LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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THE 
 
 City of Philadelphia 
 
 AS IT APPEARS IN THE YEAR 
 
 1893 
 
 A COMPILATION OF FACTS 
 
 FOR THE INFORMATION OF BUSINESS MEN, TRAVELERS, 
 
 AND THE WORLD AT LARGE 
 
 FIRST EDITION 
 
 Prepared under the Auspices of the Trades League of Philadelphia 
 
 Frank H. Taylor, Editor and Artist /'9^c°'^'^'°'''-\^y 
 
 rN0yi5l393 
 
 William B. MCMANUS, Business Solicitor \<'/f. .<?"> 
 
 PUBLISHED FOR THE ORGANIZATION BY GEO. S. HARRIS & SONS 
 
 \ 
 
■-p^1 
 
lh)N. KUWIN S. Stuakt 
 
The Press Committee of the Trades League mul the Editor 
 desire to thank the ArTHOR-3 of the chapters contained in this book 
 for tlieir valued assistance, and also the Business Concerns which 
 have, by their support, contributed to the success of its publication. 
 
 Thanks are also due to the following gentlemen and concerns : 
 
 Mr. F. Cresson- SchELL, fordrawingof entrance to the City Hall. 
 
 Messrs. Neweli. & Son, 633 .\rch Street, for illustrations of 
 scenes in Fairniount Park and other places of interest. 
 
 Thi- LevyTypeCo., S. E. Cor Seventh and Chestnut Streets, for 
 illustrations of the Academy of Fine Arts and other l)uildings. 
 
 Mr. George E. Essig, for drawings used in connection witli 
 articles upon the Maritime Exchange and the Maritime Commerce. 
 
 The PuHi.ic Ledger and The Times, for use of drawings. 
 
 Mr. Frank A. Hays, for drawings of Bartram Mansion. 
 
 ^^p«^^ 
 
 Copyright, 1893 
 Geo. S. Harris tS: Sons 
 
LIST OF CHAPTERS 
 
 Officials OF Philadeli'iiia, ......•■• 
 
 Departments and BrK];\rs "f the Cvtv and Cdints oi- I'hii.ahei.i'hia, 
 List OF Ji'DCics oi Phii, Anici.PHiA. ........ 
 
 CiTv Corxcii.s, ..........■■• 
 
 A Pace from the Offici': "F CiT\' CoxTRoi.ei-;k. TIdih.is M. Tlinniijsmi, Cilv ContruUcr, 
 rHir.Ai)El.i'ni.\ : Its CH\RrEKS anh ("tOVi:hnmk.n'T. l^ilwanl 1'. Alliuson and lioics Penrose, 
 Tin: Cits' IIae.i,. > Illustraticm , ........... 
 
 CiTV Hai.i., ......-■.■■• 
 
 1-;xtr.vnce Til CiTV Hai.i.. I Illustratioii'l. 
 
 Tm; BiRKAi iH' Poi.ai:. Kolurt J. I^iiulcn, Su]icrintenilem, 
 
 The Bfrkaf OI'- I-'iKE. l.imcs C. liaxtcr. Jr., Cliicf KngiuciT, 
 
 Ofr Strei:TS. CiCu. .\. BuIlnrU. Chief ul' Ili.yliuay Dc-]>arLnicnt. ... - 
 
 The Parks a.vd Siii'.xKES of Tine CiTV. Charlc-s S. Kcyscr, ... 
 
 'J'he ZOOI.OCICAI. r,.\RiiEN. C. I,. JeJTcr.son 
 
 The Local Ce.nsfs 
 
 Public Schools, 
 
 The U-vivf;rsitv OF Pexns\ i.v \xi.\. PMwanl \V. MuinlDr.l, ..... 
 
 Th;-: Wharton School of 1'inanxe .vnd Kconomv. D;. Jul'ii ouiiu-y .\ilains. 
 University KXTFINSIOX. Cicor.iic K. James, Cciieral Secretary, ..... 
 The American- Academy m Pm.iTic.vL and Social Science, Station B, Phila. Wm. I 
 llEniCAL CoLLEGivS .VNii KiNDRKU Lnstitctions. Sencca E.trbcrt, A. M.. TVL D.. 
 
 Hospitals. .Seneca Egbert, A. M., M. I) 
 
 Thi; Children of Silenci-:. Prof. John P. Walker 
 
 The Citizens' Pi-:rman!;nT Ri-.LIEF CoMMirr.tE of Phii,\. Roliert M. McWarb, City Hi 
 Steamship Iniiian,\. i lUustnitioii), ......... 
 
 Benevolic.nt, Charitable a.vd Humane Lvstitutions oj. Philadelphia not other\visi 
 The Churches .\nd Sunday Schools of Philadelphia. J. E. De La Motta, PuhHc l.fii};: 
 Tin: Thmi'LE Collec.f;. Rev. Rmsell H. Conwell, ....... 
 
 The Academy of Fine .\rts. Milton Bancroft 
 
 Thic Dre.xel Institute. James ."VlacAlistcr, LL D-, ..... 
 
 Dre.xel Institute. (Illustration), 
 
 The Pennsylv.\ni.\ Mi;sEfM and .School of Industri\l .Art. L. V\'. Miller, Priiu-ipirl 
 
 Philadelphia School of Desiivn for Wo.micn. Emily Sartain, Principiil, 
 
 The Sprinc, ClVRDen Institute. Prof. W. A. Porter, Principal, 
 
 Thi; Manual Traininc. Schools. K. A. Partridge, Instructor in Physics, 
 
 Girard AND His College. A. H. Fctterolf, LL.D., President, 
 
 W.VGNER Free: I.nstitute oi-' Science. T. L. Mont.ijomery, Secretary, 
 
 The Franklin Institute. Dr. William H. Wahl, Secretary, 
 
 Thi-; .■\merican Philosophic -a. Society. Juliu.^ F. Saclisc, 
 
 The V. M. C. .-\. Thomas DeWilt Cnyler, President, 
 
 Public Libraries of Philadelphia. T. Morris Perot, President Mercantile Lilirarv Co. 
 Ac.VDEMV OF Natur.m. Sciences. Edward J. Nolan, Secretary. 
 Historical .^ocii;tv. John W. Jordan, ........ 
 
 Tkaiii;s Leagui; OF PniLAiii;LPiiiA, 
 
 Tin; Work of Tin; Trades Leai',ue of Phil vii!;lphi \. Tlio:n:is Martindale, 
 Tin; Piin.Ai)i;i.i'inA BouKsi;. Geor.gc E. Bartol, ...... 
 
 Tin; Pnii.,\Di;LPniA fio.vRU oi-' Tr.vde. Frederick l-'ralcy, I-^sc]., President, 
 Thi; Commi;rci \i. HxcH.VNGi;. Lincoln K. P.issinorc, President, . 
 
 Ri 
 
 -hte 
 
 /';//'. 
 
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 \.. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 2 
 
 
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Thh PHH.AnKLPHlA MARITIME KxcilANC.E. C.corge H. Iviiiisluiw, T'resiilciit, 
 
 BciLDixc. Interests. Franklin M. Harris. RuiUlcr 
 
 Real Estate Holdings and Valuations. John X. (Tallaglicr, l'ul)lislier, AVu/ /■: 
 BuiLDiNti Socie:tieS. .\ililison 13. Burk, .\ssistanl M.Tna.siiii.n Eiiitur /':r/>//,- /.f.i'ri-i; 
 
 The Builders' Exchange. William \V. Morj^aii, 
 
 A New Architectural Era. J. C. WortUiMs;ti)ii, I". .X. 1. .\., .^rcliiicct, . 
 
 New Suburhan Sections (lUustralionsi, 
 
 Our Homes AND Ways as Others SEE Them, 
 
 Markets oi-' rniLADELriliA. George V.. TVIapcs, l'Iiiliuifi['!uii Titi:c<, 
 
 The Milk Si'pplv. E. W. Woolnian, Prcsiilcnt I'hila(lcl])l.ia :\Iilk Exclian.nc, 
 
 Railroad Terminals ok Philadelphia. JjUu a. Jo!ia?in and Frank W. Harold, 
 
 Our Waterways. Prof. Lewis M. Haupl Civil ICnyinecr, 
 
 The JIaritimi; Commerce OE Philadhlphi \. Clement .\. Griscom, President Ir 
 Ship Buildinc Henry W. Cramp, ......... 
 
 Cr.\mp's Ship ".'ard in 1892. (Illuslraiion , ....... 
 
 Industries, Capital and Wages. Lorin Blodget. 
 
 Fire I.nsuraxce . ■ 
 
 Savings, 
 
 The Hotels oe Philadelphia. Josepli M. Rogers 
 
 Our Theatres— Past AND Present. G. O. Scilhamcr, Tk,- /11,/ini,, , 
 Clubs in PinLADELPHi.\. Charles R. Deacon, Secretary of the Clover Club, 
 Philadelphia Journals A.VD Journalists. Clias. M. Hcnstis, Editor /''/■■ In./ni' 
 Sports of .'\LI, Sorts. Horace S. Fogcl, Sporting Editor Piiblii: /.-./-.v , 
 Cycling IN Pini..vDi-;LPHiA. .\nliur H. MaeOwcn, ...... 
 
 Our Citizi-:n Soldiery 
 
 Si-:CR1-;T SociKTIlCS. Hon. Ricliard X'aux and others. ..... 
 
 Masonic Temple, i Illuslration), .......... 
 
 Historical Buildings and I'lacics, 
 
 The United States Mint. O. C. Bosbyshell, Snperinlendem 
 
 Our Prisons. Hon. Ricliard Vau\, ......... 
 
 Our CoMPAR.\TIVE MORT.M.ITY R.\TE. Win. II. I^ld, M. H., Pi (■■iidcn 1 ol llie H, k 
 
 The North i:kn Homi;, .... 
 
 The SaniT.\rium .-Vssociation. Dr. William II. Ford, . 
 
 WoRi<[N<'. Womi-:n's Guilds. Kate L. Gallagher, 
 
 OuK Ji.w iSH Citizens. Henry S. Morais, .... 
 
 The Society oe Friends. Frank II. Taylor, 
 
 Wherein We .\re First, 
 
 (/.//<■ A'.<.>/,/ 
 
 The 
 
 PiibtU Lai^-.i . 
 latioii.il Navigation Co. 
 
 rd 
 
 Heii'.tli, 
 
 rAc;E. 
 78,79 
 So, Si 
 
 S2-S4 
 
 ■^5-«7 
 
 .-iS, 89 
 
 90 
 
 9 1 
 92-94 
 
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 yS-ioi 
 
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 105 lo; 
 
 loS-n I 
 
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 1 12 
 
 H5 
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 Ml), 117 
 1 [S-I20 
 121, 122 
 12,5-129 
 1.^0 
 l.ll 
 
 13^. 1,33 
 
 l.vl 
 
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 1.37. 13S 
 
 139. 140 
 
 141 
 
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 143 
 
 1-14 
 
 ■4.5. 146 
 
 147 
 
 14S 
 
 
 ■.4\- 
 
 ^Ui3V'" 
 
ADVERTISEriENTS IN BOOK OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Acker, Finley, & Co., . 
 Albro-Clem Elevator Co., The, 
 AlHscn Manufacturing Co., The. 
 Augustin, M. F., & Son, 
 Avil Printing Co., . 
 Barnett, G. & H., . 
 Beck Paper Co., Liniiterl, Charles 
 Biddle Hardware Co., 
 Billington, Jainei H., X: Co., 
 
 Bisler, G. A 
 
 Blabon, George W-, Co., The, 
 Boekel, Wni., & Co., 
 Boracf, ..... 
 Borgner, Cyrus, 
 Bnrk, \V. B., & Co., 
 Burpee, W. AUec, & Co., 
 Clinton, E., & Co., 
 CotTiu, Altenius & Co., . 
 Colburn, A., Co., The, . 
 Columbian Mills Company, . 
 Collins Manufacturing Co., A. M. 
 Conover, David F., & Co., 
 Continental, The, . 
 Croxton.Wocd & Co., . 
 Delaware Insurance Co., The, 
 Denneler, Chas., & Son, 
 Douglass, J. Walter, 
 
 Drecr, Henry A 
 
 Electro-Tint Engraving Co. , . 
 
