes, 19^4 seconds. Bred by Mr. A. J. Alexander, of Woodburn, Ky., he was foaled in 1870. He was a son of Australian, who was a son of West Australian and Emilia. Through the West Australian line he traced to Melbourne, Humphrey Clinker, Touch- stone, and other great English thoroughbreds. Emilia, the dam of his sire, was a daughter of Young Emiiius and Persian, Young Emiiius being a son of Emiiius and Shoveler, and Persian being a daughter of Whisker and Variety. The dam of Fellowcraft transmitted to him the blood of Lexington, Boston, Glencoe and Medoc. She was the daughter of Lexington, and her dam was Florine, daughter of Glencoe and Melody, the latter being by Medoc. As a two-year old, Fellowcraft started in five races, but was successful in one only. As a four-year old, he won three races, a four-mile, in 7 min- utes, 43 seconds; a ij4 mile, in 2 minutes, 42 seconds, and his famous four-mile against Lexington's time. While on the turf he started in twenty-six races, being llrst in five, second in four, third in five, and unplaced in twelve. After he was retired to the stud, he sired several good racers, among them Knight Templar, Blue Lodge, My Fellow, Sunrock and Fanny S. He died in 1897 at the Dixiana Stud, near Lexington, Ky. A New York horse that ranked among the very best in his time was Alarm, who was by imported Eclipse, out of imported Maud, by Stockwell. He was bred by Mr. John Hunter, being foaled in 1869. First called Flash, he was named Alarm before he appeared on the turf in his two-year old form. His debut was in a match race for $s.ooo a side against Inverary, in which he was the winner. In three other starts the same season he was defeated. When he came to the post as a three-year old he was in prime condition and went through the season without meeting a defeat, although he was called upon to compete with the best horses in his class. Many of his races were won in a common canter. Platina, who had beaten Longfellow, went down before him, and he also beat Kingfisher, Fadladeen, and other good ones. Great things were expected of him in 1873, and a special match was arranged to bring him. Kingfisher and Tom Bowling together, but in his preliminary woi'k he pulled up lame and was sent to the stud. No faster horse ever was on the American turf and in the twenty-one years that he was in the stud, from 1874 until the time of his death, in 1S9S, he became the sire of some of the most phenomenal later day thorough- breds, including Himyar, Gabriel, Danger, Panique, Breeze and Isaquena. 98 RACE HORSES PAST AND PRESENT Champions Who Have Been Famous in Modern Times — Eoi.us, Preakness, Monitor, St. Blaise, Hanover and Potomac— The Great Sprinters, Salvator, Tenny, Domino, Requital, Hamburg and Others ^ N the chapter immediately precedinii wc iiave pre- ■) 1 sented for the most part an account of some of tlie !f great thoroughbreds who were conspicuous in the earlier periods of the American turf. The review of the pedigrees and performances there outlined is in itself measurably a history of the turf of the United States for a round century. Moreover, it reveals the foundation of the great American thoroughbred families and shows the extent to which those early ec]uine kings and queens influenced not only the generations in which they lived, but also those that have succeeded them. Their performances, both upon the turf and in the stud, constituted a golden equine age, and the results of their breeding have not been surpassed in importance at any point in the history of the country and have been equaled only in the immediate present. The turf of to- day still feels the effect of their achievements and looks back with admiration upon them and their records, recognizing them as the true founders of its greatness. In this chapter attention will be principailv given to the lives of contemporaneous thoroughbreds. It will be seen that these modern champions are not less sturdy nor less speedy than those who went before them, but are in every way worthy descendants of worthy progenitors. The infusion of new blood during the closing part of the century is also brought strongly to attention, and the effect of these recent importations from England, France and Australia can be clearly divined from a consideration of the lives of those that have been the result of this con- temporaneous movement in breeding. It will also be in- teresting to note that, almost without exception, these newcomers trace back through innumerable crosses to the same parent English stock as the older pioneers. Arriving in the New World they have bred here to the descendants of Diomed, Glencoe, Sir Archy and other founders of the purely American families with notable results. Rayon d'Or came of the best thoroughbred blood of England and France. He was bred by C. Lefevre at the Chamant Stud, in France, in 1876. He was a rich, dark red chestnut, and gained his name, which means ray of gold, from the very handsome appearance of his coat. He was absolutely pure in color, with the single exception of a roan star on his forehead. Standing it) hands, ?K inches high, he was probably the tallest thoroughbred in America in his time. He was foaled in 1876 by Flageolet, out of Araucaria. His sire was a son of Plutus and La Favorita, Plutus being descended from Orlando, Cavatina, Planet and Alice Gray, and La Favorita through her par- ents, Monarque and Constance, tracing to The Baron, Poetess, Gladiator and Lanterne. Araucaria was a daughter of Ambrose and Pocahontas, through whom Rayon d'Or traced to Touchstone, Glencoe, Camel, Priam, Sultan, Trampoline and other great English thor- oughbreds. Flageolet was bred by the Count Legrange at the IJangu Stud, France, in 1870, and his pedigree com- bined the blood of Touchstone, Bay Middleton, Venison and Glencoe, deriving from Glencoe, through Darkness, who was a winner of the Ascot Stakes. Through his dam. La Favorita, Flageolet also had the blood of Whalebone, Defence and Catton. He was very successful on the turf and even more so in the stud. Be- sides Rayon d'Or he got Zut and Beauminer, French Derby winners, Versigny, winner of the French Oaks, and Ultima, Louvenciennes and Compte Alfred. Arau- caria, the dam of Rayon d'Or, was a bay mare bred in 1862 by the Marquis of Exeter. Her sire, .Ambrose, was the trial horse of Stockwell, and in his private running had remarkably good record. Araucaria was not suc- cessful on the turf, being only one time a winner, but as a brood mare she was surpassed by none in her class in Europe, transmitting to her progeny all the best qualities of the famous Pocahontas and of her ancestors for several generations back. Among her most famous get, in addi- tion to Rayon d'Or, was Chamant, by Mortemer. Cha- mant, who died in i8q8 at the Prussian Royal Stud at Graditze. was one of the best race horses of his day and a phenomenally successful sire. He raced in England in the colors of Count Frederick de le Grange. As a two- year old he won both the Middle Park Plate and the Dewhurst Plate, and in 1877 won the Two Thousand Guineas in a canter. He became lame shortly after this race, which prevented him from winning the Derby and the St. Leger, as he was far and away the best horse in the field for both those events. A few years afterward he was purchased by Count Lehndorff for the Prussian Government for $20,000, which was considered a small price. Before his death his progeny had established themselves as among the great race horses of Europe, 99 THE AMERICAN TURF having won over $1,000,000 in Germany, Austria and Hungary. Of such distinguished lineage. Rayon d'Or rivaled the best of his brothers and sisters in the fame of his accom- plishments. As a two-year old he began a notable career by u'inning the Levant Stakes at Goodv/ood, and fol- lowed this up by carrying off a two-year old sweepstakes at Doncaster and the Glearwell and Glasgow Stakes at Newmarket. His great successes came to him in his three-year old form, when he won the Doncaster. St. Leger. the Prince of Wales and the St. James Palace Stakes at Ascot, the Sussex Stakes at Goodwood, and the Great Foal. Select. Champion and Second Great Chal- lenge Stakes at Newmarket. For the Derby he ran un- placed, and came in third for the Two Thousand Guineas. In his four-year old foiin he was five times at the front in the six starts that he made, and ran second the other time for the Hardwick Stakes, when he conceded the winner ten pounds. His victories were the Prix du Cadran and the Prix Rainbow at Paris, the Post and the Prince of Wales Stakes at Newmarket, and the Rous Memorial Stakes at Ascot. Imported in 1882 by the Hon- orable W. L. Scott, he was placed in the Algeria Stud at Erie. Pa., and achieved marked success as a stallion. He was afterward owned by the Honoiable August Belmont, and stood for several years in the Nursery Stud. His death occurred in i8q6. Among his most famous descendants have been Teiiny, Chaos. Banquet. Torso. Tea Tray. Rubicon. Don de Oro, Octagon. Souffle and Maurice. DLiring his seven veais' career on the turf Freeland was started sixty times. In thirty races he won bi'ackets, and twenty-one were stakes. His record was remarkable even in a period when thei'e were many great horses running on the American turf. He was one of the most notable sons of Longfellow, his dam being Belle Knight, by Knightwood. and his second dam Kentucky Belle, by Goodwood. He was bred by Mr. F. B. Harper, of Ken- tucky, and afterward became the property of Mr. Ed Corrigan, in whose colors he raced for six years. As a three-year old he won the Phoenix Hotel, the Maiden, the Fall City and the Louisville Stakes. In his four-year old form he took the Cincinnati Hotel and the Louisville Stakes. When he was five years old several important events fell to him, including the Distillers', the Dixiana. the Merchants', the Turf, the Boulevard, the Excelsior and the Columbia Stakes and the Citizens' Plate. Among his winnings in other years were the Boulevard, the Excelsior, the Champion, the Special and the Mer- chants' Stakes and the Morrissey Handicap. His races with the great mare Miss Woodford at Monmouth Park, in 188s. were classed among the stirring events in the racing world of that year. On August 10, he defeated Miss Woodford for the Champion Stakes, lyi miles, and eight days later defeated her again for the Special Stakes, 1 14^ miles. The result of these two victories brought about another match for $2,soo a side between the two horses, with $2,soo added by the Monmouth Park Asso- ciation. This time Miss Woodford won by a head. A month later the two met again in a sweepstakes for all ages, 1 ]i miles. Modesty, Monogram, Richmond and Bersan also contesting, and Freeland won in a canter by four lengths in 2 minutes. 8 seconds. After his turf career was ended he stood on the farm of Mr. George Wright, near St. Louis, Mo., where he died in December, i8q6. Bramble, whose most celebrated get are Ben Brush. Clifford, Somnambulist and Little Bramble, was a son of imported Bonnie Scotland and Ivy Leaf. His sire, the son of lago and Queen Mary, had a pedigree that is given on another page and that traced back through many crosses to the most aristocratic equine blood of England. His dam. Ivy Leaf, was by imported Australian, son of West Australian and Emilia. Ivy Leaf's dam being Bay Flower, daughter of Lexington and Bay Leaf. Bramble was bred by General W. G. Harding at the^Belle Meade Stud, and was foaled in 187=,. Beginning his turf career in his two-year old form, he was started seven times, and won the Young America Stakes at Nashville and the Saratoga Stakes at Saratoga, being second twice and third twice. He entered upon his three-year old career by running for the Withers Stakes at Jerome Park, being defeated by Duke of Magenta in i minute. 48 sec- onds. During this season he won the Maxwell House Stakes at Nashville and the Great American Stallion Stakes at Louisville. As a four-year old he achieved a wonderful success, starting in twenty races, fifteen of which he won. His victories included the Baltimore Cup, the Ocean Stakes, the Monmouth Cup. the Saratoga Cup and the Brighton Cup. His important victory as a five-year old was the winning of the Centennial Stakes at Nashville. The following year he was started only once, when he ran second to Ferida in a heat race at Bal- timore. Retired to the stud, he sired, in addition to his sons ali'eady mentioned, Biggonet, Bryson. Brambleton, Rambler, Woodruff. Wightman and Jack Murray. In Eolus, who was foaled in 1808, and who died in 1807 at the Ellerslie Stud, in Virginia, was united the blood of two great thoroughbred families, that of im ported Leamington and the more purely American, rep resented by Revenue. The sire of Eolus was imported Leamington, and his dam was Fanny Washington, by Revenue, out of Sarah Washington. Through his dam he had four distinct crosses of Sir Archy, and traced to Eclipse and Herod through collateral branches. Revenue, who was a son of Trustee and Rosalie Somers. was a stallion of singular beauty, symmetrical in form and proud in his carriage, and was successful, both on the 100 THE AMERICAN TURF tiirC and in the stud. He was for a loi\y time tiie great- est horse in the stable of that grand old Virginia turfman, the Honorable John Minor Botts. The last two years of his life were passed at Major Horner's farm. Belle Air. near Warrenton. Va. His death occurred in 1868 from old age. Sarah Washington, the dam of Fanny Wash- ington, was the daughter of Garrison's Zinganee and Stella. The Washington family was very distinguished in its day. seveial of the greatest horses of the period before the Civil War bearing the name. Eolus. who was a dark bay with a star in the forehead and both hind heels white, stood IS;'4 hands high. He was bred by Major Thomas W. Doswell. of the Bulltield Stud. Hanoyer Junction, Va. Although put into eai'iy training, he was not brought out until he was three years old. when he started in six races, of which he won three. After an entire year of rest, he came again upon the turf as a tu'e-year old. but was only modei'ately successful, winning three out of the eight races in which he started. The following year he carried off two out of the three prizes for which he contested. During his turf career he started seventeen times, being first eight times, second once, third twice and unplaced six times. His most famous victory was at Baltimore in 1874. when he won two-mile heats, taking the first heat in 3 minutes. 40 seconds, and the third heat in ^ minutes. ^6^ seconds, which was a record breaker. After he was placed in the stud, he got such champions as Hole, Eolist. St. Saviour, Knight of Ellerslie. Eurus. Eolian, Hlkwood, Eon. Diablo. Russell and Morello. First in order of the get of Eolus and War Song. Eole had a long and reputable career. Foaled in 1878, he was bred by Mr. R. J. Hancock, of Virginia. He came slowly into condition, and his form gave so little promise that he was not started as a two-year old. The next year he made his debut at the Spring Meeting at Jerome Park, and was beaten by Saunterer for the Belmont Stakes. At Saratoga he beat Getaway, but did not accomplish much more until, in the Dixie Stakes at Baltimore, he as- tonished everybody by beating Barrett and finishing a good second to Crickmore. Afterward, at Jerome Park, he defeated Blue Lodge, and during the season added other winnings to his credit, so that he closed with a record of eight out of nineteen races and over $10,000 in stakes and purses. In his four-year old form he won the Metropolitan Stakes at Jerome Park and the Jockey Club Handicap, 2 miles, in 1 minutes, ^S'/i seconds, which stamped him in the most decisive manner as a peifoinier of the tlrst class. For the Coney Island Cup he was beaten by Hindoo, but after that the Monmouth Cup. the Champion Stakes, the Morrissey Stakes and the Autumn Cup fell to him, and he succeeded to the place in public esteem that the famous Hindoo vacated that year after his long and imposing career. He became. for the time being, the repre.scntative cup horse of Ameiica. The blood of the great English family represented by imported Bonnie Scotland and that of the far-famed American family represented by Lexington came together again in Bushwhacker, one of the representative horses of the present generation. Bred by the Messrs. Rice & McCormack at the Belle Meade Stud in 1874. Bush- whacker was a buckskin bay. with a blaze in his face and both forelegs and the left hind leg white. His sire was Bonnie Scotland and his dam Annie Bush, by Lex- ington, out of Banner, the latter being a daughter of Albion and Clara Howard. He did not make his debut upon the turf until he was thi'ee yeais old, when he ap- peared for the first time at the spring meeting in Balti- more in 1877. His record for this season was thoroughly discouraging, for although he started ten times, he did not succeed in winning a single race, but was second three times and third twice. The following year he won only four out of the thirteen races in which he started, being second seven times and third once, his principal victories being the Rancocas and the Bowie Stakes. His careei' in 1871.) was c]uite as disastrous, foi' he lan third and second in two races at Baltimore at the spring meeting and then was injured so that he was not able to appear again for two years. In the spring of 1881, he reappeared at Baltimore, and in the course of that season succeeded in winning one out of the nine races in which he started, the Morrissey Stakes at Saratoga, when he defeated Checkmate, Boulevard and others, being his single victory. In 1882. at the autumn meeting of the Coney Island Jockey Club, after he had been defeated in every race which he had run that season, he carried off the Great Long Island stakes, defeating such good per- formers as Glenmore. Thora, Eole and Lida Stanhope. This event was the more interesting, inasmuch as it was the third year of the revival of the old four-mile heats. which were such a feature of the American turf genera- tions before. The previous winners of this event had been Ferida. in 1880. and Glenmore, in 1881. Bush- whacker's time for the two heats was 8 minutes. i'/< seconds, and 8 minutes, 10 seconds, which was a very creditable performance, even when compared with some of the old-time great four-mile races, inasmuch as the track was heavy and the rain was falling in torrents. Later in the same season he won the Bowie Stakes, also four-mile heats, over the Pimlico Course at Baltimore. In i8c)i, imported St. Blaise was the grand star of the Nursery Stud sale, when Mr. Charles Reed astounded everybody by paying the magnificent sum of Sioo.ooo for him. Nevertheless, as big a price as that may have seemed for the wonderful stallion, his performances on the turf and his record in the stud seemed to fully justify it. In the previous year, i8qo, for example, he was at THE AMERICAN TURF the head of the list of winning sires of the American turf. A rich, d:iri< chestnut, with white blaze in the face and white upon the hind legs, St. Blaise stood i6 hands, y2 inch high. He was bred by Lord Arlington and foaled in 1880. His sire was Hermit, by Newminster, out of Seclusion, Newminster being a son of Touchstone and Beeswing and Seclusion a daughter of Tadmor and Miss Selim. The dam of St. Blaise was Fusee, daughter of Marsyas and Vesuvienne, her sire being by Orlando, out of Malihran, and her dam by Gladiator, out of Venus. Among the many crosses which have served to distin- guish St. Blaise were those of Sir Hercules, Bay Middle- ton, Whalebone, Eclipse, Highflyer, Canary, Partisan, Whisker, Waxy, Sultan, Penelope, Emilius, Trumpator, Priam, Blacklock, Gohanna, Herod, Regulus, the Godol- phin Arabian and the Darley Arabian. Hermit, who was a winner of the Derby and other gieat prizes, was one of the best stallions known to Eng- land in modern times. Fusee also had a long and distin- guished career. As a two-year old she won the Chelms- ford Nursery Handicap and the Stratton Nursery Handi- cap, and ran second for the Nursery Plate at Croyden and third for the Abbey Nursery Handicap. She won nine out of the eleven races in which she started as a three-year old, including the Nursery Cup at Chester, the Littlejohn Stakes at Nottingham, the Welter Cup Handi- cap at Kingsbury, the Kingsbury Handicap and the Queen's Plate at Nottingham, at Newmarket, at Win- chester, at Salisbury and at Chelmsford, the distance for these last five events being from 2 to V/^ miles. In the stud Fusee produced, to Blair Athol, Gobang, winner of the Winchester Biennial Stakes. After throwing Friar Rush, another good horse, she next produced St. Blaise and then Match Girl, by Plebeian, and also Candlemas, another full brother to St. Blaise and winner of the Epsom Grand Prize, the Zetland Biennial and the Chesterfield Cup. In his two-year old form St. Blaise was started in six races and won four, including a walkover and a dead heat, his walkover being the Troy Stakes and his dead heat being with Elzevir for the Malcomb Stakes at Good- wood. He won the Stockbridge Biennial at the Bibury Club meeting and the Newmarket Troy Stakes, and was defeated for the Hurstbourne Stakes and the Dewhurst Plate at Newmarket. When he was three years old he started out by running unplaced for the Two Thousand Guineas, that was won by Galliard. Next taken to Paris, he ran second to Frontin for the Giand Prix, the victor in that event being considered the best three-year old in Europe that year. He failed to win the great Derby, but walked over for the Stockbridge Biennial and the Winchester Biennial Stakes. Imported in i88s, his career in the Nursery Stud was phenomenally bril- liant. Among his most famous get have been Potomac, La Tosca, Calypso, St. Florian, Chesapeake and Clarendon. A descendant of West Australian, one of the contem- poraneous importations who have brought so much new and strong blood to the later development of the Amer- ican thoroughbred, the brood mare, Maggie B. B., had a record that is in every way worthy of her notable origin. On the maternal as well as on the paternal line, she came of some of the greatest stock of the Old World. Her great-granddam. Myrtle, was a daughter of Mame- luke, who stood conspicuous among the famous horses of his dav. being a winner of the Derby and second for the St. Leger. The dam of Myrtle was Bobadilla, a famous race mare, who won the Gold Cup at Ascot and the Drawing Room Stakes at the same place in 1828. Myrtle was imported to the United States for breeding purposes. She was not very prolific and threw only a small number of foals. Her produce was generally of good repute, however, and her daughter. Magnolia, who served long in the stud, became one of the most success- ful and most celebrated brood mares that have ever been known in connection with the turf in the United States. Magnolia's foals included several distinguished horses, among them being Kentucky, Gilroy, Victory, Skedaddle, Madonna, Magic, Simon Kenton, Princeton and Daniel Boone. Her daughter, Madeline, was got by Boston only a few months before he died. Madeline was not a prolific brood mare, her foals being only five in number, Maggie B. B., by Australian, who was foaled in 1867. being her last and best. Bred by Mr. James B. Clay, Jr., of Kentucky, the colt was named after Miss Maggie B. Beck, daughter of United States Senator James B. Beck. Her career on the turf as a two- year old was limited to seven races, of which she won three, being second in the remaining four, her most im- portant victory being for the Young America Stakes, i mile, in i minute, 4s J^ seconds. At Louisville she led Lyttleton and Engineer, being defeated by Lynchburg only by a neck, but in the contest for the Young America Stakes she defeated Lynchburg, Hamburgh and Enquirer. In 1870, although she ran a strong race for the Excelsior Stakes, she was beaten by Glenleg and ran second to Enc^uirer for the Continental Hotel Stakes at Monmouth Park. Between these two failures she won the Sequel Stakes at Saratoga, 2 miles, in i minutes, 37^ seconds, doing the first mile in 1 minute, 49 seconds, and the sec- ond mile in i minute, 48X seconds. In the stud she was bred principally to Leamington and Alarm. By Leamington she produced the chestnut colt Lord Clive, the bay filly Pera, the chestnut colt Magnum Bonum, the chestnut filly Jaconet, the chestnut colt Harold, the famous Iroquois, the bay filly Francesca and others. By Alarm she produced Red and Blue, Panique and others. Her fame will forever rest firmly upon the wonderful career of her famous son, Iroquois. THE AMERICAN TURF Foster, who won the great four-niilu licat race in San Francisco in 187b. was a chestnut horse foaled in \Hb-j. by Lexington, out of Verona, by importeii Yori4 seconds, and i minute, 49 blaze in her face, and had many of the characteristics of appearance that distinguished Thora. So great promise did she give as a yearling that she was sold for $2,000. Her first appearance as a two-year old was at the Balti- more meeting, when she won the Clabaugh Memorial Stakes. ^2 mile, beating eight others, in Si seconds. In that and subsequent seasons she was very successful, being entered in all the great events of the period and winning manv of them. Leonatus, who won the Kentucky Derby in 1883, was a son of Longfellow, out of Semper Felix, by imported l'h;eton. His second dam was Crucifix, by Lexington; his third dam Lightsome, by Glencoe; his fourth dam Levity, by imported Trustee; his fifth dam, by imported Tranby, was also the dam of Vandal. His pedigree combined crosses of Leamington. Lexington and Phitton, with a double Glencoe cross through Pocahontas and Lightsome. Semper Felix, his dam. was bred in 1871. seconds. While in training for the season of 1874 he broke down and went to the stud at the Walnut Hill Farm, where he died in 188^. Among his mos, celebrated get were Wallenstein, Lida Stanhope. Brake- speare. Jennie V.. Sir Hugh. Abbotsford, Nimblefoott Kinkead and Talisman. His son. Wallenstein, secured a great reputation as a two-year old on the turf of Amer- ica, and afterward going to Fngland, established himself in high rank theie, being ultimately considered one of the best of the aged class. By many competent JLidges imported Mortemer. who died in i8qa. at the age of twenty-seven, was regarded as the best race horse that was ever brought across the Atlantic to enrich the blood of the American thorough- bred. Admiral Rous, than whom there has been no more competent judge in this generation, said of him when he was racing in England that he was " the best horse in the world from 6 furlongs up to 2^ miles." It but never was known upon the turf. In 1883, in his is perhaps difficult to fix beyond c]uestion the positive three-year old form, Leonatus ran second to Cardinal rank of any particular horse in comparison with all his McCloskey for the Maiden Stakes at Louisville, beating rivals, and a sweeping, unqualified statement that one is twelve others, in 1 minute, 22 seconds. His perform- in every respect the best may admit of some reasonable ance was so creditable and his appearance so promising doubt, even though it comes from such high source as that he was sold to Messrs. Chinn & Morgan for Is.ooo, Admiral Rous. At the same time, there is no doubt that and was considered one of the most likely candidates for Mortemer was a horse of the highest rank, and, on the the Derby. In the betting he stood 8 to i and afterward whole, had no superiors and probably few equals. He 4 to I, holding rank even with Ascender as favorite. He was bred by Count Frederick de la Grange at the Dangu ran the distance in 2 minutes, 43 seconds, which, in Stud, in France, and possessed remarkable speed and comparison with that of other winners of the Derby, was not at all creditable, being, with one exception, that of Riley, in 1890, the slowest time that has ever been made for that event. In Waverlv, who was foaled in 1870, two strains of latter-day English blood were united. His sire was im- ported Australian, son of West Australian and Emilia, and his dam was Cicily Jopson, daughter of Weatherbit and Cestria. He was a rich brown horse, i =; hands. 1 inches high, and well built. His dam. Cicily Jopson, was bred in England, in i8so, by Mr. John Osborne, and imported to the United States as a yeariing. Coming to this country just before the opening of the Civil War, she never appeared upon the course, but immediately endurance. As a two-year old he won two races, and the following year was successful in four. When he was taken to England, that year, his work was less sat- isfactory, for although he lan four races there, the best that he could do was to be second once and third once. In his four-year old form he began to give better indica- tion of his capacity, winning nine out of eighteen races in which he started, at all distances and all weights, being second seven times, third once and unplaced once. When he was tive years old he did even better, win- ning five races out of the six that he ran on the Conti- nent, and the only race in which he started in England, that for the Stockbridge Cup. The following year he was seen only on the English courses, where he won the became a brood mare. Through her sire. Weatheibit. she Ascot Gold Cup and a sweepstakes at Newmarket, being was descended from Sheet Anchor and Miss Letty, and by her dam, Cestria. went back to Faugh-a-Ballagh, Waverly thus having a strain of the blood that was made famous by Leamington. As a three-year old Waverly was successful in three out of six starts, was once second third once and second once. He then had a reputation that extended all over Europe, and during the Franco- Prussian War the Prussians laid special plans to capture him, but were frustrated in their attempts by his owner having him smuggled across the Channel to England. and twice unplaced. He won two-mile heats at Lexing- After he entered the stud he got several notable horses, 105 THE AMERICAN TURF chief among them being Chamant, out of Araucaria, and Broeck. entered upon his turf career in 1874. His first a half-brother to Rayon d'Or. He was brought to the appearance was at Lexington, Ky., when he ran second United States by Mr. Pierre Loriilard and placed in the to Leona in a half-mile sweepstakes for two-year olds. Rancocas Stud. Among his earlier get were Wanda, His successive ventures were not less promising, for Exile, Chimera, Unrest, Katrina, Heva and Bahama, and although he ran unplaced to Meco for the Juvenile Stakes the brood mares that are descended from him have exer- at Jerome Park, unplaced to Caroline for the Hopeful cised a valuable inlluence that it is believed will be per- Stakes at Long Branch, and unplaced to Willie Burke for manent. the Saratoga Stakes in July, he was second to Sweet Equally distinguished by his pedigree, his performances Lips for the Thespian Stakes at the Second Saratoga and his get. Himvar occupies an important position in Meeting in August, won a one-mile race in i minute, the tlioroughbred history of America in this generation. 46 J^ seconds, and at the Jerome Park Fall Meeting in His sire was Alarm by Eclipse, out of Maud. Through October won a purse at five furlongs in i minute, 4}4 Eclipse, who was a son of Orlando and Gaze, he went seconds, beating Babylon, Scramble, Holbrook and back to Touchstone, Vulture, Bay Middleton and Fly- others. After running second to James A. in a three- catcher and other famous English thoroughbreds, while quarters of a mile brush, he closed the season by win- through Maud he traced to Stockwell, The Baron, Poca- ning a purse for two-year olds, i mile distance, in i hontas. The Countess of Albemarle and otheis. His minute. 44^4 seconds, beating Joe Cerns. Aniella and dam was Hira, daughter of Lexington and Hegira, Lex- Holbrook. ington giving him the blood of Boston, Timoleon, Sarpe- During the following season he ran nine times. His don, Sir Archy and imported Diomed, while through first winning event was the inaugural Kentucky Derby at Hegira, the daughter of Ambassador and Flight, he was Louisville, in May, when he beat Ten Broeck, Volcano, descended from Plenipotentiary, Jennie Miles, Leviathan Verdegris, Bob Woolley and other good ones. Next, at and others. Both his dam and his grandam were good Jerome Park, in June, he captured the Withers Stakes, i race horses, the latter having a record of 2 miles in 3 mile, in i minute, 4s3<| seconds, with Rhadamanthus minutes, )4}{ seconds. His great-grandam. Flight, was second and Ozark third. The Jerome Stakes at Jerome the dam of Ohver, who won three mile heats in s Park, in October, 2 miles, fell to him in ^ minutes, 4? minutes, 3814^ seconds, and s minutes, 38^!^ seconds. seconds, with Calvin second, Joe Cerns third and Tom Foaled in 187s, Himyar started as a two-year old by Ochiltree and others unplaced. He closed the season by winning the Colt Stakes at Lexington in 1 minute, ib^ winning the Breckenridge Stakes at Baltimore in October, seconds; the Colt and Filly Stakes at the same place in 2 miles, in 3 minutes, ^b}{ seconds, beating Viator, Tom I minute, 44^^ seconds, and the Belle Meade Stakes at Ochiltree, Joe Cerns and Bay Final. In his four-year old Louisville, Ky., in i minute, 16 14; seconds. In 1878, he form, in 1876, his only appearance was at Lexington, won the Belle Meade Stakes at Nashville, Tenn., in 2 where he ran two races. The first was for 2>^ miles, minutes, 43 seconds; the Phccnix Hotel Stakes at Lex- in which he conquered Ten Broeck, after a fierce strug- ington, in 3 minutes, 22)4 seconds, and the January gle, in 3 minutes, 4S>^ seconds. His second race was Stakes at St. Louis, mile heats, in i minute. 42 ^^ sec- for a purse, 2j^ miles, which he won in 4 minutes, 27>4 onds, and 1 minute, 43)4 seconds. In 1879, he won a i seconds. Both these races were record-breaking per- mile race at Lexington in i minute, ^\}i seconds, a i formances. As a two-year old he started nine times and mile and 1 furlong sweepstakes at Louisville in 1 minute, won three times; as a three-year old he won five out of 56 seconds, and a 2 mile race at Louisville in ^ minutes, the nine races in which he entered, and won both of his 3S seconds. He put four events to his credit in 1880— a four-year old events, making a total of ten winnings out mile heat race in i minute, 42J4 seconds, and 1 min- of the twenty which he attempted, ute, 44 >4 seconds; the Merchant Stakes at Louisville in Prominent position in the annals of the turf of this I minute, si^ seconds; the Turf Stakes at Louisville in generation must be accorded to Buckden, who was im- I minute, '-,■]}{ seconds, and a race of i mile and i ported from England by Messrs. Hunter & Travers in furlong at Louisville in 1 minute, S4>M seconds. After 1871. He was bred in England in i86q by Captain F. he was retired to the stud, he got many good racers, Thompson. His sire was Lord Clifden, a St. Leger win- among them being those phenomenal ones. Domino and ner, and his dam was Consequence by Bay Middleton, Correction. his second dam Result by Mulatto, and his third dam Aristides, the first winner of the Kentucky Derby, in Problem by Euclid. His pedigree combined crosses of 1875, was for a long time regarded as one of the fore- Touchstone, Melbourne, Sultan, Catton and Emilius. mo.st competitors of Ten Broeck, and in the several races When he came to this country he was a fine two-year in which they contended against each other, first one old and presented a distinguished appearance. HisUirf and then the other was successful. Aristides, like Ten career began at Monmouth Park in July, 1871, when he 106 THE AMERICAN TURF nin second to Malita for the Hopeful Stakes, leaving behind him sucii good ones as Hubbard, Experience Oaks and others. That was his only appearance during that season, for he fell off in tiaining and was rested. In 1872, at Jerome Park, he- ran unplaced to Ortolan in the Fordham Handicap, but in a nine furlongs dash beat Brennus, Business, Girl of the Period and Mimi. At Saratoga he ran a dead heat with Grev Planet, i>^ miles, leaving Jury and Piedmont behind. Then he ran unplaced to Allie Hunt in a selling race; second to Experience Oaks, beating Grey Planet. Mimi and others; second to Hubbard, beating Nevada, and afterward, at Jerome Park, unplaced to Sue Ryder, in a dash of 1 1^ miles. At the Baltimore meeting he beat Sue Ryder,Nevada, Victoria, Wheatly and Teetotal, in i minute, 44}^ seconds for i mile distance, and then ran unplaced to Nevada in a free handicap and second to Joe Daniels, mile heats. As a four-year old, in 1873, he ran third to Business in the Peyton Stakes at Baltimore, and then won a consolation race, in which he beat Artist, John Boulger and Sanford at 1 ^ miles. After running un- placed in the Fordham Handicap that was won by Mate, second to Springbok, mile heats, and second to Stock- wood, in a mile and a quarter handicap, he won the Utica Handicap, beating Joe Daniels, King Henry and The Mooi', and closed his turf career in 1874 by running second to Fadladeen in a free handicap at Jerome Park. When he broke down and was retired from the tuif, in 187^, he became an inmate of the Magnolia Stud and succeeded Daniel Boone at the head of that establish- ment. Among his get were Bend Or out of Kate Walker. Kimball out of Meta H., Mendelssohn out of Metella. Ascender out of Ascension, and Babcock out of Ethel Sprague. He also sired the first winner of the great Omnibus Stakes at Monmouth Park. He died at the Magnolia Stud in Danville, Ky., in 1882. Great Tom, a beautiful golden chestnut with a narrow blaze and both hind legs white, was bred by Lord Fal- mouth in England, in 1873. His sire was King Tom and his dam was Woodcraft by Voltigeur. He was full brother to Kingcraft, the winner of the English Derby, in 1870. He was a horse of great size, standing 16 hands, 2 inches high, but was withal graceful and full of style. In his only race as a two-year old he was unplaced for the Boscawen Stakes at Newmarket. In his three-year old form he secured only two out of the nine races that he attempted, winning the Doncaster Stakes, when he beat Coltness and Morning Star and dividing the St. James Palace Stakes with Glacis. For the Piince of Wales Stakes he ran second to Petrarch, and for the Newmarket Derby third to Skylark. In his four- year old form he ran six races, being at the head in one, second twice and third twice. For the first race ever run for the Great Champion Stake he was third to Spring- field and Silvio. In 1878, he was imported to the United States and placed in the stud, where he achieved exceptional suc- cess. He was the sire of General Harding, one of the famous two-year olds of this generation. His son Thackeray was another of his best get. Through his sire he had some of the best equine blood in the world. King Tom being by Harkaway out of Poca- hontas, and being himself the sire of such cracks as Phreton, King Ernest and King Ban, as well as Great Tom. In the male line King Tom traced to Economist, Whisker and others, and on the maternal line direct to Glencoe, Sultan, Trampoline, Muley and others. Through his dam Woodcraft Great Tom traced to Voltair, Veni- son. Blacklock Mulatto, Partisan and others. He was also directly descended from the immortal Mandane, who was the dam of Lottery. Manuella and Altisidora. Famous alike on the turf and in the stud, the long and creditable career of Hindoo has given that stallion a high place in the American Stud Book. A bay colt, 16 hands high, he was bred by Mr. Daniel Swigert. His sire was Virgil, by Vandal and Hvmenia. and through him he traced to Glencoe, Yorkshire and others. His dam was Florence, daughter of Lexington and Weatherwitch. the latter being by Weatherbit. In his two-year old form he started out in the most brilliant manner. His engage- ments were on the courses of the South and West, and there he won seven races before he met with a reverse. Then he lost two events and was withdrawn from the turf for the rest of the season, having established his reputation as one of the greatest two-year olds of his generation. His successes were the Colt and Filly Stakes at the Lexington Spring Meeting, ^ of a mile in 1 minute. 17^ seconds; the Alexander Stakes at the Louisville Spring Meeting, J^ mile in 50 seconds; the Tennessee Stakes at the same meeting, }i of a mile in i minute, 16 seconds; the Juvenile Stakes at the St. Louis Spring Meeting, ^ of a mile in i minute, i';}{ seconds; the Jockey Club Stakes at the same meeting, i mile in i minute, 44 seconds, and the Criterion Stakes at Chicago, % of a mile, in i minute, i s seconds. At Chicago he ran third for the Hotel Stakes and second for the Day Boat Lake Stakes. In 1881, he began by winning the Blue Ribbon Stakes at the Lexington Spring Meeting, ij4 miles, in 2 minutes. 18 seconds, and then carried off the Kentucky Derby at Louisville in 2 minutes, io3+ sec- onds, and the Clark Stakes, i }( miles, at the same meet- ing, in 2 minutes, \o^i seconds. His defeat of Eole for the Coney Island Cup. in 1883, was his last appearance upon the turf. After that event a special match between the two champions was arranged, but before it could come off ' Hindoo went amiss and was 107 THE AMERICAN TURF retiiL'd to the comfort of the stud, which he had well earned. A son of Hindoo, and also the sire of Hamburg, Han- over has had an unexampled career. Bourbon Bell, his dam. was out of Ella 1)., by Bonnie Scotland. The pedigree of Bonnie Scotland, through lago. Queen Mary, Don lohn, Gladiator and others, has been already given on another page of this volume. Ella 0. was a daughter of Vandal by imported Glencoe, and her dam. Falcon, was by Woodpecker out of Ophelia. Bred in 1884, Hanover, in his two-year old form, carried off the Hopeful, the July and the Sapling Stakes at Monmouth Park. The follow- ing year, as a three-year old, he started in twenty-seven races, of which he won twenty, his principal victories being the Brookdale Handicap and the Brooklyn Derby of the Brooklyn Jockey Club, the Withers and the Belmont Stakes at Jerome Park, the Swift, the Tidal, the Spend- thrift and the Emporium Stakes, and the Coney Island Derby, of the Coney Island lockey Club, and the Loril- lard. the Stockton, the Barnegat and the Stevens Stakes at Monmouth Park. He showed phenomenal speed and endurance, and was so far superior to others in his class that he practically carried everything before him. One of his best races was the winning of the Emporium at Sheepshead Bay, when, carrying 128 pounds, he ran i>2 miles in 2 min- utes, ^s3<+ seconds, defeating Dunboyne, Oneko. Stock- ton and others. Going stale after he had taken fourteen races, he lost the Raritan Stakes at Monmouth Park, being defeated by Laggai'd on a heavy track. After that he won the Champion, the United States Hotel, the Second Special, the Breckenridge and the Dixie Stakes. He con- tinued to be a great winner as long as he was on the turf, and after he was placed in the stud got some of the best race horses of the present day. In 1894, the record of his progeny led that of all other sires. Thirty-two of his get started in three hundred and forty-eight races, being first in eighty, second in fifty-two, third in forty-two, and unplaced in one hundred and forty-seven. The largest winners were Handsome, The Commoner, Hand- spun. Urania and Hessie. In 1897, he again headed the list of winning stallions, chief among his get being the great Hamburg. Monitor was bred at the Preakness Stud by Mr. M. H. Sanford in 1876, and was for a long time one of the most reliable horses in the stable of Mr. George L. Loril- lard. He was a son of imported Glenelg out of Minx, who was by Lexington out of Levity by imported Trustee, and was also a full sister to Monarchist and Sultana. He signalized his debut upon the turf as a two- year old by winning at Monmouth Park the first race in which he started. After running second to Harold for the July Stakes, he won again at Saratoga, but meeting with an accident was not seen again that season. As a three-year old he won the Excelsior Stakes at Saratoga, beating Bramble, the Beach Stakes at Coney Island, and the Jerome Stakes, defeating Spendthrift, who was regarded as one of the greatest horses of that year. Later on. for the Dixie Stakes at Baltimore, he beat Lord Murphy, the Kentucky Derby winner, who had been brought East for the special purpose of subduing him. As a four-year old he became a cup winner, taking the Coney Island Cup from Uncas and also the Baltimore Cup and the Jerome Park Cup. Uncas. however, de- feated him for the Westchester Cup. but before the season was through he won, in addition to cup events, the Elberon Handicap, the Pimlico Stakes and the Bowie Stakes, the latter at four-mile heats. In his five-year old form he again placed the Baltimore Cup to his credit, and also added to his triumphs the Monmouth Cup, the Grand National Handicap, the Long Branch Handicap and the Navesink Handicap. When he was seven years old. in iSS;. he won the Westchester Cup, the Long Branch Handicap, the Shrewsbury Handi- cap and the Champion Stakes, and ran third to Eole and George Kinney for the Monmouth Stakes, with Iroquois behind him. In 1884, he started in twenty races, win- ning several of them, in one of which he defeated Gen- eral Monroe, the Suburban winner of that year. His last race was in a handicap at Monmouth Park, in 188s. when he ran unplaced to Eiiclid. During his career he stai'ted in one hundred and seventeen races, of which he won forty-two. being second in thirtv-eight and third in nineteen, his total winnings amounting to$6i,iso. He had a popular fame that was second to no horse in his generation. After the close of his turf career he was retired to The Locusts, near Eatontown, N. J., where he died in 189^. Strains of the great Lexington and of Glencoe gave to Uncas pre-eminence on the turf and in the stud. His sire was Lexington and his dam Coral by Vandal, who was by Glencoe. His granddam was imported Cairn- gorme by Cotherstone, a son of Touchstone, and a win- ner of the Derby and the Two Thousand Guineas. In his two-year old form Uncas started only three times. He won the Kentucky Stakes, defeating Harold, Idler, Dan Sparling and others, and ran second in the Saratoga and the Nursery Stakes. He was one of the main dependences of Mr. Pierre Lorillard's stable in that gen- tleman's first venture upon the English turf, but was a rank failure there, running unplaced for the Two Thou- sand Guineas, the only race in which he was started. After he was returned to this country he won five out of the fifteen races in which he went to the post as a four- year old. among them being the Westchester Cup. when he defeated Ferida, Monitor and others. In six races he was second, and only once failed to secure place. So many noble race horses have come upon the turf diir- 108 THE AAIKRICAN TURF in.U tlu' lasl two decades of the century that it is almost a herculean task to keep track of them. Where there were scores who distiniruisiied thcniselves in the olden times, there are now hundreds who struggle with each other for fame and whose names crowd the Stud Book and the racing calendar. They have won rank in turf annals eqLial to the best that have preceded them, and in the glory of their achievements must be placed in the same class as the most famous of those who adorned the race track a half century and more ago. Equally entitled to historical recognition along with such champions as Boston, Fashion, Lexington and others who made the early period of the American turf so glorious, their num- bers alone may operate to some extent to deprive them of that fair consideration to which they are individually entitled by reason of their work. However brilliant their careers, it is almost impossible that they should not suffer from being part of a large army of equally good ones. Where many are of like distinction, the fame of a single one may not shine so brightly as in the days when a few held the entire front rank for themselves. Nevertheless, the racing worid will cherish quite as fondly in remembrance the peerless youngsters of to-day as it has long held the memory of their ancestors, if briefer consideration must be given to them by reason of the large numbers who equally demand attention, the merest record of their notable careers will be sufficient to embalm them forever in the memories of all lovers of the tuif and to give them a permanent place in turf annals. Who can forget Lamplighter, who stood at the head of the Rancocas Stable in i8q^? He was In iSg^, he was a leading favorite for the Brooklyn Handi- cap, but was only able to run a good second to Diablo. The same year he won the Standard Stakes, the Maturity Handicap, the Fall Stakes and the Labor Day Stakes. A good all-around horse that came out of the Nurs- ery Stud was Badge, who was foaled in i88s. His sire was imported The 111 Used, and his dam Baroness by Kentucky, the latter being by Lexington and out of Magnolia, by imported Glencoe. His second dam was Lady Blessington by imported Fclipse. and his third dam Philo by Mariner. Badge was a horse of unusual good speed, fine action and extraordinary endurance. He was a hard worker, and more reliable than many of his rivals who had a moie shining reputation. As a two-year old he won the Autumn Selling Stakes at Coney Island and other important events, beating such all-aged sprinters as Kingston, Cyclops and others, and winning nine out of his twenty-one starts. As a three- year old he was started twenty-nine times and won fif- teen races. His record in the West was extraordinarily successful, and he swept the board there. In the East he won the Pali.sade Stakes, the Cape May Handicap, the Katonah Handicap and others. Although he was a favorite for the Suburban of i88q. he failed even to secure a place. His winnings that year, which were twelve out of twenty-nine starts, included the Merchants Handicap and the Kentucky Handicap at Louisville, the Mid-summer Handicap and the Rahway Handicap at Mon- mouth Park and the Racing Stakes at Coney Island. In i8qo, he ran second to Castaway 11. for the Brooklyn Handicap, and that year won thirteen out of thirty-six the son of Spendthrift and out of imported Torch- starts, while in the ensuing year he started thirtv-two light, the sire of Spendthrift being Australian. The dam of Spendthrift was .(^rolite by Lexington, out of Florine by Glencoe. Through his dam. Torchlight, Lamplighter traced to other noted families. His grand- sire was Speculum, son of Vedette by Voltiguer, the times and won twelve times. After that he was pur- chased by Mr. August Belmont and became again an in- mate of the Nursery Stud. Ramapo. who won the Suburban in 18174, was by Run- nyemede (or Pontaic) out of Annie F. Through Pontiac, he dam of Speculum being Doralice by Alarm (or Orlando) had in his pedigree crosses of Beadsman, Salamanco, Ad- out of Preserve. Lamplighter's grandam on the mater- venturer, Weatherbit, Newminster, Rataplan and others, nal side was Midnight by King Tom out of Stariight. Through his dam, Annie F.. he traced to the Lexington, Lamplighter did not display much brilliancy in his Australian and Revenue families. He was bred by Mr. J. career as a two-year old. In one of his races at Jerome O. Conner, in the Ramapo Mountains, Newjersey, whence Park, however, he electrified the crowd by a grand rush his name. As a two-year old he became the property of through the stretch, coming from at least six lengths Messrs. Gideon & Daly, and that year won the Cham- behind the last horse and winning the race. As a four- year old he began his woik bv running third in the Su- burban. During that season, he started in sixteen races and won ten, inckidinof a walkover at Morris Park. Pur- pagne and the Dunmow Stakes at Morris Park. As a three-year old he started twenty-four times, winning nine races and being second in nine, his earnings amounting to $28,07^. His victory in the Omnibus chased by Mr. Pierre Lorillard for $w.ooo, he became a Stakes at Monmouth Park was his most important feat member of the Rancocas Stable and then won seven and that year. lost three races. His race for the Bridge Handicap was one of the best ever seen, as he carried 127 pounds and ran completely away from all his opponents, covering the \y2 miles in the fast time of 2 minutes, }^\ seconds. Among the sons of imported Billet few were held in higher esteem or were more deserving of the fame that came to them than Sir Dixon, who was foaled in i88s. Through his sire, who was by Voltiguer out of Calcutta, 109 THE AMERICAN TURF he w;is descended from Blacklock, Flycatcher and Touch- stone, and had several crosses of Herod. His dam was Jaconet, daughter of imported Leamington and Maggie B. B. Jaconet was full sister to Iroquois, and traced to imported Myrtle and the Layton Barb mare. The fourth dam of Sir Dixon was Magnolia by Glencoe, one of the best producing mares of her generation. Sir Dixon was bred at the Runnymede Stud, and ran in the colors of Mr. G. B. Morris and afterward in the stable of Dwyer Brothers. As a two-year old he won the Camden, the Select and the Flatbush Stakes, defeating for the latter Tea-Tray, Raceland and others, in i minute, 29 seconds. In his three-year old form he defeated Raceland. Prince Royal, Tea-Tray, Los Angeles and others, winning the Withers, the Belmont, the Lorillard and the Travers Stakes. Onondaga, son of Leamington and Susan Beane, was confined to his two-year old form as a race horse. He started in nine races, of which he won four, in- cluding the Juvenile, the July and the Kentucky Stakes, and was then retired. He was a product of the Erdenheim Stud, and was foaled in 1879. In the stud he was remarkably successful, his get coming to the front early in their careers and taking rank among horses of the first class. For several seasons he stood near the top of the list of winning sires. Among the most celebrated of his get have been Oregon, Yum Yum, Once Again, Onward, Ambulance and Outlook. Hornpipe who won the ninth renewal of the Brooklyn Handicap in 189s, defeated a field of heavily backed favor- ites, including Ramapo and Dr. Rice. His victory was well deserved, for he was in good form and made a good running. Hornpipe belonged to the stable of the Messrs. Keene, and was then a good four-year old. He was foaled in 1891. the son of imported Mr. Pickwick and Round Dance. Mr. Pickwick was by Hermit, out of Tomato, the Hermit lineage tracing to Newminster, Touchstone, Tadmor and others, while Tomato, by King Tom and Mince Meat, was descended from Harkaway, Pocahontas and Sweetmeat. Through his dam, Round Dance, Hornpipe had distinctively American blood, his grandsire, War Dance, having the Lexington, Boston and Glencoe crosses, while his grandam, Sue Doirity, traced to Glencoe on the maternal line and to Irish Birdcatcher on the paternal line. One of the best daughters of Hanover was Handspun, who was out of Spinaway, daughter of Leamington, and Megara, the latter being by Eclipse by Orlando, while her dam was Ulrica by Lexington out of imported Emilia. Foaled in 1892, Handspun was bred at the McGrathiana Stud, in Kentucky, and sold as a yearling for l^i.^oo. She made her debut upon the turf as a two- year old by winning a purse race, at Memphis, and fol- lowed this up by winning the Lassie Stakes at the same meeting, and the Thora Stakes, J4 mile, in 48^ seconds. For the Pepper Stakes at Lexington, 4^^ furlongs, she ran a dead heat with Lollie Easton by Bishop out of Dublin Belle. Spinaway, the dam of Handspun, was one of the best two-year old fillies of 1880, winning seven out of the nine races in which she started and coming in second in the remaining two. She won the Juvenile Stakes at Jerome Park, the Foam and the Surf Stakes at Sheepshead Bay. the Bouquet and the Chestnut Hill Stakes and the Hopeful and July Stakes at Monmouth Park. Lazzarone, who was defeated in the Brooklyn Handi- cap of 1891 by Hoinpipe, more than retrieved himself a month later by winning the Suburban. He was then a four-year old, having been bred in 1891, and in his earlier years raced principally in the West in the colors of Messrs. Leigh & Rose. In 1894, he was sold and be- came the property of Messrs. F. D. & J. A. Beard, of the Erie Stable, of Brooklyn. He was a son of Spendthrift by Australian out of Aerolite, thus being bred on paternal lines to Melbourne, Matchem and Young Emilius of modern English thoroughbreds, and to the purely Amer- ican lines of Lexington, Boston and Glencoe. Lazzarone was out of Spinawav. one of the speediest mares that ever ran. She was the daughter of imported Leamington and Megara. thus having crosses of Sir Hercules. Eclipse and Lexington in her pedigree. She was the dam of several good horses, among them Spinalong, Handspun and Montauk. Raceland, one of the best known members of Mr. August Belmont's stable, was by imported Billet out of Calomel, and was foaled in i88s. As a yearling he gave no promise of future greatness and was sold at a small price to Bookmaker Ullmaii. His appearances were deceptive, however, for when he came into his two-year old form he took his place along with the best horses of that year, winning nine races out of the twelve in which he started, being second in one and unplaced in two. His victories included the Quickstep Stakes at Chi- cago, the Great Eastern Handicap at Coney Island and the Arlington and the Capitol Stakes at Washington, defeat- ing such good horses as Los Angeles. Sir Dixon, Badge, George Oyster and others. After 1S87, he raced for the stable of Mr. August Belmont, who paid for him $17. soo. When the Nursery Stud was sold, in 1891, Mr. Dwyer bought him for $7,000. As a three-year old, he won seven races, was second twice, third once and unplaced twice. The following year he came more than ever into prominence by winning the Suburban, and then added seven other successes to his record, running second three times and being unplaced twice. In 1890, he ran again for the Suburban, and was de- feated, but won four out of his eight starts, being second twice and unplaced twice. His record for 1891, the first THE AMERICAN TURF WAV that he lan in tlu- colors of Mr. M. F. Dwvfi', wasqiiiti.' as gooJ. foi' lie won seventeen events and was second in six. third in three and unplaced in three. The following year he was successful in only seven out of twenty-one starts, but in 189-5 came strongly to the front again, win- ning eighteen races out of thirty-four in which he started, being second in ten. third in two and unplaced in fotir. His great successes this year were the Hudson River Handicap at Morris i'ark in 2 minutes. 14 seconds, beating His Highness; a high weight handicap at Coney Island in 2 minutes, 8 seconds, beating Gloaming, and a 1 mile. 1 furlong at Morris Park in i minute, ^y/i seconds. The season of 1893 saw the practical end of his racing career. In the following year he was started twice, ran third once and was unplaced once, and then broke down and was withdrawn from the ^tuif. A year later his condition was such that his owner had him shot. Dlii- ing the eight years that he was on the turf he started in one hundred and thirty-one races, of which he won sev- enty, bringing to his owners a total of $119,460. He w.is second in twenty-seven races, third in thirteen and unplaced in tvventv-one. The principal member of the Oneck Stable, in the early nineties, was .Si|- Walter, who was at all times a popular horse. He was the son of imported Midlothian out of La Scala. Midlothian being by Rataplan (or Strathconan) out of Lufra. Rataplan was by Newminster out of Souvenir. Newminster being a son of Touchstone and Beeswing, and Souvenir a daughter of Chanticleer and Birthday. Lufra was by Windhound out of Maud, the former being by Pantaloon out of Phryne. and the latter by Loup Garou out of Venilia. La Scala, the dam of Sir Walter, was by Joe Hooker out of Abbey, her sire being a son of Monday, who was by Colton out of Molly Jack- son, his dam being Mayflower by imported Eclipse, out of Hennie Farrow. Abbey, the dam of La Scala, was a daughter of Norfolk and Ada C, the former a Lexington colt and the latter by Revenue out of Sally Morgan. • As a two-year old Sir Walter won the Great American Stakes, defeating Don Alonzo, Ajax, Morello and others; the Seaside Stakes, the Great Eclipse Stakes, beating Don Alonzo again; the Atlantic Stakes and the Seabright Stakes, his total winnings for the year being $4 1,74s. In his three-year old form there was none better on the turf at that time, and he easily beat such famous ones as St. Leonard, Don Alonzo and Ramapo. His victories this year included the Tidal, the Lorillard, the Stockton, the Stevens and the Fulton Stakes, his total winnings being S'?0,=iSO. In 1894, he captLired the all-aged Serial Handicap and other events, and ran third for the Brooklyn Handicap. The following year he made an attempt for the Brooklyn Handicap again and ran third, and was also second for the Suburban of that year. He ran third for the Metro- politan Stakes in iSyd, and then captured the Brooklyn Handicap on his third trial in that race. He has had a long and notable career, being one of the most faithful and haid-working horses in contemporaneoLis times. Most of the great events of the turf have fallen to him sooner or later, and in iStiy. at the age of seven years, he was still in good condition and considered worthy to enter for the Suburban of 1S98. Dobbins, who carried Mr. Richard Croker to fame as a turf magnate, was a Tennessean of royal equine birth. His sire was imported Mr. Pickwick, and his dam the great racing filly and brood mare, Thora, daughter of Longfellow, and granddaughter of both Leamington and Lexington. He was bred by Mr. Charles Reed, and as a yearling became an inmate of the Ehret Stable, When the Ehrets gave up racing and sold their horses, Mr. Croker bid high and became the owner of this promising half-brother to the famous Yorkville Belle. The colt, which up to that time had been nameless, was now called Dobbins, and in the spring of 189^ went to the post under the Croker colors. After he got through going that season and was retired to rest for the winter, he had been fifteen times a winner and had brought to the Tammany chieftain something like §^7,000 in stake money. He was started in twenty-tlve races and fought many haid contests, his gameness early making him a favorite and steadily increasing his popularity as the season went on. His lust winning was a half-mile sweepstakes at the Brooklyn Spring Meeting, and after that he beat Halton. Bowers. Sir Excess and others for the Control Stakes; ran second to Domino in the Great American Stakes; beat Declare. Hurlingham and others for the Tremont Stakes at Morris Park; won the Bartow Stakes at Morris Park; was second to Domino in the Great Eclipse Stakes; won the Anticipation Stakes, the Foam and the Zephyr Stakes; ran third in the Great Trial Stakes at Conev Island; won the June Stakes and the Atlantic Stakes; was beaten by Jack of Spades in the Seabright Stakes and also beaten for the Cairo Stakes and the Select Stakes, the latter by Senator Grady; won two purses at -Saratoga; lost the Futurity to Domino by a head; ran that famous dead heat with Domino in a match race, that was the sensational turf affair of the year; was beaten by Prigg in the Prospect Stakes and by Henry of Navarre in the Algeria Handicap; and after winning a sweepstakes and the Dunmow Stakes, closed the year by yielding to Sir Excess by a neck in the Champagne Stakes. The great Dobbins-Domino match race was one of the most sensational turf affairs of the year and per- haps of the decade. Domino had run an unchecked career, and yet the followers of Dobbins believed that their favorite was the better horse. When the race came off there was a battle of giants, a struggle of lierce en- deavor. At the end of it the judges could not separate THE AMERICAN TURF the two heads, one from the other, and the world heard of the gamest dead heat that had ever been fought. Domino went to the stud unbeaten, but the star of Dob- bins was in the ascendant. When the spring came again, the son of Mr. Pickwici< was in good form and began his three-year old career in full promise of surpassing even himself. He stood almost supreme on the turf, and galloped along through the hot summer days and managed to carry off full $ss,- ooo, despite the fact that three-year old races are not as valuable as those for the two-year olds. In i8q^, he was in the stable that Mr. Croker took to England. Great hopes were based upon him. and it was confidently believed that he was a sure thing for a surprise of the Britains upon their own soil. But these expectations were doomed to disappointment. While he was in training he pulled up lame. Then he was sent into retire- ment and was suriounded with some of the best brood mares of England. He was great, game and honest, the highest type of the tirst-class American horse. Chosen to be another of the leading representatives of the American turf in the string that Messrs. Croker & Dwyer took to Europe in i8q=), Banc^uet, who was then an eight-year old, had already proven himself to be a worthy son of imported Rayon d'Or. He was foaled in 1887 and bred by the Honorable William L. Scott at the Algeria Stud. His dam, Ella T., was by War Dance out of Bonnie Kate, the latter being by imported Knight of St. George out of Eagle, who was a famous gray mare, foaled in 18^2. In his two-year old and three-year old forms he was raced in the colors of Mr. Scott. He then became the property of Mr. M. F. Dwyer, and dur- ing the next four years, previous to his departure for Europe, had a notable career. In i88q, he won tive races; in 1890, thirteen; in 1891, thirty-four; in iScj^. twenty-two; in 189^, twenty-four, and in 1804, twenty, making a total of one hundred and eighteen. One of his best achievements was the winning of the Navesink Handicap at Monmouth Park, in 1892, \}2 furlongs, in i minute, 8 seconds. When he made his appearance upon the Eastern tracks that year he had an unbroken record of success, but the rest of his season was less satisfac- tory to his owner. Starting first at Sheepshead Bay, he finished third to Right Royal and Floretta IV. in a six furlongs race, which the winner made in 1 minute, i 3I- seconds. He succeeded in winning at five furlongs in i minute, | of a second, but came in second to Requital for the Flatbush Stakes and ran unplaced for the Great Eastern Handi- cap. His victory in the Holly Handicap at Gravesend served, however, to re-establish him in public favor, since he ran the five furlongs in i minute, i>2 seconds, beating Margrave. Crescendo, Silver 11. and others. When he won the Suburban, beating Havoc and others, and, running the distance in 2 minutes, 71- seconds, he became firmly fixed in racing history as one of the speediest horses of his generation. When Requital won the Futurity in 1895, a represen- tative of the choicest and most fashionable blood in Eng- land at the present time came conspicuously to the front. Eothen, the sire of Requital, was bred at Yardley Stud, England, and imported as a yearling in 1884, by Mr. 1). D. Withers. He was the son of Hampton and Sul- tana, Hampton being by Lord Clifden out of Lady Langden. Lord Clifden was the son of Newminster and The Slave, and Lady Langden the daughter of Kettledrum and Haricot. Sultana was by Oxford out of Besika, Oxford being by Birdcatcher out of Honey Dear and Besika by Beiram out of Meirope. Hampton was for several years one of the leading sires of England, rivaling in popularity even St. Simon and Isonomy. Among his get have been some of the greatest per- formers on the English turf in this generation, includ- ing Merry Hampton, winner of the Derby in 1887, Ayrshire, winner of the Derby in 1888, and Ladas, win- ner of the Derby in 1894. Oxford, the sire of Sultana, was also the sire of Ster- ling and of Isonomy, who, in turn, was the sire of Isinglass and Common. Eothen's second dam, Besika, also threw Moslem, a winner of the Two Thousand Guineas, while his third dam, Merope, produced Fly- ing Duchess, who was the dam of Galopin, the sire of St. Simon. Retribution, the dam of Requital, was by Reform out of Nemesis and was finely bred in the lines of Eclipse and Herod. Her sire. Reform, was by im- ported Leamington out of Stolen Kisses, the latter being a daughter of Knight of Kars and Defamation. Neme- sis, the dam of Retribution, was by imported Eclipse, son of Orlando and Gaze, her dam being Echo by Lexing- ton out of Mary Innis. Requital was bred at the Brook- dale Farm of Messrs. W. P. Thompson & Sons, and foaled 114 THE AMERICAN TURF in 1803. He wns a horse of fine appearance and a great favorite when he started for the Futurity, which he suc- ceeded in carrying off, having previously won that year five out of the six events for which he was started. Among the names of the greatest thoroughbreds that have achieved public approval on the American turf in this generation, the name of Tenny is conspicuously en- tered in a high place. His sire, Rayon d'Or, had the Hng- lish St. Leger and other victories to his credit, and trans- mitted to his son the blood of such famoLis Hnglish thor- oughbreds as Flageolet, Plutus, Trumpator, Monai-que and Chamant. Araucaria, the dam of Rayon d'Or, was a daughter of Ambrose and Pocahontas, Ambrose being by Touchstone and Annette and Pocahontas by Glencoe and Marpessa. Among other distinguished ancestors of Tenny, on the side of his sire, were Priam, Orlando, Bay IVtiddleton, Venison and Darkness, comprising some of the best blood of the English turf. The dam of Tenny was Belle of IVlaywood, daughter of Hunter's Lexington and Julia Mattingly. Hunter's Lexington, it is almost needless to say, was a son of the great horse whose name he bore, and his dam was Sally Lewis, daughter of imported Glencoe and Motto. Sally Lewis was one of the best mares of the middle of the century. She was the dam of Susan Beane, who in turn was the dam of Sensation, Stratford, Susquehanna and Onondaga, Julia Mattingly, the grandam of Tenny, was by John Morgan, son of imported Sovereign and Sally Lewis. Her dam was Blue Bell, daughter of Chorister. in his two-year old form Tenny's maiden race was the Owner's Handicap at Latonia. The following year he demonstrated his prowess bv winning the Fort Hamilton Handicap at Brooklyn, the Volunteer Handicap at Sheeps- head Bay, the Passaic, the Eatontown and the Choice Stakes at Monmouth, the Van Nest and the Electric Stakes at Morris Park, the Fulton Stakes at Brooklyn and the Oakland Stakes at the Fall Meeting, Morris Park. In his four-year old form the Westchester Cup and the New York Jockey Club Handicap fell to him at Moi'ris Park, the Ocean and the Eatontown Stakes at Monmouth and the Labor Stakes at Sheepshead Bay. The great Salvator- Tenny match of the same year was a tuif event that will never be forgotten by those who witnessed it. The season that he was five years old, Tenny won the Brooklyn Handicap, the Flight Stakes at Sheepshead Bay and the Ocean Stakes at Morris Park. After he was retired to the stud he got several good horses, the best known of his sons, perhaps, being David II., a bay colt, who ran in England with considerable success, and had, among his other triumphs, a win in the Maiden Stakes at Newmarket. Fewer horses have ever had a higher place in popular esteem in recent times than Henry of Navarre. His blood was of the best, having in it strains of Lexington, Glencoe, Eclipse, Leamington and other famous cracks. Foaled in 1891, he was got by Knight of Ellerslie out of Moss Rose. His sire was by Eolus and Lizzie Hazle- wood, and Eolus was by imported Leamington. The dam of Eolus was Fanny Washington out of Sarah Washington, by Revenue, all three of the last named horses being among the most successful on the American turf in the closing years of the first half of this century. Lizzie Hazlewood. the dam of Knight of Ellerslie, was by Scathelock out of War Song, Scathelock being a son of the gieat Ameiican Eclipse and Fanny Washington, while War Song was by War Dance out of Eliza Davis. On the side of his dam Henry of Navarre traced to Lexing- ton and imported Glencoe, and had all the virtue of blood that pertained to those great families. His dam. Moss Rose, was by imported The lll-Used out of Scarlet. The lll-Used gave to him some of the best blood known to the modern English turf. Scarlet, the dam of Moss Rose, was by Kentucky, dam Marroon, Kentucky being a son of Lexington and Magnolia, and Marroon a daugh- ter of Glencoe, out of a sister to Tangent. In his two-year old form, Henry of Navarre in 1893 ran ten races, being first in six, second in two, third in one and once unplaced. His first success was in carry- ing off the Breeders' Stakes at Lexington in 1 minute, 4/^ seconds. His total winnings the first year were $10,708. As a three-year old in 1894 he did not start off well, running second or third in such events as the Brook- lyn Handicap, the Metropolitan Handicap and the Withers Stakes. He won the Belmont Stakes in i mmute, y6% seconds, and was unplaced in the Suburban. Among his other triumphs of this season were the Travers Stakes, for which he covered the distance in 2 minutes, lo'i sec- onds, the Foxhall stakes, in i minute, 33 j^ seconds; and the Iroquis Stakes in 1 minute, 43 seconds. His total win- nings for the year were $37,760.' In 1895, he won the Merchants' Stakes of the Latonia Jockey Club in 1 minute, S5 seconds; the Country Club Stakes of the Cincinnati Jockey Club in i minute, 55'- seconds; the Manhattan Handicap at Morris Park in 2 minutes, 7 sec- onds; the Municipal Handicap at Morris Park in 3 min- utes, 2 seconds, and several special races, earning $14,01 s. His great success in 1896 was in winning the Suburban, which he carried off in the good time of 2 minutes, 7 seconds. During the first three years that he was on the turf he started in forty races, twenty-seven of which he won. Son of imported St. Blaise and Susquehanna, Potomac was one of the greatest thoroughbreds ever foaled in America. Through his sire, who was a son of Hermit and Fuzee, he traced to Newminster, Touchstone, Tad- mor, Orlando, Gladiator, Vesuvienne, Malibran and other great horses of the English turf. On the side of his dam, Susquehanna, who was a daughter of Leamington and 115 THE AMERICAN TURF Susan Beane, he united the Leamington and Lexington blood, Susan Beane being a daughter of Lexington and Sally Lewis, who was a daughter of imported Glencoe and Motto. Potomac made his debut upon the turf in his two-year old form, in 1890, when he cantered home in front of Masher for the Futurity, with Strath- meath, Montana, Rey del Rey, Ambulance. Kiideer, Russell and others also behind him. His other winnings in this year were the Red Bank Stakes at Monmouth Park and the Flatbush Stakes at Sheepshead Bay. In his three-year old form he won the Spendthrift and the Realization Stakes at Sheepshead Bay and the Barnegat Stakes at Monmouth Park, and earned the distinction of being the only horse who had ever won those two richest events of the American turf, the Futurity and the Realization. As a four-vear old he won several purses and sweepstakes and was then retired to the stud. The grand total of his performances were twenty races, in eleven of which he was first, being second in four, thiid in two and unplaced in three. His total winnings were $116,085. The chestnut colt Handspring, who was foaled in i8q^, added to the reputation of his sire, Hanover and his grandsire Hindoo. The blood of Virgil, Vandal, Lex- ington and Bonnie Scotland, that came to him on the male side, was fully displayed in his achievements as a two-year old and a three-year old. His dam. My Favorite, was a daughter of imported Rayon d'Or and Nannie H., the latter being a daughter of Imported Glen Athol and Sallie Watson by Ringgold, out of Ann Wat- son. As a two-year old in 1895 he won the Great Trial Stakes at Sheepshead Bay, easily defeating Applegate by i>2 lengths. In 1896, his great achievement was his defeat of Hastings at Morris Park, in one of the finest and closest struggles that the race course has ever seen, both great thoroughbreds fighting it out inch by inch and Handspring winning by a short head in i minute. 41 seconds. Although St. Blaise gave many eminent thoroughbreds to the American turf, few, if any of them, have surpassed Clarendon in brilliancy of performance. His dam was Clara by imported The 111-Used, out of imported Camilla. The 111-Used was the sire of His Highness, Lady Violet and many others of equally high rank. Camilla was a daughter of King Tom, who was by Harkaway out of Pocahontas; her dam was Agnes, one of the finest representatives of the family that went by that name. Bred in 1887, Clar- endon made his debut upon the turf as a two-year old, but did not appear to advantage, being unable to score brackets, although he showed himself possessed of qualities entitling him to rank in the first-class. During the season he beat such good ones as Padishah, Chaos, Chesapeake and others. As a three-year old he won a sweepstakes at Morris Park, i mile, in i minute, 41 Vj seconds: a sweepstakes at Monmouth Park, i}i miles, in i minute, sy seconds; the Seaside Stakes at Monmouth Park, 6 furlongs, in 1 minute. 16 seconds; a 6 furlongs sweepstakes at Monmouth, in i minute, 13 seconds, upon which occasion he beat Tipstaff, Major Daly, Fitzjames, Bella B., Blackburn, My Fellow and others; the Trenton Stakes, in which he beat Kempland and others; a sweepstakes over the Futurity Course at Sheepshead Bay at the head of a field of sixteen, in 1 minute, i if seconds, and a handicap at Linden, beating Eolo, Lavina Bell, My Fellow and others. In 1891, he defeated Eon, son of Eolus, at Gravesend, and then was defeated for the Maturity Handicap, the Parkway Handi- cap and the Fourth of July Handicap, in the latter run- ning second to Raceland. In 1892, he ran fifth in the Brooklyn Handicap. Bright Phoebus, who won the Realization in 1895, was a son of Falsetto, who was by Enquirer out of Farfaletta. Through his grandsire he had the much prized Leam- ington and Lexington blood, while through his grandam Farfaletta, he had the Australian, Lexington and Glencoe blood. The dam of Bright Phcebus was Buff and Blue, who was by War Dance out of Balloon. War Dance transmitted to him crosses of Boston, Lexington and Glencoe. Balloon, the dam of Buff and Blue, was by impoited Yorkshire out of Heraldry. The Butterflies, winner of the Futurity in 1894, in the extraordinary good time of 1 minute. 1 1 seconds, was got by Sir Dixon out of Mercedes. Sir Dixon was one of the best sons of Billet and Jaconet, thus uniting the Voltigeur, Leamington and Australian blood. The dam of The But- tertlies was by Melbourne, Jr., out of Lady Hardway, her sire being Knight of St. George by Irish Birdcatcher, and out of Melrose by Melbourne. Lady Hardway was by Commodore by Boston and out of Reunion by Union. Another recent winner of the Realization, the greatest of three-year old events, was The Friar, who came in at the head of a good field in 1897. He was by Friar's Balsam out of Lizzie Baker and was imported as a year- ling. His performance in the Realization eclipsed all previous records for the event. Jack of Spades, who won the Great Eastern Handicap at Sheepshead Bay in 1899, was by Magnetizer out of Nellie Jane. His pedigree showed the best modern strains linked to some of the staunchest lines of old American and English families. His sire was by The 111-Used out of Magnetism, the former giving him the Stockwell, Blink Bonnie and other crosses and the latter, Lexington and Balrownie crosses. Nellie James was by Dollar out of Fleur des Chants, Dollar being descended from Flying Dutchman and Bay Middleton and Fleur des Chants through her sire New- minster tracing to Touchstone, and through her dam Maria to Harkaway. Kingston, who was by Spendthrift out of Kapanga, 116 THE AMERICAN TURF was foaled in 1884. Of little consequence when a two- year old, he became a mighty champion as he advanced in years. He was trained by Mr. E. Snedeker, and in his first year on the turf took part in six races, two of which, those for the Camden and the Select Stakes, he ran in fairly good style. The following year he began to show something like his true form, and being started eighteen times, won thirteen races. It was in the Swift Stakes at Sheepshead Bay that lie most gallantly main- tained his own against Hanover arid Firenze, and two days later, in the Tidal Stakes, although beaten by Han- over, made another good exhibition. He was then pur- chased by the Dwyer Brothers, who paid §12,000 for him. Under their management he ran for the next seven years, and during that time was in one hundred and ten races, of which he won eighty-three, carrying off a total of over .$200,000. Even when he was nine years old he still possessed and displayed all the highest qualities of the thoroughbred, except the ability to go a distance. He never liked to travel much more than one mile. The Dwyers were anxious to match him against Salvator for §20,000 a side, but could not agree with Mr. Haggin over the conditions of such a race, the latter wanting i>2 miles, while the former insisted upon 1 's miles. in 1890, upon the dissolution sale of the Dwyer Bioth- ers, Kingston was sold for $30,000 and became the prop- erty of Mr. M. F. Dwyer. In the summer of 1891, he made an unfortunate journey to the West to meet Marion C, Virgil d'Or and Aloha in the Garfield Stakes. His Eastern admirers believed that he would have a walk- over, but the journey upset him and Marion C. won easily by a length. A week later he turned the tables by beating Marion C. in a common canter, demonstrat- ing that he had lost the Garfield Stakes only because he had not had time to get into condition after his long railroad journey. On the whole, he was little, if any- thing inferior to such champions as Tremont, Hanover, Firenze and Salvator and lasted longer in good condi- tion, so that in his later years upon the turf he was the oldest high-class horse in active and efficient service, in the First Special Stakes of the Brooklyn Jockey Club, in 1889, he beat the redoubtable Tenny, \'i miles, in 2 minutes, 6j4 seconds. On this occasion he made a new record, the time for the distance then standing at 2 minutes, 7 seconds, which was made by Dry Monopole in 1887 upon the same track. His performance was considered as ranking with Longfellow's Saratoga Cup in 1871, Spendthrift's Lorillard in 1879, Firenzes Free- hold in 1888 and other great weight-for age contests. Two horses in the earlv nineties carried the colors of Mr. J B. Haggin to the front upon many a hard fought field of battle, and added imperishable glories to the Amei- ican turl'. Probably no horse in this generation was a greater public favorite and more deserved the enthu- siasm with which he was regarded than .Salvator. Tenny alone rivaled him in these respects and the strug- gles for superiority between these two were the most brilliant and the most exciting events that the turf had known for a generation. Salvator was bred at the El- mendorf Farm of Mr. M. H. Sanford, in Kentucky. Ik- was a son of imported Prince Charlie, "the Prince of the r. Y. C," a horse that fell into disfavor in his native land on account of the affection in his wind, commonly known as roaring. He was not successful on the turf and was little favored in breeding, although he stood in the stud in England for many years and got some very good horses. At thirteen years of age he was brought to the United States, but lived here only long enough to serve in the stud for three seasons. During that time, however, he did very much to improve and strengthen American thoroughbred strains. His most celebrated get were Salvator, Senorita, Protection and Brown Princess. Salina, the dam of Salvator, was a wonderful race mare and granddaughter of the famous mare. Levity, by imported Trustee. In his Levity strain, Salvator had some of the bkiest blood and the most highly prized in this country. In 1889, he won all the choicest prizes that are set apart for three-year olds, except the Omni- bus Stakes. In 1890, as a four-year old, he reached the height of his glory; that year was the scene of the fierce struggle with Tenny. He won the Suburban in 2 min- utes, 6^ seconds, the best time that had yet been re- corded for the event. His achievement was not a sur- prise, for he was a prime favorite in the betting. Tenny ran third in this race, which led to the special match be- tween the two that came off a week later, Salvator again defeating his opponent. In August of the same year he ran his great mile for a purse against the record, I minute, }()Ji seconds. This race was run at Mon- mouth Park and the time which the peerless son of Prince Charlie put up, i minute, ^^'/i seconds, has re- mained the record and unchallenged ever since. The same year he won the Titan Stakes, the Jersey Handi- cap, the September Stakes, and other important events. After his retirement from the turf, in 1891, he stood in the stud at Mr. Haggin's Rancho del Paso. Among racing fillies, Firenze occupies the highest posi- tion, and was in her class what Salvator was in his. During her long career she conquered all the very best race horses of her day. She, too, was a product of the Elmendorf Farm, which has given to the turf such great horses as Tremont, Monitor, Dry Monopole and a score of others scarcely less meritorious. Firenze was by Glenelg out of Florida, and was foaled in 1884. A list of her victories on the turf during the seven years that she was raced would include all the great prizes, and she 117 THE AMERICAN TURF beat Hanover, The Bard, Exile, Tenny and other cham- pions. Some of her best achievments were the winning of the Harvest Handicap, the Monmouth Cup and the Monmouth Handicap in 1888. and the Handicap Sweep- stakes at Monmouth, and the New York Handicap and Omnium Handicap at Sheepshead Bay in 1889. Her greatest triumphs were in 1888 and 1889, and in the latter year by far the largest proportion of the valuable all-aged events fell to her. In 1891, she went off in con- dition, and was retired, carrying with her the fame of having been one of the greatest racing fillies that the world has ever known. And so we might run on in a never ending recapitula- tion, recalling with pleasant memories such thorough- breds as Tournament, by Sir Modred and Plaything; Hindoocraft, by Hindoo and Lady Crafton; Tea Tray, by Rayon d'Or and Ella T. ; Come to Taw, by Long Taw and MollieSeabrooke; Volunteer, by imported Mortemer and Sly Boots; Strideaway, by Glenmore and Spin- away; Fordham, by Falsetto and Semper Vive; Judge Morrow, by Vagabond and Moonlight: Longstreet, by Longfellow and Semper Idem ; the Duke of Montrose, by Waverly and Kelpie, with Tremont, The Friar, The Butter- flies, Miss Woodford, Runnymede and scores of others not less distinguished than tiie many that have already been described. iiS AMHRICAN TURFMFN IN HUROPH Mr. Richard Tf.x Bkofxk's English Campaign — Vknturi-s of Mfssrs. M. 1 1 PiFRRK l.OKILLARD, JaMES R. KEENE AND OtHFRS— TuF RriFFIANT Victories of Iroquois and Foxhai.i. Sandford, NSTANCHS are plentiful to show the interest that h;is always been taken in the English turtby those who have followed racing affairs in the United States. All the leading turfmen of America have from time immemorial made a study of racing methods in the Old Country, and a hundred years ago, even as it is to-day, the Derby, the St. Leger and other historic events were looked forward to with scarcely less interest on the part of the Americans than by their English brethren. As far back as the concluding year of the reign of George IV., that celebrated Virginia statesman, John Randolph, of Roanoke, paid his last visit to England. Differing with many American statesmen of his day, Mr. Ran- dolph was always conspicuous for his attachment to everything English, and an earnest advocate of the social life and customs of the mother country. With his Vir- ginia training and education he understood and appre- ciated thoroughbred horses quite as well as, even if not bet- ter, than many Englishmen who frequented Newmarket or Epsom. During his stay in England he attended every race meeting which it was possible for him to reach and his correspondence with his fiiends in Virginia was aglow with bright descriptions of \A-hat he saw upon the English turf. It was his good fortune to witness the Derby won by the great Priam, one of the best English thoroughbreds of his own or any other day, and it was a source of gratification to him when this splendid stal- lion became the property of a Virginia gentleman and an important factor of the American Stud Book. Mr. Ran- dolph even then expressed his conviction that the time would come sooner or later when the American thor- oughbred would be able to contest honors with the best that the English turf could present. it was not long after this visit of Mr. Randolph to England in 1830 that the Englishmen themselves began, here and there, to pay a little attention to the subject of racing in the United States and the possibilities of our future as regarded the production of great thoroughbreds. A writer in The Quarterly Review about this time said, " but it is in the New World — in America— that racing and the improvement of horses are making the most rapid progress, so much so, indeed, as, from the excel- lent choice our kinsmen make in their stud horses, to incline some persons to the opinion that in the course of another half century we shall have to go to the United States to replenish our own blood, which must degen- erate, if that of the most sound and enduring qualities is transported into that country." The writer then gave a list of more than thirty valuable English sires imported into the United States, among them being Barefoot, Chateau Margaux, Lapdog, Margrave Rowton, St. Giles, Tranby, Glencoe and Priam, and he argued that the de- scendants of these stallions might reasonably be expected, in one or two generations, to rival anything that English breeders might be able to produce. Another English authority, many years after, added his testimony to the effect that, "within the last forty years this list has been indefinitely extended until it is impossible to deny that the United States are richly furnished with our best equine blood." While there were many in this country who always gave the subject much thought after the manner of Mr. Randolph, it must be confessed that, in England, writers or turfmen who paid attention to such suggestions as that made in The Quarterly Review, were principally conspicuous by their absence. There has always been an ingrained confidence in the minds of all Englishmen in the superiority of their thoroughbreds and their turf methods. All things considered, this is not surprising. The traditions that have clustered around the English turf dating back for three and four hundred and more years, have served so (irmly to establish the great na- tional institution, that in the opinions of those most attached to it, very little, if anything good can come of efforts outside of its particular sphere. These opinions, have, however, been severely shaken in contemporane- ous times by victories of American horses on the turf of the mother country, but fifty years and more ago the superiority of the English thoroughbred was scarcely challenged, even in an argumentative way. The few Englishmen who considered the subject at all rather looked upon the American thoroughbred as at best only a second rate descendant of his English ancestors and regarded American turf practices as innovations that were altogether reprehensible. Differences between the English and the American turf have, for a century at least, been of a thoroughly ingrained character, and it was these ditTerences that were the primal cause of the utter disregard of American racing by Englishmen generally, while at the same time 119 THE AMERICAN TURF they were the seed th:it was to lead ultimately to some of the most interesting and most important practical tests, regarding the respective superiority of the two great f;imi- lies of horses. While quarter-racing was the particular form of sport which first developed in this country, it was not long, as we have seen, in previous chapters, be- fore horsemen began to find their greatest pleasure in races for greater distances, such as two, three and four- mile heats. Soon these long-distance contests became not only predominant, but were the sole and distinguish- ing characteristic of the American turf. Throughout the first half of the present century, Americans still continued to lay stress upon the quality of endurance, as well as of speed, in their thoroughbreds. The favorite style of race long remained to be the popu- lar four-mile heat, in which the great champions of several generations won their finest laurels. These races often made a swift succession of twelve miles and were some- times increased to sixteen or even twenty miles, calling for the greatest endurance and speed. A horse was not considered first-class unless he could run in four-mile heats and perhaps repeat within a week. In the esti- mation of turfmen he must needs be a four-miler and able to repeat, or was nowhere. Just as a trotter in those days was obliged to be able to strike at least a 2:40 pace, if he hoped to maintain his standing on the track, so a thoroughbred was called upon to run his four-mile heats, or be relegated to a place in the third- class. With occasional e.xceptions the races were all weight- for-age, with a view of giving the best animal of his years the reward of merit, while the handicap, which was then the prevailing race in Britain and has since come into favor in this country, was almost unknown. It was generally considered, in those days, that the handicap system, instead of encouraging improvement offered a protection, if not a premium, to mediocrity. Loading- down a noble courser who had proved his fleetness in many a well-contested field with weight enough to make him lag behind an animal ot inferior quality was not a proceeding that was regarded with favor bv many conscientious turfmen. There were not lacking those who freely called this practice an abuse of speed and a persecution rather than a reward of merit, and as being likely, in the long run, to conduce to the deterioration of the thoroughbred. All breeding and training at that time on American soil tended most decisively against this system or anything at all savoring of it. An entirely contrary condition of things existed in England. There the traditions and the practices of the turf were in favor of quick, sharp work on the part of their racers. English horsemen had never shown any kindly disposition toward racing in heats, and in their single-heat race.s had constantly and consistently favored short distances. Even as it is now, the single dash was their general custom, and very rarely was this for a four-miles' distance; for the most part they contented themselves with two and two and a half miles as the ex- treme limit, and most of their races were even at shorter distances. This difference in practice brought our Ameri- can turf most strikingly in contrast with that of England and provoked an animated controversy over the relative merits of the two systems. The comparative stoutness and speed of English and American thoroughbreds was thus a prevailing topic of consideration among turfmen generally, and for a quar- ter of a century or more different methods of running, weighting and timing horses that were prevalent in the two countries, were variously considered according to the point of view of the disputants, while abundant statistics were constantly evolved in support of the dif- ferent propositions. It must be contessed, however, that the result of all this discussion was not fruitful in definite conclusions. Almost evei'ything was arithmetic- ally proved by both sides; little or nothing was actually determined. The fact that, between the thoroughbred of the two countries, the advantage is, on the whole, imperceptible, notwithstanding different racing methods, was not recognized then and you could not convince the ardent tuifman, be he English or American, that there was the slightest tenable ground for this proposition, let alone any argument to support it. Ultimately, then, the question became, in the eyes of the racing community of the two countries, what horse or horses should be considered the first class, those which headed the turf in America or those which headed it in England. It was forcibly argued that the great number of horses run in almost every race in England, the severity of their courses and the slashing style in which the races were run, made it much more difficult foi' the horses to rise to the foremost rank there than in this country. Furthermore, the English did not permit us to lose sight of the fact that on their tight little island they had more races in one month than were held in the United States throughout the whole year: that they had many times the number of thoroughbreds constantly in training and that several times more money each year in public purses alone was held up as reward for their breeders and owners. And it was added, as an inevit- able deduction from these recognized facts, that the horse which headed the English turf indisputably headed all others in the world, since he had run against and defeated the pick of more race horses than the rest ot mankind owned altogether. On the American side of the argument it was pointed out as a somewhat significant fact that none of the great English thoroughbreds who had been brought into this country since we began to produce good horses, had THE AMERICAN TUKI' ever been able to contend with any dei;;iee of success against our home bred stock and tliat, too, aUiiough manv of them had been winners of the greatest prizes of the English turf, not even excepting the Derby. Hmpiiasis was also laid upon the recognized fact that the much praised fleet Arabian, who w.is the foundation of the English thoroughbred, had been far outclassed by his progeny, who were the result of grafting his stock upon the native English horse. From this it was argued that history might repeat itself in showing a similar advanced development to be secured by grafting the English thoroughbred upon purely American stock. As a matter of pure assertion, it was freely and emphatically declared by the devoted partisans of the American high-mettled racer, that he was unc]uestion- ably the superior, both in speed and bottom, of the English racer, and comparative time records of the two were abundantly cited in support of this contention. Finally the confidence of American breeders and owners in the blood and staunchness of their horses had become so firmly seated and so widely extended, that little doubt was entertained in any quarter of this country among horsemen that, though the English horses might, perhaps, excel as regards speed for the shoit dashes to which racing had already been reduced on that side of the Atlantic, our animals were unquestionably superior in those contests which called for bottom and reserved power. Thus, the question had for a long time engaged the attention of horse lovers of the United States. The con- troversy, supported by such arguments as those just quoted, and others of a more specific character, waged warm on this side of the Atlantic, at least. It must be confessed, however, that on the other side of the water, not much serious attention had as yet been given to the subject. English turfmen, with that supreme confidence in the superiority of their national institution that has always been characteristic of them, had, as a rule, affected to consider the matter of little consequence, principally upon the ground that there could not even be a question of the superiority of their methods and their horses. To their minds, the point at issue had long been settled, and by themselves, in their own favor. They had yet to make the acquaintance of American bred horses, and to acquire a respect for them, based on actual experience of their ability. So far, the problem was merely a theoretical one, and naturally American breeders were not content to rest easy under the implication of their brother turfmen of England that there was only one side to the case, and that was the English. As the time went by it became more and more apparent that there could be no other way of determining the actual rigiit or wrong of these opposing opinions, ex- cept by putting the matter to the supreme test and arraying horse against horse. From these conclusions on the part of American turfmen developed one of the most interesting and most important features of the tuif of England and America in the closing half of the nineteenth century. At the time when this controversy reached its height, nearly half a century ago, Mr. Richard Ten Broeck, who was then the owner of the great Lexington, held as high rank as any man in turf circles of this country for his enterprise, skill and complete knowledge of the thoroughbred. He felt that the hour had arrived when the American turf had become an institution of such importance that it had earned the right to demand some- thing more than the mere scant attention that had, up to this date, been given to it by English sportsmen. Accoidingly he determined to contest honors with Eng- lish horses upon their own ground, and went about laying his plans to that end. The co-operation of other American turfmen was secured, and Mr. Francis Morris, of New York, gave the financial backing to the enterprise that was necessary for carying it out. In 1856, Mr. Ten Broeck crossed the ocean, having already given consid- erable time to the stLidy of racing conditions there, and having arranged to enter several American horses in the classical events in Great Britian. This memorable enter- piise has become historic and is a conspicuous mile post in the history of the American turf. Mr. Ten Broeck had, in his string, three horses that were already regarded as being entitled to stand in the first class of American thoroughbreds. Lecomte. by Boston out of Reel, was then six years old. and remem- brance of his brilliant contests with his great half- brother, Lexington, was still fresh in the public mind. Pryor, by imported (ilencoe out of Gypsey by Eclipse, was only a four-year old and had several important vic- tories to his credit. The third horse was Prioress, a three-year old, by imported Sovereign out of Reel, being, therefore, a half sister of Lecomte. In her two- year old form she won two out of the three races in which she was entered. In the Equus Stakes, mile heats, over the Metairie Course, she easily won in two straight heats in 1 minute, 46J4 seconds and i minute. 45 second, beating a Glencoe filly out of Blue Filly, a Lucy Dashwood colt, and L'lngot U'Or. On the same course she also won a mile heat race in i minute, 47 seconds and i minute. 