 Enterprise Manufacturing Co., 
 
 Farr & Bailey Manufacturing Co., 
 
 Fidelity Mutual Life Association, The 
 
 Foster, Thos. C, . 
 
 French, Samuel H., & Co., . 
 
 Frymier, John E., . 
 
 Garrett & Buchanan, 
 
 Gibson, S. F., 
 
 Godley, Philip, 
 
 Grave's, N. Z., & Co., . 
 
 Green, Henry W., S: Co., 
 
 Giiibuau, Carl, ... 
 
 Guarantee Trust & Safe Deposit Co., The 
 
 Guninicy, Spcring & Co., 
 
 Haines, Jones & Cadljury, 
 
 Hance Brothers & White, 
 
 Hanna,W. W., 
 
 Heroy & Co., .... 
 
 Hires, Charles E., Co., The, . 
 
 Hoffman, Geo. E., 
 
 Hood, Foulkrod & Co., 
 
 Independence National Bank, 
 
 Johnson, Charles Eneu, is: Co., 
 
 Jones, Jesse, & Co. , . . 
 
 Landreth, D., & Sons, . 
 
 Lauber, CarlF., & Co., . 
 
 I.eas & McVitty, . 
 
 Levytype Company, 
 
 Lipiiincott, J. B., Co., 
 
 I.ockc, E. G., 
 
 Lord, Geo. W., 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 61 
 
 S9 
 
 76 
 
 203 
 
 5« 
 96 
 
 17 
 /S 
 So 
 
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 er. 
 
 5- 
 
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 oS 
 
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 200 
 
 55 
 209 
 209 
 
 54 
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 206 
 50 
 15 
 74 
 09 
 
 f cov 
 
 Lovcll G. S., Clock Co., 
 
 Lucas, John, iK: Co., 
 
 Martindalc, Tlios., 6t Co., 
 
 Mantely, John, 
 
 McCallum & McCalluni, 
 
 Mcllvaine Bros., 
 
 Miller & Mooney, . 
 
 Molten ^1 Miinch, . 
 
 Morse, Williams & Co., 
 
 Moore & SinnoU, . 
 
 Moore & White Co., The 
 
 Moore's Windsor Hotel, 
 
 Nixon, Martin & Wm. H., Paper C 
 
 Nye&Tredick, 
 
 Office Specialty Manufacturing Co 
 
 Oxford Bindery, 
 
 Parks, Thos. H, . 
 
 Pedrick & Aver, 
 
 Philadelphia Photo-Electrotype Co, 
 
 Philadcli)hia Pickling Co., 
 
 Plumb, Fayette R., 
 
 Potter, Thomas, Sons & Co 
 
 Powell & Brother, . 
 
 Pratt Focd Co., 
 
 Reading Paper Mills, 
 
 Riehle Bros. Testing Machine Co 
 
 Roberts, Thomas, & Co., 
 
 Sauquoit Silk Manufacturing Co. 
 
 Schwartz & Graff, . 
 
 Sentman, Edwin E., 
 
 Sharpless Brothers, 
 
 vShoemakcr, J. L., & Co., 
 
 Shoemaker & Busch, 
 
 Shriver, Bartlett & Co., . 
 
 Smith, Kline & French Co 
 
 Sorver, Damon & Co., . 
 
 Star & Crescent Mills Co., 
 
 Stephens, Armstrong cS: Conkling 
 
 Supp'ee Hardware Co., . 
 
 Sutton & Vansant, 
 
 Teller, Frank, S: Co., 
 
 The Call, 
 
 Thorn , J . S. , Si Co. , 
 
 Thompson Bros,, 
 
 Tilden, W. T., 
 
 Toomey, Frank, 
 
 Twitchell, S., & Bro,, 
 
 United Gas Improvement Co., The 
 
 United States Credit System Co. 
 
 Vance, James M., & Co., 
 
 Warrcn-Ehret Company, 
 
 Walsh, Joseph, 
 
 Walsh, Joseph, 
 
 Weikcl & Smith Spice Co,, 
 
 White Dental Manufacturing Co., The S. S. 
 
 Wilson, William M., & Sons, 
 
 Williamson & Cas.scdy, . 
 
 Woodhouse, Sanuiel F., 
 
 Woolman, Edward W., . 
 
 Vates, A. C, & Co., 
 
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 150 
 
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 jf cover. 
 
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 159 
 
Officials of Philadelphia. 
 
 City Officers. 
 
 Mayor, 
 
 Edwix S. Stuart. 
 
 Receiver of Taxes, 
 
 John Taylor, 
 
 City Solicitor, 
 
 Chari.es F. Warwick. 
 
 Director of Public Safety. 
 
 Abrah.\ji M. Beitlkr. 
 
 Director of Public Works, 
 
 James H. Wixdrim. 
 
 Directors of Charities and Corrections, 
 
 William H. Lajibert, President, 
 William D. Gardner, John Huggard, 
 
 Alfred Moore, James W. Walk. 
 
 County Officers. 
 
 Controller. 
 
 Thomas M. Thompson. 
 
 Treasurer, 
 
 George U. McCreary. 
 
 Commissioners, 
 
 William Bartlev, Theodore M. Stulb, 
 
 John J. P. Sensenderfer. 
 
 Sheriff. 
 
 Horatio P. Connell. 
 
 Recorder of Deeds, 
 
 Thomas Green. 
 
 District Attorney. 
 
 George S. Graham. 
 
 Register of Wills, 
 
 Wm. G. Shields. 
 
 Clerk of Quarter Sessions, 
 
 James W. L.a.tta. 
 I 
 
 Coroner, 
 
 Samuel II. Ashbridge. 
 
Departments and Bureaus 
 of the City and County of Philadelphia, 
 
 Department of Charities ami Correction. 
 Bureau of Charities. 
 
 Correction. 
 Department of Cit_\- Controller. 
 
 " City Treasurer. 
 
 " Clerks of Councils. 
 
 " Clerk of Quarter Sessions. 
 
 Coroner. 
 
 " City Commissioners. 
 
 " County Prisons. 
 
 " District Attorney. 
 
 E)ducation. 
 
 " Law. 
 
 " Mayor. 
 
 " Nautical School Ship. 
 
 " Park Commissioners. 
 
 " Port Wardens. 
 
 " Prothonotary. 
 
 " Public Safety. Director's Office. 
 
 Bureau of I-ioiler Inspection. 
 
 Bureau of Building Inspection. 
 Electrical. 
 Fire. 
 Health. 
 City Property. 
 Police. 
 Department of Public Works, Director's Office 
 Bureau of City Ice Boats. 
 Gas. 
 
 Highways. 
 Lighting. 
 Street Cleaning. 
 Surveys. 
 Water. 
 Department of Receiver of Taxes. 
 Revision of Taxes. 
 " Recorder of Deeds. 
 
 Register of Wills. 
 Sheriff. 
 
List of Judges of Philadelphia. 
 
 First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Common Pleas. No. i, 
 
 Hon. Joseph Allison, P. J , 
 Hon. Ck.vig HinnLi:, 
 Hon. F. Ajl\.dki: Bkkgy. 
 
 Cnmm<m Pleas, No. 2. 
 
 Hon. J. I. Cl.\rke H.vkk. P. J. 
 
 Hon. D. Xkwlin Fell, 
 
 Hon. S.A..MUEL W. Pennypackek. 
 
 Common Pleas. No. 3, 
 
 Hon. Thomas K. Finlettek, P. J. 
 Hon. James Gay Gordon, 
 Hon. Henry Reed. 
 
 Common Pleas, No. 4. 
 
 Hon. M. KrssELL Thayek, P. J., 
 Hon. Michael Arnold, 
 Hon. Robert N. Willson. 
 
 Orphans' Court. 
 
 Hon. William B Hanna. P. J.. 
 
 Hon. William N. Ashman, Hon. Clement B. Penrose, 
 
 Hon. Joseph C. Ferguson. 
 
 City Councils. 
 
 The Select branch of Citv Councils is composed of one representative from each of the thirty-five 
 wards of the city The Common branch is made up of a number of representatives of each ward, 
 ag<^e-atin- at present about one hundred and twenty members. The fiscal year in councilmanic 
 organtzatio'i begins April ist. The President of the Select branch for the current year is James L 
 Miles, Esq., and of the Common branch, Wencel Hartman, Esq. 
 
A Page from the Office of City Controller. 
 
 Thomas M. Thompson, City Controller. Louis R. Fortescue, Chief Clerk. 
 
 By the terms of the several Acts of Assembly subsequent to and including the Act of Consolidation, 
 February 2, 1854, the Controller of the City and County of Philadelphia, is elected for three years 
 from the first Monday in Januar>- next succeeding his election and is designated as the head of this 
 department. He has the super\-ision and the control of the fiscal concerns of all departments, bureaus 
 and ofiBcers of the citv who collect, receive or disburse the public moneys. He prescribes the form of 
 reports and accounts to be tendered, and inspects, revises and audits all other accounts in which the 
 city is concerned. To him is delegated the power of administering oaths or affidavits to the municipal 
 officers, or heads of departments receiving moneys, to statements or returns made by them to the City 
 Treasurer, and to all pay-rolls presented to him for his approval accompanied by warrants for the 
 payment of same. He is required to charge, in separate books for the purpose, all appropriations against 
 the head of a department, and under the item of appropriation on which it is founded. He shall not 
 suffer any appropriation to be overdrawn or an item to be used for another purpose, and is only 
 authorized to countersign a warrant for the payment of expenses when authenticated or certified to by 
 the proper officers. 
 
 In the annual report of the Controller made to City Councils to January i, 1893, which report 
 also embraces the operations of the Sinking Fund Commission of which the Controller by virtue of 
 his office, is a member, the estimated summary of the resources and disbursements of the Cit\- and 
 Count}' of Philadelphia for the }-ear 1893 are given as follows : — 
 
 The tax rate of Si .85 per $100 which is levied upon the assessed valuation of real estate aggregating 
 5752,763,382, after deducting the average delinquency and adding the estimated receipts from all other 
 sources yields an available amount of 523,723,146.62. From this is deducted the legal obligations of 
 interest on loans, state tax, sinking fund appropriations and mandamus executions (estimated), for 1893 
 amounting to 54,596,740.00, and to the difference is then added the estimated surplus of $654,879.20, 
 making the net amount subject to appropriation for 1893 of $19,781,285.82. The total appropriations 
 for all departments and bureaus for 1S93 were $18,581,019.14. 
 
 The funded debt of the city Januar\' i, 1893, was $53, 988, 045. 22 and the assets were $33,026,717.82 
 leaving a total debt over the above assets of $22,141,063.20. Of the above assets the sinking fund 
 held $25,919,289.60 : $23,033,600.00 of this being purchases by them of the city's own bonded debt. 
 An important matter to be considered in connection with the debt of this city and its ability to meet 
 its outstanding liabilities, is the fact that the real estate owned by the city amounting to $44,823,574.00 
 as appraised by the Board of Revision of Taxes, is not included in the above assets. 
 
 The loans issued by the city are of two kinds, to wit, for thirty j-ears with a Sinking Fund clause 
 providing for the redemption of the Sinking Fund at the end of that period, and towards the redemption 
 of which there is annually appropriated by City Councils, one and one-fifth per cent, on account of the 
 principal until their maturit}', or serial loans without the above clause for which the city makes a 
 direct appropriation for the full amount of each series of the loans as they become due. In the first 
 annual report of the Sinking Fund to December 31, 1855, there was but $89,410.05 to its credit, since 
 that time it has met all maturing loans and has to its credit the larce accumulation above shown. 
 
Philadelphia — Its Charters and Government. 
 
 i68i = i8q3. 
 
 Edward P. Allinson 
 
 KoiEs Pkxrose. 
 
 be 
 
 
 "?*- ?^''- 
 
 ^?'« 
 
 "■■J^.;^, 
 
 BLUE ANCHOR TAVKRN. 
 
 
 SEAL OF 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 Philadelphia's niunicipal life iimv 
 divided into five sharply defined periods : 
 
 I. 1 68 1 to 1 70 1, covering the era of its 
 
 minority prior to Peiin's charter of 1701. In this 
 
 period we have government by the Provincial 
 
 Council, the County Court and the Grand Jury, 
 
 and the short interlude under the proprietary 
 
 charter of 1691, which created Hunifrey Morrey 
 
 the first maj-or.' It is a curious fact that this charter, which is now deposited with 
 
 the Historical Society of Pennsyl\-ania, seems for nearly two hundred years to have 
 
 been lost sight of. 
 
 II. 1701-17S9 covers the life of Penn's proprietary charter, which fell with the 
 Revolution, and the thirteen years of suspended municipal life which ensued. After the 
 Revolution, 1776 to 1789, such government as the city had was to be found in the 
 courts of the justices of the peace and the legislative commissions already inaugurated 
 during this period. 
 
 III. From 1789 to 1854 what is now known as the Old City, /. e., from \'mc to Soutli Streets. 
 and from the Delaware to the Schuylkill Ri\-ers, grew and prospered under the legislative charter of 
 
 1789 and its supplements up to the consolidation act of 1854. The records 
 of this period are of the first importance. In it we note the advent of 
 Philadelphia as a modern American municipality. The entire personality 
 of the city is changed : it becomes the creature of the legislature. Every 
 vestige of a close corporation, which was the distinguishing feature ot 
 Penn's charters, is swept away. The city is now the place and its inhabi- 
 tants, all freemen have a voice in the election of the municipal govern- 
 ment. Throughout the period are manifested the ebb and flow of two 
 distinct lines of policy. Starting out with a remembrance of the evils of 
 divided authority, and a well expressed effort toward concentration of 
 executive power and responsibility, we find in the latter half of the period a 
 steady reversal of tliis policy, indicated by the absorption of all branches of executive supen.-ision and 
 control by the various committees of councils. The mayor is, step by step, shorn of his xarious 
 powers and duties as executive until he is relegated to the position of being simply 
 chief of police and the figure head of the corporation . The responsibility' is scattered 
 through a dozen committees, whose personnel changes from year to year, and the execu- 
 tive wheels are found running b^- a complex system which could not fail of disastrous 
 results even then. These defects become intensified when carried over into the operations 
 of the immensely extended consolidated cit}' and county. 
 
 I\'. 1854 to 1887. In this period Philadelphia, in common with other great cities, 
 staggered under a burden of laws, ordinances, customs and practices often resulting in 
 legislative and executive maladministration. The consolidation act of 1854 was a 
 necessary act of great political wisdom at the time. The city and the contiguous 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 CITY SEAL, I 701. 
 
 CITV .SEAL, 1683. 
 
 *-fe^^^' 
 
 ^'::s'^^^i^ 
 
 CITV SEAL, 1789. 
 
 ^See Philadelphia, 16S1-1SS7, by AUinson and Penrose. Humfrcy ^Morrey, first Mayor of Philadelphia, paper 
 read by Col. J. Granville Leach before the Historical Society cf Pennsylvania. The first Mayor of Philadelphia, 
 by Hon. S. W. Pennypacker, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, No. 3 of Vol. XV. 
 
/ 
 
 il"^ 
 
 4 
 
 territory, which had Ijecome densely populated, had practically become one city. There 
 
 \ Tsrvi- ,-'i!M,/- '■mvK I was a connnou future and cominoii wants. Adequate de\-elopmeiit was crippled by the 
 
 ' 9%."^'^^JX'*^^^^ multiplicity and jealousy of the many existing governing bodies acting independently 
 
 \r '>E-^_^ aa' ^ of each other. The evils of the situation were recognized. The question of consoli- 
 
 ^ ^ dation was agitated for ten years before it was effected. It was opposed by the local 
 
 PRESENT CITY sK.-vL. leaders. In 1S53 the friends of the act met and elected Hon. Kli K. Price for the 
 Senate, and also candidates in the house pledged to support it and it was finally passed 
 January 30, 1S54.' The act of 1854, while a great advance, did not meet the e\ils ; nor was its 
 intent confirmed to nor its spirit observed by councils. They neglected the exposure and correc- 
 tion of the abuses of the departments and usurped in fuller measure than e\er before almost every 
 form of executive duty. If the water department wanted a pump, it was the water committee 
 which decided on the kind, style and horse power. If the highway department paved a street, it 
 was the highway committee which superxised the letting, execution and approx'al of the contract. 
 There was no general sujiervision of public work. A condition of affairs, which was bad enough 
 in the Old City, became intolerable when carried into the immensely extended business of con- 
 solidated Philadelphia, which had assumed proportions which demanded the most intelligent system 
 and responsible supervision to ol)tain efficient service and adecjuate returns for money expended. The 
 financial management l.)ecame more reckless every year, until the city was threatened with bank- 
 ruptcy. The most noticeable features of the act of consolidation that are new are the offices of city 
 controller and receiver of taxes, created by the act of 1S54. The greatest improvements which took 
 place during the period also had reference to finance. The constitution of 1S74 placed a limit to the 
 creation of funded debt, and the act of June 1 i . iSjy, compelled the city " to pay as you go." Very 
 shortly after the consolidation act. one whose position gave him e\-ery o])portunity to measiu'e the defects 
 of our s>stem, and whose abilities entitled his opinion to the greatest weight, summed up in forcible 
 Ivnglish the radical defects in the organic law and pointed out the necessity for intelligent legislation to 
 cure those defects. The essence of our present charter, given by the act of i.s.xs, known as the Bullitt 
 Bill, is to be found in the second annual message of Hon. Richard A'aux, Mayor of Philadelphia, 1858. 
 
 \'. The fifth period is that of the present charter, the act of 1SS5. 
 
 Limited space has made it impossible to gi\'e even in briefest outline a sketch of the develop- 
 ment of the city go\-ernment during the two centuries of its existence. From the date of the landing 
 of Penn at the Blue Anchor Landing — from 1681 to iS.S^ — we see the city grow from a collection 
 of caves whose inhabitants were counted by scores, to a crowded mart containing the homes of over a 
 million of jieople. From two square miles to one hundred and twenty-nine. From the government of 
 the county court and grand jury closely followed by the close corporation and medieval charters granted 
 by Penn, up through a maze of legislative confusion to the advent of the latest and best thought on 
 munitMi>al government as expressed in the Bullitt Bill. Although Mayor \'anx, in 1858, had pointed out 
 the evils of the organic law, it took a score of years to arouse public opinion. The mo\-ement which 
 resulted in the passage of the act dates back to the indignation caused by the passage of the act creating 
 the Public Building Commission. (lovernor Hartranft, in a specially able message in 1876, called the 
 attention of the legislature to the e\-ils of municipal government. A commissicm was appointed to 
 devise a scheme for government of cities. On this commission, which I'esulted ultimately in the passage 
 of the act of 1885, the services of Mr. John C. Bullitt were so conspicuous as to give his name to the bill. 
 In 1882 councils took up the matter, which was referred to a special committee, of which S. Davis Page 
 was chairman, and on which we find also such names as F^ffingham B. Morris, (leorge R. Snowden, J. 
 \V. Patton, S. S. Hollingswortli. .\ . Haller Cross and Charles H. Banes. The history of the heated 
 controversy over the bill finally introduced into the legislature by Mr. William C. Bullitt is still fresh 
 in every one's mind.' 
 
 ' History of Consolidation, liy Kli K. Price, page jj. Philadelphia, by AUinson and Penrose, page 140. 
 
 -See Report of Coniniittoc of One Hundred, by Thomas Learning, Esq. Message of Governor Hartranft. 
 Senate Journal 1H76, page i,v Report of Conunission to devise a plan for city government of cities of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Resolutions drafted bv Hrn. Richard Vaux, and introduced into common council by S. Davis Page, Rsq. Sec 
 Imirnal of Cominim Councils, lS,S2. 
 
Under tlie present charter, known as the Pnillitl Piiil, the attempt has been made and in tlieor>' 
 approxhnately attained to concentrate all executive power in one head, the mayor, responsible directly 
 for the whole administration to the people who elect him. A few subordinate heads of departments are 
 appointed by and responsible to this head, the mayor. A complete sej)aration is made between the 
 executive and legislative branches of government. And a stringent limitation lias been jjlaced on the 
 power to accunuilate indebtedness. Careful regulations are framed for the financial s\steni and methods. 
 Provisions are made for the impeachment of corrupt officials. After one comjilcte administration under 
 this act, and the ])art of another, the oidy objection to it is that possil)ly it does not go far enough. Its 
 framers went as far as they dared to go and not encounter the opposition of certain offices or commissions, 
 the vices of which were not .so instantly pressing. The executix'e power is vested in the mayor and 
 certain departments. I. I'ulilic Safety, director appointed by the mayor: this includes the ])olice, fire, 
 health and building inspection. II. Public Works, director appointed by mayor ; this includes the old 
 departments of water, gas, highway and survey. III. Receiver of Taxes. I\'. City Solicitor. Hoth 
 city officers elected by the people at the spring municipal election. \'. Cit\- Treasurer. \'I. Citv 
 Controller. Both coxuity officers elected at the aucrunn State election. \'II. Board of hxlucation, 
 appointed by the judges. \'III. Charities and Corrections ; president and four directors apjiointed by 
 the nun'or. IX. Sinking Fund Commission: made up of the mayor, city controller and one member 
 elected by councils. 
 