46'2 seconds, again beating the Lucy Dashwood colt. Upon the Fashion Course. Long Island, she was beaten tor the Association Stakes, mile heats, by Nicholas 1. in two straight heats. She was regarded as one of the most piomising fillies on the American turf. Another horse was subsequently added to the string, the three-year old chestnut colt. Balnion. by imported Belshazzar out of a dam by imported Trustee. THE AMERICAN TURF The principnl engagements of Mr. Ten Broeck in the first year of his campaign on English soil were with Pryor and i^rioress for the Goodwood Cup; Lecomte and Prioress for the Champagne Stakes at Brighton; Lecomte and i'rioress for the Sussex County Cup; Prioress for the Chesterfield Handicap; Pryor and Prioress tor the Royal Plate at the Hereford Meeting; Pryor, Prioress and Lecomte for the Warwick Cup at Warwick; Prioress for the Leamington Stakes at Warwick; Babylon for the Great Yorkshire Handicap at the Doncaster Meeting over the Doncaster St. Leger Course, and Lecomte and Pryor for a four-mile sweepstakes for all ages at the New- market Houghton Meeting. Disaster attended Mr. Ten Broeck's venture from the outset. His horses did not become acclimated, so as to make good running, they were not well cared for by the trainer, and the much- vaunted British love of fair play was scantily manifested toward them. In none of the earlier events of the season were the American horses able to make any show- ing and yet. despite the discouraging conditions under which they ran, they e,xhibited a form that compelled even the unwilling acknowledgment from the English turl writers that there might be something in them after all when they should be in condition. At last, however, victory came to the stable in the most important event of the season, when, in October, Prioress won the Cesarewitch, 2 miles, 2 furlongs, 28 yards. The daughter of Sovereign had only recovered her true form a day or two previous to this race, and under new and improved training all her best and latent qualities were brought out. The race was run twice, the time being 4 minutes, 9 seconds and 4 minutes, 14 seconds. El Harkim, Qiieen Bess, Fright and thirty other horses were also in the running. Upon the first trial there was a dead heat between Prioress, Queen Bess and El Harkim. The second heat was won by the Amer- ican horse by a length and a half over El Harkim and Queen Bess, the latter lacking only a head of being sec- ond. By this victory. Mr. Ten Broeck recouped himself for the losses that he had sustained thus far in the sea- son and was able to put a comfortable sum to the credit of his enterprise as a whole. But further disaster overtook the stable. Lecomte, who had never got fully acclimated, was seized with colic in his stable, at Stockbridge, Hampshire, and died in October, 1857. He had been able to start only once in England, for the Warwick Cup, when he was beaten by the English crack. Fisherman, and pulled up very lame after the race. Less than three weeks later Pryor fell a victim to an attack of lung fever, which all the best veterinary skill of London was unable to repress. His death left Mr. Ten Broeck's stable severely crippled, for Pryor was generally regarded as his most promising and trustworthy animal. Notwithstanding all the disappointments and ill luck that had attended him, Mr. Ten Broeck bravely held his position as the exemplar and representative of the American turf on English ground and entered with cour- age upon a second season in 1858. He reinforced his stable with the successful stallion, Charleston, by im- ported Sovereign out of Milwood by Monarch and also added Woodburn and Bonita and several English horses to his string. His principal engagements with his American horses were Woodburn for the Levant Stakes, Babylon for the Stewards' Cup and the Chesterfield Cup, Charleston and Prioress for the Goodwood Cup, and Bonita for the Malcolm Stakes, all at the July Goodwood Meeting; Babylon for the Marine Plate and Claret Stakes at Brighton; Babylon for the Chesterfield Handicap at York, for the Town Plate at Epsom, the Royal Hunt Cup at Ascot, the Members' Plate at Stockton and the Port- land Plate at Doncaster; Prioress and Charleston for the great Ebor Handicap Stakes at York; Prioress for the great Yorkshire Handicap at Doncaster, the Cesarewitch Handicap at Newmarket and the Cambridgeshire Stakes at Newmarket, and Prioress, Woodburn, Bonita and Babylon for several matches at Newmarket. The record of the season was not encouraging to those who had based hopes upon the American horses. Babylon ran twelve times and won a single race. Prioress ran four times and won two races. Charleston, after running badly forthe Goodwood Cup, did not appear again. Bonita ran three times, winning twice. Wood- burn lost the only race in which he started. The total was twenty-one starts and five winnings for Mr. Ten Broeck, three of the winnings being matches, one by Prioress and two by Bonita. Babylon won the Chester- field Handicap against a field of eight. Prioress took the Great Yorkshire Handicap at Doncaster against a field of twelve, winning bv four lengths in 3 minutes, I5'2 seconds. Her running in the Cesarewitch Stakes was almost a victory, since she lost only by a short neck, the time of the race being 5 minutes, 59 seconds. As in the previous year, the performances of Mr. Ten Broeck's horses for i8s8 were briefly summed up in the simple declaration, that " the American horses, which have thus far performed in England, have not proved the race horse of America to be the equal of the race horse of the English turf." The ardor of the American backers of Mr. Ten Broeck was by no means diminished by these reverses, however, and a third season was energetically entered upon. In 18S9, Mr. Ten Broeck ran Prioress, Babylon, Starke, Woodburn. Umpire, Optimist and Satellite. The burden of work was placed upon Prioress, Babylon, Starke and Woodburn. The first named was the most successful, winning five races out of eleven and landing for her owner the sum of $5,530. Starke was less successful 122 THE AMERICAN TURF in the number of races that he succeeded in winning, taking only three out of ten. His winnings, however, were more than double those of his stable companion, amounting to $13,^10. Babylon won only $22S in one race, losing eight races. Woodburn won a single race, valued at $1,673. and lost ten races. Umpire won $4,2^7, in the three races that he was successful out of the live in which he was entered. Optimist lost all four of the r.icos in which he was entered, and Satellite the one race that he ran. Prioress, who was then six years old, won a match at the Newmarket Craven Meeting against Count Batthy- anv's Olympus, ditch-mile, seven furlon;|s, 201 yards, in I minute, 56 seconds. At the Newmarket First Spring Meeting she won the Queen's Plate over the round course, 3 miles, 4 furlongs, 139 yards, beating Polestar and Target. At the Epsom Summer Meeting she won the Qiieen's Plate, 2'.- miles, in 4 minutes, 20 seconds, beating Archduchess, Julie and others. At the New- market Houghton Meeting she beat by twenty lengths. Lord Glasgow's Toxopholite over the Rowley mile, i mile, 17 yards, in 1 minute, ss seconds. At the same meeting she beat by six lengths Lord Clasgow's Ted- dington, across the flat, in 2 minutes, 20 seconds. She was defeated for the Tradesmen's Plate at Chester and the Stewards' Cup at the same meeting, for the Good- wood Cup at Goodwood and the Bentinck Memorial Plate at the same meeting, the Cesarewitch Stakes at the Newmarket Second October Meeting and the Cambridge- shire Stakes at the Newmarket Houghton Meeting. The winning race of Babylon was a Handicap Sweepstakes, half a mile, at Lewes. He was beaten for the Bristol Plate Handicap at Brighton, the Grand Stand Plate at Lewes, the Bedfordshire Stakes Handicap at Bedford. and in other events. Starke was not successful until July, when he achieved two splendid victories. On July 27, he won the Good- wood Stakes Handicap, 2>^ miles, beating Lifeboat by half a length. Bluejacket being a bad third, and Heiress fourth, while thirteen others were not placed. His time was 4 minutes, 32 seconds. Two days later, at the same meeting, he won the Bentinck Memorial Plate Handicap, 2 miles, 3 furlongs, 97 yards, beating, by six lengths. Compromise, who was a head before Prioress, the latter being a neck in advance of Rouble, while eleven other horses were not placed. Starke's only other victory this season was at Warwick in September, when he won the Warwick Cup. 3 miles, beating Liv- eryman and Lifeboat. The principal events in which he was entered and was not successful, were the Rdyal Stand Plate at Ascot Heath, the Great Ebor Handicap at York and the Cesarewitch at the Ni-vvmarket Second October Meeting. The single race won by Woodburn was the Harry Fowler Handicap, 3 furlongs, at Stock- ton. In nearly all the other nine events in which he was entered he did not even succeed in being pl.iced. Umpire won the Nursery Stakes Handicap, one mile, at Goodwood in July, thus enabling his owner to carry off three of the prizes of this meeting, adding his triumph to those of Starke. In this handicap he beat, by seven lengths. Longbow and, by eleven lengths. Be Quick, while nineteen other horses ran unplaced. His time was i minute, 49 seconds. In August at Stock- ton he won the Cleveland Stakes for two-year olds, thiic-quaiters of a mile, beating High Treason and ten others. The following day at the same meeting, he won the third Zetland Biennial Stakes for two-year olds, about s furlongs, again defeating High Treason and others. Mr. R. Hanlan, who accompanied Mr. Ten Broeck, was less successful than his compatriot. He ran l)es Chiles, a brown filly, four years old, by im- ported Glencoe out of Brown Kitty; Lincoln, a chestnut colt, four years old, by imported Belshazzar out of a dam by imported Jordan, and (ancinnati. a brown colt, three years old, by Star Davis out of a dam by Uncle John. Des Chiles ran in three races, Lincoln in two and Cincin- nati in three. No one of them was successful. For several years more Mr. Ten Broeck remained in England meeting with varying success. Generallv, his horses failed to achieve the tiiumphs that were hoped for from them, or to substantially establish in the minds of English turfmen the full worth of the American thoroughbred. They were not, however, without victories now and then, that were at least suggestive of great possibilities. Umpire won several races and exhib- ited himself in such excellent form that he started in the Derby of i860 on even terms in the betting with Thor- manby, who was the winner. In 1S61, Mr. Ten Broeck's campaign was made especially brilliant by the capture of the Goodwood Cup by Starke. Both Starke and Opti- mist were entered for this event, and the two American horses ran first and third, respectively. Wizard being second. The struggle between Starke and Wizard was sharp, but the American horse was too much for his four-year old opponent and made a good finish, running the last quarter of a mile under the whip. Mr. Ten Broeck remained abroad until the revival of racing in this country, in the period following the Civil War. was already under way. Whatever opinion may be held, generally, regarding his venture, he had at least succeeded in breaking the ice so far as the indifference of English turfiiien and lacing authorities toward the turfin this coLintry was concerned. After his time, the ques- tion of the worth of the American thoroughbred was no longer dismissed in England as unentitled even to con- sideration, which had hitherto been the attitude of the English turf world. Since then there has been no dis- pute on the other side of the water that the United 123 THE AMERICAN TURF States stands on substantial footing witii tiie motiier country as regards tine possession of tliorouglibred stock and of tliat true spirit of racing wliicii makes tlie constant improvement of tiie breed a matter on wliicli expense and care are in no way stinted, it was not, liowever, until a quarter of a century later, and as a result of the patriotism of later American owners, that the complete demonstration of the full equality of the American thoroughbred with his English compeer was demon- strated beyond the possibility of cavil and in a manner that commanded the admiration of the sporting world of two continents. Nearly two decades after Mr. Ten Broeck's venture. Mi: M. H. Sanford followed in his footsteps. In 187s, Mr. Sanford crossed the Atlantic, taking with him his great stallion Preakness and seven other American thoroughbreds, including Mate, Bay Final. Brown Prince, Egotist, Donna, Start and Bay Eagle. Preakness, Mate and Bay Final were aged, but Preakness was believed to hold out the most promise of success, his great victories in the United States in previous seasons having already given him an established reputation for stamina, speed and reliability. Preakness was by Lexington out of Bay Leaf by imported Yorkshire. Mate was by imported Australian out of Mattie Gross, who was a Lexington tilly. Bay Final was an own brother to Preakness. Bay Eagle and Egotist were own brothers, being by Bay Wood out of Earring by Ringgold. Start was by imported Glenelg out of Stamps, a Lexington mare. Donna was by Haywood out of Dot by Mad Anthony. Brown Prince was by Lexington out of imported Britannia IV. by Flying Dutchman. Bay Eagle, Egotist, Start, Donna and Brown Prince were two-year olds and were believed to be full of promise. Brown Prince, in 1876. was regarded as one of the best two-year olds of that season at Newmarket. In the first season Mr. Sanford's principal entries were Preakness for the Newmarket International Handicap; Mate in the Newmarket Handicap and the City and Suburban Handicap at Epsom ; Bay Fmal in the City and Suburban Handicap and the great Metropolitan Handicap at Epsom; Bay Eagle in the Prince of Wales' Stakes and the Derby at Epsom and the Scarbor- ough Stakes at Doncaster, and Start in a two-year old sweepstake at Scarborough. This season was prac- tically a failure, although Bay Final won the Dillingham Handicap at the Newmarket Houghton Meeting. In 1877, Mr. Sanford had several small successes. Donna winning a handicap stakes at the Newmarket Craven Meeting, and Brown Prince taking a plate over the Rowley Mile. In this last event Brown Prince did so well, winning a good race by half a length, that he became a great favorite for the future events in which he was entered, the Derby, Grand Prix of Paris and Don- caster St. Leger. Some enthusiasts even backed him at long odds to win the Derby. The great success of the season, however, was later on at the Spring Newmarket Meeting, when Brown Prince ran second to Chamant for the Two Thousand Guineas, beating Silvio, Thunderstone, Monk, War- ren Hastings, Monachus, Morier and Strachino. Al- though Mr. Sanford continued in England until 1881, his success was in nowise marked. From time to time he took over other American horses, but none of them performed sufficiently well to entitle them to first rank with the English champions or to give to Mr. Sanford's enterprise the successl'ul character which he had hoped for and through which he aimed, as had Mr. Ten Broeck before him. to impress upon the English mind the merit of the American thoroughbred. Since the time that Mr. Sanford terminated his English racing career American thoroughbreds have been gradu- ally making their way upon the turf in the Old World, until in recent years their appearances there have been so numerous and their successes so frequent and so con- spicuous that they have established themselves firmly in the approval of turfmen, not alone in this country, but abroad as well. It is now recognized as never before that for speed, endurance and gameness, the American horse is a worthy compeer of his English rival. On many a hard fought battlefield he has shown his prowess and has carried off the highest honors that the English turf or the French turf has liad to bestow upon its equine heroes. The question of the relative merits of the thor- oughbreds of the two nationalities is still open to dis- cussion and opinions vary upon the matter. Never- theless, the American thoroughbred is no longer looked down upon by English critics, and his substantial stand- ing is frankly recognized, even though the opinion that he is not quite equal to the product of the English stud still may be strenuously held by our English cousins. Mr. Pierre Lorillard, who began his racing career on the English turf in 1879, must be regarded as the pioneer in bringing about this very marked change in the atti- tude of the English turf toward its trans- Atlantic rival. Mr. Lorillard went abroad in the autumn of 1878, taking with him eight representative American thoroughbreds. At the head of the string was the brown gelding Parole by imported Leamington out of Maiden by Lexington, his grandam by Kitty Clark by imported Glencoe. Sec- ond on his list was the bay colt Uncas by Lexington, out of Coral by Vandal, his grandam being imported Cairn Gorme by Cotherstone. Then there was the bay colt Friar by imported Saxon, out of Fanny Washington by Revenue, his grandam being Sarah Washington by Garrison's Zinganee; the bay colt Boreas by imported Saxon out of Nellie Grey by Lexington, his grandam being Fenella by imported Glencoe; the bay colt Chero- 124 THE AMERICAN TURF kee by imported Saxon out of Fanny Ludlow by im- poitcd Hclipse, his giandam being Moilie Jackson by Vandal; the chestnut filly Pappoose by imported Leam- ington out of Maiden by Lexington, her grandam being Kitty Clark by imported Glencoe; the bay filly Nereid by imported Saxon out of imported Highland Lassie by Blair Athol, her grandam being Rupee by the Nabob; and the bay filly Geraldine by imported Saxon out of Ciirl of the Period by Virgil, her grandam being Nannie Butler by Lexington. It will be observed that, of these eight horses, five of them were descendants of the famous Lexington, one of them being a son. The blood of Vandal, Glencoe, Revenue. Eclipse, Virgil and other great sires of the early American turf was also represented. Two of the string were by imported Leamington and five bv im- poited Saxon, one only, Uncas by Lexington, being the get of a distinctively American horse. Doubts were expressed about the ability of Parole to hold his own in the English field, notwithstanding his success in his native land. Uncas was regarded with more confidence. Parole was then live years old, while Uncas was two, and the others were yearlings. The young- sters were verv much admired, but. of course, little could be predicated concerning their future, for they were as yet untried. When the string left this coLuitry all the horses were well engaged except Parole. Uncas was in the Two Thousand Guineas, tiie Derby and the St. Leger of 187S and the Champion Stakes of 1880 at New- market. Cherokee, Pappoose, Nereid and Geraldine were in the July and the Chesterfield Stakes for two-year olds at Newmarket in 1879, and in the Richmond Stakes at Goodwood the following year. Cherokee, Boreas, and Friar were entered for the Derby and St. Leger in iSSo. and Pappoose, Geraldine and Nereid in the Oaks for the same year. The success of Mr. Lorillard was very pronounced from the outset and exceedingly gratifying to patriotic American turfmen, who had always had full faith in the American thoroughbred and in his ability to hold his own with the best racers of the world. Although Parole did not stir the Englishmen to enthusiasm while he was in training, he opened their eyes when he won the New- market Handicap in 1879, beating the famous Isonomy, who is to this day regarded by many as the greatest thoroughbred that ever ran on the turf in England or anywhere else. Then they were dumfounded when the brown son of Leamington followed up his first suc- cess by carrying ofTthe City and Suburban from a field of fifteen and by winning the Metropolitan Handicap and the Cheshire Handicap. Pappoose, as a two-year old, won the first race in which he was entered and Geraldine won the Levant Stakes at Goodwood. In 1880, Mr. Lorillard's stable was increased by the addition of Iroquois, Paw Paw and others. Meantime, Mr. James R. Keene had entered the field and America was further represented by Wallenstein, Foxhall, Book- maker Don Fulano, Nereid and Aristocrat, all of whom were winners. The following year, 1881, witnessed the signal triumph of the Americans, when Iroquois won the Derby, the St. James Palace Stakes and the St. Leger, while Foxhall carried off the Grand Prix at Paris and the Cesarewitch and Cambridgeshire Stakes. Fox- hall's finish for the Grand Prix was one of the most mag- nificent that had ever been seen on the French Course. He was ridden by the great English jockey, Fordham, while Fred Archer rode his closest rival, the French colt, Tristan. As they came along the home stretch Tristan was slightly behind, but Archer rode his very best and lifted his horse almost even with Foxhall. A shout of Tristan! Tristan! rended the air fiom the throats of thousands of excited Frenchmen. The two horses, head by head, came down with a grand rush, past the jockey club stand, and it was either one's race. For the first time Fordham raised his whip. A single sharp cut on the shoulder of Foxhall was answered by a grand leap forward from the noble thoroughbred, and in the fraction of a second the Grand Prix, with its 160,000 fYancs, was won. In 1882, Foxhall adiied the Ascot Gold Cup to his other prizes, and Wallenstein won the Manchester Cup, one and three-quarter miles, worth .$15,000, while Passaic. Aranza. Sachem. Brake- speare, Mehallah, Jolly, Sir John, Golden Gate, Abbots- ford, North Star, Lady Jane and Aristocrat were other horses that carried the colors of their American owners bravely to the front. At last the American horse could no longer be ignored by English turfmen. Henceforth he was a quantity that demanded serious recognition. His many sweeping victories at the historic racing centres of England forced him more and more into public attention during this period from 1879 to 1882, both inclusive, that was a momentous one for American turfmen and that was rich with results at once gratifying and inspiring. The fame and merit of the American thoroughbred were finally and successfully established. During these four years there were not less than fifteen or sixteen prominent Ameri- can horses that appeared in the various meetings throughout Great Britain. It has been estimated that their winnings were close upon $3oo,cxx), which must be regarded as a very respectable sum when we take into consideration the large fields against which they were compelled to run, and the tremendous disadvan- tages arising from differences in climate and racing methods, than those of their native land under which they labored. Parole and Pappoose led the American string in 1879, and in 1880 seven Americans, Iroquois, Paw Paw, 125 THE AMERICAN TURF Wiillenstein. Foxhall, Bookmaker, Don Fulano, Nereid and Aristocrat carried off about $29,000. In 1881, Iroquois, Foxhall and others took up something over $162,000. It was not easy for the Americans to keep the pace which they had fixed for themselves, and to retain the high position to which Iroquois and Fox- hall had elevated them. Beginning with 1882, there was a decided falling off in the American contin- gent, and the glories of Iroquois, Foxhall and their companions became somewhat dim. The American stables gradually made less and less impression upon England, although Mr. Lorillard was still in the field and Iroquois continued to win occasionally. It was some- what compensating, however, to Yankee patriotism that upon many occasions the horses that represented this country were beaten by others who were of our own breeding, but who had passed into the possession of English turfmen. This was very practical evidence of a decided change of opinion toward American horses and showed the high esteem in which they had tlnallv come to be held. In i8q2, Fiddler, son of that staunch old American stallion, Preakness. captured the Newmarket Biennial and the Great Metropolitan. Passaic, formerly an inmate of Mr. Lorillard's stable, achieved a victory for his native land, as well as for his adopted country, by winning the City and Suburban, one of the most celebrated of the great English spring handicaps. Passaic had become the property of an English owner, having been disposed of some six months previously. He was eminently a representative American horse, brother to the celebrated racing filly Thora. His sire was Longfellow by imported Leamington, and his dam Jury by Lexington, a combina- tion of two strains of blood, than which none has been more phenomenally successful in the annals of the American turf His grandam was Roxana by imported Chesterfield. As a two-year old, he was not at all suc- cessful, but he was afterward regarded as an even competitor with Iroquois. His performances, however, failed to justify the expectations that were based upon him, and he was finally sold out of the stable as a piece of deadwood, only to turn the tables upon his former owner by winning the City and Suburban in the following spring. The three American horses that in Europe stood pre- eminent in distinction during the period which we have had under consideration are more thoroughly identified with the English turf than with that of their native land. Their victories added lustre to the annals of the American turf, but the record of their careers belongs almost entirely to the racing calendar of the mother county. Of this trio, none has been more famous than Iroquois, who achieved the supreme dis- tinction of being the only American thoroughbred who has won the Derby, the Blue Ribbon of the English turf. He occupies the unique position of being an American horse whose entire racing career was confined to the English turf, while his contributions to the American turl have been alone through his progeny, several of whom are to be included among the finest thorough- breds of this generation. Probably no horse, if we except possibly Foxhall, ever achieved a greater reputa- tion that made him known throughout the entire world, his success in winning the Derby having placed him, so far as public estimation is concerned, in a class entirely by himself Iroquois was bred by Mr. Aristides Welch, proprietor of the Erdenheim Stud, at Chestnut Hill, near Philadel- phia. His sire was Leamington and his dam Maggie B. B., who was by Australian. Thus on both sides he traced to English thoroughbred families of the highest class, one of which was of the past generation, while the other has come into prominence in comparatively recent times. He was a brown colt, with blaze face and near hind ankles white above the pastern. Of substantial muscular build, he had a rare blood- like appearance and showed all the quality of his high breeding, and as a yearling gave abundant promise of a great future. Pur- chased as a yearling by Mr. Pierre Lorillard, the follow- ing year, he was shipped to Europe as one of the mem- bers of Mr. Lorillard's string to struggle with the English thoroughbreds on their own ground. The English paid little or no attention to him while he was in training at Newmarket, where he was placed as soon as he arrived in the Old Country. When he came to the post at Newmarket in 1880, for the two-year old plate, t furlongs, not much was expected of him and he surprised the talent by coming in an easy winner, beating Herman, Red King and others. At the Epsom Summer Meeting he ran unplaced to Angelina first and Wandering Nun second, but at the same meeting two days later, he won a two-year old stake, s furlongs. At Ascot in June he ran unplaced to Sir Charles, Tristan and Angelina, and at Newmarket in July ran second to Bal Gal for the July Stakes, and won the Chesterfield Stakes, defeating Panique, Voluptuary and others. At the second Sandown Summer Meeting he ran unplaced to King of Scotland, Montrose and others for the Kingston Plate; at Goodwood, in July, won the Levant Stakes, defeating Isola, Madre and others, and at the same meeting was second to Wandering Nun for the Findon Stakes. In the fall meetings he ran un- placed for the Champagne Stakes at Doncaster, for the Hopeful Stakes at the Newmarket First October Meet- ing and for the Clearwell Stakes at the Newmarket Second October Meeting. On the whole, his success during this first season was fairly satisfactory and some- what surprising to the English turfmen, although it was 126 THE AMERICAN TURF Erenerally conceded that he had not been well handled or well ridden and became stale toward the latter end of the season for having been too heavily worked. His failures in the latter part of the season lost him in a large measure the favor that had been accorded lo him for his earlier work, and Fnglish critics were inclined to place comparatively little dependence upon him for his three-year old form. During the winter, however, he had a generous rest and was brought well into con- dition before the spring opened, the quickness with which he recovered being a well-known characteristic inherited from his sire. He was liberally engaged for the season of 1881, but no one outside his own stable expected brilliant performances from him. He started in by running second for the Two Thousand Guineas at Newmarket, but this was rather a good beginning, for he left behind him the flower of the English turf. Although defeated, his running called general attention to him and probably few were surprised when two days later he won the Newmarket Stakes, defeating Lord Fal- mouth's l.ennoxlove. In the second Newmarket Meet- ing he walked over for the Burwell Stakes, and there- after began to be looked upon with considerable favor, although it was scarcely expected that he had much chance for the Epsom Derby, for which he was next entered. His great achievement that forever established his repu- tation and that astounded all England was at the Epsom Summer Meeting in June, 1881, when he won that prize of the English turf, carrying off the Derby from a field of fifteen, being an easy winner over Peregrine, second, and Town Moor, third. Afterward he won the Prince of Wales Stakes at Ascot, thus accomplishing a feat that had never yet been put down to the credit of an English Derby winner. Later in the season he also won the St. Leger, at Doncaster, thus entering a class of winners of the two classic events of the English turf, the Derby and the St. Leger, in one season. In this class only nine horses had ever been able to stand. Cham- pion, 1800; Surplus, 1848; Flying Dutchman, 1849; Vol- tiguer, 1830; West Australian, 1833; l^'-'"' Athol, 1864; Gladiateur, 1865; Lord Lyon, 1866; Silver, 1877, and Iro- quois, 1 88 1. There was no question now, even in the minds of conservative Englishmen, that Iroquois was one of the greatest horses, not only of his generation, but of all the modern time. In thus adding the white ribbon to the blue, he had done what such great horses as Mameluke, Priam, Hermit, Doncaster and others had attempted and fiiiled. As a two-year old he started twelve times and won four races. As a three-year old he won four out of the tlve races in which he started. His work upon the English turf in 1881 practically closed his career as a race horse. In 1S82, he was not started, owing to his having fallen off in condition. The following year he started three times, running third in one race and being unplaced in the remaining two. He was then with- drawn from the turf and sent back to the United States, where he increased the reputation of his name by the great sons and daughters that he produced in the ensu- ing years. Among his progeny, who have distinguished themselves, special note may be made of such good ones as Senator Grady, Huron, Tammany, Mohican, Helen Nichols and Red Banner. In several years these and others of the Iroquois descendants have been included in the list of those who have been the greatest winners in this country. Few American thoroughbreds have thus united to a greater degree than he the glory of tran- scendent achievements on the turf with the fame derived from the wonderful performances of sons and daughters. Until 1865 no foreigner had been able to carry off the famous Blue Ribbon of the turf from the English stables at Epsom. From the foundation of the Derby, in 1780. when Sir Charles Bunbury's Dioined came in at the head of a lield of nine starters, the Englishmen had every year succeeded in keeping the prize at home. In the long list of winning owners were representatives of every class of English sporting men, from royal dukes to those in the humblest walks of life. It fell to a French horse to break the record that had stood for eighty-five years, when, in 1863, The Comte de Le Grange's mag- nificent Gladiateur won the great prize in a common canter. Gladiateur was a bay with black legs, 16 hands high, powerful in his shoulders, and showing muscle and strength in every motion. He not only carried off the Derby, but also won the Two Thousand Guineas, the Grand Prix of Paris, and the St. Leger, being the only horse who ever had those four victories to his credit. As a four-year old, his best race was for the Ascot Cup, when he defeated Regalia and Breadalbane. After Gladiateur it was eleven years before another foreigner succeeded in carrying off the Derby. On this occasion Kisber, the victor, was a horse from Hungary. His sire was Buccaneer, and his dam Mineral. He was bred at the Great Imperial Royal Stud farm at Kisber. and was considered the greatest horse in that establish- ment. The Kisber farm extended over 13,648 acres, and was under the direct management of Count Zoest, all the work upon it being done by soldiers of the Austrian-Hungarian Army. Kisber was 13 hands, } inches high, a hard bay with a ruddy tinge and black points. As a two-year old, previous to his Derby race, he had been successful in only one of the four occasions upon which he was started, and, in the betting on the Derby, was not held in high esteem nor regarded as particularly dangerous. These two victories of Gladia- teur and Kisber were all that stood to the credit of foreign horses until 1881, when Iroquois carried the American colors to the front, making himself the third 127 THE AMERICAN TURF foreign horse, ;ind the tirsl American, to carry off" the prize so dear to the hearts of racing men, whether they be of English, American, or otlier nationality. Scarcely second to Iroquois in the brilliancy of his career was Parole. He had strains of three of the great- est American families, Glencoe, Lexington and Leaming- ton. He was foaled in 1873 in Mr. Aristides Welch's Erdenheim Stud, and, as as a yearling, was sold to Mr. Lorillard for $780. Notwithstanding his lofty lineage, his appearance did not commend him to expert turfmen, nor did he show himself to be of sufficient promise to warrant his entry into the early two and three-year old stakes. But he developed rapidly and well, and, in 187s. was put into training and brought out. His suc- cess was immediate and was wholly unexpected, save to those who had opportunity to become most familiar with him. Out of the six races in which he took part he won four, his important victories being the Saratoga Stakes in i minute, 44|<( seconds, beating Adelaide, Sultana, Durango, Brother to Bassett, Blue- coat and others, and the All Aged Stakes, at Jerome Park, in :: minutes, 98 seconds, beating St. Martin, Warlock, Virginias and Rhadamanthus. He was entered for the Kentucky Derby in 1876, but was defeated by Vagrant, being completely beaten off. During most of that season he was out of condition and won only three of the seven races in which he was entered. Greatly improved in condition in the spring of 1877, he made the best campaign of his life, running twelve races, eight of which he won. He captured the Saratoga Cup in 4 minutes, 4'4 seconds, beating Tom Ochiltree and Vera Cruz; the Grand Sweepstakes at Baltimore in 4 minutes, )"]% seconds, defeating Ten Broeck and Tom Ochiltree, and the Woodburn Stakes, the Summer Handicap and the Maturity Stakes. During 1878, he ran eleven races, eight of which he won, includ- ing the Mnnmouth Cup. at Long Branch, in 4 minutes. 9>2 seconds, beating Virginius, General Philips and Joe, and the Saratoga Cup, in 4 minutes, 8)-^ seconds, again beating the same horses. During his first season in England he was very suc- cessful. The official handicappers underestimated him and he was let into many important events at very light weight. He carried off honors in five of the eleven races which he run, among them being the Newmarket Handicap, the City and Suburban, the Great Metropolitan and the Great Cheshire Stakes and the Epsom Gold Cup. He was defeated for the Ascot Stakes at Ascot. The following season the handicappers went to the other extreme and loaded him so heavily that it was im- possible for him to accomplish anything. He was run in ten races in 1880 without making a single winning and was then returned to the United States, in the latter part of the season in this country he won four races. In the six years that he was on the turf, includ- ing 1880, he ran 61 races, of which he won 32. Foxhall, the third horse of this trio of American thoroughbreds that gained celebrity in England, was foaled in 1878. He was got by King Alfonso out of Jamaica. His sire was by imported Phaeton out of Cap- itola and on this line he traced to King Tom, Vandal, Harkaway, Pocahontas, imported Glencoe and back to the great English families of thoroughbreds, who will be readily recognized. Jamaica, the dam of Foxhall was by Lexington out of Fanny Ludlow, the latter being by imported Eclipse out of Mollie Jackson, daughter of Vandal and Emma Wiight. Foxhall was bred by Mr. A. J. Alexander and was sold to Mr. James R. Keene as a yearling. In 1880, with Lord Murphy, Spendthrift and other promising two-year olds he was sent to England. At the outset he attracted comparatively little attention, and the English authorities decidedly underrated him. Illness overtook him and he did not make his appearance on the tui'f until October, when, however, at New- market he easily won the Bedford Stakes and opened the eyes of the English horsemen. At the same meet- ing he made a hard fight for the Ashley Stakes and then won the Bretley Nursery Handicap. As a three-year old he was not engaged in any of the great classics events of England, but ran second to Bend Or for the City and Subuiban Handicap, leaving twenty- three others behind him and proving himself to be as good as any of the best thoroughbreds then on the English turf In June came his great achievement, the winning of the Grand Prix of Paris, when he defeated Tristan, Albion, Fiddler, Dublin, Leon, Royamont, Forum, Cassimir and Scobell. At the Ascot Meeting in the same month of June he lost the Gold Cup to Robert the Devil, and then went off in form. But he was soon brought into condition again and in the autumn races won the Cesarewitch in a common canter, defeated his old French rival Tristan in the Select Stakes, and came in at the head of the field in the Cambridgeshire, defeat- ing Lucy Glitters by a head, with Tristan tiiird. His double victory of the two great Newmarket Handicaps had only one parallel, the victory of Rosebery in 1876, and it was genei'ally recognized that Mi'. Keene was quite within bounds in declaring that his colt was "the greatest horse in the world." For several years after 1882 the Americans were some- what less conspicuous upon the English turf, although both Mr. Lorillard and Mr. Keene still continued in the field. In iS8s, Iroquois won the Stockbridge Cup and othei' victories were from time to time set down to the credit of the American stables. The entries for the Giand Prix of Paris in 1884 showed to some extent upon what horses the American stables were then placing their dependence. Mr. Lorillard's nominations were 128 THE AMERICAN TURF l^ontiac by I'oro Gomez out of Agcnoria, sister to I'izarro, Choctaw by Saxon; Hmperor by Enquirer out of Vesper Liijiit, the dam of Vandaiite; De Soto by Wanderer out of Katie Pease, a full brother to Lizzie S. ; Manitoba by Gleniyon out of Marie IVlichon and Huron by Saxon out of Vandalite. Mr. Keene nominated a sister to Foxhail by King Alfonso out of Jamaica; a colt by King Alfonso out of Hester; a bay colt by Virgil out of Bonnie Form, and an English bred colt by Rlair Athol out of Perewig. From English stables, several of the get of the famous old American stallion Preakness were nominated. Early in the nineties the movement of American turf- men toward England began to develop again to a marked degree and to Messrs. Lorillard and Keene, the former of whom had begun to transfer nearly all his racing inter- ests from the United States to the old World, the names of many newcomers were added. The campaign of the Messrs. Richard Croker and M. F. Dwyer, disastrous as it was at the outset, is still fresh in the public mind, for it is an affair of but yesterday. Messrs. Croker & Dwyer went abroad in 1895, taking with them a string of twenty-one horses. Foremost in their stable were Ban- quet by Rayon d'Or out of Ella T. ; Stonenell by Stonehenge out of Nell; Don Alonzo by Long Taw out of Round Dance; Dobbins by imported Mr. Pickwick out of Thora and Harry Reed by Himyar out of Violet. All of these horses had good records on the American turf. Don Alonzo, who was bred by Mr. Charles Reed, was bought as a yearling by Mr. F. A. Ehret and sold to Mr. M. F. Dwyer for $30,000 in 1892. As a two-year-old he did fairly well, winning four races, the Tremont, the Sapling, the Junior Champion and the Select Stakes. As a three-year old he won thirteen purses and sweepstakes, while as a four-year old he won eleven races, his best being the Sheepshead Bay Handicap, 1 mile, in i min- ute, 41 seconds, against a good field. The careers of Banquet, Stonenell and Dobbins have been elsewhere given. Other horses in the Croker-Dwyer stable were Utica by Iroquois out of Duchess; Montauk by Strathmore out of Spinaway; Belle Meade by Glenelgout of Trade Wind; Natty by Tremont out of Tassel; a two-year old lillv by Fremont out of Pride; a bay colt by Sir Modred out of Faux Pas, and two chestnut fillies by Enquirer, one out of Tomrig and the other out of Tattoo. A peculiarly inter- esting feature of this string was that it included eight of the get of Iroquois who were returning to show them- selves upon the fields where their world-renowned sire had made himself famous. These were Utica out of Duchess; Hervert out of Hildegard; True Blue out of Tullahoma; Sweet Marie out of Baby; Trilby out of Theo- dora; Dinah out of Orphan Girl; a bay filly outof Armiel and a chestnut colt out of Valette. The results of this disastrous campaign are too well- known to call for extended consideration here. Several of the best horses of the stable, entered in selling races, were claimed and lost to the owners, and several others had to be bid in to save them. The first race won was the Crawford Plate at the Newmarket Craven Course, when Eau Gallic, formerly Utica, beat Estar, Erin and seven others. The odds were 8 to i against Eau Gallie, who was ridden by Sims, this being the jockey's first mount in England. Harry Reed, at the Newmarket meeting, won a selling race by three lengths. It was generally considered that the stable did not appear to its best advantage for the reason that it was not well handled. Messrs. l)uke& Wishard also tried their fortunes on the English turf in 189s. Their venture was daring rather than promising. Their best horse was Ramapo, then a five-year old chestnut by imported Pontiac out of Annie F. His fame was well established by his winning of the Suburban in 1894, and he has been considered one of the best American race horses of recent years. One authority at the time even said that he was "no doubt the best American representative that has been sent to England since the time of Iroquois and Foxhail." Other members of the string, which numbered ten, were Hugh Penny, Helen Nichols, Wishard, Damsel, Mack Briggs and several yearlings, one by Himyar out of Miss Austin, another by Bersan out of a dam by Silvermine, another by Strathmore out of Ortawin, and one by Pontiac out of Miss Lunley. The venture was not particularly success- ful, and Ramapo, upon whom the greatest dependence was placed, and who was regarded as having a good chance for the Cesarewitch, was unable to start on account of his foot going wrong. Mr. Lorillard also had a considerable stable in the field for 1896, but no emi- nent performers were in it, the best, judged by their success, being Belisama, Dolabra, Diakka, Sandia and Dacotah II. The fifteen horses in the stable won only twenty races out of the one hundred and two in which they started, taking in purses and stakes $25,000. Eminent success on the courses which the English Jockey Club directs and controls, is accompanied by more lucrative returns and by wider celebrity than can be gained on American tracks. It is these considerations, probably, not less than that of patriotism, that have led American turfmen in recent years to turn their attention more and more to the foreign field as worthy of their cultivation. The rewards of these enterprises have not in every instance been commensurate with their cost, but, nevertheless, the chances of success have been such as to make the venture more and more alluring. Where once, as in the days of Messrs. Ten Broeck and Sanford, the American turfmen were represented by 129 THE AMERICAN TURF single stables, there has been, particularly during the last decade, a steady and large increase in the number and in the strength of the strings in England representa- tive of the United States. The careers of some of the principal owners who have thus carried their colors back to the early home of the thoroughbred, have been briefly reviewed here and brought down to the present date. There have been occasional instances besides those men- tioned, as, for example, Mr. Fred Gebhard, who took over Eole and St. Saviour, while even other names might well be added to the list. That the English turf is more than ever attractive to American horsemen is plainly evidenced by the numbei' of American horses that are now annually run in the Old World. A comparison of the record for 1897 with that of forty years earlier is instructive. At the earlier date Mr. Richard Ten Broeck was the solitary representative of the American turf abroad, and the few horses that he had with him were, as we have seen, a novelty rather than a success. In 1897, no less than seventy-six Ameri- can bred horses ran on the English turf, and their total winnings amounted to a little more than $95,000. The principal American turfmen represented were Messrs. August Belmont, Pierre Lorillard, Richard Croker and James R. Keene. In Mr. Belmont's string were Actinism by imported Rayon D'Or out of Arnica; Bridegroom II., by imported Rayon D'Or out of imported St. Bridget; In- vergold by imported Rayon D'Or out of Invermay; Souver- aine by imported Rayon D'Or out of Sultana, and Terp- sichore II. by imported St. Blaise out of Reel Dance. The stable was not at all successful. Souveraine won a single race and Bridegroom II. ran third for the Liverpool Nur- sery Stake. Mr. Lorillard was represented by Belisama by Sensa- tion out of Blush; Chinook by Sensation out of Breeze; Draco by imported The Sailor Prince out of Darya; Elfin by Sensation out of Equality, and Sandia by imported The Sailor Prince out of Saluda. Sandia brought the most suc- cess to his owner's colors, winning the Fern Hill Stakes and the New Biennial Stakes at Ascot; the Lingfield Summer Handicap at Lingfield ; the Scarborough Stakes at Doncaster. and the Old Cambridgeshire Handicap at Newmarket. He also ran second for the Brighton Cup, and was third to Comfrey for the Cambridgeshire Handi- cap. Belisama won the Bentinck Plate at five furlongs, and the same plate at six furlongs, both at Nottingham. Draco won the Visitor's Plate at Newmarket from a field of twenty, the Quarndon Plate at Derby and the Drake- low Stakes at Derby. Elfin won the Biennial Stakes at Ascot and was second for the Chesterfield Stakes at Newmarket. Mr. Croker had in his string Americus by Emperor of Norfolk out of Clara D. ; Nashville by Iro- quois out of Boulotte; Princeton by Hanover out of Mar- garine; Rhoda B. by Hanover out of Margarine, and Santa Anita by imported Cheviot out of Alaho. Americus won the Riddleworth Plate at Epsom and the South- down Plate at Brighton. Rhoda B. won the Exning Plate at Newmarket. Mr. Keene was represented by St. Cloud by imported Candlemas out of Belle of May wood; and his horse ran third to Galtee More for the Doncaster St. Leger and second to Comfrey for the Cambridgeshire Handicap. The esteem with which the American bred blood horse is now regarded by English turfmen was shown by the number of animals that were the inmates of Eng- lish stables in 1897. Among owners who thus displayed their belief in American stock. Lord William Beresford was especially conspicuous. The American bred horses that he ran during the season were Berzak by Sensation out of Belphoebe; Blondin II. by The Bard out of Equi- poise; Bloozen by Sensation out of Blush; Day Star by Sensation out of Dolinka; Diakka by imported The Sailor Prince out of Rizpah; Jiffy II., by imported The Sailor Prince out of Joy; Keenan by Lisbon out of Patri- mony; Lamerock by Sensation out of Lizzie Cox; Libra by Sensation out of Lima; Meta II. by Sensation out of Magnetic, and Tuxedo by imported Pontiac out of Annie F. At the head of the list of all the winning Americans of the season stood Diakka, who was successful in the Subscription Stakes at Newmarket, the Duke of York Stakes at Kempton, the Peveril of the Peak at Derby and the Duchess of York Stakes at Hurst Park. He also ran second for the Stewards' Cup at Goodwood. His win- nings were $19,541. Berzak ran second for the New- market Stakes and fourth for the Two Thousand Guineas, both of which were won by Galtee More. Bloozen ran third for the Rangemore Stakes at Warwick, jiffy 11. won the Old Nursery Stakes at Newmarket. Keenan ran second for the Manchester Cup and also second for the Manchester November Handicap. Meta II. won, the Warren Nursery Stakes at Leicester. Dolabra by Emperor out of Dolinka, and owned by Mr. Dobell, was successful in five out of twelve starts. He won the Stand Plate at Doncaster, and the Stanley Plate at Kempton Park, and ran a dead heat with Maid of Valetta for the Windemere Plate at Liverpool, divid- ing the stakes. Mr. H. Monkshall's Brave Himyar by Himyar out of Bravoura, won three out of the seven races in which he started, his successes being for the Qiiarndon Plate at Derby, the Sheen Plate at the Kemp- ton Park Easter Meeting, and the same plate at the Kempton Park August Meeting. Mr. Gottschalk's Atossal by Sensation out of Austraiana. won the Nevill Plate at Lewes. Mr. J. L. Dugdale's Beryl by Sensation out of Belphcebe, won the Wigston Plate at Leicester. Mr. A. Cockburn's David 11. by Tenny out of Qiiesal, won the Leicestershire October Handicap at Leicester. 130 THE AMERICAN TURF Mr. Ci. MacLichlan's Don Alonzo by Long Taw out of Round Dance, won four out of twelve races in which he started, and was third for the Manchester November Handicap. Mr. J. A. Miller's Glaring by imported The Sailor Prince out of Flash, won the Wood Ditton Stakes at Newmarket. Mr. M. D. Rucker's Lapwing 11. by Sensation out of Lizzie Cox, won a single race, and was third for the Great Surrey Breeders' Foal Plate, and also third for the Seaton Deieval Plate at Newcastle. Other American bred horses on the Hnglish iLirf this sea- son were Albany by Hanover out of Burletta ; Banquet by imported Rayon D'Or out of Hlla T. ; Bowers by imported Great Tom out of Moselle; Gallatin by imported St. Blaise out of Emma; Eau Gallie by Iroquois out of Duchess; Capitola by imported Islington out of Louise; Damsel IL by Kinglike out of Stonecrop; Har- vard by Hanover out of Extra: Kidnapper 11. by Mag- netizer out of Lady Kidbrooke; Lexington by Strath- more out of Heleva; Montauk by Strathmore out of Spinaway: Moss Rose II. by Salvator out of Bedotte; New Jersey by Tristan out of Silver Blue; Prince George II. by Sensation out of Louisette; Roman Chief by Han- over out of Golden Reel; Sir Excess by imported Sir Modred out of Dixianna; Tagus by imported Rayon D'Or out of Qiieen T. ; Tennessee by Iroquois out of Tullahoma ; Westchester by Hanover out of Cyrilla, and Yale by Strathmore out of Bonnie Lee. The owners of these horses, other than those already mentioned, were Messrs. Riley, Diggle, E. Crawford, F. Fitton, J. F. Hal- leck, G. Parker, R. K. Sampson, H. McCalmont, G. Lambton, A. Cockburn, T. Leader, W. Sibary, C. A. Mills. ]. T. Wood, R. Thirwell, B. Seton, C. Hibbert, A. B. Saddler, W. Wiston, L. Rothschild, F. R. Hunt, J. Cannon, B. Waterer, J. Wood, J. Widger, J. G. R. Homfrav. and M. R. Lebaudy, Sir H. de Trafford and Sir J. Duke. In all, the American bred horses ran in 379 races, of which they won 59, were second 43 times, third 54 times, and unplaced 221 times. Mr. Keene's St. Cloud also started once in France, where he ran unplaced in the Grand Prix. Although, as appears from this record, the number of American stables and particularly the number of Amer- ican bred horses that were prominent in the English events for this season was considerabl} in excess of the number of those that had appeared in any previous year, and offered an agreeable contrast to the list of Mr. Ten Broeck's lonely venture in 1836, their success was not as pronounced as patriotic Americans could wish. Nevertheless, on the whole, the situation was not con- sidered discouraging and a larger number of American horses was entered for British stakes in ensuing seasons than at any previous time. Mr. Lorillard did well enough in 1897 with his American horses and an American trainer, to encourage him to enlarge his stable, and his victories seemed to act as an incentive to other ambitious turfmen to enter the same (ield. But he is now associ- ated with a British partner. Lord William Beresford, who is even more active than he in the management of the stable of which Mr. John Huggins is the trainer. A deep interest still attaches to Mr. Lorillard, as having been the pioneer in the present generation to challenge the British upon their own grounds. To Messrs. Lorillard, Kecne, Belmont and Croker may be added the names of other Americans, who will still continue to try their fortunes in the future as in the past, on the historic grounds so dear to our kin beyond the sea. The English turf is in every way abundantly worthy of the enthusiastic support of the vast multitudes that delight to see the thoroughbred champions vie with each other in world-renowned combats. Many who have studied the subject thoroughly hold that the turf in that country is better managed than the American. There may be reasonable doubt, however, on this point, for, as a rule, both in England and in this country, while mis- takes have sometimes been made, the stewards, starters and other officials who hold important turf places, enjoy and deserve to the fullest extent the trust and esteem of those who follow the races, either as participants or spectators. It is commendable, however, in our leading American sportsmen that, while not disdaining honors to be won in their native land, they should seek the trans- cendent fame that can come to them in a greater degree by success in the historic contests of the mother country. Their triumphs there must have something more than a mere personal character, for at Epsom, Newmarket, Ascot and wherever else they may appear, they repre- sent, not alone themselves, but also America and the American thoroughbred. One result that has been hoped for as an outgrowth of the interest displayed by American turfmen in the turf of England, has not yet been apparent. That the enterprise exhibited in taking American thoroughbreds abroad might in time bring about a return movement of English horsemen to try their fortunes in this country in friendly rivalry, for the great events of the American turf has been the fond dream of all American sportsmen for more than a generation. There has been almost no reciprocation of this character, however. In 1876, a single instance that was an exception to the constitu- tional apathy displayed by the Englishmen toward the American turf, encouraged hope that, thus the ice once broken, we should soon see a manifest change in this particular. Years have passed, however, and the Eng- lish turfmen still remain conspicuous in America solely by their absence. It is quite true that the emoluments of the English turf are, generally speaking, superior to those of this 131 THE AMERICAN TURF country, and therefore it is natural that English owners under the climatic conditions and the customs governing should adhere to their own tracks. The objection of the the American turf is very desirable, does not admit of risk and expense of transferring an English string to doubt. It would give an additional line toward the the United States has been advanced as another reason settlement of the much-vexed question of the relative for the Englishmen remaining at home, but it does not superiority of the two equine races, American and seem that in this respect the English sportsman should English. Such an experiment, or series of experi- be any less enterprising than his American cousin. That ments, would afford the greatest delight to American the trying of English thoroughbreds in the United States, turfmen. 132 RACING OFFICIALS The Mi n Who Directed the Aefairs of the Turf in Days Gone By— Some Celebrated Handicappers — The Jockey Club, its Work and its Influential Members — Distinguished Modern Turfmen ^ N the early days of the American turt that class of T I gentlemen known in more recent times under the ;^ general title of racing officials had, comparatively speaking, not yet appeared. Racing had not then assumed a magnitude, nor a character that called for the wise and painstaking oversight that it is now necessary to give to it. The courses were few in number, while owners who made a business of their attention to the sport were not numerous. Many of the race tracks were private business enterprises that came very little, if at all. under the supervision of any turfmen, save their owners. The few jockey clubs that existed were widely separated, and their interests clashed with each other to a very limited degree, if at all. There was a free and easy manner about racing events in those days that can- not possibly obtain at the present time when so many hundreds of individuals are vitally concerned in results. Judges there were, of course, and stewards, but their duties were of a simple character compared with those that to-day are delegated to the gentlemen who now hold similar positions. The elaborate and intricate rules governing racing and all the manifold details of management are features almost entirely of the modern development of the turf. They have resulted from the enormous expansion of turf affairs during the last generation or so and the mul- tiplication of so many varied interests that have sprung up into vital connection with it. Especially the system of handicapping and the mode of betting have originated in the present day and have overshad- owed the turf in a manner that could scarcely have been dreamed of fifty years ago. Under these changed con- ditions the modern racing officials have been developed and their duties have become so extensive and onerous that it is quite within reason to say that the welfare, if not the entire existence of the turf, depends upon their wisdom, faithfulness and hard work. The racing offi- cials, including the presidents of the jockey clubs and the stewards, with handicappers, starters and judges, now constitute a body of sportsmen who have an enormous power for evil or for good. It is to their credit and to the advantage of turf interests that this power has been almost invariably exercised, energetic- ally and honestly and for the best interests of the sport in whose prosperity all are concerned. New York has been particularly fortunate in the num- ber and the character of the high-minded sportsmen, who, in various official capacity, have substantially con- tributed to the advancement of racing interests in and about the metropolis. From the days of Mr. Francis Morris, Mr. John C. Stevens and others of the ante- bellum times down to the immediate present, they have always been foremost among turfmen of the country. By their attention to the direction of racing affairs and to the practical solution of many of the puzzling problems that have from time to time arisen, they have contributed very markedly to the development and the prosperity of the turf in all parts of the country. The elaborate rules of government made necessary by the phenomenal growth of the turf in modern times practically originated with the racing oflicials of the North and they have been a most powerful fiictor in building up racing into the full stature of a national institution. Some names of the immediate past stand out in special prominence in this connection. No one who has even the slightest acquaintance with the history of the American turf can fail to be impressed with the vast in- fluence for good that was exercised by Mr. D. D. Withers. No more conservative or more thorough sportsman than he has ever had a place in the annals of the turf, whether it be of this country or of England. Like the Morrises, who were also identified with the turf in his generation, he came of one of the oldest New York families, his Hither being Reuben Withers, well known as the presi- dent of the Bank of the State of New York and one of the fashionable residents of the old Second Avenue. Mr. D. D. Withers was brought up to a business career, and at an early age became a clerk in the shipping house of the firm of Howland & Aspinwall. While he was a mere boy he was sent to New Orleans to take charge there of the business of the house with which he was connected. In the Southern city he soon set up independently, becoming a large dealer in cotton and farming properties and buying and selling plantations in Louisiana and Mis- sissippi. When the Civil War broke out, he gave his allegiance to the South, although his father was for the North, his long residence in the former section, begun at a youthful and impressionable age, having made him thoroughly Southern in sympathies and opinions. During the progress of the war he visited England and 133 THE AMERICAN TURF the continent of Europe, and in after years lie deliglited to tell how he had been a witness of the great Derby of 1865, when the Blue Ribbon of the English turf went for the first time to a French bred horse, the great Gladia- teur. Returning to this country in 1866, he settled again in New York. During his residence in New Orleans he had been a member of the Jockey Club there, but had not been identified with racing interests in the East until he was invited to join the organization of the American Jockey Club. At the first club meeting he was chosen one of the governors, and held that office during the rest of his life. Associated with Mr. John F. Purdy. he bought a string of race horses, and at once became prominent in turf circles. He was called the " mentor of the American turf," and effectively demonstrated his right to that title, for he was the highest ideal of a true sports- man that this country or perhaps any other has ever pro- duced. As the owner of an extensive stable, as a large breeder, as one of the founders of the finest race course in America, and perhaps in the world, as an able and inde- fatigable administrator of turf law, he conferred countless obligations on the racing community. At the time of his death he was Chairman of the Board of Control, and from his familiarity with the rules of racing he was called "the American Admiral Rous." Nearly all the rules governing the running of horses in the East and the United States were drafted by him, and he was the acknowledged American authority in all such matters. For many years Brookdale, which Mr. Withers estab- lished and made famous, was one of the favorite resorts of the leading turfmen of the period in the vicinity of New York. To quote from an appreciative article that appeared in The Spirit of the Times long ago: "It was in the library at Brookdale that the sage (Mr. Withers) would buckle down at the desk after his guests had retired to sleep and frame his stake conditions, enter his foals on 'the foal list,' and mate his mares by aid of tables showing percentage of Touchstone, Par- tisan and Birdcatcher blood. Here also he framed the Rules of Racing, codifying the latest English rules into an amended digest to suit American conditions. Mid- night oil burned low, for it was the 'wee sma' hours,' when he sought his couch, but if there was a trial of Juvenile or Criterion candidates set down for the next morning none rose earlier than he. And what famous, gay and brilliant meetings have been held at this same library in the piping days of the black silk jacket. Editor Hurlburt and Mr. Sam Ward, Wade Hampton, Beaure- gard, rather grizzled, but as erect and polite as in the old Fort Sumter days; Duncan F. Kenner, who revived old New Orleans recollections; August Belmont; John F. Purdy, silver-voiced, but bright as gold on racing questions; Judge Monson, austere and authoritative; J. G. K. Lawrence, with whom the old gentleman quar- reled, but respected most profoundly." At the time of his death Mr. Withers was Chairman of the Board of Control and was rendering incalculable service to racing interests that were concentrated in and about New York. His active racing career lasted for more than a quarter of a century, and during that entire period he was never in any way concerned in any trans- actions that could in the slightest degree redound to his discredit or bring suspicion upon the turf In the business world he was the executor of his father's estate, although, at his own request, he never inherited a dollar, being better satisfied to have achieved his fortune solely by his own unaided efforts. For a long time he was president and manager of the East River Ferry franchise, which was afterward sold to a syndicate in which Austin Corbin and the Vanderbilts were mostly interested. Any consideration of those individuals, who have been prominently identified with the American turf in the one hundred and fifty years of its existence, would be obviously and inexcusably incomplete, if it did not give attention to the very great services of Mr. Leonard W. Jerome. His name, with a few others, stands far and away at the head of the list of those to whom the turf in contemporaneous times has owed its standing and pros- perity. Not even in the generations long gone by, when racing was conserved by those gentlemen of influence whose careers are elsewhere dwelt upon, were there any who surpassed Mr. Jerome in integrity of pur- pose, enterprise and unselfish devotion to the best inter- ests of racing. .Mr. Jerome's racing career extended over fully a quarter of a century, and during part of that period he was a prime factor in the revival of general interest in the sport in the North, a revival that was the precursor and the basis of the phenomenally successful and gratifying condition of contemporaneous racing. Belonging to one of the oldest New York families, and being one of the most successful financiers of his genera- tion, Mr. Jerome had that prestige which social standing and wealth confer upon a man. His natural qualities of character were such that he endeared himself to a large circle of acquaintances, and in his energetic efforts to re- habilitate racing he commanded the co-operation of a large contingent of gentlemen of wealth. At the time when he undertook the seemingly discouraging work of reviving the dormant interests in affairs of the turf just after the close of the Civil War, racing was circumscribed by very narrow limits, and the outlook for its future was exceedingly discouraging. A love of the sport still ex- isted, however, and Mr. Jerome, with those who associ- ated themselves with him, fully recognizing this fact, based their plans accordingly for the regeneration of the race course. He was a prime mover in the organization of the American Jockey Club and in the opening of its 34 THE AMERICAN TURF course at Jerome I^.irk, that was named in liis honor. In that and in other enterprises that afterward sprang into being in the Hast he was untiringiv active. His colors, blue, white stripes, were long familiar to frequenters of race courses and even after he had retired his stable, he still retained his official connection with the spoit to which he had so energetically devoted a great part of his lifetime. As president, he was at the head of three leading East- ern tracks, and to them, particularly, he gave time and money in the most unstinted manner. He was a gener- ous buyer of good thoroughbreds and enriched his stable with some of the best stock of the period in which he lived. One of his most celebrated coups was the pur- chase of Kentucky, the son of Lexington and Magnolia, for the sum of $40,000, which would be a large amount to pay for a thoroughbred, even in these days, and was much more so at the time when he was buying. Not alone in racing circles was Mr. Jerome conspicu- ous. He was a bold and dashing financier and identi- fied with many of the big operations of Wall Street. During the Civil War he was one of the most patriotic supporters of the Union cause, being lavish in his contri- butions to the Government, and in many quiet ways as- sisting the cause to which he was devoted. In other sporting circles besides racing he was active and influ- ential. As an expert whip, he was identified with the annals of coaching in this country and did much to pro- mote that fashionable divertisement. He was one of the best four-in-hand drivers in the country. Interested also in yachting, he was not less influential in promoting the interests of that sport than he was in upbuilding racing and driving. The flrst yacht that he ever owned was the Undine. Afterward he was part owner of the Rest- less with Commodore McVicker, and part owner of the Dauntless with Mr. James Gordon Bennett. In the great ocean race of 1870 between the Dauntless and Cambria he came conspicuously to the front as a representative American yachtsman. He also owned one of the earliest steam yachts that sailed in American waters, the Clarita. As a patron of the fine arts, a leader in the social life ol the period and a gentleman of high intellectual attain- ments and of brilliant wit, he was one of the most prominent figures in New York life in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. His death occurred in 1890. Closely connected with Mr. Jerome in business, social and sporting life, Mr. William R. Travers, who died four years before his distinguished associate passed away, also left a very distinct and valuable impress upon turf affairs of the period. Mr. Travers came naturally by his predeliction for racing affairs. He was a native of Mary- land, where his family had been identified with the turf in connection with the Bowies, Pucketts, Johnsons and other noted racing families of that section. After he settled in New York in business, he become associated with John Hunter, of Westchester County, and formally entered upon racing in 1863. Prominent in the stable that he owned, in conjunction with .Messrs. Hunterand Osgood, were Kentucky, Areola, Ulrica, Flora Mclvor and Oliata. When racing revived after the close of the Cival War, he was one of the syndicate that formed the Annieswood Stable to compete with the strong stables from the South that were making their appearance upon the Northern race tracks. In this venture he was associated with Messrs. John Hunter, Leonard W. Jerome, August Bel- mont and K. W. Cameron. The stable bought liberally, both in Kentucky and abroad, and raced under mauve colors. When the Annieswood was dissolved in i86g, Messrs. Hunterand Travers resumed racing under the orange jacket. They established a stud and bred many horses, continuing in business until 1874. Among the most celebrated horses that they raised were Alarm. Rhada- manthus, Olitipa, Cannie Bairn and Intrigue, while they also owned Buckden, King Bolt, King Pin, Sultana and others. One of their sensational ventures was matching their stallion Censor, a Gloamin colt, for $10,000 against Mr. R. W. Cameron's Miss Alice, a contest in which they were defeated. They were also the principals in several other notable races of that period. Their filly. Intrigue, beat Mr. Littell's Emma Johnson colt, in a match for $r,ooo a side. The same year they paid for- feit in a match that had been made for Intrigue against Mr. August Belmont's Finesse, and, also in the same season, 1869, they lost a $5,000 match with Intrigue, who was beaten by Finesse. In 1871, they won a $10,000 match with Alarm, beating Mr. R. W. Cameron's Inverary. As a three-year old, Alarm was never beaten, and. in 1874, Olitipa was considered one of the best horses in any Northern stable. In the death of Mr. John Minor, who was the trainer for Messrs. Hunter and Travers, that stable met with a severe loss, and decided to discontinue business. They sold Rhadamanthus and their other leading horses in 1874, and Mr. Travers never appeared again as a racing owmeron the track. Nevertheless, he still retained his in- terest in the turf, and was one of the most influential turf- men of the seventies and eighties. After 1877, he was the owner of the Valley Brook Farm, at Rutherford Park, N. J., and, for sometime before his death, was one of the largest owners of the Jerome Park property, being also a stockholder of the Coney Island Jockey Club. For many years he was President of the Saratoga Racing Association. Beginning with the early seventies, he instituted the Travers Stake at Saratoga, and annually presented to the winner a valuable piece of silver plate as a trophy. From the foundation of the American Jockey Club he was one of its stewards, and was also for many years President of the New York Athletic Club 135 THE AMERICAN TURF and of the Racquet Ckib. He was a strikint; example of the best type of the all-around American sportsman. Although the senior Mr. August Belmont attained to distinction as an owner and breeder, second to no American tuninan, either of the past or the present, his services to the cause of racing as an official were not less important. When some future historian of thor- oughbred racing in the United States sets forth the causes that gave popularity and character to the sport in the latter years of the nineteenth century, the e.xample of Mr. Beimont will necessarily be the theme of praise as high as it is fully deserved. His name is intimately associated with the establishment of racing in this coun- try upon a dignified footing, while it is synonymous with sportsmanship of the loftiest type. Considering racing officials of the past, he is entitled to as full con- sideration as any man of his day. It is not saying too much of him to assert that to no small degree the pros- perity of the turf of the present day was due to his efforts. Mr. Belmont filled so large a place in the view of the public that it is impossible to speak of his connection with sport by itself alone. This was only one phase of his many-sided personality, and the success and hon- ors which he gained upon the turf were only other mani- festations of his strength of character and of will and his indomitable energy that made him eminent in many pursuits. Born at Alzey, in the Prussian Rhineland, in 1816, his ancestors had been people of wealth for several centuries, as well as of great influence in public affairs. The circumstances of his family were such that he received all the advantages which wealth and position could secure, including a liberal classical education. At an early age, however, he determined upon a commer- cial, rather than a professional career, and entered the banking house of the famous Rothschilds, in Frankfort- on-Main. Subsequently he held a position in the branch of the same establishment, at Naples, developing a business capacity of the highest order and a remarkable talent for finance. In 1857, when but twenty-one years old, he came to New York and established the banking house which under his name has prospered through all the vicissitudes of business and finance, and which, from the date of its foundation, more than sixty years ago, to the present day, has represented the interests of the Rothschilds in America. It is not germane to the purpose of this article to dwell upon the conspicuous part which, for fifty years, Mr. Belmont played in financial affairs, both of this country and of Europe. It is sufficient to say succinctly that he was one of the world's greatest financiers in his day and generation. Brief mention must, at least, be made to his political career, for his activity in public life exhibited one of the strongest and most important sides of his nature. As soon as he arrived in this country he became an American citizen, determined to identify him- self completely with his adopted country. Thoroughly a man of the people, he joined the Democratic party and became at once prominent in its councils. Generally speaking, public office had no allurements for him, but he rendered great service to the Government at notable crises in its history, especially in such matters as related to its financial affairs. Diplomacy was quite in keeping with his taste, and had he chosen to devote himself to that career he would undoubtedly have been as brilliantly successful as he was in the financial world. From 1844 to i8so he held the post of Consul-General of the Austrian Empire in New York. In 1852, he was appointed by President Franklin Pierce to be Minister of the United States to the Court of the Netherlands, and served with distinction to himself and advantage to the nation. Other tenders of public office were made to him, but these he invariably declined, although he was always ready to give the National Government the benefit of his counsels. Having labored earnestly to avert the rupture between the North and the South that led to the Civil War, he gave his most patriotic support to the cause of the Union when the perilous days came. He aided in the creation of some of the earliest German regiments recruited in New York, and twice crossed the ocean to carry on important and delicate negotiations on behalf of the Government, receiving the thanks of President Lin- coln for his valuable services. He was Chairman of the Democratic National Committee from i860 until 1872, when he retired from active political life. Many other features in Mr. Belmont's versatile, yel strong, character also helped to make him one of the fore- most men of his time. It was justly said of him that he understood and did more things well than any man of his day. A leadership in the social world came to him as easily as his prominence in business. He was a dis- criminating patron of music, literature and art, and his magnificent gallery of paintings by the world's foremost masters was one of the earliest, as well as one of the most famous, that America ever possessed. To all these gifts and accomplishments he added an innate love of sport which, in early life, made him an adept in manly exercises and pursuits, and which later became crystal- lized in his devotion to horses and the turf. His partici- pation in racing and affairs pertaining to that sport dated from the very inception of racing under its present auspices. He was one of that group of famous gentle- men sportsmen who combined to establish the American jockey Club, and his selection as its first president, in 1866, a position that he held for twenty years, was a for- tunate choice. He brought to the position not only the full weight of his social, political and business prestige, but the enire racing community was the gainer by hav- 136 THE AMERICAN TURF ing. as its head, a gentleman of sucli matured judgment, high sportsmanlike instincts and thorough acquaintance with the best traditions of the Huropean turf. Mr. Belmont was foremost among the men who gave to thoroughbred racing stability, settled order and a place among the pursuits which gentlemen of the highest standing could follow without loss of dignity, and made it one of the pastimes that the public could enjoy with unalloyed satisfaction and with confidence in the integ- rity with which it was managed. This involved both labor and sacrifices. The racing public of the present day can scarcely form an adequate idea of the circum- stances that confronted Mr. Belmont and those who were associated with him. The general community had yet to learn the pleasure of racing. Owners weie few and widely scattered throughout the country, tracks had to be created, and the financial burden of providing ade- quate inducements for the breeding and running of high class horses had to be supplied by the principal lovers of the pursuit themselves. The successful results are the best evidence of the spirit in which the great work was undertaken, and on the roll of honor of those prominent in the task the name of August Belmont will ever hold a leading place. One of the oldest, if not quite the oldest of American racing officials, is Mr. Charles Wheatly, who, after a long and active turf career, still lives in the quiet enjoyment of his recollections of the glorious days of the past. More than a generation ago, before the beginning of the Civil War, he was called to be secretary of the Kentucky As- sociation. Even previous to that time he had been vitally interested in the thoroughbred, and was already considered one of the leading authorities in the United States upon all matters pertaining to the blood horse and his performances. For many years he rendered able service to the Kentucky Association, and there attracted the attention of turfmen from all parts of the country. When racing was revived in the North in the later six- ties, and the Saratoga Association and afterward the American Jockey Club were organized, those who were interested in the enterprises agreed that Mr. Wheatly was the one man in the country whose services were imper- atively needed. Upon the special request of Mr. John Hunter, he came to New York in 1865, and with Dr. John B. Irving was instrumental in outlining the racing policy that started the turf of the North upon the phenomenally brilliant career that distinguished it for the ne,\t ten years or more. His first activity was as secretary of the Saratoga Associ- ation. One of the first members of the American Jockey Club, his services to that organization were invaluable and upon the retirement of Dr. Irving in 1869 he became its secretary. For many years he continued in this double official capacity for Jerome Park and Saratoga, and when the Monmouth Park Association was reorgan- ized he was also retained as secretary of the new associa- tion. In 1S80 his secretaryship of the three enterprises becoming burdensome, and to a certain extent incom- patible one with the other, he retired from official con- nection with Jerome Park and Monmouth Park, and devoted himself exclusively to the direction of the affairs of the Saratoga Association. In 1SS4, Mr. Wheativ was invited to become secretary of the Maryland Jockey Club, of which he was a member, bLit did not accept, preferring to retain his place with the Saratoga Association. Throughout his active con- nection with the turf he was known as one of the most indefatigable workers, and for many years carried the entire burden of Saratoga upon his shoulders. He was not only secretary and clerk, performing all the duties incident to those positions, but was superintendent of the course and oftlcial handicapper, and even kept the ac- counts between owners and the association. His racing experience was of the most extensive character, and he had a knowledge of American pedigrees that was sur- passed by none and probably equaled by but few of his contemporaries. He was a veritable walking encyclo- pedia upon all matters relating to the turf and to the thoroughbred, not only of his own time, but also of the past. Most of the old-timers who were prominently identi- fied with the turf a generation and more ago have passed away before the closing years of this century have gone into history. Only occasionally, here and there, one still remains a connecting link between the past and the present. Judge A. C. Munson, once the close friend ol Mr. D. 1). Withers and the intimate asso- ciate of those who made the turfgre.it in the sixties, still survives a vigorous old man, rich in reminiscences of days gone by. He has had a long, and notable career. Gradu- ated from Columbia College, he afterward took a course of instruction in the Yale Law School, studied in the offices of Mr. Ambrose Jordan and Mr. Benjamin W. Bon- ney and was admitted to the bar when he was only twenty years of age. Associated with his brother-in- law, Mr. Robert H. Morris, he practiced for several years at the New York bar, and was soon regarded as one of the most promising young men of that day. When the excitement over the discovery of gold upon the Pacific Coast broke out, he caught the prevalent fever and went to California. It was not with pick and shovel that he entered upon life there. Taking his law books with him and hanging out a shingle in Sacra- mento, he entered upon the practice of law. In the Golden State he made rapid progress and became a leading member of the bar. In 1852, Governor John Bigler appointed him to fill a vacancy in the District Court, and before his term of service expired, the next Governor 137 THE AMERICAN TURF tendered hiin an appointment to the bench of the Su- preme Court. This offer he declined and returned to his former home in New Yori<. A year later, in 1858, he made a visit to Europe. Upon his return from abroad he again went to California and re-entered upon the practice of his profession, remaining there until 1863. After the latter date he was settled permanently in New York. It was soon after his return to the metropolis that he met Mr. Withers, and the acquaintance that thus sprang up ripened into a friendship that has been likened to that of Schmucke and Pons, which Balzac has immortal- ized. For years, thereafter, these two companions fol- fowed the turf, a pair of walking encyclopedias upon all matters pertaining to the race track. They had the utmost admiration for each other and their fast friend- ship terminated only with the death of Mr. Withers. As a member of the American Jockey Club, Judge Munson was always regarded as a supreme authority on all law matters relating to the turf, both general and special. He was Vice-President, Treasurer and member of the Executive Committee of the club for more than twenty years. As a steward and a judge at many meetings, he occupied a high position in the esteem of his fellow turfmen and performed an important part in racing affairs in the sixties and seventies and even later. Although he never owned a race horse, few men have been better judges of horseflesh or more familiar with the history of the American thoroughbred. An active member of the McDaniel Confederacy with Colonel McDaniel and Al Gage. Mr. John E. Brewster had a prominent part in turf affairs, in the West espe- cially, for more than twenty years. He was born in Massachusetts in 1833, and died in 1894. After some years of business life in New York, he became identified with racing affairs in the early seventies. Among the horses of which he was part owner were Harry Bassett, Springbok, Joe Daniels, and Katie Pease, the two latter being famous four-milers. Katie Pease was a strong can- didate for the $30,000 purse that was hung up for a four- mile race in San Francisco in 1875, but was defeated by Foster. Another good horse owned by Mr. Brewster and his partners, was Virginius, the sire of Verge d'Or. Mr. Brewster was an excellent judge of horseflesh, and it was upon his advice that Mr. E. J. Baldwin purchased Rutherford and Grinstead, who won such success as sires at the Santa Anita Ranch. When the Washington Park Jockey Club was organized in 18S4, Mr. Brewster became its secretary, a position that he retained until the time of his death. He gave active personal atten- tion to the details of management of that club, and the racing conducted under its management, and had a reputation as a handicapper second to none of his con- temporaries. Few men have been better or more favorably known in modern racing circles than Dr. Gideon L. Knapp, who died in 189s. One of the most active members of the Jockey Club of New York, his reputation as a turf- man extended wherever thoroughbreds were run. He had been prominently identified with the turf for only a few years, his first racing being under the name of the (3neck Stable. But his enthusiasm, and his general devotion to the sport, carried him to the front with a rush, and gained for him a reputation that might well have been the result of a lifetime of work as a sportsman. When the Jockey Club was formed in 1894, he became one of its stewards, and was also the steward of various race meetings. In that capacity, he showed unexpected facility in dealing with racing affairs and was an exceed- ingly valuable adviser, so much so, that a great deal of the practical work pertaining to racing meetings con- stantly fell to him. As the owner of Sir Walter, one of the victorious two-year olds of 1892, he won special dis- tinction. Previous to that time, in conjunction with Mr. Fred Hoey and Mr. Chauncey Floyd-Jones, he owned Kvrle Daly out of Faux Pas. For Sir Walter he paid, as a yearling, $900. Subsequently, as a member of the Oneck Stable, he participated in the ownership of Fusilleer, Micmac, Queen iola, The Coon, Doggett and California. Aside from his career as a turf- man, Dr. Knapp was a successful practicing physician. He was the son of Mr. Gideon Knapp, who belonged to the older generation of New York sportsmen, and was a lover of fine horses, being an intimate associate of Commodore Vanderbilt, Robert Bonner and others. Among the scores, yea hundreds, of notable turfmen of the West, it may seem almost invidious to select any particular ones for special attention. As a type of his class, however. Major Elias Lawrence, who was the first secretary of the Latonia Jockey Club, was conspicuous in the early eighties. He was Kentuckian born, and that statement in itself is quite sufficient to fully account for his interest in the turf. He was born in Louisville, and his family was one of the oldest in that section of the country. From early youth he began to follow the race course and maintained that connection until the time of his death in 1885. During the Civil War he was engaged in the Confederate service, being a member of Morgan's famous command. As a soldier he won distinction for his bravery and as being a dashing, forceful officer, and before the end of the conflict had attained the rank of Major. When racing was revived in the South after the close of the Civil War, he again turned his attention to that sport, and was well known upon all the great race courses of the country. North and South. With the ad- vent of the Dwyer brothers upon the turf, he became one of their most intimate friends and their valued counselor. Upon the formation of the Latonia Jockey Club he was 138 THE AMERICAN TURF elected to be its secretary, and tor many years was the leading spirit of the race meetings conducted under the auspices of that organization. He had the honor of hav- ing a horse, the brother to Volturno, named alter him, a distinction that he probably enjoyed quite as much as anvthing that ever came to him in his long and memoi- able career. Another well-known horseman of the West was Mr. George W. Darden, of Tennessee, who, although he was connected with the turf only a dozen years or so, achieved an e.xcellent reputation as a devoted sportsman and capable official. He was secretary of the Nashville Blood Horse Association, to the success of which organ- ization he very materially contributed. Lord Murphv. who won the Kentucky Derby, was owned by him until sold to Mr. James R. Keene. He also owned Aranza, who was a great race mare, and whom he sold to Mr. Pierre Lorillard. Among other horses that he owned were Meditator and Harry Gilniore. He was particu- larly noted in turf circles for being always ready to sell a horse, no matter how good the animal might be, pro- vided the price suited him. Modern racing methods have made the handicapper an official whose importance is not surpassed by that of any of his associates. While the handicap has, from time immemorial, been a feature of the English turf, it has only come into favor in the United States in com- paratively recent times. Our forefathers would have stood aghast at the idea, and when it was first tried upon the old Fashion Course on Long Island it was received with marked disfavor. Even to this day there is a difference of opinion regarding the virtue of handicap- ping, many old turfmen still holding to the old-fashioned idea that a horse should be allowed to run upon his merit without being placed upon an artificial ec]uality with his competitors. Nevertheless, racing has grown to such enormous proportions that there is no longer any way of ignoring the handicap, for without it the sport could not be sustained upon an extensive scale for any length of time. The theory of the handicap is that it brings all horses to the post upon an equal footing. Whether this result is attained in actual practice may indeed be seriously ques- tioned. Handicappers, like the rest of humanity, are fallible, and even the great Admiral Rous did not always succeed in escaping just censure. The fact is, generally speaking, that, after all, the great handicaps of the United States, like the Suburban, the Brooklyn and others have, as a rule, been won by the crack horses. It is rare, indeed, that the second and third rate racers have been able to carry off those prizes. In other words, although the handicap system probably results in calling to the post greater fields than would otherwise be seen, it is still the horse of superior class that comes in first by the post even though he may be laden down with weight with the idea of giving the inferior horse something of a show. A perfect handicap is, of course, an impossibility. If it were otherwise we might be treated to the marvelous spectacle of fifteen or twenty horses finishing a race head and head. Such a dead heat might be sufficiently in- teresting and would raise the enthusiasm of the spec- tators to the highest pitch of excitement. But the knowledge that such was to be the certain result of the race would certainly put an end to all betting, and in the course of time would weaken public concern in racing, for the greatest interest in a racing event arises from the satisfaction of seeing some one horse coming in at the head of the field. Undoubtedly it is the bus- iness of the handicapper so to distribute his weights that the selling plater shall have an equal chance with the speedy sprinter, but that he is not quite able to do this is really the salvation of the turf, and is a source of gratification to the turf world, which would never be satisfied if the favorite fast ones did not have an advan- tage over the others as they pass the judges' stand. Handicapping came into vogue in England some three quarters of a century ago. It was not until a full half century ago, however, that it was extensively applied to racers of high class. One of the first great races of this character that was instituted was the Lincolnshire, which was established in the early fifties and has even down to the present day held its place in the front rank. Others rapidly followed, until it was not long before the handicap became so thoroughly identified with the English turf that it might reasonably be con- sidered a sort of second English racing institution. In the judgment of English turfmen there has never been but one handicapper in that country, and that was Ad- miral Henry John Rous. Born in 1795, Admiral Rous had a long and brilliant career in public life. In the navy he passed from the lowest to the highest grade, serving his country with distinction in active service at sea and in the more peaceful work of the Navy Department ashore. He was conspicuous in many engagements. From early youth his passion for outdoor sports was insatiable, and it w.is the source of his greatest satis- faction in life that his retirement from active service in thejiavy gave him the opportunity to devote himself to the turf From 1836, until the time of his death in 1S77. no great race meeting ever took place in England at which he was not present. In 1831. he became a member of The Jockey Club and from that time on exercised a very positive influence in the deliberations of that historic body, in 1838, he became a steward of the club, a posi- tion for which no man was ever better fitted, or in which any one ever rendered more valuable service to the tuif. 139 THE AMERICAN TURF He at once took a place as an oi^lcial far in advance of any of his associates by reason of his activity and his close application to the pursuit to which he was devot- ing himself. His single aim from first to last was to keep the turf pure and to elevate its standard, and he was the awe of all offenders. During the last twenty years of his life his influence became so paramount that he was universally looked up to as the dictator. A turf writer has said of him : " The Admiral's bold and manly form erect and stately, dressed in pea jacket, wearing long, black boots or leggings, with dog whip in hand, ready to mount his old bay horse for the course, no matter what the weather might be, was an imposing sight at Newmarket." About 1855, he took the position of public handicapper, and his assumption of that office was greeted with accla- mation. Previous to that, however, he had become well known as a handicapper. The first notable instance of his being called in to exercise this function was on the occasion of a match between Lord Eglinton's Flying Dutchman, five years old, and Lord Zetland's Voltigeur, four years old, at the York Spring Meeting in 185 1. Upon that occasion he made the older horse give the younger one 8>2 pounds. During the larger part of his racing career he managed and made all matches for the Duke of Bedford's stable at Newmarket, his success in that capacity being only second to that which he achieved as a handicapper. He wrote much on racing subjects, his contributions to The London Times es- pecially being voluminous and valuable, drawn as they were from a wide and extended experience. The long and brilliant career of Admiral Rous consti- tuted one of the most notable features that has dis- tinguished the English turf. As a handicapper, no man who ever lived attained to such distinction or won such enviable and well deserved renown. He was the Napoleon of the profession, and no one has ever pre- sumed to question his right of superiority. He belonged in a class by himself. Making a life study of the turf and the capacity of England's thoroughbreds, he became an authority such as never existed before and has not been seen since. During his lifetime, the English horse- men united almost unanimously in lauding him to the skies, but at the same time no one caused more swear- ing than he did by many of his handicaps. That he was subject to error and sometimes made serious slips is quite true, but he saved himself by maintaining the firmest and most persistent belief in his own infalli- bility, and brought the world to believe in him, which was certainly a tremendous triumph for any man placed in his position. Admiral Rous never lost confidence in himself down to the day of his death. In his opinion there never ex- isted any other handicapper worthy of a moment's con- sideration. Near the close of his life, when enfeebled by age and disease he was scarcely able to creep about, he said to a friend with whom he was one day conversing, " It's all very odd. I lose my way, even in going from the Turf Club to my house near by in Berkeley Square; but," and his eyes Hashed with the spirit of his best days as he added, " 1 can still handicap." There were a few who sometimes ventured to 'take him to task to his face for his decisions, but generally they were worsted who tried such an experiment. Whether true or not, it is related that Lord Calthorpe, whose favorite horse had been handicapped beyond the possibility of any success, ventured to raise the question of the justice of the weight imposed and, addressing the Admiral for the sake of drawing him out and getting him into a cornel', said : "Now, Admiral, do you believe that my horse has any chance of winning ? " " None whatever," was the complacent answer. " Do you call that handicapping, then ? I thought that every horse was supposed to be given an equal chance." It was not until many years after handicapping had been instituted in England that it became firmly estab- lished in this country. There were various reasons for this, but the principal one was, probably, that the rich planters south of the Mason and Dixon line, prior to the Civil War period, were thoroughly imbued with a liking for the sweepstakes for large amounts between owners of horses at weight-for-age and at long distances. Al- though it became more and more evident as the scope of racing enlarged that under such conditions the best horse had too much advantage over those who were inferior to him in speed or staying qualities, it was not easy to persuade the old-time turfmen to the innovation of the handicap. About the earliest example of the handicap in the South was in i8s6 or 1857, when the old South Carolina Jockey Club put upon its programme two or three races of this description with but little added money to be run for over the Charleston Course. A more important handicap was the Allen for a distance of two miles, with $2,sooadded, that was run at New- market, Va., in 1858, when Mr. John Hunter's Nicholas 1. carried off the stakes. When racing was revived in New York and New Jer- sey after the close of the Civil War the handicap was for the first lime in this country fully adopted as a means of attracting large fields to the new courses. The first experiments were tried at the old Secaucus track, situated on the salt meadows in the rear of Hoboken, in 1 86s. Handicap hurdle races, steeple chases and one or two flat races were given. The first handicap on the flat was 2j{ miles and was won by Colonel David McDaniel's Oakland, five years old, a son of Revenue 140 TIIK AMERICAN TURF and Margrave. These early handicaps were far from successful and did not give much promise for the future. A few years later, however, the e.xperiment was tried on a larger scale and under more favorable conditions, when, at Jerome Park, the Grand National, the Fordham and the Jockey Club Handicaps were instituted by the American Jockey Club. These may be considered as really marking the definite beginning of handicapping in the United States. The isolated e.xampies that pre- ceded them were in nowise important or successful, and had been really put forward as novelties without any idea of making them permanent. Beginning with these Jerome Park handicaps, whicii at once took rank among the most popular events, both in the estimation of racing men and the general public, year after year handicapping grew steadily in favor, until now the great handicaps overshadow all other contests of the racing season. There are almost as many systems of handicapping as there are handicappers. Some men keep regular book accounts — that is, they write down every day names of the first three horses that have contended in every race of which a description is published, with the weights at which they ran and the distances between them at the finish. On the opposite side of the page the horses are rehandicapped with such variations "as it is presumed would be like\y to bring them to a dead heat. Other handicappers have been specially known for their "lad- ders," that is, long lists of horses handicapped over various courses from five furlongs upward, while the weights are constantly recast. It was the custom of Weatherby, who was for many years handicapper for the English Jockey Club, to go through his book anew for each fresh compilation, aided constantly by notes made from personal observation. Some handicappers since his time have also adhered to that practice. Comparatively few men are successful handicappers. Fngland has had, perhaps, half a dozen, of whom Ad- miral Rous was the most eminent. The best known in this country have been Mr. J. G. K. Lawrence, Cap- tain J. H. Coster, Mr. H. D. Mclntyre, Mr. Charles Wheatly and Mr. Walter S. Vosburgh. There is no position connected with the race track where the work is more arduous and the returns so inadequate, either in the approval of the public or the satisfaction of horse- men. While it is, no doubt, a difficult thing to make a good handicap, it becomes an impossibility to make one that will suit everybody. One would think that trainers would be people most likely to give valuable opinions on a handicap, but, nevertheless, they are quite as often in error as others. This arises from the fact that, while they may know individual horses thoroughly, whether in their own or other stables, they are apt to underrate liieir own and overrate others when it comes to this im- portant question of placing weights. After all, perhaps, the final judgment of the public is about as good as any that can be possibly had, since the followers of the turf are practically unbiased, and have as clear a knowl- edge of form as many who pass their entire lives in the stable. Every handicapper is liable to be imposed upon. It is at all times difficult to escape the devices of the trainer who is on the alert to get every advantage that he possibly can and, therefore, we frequently see horses running with from ten to twenty pounds in hand. In Parole's first season in England the handicappers there carelessly deceived themselves and let him into some good events at very light weight, a mistake, how- ever, that was not afterward repeated. Handicapping by committees has been sometimes tried upon the theory that the judgment of several men is better than one, but the result has almost invariably disposed of the theory. It is impossible to get a number of men to agree on any subject, and it is especially impracticable upon a matter like the handicap, concerning which there is opportunity for such wide divergence of opin- ion and such a multitude of contributing causes. It has become proverbial that no owner can ever be satisfied with a handicap in which he has a horse unless it happens that he is able to win. Devices that are resorted to to have weight taken off are numerous and sometimes successful. One of the most common is to run a horse until the handicapper is finally persuaded that he is fully entitled to come in at a feather weight. Then some day the owner sees his chance and pulls off some great prize. It occasionally happens, however, that this practice works out just contrary to what was planned by the owner and trainer. The story is told of a defeated owner at Guttenberg, who once gave vent to his disappointment in bewailings loud and long over the failure of such a coup that he had planned; "pulled him five times," he exclaimed, "and now when we cut him loose, he's beaten; it's too bad, too bad." Mention has already been made of Mr. James G. K. Lawrence as one of the best handicappers known to the American turf. He was among those New Yorkers who became interested in racing soon after the Civil War, and was President of the Coney Island Jockey Club. Up to the time of his death in 1895, he main- tained a prominent position in connection with the turf, particularly of the East. He belonged to one of the oldest and most aristocratic families identified with the history of New York from the earliest colonial days. His father was Governor William B. Lawrence, of Rhode Island, and Mr. Isaac Lawrence, the well known public man, was his brother. In early life he was distinguished as a gentleman rider, and achieved fame by beating the 141 THE AMERICAN TURF famous English cross country rider, Lord Mandeviile. Finally, becoming deeply interested in the turf, he was the junior partner in the firm of Coffin & Lawrence, and then was the confederate of Mr. George L. Lorillard. After severing his connection with Mr. Lorillard, when that gentleman decided to carry on his turf ventures inde- pendently, Mr. Lawrence was identified with the Shrewsbury Stable. He owned Shylock by Lexington out of Edith, and with him won a number of good races, among the best victories of that horse being the defeat of Asteroid at i'.