 The Public Building Connnission, an irresponsible body created l)y the legislative act, 1.S70, still 
 exists in charge of the city hall, not yet finished. The commissioners were originally named in the act; 
 any vacancies are filled by the members. The Park Connnission consists of the mayor, presidents of 
 councils, commissioner of city property^, chief engineer of water department and ten citizens ajjpointed 
 for five years by the courts. The election of the city controller, city treasurer and receiver of taxes b\- the 
 people is fixed by the constitution and no change is specially needed. The duties of the treasurer and 
 receiver are ministerial : their action does not affect the policy of an administration. The controller has 
 high judicial functions ; his power is a check on the entire financial system, and the people have frequently 
 decided that it was wise to have him of a different political fliith from the administration. His appoint- 
 ment directly by popular vote is certainly wise. The appointment of all other officers, including the 
 sinking fund and park connnission and board of education should be ^■ested in the mayor. The Pul)lic 
 Building Connnission should be abolished and its duties vested in the department of ])ublic works. The 
 appointment of any officers by the judges is onerous to them, foreign to their duties and vicious in 
 conception. As all departments ha\-e to be adx'ised by the city solicitor, the mayor is as much entitled 
 for the success of his administration to ajipoint his solicitor as is the president or the governor. While 
 some things remain to be done to comjilete the scientific de\-elopment of the city's government, much 
 has been done and vast advantage obtained in our jiresent charter. It is the duty of citizens, however. 
 to acquaint themselves with the functions and theory of our municipal go\-ernment, and to watch with 
 jealous eye tlie constant trend of councils to the usurpation of executive functions. Their legi^lative 
 duties must of necessity always be large and imposing. The record of the past teaches that the greatest 
 danger of corruption and maladministration is found where they encroach on the executive. The 
 legislation of tlie country, nuuiicipal, state and federal, is fast becoming vested in committees of the 
 several bodies. This government bv connnittees is subversive of our svstem of government.' 
 
 For editorials iUustrating the various arguments brought at the time for and against the bill, see note on page 
 268, Philadelphia, 1681-78^7, by AUinson and Penrose. 
 
 ' See Congressional Governracul, In- Woodrow Wilson, Ph.D. 
 

 ■%: 
 
 
 
 
f 
 
 The City Hall 
 
 
 BRONZE STATCK OF WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 ''3 ^H Oy The largest building in Philadelphia, and the most imposing public 
 
 ^ 'N. structure upon this continent is the City Hall, which is also commonly 
 
 known as the Public Buildings, and accommodates the departments of 
 both the city and county authorities. This noble civic edifice occupies 
 the site of a quadrangle, originally surveyed by the Quaker founder. 
 William Penn, as a public park, and so maintained until the beginning of 
 the present work, about twenty years ago. The location of this building 
 was decreed by popular vote. The principal offices, courts and chambers 
 of the several fronts have been occupied by the public departments for 
 a number of years. The vast work, upon which upwards of $15,000,000 
 have been expended, now approaches completion. 
 
 Although unfortunately environed by a number of lofty buildings, 
 at least two of which will, when done, dominate the Mansard roof of the 
 city buildings, a wide street surrounds the edifice, and from four 
 directions fine views of its facade may be enjoyed. 
 
 The length of the north and south fronts is 470 feet, and that 
 of the east and west fronts is 486 '2 feet. The material principally used 
 for both the building and enormous tower is white marble from quarries 
 at Lee, Berkshire County, Mass. The interior windows of its six floors 
 of busy public offices look out upon a courtyard 200 feet square, the 
 favorite "short-cut" of many busy thousands every day. A full 
 division of infantry troops might be comfortably massed within this 
 enclosure. 
 Four grand archways, 18 feet wide and 36 feet high, richly embellished with polished columns 
 and beautiful sculpture, are the sluiceways for the ceaseless human tide that surges through this 
 splendid plaza. Who shall foretell what noble, impressive, perchance tragic, scenes this P/ace dc 
 la Hotel de I '/lie of the Quaker City shall witness in the centuries yet to come ; when those 
 masters, who designed and built the surrounding walls, are remembered only by the occasional 
 antiquarian who gropes in the corridors below and chances upon the tablet of the corner-stone ; when 
 the conditions of life in these latter days of the great century of progress, as they are outlined upon 
 these pages, will be to the citizen and stranger but a tradition, and those things of which we boast but 
 the feeble efforts of a j'oung and inexperienced people. 
 
 Philadelphia of to-day is quite willing that this majestic building, and especially its tower, shall 
 stand before the people of generations yet to come as the symbol of civilization and taste obtaining 
 among us in the year of our Lord 1893. The tower is the great peculiar feature of the entire structure, 
 and no person who has once enjoyed the far-reaching and impressive bird's-eye view of this busy 
 aggregation of humanity will regret the millions it has cost to rear this purely ornamental shaft. The 
 lower is 90 feet square at the base, and its walls are 23 feet thick. The entire height of the work to the 
 broad-rimmed hat upon the head of William Penn will be 547 feet and a fraction, an elevation greater, 
 it is said than any steeple or structure in the world built in connection with an edifice. It exceeds 
 that of the Great Pyramid 67 feet ; St. Peter's Church, Rome, 99 feet ; the Cologne Cathedral, 37 feet. 
 It is nearly twice the height of the dome of the National Capitol. The Washington Monument exceeds 
 its altitude by 8 feet only. A great clock, the dial plates of which have a diameter of 23 feet, will adorn 
 the tower at an elevation which will be visible from all parts of the city, the centre dial being 361 feet 
 above the sidewalk. The metallic columns and dome, of which the upper section will consist, are to be 
 plated with aluminum. 
 
 The observant stranger and citizen alike will find a wealth of allegorical suggestion in the 
 symbolic statuan,-, much of it of heroic size, which embellishes the exterior, corridors and inner court 
 
of the building. The four quarters of the globe are typified by the Asiatic elephant, the African tiger, 
 European bullock and the American bear, and also l)y beautifully chiselled figures of tht- Caucassian, 
 Mongolian, African, and other racial types. Upon the northern front are the figures of William Penn, 
 an Indian, a Norseman, a Puritan, and the Progress of Civilization. Other figures represent \'ictory, 
 Fame, Education, Science, Poetry, Music, Art, Botanj', Navigation, Architecture and Mechanics. The 
 east front and Mayor's entrance bears figures of Asiatic, Chinese and Japanese types, and those expres- 
 sive of Art, Science, Peace. Industry, Mining, Engineering, Morning, Light, etc. The south front and 
 entrance to Courts of Justice contain figures of Africans, South Sea Islanders, Tigers and Lions, the 
 City and State Coat of Arms, and also Moses typifying the Law of Justice, Execution, Youth, Water, 
 etc. The western facade and the corridor, which is identified with the Criminal Department, contains 
 figures of Charitv, Synipatliy, Repentance, Meditation, Sorrow and Pain, Tigers, Thorns and Thistles. 
 The figures of IiRlians, scjuaws and western pioneers in picturesque groups indicate the direction of 
 outlook from its windows. This comprehensive scheme of emblematic treatment is continued in the 
 principal apartments, notalily in the Supreme Court Chambers, which are further embellished with 
 portraits of famous jurists of the State. The furnishing throughout is of a sul)Stantial and sumptuous 
 character. 
 
 The magnificent lironze figure of William Penn, the work of Philadelphia mechanics, is placed, 
 for temi>orarv inspection, in the City Hall Plaza. It is 37 feet high and weighs 52,400 pounds. It was 
 cast in forty -seven pieces, and so skilfully joined that the most careful inspection fails to detect the 
 junctures. The following are the dimensions of the different elements of the statue : 
 
 Hat, 3 feet in diameter; rim, 23 feet in circumference ; nose, 13 inches long; eyes, 12 inches 
 long and 4 inches wide ; mouth, from corner to corner, i foot ; face, from hat to chin, 3 feet 3 inches ; 
 hair, 4 feet long : shoulders, 28 feet in circumference and 15 feet in diameter ; waist, 24 feet in circum- 
 ference and 8 feet 9 inches in diameter ; buttons on coat, 6 inches in diameter ; hands, 6 feet 9 inches in 
 circumference, 3 feet in diameter and 4 feet long ; fingers, 2 feet 6 inches long ; finger nails, 3 inches 
 long; legs, from ankle to knee, 10 feet ; ankle, 5 feet in circumference ; calf of legs, 8 feet 8 inches in 
 circumference ; feet, 22 inches wide, 5 feet 4 inches long. 
 
 The scroll bears a seal of Charles II., 2 feet in diameter, and on the expo.sed page has the 
 following inscription : 
 
 Charles II., King of England and France, Defender of tlie Faith — To whom these presents shall 
 come, " Greeting : " 
 
 Whereas, Our trustie and well-beloved suliject, William Penn, Esq., sonn and heir of Sir William 
 Penn, deceased, etc. 
 
 Public elevators are operated, connecting with all floors, and another rises to the top of the great 
 tower, being operated every week-day. The remarkable hanging stairways at the four angles of the 
 building are worthy of special notice bj^ the visitor. An interesting object to be seen temporarily, 
 upon free exhibition at the City Hall, is a beautiful model of the Centennial Exhibition, placed in a 
 room upon the second floor at the northern entrance. 
 
 It is a jiart of the present plan to illuminate the exterior of the Iniilding at night with splendid 
 lamjis nearly fifty feet in height, one at each corner of the structure, bearing groups of incandescent 
 and arc electric points, thus intensifying the lights and shadows that surround this majestic business 
 ofiice of the people, and furnishing a final emblem of joy and sorrow in the ceaseless current of 
 human life that surges without cessation around its base. 
 
NORTH li.NTKANCI'; ol-' THK CITY HAM. 
 
The Bureau of Police. 
 
 By Robert J. Linden, Superintendent. 
 
 * captain op police. 
 
 The organization of the Bureau of Police, with lieadquarters at City Hall, 
 is briefly as follows : 
 
 One Superintendent of Police, i Fire Marshal, i Police Surgeon, 
 4 Captains, i Captain of Detectives, 7 Clerks, i Veterinary Surgeon, 
 I Assistant \'eterinary Surgeon, i Meat Inspector, 16 Detectives, 32 
 Lieutenants, 79 Street Sergeants, 104 House Sergeants (Telegraph 
 Operators), 36 Patrol Sergeants, 36 Patrol Drivers, 36 Patrol Officers, 
 4 Harbor Pilots, 4 Harbor Engineers, 4 Harbor Firemen, 1700 Patrolmen, 
 13 Matrons, 48 Cleaners, 6 Van Drivers, 13 Hostlers, i Storekeeper, 
 I Driver of Supply Wagon , i Messenger. 
 
 The city is divided into four Police Divisions, each under the 
 control of a Captain, and sub-divided into twenty-nine districts ; two 
 Harbor Boats and a Reser\-e Corps, each commanded by a Lieutenant. 
 There are twenty-nine Station Houses and eleven Sub-Stations, eighteen 
 Patrol Stations, with wagons and crews. 
 