- miles, and the winning of the West- chester Cup, 2'a miles, at Jerome Park, in 1874, when he beat Wanderer, Lizzie Lucas and others. In 1879, Mr. Lawrence became secretary of the Coney Island Jockey Club, and it has been well said of him that "there is no doubt that much of the success which fol- lowed the establishment of racing at Sheepshead Bay was due to him." Upon the death of Mr. Leonard W. Jerome in 1890, he became President of the Coney Island Jockey Club. During his official career he introduced many new features in the annual racing meetings that conduced much to the popularity of the Sheepshead Bay Course. He was the first to put on the card the two- year old handicap, and also originated the famous Suburban in 1884. His purpose was to arrange a race similar to the English City and Suburban that should attract the best handicap horses and be a stimulus to winter betting. From the start the Suburban fulfilled all his expectations, becoming one of the great ante-post betting events known to the American turf, and has now attained to a position unrivaled by any other racing event of the season. To him is also due the establish- ment of the Futurity, similar to the Futurity events in England, and he was also the author of the Realization, which he started in 1889. As a racing official, he was one of the best in the country, combining, with a complete knowledge of the thoroughbred and the details of track management, an enthusiasm, independence and honesty that accomplished the best results. .Another handicapper, who was particularly distin- guished in the generation that has just passed away, was Captain J. H. Coster. Associated with Messrs. John C. Stevens, Robert Cambridge ^Livingston, John King and other well known New Yorkers in an unselfish devotion to the turf back in the fifties, Captain Coster at the time of his death, in 189s, was one of the last connecting links between this generation of racing men and that which had gone before. When Messrs. Stevens, Liv- ingston and others abandoned the turf on account of the evil condition into which it had fallen in the decade pre- ceding the war. Captain Coster still maintained his inter- est in it and kept in touch with the institution until its brighter days came in the seventies and eighties. When a young man he was a well known amateur rider and was secretary of the American Jockey Club and the Monmouth Park Association during the last years of the existence of those bodies. During the Civil War, he served in the Union Army. It was a singular coincidence that upon the day of his funeral also occurred the funerals of two other well-known and popular gentlemen who had long been connected with the turf These were Dr. Gideon L. Knapp, whose death occurred upon the same day as that of Captain Coster, and Mr. Robert Cam- bridge Livingston, who although, in his latter years, he had entirely retired from participation in turf affairs, was a useful and working member of the executive com- mittee of the Coney Island Jockey Club when that organization first started and contributed much to placing the club in a firm position with the racing fraternity of the country. Captain Coster was a firm believer in the "ladder" system of handicapping. When he was handicapper tor Monmouth Park the results that he brought forth through his original method were sometimes astounding. One of his practices was to add five pounds to a horse for winning a race and take off five pounds for losing. The story is told that a facetious owner once erected a monu- ment over the grave of one of his thoroughbreds and inscribed upon the front of the pedestal, "He carried top weight in Coster's handicap and won." You can trust the trainers to quickly discover the fail- ings of a handicapper, starter or judge, and Captain Coster was often the victim of their cunningness. In his latter days the good old Captain lost something of his shrewdness and became rather prejudiced. Taking advantage of this peculiarity the trainers adopted a very simple method of engineering a heavy weight on a horse which they feared. Accidentally coming together with- in hearing of the handicapper, they would talk in a mysterious way about the great work of this horse, what he had done upon his trials and how sure he was to beat anything on the track if only it was possible to keep information from the handicapper about his splendid form. A sudden surprise at discovering ("aptain Coster within hearing distance of their whis- pered conversation would break up the meeting, while the unsuspicious old Captain would piomptly add ten or fifteen pounds to the weight that he had already fixed for this particular horse. Down to 1894, the general management of racing affairs upon the important courses in the vicinity of New York had been for many years delegated by the several associations to a Board of Control. This arrangement offered in many respects an agreeable solution of some of the difficult problems that attended the harmonizing of the conflicting interests of the different facts, and at the same time reformed, or at least restricted some of the evils which inevitably thrust themselves upon the 142 THE AMERICAN TURF race course. It was not, however, an ideal arrange- ment, being t'ound to be detective at some important points. The several associations who had organized this Board of Control and subjected themselves to its author- ity, were not always satisfied witii its decisions, and ultimately there came about a great deal of clashing and some ill feeling. Moreover, the ever returning abuses showed themselves constantly and grew so steadily in strength that ultimately the Board of Control found itself powerless to destroy them. In the summer of iSqs particularly, racing in the vicinity of New York was decidedly overrun. The rich returns that the turf offered to owners had proved very alluring to many individuals of a speculative turn of mind, and, in New Jersey in particular, race courses had multiplied until they practically exceeded the demand of the race loving public. Many of them inevitably became of questionable character, and the free and easy manner in which they were conducted reflected indirectly even upon honest racing. It was plain to be seen that the public which heretofore had followed racing with more or less enthusiasm was losing its interest in the sport. Even at Sheepshead Bay the attendance in the summer of i8q3 was largely reduced, a condition of things that was the direct result of the disrepute into which racing had fallen on account of the evil practices that had attached to it elsewhere. That year the Coney Island Jockey Club was $60,000 out of pocket. incidents connected with the Monmouth Park Associ- ation management that season aggravated the situation, and these have not yet passed out of the remembrance of turfmen. The prolongation of the racing season at Monmouth, by giving a twenty-six days' meeting in August, interfered seriously with the other associations that were members of the Board of Control and caused a great deal of ill feeling. Practices in relation to handi- caps and betting were tolerated there that brought discredit to the cause of racing. In the free criticism which was made upon the transactions of the Monmouth (bourse, the stewards of the Association became resentful and ruled off two prominent turf writers from the grounds. The Coney Island Jockey Club was asked to support this action of Monmouth Park, but declined to do so and took sharp issue with the managers of the New Jersey Course. Mr. J. G. K. Lawrence, who was then president of the club and its representative upon the Board of Control, resigned from the fatter body. As a result, whatever power had heretofore rested in this board, was seriously weakened; it lost prestige and influence and racing was in a fair way to fall back into a state of indiscriminate irresponsibility. Recognizing that the condition of affairs then existing carried the seeds of the destriiction of the turf, some of the leading horsemen of New York and vicinity held re- peated conferences during the late winter of 1893 and discussed vaiious measmes for relief. As a first propo- sition it was admitted that many impurities had become attached to the turf, and that there was a great deal of bad racing, and it was also felt that the difficulties that lay in the way of reform were largely owing to the rac- ing associations themselves. As one of the most out- spoken supporters of the New York turf, at that time, said in speaking of the subject: "One of the primary troubles is an outgrowth of the methods by which racing associations obtain their revenues. They demand from bookmakers $100 a day each. Upon those days when large stakes are to be decided, there are probably an average of 120 bookmakers in the ring, who, altogether, are compelled to pay for the privilege $12,000. Their other expenses, hire of clerks, etc., generally swell that amount by half as much more. Now, in order to get back their money and make their business a paying ven- ture, many of them are almost obliged to resort to dis- honest practices. Thus the associations have placed them in a position which puts a premium upon crook- edness. Not all of them are thus inclined, but the weakest of them will naturally take every possible chance to reap gains. As a logical result trainers and jockeys are debauched and racing is not racing at all." While the point touched upon in this opinion did not, by any manner of means, cover the whole case, yet it was regarded as fairly describing one of the greatest evils of the day that was leally the root of a good part of the trouble in which the associations found them- selves, and of the criticism to which they were sub- jected by the public. Messrs. James R. Keene, J. H. Bradford and John Hunter were among the earliest to institute active measures looking toward the ultimate achievement of the reform which all agreed was an imperative neces- sity of the situation. It was decided by these gentle- men and others with whom they conferred that the new movement should emanate from people who were most vitally interested in racing, that is, the owners of horses. At a meeting called by Mr. Keene the plan was fully ex- plained and was received with hearty approval. Pro- longed discussion of details followed and lasted well through the winter. Finally, several committees were appointed from the different organizations whose co- operation was sought for. Messrs. John Hunter, August Belmont and James Galway represented the Board of Control. Dr. Gideon L. Knapp and Messrs. James R. Keene, W. P. Thompson and Perry Belmont repre- sented the horse owners. Messrs. J. G. K. Lawrence, John G. Heckscher and F. Gray Griswold represented the Coney Island Jockey Club and Mr. P. J. Dwyer represented the Brooklyn Jockey Club. During the winter the committees held frequent ses- 143 THE AMERICAN TURF sions and gave much time and labor to the consideration of the subject. At last agreement was reached upon the point of organizing a Jockey Club as the most practical means of accomplishing the much-desired reform. To add strength to the proposed organization, careful thought was given to plans to secure alike the confi- dence and the support of the owners of grounds on which races were run and the owners of horses which participated in the races. It was recognized that the existing state of things could not last forever and it was believed that such an organization as was contemplated in The Jockey Club might make a very distinct impres- track. The point was made that it might be a very un- wise thing to allow any outside organization to thus dictate to the different associations how they should conduct their affairs. Ultimately, however, all came to the conclusion that the plan probably offered the most likely means of destroying evils which were now every- where recognized. The Jockey Club finally entered upon its work with the cordial support of all the leading turf- men and approved by whoever had the best interests of racing at heart. It proceeded in a practical way to draw up revised rules for the government of racing upon the courses that recognized its authority, to institute sion upon associations and compel them to modify in many reforms, especially as pertained to racing and bet- some way the method of obtaining revenue for the track and also be influential in many other matters that were necessary for the complete purification of the turf. As Mr. James R. Keene said, at the time, in discussing the situation and the causes that led to establishing The Jockey Club, " the thing to do is to clean up the turf, make it decent and re-establish public confidence in it." The rules governing the English turf were practically adopted and the new Jockey Chib received its charter ting and to fix upon measures for the enforcement of discipline more vigorously than had been for some time before known. The rules related particularly to the recognition of meetings, the forfeit list, fraudulent prac- tices, jockeys, duties of stewards and other officials and the registration of horses and entries of starters. An arrangement was consummated with the American Turf Congress by which reciprocal relations between the two associations was assured, so that punishments early in 1894, entering upon its work in the spring of inllicted by The Jockey Club in the East should be recog- that year. Its incorporators were Messrs. Perry Bel- mont, W. P. Thompson, James R. Keene, Olivei' H. Payne, William C. Whitney, Frank K. Sturgis, J. B. Haggin, John Hunter, Andrew J. Cassatt, Gideon L. Knapp and James Galway. The first piesident was Mr. John Hunter and the other ofl^lcers were Mr. James R. Keene, vice-president; Mr. F. K. Sturgis, secretary and treasurer, and Mr. E. O. Hanlan, assistant secretary. Stewards were elected, those for two years being Messrs. August Belmont, John Hunter, James R. Keene, snd Frank K. Sturgis, and those for one year Messrs. J. O. Donner, Gideon L. Knapp and William P. Thomp- aon. The membership of the club was limited to fifty, and among the original members were Messrs. A. J. Cassatt, Gideon L. Knapp, William H. Forbes, James R. Keene, Augustus Clason, P. J. Dwyer, J. O. Donner, Edward Kelly, John Hunter, 0. H. Payne, A. F. Wal- cott, E. S. Knapp, W. Seward Webb, J. B. Haggin, Rudolph Ellis, Perry Belmont, James Galway, F. K. Sturgis, W. C. Whitney, S. S. Brown, August Belmont, A. H. Morris, W. K. Vanderbilt, J. G. K. Lawrence, J. G. Heckscher, George Peabody Wetmore and W. P. Thompson. To these were subsequently added Messrs. Foxhall P. Keene, Oliver H. P. Belmont, Benjamin F. Tracy, John M. Bowers, Samuel S. Howland, James O. Green, Jacob Ruppert, Jr., W. S. Johnson, J. Pierpont Morgan and others. Opposition to the plans of The Jockey Club were not altogether absent, and some very reputable and influen- tial turfmen were inclined to regard with doubt the pro- priety of this assumption of authority over the race nized and made to apply upon the courses of the West that came under the jurisdiction of the Turf Congress. New rules were also drawn up, so as to do away with the winter racing that had been such a source of annoy- ance and discredit to the tui'f of the North and a hindrance to the prosperity of the South. By this arrangement winter racing was calculated to be confined to their natural localities, the South and California. Par- ticular strength lay in the powers of the stewards, to whom were delegated the right of appointing racing officials and of enforcing and collecting forfeits, and who also were constituted a Board of Appeal. The officials appointed by the club for its first year were: Mr. James G. Rowe, starter; Mr. R.W.Simmons, presiding judge; Messi's. Victor C. Smith and C. McDowell, judges; Mr. C. J. Fitzgerald, clerk of scales; Mr. W. S. Vosburgh, handicapper; Mr. John Hoey, patrol judge, and Mr. F. M. Hall, starting judge. From the very outset The Jockey Club fully justified the highest expectations that had been formed concern- ing it. The powers that were delegated to it by the Eastern horsemen were exercised in a conservative manner that ultimately redounded to the benefit of both horsemen and racing associations, and that spoke vol- umes for the wisdom and disinterested spirit of the gen- tlemen who had thus come forwaid and given their time to the rescue of the sport. During the first season of its existence the club did so much to elevate racing, and its aims and purposes were so palpably in the right direction, that criticism was almost entirely disarmed. What little objection had existed at the outset in certain 144 THE AMERICAN TURF quarters completely disappe;ued. It was generally felt that at last alTairs in New York were in the hands of gentlemen of standing and responsibility, who cmild safely be trusted to jealously guard the good name and the reputation of the turf. A year later, when new legis- lation particularly pertaining to betting upon races was placed upon the statute book, the powers of The Jockey Club were enlarged and its capacity for usefulness further augmented. During the five years that it has been in existence, the I lub has practically revolutionized the conduct of racing upon the courses of the Hast, and has succeeded in placing the turf upon a substantial foundation and identi- fying it in the public eye solely with honoi'able practices and business-like methods. By its supervision of jockeys and trainers it has done a great work, not alone in the East but also in the West, where its inlUience, if not its authority, is fully recognized. Many important cases have come before it for adjudication, and its decisions have in- variably been characterized by wisdom and a devotion to the best interests of the turf without regard to personal considerations of any character whatsoever. That supervision of the nature undertaken by The Jockey Club was absolutely needed scarcely required demonstration, it was so plainly obvious. An additional proof of the necessity of the work and of the wis- dom that placed it in the hands of those who have carried it out, was apparent in the successful operation of the reforms that were instituted. Historians of the future will undoubtedly recognize The Jockey Club as the most potent intluence in advancing the cause of racing that has ever existed in the United States down to the present time. It is not beyond the range of possibility that the club may ultimately become to the American turf what The Jockey Club of England is to the turf of that country. That an organization formed upon these lines and engaging the services of the leading turfmen of the country must be useful beyond measure and instrumental in lifting the turf to a position of standing, intluence and permanency, such as it has never enjoyed before, will scarcely be questioned by anyone familiar with the situation and with the success that has crowned the administration of this Jockey Club. Beginning the tilth year of its existence in 1898, the officers of The Jockev Club were Mr. August Belmont, chairman; Mr. James R. Keene, vice-chairman; Mr. F. K. Sturgis, sec- retary and treasurer; Mr. P. O. Hanlon, assistant secre- tary; Messrs. August Belmont, J. H. Bradford, F. R. Hitchcock, James R. Keene, Andrew Miller, F. K. Stur- gis and James Galway, stewards, and Mr. Walter S. Vosburgh, racing secretary. Every true friend of the turf recognizes the incalculable benefit that the institution derives from a favorable public estimation that is stimulated by the presence in its inmost counsels of what may be termed a disinterested element composed of gentlemen to whom the sport is absolutely a matter of pleasure and not a money-making business. The great racing associations of this country and the bodies which virtually legislate for the American turf have ever been fortunate in this respect. They enjoy the active participation of a small, but very inlluential array of sportsmen prominent in the business and social world, whose interest in racing is altogether of the nature just referred to, and whose presence is a guarantee to the public at large ol the fairness and unbiased character of the decisions in regard to general policy or matters of detail that are necessary from time to time in the govern- ment of the sport. The English turf, which serves as the example to the whole racing world, owes much of its popularity to the well-known fact that such an element has always been conspicuous in connection with its affairs. Following in the footsteps of the Old World in this respect, the leaders of our own racing community have done wisely in seeking the co-operation of men of the same calibre here, who, while not directly interested as owners of horses, are, nevertheless, distinguished by a devotion to the sport and whose self-sacrificing spirit impels them to contribute no small measure of time and labor to duties in this connection which could not well be committed to other hands. The Jockey Club has been especially happy in having been able to enlist from the outset the services of gentlemen of this character. A good beginning was made by placing in official position those in whom the general public had the fullest con- fidence, and upon whom all racing interests were satis- fied to depend with the fullest assurance that nothing, which, through knowledge of the turf, conscientious devotion to its affairs and careful foresight could formu- late to the advantage of all concerned, would be left undone. That the results have fully justified all expecta- tions, doesnotany longeradmit of even the slightest doubt. Upon the resignation of Mr. John Hunter, as the first Chairman of the Board of Stewards, and from his active participation in the affairs of the organization, he was succeeded by Mr. August Belmont, under whose admin- istration the club has attained to a success and an infiu- ence far beyond even that which was hoped for by most enthusiastic friends at its inception. Mr. Belmont be- longs to a family whose name will stand as high as any in the racing annals of the United States. His father, as we have had occasion to demonstrate elsewhere, did as much as any other single individual to place the Ameri- can turf of contemporaneous times upon a firm founda- tion. The second Mr. August Belmont has succeeded his father as a prominent figure in the commercial, social and turf life of the present day. It is unnecessary to dwell at length upon his career. 145 THE AMERICAN TURF He was born in New York, in 1854, and was pre- has given attention to racing matters. Not alone as pared for college at the Rectory School, at Hamden, Chairman of The Jockey Club has he been prominent, but Conn., and at Philips Exeter Academy. Being gradu- his position in connection with racing was officially rec- ated from Harvard College, in the class of 1874, he ognized in his appointment by Governor Levi P. entered the banking house of his father in the same year Morton as chairman of the State Racing Commission of and was made a partner in 1885. Upon the death of New York, an organization for the promotion of turf his father, in i8qo, he became the head of the establish- interests, to which more power and influence for good ment with which the Belmont name has been so long attaches than to any other ever known in this country. identified. The part he has played in the financial Mr. Belmont's record as Chairman of The Jockey Club world and the eminent services he has ren- dered to the Govern- ment and the com- mercial community are part of the contempo- rary history of our country. As a financier he has long held pre- eminent position and has a reputation that is not limited by the confines of his native land. He has been engaged in large monetary operations, and on occasions has been of material assist- ance to the United States Government in carrying out financial transactions of the greatest importance to the welfare of the national treasury. inheriting his father's love of racing and breeding, Mr. Belmont had the confidence of his parent during the hitter's career on the turf and was fully acquainted with his theories and plans. As the proprietor of the Blemton stable, and later under his own •ij- AUGUST BELMONT CHAIRMAN, THE JOCKEY CLUB name, he has become as conspicuous upon the turt as was his father before him. His fame as a successful ownerand a sportsman of the foremost class does not obscure the fact that he has also inherited his father's eminent po- sition in affairs relating to the administration and legis- lation of the tuif. In fact, the commanding influence attached to the distinguished name that he bears in con- nection with the sport has increased each year that he from Europe while the' matter was still at fever heat, Mr. 146 has excited the admira- tion of his associates and received the com- mendation of the turf world generally. He has developed excep- tional talent in the management of turf affiiirs and it has been well said of him by one who is most famil- iar with what he has done, that " He is more than his father's son, and the club could not have had a better or safer leader. He im- presses one as not looking for a personal a d va n tage, but as working for the gen- eral good. He is a born diplomat and has the faculty of con- ciliating conflicting in- terests, talking with people and winning them over by argument and suggestion and a frank exhibition of true sincerity." An interview with one of the officials of The Jockey Club, pub- lished in 1896, related in detail some inci- dents in his career that illustrated his remarkable faculty of meeting threat- ening issues. It appears that during the previous summer the atmosphere was full of evil and scanda- lous reports concerning turf matters. The stewards of The Jockey Club had worked hard to get some tangible evidence of fraud, but had accumulated only a mass of report based upon tattle and hearsay. Returning ^ THE AMERICAN TURF Belmont sent at once for the newspaper representatives to carve his own wav in the world. Kor several years and pointed out to thein the harm that they were doint; he was engatjed in mining and other allied business by accepting idle rumor tor tacts. He also conferred pursuits, and also edited a newspaper. Afterward he with certain owners and trainers and convinced them ot became interested in mining properties in Nevada, and their suicidal policy in circulating reports not based upon then, going to San Francisco, entered the stock market, facts, and in doing things that might give rise to suspi- where he soon acquired a moderate fortune, cion. The interview, the substance of which has just Having a natural talent for speculation, he thenceforth been given, went on to say that from that moment the devoted himself to that pursuit, and was rapidly success- atmosphere changed, the press began to help the ful in spite of occasional reverses. Becoming a member stewards in their efforts to stamp out rascality, and of the Stock Exchange of San Francisco, he was subse- trainers. jockeys and owners bent their best energies in quently elected its president, and when the Bank of getting their horses to the front. Confidence was thus California failed he was able to be one of the four con- re-established, and since that time nothing has occurred tributors of a million dollars to the guarantee fund neces- again to undermine it or give the public any apprehen- sary to save that institution from ruin. Leaving Cali- sion concerning the hon- esty of the race course. The work which Mr. Bel- mont did at this juncture was of more than ordi- nary importance, but it is only a single example out of many that might be cited to show the perfect hold which he has upon all turf affairs and the gen- uine diplomatic ability with which he handles the work which lalls to his share to do. No name has been moi'e conspicuouslv iden tilled with the American turf of modern times than that of Mr. James R. Keene, Vice-Chairman of the jockey Club. A na- tive of England, he has, nevertheless, been so long connected with business interests in America, and has shown himself so JAMES R. KEENE VICE-CHAIRMAN, THE JOCKEY CLUB lornia in 1877, he engaged, for a short time, in stock speculation in New York and then visited Europe. Upon his return from the Old World he settled in New York City, where he has since been a resident and has been frequently engaged in large financial operations. He has been one of the most conspicu- ous figures in the financial world of the metropolis for nearly twenty years, and has also occupied a considerable place in social affairs. He is a man of large fortune and has done as much as anv other single individual to stimulate Wall Street in these later days. Like so many other gentlemen of wealth who have added distinction to the Northern turf in this thoroughly in sympathy with all American institu- latter part of the nineteenth century, Mr. Keene has had a tions that the fact of his having been born in Eng- notable turf career. There are few, i1 any, American horse- land is probably unknown to most people. In fact, men who have ever surpassed him in devotion to racing he came to this country at such an early age— when interests, in liberality of expenditures and in brilliancy of he was only fourteen years old— that his education achievements. His name is known in this connection and subsequent business training were thoroughly throughout two continents, and the horses that he has American. He was born in England, in 1838, the son owned have often carried his colors to renown. Had he of a London merchant, and received his early educa- never owned any other thoroughbreds than Foxhall and tion in Lincolnshire and m Dublin, Ireland. His parents Domino, his name would be emblazoned upon the pages came to the United States in 1852, bringing him with of American turf history in letters that can never fade, them, and settled in the northern part of the State of He was one of the first horsemen to recognize, in the California. There, at an earlv age, he entered upon earlv nineties, the imperative demand for a reform in turf business life with energy and ambition and proceeded matters. As early as 189^, he began to agitate the sub- 147 THE AMERICAN TURF ject nnd tried to impress his fellow-turfmen with what he regarded as the urgency of the situation. He insisted that what was first necessary was to establish a central authority for the government of racing on broader lines than those on which the Board of Control, which was then in existence, was built. He made a study of the English system of turf govern- ment, and he was satisfied that it was the best that could be devised, because it embodied the experience and views of the ablest men in that country, where racing is an old institution and the rules the outgrowth of long experience. In the subsequent discussions of this subject between representatives of the Board of Control, the horse owners and the several jockey clubs, Mr. Keene was particularly active and influential, and it is in no small measure due to him that the different elements were ultimately brought to the point of realizing the necessity of carrying out some such plans as he had formulated. Finally came the incorporation of The Jockey Club, of which he was elected vice-chairman, a position that he has ever since retained. He has been one of the working members of the Board of Stewards, and by his thorough knowledge of turf rules and the practices of racing in this country and in Europe, and his keen sympathy both for horse owners on the one side and the gentlemen who are the substantial supporters of racing, he has excercised a strong and healthful influence. In many years Mr. Keene had associated with him his son, Mr. Foxhall P. Keene, who is scarcely less well known than his father in the racing world. The Keene Stable has been as distinguished as any other in the United States, and its victories have often been of the most notable character, in 1893, for example, the year of the wonderful performances of the invincible Domino, the stable stood at the head of the list of winners for the season. Its winnings in stakes and purses ran up to $279,458, an amount that was unprecedented in the his- tory of the American turf as the result of the work of a single stable in one year. Besides Domino, El Telegrafo by Tremont out of Marguerite, Hornpipe by Mr. Pick- wick out of Round Dance, and St. Leonards by St. Blaise out of Bella Donna, were the principal members of the stable, which also included Hyderabad by Hyder Ali out of Glorianne, Chorister by Falsetto out of Addie C, Lidgerwood by Luke Blackburn out of Tuscarora, Soprano by Falsetto out of Lady Athol, and ten others. turfmen of this generation by virtue of his enterprise and the well deserved success that has so generally crowned his efforts. Mr. Keene's career on the turf has been practically divided into two periods, the one dis- tinguished by the achievements of Foxhall and the other by the performances of Domino. For several years after Foxhall's great campaign in England, his owner still con- tinued to show his colors at many race meetings; but, after a time, he dropped out of the field. His retirement was only temporaiy, however, for early in the nineties he began the oiganization of another stable and took up his old interest in the turf This was just at that critical time, when, as we have seen, racing affairs were in an unfortunate condition and were imperatively in need of the good will and the wise judgment of as many honorable sportsmen like Mr. Keene, as could be drawn to its support. As has been clearly demonstrated, his return to the turf was greatly to the advantage of I'acing matters from every point of view. He has been among the most generous purchas- ers of thoroughbred stock that this country has ever known, and the success of his horses has often been of such a brilliant character as to excite the liveliest enthu- siasm, not alone of the general public, but also of racing men. That added to the great value of his services in the purification of the turf in this period, has made him undoubtedly one of the most important factors in stim- ulating honorable racing and in encouraging breeding that the present generation has known. Not to content himself with activity in this counf.y alone, he has, since his last return to the turf carried his colors again to England, the scene of his earlier triumphs. There in recent years he has been represented by many high class blood horses. His victories in the Foxhall year, how- ever, have not since been approached, and his later career in England has been somewhat less sensationally notable than that of some of the more recent Americans. It has, however, been marked by an unswerving devotion to sporting of the highest character and to American standards. He has always had a truly representative American stable in England, and there have been few years when the entries for the important events of the English turf have not included his name. For example, in 1895, he had entered for the Cesare- witch. Hornpipe and Round Dance, and for the Cam- bridgeshire, Hornpipe and that beloved and regretted The total number of races run by the stable was 135, of wonder. Domino. Although only a few runners carried which 35 were won. Domino won all the races in which he was entered, nine in number, and carried off $191,780. The record of this particular year has been given, not alone on account of its extraordinary character, but also as illustrating the magnitude of Mr. Keene's turf interests and the exceptional high position that he holds among his colors in 1897, the form which they exhibited was fine enough to encourage such an energetic and far-seeing turfman to strengthen his forces abroad by the shipment of several fleet racers for ensuing years. In many instances of late, fortune has been more harshly unkind to him than those who have followed his career with interest could wish. In 1897, he was specially unfbrtu- 14S THE AMERICAN TURF n;ite in losing the Cambiidgesiiire by a IilmJ, tiirougii the carelessness of the jockey, who rode his big colt, St. (".loLid, a misfortune that was a source of great regret, not only among Americans, but even among Knglish turfmen who have cordially recognized his sportsman- ship and enterprise. In a social and business sense, Mr. Frank K. Sturgis, Secretary and Treasurer of The Jockey Club, is one of associates to be a member of the Board of Stewards and Secretary and Treasurer, and in that position he has been both active and intluential to an exceptional degree, bringing to his work, as a racing official, the same com- bination of executive ability and of capacity to command respect and co-operation that have marked his career in other respects. His conspicious services to The Jockey Club have fully demonstrated the .soundness of judgment the best known and most highly respected citizens of of his associates who selected him for that position. New York, and also holds an enviable position in the The office is one of exceptional responsibility and labor, estimation of the racing public. A native of New York and Mr. Sturgis assumed it much against his inclination, City, he is an example of the best type of energetic, patriotic citizens of the metropolis. Now a little more than fifty years of age. he has been identi- fied with financial affairs throughout his entire life, and has a reputation as a financier second to none of his time. As a mem- ber of the banking house of Strong, Sturgis & Co.. he has long been an important factor in Wall Street, and the highest honors in financial circles in New York have from time to time been be- stowed upon him. In 1892, and again in 1893, he was elected President of the New York Stock Hxchange, and in that position achieved much more than local reputa- tion in the financial world. Mr. Sturgis is pre-emi- nently one of those gentle- men who dignify wealth and social position. He has displayed an active interest in the social and benevolent institutions 01 the metropolis, and has been conspicious in many of the leading activities of the citv outside of the purely business world. As an incident in his busy and successful life, his devotion to horses and racing has been of a genuine character, and none of his associates have surpassed him in the energetic and disinterested service he has given to FRANK K. STURGIS SECRETARY AND TREASURER, THE JOCKEY CLUB Prominent and active in and only upon the stren- uous insistance of his fiicnds that he was pecu- liarly fitted for it and that the best interests of the tuil demanded tliat he should make this sacrifice of his personal wishes. He found the work inci- dental to the position not without its agreeable fea- tures, and has executed its duties with marked suc- cess, while the opportu- nity thus afforded him to labor for the real welfare of the turf is one that has been a source of consider- able satisfaction to him. While Mr. Sturgis' in- terest in racing has been mainly centred in the re- sponsible and dignified position that he occupies as Secretary and Treas- urer of The Jockey Club, he has long been promi- nent in other bodies which are closely allied to the turf and which have done much to elevate the standard of horseflesh in America and to popu- larize the pursuit in con- nection with the horse, the organization of the Madison Sqiiare Garden Company, he became a member of the Board of Directors and its first President. The National Horse Show Association, of which he has been an officer, owes much of its success to his active efforts in its behalf and to his prominence in its counsels. He the promotion of the turf Upon the organization of is also a governor of the Turf and Field Club and of The Jockey Club in 1894, he was selected by his the Westchester Racing Association. On the Board of ■ 19 THE AMERICAN TURF Directors of the Westchester Association he holds a prominent place as the particular representative of those social elements that gave to the old Jerome Park that popularity and standing that was its peculiar distmc- tion and that has been inherited by its successor. In Mr. F. O. Hanlon, the Assistant Secretary of The Jockey Club, the organization has a thoroughly ca- pable and energetic official. Much of the executive work falls to his share and his extensive acquaintance with racing men and famili- arity with turf affairs generally has enabled h i m to contribute much to the general efticiency of the work done by the club. Mr. John H. Brad- ford, one of the Stew- ards of The Jockey Club and Treasurer of the Coney Island Jockey Club, comes of an old Massachusetts family that has been established in that sec- tion since the earliest colonial days. He was born in England while his parents were trav- eling abroad, but that trilling circumstance has not been sufficient to make him other- wise than a sound pa- triotic American. His early years were pass- ed in Boston, wheie he was brought up and educated under the most wholesome New England influ- ences. His entire busi- ness life has been spent in New York, with whose business and social institutions he interests. His business called him several times a year to Cincinnati in the seventies, and while there it was the most natural thmg in the world that he should take ad- vantage of his opportunities to pay many visits to Ken- tucky, the Mecca of all good American horsemen. Thus, he became intimately acquainted with General Brecken- ridge and other noted turfmen of that section, and had his attention particularly called to the thoroughbred to which Kentucky has always been devoted. Thus began his first interest in the running horse that he has maintained ever since, finding it year after year a constantly increasing source of pleasure. Soon his interest in the blood horse over- shadowed that which he had hitherto felt in the trotter and devel- oped to s\jch an extent that he became an important factor in racing affairs in the East. In the early years at Jerome Park he was associated with Mr. Leonard Jerome and other leading turf- men of that period and became identified with the running turf in an active and practical manner. Since that time he has been fore most in the direction of Eastern turf affairs and has an enviable reputation for the com- pleteness and sound- ness of his knowledge of the thoroughbred and ofthe practical de- tails of racing. For a period of ten years he JOHN H. BRADFORD STEWARD, THE JOCKEY CLUB has long been completely identified. Interested in horses was presiding judge ofthe Coney Island Jockey Club, from his youth, he has been an owner almost from the time of his earliest remembrance. At one period of his life he paid a great deal of attention to the trotter and maintained a private breeding establishment for horses of that fam- ily and for roadsters. For more than twenty-five years however, the running horse has commanded his atten- tion and enlisted his active labors in promotion of its That was at a time when the judges gave their services as a labor of love, being actuated wholly by their unsel- fish interest in the sport. Salaried judges were not then thought of as necessary or even a desirable adjunct to race meetings. In 1884, Mr. Bradford became Treasurer ot the Coney Island Jockey Club and has held that position continuously 150 THE AMERICAN TURF ever since. As a Steward of The Jockev Ckib lie has been one of the hardest workiiisj; members of that boaid. and one upon whose judi^ment and practical knowledj^e threat dependence is placed. He is a profound believei' in the great future of the Amei'ican tuif, and is conlident that the reforms that have been instituted in its manairement the Board of Stewards of The Jockey Club his services have been of unquestioned value, alike by reason of his intimate knowledi^e of horses and racin.t( methods and his abidintf concern for the healthful future of racing. One of the most constant attendants at the great race meetings in the vicinity of New York. Mr. Andrew in recent years have laid the foundation for a success Miller has a large personal popularity with all the various that is likely to surpass anything that has ever been seen elements that make up Ihe turf world. His position in in this country at any time in the past. He believes that this respect is the more notable and worthy of more than we may look more and more for favorable legislation ordinary attention from the fact that he is universally throughout the country that will advance the cause of rac- recognized as a representative of the small, but intlu- ing and stimulate breeding interests, and is conlident that ential body of sportsmen who follow the races from pure ultimately the central racing authority that has been love of the horse, and for the delight that the sport established under charter from the State of New York affords them. In these days, when the business side of will make its power felt in the West, even as it is now the turf has come into such remarkable prominence, and paramount in the Hast. Other reforms are warmly ad- has at times threatened even to entirely dominate all vocated by him as means toward the general promotion racing affairs, the existence of disinterested sportsmen of the general welfare of the turf. He believes that the like Mr. Miller, who are true to the best traditions of the raising of weights which will permit competent jockeys to remain longer in the saddle, will improve the quality of racing, and hopes ultimately to see all barriers done away with at the starting post, so that flying, not standing, starts will prevail. Mr. Francis R. Hitchcock, Steward ol the Jockey Club, belongs to one of the leading families of New York and is de- scended from Matthias Hitchcock, who came from London to the Massachu- setts Colony in 1635. The family is among the oldest in England, going back in its history to the time of William the Conqueror. In New England, de- scendants of the pioneer, Matthias Hitch- cock, have, for more than two cen- turies and a half, been numbered among the leading and most influential people in the public, professional and social life of that section of the coun- try. Mr. Thomas Hitchcock, the father of Mr. F. R. Hitchcock, has been well known in New York as a lawyer and, later in life, as a journalist and writer upon financial topics. Mr. F. R. Hitchcock, who is a native *^^ I ANDREW MILLER STEWARD, THE JOCKEY CLUB old-time turf, is a saving force for which all true turfmen should be duly grateful. Without this element, whose interest in racing is unalloyed by pecuniary in- terests of any description whatsoever, the turf at the present day would be in an unenviable condition, and its pros- \ perous and honorable future a matter of reasonable doubt. Such gentlemen as Mr. Miller, who hold assured positions in the social, literary and business world, are now rendering the turf an incalculable ser- vice. Their presence in the counsels of turf organizations, as well as their patronage of the sport at the track, gives dignity to racing and contributes to its elevation in the estimation of the general public, and does much toward offsetting the unwarranted prejudice that still exists, even though now in a modified degree, in some quarters, concerning racing affairs. Mr. Miller's career has been more than ordinarily suc- cessful in all respects. Although a native of Canada, having been born in Hamilton, Ont., in February, 1857, of New York City, has been thoroughly identified with he is as loyal an American and as thorough a believer in the best social life of the metropolis in this generation. American institutions as he could be had he been born He is a graduate from Columbia University. For many on this side of the line. His education was secured in years he has taken a very active and influential part in Harvard University, from which institution he was those sports that most attract the gentlemen of the graduated in the class of 1880. Early in life he mani- period. Particularly interested in horsemanship, he is fested a decided inclination for literary pursuits and known as one of the best gentlemen riders in and about naturally determined to devote himself to letters. With New York. His special distinction in this direction has this object in mind he engaged in newspaper pursuits been gained as Master of the Meadow Brook Hunt. His after completing his college education, and, coming to racing colors are all green, gold tassel. As a member of New York, was for a number of years editorially con- 151 THE AMERICAN TURF ncctcd with Ic.kiiiig Nuw York p;ipcrs. Aflcr :i time he complete list of them would be loii^ and interesting and established the weekly, known as Life, which under his would include many notable names. We should recall direction has been wholly successful, both in an artistic Huclid bv imported Glenelt,' out of The Nun; Buccaneer and pecuniary sense and which, at the present time, ranks by imported Buckden out of Jenny McKinney; Macbeth as one of the most inllueiitial periodicals devoted to by Macaroon out of Jersey Belle; Fon du Lac by Glen- social topics that is published in the Hnglish language. garry out of Hop; Trombone by Great Tom out of Duet; Ownership of horses has never engaged the attention Himalaya by Virgil out of Kentucky Belle; Hidalgo by of Mr. Miller, nor has he been otherwise identified with King Alfonso out ol Ultima, and ;i score or more of the business side of the turf. While an admirer of the others famed in racing annals. Mr. Galway has brought thoroughbred and an enthusiast over that animal's per- to his position as a steward of The Jockey Club a wide formances, his interest in the suliject from the purely and practical experience in everything that pertains to practical point of view has never led him to be anything breeding and racing, and from that point of view, more than an observer of breeding, owning, training particularly, has rendered important service to the club and racing. Nevertheless, he has had a long and honor- in carrying out its ideas and to racing interests generally, able connection with racing affairs and enjoys the per- The Racing Secretary of The Jockey Club, Mr. Walter sonal friendship and confidence of all the prominent men S. Vosburgh, has had a notable career as a r.icing official. engaged in the sport. His standing and infiuence is Having served a long apprenticeship in journalism, he more recognized and his inlluence is more powerful from became well and favorably known in the newspaper the very fact of the wholly disinterested attitude that he world. As a writer upon turf subjects, he has not only is able to maintain toward all racing affairs. been prolific, but his literary work has been of wholly For these reasons he is held in specially high esteem admirable character. Few Americans of this generation by his associates, and has been freciuently called upon to have made a closer study of the thoroughbred, and his occupy positions of responsibility and prominence in original investigations, particularly in the direction of connection with racing associations and in the manage- pedigrees, and touching the potency of different equine ment of tracks. For four years he served on the com- families, have been of the most painstaking and valuable mittee in charge of the Fleetwood Course and presided character. Some of the papers that he has written upon over that organization in 1895. He was one of the first this particular subject have a value not surpassed by members of The Jockey Club, joining that organization anything of like character that has ever been produced in the first year of its existence. During the last two in this conntry or in England. As a handicapper, Mr. years he has been one of its stewards. As a keen judge Vosburgh has long been credited with a skill second to of horses, Mr. Miller has few superiors, for he has made no man connected with the American turf. He has a close study of the thoroughbred from the time of his always been one of the hardest working officials con- lirst interest in the animal. He is a recognized authority nected with the metropolitan race courses. When the upon the history and ethics of the turf. Board of Control, that preceded The Jockey Club in the Mr. James Galway represents on the Board of Stewards direction of metropolitan racing affairs, was in existence, of The Jockey Club, in the fullest sense, the breeding and he was its secretary. At the same time he did handi- racing element that is at the foundation of all lurf pros- capping for the New York Jockey Club and the Mon- perity. He has long been well known upon all the mouth Park Association. In .ill matters relating to leading race courses of the country, while his stable has handicapping and to lurf law, he is an admitted been particularly conspicuous at the metropolitan meet- authority. ings. He has given a- litetime to the study of the No gentleman identified with racing in the North is thoroughbred, and to the advancement of racing inter- more truly representative of all th.it is best in the life ests, and his black, yellow sleeves, cherry cap, has often and history of the metropolis than Colonel Lawrence been first by the post in many important events. In Kip. 1 le is Ihe prominent representative in his genera- recent years he has been particularly identified with the tion of a family whose record dates back to the earliest turf as the Master of the I'reakness Stud. This institu- days of the settlement of New Amsterdam. Descended tion was first made famous by the late Mr. M. H. San- from a French knight of distinguished origin, his ances- ford. When that gentleman abandoned racing in 1881 tor, Heiidrick Heiidrickzen Kip, came to the New World he sold the establishment to Mr. Galway, who, in the before 1643, and was one of the foremost men in the years that have since gone by, has not only maintained New Amsterdam colony. The descendants of this it in the high reputation that it had in the years of its pioneer have in every generation since the arrival of earlier history, but has developed and improved it to a their progenitor been pre-eminently distinguished in the remarkable degree. Some of the great horses of the social, business and civic life of the metropolis. They present generation have carried Mr. Galway's colors. A have been connected in marriage with many of the great 152 TlIK AMERICAN TURF colonial (amilies of Now York, and amony thoin have notabk- features of those occasions, and his horses have been men of distinction in every walk of public lile. carried olf niaiiy of the choicest prizes. Rir more than Without the Kips many pages of New York's history two decades he has maintained a deep and active inter- ior two bundled and fifty years would be far less bril- liant and important than they now are. ("olonel Kip has had a career eminently worthy of his ancestry. Son of the Right Reverend William ingraham Kip, D. 1)., Bishop of California, he was educated for •military life, being giaduated iVom West Point in 1SS7, receiving his commis- sion as Second Lieu- t e n a n t of Artillery. During the (^ivd War he served as a member of the staff of General Philip .Sheridan, and for gallantry at Five Forks in 186=; received the Brevet rank of Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Resigning from the mil- itary service in 1S67, he has since devoted him- self to civic pursuits and to some extent has en- gaged in literary work, having published an ac- count of his military experiences under the title of Army Life on the i'acilic. He has been foremost in many of the great movements that have enlisted the attention of prominent New Yorkers for the advancement of the ma- terial, social and other interest of the munici- pality in the present generation, is particu- larly a leader in social circles and an inlluen- tial adviser in the direc- tion of the affairs of many of the institutions that are peculiar to New York City. Always interested in horses. Colonel Kip has those notable turfmen, LAWRENCE KIP PRESIDENT, CONEY ISLAND JOCKEY CLUB est in the running turf His (irst delinite association with racing alTairs was in connection with Jerome Park in the lifetime of that grand old sportsman, Mr. Leonard W. Jerome. The active part that he then look in the man- agement of racing served to increase his enthusiasm lor the thoroughbred, aiul to leail him into more imporlani lel.itioiis with the turf In 1884, he became a member of the (loiuy Island Jockey Club, and the high reputation that he already enjoyed as a turfman was fully recog- nized by his associates by his election, shortly afterward, as a member of the Board of Direc- tors. Within one short year thereafter his ser- vices were still further called for as a member of the Fxecutive Com- mittee, while two years later he was elected to be Vice-President of the ckib. This fitter posi- tion he continued In hnid until the death ol Ihe presiilent of the club, Mr. James Ci. K. Lawrence, in 1S9S. He was then elected Presi- dent, .and since that lime iias contiiuieii to be Ihe directing mind of the organization. Much of the success ol the Coney Islaiui Jockey Club in these filer years has been unquestionably due to ("olonel Kip, who h.is proved himself to be a worthy successor of Lawrence and Mr. Leon- Mr. long been recognized as a high authority upon all m.itters pertaining to the running horse, the trotter and the road- ster. He has been prominent among the most active sup- porters of the National Horse Show Association of which, for several years, he has been Vice-President. His exhibits at the horse show, year after ye.ir, have been ard W. Jerome, who preceded him in its presidency. He has given unceasing attention to every phase of its affairs, and in this work has had the cordi.il co-operation of the other officers of the club, each of whom devotes m.iny hours ,1 day to the promotion of its interests. AH the oflicers of the club are intimate per- 153 THE AMERICAN TURF ;ind was interested in mining enterprises and also in the Panama Railroad. Brought to New York by his parents when he was a mere child, Mr. Cornelius Fellowes has been completely identified with the metropolis throughout his entire life. His alliance with turf affairs began with the forma- sonal friends of long standing, a 'state of affairs that, if not altogether unique in the history of racing, is at least not frequently met with. To this important fact is also to some extent undoubtedly due the success that has come to the club and the course. The officers all work in the greatest harmony in their various positions, and are unselfishly devoted to the proper management of the tion of the Coney Island Jockey Club, of which he was turf. Among them Colonel Kip is naturally recognized one of the original members, and with which he has as leader, not only by virtue of his official position, maintained an active connection ever since. He was the but also by reason of his thorough mastery of all turf first Vice-President of the Club and held that position continuously until 1890, when he succeeded to the Secretaryship, fol- affairs and his ability in management and control, and in the solution of the many puzzling problems that daily arise in the admin- istration of such an im- portant institution. His success is especially seen in the high esteem in which the Coney Isl- and Jockey Club is held by the public, and in the cordial relations which all the great turf- men of the country are glad to maintain tow- ard it. Mr. Cornelius Fel- lowes is a tvpe of the gentlemen of Southern birth who, in these later years of the century, have become prime fac- tors in the social and business life of New York. He is a native of Kentucky, having been born in Louisville in 1840. He came of one of the old Southern families, his father beingWilliam Fellowes, who was a native of New Pitt, North Caro- lina, where he was boin in 1802. The parents ot William Fellowes were Jonathan and Elizabeth Fel- lowes, both of whom were members of old North Carolina families. William Fellowes made his reputa- tion as a merchant in the dry goods business in Louis- ville, Ky., having also a branch establishment in New Orleans. About 1846, he removed to New York City and engaged in business. Later in life he owned plan- tations and other property in various parts of the South lowing Mr. J. G. K. Lawrence, who had been elected President. That position he has held down to the pres- ent time. His general interest in the horse also led him to active work in the organiza- tion of the National Horse Show Associa- tion, of which he is Pres- ident. His connection with The Jockey Club and the Horse Show Association was due to his unswerving belief in the great future of the blood horse and of other equine families. Believing that for the purpose of advancing the interests of breeding and improving and de- veloping the character of the horse, organi- zations of the character of those just referred to, were capable of exercis- ing a powerful in- fluence, he has devoted much time and effort to them. He regards both organizations as among the most important factors that we have ever had in this country in bringing about the much desired results at which they aimed. Especially the National Horse Show Association has had an influence of the most notable character, as is seen, not alone in the attention that is given to its annual exhibitions, both by the public and by newspapers, but also in the decided change in the character of horseflesh and in equip- CORNELIUS FELLOWES SECRETARY, CONEY ISLAND JOCKEY CLUB 154 THE AMERICAN TURF ments and traps. Within the last few years the advance in these directions in all parts of the country has been especially notable, so much so, that our fash- ionable thoroughfares, especially in New York, can now show turnouts that in respect to horses and equipments are c^uite comparable with any that can be seen else- where in the world. One of the notable army of Ameiican tuifmeii that pcrfoimed such a great work for the cause of racing in the United States in the years immediately following the close of the Civil War, was Colonel M. Lewis Clark, of Kentucky. For more than a third of a century he has been one of the most conspicuous figures in American turf history. His career is worthy of particular attention for the reason that he en- tered upon the work of developing the tuif at a time when and in a section of the country where the situation was very discouraging. While in the North rac- ing had already revived and had enteied upon a new life that was bril- liant and full of prom- ise, in the South, as we have had frec]uent occa- sions on other pages of this volume to point out, it still remained at a very low ebb. The three New York courses, Jer- ome Park. Saratoga and Monmouth, almost monopolized the racing of the country. With all dLie credit to the men of the North, who were the pioneers in this re- vival, it must be said that they worked under conditions that were fairly favorable to carrying out the enterprise which they undertook. The wealthy men of the North had plenty of money with which to purchase thor- oughbreds and to found such race courses as Jerome Park. Saratoga and Monmouth. They had. too. all the advantage that comes from co-operation of many men of similar minds and financial and social standing. It was the fashion to be interested in racing at that time in the North, and there was plenty of means to be secured for the support of the institution, alike from patriotic turf- men and the outside public desirous of witnessing good sport. In the South the situation was entirely reversed. There were only three important courses in that section, those at Lexington, Nashville and New Orleans. Such racing as was there conducted was very limited, while the added money to stakes and purses was small. The love of the thoroughbred had never died out in the South, yet it was now impossible for the people to give that atten- tion to lacing that had been characteristic of the section befoie the wai\ They had, for the moment, little means and little disposition to indulge in the sport, and the few devoted turfmen who took upon themselves the work of reviving turf interests labored under most un- promising conditions. They were obliged to stand almost alone and with comparatis'elv lit- tle of that social and financial encouragement that is essential to the prosperity of such an institution. It is. there- fore, greatly to the credit of such men as Colonel Clark, and a few others who were asso- ciated with him. that they were able and will- ing to undertake this herculean task at a time when the future looked so dark, and that they succeeded so admirably in their purposes and in ultimately bringing for- ward the turf at the South to a position of such standing as that which it now occupies. One of the most serious phases of the situation was the decreased demand for thoroughbreds and the consequent depression of the business upon which the breeders of Kentucky and Tennessee had for generations depended. Not only were sales comparatively few, but prices were correspondingly low. and some of the Southern breed- ers were even considering the advisability of going out of business entirely. The problem that con- fronted the breeding interests of the South was how to M. LEWIS CLARK ■55 THE AMERICAN TURF create a new demand for the blood horse. This was no slight undertaidng, and to bring about the desired change demanded a careful study of conditions of breeding and racing, not only in this country, but also abroad. Col- onel Clark undertook this particular work. In the North he thoroughly familiarized himself with the situation and with the outlook for the future and then went to Europe. Remaining abroad for several years he made a careful study of the turf systems of England and France and of the causes that had led to their greatness. He enjoyed the intimate acquaintance of the leaders of the turf in England and France, receiving from them much valuable information and being materially assisted in his investi- gations. For some time he was the guest of the great Admiral Rous. " the father of English racing," and from him learned many things that were of subsequent value in carrying out plans for the rejuvenation of the turf in this country- Returning home. Colonel Chwk proceeded to interest the breeders of Kentucky, and with their co-operation organized a jockey club in Louisville, and brought about the establishment of stakes modeled after the classic events of the English turf. The Kentucky Derby was the first fruit of his plans, and in addition he originated and established the Kentucky Oaks, the Kentucky St. Leger, the Louisville Cup and many other stakes which have since become historic. One of these in particular was the Great American Stallion Stakes, where breeders were compelled to nominate the sires before their colts and fillies were eligible for entry. The Futurity of the Coney Island Jockey Club is similar to this stake, the nomination of the dam being required instead of the sire. The first president of the Louisville Jockey Club. Colonel Clark, more than any other one man established that organization firmly in the hearts of Western turf- men, and he has ever since been unceasing in his labors in the interest of the Western race courses. For over twenty years Colonel Clark has acted as pre- siding judge in that part of the country. His first ap- pearance in the grand stand at Louisville was upon the occasion of the first Kentucky Derby, in 187s, and he has kept his place there ever since. He has also presided over the racing meetings at Memphis, Nashville, Oakley, Dallas and the City of Mexico, and has been the presid- ing judge at the meetings of the Chicago Harlem Course. He is the author of many of the turf rules of the present day and founder of the first American Turf Congress that was organized to control the racing of the West. He is also to be credited with several important innovations in turf practice, being the maker of the first uniform scale of weights and the author of many notable reforms that have tended to the purification of the turf. As a judge, he has always had the reputation of being fearless and honest and actuated by an abiding sense of responsibility to the public. Dishonest owners and turf speculators have never been able to cajole or deceive hirn, and his sound knowledge of the laws of the turf and his shrewd- ness in detecting trickery have been proverbial. Cour- ageous, unprejudiced and absolutely impartial, he has made an enduring name for himself. Probably no racing official now before the public is mure widely known in his special functions than Mr. Joseph John Burke. As steward or presiding judge he has officiated at every centre of horse racing in the United States and Canada. Born at Portsmouth. Va., in 1 8s 3, Judge Burke is now in the prime of life, after twenty-five years of practical experience among all classes of racing men. His turf education was begun in the office of The Spirit of the Times, in 1870. Then Mr. Charles J. Foster was the turf editor of that journal, 'and there, and afterward on The New York Sportsman, it was Mr. Burke's good fortune to be intimately associated with Mr. Foster for many years. Largely through his connection with these turf publications Judge Burke became closely connected wiih the racing world, and has met and known nearly every prominent breeder and turf- man who has bred and raised horses in this country. As a racing official. Judge Burke has had a long, active and honorable career. He has served as presiding judge at the following race courses: At Washington Park, Chi- cago, five consecutive seasons, beginning with iSqo; at St. Louis, four consecutive seasons; at Saratoga, three seasons; at Cincinnati, one season; at Buffalo (Fort Erie), one season: in California, two seasons; at Tor- onto, one season ; at Hamilton, one season ; at Niagara Falls, one season; at Washington. D. C, one season; at the North Hudson Driving Park, New Jersey, five sea- sons; at Providence, R. 1.. one season; at Boston, one season, and at Brighton Beach, five seasons. In i8qs. Messrs. August Belmont. J. H. Bradford and P. J. Dwyer named him to be steward at the meetings of the Coney Island Jockey Club, the Brooklyn Jockey Club, the Brighton Beach Course and the Aqueduct Course. In the discharge of his duties Judge Burke has been called upon to note and analyze the performances of most of the great horses of the present era. Jockeys of all degrees of merit have come before him for judicial examination, and owners of erratic performers have been called upon to explain the peculiarities of their horses. That he has been able to maintain his popularity with all classes of turfmen and at the same time give satisfaction to the public, is a complete demonstration of his remark- able fitness for the position that he has so long and so successfully held. As a judge of outward physical con- dition he probably has no superior; but it is only natural to expect this, perhaps, in a man who has had the superior advantage of looking on from a judicial throne at so many of the great equine struggles that have 156 THE AMERICAN TURF ulorilied tlu- American turf in a quarter of a century- Mr. H. G. Ciickniore lias brout,Mit to his position as a lacing ofl'lcial tiie experience of a lifetime spent in tlie study of horses. Aithouijh he has never been enyajied in racing or breeding, there are few owners or breeders who have a more complete knowledge of the thorough- bred and his capabilities. For many years Mr. Crick- more was the turf editor of The New York World, and there gained a reputation as one of the best informed and most brilliant turf writers in the United States. He ilso started and for many years published Krik's Guide, which during its existence was the recognized authority relating to tuif records, and is now regarded as an inval- uable compendium of turf history for the period which it covered. In all matters pertaining to the turf history of the present qLiarter of a century Mr. Crickmore has long been considered a superior authority, and few men are more familiar with the eadier history of the turf in this country and England. He is now secretary of the Westchester Racing Association, and in that position tinds congenial occupation in arranging and watching over the race meetings at Morris Park, in addition, he is the racing secretary of the National Steeplechase and Hunt Association. He is regarded as one of the most capable and most useful racing officials known to the Metropolitan turf. Any consideration of the racing officials past and pres- ent, whose services have availed to advance and conserve the cause of racing, would be manifestly incomplete without some reference to the many gentlemen who have ably officiated at the important race meetings all over the countiv in the present time. A mere citation of the names of some of these leading officials in the year i8c)7, for example, will suffice to indicate the charac- ter of those in whose hands the welfare of the con- temporaneous turf has been placed. The officials at the great courses in the vicinity of New York have become familiar to all metropolitan racing patrons. The West- chester Racing Association, with headquarters at Morris Park, in the year referred to was presided over by Messrs. August Belmont, James Galway and Andrew Miller, as stewards of the meeting. The clerk of the course was Mr. H. G. Crickmore, and the judges, Messrs. C. McDowell and R. W. Simmons. At the meetings of the Brooklyn Jockey Club, the Coney Island Jockey Club and the Brighton Beach Association, Messrs. Simmons and McDowell also officiated as judges. The president of the Brooklyn Jockey Club was Mr. P. J. Dwyer, the secretary, Mr. H. D. Mclntyre, and the stewards, Messrs. P. J. Dwyer. Andiew Miller and F. R. Hitchcock. The affairs of the Coney Island Jockey Club were ably directed by its president. Colonel Lawrence Kip. and its secretary. Mr. (^orneliLis Fellowes. while the stewards of the meeting were Messrs. J. H. Bradford, F. R. Hitchcock and H. K. Knapp. The Brighton Beach Course was controlled by the Brighton Beach Racing Asso- ciation, of which Mr. William A. hngeman is president and Mr. (-harles V. Sass, secretary. The stewards of the meet- ing were Messrs. C. McDowell, W. A. Hngeman and Sheridan Clark, and the judges Messrs. R. W. Simmons and W. C. Cozier. Racing at the Aqueduct Course was controlled by the Queens County Jockey Club, with Mr. Thomas D. ReiUy. president, and Fred Rehberger, secre- tary. The stewards of the meeting were Clarence McDowell and Thomas D. Reilly, and the judge William C. Cozier. Mr. Edward Kearney, president, and Mr. B. A. Chilton, secretary, of the Saratoga Association, are well known to all members of the racing fraternity in every part of the United States. The stewards of the Saratoga Meeting were Messrs. W. S. Vosburgh and M. N. Nolan, and the judge Mr. W. 1.. Powers. Racing at the Bennings Course, Washington. D. C. which is con- ducted under the rules of The Jockey Club, has long been managed by the Washington Jockey Club, of which Mr. S. S. Howland is the president and Mr. H. G. Crickmore the clerk of course and scales. The year's racing begins in San Francisco, where, in January, the meeting of the Pacific Coast Jockey Club opens. The president of the Jockey Club in 1807 was Mr. F. N. Androus. and the secretary. .Mr. F. H. Green, the stewards of the meeting Messi's. J. H. Rees, J, W. Wilson and Henry J. Crocker, and the judges, Messrs. J. H. Rees and J. W. Wilson. The clerk of the scales was Mr. Harry Kuhl. Not second in importance to the meet- ing of the Pacific Coast Jockey Club is that of the Cali- fornia Jockey Club, which holds its meetings at Oakland. The president of the club was Mr. Thomas H. Williams, Jr.; its secretary, Mr. R. B. Milroy: the stewards, Messrs. Thomas H. Williams. Jr., 1). M. Burns, J. A. Murphy, J. W. Brooks and J. J. Burke, and the judges, Messrs. J. J. Burke and J. A. Murphy. Racing is conducted in New Orieans, that historic racing centre, by the Crescent City Jockey Club, of which the manager was Mr, C, S. Bush and the secre- tary, Mr. Sheridan Clark. At Memphis. Tenn.. another old-time racing resort, the New Memphis Jockey Club directs racing affairs with (lolonel M. Lewis Clark as judge. The president of the club was Mr. S. R. Mont- gomery and the secretary, Mr. M. N. MacFarlan. The principal officers of the Kentucky Association which manages racing at Lexington were Mr. Milton Young, president, and Mr. F. Bissicks, Jr,, secretary. The New Louisville Jockey Club, of Louisville, Ky., had for its president Mr. William F. Schulte, and for its secretary, Mr. C. F. Price. At Nashville, Tenn., we tind the Ten- nessee Breeders" Association, with Mr. V. I-. Kirkman, president, and Mr. J. W. Russworm, secretary. At St. Louis races are run under the management of 157 THE AMERICAN TURF the St. Louis Fair Association, of whicli Mr. L. M. Ramsey was president, Mr. Joseph A. Murphy, secre- tary; the stewards of the meeting, Messrs. C. C. Maftitt, Koiia Wells, J. C. Ghio and Robert Aull; the judges. Messrs. Joseph A. Murphy and J. W. Price, and the clerk of scales. Mr. John Hackmeister. The officers of the La- lonia Jockey Club were Mr. J. C. Sherlock, president, and Mr. H. C. Hopper, secretary. The Cincinnati Jockey Club, whose meetings are held at Oakley Park, had for its presi- dent Mr. A. S. Labold; for its secretary, Mr. W. R. Letcher: for its stewards, Messrs. S. Simonton, G. R. Gritfiths and A. S. Labold. and for its judges, Messrs. James H. Rees. Charles F. Price and Charles F. McLean. The Queen City Jockey Club of Cincinnati, which holds its meetings at Newport, Ky., had Mr, R. W. Nelson for president and Mr. J. G. Hanley for secretary. Mr. J. J. Burke officiated as judge. in many smaller places, in addition to those already enumerated, racing is conducted, and although of less conseciuence than that on the larger courses, nevertheless forms a component part of the yearly records of the turf. Racing ofllcials in those localities have important, even though less honorous. duties than in the greater racing centres. The president of the Little Rock Jockey Club in i8c)7 was Mr. J. M. Gracie, and its secretary. Mr. J. M. Frank. Racing at Ingall's Park. Illinois, is controlled by the Ingall's Park Jockey Club, of which the secretary was Mr. M. Nathanson. and the same gentleman held the same relations to the courses at Sheffield and Lakeside, Ind. The Highland Park Club, of Detroit, Mich,, had its affairs directed by Mr. M. B. Mills, president, and Mr, W. O. Parmer, secretary. The officers of the Deti'oit Jockev Club were Mr. D. J. Campau, president, and Mr, P, M. Campbell, secretary. The president of the Kansas City Fair and Racing Association, in Kansas City, Mo,, was Mr. B. H. Smith, and the racing secretary, Mr. Dave McDaniel. In Montana the principal racing meetings of the year are held at BLitle and Anaconda. At the foi'mer place the West Side Racing Association and at the latter the Ana- conda Racing Association looks after the affairs, Mr. Ed A. Tipton being the secretary foi' both associations. From time to time changes in these boards of officers occur, hut most of those whose names have here been recorded as in active official life in 1807 had held their places for many ye;u's before, and are likely for many years to come to give to the turf the very great advantage of their experience and influence. Turf affairs in the West and South have been for sev- eral years past principally directed by the American Turf (Congress. This organization is composed of the Ken- tucky Association, of Lexington, Ky. ; the New Louis- ville Jockey Club, of Louisville, Ky. ; the Latonia Jockey Club, of Covington, Ky. ; the St. Louis Jockey Club, of St. Louis. Mo. : the Tennessee Breeders' Association, of Nashville, Tenn, ; the Little Rock Jockey Club, of Little Rock, Ark. ; the New Memphis Jockey Club, of Memphis, Tenn. ; the Cin- cinnati Live Stock and Driving Park Company, of Cincinnati; the New Louisiana Jockey Club, of New Orleans, La. ; the Pacific Coast Jockey Club, of San Francisco, Cal. ; the Queen City Jockey Club, of New- port, Ky. ; the Washington Park Club, the Chicago Rac- ing Association, and the Harlem Jockey Club, of Chicago, 111., and the Detroit Jockey Club and FJighland Park Club, of Detroit, Mich. The officers of this Congress, elected in i8c)7 for the ensuing year, were Messrs. C. C. MafFitt, president; Mr. W. F. Schulte, vice-president; Mr, 0, L. Bradley, treasurer; Mr, F. C. Hopper, secretary; Messrs. E. F. Clay, Rolla Wells and George G. Perkins, com- mittee on appeals, and Messrs. Joseph A. Murphy, James H. Rees and E. C. Hopper, committee on licenses. The purposes of this association are similar to those of The Jockey Club of New York, and its direction of racing affairs is to insure clean and upright sport. The Con- gress co-opeiates in many respects with The Jockey Club, and the combined influence of the two organizations has tended toward improvement in racing affairs in the West, as well as in the East. Many other names might be added to these and the list still be incomplete of efficient and reliable racing officials. Too much commendation could in no way be bestowed upon the gentlemen who in their responsible positions have labored energetically, early and late, and have done so niLich to keep the tuif true to its best tradi- tions. It is a burdensome task that the piesident and other officei's of jockey clubs and associations freely assume, and too often a thankless one. Even more, the stewards of the meetings, the judges, clerks and starters take upon their shoulders the most exacting duties. The demands of their positions call for sound and far-reaching knowledge in regard to racing methods and the history of thoroughbreds of the past, as well as of the present, and an alertness in detecting and circum- venting the wiles of some dishonest owners and jockeys. Honesty, diplomacy, tact and firmness are imperative rec]uisites in them. That they are so generally success- ful in the discharge of their difficult duties is the highest testimony to their standing, not only in the racing world, but with the general public as well. It may be truly said that upon them, in a very large measure, rests the entire success of the turf, for they, and they only, can keep it pure and upright so that it shall win the approval of the race-going public and tile support of the racing fra- ternity. 158 BREEDERS AND BREEDING ESTABLISHMENTS BRHHDHRS AND BRHEDING ESTABUSHMHNTS Gri;at Stl'd Farms ok Kentucky, Tennessee and New Jeksev— Cami-dknias Contributions TO THE Turf— The Bitter Root. Nursery and Other Stock Farms— Modern Methods ok Selling Thoroughbreds horse. ' O pursuit thjt has eng;iged the attention ol busi- ness men in the United States has had a longer or more honorable record than that which pertains to the breeding of the thoroughbred ts beginning was almost coincident with the foundation of the colonies, and from that time on it has kept steady pace with the material growth of the coun- try. Millions of dollars have been invested in it. and it has constantly given emplovment to small armies of men. Aside from its own importance, both by reason of the large capital invested and its general profitable- ness, it has contributed directly and indirectly to the general prosperity of the country and to the encourage- ment and development of many branches of industry, some of which seem to be only distantly related to it. There is one striking characteristic about this business that cannot be overlooked. In most enterprises men are engaged solely with a view to the profits to be derived therefrom. Their business is regarded only as a more or less convenient method of making a living, or, it may be, of accumulating the fortune which all men aie believed to be aiming at. With the breeding of the thoroughbred an entirely different condition of affairs prevails. Breeders are not ciuite so oblivioLLs to material interests as to engage in the occupation in utter disregard of the financial success that may accrue to them. At the same time, however, they are, almost without exception, thoroughly imbued with an abiding affection for the noble animal whom they are engaged in propagating, and in this respect they seem to be exceptional in the business world. Their love for the thoroughbred and the interest that they feel in the many absorbing and often perplexing problems of breeding amounts almost to a passion. The greatest breeders have undoubtedly been eminently successful from the financial point of view. Nevertheless their greatest satisfaction has surely been derived from the spectacle of the gradual develop- ment of the great equine race to which they have devoted thems^'lves and of the marvelous performances to which, by the careful and thorough study that they have given to the subject, they have contributed in no small degree. It can be no unworthy object that has thus commanded the attention of some of the greatest Americans of the last two centuries. Men have turned themselves from the exactions of public and professional pursuits and from the allurements of social life to study theories ol breeding and to devote themselves to the work of improving the character of the American blood horse. From the time of Washington and Jefferson down to the closing years of the nineteenth century, many of the most distinguished and most influential gentlemen of this country have found in breeding the thoroughbred not only a profitable business, but. even more, an absorb- ing pleasure. The roll of men who have been famous as proprietors of breeding establishments is a long and brilliant one. and includes the names of many who have been fore- most in their respective generations. At the present time we have only to recall the names of such as the Messrs. Augu.st Belmont — father and son— Pierre Lorillard, D. 1). Withers, George L. Lorillard, James R. Keene, J. B. Haggin, Leland Stanford, George W. Hearst, and scores of others not less worthy of enumeration, to gain at least a slight idea of the general character of those who have devoted themselves to this important pursuit. And it is instructive to considei' that, however eminent these gen- tlemen may be in many walks of life, and however truly representative Americans, they have, as respects the mattei' to which we are here calling attention, simply followed in the footsteps of others in previous genera- tions who have been not less worthy of consideration as typical enterprising American citizens of the highest social and business standing and enthusiastically devoted to the caLise of the blood horse. From racing to breeding is a natural step. In many instances horsemen have combined both pursuits, espe- cially in the olden time when turfmen, as a matter of pride, if nothing else, made it a point, for the most part, to breed the horses that they raised. It Is significant in the present time of a certain change in the character of the turf that there is no such close alliance between breeding and racing. While it is still true that in many conspicuous instances the owners of stables are also pro- prietors of breeding establishments, there has been some- thing of a tendency toward separating the two and mak- ing an independent business of breeding. To such an extent has this practice obtained that many well-known turfmen have almost entirely given over their racing in- terests in order to attend to the business of breeding. For example. Messrs. (-lay & Woodford retired from i6i THE AMERICAN TURF the race course and established the Runnymede Stud. Major B. G. Thomas, whose stable was once a conspiCLi- ous feature of all important I'ace meetings, withdrew his colors and pinned his future as a turfman upon the suc- cess of King Ban in the Dixiana Stud. General W. G. Harding retiied fiom tlie tLiif in 187s, and ever after was identitied with the famous Belle Meade Stud. Mr. M. H. Sanford. after his unsuccessful campaign in Europe, gave up nearly all his I'acing interests, and a short time before his death established the stud farm at North Fdk- horn. Ky. After the death of Mr. Sanford, Mr. Daniel Swigert also retired from the turf and puichased the North Elkhorn Stud Farm, at the same time owning the Elmendorf Stud. At one time in his career Mr. James R. Keene abandoned racing, and only maintained his connection with the turf through his stud farm, Mr. Charles Reed, after years of e.xperience on the race course, settled to the more profitable pursuit of breeding at his Fairview Stud. Among others who may thus be numbered have been Mr. Milton Young, who suc- ceeded Ml'. H. P. McGrath as the proprietor of the aimed at. Devoting their entire energies to thus develop- ing the thoioughbreds that they handled, they not only attained the specific object which they had in view, but also brought about, as an inevitable result of their work, a decided elevation in the character of all the families of horses in the sections whei'e they were located and wliere breeding for racing has been the business of impoi'tance for a century or more, it has been remarked by one good authority that, '■ the English horse is a very different animal from that of days previous to the era of racing; now it is likely that the horses of England are the best in the world." In some countries racing has not yet attained to the position of being a national institution. There it has been found, as a general thing, difficult to secure really tirst-class horses for driving, riding or more utili- tarian purposes. This deficiency is especially felt by the governments when they ai'e called upon to mount the cavalry, and in order to supply this branch of the military service, they are frec]uently obliged to maintain special breeding stables. In the United States horses of a high McGrathiana Stud, Mr. F. B. Hai'per, Mr. James Frank- character for gentlemen riders, or for mounted troops, lin, and many others whose names will doubtless readily have not been numerous or easy to secure. For the occur to every reader. United States cavalry horses have been bought, whenever Breeding is the very practical side of the turf. Quite practicable, in the blue grass section of Kentucky. When as much as the racing meeting, it is the foundation of all it was desired to ec]uip several volunteer cavalry regi- tuif prosperity. Indeed, the theory that the race course ments for service in the invasion of Cuba, there was no has existed, to a very considerable extent, only as an thought of looking elsewhere than to Kentucky for the encouragement to breeding, has always been persistently necessary horses. With horses, quite as much as with held, and may indeed be accepted as reasonably correct, men. it is fully recognized that blood will tell, and Ken- It has continually been the defense of the race course tucky has been so thoroughly given over to the breeding that it was an imperative necessity in order to secure of the thoroughbred that few horses exist there that have good horses for practical use in the every-day employ- ments of life. Whenever a law has been made by legis- latures, authorizing racing, the declaration is made in the preamble, that it exists for the ultimate purpose of en- couraging the breeding of horses and their improvement. So universal has this been that many who have not looked carefully into the subject have been inclined to smile at this as a specious plea, believing that the con- sideration for the improvement of the horse, thus con- spicuously put forth, is merely an empty pretense and designed to gloss over less commendable purposes. not some good strains. The emulations of the turf in that section, even more than elsewhere, have stimulated a desire on the pait of even tlie humblest farmers to have a good racer and a winner in his stable. The whole tendency of breeding, whether directly for purposes of the turf or with other ends in view, is toward insuring good blood. Experience in our Civil War was conclusive evidence of this superioiity of thoroughbred stock over the more plebeian families. It was again and again brought forci- bly to the attention of those who had to do with the This is not the truth, however, for the breeding of matter that when two troops of cavalry were sent on a thoroughbreds for the race course has unquestionably resulted in the improvement of all horses of other chu:ses as well as of their own, and this could never have been brought about had it not been for the incentive presented by the race tracks with their large purses, their oppor- tunities for enjoyable sport and the importance of racing as a supreme test of merit in equine blood. A half cen- tury ago, as we have repeatedly seen, all the great races were at four-mile heats, and ability to stay, with plenty of speed in reserve, was what the breeders and trainers hard campaign together, one mounted on Kentucky horses and the other on horses from Northern States, the former invariably wore the others out. The blood horse showed his prowess and was eqLial to almost any exac- tions, while the others broke down if undue strain was placed upon them. The superiority of the Confederate cavalry over the mounted troops of the North in the early years of the war has not yet been forgotten by this gen- eration. The Confedeiates were mounted upon horses from Virginia. South Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky, 162 THE AMERICAN TURF and probably there was scarcely a single one of their animals who had not, more or less thoruu,<;hbred blood in his veins, while many of them were pure thorough- breds of the thst quality, who had been intended for the race course, had not the unexpected demands of war impressed them to severer uses. Forrest, Morgan and other noted Confederate cavalrymen were for a longtime invincible, and their achievements were regarded as only a little less than miraculous. But, after all, their success was almost entirely due to the high grade of horses that they rode. ert the Devil, Tristan. Doncaster. Bend Or, Blair Athol, Rataplan, Cremorne, Kisber, King Tom, Foxhall and Rayon d'Or, and scores of others not less famous. Df Glencoe's career in this country scarcely a word need be said. More than any other single horse who has ever been identilied with the American stud he is the founda- tion of the great thoroughbreds of this country. Few American horses that have attained to eminence on the track have failed to trace directly to him. It has been well remarked that " the double cross of Glencoe has long been acknowledged as the keystone to success in It seems almost superfluous in view of these and many breeding, and the triple cross, as in the cases of Foxhall, other similar facts to point out the very great value of Sly Dance and Glenmore, is fast becoming regarded as the thoroughbred animal and the importance of encour- the acme of blood. " aging racing as a most important factor in his develop- Then there was Routh's Crab, by Crab out of a dam ment. Racing was universal in the South in antebellum by Councillor, one of the oldest and finest of the old days, and as an inevitable result came about the perfec- English thoroughbreds, who left a strain that has told tion of the horse of that section. Racing was compara- through many generations. Nor must we overlook tively little practiced in the North, save in New Yoik. on which account breeding was almost unknown. When, therefore, attention is called to the striking difference between the mounts of the cavalrymen of the two sec- tions at this important period of the countiy's history, further argument would seem to be unnecessary and fur- ther proof not called for to show the superior merit of the thoroughbred and tlie necessity of racing, since it is only through that medium that, as experience has shown, his improvement and development can be assured. That is one of the most interesting chapteis in the his- tory of American breeding which specially describes the success in this country of English stallions who have been allowed to leave their native land before they had been fully tried there. Dismissed without regret and sometimes with positive satisfaction, as, comparatively speaking, useless lumber, it was not long after their departure before, in view of their great success here, they were longed for with unavailing regret. Priam, although a winner of the Derby, was disregarded in the stud, but after he came to this country. Industry, Miss Letty and Crucifix, whom he left behind him. reversed the reputa- tion that he had possessed, while in this coLintry he was strikingly successful in establishing a notable Ameilcan family. Even more remarkable than Piiam in this le- spect was Glencoe. As a race horse he stood in the first Diomed, by Florizel, one of the very best horses ever imported, who has told the longest tale on American stock, having been the sire in this country of Sir Archy, Duroc, Florizel. Dinwiddle, Gracchus and many other first-rate runners and themselves sires of runners. Fear- nought by Regulus out of Silver Tail, the most distin- guished horse of all the other early importations, and one who left the most decided maik on the American race horse in its earlier history, must also be added to list. Then theie was Wildaii'. who was foaled in 17^1 by Cade, and who pioved sLich a successful stallion and sire of racers that he was repurchased for a large sum and sent back to England. Medley must also be included, by Gimcrack out of Arminda. He was a most success- ful stallion, and his blood is considered scarcely inferior to that of Diomed, Shark or Bedford. Messenger, by Mambrino out of a dam by Turf, was little regarded at home, but became in this country one of the most suc- cessful stallions. Of modern instances, perhaps the name of Leamington will tirst occur. Condemned at home and sold to this country, he here closely rivaled the immoilal Lexington, and English writers have since acknowledged that allow- ing him to leave that country was little less than a crim- inal mistake. Scores of other instances might be cited in still fLirthei' ilkistration of this point as showing how class, being second only to Plenipotentiary, and was of America has gained from the potency of blood that was the best English blood. As a stallion he suffered much from comparison with Sultan, his sire. Emilius. Lottery, Velocipede. Mameluke, Plenipotentiary and Touchstone, but in his latter-day fame he has eclipsed them all. A score of Derby winners trace direct to Glencoe, and overlooked by our English cousins. Nor has this coun- try alone thus profited. Buccaneer, a good race horse of Great Britain, was not held in high favor because his get were not considered to be stayers. He was sold to Austria, but had scarcely left his native land when Paul it has been said that in the last twenty-five years, or Jones, Formosa and Brigantine appeared to completely more, at least two-thirds of the best horses of Great upset the previous adverse opinion regarding his merit Britain have had strains of his blood, among his descend- and to make the English wish that they had him back ants having been Pocahontas, Stockwell, Isonomv, Rob- again. Then there was Gladiator, who passed ovei' to 163 THE AMERICAN TURF France, disregarded and discarded. Across the Channel of the English thoroughbred over the native stallion, he founded a family that had no superior in his time, and arguing that climatic differences have probably brought it sent back to the country that had failed to appreciate him about, and that even the inferior English stallion is ahead Gladiateur, Mortemer and Chamant. who carried away of the native animal, as a sire. Others have claimed that the Derby and other great prizes. the American mares have furnished just the desirable In recent years the passion for imported stallions on nick that was necessary to bring oLit the potency of the the part of American breeders has intensified to a degree foreigner. One interesting thing has been pointed out, that has before never been surpassed. Every master of and that is that the imported stallions began to arrive a breeding establishment has been on the constant out- here about the time that our system of racing changed, look for some well-bred English or Australian stallion who and a writer in The Spirit of the Times has argued with should give promise of great things when grafted upon a great show of reasonableness to demonstrate that the American stock. The success of these imported stallions English horses had the advantage from the fact that they has, on the whole, been remarkable, and would seem to had been bred from strains which for a generation or fully justify the enthusiasm of breeders for strains of for- more had been tiained to short distance racing, while our eign blood. This is the more surprising when we native sires had been bred principally under the long dis- consider that, as has just been pointed OLit, most of these tance test. There would seem to be considerable con- importations have been horses who were not held in tirmation of this theory in the fact that the fast young- high repute at home, and who really, as a matter of fact, sters of the present period, who have been trained for were never pre-eminently distinguished until they came across the Atlantic. Leamington. Eclipse, and Rayon d'Or, for example, were good performers, but scarcely to be considered as first-class, and. yet. how successful they have been in the stud in America every one knows. Mortemer was a great race horse unciuestionably, and so was Glenelg, but the latter was foaled in this country, having been imported in embryo. Ph:eton never did anything on the course in England, but in this country the short dashes that are now the vogue on the American turf, are in turn succeeding in the stud, cjuite as well as any of their English rivals. Still, the time has not yet come when the belief in the value of the imported stal- lion, rather than those of native produce, has been entirely eradicated, and it is probable that for a long time in the future we shall continue to add new strains of foreign blood to our Ameiican thoroughbred families. No more interesting problem has engaged the attention of turfmen, both in England and America for genera- be forever remembered as the sire of Ten Broeck. tions past, than that which relates to the relative speed and stoutness of the thoroughbred and the Oriental horse. The question seems to have been finally very well set- tled, with undoubted evidence in favor of the great superiority of the English thoroughbred and his descend- ants of the American tuif. It may be safely conceded that two hundred years or more ago the Arabians were undoubtedly the fastest runners in the world. Now. however, at the end of the nineteenth century the mod- ern thoroughbred is as fai' superior to the present horse of the East in his L]ualities and powers as he is in size, bone, strength and ability to carry weight. While the Arabians remain practically in the same condition that they were centuries ago, there has been a vast improve- ment in the character of their English progeny. The best old English blood, which had in it a part of the Spanish stock, when mi.xed with the true Arabian or Barb race in the beginning of breeding the thoroughbi'ed in England, brought about infinitely better results than it had ever been possible to secure from the unmixed and unstudied breeding of the Arabians in their native land. The intelligent breeding that has been followed since that time and the selection of the choicest animals to breed fiom, a measure that has been made possible, largely by the tests of the race course, have biought about this result. Upon practical test it has been found that with King Alfonso. Lisbon, St. Martin and others. Billet was only an ordinary performer, but he added to the worth of the American turf by getting such swift progeny as Volturno, Runnymede, Miss Woodford, Raceland. Sir Dixon and others. King Ban, as a racer, was of no ac- count, but his get, as King Fox, Ban Fox, Rosaline, Punster and others, had superior claims to recognition. King Ernest, who never ran a race, got for us such good ones as Mikado, Report, Kinglike and others. From Great Tom we have had Tyrant and General Harding, and from Glen Athol, who was utterly despised at home, came Glenmore, Greenfield and (Checkmate to add to the glories of the American turf. Then there was Buckden. who gave us Bend Or, Buchanan and Matinee; The ill-Used, who gave us Magnetizer, Jack of Hearts and Lady Primrose: Australian, from whom we have had Spendthrift, Springbok, Helmbold, Rutherford, Fellow- craft and many others not less notewoithv: Glenelg, who sired Monitor, Louisette, Firenze, Dry Monopole, Ferida and others,' and Mortemer, from whom came Wanda, Cyclops, Chimera and Exile. The explanation of this phenomenal success of im- ported stallions who at home had not ranked especially high, have been many and varied. Some theorists have held that the result demonstrates the decided superiority 164 THE AMERICAM TURF an allowance of as high as forty-eight pounds the Arabian oughbreds as Flying Childers, Herod. Eclipse, Diomed, has never been able to win an English race. Glencoe, Sir Archy. Boston. Lexington and hundreds of Some fifty years ago the subject was regarded as a other heroes of the English and American turf in days gone matter of such supreme importance that discussion was by. not to mention scores and hundreds of contemporane- rife, both among English horsemen and those of the ous equine champions. The few Arabians that have been East, each of whom patriotically supported the claims of seen in England and this country have never been able the respective breeds of their countries. The Viceroy of to cut any figure upon the course, and when it came to Egypt even went so far as to challenge the English the consideration of such great races as the Grand Prix, Jockey Club to run a certain number of English horses the Derby and the chief events of the course in this against the pick of his stables. The match was declined, country they have never been regarded as even in the first because the English Jockey Club in its corporate class to warrant their participation in such affairs, capacity never owned any racers, and secondly because. An interesting experiment that was carried out by the to run a distance race over broken desert ground was distinguished American breeder. Mr. A. Keene Richards, considered a greater risk of destroying valuable animals seemed to conclusively and finally settle this question than the circumstances would justify. Subsequently, in favor of the claim of the thoroughbred. Few however, as a result of this challenge, a race was run at turfmen in the United States had a larger acquaint- Cairo between the English mare Fair Nell and an Arab ance. or a wider experience, or gave themselves horse belonging to Aaleen Pacha, and the result has been up more unreservedly to the promotion of the interest regarded as of the greatest value as a clear demonstration of the thoroughbred than did Mr. Richards. From of the relative piowess of the two equine families. The the time of his boyhood he was interested in horses, length of the race was eight miles, over a rough, gravelly, and studied the thoroughbred with enthusiasm and with sandy road, and the English mare won, covering the rare good judgment. He was a native of Kentucky, course in i8>^ minutes, beating the Arabian by a full having been born in Scott County in 1827. His death mile and pulling up fresh. Aaleen Pacha, who owned occLii'red upon his celebrated farm. Bkie Grass Park, the Arabian horse, was a son of Abbas Pacha, the Vice- Georgetown, Ky.. in March. 