 A sj'Stem of Police Patrol and Signal Telegraph is in successful 
 operation, and is known as the "Gamewell." There are 341 Signal 
 Boxes (or "Patrol Boxes," as they are generally called), throughout 
 the city, and patrolmen on street duty are required to report (through the 
 'phone in signal box) to their Station House every hour. A record of 
 their time being kept at the Station House. 
 
 During the year 1892 this Bureau made 52,944 arrests, and 
 recovered stolen property to the amount of $155,306.18. 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE BURE.M' OF POLICE. 
 
 Superintendent of Police, Robert J. Linden ; Chief Clerk, William Culbertson ; Assistant Clerks, 
 B. F. Shantz and G. L. Rubicam ; Clerk to Superintendent of Police, Charles Henry ; Assistant Clerk 
 to Superintendent of Police, S. W. Roop ; Central Station Clerk, John Moffit : Captain Chas. B. Edgar, 
 First Division ; Captain Edw. W. Malin, Second Division ; Captain Harry M. Quirk, Third Divison ; 
 Captain Thomas Brown, Fourth Division ; F'ire Marshal, James S. Thompson. 
 
 A POLICE RESERVE. 
 
The Bureau of Fire. 
 
 By James C. Baxter, Jr., Chief Engineer. 
 
 The organization of the Bureau of Fire, with headquarters at 1328 Race 
 Street, is briefly as follows : 
 
 One Chief Engineer, 8 Assistant Engineers, i Inspector, i Secretary, 
 I Shorehouse Clerk, i Messenger, i Driver of Supply Wagon , i Assistant 
 Clerk, 4 Telephone Operators, 49 Foremen, 43 Enginenien, 38 Firemen, 
 45 Drivers, 7 Tillermen, 2 Pilots of Fire Boat, 405 Hose and Laddermen, 
 I Superintendent of Repair Shop, i Superintendent of Horses, 2 Hostlers, 
 10 Machinists, 5 Blacksmiths, 5 Helpers, 3 Wheelwrights, 1 Plumber and 
 Oasfitter, i Boilermaker, i Carpenter, i Patternmaker, 3 Painters, 49 
 Cleaners. 
 
 The city is divided into eight Fire Districts, each under the super- 
 vision of an Assistant Engineer. The Bureau has a system of direct 
 telephone service with each company, by which the Chief Engineer is 
 enabled to communicate with the several foremen without delay. Each 
 company, upon their return from attending an alarm of fire, reports that 
 fact to headquarters at once. 
 
 During the year 1892 the companies comprising the Bureau 
 attended 1531 alarms of fire : Box Alarms, 609 ; Local Alarms, 922. 
 
 APPARATUS. 
 
 Forty -one Steam Fire Engines, 41 Hose Carts, 6 Hayes Hook and 
 Ladder Trucks, i Double Tank Eighty-five Gallon Chemical Engine, 1 
 Double Tank Fifty Gallon Chemical 
 Engine, in addition to which each 
 
 engine company carries i six gallon hand fire extinguisher, and each 
 
 truck company 2 six gallon hand fire extinguishers on their apparatus. 
 
 During the year 1893 the following additions will be made to the 
 
 apparatus of the Bureau : i Fire Boat, 2 Double Tank Sixty Gallon 
 
 Chemical Engines, 2 Double Tank Thirty-five Gallon Chemical 
 
 Engine and Hose Wagon 
 
 combined. 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Chief Engineer, James C. 
 Baxter, Jr. ; Assistant Engi- 
 neers : F'irst District, Samuel 
 Dunlap ; Second District, James 
 F. McGarity; Third District, 
 William Staiger ; Fourth Dis- 
 trict, Jacob B. Andress; Fifth 
 District, John Smith ; Sixth 
 District, William G. McDade; 
 Seventh District, George Nal- 
 linger; Eighth District, Charles 
 H. Hollwarth. 
 
Our Streets. 
 
 By Gkorge a. Hlxlock, Chikw of Highway Dkpartment. 
 
 
 
 »j 
 
 FIRST TROLr.EY LINK IX PHII.AnHI.PHI A. 
 
 In the Avork of gradual improvement of the 
 jKiwnients of highways in IMi iladelphia, 
 sjiecial coiidi t i ons ha\'e always existed 
 involving problems not enconntered, to the 
 same extent, by the authorities of any other 
 American city. These conditions are 
 partially due to the exceptionally large area 
 of territory occnjiied by our urban and 
 suburban population, and also because of 
 the large nuinoer of principal streets and 
 avenues occupied by the tracks of various 
 passenger railway companies. Although 
 the condition of above 50 per cent, of our 
 streets continues to the present time to be far behind that of scores of younger cities in all parts of the 
 countrv, there is a jirospect, amounting indeed to a certainty, that the best forms of paving will soon 
 be found throughout the whole municipality. This result must follow the adojition of the trolley 
 system of propulsion liy the combined railway companies, as a condition to which they are bound by 
 the terms of their concessions from the city. In addition to this means of impro^■ement the available 
 annual appropriations for the repax'ing of old streets by the Highway Department, and the large 
 amounts paid by citizens for paving of new streets in the suburVis under its direction, will continue to 
 rapidly change the old order of things until, in a short time the last of the cobble stones will disappear 
 from the scene forever. 
 
 Three classes of material are now employed in the city proper for paving, namely, the Belgian 
 block, where heavy traffic demands this class of work : vitrified brick and sheet asphaltum. During 
 the year 1892 new pa\-enients were laid aggregating nearly 26;^ miles, divided as follows: Granite 
 blocks, 9.32 ; sheet asphal 
 tum. 3.9.S ; vitrified brick. 
 ij.iS: macadam, ,v9,i- The 
 value of the ])a\'ing super- 
 vised by this department dur 
 ing the year is $2. 124,595.74. 
 which includes that under- 
 taken by the city and that 
 paid for in new sections by 
 citizens. The total length of 
 all streets and roads in the 
 city is 1,265.3 niiles. The 
 total length of paved streets is 
 788. Smiles. The percentage 
 of each class of paving at the 
 beginningof the year is : Cob 
 ble, .42 ; nibble, .14 ; Belgian 
 block, .20 ; vitrified brick, 05 ; 
 sheet asphaltum, .05 ; block 
 asphaltum, .02 ; macadam, . 12. 
 
 CHESTNUT STREET. WESTWARD FROM .SIXTH 
 
THK S VST KM OF NrMKKKlNC HOUSES. 
 
 One liundrt'd numbers are alloted to each block, conimenciiit;^ al the Dehuvare Ki\et runnint; west, 
 and at Market Street running; north and south. Houses on the south and west sides ot streets have 
 even numbers : those on the east and north sides of streets have uneven numbers. 
 
 THK NAMKS OF STRKKTS. 
 
 The names of streets are displayed on the lampposts and on houses at the intersections. Com 
 mciicing with Delaware Avenue at the Delaware River, the first street west is named front Street ; the 
 second is named Second Street, and so on to the city limits, numerals being used foi all streets running 
 north and south, with the exception of Broad Street. Names are used for all streets running east and 
 west, as showu in the following list : 
 
 NAMES OK STREETS Kl'XNINC, K.\ST .AND WEST, WITH .VKMHICRS t)K HOfSKS. 
 
 
 NORTH 
 
 OF M.\RKET 
 
 STREET. 
 
 
 
 SOUTH Ol.- M.\RKET STREET, 
 
 HOCSE 
 NO. 
 
 NA.ME OK STRKET. 
 
 HorSH 
 NO. 
 
 NAME OF STREET. 
 
 HOUSE 
 NO. 
 
 NAME OF STREET 
 
 HOUSE 
 NO. 
 
 NAME OF STREET 
 
 I 
 
 Market. 
 
 
 1400 
 
 Master. 
 
 
 I 
 
 Market. 
 
 1400 
 
 Reed. 
 
 I GO 
 
 Arch. 
 
 
 I 5on 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 
 I GO 
 
 Chestnut. 
 
 1500 
 
 Dickinson. 
 
 200 
 
 Race. 
 
 
 1 600 
 
 Oxford. 
 
 
 200 
 
 Walnut. 
 
 [600 
 
 Taskcr. 
 
 300 
 
 \'ine. 
 
 
 1700 
 
 Columbia Ave. 
 
 300 
 
 Spince. 
 
 1700 
 
 Morris. 
 
 400 
 
 Callowhill 
 
 
 I 800 
 
 Montgomer\' 
 
 Ave 
 
 4GO 
 
 Pine. 
 
 1800 
 
 Moore 
 
 43« 
 
 Noble. 
 
 
 190(1 
 
 Berks. 
 
 
 5 GO 
 
 Lombard. 
 
 I 900 
 
 Mifflin. 
 
 500 
 
 Buttonwood 
 
 i. 
 
 2000 
 
 Norris. 
 
 
 6go 
 
 South. 
 
 2000 
 
 McKean. 
 
 520 
 
 Spring (".an 
 
 len. 
 
 2100 
 
 Diamond. 
 
 
 700 
 
 Bainbridge 
 
 2100 
 
 Snyder Ave. 
 
 600 
 
 Green . 
 
 
 2200 
 
 Susquehanna 
 
 Ave 
 
 740 
 
 Fitzwater. 
 
 2 200 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 700 
 
 Fairmount . 
 
 Ave. 
 
 2300 
 
 Dauphin. 
 
 
 800 
 
 Catharine. 
 
 23OG 
 
 Wolf. 
 
 800 
 
 Brown . 
 
 
 2400 
 
 York. 
 
 
 900 
 
 Christian. 
 
 2400 
 
 Ritner. 
 
 836 
 
 Parrish. 
 
 
 2500 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 
 1000 
 
 Carpenter. 
 
 2500 
 
 Porter. 
 
 900 
 
 Poplar. 
 
 
 2600 
 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 
 I 100 
 
 WashiTigton Ave. 
 
 2600 
 
 Shunk. 
 
 1200 
 
 Girard Ave 
 
 
 2700 
 
 Lehigh A\e. 
 
 
 1 200 
 
 Federal. 
 
 2700 
 
 Oregon Ave. 
 
 1300 
 
 Thomjison. 
 
 
 2800 
 
 Somerset. 
 
 
 1 300 
 
 Wharton. 
 
 2800 
 
 Johnston. 
 
 
 Street cars 
 
 run 
 
 on tlu- 
 
 streets and in 
 
 the 
 
 direction indicated as follows 
 
 : Nortl 
 
 Ii on Third, Fiftl 
 
 Eighth, Ninth. Kleventh. Tiiirteenth, Sixteenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth. South on Second, 
 Fourth, Sixth. Se^■enth, Tenth, Twelfth, Fifteenth, Seventeenth and Twentieth. Ivast on Lombard. 
 Spruce, Chestnut, Market, Filbert, .Vrch, Race, Callowhill, S]iring Garden, Green, Wallace, Girard 
 Avenue, Jefferson, Columbia Aveiuie and Norris. West on South. Pine, Walnut, Sansoni, Market. 
 Arch, Vine, Callowhill, Spring Garden, Fairmount Avenue, Cjirard .Avenue, Master, Columliia Avenue 
 and Susquehanna Avenue. 
 