1881. After completing roy. who. three years before, had challenged the English his education in Bethany College, West Virginia, he Jockey Club. spent several years in travel in England, Europe, Africa Fair Nell was supposed to be a thoroughbred, her sire and Asia. His interest in horses had by this time be- being the celebrated Irish horse Friney. but she was not come fully matured, and the greater part of the years in the Stud Book. She was a beautiful light bay. of that he spent abroad was given to thorough investiga- powerful build, and was used as a hunter, being a hai'd- tion of the thoroughbred in his original habitat. After worker and having a wonderfLil pace. She was called a visiting all the prominent studs, breeding and training "raking Irish devil, "and frequently traveled thirty- establishments in England and France, he proceeded to two miles in the course of a day at an easy canter, carry out a project that he had long before matured to carrying twelve stone without showing the least fatigue, make a tour of the Barbarv States and the West of Africa She was in low condition when she was shipped to and study the thoroughbred in the countries where his Egypt, yet ran and won her race within two months progenitors were considered to have originated. Travel- from the time of landing. On her trial before the race ing through Spain, where he made himself familiar with she did five miles in \o}i minutes. Although the result the Andalusion breed of horses and the royal stud of with a single thoroughbred might not be considered as Madrid, he then made an extended journey through absolutely conclusive, yet when we consider that Fair Algeria and Morocco, a greater part of the tour being Nell was not incontestably proven to be a pure thorough- accomplished on horseback. bred, and that her rate of speed, both in her recoided Next he went to Egypt and Arabia Petrea. His party five-mile trial and her eight-mile race, was less than that made the entire journey through Arabia on dromedaries, which has been displayed by many English and American and there he commenced that thorough investigation into thoroughbreds, the conclusion that the latter must be the Arabian horse that made him particularly conspicuous superior to their Arabian rivals may be considered as in his generation. Notwithstanding that the native tribes fairly settled. At any rate, the Egyptians were then of Arabia were then at war and travel throughout that convinced that their Arabians could be beaten by English country was dangerous in the extreme, he pushed his horses, and few turfmen now question that the modern investigations far into the Anazeh country, whence gen- thoroughbred possesses speed and endurance which are erations before had come the great Darley Arabian and his peculiar inheritance beyond any other horse in the other parents of the English thoroughbred family, world. It is beyond all doubt that no Arabian horse ever Abundant opportunities were given him to study the lived who could in any respect challenge such great thor- Arabian horse in his native state, and he bought several 165 THE AMERICAN TURF aniniMls that were the choicest cif their kind that could be procured. These he shipped to England and thence to America, and then returned home himself ready to cari'v out the experiment that he had planned and in which he had the fullest confidence of ultimate success. Completely informed now regarding the horse of the Orient and his English thoroughbred descendant, their origin and history, he was confident that the best horse in the state of nature was the Arab. His new possessions, the pure Arabian stallions. Massoud and Mokhladi, and the mare, Sadah, arrived at his Blue Grass Park home in i8si. He also made handsome additions to his stud of Amei'ican bred horses, and the following year in a second trip to Arabia he purchased the mare Nulie and the stallions Sackiowie and Fysaul. He also brought from England about the same time Knight of St. George, the St. Leger winner of 18^4; Australian and his dam Emilia, with her foal, Frazzoletto, Jr. ; and the brood mares Spiletta (dam of Spinola. Fenian and Rosetta). Melrose (dam of John Porter and Melbourne, Jr.) and Target (dam of Creedmoor). Although Mr. Richards' e.xperiment with the Arabians attracted a great deal of attention at the time, it was not geneially looked upon as giving much promise for the im- provement of the American thoroughbred. Mr. Richards was not convinced of this, but, after a few years, when it was found that his imported Arabians made no very distinct impress upon American stock, he was gradually forced to the conclusion that, after all, nothing in the world could surpass the best bred English and American horse. He spent a great deal of time and money in put- ting his theories to test, and some of the finest blooded mares in the country were bred to his Arabians. The outcome was a practical failure, and since his time there has been very little talk about the value of Arabian stock for the improvement of the thoroughbred, and breeders have ceased to give it any further attention. There has long existed among turfmen a positive and well-defined opinion that Kentucky is, pai' excellence, the natural home of the American thoroughbred. This is not the place to enter upon a discussion of the relative merits of that State as compared with other sections of the country, for breeding purposes. The question is an intricate one and is not to be solved offhand. A re- view even of the arguments that are advanced on either side would require more space than can here be given and probably come to no good results. Briefly, the con- tention for Kentucky is that its far-famed blue grass pastures and limestone soil offer advantages such as can be obtained nowhere else in the country, and it is partic- ularly urged that the presence of limestone in the soil contributes to making the horses that are raised there strong in bone and capable of great endLirance. On the other hand, however, it may not be forgotten that the great race horses of England have been developed with- out the peculiar advantages claimed for Kentucky, while at the same time some of the greatest thoroughbreds known to the Ameiican turf at all periods of its history have been bred in widely separated parts of the country and under conditions manifestly diverse. Experience would seem to indicate that, notwithstand- ing the undoubted advantages possessed by Kentucky, it is still possible to raise thoroughbreds elsewhere that shall be undoubtedly of the most approved character. Merely as a suggestion, it might perhaps be well worth considering that the apparently great numbers of success- ful KentLicky thoroughbreds, as compai'ed with the lesser number who have been bred elsewhere, may be in some measure, at least, due to the fact that they are the sur- vivals of an army of foals infinitely greater than is seen in all the rest of the country put together, it would be an interesting calculation, if it were possible, to go back for many years and see how the successful thoroughbred from Kentucky, in proportion to the total number foaled there, compared with those that were bred elsewhere. Without attempting any solution of the question, or venturing to express an ex cathedra opinion, we may at least point out some of the few prominent representa- tives of the thoroughbred family that have come from other parts of the country than Kentucky. New York raised American Eclipse and Medoc, who contested on equal footing with the best horses of the country in the earlier days of the turf, in later yeai's New York could point with pride to Glenelg. Olitipa. Ruthless. Ferncliffe, Monday, Countess and Forester. Nor nnist we forget that the great Ariel, daughter of American Eclipse, was of Long Island birth. So too were Black Maria, Bay Maria, Shark and other noted horses of the same family. In New Jersey. Fashion, daughter of imported Trustee, was bred, and surely no horse in the early part of this century was more distinguished. Also from New Jersey have come Macduff. Hiawasse, Leo, Requital and many others. Iroquois, Parole, Sensation, Spinaway, Harold and Onondaga were the produce of Pennsylvania. Mary- land raised Catesby and Crickmore, while to Virginia are credited Boston and scores of others. Illinois, Missouri, Ohio. California and Montana have also contributed their quota to the successful race horses of the day, and page upon page might be filled with simply the enumeration of names did time and space permit. Enough has already been said, however, to at least indicate that no single section of the country can claim the exclusive monopoly of having bred our greatest race horses. The few names that have been presented, which really scai'cely open the list, will suggest scores of others entitled to place in the enumeration equally with those that have been given. The wonderful success that has attended some of the more recent breeding establish- 166 THE AMERICAN TURF ments in the North and the far West is an argument come most of the great blood horses whose careers as from practical experience that cannot be easily disposed representative American racers, both in this country and of. Such breeding farms as the Erdenheim, Rancocas, in Europe, have reflected glory upon their family and the Meadowbrook. Westbrook. Brookdale, Algeria and others in the Hast, the Riverside, Bitter Root. Rancho del Paso, Palo Alto and others in the far West, have by their pre- eminent success in adding many winners to the racing calendar and the Stud Book, placed themselves in rank with the oldest establishments that have been conspicu- ous in Kentucky and other parts of the South for a half century or more, it seems to be fully demonstrated in these closing years of the century that enterprise, skill and scientitic management are quite as important ele- ments as favorable natural conditions in securing the best breeding I'esults. Kentucky, however, is still richer in thoroughbred stock than any other section of the United States. There is almost no necessity of calling the attention of those who have even the most superficial acquaintance with the subject to the fact that for many years this State enjoyed almost a monopoly in the breeding of the blood horse, so that the sentiment in favor of the Kentucky foals well-nigh developed into a superstition. To an almost incredible extent the State, with its far-famed blue grass pastures and limestone soil, was in the olden country that gave them birth and nurtured them. Even in Kentucky, the home of great stud farms, no establishment of the kind ever ranked higher than that at Woodburn. For a generation or more it was the largest and most successful breeding estate in the world, and it has been fairly said of one of its proprietors, Mr. Robert A. Alexander, that he •' did more in his short life for the improvement of the blood horse than any other man in America." Woodburn being one of the first breeding places in the United States, really served as a model for subsequent undertakings of the same nature. In its palmy days no other stud farm sheltered a like number of mares and stallions, and none other sent to the race track so many great champions. The estate was an ideal of an old Kentucky home, and dated back to the pioneer days of the State. The Alexander house that for several generations was occupied by the family, was built orig- inally by a younger brother of a Scotch baronet, who settled and married in this Western wilderness. When his brother died and he succeeded to the baronetcy, he had become so attached to his New World home that he refused to return to Scotland. He drew the revenues of days, and also indeed in the present, given over to breed- his large estate abroad, however, and expended them in mg purposes. In some counties almost the entire acre- age of land has been taken up by breeding establishments and the agricultural enterprises connected with them, while the repute of the great blue grass region has gone out to all the world. Although the former pre-eminence of the State in this respect has been somewhat shaken in improving his Kentucky place until it became a princely domain in extent and richness. Throughout his life he contented himself with the low and rambling structure, part brick and part wood, that he first built and that he left as the ancestral home to his descendants. One must not overlook Mr. Robert Aitcheson Alex- the present generation, the position that it has held for ander in the consideration of those who played a con- nearly a century at the head of the great breeding sec- spicuous part in turf affairs during its formative period. tions of this country is still successfully maintained. Notwithstanding the large and increasing value of the thoroughbred output from California, New Jersey and elsewhere in recent years, the names of most of the great stud farms are still identified with the blue grass country. Should we attempt to make even the most cursory and perfunctory reference to all the stud farms in Kentucky that are deserving of recognition for the commendable work that they have done in the development of the thoroughbred many pages would be required. Some of these establishments, however, by reason of their extent. Mr. Alexander, although a native Kentuckian. was a nephew of Sir William Alexander, of England. Edu- cated at Cambridge, England, he was a man of strong intellectual powers, and brought to the business of breed- ing thoroughbreds an intelligence and knowledge sur- passing that of most of his compatriots. He became, perhaps, the largest and most successful breeder in the world, his large fortune enabling him to give full vent to his inclination and to carry out his ideas upon the grand- est scale. It is said that not even that wealthy corpora- tion, the Rawcliffe Stud Company, of England, exceeded his Woodburn establishment in extent or in importance. long and honorable history and the very great influence It was not until i8s6, when he was thirty-eight years of that they have had in developing the practice of breeding and of racing may not be casually passed over. Their history has in every way constituted a most important part of the history of the thoroughbred in America, and they may be fairly taken as typically representative of the great breeding interests of the country for a century or more. From these renowned establishments have age, that he first appeared upon the turf, but in a few years he became a conspicuous figure at all racing meet- ings, although his blue and white were not at first particularly successful. Giving his life to the thorough- bred, he never married, but w.is to a considerable extent prominent in society. His enthusiastic devotion to his chosen profession led him to carry heavier burdens than 167 THE AMERICAN TURF he was physically capable of, and he died in 1867 at the age of forty-eight, worn out by the business cares that he had voluntarily assumed. Under the management of Mr. A. J. Alexander, who succeeded his brother, the Woodburn establishment, which comprised some 4,000 acres of land, steadily grew in importance and in reputation. The constant aim of the Alexanders was always to breed from the most ap- proved stallions and mares, and the name of Woodburn has been, as a natural result, identified with many of the greatest thoroughbreds that the American turf has known in the last half of the nineteenth century. Perhaps Lex- ington gave the place its most renown, and as the corner stone of the American thoroughbred family of the middle of the century, he linked the names of Woodburn and Alexander with his own. For some ten years fol- lowing i8ss, Lexington, Scythian, who was imported by the Messrs. Alexander, and Australian, who was im- ported by Mr. A. Keene Richards and then purchased by the Alexanders, presided over this establishment. After- ward other good stallions arrived to keep them company, among them being Planet, that phenomenal Virginia horse, so long owned by Major Doswell. Asteroid, son of Lexington, also came to take his place beside his greater sire. Many of the noted horses of the sixties and seventies came out of Woodbui'n. among them Nor- folk, Kentucky. Asteroid, Pat Malloy, Idlewild, Daniel Boone, Gilroy and others. Subsequently Glen Athol, then King Alfonso, after the death of Lexington, in 1876, and then Lisbon and Pat Malloy were added to the estab- lishment. Among the great thoroughbred matrons identified with Woodburn were Glenluine, dam of Troubadoui' and Lizzie Krepps; Jamaica, dam of Foxhall; Cachuca. dam of Fresno and Palestine, and imported Flora McDonald, dam of Dundee and King Mac. Another was Svlph. who traced to the famous Magnolia by imported Glencoe; she was the dam of such great horses as Princeton. Han- over. Daniel Boone, Simon Kenton, Skedaddle, Kentucky, Victory, Madonna and Madeline, grandam of Iroquois. Woodburn was the birthplace of the famous Foxhall, son of King Alfonso, who was also the sire of Fonso, Gren- ada. Don Fulano. Telemachus and other fast ones. From Glen Athol, by Blaii' Athol, Glenmore and Checkmate went out to further enhance the fame of Woodburn. Pat Malloy added Bob Miles. Lord Murphy and others to the notable list of this establishment's foals, while Fal- setto got Dewdrop, Fresno, Rupert and Fordham. Lis- bon got Troubadour, who won the sensational Suburban of 1886. Powhattan, by Leamington out of Maiden by Lexington, and a full brother to the famous gelding Parole, was another inmate of the Woodburn Stud along in the eighties. Could all the great racers who have come out of Woodburn be brought together in one company they would make one of the grandest armies of thoroughbreds ever known to the turf in the United States, while they would scarcely take second place to the like produce of any foreign stud. The Elmendorf Stud Farm, although less ancient than that of Woodburn, has been particularly notable in later years through the brilliant performances of its sons and daughters. The establishment was founded by Mr. Milton H. Sanfoid, who spent a small fortune in improv- ing it, and regarded it as the great achievement of his career as a sportsman. Located in the immediate vicin- ity of Lexington and in the very heart of the richest blue grass region, it comprised over soo acres, nearly all of which was rich pasturage. After Mr. Sanford's death it became the property of Mi'. Daniel Swigert and later on passed into the possession of Mr. C. J. Fnright. Some of the finest race horses that were ever stripped on the course in tliis country were the product of Elmendorf. Here imported Prince Charlie ruled for a few short years and got. among other famous sons and daughters, the immortal Salvator out of Salina. Here also imported Glenelg stood for manv seasons and added much to the distinction of the American turf bv his famous progeny- Tremont, the unbeaten black wonder, who never knew defeat, was dropped here, his dam being Ann Fief, and here was foaled that grand tillv Firenze, who beat every- thing that came in her way. Finework. one of the most successful of the many dams who helped to increase the fame of their great sire, Lexington, produced here Port- land, Flkhorn Lass and Fmbroidery. Fair Lady, dam of Bermuda and Dagonet; Stamps, dam of Katie Pease, Louisette and Precious; Peru, dam of Dry Monopole; Marguerite, dam of Rupert and Ruperta; Gondola, dam of Senorita; these whose names have been caught up at random, have been a few among the many matrons who threw famous sons and daughters that have added dis- tinction to Elmendorf. Runnymede Stud, at Paris. Ky., owned and managed by the Messrs. Clay & Woodford, is another one of the historic breeding establishments of that section. It has had a long, notable and honorable career. The owners have always given their personal attention to everything pertaining to the business of the place, and they have been altogether successful in bringing out some of the best blood horses of the modern turf. The estate com- prises some SCO acres of the best blue grass land. Thereon imported Billet has stood in recent years, and in the stud have l^een dams of Lexington. Leamington, Glencoe and Bonnie Scotland blood. One of the most successful breeders in America in the early part of the last quarter of the nineteenth century was Mr. John M. Clay, whose historic establishment near Ashland has been as rich in traditions as any other in the United States. Mr. Clay was establislied as a breeder by 16S THE AMERICAN TURF his father, the great statesman, Henry Clay, who gave to him that fine race horse and excellent stallion, imported Yorkshire. Mr. Clay had much success with Magnolia and Topaz, who were Glencoe mares, and with Balloon, daughter of Yorkshire. The colts that he bred, that afterward became great race horses, would be numbered bv the hundreds. He had great faith in imported York- shire, and also in the crosses of Lexington's sons upon Glencoe's daughters. After the death of Mr. Clay his widow succeeded to the head of the establishment, and for years was the only woman in the United States engaged in this particular kind of business. She had a complete knowledge of the blood horse and of breeding methods, while the pedigrees of all the great thorough- breds were as household words to her. She was not less successful than her husband had been in raising some distinguished performers for the turf and in adding value to the blood of the American race horse. Bosque Bonita has also been one of the celebrated stud farms of Kentucky. It was not a large establishment as compared with some of its more conspicuous rivals, including less than loo acres. It was charmingly located, however, and comprised stretches of beautiful woodland and rich pasture. General Abe Buford, the proprietor, was one of the foremost turfmen of his period. Upon his stud farm were bred some of the most distinguished horses that have ever been known to the American turf. Among his earlier colts were Charleston, Ruric, Portland and many others, not less successful as race horses. In later days the chief of the Bosque Bonita Stud was the renowned imported Sovereign. This great stallion stands in the Stud Book as second only to imported Glencoe as a getter of successful racers. Altogether, he was one of the most famous sires that the world ever knew, and has added immeasurably to the value of American blood stock. Early in the seventies Mr. M. H. Sanford started his breeding establishment at North Elkhorn Farm, near Lex- ington, Ky. Sparing neither time nor expense, he built a splendici stud farm that in its day was said to have been, with one exception, the largest of its class in the United States. Here he kept, when he was at the height of his interest in the turf, nearly loo brood mares, who com- bined in themselves the choicest strains of blood known to America. Monarchist, that great race horse, who so pre-eminently distinguished himself on many fields of honor, was long at the head of the harem. With him were Virgil and impoited Glenelg. All three of these stallions added to their triumphs on the race course further success in the stud. Glenelg produced Idalia. Orion, Eva Shirley and others, who were winners in their first season. The get of Virgil has been so often referred to in these pages that there is no call to say more in regard to them here. With these three great stallions Mr. Sanford added marvelously to the racing blood of the United States. The effect of his enterprise has never ceased to be felt even to the present day, and is con- stantly in evidence in the performance of many cham- pions who trace their origin to horses that wcw foaled and bred at North HIkhorn. Glen Agnes Stud Farm, that was founded by Mr. N. Kinzer, and was afterward owned by Messrs. Douglass & Daly, has had a good reputation outside of Kentucky, as well as in the State where it was located. Its great sire has been imported Eothen, who probably will be best remembered as the sire of Requital. The National Stock Farm, where Bob Miles, Terra Cotta and others stood : the Bashford Manor, with which Azra, Pandee and others have been identified; the Stonewall Stud of Captain B. Viley, where Belvedere has stood ; the Oak- wood Stud of Messrs. Applegate & McMeeken, with its Melbourne and Hurricana sires; the names of these readily come up in this connection, and with equal grace a hundred others quite as worthy of enumeration might be added to the list without closely approaching the end of the subject. Tennessee has sometimes been a close rival of Ken- tucky in the importance of its breeding interests. Easily among the foremost nurseries in that State must stand the famous Belle Meade Stud Farm, that for nearly three- quarters of a century has occupied a prominent part in the work of developing the American thoroughbred. It is a magnificent property of i,8oo acres, comprising some of the best land for breeding purposes known in that section of the country. Among the great stallions who have been identified with it and who ended their lives in its harem have been imported Priam, the Derby winner; imported Eagle, imported Bluster. Vandal, Jack Malone, Childe Harold, imported Bonnie Scotland, John Moi'gan and many others scarcely second in merit. In contemporaneous times Iroquois, Luke Blackburn, En- quirer, Longstreet, Clarendon, imported Great Tom, imported Loyalist, Tremont and Inspector B. have reigned supreme. During twenty years, from 1870 to i8qo, the produce of the Belle Meade Stud Farm won upward of $2,000,000 in stakes and purses. In 1891, 12s racers from the establishment won over $100,000 in 4S0 races, and the record in years following that date has shown even an advance over those remarkable figures. Enquirer as an inmate of this stud achieved a national reputation. During thirteen years, from 1878 to i8qo, inclusive, his get won in stakes and pui'ses upward of $465,000. Among the Belle Meade matrons who have been par- ticularly distinguished are Tullahoma, dam of Tulla Black- burn and Tammany; Silver Maid, dam of Young Luke and Taviston: Vintage Time, dam of Uncle Bob, who won the American Derby; Bribery, dam of Miss Ford i6g THE AMERICAN TURF Mild Zuleika; Miss H;impton, dam of Elyton; Guildean, dam of Ben Harrison, Wrestler and Guildura. and Mari- posa, dam of Swift. Beatitude and Boulevard. For a generation tlie Belie Meade Farm was in the possession of General W. G. Harding and General W. H. Jackson, two of the most enterpi'ising of modern turfmen. In i8q^, Mi-. Richard Croker signalized his advent upon the turf by purchasing a half interest of the estate from Gen- eral Jackson. The price that he paid, $2so.ooo, suffi- ciently indicates the great value of the place. Dobbins, Yorkville Belle. Longstreet and other famous thorough- breds have been in the Belle Meade Stud in recent times. One must not leave Tennessee without lirst having given attention to the Fairview Stud of Mr. Charles Reed, situated near Gallatin. Although one of the younger establishments, as compared with some of the historic farms, it has long had an enviable leputation. The Fair- view came notably into prominence when its proprietor, with an intrepidity that well-nigh astounded the tuif world, paid $100,000 for imported St. Blaise when the Nursery Stud of the late Honorable August Belmont was sold in i8qi. Previous to that time Mr. Reed had a well established stud, but the advent of St. Blaise gave it a pre-eminence that it had never enjoyed before, and in some respects marked an important point in the history of American breeding. The value of an undoubtedly high class and SLiccessful stallion was particularly em- phasized by the fee of .$2,soo which Mi'. Reed placed upon St. Blaise. When that eminent sire entered the Fairview Stud the establishment had already been identified with some very good stallions. There was imported Mr. Pickwick, son of the Derby winner. Heimit. and also Forester. Miser, imported Cheviot, Long Taw, imported Muscovy and Fxile. son of imported Mortemer. Miser, a full brother to Spendthrift, was fairly successful for his owner, and made Fairview especially well known through his daughter, Yoikville Belle, who was one of the best two-year olds of her season. Thora, that grand old mare, was the most distinguished matron ever attached to Fairview. As the dam of the famous Dobbins, by Mr. Pickwick, and the wonderful filly. Yorkshire Belle, by Miser, she added glories to the American turf that age can never dim. Among her companions have been Mary Anderson, dam of Warv. Melodrama and Actor; Bonnie Wood, dam of Pha'ni.x. Annie and Hell Gate; Athleen. dam of Peter and Athlete, and Acquital, dam of Defend- ant and Not Guilty, with many others not at all less woithy of note. Of the stud farms that have existed in New Jersey in modern times none has been more deservedly prominent than the famous Brookdale, the property of Mr. David D. Withers, the mentor of the American turf. During the lifetime of the ■" Sage of Brookdale " his establishment had a reputation second to none anywhere in the coun- try. Situated in a neighborhood famous for its horse traditions and identified with sLich noble animals as Eclipse, Mingo and others in the olden times, Brookdale was an ideal stud farm and the beloved home of an ideal sportsman. In the immediate vicinity was the old Lloyd farm, forever associated with the names of Nemesis and Attila. Nearby was the farm of Mr. Francis Morris, one of the foremost sportsmen of the last generation. There Ruthless, Relentless, Remorseless and other members of the famous Baiharity family, were bred, while in later years, under another owner. St. Martin, Plevna and Post- Guard were trained. Wildidle was ti'ained on the track of this farm, in 187s, and brought into the condition that enabled him to win the Fordham Handicap. The neigh- borhood of Brookdale is full of the most delightfiil recol- lections pertaining to the thoroughlired. his breeding and his racing. Brookdale was not originally designed for a stud farm. Mr. Withers bought the property purely for training pur- poses, and, as he once expressed it, " 1 didn't embark in breeding — 1 drifted into it." But, having once engaged in the business, he continued in it with that enthusiasm and unreserved devotion that characterized all his pro- ceedings as a sportsman. He had his own peculiar theories in regard to the development of the thorough- bred, and persisted in following those, ever refusing to cater to the likes and dislikes of others. His judg- ment was not always faultless, but he steadily held to his own opinions, nevertheless. When he had come to a decision in regard to the merits of a stallion, nothing could change him, even though the racing world refused to follow him or to buy his yearlings. He bred his own race horses and with them achieved a considerable suc- cess, although not as great as that which must be cred- ited to other owners who were of his time. (ximparatively speaking, few great race horses came out of Brookdale. The only chance the public had to buy the produce of his establishment was at the weed- ing out sales, when the surplus yearling stock, or selec- tions from the racing stable, were sold under the ham- mer. Some of those whom the master of Brookdale thus disposed of were fairly successful, quite as much so. indeed, as any that Mr. Withers ran in his own colors. For example, it is part of the turf history of the time that, in i8qo, Mr. Withers sold all the yearlings by Ven- tilator, against whom he had conceived an ineradicable prejudice. Three of these yearlings, Airplant. Airshaft and Airtight, were purchased by Mr. M. F. Dwyer, and the first named, especially, turned out to be a very good colt, winning for his owner .$17,61 s. Among the stallions who stood at Brookdale were King Frnest. Stonehenge. Macaroon. Sensation, Venti- lator, imported Mortemer, Intruder, Hothen. Stalwart and 170 THE AMERICAN TURF Thunderstorm. Mr. Withers never purch;ised many chased bv the late Colonel William 1'. Thompson, of brood mares, but his racing fillies as they retired began whom it has been well said that no more thorough gen- to accumulate and were served by his stallions. Im- tleman or more gallant sportsman ever graced the turf, ported Mortemer he bought when the horse was twenty- either in this country or in Hurope. Brookdale naturally one years old. taking him from the breaking-up sale of lost none of its fame in the hands of its new owner, the Rancocas Stud. Ventilator, whom he despised. The enthusiasm and wise liberality for which Colonel denying his claim as a thoroughbred, brought him some Thompson was noted throughout his life were strikingly of his best youngsters. Out of several of his brood displayed in this venture. Unhappily, he was not spared mares that were sent to Tom Ochiltree in the hopes, as to enjoy the fruits of his labors. His death, in February, he said, '• of getting fillies with Lexington top cross for i8q6, left a void in social and business circles as well as breeding purposes," he secured such good colts as Major in the world of sport that even the lapse of years cannot Domo, Cynosure, Tomboy, Orator and Sluggard, a fairly till. Yet all lovers of true, honest sport and all who are successful result, but disappointing to the owner of interested in the progress of horse breeding rejoiced that Brookdale because it was contrary to his theories and the late Colonel Thompson's sons, the Messrs. Lewis S. expectations. Thompson and William P. Thompson, Jr., who were One of the best horses ever turned out from the estab- associated with him in the conduct of the Brookdale en- lishment, and by many considered quite the best, was a terprise prior to his demise, have continued it upon pre- son of Sensation, by Imported Faverdale by The Palmer, cisely the same lines, in the same spirit, and with a This horse was never named, but as a two-year old, in degree of success that augurs well for the future of 1 888, he was the best member of Mr. Withers' stable, Brookdale. winning $21, ^40. In that same season ten of the twelve Colonel Thompson was a native of Virginia. A South- two-year olds that Mr. Withers started, all of them hav- erner to the core, his sympathies arrayed him on the ing been bred by him. were winners. That year of 1888 Confederate side in the Civil War. On the termination was the best Withers' year known up to that time, of the war he was one of the first Southern men to For more than fifteen years previously he had steadfastly establish himself in the metropolis, and in a few years fought fate and paid out a small fortune in forfeits, never was not only the master of a considerable fortune, but succeeding in attaining the success on the race course was a factor of no small importance in the world of most heartily wished for him by those who appreciated finance and commerce. With the inbred aptitude of a his truly sportsmanlike character and the great services Vii-ginian for legitimate sport, he combined a profound that he rendered to the cause of the tuif. knowledge of horseflesh, and was a patron of the tun One of the first mai'es who was settled at Brookdale for many years before he assumed the role of an active was Miss Nellie, grandam of Stonenell. She was a aspirant for its honors. He was connected by business daughter of Eclipse, and was bred by Mi'. Francis Morris and social ties with the leading men of the American upon his Westchester fai'm. Although she had good tuif. and his advice was sought and respected by the best Orlando and Lexington blood, she failed of appreciation, element in racing circles. When, therefore, in the winter and was used as a hack, and also driven to hai'ness of i8q^, it was announced that the famous Brookdale until relegated to the stud in 1884. There she justi- pi'operty, with its stud, and indeed the entire plant, just tied her claim to good thoroughbred ancestry by foaling as it had existed in Mr. Withers' time, had passed from Nell, who became the dam of Stonenell. Another early the executois of the latter to Colonel Thompson, there Brookdale matron was Elsie, a daughter of Leamington, was a general feeling of gratification in the American and out of Babta, who was also Glenelg's dam. Mr. racing world. Withers purchased Elsie from Mr. R. W. Cameron. She Under its new propiietor the famous old farm became was named after Miss Elsie Barlow, and was fairly sue- more than ever an object of interest to the racing com- cessful on the turf, but a failure as a brood mare. Mimi, munity. Probably no man engaged in racing and breed- by Eclipse, was perhaps the most famous mare ever as- ing ever enjoyed those pursuits more than Colonel sociated with Brookdale. She was bred in i86q by Mr. Thompson. Yet, while finding in the Brookdale estab- Francis Morris, and when she was three years old she lishment a needed relief from the engrossing cares of his carried the all black of Mr. Withers to distinction in vast business enterprises, he was not unmindful of the some important races. In the stud she threw Kinglike, large pecuniary stake that the farm represented. With Mikado, Stately and Viceroy to King Ernest, and also characteristic energy and judgment, he proceeded at once was the dam of Copyright, by Uncas. to improve and enlarge the stud, and the perfection Upon the death of Mr. Withers, the title, " Master of which the present buildings represent is largely due to Brookdale." fell upon one in eyery way qualified and the liberal, yet wise, expenditures which were under- worthy to bear it. The stud, stable and farm were pur- taken at his instance. 171 THE AMERICAN T'JRF At the same time he fully appreciated the fact that pro- gress in a breeding establishment must be continuous. In i8q^, lie visited England and made liberal offers for Lord Roseberry's Ladas and the Duke of Westminster's Orme. Although unable to secure the great horses that he wished. Bi'ookdale was. howevei', not left with- out a signal benefit from its owner's investigation of the thoroughbred stock of the mother country. One of his judicious acc]uisitions was the mare. The Apple. She was at the time of her purchase and transfer to Brook- dale a horse that had enjoyed a phenomenal record on the running turf, and had her foal. One I Love, by her side. The most famous product of the Brookdale stud under Colonel Thompson's administration was Re- L]uital. one of the best horses of recent years. He was foaled at Brookdale in the autumn of 189;!, and was purchased as a yearling by Messrs. Gideon & Daly for $2,800. The great youngster began his career by win- ning the Futurity with a rush, and it was characteristic of Colonel Thompson that he promptly paid Mr. Gideon $26,000 to regain possession of the colt. The Brookdale property comprises about 000 acres of land, pasture, woodland and arable soil, agreeably diver- sified by running streams. Upon it there are some sixty modern buildings, with every convenience for the bi'eed- ing and training of the thoroughbred. Two large, com- plete high class dwellings loom up as one approaches the farm from Red Bank. In one of them lives Mr. Rowe, the trainer, and the other is the family homestead of the Messrs. Thompson. The hundred or more employees of the farm are all comfortably housed within its precincts, and among the other features of the management is the permanent employment of a physician to look after the health of their help. Another matter which may well be a subject of approving mention is the office. It is a counting-room such as would be found in a huge com- mercial or banking establishment, and heie the whole administration and business of the gi'eat stud is tians- acted with the same regularity that woLild be seen in a purely commercial concern. Referring to the technical side of the Brookdale plant, it may be said that it includes two tracks, one of a mile and the other a half-mile distance. An eighth of a mile track has also been built under cover so that young horses can be successfullv prepared for earlv spring engagements. There is stabling for i w horses and numerous paddocks, the abundance of running brooks supplying pure water for the stock, while the strips of woodland that are found throughout the estate offer a shelter, and at the same time give a truly picturesque appearance to the landscape. High grade cattle and swine are also among the specialties of Brookdale, and a large proportion of the feed rec]uired by the establish- ment is raised on the estate, the farming operations requiring the service of a score or so of work hoi'ses. To-dav Brookdale is one of the representative breeding establishments of the country, and its owners are ener- getically carrying out the policy that their respected father inaugurated. They possess ambition, wealth and entei'prise. The magnificent plant at their command should make it possible that their colors will be among the most prominent on the couises of America, while from the Brookdale stud, particularly with the additions thev contemplate making to the stallions and mares com- posing it, we may expect from year to year many nota- ble youngsters who will keep up the well-earned fame that the faiin enjoys in the equine world. Nor is the least of the grounds for confidence in the future of Brook- dale supplied by the fact that there are few places of the kind in the woild better oi'ganized and officered. The mere mention that Mr. James G. Rowe, a leader among modern trainers, is head of the staff, is sufficient of itself to carry conviction on this point. A long and interesting article could be written with reference to the Brookdale horses, past and present. It is a roll of honor that includes animals that have, season by season, taken a commanding position in the esteem of the racing public and of sires whose get rank high in the aristocracy of horses. Of stallions there are Faver- dale, the son of Sensation and grandson of the famous Lexington, Kinglike, by imported King Ernest, both of which horses were bred by Mr. 'Withers himself at Brook- dale. Their comrades include imported Macaroon, Stonehenge, by Blair Athol. and Uncas, one of the last and best sons of that staunch sire, Lexington. The get of these Brookdale stallions have included many noted brood mares, who, since the foundation of the enterprise by Mr. 'Withers and under the proprietor- ship of its present owners, have given to the American tuif some of its most celebrated horses. King Ernest got Adage out of Maxim; Auricoma out of Belinda; Bassinette out of Miss Bassett; Bibelot out of Knick- nack: Fccola out of Echo; Nell out of Miss Nellie; Stately out of Mimi; Triolet out of Trill, and Inverwick out of Invermore. Macaroon got Cadence out of Casta- gnette; Knicknack out of Bijou. Uncas got Cascade out of Cadence; Doreen out of Michaelmas; Nutbrown out of Mimi ; Trill out of Cadence, and Uproar out of Cyclone. Imported Faverdale got Castania out of Castagnette. Stonehenge got Necromancy out of Nancy; Stonecrop out of Mary Buckley, and Golden Rod out of Auricoma. Other distinguished matrons of this establishment are Castalia, by imported Mortemer out of Castagnette; Emilia by Muncaster out of E. M. ; Favonia by Favonius out of Wall Flower; Essayez II. by Cremorne out of Pill Box : Miss Maud by Duke of Montrose out of Miss Mattie: Sandola by Iroquois out of Gondola, and Wyan- dotte by impoited Leamington out of Nemesis. 172 THE AMERICAN TURF Ncvei' second to Brookdalc in hiiih repute and even superior at tiie height of its career in the success of its breeding operations, was the Rancocas Stud that Mr. Pierre Loriilard established at Jobstown, N. j. Over fifteen hundred acres were included in the faiin, mostly meadow land, with a good three-c^uarter mile track. At the height of its career in the early eighties the Rancocas held more than eighty brood mares, and a half score stallions, while a full half hundred horses were generally in training, besides many weanlings, half-breds and horses for general use. The training stable had no superior in the country, being circular in shape, and hav- ing a walking ring sheltered for winter work. To name all the great horses that came out of Rancocas would be an agreeable task, even though it would be of interminable length and would be practically a well-nigh 1 osca. Ml'. Loriilard also owned La Tosca, for whom he paid .'*;it,cxk), and many other distinguished thorough- breds of these later days have been identified with Rancocas. The younger Mr. Pierre Loriilard followed in the foot- steps of his father in taking an interest in racing. At one time he had a lease of the old Hunter estate in West- chester County, where he maintained a select breeding stud. The neighborhood in which he began business was historic in thoroughbred annals. Not far away Medoc, Maid of the Oaks and Cora were foaled in the earlier days of the century. Nearer our own time. Alarm, Ruthless, Rhadamanthus, Relentless, Merciless, Monday and others of not less brilliant renown were foaled under the direction of Mr. Hunter. Imported Eclipse stood there during the greater part of his lifetime. complete history of racing in the palmy days of the Censor, Balrownie and Kentucky were also identified Northern turf after the war. There some of the most with the same place, but the greatest thoroughbred glory celebrated race horses of this generation were bred and trained. There Saxon and Attila were prepared for their turf careers, and, more notable than they, both Parole and Iroquois were put through the course of training that fitted them for the brilliant victories that they achieved upon the English turf. Gonfalon was a con- spicuous figure here in the early eighties, and with him were su;h great ones as Venetia. Duke of Magenta and Endymion. Pizarro was also one of the noted horses of the establishment, a perfect model of what a blood horse should be, and Nimrod, Spartacus, Amazon, Breeze, In- constant. Disdain. Battledore and others also brought glory to the Lorillaid colors. Impoited Mortemer. one of the best horses that ever came from England in this generation, stood heie for many years. Finallv Mr. Loriilard broke up his stud, having a sale that was one of the great events of the day in turf circles, and that distributed many notable horses to other studs and stables. His passion for racing, however, still re- of the locality was derived from Leamington, when he stood there and got Aristides, Olitipa, Rhadamanthus, Bob Woolley, Hyder All and James A. Young Mr. Lorii- lard began business with a very good young stallion and several fine bred mares. His stallion was Siddartha, by Pero Gomez out of The Pearl by Newminster; grandam. Caller On by Stockwell. In its day the Algeria Stud of the Honorable William L. Scott, located at Erie. Pa., was one of the leading establishments in the United States. Mr. Scott's con- nection with the turf was for a comparatively short time, somewhat less than ten years. His bleeding establish- ment, however, assumed a position in tlie first rank almost from its inception. If its owner had done noth- ing else, one act alone would have made him famous the world over, and that was his purchase, at the breaking- up sale of the Dangu Stud, in France, in 1882, of the great French race hoise. Rayon d'Or. winner of the Doncaster St. Leger. Rayon d'Or cost his new owner mained with him, and after a few years he began to $^0,000, the highest price that had ever been paid for an build up Rancocas again, which presently assumed some- imported stallion up to that time. This purchase, which thing of the importance that attached to it in its earlier was actually Mr. Scott's first venture into the field of years. One of his most important acquirements in this turf activity, placed him with a bound in the front rank period of his racing history was Simon Magus, the only of his compeers. The success of his establishment was son of the great English sire, St. Simon, that had ever assured beyond possibility of doubt, and it grew in fame been brought across the Atlantic. The dam of Simon and just repute year after year until the death of its Magus was the famous race mare. Wheel of Fortune, owner brought about its dispersal, in 1892. who had the exceptional record which has fallen to the The wLsdom of the purchase of Rayon d'Or was fully lot of but very few racers of never having been defeated demonstrated by the fact that at the breaking-up sale of until the day she broke down in a race. Other Rancocas Algeria, after he had performed invaluable service in the stallions of fame have been imported Sailor Prince, the stud for nearly ten years, an advance of §2.000 more winner of the Cambridgeshire of 1886, and Emperor, the than his cost in 1882 was paid for him. Rayon d'Or sire of Vestibule, Gramercy, and other good ones. Among the mares who became inmates of the new Ran- cocas have been Bella, dam of Belisarius, Beauty and Belle D. ; Magnetic, and Tarbouche, a half-sister to La was the king of the Algeria Stud, and never abdicated his position during the life of Mr. Scott. No imported stallion ever had more success, and his offspring have been among the greatest racers of this generation. The 173 THE AMERICAN TURF ligures show that duiini;: the four seasons immediately preceding the dispersal of the Algeria Stud his get earned the grand total of $408,798. In one year alone -iSSq — they placed to the credit of their sire $174,620. When it is recalled that Tenny. Chaos, Tea Tray and Ban- quet, not to forget other almost ec]Lially good ones, were gifts of Rayon d'Or to the American turf, the value of his sei'vices as a sire may be fully appreciated. Other stallions that Mr. Scott owned were Kantaka, Algerine and Wanderer. Kantaka was half-brother to the great English sire, Heimit; Algerine was by Abd-el-Kader, out of Nina by Boston, and Wanderer, who was also a good race horse, was of tine native blood. In the last year of his life Mr. Scott added to his stud the French stallion, Aerolithe. in the Algeria Stud were some twenty or more im- ported mai'es, and generally about tifty native mares. Many of the matrons had not only shown their good qualities on the race course, but also became eminent producers. AU-Hands-Around, who had been noted in her turf career through Bolero and Lillie R., added to her fame as a race mare by becoming the dam of Chaos, winner of the Futurity. From Belle of Maywood Mr. Scott bred Tenny; from Ella T. came Tea Tray and Banquet, while Torso and Aurelia, two lirst-class horses who increased the leputation of Algeiia. were out of imported Santa Lucia, a daughter of Lord Lyon. Mr. Aristides Welch's Erdenheim Stud, near Philadel- phia, needed no greater distinction than that which accrued to it from imported Leamington and Iroquois to fix it forever in the grateful remembrance of all American turfmen. Erdenheim, beautifully located at the foot of Chestnut Hill, gave to the turf other distinguished racers besides Parole. Through imported Leamington an influ- ence went out from it that has been of incalculable value to the American blood horse. The new strain thus intro- duced has been productive of results, especially in con- nection with the Lexington family, the importance of which it is impossible to exaggeiate. Erdenheim has had a place in history quite apart from its connection with the breeding interests of the turf. It was one of the old colonial establishments of Pennsylvania, and in its solid gray stone mansion George Washington and other dignitaries at all periods in our country's historv, from the earliest down to the present, were entertained. With Leamington, Maggie B. B. shared honors, and both of these great horses, with Flora Temple, of trotting renown, rest side by side in graves upon the old farm which they did so much during their lifetime to make renowned. Massive granite slabs, simply inscribed with their names, mark their last resting-places. The Ferncliffe Stud of Mr. William Astor at Rhinebeck held an important place among the breeding establish- ments of the North along in the eighties. Its dispersal about the same time that the Nursei'y Stud and several other establishments were sold was a notable event of that period. Imported Galore, a son of the English sire. Galopin, was for a long time at the head of the Fern- cliffe Stud. Afterward, when Mi'. Astor began again to get together another stock, he placed imported Cavalier, a son of the great Prince Charlie, in his establishment as the (h'st step toward leviving something of its former prestige. Had it not been for his untimely death in iSc)2, it is likely that the FernclifTe would once again have taken an important part in the breeding affairs of New York. When the late Mi'. M. H. Sanfoid, who was the sec- ond Ameiican to try his foitunes on the English turf, made up his mind to go extensively into breeding, as well as racing, he sought for a location for the establish- ment that he proposed in New Jersey. No place could surpass in natural attractiveness the little village of Preak- ness, in the outskirts of the city of Paterson, where he finally settled. The place is an old Quaker settlement under the shadow of the Preakness Mountains, and the local name, which Mr. Sanford also adopted for his farm, was not long thereafter in obtaining a world-wide repu- tation. His great stallion, who also bore the same name, carried the fame of the locality throughout the United States and even to England. Originally established in a moderate way as a training ground, the Preakness Farm ultimately became famous. Mr. Sanford's venture, it must be confessed, appeared at that time to be some- what hazardous. Racing had. as yet, scarcely started upon its new caieer, but Preakness became one of the most important influences that contributed to the revival which has now become historic. The track at Preakness quicklv became a noted train- ing ground. Loadstone, Lancaster, Niagara, La Polka, Madam Dudley, Preakness, Mate and Stamps, than whom no greater race horses ever gave glory to the tLirf. were put through their paces here and prepared for their con- quering careers. The retired location of the track was altogether favoiable to Mr. Sanfoi'd's plans, and many surprises were brought out from there to dumfound the talent on race days. When Mr. Sanford abandoned rac- ing in 1881, he sold the Preakness Farm to Mr. James Galway, under whose management it has constantly maintained the highest reputation that it ever attained in its best days. Another breeding establishment in the vicinitv of New York out of which went a wide and powerful influence was that of Mr. R. W. Cameron, at Clifton, Staten Island. It was called the Clifton Stud, and was main- tained by its owner upon a generous scale and with intelligent entei'prise. Natui'ally, on account of his Eng- lish origin, Mr. Cameron had more than an ordinai'y interest and knowledge of the thoroughbred. His early 174 THE AMERICAN TURF associations gave iiim a predisposition towaid tile tiioi- OLighbred of iiis native land, and lie became especially well known as an importer of some of the best horses that have come into this country within the recollection of the present generation. He even went to the expense of bringing over English upland hay for his stock, firm in his belief in the saving qualities of that food. Among his most noted importations were Warminster, son of Newminster and Black Bess by Ratcatcher; imported Hampton Court, who was of the great Melbourne and Bay Middleton blood; and imported Glenevis by Oulston (son of Melbourne and Alice Hawthorne) out of Volucris by Voltigeur. Two other of his importations were even more famous, and by their achievements, especially in the stud, have lifted the name of their owner to the highest position for valuable service to the American blood horse family. The first of these was Leamington, concei'ning whom it is hei'e unnecessary to do more than to make the mere mention of his name. The other was Glenelg, who was imported, with his dam, Babta, and who was one of the most useful stallions in his day. Early in the seventies, Californians were indulging in a great deal of pride over their thoroughbreds, and were beginning to predict that their horses would be able in a few years to successfully compete with the East in point of speed and staying qualities. The opinion was held by many that the climate there was superior to any of the Eastern States for the production of the highest type of race horse. The comparison of that period with the present shows the wondei'ful development that has been m.ide in turf affairs in that section during the last twenty years or more. Then the majority of thorough- breds on the Pacific Coast were located in Califoinia, though other States thereabouts occasionally maintained a good one. Califoinia, however, despite its pre-emi- nence, had less than twenty-five thoroughbred stallions in 1S76, principally imported from the East. Among those were Joe Daniels, Monday, Bays water, imported Hercules, Lodi, Leinster, Woodbui'n, Langford, Noii'olk, Newry, Three Cheers, Pittsbuigh, Earnest, Rifieman, Springbok, Hock Hocking and Rutherford. Really good brood mares were scarce in the State, and breeding had, as yet, scarcely entered upon an experimental period. One of the most impoitant breeding establishments in the early days of the California turf was that of Mr. William 1.. Pritchard, who was located in San Fi'ancisco, where he had stables, with pasturage in the outskirts of the city, and an extensive ranch on the Sacramento River. Mr. Pritchard's stallions included Leinster by imported Australian out of Luilume by Lexington; Pittsburgh by Pat Malloy out of Evangeline by imported Eclipse; Waterford by Langford out of Margretta by Lexington, and Earnest by Derby (by imported Eclipse) out of Eglantine, by Lambda (by imported Priam). His brood m.ires included representatives of the stock ol Crey Eagle, imported Glencoe, Bonnie Scotland, imported Balrownie and Lexington. In recent years particularly, (California has commanded the attention of horsemen, not only in the United States but all over the world. It is no longer a theory, but an attested fact, that the Golden State possesses specific qualities for the perfect production of the thoroughbred. Animals bred and trained there not only possess the fundamental requisites of speed and endurance, but may be fairly said To represent a new type and a further advance in the evolution of the race horse. It is, per- haps, a little too soon to decide what may be the ulti- mate outcome of this interesting experiment of raising thoroughbreds so far away from what is considered to be their natural home in Kentucky. Nevertheless, suf- ficient has already resulted to show beyond all question that the California breeding establishments are certain to exercise a considerable and lasting effect upon the future of the American turf Out on the Pacific Coast they have a habit of doing things in a big way. Breeding has been carried on upon a lai'ge scale and almost unmindful of expense. Several stud farms that have been established in the clos- ing part of the nineteenth century have surpassed in size, and even rivaled in the fame of their produce, the best of their kind elsewhere in the United States. Some good horses have come from there, and the importations from Australia, introduced into this country through the Golden Gate, have already made a large impression upon the American thoroughbred family. The pioneers in breeding in California in this quarter of a century were Theodore Winters, John Hall and George Treat. Since then we have had Messrs. James B. Haggin and E. J. Baldwin. Senator George B. Hearst, Senator Leland Stanford and others. Among Californians who have been interested in horses in the present generation, certainly no one has done more to fix contemporaneous racing and bleeding interests upon an assured and stable foundation than Mr. James B. Haggin, and no one has been more prominent or more infiuential in establishing the worth of California thoroughbreds and the value of California breeding in the minds of lovers of horses throughout the United States. 0ns might go further than that without exceeding the bounds of propriety, and say that Mr. Haggin is to-day one of the few Americans whose reputation extends beyond the confines of racing circles in America. A representative in the truest sense of the best element in turf circles, his connection with racing and breeding has been in every way as important as that of any gentleman of the present generation. As an owner he engaged actively and energetically in racing, and his participation in such affairs was a distinct benefit 175 THE AMERICAN TURF to the sport. Few owners in the history of the Ameri- can turf have ever devoted themselves more unreserv- edly to this sport, or have supported their stables more generously. His operations were conducted upon a grand scale, and their brilliancy had a marked effect, not only upon the racing community, but also upon the outside public, for the performances of his horses were of such a notable character that they became mat- ters of a national, if not, indeed, of international interest. Although Mr. Haggin has now withdrawn from the cares as well as the delights of ownership in a racing sense, the work in which he is now engaged, that of breeding the best blood that the equine world can afford, under ideal circumstances, so far as material surroundings are concerned, promises to have results of the most far-reaching character. Descended from a Kentucky family, and a native of Mercer County in the Blue Grass State, Mr. Haggin is naturally a lover of horses. Of his business career, notable and interesting as it is, little need be said here. It can only be pointed out that he is one of the men of whom California and the West are proud, that his enter- prise and force of character have been potent instru- ments in developing the mineral I'esources of our coun- try's western domain, and that the same liberality, practical spirit and enterprise that are his distinguishing traits in connection with the turf have been equally marked in his private and business life. His success has been a tri- umph of character and ability, and it might be further- more said that the steady support and following his stable received from the California contingent at our tracks was as much a personal tribute as it was a pro- fessional estimate of his judgment where horsellesh is concerned. Mr. Haggin found little to interest him in the trotter, which was the dominant racing animal in California when he took up his residence in that State. The natural sporting passion of his native State possessed him, and he organized a tn'st-class racing stable that he sent to all the principal meetings from San Francisco to New York. His racing exploits now form a bright, even though too brief, page in the history of the turf. When the names of such horses as Salvator, Firenze, Ben Ali, Fitzjames, Fresno, Tyrant, Ban Fox, King Fox, Hidalgo and others in his stable are named, they recall stirring memories of a series of famous seasons from 1887 to iSqo, when his colors were foremost in the great events on our tracks. It was a series of sensational vic- tories and famous matches, and even where defeat over- came his four-footed champions, defeat was always coupled with honor. The name of the owner became known in every part of the country. When, in 1890, Mr. Haggin turned mainly from racing to breeding, the possibilities involved in his new depar- ture commanded the attention of horsemen everywhere, not only for the large scale on which his breeding oper- ations are conducted, but for the spirit which animates him in this connection and the remarkable character of the animals he has gathered together. Mr. Haggin's estate, Rancho del Paso, in Sacramento County, Califor- nia, comprises over 44,000 acres, and evei'ything that judicious expenditure could do has been lavished on it until it is probably not only one of the greatest, but one the best equipped establishment for the breeding of thoroughbred horses in the world. Heie, under the efticient charge of Mr. John Mackey, there has been gathered an aggregation of famous horseflesh such as was never before assembled in the stud. The foundation of this stud was the importation, at a great expense, of two stallions from Australia, Darebin and Sir Modred. Subsequently, Mr. Haggin imported Star Ruby from the Hampton Stud in England, and also Candlemas. His great American star stallion has been Salvator, the phenomenon of the American turf of this generation, and with him has stood Fitzjames, Fresno, Torso, Tyrant, and other good Americans. Later, Mr. Haggin added to his Australian blood horses, the New Zealander, Maxim, son of the Fnglish thoroughbred Musket, who was allowed to depart from his native home to the Antipodes before his great worth was fully recognized. In New Zealand he became the sire of Carbine, Martini-Henry, Nordenfeldt, and many other good ones. Other stallions of Rancho del Paso have been Morello, Cliveden, Prestonpans, Calvados, Owas, Midlothian, Order, Ben Ali, Kismet, Uncle Jip. July (Brother to Sir Modred). Gold Finch. Golden Garter, Golden Dawn, Bassetlaw, Candlemas, Chevalier, Water Cress and Tenny. Salvator, whom Mr. Haggin has declared to be the greatest horse that he ever owned, has produced several good sons and daughters, among them Salvation, Sallie Woodford, Etta McKeever, The Preserver, Salvor, Silvester, Sallie Cliquot, Salvable, Silver II.. St. Aignan, and several others. Tyrant has been one of the Rancho del Paso's most reliable stallions. He was a superbly bred horse, by imported Great Tom out of a grand- daughter of Lexington. He was the best three-year old of his year, winning the Withers, the Belmont and the Stockton stakes and other races. In his pedigree are found such great names as Pocahontas, Martha Lynn, Alice Carneal, Cressida and Gamma. Tyrant has already sired many excellent performeis. A great Australian stallion came to the United States when Mr. Haggin imported Sir Modred, full-brother to imported Cheviot. His sire, Traducer, who was bred in England, was one of the best stallions that ever stood in New Zealand. From 1867 to 1881, Traducer got nine winners of the Canterbury Derby, the most important 176 THE AMERICAN TURF event in that country, including Cheviot and Sir Modred. In three of these years his get ran first, second and third, and, in two others, first and second. Idalia, dam of Sir Modred, was the Pocahontas of New Zealand — the queen of its stud. As a race horse Sir Modred was a great campaigner, and his produce have followed closely in his footsteps; their distinguishing feature is the uniformity with which they race and campaign. His pro- duce in six years won 823 races, valued at $728,063. Among the brood mares that have made their home at Rancho del Paso, Firenze, who was the greatest cup winner of her time, and easily ranked with the best of race horses whom she met. was easily first as a popular favorite, although several of her companions have been more distinguished as brood mares. Few of the mations of this stud farm have not been celebrated more or less for their exploits on the turf, and have also been success- ful producers. They have been of the bluest blooded equine families known to this country. There is Maud Hampton, dam of the two great race horses, Ban Fox and King Fox. She came from the Dixiana Stud, where $10,000 was paid for her. In 1887, she produced King Thomas, that celebrated $40,000 yearling. In the two succeeding years, respectively, she threw Silver King and Silver Fox, both by St. Blaise, and since then she has been bred to imported Sir Modred. Other matrons of the Rancho del Paso have been Carina, dam of St. Carlo; Flavina, dam of Flavia and Flattery and Mentmore Lass, all of whom came from the Nursery Stud. The famous race mare Aranza, by imported Bonnie Scotland out of Arizona by Lexington: Glidelia, also by imported Bonnie Scotland out of Waltz by Lexington; Peoria by imported Mortemer, and Prude by King Alfonso out of Marguerite by Lexington, were added to the Rancho del Paso stock from Mr. William Astor's Ferncliffe Stud in 1890. With them have been Plaything, dam of Tournament, who raced so brilliantly as a three-year old foi' the stable of Senator Geoi'ge Hearst; imported Agenoria, dam of Pontiac : Loulanier. dam of Kildeer. Katrine and Kaleide- scope: Letolay. dam of Cayuga, Uni'est and Utopian; that famous race mare. Miss Woodford, and many others. In i8qi, there were in the thoroughbred department of Rancho del Paso twelve stallions and nearly three hun- dred mares, many of the latter valued at fiom .So. 000 to $18,000 each. In 1897, the establishment had grown so that it then contained twelve impoited and seven Amer- ican stallions and a proportionately larger number of mares, and that year produced 1 30 yearlings. Senator Leland Sanford, althoLigh he was only a few years connected with the turf, held a prominent position among modern sportsmen. His Palo Alto establishment was one of the half a dozen great breeding places of the United States that stood in a class by themselves, far ahead of all others. The ranch, which comprised over 1,400 acres, was devoted to the trotter, as well as to the rLinning horse. At the head of the thoroughbred de- partment stood the celebrated .stallion Monday. This grandson of Lexington was bred by Captain Moore, in 1864, and died at the Palo Alto in 1884. His sire was (Bolton, a son of Lexington out of Topaz by Glencoe. Colton was a successful racer, winning at two-mile heats from such horses as Joe Stoner, Rebel and Sherwood. It must not be overlooked that California became the home of the celebrated Ormonde, " the great horse of the century." That famous English thoroughbred had a varied, as well as a brilliant, career. His wonderful per- formances in England, especially his capture of the Derby, attracted the attention of turfmen in all parts of the world. We have already referred to his emigration to Argentine, where he failed of appreciation, and whither Mr. (Charles Reed journeyed in the vain effort to purchase him. Subsequently he was sold back to the land of his nativity, but did not remain there long. American turf- men still had their eye upon him, and in 1893, Mr. W. OB. Macdonough purchased him. He was brought to the United States in iSq^, and for a few days after his arrival here was kept in New Jersey. Afterward trans- ferred to California, he became an inmate of the stud at the Menlow Park Stock Farm of Mr. Macdonough. His potency as a stallion did not come up to expectations. Among other California turfmen who have been par- ticularly active in recent times has been Mr. Adolph B. Spreckles, who was at one time president of the Pacific Coast Jockey Club. Mr. Spreckles late in the nineties organized a breeding stud, sitLiated near Napa, in the centre of the beautiful Napa Valley. There upon a farm of some 3S0 acres, he located a very important stud. His premier stallion was imported Idalium, and associated with him were General Miles, Puryear D. and imported Creighton. Imported Idalium, who was one of those Australian horses such as Californians have so much favored in recent years, was a full brother to Sir Modred and Cheviot. The Santa Anita breeding ranch of Mr. E. J. Baldwin is also one of the well known breeding establishments in California. Located at Los Angeles, the Santa Anita has had the reputation of being one of the finest and best equipped stud faims in the country. Like a few other notable turfmen of this period, Mr. Baldwin has always adhered to the practice of breeding his own horses for his racing stable. The representatives of Santa Anita have been infrequently seen in auction sales, and even at private sale their owner has rarely ever parted with them. Among the best possessions of Mr. Baldwin in years gone by have been Grinstead, Mollie McCarthy, Clara 1).. Volante. Lucky B., Mollie McCarthy's Last. Los Angeles, Emperor of Norfolk, Rey El Santa Anita and others. 177 THE AMERICAN TURF 178 THE AMERICAN TURF Started in iNqo, the Bitter Root Stock Farm of Mr. Mar- cus Daly, located at Hamilton, Ravalli County, Montana, has become famous as one of the most extensive and most successful enterprises of its kind in the United States. Located at the foot of the Bitter Root range of moun- tains, from which it derives its name, the farm is an ideal thoroughbred nursery. The first suggestion of the place came to its owner far back in the sixties, when he was journeying in that unexplored region of the North- west at the head of a relief party. It required many years before — in business enterprises, to which he was giving his undivided attention — he had amassed that fortune which enabled him to carry out the idea that was born in his youth. Having achieved unexampled suc- cess, particularly in connection with copper mining from whence came his name of "the copper king," Mr. Daly has been able to accomplish his purposes m regard to breeding the thoroughbred upon an almost unlimited from his connection with the running turl, has also given attention to the trotting horse and his collection of trotters, both for breeding and racing, is only second to his collection of thoroughbred stock. Of most consequence to us, howevei, in this connec- tion is the thoroughbred department of the establish- ment. This comprises some i,=;oo acres, sloping back gradually to the foot of the Bitter Root mountain range. The Hamilton Ranch, as it is called, famoLis as the home of Tammany, Montana, Senator Grady and other blood horses who have contributed to make the turf history of this generation notable, has been laid out upon an elaborate scale. It contains a large house for the accom- modation of the men employed there, four barns or stables for work horses, a grainery and several resi- dences. Upon this ranch is raised the bulk of the hay that is required for the stock on the farm, something over 2,000 tons being the annual t]gure. Here also is the scale of expense. In its extent and in the perfection of lamous covered half-mile race course, while adjoining its appointments the Bitter Root establishment has no it is an open mile track. superior in this country, and perhaps not in the world. Upon the running ranch are the thoroughbred stables Altogether the property covers 20,000 acres in one and the residence of Sam Lucas, who has special charge piece and represents a total investment of $2,000,000, of of the breeding and raising of the thoroughbreds. The which $150,000 has been spent in laying out irrigating year's crop of youngsters is regularly fifty or more in ditches, and a six-mile system of ten-inch water mains. The farm consists of a series of ranches extending along the east side of a beautiful valley and opposite the town of Hamilton. No more magnificent or highly-cultivated collection of ranches can be found anywhere in the West. Fine residences, large stables and barns, extensive grass lands and a thorough system of irrigation combine to make this one of the world's great ranches. It is the seat of operations of a sound and well conducted enterprise that has grown steadily in importance and public favor, and has so broadened in its scope that it would be extremely hazardous for any one to venture to put a limit to its possibilities in the future. Mr. Daly makes his home upon this beautiful estate, and, upon that portion of it known as the Home Ranch, has erected a country mansion that has been described as "undoubtedly the largest and finest in the State." Here he spends a great deal 01 time when he can get away from his large business interests in the great Anaconda mining properties. The gardens in connection with the home farm are on an extensive scale. They contain hot- beds and greenhouses, and, under the management of H. A. Carmichael, results have been accomplished that may seem almost incredible to those who are not familiar with the phenomenal productivity of the West. In con- nection with the Home Ranch is the breeding stable for trotters, which contains stalls for three hundred horses and a three-quarter mile track for training. David Peel has charge of the breeding and D. B. Kinney of the training of the trotters. Mr. Daly, although best known number. Adjoinmg the running ranch is the veterinary hospital, in charge of Dr. E. W. Hagvard. whose resi- dence is nearby. In the same neighborhood are the ranches devoted to raising grain. The crop of oats annually exceeds 60,000 bushels and this product is made a specialty of the establishment, the quality of the oats being so high that Mr. Daly will use none other. Even when his horses are in the East, during the racing sea- son, he takes great quantities of this feed wherever his stable is sent. A magnificent avenue, eighty feet wide and six miles long, running due north and south, con- nects these ranches. The road is well built, with run- ning water on each side, and is lined by two rows 01 trees so as to make a beautiful shady drive. The connection of Mr. Daly with the running turf is comparatively recent, extending back over less than a decade. It is not too much to say, however, that, by his liberality and enterprise and his clear foresight, no other single individual has contributed more to the contemporaneous development of the American turf Planned on a large scale and managed intelligently, the Bitter Root Stock Farm has had a powerful intluence the value of which it would be well nigh impossible to exaggerate. From the very first Mr. Daly, in addition to the careful oversight which he has himself bestowed upon this, his pet enterprise, has enlisted the services of so ne of the best men in their calling in this country. J. Moran. who was for years identified with the late I). 1). Withers, of the Brookdale Farm, has been one of his assistants, while Matthew Byrnes, one of America's fore- 179 THE AMERICAN TURF 180 THE AMF.RICAN TURF most trainers, has also been identified with him. Sam Lucas, who has charge of the breeding department, was for a long time in the employ of the late August Bel- mont. When at the Haggin sale, in i88g, Mr. Daly purchased Silver Fox he practically started upon his career as a turf man. He paid $22,000 for that colt, who was by im- ported St. Blaise out of Maud Hampton by Hunter's Lexington, and was a half-brother of King Fox, Ban Fox and King Thomas. At the same sale he paid $1,050 for the Darebin-Angenona colt. At the Rancho del Paso sale in 1890 he purchased twelve head, for which he paid $31,500, being the largest individual buyer on that oc- casion. The highest price he paid for any of this lot was $7,000 for the chestnut colt by St. Blaise out of Maud. At the dispersal sale of the Nursery Stud in 1891 he was a still larger purchaser, investing $44,000. His purchases included the mares Affinity, Belinda, Clara, Mehallah, Peeress and Wood Violet, who, with Amazon, formed the nucleus of his stud. Some of the most famous horses known to the Amer- ican turf in the last decade have come from the Bitter Root Stock Farm and frequently have carried the copper jacket and green cap of Mr. Daly to success, although his stable has not always been as triumphantas his enter- prise and his service to the cause of racing have merited. Eastern racegoers first became familiar with the colors of " the copper king " when Montana made his appear- ance on metropolitan tracks in the Carteret Handicap, three-quarters of a mile, at Monmouth Park. Upon that occasion he carried 1 10 lbs. and defeated Russell, Cor- rection, Contribution, Bermuda and others, in 1 minute, \2l'i seconds. In the famous record-breaking mile against time by Salvator in 1 minute, 55^ seconds, it was Namonia out of La Favorita by imported Glenelg, that made the pace, together with the three-year old filly Rosette by Joe Hooker out of Rosa B. by Norfolk. Namonia set the pace for the first half mile. Then Mon- tana rendered further service to his owner by capturing the Lorillard Stakes and the Suburban Handicap. Ogden has been a distinguished colt and his success in winning the Futurity of 1896 was especially gratifying to his owner from the fact that he was home bred, a son of Kilwarlin and imported Oriole. He not only brought glory to the Daly stable by winning the Futurity, but gained additional distinction by lowering the Futur ity record a full second. Another good winner bred by Mr. Daly has been Senator Bland, who, as a three-year old, won the Farewell Handicap at San Francisco, i'/( miles, defeating Yankee Doodle, Rey del Bandiodos and eight others, and establishing the Pacific Coast record at 2 minutes, 7 seconds. Scottish Chieftain, foaled in 1894 by imported Inverness out of Miss Darebin, has been another one of Mr. Daly's strong colts. He won brackets the second time out at the Gravesend track. As a two- year old he won the Spring Stakes over the Futurity Course, carrying 113 lbs., covering the distance in i minute, 13I seconds, and defeating Arbuckle and others. Then he won the June Stakes, also over the Futurity Course, carrying 121 lbs., and covering the distance in i minute, 12'i seconds, defeating Rodemonde, Casseopia, Arbuckle and Cauldron. His most notable victory, was in the Belmont Stakes, I'a miles, at Morris Park, when he defeated On Deck, Octagon, Horoscope, Don de Oro and Ogden, the time — 2 minutes, 23^ seconds — being the best made over the course up to that time. Perhaps the most popular horse that has carried the Daly colors is Tammany, whose splendid victory in the Realization of 1892, when he defe.ited the strongest field of rivals, will not soon be forgotten. Tammany came honestly by his marvelous qualities of speed and endurance, for he is the son of Iroquois, the brilliant American winner of the Derby, through whose sire and dam, imported Leamington, and Maggie B. B., he united strains of the most powerful blood ever known to the American turf the Leamington, Australian, Boston and Glencoe. The dam of Tammany was Tullahoma, who was a daughter of imported Great Tom and Blink Bonnv. Tammany, who is a handsome chestnut horse, was foaled in 1889 and bred at Belle Meade, in Tennes- see. His first appearance was as a two-year old, when he ran in the Great Eclipse Stakes at Morris P.irk, beating Sir Matthew and other good ones. He also won the Criterion Stakes at Monmouth Park, but was beaten in the Futurity, and ran third in the Select St.ikes. During the season he started in six races and his win- nings amounted to $29,720. In his three-year old form he started five times, winning the Withers, the Realiza- tion, the Lorillard and the Jerome Stakes and running second for the Tidal Stakes. His winnings that year amounted to $72,410. His winning of the Realization placed him in the first class, and his other victories that year sufficed to more fully establish his reputation. In 1893, he was started only three times, but won upon each occasion His great achievement that year was his defeat of Lamplighter, at Guttenberg. His winnings in 18 3 amounted to $13,500, and he was then retired with a total of $1 1 5,690 to his credit. In the stud he has been very successful. Among his get have been Tammany Hall II. out of Imported La Trappe; Senator Matts out of imported Buttermere; Tempse out of imported Tempe; Colonel Root out of imported Namesake: Tamor out of imported Oriole; Ash Leaf out of imported Ayrshire Rose; Ternary out of imported Ladyjudette; Greenback II. out of Clara; Affiant out of Affinity; Croker out of Belinda; Crutch out of Beaucatcher; Grand Sachem out of Belinda; Lord Beresford out of imported Erin-go-Bragh; Amazonian out of Amazon; THE AMERICAN TURF i I 182 'ITIE AMERICAN TURF Rnv:illi out of imported L:i Tr.ippe; Maiozia out oi Merry Peeress, and Barracan out of imported Barca- mere. A double glory came to the Dalv Stable in i8y2, for not only did Tammany win the Realization, but Mon- tana carried off that great prize, the Suburban. Montana was foaled in i88■■' ! 189 THE AMERICAN TURF 190 THE AiMl'lRICAN -riikl- 191 THE AMERICAN TURF 192 THE AMERICAN TURF From a consideratioi Montana and Ot^den, t eye, we make the acqu ui other inmates of the Bitter Root Stud who have performed useful parts in re- plenishing the rani^i;"ine, the dam of Missoula. 1- '7 W^ were united the best English and American blood. Dixianne was by imported King Ban out of Dixie's War Flag. King Ban, be- ing a son of imported King Tom and Atlantis, traced to Harkaway and Pocahontas. The sire of Dixie's War Flag was War Dance, by Lex- ington out of Reel. To imported Child of the Mist or Silver King, Missoula produced in 1894 the bay filly, MISSOULA AND MAL-LAK-WA Corvallis. In 1896, she produced the chestnut colt, Mal-lak-wa, by imported Inverness. 209 The AMERICAN TURF Amazon, a bav mare foaled in 1887, was bred by Au- gust Belmont. She is the dam of the chestnut colt Amazonian by Tammany. She is royally bred, being by im- ported The Ill-Used out of Fair Barbarian. Her sire gave her crosses of Stockwell, Melbourne, Irish Birdcatcher, Lanercost and other strong lines. Her dam, Fair Barbarian, was by Hermit out of Romping Girl. As is well known. Hermit was by New minster out of Seclusion, thus uniting Touchstone, Dr. Syntax and Tadmor lines. Romping Girl, the dam of Fair Barbarian, was by Wild Dayrell out of Gay. Wild Uayiell, son of Eon and Ellen Middleton, was a grandson of Cain, Margaret. Bay Middleton and Myrrha. Through Gay other strains of the Melbourne blood were given to Romping Girl, Gay being a daughter of Melbourne and of Princess Alice, who was by Liverpool out of Qiieen of Trumps, by Velocipede. Even more distinguished ancestry is included in the pedigree of Amazon. Among her grandams were Prin- cess Royal, Qiieen of Diamonds. Lass of the Mill. Brown Castrel, Diamond, Sir Peter, Florizel, Eclipse, Engineer, Partner, Makeless and Biimmei'. BEAUTY AND BRITOMARTIS. Woodcot Burton b Chestnut Thornton, Old Thornton and the arb mare, while among her grandsires were Beauty, a chestnut mare foaled 1888 and bred by Au- gust Belmont, was covered by imported Rayon D'Or and in 1803 produced the filly Ray of Gold; was covered by Tristan and in 1894 produced the black tllly. Tryst; was covered by imported Inver- ness and in 1895 produced the chestnut filly Bellibone, and was covered by Inverness and in 1896 produced the chestnut filly Britomartis. Beauty is by im- ported St. Blaise out of Bella, and one of the choicest get of her great sire, through whom she numbered among her an- cestors such famous thorough- breds as Touchstone, Gladiator, Sir Hercules, Whisker, Whale- bone, Waxy. Selim, Crucifix, Priam and scores of others, not less worthy. Bella, the dam of Beauty, was by Fiddlesticks out of imported Bernice. Fiddle- sticks was one of Lexington's best sons, and his dam was imported Filagree, by Stockwell out of Extasy, who was by Touchstone out of Miss Wilfred, the latter being by Lottery, by Tramp out of a daughter of Smolen- sko. Throuafh her dam Bella had another Stockwell strain. THE AMERrr.W TURF ButtL'ifly, :i chestnut ni:ire, foaled in 1886, came from Mr. J. B. Haggin's Rancho del Paso. She is the daughter of imported Kyrle Daly and Mariposa, and is thus well bred in the To'ichstone and Lexington lines. Her sire, Kyrle Daly, was a son of Artillery out of Colleen Rhue. Artillery was by Touchstone out of Jeannette, his dam being a daughter of Irish Bird- catcher, son of Sir Hercules and of Peidita, who was bv Langar out of Delenda. Col- leen Rhue, the dam of Kyrle Daly, was by Gemma-di- Vergy out of Princess. Gem- ma-di-Vergy was a son of Sir Hercules and Snowdrop by Heron out of l^airy. Prin- cess was a daughter of Re- triever by Recovery out of Tadliom, her dam being Echidna by Economist out of Miss Pratt. Mariposa, the dam of Butterlly, was a thoroughly well-bred American. the daughter of Monarchist and Heliotrope. Monai'chist, as is of course well known, was one of the best sons of Lexington, his dam being Mildred by imported Glencoe and out of Evergreen, daughter of imported Glencoe and Mistletoe. Butterlly produced m 1890 Chrysalis, and in FLORID AND IVY BLOOM out of Levity. Heliotrope, the dam of Mariposa, was by imported Knight of St. George, son of Irish Birdcatcher BUTTERFLY and LARVA i8qi Emma Mc, both by Hidalgo; in 1894 Loch Ness, and in iSqb Larva, both by imported Inverness. Bred by Mi'. J. B. Haggin, the bay mare Florid was foaled in 18S8. She is the daughter of imported The lil-Used and Flower Girl. Her dam by imported Australian out of Neutrality, was of the new blood that has been such a potent quantity in the devel- opment of the American thor- oughbred in this generation. Australian was a son of West Australian and Emilia, thus combining in himself the strains of the Melbourne, Touchstone, Emilius and Whis- ker fimilies. Neutrality, the dam of Flower Girl, was by that staunch American horse Revenue, son of Trustee and Rosalie Somers, the latter, as will be readily recalled, being by Sir Charles out of Mischief. No stronger strains than those running through Sir Charles, Trustee and Revenue are found in the .American Stud Book. Flond's produce include Alla-habad by Hyder Ali, Franc by Silver King and Ivy Bloom by imported Inverness. THE AMERICAN TURF In the brown mare Virgin, daugiiter of Miiner and Virgie, is united tiie blood of imported Leamington, VIRGIN AND E-COME Lexington, Vandal and Wagner, a combination that can scarcely be excelled in the experience of American turf- men. Miiner was by imported Leamington out of a daughter of Lexington and Kate Anderson. The pedigrees of Leamington and Lex- ington combine the choicest strains of English and American blood, and the Leamington-Lexington cross has always been considered one of the most potent in modern breeding. Kate Anderson, the grandam of Miiner, was by imported Sovereign out of Chloe Anderson, thus adding another valuable strain to the pedi- gree of Virgin. Virgie, the dam of Virgin, was a daughter of Virgil and Lax, Virgil, as is well known, being by Vandal out of Hymenia. Lax was a daughter of imported Scythian, son of Orlando and grandson of Touch- stone, and her dam, Lavender, was by Wagner out of Alice Carneal. Virgin's sixth dam was by Robin Grey; her eighth dam by imported Highflyer; her ninth dam by im- ported Fearnought ; her tenth dam by Ariel; her twelfth dam by the Cullen Arabian; her thirteenth dam by Croft's Partner; her llf- teenth dam by the Curwen bay barb and her sixteenth dam by D'Arcy's chestnut Arabian. The produce oi Virgin have been the brown colt Vitringa by imported Child of the Mist, the bay colt Vignola by Silver King, and the dark bay ^m colt E-come by imported Inver- kfl[^ iie'^s. ^^11% f Namonia, a bay mare foaled in ■ *>vW,, ,gg3_ daughter of imported Sir Modred and La Favorita, was bred by Mr. J. B. Haggin. Sir Modred's pedigree, beginning with his parents, Traducer and Idalia, runs back, as is well known, to Pantaloon, Newmins- ster, Voltigeur, Camel and Touchstone, having several crosses of the most important families to which those thor- oughbreds belong. La Favorita, the dam of Namonia, was by Glenelg out of Edeny, the Glenelg strain going back to Stockwell, Pocahontas, Mel- bourne and Defence. On the side of her dam La Favorita came tVom good American stock, Edeny being a daughter of Lexington. Namonia was covered by Hyder Ali, and in 1893 threw the bay tilly New Moon. The next year she threw the bay colt Namaquas, also by Hyder Ali. In 189s, NAMONIA AND NICOMACHUS she produced the bay colt Negligence, and in 1896, the chestnut colt Nicomachus, both by imported Inverness. THE AMERICAN TURF An own sister to Namonia, the bay mare Belle of Butte, was foaled in 1880 and bred at the Rancho del Paso. Daughter of imported Sir Modred and La Favorita, she has shown ail the best qualities of the great thoroughbreds of England and the United States, to whom, in com- mon with Namonia, she traces. Be- sides the ancestors to whom reference has just been made in the sketch, of her sister, Belle of Butte and Namo- nia are descended through their grandam from Wilkes' Wonder, im- ported Saltram, Melzar, Haynes" Flimnap, Clodius, Evans' imported Stirling, the Belsize Arabian, Croft's Partner, Bald Galloway, the Akas- ter Turk, Leede's Arabian and Spanker. Barren, in 1894, Belle of Butte produced in 1895 the bay filly Belle de Nuit by imported Inverness, and in 1896 the bay colt Silver Beaux by Montana. Few brood maies can boast ot more illustrious descent than Home- less, who was foaled in 1890, and bred by Mr. D. D. Withers. In the fifth generation back her ances- tors include Timoleon. imported Sarpedon. Rowena, im- ported Glencoe, of whom she has two crosses; Irish tors were Sir Archy, Ball's Florizel. Hmilius, Sultan, Trampoline, Touchstone, Glencairne, Sir Hercules, ^,. HOMELESS AND HOMEMADE Birdcatcher, Marpessa, Heron and Pyrrhus the First. In the preceding generation her most distinguished ances- BELLE OF BUTTE and SILVER BEAUX Waterwitch, Muley and Bustard. Still further back she derives from imported Diomed, Florizel, Rockingham, Eclipse, imported Shark, Pot-8-os, Beningbrough, Selim, Buzzard, Tramp, Wa.xy. Blacklock, Trumpator, Whale- bone, Whisker, Comus, Lottery and Defence. The sire of Home- less was the celebrated Uncas, son of Lexington and Coral, his dam being by Vandal, imported Glencoe's great son, and out of imported Cairngorme, who was by Cotherstone out of Glenluce. The dam of Homeless was im- ported Sweet Home, daughter of Knight of St. Patrick and Bittern. Knight of St. Patrick was by imported Knight of St. George, and his dam was Pocahontas by imported Glencoe out of Mar- pessa. Bittern, the dam of Sweet Home, was by Fisherman out of Village Lass, her sire being a son of Heron by Bustard. Village Lass was by Pyrrhus the First. In 1894, Homeless produced the bay filly HomestakebyBrown Fox; in 1895, the bay colt Highbinder, and in 1896, the bay colt Homemade, both the last named being by imported Inverness. 213 THE AMERICAN TURF ported Inverness. She was b;irren in 1894, but in 1895 siie produced the chestnut colt Highland Bali, and in SLOW DANCE AhD SWORD DANCE From the Rancho del Paso, from which establishment, as we have seen, Mr. Daly has had some of his best native brood mares, came also Slow Dance, who was foaled in 1890. Her sire was impoi'ted Darebin and her dam Sly Dance. The pedigree of Darebin has been given in detail on a preced- ing page in the sketch of Slow Dance's half-sister, Miss Darebin. Sly Dance, the dam of Slow Dance, was by War Dance out of Sly Boots. From War Dance, son of Lexington and Reel, she derives from Boston, Timoleon, imported Sarpedon, imported Glencoe and Camilla. Sly Boots came of another great American thoroughbred family, her sii'e being a son of Revenue and Topaz. Her dam. Skedaddle. was by imported Yorkshire out of Magnolia. She has a double cross of imported Glencoe. Through her dam. Slow Dance was descended from Bobadilla by Bobadil, Pythoness by the following year the chestnut foal Sword Dance. Sorcerer, Princess by Sir Peter, Golden Grove by Blank, Beaucatcher, the dam of the chestnut colt Crutch by Spinster by Croft's Partner and the Layton barb mare, Tammany, was foaled in 1891, and bred by Mr. D. D. and also from such other great grandsires as Dungannon, 'Withers. She is by imported Eothen out of Auricoma, and few mares of this genera- tion have been able to exhibit more lofty lineage. Imported Eothen was a son of Hampton, the great sire of Derby winners, whose pedigree and history have already been given. The dam of Eothen was Sultana by Ox- ford out of Besika, her sire being a son of Irish Birdcatcher and Honey Dear, and her dam by Beiran out of Merope, thus giv- ing her the valuable strains of Whalebone, Waxy, Emilius, Bay Middleton, Priam, Buzzard, Blacklock, Whisper and Whis- key. On the side of her dam the lineage of Beaucatcher is not less notable. Her dam, Auri- coma, was by imported King Ernest out of Belinda. Imported King Ernest, son of King Tom and Ernestine, was descended from Harkawav, Economist, imported Glencoe, Touch- stone and Waxy. BEAUCATCHER and CRUTCH Turf, Herod, Makeless, Brimmer, Place's White Turk and Dodsworth. Slow Dance has been covered by im- 214 THE AMI'.RICA.V TLIRF Got b\' the greatest race liorse known to the American turf in this tieneration, the t^iay mare, Hlla Gregg, iiall- ELLA GREGG sister to Lytton, Chimera, Cyclops and Cambyses, was foaled in 1892. Her sire, Salvator, son of imported Prince Charlie and Salina, is so well known, both in his pedigree and his history, that a detailed account of his lines of descent is scarcely called for here. In fact, they have been fully given on another page of this volume. Few horses of this generation have been more royally bred, or have more perfectly shown the virtures of their origin. Lizzie Lucas, the dam of Ella Gregg, was by imported Australian, out of Eagless. The family from which imported Australian was de- rived has also been one of the great factors in the development of the modern thoroughbred in this country as well as in England. Eagless, the dam of Lizzie Lucas, was by imported Glencoe out of a daughter of Grey Eagle and Mary Morris. Grey Eagle, by Woodpecker out of Ophelia, was descended on the side of both his sire and his dam from Sir Archv. and from Wild Medlev. Mary Morris, by Medoc out of Miss Obstinate, traced to Sir Archy and American Eclipse. Another daughter of Salvator, and also a half-sister to Commache, is Etta M'Keever, who was foaled in 1892. Her dam was Htliel, daughter of imported King Ban and Maud Hampton. As we have elsewhere seen, King Ban, through his par- ents. King Tom and .'\tlantis, numbered among his ances- tors Harkaway, Economist, Glencoe, Thormanby, Wind- hound, Alice Hawthorne, Wild Dayrell. Whisker, .Sul- tan and Bay Middleton. Maud Hampton, Ethel's dam, was a daughter of Hunter's Lexing- ton, which gave her the famous Boston and imported Glencoe blood. Her dam, Mollie Fisher, was a daughter of imported Knight of St. George aud Liz- zie Morgan, Maud Hampton thus having through Lizzie Morgan another Glencoe cross. The dam of Lizzie Morgan was Blue Filly Fiatt, whose sire was imported Hedgeford by Filho-da-Puta, and whose dam was Lady Tompkins by American Eclipse. In the earlier English pedigrees, such ancestors of Etta M'Keever appear as Young Maid of the Oaks by imported Expedition (Pega- sus) and Maid of the Oaks by Spread Eagle (Volunteer). ETTA M KEEVER and SAM M'KEEVER In 1896, Etta M'Keever threw the bav colt Sam M'Keever to the cover of Sam Lucas. ai5 THE AMERICAN TURF HON. AUGUST BELMONT FOUNDER, THE NURSERY STUD 2l6 THE AMERICAN TURF Attention has been called in the preceding chapter to the valuable services rendered by the Honorable Autjust Belmont in the work of reorganizing the American turf in the present generation, and in elevating it to a posi- tion of honor and influence. That, however, was by no means the only part that Mr. Belmont played in turf affairs during his lifetime and, important though it was, did not surpass in usefulness to the cause of the thoroughbred his unremitting devotion to breeding and racing. Perhaps the future will even look upon Mr. Belmont's breeding enterprises as constituting the great- est and most lasting benefit that he conferred upon the turf. The primary cause of the magnitude of this enter- to acquiring a knowledge of the methods by which the thoroughbred has been brought to such perfection in Europe. His intimate association with the Rothschilds was of great advantage to him in this connection, and it was not long before he was completely and soundly familiar with those theories and practices of breeding the blood horse that had stood the test of generations and were accepted everywhere as the foundation of all good breeding. It was easy for him to realize what was lacking in the representatives of the thoroughbred in America and his practical mind at once determined on the steps necessary to infuse the best equine blood into the horses that should uphold the honor of our country on the THE NURSERY STUD, LEXINGTON, KY. prise and its wonderful success lay in the character ot turf. Breeding became one ol Mr. Belmont's favorite the man. In everything that engaged his attention, pastimes. More than that. It was a serious matter it was part of his nature to seek for fundamental with him, for no man ever had the interest of the turf, principles and to pursue every ramification of a subject or thoughts for its future nearer to his heart. Outside to its fountain head. of his banking business, and notwithstanding the social. The same thoroughness and capacity to grasp the true literary and political calls that were made upon his time, significance of things which explains his success in so breeding ultimately became one of the chief objects of many other directions, was fLilly asserted in his fondness his attention. Flis wealth enabled him to buy the best for the horse, although, at the outset, this had its origin animals in the market in any country, and his intimate merely in a desire for relaxation from more serious re- relations with the leading racing men in England gave sponsibilities. No sooner had he begun to give even him exceptional opportunities to add valuable blood cursory attention to the subject than he devoted himself horses to his stud. His purchases were invariably made ai7 THE AMERICAN TURF judiciously and in the exercise of a thorough knowledge of the animal, and with a mastering ambition to do only that which should serve the best interests of the turf With justice it may be said that he set the first ex- ample for that magnificent development of breeding as an art that has raised the standard of the American thoroughbred until, at the present day, no animal in the world can claim to be its superior in speed or bottom. Even his success in racing was subordinate, in his mind, to the gratification that he experienced when the horses bred in accordance with his ideas proved their superior- ity. His maroon and scarlet were made prominent in public esteem from the establishment of Jerome Park. favored climate and grasses of Kentucky- Nevertheless, it promptly took a position in the front rank of the great breeding establishments of the United States, and the results that accrued from the liberal management and the well-informed and painstaking care that Mr. Belmont personally gave to it were of the most notable char- acter, and won for it a reputation that was not even limited by the boundaries of the country. When the estate, which comprised over a thousand acres, came into Mr. Belmont's possession in the sixties it was nearly all unimproved wood land. Under his wise direction it was converted into a fertile, well-tilled expanse and be- came an almost perfect spot. Its nearness to New York TEN DAYS OLD URSERV STUD There, as well as at Saratoga and Long Branch, when Citv made it especially agreeable to its owner, since he those tracks were in the heyday of their popularity, his was thus enabled to give his personal attention to stable won every triumph they could offer, and its owner, the establishment. Upward of 500 acres of the prop- although already known from one end of the United erty were kept under cultivation, a large extent of it States to the other, gained recognition as the undisputed laid down in grass. leader of sport in America. But always in the midst of The accommodations that were afforded for Mr. these glories he turned fondly to his breeding establish- Belmont's equine treasures befitted their lofty lineage, ment and gave to that an attention that showed how Some fifty acres comprised the paddocks, specially thoroughly absorbed in the pursuit he had become. devised and arranged for the comfort of their occupants, Located, originally, at Babylon, L. I., the Nursery and beyond them was a fine level mile track, where the Stud labored under some disadvantages when compared aspirants for racing honors were put through their with what has generally been considered the more courses. This mile track was an ideal race course, and 218 THE AMKRICAN TURF pi-obably few, if ;iny, th:it were superior to it ever existed in tiiis country, in connection witii it w;is a cooling shed and a grand stand from wliicli the per- formances of the coming cracks could be studied. Not far away was a pretty pine grove, where the stallions used to hold court, and the necessary stables and pad- docks, varying trom one to two and a half acres each in size, wei'e conveniently scattered about. A feature of the place was the training stable or sciiool, as it was called, which was an ideal building, covering a very large space, all under one loof, and splendidly lighted from above. Here the horses could be exercised throughout the winter months despite the weather, and associated with him in the business, was a house of ordinary dimensions, containing about twenty -four rooms. Located near the centre of the estate it com- manded a beautiful view of the entire property, was surrounded by a wide lawn, and had attached to it stables for carriage horses, coach house, bowling alley and other such adjuncts as naturally pertained to the country residence of a gentleman of wealth and good taste. On the estate was also a fine trout pond, some thirty acres in extent, that afforded the most enjoyable sport with rod and line. The mansion was filled with mementoes of Mr. Belmont's racing career and has thus been preserved with filial care by his sons. Myriads ^f.. A GROUP OF YEARLINGS the very great advantage derived tYom this was often seen in the splendid condition in which the bearers of the maroon and scarlet came to the post at the early spring meetings. Adjoining this building and connected with it were the principal stables which were finished in accordance with the most advanced ideas for the advantage of the horses. Close by was the trainer's residence, two smaller stables and buildings for the accommodation of" the boys employed about the place. Mr. Belmont's private residence, which, in fact, was the sporting head- quarters of himself and his sons, who ultimately became of portraits of noted race horses were collected by the master of the Nursery Stud and from the walls of the drawing room pictures of such noble animals as the great Hnsrlish Derby winner, Ormonde. The Ill-Used. Kingfisher. Cdenelg, Patience, Woodbine. Sultana, Fiddlesticks, Victoria, Fenian, Prince Royal and a host of other celebrities are displayed, many ot them mem- bers of the Belmont stable through many years, and others the great blood horses of the world. To enumerate the names of all the old time favorites of the turf, whose names were identified with the Nursery Stud during the lifetime of its founder would 219 THE AMERICAN TURF require many pages, and however agreeable the task might be, we must be content to give brief attention only to some of the more important, trusting that an account of them will be sufficient to fully indicate the character of the establishment. Foremost among the stallions that Mr. Belmont owned was pei'haps imported St. Blaise, and his purchase of that animal was a con- vincing proof of his thorough knowledge of horseflesh, and his skill in divining breeding value in an animal. At the time of Mr. Belmont's death, it was well said that " no stallion, living or dead, ever achieved such wonders at the stud as the Derby winner of 1883 has done, and since then his reputation has never ceased to increase." He was the son of Breadalbane, who was a brother 01 Blair Athol, winner of the Derby in 1864, and his dam was Ellermire, who was Elland's dam. The Stockwell and Blink Bonny strains on the part of his sire and the Irish Birdcatcher and Lanercost strains on the part of his dam made him a horse of irreproachable pedigree. Pur- chased as a yearling in 1871, The ill-Used was shipped to New York, and, as a two-year old, started at the Fall Meeting at Jerome Park, running for the Nursery Stakes, in which, however, he was not successful. When run- ning for the Belmont Stakes as a three-year old, he was slightly injured, but never after suffered defeat, winning, subsequently, the Sequel Stakes and the Kenner Stakes. NURSERY STUD An account of St. Blaise has been given in the chapter on Race Horses, Past and Present. Before Mr. Belmont died, he saw his stallion stand at the head of the win- ning sires one season, and had the satisfaction of wit- nessing his get capture one Futurity and run second for another. In 1889, his two-year olds in Mr. Belmont's stable alone won $48,775, and in the following year no less than $108,185. This was besides what his two- year olds in other stables won. Second only to St. Blaise in the affections of Mr. Belmont was imported The Ill-Used, who was bred by Colonel Townley, in England, and was foaled in 1870. RAYON D'OR His racing career then ended and he was retired to the stud. There, although he never had a very great chance, he got Forester, Jack of Hearts, Jacobus, Woodflower, Carita, Topsy, Badge. Magnetizer, Magnate, His High- ness, and many others. His most successful son was probably His Highness, who, as a two-year old, stood at the head of his class, winning upwards of $112,000, including the great Futurity Nonesuch was a good son of The Ill-Used and was foaled in 1879. His dam was imported Nonpareille, daughter of Kingston and England's Beauty. Kingston, the son of Venison (by Partisan) out of Queen Ann by THE AMERICAN TURF Sl;ine, w;is the sire of the d;iins of imported Gleii- elg and Kingfisher; Caractacus, winner of llie Derby; Queen Bertha, winner of the Oaks and dam of the Wheel of P'ortune, who won the Thousand Guineas and the Oaks; Silver Hair, dam of the Derby winner, Silvio and King John, Nottingham and of other good ones. He was one of the most illustrious sires of England. Fiddlesticks was another famous stallion of the Nursery Stud. The son of Lexington and imported Filagree, he was foaled in 1873. He was a good race horse and, in 1876, was the winner of the Withers Stakes and the Jersey St. Leger, in the former defeating Brother to Bassett, Merciless, Algerine, Viceroy and Few thoroughbreds on the American tun, previous to his time, ever had a more notable record as a two-year old than Magnetizer, son of imported The Ill-Used and Magnetism. He was bred by Mr. Belmont and foaled in 1885. His dam. Magnetism by Kingfisher out of Attrac- tion, gave him strains of the best thoroughbred blood ol two continents. When he first started as a two-year old in the spring at Jerome Park he won a half-mile race, but in a contest for the Foam Stakes failed even to gain a place. Next, however, he won the Surf Stakes, beating Guarantee, Balston, Omaha and others, and then carried off the Independent Stakes at Monmouth Park in one of the best races of the year, carrying top weight at 120 HENRY OF Others. He was also the winner of the Ocean Stakes and ran second for the Belmont Stakes and the Jersey Derby. At the end of his four-year old career he passed into the stud where he scarcely had the opportunity that he deserved. His daughter, Bella, however, attained to fame in breeding, her first foal, Belisarius, winning eighteen races in 1890, and nearly as many the following season. Bella was also the dam of Beauty and of Belle D., both of whom were winners. Carmen, another daughter of Fiddlesticks, was the dam of the two-year old winner, Carmine. NAVARRE NURSERY 8TU0 pounds, beating Sir Dixon, Balston, Miracle and others. This was a good performance, but for the rest of the year he was not successful, running third in the Hopeful Stakes, and unplaced in the Junior Champion Stakes. As a three-year old he ran only a few times. After many years of success with the original Nursery Farm on Long Island, Mr. Belmont felt impelled to re- move his establishment to Kentucky. Notwithstanding that he had been eminently successful in establishing the principle that it was possible to breed well in the North if the proper attention was given to the matter, even he THE AMERICAN TURF was constrained to concede tliat Kentucky might offer some exceptionally favorable conditions, such as it was scarcely likely could be met with elsewhere. The attractions of the blue grass and limestone soil seem to be well nigh irresistible to all turfmen at times, and the thoroughbred traditions of Kentucky exercise at all times a powerful intluence. Accordingly, in the fall of 1885, he removed his breeding establishment from Long Island and founded the Nurserv Stud, near Lexington, Ky. His new farm was one of the best in the blue grass region. Immediately after taking possession of it he entered upon the work of improving the property on the same generous scale that he had displayed in building up the the stock, and there are the usual dwelling houses and other appurtenances necessary to the perfect manage- ment of such a large estate. When this farm was made the headquarters of the stud the value of the old Nursery Farm on Long Island was not ignored. It was retained as in a sense supplementary to the Kentucky establish- ment. There the yearlings have been handled, the race horses intended for racing in the East have been wintered, while those who have gone amiss during the active season of the year have been sent there to be recruited. Coincident with his removal to Kentucky Mr. Bel- mont purchased the English Derby winner St. Blaise and MAGNETIZER original Nursery Stud on Long Island. He expended large amounts of money on stables, fencing and drainage, and gave careful treatment to the enrichment of the land. The property, traversed bv never-failing streams, is well watered, and by a system of mains, water in abundance is conveyed to all the paddocks and horse boxes in the establishment. Upward of 400 acres of land are included in the farm, which, although not as large in extent as some others, has developed to a point of excellence where it is not surpassed by any other place of its kind in the United States. Extensive wood- gave him the place 01 honor as his premier stallion. With imported The Ill-Used, Potomac, Fiddlesticks, Kingfisher and others to supplement the work of the king of the harem and with some of the most valuable brood mares in the country, the Nursery Stud was thor- oughly well equipped. The completeness of the triumph that came to Mr. Belmont in subsequent years scarcely needs to be dwelt upon. The Nursery Stud became noted in a short time. Notwithstanding the excellent reputation that it had won while on Long Island, its Kentucky fame was vastly in excess of any that it had uid patches afford every convenience for the shelter of heretofore achieved. From the Kentucky establishment THE AMERICAN TURF year after year have come thoroughbreds who have car- ried all before them and who altogether have consti- tuted a regiment of tiie most successful performers known to the American turf in the closing decade or more of the century. It was an undoubted source of gratification to all broad-minded turfmen that Mr. Belmont did not pass away until he had been a witness of the full fruition of his large-minded enterprise. For a short time in the early eighties he had withdrawn from active participa- tion in racing, but after 1887 his colors were again seen upon all the principal race courses. From the beginning of his connection with the turf he adopted the principle Stakes and the Stevens Stakes. Other horses of his own breeding won this year: Lady Margaret, the Independ- ence and the Atlantic Stakes; Fides, the Clover Stakes and the Laurel Stakes; while Lady Primrose, She and Carnot were also winners, in the following year twen- ty-three horses carried the Belmont colors, and twenty- one of them were home bred. Out of a total amount of $I2S,635, which stood to the credit of the stable, its home bred representatives won $100,045. San Carlo stood at the head of the list with his victories in the Great American Stakes and the Foam Stakes, while at the same time he was second in the Futurity. Magnate won the Sapphire, the Autmnn and the Algeria Stakes; THE ILL-USED of breeding for himself and not for public sale. The best animals that he produced he always kept to carry the maroon and scarlet, and to win with his own breed- ing was always his highest ambition. After his return to the turf few of the horses that he ran were other than of his own breeding. About the only important excep- tions to this rule were Raceland and George Oyster. In 1888, twelve horses raced under his colors, ten ot them being home bred. His three-year old Prince Royal was the most successful member of his string, having to his credit victories in the Arrow Stakes, the Jerome Stakes, the Coney Island Derby, the Stockton Padishah, the Tremont Stakes; Fides, the Ladies' and the Time Test Stakes and the Croton Handicap; Zephrus, the Bronx Stakes and the Cape May Handicap; Belinda, the Riverdale Handicap and the Mermaid Stakes, and St. James the Seaside Stakes. Triumphs, even greater than in previous years, were achieved by the Nursery Stud representatives in 1890, and Mr. Belmont ran only one horse, Raceland, that was born outside of the Nursery Stud. His stable again headed the list of winning owners with $171,350, of which $6,040 was credited to Raceland. As two-year olds, Potomac was the best colt and La Tosca the best filly 223 THE AMERICAN TURF of that season. The cup of happiness of Mr. Behnont must have been well nigh filled when Potomac won the greatest two-year old event of the y^^ar, the Futurity Stakes, with another Nursery bred colt, Masher, running second in the same race. Potomac achieved almost an unbroken record, winning the Futurity, the Flatbush and the Red Bank Stakes, and being defeated in the Junior and Champion Stakes. La Tosca won the June, the Select, the Belles and the Fashion Stakes, and other races scarcely secondary in importance. Other animals in Mr. Belmont's stable won prominent events; St. Charles, the Juvenile Stakes; Fides, the Toboggan Slide Handicap, in which she created the six furlong record of the annals of our native turf or the turf of any other country have no parallel. The season would have been nothing but one long series of triumphs for the maroon and scarlet. It is not too much to say that scarcely one of the great two-year old prizes of the year would have gone to another stable, and it would have been the Belmont Stable first and the rest nowhere." Potomac, who had been the best two-year old colt and La Tosca the best two-year old filly, now in their three-year old form stood at the head of their respective classes. His Highness, St. Flonan and Victory were the best two- year old colts of the year, while Raceland was one of the verv best liandicap horses. The amount of money that NURSERY STUD ST. BLAISE I minute, 1O4 seconds; Her Highness, the Mermaid horses of his breeding who would have represented his Stakes and the Monmouth Oaks; Clarendon, the Trenton stable earned during the season reached the huge total ot Stakes; Amazon, the Gazelle Stakes, and Prince Royal $225,000, and it has been freely predicted that, had it not the Coney Island Stakes. Could Mr. Belmont have lived another year he would have reaped even richer rewards as a turfman. Dying immediately after the close of the season of 1890. it was not his privilege to know the full measure of phenomena! been for the disadvantages arising from the absence of his judgment in directing affairs, even that vast sum might have been increased. Upon the death of the senior Mr. Belmont it fell to the lot of his sons, Messrs. August Belmont, Oliver H. P. success that had crowned the Nursery Stud or the full and Perry Belmont, to maintain the family nameand repute value of his services to the American turf It has been upon the turf. The second Mr. August Belmont, in partic- well said that "if only Mr. Belmont's life had been ular, has taken the most active interest in racing and breed- spared, his stable would have been something for which ing. 'When the sale of the Nursery Stud occurred in 1891, 224 THE AMERICAN TURF he purchased sevemi of the lending horses that his father had owned, and made his appearance on the turf under the name of the Biemton Stable, the title being a memory of his student days at Harvard and an anagram of his own name. The important work that Mr. Belmont has done in reorganizing and directing Eastern turf affairs during the last few years has been treated fully in the preceding chapter. As the owner cf such horses as Henry of Navarre, one of the greatest champions of the present day; Hastings, Margrave, Merry Prince, Wood- bine, Floretta IV., Keenan, Don de Oro, Octagon, Lady Violet, Jack of Spades and others that have borne his colors to victorv in numberless events, he is recognized At the head oi the establishment stands the famous imported Kayon D'Or, who has contributed to the American turf one of the most valuable strains of foreign blood known in this generation. Next to Rayon D'Or stands Henry of Navarre, that brilliant son of Knight of Ellerslie, than whom there has been no more deservedly popular horse upon the turf in the present generation, and who will rank as one of the famous champions of the American turf of all time. Then there are Magneti- zer, Fiddlesticks, and Margrave, son of imported St. Blaise and Lady Margaret, all three of whom were bred by the senior Mr. Belmont, and have been long and notably identified with the Nursery Stud. NURSERY STUD POTOMAC as a racing man of the first rank. It has also long been his intention to encourage international racing, and with this end in view he has already laid the foundation of a representative American stable in the Old World. Having abandoned the use of the name of the Biemton Stable in racing, and making his entries under his own name, Mr. Belmont has thus restored to its place in con- temporary turf records a title that will always be honored by lovers of the blood horse. The Nursery Stud, of which the second Mr. August Belmont' is now the proprietor, has not failed to retain the glories that it acquired during the lifetime of its founder. The remaining stallion is Carino, who was foaled in 1893, and bred by Mr. James B. Haggin. He is a son of imported Maxim out of Carina. His sire, by Musket out of Realization, was a grandson of Toxophi- lite and a daughter of West Australian, and also of Vespasian and Hopeful. Through his great grandsire. Toxophilite, he traces to Touchstone, Orville and Buz- zard, and through his great-grandam, daughter of West Australian, traces again to Touchstone and also to Whisker, Whalebone and Blacklock. Through his ffreat-grandsire, Vespasian, he is descended from Touch- stone, Irish Birdcatcher, Glencoe, Selim and Whisker, 225 THE AMERICAN TURF and through his great-grandam, Hopeful, he has the blood of Bay Middleton. Whalebone and Whisker. The dam of Carino was a daughter of Kingfisher and Carita. The matrons of the Nusery Stud are a royal household. Most of them are the produce of the establishment with which thev are connected, Mr. Belmont, like his father before him, being a firm believer in the results of his own breeding. First on the list stands Arnica by Sam Brown out of Belladonna. She was foaled in iSSq. Her sire was by General Rosseiu out of Bonanza. General RosseaLi was a son of Commodore and Naty Price. Commodore was by Caleb Quotem out of Mary Brown, his sire beino- bv Sir Peter Teazle bv Highflver hv Herod Stockwell and Braxey. Bellegarde is the dam of the bay colt Bell Punch and the bay colt Bellegrave, both by Badge. Felicia, the dam of Felix by Kingfisher; Feronia, St. Felix and Franciscan, by imported St. Blaise; Prince Felix by Prince Royal and Falernian and Felician, by im- ported Rayon D'Or is another one of the mares bred by the Honorable August Belmont. She was foaled by im- ported The 111-Used out of Felucca. Her dam was by Buccaneer out of Revival, Buccaneer, through his sire, being descended from Bay Middleton and Blacklock and through his dam from Trumpator, Beningbrough and Waxy. Revival, the dam of Felucca, traced through Newminster to Touchstone and Ti'umpator and through r?j>> NURSERy_STUD FIDES AND YEARLING and out of a daughter of imported Diomed. Through Mary Brown, daughter of Guilford and Vixen, Com- modore ran back in the next generation tc Revenue bv imported Trustee, and Pot-8-os by Eclipse. Naty Pr^e was of good American blood. Her sire. Cost Johnson, was by Boston out of Atalanta by Industry by Priam. First among the produce of Arnica is the brown filly. Actinism, by imported Rayon D'Or. Another famous mare of this stud is Bellegarde, who was bred by the senior Mr. Belmont and foaled in 1890. She is by imported St. Blaise out of Bella, who was by Fiddlesticks out of imported Bernice, a daughter of Irish Birdcatcher, one of imported her dam Qiii Vive to Blacklock, Whalebone and Lottery. Another Felucca's daughters, still in the Nursery Stud, is Feu Follet, who was foaled in 1875. She is a descendant of Lexing- ton through her famous sire. Kingfisher. Her career in the stud has been long and important. In 1879, she pro- duced the bay filly Madcap, by imported Matador, and since then has missed onlv three years. Her principal produce have been Falconer and Donna Solby imported Matador; St. Elmo, Ralph Black (Leapyear), Firefly and Dr. Garnet by imported The lll-Used; Feu de Joie (Mamie B.), Formosa, St. Florian and Firebrand by 226 THE AMERICAN TURF imported St. Blaise, and Pettish and pLilminate by im- ported Rayon D'Or. Other home bred matrons of this establishment are Fides by imported The Ill-Used out of Fillette; Flavia by imported St. Blaise out of Flavina; Flying Fish bv Kingfisher out of Florence M. ; Glory by imported The Ill-Used out of Mehallah; Lady Margaret by imported The 111-Used out of Lady Roseberry: Leopoldina by Prince Leopold (Doncaster) out of imported Leightona:St. Pauline by imported St. Blaise out of imported Patience; Semaris by imported St. Blaise out of Sultana, and Woodvine by Magnetiser out of Woodbine. one who hears his name. By reason of his succeeding to the mastership of the Nursery Stud, and by his excep- tional activity in turf affairs, the present Mr. August Belmont has been somewhat more in the public eye than his brothers. Nevertheless, the Honorable Perry Belmont and Mr. Oliver H. P. Belmont have both taken an active part in gentlemanly sports. The former, as one of the prime movers in the organization of the Turf Club, at Newport, in 1895, was associated with such gentlemen as Messrs. Robert Goelet, Frederick Bronson, John Jacob Astor and others of the same class. He was chosen to be one of the first governors of this club and NURSERY STUD LADY MARGARET AND YEARLING The imported mares are a royal lot. They include Belladonna by Hermit out of Bonnie Doon; Christmas Tree by Althotas (Rosicrucian) out of Merry Christmas; Clover by Macaroni out of Verdure; Decoy by Muncaster out of Ruse; Frimsall by Macaroni out of Evelina; Kate Allen by Barcaldine out of Katherme, and Merry Nellie by Barcaldine out of Gaiety. That spirit, which to such an eminent degree identi- fied the senior Mr. Belmont with the sporting spirit of his age, was transmitted to all his sons, as well as to the has otherwise been active in sporting affairs. Mr. Oliver H. P. Belmont has been less identified with racing than with other sports, having been most conspicuous as a yachtsman. He is a graduate from the Naval Academy, at Annapolis, and has seen active service as a lieutenant. He has, however, maintained a deep inter- est in the thoroughbred, having owned several good horses. He has also made ventures upon the English turf As an all around sportsman, he is a worthy repre- sentative of his family. u THE AMERICAN TURF 228 THE AMERICAN TURF The owner of the Silver Brook Stud, Mr. Lucien O. Appleby, comes naturally by his interest in racing affairs. His predilection for sport was born in him, since he comes of an English family, and no one need even be reminded of the Englishman's natural inclina- tion toward sporting in its best manifestations, it is natural to expect that a man with English blood in his veins should show an exceptional interest in the thor- oughbred as a matter of inherited national pride, if noth- ing more, and Mr. Ap- pleby may be cited as another striking ex- ample of the truth of this proposition. The parents of Mr. Apple- by were of English origin. His father and his grandfather were the tlrst of the family to come to this coun- try, and they settled at Smithtield, R. I., where the master of the Silverbrook Stud was born April i6. 1842. Mr. Appleby's con- nection with the turt, however, did not commence in his early years. Other business occupations engross- ed his attention and his devotion to racing affairs might never have been brought about had it not been through the accident of ill health. A severe attack of pneumonia had prostrated him, and his physician had earnestlyadvised him, as a measure toward complete restoration to health, to seek some outdoor occu- pation, especially suggesting that nothing would be more advantageous than an employment that should oped, an bring him more or less into association with horses, long experience with horses and his complete knowl- Mr. Appleby had already become interested in the noble edge of the best methods that have been devised for the animal, principally as a matter of recreation and of indul- care and successful breeding of the thoroughbred, gence from his exacting business pursuits, and, there- Mr. Appleby has a wide acquaintance with the lead- tore, the suggestion of his physician fell upon willing ing men of the contemporary turf and is himself one of 229 LUCIEN O. APPLEBY PROPRIETOR, THE SILVER BROOK STUD ears. He immediately turned his attention in that direc- tion and engaged in his new pursuit with all the ardor that had hitherto characterized his application to busi- ness. Naturally influenced by his New England associ- ations, his fiist ventures in the sporting world were m connection with trotters, for as is well known, the trotter has always maintained his superiority over the thoroughbred in public estimation in that section. Mr. Appleby purchased several good animals of this class and foi' three years, from 1862 to 1865, devoted himself al- most exclusively to them. In the last men- tioned year he became interested in the thor- oughbred, with whom he has since been identified. After several years of activity in various interests connected with the running turf he became the owner of the Silver Brook Stud, which is recog- nized as one of the most successful ol modern breeding es- tablishments in the North. The property is situated at Shrews- bury, N. J., and con- sists of some 1 18 acres of land. The appoint- ments of the place are all of the most mod- ern description. In the stables there are some 65 box stalls, while the paddocks a r e exceptionally roomy and supplied with running water. Acquired by Mr. Ap- pleby in 1890, the Silver Brook property has since then been extensively improved and devel- d as it now stands is the result of its owner's THE AMERICAN TURF m O — > i 1!;=:^ 230 THE AMERICAN TURF those who are best known to the general public in con- only one of the twenty-four matrons at Silver Brook, is nectioii therewith. His popularity with all classes is un- well entitled to the distinction she enjoys through the bounded, and he possesses, moreover, the reputation of fame other great son. She was foaled in 1883 at the eel- being an enthusiastic sportsman, which is shown not ebrated Nursery Stud, and was by imported The Ill- only by the scale upon which his breeding interests at Used out of Scarlett, a mare that on the side of her dam Silver Brook are conducted, but in the record of the ani- combined the blood of imported Glencoe with that of mals that have carried his colors on the track or that Kentucky and his father, the immortal Lexington, now ornament his stud. Imported The Ill-Used, though perhaps not favored by The horses he has owned include such valuable per- Mr. Belmont to the same extent that he favored others formers as Forrester, Jack of Hearts, Turco, Knight of among his high grade stallions, came from the very pick Hllerslie, Tristan, Oneko, Stockton, Almy, Diadem and of the Old World horses, being by Breadalbane out of Carnation, and many others who have all given the best Ellermire, and having for grandparents that remarkable account of themselves in racing. At the head of the sire Stockwell and the no less famous brood mare Blink Silver Brook Stud is Knight of Ellerslie and Moss Rose, Bonny. Moss Rose's sire, in fact, represents what the the sire and dam of Henry of Navarre, the acknowledged English turf has sagaciously called the " ready-money king of the turf and probably one of the best horses cross " in its perfection, while on the maternal side she ever seen in the country, a fact that invests Knight of Ellerslie with a remarkable degree of interest for all admirers of the purest and most perfect type of the modern running horse. This notable sire is a chest- nut of grand conformation and was foaled in 1881. His parentage was aristocratic, he being by Eolus out of Lizzie Hazelwood by Scathlock. Eolus was the sire of probably as many high class race horses as any stallion in the country, the number including Eole, Eon, St. Saviour, Elkwood, Eurus, Diablo, Russell, Morello, Eolian and belongs to the family which gave America its best horses up to the modern development of scientific breeding. Moss Rose also foaled Turk II., a frequent winner, and has produced several full brothers to the great Henry of Navarre, ol whom good results may be expected. The Huguenot, Ibaled in iHq^, has shown himself to be a very high class colt. Tristan is another stallion who is sustaining the repu- tation of the Silver Brook establishment by his achieve- ments in the stud. Foaled in 188s at the Elmendorf Stud, other equines. On the dam's side, too, the record tells of he was winner of the Thistle and the Average Stakes, families that were both speedy and productive. His and the Metropolitan, the Algeria and the Runnymede dam threw winners, Charley Dreux, Thomasia, Thorn- Handicaps. Winning in all 17 races, beingsecond in 21 dale, Chauncev and Unicorn, while his second dam was and third in 8. his purses and stakes during his brilliant the famous brood mare War Song, the dam of Eole, career aggregated more than $92,000. His record of i Eon, Eolist, St. Saviour, Eolo and others. minute, 51 '2 seconds, for i 's miles, carrying 114 Knight of Ellerslie maintained the high standing of pounds, made in the Metropolitan Handicap, when he his descent. He won the Preakness. the Army and Navy, and the Vernal Stakes, and a number of other races, and ran second to Panique in the Belmont. As a sire, however, he has covered himself with glory through having begotten such a noble animal as Henry of Navarre, the winner of 29 races out of 42 starts, in which he was unplaced on only two occasions, while his aggregate winnings in four seasons footed up $71,013. It is to be observed, however, that, overshad- owing as the fame of Henry of Navarre is, it should not cause us to overlook the other excellent horses whom his worthy sire has produced. Knight of Ellerslie's get include such winners as Herald, }. W. Brooks, Whist, Agnes H., Ruth Cleveland, Hazel, Knight, Trump, Sir Alfred, Ellsmere, Ellerdie Phaedra, Knight of Honor, Silver Brook, Knight of the Garter. Enchanter, Miss Prim, Nearest, The Huguenot, Sir Knight, Motor, and others. It may, indeed, be claimed that considering his opportunities, he has been as successful a sire of reliable animals as any in America. Moss Rose, the dam of Henry of Navarre, although defeated Tenny, is still unbeaten. Among the other rivals whom he conquered in his various races were Prince Royal, Tea Tray, Eurus. AmbLilance, Reporter, Eric, Oriflamme, Torso, Demuth, Senorita, Clarendon, Fitzjames, Diablo, Sir Dixon, Judge Morrow, Raceland, Los Angeles, Inspector B., Tournament and, in addition, a long list of other horses of no small reputation. Tristan is by imported Glenelg, the sire of Firenze. Los Angeles, Dry Monopole, Monitor, Louisette, Post Guard. Insolence, Little Minch and others of a correspondingly high quality. Tristan is the sire of Governor Griggs, Monroe Doc- trine, Trillo and others. The hitter's get have ap- peared on the track only since 189s. Among them are Albanian, winner of the Bouquet Stakes at Morris Park in 1896, and several other horses very well regarded. Tristan still has many years of usefulness before him in the stud, and it will be Mr. Appleby's constant desire that the mares he serves shall be of a grade calculated to insure successful results with the product. 231 THE AMERICAN TURF _i DC UJ _1 _l UJ y- X o z 232 THE AMERICAN TURF %^ -"^f .'i^'-. &.^^ LlI CO o tr CO CO O V- 233 THE AMERICAN TURF 234 I THE AMERICAN TURF As a type of the modern gentleman devoted to high- class sporting matters, Mr. Augustus Clason has been conspicuous for nearly a generation. A native of New York Citv. he has throughout his life been prominently identified with the business and social affairs of the metropolis. Mr. Clason is descended irom an old Con- necticut family, from which Clason's Point on Long Isl- racing, and although he has had common experience with all other turfmen in not always seeing the hoped-for success crowning his efforts, he has never been discour- aged, nor has he abated in the least his energetic labors. The spirit that animated his uncle also inspires him, and he keeps up to the high ideal in all racing affairs that were fixed by that eminent turfinan. Believing that no and Sound took its name. He was born in New York, greater service can be rendered to the cause of racing May 4, 184s. in the house of his grandfather. Mr. Reu- generally than by an intelligent and laborious attention to hen Withers. Being a nephew of the late Mr. D. D. the subject of breeding, he has engaged in that pursuit. Withers, Mr. Clason came naturally by his interest in Of late he has laid the substantial foundation for a breed- thoroughbred racing. His uncle's promi- nence in racing affairs naturally turned his attention in that di- rection, and even as a boy he began to give attention to the performances of the blood horse. While little more than a youth he became a gentleman rider, and his early experiences included a personal participation in many noteworthy events that distinguished the turf in the vicinity of New York during the decade or so that immediately followed the close of the Civil War. One of his par- ticular achievements in this period, and one that was long remem- bered in local racing circles, was the race that he won in the autumn of 187^ on Big Sandy. one of the good horses of that time. The love of the turf that thus began with Mr. Clason in his earl him. For more than ^^^^^^^^^^^ ■ 1 ,1 1 's^j^^H H .^^^tf^"'*: i i j AUGUSTUS CLASON PROPRIETOR, MONMOUTH PARK STOCK FARM has never forsaken years he has been ly years twenty one of the prominent representatives of the gentle- men sportsmen of New Y'ork. whose presence and patronage exercise such a healthful influence on the sport, and to whom the contemporaneous turt is ing establishment that has already had a very pronounced influence through several of the thoroughbreds that it has produced, and that the owner is de- termined shall grow in extent, character and usefulness. For a ULimber of years Mr. Clason was interested in agricul- tural enterprises, and also gave attention to the breeding of trot- ting stock and mules. In these occupations he was eminently suc- cessful, but they never engaged his undi- vided effort as has the breeding'of thorough- breds. To the latter pursuit he has given a great deal of time, not only in the prac- tical management of breeding affairs, but also in the study of breeding methods. At the present time the Monmouth Park Stock Farm at Long Branch is foremost among his racing interests and commands, exclusively, what- ever of time he can take from purely commercial enterprises. The estate comprises some 40 acres of pasture and arable soil. There are pleasant turf memories attached to it, for it was originally the yearling sales stable connected with the Monmouth under such obligations of gratitude tor its present high Park Racing Association. Naturally, it became iden- standing. He has been untiring in his devotion to tified with Mr. D. D. Withers. As a matter of fact 235 THE AMERICAN TURF CO UJ _J < 2 < o o H co :^ < Q. I I- ■D O 236 THE AMERICAN TURF it was an adjunct to Mr. Withers' other racing enter- prises. Although comparatively small in extent, the Monmouth Parl< Stock Farm is thoroughly well equipped, while its proximity to New York City is not the least important element in its attractiveness. Its stable is a commodious structure, 410 feet long by 80 feet wide, and has 104 box stalls. In connection with the building there is also an exercise track that is a fraction over five- eighths of a mile. The stable is always well occupied, for outside horses are taken to board, while the fact that Mr. Clason's principal stallion Pactolus is available to the public attracts many brood mares there during the season. Pactolus is a brown horse, who was bred by Mr. Withers, and was highly valued bv him. He was foaled in 1889. His sire was by the celebrated Uncas, own brother to Wanderer bv Lexington. The dam of Uncas was Coral by Vandal, who was the sire of such noted thoroughbreds as Chieftain, Sorcerer, Laggard, Dun- boyne and others. Uncas has one of the fastest i -^s miles on record, 2 minutes, 21^/4 seconds. Cadence, the dam of P.ictolus, was also the dam of Orator, Jack McDonald, Trill. Cascade, and other good ones. She was by imported Macaroon out of imported Castagnette, who was also the dam of Casino and others. Castag- nette was bv Marsvas, son of Orlando by Touchstone, and her dam was Cachuca by Voltigeur, who was the sire of imported Billet, Vedette, the sire of Galopin, Speculum and others. Further back on the side of his dams, Uncas traced to Ayacanora by Birdcatcher; Poca- hontas bv Glencoe, who was the dam of Stockwell, Rataplan, King Tom and others: one of the most noted and potent racing families in the world from which, in the direct female line, such horses as Sir Peter, Trainp, Velocipede, Vermouth, Glaucus, Flatcatcher, Rayon [TOr, Flying Dutchman, and many other noted ones, besides those already referred to, have been descended. As a race horse Pactolus had a first-class reputation. As a two-year old he won the Red Bank Stakes at Mon- mouth Park, 3/f of a mile, in i minute, i6^ seconds, beating a good field of colts. He then won the Free Handicap Stakes at Monmouth Park, ^i of a mile, in i minute, 14 seconds, upon a heavy track with a good field behind him. Then he ran second in the Tyro Stakes, beating Fremont, Airplant, Hell Gate and others, and third to Merry Monarch and Victory in the Atlantic Stakes at Jerome Park, -^4' of a mile, in 1 minute, iS sec- onds. As a three-year old he won the Cape May Handi- cap, i?8 miles, in i minute, S4/4 seconds; the Septem- ber Stakes, i->8 miles, and the Oriental Handicap, ij^. miles, in 2 minutes, 1 1 seconds. He always traveled in good company and in this year defeated such first-class runners as Captain Brown, Fremont, Westchester, York- ville Belle, The Pepper, Pickpocket, Lamplighter, Fide- lio and Raceland. As a four-year old he did not start, but as a five-year old he ran second to Kingston in a ^ mile sweepstakes in 1 minute, 17 seconds, beating two others; won a sweepstakes ^ of a mile, in i minute, 17 seconds, beat- ing My Gyps, Charade and three others, and won a purse, "s of a mile, in i minute, 3334 seconds, over a heavy track, beating four others. Since 1895, he has been at the head of the stud at the Monmouth Park Stock Farm. Besides this notable sire of runners, Mr. Clason owns the following brood mares: Blackey by Warv/ick out of Nana; Golden Phoebus by Bullion out of Scissors; White Label by Dry Monopole out of Ban Flag; Stonenellie by Stonehenge out of Nell; Aria by Ventilator out of Pouch; Blandona by Longfellow out of Blanche J. ; Miss Belmont by Prince Royal out of im- ported Heroine; Heritiere by Sensation out of Heiress; Nisquanona by Macaroni out of War Paint, and Syrinx by Eolus out of Lady Grace. The last mentioned mare has just come to the stud from her racing career. While Mr. Clason's breeding and racing stable is not large, it is decidedly select in its composition and has done well on the race course. It is the owner's ambi- tion that horses of his own breeding shall make his colors more prominent in the near future and in that re- spect he is following the tradition of his distinguished uncle. His string in 1897 comprised Leonore, a brown filly by Darebin out of La Favorita, Syrinx by Eolus out of Lady Grace, a beautiful filly by Ludwig out of Blan- dona, Cassette, a brown filly by Uncas out of Castalia, and Alicia by Daniel out of Lady Alice. Cassette was the main dependence of the stable in 1896 and again in 1897. In 1896, she won upward of $5,000 for her owner. In 1897 her best achievement was winning the Ford- ham High Weight Handicap for two-year olds and upward at Morris Park in October, over the Withers mile. She carried 102 lbs. and was ridden by Bergen, covering the course in i minute, 43 seconds. The race was won driving by a head, with Typhoon II. second and Thomas Cat third. A notable figure in connection with Mr. Clason's establishment is Mr. William H. Antonidus. Born in Leedsville, N. J., in 1865, he entered the establishment of Mr. D. D. Withers when he was a boy of eleven years of age. There he remained for sixteen years, ad- vancing to positions of trust and responsibility and be- coming one of the most valuable members of Mr. Withers' staff. Upon the death of Mr. Withers it was natural for him to transfer his allegiance to Mr. Clason, and with the exception of a short period, which he spent with Col. Jacob Ruppert, Jr. , and Mr. Walter Rollins, he has maintained his connection with Mr. Clason uninterruptedly. For five years he has been Mr. Clason's trainer and in charge of the breeding estab- lishment. 237 THE AMERICAN TURF 23S THE AMERICAN TURF > O CO < < Q. < LlJ Z o I- 239 THE AMERICAN TURF 240 THE AIMERTCAN TURF UJ I- \- UJ CO CO < o "S 241 THE AMERICAN TURF 01 Hi > O z < I 242 THE AMERICAN TURF One of Kentucky's most celebrated stud farms has been, and now is, the McGrathiana. It consisted orig- inally of a property of nearly soo acres, located about three miles from Lexington on the Newtown Turnpike. Adjoining the Nursery Farm of Mr. August Belmont, it is situated in what may well be called the heart of the blue grass region. McGrathiana was founded by that well known and lamented turfman, Mr. Henry Price McGrath, from whom the place took the name that it has retained even down to the present day. In the early days of the establishment such famous racers as Aristides, Tom Bowling, Susan Ann, Aaron Pennington, Chesapeake, Calvin, Leonard, Thora and Passaic were connected with it. There were few better horses in his day than Tom Bowling, who beat everything in his class, while Thora was a filly that has never been surpassed, even if equaled, by the fastest of her sex in this coun- try. The fame of Mc- G r a t h 1 a n a spread throughout the country, and it assumed a place in the breeding world second to none other of its kind. The grand old mansion of the estate with its massive col- umns was a noted archi- tectural structure, and there its owner delighted in the open hand of hos- pitality. After Mr. McGrath had passed away, the farm was purchased by Mr. Milton Young, and from being a private breeding establishment, it became a high class public stud, from whence some of the most famous yearlings oi the last decade of the century have come forth. Mr. Young is a native Kentuckian, having been born in Union County. He began his racing experience at an early age, in fact long before he had passed out of his teens, and has risen from the humblest occupations connected with the turf, until now he is one of its most important factors in this country. Before he became the owner of McGrathiana he was well known on the racing field. Such horses as Beatitude, Bancroft, Boot- jack and others often carried his blue and white jacket to the front in many a hard fought contest. East and West. As a turtman he was pre-eminently successful and had the happy faculty of bringing out strong horses at very opportune times. Many of the famous stakes of the American turf fell to him, and no stables represented upon the Eastern courses were ever more popular or achieved a greater degree of merited success. In one season he won 54 out of the io_5 races in which his stable contested. As master of McGrathiana, he not only succeeded in maintaining the high reputation that the establishment had acquired under his predecessor, but has even added greater distinction to it. During the few years that he has given his attention to breeding, he has attained to a position in that particular branch of turf business second to none other of this generation. Nor has his success been achieved only as a breeder. He has been recognized as one of the leading and most influential spirits in the racing world of to- day, especially in the South and West. The high esteem in which he is held by his associates has been repeatedly shown by his election to office in connection with turf affairs and in the dependence that is placed upon his judg- ment in the many dilTi- cult questions that arise in administration. For several years he was president of the Western Turf Congress and was also president of that rep- resentative racing organ- ization, the Kentucky Association. He has also been called upon to render valuable practical assistance at racing meetings as presiding judge of the Cincinnati Jockey Club meetings at Oakley Park and the meetings of the Kentucky Association at Louisville. The Mc- Grathiana farm now contains i,oso acres of the best blue grass pastures. The stables and other accommoda- tions for the equine guests of the proprietor are of the most approved character and contain over 300 box stalls. The stallions who have stood at McGrathiana have included some of the most famous that have graced the American turf. Their names make a long and imposing list, on which appear such notable ones as Onondaga, MILTON YOUNG PROPRIETOR, THE McQRATHIANA STUD 243 THE AMERICAN TURE 244 THE AMERICAN TURF Strathinore, Lamplighter, Hanover, Duke of Montrose, neer. She was a winner and the dam ol' i^illage. Maid imported Pirate of Penzance, Sobranje, Longstreet, Marian, Warren Hastings and Lord Clive. The dam of Potomac, imported Rapture and many others. Poto- Plunder was a sister to /Egis by Defence, and out of mac, it will be remembered, was one of the best sons of Soldier's Joy by The Colonel, and the pedigree goes the great St. Blaise, and Sobranje was by imported Mor- back through Galatea by Amadis, Paulina by Sir Peter temer out of Spinaway. As famous as any one in this and Pewet by Tandem, to a mare by Bustler. Pirate of lot is Onondaga, who still stands in service, handed Penzance was a winner in his two, three, four and (ive- down to the present owner from his former proprietor. Onondaga has had a sensational career. As a race horse he ranked in the first class, as the sketch of his life, which we have elsewhere given, clearly demonstrates. During the latter years of his life he has been afflicted with blindness, as was the great Lexington before him, yet he has maintained his usual spirit and gameness. In fact, he has acquired a considerable reputation for viciousness. At times in his life it has been found necessary to enclose him in stoutly protected paddocks, while it has been scarcely safe for any one to approach him, save his owner and familiar attendants. His suc- cess in the stud has been not less notable than his career on the race course, and through his famous progeny he has transmitted to contemporaneous thoroughbreds some of the best qualities of his sire, imported Leaming- ton, and other noted ancestors. In one year alone, iSgi, when he headed the list of winning sires at McGrathiana, he was represented by 60 performers, first among whom was Curt Gunn, others being Busteed, Ambulance, Chimes, Portlaw, Oregon, Once Again. Patti Rosa, On the Lea, Orinoco, L. J. Knight and others. For several years 'Strathmore, previous to his death, stood at the head of the McGrathiana stud. In a single season the son of Waverly leaped into prominence and took a foremost place as one of the best sires of the period. To have two such great colts as Strathmeath and Balgowan in his first season was the making of the reputation of Strathmore, a reputation that has steadily increased as the years have gone by. Duke of Montrose was for a long time one of the successful stallions of the McGrathiana. He was by Waverly out of Kelpie by im- ported Bonnie Scotland. His sire was a son of imported Australian and imported Cicily Jopson by Weatherbit. Through Kelpie he traced to the celebrated Levity family, and thus belongs to a family that has produced more winners than any in the Stud Book. As a sire he has established a great name for himself being the sire of Montrose (winner of the Kentucky Derby), and other important races; Linlithgow, Retrieve, Promenade. Spinalong, Monterey, Skedaddle, Pocahontas, Howard Mann and more than a score of other good ones. Imported Pirate of Penzance, who was foaled in 1882, has long been another of the successful stallions of this stud. He was the son of imported Prince Charlie, who was by Blair Athol out of Eastern Princess by Surplice. The dam of Pirate of Penzance was Plunder by Bucca- year old forms. As a sire, he has produced Bandit, Pirate King, Bob Carter, Lucy Belle, Dawn, Penzance, Flushing, Joe Clark, Rondo, Kenstons and numerous other good ones. A first-class race horse, Macduff, by imported Maca- roon, son of Macaroni and Songstress by Chanticleer, has also been a successful sire. His dam was Jersey Lass by imported King Ernest; she was the dam of Ayrshire Lass, Umilta, Ellen H., Sapphire and others. His grandam was Jersey Belle by imported Australian, and the dam of Favorite, Macbeth, Kingcraft and others. His great-grandam was Aerolite by Lexington, she being also the dam of Fellowcraft, Rutherford, Spendthrift, Miser and others. Macduff was the winner of the Champagne Stakes as a two-year old, and in his three- year old form won three races, after which he was placed in the stud. His get have included Adelbert, Macbeth II., who won the Kentucky Derby : Dollikins, a good stake winner; Dundee, Harrison, Preakness Lass, Dunbarton, Ruby Royal, Kentucky Lady, Charter Oak and many others. That excellent race horse, Favoi', was long held in high esteem by Mr. Young. He was a compact and sturdy son of Pat Malloy, and much resembled his grand- sire, the immortal Lexington. Imported Woodlands was one of the earlier inmates of the McGrathiana Stud. He was a good horse of the typical English thorough- bred style. He gave to the turf that clever racer Cracks- man, and also Servitor, who was a very good colt. He was also the sire of the excellent filly Innovation. Mr. Young has also had imported Simple Simon, imported Fortissimo, imported Pessara, and imported White Jacket. Three other good American stallions have been bred to his mares. First, there is Fonso,who was a first- class race horse and a winner of the Kentucky Derby, the Phcenix Hotel Stakes, and other important races. The get of Fonso includes Ben Eder, Appomattox, Fore- runner, Forest Belle, Freedom, Contest, Prince Henry and numerous others. With him has also been Trouba- dour, one of the best horses that has run in this decade, the winner of the Suburban, Sensation, Criterion, St. Louis, St. Leger, Ocean and Monmouth Cup, a special match with Miss Woodford, and many other races. As a sire, he will be remembered for such distinguished get as La Cigale, Daily America, Lookout, Too Quick, Port- ugal and others. The third of this remarkable trio of sires is George Kinney, who won the Flash, Tennessee, 245 THE AMERICAN TURF Kentucky, Saratogn, Hopeful, July Withers, Belmont, Jerome, Lorillard, Kenner, Dixie, Breckenridge, and numerous other races. He is the sire of Flyaway, Lilly Kennev, Greyson, Blossom, Jack Martin, Crusader, Metropole, and numei'ous others. The get of the stallions who have stood in the McGrathiana Stud have been pre-eminently successful. The tirst two-year olds of Hanover came out in 1894, and the winners from among them reached the imprece- dented number of twenty-one. That year his get won $65,175, and in 1895, 1896 and 1897 he stood at the head of the winning sires. In 189s, he had fifteen two-year old winners, in 1896, nine, and in 1897, nineteen. In 1895, his get won $106, cos; in 1896, $84. 74s, and in 1897, $110,140. Sti'athmore had two-year old winners as follows: in 1 89?, seven; in 1894, six: in 1S95, twelve; in 1896, ten, and in 1897, fourteen. In 1893, his get won $52,879; in 1894, $41,914: in 1895, $45,445; in 1896, $52,3S3; in 1897, $33,614. The get of Onondaga have been as eminently successful as those of any other stal- lion in modern times. In 1889, they won $5S, IS5; in 1890 ovcr$5i,ooo; in 1892, $107,500; in 1893, $100,054, and in 1894, $58,079. Up to January, 1898, they had won over $600,000. The get of the Duke of Montrose won, in 1893, $58,316; in 1894, $56,320; in 1895, $25,750; in 1896, $i8,si2, and in 1897, $25,184. in 1893, he had six two-year old winners; in 1894. five; in 1895, six, and in 1896, one. Lamplighter made his first season in 189O, and his first yearlings, who were by Belle of the High- lands, Glidaga, Hair Belle. Lida Stanhope and Princess Lorraine, were ready for sale in the season of 1898. The first offspring of imported Pirate of Penzance came out m 1893, when ten of them were in the winning two-year old class, in 1895, he had twelve two-year old winners, in 1896, ten, and in 1897 eight. The winnings of his get amounted to $19,980 in 1893, and ran up to $40,034 in 1896, and $44,999 in 1897. in 189s, the get of Macduff won $19, 31s; in 1896, $8. 44s, and in 1897,113.034. Early in the season of 1898 Satsuma alone won $8,000. Among the many celebrated dams of the McGrathiana have been several who have been identified with the establishment, both under the administration of its founder and also of its present proprietor, while others have only been inmates of its stables during the regime of Mr. Young. Prominent among the former have been Maria by imported Bonnie Scotland, the dam of Once Again and of Ambulance, both by Onondaga, Patti, the dam of Montrose, Reprieve and Promenade; Perhaps, the dam of Dilemma, Chance, Doubt and Reckon; Beati- tude, the dam of Bootblack and Blessing; Sophronia, the dam of Curt Gunn, and Nellie Booker, the dam of Ten Booker, Oarsman, Bootmaker and The Sheriff. These and many others have passed away into tlie heaven of all good thoroughbreds. To-day their successors are a half hundred in number, all of them of distinguished lineage, while many of them have done good service, both on the race course and in the stud. A description of a few of these representative matrons and a setting forth of their royal descent will be found interesting, especially as giving a good idea of the general character of Mr. Young's establishment. Keepsake, who was by Onondaga, is the dam of Val- kyrie and Toby Smith. She was the daughter of Kelp, who was by imported Strachino. Her dam was a win- ner and the dam of Onaway, Luella B., Ondawa, Up- ward, Sloe and Kempie. The dam of Kelp was Kelpie by imported Bonnie Scotland; she was the dam of Ova- tion, Overture, Janet, Duke of Montrose, Annette, As- trakhan and Miss Austine. The dam of Kelpie was a sister to Ruric by imported Sovereign, and the dam of the sister to Ruric was the famous Levity by imported Trustee. Another of the McGrathiana matrons is Dilem- ma by Onondaga out of Perhaps, who was by imported Australian and the dam of Perplex, Reckon, Chance, Hardly, Doubt, Probability and others. The dam of Perhaps was Mishap by imported Knight of St. George and her grandam was Lorette by imported Sovereign. Mishap was the dam of Crockford, Misfortune, Misdeal, Sophy and others, while Lorette was a winner and the dam of Scharette and others. Flying Witch by Duke of Montrose is the dam of Eu- lalia. She was a daughter of Ten Witcn (sister to Car- dinal McCloskey), who was by Ten Broeck out of Wa- terwitch by Asteroid. The dam of Waterwitch was im- ported Weatherwitch by Weatherbit; she was the dam of Fonso, Little Mack, Weathercock, Witchcraft and others. Miss Baden, who has been bred to Hanover, is a half sister to Heleva, who was the dam of Pocahontas and Ethelinda, both of whom have been good winners. She is by Baden Baden; her dam Heva was by imported .Moitemer and a winner and half-sister to the game McWhirter. The dam of Heva was Ontario by im- ported Bonnie Scotland. She was a capital winner and the dam of such good ones as Kilburn, McWhirter, Lizzie McWhirter, Hercules, Hypasia, Rancocas and McKeever. Space will admit only of the merest mention of some of the other fine matrons of the McGrathiana Stud. The list includes Philura by Jils Johnson, out of Zelica by Virgil, her dam being Asia by imported Australian; Jer- sey Girl by imported King Ernest out of Jersey Belle by imported Australian; imported King Cup by Kingcraft out of Nutbeam by Lord of the isles; Astrakhan by Strathmore out of Kelpie by imported Bonnie Scotland; Vera by King Alfonso out of Veritas by Lexington; Ex- pectation by Hindoo out of Sophronia by Ten Broeck; La Juive by imported Mortemer out of Judith by im- ported Glenelg, the dam of Judith being Madam Dudley 246 THE AMERICAN TURF by Lexington out of imported Britannia; Princess Lor- union was Strathnieath, one of the very best two-year raine by Iroquois out of Bric-a-brac by imported Bonnie olds of 1890. Scotland; Extra by Duke of Montrose out of Lizzie S. by Referring to this experience on one occasion, Mr. Wanderer, and descended from Leamington, Lexington, Young said: "These two incidents only go to prove Glencoe, Levity, Trustee and Tranby and many others of my theory that you must breed the best to the best in early distinction. order to procure a race horse. No man can control or Thoroughly practical in all his ideas, Mr. Young gives change the laws of nature. The shrewdest and most to McGrathiana the benefit of long experience and of careful studv of thoroughbred pedigrees and capabilities. His clear judgment of the good equalities of the horses that come under his eye has given him unusual success, and there are few men in the business who so rarely make mistakes in their breeding operations. He is in no sense a theorist, or a believer in the favorable possibili- ties of chance. He studies everything carefully, gives the closest attention to all the points, good and bad, of the horses that he brings together, and is not often at fault in divining the results. His motto has always been " To produce the best, breed the best together," and he has adhered steadfastly to this principle, which may be fairly considered as one of the fundamental causes of his success. Sometimes he has apparently departed from this rigid rule, but, after all. the departure has been more apparent than real. Two instances in particular are cited as bearing upon this point. Mr. Young owned and trained the mare Patti. She was raised in Illinois and not broken until she was two years old, and it was then only with the greatest diffi- culty that she could be shod. Her owner was afraid to stint her to Onondaga, for fear of possible injury to that valuable stallion. So he resolved to play for lower stakes and bred the mare to Duke of Montrose, for which horse he had at that time less regard than he afterward acquired for him. The ultimate result of this almost haphazard union was Retrieve, Montrose and Monterey. Here then was, as Mr. Young has claimed, a complete ex- emplification of the value of his theory, for he holds that the union of fJuke of Montrose and Patti was most cer- tainly an instance of breeding the best together, even successful breeder in the world was Lord Falmouth. Look at the results he achieved by breeding the best to the best; and his method has succeeded fully as well with other breeders who followed his lead. 1 myself believe in breeding for the market. Breeders cannot afford to ex- periment or theorize; the world doesn't stop while they sit down to figure out their theories, and they are liable to be left at the post. If I owned the O.iks winner in England and also her own sister, do you know what 1 should do .^ Well, I should breed the Oaks winner to the Derby winner, if I could get him, and sell the sister." Several years ago Mr. Young was asked whether he did not believe that chance figures largely in the pur- chasing and owning of thoroughbreds. There was a good deal of philosophy and more of solid experience in his answer, which probably holds as good now as when it was given. His reply was, " It does and it does not, and I am going to explain what I mean by relating a lit- tle incident which dates as far back as my yearling sale of 1889. You know Early Blossom was sold in my lot hat year, and when she was led into the ring I asked Mr. Easton to give it out on my authority that the filly was a confirmed cribber. The consequence was that she brought only $300, and Jim McCormick got her. Well, shortly after she was cut down in 1890, I met Mr. McCormick and told him I regretted the accident, adding that Early Blossom had certainly served him well. 'Yes,' he said, '1 only bought the filly because you had it announced that she was a cribber, and because I have had great success with cribbers.' Now, would you say that Mr. McCormick was favored only though, at the time, the good quality of the Duke of by chance with Early Blossom } What he said was very Montrose may not have been fully apparent. Another instance in Mr. Young's career still further illustrates this point. For two seasons Flower of Meath was bred to Onondaga, but without success. The master of McGrathiana was now face to face with the gratifying, indeed, to me, for it bore out my interpreta- tion of what the breeder and seller owes the public. He must leave nothing to be understood. Every defect, however trifiing, should be brought out before the sale is made or bidding has begun. Now, on the other possibility that the mare might never be of any value to hand, in order to show you that there are two sides to him and he decided that it was inadvisable to further sacrifice the services of so valuable an animal as Onon- daga, a horse whose merit had by this time become known to the racing world. With his practical way of looking at matters, he concluded to try Strathmore with Flower of Meath, since Strathmore, notwithstand- ing his good promise, was as yet an unknown quantity and might never be worth anything. The result of this every question, and which, when joined together, make but one in reality, so far as the honest seller is con- cerned, when Strathmeath was put up for sale, 1 got Mr. Easton to announce that I would bet $3,000 the colt would win more money than any other sold, or to be sold, that could be named. So you see that both Early Blossom and Strathmeath turned out very well for my announcements." 247 THE AMERICAN TURF < liJ UJ CD uT o Q tr CQ O cc t- _J UJ 3 < CO cc u. O u o z LlJ Q CO U CC 24S THE AMERICAN TURF A veteran tLirtnian, Mi'. Samuel Trowbridge has enjoyed an exceptionally wide experience, being a successful own^, a trainer of reputation and a breeder of thoroughbreds upon advanced modern principles. He was born in 1S44, near Newport, Vermillion County, Ind., and from his earliest years was familiar with horses and imbibed a knowledge of the two great arts of breeding and training. He had already attained a mastery of the subject when in 1871 he formally adopted the turf as the object of his life business, beginning with a string of horses which he had carefully trained and which he raced at the Western and Southern tracks, winning many purses and stakes. From that time foiward he has been prominent among the owners of the country and his stable colors, pink jacket and cap, are emblems of many well deserved victories at all the great courses of the country. In reviving cjuarter racing particularly he not only made a great reputation in the turf world, but was strik- ingly successful, winning neaily every one in which he engaged. Indeed, he has made some of the greatest matches of this character ever seen in this country, either as to the amount of the stakes or the quality of the horses engaged in them. In the class of contests JList referred to, as well as in his entire career upon the turf, he has been noted for the boldness and magnitude of his oper- ations and his sportsmanlike attitude under all circum- stances. The confidence with which he acts is. however, based largely upon his Liniivaled knowledge of horses and of their preparation. He gives his own careful atten- tion to the training of the four-footed favorites that bear his colors, and the principal credit for the performances of the horses in his stable that have been victorious on so many interesting occasions is unquestionably due to his personal skill in directing their training. At the same time, he has also surrounded himself with a capable corps of lieutenants, whose work admirably supplements the effoits and excellent judgment of their employer. As a breeder Mr. Trowbridge has been conspicuously success- ful. To a profound knowledge of the underlying prin- ciples of breeding he adds a sagacious liberality and a constant desire to improve his facilities. He has ever been on the lookout for available material for his stud, one of his most notable purchases having been made in i88t, when he secured the stallion Alinade. which, with the addition of some choice brood mares of high breed- ing, raised his establishment to the rank of one of the most important in the North. Mr. Trowbridge's establishment at Belle Mead, N. ].. help, and so on, are ample in proportions, and are maiu- tained in pei'fect condition. Ti'uly scientific principles in breeding govern the conduct of this stud, and many of Mr. Trowbridge's methods are original ideas of his own. Of the noted animals which have found their home in Mr. Trowbridge's establishment the first place must be given to the stallions, which include such well-known sires as OKema by Reform out of Maggie B B .and Dou Jose. From a breeder's standpoint the mares are all that could be desired. The list includes such dams as imported Nightingale, imported Cressid. imported Ochone, Juliet M, Hattie Trowbridge. Goldie. Ada Lambert (the dam of Queenie Trowbridge, Capulin. Florence and King Sam). Sarah Hall. Murt, Chickory and many others. In the quality and the performances of the animals it has foaled, the Trowbridge farm does not yield to many similar establishments in America. Only a par- tial list can be given, but it contains the names of horses that have made their mark on the history of the turf. Among them are dueenie Trowbridge, who as a four-year old won $100,000 for her owner in one race, and made a record on which any breeder might well afford to pride himself. Others of note which first saw the light here are Al Orth, Jack Allen. Queen Mab, Florence, Lady Mary. King Sam. Maudie Trowbridge. No Remark and a considerable number of other horses which have developed into satisfactory winners and performers of more than ordinary merit. At the same time it must be noted that Mr. Trowbridge does not belong to the class of horsemen who are satisfied with their possessions. On the contrary, he is a close student of the performance of horses, the characteristics developed by various strains and is a judicious purchaser of blooded stock from other establishments for the purpose not only of enriching his breeding stud, but of reinforcing his racing stable. It has often been said by the numerous friends and ad- mirers of Mr. Trowbridge that everything he touches turns to success. This would indeed be the impression derived from a survey of his record during the quarter of a century that he has been identified with the racing world and the breeding of the thoroughbred horse. In fact, it is to be regretted that the brief space at our com- mand restricts the account of a career that has been filled with interesting and even exciting details. Mr. Trow- bridge has been a factor in American racing so long and has been identified with events of such importance in this connection that his full history would give reminis- cences of nearly all the notabilities, human and equine, that our turf has seen for nearly a generation. It can only is most advantageously situated in respect to the spe- be said here that throughout his career he has ever cially important primary requisites of climate, soil and exhibited a conservatism that has been a valuable assist- water. The stables are of modern construction and ance in his success, and that he has always preserved his contain accommodations for 100 head of horses, while position by a strict adherence to legitimate methods, while all the necessary outbuildings, the cottages for the his integrity has been ever proverbial. 249 THE AMERICAN TURF 250 THE AMERICAN TURF 251 THE AMERICAN TURF %- ^ CO O z O Q 252 THE AMERICAN TURF Coming from a Western laniily that lor several gen- erations has been conspicuously identified with race horses, Mr. H. Eugene Leigh has been one of the most notable figures upon the turf in recent years. He was born at Taylorsville, Christian County, 111., August 2S. i860. Central and Southern Illinois has always been noted as a great horse section of the country and has held an interest in racing from the time of its earliest settlement. It is near enough to Kentucky to have early felt the turf influence emanating from that home of the thoroughbred. Qiiar- ter racing was one of the common forms of sport thereabouts, and for a generation or more was quite as popular as it ever was in the South in the old colonial days. Speedy animals, espe- cially trained for such short contests, were held in high favor, and races between them were a favorite local pastime. Everybody indulged in these sports, and it was the height of the ambi- tion of every youngster, as soon as he was able to maintain his seat on a horse, to have a mount. Before he had fully entered his teens, Mr. Leigh had achieved a substantial reputation as a rider. He had a nat- ural gift for horses and from his constant asso- ciation with them ac- quired a knowledge more lull and more re- liable than it is the for- tune of many men to have even through a long lifetime. At an age when most boys are studying their pi'imers he made his first start in trading horses, and when he was only twelve years of age, such was the confidence placed in his ability and good judgment that his father, who was an extensive dealer, sent him all the way from Illinois to Buffalo, N. Y., with a string of horses to sell. It is needless to say that he was fully successful in executing this commission. In 1873, when he was only thirteen years of age. Mr. Leigh entered upon his racing experience. He started at the foot of the ladder, being engaged as exercise boy for Mr. William Emmet, and the experience gained in this and similar positions that he occupied for a year or two undoubtedly gave him a substantial foundation for his future great success. With Mr. Emmet's stable he remained for a single year and then went out as an exer- cise boy and jockey for Mr. Daniel De Camp, a famous old quarter horse man in Illinois. The youngster had become quite well known by this time and already had a large personal follow- ing among the frequen- ters of the race courses in that section. The first thoroughbred that he ever rode was Hark- away by Enquirer, a horse that was owned by Mr. De Camp and run at country fairs in the West and North- west. Harkaway was then three years old and with him Leigh won many races. He also rodeGilstar by Gilroy to many a successful finish. As a light weight jockey, ' he could not long keep his place for he soon be- gan to take on too much flesh. So he was obliged to separate from Mr. De Camp in 1878 and went into the business of training, in which he was successful from the outset, although he was then only eighteen years of age. He joined the staff of Mr. Isaac Staples, at Stillwater, Minn., in 1879, and for him han- dled several horses of good reputation, like Governor Neptune, Athelestane and Florence Pavne. The stable of Mr. Staples was then considered the best in that part of the country, and during the four years that Ixe was with that owner Mr. Leigh met with good success. About 1884, he joined the staff of Colonel W. S. King, of Minneapolis, and began to appear on the big tracks. Among his other exploits was taking La Belle N., the dam of La Joya, to Chicago. Afterwards he had charge of the horses belonging to Colonel R. C. H. EUGENE LEIGH 253 THE AMERICAN TURF 254 THE AMERICAN TURF Pate, the St. Louis rac- ing man, in wliose string were Monogram, Conk- lin. Clay Pate, King Kyrle, Editor and nu- merous otlier good ones. Several of tiie liorses in tiiis string were of stake calibre, and with them he was successful in winning some notable races. Clay Pate carried off the American Stallion Stakes in i88s, and .Mon- ogram won the Cincin- nati Hotel Handicap the same year. In 188^, with Editor, at Latonia, Mr. Leigh won the Springbok Stakes and the Falsetto Stakes, beating Troubadour. in 1887, Mr. Leigh began business for himself, coming to the conclusion that he had worked quite long enough for others. He started in with two good mares. La Belle N. by Reform and Alemeda by Springbok. Meeting with fair success, he was soon able to buy such horses as Avery, Rambler, Lucy Johnston, Bankrupt and Quotation and won numerous races with them. Rambler, who was then a two-year old, was the horse that, more than any other, established the foundation for his future suc- cess. In his first year he came East, but did not find himself strong enough, and therefore returned to the West, where he generally met with success. For several years his racing was principally in Chicago and New Orleans. In 1889, he united with Mr. George Hankins, and the combination had one of the most formidable strings that had ever been got together. They had Santalene, Wheeler T., Little Minch, Huntress, Terra Cotta, Egmont, Orderly, Jacobin, Macbeth 11. , Robespierre, Lela May, Rambler, Bankrupt, Quotation, Martin Rus- sell, Joe Blackburn, Lucy Johnston, Kaloolah, Duke of the Highlands and Pessara. With these horses the aggregation swept everything before it in the West. Robespierre won for them the Tennessee Derby at Memphis, the Cumberland prize at Nashville, and ran second to Riley in the Kentucky Derby. Pessara won the Breeders' Futurity and other stakes. Huntress carried off the Kentucky Ja>k Pot Stakes. Coming East the fu'm cut a considerable figure in racing on the metropolitan tracks, and finally, in the fall of 1889, dissolved partnership. Mr. Leigh retained Rambler and several of the year- lings that the firm had owned. In the bunch were Pedestrian, Ir- regular, Azrael, Gam- bler and Arrowgrass, the latter being the dam of the famous sprinter, Zanone. With this new stable, Mr. Leigh started out for himself. He established his stable principally at Gutten- berg, where he raced for several winters. Rambler, Inferno, Gambler, Ma Belle, Az- rael, Caledonia and Eleanor, being his most important performers. BEN BRUSH 255 THE AMERICAN TURF He liad somestirringexperiences, especially lit Guttenberg to breeding at his La Belie Stud, located about seven and Sheepshead Bay, and infused the Eastern turf with a liveliness such as it had not known for manv years before. For the next two years Mr. Leigh devoted himself entirely to the East, dividing his time between Brighton Beach, Buffalo and Guttenberg. His stable rapidly became one of the most famous in the country and was phenomenally successful. The biggest year that he ever had was in the winter of '91-92, when his horses won 100 I'aces at Guttenberg. In the fall of 1892, he bought Clifford, then a two-year old, but the subse- quently famous horse was successful in winning only a single race for him that year. In 1893, his stable included Clifford, Pedestrian. Ducat, Ferrier, Ma Belle, Rambler, Chant, Lazzarone, La Belle, Handspun and Urania. This year he transferred his operations from the East to the West, and his string won in stakes and purses fully $100,000. Clifford carried off the Phoenix Hotel States, the Latonia Prize, and one other fixed event at the Kenton County track. From Latonia, Clifford was taken to Chicago to run for the $50,000 World's Fair Derby. The story of that race has often been told and has not yet been forgotten. For nearly two hours Starter Pettingill kept the horses at the post before he let them off, and as a result Clifford was so worn out before the flag was dropped that he only succeeded in running third. A few weeks later, however, he had his revenge when he met the Derby winner, Boundless, at the Hawthorne course. Although the son of Bramble had up 122 pounds, while Boundless carried only 98 pounds, the former was easily successful. During this Hawthorne meeting Clifford made a brilliant record for himself Started fourteen times, he won 1 5 races, including the famous sweepstakes, in which he defeated Lamplighter and Yo Tambien. Thirteen stakes were run at the Hawthorne meeting and the Leigh Stable captured 9 out of the 10 in which it had entries. The following year Mr. Leigh had a great season both East and West. His stable included the horses that he had in the previous year as already enumerated. In the fall of that vear, however, he made up his mind to give up racing and sold out complete at Sheepshe.id Bay, his 25 horses, bringing him the sum of $80,900, Clifford miles from Lexington, Ky., in Fayette County, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. The estate consists of 467 acres of the best land to be found anywhere in Ken- tucky. It is well watered and the pasturage is perfect. Mr. Leigh improved the place with all modern con- veniences for the perfect breeding of thoroughbreds, and there are no establishments in the countrv that are better equipped, even though some are larger in extent. La Belle Stud has accommodations for 200 horses and its outfit consists of twenty-five different stables, resi- dences and other buildings. At the head of the stud has stood Bramble by imported Bonnie Scotland out of Ivy Leaf by imported Australian, the sire of Rambler, Clifford and Ben Brush. Bramble has not had many rivals as a sire. With him have stood Woodbine and Forester, son of imported The 111-Used. The La Belle matrons make a distinguished company. Ail of them have been winners, or the dams of winners. They include Arrowgrass, the dam of Zanone; Boabdilla, the dam of Carnage and Yours Truly; Forethought, the dam of Fischer and Provident: Lady Wayward, the dam of Carlsbad; Lady Ballard, the dam of Lady Looram; North Anna, the dam of George F. Smith; Libbie L., the dam of Arrezzo; Perhaps, the dam of Reckon; Cale- donia, Daisy Woodruff. La Belle, Ma Belle and a score of others. Some notable horses have been bred at La Belle, and the success of the establishment has demon- strated Mr. Leigh's peculiar fitness for that business. His life with thoi'oughbreds. from the time that he began his racing career as a mere youngstei', has give him an expert knowledge of the animals such as is possessed by but very few other men. He, himself is very frank to say that he believes that he would be a rank failure should he trv any other pursuit. Racing and breeding is his business, born in him, as it were, since all the members of his family were in some way connected with horses. It was scarcely to be expected, however, that Mr. Leigh should be contented to confine himself to his breeding establishment, notwithstanding the attractions that he found in that pursuit. His success as an owner has been of a character as to make it well nigh impossible for him to forego tliat indiilgence. He is, therefore, still selling for $25,000 and Ducat $10,000. In this sale went to be found upon the turf with a large and excellent Lazzarone, who the following year won the Subui- stable. The performers that he has had recently in train- ban. In the spring of 1895, Mr. Leigh formed a ing include over twenty, principally two-year olds. He partnership with Mr. Edward Brown, and the firm has in this string the three-year olds Fixed Star by owned Ben Brush, who won many of the great stakes Amphion out of Starlight, and Pacemaker by Kantaka of the West, earning for his owners $14,000. They sold out of Debut. His two-year olds include nine colts and the colt the same year to Mr. M. F. Lawyer for $18,000, fillies by Kantaka; two Bramble fillies; several colts by and in 1897 he was successful in the Suburban, the second Leigh horse to win that event. Beginning with 189s, Mr. Leigh devoted much time King Alfonso, Bersan and Perblaze; fillies by Hanover, Iroquois, Kingston, Devotee and Perblaze. and a chest- nut gelding by St. George. 256 THE AMERICAN TURE WILLIAM EASTON PRESIDENT AND AUCTIONEER, THE EASTON COMPANY 257 THE AMERICAN TURE 258 THE AMERICAN TURF The system of great public sales of thoroughbred pursuit that he might have been inclined to follow, stock that has originated within a few years past, has Added to this is the special qualification that he has of already proved to be a most important instrument in possessing a knowledge of the horse as the legitimate bringing about a desired and necessary improvement in result of life-long study and experience. these matters. Public sales that not long ago were en- Mr. Easton comes of an ancient family of the West of tirely unknown have now attained the importance of England. The original form of the family name, as set great public functions and attract the attention of the en- down in the old records, is Aeshton, meaning ash-tree, tire American people. The advantages derived from and an ash-tree is the family crest. Records of the the present system are too obvious to call for extended family preserved in the British Museum show that it ex- consideration in this connection, it would not be doing isted as far back as the year 481. Some of Mr. Easton's justice to the subject, however, or to those who have ancestors came to this country in early colonial days, been instrumental in instituting the present methods, if One of them served with General Washington during we should neglect to point out the very great influence the War of the Revolution, and was afterward attorney- that these sales have had in bringing about the increased general of one of the New England States. Another was prosperity of the business of thoroughbred breeding that Governor of Rhode Island, and after another one, who has already become such a pronounced feature of the settled in Pennsvlvania, the town of Easton in that State turf history of the closing years of the century. The was named. The grandfather of Mr. Easton was the close connection between the breeding establishments confidential agent of the Duke of Wellington, for many and these public sales of their stock is of vastly more im- years before the battle of Waterloo and subsequent to portance than is sometimes recognized. that event. On his mother's side Mr. Easton has rela- That thereby the market has been greatly developed tionship to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, and is also and improved, and, therefore, the business made more connected with the Seymours, Bonds and other well- profitable and placed upon a more stable foundation, known families of central and southern New York, cannot for a moment be doubted. This, however, Born in Geneseo, Livingston County, N. Y., October while it is the primary benefit derived from the new or- 8, 1846, Mr. Easton was sent to England to be edu- der of things by those especially interested, is not the cated, and studied at a famous school at Clifton. He also only advantage accruing therefrom. Not alone do the received instruction from a private tutor, who prepared breeding establishments see their profits increased as a him for the examinations required for admission as an result of the higher prices which, thanks to this system, officer into the British cavalry service. He was ambi- they are now able to obtain. Other advantages accrue, tious to enter upon military life, but family reasons ulti- also. The entire racing public is brought closer to- mately induced him to abandon this intention of becom- gether, and business relations are established and re- ing a soldier. Turning his attention to the pro- newed between the horsemen of different sections, who fession of law, he applied himself to that study are thus enabled, more than ever, to take council of each for the customary five years, part of this time other and derive advantage fYom intimate association, being passed in the office of one of the leading Finally, but in no manner least in importance, these legal firms of London. After that he entered and events have tended to attract that large class of people took chambers in the Middle Temple, this step being of wealth and leisure whose support and active partici- preparatory to his admission to the bar, the recognized pation as owners of thoroughbred horseflesh are im- highest professional pursuit in England. Circumstances peratively necessary in order to insure the prosperity made it necessary for him to reconsider his purpose of of the turf. entering upon the practice of the legal profession, and In this notable and important development of one while a good lawyer may thus have been lost, the busi- branch of turf affairs no man has had more active and ness world gained an important addition. He married influential part than Mr. William Easton. President of the a lady whose family has been for over two centuries Easton Company. Accorded the distinction of being a resident at that great historic centre of racing and thor- foremost representative of his profession, Mr. Easton is oughbred horse interests, Newmarket, her father having also universally credited with having elevated the been a magistrate for Cambridgeshire and Suffolk, auctioneering of high-class animals to the rank of a fine and a Lord Lieutenant of the county. Immediately after art. The pre-eminent reputation that he has attained his marriage Mr. Easton determined to come to the arises not merely from the fact that his qualifications for United States, and this was the turning point of his the profession which he adorns are of a special and re- whole career. markable character, but also results from the Dossession From his earliest youth the chief inclinations of Mr. by him of general business talent of the highest charac- Easton were for horses and outdoor sports of all kinds, ter that would undoubtedly make him successful in any As a young man he was noted as a good all around 259 THE AMERICAN TURF > < ca Q < UJ X CO Q. UJ I o o Q Q < Q. llJ _l < 03 O H < UJ I I- 260 THE AMERICAN TURF athlete, and he also had an exceptionally high reputation Sheepshead Bay, Long Island, desirably located directly as a cross country rider, having frequently ridden over opposite the main entrance to the Coney Island Jockey some of the most famous steeplechase courses of the Club track. The whole establishment is altogether old country. As an owner of horses his experiences modern in conception and detail. In fact, it displays to were both considerable and successful, and he has long the fullest extent those original ideas as to the handling been known as one of the most enthusiastic turfmen of of consignments and the favorable exhibition of horses this generation. Both in England and in the United which has been a leading element in Mr. Easton's suc- States he has been prominent on the race course, his cess, and on account of which the foremost breeders colors being white and blue hoops, with red cap. of the country so generally entrust their stock to his Among the horses which have at various times repre- care for sale. All consignments made to the Easton sented him on the track, the one who achieved the Company are under the care of thoroughly reliable horse- greatest fame was probably imported Sweet Home, who, men. and unremitting pains are taken to preserve and to after she was retired from the turf, became especially improve the condition of stock before it is brought to well known as the dam of M.ijor Domo and of other the block, thereby adding greatly to its salable value, horses of high reputation. Blue Lodge, Mrs. Chubbs, In his professional capacity Mr. Easton has taken a imported Astoria, imported The Fop, imported Golden leading part in some of the most notable business trans- Dawn, and imported Bassetlaw, are other distinguished actions that have ever occurred in the racing history of performers that have successfully carried his colors on the United States. As an auctioneer he has a masterly many race courses. knowledge of the points of a horse, which he never fails He has also been greatly interested in importing, to properly set forth. His memoi'v is remarkable, and his From time to time he has brought into the United States personal acquaintance with turfmen, breeders and busi- manyofthe most noted English stallions and brood ness men is of the widest description. Added to this he mares, who, in breeding establishments, have made a enjoys the advantage of a wonderfully musical voice and deep impression through then- sons and daughters upon a manner that puts him into friendly relations with his racing in this countrv. Some notable commissions to audience. Some of the prices obtained at sales where he purchase thoroughbreds abroad have been entrusted to has officiated have never been equaled. Such examples him by leading American turf men. Thus he gave to as those of St. Blaise for $100,000; King Thomas, $38,- the late Mr. August Belmont and to Mr. James R. Keene, 000; Bolero, $3^.000; Hastings, $37,000; Rayon D'Or. as well as to others, the benefit of his sound knowledge $3;!. 000; Galore, $30,000; Requital, $26,000, Viola, dam of thoroughbreds, especially in England. The breeding of Victory, $20,500; imported Candlemas, $15,000; im- establishments of Mr. Belmont and Mr. Keene were ported Order, $26,000, and Victorine, $10,000, during greatly enriched by the brood mares that he selected for some ofthe worst periods of racing, speak for themselves, them on his special trip to England in their interests. The sale of St. Blaise will long be remembered. The auc- His purchases for Mr. Keene, for example, amounted to tioneer then faced one ofthe most notable gatherings of some $100,000. turfmen, owners, breeders, lawyers, bankers, brokers. In 1879, when the American Horse Exchange was merchants, millionaires and professional men ever established by a corporation of wealthy New Yorkers, brought together for such a purpose in America, and the Mr. Easton became the managing director and auction- bidding, which began at $25,000, was almost abruptly eer. After several years of successful business with brought to a close by Mr. Charles Reed offering $100,000. that establishment he severed his connection with it and It is, however, not merely in these sensational incidents founded the National Horse and Cattle Exchange, with that Mr. Easton's skill and knowledge are displayed, paddocks at Hunt's Point. Subsequently he ^formed The same attention to detail of every kind that can Tattersall's of New York (Limited), which concern in enhance the value of the subjects is displayed where the course of time absorbed the National Horse and ordinary stock is entrusted to his charge, and it has been Cattle Exchange, and the well known business of Brass- said that he can obtain a far higher average price than field & Co., of Lexington, Ky., as well as that of Emery any auctioneer in the country. & Fasig, of Cleveland, Ohio.' Of this organization Mr. Mr. Easton is a man of original ideas. His career has Easton was manager and auctioneer from iSqo until 1894. been an exhibition of pluck and determination even Resigning this position in the latter vear he again became when the condition of turf affairs has been most dis- conn^ected with the American Horse Exchange, but, in couraging. His opinion is that New York is the best 1895, made a more decided departure when he organ- place for sales of thoroughbreds, and he has suggested ized The Easton Compaiv. of which he is now President to the breeding interest the importance of selhng all and auctioneer. The offices of this company are in New yearlings in two great sales to be held m the metropolis York City, while its extensive sale paddocks are at each spring and autumn. 261 THE AMERICAN TURF FRANCIS M. WARE TREASURER, MANAGING DIRECTOR AND AUCTIONEER, THE AMERICAN HORSE EXCHANGE, LIMITED i62 THE AMERICAN TURF When the American Horse Exchange was incorporated in 1879, the facilities that then existed for disposing of high class horses in the United States were of a some- what primitive description. The private bargaining, the occasional isolated sales of racing stables, or the prod- duct of stock farms afforded only an inadequate means of distribution. In considering the situation, those who were especially interested recognized that the concentra- tion of this business, which seemed to be imperative, could hardly be accomplished if it should be left to purely private enterprise. Everybody conceded the force of this proposition. All consideration of the sub- ject started with the vital proposition that it was imper- atively necessary that any oi'ganization which coLild reasonably hope to secure the patronage of owners of horses and the leading breeders in the business of dis- posing of their animals and at the same time invite the confidence of the public in making pui'chases, must be in the hands of people of the highest standing. The situation was peculiar. Theie was an abiding distrust in the minds of everybody of the ordinaiy horse dealers, who had hitherto possessed a monopoly of the business. The demand for reform in horse selling- methods, as well as the necessity for more thorough and comprehensive arrangements than had hitherto ob- tained, seemed to remove at once any possibility of per- mitting the business to remain longer in the hands of private individuals, some of whom, it was well known, were scarcely of a responsible character. Any other at- tempt than that proposed of enlisting the co-operation of the substantial men of the community would be, it was felt, no better than leaving the business to continue a matter of private bargaining, or intrusting its large and growing interests to ordinary horse dealers. With the growth of the business side of racing and breeding that had already began to exhibit itself in all parts of the country, capital on a large scale was impera- tively requisite, not only to insure the success of the en- terprise that was contemplated, but also to inspire in the minds of both sellers and buyers, that confidence which must always be a chief element in the usefulness of any concern which should undertake to supply the want in question. At this juncture several gentlemen of the highest social standing in New York, who were more or less interested in horseflesh, took the matter under serious considera- tion. After mature deliberation they concluded to em- bark in the enterprise, wholly influenced by their desire to advance the interests of a business that appealed to all classes in the community. In 1879, the American Horse Exchange was incorporated, an organization that in its almost twenty years of existence has done an impor- tant work in raising the standard of horseflesh in the whole country and in bringing the breeding of thorough- breds and other high grade animals to a position where it is now recognized as one of the substantial and prof- itable industries of the United States The role of incor- porators of the Exchange included the names of such gentlemen as Messrs. William K. Vanderbilt, Freder- ick W. Vanderbilt, August Belmont, Jr., Frederick Bronson, the Hon. George Peabody Wetmore, Colonel William jay, and others equally well known in the social and linancial world. It is needless to say that the identilication of gentlemen of such standing with the enterprise placed it upon sub.stantial footing at the out- set, and fully established it in the confidence of breeders, owners and the general public. Under such eminently favorable auspices the American Exchange was established and soon became a power in the particular field that it occupied. The enterprise and wisdom of those who were the guiding spirit of the new organization was promptly shown by the erection for its headquarters and place for sales of the spacious building that covered the block between Broadway and Seventh Avenue and Fiftieth and Fifty-first Streets. For more than a decade and a half this building was the centre of some of the most important sales movements in New York. In the course of time it became a most influential factor in stimulating breeding in all parts of the country and in meeting the needs of prospective buyers of horses. In June, 1896, the original building was destroyed by fire. This was promptly replaced by a new and imposing structure, the perfection of whose equipment in every detail, no less than its accessibility, render it a truly ideal place for holding sales of high grade stock. Long ago the American Horse Exchange became an established institution, not only of New York, but of the entire country as well. Breeders from all sections, pro- fessional horsemen, and, in fact, all classes interested in horseflesh, have fully recognized the well nigh invalu- able facilities that it offers for the purpose for which it was incorpoiated. The associations connected with the place are of a very notable character, and its history would be in a sense a large part of the history of one of the most important sides of the horse business in the United States. Some of the most notable transactions that have ever taken place in connection with horses have been witnessed within its walls. It is, however, perhaps sufficient to say that it has become to the horse world in this country what the celebrated Tatter- sails of England is to the English turf. Not alone has the Exchange been of service to breed- ers of the thoroughbred racing horse. Its facilities have contributed much to advance the interests of breeders of fancy stock, of the high quality that is now so much in demand for purposes of pleasure. As the annual horse shows held in New York have partaken more and more of the character of a national fete of the world of wealth 263 THE AMERICAN TURF Q t S 1^ Z UJ > < < I I 1- X Hi III UJ UJ a 7 UJ < cc H O UJ III I 1- < 8, he began for himself, and has owned such horses as Kildare, Glenmore. Gieentleld. Balbriggan, Remorse and numer- ous others of good chaiacter. His blue jacket and white cap have been successful in many a good race. His breeding farm near Baltimore is a first-class establish- ment and he has in tiaining such good ones as Atlantus. Miss Lillian. Oceana, Sailor King, Acrobat and Wood- ranger, while his two-year olds are Althea. Edwin S., Wesa, Maiylandei', Glengar and Ruxton, all by Dutch Roller, and Avoca by Atlantic. A Kentuckian raised among thoioughbreds. Mi'. Walter C. Rollins' choice of an avocation was marked out for him in early youth. His first employment was in 1874 upon the McGrathiana Stock Farm, when he was thirteen years of age. Beginning as an e.xercise boy. he was connected with several different employers, and enjoys the special distinction of having broken the great Fox- hall. Afterward he trained for Mr. E. J. McElmeel, the first horse that he handled being the old-time performer, General Monroe. From Mr. McElmeel he went to the racing establishment of Commodore Kittson, and then was for two years with Mr. Pierre Lorillard, Jr. For a short time he owned a public training stable, and then trained for the Oneck Stable of Dr. Gideon L. Knapp. where he handled that star performer, Sir Walter, with whom he won the Brooklyn Handicap in iSqb. He still retains his connection with the Oneck Stable, and also has several good horses of his own, including Deerslayer by Midlothian, Larequois by h'oquois. and Little Joe and Cousin Jess, both by Uncle Jess. in 1886. Mr. A. F. Walcott began his racing career under the name of the Fairfax Stable. He was at one time president of the Monmouth Park Association, also a member of the Board of Control, and is now a member of The Jockey Club. Among the best horses that he has owned have been Orifiamme, Cyclops, Chancellor. Ruperta, Melba, Castaway 11.. who won the Brooklyn Handicap in iSqo; Pessara, who was second in the Brooklyn Handicap in 1892, and Diablo, who won the the same event in i8qi. Among the young gentlemen of wealth and character who are identified with racing is Mr. Roy Carruthers. His ownership of Reservoir by Regent out of a Longfel- low mare was his first venture upon the turf. After- ward he owned Song and Dance, with whom he was very successful. He enjoys the advantage of a wide personal acquaintance with racing matters, both in this country and in Europe. He is now the owner of that excellent race horse. Howard Mann. Mr. Francis D. Beard is not only a prominent turfman, but he is well known in New York society as an accom- plished amateur whip, especially excelling as a tandem driver. In company with his brother, Mr. John R. Beard, he organized the Erie Stable, but since the close of the season of iSqb he has carried on an independent stable of his own. The horses that he has now in train- ing are Dutch Skater, Nanki Pooh, Beaufort, Jefferson, Blazewood, St. 'Nicholas and Tahama. At one time he owned that staunch horse, Lazzarone. From Maine to California Mr. Patrick Dunne is known and respected in turf circles. His career began in 188s, when he was foreman for Mr. Edward Corrigan in Chi- cago. Since i8qi, he has been in the field with a stable of his own, and has been remarkably successful. In his stable at the present time he has these well-known horses: Flying Dutchman. Salvable. Captive, Czarowitz, Estaca, Stentor, Swango. Dacian. Rey Salazar and Rath- more. His two-year olds are Approval by Pessara; Ailyar by Himyar: Barrier by Leonatus; Prince Harry by Harry O'Fallon: Survivor by Strathmore, and Cambrian and Peleus by Hindoo. One of the most practical and thoroughly experienced turfmen among contemporary owners is Mr. Frank Regan. He began his career as an exercise boy in the stable of the Honorable August Belmont. Then he had several years' experience as a jockey, and. with Mr. John Huggins, trained the horses of Messrs. A. J. Cassatt and Pierre Lorillard. Since i8qo, he has been in the field himself as an owner. He is now the owner of Nay Nay by Kinglike: Percy F. by Rainbow; Octave by Quick- lime: Mohegan by Faverdale: Sister Fox by Silver Fox: Saguache by Britannic; Russella Walden by Russell, and Sir Florian and The Diver by St. Florian. A veteran horseman and a thoroughly experienced trainer. Mr. Charles H. Hughes has handled some of the greatest race horses of the present period. For many years he had a public training stable in the West, and afterward trained the horses of Messrs. Leigh & Rose and of Bromley & Co. He it was who helped develop the speedy qualities of such cracks as Clifford, Laz- zarone, Ducat, Chant, Ida Pickwick and others of renown. 