 Broad Street Omnibus Line, from Broad and Huntingdon Streets to Snyder Avenue. Return 
 same route. Time for round-trip, one hour and thirty-eight minutes. 
 
The Parks and Squares of the City. 
 
 Bv Charles S. Keyser. 
 
 BRONZE STATUE OF JEANNE D ARC 
 
 Girard Aveuue entrance of Lemon Hill, 
 
 Fairmouut Park. 
 
 Reservations of ground as parks and squares for the general enjoyment of the 
 people of Philadelphia have been made in twenty-three of the thirty-five wards 
 of the city, and fairly provide for the needs of the citizens. They are the 
 result of a policy inaugurated l)y the founder of the State, who laid out on the 
 plan of the cit)' four squares, or areas of ground, at its four angles, containing 
 together twenty-eight and a half acres, and further intended that the whole 
 front of the city along the Delaware River should be kept a green slope. 
 
 The municipality subsequently improved these squares, and from time to 
 time added other small tracts generally called squares, from their rectangular 
 borders, so that there are now thirty-three open areas of ground through the 
 cit}^ embracing altogether two hundred and seventeen acres, the common 
 property of the citizens . Among these is ' ' Stenton , " an old homestead , 
 fourteen acres, formerly the property of James Logan, Colonial Secre- 
 tary of the founder; " Bartram's Garden," eleven acres, the first 
 botanical garden in America; the ground, two and a half acres, where 
 the founder made his world-famed treaty with the Indians under the 
 great elm tree; and "Independence Square," four and a half acres, 
 where the Declaration of Independence was first read to the people. 
 These grounds, either have been or are being laid out in walks and 
 lighted and planted with trees, are a distinctive feature of the city plan, 
 and of inestimable value as bfeathing places for the citizens. There is also a larger tract, "Hunting 
 Park," forty-three acres, enclosing a mile course, now a public common for the citizens. But the most 
 popular of these grounds of Philadelphia, as well as the most notable piece of gTound for its extent and 
 natural advantages within the borders of any municipality, either in Europe or America, is " Fainnount 
 Park," a great tract of land and water brought into prominence by the reservation made out of it for the 
 Centennial Exhibition of 1876. It lies on both sides of the Schuylkill River, in the western portion of 
 the city plan, and extends from its east entrance westward three and a half miles, northward five and 
 a half miles along the Schuylkill River, to the northwestern boundary of the city, and a further distance 
 of six and a half miles along the Wissahickon, a tributary stream which flows into this river, the whole 
 tract embracing an area of land and water of nearly three thousand acres. 
 
 It is dedicated to the use of the whole people of the State as a public common, and is in charge 
 of a Board of Commissioners, who are authorized to make the necessary expenditures for its mainten- 
 ance fi-om appropriations made 
 annually for this purpose by the 
 councils of the city. It was 
 acquired by the city under the 
 authority of the State, mainly by 
 purchase. A large portion of it, 
 however, was the gift of citizens. 
 The river which passes through it 
 is the main supply of the water 
 for the city, and the preser\'ation 
 of its purity was one of the pur- 
 poses of the acquisition of its 
 waters within the grounds. The 
 
 OLD BARTRAM MANSION. 
 
EQUESTRIANS IX FAIRMOrXT PARK. 
 
 whole tract was formerly a series of estates. One portion of it was the residence of John Penn, the 
 last Colonial Governor of Pennsylvania : another, the estate of Judge Peters, the Secretary of War of the 
 Colonies during the Revolution : another, the countrs' seat of Robert Morris, the Financier of the Revo- 
 lution. The mansion of Judge Peters, as well as others of these colonial dwellings, remain as they 
 were during the Revolution. The chief modern buildings are "Memorial Hall " and " Horticultural 
 Hall." Memorial Hall was built from appropriations made liy the State, and for the Centennial Expo- 
 sition of 1876, at a cost of one and a half million dollars. A gallery of pictures is a leading feature of 
 this Intilding, among them Rothermel's celebrated picture of the Battle of Gettysburg. This building is 
 open to the public free daily, including Sundays, throughout the year. Horticultural Hall was built at 
 the same time by the city. It contains a magnificent collection of j)lants, among them the fern trees of 
 Australia. The other near by structures are the Ohio building and the buildings of the British Com- 
 missioners, also remembrances of that Centennial. The buildings of the Zoological Garden, the grounds 
 of which cover a tract of thirty-three acres, are upon the western shore of the Schuylkill River, below 
 
 Girard Avenue. The boat club houses of the Schuylkill Xavy are above 
 the old Fairmount Water Works, along the margin of the river. 
 
 These last are equal in all their appointments to those of any 
 organization for similar purposes, in fact no similar collection of buildings 
 as extensive for boating clubs is found anywhere else in the United States. 
 The national rowing course is an exceptional water for its freedom from 
 wind and currents. Three of the city's water works and their reservoirs 
 are also located in Fairmount Park. One of these reservoirs covers a tract 
 of one hundred and five acres. 
 
 It is, however, in its natural advantages that the park had its 
 admirable place among the pleasure grounds of the world. 
 The lower Schuylkill section, two thousand two hundred 
 and forty acres, contains half a million trees and shrubs, 
 among these three thousand four hundred forest trees, with 
 some rare specimens eighteen to twenty-seven feet in circum- 
 ference ; it contains three hundred and twenty-one genera 
 and six hundred and fifty varieties of herbaceous and crjT- 
 togamous plants. The flowers and flowering shrubs are a 
 remarkable feature in this park. These have been classified 
 
 17 
 
!^-:,.-^ 
 
 
 
 A c.i.impsp: of the WIsSAHU 
 
 I \ii;Mi>rNt 
 
 r ARK. 
 
 in five hundred ,a;enera and seven hundred varieties : the park contains also in its stratifications one-sixth 
 of all the known minerals of the United States ; its waters, fifteen species of fish ; and its woods, thickets 
 and meadows seventy-seA'en species of birds, resident or migratory, observed during the year. 
 
 The Schuylkill Ri-\-er within its borders has an average breadth of a quarter of a mile, in some 
 parts broading so as to present the appearance of lakes, in others showing a slow flowing stream. The 
 Wissahickon, its tribirtary, is among the most remarkable of all known waters as a type of the purely 
 romantic in scenen,'. The park besides contains twenty smaller streams and one hundred and fiftj' 
 springs of clear, cold water. It has every variety of scenery — upland, lawn, rocky ravines, high hill 
 summits and open fields. It is made accessible to the visitors by fifty miles of carriage drives, and one 
 hundred miles of smaller roads and paths, and by row boats and steamers on the Schuylkill River, a 
 distance of si.K miles, and by row boats on the Wissahickon, a di.stance of two miles. 
 
 There are a number of pieces of statuary in the groimds, gifts of individuals and societies, mainly 
 of the " Park Art Association," organized for this purpose. They embrace great men of the Revolution 
 and of our own time ; among them are Charles Carroll, of Carrollton ; Commodore Barry, of the Revo- 
 lutionary Navy, and Dr. Witherspoon. There are also statues of Humboldt, Abraham Lincoln and 
 General George Gordon Meade, Morton McMichael, Goethe and Schiller, a statue of Religious Liberty, 
 and a statue of Columbus which is believed to be the first erected in any part of the United States. 
 The beautiful equestrian statue of Jeanne D'Arc, a picture of which embellishes this article, was 
 recently erected in the park at the eastern approach to Girard Avenue bridge. The cost of the grounds 
 aiid sub=equfnt improvements have been about ten millions of dollars. 
 
 In this notice T have summarized papers prepared for me by the following citizens of Philadelphia: 
 The ornithology', by C. Few Seiss, his classification embraces resident, summer resident, winter resident 
 and migratory ; the ichthyology', by the late Thaddeus Norris, it embraces local and migratorj' ; the list 
 of trees by Isaac Burke, with additions by Thomas Meehan, embracing trees and shrubs ; the list of 
 flowers from the collections of George Worley, William Haworth, E. Price, and the writer. These lists 
 
 i8 
 
embrace as well the time of bloom as the varieties ; the park geology from the paper of Theodore D. 
 Rand, Esq., embraces minerals actvially collected by him, or occurring in the vicinity, in stratifications 
 passing through the park. 
 
 Statistics of Vehicles, Equestrians and Pedestrians entering Fairmount Park during the 
 
 Following Years : 
 
 VEHICLES. 
 
 roiR 
 
 IIOKSIC. 
 
 224 
 216 
 
 ■63 
 244 
 
 '23 
 265 
 2 12 
 
 330 
 340 
 548 
 
 28,042 
 37.796 
 40.387 
 21,489 
 
 24.572 
 25.256 
 
 63.973 
 106,241 
 136,228 
 137.130 
 
 EQUES- 
 TRtANS. 
 
 44 .'^U 
 5". 777 
 
 54.759 
 27,148 
 
 20,760 
 21,019 
 26, 1 13 
 
 26,447 
 
 21,256 
 
 i'i.;nES-' 
 
 TRI.\NS. 
 
 SLEIGHS. 
 
 ONE 
 HORSE. 
 
 TWO 
 HORSE. 
 
 5.133.076 
 
 29.376 
 
 12,491 
 
 6.736,5 I() 
 
 23.154 
 
 9.586 
 
 6,006,872 
 
 14,185 
 
 6,239 
 
 1,531,946 
 
 2 I,. 808 
 
 9.217 
 
 2,249,334 
 
 9,161 
 
 4.374 
 
 2,247,991 
 
 14.053 
 
 5,61 2 
 
 2,201,014 
 
 I r 
 
 
 2,142,378 
 
 I 1 ,026 
 
 2,994 
 
 2,415.359 
 
 139 
 
 47 
 
 2,069,000 
 
 17,778 
 
 5.422 
 
 LOUIS M. CHASTEAU, 
 
 Captain of the Guard. 
 
The Zoological Garden. 
 
 By C. I,. JKFFKRSON. 
 
 ENTRAXCK of THK ZOOLOr.ICAL HARDEN. 
 
 The beautiful garden of 
 the Philadelphia Zoological 
 Society has, ever since its 
 establishment in 1S74, 
 grown steadily in popular 
 appreciation as a place of 
 resort for excursion parties 
 from the cities and towns 
 within reach. The oppor- 
 tunity which it affords, 
 both to children and those 
 of mature years, for ob- 
 taining a fiimiliar knowl- 
 edge of the A'aried forms of 
 life which aliound under 
 nature in all portions of 
 the earth, comliined with 
 the pleasurable accessories of trees, foliage, and the many products of the gardener's art, render it 
 specially well adapted to such a purpose. The garden covers about thirty-five acres of ground, beauti- 
 fully situated on the bank of the Schuylkill River, just below Girard Avenue bridge, and is, in fact, the 
 southern extremity of West Kairmount Park. A consideraljle part of the enclosure was originally the 
 estate of John Penn, a grandson of the founder of the Commonwealth, whose mansion — "Solitude" — 
 still stands, luialtered, about the middle of the grounds. 
 