282 THE AMERICAN TURF In the stable of Bromley & Co., a firm that is, compar- atively speaking, a newcomer upon the turf, we have another interesting example of the participation of un- professional hoisemen in racing. It is the presence of such gentlemen as Messrs. J. E. Bromley and A. Feather- stone, who are the partners in this firm, that has done so much to strengthen the turf in time past and that may be depended upon to be one of its substantial mainstays in the future. When racing affairs come completely into the hands ot purely professional turfmen, as has too frequently happened in the past, then is apt to begin a process of disintegration that in the course of time is sure to bring more or less disaster upon the sport and all connected with it. As we have repeatedly had occasion to point out in our examination of the history of the American turf, this has, again and again, been a com- mon experience in racing affairs. Without at all decrying the so-called professional element, or in any way underrating the very great and valuable work that it has done in developing and sup- porting the turf, it is impossible completely to close our eyes to the fact that the fullest prosperity of racing must be at all times dependent upon the association with it of gentlemen who are wholly disinterested turfmen, and are concerned only in maintaining the sport in the high- est degree of respectability, with only secondary consid- eration of it as a personal business enterprise. It has been those who, possessed of a profound admiration and love for the thoroughbred, have given themselves over to the allurements of racing merely as a relaxation from business and trom delight in the sport, that have ever exercised the most powerful and wholesome influ- ences in working out the salvation of the turf, and mak- ing it not only the enjoyable but the altogether dignified and socially popular institution that it now is. Prominent representatives of the class of racing men to whom we have just referred are Messrs. Bromley and Featherstone. Both gentlemen have long been associ- ated with each other in business relations entirely dis- connected with the turf. They were pioneers in the bicycle trade, which has attracted so many of our ablest business men in this generation. In this line they have been notably successful and enjoy a trade that extends throughout all the world. Their energy and capacity have brought to them the prosperity and the wealth that are the rewards of industry and enterprise, and has given them the means for indulgence in other occupa- tions outside of that to which they have mainly devoted themselves. Feeling the necessity of more or less relief from exacting business affairs, they have taken up rac- ing, principally for the pleasure that they find in it, rather than as a mere object of revenue. It is a side issue to their important business pursuits, but they have gone into it with an enthusiasm and a careful attention to details that can scarcely fail to make it as profitable to them as it may be enjoyable. While they are in no sense engaged in racing merely for the money there may be in it, they hope, however, to win sufficient to demonstrate at least that their venture is successful. The only real test of the success of a racing stable is, after all, a monetary one. While the owner may, perhaps, be unconcerned for the amounts that he may win, he can- not be indifferent to the fact that if his horses do not win he can scarcely be regarded as a successful owner. A laudable ambition for success and a desire to have his ability recognized must be controlling influences in directing the movements of every turllnan, and for these reasons it is particularly gratifying to him when he is able to point to valuable stakes and purses that he has carried off, even though he may be in a large measure independent of the mere money considerations involved. Messrs. Bromley and Featherstone look at the matter in this light, and by liberal expenditure and the main- tenance of a large and excellent establishment, are right- fully aiming for that distinction in turf affairs which is the gratification of every enthusiastic turfman and to which theii' energy and enthusiasm would seem to fully entitle them. The Bromley colors, canary, black cross sashes and cull's, canary cap, black tassel, have been carried by many excellent performers, and are often seen at the head of the field in brilliant events. For the season of 1898 the Bromley Stable has some thirty-six horses under the care of that admirable trainer, Mr. Julius Bauer. Several members of the string have already achieved reputation and are regarded as horses of the first class. They are valuable animals and have commanded high prices, but the c]uestion of price has never been a consideration with Bromley & Co. From the first tliey have aimed only to secure horses of good quality, let the cost be what it might. Their constant aim has been to own first-class performers. Their string includes such well tried lunners as the eight- year old black horse, Nick by imported Mortemer out of Retribution; the six-year old bay, Free Advice by Leonatus out of Eva S. : the five-year old chestnut. First Mate by Fonso out of Shipmate; the five-year old brown Rondo by imported Pirate of Penzance out of Song; the five-year old bay. Semper Ego by Logic out of La Sylphide; the four-year old chestnut, Typhoon II., by Top Gallant out of Uolly Varden ; the four-year old brown, Howard S. by Whistle Jacket out of Zelica; the four-year old chestnut. On Deck by Whistle Jacket out of Semper Paratus, and the four-year old chestnut, Orion by Han- over out of Blessing. Their three-year olds are the bay filly Kenmore Queen by Ben Strome out of Rose Leaf; the bay colt, Danforth by Duke of Montrose out of Bo Peep; the bay colt. Van .Antwerp by Bsher out of Refiection: the chestnut colt, Nuto by Masetto out of 2S3 THE AMERICAN TURF r |:^ o UJ Q 284 THE AMERICAN TURF Ann McCoy; the cheslnut cult. I'rincc Lee by Strath- more out of Bonnie Lee, and the bay filly Bonaclea bv Esher out of Sis O'Lee. The stable also contains some promising two-year olds who come from distinguished ancestors and have in their veins some of the bluest blood known to the Stud Book. These youngsters, of whom good things may be reasonably expected, are the bay (illy, Blaisedora by St. Blaise out of Fedora; the bay filly La Cheviot by Cheviot out of Elsie S. ; the bay colt Oration by Cheviot out of Gold Basis; the bay colt Disturber by Exile out of Meddle; the bay colt Faustile by Exile out of Faust Rose; the black colt Kingrica by Kingstock out of Henrica; the chestnut colt Kinglete by Kingstock out of Complete; the black colt Kingmaker by Kingstock out of Fate; the chestnut colt Flying Scotchman by Macduff out of Lizzie C. ; the bav colt Composer by Wagner out of Miss Barnes; the bay colt James Tod by Strathmore out of Colleen Rhue; the chestnut colt Falseban by Deceiver out of May Ban; the chestnut tlllv Onondaga's Pride by Onondaga out of Frederick's Pride; the bay tlllv Monletta by Duke of Montrose out of Burletta; the bay tllly Anitra by Duke of Montrose out of Miss Mattie; the bay tllly Nike by Duke of Montrose out of Virginity; the bay colt Rosebed by Duke of Montrose out of Violet; the bay tilly Rose O'Lee by Duke of Montrose out of Sis O'Lee; the brown colt Anselm by Duke of Montrose out of Miss Longford, and the bay colt Andronicus by Strathmore out of Ovation. Of the horses that Bromley & Co. have in training, Typhoon 11. has had perhaps the most distinguished career. As a two-year old he stood with the best in the season of 1896. His winnings then were seven in num- ber. He started in May by taking a four furlongs dash at St. Louis in so seconds, beating Kruna. Forsythe and others. At the same meeting he won a five furlongs dash in i minute, =;>2 seconds, beating Goshen, Forsythe and others, and at St. Louis in June he won another five furlongs dash in i minute, 2^4 seconds, beating Buck- videre, Parthemax, Goshen, Lincoln and others. These early victories were little more than warming up affairs for him and he next won the Brewers' Handicap Sweep- stakes at St. Louis, six furlongs, in i minute, 1-]^ sec- onds, over a heavy track, beating Lincoln II.. Buckvi- dere, Inca and Dare II., and carrying top weight, 1 18 pounds. Still racing at St. Louis in August he won a six fur- longs dash in 1 minute, 15 seconds, carrying top weight and beating Dare II., Zamar II. and others. Then he won the Fast Mail Purse, also at St. Louis, >■- furlongs, in 1 minute, g'4 seconds, carrying top weight, 121 pounds, defeating Gladys. Juanita. Forsythe and Gro- ganette. Coming East he won the Golden Rod Stakes at Sheepshead Bay in August, 7 liniongs, in 1 minute, 28 seconds, beating Princess Flavia and Burlescjue, car- rying top weight and winning easily by i,'i lengths. .At Morris Park in October he won the Westchester High Weight Handicap, 6'i furlongs, in i minute, 22 seconds, winning in a drive by a head and defeating Brandywine, George Rose. Storm King, Goshen and Hawarden. His supreme distinction in 180^7 was win- ning the Kentucky Derby, 1% miles, in 2 minutes, I2>4 seconds, beating Ornament, Dr. Catlett, Dr Sheppard, Goshen and Ben Brown. His other victories that year were a 1 mile race at Memphis in i minute, 43 seconds; the Luehrmann Hotel Stakes at Memphis, 1 mile, in 1 minute, 42 J4 seconds; the Peabody Hotel Handicap at Memphis, i >8 miles, in 1 minute, s6 seconds; the Me- morial Handicap Sweepstakes at St. Louis, i 's miles, in I minute, s6 seconds; the Club Members' Handicap at St. Louis. 1 '4 miles, in 2 minutes, 7}^ seconds, and a ^ mile race in i miiuite, ISJ4 seconds. And in the season of 1S98 he is still adding victories to his credit. Nick was an excellent two-year old. His earliest achievement that year was winning a -^a mile race at Guttenberg in 56 '4^ seconds, which he followed up by winning a '_• mile race at the same place in 49^ sec- onds. At Saratoga in July he repeated his half mile rec- ord at 4q'4^ seconds, when he won the Flash Stakes, defeating Postmaster, Kentucky Lady and others. At Saratoga he was also successful in winning a ?k mile race in i minute, 2 seconds, and a ^4. mile race in i min- ute, 16 seconds, and a 6;- furlongs race in i minute. 2} seconds, on which occasion carrying top weight, 107 pounds, he beat Elk Knight, Pat Malloy, Jr., Rey del .Mar and others. In his aged form he has shown him- self possessed of sterling good qualities. First Mate has many good winning events to his credit. In 1895, at Latonia, he carried off the Maiden Stakes, covering the distance, ')& mile, in i minute, } seconds. In 1896, at Latonia, he won a Free Handicap, 7 furlongs, in i minute, 33X seconds, beating Sir Vas- sar. Governor Boies, Howard Mann and others; won the Himyar Stakes, i "s miles, in i minute, 54^ seconds, beating Ramiro, Ben Holladay and others; won the Milldale Stakes, 6 furlongs, in i minute, 1 5 J/( seconds, and a i 'a mile handicap in i minute, 57 seconds. With the many good horses now in their string, Messrs. Bromley & Featherstone are likely to be power- ful factors in racing affairs in the immediate present. In fact, their presence has already made itself felt in a very decided manner at all the important meetings. More- over, the intluence of such gentlemen in connection v\ith racing is of the most healthful and stimulating character. It creates interest among outsiders and every lover of the turf will rejoice if the sport shall have the good fortune to receive into its ranks many other gen'lemen of similar character and of like enterprise. 285 THE AMERICAN TURF 286 THE AMERICAN TURF o 287 THE AMERICAN TURF 288 'Ill': .\M!':U1CAX 'lUKI- •^iT^.-'^ Vrr^ %¥ V V UJ I- < I- tr L- 2S9 THE AMERICAN TLIKl' 290 THE AMlil^UAX TliRF 291 THE AMERICAN TURF -vl ««< .-, t- ^I... ^. iv \ J A \ t \ i ^* "** • „ ^1 o a z o cc 292 THE AMKRICAX TURF 293 THE AMERICAK TURF 294 THE AMI'.RICAX 'ITJRl Stii ring incidents have iicvci been lacking in tiic iiistory Manfully he stuck to his work, his stindiness and laith- olthe turt or in the careers of its leading representatives, fulness, as well as his intelligence, constantly winning Whether we consider the performances of the thorough- for him the approval of his employers and with this hreds, or refer to the activities of the gentlemen who came frequent advancements with increase of salary, have bred and run them, or who have maintained other Finally he attained to the proud position of holding a relations with the race course, the story is lull of inter- place that yielded him twelve dollars a week. Hven this esting episodes. Some of the most notable events ever was a sufficiently meagre income, but with it he not only recorded in the history of this country have been con- supported himself, but also aided in caring for his mother nected with the race course and the careers, not only of and sisters. As an illustration of his thoughtful atten- the great race horses but also of the great turfmen, have tion to the members of his family it is pleasant to record often had all the tascination of a brilliant romance. in this connection that when prosperity finally dawned Among the thousands who have been most conspic- upon him, his tlrst thoughts were for his mother. He uouslv identified with racing matters in this generation provided her with an elegant home, and the ability to do no one. peihaps. has come moie prominently to public attention than Mr. George E. Smith, who is recognized far and wide undei' the name of •'Pittsburg Phil." His experiences have, to a remarkable degree, constituted one of the most romantic sides to racing affairs in this generation. (]oLild his biography be recounted in IliII. it would be most interesting reading, and full of sugges- tiveness as illustrating the oppoitunities that the turf affords to a young man of capacity and dash. this undoubtedly gave him one of the greatest pleasures that he has ever known. Scarcely fifteen years have passed since Mr. Smith first became interested in racing. It was almost by accident that he was attracted to this sport, and that his judgment upon the capabilities of horses had the lirst opportunity to assert itself. He had never given more than passing attention to racing affairs and probably had scarcely dreamed that therein was the field in That his career has been much out of the common, which his phenomenal career was to be developed. He and fully worthy of the e.xceptional attention that has been given to it, scarcely need be said. In a little more than fourteen years he has risen from a comparatively humble station in life to a position of unt]uestioned prominence and influence in racing circles. During this brief period he has become one of those gentlemen con- nected with racing in the United States who are known throughout the country. This has been a remarkable achievement for more reasons than one. The majority of men who are identified with racing interests are rarely heard of outside of racing circles. Here and there was in the habit of visiting the local pool rooms in Pittsburg to bet on baseball matches and incidentally learned the names of horses running in different parts of the country. After a time he turned his attention to horses, and displayed from the tlrst a degree of good JLidgment that resulted in his winning considerable money. In fact, what appeared toothers to be his good luck was so marked that some frequenters of the betting establishment followed him to such an e.xtent that he was unable to obtain fair odds. By this time he had attracted the notice of a gentleman one appears, who stands out from the ranks of his conversant with racing matters, who persuaded him that associates with unusual prominence. Something excep- his opportunities would be much greater at the tiacks, tional in the individual is necessary to the attainment of and he accordingly made a trip to Louisville, where he this result, and it is for this very reason that the career saw the Kentucky Derby run. Financially this experi- and operations of a man like Mr. Smith are justly regarded as of special value. Mr. Smith is a native of Pennsylvania, having been born at Sewickly in the Keystone State, July 13, 1862. When he was a mere infant his father died, and as a re- sult, he was deprived of many of the advantages which most boys enjoy. Early thrown upon his own resources and with the full knowledge that he had his own way to make in the world, at the age of thirteen, he started out to seek employment in Pittsburg, which city is about twenty-five miles distant from his native place. There he began life, being employed in a large ence was a success, and he returned to Pittsburg only to leave in a few days for Chicago, where, after a further brief and, on the whole, gratifying experience, he con- cluded to remain. Thus began a permanent connection with the turf, which has since been his vocation. The prevalent idea that permanently successful betting upon horses is a mere matter of chance has. of course, no foundation in fact. If demonstration of its falsity were needed it could be supplied by the circumstances con- nected with Mr. Smith's career. His theory from the outset has been to look back at the previous form dis- played by a given animal, and to determine as accurately industrial establishment. He was only able to command as possible to what class it belongs. Then, judging its two dollars and a half a week when he first began to appearance in the preliminary gallop, he ascertains the work, but the meagreness of that pittance did not dis- odds quoted against his selection, and if they are fair he bets heavily and without hesitation. He possesses, it i. courage him. 295 THE AMERICAN TURF GEORGE E. SMITH 296 THE AMKRICAN TURF needless to say, marked rapidity of perception and con- fidence in himself, and backs his own judi^ment, so that his winnings are both rapid and large to an extent that have made him a figure of the utmost prominence in the contemporary turf. Passing three years in Chicago, during which his judgment became matured and his experience with horses and racing in general greatly widened, he gained more than a local reputation. In fact, the betting men of that city became virtually afraid to measure conclu- sions with him, some of them going so far as to refuse his money when offered on a horse. This, with changes in the betting laws affecting the Illinois tracks, induced him to come to the East, where from the outset he was successful, attracting great attention by one of the peculiarities of his method, that of laying large sums upon what are termed "long shots," placing heavier amounts upon them than on even money favorites. In fact, throughout his career he has been the admira- tion and envy of the betting fraternity, members of which have endeavored vainly to copy the persistence, judgment and good fortune with which he pursues this branch of the sport. In only one season since his debut, that of 1896, has he failed to show a balance to the credit side of the account, and in the year just men- tioned his losses, some $80,000 m amount, included all , the expenses of his racing establishment. A few of the many notable examples of Mr. Smith's style of betting may be given here. In one race he won $78,000 on King Cadmus. On Parvenue in one race he won $44,000, and on this occasion would have won $150,000 but for the fact that a mistake had been made in the entry of Dagonet for the race : the first betting being declared off. On all Parvenue's races he won $130,000. On Sir Walter, in the Brooklyn Handi- cap, he won $36,600, and on Wernberg, $36,000 in two races. In a single season it is estimated that he has wagered no less than $2,500,000, or at the rate of about $100,000 per week, while he has frequently won or lost daily sums aggregating over $35,000. Betting is, however, but one element in Mr. Smith's interests in the running turf. He adheres to eminently conservative views in relation to the general conduct of racing, agreeing with the authorities who contend that it is a sport for rich men. His stable has included some horses of high reputation, including Parvenue, King Cad- mus, Applause, Sweet Faverdale, Ed Kearney, Cande- labra, Wernberg, Belmar, Rubicon, The Winner, Belde- mere, Hamilton 11., Howard Maon, Defargilla, Kern and others. Nearly all of those who have just been mentioned have proved faithful and consistent performers and have won for their owner many thousands of dollars. It must be noted, however, especially as showing how, in spite of the utmost care and liberal expenditure uncertainly ex- ists in racing, that Defargilla was considerable of a dis- appointment to her owner and lost for him $110,000. On the other hand he has had many and substantial en- couragements in his career as a racing man. Perhaps his winning of the Brooklyn Handicap with Howard Mann in 1897 gave him as much satisfaction as anything that had ever occurred in his career. It had long been his ambition to win one of the great events of the Ameri- can turf and his pleasure was complete when Howard Mann came in four lengths ahead of Lakeshore with Handspring, Sir Walter, Ben Eder, Volley and others in the field. At the same meeting Howard Mann won for him the Parkway Handicap, beating such good ones as Roundsman, Brandywine, Arabian, Lehman, Harry Reed and Sunny Slope. In 1897 also, Belmar won for him the Ocean Handicap, traveling the one mile in i minute, 41 seconds, beating such good ones as Hastings, Rondo, Tom Cromwell and others. On the whole his stable has been remarkably success- ful and it is an interesting fact that his horses have won proportionately more races in which they started than those of any other owner on the turf. One thing that has been instrumental in bringing about this result is un- doubtedly Mr. Smith's generous manner in dealing with his stable. In the care of his horses, his expenditures are uniformly at a high figure. Few, if any establish- ments, of the kind are maintained more generously or incur greater expenditures in proportion to the number of horses which they contain. He believes in paying good salaries to his employees and thus has been able to secure and retain the best men in his service. His horses are trained by his brother, Mr. William C. Smith. For the season of 1898 he has in training the six-year old Belmar, the five-year old The Winner, and Ahom, a promising two-year old brown colt by Sir Dixon out of Roseville. His racing colors are purple with canary cap. While success such as Mr. Smith has achieved, natur- ally could not fail to arouse envy in some quarters, the esteem in which he is held by the turf world at large is not the smallest tribute to the genuine worth of his character and the modesty with which his prosperity is borne. At no period of his career has his integrity been questioned, nor has there ever been a breath of scandal connected with his relations to the turf. On principle he abstains from stimulants and tobacco, and though retir- ing in disposition, is noted for his personal kindliness and the charity which prompts him to assist others where there can be no chance of repayment. He has been prudent with his fortune, and besides providing for members of his family has invested extensively in real estate in Pittsburg, and in other securities. He resides quietly in New York, and has taken several trips to Europe in search of rest and recreation. 297 THE AMERICAN TURF /TP" "^ 298 THE AMERICAN TURF 299 THE AMERICAN TURF After racing with a success that bid fair to place his stable in the forefront of our leading owners. Colonel Jacob Ruppert, Jr., decided to sell his horses, though to the satisfaction of all friends of the sport, he still retains a warm interest in it. Colonel Ruppert is one of the most widely known and respected citizens of New York. Identified with large brewing and other interests, the necessity of giving attention to his property and busi- ness concerns have been responsible for his I'elinquish- ing an active participation in racing. He is a prominent figui'e in the social world of New York, being a member of many clubs and so- cieties, a supporter of charitable institutions and a patron of the line arts and music. He was born in New York City, August > 1SO7. The taste of Col- onel Ruppert for rac- ing was the growth of years of experience with horses. Own- ing many tine animals for driving or riding, he naturally became in time a lover of the thoroughbred and of the turf, and in 1891 became active in the sport, the formation of his celebrated stable having commenced in the autumn of that year. He purchased several horses, pay- ing high prices and selecting a n i m a 1 s whose pedigrees gave assurances that they would develop into meritorious perform- ers. The breeding dams who were included in the stable were Ajax, Counter Tenor, Gotham, Manchester, Sport, Chatta- nooga, Longdate and The Manxman, all of whom were fieciuent winners. Bambeig, Barine, Barytone 11., Brier- wood. Dare All, Favara, irvington, Sandnvmph, Mya, Nihilist, Pequod, Stockbridge,Tanis,Tappaw and Winde- mere were also among the aggregation, though he raced but few of them, and all were sold when he decided to retire from racing, in 1893. He, however, retained Con- cord (a full biother to Tyro) by Longfellow out of Leon- ora Morris and East- ertide by Lisbon out of Easterday. The members of this string which found most favor in Colonel Ruppert's eves were Counter Tenor and Gotham, whom he believed to be among the fastest horses in the world and in fact refused an offer of §60,000 for the pair. He also paid §30,000 for St. Do- mingo as a yearling, but the youngster justified neither his lineage nor his cost, being a practical fail- ure. Ajax, however, was a speedy animal and placed many races to his credit. His win- nings, including 1896, reached a total 01 $36,000. Colonel Ruppert during his turf career was liberal with his employees and popu- lar alike with the officials and the pub- lic. His horses were trained by Messrs. JACOB RUPPERT, Jr. establishments of the country were searched for likely William Huston, John Campbell and William Lakeland, recruits, and the owner of the new stable showed no The latter retained charge of Concord and Eastertide after narrow spirit in making his choice, but impartially the Colonel's retirement, which was sincerely regretted drafted into his string representatives of many diffei'ent strains of thoroughbred blood. In a majority of in- stances he was successful, many of his young horses becoming noted performeis. Among the sons and daughters of famous sires and as a loss to honorable sport and correct methods. Among the turf organizations with which Colonel Ruppert is connected are the Coney Island and the Brooklyn Jockey Clubs and the Suburban Riding and Driving Association. 300 THE AMERICAN TURF No American horseman of the present dav has more reason to be proud of the part he has played in the history of the turf than Mr. Matthew Byrnes. Suc- cessful as a jockey in his early years, he then became. and has since remained, one of the foremost of train- ers, and has prepared many of the best animals that ever graced the turf with their victories. Mr. Byrnes cocas Stable, and when that was tinally disposed of he was born in i8s4 and, coming to America while yet trained such horses as the Dwyer Brothers purchased very young, has spent the greater part of his life in the at Mr. Lorillard's sale, in securing Dew Drop and with whom he remained as foreman. At the end of six months, however, he was induced to take charge of the stable in which Mr. I,orillard had such well known performers as Parole. Wyoming, Hiwasse, Ar- anza, Barrett, Wanda, Dew Drop, Pontiac and Drake Carter. During five years he remained with the Ran- vicinity of New York. The initial step in his career on the turf was taken when he entered the stable of Mr. James Bevins, of Long Island, where he remained one year, engaging then with Major Bacon, whom he left the following season to enter the service of Mr. Wyndham Walden, the veteran trainer. The Hon. August Belmont was Mr. Byrnes' next employer, with whom he remained seven years. His career in the saddle was soon brought to an end, however, as he de- veloped in age and in weight. He then pur- chased for his own ac- count several horses, among them Venango, Nettie B., KingB.,Saun- terer, and a number of others, which he raced through the Eastern and Middle States with fair success. Subsequently he trained the thorough- breds of Mr. Lyme Hitch- cock, of Boston, among them being such useful horses as Limestone. Quito and Gaiway. Soon afterward he joined Mr. Jacob Pincus in charge of Mr. William Astor's horses, and then as first assistant trainer to Mr. Pincus. became attached to the stable of Mr. Pierre Lorillard. When Mr. Lorillard made his famous campaign in Europe he took^Mr. Pincus with him. Mr. Byrnes was offered the honor of becoming trainer for those of Mr. Lorillard's horses that remained on this side of the ocean, but he declined in favor of Anthony Taylor, MATTHEW BYRNES Pontiac, together with the services of Mr. Byrnes, the Dwyers placed their fortunes in connection with racing upon a firm foundation. A year was spent in the employ of the Dwyer Brothers, and then Mr. Byrnes accepted a posi- tion with Mr. J. B. Hag- gin, with whom he re- mained until Mr. Hag- gin retired from racing. It was for Mr. Haggin that he trained some of the greatest race horses America ever possessed, among them being those remarkable animals, Sal- vator and Firenze. Next, Mr. Byrnes was attached to the establish- ment of Mr. Marcus Daly, of the Bitter Root Stock Farm. There he handled the famous horses that iiave been identified with Mr. Daly's racing colors. Several years ago, Mr. Byrnes purchased a farm at Eatontown, N. J., op- posite the Monmouth Park track. It is known as the Chestnut Hill Farm, and its owner, at an expenditure of $so,ooo. has made it a complete breeding establishment. Mr. Byrnes' career as a trainer has been rounded out with all that could be asked for in the shape of success. Besides this, his own horses have been prominent on the turt, among them having been George Kessler, a son of Salvator and Miss Woodford: and Salvado, a son of Salvator and Orion. His name will go down to poster- ity as one of the greatest trainers of the day. 301 Tlllt .\I\11IR1C.\N TLtRF Ont of the real old-timers of the American turf is Mr. much as any of their associates to develop and improve Green B. Morris. Probably few American turfmen now the sport. living have handled a greater number of first class A notable example of Mr. Morris' skill was Star Ruby, horses. Mr. Morris was born in Madison, Miss., in This horse he took charge of for Mr. J. B. Haggin, and 1857. When he was a mere child his father removed to developed him into a great racer. Star Ruby could White River. Mo., where he was brought up. At the travel almost any distance. He won the Thornton Stakes age of fourteen he left home and engaged in driving a in California in 1896, the time, 7 minutes, 23^ seconds, cattle train across the plains to California, and m the Golden State he engaged in mining and afterward in agricultural pursuits. During the last year of the Civil War he started East again, buying and sell- ing horses and finally entered the lacing field in Missouri and Te.xas. His success was considerable from the outset, and he was soon able to come Noith and take pait in the meetings in and around New York. From that time (in he h.is raced regulaily at all the impoi'tant courses in the coim- try. Foi' some yeai's he was in paitnership with Mr. James Pat- ton, and that reliable horse. Bill Dillon, whom he pui'chased from Mr. Patton, was the liist to bring slic- cess to him. After the dissolution of that partnership he eri- gaged in racing inde- pendently. Some of the most famous horses ever known to the Ameri- can turf have been owned and iiin by Mr. Morris at some period in their career. Among them have been judge Morrow, the winner of the Brooklvn Handicap: Sir Dixon, Stratbmeath, Tipstaff, Drake Carter. Re.\, (uMd Hug, Duke of Kent, Fcllowplav, Knight Templar, and numerous others of equal distinc- tion. Although his turf career has never been of a sen- sational charactei". there have been many years when he has been ranked high up on the list of winning owners. He has been conspicuoLislv a representative of a class of hard working, practical racing men. who have done as being one of the sensational features of that season. In recent years the principal horses that Mr. Morris has run have been Lobengula, Sallie Clicquot, Sir Dick, Sandowne and others. With Lobengula, in 1897, he won many good races. At the Fort Erie, Ont., Course he won a one-mile event in 1 minute, 42 J^ seconds, and a i^V mile in 1 minute, 47^ seconds. At Morris Park, at the Novem- ber meeting, he ran 1 ';; miles over the hill in I minute, ^^ seconds, beating Ben Eder and othei' lair horses. SallieClicquot, by Salvator out of the Widow Clicquot, was also a good winner in 1897. For the season ol 1898. Mr. Morris has had in training Sir Dick by Sir Dixon out of Fauna; the bay colt Fresmarby Frenso out of Martine: the brown colt Tyrba by Tyrant out of Baby: the chestnut colt Tyr- shena by Tyrant out of Shena V an: the chestnut colt Isling- fem by Islington out of Temascal, and the bay colt July Gip by July out of Gipsv. These are all two-year olds, except Sir Dick, who is three vears old. During his long career, Mr. Moms has I'aised trainei's and jockevs. as well as horses. He has been skillful in instructing some of the bovs and men who in sub- sequent vears have achieved reputation in connection with racing. Among them have been Jim Harris. Ed Heffner, Bob Tucker. Willie Martin. Cad Dogget and manv others. GREEN B. MORRIS 302 THE AIMKRICAN' TIU^^F One III the iiKist popLilar IraiiU'is in Ainciica is Mr. Andrew J. Jovner or "Jack" Joyner. as he is known all over the country. He has been identified with racini;-. and with thoroughbreds, from the time that he was a mere lad. He served his apprenticeship for several years with Mr. William Wvche, one of the most successful old- time trainers, but now lont^- since passed away. In 1878, he appeared upon the tui'f with the mai'e Annie G., and with her he beat the bushes ot the two Carolinas. carryint!; off many prizes at the county fairs. For four years, beginning with 1879, he was foreman for Mr. W. P. Burch. In the stable of that tLiif- man were such good performers as Governor Hampton, Colonel Sprague, Helen Wallace, Decoy Duck, Mittie B., Burch and others. The success of these horses was in the largest meas- ure due to Ml'. Joyner's skill in handling them. After leaving Mr. Burch, he was engaged in train- ing for Davis & Hail un- til i88q. The horses th.it were undei' his charge were invariably brought to the post in the pink of condition, and a generous share ot the good things of the race meetings fell to them. When Messrs. Da- vis & Hall retired, Mr. Joyner made a venture on his own account. He bought several good horses, among them tiiat excellent winner (Chesa- peake, and his colors flashed to the hont in many a close finish. Subsequently, he opened a public training stable, where he handled his own horses and also several for Messrs. August Belmont and J. E. McDonald. His success was of such a deciiled charac- ter that Mr. Belmont signed a contract with him In train tor the Belmont Stable, and he remained there until the close of the season of iSqs. During the last vearof his con- nection with Mr. Belmont, the horses trained bv him were returned winners on over fortv different occasions. ANDREW J. JOYNER Perhaps nothing has, in his long career, given Mr. Joyner more satisfaction than his success with Oritlamme. Mr. James G. Rowe had given Oriflamme to Mr. T. B. Davis for stud purposes, it being supposed that the horse was broken down. When Mr. Joyner started South with him he was very lame, but when he landed at Washington, strange to say, he was apparently sound, and Mr. Davis was persuaded by Mr. Joyner to have him trained for another year. The plan was most successful, as the turf world well knows, for after Mr. Joyner had brought Ori- flamme into condition he beat all the best horses he met. including Fii- enze in the Fordham Handicap, and he ran unplaced only once in seventeen starts. Recently. Mr. Jovner has had in his stable the hoises of Messrs. David Gideon. W. A. (".hauler and Oliver H. P. Belmont. The Gideon horses that he has brought to m liable victories are Leedsville by Pontiac out of The Sc]uaw; Philip bv im- ported Rayon 1) Or out of Carrie Phillips: Froh- man by Himyar out of Jewel Ban : Wasteful by Knight of Fllerslie out of Squander: Katisha by imported Darebin out of Yum Yum; Touraine by Himvar out of Lady Ag- nes: and Jack Point by Sir Di.xon out ot Merry Maiden. The horses which Mr. Jovner owns are Her- mann the Great bv Stiat- ford out of (3ovee; Au- tumn by Uncas out of Meadowvale: Mr. Clav by imported Darebin out of Miss Clay: Menu bv imported Darebin out of Cuisine: Sagasta by Hayden Hdwards; Ninety Onts by imported Sir Modred: Mail Bag bv Kinglike and King's Pride by Prestonpaiis. fhe name of Joyner has always been inseparably connected with the best interests of his employers. His talent and devotion to the turf give him a fi.xed place among .America's great trainers. 303 THE AMERICAN TURF Prominent nmong the trainers of American tiiorougii- Finally, however, like many other jockeys, he began to breds is Mr. Frank McCabe, many years identified with take on flesh beyond the possibility of reducing to light the red, blue sash colors, of Dwyer Bros.' Stable. Mr. McCabe was born at Paterson, N. J., March is, 1839, and as a boy entered the stable of Col. McDaniel at Secaucus, N. J., where he was employed e.xei'cising horses be- longing to that gentleman, with whom he remained weight and was forced to abandon the saddle. Naturally the step from being a jockey to becoming a trainer was easy to take, and for years past Mr. McCabe has given his entire attention to this branch of horse rac- ing. During his career as trainer he has been pre- eight years. Then he engaged with a Canadian owner, eminently successful in bringing to the post those noted Mr. Valentine, with whom he had the usual preliminary turf wonders whose names, so brilliantly and imperish- training, and accquired a firm understanding of all details connected with the management and prep a ration of horses for the track. During his stay with Mr. Valentine he ac- quired some means and after five years of serv- ice he branched out as an owner and train- er, buying several horses, among them being Ascot and Flavia. After two or three years' ownership he disposed of his stable and then entered upon an engagement which resulted in making him foremost as a trainer of thoroughbreds. At the time Mr. James G. Rowe was in charge of Dwyer Bros. ' horses, McCabe was employed to assist him, which position he letained un- til Mr. Rowe severed his connection with the stable; then he was put in sole charge of the entire string. Previous to his en- gagement with the Dwyer Bros., McCabe had ridden some of America's famous thoroughbreds. Among others was Joe Daniels, winner of the sixth Belmont, and a horse that had shown as high form as any two-year old of his day. Stock wood, reared in Kentucky. was another of McCabe's mounts. He was owned by Mr. Daniel Swigert and was at one time considered an FRANK McCABE ably connected with the Dwyer Brothers, will be readily and agreeably recalled. Many of them will fig- ure most conspicuously in the history of Amer- ica's greatest thorough- breds of this or of any other period and it has been in no small meas- ure due to Mr. Mc- Cabe's skill that they were able to win some of the greatest prizes known to the contem- poraneous turf When the Dwyer Brothers dissolved partnership in 1890, Mr. McCabe was en- gaged for a short time in handling the horses of Mr. Frederick Geb- hard. But the value of his services had not been forgotten by his foi'mer employers, and presently he was called again to take charge of Mr. Philip J. Dwyer's horses. With Mr. Dwyer he has since re- mained and has now full charge of that gen- tleman's string. As a trainer Mr. Mc- Cabe stands among the very best, being in a class that ranks second to none other in the profession. Of un- assuming manners, and true to every trust that may be imposed upon him, he has won the admiration of all genuine sportsmen, and to him is due no small part of the success attained by the Messrs. Dwyer. His excellent horse. Hubbard, Sue Rider, Ocleope, and methods are sound, and his knowledge of horseflesh and many others were also piloted in their races by McCabe. its capabilities is probably unsurpassed in his profession. 304 THE AMERICAN TUKF Few stables in the history of the Ameiican turf have been more widely chronicled than that of the Dwver Brothers. Foilunate purchases from the sale of the Belmont stable established the Dwyer Brothers in racing aflfiiirsand they immediately jumped into a position of powers of the first magnitude in the racing world. Mr. Philip J. Dwyer, who has long been President of the Brooklyn Jockey Club, has become widely known in turf circles, not only in the United States, but even in Europe. Born in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 184^, he has always made his home in the City of Churches, with their stable such notable thoroughbreds as Bramble, Hindoo, Miss Woodford, George Kinney, Longstreet, Luke Blackburn, Tremont, Hanover, Dewdrop, Runny- mede, Poiitiac and Kingston. The list embraces names that are the most distinguished in the later day history of the American tuif. Until i8qo, the Dwyer Brothers continued together, but in that year Mr. Philip J. Dwyer set out independ- ently and started a stable of his own. His first personal possessions included Eon, Sir John, Declare, Kennell, Reclare, Long Beach, Madrid, Patrician and Passover. ;-^*s» HANDSPRING the exception of two years that he passed in (Califor- nia when he was a young man. Mr. Dwver's connection with racing dates from 1875, when, with his brother, Mr. Michael F. Dwyer, he first displayed his stable colors, red with blue sash. The pai» Afterward he purchased that wonderful colt. Handspring, son of Hanover and My Favorite, who carried the Dwyer colors to success in some of the most brilliant turf events of his two and three-year old career. Mr. Dwyer's string for i8c)8 included Rifle, Passover, ticular event of the debut of the Dwyer Brothers was the Handpress, Handball. Miss Miriam. Hop Scotch, Sharp- appearance of that wonderful three-year old Rhadaman- less. Overboard and several others, the larger number of thus, which they had purchased from Mr. Belmont. The the stable being promising two-year olds. There is no triumphs of Rhadamanthus inspired the Messrs. Dwyer more upright and popular sportsman in the United States with renewed enthusiasm for the turf and they at once than Mr. Dwyer, and he is properly credited with having began to increase the number of their horses, adding to done much to sustain honorable racing methods. 305 TJIE AMERICAN TURF In .ill vv.ilks of life it has \onix '""i^'i-'n lemMrkcd thai to a bad points about a horse, and how to manage him to the verv laige c-xtent the present is an era of young men. best advantage. When he was only fourteen years of Moie than ever betore in the history ol the world have age he made his liist appearance on the track through the yoLing men come forward to take the lead in affairs the tiotting hoi'se. On this occasion he drove a bay of business, in public administration and in successful horse, (Aipid, which his father had presented to him as professional activitv. The theory that a man must needs a road horse. The race was at the Chagrin Falls Ohio be old and gray haired before he can e.xpect to achieve Course, and he won the event to the great surprise of the success has long ago been relegated to the lumber room, older horsemen, who scarcely expected to see such skill where we stow away exploded ideas that are no longer in horsemanship in a mere boy. uselul. Young men come to the front and by theii' The father of Mr. Parker was a well-known and promi- energy, activity, quick grasp of the situation, and broad neiit business man of New York City, where he has been comprehension of possi- bilities, achieve success that is not onlv biilliant, but is as equally well de- served. In the woild that devotes itself to thoroughbred rac- ing, there have been many striking illustrations of the successful young man. An admirable representative of this class is Mr. Frank L. Parker. Although, as com- pared with some others in the r.niks. he has seen few years, and is in fact one of the vei'v youngest of own- eis of thoroughbreds in the United States, he h:fs achieved both success and repLitation. There is abund- ant reason foi' the success that has distinguished him, and the result in his case is another exemplification of the value of early training and of constant association from boyhood days with those interests to which a man may devote his life- time. Mr. Parkei" was born m (Chicago May lo. iSy^. His experience with horses began early and was of the most pr.icticil char- acter from the outset. His grandf.ither. Mr. Tabor Warren, was the proprietor of a large stock farm located near Cleveland, O. Mr. Parker enjoyed the adv,mtages afforded by this stock farm, even when he was no more than a school-boy. His education in rid- ing and driving began almost as soon as he was able to walk. His aptitude early displayed itself, and he also had an almost intuitive knowledge of both the good and FRANK L. PARKER located for more than twenty years. The son was educated in New York and also in Ohio, and after he had attained to man- hood determined to de- vote himself in earnest to a racing career. In asso- ciation with his brother, the late Mr. Charles W. Parker, he made a substan- tial beginning at the well- known stock farm, Alton- wood Park. There they had their own track and training stable, and devoted their personal attention to all the details of managing the establishment. Their father was associated with them, and together they maintained a stud farm of large size, keeping from so to I =;o horses all the time, together with expensive herds of fine bred cattle and a kennel of the best imported breeds of dogs. In 1S90, and the two years immediately tbllow- ing, they made many ac- tiuisitions to their stable, becoming the owners of Frank L., Maid of Alton- wood, Vandyke. Merry Duke. Mohican. Runaway and others. Maid of Altonwood was by Ben U'Or out of Lady Glasgow, V'.mdyke by Vanderbilt out of Miss Dawson, Merrv Duke by Duke of Montrose out of Fun, and Mohican by Iroc^uois out of Bertha by imported Glenelg. One notable member of Mr. Parker's string was Lake Shore, who ran successfully for several years. He \A'as a handsome chestnut horse by Farandole out of Guayaquil and was fixiled in io6 THE AAll'.kU AX 11 K I iSg:. DLiring his cnrcLT on the turf he delected some of the best horses in training, inckidinir Sir Waiter, Sister Mary, Lamplii^hter, Volley, Cromwell, Hanvvell and numerous others. In 189,, at Morris i'ark, he won a high weight handicap over the Withers mile in i min- ute, 42; J seconds. In iSgb. he won a sweepstakes at Sheepshead Bay, i mile, in 1 minute. 45 seconds, beat- ing Ueerslayer and Carib. In 1897. at the Fort Hrie, Ont., Course, he won a race at i ,V miles in 1 minute, 46J2 seconds. In 1897 he finished second in the Brooklyn Handicap and was. unfortunately, cut down in the Subur- ban. He died at Sheepshead Bay in May, 1898. In December. 189=^. Mr. Charles W. Parker died and His extreme modesty of character and thoroLighgoing sportsmanship have made IViends for him in all sections "f the turf woild. He is known to horsemen generally throughout the country, and, ruilike many young men who have attained success in a field of operation that presents so many difficulties and pitfalls, has success- fully maintained a sterling reputation. The racing colors of Mr. Parker's stable are orange with black sleeves and cap. Besides the horses already mentioned his string has included many other good ones, among them Ameer and Ross O. Ameer, who is now seven years old. is a chestnut horse by imported Kingston out of Jeweli'v. He has run many v\-inning LAKE SHORE FRANK L. PARKER his biothei' took full chaige of the stable. It is scarcely necessary to sav that Mr. Paiker has secured a h.xed place among the most prominent owners of the period. His abundant financial means have enabled him to gratify his tastes to the ilillest extent and he has spared neither time nor e.xpense in maintaining his stable always in the best of condition. His thorough and sound knowledge of all the infmite details connected with the cai'e and preparation of horses tor the I'ace track gives him a decided advantage which is undoubt- edly one of the many contiibuting causes to his success. laces. deleating such good ones as Truiculo. Pitlall, Phoebus, Halton and others. RossO. is a bay gelding by imported Rossington out of Bourne O. His best achieve- ment in 1897 was in wuining a si.x furlongs race at Sara- toga in I minute. 17 seconds, ovei' a very heavy track, de- feating Tripping, Orion and others. With good material at his command and with the experience gained during his career, Mr. Parker should, in the natural order of things, gain further and substantial fame. Thatheshould take a place of commanding importance among the horse owners of the country may well be predicted of him. 307 THE AMERICAN TURF Numbered among the most active men of Canada in business and in public life, Mr. Joseph E. Seagram has also been pre-eminently distinguished in connection with the turf in the Dominion and in the United States. He has long been interested in public affairs in Canada, where he is a man of influence in politics, being a mem- ber of {Parliament. He was born in Ontario, April is, 1841, and was an owner of horses when but a mere boy. His active turf careei', however, did not commence until later in life. As soon as he attained to manhood he engaged in business pursuits, being a mil- ler and distiller on a large scale. This oc- cupation, for a time, monopolized all his energies, so that he was unable to give any consideration to racing, which had, howevei', already en- listed, to some extent, his services. Close attention to business soon reaped its reward in hand- some financial re- turns, so that at last he had both the time and the means to in- dulge again in the pleasures of the turf Since his return to racing in 1887, he has owned and raced many of the distin- guished thorough- breds that have been known on the Cana- dian tracks, while his horses have also per- formed in the most creditable m a n n e r upon many of the leading courses in the United States. Prom- inent in his stable have been such champions as Victor- ious, Martyrdom, Saragossa, O'Donohue, Havoc, Half- ling, Martello, Joe Miller, Bonniefield, Millbrook, Trage- dian and Fernandine, all of whom have been great performers. One particular distinction Mr. Seagram has, in the fact that he has accomplished what no other turfman has succeeded in doing, and that is winning a Blue Ribbon event for eight years in succession. The Qiieen's Plate is the prize which he has thus carried off season after season. This he won the first year with Victorious; the second year with O'Uonohue; the third year with Mar- tello; the fourth year with Joe Miller; the fifth year with Bonniefield; the sixth year with Millbrook; the seventh year with Fernandine; and the eighth year with Bon Ino. This race, which is I'un at Toronto, is \% miles distance. Victorious, who won in i8qi, was a son of Terror, and covered the course in 2 minutes. 14'.' seconds, making the record time for the event. Both O'Donohue and Martello, who won in 1892 and 1893 re- spectively, were by Cromaboo, and Mar- tello reduced the time to 2 minutes, 14 sec- onds. The winners in the three successive years. 1894, i8qs and 1896, were all by Springfield. Fernan- dine, who won in 1897, was by Fernandez, and reduced the rec- oid for the event to 2 minutes, 13 sec- onds. Bon Ino, who won in 1898, is a handsome four-year old brown mare by Marauder out of Bon- nie Ino. Delmoor, another representa- tive of the Seagram Stable, ran second to Bon Ino. Mr. Seagram main- tains an extensive breeding establish- ment in Canada, his firm being by far the most important of its kind in that section. At the head of his stud are the stallions Morpheus, Sara- gossa. Marauder and imported Springfield. The mares whom he keeps for service number some forty or more, most of whom are imported, while all are of the choicest thoroughbred blood. He has over sixty horses in training, some of whom are raced through the Canadian circuit, while others try their fortunes upon the leading courses in the United States. Mr. Seagram has long been a CHARLES BOYLE 308 THE AMERICAN TURE faniiliar tiiiine upon the Aiiiciican tracks, wlici'c some of the laige stakes have been placed to liis credit, and he is known throuijhout the country as a thorough sportsman of the lirst class. His stable is now in charge of Mr. Charles Boyle, who is well known, both in Canada and the States, as one of the fore- most trainers ot this generation. Mr. Seagram is foi'tunate in having a trainer of Mr. Boyle's ability and integrity in chai'ge of his stable. Several of the old campaigners, who have cai'ried Mi'. Seagram's colors, are still in training. Among these are Stonemason by Stonehenge out of Mary Buckley: Morpheus by Wenlock Belle. K. C. B., Defiance, Flag of Truce and Weller; King's Ransom by Kinglike; Satirist by Juvenal; Galahad by Sir Modred: Sugden by St. Leonards; Mischief Maker by Meddler; two Morpheus fillies. Buffoonery and Curfew Belle; two Orinoco fillies, Pledge and Salamanca; the chestnut gelding Cocoanut by Orinoco; three Othmar fillies, Terralta, Ottoman and Bonnet Box; Floridian by Tristan; and Procession by Order. The remarkable strength of Mr. Seagram's Stable in recent years may be best understood, perhaps, by a brief reference to some of his most notable winnings. Season after season he has carried off most of the great prizes at J. E. SEAGRAM SARAGOSSA out ot Golden Dream: Joe Miller by Springfield out ot the Toronto meeting, many of them several times. Thus Miiley; Havoc by Himyar out of Elletta: Connoisseur by the Qiieen's Plate, the Ontario Plate, the Woodstock Sir Modred out of Dixianne; Halfiing by Mache.ith out of Plate, the Norway Purse, the Toronto Cup, the Dominion Moiety: Patrol bv King Gallop out of Patience; Trage- Plate, the Walker Cup and other stakes and purses not dian by Egmont out of "Veva; Bon Ino by Marauder of secondary importance, have fallen to him. The sue- out of Bonnie Ino, and Dandelion by Dandy Dinmont cesses that his stable has achieved en the Toronto course out of Shamrock. The two-year olds that Mr. Seagram are but samples drawn from the long list of victories that has in training number some forty or more. They are a goodly lot of the best parentage. Among them aie Sir Casimir bv Exile; two Faverdale colts, Airdale and Fabulous Fortune: five Knight of Ellerslie colts. Knight have been credited to him elsewhere, in Canada and in the United States. He has shown himself to be a gentle- man of true sporting instincts and an honor to the turf, as he is one of its most valued supporters. 309 THE AMERICAN TURE TNI-: AMI-.kU-W TIIRI.- Another illListration of llu- succcssfal jockev who has in turn become a trainer of excellent reputation and thence has grown into the full stature of an owner, Mr. Robert V. Boyle has had an interesting caieer. So frequently in any consideration of the active ownei's and trainers of the present day is it necessaiy to point out how they have advanced fVom small beginnings that theii' histoiy may from one point of view be considei'ed some- what monotonous. The student of the period, however, naturally tlnds in this very monotony one of the most engaging featuies of modeiii turf development, for it pre- sents a vitally instructive lesson, especially as showing how industry and merit reap their full rewards in this puisuit. Mr. Boyle must be placed in the front rank of those who have attained to gratifying and well earned success Irom the humblest begin- ning. His experience has extended over a period of about fifteen years and has been of a varied and im- portant character. It was almost inevitable from the circumstances of his birth that he should become a racing man. for he was boin near Sheepshead Bay, !„ I., September 8, 1871. It would have been con- trary to the logical order of things if he had devoted himself to anv other pLir- suit than that which has b e e n so conspicuously identified with Sheepshead Bay. His definite career in connection with the turf began when he was only twelve years of age. At that time he became an exercise boy m the stable ot the Messrs. Dwyer Brothers. There he served an apprentice- ship, under that capable trainer, Mr. James G. Rowe. and it would not be easy to name a better school for a youngster than the Dwyer Stable with Mr. Rowe as master. After remaining with the Dwyeis for one season he rode for several owners in 1884. and was successful in winning some good races. Among those for whom he then rode most frequently was Mr. William Stoops. One of the best mounts that he had at this time was Tornado by imported Glenlion out of Estella, whom he rode to several victories. In 1888, he became jockey for Mr. James Davis, who was widely and affectionately known as "Old Hickory." During the year that he was con- ROBERT V. BOYLE nected with the stable of Mr. Davis he had many good mounts, among them being Old Hickory, Bob May and Battledore and his many victories materially increased his already strong reputation. In 1889, he was engaged to ride for Mr. Sam Love and on St. John and St. Luke, the principal horses of that turfman's string, he was able in place several excellent races to his credit. When increasing weight made it no longer possible for Boyle to continue in the saddle, he turned his at- tention to the profession of training, that ultimate refuge of all jockeys. He still maintained his connection with Mr. Love, however, and soon demonstrated his skill in his new employment by bringing some very good racers to the front. His first attempt as a trainer was particu- larly notable, for he had the handling of Ballarat. who under his care won ten races. He also trained St. John, St. Luke and Lewinsky. In 1893, he became trainer for Mr. J. Reiser, having in his charge Pay-or-Play, West r^ark. Innovation, King Leo, Sorrento, Irish Lass and other good ones. With this string he won some- thing like $20,000 for his employer. Becoming an o w n e r himself in i.Sq4, Mr. Boyle had a stable in which were Heads or Tails and Mamie R. Both these hoises he raced for a year, meeting with very good luck. In the following y e a r he owned and trained Sep- tuor, a brown colt by Ox- lip out of imported Steph- anette. Although classed as a candidate for selling races, Septuor, under Mr. Boyle's skilful handling, de- veloped remarkably good powers. Again and again he defeated many of the most notable stake horses on the contemporaneous tLirf. His maiden race as a two-year old was at Pimlico in 189^, and during that season he won a single iMce out ol' eight starts and secured a place thiee times. In his three-year old form he started in thiity-one races, of which he won eleven and was placed in eleven. Among the high-class performers that he de- feated were Ben Eder, Hazlet, Aurelian. Premier, Bona- parte, Patrol and Charade, the list showing that his victories have come from his merit and his owner's skilful handling and not iVom chance. Mr. Boyle's success with Septuor led him to increase his stable by adding May Fi'ances. Captain Nash and others. THE AMERICAN TURF im Probablv no trainer in the country enjoys greater or more deserved popularity than Mr. William Lakeland. Nor, if results be the test, is there any man in racing circles of the present era whose professional knowledge, whether applied on his own behalf as an owner, or in connection with the great establishments of our modern turf magnates, has been more practical and successful. Mr. Lakeland has virtually given his whole life to the business, and has climbed the ladder of success by his own intelligence and efforts. He is to-day a represen- tative of what perseverance and integrity can accom- plish. Born in Manchester, England, in 18,3, he came to this country a lad of eleven. He was deprived of earlv educational advantages, and his start in life was in the unpromising capacity of helper in a cotton mill at Paterson, N. J., in which city his boyhood was passed. It was in the year 1869 that his connection with racing began, the Babcock Stable affording him the first opportunities in this connection, in this stable were several prominent thoroughbreds, such as Helen Bold. General Abe Buford's horse. Enquirer, and Susan M.. dam of Thora. The first winter that Lakeland passed with Mr. Babcock was spent in New Orleans, in the spring of 1870, when the stable moved North, its training was placed in the hands of Mr. Patterson, and at the initial meeting at Long Branch, Lakeland received his first mount. As a jockey. Lakeland rode and won some very sen- sational races. Among the number may be mentioned Wildidle's performance in California, where he beat Grinstead. subsequently a notable sire. Foster was an- other of his mounts, riding whom in California he won $30,000 for the owner, defeating Rutherford and other speedy animals. Mr. Lakeland's connection with the Babcock Stable was severed in 1882, but he had become an owner of racers on his own account as early as 1876. His first purchase was General Harney, the winner or the two-mile heat and the four-mile heat races at the Centennial meeting at New Orleans in 1876. .Altogether during his career as an owner, Mr. Lakeland has laid out more than $200,000 for race horses, and, with the ex- ception of two seasons, during which he trained for Mr. James R. Keene, he has always trained and run his own horses. During nearly thirty years Mr. Lakeland has been prominently before the racing public. To particularize in connection with his record for that period is to recall the names of many of the stars of the turf among whom Domino holds the leading position. Indeed, Mr. Lake- land himself says that that horse was the greatest he ever trained out of the entire number of fast animals and large stake winners that have owed their success to his skill. The list is a long one, and it includes such horses of note as Exile. Tea Tray, Kimball. Tattler, Babcock, General Harney, ^.. Keene Richard, Jr., Ern- ^ISfe est. Peg Woffington, Buck- ^B tie (winner of the Chicago ^» Derby), Emma C, Victory, ^^ Typhoon and Little Reb. f / The latter was a little horse that won three races in one ^ day and five races in three Tfv days. At the sale of Mr. J. J. McCatferty's horses in the autumn of 1896, Mr. Lakeland acquired Judge Hancock, Gold Crest and Winged Foot. For the season of 1898, Mr. Lakeland is handling the Eastern horses of Mr. Marcus Daly's stable, and has been successful in bringing several of them to the front as winners in the early meetings of ihe year. His own horses are nearly a dozen in number. The tried ones are Decide, Winged Foot, Joe Anderson. George Boyd, imd Squire Abingdon. His two-year olds are Florence Breckenridge and Plumage by Goldfinch, Chorus Bov bv Chorister. Young Exile by Exile, and Ethel Green by Tea Tray. Mr. Lakeland enjoys a popularity as wide as it is fully deserved. He is one of the practical men of the turf and has won throughout his professional life the confi- dence and respect of turf officials, owners and public as well. Added to profound knowledge of horses, their nature and capabilities, he possesses an acquaintance with and respect for the best traditions of racing. WILLIAM LAKELAND THE AMF.RICAN TURF Makiiiii' a leputation first as an exceptionally line jockey, principally in hurdle races and steeplechasing. Ml'. James H. McCormick became a trainer of note and has also earned fame as an owner. He was born at Belleville, N. J., August 2^. iSsi. and began his appren- ticeship to the turf in 1869, when Jerome Park, Saratoga and Secaucus, N. J., had the only meetings in the East. His first employers were Messrs. Thomas Puryear and Louis Stuart. As James Stuart did the riding for the stable, McCormick had little chance for advancement, though he did some clever flat riding for Mr. Hugh McGaffney. His next employer was Mr. A. D. Brown, of Maryland, whose trainer was J o h n J. Hyland, and the cross-country riding for the establishment was entrusted to Mc- Cormick and Hyland. On 1 e a V i n g Mr. Brown he went to the famous stable of Dwyer Brothers and continued to ride over the jumps and act as assistant trainer to Mr. James Rowe. He had, among other mounts, Derby and Kinney, but in June, 1879, met with a bad fall at the Coney Island Jockey Club meet at Prospect Park, now the Brooklyn Track. This e n d e d his career as jockey and. on recovering, he ac- cepted a position to train for Mr. W. A. c ,, ,- JAMES H. Mccormick hngerman, the loun- der of the Brighton Beach Racing Association. Baton Rouge, Miss Malloy and Swanona were among the horses he trained in this stable. His next move was to open a public training stable, in which venture he was successful, having the horses of such men as Mr. August Belmont, Sr., Mr. William L. Scott, of Erie, and Mr. A. F. Walcott. By this time he had acquired and ran several useful race horses of his own, including Auto- crat, Firefly, Early Blossom. Sparling and Marguerite. Early Blossom won the first two-vear old stake of her year, and took her name from the title given to it. She was a decidedly clever filly. Out of 89 starts she took some part of the stakes 71 times. Firefly also won a great many selling races, while Sparling was twenty times a winner. All the others were reliable per- formers. Among the horses of note which Mr. McCormick trained was Mr. Thomas Hanley's Glenullen, which was the first horse to make a mile record as good as 1.41^^ over the Sheepshead Bay Course. He also trained Avalon, a famous sprinter. For Mr. John Mullins he trained Badge, who was sec- ond to Castaway II. in the Brooklyn Han- dicap. He also had the care of Mr. H. O. Barnard's horses, and of several for the once famous plunger, Mr. F. T. Walton, includ- ing Deceiver, Wagner, Hopeful and Three Cheers. The I a s t- named horse won for Mr. Walton over $50,000, of which he presented Mr. Mc- Cormick with ,$^,000. For a short time Mr. McCormick en- gaged in winter rac- ing, but later on sold his stable for$3=i, 000, and became trainer for Mr. G. Walbaum, with whom he re- mained for two years, until that well-known turf man sold out his stable. During this time Mr McCormick had the handling of that notably brilliant performer. Lamplighter. The next engagement into which Mr. McCormick en- tered was with Messrs. Burns & Waterhouse. These gentlemen have some forty horses in training, and are also proprietors of a ranch purchased from Mr. Theo. Winters and once noted as the home of Norfolk. The members of the firm have large interests in California and Mexico. Not only is Mr. McCormick a master of the art of training, but he has accumulated a handsome fortune at his profession. 5'3 THE AMERICAN TURF lnst;inces ;iie not lackint^ in connection witii tiiu scientious metJTods of the yount; trainer. The PLiisiler history of the turl', both past and present, which prove Stable at once took a glorious place in contemporary turf that the professional employments connected with it history, and Tenny's victories, including the Brooklyn afford a field for the exercise of natural skill and talent Handicap and the Ocean Stakes, i8qi, established Mr. of a superior order, and that the possession of such quali- Karrick's position as one of the foremost representatives ties opens the way to an honorable success by no means of his profession, inferior to that which could be attained in any other Mr. Karrick continued with Mr. pursuit. The career of Mr. William H. Karrick is but in i8qs invested his capita an illustration of this idea, while his success emphasi/^es stable of his own at Morris Park. the fact that unswerving integrity and unceasing industry lead to the highest rewards the racing world can bestow. Born at Covington, Ken- tucky, in 1867. Mr. Kar- rick commenced early in life to fill humble posi- tions in various racing stables. His first en- gagement was in 1882, when he was with Mr. Hanigan at Latonia. He remained with this establishment for some four or five years, in the last two of which he filled the position of fore- man. He then went with Mr. J. W. Rogers, exer- cising horses, and, in 1888, entered the stable of Colonel David T. Pul- sifer in the same capac- ity. The string with which he thus became connected included such performers as Governor Sheehan, Drum Major, Will Elliott and others, bLit the gem of the ag- gregation was the mar- velous swayback Tenny. whom his admirers still consider one of the best horses that ever appeared on the American turf. Pulsifer loi' some time, in a public training The Pulsifer string continued imder his charge, and also the horses of the Kensico Stable, including among them Divide. Takan- nassee, Successful, Azure, Full Speed and Ti'ayline, as well as a number of two-year olds for Colonel Pulsifer. Mi'. Karrick also has had a few select animals, of which Dr. Jim, whom he sold to W.C. Daly, and Miss Tenny by Tenny out of Fair Vision, may be specially mentioned. it was peculiarly fitting that the first of the swayback's get to distinguish themselves should be an inmate of his trainer's stable. In Miss Tennv, both Col- onel Pulsifer and Mr. Karrick have a worth\- representative o f h e r sire. Another a n i m a 1 that Mr. Karrick added to his string in 1897 was the bay filly Juda by Britannic out of Judy. For the season of 1898 Mr. Karrick has had in training Mr. Arthur White'sTitmouse. Geisha and Naviculine; Messis. KARRICK Wattson & Co.'s Bom- bast and Flea: Mr. Thomas L. Reynolds' Zeila and Crown: Mr. A. F. Walcott's Duxbury and Colonel D. T. WILLIAM H Mr. Karrick's opportunity came when Donovan, who trained for Colonel Pulsifer, was obliged to give up his - - , charge. The owner of the stable recognizing the value Pulsifers Tenraine by Tenny out of Lorraine. Besides of Tenny, was naturally unwilling to commit the care of a share in Miss Tenny, he also owns Tennith, 'Vera K. and the horse to a new trainer, and having marked the Sensina. There is no dissent in turf circles to the opin- modest, yet painstaking way in which Mr. Karrick per- ion that Mr. Karrick is one of the most painstaking and formed his subordinate duties, proposed that he should reliable of trainers, while his conservatism is displayed in assume the post of trainer. The offer was accepted, not the competence he enjoys as the result. He is popular without hesitation, but the results showed both the with his turf associates, and has the confidence and respect good judgment of the owner and the thorough, con- of the best element in the racing circles of the country. 314 THE AMERICAX TVli] Extensively :ind favorably known Irom Maine to (Cali- fornia. Ml'. Frank Brown has a reputation among his fellow tLiifmen as one of the most successful of the younger owners and trainers. Although still under thirty years of age. he has had a wider and niDie prac- tical experience than many older men. At a time in his life when most men have only just begun to lay the foundations lor their future, he has already passed through the preliminary training of his profession and has achieved reputa- tion. Born near Kansas City, Mo., September 24, 1871, Mr. Brown left home before he was ten years of age and began at once that association with t h e thoi'oughbred horse which has since continued uninter- ruptedly. As falls to the lot of most boys who are brought up in training establish- ments, he began by exercising horses un- der the shed. He showed remarkable skill and as early as 1880 had his tlrst mount, his em plov- ers. Messrs. Bell & Kimberly, entrusting him to ride Grey Eagle. On his first trial he was able to llnish second, which all will admit was a very satisfactorv achievement. In his second ride he did even better, for he brought in Grey Eagle at the head of the field. For several years thereafter he continued in the saddle and won numerous important races, showing excellent skill and judgment in jockeyship. Naturally his ambition was to become an owner, and he purchased Red Fox, with whom he won several races. He also was successful with |im Mulholland. FRANK BROWN .SubseciLiently he trained the stable of Mr. William McLaughlin. When racing on the Gloucester track was suspended he went South with several horses of his own and from Mr. McLaughlin's Stable. At New Orleans he became a prominent (iguie in the winter rac- ing and won considerable money, especially with Sim- rock. He was soon able to purchase other horses and had one of the im- portant stables of the South and West. Af- ter leaving New Or- leans he made a tour of the Western cir- cuit and was even more successRil than in the South. In recent years he has been more than ever prominent, hav- ing owned several thoroughbreds who have attained to dis- tinction under h i s hands. He has been particularly active in the winter racing upon the Southern tracks. Noted horses that he has owned and run have been Mainstay, King Will- iam. Gutta Percha, Gratify and other good ones. In 1S9O. he raced in Calitornia. particularly with Gut- ta Percha and King William. Mr. Brown has been so pre-eminently suc- cessful in training for others and for him- self and has shown such skill in bringing horses in good con- dition to the post that he has attracted the attention of owners everywhere. Mr. James R. Keene was particularly im- pressed with his ability, and, during the season of 1897, he was the trainer of the Keene string of thoroughbreds. For the season of 1898 he has his own stable, with several good horses, and has returned to Mr. Keene again to train some of that gentleman's best runners. 31; THE AMERICAN TURF Born at St. Louis, Mo., in 1864, Mr. Hardy Alonzo Campbell has for more than twenty years been actively engaged in the care and riding of thoroughbreds. His first employment was with a Mr. Kelly, of Lexington, in that gentleman's stable he exercised and rode for one season, gaining an excellent practical experience that laid the foundation for his future success. Subse- quently he engaged with Mr. Samuel Eckers, who was at that time one of the most prominent horsemen of St. Louis. He remained with Mr. Eckers until 18S0, and was regarded as one of the brightest boys in that gentle- man's establishment. By this time his attention to busi- ness and the unusual capabilities that he displayed in all his work attracted the at- tention of other turfmen, and he was generally con- sidered one of the most promising young men who were then seen about the paddocks. In 1880, Mr. Campbell came East, and although he was even then a com- paratively unknown young- ster, he became an em- ployee of the Dwyer Broth- ers, who, it is well known, have always calculated to have only the best men and boys in their establishment. Since that time he has remained uninteri'uptedly connected with the Dwyer stables, fu'st with the Dwyer Brothers and later with Mr. Michael F. Dwyer. His progress was rapid, and in the course of time he came to have practical control, as trainer, of the entire stable. Held in the high- est esteem by his employers, his ability was fully recog- nized by his being intrusted with the responsible work of bringing into condition all the great thoroughbi'eds who carried the Dwyer colors upon the turf When the Dwyer Brothers dissolved partnership, Mr. Campbell followed the fortunes of the younger member of the firm, Mr. Michael F. Dwyer. The confidence that was reposed in him at that time was fully demon- strated by Mr. Dwyer's readiness to place him in full control of all his horses. During his connection with the Dwyer stables he has trained some of the most cele- brated horses that ever ran on the American turf The skill with which he has handled these candidates for turf honors and the knowledge that he has displayed of their strong C|ualities and how to bring them cut most effectively have more than once proven his ability to cope with the best trainers in the United States in the present generation. Mr. Campbell has not confined his services alone to the stable of Mr. Dwyer. The intimate relations between Mr. Dwyer and Mi-. Richard F. Croker in racing affairs brought him into association with the last-named gen- tleman, with whose stable he has also been connected as trainer. His success with Mr. Croker's horses has not been less important than that which he has achieved with the hoi'ses of Mr. Dwyer. In 1894, he was en- ti'usted with the care of the American representatives that Messrs. Dwyer and Cioker sent to England to race on the English turf. Upon the other side of the Atlantic he was, on the whole, fairly successful with his charges. The dif- ficulties which beset a stranger on English soil, principally the difference in climatic condition and 01 training methods, are al- most insurmountable by one who has not been to the manor born. Never- theless, when all things are taken into consideration, Mr. Campbell did very well indeed. Upon his retLiin to the United States in the fall of 189s, Mr. Campbell began again to give his attention to Mr. Dwyer's horses for their engagements in this country. During the time that has since elapsed he has been pre-eminently suc- cessful in bringing many of his charges forward into the class of winners of great events. To give a list of all the horses that Mr. Campbell has prepared for their racing battles would be to enumerate an exceptional number of America's greatest thoroughbreds. In nearly all the big stakes wherein a contending horse has been obliged to be at his best in order to win from the best that are pitted against him, Mr. Campbell's charges have been again and again successful. One ot his greatest achievements was in bringing Ben Brush to the post in the Suburban of 1897 in such superb con- dition that he was the winner of that memorable event. HARDY A. CAMPBELL 316 THE AMI'.RICAN I'VRU Few jockeys that ever sported colors on the American tuif have been more distinguished than Mr. James F. Mc- Laughlin, who graduated from the saddle to become a successful trainer. He was born on Washington's Birth- day, in 1861, at Hartford, Conn. His connection with the turf began at an early age, and he was one of " Father Bill " Daly's boys. Under the watchful eye of that turf- man he made his d^but when he was only fifteen years of age. From the outset he was diligent and quick to learn, applying himsell closely to acquiring a mastery of the vocation which he had chosen. He was indentured to Mr. Daly, and received from that horseman a thorough coaching that was the foundation ot his future triumphs, and that before long elevated him to a position in the front rank. His success was something phenom- enal, and his name be- came identified with some of the most glori- ous victorious of the red, with blue sash, of the Dwyer Brothers during their palmy days. His connection with the Dwyers lasted some ten years, and his valuable services for them and for other owners brought him wealth. Afterward he rode for Mr. G. V. Hankins, of Chicago, and then for one brilliant season for Mr. J. B. Haggin. Ultimately, the fate that befalls all jockeys came to Mr. McLaughlin, and his growing weight put an end to his career in the saddle. The ex- perience that he gained during his jockeyship had been, of course, of the most valuable character, and he was recognized as possessing all the best qualities for a llrst- class trainer. Mr. Pierre Loiillard engaged his services, and his complete practical knowledge of the thorough- bred placed him at once on a basis with the best trainers in the country. Not content to confine himself to train- jAMES F. Mclaughlin iuij; the horses of other owners, he decided to make his knowledge and skill also available in his own behalf Accordingly, he purchased Take Back and Walcott, whom he trained and rode whenever the opportunity offered. Naturally, one who had done so well in riding for other owners, scarcely failed in success when riding for himself, and he won many good races. Walcott was the better horse of the two just named, and his winnings enabled Mr. McLaughlin to increase the size of his stable by adding other horses, who were often found first bv the post. The training establish- ment of Mr. McLaughlin at the present time is principally devoted to his own horses. In the past, such good perform- ers as Morello, Wern- berg. Premier, joe Hay- man, (Courtship, Arme- nia, Maud Adams, Slow Poke and many others have received their prep- aration at his hands. He now owns, and has in training, Premier by im- ported Sir Modred out of Premium; Torstenson by Torso out of Bessie Peyton; Charentus bv Charaxus out of Content; Lady Lindsay by im- ported Sir Modred out of Memento: Prosaic by Sir Modred out of Prose; Counselor Wernberg by imported Sir Modred out of Nonage; Sol by Or- der out of Fancy; Class- ique by Order out of Longalette ; Surrender bv Order out of Hannah ; Ordinate by Order out of Coots: Miss Order by Order out of Miss Saxon ; Cavalleria by Cavalier out ot Alice Vincent: Water Girl by Watercress out Parthenia; 18 Carat by Golden Garter out ot Mollie Walton; Diminutive by Sir Dixon out of Meriden : and Colonel Tenny by Tenny out of Katie Fletcher. Modest in manner, and diligent and scientific in his woik, Mr. McLaughlin seems destined to achieve luither fame .is an owner and trainer as the years go by. 317 THE AMERICAN URE Once upon n time tlie lielief was prevalent in turf circles that no man who had not begun at the very lowest in the profession could be expected to attain to the success that was the reward of those who had devoted a lifetime to the study of the thoi'oughbred. Many instances have occurred, however, in recent years to modify, if not to entirely disprove this proposition, foi' it reqLiires no very long or complete acqLiaintance with racing affairs to enable one to recall the names of manv pi'ominent turfmen who have, as it wei'e. achieved fame at a bound with compai'ativelv no pre- vious acquaintance with racing affairs. A strik- ing example of this state- ment is seen in the career of Mr. W. M. Wallace. Coming upon the tuif as late as 1891. Mr. Wallace had been, up to that time, engaged in the dry goods business. It took him less than live years to attain to a place in the front rank of the great army of owners. Mr. Wallace was born March 21, 1870. in Le.x- ington, Ky.. and. as was to be expected from his Southern nativity, he al- ways had more or less interest in horses. As has just been said, hou^- ever, his first definite venture in turf life was in 1 89 1. At that time he was engaged with Mi. Byron McClelland in the capacity of agent and general manager of that noted turfman's enter- prises. For some four years he filled this posi- tion to the very great advantage of his princi- pal and with credit to himself. His experiences gi'adu- ally determined him to enter upon the racing field upon his own account, and in the autumn of 1894 he made his plans for an independent rticing career. As a first move in this direction he purchased the famous horse, The Commoner, by Hanover, in addition to a number of yearlings. He raced on the principal courses East and West. In 1894, The Commoner distinguished hinisell W. M. WALLACE by winning the Essex Stakes at Morris Park, besides several good purses, while, in 1895, he came in second in the race for the Phtenix Hotel Stakes. In 1896. Mr. Wallace had a notable experience with The Commonei'. Starting in with the Louisville races in the spring, his horse finished second in two events, and then in the Oakley races won four straights, three stakes and one purse. After that he made the most brilliant showing of his life when, at Sheepshead Bay. he finished second to that grand horse, Henry of Navarre, in the Suburban Handicap. He won the highest honors on that occasion, and was well worthy to have been the winner. Although he was practically left at the post, he dashed gamely forward and soon assumed command of the field, and was onlv beaten after a des- perate struggle. In the Coney Island Handicap, at the same meeting he lan implaced, carrying top weight of 127 pounds, the horses be- ing kept at the post in this start foi' more than half an hour. Another crack horse that Mr. Wallace owned was The Wmnei'. who. as a two-year old, won the Oakley Handicap, and, in 1896, held the record for the fastest mile run over the course at Sheepshead Bay. It is not often that a turhmaii makes such ad- vancement in as brief time as Mr. Wallace has displayed since he has been allied with racing affaiis. He has made with a rapidity and sureness that credit upon his shrewdness and his executive ability. As a trainer he has displayed marked ability, his aptitude in this direction show- ing very forcibly in the way in which he has devel- oped his yearlings into racers who have displayed eminent qualities in their two-year old and three-year old foims, his way forward leflects abundant 3ii> THE .XMI'klCAX rUKF Most incii who liavu iittaincd success have been Icad- cTs in whatever pursuit they have chosen to follow. This is as true of training horses as it is in other em- ployments. Probably every trainer of any consequence is, to a greater or less degree, a leader or a specialist. He has his own methods, his own ideas as to the char- acter of thoroughbreds, and his own methods of treating them in order to bring out their best points. In a broader sense than is applicable to the profession generally, Mr. John V. Elliott is a specialist as a trainer, and has been so pre- eminently successful in the line to which he has devoted himself that his reputation has gone out widely among all turf- men. Probably the best test of any trainer's abil- ities is found when he is called upon to take hold of material that has been pronounced worth- less. In the experience of every trainer exam- ples of this character frequently occLir, and the result in some cases has been of a surprising- ly gratifying character. Mr. Elliott's work of this nature has not been, however, in isolated instances. Practically, he has devoted himself almost entirely to this discarded material and the horses that he has undertaken to train have almost without excep- tion been cast - otTs. Many of them have been noted horses in their day, but the period of their usefulness was sup- posed to have been passed before they came into Mr. Elliott's hands. And the interesting part of the story is Kennell won three consecutive starts. Mclntyre won — interesting alike to their owners and to the public — that these cast-offs under his handling have turned out winners, many of them having afterward been sold for large prices. Mr. Elliott is a native of Brooklyn, N. Y., where he The lirst professional appearance of the son as a turfman was in the capacity of owner and trainer, his purchases at that time including Pericles, Jack Cade and Mirama. He continued buying and training for himself until 1892, when he accepted an engagement as trainer with Colonel Bruce, of New York. Two years later he joined Mr. W. J. Speirs, of New York, for whom he trained successfully a year and a half, hi i.Sgs, he opened a public stable at Gravesend, L. I., and trained for Messrs. C. Cornehlsen, P. J. Dwyer. M. F. Dwyer, C. F. Dwyer, F. C. O'Reilly, McCarren, .Scott and others, and in that busi- ness he lias continued ever since. He has been eminently successful in bringing horses to the post in condition and they have won many of the most important stakes and purses of the modern turf. It would be a long list that should hold the names of all the horses that Mr. Elliott has handled, but a m o n g them may be mentioned Pericles, Leonawe'.l, Jack Cade, Mirama, Bren- tano. Major Domo, l^oor Jonathan, Blythe, Man- grove, Shelly Tuttle. Baroness, Richtield, Im- perial, Roller, Armitage, Piince George and Port- chester. Some good performances are credit- ed to these horses, which is abundant proof of the trainer's skill. For ex- ample. Shelly Tuttle won eleven out of thir- teen starts as a three- year old, while Leonawell won six out of eight starts. JOHN V. ELLIOTT was born in March, 1863. He received a good educa- tion and, at the age of twenty, entered business with his father, the late Mr. Charles B. Elliott.. who died in 1890. seven out of ten starts, and one season at Jerome Park won three consecutive races. These were all cast-offs, and their success was entirely due to Mr. Elliott's skill in bringing to lite and action their latent powers, a taculty that has won for him a peculiar and high reputation, so that his services are constantly sought by many eminent owners. He is always well engaged, and his SLiccess seems destined to continue for many years to come. 319 THE AMERICAN TURF There ;ii"e now in this country lew representatives of the old school of English turfmen. For the most part, the Englishmen have been contented to remain in their own country, having the national confidence in the English turf and the consequent disregard of the attrac- tions of racing elsewhere. Some exceptions there have been to this rule and in the period immediately follow- into the far West and engaged in ranching. A tew years later he removed to Chicago and started in the horse bus- iness, being part proprietor of the English Horse Exchange in that city. He came to New York in 1886, and again returned to his early love, steeplechasing. One of his first mounts was at Rockaway, on the Canadian horse Cyclone. He fell with him in jumping the stone ing our Civil War the American turf began to attract wall, being crushed so badly that for a longtime his life hither some proficient jockeys and very capable trainers, was despaired of. and he lay unconscious in Rellevue One of the most promi- Hospital for more than a nent of the old-time Eng- m o n t h . His vitality lish turfmen who have of stood him in good stead, late vearsbeen identified so that he slowly recov- with racing matters in ered sufficiently to be the United States, is Mr. sent home to England, William Bernard Gilpin, though badly crippled well known as an ,.._. and partially paralyzed, owner, trainer and ^i^^SHJI^k. After some months he steeplechase rider. Born i^^H^^^^^ returned again to Amer- in 1851, at Longford, ^^^^^^^^H ica and soon obtained an Cannock, in the County ^HHMilSfll^^^^^ engagement as trainer of Staffordshire, he is the ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^'^^ stable of Mrs. only son of Mr. Bernard m^B George Lorillard. This Gilpin, who is still a ^^^^ position he held until well-known Justice of Mrs. Lorillard retired the Peace and County iVom the tLirf, and the Counsellor for Stafford- following two years he shire. The elder Mr. - tiained the horses of Mr. Gilpin at one time Chuk Maxwell. Sub- owned and raced sev- sequently he purchased eral good horses. The -»*' for himself the horse son thus was imbued Sport and in partnership with love lor the with Mr. J. Taylor, as the thoroughbred and at an Washington Stable, had early age became a rider 'c ■ success with that good for his father. Making | hut erratic hor=e. his debut in 1S73, he |, In iSgs, he opened a carried his father's colors ' ,^,,,^ public stable and trained for several years with ii ^ -"^jHSBIil^V' i" addition some few considerable success and ^ Mr ^^S^ ^^r^^ horses of his own. In developed a great * ^Btt^^^^^ ^'^'^ enterprise he is still amount of skill as a ^^ZS^^BBtT engaged, and to-day in- rider. Subsequently his ' ^^'^^^^^■^ ckides among his pa- services were sought by ^^^^ trons some excellent many prominent English william b. gilpin supporters of the turf turfmen, for whom he Personally, Mr. Gilpin rode many good races. A brilliant career opened be- is a popular member 01 his profession. He has con- fore him and he was always able to obtain his full share sistently pursued a policy that has influenced the public of winning mounts. He continued riding for some to accept his methods as those of a man whose every nine years and achieved a reputation of being by all odds thought is tor the elevation of the sport. As an author the best gentleman rider known to the English turf at also. Mr. Gilpin has become favorably known. Two that time. of his publications. Hunting and Racing Stories and an In 1882, however, he determined to make a change in American tale called Ranchland, have met with a his life pursuits. Coming to the United States, he went considerable sale. 320 THE AMERICAN TURF It has been the good fortune of some turfmen that they have been able to train and ride their own horses, as well as to organize and direct their stables. The incal- culable advantages of this admirable combination of qualifications must be obvious to everyone. Only the merest reference to the matter is necessary, simply in order to call attention to a feature of prime importance, in estimating, at any time, the probable value of the average owner's services to the turf. it has already become a well established proposition that a generous support of the thoroughbred, combined with an in- telligent study of his capabilities, will place within the reach of any man the possibility of engaging in racing un- der conditions that give a reasonably fair pros- pect of substantial suc- cess. He. however, who, in addition to these fevorable condi- tions, has also had a daily and hourly asso- ciation with his horses in the process of bring- ing them to the post in right condition and has given his personal at- tention to the work of developing them at ev- ery point, unquestion- ably has a superior ad- vantage that may not be easily overcome. Furthermore, when such an individual has had a "leg up" in many a sharp contest and has added to his other information a de- tailed, practical knowl- edge of the character of his mounts and their peculiari- ties in actual work, the great advantage that he possesses becomes even more apparent. Few men upon the turf to-day combine in a more ex- ceptional degree the peculiar qualifications to which reference has just been made than Mr. William Carroll. A native of Connecticut, Mr. Carroll was born in the town of Putnam in that State. His riding experiences began almost as soon in his life as he was able to sit firmly in the saddle. His first riding was at country WILLIAM CARROLL fairs, principally in the Nutmeg State, and his ap- pearances on those occasions were affairs of more than ordinary interest. He had his first successful mount on Grasshopper and rode that horse a winning race in three half-mile heats. It was in 1883 that his turf ex- perience had its real beginning, when he was engaged to ride for Mr. J. Riley. Later on he was connected with the stable of Messrs. Campbell & Hankins. His work in the saddle attracted wide attention and he was sub- sequently engaged to ride the horses of Mr. Frank Weir, being employed by that gentleman at various times during a period of some five years. Entering the racing field on his own ac- count, he first won sev- eral races with that sturdy campaigner, Ed- ward F. In the course of time he came to be the owner of several good horses. With Kanesville and Mulat- to, who were particu- larly the prominent representatives of his string, he was very successful in winning many good races. In Chicago, where he was settled for something over two years, he was one of the most active owners and carried off his full share of purses. Among the prominent horses with which he was identified at this period of his life were Santa Mego, Lillian E. and others of similarly good calibre. His stable was always kept in ad- mirable working condition, a quality that has particu- larly characterized it down to the present time in whatever part of the country its owner has carried on operations. In recent years Mr. Carroll has had in his string Lord Zeni by Fonso out of Minnie Williams: The Planter by imported Great Tom out of Hayti, and Paros by imported Keene out of Grey Sail. For fifteen years he has been constantly before the racing public, and he is recognized as an energetic and reliable owner. 321 THE AMERICAN TURF The career of Mr. Richard C. Doggett has been a repe- tition of that of many of the foremost men of the turf Born at Oakwood, ill., December 18, 1877, Doggett began his turf career when he was only fourteen years of age. For a short time, in iSqi, he was employed as a stable boy by Major Allen, but shortly attracted the attention of that veteran turfman, Mr. Green B. Morris, from whose stable have come some of the best jockeys and trainers of this generation. Entering the employ of Mr. Morris, he remained with him for two years. It was during this engagement that, in i8q2, he had his first public mount on a filly owned by Messrs. Gilpin & Taylor. In 1894, Doggett was engaged by Dr. Gideon L. Knapp, for whom he rode during the ensuing two years. He at once took a place as a first-class jockey, and for several years was one of the most popular boys then riding. One of his earliest successes for the stable of Dr. Knapp was winning at Biighton Beach on Micmac Qiieen, by im- ported Midlothian out of Patty. The odds were 100 to I against Micmac Qiieen, but Doggett rode her the one mile distance in i min- ute, 45 seconds, winning by three lengths and beat- ing Lizzie. Tom Finlev and Logan. He also rode in winning races. Sir Walter, Cockade, Jodan, The Coon and oth- ers. At Saratoga, in the season 1894, he won sev- eral important races on An- nisette. He carried off the Bitter Root Stakes, beating Handspun. Urania, Agita- tor, Keenan, Salvation, Gutta Percha and others; he also won with Mistral, defeating Arapahoe, Flirt, Florinda, Pocahontas and others; with a Turco-Favora colt, de- feating Phoebus, University, Miss Dixon, Engineer and others; with Candelabra, defeating Stowaway, Faraday and Kentigerna. During this season of 1894 he had 622 mounts, coming in first 161 times, second i is times, third 99 times, and being unplaced 247 times. In the spring of 189s, he won races at the St. Asaph track, riding Pekin, Premier, Tuscan and others, and beating many good horses, among whom were Counter Tenor. Tancred, Golden Gate, Vice Regal, Pulitzer and others. RICHARD C. DOGGETT At Brighton Beach, in 1895, his winning mounts in- cluded Marshall. Charade. Harry Alonzo, Unity and others. After the death of Dr. Knapp, in the autiunn of 189^, Mr. Doggett went to California, biit did not ride there. His work as a jockey was always of the first class, but ultimately that bane of all jockeys, a surplus of flesh, made hnn too heavy, and his days of riding were brought to an end. He was always one of the popular favorites, however, and his abundant success led frec]uenters of the track to follow his mounts in their betting, generally to their very great advantage. In 1896, he entered the ranks of owners, when he pur- chased his namesake, Dog- gett, a good four-year old chestnut by The Bard out of Rosewood. He person- ally trained Doggett and rode him a two mile race at Westchestei' and two races at the Aqueduct Course, all three of which he won. One of the Aque- duct races was a dead heat with Ameer, and Doggett won in the run off. The two-mile race at Morris Park was for the Feather Purse and was run in ^ minutes, 9S seconds, Dog- gett defeating Midgley, Rey del Mar and Baroness. The sLiccess of Mr. Doggett led him to increase his string by the purchase of several yearlings during the sum- mer of 1896, and he then had in his stable five horses — Doggett, Gee Gee, Harry Crawford, Mabel D. and Lillie Seals. During the season of 1897, Mr. Doggett had in training Doggett, Alarum by Torso out of Hana, and the two-year old brown gelding, Sallust, by Salvator out of Lydia. Sallust won a good five furlongs race easily, by three lengths, in i minute, 3 seconds, defeating Refide, La Gitana, Ennomia Lerete, Deal, Beekman and May Frances. Alarum won a seven furlongs race at the Aqueduct Course in 1 min- ute. 26j4 seconds. The skill that Mr. Doggett displayed in his riding has also been exhibited with his own horses. He is a skillful trainer, and in the natural order of events his occupation as an owner should result in advantage to himself and to the turf THE aimi-:kicax turf In the person of Mr. Hdward Feakes we have an ex- Stable, being uniformly successful and giving to his em- ample of the best class of hard-working, intelligent Eng- ployerthe fullest satisfaction. He was not willing, how- lish horsemen, who have devoted their lives to riding ever, to always continue in the employ of a single and training. Mr. Feakes was born at Cambridge, Eng- stable, but had an inclination to ride independently, land, in iSsy. Early in life he determined to devote Accordingly he severed his connection with Mr. Bel- hunself to the turf and entered upon a severe course of mont, very much to the regret of that gentleman, and training with the definite purpose in view of making thenceforward accepted mounts from any one who himself a master of his profession. He was not willing desired his services. During the ensuing two years to content himself with merely good standing, but made he piloted many horses to victory and his riding of such up his mind that he would ultimately be first or nowhere. His early experience was in one of the best schools known to the English turf, a stable belonging to the cele- brated Matthew Daw- son, at Newmarket. There he began his apprenticeship and it was not long before he exhibited those qualities of industry and of knowledge of horses that have since made him so emin- ently successful. His good w o I k while in Mr. Daw- son's employ won him substantial recog- nition before long, not only in the stable in which he was en- gaged, but from out- siders as well. When Mr. Milton H. San- ford was in England he was greatly taken with the quality of Mr. Feakes' riding and brought him to Amer- ica in 1871. Subse- quently, when Mr. Sanford, desirous of EDWARD FEAKES achieving turf honors in England, took his stable to that country, he intended to have Mr. Feakes ride for him there. But the work of the young English jockey in the United States had already commended itself to turfmen here and he was persuaded to remain in New York, being engaged to ride the horses in the stable of the Honorable August Belmont. For three years Mr. Feakes rode for the Belmont and champions as Check- mate. Glen mo re Gabriel and others ex- cited the highest ad- miration, alike on the part of the general public, with whom he became a popular favorite, and on the part of those experts in horsemanship who were quick to recog- nize expert riding. Engaged for Mr. Pierre Lorillard, he rode for that gentle- man during the years 1 88 1, 1882 and 1883, and was quite as suc- cessful in returning winners, often under adverse c i r c u m- stances, as when he was riding for Mr. Belmont and other owners. During the seasons of 1884 and 1885 his services were engaged by Mr. A. J. Cassatt, the wealthy Pennsylvanian who owned that great race horse, The Bard. There he added many laurels to his already long list of victories. For some years after then trainer of the stable of 18S0 he was jockey Mr. James Galway. In the early season of iSqS, the success of Mr. Feakes with the stable of Mr. John Daly was of a sterling character. The victories of Jean Bereaud in winning the National Stallion Stakes and the Eclipse Stakes, as well as manv others, was a striking tribute to his ability as a trainer. THE AMERICAN TURF In looking over the careers of our leading owners and trainers one cannot fail to be impressed by the consider- able number of them who have come into the turf world through the interest that thev have first taken in the trot- ting horse. So many sections of the United States have been almost exclusively devoted to the trotter, that it is not surprising that many clever horsemen have been de- veloped in connection with that equine family. It is natural that many of these gentlemen should, alter a time, turn their attention to the running horse. The pages of American turf history are crowded with For many years previous he had bred trotters, some of whom turned out to be very speedy, and he came to Mr. Madden's stable abundantly experienced and handled that owner's horses in an exceedingly satisfactory man- ner. Later on he purchased two yearlings, afterward known as Suisun and Ornament. Suisun, he sold to Mr. M. F. Dwyer and still later the horse was the prop- erty of Mr. H. Eugene Leigh. Ornament was retained bv Mr. Patterson and proved a most successful two-year old and three-year old racer. His winnings in 1896 in- cluded the Lexington Futurity, the Sheepshead Bay ORNAMENT C. T. PATTERSON such examples, and foremost in the class mav be placed Mr. Charles T. Patterson, who was born in Pittsburg, Pa., February 4, 1869. The father of Mr. Patterson was a well-known owner of trotters and brought up his son to an intimate acquaintance with his stable. When young in years, Mr. Patterson won many races with his father's horses. Once he drove Bessemer a mile in 2 minutes, 13X seconds, which was very fast time in those days. In 1891, Mr. Patterson began his connection with the thoroughbred, engaging to train for Mr. J. E. Madden. Double Event and other important races, the total amount that he won being over §23,000. He was also raced by Mr. Patterson in 1897, winning $52, 7S0. In the season of 1898 Ornament, who is by Order out of Victorine, was the property of Messrs. H. P. Headley and W. P. Norton. He won the Brooklyn Handicap easily in 2 minutes, 10 seconds, over a very heavy track. Mr. Patterson owns the four year old Burlesque by De- ceiver, the two-year old Heber Jones by imported Pirate of Penzance, and some other good horses. 324 THE AMERICAN TURF The racing experience of Mr. Edward I'eters embraces a period of more than twenty years. His connection with the track began the first year that Brighton Beach was opened. He was a mere youngster then, having been born in the City of Churches, March 20, 1864. At first he was identified with the stable of the Messrs. Hopson Brothers, who then had some fifteen or twenty good thoroughbreds. Perhaps the best horses in the string were Delilah, Florimel, Woodcraft and Auburn. Mr. Peters rode these and others in many uood winning four races and receiving part of the money in eight more. In the remaining six races in which he was unsuccessful, unforeseen mishaps, such, for instance, as being left at the post, were the cause of his failure. Billali by Rayon D'Or also showed himself to be a colt of merit. Other good horses who will be recalled at the mention of Mr. Peters' name have been Silver Mint, Canadian, Son Malheur, and Gloriana. Rifler, in 1896, at the Aqueduct Course, won a four furlongs dash, carrying top weight and defealing Phaedra and others. FLORAL PARK EDWARD PETERS races, frequently carrying the colors of his employers victoriously at the head of a big field. Since he has been engaged in racing on his own ac- count, Mr. Peters has owned several very useful animals. His stable has included such good ones as Canadian, Rifler, Billali, Floral Park and Fair Rebel, in 1895, his horses won nearly seventy races, which, all things con- sidered, was a remarkably satisfactory showing. Floral Park, as a two-year old in 1896, and as a three-year old in 1897. did excellent work. He was started eighteen times, A thoroughly well-trained horseman, Mr. Peters has always found his early experience as exercise boy and jockey especially valuable to him in his later career as an owner. Florimel w*as a mount with which he was par- ticularly successful and he learned to admire and to put great value upon the racing qualities of that mare. It was this knowledge that led him to purchase Floral Park, Florimel's colt by that grand race horse The Bard, and his career has amply justified Mr. Peters' judgment. Al- together his experience has been uniformly fortunate. 32s THE AMERICAN TURF Beginning his career in California, Mr. Frederick Merckel, in the ten years and a little more during which he has been identified with the turf, has become well known throughout the United States. He has trained some of the celebrated horses of the period, and his suc- cess in bringing them to the post in good condition has attracted more than ordinary attention among those fre- quenters of the I'ace course who watch with careful and critical attention. Mr. Merckel was born in Cincinnati. O., March 4, 1809. He was a young man nineteen years of age when he started upon his racing career. His first employment was with the stable of Mr. After remaining with Mr. Rose for several years, Mr. Merckel decided to make a change, and associated him- self with the Honorable E. A. Mizner. with whom he has since remained without interruption. Mr. Mizner, one of the foremost men of the Pacific Coast, is not alone known from his connection with the turf, but has also been promi- nent in public affairs, being especially distinguished as the Governor of the Alaska Territory. Although racing is entirely a side issue with him. it is his intention to own a grand stable of thoroughbreds and, having the means at his command, he is, probably, destined to play an important part in turf affairs in the near future. In the FRED MERCKEL RUINART George Rose, one of the prominent bookmakers ol Cali- fornia. Theie he had charge of (jeraldine, a world re- nowned sprinter who, under his management, raced on all the principal tracks of the United States. Geraldine, who was by the famous Grinstead »ut of Cousin Peggy, still holds the world's record for a half-mile dash, which she ran in 46 seconds over the straight course of the New York Jockey Club, in August, 18S9. Other good horses that Mr. Merckel has handled have been Rear Guard, Boreas, Nephew, Badger, Empress of Norfolk, Monterey and Middleton. person of Mr. Merckel he has an adJLitant of undoubted capacity, and one to whom his racing interests may safely be intrusted. Ruinart. the principal member of Mi'. Mizner's stable is by St. Carlo out of Qiieen Alta. He is a first-class thoroughbred and has won some of the best races on the Western circuit, defeating many of the crack horses on the Pacific Coast. He has traveled i mile and 70 yards in 1 minute, 4614 seconds; i mile in i minute. 41^2 sec- conds and 1 '+' miles in 2 minutes. 6:^4 seconds. The record last mentioned was for the Burns Handicap. 326 THE AMERICAN TURF It is an old saying, that to be successful in any enter- prise one's heart must be in his work. Probably none will be so venturesome as to dispute this proposition, but it is not always put into el'fect, nor are its results always fully recognized. Particularly, however, does the rule seem to apply to racing, and it is exceedingly doubtful if any man has attained to conspicuous prominence on the turf unless he has been enthusiastically devoted to the sport. Now and then, indeed, in this connection we even have examples of those who apparently ignore their best interests solely by yielding to their liking for certain branches of the sport. That Mr. lohn Nixon is a lover of the thoroughbred, was born at Cross Hill, in the Township of Wellsley, Can., in 1853. When he was twenty-three years of age he began dealing in horseflesh and was eminently prosperous. Extending his field of operations from merely local circles, he made large consignments to Eu- rope, in all of which ventures he was successful. Finally, having accumulated considerable means, he bought for his private amusement several trotters and jumpers. Soon tiring of the trotters, Mr. Nixon found that the jumpers were his ideals. He set out to buy the best in this class that the country afforded, and has owned some of the most famous steeplechasers of this period. Lion Heart, a bay gelding bv Lepanto out of Queen Lyon, JOHN NIXON LION HEART no one would for a moment question, and his interest in the blood horse has been particularly manifested toward the jumping class. Inasmuch as the performances of the jumpers have afforded him most pleasure, he has devoted himself altogether to their training, although the same talent that he has therein displayed might reap him better financial rewards if spent upon the flat runners. But it is because the jumpers have appealed to him more strongly than their rivals that he has been unswerving in his connection with them. Like so many other turf- men to whom it is frequent Iv necessary to refer, Mr. Nixon was at one time interested in the trotter. He was probably the greatest horse that Mr. Nixon owned. In one year, out of some twelve starts, he won six of his races and was placed in most of the others. He was never known to fall in any of his races and has carried the heaviest weight ever imposed upon a four-year old. Among other winnings he must be credited with the Walker Cup. at Hamilton, Ont., and the Beverwick Stake, at Saratoga. In 1897, he was sold to Mr. M. F. Uwyer, and in 1898 Mr. Dwyer sold the horse to William Stallcup. Among other great jumpers that Mr. Nixon has owned have been Lawyer,, Alfonsina, Valour, Kings County and Counsellor. .■?27 THE AMERICAN TURF It is a little singular, perhaps, that our neighbors of vidual, the fabric of the turf rests. However well bred the Dominion of Canada have not, to any great extent, a horse may be, however lavishly money may be spent been conspicuous for their interest in thoroughbred rac- in maintaining large stables, and however great may be ing. One would naturally suppose that, inheriting the the encouragement given by jockey clubs and individuals, national instincts of their old home across the sea, they all this would count for but little were it not for the would take very naturally and heartily to the thorough- energetic, capable and far-seeing work that is bestowed bred. Even the French contingent of the Dominion by the best trainers upon the horses that come under should also have, by inheritance, a liking for the same their care. It is needless to point out that a horse class of horses. That the contrary is the case, however, brought to the post in bad condition is worse than a fail- seems to be abundantly proven, and whether it is for climatic reasons or others, thoroughbred rac- ing in Canada is a small quantity and thorough- bred breeding almost non-e.xistent. Aside from meetings at Montreal, Hamilton and Toronto and a few places of sec- ond or third class, there have never been many serious attempts at high- class racing on the other side of our northern bor- der. Notwithstanding this condition ofthings, appar- ently so adverse to the development of skilful handlers of the thorough- bred, some of our best trainers have come into the States from Canada. The general knowledge of horsetlesh which is preva- lent in that section of the land must undoubtedly go far toward explaining their proficiency in this profes- sion, for Canada has, from the earliest settlement of America, been one of the centres for the raising of trotters, draught horses and pleasure animals. That the experience in regard to horses generally, thus gained in their early home, should be turned by many men of Canadian birth to the handling of thoroughbreds when opportunity has offered is most natural. And it J. R. WALKER ure. Not only is he a dis- appointment to his owner and backers, but he also represents great loss in breedmg and stable ex- penditures. Although the thorough- bred race horse has be- come the noblest animal of creation, he may easily. in domestication, deteri- orate toward the nat- ural condition of his an- cestors, unless he is prop- erly cared for. If his best qualities are not pre- served in his preparation for the turf, he cannot suc- cessfully stand up in hard contests with others in whom these qualities have been peitectly and care- fLilly preserved. To de- velop a horse in muscle, firm and hard, and to re- duce his flesh until he is in racing tbrm, is a task both difficult and delicate. Mr. J. R. Walker is one of those trainers of Cana- dian origin who have been pre-eminently successful in their handling of thor- oughbreds. Although a young man, he has had a large experience and is intelligent and enterpris- ing. He is a man of thought and wide awake and has given to his chosen pursuit much laborious consider- ation. Among those who know him best he is exceed- ingly popular, his gracious personality commending him must be admitted that some of the most proficient and to a large circle of friends, while his merits as a trainer most reliable trainers that our turf world has known ^ne fully recognized. At one time he had charge of the have come from the Dominion. stable of Mr. Joseph E. Seagram, where he brought Upon the trainer, quite as much as upon any indi- some good horses successfully to the front. 32S THE AMERICAN TURF From exercise boy to owner is the consistent record he h;id become as extensively and as favorably i^ seconds, beating Princess India and Laural Leaf. Mr. Cantwell has also been from time to time interested in bookmaking, and in connec- tion with his other ventures has recently had a half interest in one of the prominent books. He has made many friends among his racing intimates who recognize his abilities and his sterling personal qualities. THE AMERICAN TURF Beginning iiis public career as a jockey, Mr. George For nearly twenty-f^ve years Mr. Matthew Feakes, one Sigler has not been less distinguished as a trainer. He of the best known trainers of the present day. has been is a native of Michigan, having been born in the town of connected with the turf in Hngland and in the United Niles, in that State, in 187^. Although comparatively a States. He is one of the best, as he has been one of young man, he has had a racing experience that covers the foremost, representatives of the little company of some sixteen years and has been full of variety, stirring English hoi'semen who have found the best tield for the incidents and praiseworthy accomplishments. exercise of their talents in this country. His services in For the first few years after he entered upon turf life the United States have extended over a period only a he was engaged in the customary routine of work about little short of twenty years, which has covered one of the stable and profited to the fullest extent by his oppoi- the most brilliant eras of the American turf, tunities, gaining a sound knowledge of the horses with Mr. Feakes is a native of Cambridge. Hngland, where whom he came in contact and the best methods of riding he was born in i8bo, and his early career is. in substance, and handling them. When he came to receive his first simply a repetition cjf that of other men who have at- mounts he was recognized as a young man of undoubted tained eminence in the profession to which he has de- capacity. In 1887, he rode for Mr. James Gray, winning voted himself. Entered as a stable boy in one of the on Dare. Jim Grav. Withlow and numerous others, famous English establishments, he sei'ved a long appren- Afterward he entered the employ of Mr. James Davis, ticeship there, and, passing through various ranks of with whom he was engaged for a period of seven years, employment, became well known as an able trainer During that time he rode many of Mr. Davis' horses, before 1880. It was in 1881 that he left his native land and was also engaged as foreman of the stable, his pro- and came to the United States. Upon his arrival in this ficiency in the latter position being fully demonstrated country, his reputation being well known in turf circles, in many successive seasons. His record as a jockey was he readily obtained employment, his first position being of a high character. Although he did not ride as fre- that of foreman in the stable of Mr. Pierre Lorillard. He quently as some other members of the profession, his retained this connection for some five years, and there proportion of winning races out of the number of added to his education as an English trainer a practical mounts that he had was of a creditable character. knowledge of thoroughbred training in this country and In training, he has been even more successful than he of American racing methods that went far toward laying was in riding, and during the last few years he has had the foundations of the great success of his later years. the handling of some very good I'unners. The most Ultimately, however. Governor Bowie, of Maryland, prominent horses that he has brought to the post have one of the most enthusiastic lovers of the "sport of been Golow, Minoco. Katie B.. Governor Sheehan. kings " in that period, and owner of many tine speci- Storm King and Captain Kidd. His success with these mens of the thoroughbred race horse, persuaded Mr. and other horses that have come under his charge has Feakes to join his staff. In the Bowie Stable he handled been of the most decided character and stamped him as Belle d'Or, Vosburg and several other tlrst-class runners, a ti'ainer of meilt. During two years his hoi'ses won and met with generally excellent success, his horses forty races. Out of this number twenty-tive were cap- being brought to the post in good condition and being tured by Minoco, Katie B. and Golow. while in fifteen frequent winners. The connection of Mr. Feakes with instances Governor Sheehan. Storm King and (Captain the Bowie Stable ceased onlv with the death of Governor Kidd flashed first by the stand at the head of their fields. Bowie and the sale of his horses. In late years Mr. Sigler has had in training sevei'al of For a short time Mr. Feakes was emploved with the these old campaigneis with whom he has won success, Messis. Burridge Brothers, wheie he handled St. Felix, paiticularly Storm King, Governor Sheehan and Captain Coxswain, Tom Watson and others. Since i8q^, he has Kidd, and has also had Storm (,)ueen and other good been the trainer of Messrs. B. F. & William P. Clyde, ones. For a time he trained for the stable of Mi'. C. H. owners of the Goughacres Stable. There he has had Gorman, and has had many two-year olds, in the hand- chai'ge of such noted hoises as Peacemaker. Lustre, Carib ling of whom he has shown a great deal of skill and and others. Moie recently the string trained by him has _good judgment. His entire cai'eer has been another included the five-year old Liffy by Ballinafad ; the four- illustration of the amount of talent and subtile qualitic.i- vear old Cacique by Iroquois; the three-year olds Momen- tions that have been called into existence and developed tLim by Sir Modred; Irwin by Executor; Clonsilla by by the demands of the turf duiing the present quarter of Enthusiast; Kilt bv Kantaka. and Tyrian bv Tyrant; the a century. The situation has created a class of capable two-vear olds. Evident by Executor; Golden Buckle by men, who in their line of pursuit are unequaled any- Golden Garter, and Over All by Top Gallant; four where in the world, and of these Mi'. Sigler is a two-year old Executor fillies. Evident, Europa, Etona notable example. and l-llin. and one Executor colt. Eager. 352 THE AMERICAN TURF Out of Tennessee liave come in:iny of the most famous jockeys, trainers and other turfmen. Scarcely second to Kentucky has that State been in the prominence which its thoroughbred breeding and lacing inteiests have as- sumed. Every man and bov in Tennessee must sooner or later have some connection, even if remote, with turf affairs, and a racing interest seems to be really the natural inheritance of every Tennessee born individual. Born amid the favorable surioundings which that rac- ing State presents, Mr. Howard Williams has had a career in every way worthy of his nativity. He is a native of Gallatin, the centre of some of the greatest bleeding inteiests of the South. His birth occurred April :2Q. iSbo. While most boys think that they are doing remarkablv well if they become attached to a stable by the time they have entered their teens, Mr. Williams exceeded them in his vouthful enterprise. He was only nine years old when he became an apprentice in the stable of A. C. Franklin. For a space of five years he remained in the employ of that gentleman, and in that time applied himself so closely that when he was called upon to join the stable of Mr. George H. Rice as jockey few boys could surpass him in knowledge of his work. For seven years he rode for Mr. Rice and became very successful. Such horses as Wanderer, Volcano. Grey Steel, Creedmore, Fairplay, Whisper, Add, Arizona, Nevada and many others were guided to victory by him, and he won scores of the great stakes, such as the Ala- bama Stakes and the Flash Stakes of 1872, the Nashville, the Baltimore, the Westchester and the Monmouth Cups in 1874. Wanderer won five races out of eight starts, four of which were cups; Arizona fifteen out of nineteen starts in one season and Nevada seven races out of nine starts. Numerous other stakes Mr. Williams placed to his credit during his extended and successful career. Particularly conspicuous among them were the Savan- nah, Ga., Cup in 1874, the Barrie Pot, in Canada, the same year, the Louisville St. Leger in 1876, the Dixie Stakes and the Louisville Hotel Handicap in 1877, and the Cumberland Stakes in 1876. After seven years of riding he graduated from the saddle and took a position as assistant trainer in the stable of Mr. Edward Corrigan. Three years with Mr. Corrigan, three years with Mr. W. E. Applegate and a short term of service with Messrs. Madden & Strauss, were followed by an engagement to be the trainer of Mr. W. M. Wallace, when that gentleman was first organizing his stable. His success with Mr. Wallace's horses has stamped him as one of the clever trainers of the present generation. During his career he has handled many excellent horses, among them Pleasantry, Fannie S., Potentate, Harry Reed, Ella Reed, Applause, McKee, Rossetta, Jessie Taral, Lollie Easton, The Commoner, The Winner, Orinda and many others. As the character, reliability and importance of a stable may at all times be judged by the class of men who comprise its staff of trainers, riders and other employees, so may the standing, stability and honesty of a trainer be measured to a considerable extent by the fame of the stable that avails itself of his professional services. From this point of view the connection of Mr. Frank Kelly with the stable of Mr. H. Eugene Leigh at once locates him in a high place in the profession. Ml'. Kelly is a native of Woodstock, Canada, and was born in iSOi. Like most of the men who have been connected with the turf as active workers, he may be said to have given his entire life to the calling. The society of horses has been his chief delight from the time that he was first able to understand them. In 1877, when he was but fourteen years of age, he had already had experience as an exercise boy, having been attached to the stable of Mr. Charles Boyle, of Woodstock. For four years he maintained his connection with that estab- lishment and came out of his apprenticeship thoroughly well ec^uipped for the work that was before him. In 1881, he transferred his services to Mr. Erastus Burgess, of Woodstock. No longer was he confined to the tasks of an exercise boy, for he was soon promoted to do some riding and faithfully executed the trust that was placed upon him. With the thorough experience that he had now gained he felt impressed with the idea that opportunities were open before him in a broader field than that in which he had up to this time labored. Accordingly in 1883, he came to the United States, and, with four horses that he had purchased, Glendower, Betty Scott, George Gibbs and Traction, rode on all the principal courses of the South. One season, however, was all that he then gave to personal ownership, and, selling his stable in 1884, he accepted an engagement as trainer with Mr. F. E. Sage, with whom he remained for four years. His association with the stable and the La Belle Stud Farm of Mr. Leigh, which began in 1888. and has been uninterrupted down to the present time, has been of the most interesting and important character. The great campaigners that have so frequently carried Mr. Leigh's colors to the front have owed no small part of their winning power to the care- ful and capable attention that Mr. Kelly has given to them in order to bring them to the post in fit condition. His charges have, as is well known, been identified with many notable events, and by their work have refiected credit upon their trainer quite as well as upon their owner. Mr. Kelly is an excellent judge of the capacities or possibilities of the horses that are placed in his charge, and has shown exceptional skill in the application of good methods to their treatment. Although he has con- sistently and closely applied himself to training, he has in later years owned several prominent horses. 353 'ME AMERICAN TURF From the time he was eleven years of age. Mr. Luke Once a tuilnian. always a turfman, seems to be quite l-'iyor, owner and tra.inei'. lias been identified with the as fixed a rule in racing as it is in most other employ- turf world. He was born in i85i, near Corepton. Eng- ments to which men devote themselves. When a man land, and at the age of eleven years began his duties as has once been inspired by love of the thoi'oughbred and exercise bov under the instruction of his father. Mr. John bv an enthusiastic interest in racing, the passion is likely Benjamin Pryor. The elder Pryor was born in Virginia to last him for his lifetime. He may make an endeavor in i8i3. and died December 26. i8cio. He was one of to bieak away from it from time to time, or business or the best known horsemen of his day. and. in 1872. was other demands upon him may make it impeiative for engaged as trainer foi' Mr. August Belmont, and it was him to drop from the ranks. Sooner or later, however, at this period that his son first entered upon his duties, he is certain to return and take up again the pursuit from His services continued there two yeais. when both the elder and younger Pryor transferred their allegiance to the stable of Mr. Francis Morris. This engagement lasted until 1881. and during that time nothing was left which he had separated himself, and he becomes as enthu- siastic and energetic in following the races as ever before. Instances illustrative of this proposition will readily occur to every leadei'. Attention need only be called to undone that might lend itself to the perfection of the great turfmen who. like Messrs. Belmont, Lorillard, young man's education in a turf sense. He became proficient in every detail of his profession, and during the latter part of the long, profitable and pleasant term at the Morris Stable, he was advanced to the position of assistant tiainer under his father. During this tenure of seven years Mr. Pryor made a number of trips to Europe with his father, traveling e.xtensivelv in England and France. All of this served to sharpen his understanding and widen his knowledge of the necessary phases of his calling, and his tuition under his fathei' proved most fortunate. After closing his engagement with Mr. Moriis. he joined his brother. Mr. William Pryor. in a partnership, and they became the owners of Saxony. This horse Keene and others, come in this category, having now and then retired from the tield only to return, more active than before. It would be possible to multiply these instances many times over, and the subject would be an interesting one to pursue would space peimit. The fact is. that the thoroughgoing turfman rarely, if ever, voluntarily retires from the pleasures of racing, for the element of sport in this pursuit gives it a fascination such as does not attach to any other business. Only one among many of those who have here been classilied in this manner is Mr. James Fleming, who for many years was prominent, especially upon some of the smaller race tracks, and who retired from the field for some length of time, but again returned to achieve further honors in they trained and entered a number of times. They fi- the occupation that has such an attraction for him. nally sold the horse, and soon afterward Mr. Luke Pryor Born in Pennsylvania in i8sq. Mr. Fleming became opened a public stable, which he continued until i8qs. identified with the turf by forming, in the first instance, Disposing of this enterpirse, he contracted as trainer with in the early nineties, a stable in which were three good Mr. Johnson, of the Columbia Stable. It may be noted horses, Captain Spencer, Con Lucy and Drizzle. Addi- that the horses trained by Mr. Pryor during his long tions were subsequently made to his string, and, being career included some eminent ones, particularly Beck, Benedict, Prairie, Saxony, Voltaire, Daisy Woodruff and Navigation. The horses, Sa.xony and Atlantic, were among the number that he owned. His colors, the bright red-spotted jacket and blue cap. have stood for victory in many an event, the purses that he has won having included a handicap in 1884, at Monmouth Park; two other purses on this course, and one with Saxony at Brighton Beach in 1886; a big stake at Morris Pai'k in i8cT=,, and the two-year old stake with Bon .Ami. Mr. Pryoi' has now retiied fiom active participation in turt affairs. His comfortable home in Holmdel, N. J., is one of the facts in evidence to prove the success that he won during his career as a tuifman. Certainly no one had greater opportunity than he in an educational way, and the use that he made of it was shown in the results of his work. His entire career has been an illus- tration of the value of thorough training in youth, aiul has earned for him the respect of his fellow turfmen. an experienced horseman, with some original ideas about training, he handled his charges successfully. The horses were first entered at the Gloucester track and afterward at Washington in the years 1892 and 1893. They won many good laces, and from a financial point of view made two good seasons for their owner. At the end of the season of i8q^, Mr. Fleming sold his stable and retired. Within thiee years, however, he was back again in the field, having purchased four year- lings, who were expensive, fashionably bred ;md very promising youngsters. These were Lauia May. a hand- some bay filly by Rossington out of Helena by Longfel- low: Maid of Richfield out of Bagatelle; Warrington, a good-looking two-year old by Fairview out of Gertrude, and a Reporter colt out of Mary M. Mr. Fleming during both periods of his connection with the turf has been an example of the haid-working. unpietentious horsemen who have devoted themselves to racing as a matter of business, and have found both profit and pleasure therein. 354 THE AMERICAN 'I'URI'- In suiiif paiti(.ul;irs Ihr Irish turf has i-ivalcd thai of^ its The little suction ot Loiiir Island that lies JList oLilside English neighbor and progenitor. Naturallv. racing in of the City of Brooklyn and is popularly known under Ireland has never attained to the prominence that it has the names of Gravesend. Brighton. Coney Island and in Hngland. for one reason, if for none other, and that is Sheepshead Bay. has within the present generation grown the disproportion in wealth between those two important to be a great racing community. In fact, a very consid- sections of Great Britain. Nevertheless, the Irish people erable proportion of the social and business interests of have always been quite as enthusiastically devoted as the locality, outside of that which is solely identified their English brothers to "the sport of kings." They with the summer resort features of the place, has for a have maintained a great deal of good racing, have paid long time been e.xclusively concerned with racing affairs, considerable attention to breeding, and not a few of The necessary industries that pertain to racing enterprises them are well represented year after year upon all the have naturally been attracted thither in large numbers by great English courses. In the matter of jockeys and the presence of the great race courses, and the population trainers they have succeeded in creating what may be is engaged generally in catering to the needs of those almost fairly considered a national racing school. who support the race courses either as active turfmen or It is an interesting and a suggestive fact that many of as interested patrons of the race meetings. Undoubtedly the greatest jockeys and trainers known to the English a similar condition of affairs exists nowhere else in the and American turf for generations past have either been country, and one may feel perfectly sure of speaking natives of Ireland oi' of Irish descent. They have taken within bounds when the statement is made that its like naturally to the thoroughbred, and with the cleverness is not to be seen anywhere in the world, except perhaps that is characteristic of their I'ace, have developed into at the famous English Newmarket. The situation is an turfmen of the first class in whichsoever branch of rac- interesting one, and is worth more than the momentary ing affairs they have been engaged. Prominent in this consideration that can be given to it here, class by reason of his thorough training, his dash and his The influence of the surroundings that attach to the general ability, has been Mr, John Kenny, who was born neighborhood of these Long Island tracks is really a mat- at Kildare, Ireland, in 1864. According to the custom ter of considerable importance in racing matters. That that largely prevails among the people of his native place, it has developed many useful turfmen has already been he was, when he expressed a desire to prepare himself pointed out in many instances that have been recorded foi' a racing career, apprenticed to Mr, Pat Dorsey. His in this vokime, and it has thus contributed in no small master, who was an old trainer, was considered in his measure to the general activity in turf affairs, even out- time to be one of the best anywhere in Ireland, With Ml'. Dorsey, Kenny remained for five yeais, serving faith- fully and advancing in attainments until he finally became noted as a daring and successful lider, both on the fiat and over hurdles. In 1880, Kenny came to the United States to ride for Mr. August Belmont in fiat races, but remained here only one year. Returning to Ireland, he rode for Loid Rushmore, and. in 188^. came back to the United States. His first mount in America after his return was on Andy Woodward, a 100 to i chance, who won his race, beat- ing Revenge and other prominent horses. During the succeeding two or three years Kenny rode for sevei'al owners, keeping an independent position, but finally engaged permanently with Mr, J, P. Dawes, the Cana- dian owner, who had a fine string of jumpers. One of Kenny's most noteworthy races occurred early in his American experiences. The occasion was at a meeting in Boston when his mount. Puritan, beat Frank Shaw, a noted crack, by a head, over a long course. In i8q6. Mr. Kenny became trainer for the Honorable William C. Whitney at that gentleman's Long Island faim. He, however, tinally decided to race on his account, and purchased a ULimber of carefully chosen horses, among them Maretti by Macaroon, and several two-year olds. side of that particular region. A boy born in Gravesend, as was George F. Kelly, who first saw the light of day in i8t)g. is almost inevitably destined to a turf career unless some unforeseen circumstances arise to turn him from the sti'aight and narrow way that opens before everv one of his kind and leads directly to the race course. Mr. Kelly's father is the proprietor of a hotel near the race track. His house has long had a high reputation among horsemen, and has been for years the headquarters of many turfmen and other patrons of the race courses. The elder Mi'. Kelly has had an extensive acqLiaintance among frequenters of the races, and his establishment is one of the landmarks of Gravesend. around which cluster some of the interesting mem- ories connected with the American turf. Ml". George F. Kelly, after receiving a good public school education, leai'ned to lide, and for several years had mounts on the horses that his father owned and ran from time to time. In i8q6. in the Kelly Stable were three horses: one by imported Lauieate and one by Kingston, were pronfising animals. Mr. Kelly began training in 1897. and, in addition to his own horses, has been engaged in training for others. The Kelly stable adjoins the Brooklyn Jockey Club track, whereon the elder Mr. Kelly's hotel stands. .355 THE AMERICAN TURF Born at Richmond, Va., in 18^0, the entire life of Mr. Albert Cooper has been devoted to riding and training race-horses. Fi'om an apprenticeship served in the stable of Mr. Calvin Green, and afterward with Colonel McDaniel, covering a period of some eighteen years in all, Mr. Cooper came to be foreman in the stable of Mr. Wyndham Walden, where he remained nearly four years, up to the time that he engaged with Mr. Joseph Donohue as trainer. After a year's service with that gentleman, he resigned to accept a similar position with John O'Donnell, but subsequently entered the employ ot Secre- tary J. E. Brewster, of i the Washington Park course at Chicago. He left the service of Mr. j Brewster after some two and a half years. He began to train the horses belonging to Mr. E. J. Baldwin, bet- ter known as ' ' Lucky " Baldwin, and with whom he remained eleven years. During his engage- ment with Mr. Bald- win, Mr. Cooper had the satisfaction of see- ing many 01 his charges returned win- ners of numerous valu- able racing events, and his record availed to secure for him a posi- tion with Mr. Theo- dore Winters, with whom he remained nearly two years, and until he began training for Mr. J. B. Haggin. The same marked abil- ity that had always distinguished him was further demonstrated by his handling of Mr. Haggin's horses, and his services ■ were sought by and secured by the Messrs. Hough Brothers, with whom he remained some two years, when Senator George Hearst employed him. When Mr. Hearst died, Mr. Cooper bought several horses, and continued racing them until the Messrs. Keene made him an offer to train their horses, which he accepted, at the same time disposing of his own stable. Thence- ALBERT COOPER forth he gave his attention to the horses placed in his charge by the Keenes, and alter two successful years in the employ of those gentlemen, he opened a public training stable, and has since handled the horses of Mr. W. A. Chanler and a number of other owners, besides several of his own. Mr. Cooper has ridden many noted performers, among whom werejulina, Oakland, Blackbird and Lady Bless- land, and has trained such stars as Tournament, MoUie McCarthy. Clara D., C. H. Todd, Miss Ford, Volante, Lucky B., Gano, Fal- len Leaf, Aurelian, Stephen J., Set Fast, Caldron, Rosedale and Hyderabad. The last- named horse he sold as a two-year old to the Messrs. Keene for $30,- 000, having bought him as a yearling at the Rancho del Paso sale for the moderate sum of$i7S. The St. Louis and the Chicago Der- bys, the Belmont and the Great Trial Stakes, and many others, have from time to time been won by horses which have been prepared under the skilful care and attention of this student of the thor- oughbred, and Mr. Coo- per is to-day ranked among trainers of the first class. At the present time Mr. Cooper is manag- ing a public stable, where he trains his own horses and those be- longing to several other owners. He has the three-year old bay colt Murillo by Morello out ot Snowdrop, the property of Mr. J. G. Follansbee, and the two-year old black colt, Mr. Speaker by Victory out of Alabama. He has also in his stable four good ones of his own. They are the seven-year old bay horse Aure- lian by Sir Modred out of Aurelia; the three-year old chestnut colt Ison by Isonomy out of Camilla; the three- yeai' old chestnut colt Sculptor by Torso out of Loleta. and the three-year old bay tllly Flame 11. 356 y THE AMERICAN TURF Mr. Thomas Greene was born at (Charleston, S. C, March s, 1859, and when yet a youngster entered the stable of Mr. Anthony Hall as an exercise boy. But he was ambitious, and, desiring to acquire learning that would better fit him for his battle with the world, gave up his position and became a student in the public schools of Charleston, where he remained five years. At the end of this period he engaged with Mr. Henry Horres, working with him on and off some ten years, when he entered the stable of Mr. A. J. Cassatt. His close application to his work soon fitted him to assume a posi- tion as assistant train- er with Mr. W. P. Burch. In the em- ploy of that gentle- man he remained un- til some five years later, when, at his own instance, he left to join Mr. Green B. Morris. Afterward with Mr. W. C. Daly, Mr. Greene served three years, one year each at separate times, and with R. Bradley he served one year. During his engage- ment with the above- named horsemen he saved sufficient to enable him to buy several horses of his own, which he en- tered in many ot the Eastern stakes. His success as an owner was not ex- ceedingly profitable, and he thereupon en- gaged with the .Messrs. Keene as loreman, to handle their horses and to superintend the stable in general. During his career Mr. Greene has trained many horses whose names are familiar to racegoers, among which may be mentioned : Civil Service, Blitzen, Count, Fidelio, Terrifier, Bolero, Horoscope, Rhodesia, Royal Rose, Juno, and many others. Among some of the victories achieved by his charges have been the Oriental Handicap with Fidelio, at Sheepshead Bay in 1892, and the same year many ol the big stakes at the Sheepshead Bay and the Brooklyn race courses, with Prince George and Count, as well as the Gaiety Stakes at Morris Park in 1896, with Royal Rose. Mr. Greene's experience has been an extended one, and it has undoubtedly fitted him to fulfil his pres- ent position with entire satisfaction to those who em- ploy him. Mr. Greene is now engaged with a division of Mr. James R. Keene's stable. There he has charge of several of Mr. Keene's most distinguished per- formers, besides a good lot of promising two-year olds. The principal veterans that he is looking after are the five-year old brown horse, Ben Brush, the great Su- burban winner, by Bramble out of Rose- ville; the four-year old bay mare, Rhode- sia, by Wisdom out ofFaustine; the four- year old bay mare, Royal Rose, by Royal Hampton out of Belle Rose, and the four- year old chestnut horse, Horoscope, by Amphion out of Fair Vision. He also has these three-year olds : the bay colt. Fugle- man, by Falsetto out of Queenston ; the bay filly, Quei^n of Beauty, by Tournament out of Miss Milly; the bay colt. Tickler, by Him- yar out of Lizzie; the bay colt, Loiterer, by Marden out of Lu- cille; the brown colt, Slasher, by Simon Magus out of Vanduara, and the black colt. Game Boy, by Falsetto out of Lucy Wallace. His two-year olds are: Choral by Chorister out of Royal Gem; Sweet Caporal by Hyderabad out of Frugal; Sheik by Hyderabad out of Musical Gem; St. Lorenzo bv St. Leonards out of Dart Maiden ; Veracious by St. Leonards: Warhead by Tournament; Interferer by Meddler: Red Clover by Kallicrates, and Don Porfirio by St. Leonards. THOMAS GREENE 357 THE .iiRTCAN TURF Mr. Henry Harris was born in New Orleans, La.. Mai'ch 7, 18O1, and lias devoted some twenty years 0I HENRY HARRIS his life to his profession. His first engagement was in the stable of Mr. James Davis of Nashville, Tenn.. and alter six years of thorough work there he divided his time successively between such well-known horsemen as Mr. William Bird, Mr. George H. Rice, of Nashville, and Mr. Burnham, of Cesadaga, N. Y. After nine months' service as trainer on the staff of Mr. J. J. Hyland he resigned, and accepted the position as foreman with Mr. Frank Midgley, who at that time was the trainer for Commodore J. E. Kittson, of Chestnut Hill, Pa. There he remained for a period of almost four years. By this tim'e his work had attracted the attention of many turfmen and he was engaged by Mr. Walton, better known as "Plunger Walton." Afterward he took charge of Frank Seaman's Strideaway and other horses, and during the ensuing three years won many races with them. Then he became connected with the stable of William M. Barrick, who owned at that time Dr. Hasbrouck. For several years Mr. Harris has been training the stable of Mr. J. E. McDonald. There he has had charge of Albanian. Flax Spinner, Centi'al Trust, Mayor Grant, Bettie Gray, Belle of Troy, Storm Cloud, A. N. B.. Pickwickian and Red Snapper. He also has several horses of his own which have shown good form and are likely to prove prolUable to their popular ownei'. Born in ]S(i^. in AListin. Tex.. Mr. Robert M. Murray received his flist lessons in horsemanship in the stable of Mr. Daniel Alexandei', with whom he remained three years; during part of this time he rode that gentleman's horses in theii- races. Leaving Mr. Alexander he en- gaged with General Phillips, with whom he served twelve years, and upon severing that connection entered the public schools to increase his store of knowledge. After . a few years of diligent study he engaged with Mr. T. K. Hawkins as an assistant trainer under Mr. Van Haggin and lemained there some two years. Subsecjuently he engaged with Mr. C. H. Pettingill, and later with Mr. George L. Loiillard. After the death of Mr. Lorillard, he remained with the widow of his late employer, and was put in charge of the Lorillard breeding establishment at Eatontown, N. ]., where he had full control, at the same time acting as general manager and training the horses. Leaving Mi's. Lorillard in the spring of i8q6, he bought a few hoises in connection with Mr. S. E. Conover, of Red Bank, N. j. These runners were entered under the name of R. M. Murray & Co. The list included Tinge, Dye, Ed Taylor, Kicksvwiny Ebb Tide, Onijaand Peggy Sensation. As a two-year old. Tinge won many races and as a three-year old won ten times out of seventeen starts. In the spring of \8q6. out of eleven starts he won nine races. Dye, out of three starts, won one race at Brooklyn, a decidedly easy victory. As a jockey Mur- ray rode several well-known stars. Loantaka, Stride- away. Sea Drift, Saunterer, Flitawav, Prince George and ROBERT M. MURRAY many other noted thoroughbieds received their prepara- tion under his skilful care. 35« THE AMF.RICAN TURK Born in (^hcvcnnc. Wvo., in 1X7^, Mi. Jdhn A. CA.nk beij:in with race- hoiscs undui' Captain Mooic. liic liainer JOHN A. CLARK of Mr. J. B. Haggin's stable. He was then only twelve years of age, and remained with that stable, exercising and riding, until 1892. During this part of his career he rode some of the most important races in which the rep- resentatives of Mr. Haggin's stable participated. His jiiounts included such good performers as Premium, Glendora, Doubt, Eldorado and One Time. His riding was altogether in the West and upon the Pacific Coast. On Eldorado he won the Montana Cup in 1886. When Clark left the employment of Mr. Haggin it was to give up riding and to accept an engagement as as- sistant trainer with the Messrs. Burridge Brothers. He remained with this firm from 1892 until 1894. when he joined the staff of Mr. H. Eugene Leigh, taking charge of Airtight. G. W. Johnson and California, with whom he had fair success. Giving up the employment of trainer temporarily, he engaged with Mr. j. J. McCafferty as jockey, and rode a few races for him. but soon after abandoned riding for good and opened a public training stable, having in his charge the horses of Mr. Edward Mahonev and Mr. J. F. Nichols, among them being Major Nick, May Morning. Brown Prince and others. Branching out for himself in 1897. he bought Brown Prince, Lightwing, and others, and has since been en- gaged in training them. His racing colors are old gold and pink jacket and cap. He still remains a good rider, and receives many offers to accept engagements, but prefers to train and run his own horses. 1 he history of the turf presents the naiues of so many capable horsemen who have begun tlieii' careers at a time of life when most boys have little thought for else than play that a repetition of this particular fact becomes in time almost superfluous. Now and then, however, we come across an instance of extreme youthfulness in early turf experiences that is specially remarkable. Such an example is Mr. John Rogers, who was born in Texas in 1862. It is doubtful if any horseman of to-day can rival him in precocity, for at the age of six years he made his acquaintance with horses. His first experience was in exercising for Mr. Van Haggin, who maintained a good stable at Austin, Tex. In a short time he grew in skill, so that he was trusted to ride, and in that capacity was connected with the Van Haggin Stable for ten years. During that period his mounts included General Phillips, Judge Hancock, Thomas McKinney and others. When the time came that he was too heavy to ride he engaged as foreman in the stable of Mr. John Herkins, and was afterward sim- ilarly occupied with Mr. Green B. Morris. His first training experience was for Mr. Louis Martin, whose stable he handled for eight years, the horses in his charge including Orange Blossom. Topsv and Seadrift. After leaving Mr. Martin he ti'ained for Judge Newton, who owned Monmouth and otheis, and then for a time had a small stable of his own. Later, he trained for Mr. Thomas Berry, who had Moi'ning Glory and othei' win neis. and also for Mi'. William French. More recently JOHN ROGERS he has trained for Mr. Edward Lewis, and also has in training several horses of his own. 359 THE AMERICAN TURF From 1S74 until 1870, Mr. George W. Jennings was connected with the stable of Mr. W. Wyche. tirst as exercise boy and afterward as jockey. He was born in Sumter. S. C. in i8bo. and consequently was fourteen years old when he entered upon his racing career. His riding for Mr. Wvche was during the last two years of his connection with that owner's stable. Among the prominent horses with which he was identified at that time were Marv Long. Hatteras and others. His second engagement was with Mr. L. A. Hitchcock, with whom he remained for four years, riding some of the best horses in that gentleman's stable, which included Gal- way. Busv Bee. Limestone and others. Bringing his career as a jockey to an end on account of increasing weight. Mr. Jennings accepted an engage- ment as assistant trainer for Mr. Henry Winters, with whom he remained for three years, following that by a two-years' engagement with Mr. William C. Daly. With the Daly string he had success in handling such horses as Swift. Jim McGowan, Belle of the North and Kitty Clark. With those of the stable that he trained he won about eighty races. Leaving the employ of Mr. Daly, he opened a stable of his own. and in recent years has been training and running for himself. Among the horses that have carried his colors have been Captain Flaherty, Tonv Foster and Alcinora, with whom he won in two years about fifty races. He also ran Plutocrat, Belle of Corsica and Belle of Ftance through the West. A native of Tennessee, Mr. Arthur Carter was born in 1876. He has had something more than ten years of GEORGE W. JENNINGS Mr. Jennings is still active in racing, orange, blue sleeves, red sash and cap. His colors are ARTHUR CARTER active racing experience, tlist as a jockey and in later times as a trainer. His first employment was with that distinguished turfman, Mr. Charles Reed. He learned so rapidly that he was permitted to ride in less than four months after he had become attached to Mr. Reed's Stable. In his first race he finished third in a good field, which was the best evidence of his natuial cleverness as a jockey. During the year that he remained with Mr. Reed he rode many other races and was fairly successful. From the Reed Stable, after a year's experience, he was engaged as a jockey by Mr. Michael Gorman, for whom he rode such horses as Fellowship. Sally O. and others. In 1801, Mr. Carter entered the employ of Mr. J. W. Smythe, being one of the best jockeys attached to that owner's stable. He rode many races, several hundred all told, and a considerable number of them successfully. On Fenalon alone he won fourteen times. When he be- came too heavy to ride he still remained with Mr. Smythe as trainei', and has had charge of several horses whose names aie well known to the public. Among them have been Woodchopper, Fleurette and Fred Lee. His long engagement with Mr. Smythe amply testifies to his skill as a trainer and to the high esteem in which his services are geneially regarded. He is successful in handling all kinds of horses, and is capable and conscientious. 360 THE AMERICAN TURF Of KentLicky birth and early experience, Mr. Isaac Jolinston developed into a clever jockev. and lias since ISAAC JOHNSTON become a trainer of established reputation. He was born in Lexington, Ky., in May, 1866, and when a bov of twelve years went to work in the stable of Mr. David Allen, exercising horses. His persistency and his relia- bility is shown by the fact that he remained with Mr- Allen for seven years. During the last three years of his connection with the establishment he acted as jockey, riding most of the prominent races in which Mr. Alien entered his hoises upon the Southern courses and win- ning his fair proportion of them. From the Allen Stable he went to that of Messrs. Strain & Co., where Mr. James Downey was trainer. His year with Messrs. Strain & Co. ended his riding, and he became engaged as assistant trainer in the stable of S. W. Street, holding that position for four years. Then joining the stable staff of Mr. R. McBride, he trained some of the best horses of that owner, among them being Major Daly and Major Pickett. His success was of a notable character, the hoises that came undei his hands winning some sixty races. After three years' connection with the McBride Stable, he accepted a sim- ilar position with Mr. Andrew Thompson, and in 189^ he had the horses of Mr. R. V. Boyle. His success with these horses was eminently satisfactory, and especially with Septuor was his training productive of good results, for with that horse he won some eighteen races. In the fall of 1897, Mr. Johnston took the horses of Mr. John Barrett, among them being Babette and Altoona. Mr. Douglas (barter is a Viiginian, having been born in Richmond, December s, 1872. When eight years of age he began his connection with the turf by being appren- ticed to Major T. W. Doswell. After remaining with him for live years, Carter went to Nashville, Tenn., to exercise horses for Mr. James Williams, under whom he served for two years. 'From there he went to the estab- lishment of Mr. J. B. Haggin to break yearlings and ride valuable stud horses. Shortly the son of his first em- ployer, Mr. T. B. Doswell, sent for him to take the place of foreman at the Hanover Junction establishment, and he accordingly returned Hast. In iSqo, Mr. R. Bradley engaged him as foreman, and he spent two years with this stable. His ambition had been to become a trainer, and as Mr. Bradley was his own trainer the opportunity to learn was not neglected. He next entered the stable of Mr. William C. Daly, taking a subordinate place, but after a year was promoted to be foreman, and in a year more reached the point to which he had been striving, by being appointed trainer. Mr. Carter has now held his position for several years, and under the influence of Mr. Daly, who has brought so many trainers and jockeys into prominence, has been rapidly pushing his way to high rank in his profession. Mr. Daly's horses are, to use a technical phrase, " always in the money," and this, in the opinion of many observ- ers, is largely due to the untiring labor that his trainers put into their preparation. In all that work Mr. Carter has borne an active part, and has fully demonstrated his DOUGLAS CARTER fitness as well as his conscientious application to the interests of the stable. 361 THE AMERICAN TURF Bom in Bjiliniun' iii :N()2, Mr. Wilson S. Tavloi niacic his acqiKiiiitMiuc with lioises wiicii, at llic age of I'lcvcn. Kdin at Ausliii. Tcx., ( )cl()iicr !i, 1864. Mi. W-U-r l^iattoii oinaiiii'd his Hist laciiiu experience with Mr. (jreen B. Morris in 187(1. Pievious to that time he had been entjaged I'oi' several yeai's in roundinji up cattle for his father. After six or seven months with Mi. Morris, he started riding' in the summer of 1877, having several winning races in his first season. He remained with Mi-. Mollis until 1884, when he became attached to the stable of John W. Loud, having Lady Loud, Lida Stan- hope, Richard L. .ind others. For a year after 1886, he rode for Mr. James McCormick, and then engaged as trainer for Mr. John T. Terry and otheis. In i88t), he was engaged to train the New York Stable, and a year later trained a public stable. In i8c)i, he became an owner, his horses including Seadrift, Bratton and others: but he maintained this stable only a year, when he returned to training, first in a public stable and afterward for Mr. J. O'Leary, who had Rancocas, Sweetbread, Greenwich, Merriment, Turk and otheis. After Mr. O'Leary sold out, Mr. Bratton took several of his horses and won with them, and in i8q6, had a public stable. He now has in training Athy, WILSON S. TAYLOR he went to the stable of Mr. Hugh Gaffney as exercising boy. In that establishment he remained for tlve years, when the passion for riding took possession of him and he ran away to bushwhack around the county fairs. Within two years he returned to the larger tracks, enter- ing the employ of Mr. James Walden as foreman of that horsemin's pLiblic stable. With Mr. Walden he re- mained three years, leaving him to take charge of several colts for Mr. Hiiggins. who, at that time, was training for Mr. ALigust Belmont. The connection of Mr. Taylor with Mr. Huggins con- tinued until 1884, when he entered the stable of Mr. George L. Lorillard as assistant trainer. His next en- gagement was with the horses of the Auburndale Stable. There he handled such horses as Harvard. Jav F. Dee and Huntoon. In i88c), Mr. Taylor became attached to the stable of Mr. 1). A. Honig, having charge of such horses as Censor and Can't Tell. After two vears with Mr. Honig he took charge of the stable of a New York gentleman, whose establishment was managed by Mr. Matthew Sharpe. Here he had the handling of a string of good ones. For some time after this he had a pLiblic stable, but more recently has been in charge of the horses of Mr. William Boyle. His long and varied expe- rience, and especially his connection with so many dif- ferent stables, has given to him an exceptional facility. i PETER BRATTON Basil, Charlie Ross, The Camera bv Bishop. Lady Bratton by Spokane, and Lucius by Tristan. 362 Ill' AMERICAN TURl Since IhivIuhkI Mr. RiLJijiid (".ollins has been a Ikhsl'- man or connected with the turf. He was born at Bards- RICHARD COLLINS. town. Ky., March i8. i8t)6. and began his racing career in iSyq, when he was thirteen years old. by exercising for a local owner who had Bill Nelson and other thorough- breds. In 1885. he engaged with Mr. Hardy Durham, of Louisville, remaining with him for two years, riding Levant and other animals. Gaining too rapidly in weight and size to remain longei' in the saddle, he gave up rid- ing in 188^, and entered the stable of Mr. J. W. Rogers. This establishment inckided Blue Wing, who was second in the famous Dry Monopole-Blue Wing-Hidalgo Brook- lyn Handicap; Stuyvesant and othei' prominent horses. Aftei- live years he became, in i8>.)i, foreman for Mr. J. J. (Carroll, in whose string were Blue Jeans and Vivid. In i8c)4. he went to the stable of Mr. W. M. Barrick. and in the autLimn of 181.)^, became its foreman. In this capacity he has had charge of Dr. Hasbrouck. Hmin Bev. Tom Rogers. Figaro, and others, and in i8i)(i trained with success Maurice, a horse with a surpassing lecord. Out of (ifty-five starts he was unplaced Init twice, his victories including the Toronto (Aip and seveial other stake events. The same stable has also inckided other horses of merit and reputation. In a lifetime spent among horses. Mr. Sanuiel T. Booker hasaciiuired by experience the knowledge neces- sary to make him proficient in the art of training thor- oughbreds. .Since he attained the age of nine his life has been spent among horses. Mr. Booker was boiii Janu- ary 2t. i8(it, in Alabama, and lust IouikI empldymeiit in the stable of Captain William Cottrill at Mobile, Ala., with whom he remained six years, during which time he exercised the horses belonging to that gentleman and acted as second trainer. He next rode for Mr. Hdward Beardsley, of Mobile, and then was second trainer for Mr. C. H. Pettingill, a position that he lilled until Mr. Pettingill's engagement as starter caLised his retirement from racing. Mr. J. A. Bennett, of Parkville, L. 1., then engaged Booker to train for him. and with that stable he has since been identified. Among the horses which he has had charge of are such well-known ones as Temple. Restraint, Economist. Doggett and Roundsman, and a nLimber of others. Doggett and Roundsman were the pick of the string, and showed themselves to be horses of line calibre, hav- ing to their credit such classic events as the Capitol and the Bavside Stakes, as well as the victory of Roundsman in winning the Washington Handicap in i8q5. Mr. Booker's lot as a trainer has often been a trying one. In some instances almost a complete resurrection has been necessary in oidei' to bring his horses to the post in tit SAMUEL T. BOOKER condition. All the more from these circumstances success has been a full demonstration of his ability. lis 363 THE AMERICAN TURF Mr. John White was born at Charleston, S. C, in i86s. At the early age of eleven years he began his turf career with Major B. G. Bacon, of Georgia, as an exer- cise boy, and with that establishment he remained some three years. Mr. John Harper was his next employer, and he remained with him until the year 1887. when he began to buy horses on his own account. His new pur- chases were numerously entered throughout the United States. Dame Fortune smiled on him from the begin- ning, and he continued to buy until his stable sheltered some valuable thoroughbreds, all bread winners. Lute String, Viniagrette. Cora Tanner, War Like, Bank Cashier and Motorman all contributed to the success of his stable. War Like in particular winning for him several thousand dollars in a race in which he defeated Restraint. Beansey, Governor Fifer and some other good ones. Torchlight was another, whose race at Jerome Park was sensational. Starting in a field of fourteen horses, he defeated his opponents inhandy fashion, with odds of =^0 to i against him, and thereby won a large sum for his owner. Mr. White has not always been so fortunate, but, on the whole, his turf careei has been satisfactory than other- wise. The reverses that he has met have been such as befall all turfmen from time to time, and his successes have more than compensated for them. Mr. White now has in training his own hoi'se, the three-year old Having been employed in the stable of Messrs. Whit- taker & Berwick for a single year, Mr. Matthew Farley, ■■^' ■■■*T^'3«?^'^^W.f*l^ • *-■■ JOHN WHITE black gelding, Black Dude by Falsetto, colors are old gold, blue sleeves, black cap. His racing 364 MATTHEW EARLEY in 1882. joined the staff of Mr. Byron McClelland. He was then fifteen years of age, having been born in Augusta, Ga., May 27, 1867. With Mr. McClelland he remained tlve years, part of that time riding some of the best horses in the stable. More rapidly than many boys he took on flesh, so that before he had been fully instated as a jockey he was too heavy to think of being a rider. Leaving the establishment of Mr. McClelland he became attached to that of Mr. J. McDonald, where he was as- sistant trainer to Mr. Edward Wall. In a short time, however, he found it to his advantage to take charge of the horses of Mr. W. R. Jones, the string including Bel- wood, Satisfied, Babette and others. With these runners Mr. Farley had a satisfactory expe- rience in i889-'9o-'9i, so much so that the stable was enlarged by the addition of Postmaster and Charade. The last named was a grand race horse, winning several turf prizes, among them the Carleton, the Daisy, the Congress Hall and the Tidal Stakes, the Grand Union, the White Plains, the Brookdale and the Metropolitan Handicaps, and the Double Fvent. After the death of Mr. Jones, in 1897, Mr. Farley continued training the horses that his former employer left. He also has two horses of his own, Parade and Tea-leaf. THE AMERICAN TURF Amona: the practical men in the racing world who have won their way from a place in the stable to the rank of owners thei'e is probably none who is better spoken of by all classes of turfmen or whose career has been based on a more thorough knowledge of thorough- bred horseflesh than Mr. William N. Cloyd. Born at Nashville, Tenn., November 6, 1868, he has virtually passed his entire life among horses. His school experi- ences were limited to a few years, for when a mere boy of ten the ruling passion of his life asserted itself and he ran away from home and began his racing apprenticeship with Mr. Geoge H. Rice, for whom he exercised Glidelia and others. He then became connected with the estab- lishment of Mr. Albert Cooper, who had Queen of Trumps. Faustina and some other speedy animals, and after remaining there for two years came East and trained Express, Merry Duke and a number of two-year olds for Mr. W. P. Ward, with whom he remained for some years. His next engagement was with Mr. F. Hadlick. In 1884, Mr. Cloyd returned to Mr. Albert Cooper and went with him to California as second in charge of Mr_ Haggin's stable, to which Cooper had become trainer. He had a successful engagement, and returned East with some money, which he invested in a horse named Ornus, which, when purchased, was a decided cripple. Under his care the animal regained form and speed, and started in twelve races with Mr. Cloyd's colors, being in the money eight times. From that time on Among the younger trainers who have played a prom- inent part of late years and whose energy has been JOHN RAMSEY WILLIAM N. CLOYD Mr. Cloyd has been an owner, having had some good horses in his string, and has handled many winners. crowned by success, is Mr. John Ramsey, who was born at Nashville, Tenn.. in 1871. Nine years after Mr. Ram- sey first saw the light he entered the stable of Mr. George H. Rice, of Tennessee, to learn the art of riding. Like all beginners, he was first assigned to the work of exer- cising the horses in the stable previous to their races. He soon acquired a good seat, and showed such inborn aptitude that he was permitted to ride quite often during his stay with Mr. Rice, which lasted four years. Mr. Hardy Durham was his next employer, and after prelim- inary work in that stable for a year he was assistant foreman for five years, and then resigned to join the staff of the Burridge Brothers as assistant trainer. After two years had elapsed, so well had his work suited his employers, that he was placed in charge of the entire stable. Burridge Brothers, however, in their late years on the turf were very unfortunate, and the material which Ramsey was obliged to work on. while of royal blood, met with many accidents which impaired their racing qualities. Still, during his experience as a trainer he has helped to prepare many stars. He has displayed great discretion, and has good qualities that tit him for his profession. 365 THE AMERICAN TURF Anolhci' representative of that army of capable turf- men who have come out of Kentucky is Mr. Luther Carr. LUTHER CARR Wiien it is recoided that lie was born in Lexington, in the Blue Grass State, nothing fuither need be said to indicate the chaiacter of his early associations and to show how, almost from necessity, he drifted into the turf world. It was in 1884 tliat his racing e.xperience began with Mi'. Dudley Allen, with whom he remained seven years. Duiing that period lie was engaged in A native of the West hidies, Mr. Alexander Heciorhas become so thoroughly assimilated with the racing life of the United States that he has already become numbered among the accomplished trainers of the American turf, whose future holds out abundant promise of extended usefulness. Trinidad, one of the most beautiful and fertile of Great Britain's possessions in the West Indian Archipeligo, was his birthplace. Theie he saw the light, April 21. 1877. Brought up in his native island home, that is not far away from the South American coast and that has a decidedly tropical climate, it was a consider- able change for him, when, even before he had attained the age of eleven, he came to the United States. The contrast between his native land and the coLintiy in which the lines of his life were in the future to be laid was particularly emphasized by the fact that his first initiation into the mysteries of racing, which occurred soon after he arrived in the United States, coincided with the great storm of 1888, which the people of our Atlan- tic seaboard will always remember as " the great bliz- zard. Commencing his racing life at this early age. Hec- tor, like all bovs of his class, began by exercising horses, succeeding in the course of time to riding, and linally, after a few years, becoming a trainer of acknowl- edged skill and promise. Although his riding in the tirst instance was on the tLit. soon after the beginning of his career he developed marked c|ualitications not only for this, but for othei' branches of jockeyship. The skill, nerve and judgment that he early displayed was mani- fested in the difficult and often dangei'ous work of piloting jumpers, and he rode many winning races over the huidles, as well as on the tlat. Among the owners whom Hector has been associated with since he be- various capacities and had experience in all kinds of came connected with the turf have been Mr. J. B. Col- stable work by which he gained the proficiency that has since always characterized his work. In the end he be- came assistant trainer in the Allen Stable. When this engagement was at an end he was employed for a short time by Mr. Patrick Gilroy, and later on became asso- lins, Mr. J. l)e Long, Mr. J. E. McDonald, Mr. William M. Barrick, Mr. Walter c' Rollins, Mr. John J. McCaf- ferty and Mi'. L. Hunt. At present he is eniployed by Mr. Benjamin Weil. Mr. Hector, in the course of his professional life, has elated with Mr. James E. Pepper in the handling of the had experiences with a large variety of animals that are horses of that well-known owner. In Mr. Pepper's entitled to rank in the list of noted performers and best stable at that time were several good ones, particularly horses of the day. Among them have been such cracks the noted rLinner. The Pepper. After a two years' experience with Mr. Lee (Christy, the well-known Western turfnian. Mr. (^arr had charge of Rudolph for Mr. B. J. Johnson, and then was engaged with Mr. (Charles Smith, who was best known as the owner of Buckwa and several others of distinction. More recently Carr has been assistant trainer for Mr. as Applegate, Wishard, Helen Nichols, Sirocco, Sir Walter. Dr. Hasbrouck, Addie, Lawless, Midgley, Farnier, Madrid, Portchester. Kingsbridge and Eric. He exercised all the above, and, in addition, has trained a nuniber of animals, including Napoleon Bonaparte, Atlanta and Newtown Belle. Well liked by all turfmen with whom he has been Charles H. Hughes, who had charge of the stable of brought into contact, Mr. Hector has an enviable reputa- Bromley & Co. In that connection Carr was espe- tion for steadiness and fidelity to the interests committed cially assigned to the handling of that admirable cam- to his charge. He has made his home at Gravesend, paigner, First Mate. near the Brooklyn Jockey Club track. 366 JOCKEYS JOCKHYS Thosi- In Sii.khn Jackhts Who Ridic riii-. Thoroughbreds to Victory— An Exacting I'roihssion that has (^.RiiAT Uanci-rs With Grkat Ri-.wards— Gilpatrick, Laird, Purdy, Crank and Othi-r Oi-D-TiMERS— The Smart Young Men ok this Generation. ■pHH professional jockey is a modern creation. In ^ the earlier days of the English turf he was almost unknown, and public opinion, to a veiv large extent, frowned Lipon him. A change has come over the situation, however, and for a quarter of .i centurv oi' more the chief jockeys in England have been regarded as very remarkable individuals. They have been petted like favorite prima donnas, and have been admitted to the intimate association of tlie sporting aristocracy, though that often may be regarded as a doubtful compliment and an uncertain advantage. They have also reaped rewards from their professional services that have rivaled even statesmen or great law- yers. It is said that as long ago as 1846 the chief jockey of England received more for his skill in horsemanship than did Lord Beaconstleld for conducting the Govern- ment of Queen Victoria. The chief jockey that season rode 6=;7 times and won 207 races, the most successful record in turf history down to that time. Fred Archer and others of contemporaneous times have surpassed that record, however. Extravagant rewards for successful work done upon the race course have always been bestowed upon the English jockeys by their patrons. In 1824, Benjamin Swift received nearly five thousand dollars, raised by subscription, for his admirable riding of Jerry in the St. Leger. Ten years earlier the jockey who won the Derby with Hermit received from the owner Sis, 000. One admirer gave him what in racing parlance is called "a monkey." a sum of money amounting to $2, soo, while a third individual gave him $soo. There were numeious gifts of less value sent to the hero of the race on this occasion, and he is said to have netted over 820,000 b\- the single effort: which was about double the amount paid to Sir Walter Scott for writing The Lady of the Lake. Other riders were less fortunate in receiving princely gifts. John Dav. who was a chief jockey in his time, won in the same week two classic events. The Duke of Grafton, his master, congratulating him upon the manner in which he had ridden, gave him the munificent sum of .Si 00. This, however, was, on the whole, a rather handsome present for those days, when a successful jockey, if he was a married man. received in addition to his Lisual wages a side of bacon, a bag dI potatoes, a half cheese, or a barrel of home brewed ale. Riders then were less jockeys than they were grooms. Contemporaneous attention bestowed upon the jockey by the sporting element of England has been of an effusive character, and his rewards have been on a scale beside which those of olden times pale in comparison. Presents made to him bv the owners of the horses he rides and of bettors who have backed him. are frequent and vakiable. Gold watches, diamond rings and scarf- pins set with rubies, riding horses, dog-carts and yachts, suits of clothes, new hats, boxes of cigars and cases of champagne are quite common. One noted jockey not long since received in two seasons enough cigars to have stocked a modest shop, and the same lad received during his career, which, though short, was quite brilliant, eleven gold watches, seven diamond rings and other valuable jewels. Some of the famous English jockeys of a generation or more ago were Fordham, Wells. Snowden, Grimshaw, Challoner. Flatman, Aldcroft. Charlton, Bray. Day and Creswell. and before their day there were Chiffney. Buckle. Butler. Marson. Robinson. Scott and others who ■' witched the woi'ld with noble horsemanship." George Fordham is p.iiticularly interesting to Ameri- cans as having been the first English jockey to ride suc- cessfully American horses on the English turf. He was engaged by Mr. Richard Ten Broeck during several years of that turfman's English racing. He was a prince of light-weight riders and among the greatest English jock- eys that ever distinguished themselves on the turf. In one year — i8sQ — although he had reached the time when he was no longer able to ride below 102 pounds, he won no less than i n races and stood at the top of the list of winning jockeys. He started in his extraordinary career of that year on the Cheese-cake Course and thence trav- eled all over England, lieland and Scotland, attending all the great meetings of the year and carrying off a large proportion of the principal prizes, winning, it is said, for his employers nearly $iso,ooo. Of particular interest from the American point of view were his winning of the Warick Ciip on Mr. Ten Bioeck's .Starke, his winning of two out of the four events at Stockton on Umpire, and his winning of the Queens Plates at Epsom and New- castle, on Prioress. He was a very skilfiil jockev. and frequently won on inferior horses as a result of his splen- did horsemanship. 369 THE AMERICAN TURF Even more than in En,2;land the jockey has not cut much of a figure in connection with American racing until within a comparatively short time, it is only dur ing the present period that he has come forward to any- thing like a conspicuous position, either in numbers, in influence or in public consideration. In fact. American jockeyism, as a profession, is so largely of modern origin that it does not go back much further than the days of Hayward, McLaughlin. Garrison and their associates, which means the present generation. In the eariier period many of the jockeys were Southern negro boys who were brought up in the stables and were picked out for mounts, more because of their familiarity with their master's thoroughbreds than because they had trained to the profession. To be sure, they were subjected to the regular training process and pi'eparation for riding, but their appearances for the most part were confined to the horses with which they had an intimate stable acquaintance. At the same time, we must not forget that professional jockeys, even though few in numbei', were known to the turf in the first part of the present century and their names shine with peculiar distinction. There were the Purdys, father and son: the Lairds, father and son: Gil- patrick, Littletjeld, Crane and a few others, whom it de- lighted the elder generation of turfmen to remember and to praise. Among these earlier jockeys Gilpatrick easily had first place. The name by which he was profession- ally known was a combination of his right name, which was Gilbert Watson Patrick. From Gil Patrick it was an easy transition to Gilpatrick, which was the racing name that he finally went by. Boin in Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. in 1817, he lived to a ripe old age, dying in 1872. Foi' three generations he v/as intimately associated with the American turf, and his recollections extended back to its most palmy days. Of the great racing events that made the early days of the turf in this country a veritable Homeric period, he could tiulv declare, "' all of which 1 saw and a great part of which 1 was." He began riding at an early age, being engaged by the Messrs. Stevens, Coster and others, who were the principal supporters of the Northern turf. Gilpatrick rode in some of the most notable races that took place between 18^=, and iSso. and his fame is iden- tified with many of the champions of that period. In one of the most celebrated races of the thirties, that which was contested by Bascombe and Post-boy, the North against the South, he rode Post-boy, the loser. This was in 1836. Six years later, in another great match between the North and South, when Fashion and Boston met on the Union Course, Long Island, he rode Boston, the Southern horse, and fully distinguished him- self, although he failed to win. Fashion on this occasion was ridden by Joseph Laird, who rivaled even Gilpatrick in skill. At the same meeting, however, three days later Gilpatrick achieved success in a race that was second only to that between Boston and Fashion, the great struggle between Boston and Mariner. On this occasion he rode Boston to victory, four-mile heats, win- ning the second and third heats in 7 minutes, 46 seconds, and 7 minutes, s8>< seconds. Joe Laird rode Mariner, and succeeded in winning the first heat in 8 minutes, n seconds. The subseciuent proceedings, however, were of little interest to him, for Gilpatrick put Boston to the front so handsomely that Laird could make no showing whatsoever. Another favorite mount of Gilpatrick's was Blue Dick, but he attained to his highest distinction when, in i8s=>. at New Orleans, he successfully rode Lexington in the great match against time for four miles, on which occasion he succeeded in breaking the record, and gave both himself and his mount an international reputation. When Mr. Richard Ten Broeck went to England to race against the English thoroughbreds in 18^7, he took Gilpatrick along with nim. The jockey was not success- ful abroad, however, and his riding of Prioress for the Goodwood Cup was the occasion of a great deal of dis- cussion and of unfavorable criticism. Ttiere were some things about that race that were never satisfactorily ex- plained, and Gilpatrick returned at once to the United States without having any further opportunity on the English turf. Regarding this failure with Prioress, he always declared that he rode the best that he possibly could under the circumstances, declaring that no horse on earth could have beaten Monarque, the winner on that occasion. As he put it, '• Monarque passed me as if 1 had been tied to a post." His subsequent career was marred to a considerable extent by his bad habits, which had the effect of making him untrustworthy. Nevertheless, he was still held in high esteem in certain quarters, and was able to secure many good mounts, especially in the racing period immediately after the close of the war, when he was managing to hold himself under control. He I'ode Kentucky and Ruthless to suc- cess in the Travers and Sequel Stakes. With Kentucky his name stood at the head of the Saratoga Cup winners, while with Ruthless it stood at the head of the Belmont Stake winners. In 1870, he rode Glenelg for the West- chester Cup, and his last mount was on Hippogriffe at Brighton Beach. In the latter years of his life he came moie and more into disfavor and had comparatively few mounts. In his best days there were few jockeys who were his superior. Contemporary with Gilpatrick. the Lairds, the Purdys and others was Gil Crane, who outlived all of his asso- ciates, and before he died had the distinction of being probably the oldest jockey in the world. His experience went back to the days of American Eclipse and Henry. THE AMERICAN ILIRF Early in life he was attaciied to the stable of Mr. John (",. Stevens, for whom he rode O' Kelly, Mary Randolph, Medoc and other cracks. But the turf woild resounded with his fame when he rode Black Maiia in that phe- nomenal twentv-mile race — five four-mile heats — on the Long Island Union Course in 18^2, against Trifle and Lady Relief. Few more stubborn contests than this have ever been recorded in turf history, and Gil Crane won fade- less laurels for the physical endurance and the marvelous skill in jockeyship which he displayed in bringing the mare safely through to the finish at the head of the field in the first and fifth heats. After old age had ended his caieer he was not a frequenter of the races, althougli to the end of his life he preserved all his fondness for it. while nothing delighted him more than to talk of the days when Colonel Johnson, Colonel Corbin. Com- modore Stockton, the Messrs. Stevens, Botts, Bathgate, Gibbons and others were in the forefront, and with all of whom he was intimately associated. Good jockeys began to be more frequent ten years or more after the new era of racing set in, immediately fol- lowing the Civil War. That brilliant period of racing naturally developed strong elements in every department of turf affairs. There was a stimulus to breeding, ti'ain- ers felt the increased demand upon them, and the jockeys could not fail to be influenced by the widespread enthu- siasm that was the dominant characteristic of everything that then related to racing. The improvement that was made from year to year in horsemanship attracted more than ordinary attention, and the prediction was freely made that it would not be long before the American jockeys would succeed in attaining to as high a standard as that maintained in England and elewhere. Barrett was generally accepted as one of the chief jockeys in the seventies, when he wore the cherry, black and gold tassel of the Rancocas Stable, and when he rode such champions as Parole, Bombast, Zoozoo and others. He was so eminently successful, even when he had a poor mount, that betting followed him to a very exceptional e.xtent. Hughes, a good safe rider, carried the blue and oiange of the Westbrooke Stable and chal- lenged attention with Barrett. The elder Hayward made his American debut and rode himself into promi- nence, winning a big reputation for energy and bold- ness. William Brown, who went to England with Mr. Lorillard to ride Parole and others from the Rancocas Stable, was highly trusted. After Barrett left the Rancocas Stable Barbee and Evans came to that establishment. The former was skilful and brilliant, while the latter, with less dash to him, could be depended upon for solid, regular woik, and did not easily lose his head. Barrett afterward rode for the Rhode Island Confederacy, controlled by Mr, W. R. Babcock. that ran Ferncliffe, Pawnee, Sioux, Rachel and others. Feakes. who had been absent from the turf for some time, returned in 1874, and was very success- ful, his skill on Molly McCarthy in Chicago fixing him in popular favor. But Barrett. Hughes. Barbee. Feakes, Hayward, Spill- man and others, who for many years had been popular favorites, were rapidly becoming heavy weights at the time of which we are treating, and the turf had its eyes tlxed upon many newcomers, whom it was expected would soon supersede the old-timers. Among the lighter weights were McLaughlin, he of resolute finish and excellent judgment, and Costello, clear-headed and well trained, who was a growing rival of McLaughlin- Among other light weights then just coming forward were Shauer, Purcell, ,Sayres, Halloway, Donohue. Blay- lock, Fisher, (,)uantrell, Wolfe and Hennessy, These and many others who preceded or were contemporary with them have not yet passed out of the recollection of turfmen. Now and then we find one who is still in the field and doing good work. Most of them, howevei', have graduated from the ranks of jockeys and are to-day owners or trainers, with only the memory of their riding days left with them. Some, indeed, have dropped out of sight entiiely into other employments disassociated with the turf. A few of them are dead. There was William J. Fitzpatrick, better known as ■' Daredevil Fitz." who passed away only recently. Bariett (Billy Barrett), who died in 188^, after he had made himself and the Rancocas Stable famous, has not yet been for- gotten. Others there have been who have had their day, sometimes short and sometimes long, in this last quarter of a century, and whose work added much to the brilliancy of racing affairs in their day and time. The players on the stage of jockeydom shift frequently and rapidly. A single era of the turf sees several gen- erations of jockeys come upon the scene, have their short day and pass off to make room for their successors. Few of the men and boys who are in the saddle in the closing five or six years of the century go back more than a decade oi' so in their experiences. They have taken the places of those to whom reference has already been made, and of many others who were also active in the days gone by, and shortly they will give way to others, many of whom have already come in sight, while many are yet to make their first appearance. At no previous time in the history of the American turf have there been more successful jockeys or a larger number of them who are entitled to attention than in the imme- diate present. Brief consideration to some of those who have been most prominent and who are also still active in the work is presented in the ensuing pages. A pe- rusal of their careers will sufficiently indicate the char- acter of this particular element of tuif life and the very impoitant and brilliant part played bv the riders. 371 THE AMERICAN TURF An interesting study of turf life is presented in the ciu-eer of the famous jockey. James F. Sloan. He was born August lo, 1873, at Bunker Hill, Ind. His Christian name of James has virtually given place in his public life to the nickname of his boyhood, " Tod," by which he is known far and wide. Removing with his parents to Logansport, Ind., he entered the Normal School there at an early age and pur- sued his studies until he was fifteen. He was noted as a diligent student, and attributes no small part of the success which he has reached in his profession to his liberal education and to the habits of reflection and reason- ing which his ac- q u a i n t a n c e with books has induced. Horsemanship has, however, been the only pursuit in which Sloan ever engaged. His entrance into the ranks of riders was due to his elder brother, who was rid- ing for Messrs. Tracey and Levy, ofSt. Louis, who sent for him and proposed that he, too, should become a pro- fessional rider. The idea struck " Tod favorably, a n d he went to St. Louis where he received his tust instiuctions. He lemained but a short time with his brother and secured an en- gagement in Kansas City, going also to Colorado, whence he returned in the spring of i JAMES F. SLOAN IN RIDING COSTUME and wisely declined. He then rode for a time for Mr. Thomas Kiley, and for two years was engaged with Mr. J. M. Brown, who afforded him the opportunity for rapid advancement in his work. On Mr. Chris Smith's Van Buren, he performed the double feat, at the Garfield track. Chicago, of riding a dead heat in one race and making a new I'ecord in another in one day. Having been prudent as well as industrious, Sloan now became an own- er. He purchased several horses, among t h em Hominy Bill, with whom he won two races. He also made a good invest- ment in the shape of Ireland, and after win- ning several r aces with ,this horse sold him to Mr. Fred Fos- ter, of Dr. Rice fame. His next engagement as a rider was with Messrs. West and Mc- Grane. with whom he remained till they dis- solved, in 1892. He then joined Mr. Camp- bell at Monmouth Park, but another ef- ort on the latter's part to induce the jock- ey to contract with him for a term of years proved a failure. In fact, Sloan had by the character of his work and confidence which he inspired firmly es- tablished his reputa- tion, and his services were in constant de- mand by the most prominent owners on the turf. At this pe- /'iod of his life he made been excelled. It occurred at to take a place. in the stable a record which has never of Mr. John Campbell, intheautumn, Mr. Campbell, who the Parkway track, Brooklyn, when, with the exception had noticed the lad's remarkable courage, skill and judg- ment, called him to New Orleans, and there he received his first mount in a race on Lovelace. His success was such that Mr. Campbell at once offered to contract for his exclusive services for five years, which Sloan promptly of the jumping race, he rode every winner on the pro- gramme. One striking feature of his riding is that his judgment never deserts him at any stage of the race. From start to finish he uses headwork, placing his mounts in a way to secure every possible advantage. Tl AMF.RU-AN TURF The winters of 1894:1111.1 1895 were passed by Sloan in California, where he rode a few races, returning, how- ever, on the advent of spring, to the East. During the season of 1896 he repeated, and in fact improved upon, his former triumphs, and by his performances placed himself even higher in the esteem of owners and the rac- 1897. His appearance there was at first the occasion for a great deal of unfavorable comment and his style of rid- ing was severely criticised. In the end, however, he carried everything before him, showing himself again and again superior to the best English jockeys and achieving a triumph that was at last freely, even though tardily, ing public. His mounts were from among the best acknowledged by his severest critics. Thatepi.sode in his horses of the day, while nearly every stable that could do career unquestionably placed him in the front rank of the so has availed itself of his services. He was particularly successful with the horses of the Fleischmann Stable, and during the autumn of 1896 was partially un- der contract to ride for Mr. E. J. Baldwin. During the season of 1896, his mounts were 442 in n u m b e r , of which he won 132, or about thirty per cent., placing his horses an equal number of addi- tional times. In the early part of 1897, he rode at Ingleside, Cali- fornia, and performed another of his phenom- enal feats, that of cap- turing four races in a single day, three of them being nose fin- ishes. During the season of 1897, Sloan was en- gaged by Mr. George E. Smith and continued on his wonderfully bril- liant career. He stood near the head of the list of winning jockeys of the year, and when the proportion of his win- ning races to his total number of mounts is considered, none of the riders of the year approached him. For 1898, Messrs. C. Fleischniann's Sons secured first call on his services. One of the greatest triumphs of his career, and in many re- spects regarded by him with more satisfaction than anything else that has ever come to him. was his experience in England, whithei' he weiif in the fall of JAMES F. SLOAN AFTER THE RACES greatest jockeys of this generation, whether English or American. Successful as Mr. Sloan has been in his riding and in his per- sonal fortunes, it has all been deserved and worthily supported by the conscientious dis- c h a r g e of profes- s i o n a 1 engagements and a constant adher- ence to honorable turf methods. In this he has set a laudable ex- ample to the members of his profession. At the same time his record is a shining ex- ample of the certain rewards that the turf holds forth to men of his calibre. During the season of 1898, Sloan has added many more notable races to his credit. At Morris Park he won the Fashion Stakes on High Degree; the National Stallion Stakes on Jean Beraud ; the Laureate Stakes on Dr. Eichberg; the Eclipse Stakes on Jean Beraud, and the Gaiety Stakes on Orna- mental. At Gravcsend he won the Expecta- tion Stakes on Kingdon and the Brooklyn Handicap on Ornament, winning five out of the six events on that day; also, at Gravesend. won the Spring Special on Hamburg and the Tremont Stakes on Jean Beraud. At the Coney Island Jockey Club Spring Meeting, on three successive days, he carried off three nut of the six races on the card. THE AMERICAN TURF Few jockeys of ;iny period have devoted themselves more assiduously to their work, or have ridden more conscientiously than Fred Taral. Unlike some other noted riders, he has not branched into side lines, but has steadfastly adhered to his one chosen pursuit. With mounts numbering fully 5,000, and with more than 1,000 winning races to his credit during his brilliant career, he has, as can be readily understood, found little leisure for thought of anything outside of his professional work. This eminent jockey was born in Peoria. 111., in 18O7. His lather was proprietor of a hotel and livery stable, and the boy thus had opportuni- ties which he fully im- proved to acquire a good knowledge of horses. At the same time he secured a thorough education, but when he was about fifteen years of age was attacked by the spirit of adventure and ran away from home. His fii'st experience in independent life was in riding quarter-races among the cowboys of the Indian Territory, but his cleverness so fully displayed itself that Mr. Lew Elmore took him to the Washington Park track, at Chicago, wheie he had his first thor- oughbred mount on Mr. Elmoie's Loupe, in this first race he was a win- ner, and his perform- ances were at once of such a notable character that his fame spread throughout the turf world. In 1884 and in 1885, he continued in Chicago, riding for Mr. McGinty, a prominent hoiseman of the Garden City, The follow- ing season he rode for Mr. D. A. Honig, and in 1887. for the Messrs. Labold Brothers. While exercising Linda Payne, in the spruig of 1S87, he fractured his arm and for six months or more was laid up. Then in Chicago he returned to the saddle, and with his arm still in band- age rode thirty winning races for the Labold Stable in one month. He was not able to ride again until the latter part of 1889. when he again engaged with the La- bold Brothers. In the same year he joined the Bever- wyck Stable under the ownership of Messrs. Campbell & Nolan, and subsequently rode for Messrs. Walcott & Campbell. From this point his reputation began to be interna- tional, and he has ridden some of the most famous win- ning races of modern times. To record all the notable events that stand to his ci'edit would require many pages. On Cassius he was second in Salvator's Subur- ban, and in 1893, won the Brooklyn Handicap with Diablo. Late in 1893, he engaged with the Messrs. Keene, forwhom he rode Domino in the great races of that turf wonder. The following year, being still with the Keene Stable, he won three handicaps — the Brooklyn, the SLiburban and the Metropolitan, a feat never equaled by any jockey in one season. He remained with the Keene Stable until 1890, when he signed with Mr. Marcus Daly and still continued on his \ictorious career. In that year, for the third time, he won the Brook- lyn Handicap, piloting Sir Walter to victory, as he had Diablo in 1893 and Dr. Rice in 1894. Recently Messrs. Bromley & Co. have had first call upon Taral's services, and he has also ridden for Mr. Marcus Daly and other owners. During all his turf ex- perience he has seldom been unplaced in any of the big events, an exception being when he rode Pessara, who broke down in the Suburban of 1893. He must be considered one 01 the greatest jockeys of this period. Not only is he a popular favorite, but he also enjoys the respect and confidence, as well as the ad- miration, of his professional associates. He is wholly reliable in his work and thoroughly understands the science of jockeyship. Industry, thrilt and temperance have made him comfortably well off. He has a pleasant home and his domestic life is one of his greatest delights. FRED TARAL 374 THE AMERICAN TURF An international reputation is an object that is eagerly soLigiit for by eveiv rider, and when once gained, is as faithfully guarded by him as it is earnestly coveted by his rivals. Few American jockeys have ever succeeded in adding this peculiar distinction to their other glories. In this small class stands William Sims, who, although still a young man, has won honors on the turf both in the United States and in Hurope that have given him Domino. Greater honors were also in store for him, for he was engaged by Mr. Richard Croker and Mr. Michael F. Dwyer to accompany their stables to Eng- land to ride in that country. Upon the Hnglish turf he achieved a triumph never before accomplished by an American jockey. He enjoys the particular distinction of having been the first native American rider who ever won an event on an Hnglish racecourse with an Ameri- title to rank as one of the greatest jockeys of the pres- can horse whose owner, trainer and complete outfit were ent age. Born in Augusta, Ga., January ift, 1870, this American. He remained in Hngland four months, and clever rider, like the ma- jority of Southern boys, manifested an early lik- ing for horses, so that it may be said that turf life is really second nature to him. After some pre- liminary association with horses he became attached to the stable of Mr. C. H. Pettingill, with whom he came East and remained some two years. The preliminary work that he went through was of such a character as to give him a sound knowledge of the pri- mary details of his call- ing, and when the op- portunity came to him to mount Saluda, the first horse that he ever rode, he was in perfect trim and admirably per- formed his duties. In 1888, he accepted an en- gagement with the Hon- orable William L. Scott, for whom he rode in many victorious events, this engagement lasting two years. The year 189 1, he gave up to open dates, his services being called for by such owners as Messss. Walter Jennings, Andrew Thompson. P. J. Dwyer and the Labold Brothers. For one season in 1892, he signed with Mr. P. J. Dwyer, and afterward did excellent work for a single season with Mr. Pierre Loril- lard. Sims' great success came to him in 181)4 and i89t. His riding had already made him distinguished, and in 1894, he was prominent in many brilliant events, includ- ing a mount on Dobbins in the famous match with WILLIAM SIMS while there won some good races. He received great commendation for his clever work, and his importance as a jockey immediately rose in the estimation of turfmen, for it was more clearly shown than ever before that he was possessed of sound judgment, ex- cellent foresight and undaunted courage. Many offers bidding for his services promptly came to him from both English and American owners, but he returned to America, and was welcomed as one of the turf heroes of the day. Mr. Michael F. Dwyer recognized more than ever before the value ot his services, and re- tained him in connec- tion with his stable. At the same time, however, he reserved for himself the privilege of riding for other owners, and therefore his name has been connected with that of many other stables. Recently h e has done a great deal oi riding for Mr. August Belmont, and has also had mounts from Messrs. John E. Madden. James R. Keene, M. F. Stephenson and others. Sims is a steady, reliable and conservative jockey, and has to his credit the winning of some of the closest margin races on recoid. His superior skill is likely to be demon- strated many years in the future as it has been in the past. He has many followers, and the opinion is firmly fixed that he will rank as one of America's greatest jockeys. THE AMERICAN TURE It is no ex.'iggei'ation to say that Edward H. Gar- rison liad in liis day as wide a national reputation as any one individual connected with racing in the United States. None of his profession ever enjoyed a greatei' popularity with the racing public here, and his record can only be contrasted with those of the greatest jock- eys who have graced the English turf. His appearance in the saddle was almost always certain to produce a sensation among the spectators at any of our great tracks, while the expression, "a Garrison finish," which passed into general speech throughout the land, was a tribute to one of the most marked features of his style as a rider. Edward Henry Gar- rison, or to recall the title by which he is known far and wide to the racing community, "Snapper," was born in New Haven, Conn., Feb- ruary 9, 1868. He was educated at the public schools, but from his earliest days horses seemed to possess an overpowering attraction for him. Being em- ployed in a blacksmith shop when a mere child, he was able to gratify this passion by riding horses to and fro, but his real experience with horseflesh began in 1880, when he was taken in charge by " Father Bill" Daly, who instructed him in the art in which he was to excel. It was in Mr. Daly's Stable, too, that in some mysterious way his famous sobri- quet "Snapper" was originally introduced. ^ His rise to fame as a knight of the pigskin was rapid. It would be impossible to give in detail either his mounts, his victories or the owners for whom he has ridden. As to the latter it may be briefly stated that after spending three years with Mr. Daly, he rode for Mr. H. O. Barnard in 1884, and in the succeeding year for Captain Samuel S. Brown. In 1886, he was with the Honorable William I,. Scott, of Erie, but in 1887 paid most of his attention to his own horses, which, ainontr EDWARD H. GARRISON Others, included Eolian, Cyclops and Speedwell. An engagement with Mr. J. B, Haggin was made in 1888, and in i88g he rode for the Honorable August Belmont. Mr. Haggin again secui'ed his services in i8qo and i8qi, and Mr. Marcus Daly enjoyed them in 1892-94.' In 1894, his salary was the highest ever received by an American jockey, aggregating, as it did. $23,500. Three of the most prominent owners shared his services, Mr. Daly having the first, Mr. Belmont the second, and Dr. Gideon Lee Knapp the third call upon him. He rode in 189s for Colonel Ruppert, and in the season of 1896 de- lighted his old-time 'ad- mirers by a notable vic- tory with Ornament, in which all the qualities of that riding which won him fame were still ap- parent. Indeed, at all times where weights per- mitted, he could have the pick of the best mounts. It is interesting to know that Garrison con- siders Tammany the greatest horse among his innumerable mounts, while Montana's Subur- ban Handicap, in 1892, was, in his opinion, the most remarkable win- ning race in which he ever rode. Personally popular, alike with his associates, with the offi- cials of the tracks and with owners, he fully enjoyed the confidence of the racing public, whose enthusiasm he never failed to arouse by his perfomTance in the saddle, '^he success which Garrison enjoyed was due in the first place to a natural aptitude for the profession. At the same tiine, he possessed all the other qualifications necessary in a successful jockey, in- cluding confidence in himself, good judgment and an instinctive knowledge of horses, which was strengthened by years of close application and studv of the subject. His final retirement from an active participation in riding has never ceased to be regretted by thousands of fre- quenters of the race track who had learned to admire his brilliant performances./ 376 THE AMERICAN TURF To achieve success in the saddle a jockey must be possessed of many sterling qualities. A complete ac- quaintance with his work and an accurate knowledge of thoroughbreds are not the only requirements. There is a personal quality in the problem that cannot be over- looked. Many temptations lie in his way, temptations that unless he be an individual of strong character are very likely to prove his ruin. Dissipations that too often result from sociability and from the popularity that attaches to every successful rider may in the end be the baneofhisexistence, and an absence'of integrity will also surely undermine his career. If a jockey expects to be in the first class, he must certainly keep himself in per- fect condition, physically, and be recognized as straightforward and reli- able, professionally. Add these qualifications to the technical skill that he must possess and he may fairly expect that both fame and handsome financial returns shall be his reward. Among those jockeys of the present who, by strict attention to these princi- ples, have fairly e a r n e d the distinction of being in the first class, Harry Lewis, who has had many years of experience, is probably as good a rider as ever had a " leg up" upon any course. He is a native of England. having been born in Glou- cestershire in i86q, but his entire life has been passed in the United States. When he had attained the age of thirteen, he yielded to the passion for horses and en- tered the stable of Mr. James Jennings at Sheeps- head Bay as an exercise boy. After one year, he went to Kentucky, and became attached to the stable of Mr. John Ray, of Lexington, with whom he served for a single season. A short period of employment with Mr. P. H. Duffy followed, and then a year in the stable of that prince of turfmen, Mr. James R. Keene, and a year with the Messrs. Dwyer Brothers. By this time, the young man had perfected himself so well in his work that he was recognized as being pos- sessed of all the best qualities necessary to the making of a good jockey. Mr. R. Bradley, best known perhaps t' as "Virginia" Bradley, gave him his first mount on King B. He easily proved himself capable of riding with the best boys of the time, and as often as opportunity presented itself, his employer continued to allow him to ride. Judge Hlliott then secured first call on Lewis' serv- ices, but during the two years that he rode lor that owner he had many outside mounts. At the expiration of his services with the Elliott Stable, Lewis made no regular engagement, but rode whatever suitable mounts offered themselves. He was successful in car- rying many horses to victory, and his reputation as a first-class rider was steadily on the increase. His serv- ices were then sought by Mr. W. H. Timmons, fop whom he rode for two seasons. Then desiring to work for himself, he bought Prince Albert, whom he trained and rode with very fair success. Not conten- ted, however, with this somewhat circumscribed field of operations, he signed with Mr. H. Sim- mons, of Lousville, Ky.. but remained with that stable for a short time only, when he was engaged by Mr. P. McGlade, for whom he rode several good horses at the Gloucester, N. J., race course. During his career in the saddle he has ridden the winner in many of the im- portant stakes. He rode ,^1^, ,^ for Mr. J. E. Seagram in ^3|^ ■ / 1896, and again in 1897, jtt^ and in those two seasons added materially to his winning mounts. He cai- ried off the Wayne Hotel Stakes and the Cadillac Hotel Stakes in 1895, and won the Queen's Plate at Toronto two years in succes- sion, on Mr. Seagram's Millbrook in 1896, and upon the same owner's Fernandine in 1897. More recently, Lewis has been engaged with Mi. James McLaughlin, and has also ridden for other owners, including Messrs. M. F. Dwyer, J. J. Harrison and William C. Daly. He is still able to ride at medium weight and retains his good form. He has an excellent record as a fair and square rider. Many turfmen recall numerous terrific finishes in which he has successfully paiticipated, while other good woik fiom him is confidently looked for in the future. HARRY LEWIS 377 THE AMERICAN TURF Some boys have devoted years to apprenticeship before they have attained sufficient knowledge to enable them to ride. Others seem to have an intuitive sense of jockeyship witliout long preliminary training, it is not often, however, that one is able to enter the profession with practically no familiarity with horses. Such instances, however, we run across now and then, but rarely, if ever, has there been a more striking example of this class than John Lamly. To what is commonly denominated an apprenticeship, he really devoted two months of time. For eight weeks he was an exercise boy and then graduated to the saddle. The success that he has achieved as a jockey seems even more remarkable when we thus consider the circumstances under which he entered upon his career. It was some- thing to his advantage, however, that he came ot a family of crack riders, and, Lindoubt- edly, the aptitude for racing was born in him. He is a native of Babylon, L. I., having been born in 1871. As a youngster of only twelve years of age, he entered the stable of the Honorable August B e 1- mont, and was put astride of a thoroughbred for the first time. It was there that he had his two months' service as an ex- ercise boy, preliminary to his promotion to the position of rider. That was in 1883, but his turf career was not contin- uous from that date. After a time he gave up stable work, and, returning home, attended school, applying himself closely to his studies for the next four years. But the love for horses and the turf was inherent in him, and finally he left home again and became attached to the stable of Mr. William C. Daly. In the service of Mr. Daly he was engaged somewhat in exercising, but the greater part of the time saw him riding. For five years he remained with the Daly Stable and gained a wide and valuable experience. He had mounts upon all the principal courses of the country, and soon came to have a great deal of public recognition for his admirable performances. Even before the public came to a clear appreciation of his cleverness, his work attracted the favorable notice of Mr. M. F. Dwyer, who gave him a year's engagement. After his splendid service there, he transferred his alle- giance to Colonel Jacob Ruppert, Jr., for whom he rode two years, winning many notable events. In 1895, he JOHN LAMLY changed to the stable of the Messrs. Keene, and wear- ing the famous white and blue-spotted jacket and cap, was for several seasons the centre of attraction in many interesting events. Those who saw his perform- ances upon such cracks as Kingston, Banquet, Long- street, Yorkville Belle, Dobbins, Raceland, Civil Service, Counter Tenor, Don Alonzo, Potomac and many others, have had an understanding of brilliant, serviceable riding. His victories, in number and in character, during the time that he has been riding, will compare favorably with those of any other jockey, and some of the richest stakes and purses have been pulled off by him. On Mr. Richard Crokei^'s Prince George he won the Toboggan Slide Handicap, at Morris Park, in \8qy. on Mr. M. F. Dwyer's Raceland he won the Hiidson River Handicap, and with Major Donio won nine out of ten consecutive starts. With Civil Service he won the Scramble Stakes in i8qi, and again in 1892; the Breckenridge Stakes, in i8qi, on Major Domo; the Expecta- tion Stakes, in 189^, on Chatham, and the United States Hotel Stakes, in 1894, on Peacemaker. His Metropol- itan Handicap, with Mr. Keene's Voter, in 1897, when he led by the post such speedy ones as The Winner, Casseopia and others, over the Withers Mile in i minute, 41 J^ seconds, was only one of the many brilliant achievements that have distinguished his long and eventful career. in the fall of 1897, Lamly was principally engaged with Mr. Marcus Daly, riding on the Montana circuit, and was lit- tle, if any, seen on the Eastern courses. More recently he has been under engagement to Mr. M. F. Dwyer, his old employer of several years ago, and has also occasionally ridden for other stables, when Mr. Dwyer has not had need of his services. At the Spring Meeting, at Morris Park, in 1898, he won the Bouquet Stakes on Kingdon. He is a thoroughly good jockey, who has worked long, persistently and honestly, and has attained to the position that he now holds through his undoubted merit. He is held in high esteem by the public and is respected and trusted by those owners who have had occasion to avail themselves of his clever talent. Racing is made more interesting to the public and of more moment to owners by reason of the service of such jokeys as Lamly. ■w^' 378 THE AMERICAN TURF That intelligence and education count foi' much toward success as a jockey is demonstrated in repeated instances. It is no easy task to guide a horse safely through a held of struggling rivals. To accomplish this requires some- thing more than mere courage and physical strength. The jockey who hopes to be successful must not only have made a particular study of his profession and have acquired a complete knowledge of the thoroughbred, but he must also be master of himself and a good judge of other men. These qualifications call for more than ordinary intelligence. In the broadest sense a good jockey must be a great general, with all the masterful power of brain and hand which that term implies. Having been a well-known and justly popular jockey for something like ten years Charles A. Ballard has, in natural qualifications and in special attainments, quite met the demands of his ex- acting profession. He was born in October, 1874, at Englewood, N. J., and, un- like many horsemen whose careers have been followed with interest, received a sub- stantial public school educa- tion. In respect to learning, he IS considerably above the average, and since leaving school has missed no oppor- tunity that has presented it- self for self-improvement. His turf experiences date from the time when he was fourteen years of age. Then he entered the establishment of the Messrs. Dwyer Broth- ers as an exercise boy. He at once showed that he had an aptitude for his chosen work, and being bright and observant, the stable, that was then under the charge 01 Mr. Frank McCabe, proved to be an excellent school for him. From the outset intelligence and fidelity to his important trusts characterized all his work, and these same qualities have always been the particularly dis- tinguishing features of his career, and have gone far to- ward winning for him the substantial reputation that he has achieved. Having served the Dwyer Stable well and acquired whatsoever benefit could be derived therefrom in the way of mastery of his profession, Ballard's services were next, for a short time, employed by Mr. Jeter Walden. CHARLES A. BALLARD His first important connection, however, was with the stable of McMahon & Co., those owners having been attracted to him by a knowledge of his skill and reliabil- ity. His first mount for this stable was Ariel, at the Clifton. N. )., Course, in a race in which he came in third. During the season of 1890, he rode for Mr. Thomas F. Barrett at the Guttenberg track and also for the Glen Island Stable. The horses that were in the stable of Mr. Barrett included some very good performers. In 1893, Ballard went West and rode some important races in that section, including several at the Hawthorne Park Course during the World's Fair. For the latter part of the season of 1894 and throughout the season of 1893, his services were secured by Mr. H. Eugene Leigh. As is well known, the stable of Mr. Leigh held some of the most celebrated runners known to this decade of the American turf. Those of the string ridden by Ballard included such excellent per- formers as Ducat, Urania, Handspun, Chant and Haw- thorne. With the last named horse he was par- ticularly successful, out ot thirteen starts winning no less than nine races. After he had closed his engage- ment with Mr. Leigh, he contracted to ride for Col- onel James E. Pepper, al- though, for a time, his former employer still re- tained the first call upon his services when required. In 1896, he attached his for- tunes, principally, to the stable of Mr. J. J. McCaf- ferty. While Ballard's career has not been as conspicuously brilliant as that of some other jockeys, it has been altogether worthy and has been par- ticularly notable at several points. His ability has been demonstrated on more than one occasion by his success with horses that, in other hands, had proved poor or un- certain performers. One example of this was in Charade, as it is well known he was the most successful rider that ever had a "leg up" on that son of Charaxus. Agreeable in manner, Ballard has a wide personal ac- quaintance with turfmen, among whom he has always enjoyed the best leputation, while his skill has commended him to owners and to the race-going public. 