 The laying out of the garden, with the Ijuildings and enclosure's for animals, represents an outlay 
 of nearly half a million dollars. The collection of animals, which is the primary object of the estab- 
 lishment, has been selected with a view to the educational facilities which can be afforded in no way 
 but by grouping together living specimens, and is justly regarded as not only by far the best in this 
 country, but as of equal rank with the best of the long-established institutions of like nature in luirope, 
 where almost every city has its zoological garden for the recreation and instruction of its people. 
 
 The buildings are striking instances of the adaptation which may be reached lietween archi- 
 tectural effect and practical fitness for the special purpose of their erection. The carnivora house is a 
 massive structure of brick, over two hundred feet long, surrounded by outside cages for sunnner use on 
 one side, wliile on the other is a terrace of stone, with beds containing a great variety of tropical cactus, 
 and a fountain basin filled with man^^ kinds of colored water-lilies. It contains many specimens of the 
 lion, tiger, leopard, puma, hytena, and all the large carnivora, besides sun-bears, porcupines, and many 
 other animals. 
 
 The elephant house, the largest and most costly of the build- 
 ings, contains a number of elephants, the enormous Indian rhinoceros, 
 hippopotamus, zebra, tapirs, etc. In front is a large stone lank in 
 which the elephants are bathed every afternoon during warm weather, 
 aiTording by their clumsy sport while in the water a never-ceasing 
 source of amusement to the gathered crowd. 
 
 The deer hou.se, in front of which are the seal ponds, contains 
 a number of deer and antelope, mainly from Africa and South 
 America; also, kangaroos, ostriches, ca-ssowaries, emus, and the 
 
 ^^'^ir^^i 
 
 
brush-turkey. The rare and interesting chinii);ui/.ee, which, next U> tlie goriUa, is the largest among 
 apes, is also kept in this building. 
 
 The aviary, at the southern end of the grotrnds, is fdled with a collection mostly of tropical 
 birds, toucans, pan'ots, macaws, pigeons, etc., whose brilliant culors show in tlie airy and sunlit buikb 
 ing like the gorgeous shades of beds of variegated flowers. 
 
 The polar bear pen, the jiits for other bears, the deer park, the iron cattle pens, the enclosures 
 for camels, llamas, elk, and buffalo, the prairie dog village, pheasant cages, lake for swans, ducks, 
 and geese, the beaver pond, eagle a\-iary with the large monkey house and reptile house, are scattered 
 throughout the grounds, and afford material to occupy a full day in a careful inspection. Guide-books 
 giving full descriptions of the animals are sold at the gates for fifteen cents. Kspecial attention is given 
 to gardening, botli landscape and ornamental, and the effects produced by the extensive display of native 
 and exotic plants of all varieties is jirobably not surpassed in this countrv. 
 
 Quick and easy means of transit are at hand to all points about the city. The Zoological 
 Garden Station, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, is directly at the n(_>rtli gate, and is within si.x minutes' 
 ride of the Broad Street Station and the new Public Buildings. The Pliiladelphia and Reading Railroad 
 has a station at Girard Avenue, within five minutes' reach of the garden. Steamers ply on the 
 Schuylkill River from the water-works, nearly opposite, to the W'issahickon, stopping every few 
 moments at the garden, and street cars run to all parts o{ the city. 
 
 The Local Census. 
 
 When the Board of Managers of the Trades League determined to undertake the " Book of Philadel- 
 phia," it was recognized that among the most important of the many items of information to be gathered 
 into its pages was a careful and unassailable count of our population. Having this in view the aid of 
 the Mayor and Councils was iin'oked, with the result that the police, under the direction of Captain J. 
 A. Kaiser, as Superintendent of the Census, obtained the following results, which gives Philadelphia 
 her rightful place as second of American cities in point of population : 
 
 POPri..\.TION' OF THE CITY OF PHII..\DELP1IIA , NOVKJIBER, l8g2. 
 
 Overji vears. I'lider 21 vcars. I'opulation , Over jj years. Under 21 years. Population 
 
 Wards, Males. " Kemales. Males females, of Wards. Uards. Males. I'emalcs, Males. Females, of Wards. 
 
 20 13,212 16,015 7.53' 7.970 4-1. 72S 
 
 21 7,9f'S 8,124 6,029 6,057 2S,[9S 
 
 22 13.''^55 '7.277 9,7iS 10,116 50,966 
 
 23 6,759 7.0S4 4.493 4.502 22,H2.S 
 
 24 13. 71^ 16,661 8,299 8,907 47.585 
 25 11,310 10,701 9,776 9,501 4i,2.SS 
 
 26 20,075 20,2lS 15.239 15,021 70.553 
 
 27 I '.935 13.203 6,295 6,495 37.928 
 
 28 17.9S9 18,770 12,525 12,423 61,707 
 
 29 16,157 20,408 11,366 10,596 58,527 
 
 30 8,754 10,170 5,654 5,72s 30,306 
 3' 9.59'' 9.798 7.0.S3 6,980 33-459 
 
 32 9.673 12,982 5.358 5.''*48 33.861 
 
 33 i2.iS!i 11,790 tJ.315 10,092 44. ,5.83 
 
 34 6, .'-So 6,689 5.837 5.323 24,729 
 
 35 5.358 4,516 3,iu2 3. 191 16,167 
 
 I . , . 
 
 ■•■ 17.576 
 
 ■7,489 
 
 13,448 
 
 13,320 
 
 61,833 
 
 2 
 
 , 10,361 
 
 9,659 
 
 6,979 
 
 6.774 
 
 33,77j 
 
 3 
 
 6,964 
 
 6,513 
 
 4.571 
 
 4.453 
 
 22,501 
 
 4 ■ 
 
 ,. 7,217 
 
 6,297 
 
 4.455 
 
 4.409 
 
 22,378 
 
 5 ■ 
 
 ■ 6,675 
 
 5.749 
 
 3,130 
 
 3,098 
 
 18,652 
 
 6 
 
 ■ 3.593 
 
 2,503 
 
 1,519 
 
 1,496 
 
 9,1 1 1 
 
 7 ... 
 
 9.449 
 
 12,812 
 
 4,548 
 
 4.901 
 
 31,710 
 
 8 
 
 •■ 6,254 
 
 8,754 
 
 2,134 
 
 2,115 
 
 19.257 
 
 9 
 
 ■ 3.698 
 
 3.772 
 
 1,242 
 
 1.254 
 
 9,966 
 
 10 . . . 
 
 ... 8,391 
 
 S.639 
 
 2,781 
 
 3.034 
 
 22,845 
 
 II..., 
 
 ■■■ 4,543 
 
 3.484 
 
 2,638 
 
 2,549 
 
 13,214 
 
 12 , . , 
 
 •• 5.083 
 
 4.558 
 
 2,415 
 
 2.459 
 
 14,515 
 
 13 
 
 .. 6.57S 
 
 6,887 
 
 2,654 
 
 2,674 
 
 18,793 
 
 14 .. 
 
 •• 7,387 
 
 7.942 
 
 3,201 
 
 3.258 
 
 21,788 
 
 15 
 
 . . 16,306 
 
 '8.337 
 
 8,736 
 
 8,947 
 
 52,326 
 
 16. ,, 
 
 ■ ■ 5,066 
 
 4.971 
 
 3.431 
 
 3.482 
 
 16,950 
 
 17... . 
 
 • 5,763 
 
 5.727 
 
 3,886 
 
 4,011 
 
 19.3S7 
 
 iS,,.. 
 
 • 9.135 
 
 8,884 
 
 5,876 
 
 5,570 
 
 29.425 
 
 19.... 
 
 . . 16,682 
 
 17,267 
 
 ■■.383 
 
 1 1 ,684 
 
 57.016 
 
 Totals . 342,168 364,610 217,637 218,238 1,142,653 
 
 When this result was published the Trades League, whose special committee had taken an active 
 part in the work, expressed to Mayor Stuart, in an oflicial letter, the belief that the figures were entirely 
 correct, and that the excellent system adopted, reflected great credit upon the Police Bureau. 
 
 21 
 
Public Schools* 
 
 COMPILED FROM THE REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 
 
 Philadelphia has invested in public school property the sum of 
 $8,905,000 (see notes from the Report of the Pennsylvania Tax 
 Conference). In 1892, 118,268 pupils attended 428 public schools 
 in Philadelphia, at an expense of $3,222,886.56, of which $531 ,225.59 
 was chargeable to permanent improvement. The average expense 
 for each pupil was $22.75 per annum. The average annual expense 
 of the Manual Training School boys was $113.50 (see Manual 
 Training Schools) ; of High School boys, $90.02 ; of the Normal 
 School girls, $37.29. The average daily attendance was 54,717 
 boys and 57,057 girls. 2,878 teachers, of whom 126 are men, 
 are employed, the item of salary for instructors being $1,759,586.27. 
 Of the 428 schools, 76 are under supervising principals. 
 There are 130 primary schools, 72 secondaries, 64 kindergartens, 
 47 combined secondary and primary schools, 38 grammar, 32 
 consolidated, 27 combined grammar, secondary and primary, 4 combined grammar and prinian,-, 2 cooking, 
 2 manual training and i each of boys' high and girls' normal schools, school of practice, industrial art 
 school, elementary manual training school and school of pedagogy. The girls' normal school will soon 
 be provided with a structure which will rank well with any school building in the United States. It is 
 being erected upon the site of the old Spring Garden Hall, at Thirteenth and Spring (iarden Streets. 
 The present membership of the girls' normal school is 1,850, and the number of instructors are 54, 
 the principal being Mr. George W. Fetter, who has occupied this post continuously since 1865. The 
 course of study covers four years. Of the 5,772 pupils who have graduated since the opening of this 
 school in 184S, 4,878 have subsequently become teachers in the public schools. 
 
 The public instruction of Philadelphia is in charge of a Board of Education, the city being 
 divided into school sections, of which there are 35. School directors are also chosen at local elections 
 by the people. The immediate charge of the work of education is in the hands of a superintendent, 
 the present incumbent being Edward Brooks, LL. D., who has a staff of assistants. 
 
 NEW NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 COOKING CLASS, PUBLIC SCHOOL AT SEVENTH AND NORRIS STREETS. 
 
COLLliGK HALL, LNIVIiRslTV ul IhN Xb VLV A.N I.V. 
 
 The University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bv Eliwaru W. Mumford. 
 
 The important place which Philadelphia now occupies as an educational centre is well exemplified 
 in the University of Pennsylvania, the largest educational institution in the Middle States, and 
 the third among the universities of America. The University has been closely identified with the 
 last 150 years of the city's history. It had its rise in a charitable school, founded about 1740, 
 but of not much importance, until Benjamin Franklin turned his attention to it. There were 
 other schools in the city at the time, most of them founded by Germans or Friends, but Franklin 
 saw the need of a good English academy which should offer training, not only for scholars but for 
 business men and citizens. This idea is worthy of remark, for out of it came the first institution 
 in America founded ou a broader basis than the education of young men for the ministry. With 
 Franklin the deed lay very near the thought. In 1749 he published his plan in a pamphlet, 
 " Proposals Relative to the Jidiuation of Youth in Pennsylvania," and a Board of Trustees was 
 formed at once. In 1750 he secured from the City Councils ^1,000, and raised other sums, 
 amoiniting in all to about $40,000, and in January, 1751, the academy and charitable schools of 
 Philadelphia were opened with appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 But from the outset the Trustees were determined that as soon as possible the Academy 
 should become a regular college, and in 1753, under Dr. William Smith, the highest classes 
 attained a degree of proficiency which made this feasible. So a charter was secured, the name 
 was changed to the College and Academy of Philadelphia, and Dr. vSniith became the first Provost. 
 