379 THE AMERICAN TURF Light weight jockeys, it is well recognized by all turf- races, defeating some of the best horses now on the turf. men, are in many cases quite unable to give the most In 1895, at St. Asaph, she ran 6}^ furlongs in i minute, desirable results with heavy headed horses. Animals of 24^4 seconds, beating The Scalper with Keefe up and this class possess all the important requisites for high Reform with Doggett up. At Brighton Beach she traveled class racing, but everything depends upon their handling. Perhaps this is an altogether trite saying, for as a matter of fact, upon the correct handling of every horse his suc- cess in a great measure depends. But in some particu- lar cases, as, for example, those just referred to, this need is more than ordinarily apparent. A jockey, in order to a mile in i minute, 42 seconds, beating Doggett with Uoggett up, Corncob with Garrigan up and others. At Baltimore, the same season, she beat Mabel Glenn, Juan- ita, Lady McCann and others in mile races easily by three to ten lengths. In i8q6, at Sheepshead Bay, she ran 1 ,'2 miles on the turf in 2 minutes, 57 seconds, piloted by get the best out of the animal that he rides, must be fully O'Leary and beating Sir Dixon with Ballard up. Long adapted to him. It might be more correct to say that he Beach with Sims up. Mirage with Sloan up and Jeffer- must be able, in every instance, to adapt himself to his son with Lamly up. Upon many other occasions with mount, for that, after all, is the real secret of the matter, worthy competitors, O'Leary brought her in at the head Some jockeys, it is true, seem to be peculiarly fitted for rid- ing certain particular kinds of horses. This is admirable as far as it goes, but when all that can be has been said, he is the best rider who, after barring certain obvious quali- fications and limitations, mostly pertaining to weight, has the natural talent of adapt- ing himself to any mount that comes in his way. Referring again to the gen- eral difficulty of light weight jockeys with heavy headed horses, Frank O'Learv is a conspicuous and notable ex- ception to the somewhat gen- eral rule. He is one of the very few of his class who have again and again demonstrated their ability to ride, and to ride well, that particular kind of thoroughbred. It might, in fact, be said that he is pos- sessed of a somewhat remark- able faculty, perhaps an alniost intuitive power, in this / FRANK O'LEARY of the field in remarkably good time. Although he was born at Prescott, Ont., his birth occur- ring March 18, 1879. O'Leary's connection with the domain of horseflesh has been almost entirely during his residence in the United States. His record has been made upon the tracks and in the employ of stables located on this side of the international boundary line. He came to this country when he was only thirteen years of age and at once en- tered upon his racing career, passing through the prelim- inary apprenticeship of exer- cising, before he attained to the position of jockey. He was not slow to demonstrate the fact that, in addition to natural qualifications for the position, he possessed special faculties, as has just been noted, for the handling of diffi- cult horses, and this has had much to do with making his respect. On many occasions he has fully displayed his success as a jockey. He has shown his ability on so many power to the great satistaction of owners and to other occasions in sharply contested events, that there is no frequenters of the race courses, whose familiarity with question of the high rank that he holds in his pro- such matters has made them sufficiently astute to recog- fession. nize his exceptional skill in connection with such mounts. Numerous instances might be cited of the work of this capable jockey, as proof of his skill. Perhaps as notable a case as can be readily recalled was his really clever rid- ing of the well-known mare. Sue Kittie, who was owned by Mr. O. A. Jones and Mr. W. P. Burch, when O'Leary rode her. Under his riding she ran many successful The first mount that O'Leary had was Blue Garter, a horse owned by D. Higgins. The race was at the Gut- tenberg track. From that time on he has been in con- stant service riding for sevei'al owners, latterly for Mr. Burch and for Messrs. F. R. and T. Hitchcock. He rides an exceptionally strong finish, and those who have watched him most closely believe that he has within himself the makino- o| a notably successful future. 3S0 THE AMERICAN TUKl'" A iiMtive ol C;in;n.hi, Henry SpL-ncor. although he has not yet passed out of his teens, lias had a wide experience and is justly legarded as one of the biightest and most promising boys that have ever ridden a horse to victory. He was born in iS8o, and had his first acquaintance with racing affairs when, in the spring of 1894, he en- tered the emplov of Mr. A. P, Miller, of California. He his services have not been required by the Thompson Stable, ridden for Messrs. John Sandford, L. O. Appleby. J. Rowe & Co., John Daly, J. E. MclJonald, W. C. Ualy, W. B. Landsberg,W. B. Sink, Jr., and others. He has of late been very successful, having, during the early season of 1898, won a large proportion of the races in which he rode. One of his noted feats was in winning the was quick to master all the points of the business, and Withers Stakes on The Huguenot, piloting the win- early displayed a natural skill in riding that plainly ner over the Withers mile in i minute, 43 seconds. The pointed to his ultimate success as a jockev. Before the same day he rode the Messrs. Thompson's Reprisal to close of his first year with Mr. Miller, he received a mount and had the opportunity to show what quali- ties he possessed. His success on Favory on that occasion was gratifying to himself and to all who had an eye upon him as a coming rider. For another year he rode with Mr. Miller, hav- ing a small number of mounts, out of which he secured a fair proportion of win- ners. His next en- gagement was with Mr. William Dona- van, for whom he rode one season, and continued to have a success that amply justified his choice of vocation. When the period of his engagement with Mr. Donavan had expired, he felt sufficient confidence in himself and his services were so gen- erally in demand by HENRY SPENCER victory over the Eclipse course in i minute, 1 3 seconds. He also won the C 1 a r e m o n t High Weight Handicap,6,'i tlirlongs, on Warren- ton, in 1 minute, 23 seconds, and a 3 fur- longs race at Grave- send, on Formero, in 1 minute, 2'/; seconds. Spencer is regarded as one of the best riders that have come out of California in many years, foi' al- though he was bum in Canada, his train- ing, as has been al- ready seen, began on the Pacific Coast and practically continued there until his form as a jockey had been fully established and his reputation assured. The Golden State has given to the rest of the country m a n y very capable hoise- men, especially train- ers and jockeys, as well as owners. The magnitude of tuif op- those who had come to appreciate his talent, that he erations in that section has naturally developed a class determined to ride as a free lance, and was thus oc- of capable stable employees, and many of them have cupied for one season. Speaking of this experience, made reputations for themselves that have extended he says that he considers he had the best good fortune of his career, for he rode about three hLindred races, winning some seventy of them. Recently he has signed to ride for the stable of Messrs. L. S. & W. P. Thomp- son, under the direction of that past master of racing and training, Mr, James G. Rowe. He has also, when throughout the country. It speaks well for Spencer that those who have watched him closest and are most familiar with his work, hold that he will not be second even to the greatest representative American jockeys. He is a quiet, unassuming boy, and has every prospect of a brilliant fiitLire. 3«i THE AMERICAN TURF As the domnin of the thoroughbred has broadened and new sections of the United States have, from year to year, come into the racing field, it is becoming a tasfc more and more difficult to speak with complete confi- dence of any particular part of the country as being the nursery of either runners or riders. Predominance in these respects naturally remains more or less with those localities where breeding and racing have long been fixed as an institution. Nevertheless, as the investigator into American turf history finds, and is often obliged gladly to acknowledge, the newei' parts of the country are not altogether devoid of interest and importance in these matters. Many good horses, many good turfmen, and many good jockeys have come from out of the West. Particularly is that true of Ohio, although that State is not, however, so far from the early and natural home of the thoroughbred as to make it quite fair to regard it as be- longing to the West when the particular matter now un- der consideration is brought up. The sentiment for the thoroughbred has extended over the line from Kentucky into the more Northern State, so that the people of Southern Ohio are scarcely less infused with a liking for the blood horse than their neighbors of the blue grass territory. The proximity of Lexington and Louisville, the great thoroughbred centres, has had an undoubted influence upon the people of Ohio, and the young men and boys in and around Cincinnati look upon a racing career quite as eagerly as though they had been born further South. Among the Western jockeys, who are so-called from the place of their origin, but who are really Southern in the spirit that pertains to racing, no one has recently attracted more attention than Josenh Scherrer. He was born in Cincinnati, August 8, 1876. After receiving a good common school education, he was engaged in selling papers on railroad trains. His brightness attracted the attention of many who came in contact with him, and Mr. John Hoffman, the well- known turfman, took a special fancy to him, believing that he had in him the making of a first-class rider. He was engaged by Mr. Hoffman for a short time as a stable boy. but did not long continue to be thus employed, returning to his home in order to engage in other occupa- JOSEPH SCHERRER tions. By this time, however, the passion for racing was firmly fixed in him, and it was not long before he formed another racing connection, going to Chicago and enter- ing the stable of Frank Van Ness, who will be long remembered as the owner of that sensational horse, Morello. For some five months the young man remained with Mr. Van Ness, but in the autumn of 1894 he went to New Orleans, where he took a position with Mr. Sidney Berry. Finally, he signed to ride for Mr. F. C. Fisher, and this engagement, which was a wholly agreeable one to him, extended over a period of two years. His career, while riding for Mr. Fisher, was of a notable character, and stamped him as a jockey of the first class. Not only in the West and South was he successful, but his achievements in those sections of the country were supple- mented by equally notable performances in the saddle upon the various Eastern courses. He was easily in the class of the first winning jockeys of the season, and his riding was watched with as keen an interest as was bestowed upon that of any of his competitors. No rider known to the turf in recent years has been a harder or more conscientious worker. It has been nothing for him to run up the number of his races during a season to several hundred, and his wins have been proportionately large in number. Messrs. Bromley & Co., having observed Scherrer's brilliant riding and the great success that so frequently crowned his woi'k, made overtures for his services while he was employed by Mr. Fisher, and he finally entered into a contract with them, beginning with the season of 1897. For the Bromley Stable he rode some good races, but did not confine his services to those employers alone. He also had mounts from the Sensation Stable, the Kensico Stable, Messrs. J. A. Bennett, Charles Fleischmann, George E. Smith, G. W. Innes, A. H. & D. H. Morris, M. F. Dwyer and many others. His work in this, his first season on the metropolitan tracks, amply fulfilled the expectations that the knowledge of his Western performances had aroused in regard to him. He pos- sesses remarkable finishing power and judgment of a hi<2;h order. 382 THE AMERICAN TURF Few professions ;ire more lucrative th;in that of the jockey. A successful joci:. WILLIAM S. O'CONNOR has already won a position in the foremost ranks. He is a native of Brooklyn, where he was born in 1881. He is another one of that large company of "Father Bill" Daly's youngsters, and his entire racing career has been under the direction of Mr. Daly and his brother, Mr. Michael Daly. The young man began his experience in the employ of Mr. Michael Daly in the spring of 1892. There he was set to exercising horses, and continued in that work for more than three years. Naturally he was anxious to advance, but not having much opportunity to ride in races, even after he knew he was capable, he succeeded in being transferred to Mr. William C. Daly's stable and started in to ride at once. His first mount was on Mr. Daly's Emotional and he finished third. His fust winning race was also on Emotional. Durins: the three months that he rode in ,^ the season of 1896, he had something more than 200 mounts, out of which num- ber he was is or 20 times successful. The next year, 1897, saw considerable im- provement in him. He was put up in about ^^o races and out of that number won about 4s or more. During the season of 1898, his work showed a still further improvement, his percentage of winning mounts being far above the average. His stamina has bee n fully displayed on more than one occasion, especially, per- haps, at the fall meeting at the Aqueduct Course in 1897, when, in one day, he won three races, each of them by a head, and all of them long shots. The steady growth in form and power that he has shown while actively engaged in riding during the last three years, shows that he is one of the coming lightweights, and unless all appearances are de- ceptive, there is a star career before him. His riding weight is 79 pounds, and there are no present indi- cations of that terror of all lightweight jockeys, in- creasing flesh. He is still engaged with Mr. Daly, to whom he has been apprenticed, while Messrs. Burns & Waterhouse have second call upon his services. As mounts. The jockey who rides in a great number of both Messrs. Daly and Burns & Watehouse have large races must be one of good calibre. stables, a very busy career seems to be certainly marked Measured by this standard, William S. O'Connor, out for him. That he will be fully equal to his oppor- although one of the youngest members of his profession, tunities there should be little doubt. 385 THE AMERICAN TURE That Lexington, Ky., should certainly produce a pro- portionately larger number of distinguished horsemen than any other place in the United States, has long ago been a foregone conslusion. So often has reference to that interesting fact been made in the pages of this more that was seen of his work in the early days of his career, the more his exhibition of skill attracted the no- tice of prominent owners, and after a short time he was engaged by the Messrs. Scroggan Brothers to ride their horses. He did not remain long connected with this volume that further comment upon it has naturally be- stable, and when his contract had expired he engaged come superfluous. The matter is. however, more or as a free lance, being employed to ride by such well- less interesting to recall whenever the career of one of known and exacting owners as Captain S. S. Brown, the these Kentuckians, be he breeder, owner, trainer, jockey Messrs. Fleischmann and others of similar standing, or otherwise identified with racing, is brought promi- Mr. Byron McClelland sought his services next, be- nently to attention. In the case of James Perkins, the well known and SLiccess- ful jockey, another example of the result of thoroughbred en- vironment conspicu- ously presents itself. Being a native of Lexington, that home of racing and thor- oughbreds, Perkins na- turally absorbed Uom infancy that . knowl- edge of horses which is part of the child- hood training of every Kentucky youngster. As far back as he can remember, he was thrown more or less into association with thoroughbreds, and as soon as he was ab'e to maintain a seat upon a horse, his in- itiation into the mys- teries of riding had their beginning. Be- ing a promising lad and displaying a great deal of nerve and good judgment, es- pecially of pace, he was looked upon with abundant favor by the turfmen under whose inspection he came and who were always on the outlook for new and promising youngsters. His first actual engagement was with Peter Wimmer and his first mount was on Ordrain, with whom he finished second in the race, a feat that more than evei convinced those who had put faith in him that he had all the elements of a good future before him. His first winning mount was on the mare Caroline Kinney. The JAMES PERKINS lieving that he would be a very valuable ad- junct to his racing stable. At that time Mr. McClelland was the owner cf the re- nowned Henry of Na- varre and other thor- oughbreds who were almost in the same class. He made a con- tract with Perkins, and the arrangement was one that was mu- tually advantageous. The great horses that Mr. McClelland raced gave Perkins the best opportunity that he had thus far had, and he showed himself fullv equal to the sit- uation, winning many desirable stakes for his employer. After leaving the McClel- land Stable, he rode for several other prominent owners, but finally made a contract with Messrs. Graves & Co. His appearance at Morris Park, in the spring of 1897, when he tied the 4'_- furlongs record, on George Keene. attracted re- newed attention to him. "Soup," as he is known, is considered one of the best middle weight jockeys now in the saddle. He is clever and painstaking, and especially smart in finishing. His services have always been greatlv in demand and his mounts have been from among the great turf champions of this period. His winning races have included many of the most notable events of modern times. 3S6 THE AMERICAN TURF Precocity in the youna: men who, in silken JMcket ;ind c;ip, pilot the great thoroughbreds past the judges' stand. amid the applause of onlooking thousands, has come to be well nigh proverbial. It is interesting to consider that in no other profession are boys able to attain to such prominence and to win such valuable returns in fame and money, even before they are out of what should be their school days. All this shows not only the remark- able opportunity offered by the racing field, but it also indicates the existence of a class of youngsters who. even before they have come to maturity, are in possession of quali- ties of physique and of intellect which might well be the envy of many of their elders. Jockeyship is an ex- acting profession and calls for more than the mere ordinary ability to keep a seat in the saddle. The courage, the vitality, the quickness of per- ception, and the rare good judgment of pace and of other de- tails, are proof of something more than ordinary ability in the persons of those in- dividuals who are thus possessed of them. An explana- tion of this phenome- non would be inter- esting to seek, but must be left to other students. Neverthe- less, one cannot re- frain from constant admiration at the ster- ling ability displayed by these lads, even before they are really well into their teens. One of these successful young men is John H. Jackson, who was born in Lexington, Ky., in i87q. and who began his racing experience in 1894, being em- ployed in the stable of Lee Christy. Although he remained in the establishment of that horseman for a year, he was kept at exercising only about six months, so quickly did he display his skill for riding. Some good mounts were offered to him at once, and during JOHN H. JACKSON the remaining six months that he remained with Mr. (Christy he rode about seventy-five races, winningeighteen of them. His first winning mount was on Martin, and afterward he won on Manchester, Howard Mann and others of the saine class. His work in his first season was of good quality, and marked him as a boy of more than ordinary skill. His winnings were generally the result of intelligent hard work, and he soon caine into the class of those jockeys who have a special following of race track frequenters. Signing a contract in 189s to ride for Samuel C. Wagner, he had bet- ter success during that year than ever before. The races that he rode n u m- bered about 150, and of these he pulled off about forty. The horses that he rode included Umbrella, Alice W. and others. In 1896, he signed to ride for J. R. Bradley, and had fair success with the representa- tives of that turf- man's stable, riding such horses as Buck- e y e and numerous other good ones. More recently, Jack- son has ridden for Mr. J. A. Bennett. who has retained first call on his servicjs. In 1897, he rode about 140 races, of which he carried off about thirty, making a very good record. He has developed strongly since he first began to ride, and has shown that he is possessed of some verv good qualifications that give promise for his future. He is a firm, strong rider, and is capable of keeping his place in good company. Turfmen are watching him closely to see to what measure ot success he may ultimately attain. It will not escape notice that many aspirants for jockey honors never succeed in securing a firm hold. It is, there- fore, agreeable when a lad like Jackson comes forward in whom there seems to be a substantial basis for success. 387 THE AMERICAN TURF Jockeys are born, not made. As we have so frequently seen, most of the men and boys in the saddle have risen from the ranks of stable boys and have had few oppor- tunities, either for general education or for special in- struction in their profession save such as they have been able to pick up in the stable. That this has been the best possible school in developing great riders, the prac- tical experience of years has demonstrated beyond the possibility of question. There have been theorists who have long and persistently maintained the proposition that young men of edu- cation would more than hold their own as jock- eys, if they entered into the business with the same zest as is displayed by the lad who is em- ployed in a great stable as an exercise boy and who knows that he has his future in his own hands. As a matter of fact, how- ever, this proposition has never been seriously put to test. Nothing has yet been found superior to the experience gained in knocking around the stable and the youngster who should attempt to come to the saddle with- out this experience and relying altogether on his general knowledge and education, would find himself at a great dis- advantage when brought into competition with rivals who have run after horses almost from the time that they were able to walk. Oc- casionally there is an ex ception to this rule, but the exceptions have never been numerous nor important enough to call for anything more than momentary attention. It is not likely that this condition of things will soon, if ever, change. The suc- cessful jockey will probably long continue to be the natural outgrowth of the stable and of practical, rough everyday experience with horses. Some years ago. it is true, the theorists went so far as to propose that a school for the instruction of jockeys should be established in New York City. Nothing ever came ot this plan. JAMES T. R. JOHNSTON however, and probably less than nothing would have re- sulted from it, had it been possible to put it into practical working. James T. R. Johnston is a type of the young Irishman who has grown up with horses almost from the time that he was an infant, and whatsoever success he has at- tained has been based upon his boyhood experience. He was born in the County Tvrone, November 12, 1878. His father was a well-known horseman, and the boy when he was ten years of age began exercising the horses in his father's stable. The same year he rode his fust race on Fairy Queen and con- tinued riding thereafter. Although so young that it seemed as though he could scarcely keep his place in the saddle, he displayed exceptional proficiency and had ex- cellent success with all his father's horses that he undertook to pilot. On the turf of Ireland he was considered one of the best lightweights. His ability was strikingly displayed by the fact that he was successful in win- ning with his first three mounts. Johnston's riding was not confined to the stable of his father, but he was engaged by many other owners in Ireland and in England, among them being Messrs. Henry Hamilton, O'Neil and P. Kane, Dr. Leitch and others. In 1899, he be- gan to ride jumpers and has been quite as suc- cessful in this class of racing as he had been previously on the flat. In 1896. he rode the champion high jumpers of England and Ireland. His advent in the United States has been verv recent, but since he came to this country he has had success quite commensurate with the reputa- tion that he enjoyed abroad. He has been especially en- gaged to ride for Messrs. E. & A. Craven, who have a stable of half a dozen good horses. His riding weight is 130 pounds, and the public mav look forward with pleasurea- ble anticipation to seeing him in many interesting contests.. 38S THE AMERICAN TURF It is only justice to Harry Martin, the popular light- weight, to say that the position which he holds to-day has been won by thoroughly good work in the saddle, a decided aptitude for his profession and a correct ap- preciation of the duties devolving upon him. Born at Titusville, Pa.. January 2S, 1875, " Skeets" Martin, as an engagement. He then came East, and made his ap- pearance on the leading New York courses. Upon the Eastern tracks heat once displayed the same skill and reliability that in earlier years in California had won him fame and promotion. His winning mounts have been large in number and important in character. he is popularly known, received his education in the Among the stakes that he has won was the Shreve Cup, public schools of his native place, and then, at the age of fifteen, started out to make his own way in the world. Eventually, he landed in California, and it was there that he had his tlrst e.xperience with horses in the stable of Mr. Appleby, who em- ployed him to exerci.se. After a year passed in this occupation, he entered the establishment of Mr. D. Smith in a similar capac- ity. Already, however, young though he was, he had been considered reliable enough to be entrusted oc- casionally with a mount for the Appleby Stable. In this capacity he rode in three races, his tlrst mount being on a mare named Emma D. It was not, however, until he became fully associated with the stable of Mr. Smith that he had a real chance to dis- play his mettle and dem- onstrate his aptitude for the professional career that he had marked out for himself. Mr. Smith early recognized his latent abil- ity, and gave him the op- portunity that was really the making of him. His tlrst winning mount was on Last Chance, and from that time on his skill was duly recognized, and he became a figure of much interest in the racing world. In the course of time, it was inevitable that his per- formances upon the tracks in California, that so clearly demonstrated his skill as rider, should attract the atten- tion of prominent Eastern horsemen who now so often make a winter pilgrimage to that section of the country a part of their yearly itinerary. Among those who watched the boy most critically was Mr. Uavid Gideon, who was so impressed with his merit that he gave him HARRY MARTIN. which he took on Lucky Dog, while he was the hero in several important and exciting races on Damien and St. Lee, including two handicaps on the last-named horse. His riding weight is 100 pounds, and this gives him a de- cided advantage that has stood him in good stead on many important occasions. At the same time, he has combined with this and other natural and valuable qualifications perfect cool- ness, even when in the most trying situations, and exceptional good judgment as to pace and the position of his mount. Wherever he has ap- peared, he has made a most favorable impression, both with owners and with followers of the race tracks generally. Throughout his entire career he has con- ducted himself with pru- dence and in a manner that has been admirably calcu- lated to win and retain the confidence of his many ad- mirers. Of late he has again been more identified with the West than with the East, and has secured a large personal following. The magnitude and im- portance of his work can be best understood, per- haps, by the simple state- ment of his engagements during the year 1897, for example. In that season alone he had 1,2,7 mounts. His winning races were 2(39. He was second 242 times, third 181 times, and unplaced 563 times. This would be a creditable record for an old and matured jockey with a lifetime of experience behind him. For a comparatively young man, who in all prob- ability has a long future to look forward to, it stamps him as a high class member of his profession and fixes his position beyond question. 3S9 THE AMERICAN TURF There is no nationality in jocl interests in it ar^ he derives *" comes o'' tical ' St-" nc- .jch for I nation in _, different di- ,is, and taking up .e turf as a pastime has not prevented him gaining a substantial success, such as does not often fall to the lot of those who woo its favors with a persist- ence born altogether of the mere idea of gain. While his family has now held a distinguish- ed place in American business life for three generations, Mr. Cow- an's ancestors on the paternal side were Eng- lish, while from his mother he inherits Scottish blood and de- termination. His grand- father was one of those who established the manufacturing indus- tries of the United States on a firm foun- dation, having been the first to introduce some of the most important mechanisms used in making tex- tiles in this country. He attained fame and fortune, and was the founder of the Worcester Mills, at Worcester, Mass. His son, the father of the subject of this sketch, was a gentleman of independent fortune. He was one of the largest landowners in Pennsylvania, and died in 1872, after a long life of retirement, largely passed upon his country estates. The City of Washington, D. C, was Mr. Cowan's birthplace. There he saw the light, January 3, 1863. He FRED COWAN was carefully educated by his mother, to whom he has ever been an attached and devoted son, and prior to at- taining his majority had a business experience of about a year in a wholesale mercantile house. A business life, however, was not to his taste, and an inbred predilection tor horses and the turf led him to devote his attention to it exclusively. During the last fifteen years he has made this institution his study and occupation, as well as his chief pleasure. Observation, experience and close pow- ers of reasoning have made him one of the best con- temporary judges of the capability and perform- ance of horses, and as a consequence from the outset of his connec- tion with the turf, he has been exceptionally successful in his ven- tures in that connec- tion. In fact, during all the years that he has thus been occupied, he has invariably closed the season with a comfort- able amount of win- nings to the credit of his racing account. One year only (1897), out of the entire fifteen, has ever shown a loss. This is a record for any turf- man to be proud of and it becomes more of a tribute to Mr. Cow- an's knowledge of the sport, when it is con- sidered that he is a dar- ing and emphatic op- erator when his mind is made up in regard to the horses entered for any event. In the opin- ion of those competent to express an opinion and who have noted his career, he is considered a man of genuine ability. in addition to his attention to his favorite sport, Mr. Cowan has employed much of his leisure in travel, and has visited many parts of the world. While abroad he studied the turf in the old country, but unlike some Americans of his own social and financial position, he prefers the sport as it is conducted in his own land. He takes part in the pleasures ot the fashionable social world in the metropolis and other cities. 433 THE AMERICAN TURF Born in New York, June 14, 1864, Mr. John G. Cav;in;igh has passed all the years of his maturity in con- nection with racing. In fact, he began his career long before he had attained to maturity. Left at an early age entirely dependent upon himself, he secured such edu- cation as he possesses entirely through his own efforts. He is in the fullest sense of the word a self-made man and the success that he has achieved has been due not alone to his natural ability, but also to his integrity, uprightness and unremitting application to business. His experience with the race track was coincident with the beginning of the second season at Brighton Beach. His first occupa- tion was in selling pro- grammes and in other work of allied character, and in that he made con- siderable money. When the Brooklyn Jockey Club opened its track he secured the privileges of that place and subsequently pur- chased the privileges at Brighton Beach, Clifton, N. J., Parkway, Providence, R. 1., Washington and Elizabeth, N. J. These privileges were of an im- portant character and Mr. Cavanagh, by the talent that he showed in the handling of the business connected therewith, made a very dis- tinct and agreeable reputa- tion. At the same time he had the Morris Park pro- gramme on commission. After a while some opposi- tion sprang up to him, naturally since he was mak- ing his ventures so success- ful. The opposition de- veloped itself at the Eliza- beth track, and as a result he tlnally gave up the pro- gramme privileges and entered upon the business of fur- nishing supplies to the bookmakers. His new venture was far from promising, at the outset. His circulars and personal solicitation for business brought him a single customer, Mr. W. R. Jones. For an entire year Mr. Jones was the sole customer that the young man supplied and even this contract was carried out only under the gravest difficulties, for he was not per- mitted to enter upon the track with his goods, but was obliged to meet his patron at the ferry or outside the JOHN G. CAVANAGH gate. At the end of this first year he made a contract with Mr. James Kelly to look after the minor details of business for the layers of odds at Morris Park and Sheeps- head Bay. It was not long before he engaged in the same capacity at Monmouth Park for Mr. L. O. Appleby and he also attended to the receiving or to the securing of such valuable information as the layers of odds rely on in making their books. When the Ives' law was abolished in New York and the Percy-Gray law went into effect, putting betting on races upon an entirely different footing than it had ever been before, Mr. Cavanagh made a canvass of the promi- nent bookmakers to furnish them with supplies and that special information which they might require as a basis for their business. The connections that he thus made gave him a sub- stantial standing at all the tracks which were opera- ted under the rules of The Jockey Club, and he now holds important relations with the bookmaking fraternity. He has charge of the betting ring and ex- ecutes the duties of that im- portant and trying position quite to the satisfaction of the bookmakers and of all others interested in the right administration of betting afl'airs under the present law. His activities are not limited by this engage- ment, however; he pub- lishes for the convenience of the frequenters of the race track a handy reference book of the races that are to be run. This little book also contains the names of the reliable bookmakers, all of whom are members of the Metropolitan Turf Association. Many other details of a more or less important character, pertaining particu- larly to the betting ring, are attended to by him with his corps of assistants, his business having grown so that he finds it no longer possible to carry it on unaided. Personally, Mr. Cavanagh is a man of wonderful te- nacity of purpose, but he is of a quiet, unassuming dis- position. He has won an enduring and well deserved popularity with bookmakers and in tact with all fre- quenters of the track. 434 THE AMERICAN TURF Although comparatively young, having been born at Chelsea, Mass., in 1853, there are few men connected with racing whose history dates back as far as that of Mr. Frank T. Clarke, the efficient and popular super- intendent of the Coney Island Jockey Club. His e.xpe- riences began in the days of the founders of Jerome Pari;, for he started active life in 1868 as office boy for the Amer- ican Jockey Club, then at 920 Broadway, New York. In 1871, when the club migrated uptown and established itself opposite the Mad- ison Square Garden, " • young Clarke went with it. He was placed in full charge of the sub- scription rooms, which were built there and which became the rac- ing headquarters of the country. The rooms were provided with the most complete racing library in America, in- cluding the valuable col- lection presented to the club by James Watson, which contained the lit- erature of the English turf back to the days of the first Derby, in 1780. On nights before races pools were sold at the rooms, and among the noted horsemen who thronged them were Messrs. William R. Travers, Leonard and " Larry " Jerome, Mil- ton H. Sanford, August Belmont the elder, ku- fusHunt, D. D. Withers, John Morrisey, James Watson, Harry Bassett, Joe Daniel. Fordham Morris, Frank Morris, Denison & Crawford and many other turf magnates who were conspicuous in that notable period. Between 1876 and 1883, Mr. Clarke acted as dismount- ing judge and auctioneer at the Monmouth Park Asso- ciation, then in the heyday of its success, under the control of Mr. Withers. In 1879, he left the Jockey Club office and subscription rooms — it might be called graduating from the foremost college of racing in Amer- ica, and became superintendent of the American Jockev FRANK T. CLARKE Club, in which position he remained till 18S5. He left that place to become starter at the autumn meeting of the Coney Island Jockey Club, at Sheepshead Bay, in that year, and at the close of the meeting accepted the position of superintendent of the same track, which office he has tilled continuously from that time. He has been frequently called to give the benefit of his experience in connection with private tracks, among them being the establishments of Mr. August Belmont, at Babylon, 1,. 1., and of Col. W. P. Thomp- son, of Brookdale. In 1895, he also took a trip to California, and had charge of the remodel- ing of the Bay District track at San Francisco. Several years ago he also accepted another con- spicuous position, that of superintendent of the National Horse Show at Madison Square Garden, and each year since has discharged the exacting duties in connection therewith to the satis- faction alike of man- agers, exhibitors and the public. An experience as an owner has not been lacking in Mr. Clarke's turf career, though he regards that rather as a matter of amusement. The mare Puzzle and the horse St. John both ran at Jerome Park under his colors of olive and old gold bars, but nei- ther won a race while he was their owner. As might be supposed, Mr. Clarke has an end- less fund of reminiscen- ces of turf men and matters. On his suggestion, for in- stance, Jerome Park was the first track to open on Decor- ation Day, and though a pouring rain came down, the receipts were the largest since the opening of the course. Mr. Clarke's residence is a pretty cottage on Ocean Avenue, Sheepshead Bay. It is full of souvenirs of his racing career, including a large collection of photo- graphs of men, horses and scenes which are memorable in the history of the turf, 435 THE AMERICAN TURF It would be difficult to find a more responsible post in connection with racing than that held by Mr. William A. Gorman, who is superintendent of that wonderful creation of capital and genius, Morris Park, Westchester, N. Y. This famous race course is justly regarded as one of the few model establishments of its kind in the world. in all its details, as well as in the character of its man- agement, it is ciuite worthy of the distinguished rank that it holds as one of the most important headciuarters of the racing interest anywhere in the United States. The prominence of Morris Park and its great popularity, as shown by the thousands that are attracted to it every season, has brought Mr. Gorman conspicuously and favorably to the attention both of the general public and of the racing traternity- Especially with racing men, there is no more popular individual connected with the turf to-day. The re- markable feature of Mr. Gorman's record is that he has achieved a success of the first magnitude in con- nection with the Morris Park track entirely without any previous experience in the racing world, and that so many of the admirable and novel features which are found in the details of the track, as well as in its practical administration, are original with him. His achievements in this re- spect constitute one of the most interesting pages in the history of the contem- porary turf Mr. Gorman was born in Baltimore, Md., in 1855. At fifteen years of age, he went to sea and followed that profession till his thirtieth year, beginning as cabin boy and ending as captain of a large steamer. His voy- ages extended to nearly all portions of the known world, and between them he made his home at Wilmington, Del. The late Mr. John A. Morris was a friend of Mr. Gorman's father. Hearing that the son was anxious to give up seaftiring, and knowing his reputation as a man of original ideas and great executive capacity, Mr. Morris sent for him and offered him the superintendency of Morris Park, which was then half finished and in such bad condition that training was almost impossible, a.nd WILLIAM A. GORMAN horsemen were about to abandon the place. The task was a novel one to Mr. Gorman, but he assumed it without hesitation, backed by Mr. Morris' pledge of un- limited control. He at once studied other tracks, and created new features as well as novel appliances for the work, and in due time Morris Park was inaugurated under most auspicious conditions. It will be remein- bered that on the opening day, 50,000 people attended the course, the largest gathering at a race track in re- cent years, and Mr. Gorman had the honor of receiving the unstinted compliments of the owners, of the archi- tect, and of the magnates of the American turf for his work. It may also be mentioned that on that day, for the first time in his life, he witnessed a horse race. Since then, Mr. Gorman has held the post of super- intendent at Morris Park uninterruptedly, and has made many further im- provements in its various features. Among the m , have been the straighten- ing of the Eclipse course; the building of the Withers mile ; the steeplechase course, which is one of the finest in the world, and the coaching plaza for the Turf and Field Club, that covers two acres. The track is a difficult one to keep in rac- ing condition, requiring not only constant, judicious outlay, but the unremitting supervision of an efficient working head and strict disciplinarian such as Mr. Gorman has proved him- self to be. Few, even of those con- nected with racing, are aware of how complex the duties falling to the superintendent of a great race course are. He is, in the first place, responsible to the pro- prietors for the popularity of the place with the public and with horsemen. Owners and trainers look to him to have the track in perfect condition, not only on the day of a race, but at all other times for exercising pur- poses. The public insists that the grand stand and grounds shall be without defect. In fact, the entire re- sponsibility rests on the superintendent. It is not the least among the tributes to Mr. Gorman's ability that under him Morris Park has become a noted social resort. 435 THE AMERICAN TURF When, in 1898, The Jockey Club appointed Mr. C. J. Fitzgerald starter for the courses under its control, it took action that was generally approved by all who are inter- ested in racing in the Metropolis. Mr. Fitzgerald has had an extensive experience and came to his new position qualified in a superior degree to discharge its exacting duties. Both by training and by temperament, he is particularly well qualified for the position that he now holds. Although a native of Canada, his entire life has been spent in the United States, and he is a thorough- going American citizen. He came to this country when a mere lad, and here he was educated and entered upon his active professional ca- reer. Becoming a jour- nalist, he was a mem- ber of the staff of The New York Sun, being for eleven years the turf and sporting editor ot that paper. Other news- paper work also engaged his attention, and, for two years and a half, he was the New York Cor- respondent for The Phil- adelphia Press. Mr. Fitzgerald's first practical experience in connection with race meetings began in the early nineties. His thor- ough knowledge of the technique of racing was recognized by all who knew him, and was especially appreciated by the well-known starter, James F. Caldwell, then acting under the aus- pices of the Board of Control. Mr. Caldwell had such confidence in Mr. Fitzgerald that he recommended him as a starter to the association that controlled racing at Toronto. His first attempt at handling the flag was made at that place and was eminently satisfactory. After that time the demand for his services steadily increased and he was engaged as starter at several important tracks. This position he held at the St. Asaph Course, near Washing- ton, and at Baltimore, and was also engaged to start the Morris Park steeplechases, and to officiate for two r ■ w'^ w J ^' ^ 4 ^ MH^^^^^ - 'V iJ^^H'-^ S^ 0W & 7 C. J. FITZGERALD seasons at Milwaukee and for three seasons at New Orleans. His selection as starter of the meetings on the metropolitan courses was a very distinct promo- tion, but one which he had decidedly earned by his fidelity and uprightness and his unswerving devotion to the turf. Having made a particularly careful study of horses and of racing methods since his advent upon the turf as an official, Mr. Fitzgerald has positive and uncompromising ideas in regard to his duties and touching the best inter- ests of all over whom he is called upon to exer- cise authority. His first service at the Aqueduct Course in the spring of 1898, tested him severe- ly, and the general satis- faction that his work gave was the best evi- dence to show his emi- nent fitness. His subse- quent career at Morris Park, Gravesend and the other metropolitan courses, served only to reinforce the good opin- ion originally formed of him and to establish him firmer than ever in public favor. A man of advanced ideas, Mr. Fitzgerald is always wide awake in seeking new methods by which the efficiency of racing and its general attrac- tiveness shall be en- h a n c ed. He believes that the old method of starting horses must in time be entirely super- seded by the starting machine. Recognizing that, with the young- sters who have never had previous experience with the machine, the arrange- ment may have cei'tain disadvantages, he holds that upon the whole, it is a wonderful saving of time. He confidently hopes that the Jockey Club will ulti- mately make a rule requiring owners to school their horses for the gate, and he believes that when the young- sters are thus trained, the improvement in racing by securing better starts will be of the most important character. 437 THE AMERICAN TURF f It seems only yesterday that Mr. William J. Fitzpatrick was still active in turf affairs. Born at Mt. Holly, N. J., December lo, 1861, he began his experiences in April, 1875, in the stable of Mr. Pierre Lorillard. and never ceased to be identified with racing affairs until the time of his death in February, 1898. For six consecutive seasons he rode for the Rancocas Stable, his first winning mount being on Huckleberry at Saratoga in 1877. He never entirely relinquished his connection with the stable to which he was first attached. He often had mounts for Mr. Lorillard at various times down to 1891. From the beginning of his career he made a strong impression on all who witnessed his work, as being one of the very best riders that have ever appeared in the saddle upon the American track. He had perfect command of his mounts, with full confi- dence in himself, and a judg- ment so remarkably correct that it was often exercised with a startling dash and abandon that earned for him the famous title of "Dare- devil Fitz." Being recog- nized in the highest racing circles as one who inspired confidence by the clear cut character of his work and the correct attitude he ever maintained towards owners and public, he had, so long as he remained in the saddle, the pick of mounts in num- berless fomous races. For many years he was one of the highest salaried jockeys on the American turf, and rode for such prominent owners as Messrs. Pierre Lorillard, Marcus Daly, Com- modore N. F. Kittson, A. F. Walcott, Edward Corrigan, S. S. Brown, Daniel Swigert, James Murphy and many others. For Commodore Kittson he rode for three years, and for Mr. William C. Daly a similar period, in the latter case riding in both fiat and hurdle races. Mr. D. D. Withers had him under retainer for two seasons, and for Mr. Walcott's racing establishment he was the premier jockey for one year. Fitzpatrick was the conspicuous figure in some of the most sensational racing events of the contemporaneous American turf. His victory on Troubadour in the Subur- ban of 188(5 will be handed down in turf history for generations. It was in this race that one of the most notable " killings" was made in American racing annals, Mr. S. S. Brown, and those who put their faith upon his stable, being winners to the amount of many thousands of dollars. In 1882, he rode Marion C. in a special $10,000 race against Kingston, winning after an exciting struggle. In the same year he also trained Carlsbad, Michael and several other good horses for a prominent Kentuckian. He came near to being a winner of the Futurity in 1892 on Morello, but at the last moment the mount was given to Hayward, while Fitz had the "leg-up" on Hyderabad, who was crossed during the race and fell. In 1895, he became the owner of Joe Ripley, whom he ran at Saratoga successfully in seven races, and altervv/ards a t Providence, R. 1., where he secured five events, after which he sold the horse to a California owner for $6,000. As a rider, few, if any of his contemporaries, sur- passed Fitzpatrick in cour- 'i^K fH ^^^' ^'^^ '^^ would often "^ir IB take a chance to pass through a field of horses when the task seemed almost an im- possible one. His wonder- ful nerve never failed him, and carried him through many desperate situations where a weaker man would have lamentably failed. He rode with equal facility and success on the flat and over the hurdles, his peculiar finish and style being par- ticularly noticeable in the latter kind of racing. Throughout his career as a jockey he had a good record of integrity aud single- minded devotion to his em- ployers, and thousands of the older generation of racing people and the habitues of the turf whose remembrances go back some years will long have a warm corner in their hearts for " Daredevil Fitz." After he had become too heavy to ride, and following his brief experience as an owner, he turned his attention to starting, and filled that exacting position on many tracks, including Saratoga, Buffalo, Washington, Provi- dence, Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, and elsewhere. His success with the flag was of a noted character, and he gave the fullest satisfaction to racing officials, owners and the public. His death undoubtedly cut short a bril- liant career in official connection with racing. WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK 438 THE AMERICAN TURF An enthusiastic love for his chosen pursuit is the true secret of success in a physiciiui. This is true, not only in that branch of medical practice which refers to human beings, but also to that which has the domestic animals as its special care. Perhaps even more than the practi- tioner of the former class, the veterinarian must be im- bued with purely scientific enthusiasm, in the case of the individual who ministers to the ailments of his fellow-beings, there is a human interest as a source of in- spiration and of resultant reward. This is lacking in the case of the veterinarian. For him there can be only an admiration and sympathetic feeling for the representa- tives of the brute creation with whom his professional practice biings him into ac- quaintance. The physician to the hii- man family has no deepei' interest in his patients, nor is he more devoted to the scientific consideration of their ailments, than is the enthusiastic veterinarian. It is this spirit that has carried most practitioners in this branch of medical science to success, and in the pro- fession William Sheppard, M. R. C. V. S., is a con- spicuous example of what devotion to his practice and a constant endeavor to elevate it in every way has accomplished. Basing his practice upon the most ad- vanced scientific principles. Dr. Sheppard has won the confidence of the horse- owning public and has earned a high position in the American racing world, while it would be easy to cite numberless instances in which his skill has restored what were regarded as " hopeless cases " to their place in the racing stable and upon the track. Dr. Sheppard was born March i6, 1849, in Southchard, Somersetshire, England. Having completed his prelim- inary education he was, after the English custom, at the age of fifteen, articled to C. W. Blake, a noted veteri- narian at Crew-Kerne, Somersetshire. During his early experiences he devoted special attention to the hoof and the shoeing of the horse, which bore excellent fruit in subsequent studies and practice. After three years of such training and study he was prepared for a course at the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in London. 439 DR. WILLIAM SHEPPARD Entering this famous institution, Dr. Sheppard received the diploma which enrolled him as one of its members on April 21, 1870. On the following day he received from its President, Professor Williiim Pritchard, a fellow- ship of the London Veterinary Medical Association, an honor conferred in recognition of an essay upon " Lame- ness in the Horse " which he had read and defended be- fore the members of the Association. Exeter, Devonshire, was chosen as the place in which he began the practice of his profession. He was success- ful from the start and attained an excellent practice during his two years' residence there. The field was, however, too limited, and after four years' further practice in the adjoining town of Tiverton, he resolved, in 1878, to visit America. While visiting friends in Ottawa, 111.. Dr. Sheppard was asked to prescribe for some severe cases in one of the large stables there, and treated them with marked success. He wasacordingly urged to make Ottawa his residence, and there, in November, 1878, he com- menced to regularly prac- tice in America. Among the noted and valuable horses which he successfully treat- ed while in Ottawa may be mentioned Charley Ford, Argonaut, Colonel Dawes, Buchanan, Foxie V, Little Fred, Lucy, Freeland, Monarch Rule, Red Cloud and Young Wilkes, includ- ing, it will be seen, some of the cracks of the trot- ting turf. Called in consultation upon high-priced stock in the East, as he frequently was, Dr. Sheppard finally deter- mined to remove there, and in 1888 established himself at Sheepshead Bay, Long Island, where he has gained both success and fame. He has organized a large infir- mary for horses on Neck Road, near the Sheepshead Bay track, which is in every respect a model establishment, and which has numbered among its four-footed patients some of the most celebrated modern horses. Unassum- ing in his character, but untiring in his chosen work, Dr. Sheppard makes no parade of his wide scientific attain- ment, but wisely allows that and his skill, both practi- cal and theoretical, to speak for themselves in the remarkable results he so constantly accomplishes. THE AMERICAN TURF In choosing the profession in which he has become 1,500 sheep and hogs, for the purpose of investigating so eminently distinguished, Dr. Ohver C. Farley, V. S., and preventing the mortality among the animals. This was particularly influenced by the fact that from his ear- he did with great success, proving that Texas fever was liest days he was associated with horsemen and familiar due to acute indigestion, the result of treatment in ac- with horses. Born in Chelsea, Mass., November 25, cordance with his diagnosis being that the death rate i8s2. Dr. Farlev received his preparatory education at was reduced to a minimum, so that a vast amount of the celebrated Phillips Academy at Andover, Mass. At money has since been saved to shippers of cattle, that institution of learning, Emmons and Walker Blaine, In 1881. a few days after his last voyage on the Brazil- sons of the late jnmes G. Blaine, were among his school lian, Dr. Farley engaged with Mr. Charles Reed to act as veterinary at the hitter's famous Saratoga breeding establishment, and smce that time he has practiced ex- c I u s i V e 1 V among thoroughbred horses. His next move from the Reed stable was to one of the foremost racing and breeding establishments in the United States, that of Mr. Pierre Lorillard, at Rancocas. For four years, Dr. Far- ley had the respon- sible place of veteri- nary there, during which time the Ran- cocas stable headed the winning list each year. After the fam- ous sale of Mr. Loril- lard's horses, when Cyclops, Pontiac, Volunteer, and the other cracks were dis- persed, Dr. Farley transferred his ser- vices to the stable of Mr. Frank A. Ehret, which for that year showed the largest winnings of any es- tablishment on the turf. Dr. Farley had, however, now be- come so widely Farley's next professional engagement was not only in- known, and his services were in such general request, teresting. but was fraught with importance to the coun- that he was compelled to give up confining his attention try at large. The loss of cattle and live stock shipped to to any one stable. His acquaintance among the most Europe had at that time risen to large proportions, and prominent horsemen of the country has always been threatened to make the business unprofitable. As a last of the widest. His practice now extends all over resort, the Warren Steamship Company engaged Dr. the East, and he is called to many of the prominent Farley, as veterinary surgeon, to make regular voyages stables when the horses go amiss, while merely the on their large steamship the Brazilian, which carried names of the celebrated runners that have owed their about 400 head of cattle, 300 horses, and from 1,200 to success to his care would make a lengthy roll. 440 mates and intimate friends. After completing his course of instruction there, he entered the Montreal Veterinary College, then, in 1S75, under the celebrated Professor McEachran. He remained there until 1875, when he was graduated, hav- ing been noted as a most diligent student, giving up even his vacations to his stud- ies. Professor Mc- Eachran was at that time the most promi- nent veterinarian in the East, his practice extending over a large portion of the countiy. After his gradua- tion. Dr. Farley re- turned to Boston, but soon after removed to the West and began to practice in Cleve- land, O., where he re- mained two years. Among his patients at this time, was the great trotter Smug- gler, whom he at- tended throughout the Grand Circuit, when he defeated Goldsmith Maid. Dr. DR. OLIVER C. FARLEY THE AMERICAN TURF Modern progress in veterin.-try science hns been stimu- lated by the importance of thoroughbred interests in the United States and the demands made upon its resources in that direction. Accordingly, it is among the members of the profession who have devoted their attention to the thoroughbred and whose practice is in the principle rac- ing stables of the country that the leaders in this branch of medical and surgical science must be sought. They have brought veterinary practice to its present state of proficiency and have made it of incalcul- able importance to the horse owning and horse loving world. One of the first names that comes to the minds of horse- men of thecountrv in this connection, is that of M. R. Wiener, D. V. S. Not only has Dr. Wiener been among the most origi- nal and ablest inno- vaters in his calling, but the success that has accompanied his methods and the skill that he has exhibited have given him a re- pute throughout rac- ing circles. As a specialist in certain lines of practice and a consulting expert in serious cases he occu- pies a position that is at once unique and valuable. Many are the instances where demands for his serv- ices have been of im- perative necessity and he has always proved himself equal to the most exacting emergency. Born at Buffalo, N. Y., Dr. Wiener received his collegiate education at Cornell Uni- versity and the University of Wisconsin. He began his professional training at the National Veterinary College and continued it at the United States College of Veterinary Surgeons, Washington, D. C, from which institution he was one of the first graduates with the degree of Doctor Dr. M. R. wiener Surgeon in the United States College of Veterinary Sur- geons. Entering upon his profession Dr. Wiener has now been in active service for several years and has a (irmly established position in the world of American horsemen. He is a successful practitioner in all branches, but in one specialty he is unexcelled. That is dentistry as applied to horses. In that connection he has revolutionized the ideas of breeders and horse owners, and made innovations in the hitherto accepted methods of his own department o f sci- ence. He has dem- onstrated that in a large numberof cases, where disease of the teeth is the starting point of a horse's ail- ment, the trouble can be remedied by skil- ful operations f o r which he has even devised the instru- ments with which they are performed. He has shown that such treatment and the operations upon horses incident to it, c a n be performed m'o r e quicklv and with less pain than the same class ot work upon the hu- man being. It would be impossible to even indicate briefly the many different opera- tions he has perform- ed or to specify the individual cases in which their use has been attended by most gratifying and successful results. It is sufficient, as a proof of the esteem in which he is held, not only by owners, but by the members of his own profession as well, to say that where any expert dental work is required, he is invariably called in and that his services are thus in constant request. Among his many clients are the pick of American racing owners, such as Messrs. A. H. & D. H. Morris, H. K. Knapp, of Veterinary Science. He also filled for a year the posi- James R. Keene. W. C. Whitney, F. R. & T. Hitchcock, tion of Demonstrator of Anatomy and Assistant House C. Fleischmann's Sons and numerous others. 441 THE AMERICAN TURF There is no better school in which to acquire complete knowledge of the horse than in close and practical acquaintance with the animals themselves. This is as true of veterinary practice as it is of any other branch of the intricate business connected with the breeding and racing of thoroughbreds. No unfair comp;irison should be instituted between the learned practitioners of the veterinary profession and those who have brought to it simply the knowledge and the skill derived from prac- tical experience, rather than from book knowledge or collegiate instruction. Many examples of the success of this latter class of practitioners in the general medical world will readily re- cur to the thoughtful reader. Even a larger number could per- haps be quoted in treating of veterinary science, since, as it would appear, more than in most other professions, the re- quisite knowledge and skill can in a great measure be de- rived from actual practice. Prominent among these natural veteri- narians is Dr. John M. Bishop. He was born September 4, 1850, in Red Rock, N. Y., and has been associated with horses throughout his entire life. As a boy he worked on a farm, and also was connected with the stable of Mr. Seymore Williams, of Pine Grove, N. Y. In this stable he was engaged as an exercise boy, with trotting horses, for about two years. During the ensuing five years he was attached to the stable of Mr. E. Bradbury, training the horses in that gentleman's stable and driving them in races. He was a good horseman and drew the reins over such fieet ones as Berkshire Boy. Frank Miller, Tom Suffick, Frank Smith and Katskill Girl. In 1871, he came to New York, and the following year located in Brooklyn. In 1878, he went to Europe with several trotters that he sold in DR. JOHN M. BISHOP London and then returned home. During all this time he had practiced privately, and in Brooklyn built up a very large and valuable clipping business. During one winter alone he clipped some seven hundred horses. Having a good knowledge of horse nature, he applied himself particularly to the study of dentistry, and in 1880 started in practice in that line. He sold out the clipping business, and has since devoted himself largely to his dental practice with some other business issues in addi- tion. As a dentist he has attended nearly every horse of prominence in this generation. Much of his practice has been of an original charac- ter, and in the course of his work he has patented sixteen in- struments that he has letained for his own personal use. He has an intimate acquaint- ance with all the horsemen, of the East especially, while own- ers as far away as California entrust their horses to him, often reserving their work until they are able to come East with their stables. At one time Dr. Bishop had all the work of the Broadway Street Railway Com- pany, until 1 888, when the cable was substi- tuted for horse pow- er. He has also had the work of several of the largest livery stables in New York and vicinity, and many of the old veterans continue to send their horses to him for treatment now, as for many years past. As the proprietor of Bishop's Hotel, on the Brooklyn Boulevard, he is known to every sport-loving individual who frequents that neighbor- hood. For thirty-five years he has been in public life, and for nearly twenty years has been in the active work of his profession. His success has been of a nota- ble character, and has resulted wholly from his natural aptitude for horses and his skill in divining the best way of treating them. 442 THE AMERICAN TURF Duiiriij the present quarter of a centurv veterinary science has made a progress not surpassed in extent and importance by any of its compeers. The value of tiie investigation undertai] Li £ 1^ 1 1^. 1 1 m. i ""5«t^ "*'■'?"« ""HW'PJ^fl BffP^ ffWSf, iW If mv f" WWmfl '*»'-^^- 4 ll|!|lll|ll II|II|IIIIMIMMI|IIMIIII1T MORRIS PARK THE START charter and instituted racing again upon the course for a of turf reform the club took the lead, and its oflicial year or two. Finally, however, the city of New York action obtained the recognition of turfmen in every part took possession of the park grounds, and constructed of the world. a reservoir on the site as part of the city's water- The Maryland Jockey Club had its inception at a din- works, ner party at Saratoga in i8t)8. Racing at that famous Although the American Jockey Club and the famous watering-place had already attained to such pre-eminence park that it controlled have passed out of existence, it is as to attract the attention of lovers of the sport from impossible to overlook the important part that they other parts of the country and to stimulate in them a played during the years of their existence and the desire to emulate in their own localities the achievements weighty influence that they had in shaping the future of of the Saratoga Course. It was naturally to be expected the American turf. Through the stimulus of the success that such a feeling should early be developed among that Jerome Park early achieved and through the high wealthy Marvlanders. for their .State shared with Virginia 467 THE AMERICAN TURF and South Carolina ihc honor ol beint^' the birthplace of American thoroughbred racing. Those who felt in that year of 1868 that it was quite time that Maryland should I'eturn again to the support of that spoit which had been its former piide and glorv. both as a colony and a State, decided, to use theii' own language, " to inaugurate the contemplated meeting appointed to take place at Balti- more in 1870 by a sweepstakes of such magnitude as would command, from its value and the celebrity of the colts and fillies that would probably be engaged in it, an attention and an interest from the racing public gratify- ing to all true friends of the turf in everv section of our common country." and more valuable character, and became of national importance. Twenty-two nominations were added to it in the ensuing summer. For the same meeting, which was ai'ranged to be held at Pimlico. three additional stakes were opened, the Supper Stakes for two-year olds, the Breakfast Stakes for four-year olds, two mile heats, and the Bowie Stakes for all ages, four-mile heats. Discussion was rife during the ensuing two years regarding the result of these events, and confidence in the favorites shifted from time to time, but when the horses came to the post Preakness, who had his gi'eat future all before him, carried the dark blue of Mr. M. H. Sanford easily to the front for the Dinner Party Stakes, «^ AROUND THE BACK STRETCH MORRIS PARK in honor of the occasion and in remembrance of the particular festivity out of which this determination had grown, the event was called the Dinner Party Stakes, the conditions being a sweepstakes foi' colts and fillies then thi'ee years old, distance two miles. The subscription was limited to the gentlemen who weie piesent, and closed with seven subscribers, Messrs. Bowie & Hall, M. H. Sanford, D. D. Withers, J. J. O' Fallon, Francis Morris, Denison & Crawford and R, W. Cameron. Subse- quently, at tlie request of owners from all parts of the country, the stake was reopened and made of a broader while Harry Bassett won the Supper Stakes and Glenelg secured the Breakfast Stakes and also added the Bowie Stakes to his prizes. Since 1870. the Pimlico Course has been the theatre of many great races. All the noted champions of the American turf have been seen in fierce struggles upon it, and for many years it was regarded as a sort of neutral ground for sectional battles between the East and the West. After two or three years the name of the Dinnei' Party Stakes was changed to the Dixie Stakes, and. as such, it became one of the most important and most valuable turf events of its peiiod. ^ furlongs in i minute, 3 seconds, in 1893 ; Domino's J^ mile in i minute. 9 sec- llilliif^ CONEY ISLAND . VIEW OF GRAND STAND FROM THE FIELD not been much, if any, less than that amount. The lo- onds. in 1895 ; Sir John's i';,r, miles in 2 minutes, 14 'j cation, although by reason of accessibility to the city seconds, in 1892; Hindoocraft's i-^s miles in 2 minutes, and in other respects it is eminently desirable, presented 48 seconds, in 1889: Ben Holladay's 1^4 miles in 2 many obstacles. There was a large bog to be filled in, which also called for extensive drainage, while the rocky nature of the soil proved a constant difficulty. The original intention of constructing a course one mile and a half in circumference was fi'ustrated by the rocky ledges that were encountered, and the inequalities of the ground are responsible for the so-called " Matterhorii " ascent and a similar descent in the main course. The outer course is one and one-eighth miles in cir- minutes, 59'4^ seconds, in 1807, and Tom Hayes' ^' mile heats in 1 minute, 105-2 seconds, and i minute, 1 2 -'4 seconds, m 1S92. Other good records have also from time to time been made on this track, among them being Fides' Toboggan Slide Handicap at 6 furlongs in 1 minute, lo';' seconds ; La Tosca's s'i furlongs in i minute, 4J{ seconds, and the same thoroughbred's i mile in i minute, 39'-^ seconds, and Tristan's Metropoli- tan Handicap. 1 's miles, in 1 minute, 5i>i; seconds. 476 THE AMERICAN TURF Repeatedly live iLirloiitiS have been run there in S9 sec- .onds, by Brittanic, Fordham, Sallie McClelland, Annie Qiieen and Johnny Heckscher. The accommodations provided lor patrons by Mr. Moi'ris at Westchester were of the most elaborate char- acter. The clubhouse is a magnificent building, com- pletely fitted throughout, not only comfortably, but even lu.xuriously. From the ball room down to the least im- portant apartments everything is in the most perlect taste. The grand stand, measuring 650 by 100 feet, has accommodations for more than 10,000 people on its single tier, with a spacious promenade and wide aisles. Beneath are the betting ring, dining rooms, lunch count- Altogether the establishineiU was laid out and com- pleted by Mr. Morris on an elaborate scale, regardless of expense. When it was opened to the public in August, 1889, it excited general admiration and Linbounded_ praise for its proprietor. It was generally agreed that in the perfection of its appointments it sur- passed, as one writer at that time said, " Flemington. Ascot, Longchamps or Buenos Ayres, which have until now been the best in the world." The inaugural meet- ing began on August 20, 1889, and on that day Mr. Porter Ashe's beautiful fast filly, Geraldine, ridden by Isaac Murphy, won the Opening Scramble at five fur- longs in I minute. On a later day, at the same meeting, CjNE't ISLAND .J-' E' A GROUP OF FAVORITES ers and other necesary appointments. Three towers crown this structure and add to the beauty of its archi- tectural effect. In front of the clubhouse and the grand stand a lawn slopes down to the rail. Alike from the buildings or the lawn the view of all the racing is well- nigh perfect. Beyond the clubhouse is the saddling paddock, with spacious shed and a pleasant, shady grove. There are nearly two miles of stables and about 1 ,000 horses can be accommodated. The stables are built in groups which hold from eight to forty horses each, and have perfect ventilation and drainage. Britannic reduced the Hve furlongs record to 59 seconds, and El Rio Rey the six furlongs record to i minute 1 1 seconds. The racing was long conducted under the auspices of the New York Jockey Club, Mr. H. L)e- Courcy Forbes, President, although the entiie enterprise belonged to its proprietor, Mr. John A. Morris. Some of the great stakes and handicaps that had been con- nected with Jerome Park were transferred to the new course, and have ever since been run there. Early in the nineties Mr. Morris felt disposed to relin- c|uish his active interest in the management of the Park, 477 THE AMERICAN TURF :ind, in 1895, the property was leased to the Westchester Racing Association, under whose management the meetings have since been continued. This Association is controlled by some of the most prominent members of The Jockey Club. The most notable events of the Morris Park seasons are the Metropolitan. Toboggan, Jerome, Ramapo, Hunter and Municipal Handicaps, the National Stallion, the New York Steeplechase Handicap, the Autumn Serials, and the Belmont, Gaiety, Nursery. Belle Meade. Eclipse, Pocantico, Van Nest, Bouquet, Champagne, Withers and other stakes. A feature of the meetings is the steeplechase racing, which has lately assumed more than ordinary inter- est, some especially important races being regularly put on the card for this class. The Brooklyn Jockey Club has a glory of its own in the Brooklyn Handicap, that is scarcely second in pop- ularity and distinction to any of the great fixtures of the American turf. At Gravesend during the season many of the most sensational and most reliable thor- oughbreds are seen. The club that controls the racing was the creation of the Dwyer Brothei's, and is novv' in the hands of Mr. Philip J. Dwyer. The course is not extensive, nor are the grounds elahoi'ately laid out, but a great deal of excellent racing is seen there. In addition to the famous Brooklyn Handicap other events that are contested for on this track have called out many notable runners, and have commanded the tliU patronage of the public. Most prominent among them may be men- tioned the Fort Hamilton. Woodlawn, Oriental, Brook- dale, Parkwav and Lawn View Handicaps; the Bedford, Falcon, Tremont, Expectation, Prospect, Spec- ulation and other stakes; the Brooklyn Derby and the Brooklyn Cup. The Brighton Beach race course was another response to the popular demand for opportunities to enjoy racing in the immediate vicinity of New Yoi'k City. It was felt that the time had airived when a popular race course for the masses might be established upon the seashore in the immediate neighborhood of New York and not con- flict with the older and longer established courses, while at the same time offering first-class racing. Such was the feeling that led to the founding of this course by the late William A. Engeman, The enterprise was pre-emi- nently successful from the start. Some very good sport has been seen there. When Mr. William A. Engeman died, his brother, Mr. George H. Engeman, succeeded to the presidency of the Brighton Beach Racing Association, but several years ago the present Mr. William A. Engeman, son of the founder of the track, took command, and, under his direction, the course has become popular alike with owners and trainers, as well as the race-going public. Many improvements and additions have been made to the property, until now it is well appointed throughout. A peculiar fact in the history of the Brighton Beach As- sociation has been the interest that the founders have taken in charitable enterprises. During the nineteen years of its existence, it has had, on many different oc- casions, benefit days for public and individual charities. Brighton was also a leader in the movement to re-estab- lish long-distance racing several years ago. The effort culminated in 1897, in the Brighton Cup, 2 '4! miles, in which occurred that memorable finish between those two good three-year olds. The Friar and Sunny Slope. A comparatively recent aspirant for turf honors in the vicinty of New York is the Queens County Jockey Club, of which Mr. Thomas D. Reilly is the president and active manager. The spring racing in the vicinity of the metropolis begins on the Aqueduct Course, controlled by this club, and attracts representatives from the best stables of the country. Thoroughbreds come thither directly from Bennings, Washington and from New Or- leans and the Southwest circuit. The early season at Aqueduct is regarded with interest, not alone for the good racing that it presents, but also for its value as giving a line upon horses that are likely to be seen in the great events upon the larger tracks later in the sum- mer. Among the principal races of the Aqueduct spring meeting are the Carter Handicap, the Rose, Arverne, Canarsie, Ozone, Rockaway, Jamaica and Flushing Stakes. Although it is generally conceded that the best racing of the present generation is seen upon the large metro- politan ti'acks, there are many meetings in other sections of the country that are only secondary in interest to those just referred so. The racing associations in the South and West and far away under the shadow of the Rocky Mountains and upon the Pacitlc Coast have played no small part in contemporaneous affairs. The courses that have been established and operated under their dis- interested and enthusiastic direction, besides many that have been simply individual enterprises, must be classed among the impoitant and intluential elements in the de- velopment of the modern turf of the United States. So numerous have these been in the last quarter of a century that it is possible, within restricted space, to refer in the briefest manner only to a comparatively few of them. The associations and courses of New York, Kentucky, New Orleans, Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis and a few other places have really been the most prominent in this connection during the present decade, although the number of smaller institutions, very useful and success- I'ul in their way, have been numbered by the hundreds. Chicago was somewhat slow in coming to the front in rac- ing affairs, and it was not until well into the seventies that much interest was there manifested in the running horse. Some of the first attempts in the direction of populariz- 47S THE AMERICAN TURF ing this spoit in the Garden City were directed toward it was ia 1S95 that the Ingleside track of the Pacific the wholly incongruous arrangement of combining Coast Jockey Club was opened. This association was racing and trotting meetings. Although this experi- started by Messrs. A. B. Spreckles. Henry J. Crocker, ment was, as might have been expected, utterly futile, Edward Corrigan and other prominent California racing nevertheless, in those early days of Chicago racing, men. Mr.Spreckles was the first President, with Henry J. some notable events occurred that have become Crocker Vice-President, and W. S. Leake, Secretary, historic. Pat Malloy achieved some of his greatest Subsequently Mr. S. N. Androus became President. The triumphs in that city, and on the old Dexter Park Course Ingleside track is situated on the Ocean House road, not The Banshee, Gilroy, Merrill and Malcolm delighted far from the old track that was made famous in the sev- many thousands with their performances. On that course, too. Plantagenet showed his stamina as a four- miler and as a worthy descendant of the great Planet. It was not until 1879 that turf affairs really assumed en ties by the great four-mile races between such cracks as Norfolk, Katie Pease, Thad Stevens, Rutherford and others. Time and space would both fail should an attempt be much prominence in the Garden City. The Jockey made to go extensively and carefully, as the subject de- Club that was then organized met with unexpected popular approval, and the inaugural meeting at the Driving Park was a notable occasion with Molly Mc- Carthy, Wallenstein, Mistake and others as the stars. In 1884 the W.ishington Park Course was opened under the management of the Driving Park Association, and several events that were destined to become fimnous were inaugurated. First among these was the American Derby, which, it was hoped by its founders, would ulti- mately be the dominant fixture of the American turf. That result, however, was never attained, although the American Derby has always held a good position with the great races of other courses in the United States. During the eighties and nineties the Washington Park, Hawthorne Park and Harlem tracks afforded the prin- cipal opportunities for racing in Chicago. In the storm of advei'se legislation upon racing matters that swept over the country in the early nineties, the Washington Park Course succumbed and finallv closed its gates. More mands, into the history of other associations and descrip- tions of other courses that have been more or less prominent, active and useful in this last quarter of a century of American thoroughbred racing. Reference has, to some extent, already been made to them in the chapter on Racing Officials. From a consideration of the names of the gentlemen identified with the official boards of these associations a very clear idea can be gained of the status of the turf in these latter days, both as regards its racing connections and its social condi- tion. Fuller accounts of the associations and of their work in upholding racing interests, and a description of the results of their enterprise in establishing and main- taining great race courses, together with an account of the special events respectively identified with them, would make a recital as interesting as it would be ex- tensive. It must be sufficient to say, however, that in all these particulars the turf of to-day is a worthy inheritor of the best traditions of the past, while its pres- recently, however, racing has been resumed there under ent supporters, even more than their predecessors, are fairly promising conditions. doing a notable work by the expenditure of time and In California, the California Jockey Club is the oldest money in sustaining these numerous and superbly ap- racing association of the Pacific Coast, being practically pointed courses that, more fully than anything else. a survival of San Francisco's old Pacific Coast Blood Horse Association, its President, Mr. Thomas H. Will- iams, Jr., was really the founder of the club, and asso- ciated with him are Colonel D. M. Burns, Vice-President, and R. B. Milroy, Secretary, those officers and Major Frank McLaughlin and Messrs. M. S. Gunst and Henry Ach, comprising the Board of Directors. For a time the club held Its meetings upon the Bay District track in San Francisco, but, in 1896, opened at Oakland the grounds that have since become famous. The property was formerly the Oakland Park Trotting Track, but was transformed into one of the finest running courses in the country. It is a very fast track, as has been shown by many peiformances, notably Lucretia Borgia's four miles in 7 minutes, 1 1 seconds. The appointments of Oak- demonstrate the hold that the sport has upon the com- munity at large in these later days. With this brief account of a few of the most fiimous racing associations and courses of the American turf, past and present, this volume must be brought to an end. The task undertaken in its preparation has beer arduous, but at the same time wholly delightful. It is a pleasant chapter of American history that deals with the thoroughbred family and all the manifold enterprises grouped in connection therewith. In studying this record one cannot fail to be impressed with wonder at the magnitude of the interests involved in breeding and racing, with admiration for the work that has been done by the great turfmen in the several generations included in the retrospect and with a deep enthusiasm land Park, its grand stand, betting ring, paddock and for a sport that has commanded the attention and the other structures are of the most commodious character, energies of the foremost men in the community and has 479 THE AMERICAN TURF lu-en made glorious by the performances of the noblest horses that ever struggled with each other for victory. Combining, as has been done, this review of the past with an abundant and deserved consideration of the men of to-day, who in various capacities are now upholding the honor and advancing the welfare of the turf, there comes a final thought that is more than ever interesting and encouraging. What has been done in the past, however glorious it may have been, appears at every point to have been, in a certain sense, only a stepping stone to something better and grander. Particularly does this seem true when, standing at the close of what is really the first complete century of American racing, we see the sport established on firmer ground than ever before and with more abundant promise. To those who study the situation closely there is, alike in the inodern perfection of the great thoroughbreds and in the character of the active turfmen of the period, the fullest assurance of a future that shall outshine in brilliancy anything that has preceded it. If the present volume shall, even in a small way, attract more attention to the subject than has heretofore been given to it and thus be a contributing factor in bringing about this result, the labor that has been expended upon it will not have been in vain. 4S0 INDEX Pace ADLER, ALBERT 444 ADLER. JOHN J 444 AFFIANT 208 AFFINITY 208 ALTONWOOD PARK 306 AMAZON 210 AMERICAN HORSE EX., L'TD 263 AMERICAN JOCKEY CLUB 463 AMERICAN TURFMEN IN EUROPE.. 119 ANDERSON, GEORGE B 414 ANTONIDUS, WILLIAM II 237 APPLEBY, LUCIEN 229 ARIA 240 ASH LEAF 204 AYRSHIRE ROSE 204 BALDWIN, E. J 177 BALLARD, CHARLES A 379 BARRETT, JOHN F 417 BARRETT, THOMAS F 334 BARRETT, WILLIAM H 345 BARRICK, WILLIAM M 2S1 BATHAMPTON 187 BEACON COURSE 457 BEARD, FRANCIS D 282 BEAUCATCHER 214 BE.\UTY 210 BELINDA 190, 208 BELLE MEADE STUD 169 BELLE OF BUTTE 213 BELLOVESUS 206 BELMAR 298 BELMONT, HON. AUGUST 136,216 BELMONT. AUGUST 146 BEN BRUSH 255 BENEFACTRESS 20B BISHOP, J. M 442 BITTER ROOT STOCK FARM 180 BOOKER, SAMUEL T 363 BOYLE, CHARLES 308 BOYLE. ROBERT V 311 BRADFORD, JOHN H 150 BRAMBLE 255 BRATTON, PETER 362 BRAY', FRANK M 446 BREEDERS AND BREEDING ESTAB- LISHMENTS 161 BRIGHTON UEACH R.XCING ASS'X.. 47S BRITOMARTIS 210 BROMLEY & CO 2S3 BROOKDALE STUD 170 BROOKLYN JOCKEY CLl'l! 478 BROWN, CHARLES 412 BROWN, FRANK 315 BROWN, JAMES J 347 BURKE. JOHN JOSEPH 156 BURLEW, FRED .S40 BUTTERFLY 211 BUTTERMERE 199 BYRNES, MATTHEW 301 CALIFORNIA JOCKEY CLUB 479 CAMPBELL, HARDY A 316 CANTWELL, J. J 351 CARMODY, JOHN T 329 CARR, LUTHER 366 CARROLL. WILLIAM 321 CARRUTHERS, ROY 282 CARTER, ARTHUR 360 CARTER, DOUGLAS 361 CASSETTE 241 CAVANAGH, JOHN G 434 CHANDLER, GEORGE 350 CLARA 207 CLARE, JAMES 446 CLARK. JOHN A 359 CLARK. M. LEWIS I55 CLARKE. FRANK T 435 Page CLASON, AUGUSTUS 235 CLAY & WOODFORD 168 CLAYTON, ALONZO 394 CLEODORA 206 CLIFFORD 254 CLOSETIIE-DOOR 200 CLOYD, WILLIAM N 335 COLEMAN, MICHAEL A 337 COLLINS, RICHARD 363 CONEY ISLAND JOCKEY CLUli 472 COOPER, ALBERT 356 COSTER, J. H 142 COWAN, FRED 433 COYLE, JOHN L 405 COYLIE, JOHN T 399 CRICKMORE, H. G 157 CROKER 208 CROKER, RICHARD 170 CRUTCH 214 DALY, JOHN 281 DALY, MARCUS 179 DALY', WILLIAM C 280 DECKER, ORSON J 351 DOGGETT, RICHARD C 322 DOGGETT, SAMUEL J 393 DOMITOR 293 DON JOSE 252 DONNELLY, JOHN 416 DRISCOLL, JOHN W 344 DUKE, WILLIAM, JR 280 DUMAS, JAMES H 335 DUNLAP, LESLIE H 415 DUNNE, PATRICK 282 DWYER. MICHAEL F 305 DWYER, PHILIP J 305 E.\GLE COURSE 457 EARLEY, MATTHEW 364 EASTON, WILLIAM 257 E-COME 212 ELLA GREGG 215 ELLIOTT, JOHN V 319 ENGLISH, RICHARD (TED) 410 ERIN-GO-P.RAGH 198 ETTA M'KEEVER 215 EVANS. GEORGE, JR 4OS FAIRVIEW STUD 170 FAMOUS RACE COURSES ... 451 FAMOUS RACING EVENTS 59 FARLEY', OLIVER C 440 FASHION COURSE 457 FASHION JOCKEY CLUB 458 FEAKES, EDWARD 323 FEAKES, MATTHEW 352 FEATHERSTONE, ARTHUR 283 FELLOWES, CORNELIUS 154 FIDES 226 FINNIGAN, EUGENE 411 FIRST MATE 289 FITZGERALD, C. J 437 FITZPATRICK. WILLIAM J 4.38 FLEMING. JAMES 354 FLORAL PARK 325 FLORID 211 FORD. THOMAS S 445 FOX, PAUL 349 FRAYLING, JAMES 339 FREE ADVICE 288 GALWAY, JAMES 152 GARCIA, VINCENT 405 GARRIGAN, CHARLES F 401 GARRISON, EDWARD H 376 GEE, WILLIAM 406 481 I'ACE GIDEON, DAVID 181 GILPIN, WILLIAM B XsO GOLDEiN AGE OF RACING, A 2S GOLDSiiOROUGH, A. J 332 GOLDSBOKOUGH, CHARLES H 332 GOODWIN BROTHERS 44!l GOR.MAN, WILLIAM A 436 GRANNAN, CHARLES R 426 GREAT THOROUGHBREDS 7» GREENE, THOMAS 357 GRIFFIN, HENRY F 390 GWENNIN 2(» GWENOLYN -. 20.5 HAGGIN, JAMES B 175 HAGGINS, BUD 414 HAM, WILLIAM 393 HAMILTON, ANTHONY 395 HAMILTON, GUSTAVUS 418 HANAWALT, GEORGE 418 HANDSPRING 305 HANLON, F. 15« HANON, AUGUSTUS 348 HANOVER 242 HARRIS, HENRY 358 HARRIS, HENRY J 416 HARRISON, ROBERT 398 HAYWARD, WILLIAM 331 HAYWARD, WILLIAM, JR 331 HECKLER, F. A 44S HECTOR, ALEXANDER 366 HEINEMAN, CHARLES F 431 HENNESSEY. M. F 40S HENRY OF NAVARRE 221 HEWrrT, JOSEPH S 396 HILL, JOHN T 40» HIRSCH. MAX 409 HOMELESS 213 HOMEMADE 21J HORSE, INTRODUCTION OF INTO AMERICA 11 HOTHERSALL, JOHN W 418 HOWARD S 294 HUGHES, CHARLES H 282 HUGHES, EDWARD F 341 HUNTER, JOHN 278 HUSTON, WILLIAM 33S ILITHYIA 197 INVERNESS 186 IRONY' 200 IRVING, JAMES 395 IRVING, ROBERT G 424 ISIS 194, 197 IVY BLOOM 211 JACKSON, JOHN H JgJ JENNINGS, GEORGE W 366 JENNINGS, WALTER B 281 JENNINGS, WILLIAM 282 JEROME. LEONARD W 134 JEROME PARK COURSE 463 JOCKEYS 369 JOHNSON, EDWARD rm,, JOHNSTON, ISAAC 361 JOHNSTON, JAMES T. R .'.' 333 JONES, EDMUND J 3St JOYNER, ANDREW J .'.'.'" 303 K.\NE. WILLIAM 443 KARRICK, KILLIAM H 314 KEARNEY, EDWARD "157 KEENE, JAMES R '" 147 KELLY', FRANCIS '" 353 KELLY, FRANK ...."..!. 432 KELLY, GEORGE F 355 KEN NY, JOHN 355 KIP, LAWRENCE 155 Page KNAPP, H. K 157 KNIGHT OF ELLERSLIE 232 LA BELLE STUD 256 LADY JLDETTE 205 LADY MARGARET 227 LAKELAND, ALFRED 336 LAKELAND. \VILLL-\M 312 LAKE SHORE 307 LAMLY, JOHN 378 LAMPLIGHTER 244 LARV.-\ 211 LA TRAPPE 197 LAWRENCE, JAMES G. K 141 LEIGH, H. EUGENE 253 LEVIEN, JOHN D 446 LEWIS, HARRY 377 LEXINGTON COURSE 454 LEXINGTON JOCKEY CLUl; 455 LION HEART 327 LITTLEFIELD, PHILIP J 347 LLOYD, ROBERT S 429 LLOYD. THOMAS 429 LOFTUS, PETER J 339 LORGNETTE 199 LORILLARD, GEORGE L 27S LORILLARD, PIERRE 173, 27S LOUD, RICHARD H 342 LUCKEY, JAMES M 350 LUCKEY, MARTIN R 344 McCABE, FRANK 304 McCAFFERTY, JOHN J 2S1 McCORMICK, JAMES H 313 McDERMOTT, WILLIAM H 397 McGIVNEY, THOMAS 330 McGIVNEY, WILLIAM T 330 McGRATHIANA STUD 243 McINERNEY, P. J 413 McLaughlin, james f 317 McLEAR, JOHN 337 MADDEN, JOHN E 281 MAGNETIZER 222 MAIDEN POEM 206 MAL-LAK-WA 209 MARA, JAMES J 415 MARTIN, HARRY 3S9 MARYLAND JOCKEY CLUB 467 MATT BYRNES 196 MEEHAN, GEORGE W 346 MEHALLAH 207 MEN OF THE TURF 421 MERCKEL, FRED 326 METAIRIE COURSE 453 METAIRIE JOCKEY CLUB 454 METROPOLITAN TURF ASS'N 421 MICHAEL, JIMMY 391 MIDGLEY, WILLIAM R 334 MILLER, ANDREW 151 MILLER. CHARLES 338 MILLER, FRED T 336 ivilLLEK, JOHN 340 MINTER, EDWARD 417 MISERERE 201 MISS DAREBIN 191, 209 MISSOULA 209 MODERN TURF DEVELOPMENT 42 MOLLER 201 MONMOUTH PARK 469 MONMOUTH PARK ASSOCIATION... 469 MONMOLTTH PARK STOCK FARM.... 236 MONSON, ALONZO C 137 MONTANA 188 MOONEY, DANIEL W 345 MORRIS, GREEN B 302 MORRIS, JOHN A 277 MORRIS PARK 476 Page MOSER, EDWARD C 408 MOSS ROSE 233 MOYA 209 MURPHY, THOMAS H 383 MURPHY, TIMOTHY II 413 MURR..\Y, ROBERT M 358 .MURRY, W. M 342 N.^MELY" 203 NAMESAKE 203 NAMONIA , 212 N.'VTIONAL COURSE ' 452 N.\TIOl\AL F.\IR .VSSOCl.VTION 453 N.VTIONAL JOCKEY CLUB 453 NEUMEYER, JOHN P 406 NEWMARKET COURSE (L. I.) 456 NEWMARKET COURSE (VA.) 451 NEW YORK JOCKEY CLUB 477 NICHOMACHUS 212 NICK 287 NIXON, JOHN 327 NURSERY STUD 217 O'BRIEN, THOMAS 430 O'CONNOR. WILLIAM S 385 O'DONNELL, CHARLES 399 OFFICIALS, RACING 133, 2S2 OKEMA 251 O'LEARY, FRANK 380 OLNEY, WALDO 341 ON DECK 284 ORIOLE 204 ORION 291 ORNAMENT 324 OWENS, JAMES 411 OWNERS AND TR.\1NERS 269 PACIFIC COAST JOCKEY CLUB 479 PACTARIA 240 PACTOLUS 238 PADUASOY 239 PARKER, FrL\NK L 306 PATTERSON, CHARLES T 324 PENN, WILLIAM 418 PERKINS, JAMES 386 PETERS, EDWARD 325 PETERS, WILLIAM H 428 PETTICOAT 201 PETTINGILL, CHARLES H 448 PICKERING, W. W 407 PORTER, WILLIAM 409 POTOMAC 225 POWERS, THOMAS 397 PRICE, JOHN W 158 PRIMROSE 196 PRYOR, LUKE 354 PULSIFER, DAVID T 281 PURDY, JOHN F 274 QUEENS COUNTY JOCKEY CLUB.... 478 RACE COURSES, FAMOUS 451 RACE HORSES. PAST AND PRESENT.. 99 R.\CING, A GOLDEN AGE OF 26 R.VCING ASSOCIATIONS 451 RACING EVENTS, FAMOUS 59 RACING OFFICIALS 133 RAMAPO STUD FARM 281 RAMBLER 255 RAMSEY, JOHN 365 RANCHO DEL PASO 176 RANCOCAS STUD 173 RAYON D'OR 220 REED, CHARLES 170 RED SPINNER 198 482 Page REGAN, FRANK 282 ROGERS, JOHN 359 ROLLINS, WALTER C 282 RONDO 292 RUINART .■' 326 RUPPERT, JACOB, JR 300 SACRIFICE 203 SAM M'KEEVER 215 SANFORD, MILTON H 275 SANTA ANITA RANCH 177 SARAGOSSA 309 SARATOGA ASSOCIATION 460 SARATOG.V COURSE 460 SCHERRER, JOSEPH 382 SCIIIMMEL, WILLIAM 407 SEAGRA.M. JOSEPH E 309 SEMPER EGO 290 SENATOR MATTS 199 SEPTUOR 310 SHANNON, MICHAEL 403 SHEEDY, MICHAEL 402 SHEPPARD, WILLIAM 439 SHEEPSHEAD BAY COURSE 472 SHERIDAN. JOHN J 349 SHIELDS HENRY 392 SIGLER, GEORGE 352 SILVER BEAUX 213 SILVER BROOK STUD 230 SIMS, WILLIAM 375 SLACK, J. B 412 SLOAN, DAVID 335 SLOAN, JAMES F. (TOD) 372, 373 SLLIW DANCE 214 SMITH, GEORGE E 296 SMITH, WILLIAM C 333 SONGER, ALBERT 396 SOUTH C.\ROLINA JOCKEY CLUB .. 451 SPENCER, HENRY 381 ST.ARTERS 222 ST. BL.AISE 224 ST. BLAISE. SALE OF 25S STEEDS. EDWARD A 343 STEVENS. JOHN C 274 STONENELLIE 239 STORM, SAMUEL G 447 STURGIS, FRANK K 149 SWORD DANCE 214 TAMMANY 185 TAMOR 204 TAR.AL, FRED 374 TAYLOR, WILSON S 362 TEBO, ROBERT P 427 TEMPE 202 TEMPEAN 202 THE ILL-USED 223 THE PEPPER 189 THE TASK 202 THE WINNER 299 THOMPSON, ISAAC S .' 448 THOMPSON, J. COLEY 418 THOMPSON, LEWIS S 171 TIKIMPSON, WILLIAM P., JR 171 THOROUGHBREDS, GREAT 79 TRAINERS 269 TRAVERS, WILLIAM R 135 TRISTAN 234 TROWBRIDGE, SAMUEL 249 TURF DEVELOPMENT. MODERN 42 TURFMEN, IN EUROPE, AMERICAN, 119 TYPHOON II 286 UNION COURSE 457 ULLMAN, JOSEPH F US Pace VALENTINE, WILLIAM 4U4 VAN KEUREN, EUGENE 39S VAN KEUREN, WILLIAM 343 VEITCH, SILAS 410 VENDIG, JOSEPH H 425 VINCENT, WILLIAM 404 VIRGIN 212 VOSBURGH. WALTER S 152 WALCOTT, ALFRED F 282 WALDEN, JAMES F 333 Page WALKER. J. R 32S WALLACE, WILLIAM M 318 WALLER, ASHER 409 WAPSniRE, ALFRED II 403 WARE, FRANCIS M 262 WASHINGTON COl'RSK (S. C.) 451 WASHINGTON PARK ASS'N 479 WATERS, R. E 443 WFIIRHAHN, HENRY 350 WELSH, JOHN J 346 WESTCHF.STER RACING ASS'N 478 WHEATLY, CHARLES 137 Page WHEELOCK, GEORGE A 423 WHITE, JOHN 364 WIENER, M. R 441 WILLHITE, WALTER 401 WILLIAMS, EDWARD E 447 WILLIAMS, HOWARD 353 WILLIAMS, ROBERT (TINY) 394 WISHARD, ENOCH 280 WITHEKS. DAVID D 133 WOOD VIOLET 192 YOUNG, MILTON 243 ^ c ~ o , <« i°^% "^ ss»,- /\ ''WW.'- **'% '•.^•' /\. "•.^^•- **'\ ll^- /% >^ ..-.V -^o. A*\»!i;^%'^^ .0^.-^%^°o .^^.^J^*^% '^'^ --•' •* C°\' ,4 0*. ,^" . O. 'a , > c, \r- >* .^ "•^^^ ^:^^^^^ , -^ "^ i * W ■*>■, •'^ 'a j!i> ° " " » ■<**, ci^' . ' ■ - » o jj" / V*^*/ <^^^*^.'\/ "o^-*^-/ ^^^^^--^ ,<^^^ .v^- ,<=.<^„ aV^, '"• ^«^ ^ .--•'.,% ' • • • Oh' ^>^^. 5.V->\ .^ '^^. .^ ^ ' » . 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