 The transition from a college to a university came about in rather a peculiar way. In 1779, 
 under a shallow pretext that the foundation had been narrowed, the Assembly of Pennsylvania 
 took away the charter and conferred it together with all of the College's property upon a new 
 institution, the University of the State of Pennsylvania. Ten years later the College charter was 
 
 23 
 
restored, and for a time the two institutions 
 existed side hy side. But finalh', on mutual 
 petition, the Assembh', in 1791, granted a charter 
 uniting the two under the present name of the 
 University of Pennsylvania. It should be noted, 
 however, that the institution is not a State univer- 
 .sity, ill the usual sense of the term, being sup- 
 ported almost entirely by funds contributed by 
 private individuals. Since its foundation the 
 University has occupied three sites. 
 
 As at present organized, the University 
 comprises thirteen Departments, of which six, by 
 the way, have been added since Dr. William 
 Pepper became Provost. These departments are 
 as follows : ist, the College Department, including 
 the courses in Arts, in Science (the Towne 
 Scientific School); in Architecture; in Natural History (the School of Biology ) ; in Finance and 
 Economy (the Wharton School); and the course in Music. 2d, the Medical Department. 3d, the 
 Department of Law. 4th, the Auxiliary Department of Medicine. 5th, the Department of Dentistry. 
 6th, the Department of Philosophy. 7th, the Department of Veterinary Medicine. 8th, the Depart- 
 ment of Physical Education. 9th, the Laboratory of Hygiene. loth, the Graduate Department 
 for Women. nth, the Museum of Archaeology and Palaeontology. 12th, the University Hospital. 
 13th, the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology. 
 
 Full information about the details of instruction may be found in the annual catalogue, and 
 in the special circulars issued from time to time. But apart from curricula there are some points 
 about these Departments worth noting here. 
 
 The College Department occupies College Hall, the Mechanical Buildings at Thirty-fourth 
 and Spruce, and Biological Hall, at Thirty-seventh and Pine. It includes the courses in Arts and 
 Science, and the special schools noted above. Under the head of the Towne Scientific School come 
 
 SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY' OK PE-\'NSVLVA.\'I.\. 
 
 CH.\PEL, U.MVERSITV OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
the Engineering courses: Mechanical, Electrical, Civil and Mining, and the courses in Architec- 
 ture and Clieinistrj-. The new buildings for the Mechanical and Electrical students have just been 
 erected, and offer as good mechanical laboratories as are found in any college. They contain also 
 a central plant from which all the twenty-five University buildings are to be lighted and heated. 
 A new Chemical Laboratory is now being erected, and the building will be ready in the 1^'all of 1893. 
 
 The Biological School is one of the many unique features of the University, and one ol the 
 most interesting. No other j)art of the College Department has a greater proportion of students 
 thoroughly interested and working hard. The school is superbly equipped, and is one of the 
 things people from other colleges talk about. The Marine Biological Laboratory, at Sea Isle City, 
 N. J., is an important part of it. 
 
 Other college courses of special value are those in the Wharton School of Finance and 
 Economy, and the School cf American History. Each has a large library, and each stands for a 
 new idea in American education, the cultivation of business men, and the training of intelligent 
 American citizens. 
 
 In one thing, at least, the University has been pre-eminent for over a century, viz., in 
 medicine. The Universitj' Medical School, founded in 1769, was the earliest in America, and has 
 always maintained its place. A full mention of this school, together with the departments of Den- 
 tistry and \'eterinary Medicine, will be found in the chapter devoted to Medical Colleges. 
 
 If the good start made in 1790 had been maintained, the Law Department would be one of the 
 most venerable features of the University. The attempts made then and in 1S16 were not successful. 
 But in 1849, the School was reorganized under the famous Judge George Sharswood, and has since 
 then been eminently prosperous. It has now over two hundred students, and a teaching force of ten 
 professors and lecturers. It is the only Department with quarters off the College grounds, occupy- 
 ing the whole si.Ktli floor of the Girard Building, at Broad and Chestnut Streets. 
 
 All the post-graduate courses in the University, with the exception of those in law and 
 medicine, are included under the Department of Philosophy, which offers twenty-one distinct fields 
 of study in preparation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. In some of these fields, as in 
 American History', Economics and Semitic Languages, the University is exceptionally strong. To 
 this work women are admitted on equal terms with men, under the head of the Graduate Depart- 
 ment for Women. A special dormitory has been provided for them at the S. E. corner of Thirty- 
 fourth and Walnut Streets, and the Women's Department has eight endowed fellowships. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to say that the University grows every year more important to Phila- 
 delphia and the country at large. Its students have more than doubled in numbers in ten years 
 and now muster 2,060 names. The teaching force of 257 professors, lecturers, etc., is the 
 second largest in the country, and is of recognized strength. In all, the University occupies 
 twenty-five buildings, many of which, such as the " Dog Hospital," the Laboratory of Hygiene, 
 the Wistar Institute, the Library building, and the Marine Biological Laboratory, at Sea Isle 
 City, N. J., are unique in America. The University Library, with 110,000 bound volumes, is fifth in 
 size among university libraries, and in many respects ranks easily first. 
 
 It is hardly too much to say that Philadelphia still fails to appreciate entirely the 
 magnitude of the work being done in her midst by the University, the sui)port of the institu- 
 tion by the citizens who live almost within sight of it having l)een comparatively sligiit in the 
 past. But this has changed in recent years; the city government has been liberal in making 
 grants of land ; large bequests from Philadelphians are more common, and in many other ways 
 the bonds between the city and its chief intellectual centre are being strengthened, to the 
 advantage of both. 
 
l.IMRARV, IJXIVKRSITV OF I'UNNSYI.VANIA. 
 
 ISTKRIOR (II- I.IHRARV, HXIVERSITV OK PKXNSYI.VAKIA, 
 

 IXIVKRSnv OI- I'F.XN'SVr.VANIA. 
 
 MKDICAI. HALL. 2. I>ENTAL tIALLANI) CHEMICAL LA ItOKATOKI LS. , ,i. \IvlfcR[NARV I»E I'A RTM KNT. -L l.AHOHAM K\ l'^ H '. ( . 1 I : 
 
The Wharton School of Finance and fcconomy. 
 
 A College Course in Practical Affairs. 
 
 By Dr. John Quincv Adams. 
 
 WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINA.NCE, CNIVERSITV OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Every business man in Philadelphia should be 
 interested in the Wharton School of Finance and 
 Economy, founded by Mr. Joseph Wharton for the 
 education of business men's sons. Mr. Wharton 
 liad become convinced from a long and careful 
 study of business and educational conditions that 
 neither our ordinary college courses nor the com- 
 mercial schools furnish the kind of education 
 needed by the future business man. The former 
 consulted chiefly the needs of the future professional 
 man, the latter trained only clerks and office boys. 
 He wished to found a school which should turn 
 out broadly and liberally trained young men who, 
 after acquiring in practice the technical details of 
 business routine, could be employed as managers 
 or taken in as partners in well-established firms or 
 who might have the energy and knowledge to set 
 up for themselves. It should, in a word, help 
 train the captains of industry and commerce as distinct from the rank and file of mere employes. 
 
 The school was opened in October, 1881. Like all new departures in education it had many 
 obstacles to overcome. The professors in the old courses in the university jeered at the new attempt to 
 engraft a commercial college on the university system, and advised against its establishment. It was 
 due chiefly to the insight and foresight of Dr. Wm. Pepper, Provost of the University, that the idea of 
 Mr. Wharton was successfully launched in connection with the University of Pennsylvania, and from 
 the time that it was started until it proved the unparalleled and brilliant success which it has now 
 become, his advice and aid have never been lacking. The real motive force of the school, the man 
 who has made it what it is. Dr. Edmund J. James, was appointed Professor of Public Finance and 
 Administration in June, 18S3, and began his work as instructor in the following September. In full 
 sympathy with the ideas of Mr. Wharton and Provost Pepper, he undertook to make it what it has now 
 become, the most successful institution of the kind either in this country or in Europe, and has spread 
 its reputation through Europe and Japan, as well as North and South America. 
 
 In pursuance of the expressed wish of the founder to provide an adequate education in the 
 principles underlying successful civil government and a training suitable for those young men purposing 
 to enter upon business life either on their own account or as managers for others, a curriculum was 
 worked out including, among other subjects, the Theory and Practice of Accounting, the History, 
 Theory and Practice of Banking, Mercantile Law and Practice, the History and Present Constitution of 
 the Great Branches of Industry and Commerce, including Manufacturing, Transportation, etc., the 
 Constitution of the LTnited States, the Functions of Government, Federal, State and Local, Political 
 Economy, the Political, Constitutional, Industrial and Social History of the United States and of other 
 countries, etc , etc., including all those subjects which make for good citizenship on the one hand and 
 on the other increase the interest oi students in business and business life, and prepare them better for 
 its duties and privileges. 
 
 28 
 
The AmericfiTi Bankers' Association, after a careful investigation of this School, declared it to be 
 a most useful institution and appointed a committee to persuade other universities to establish similar 
 schools. Professor Wolf, of Zurich, Switzerland, in a report to the Swiss Government on a School of 
 Practical Affairs, acknowledged the Wharton School to be the one institution which could be considered 
 as a model. It will be seen that many of the subjects taught are such as are of great value to young men 
 who merely wish a liberal education , or to those looking forward to taking up journalism as a ])rofession , 
 or to j'oung men intending to study law and who desire a good general preliminary training, while those 
 who expect to teach History and Economics or Politics in our schools and colleges will find its curriculum 
 indispensable. The school has a course of two years, corresponding to the Junior and Senior years, 
 and its curriculum is open to students who have completed the Sophomore year in any reputable 
 American college. It has instituted a very close connection with the Central High School of this city, 
 admitting its graduates immediately to the course. 
 
 The notable success of the School is due chiefly to the exceptional character of the members of 
 its FacultJ^ The names of Bolles, James, McMaster, Patten and Falkner have carried the reputation 
 of the School to every quarter of the world where there are men interested in the scientific study of 
 Politics, Economics, History and Statistics : and the younger instructors in the institution have all been 
 trained in the best universities of Europe and America, and bring to their work the result of study and 
 investigation at the leading centres of such instruction at home and abroad. The Wharton School 
 under their lead has become not merely a great business school without a superior in the world, where 
 the voung man looking forward to a business career, whether in merchandising, railroading, banking or 
 insurance, can find a curriculum adapted to his wants ; but it has also become a great centre for the 
 scientific study and cultivation of Economics and Politics, which has arried the reputation of Philadel- 
 phia for scholarship along these lines throughout the world, and which offers to the student of our social 
 and industrial problems unequalled opportunities for self-improvement along the lines of his interest. 
 The Wharton School of Finance and Economy is a monument of Philadelphia scholarship and devotion 
 as shown in its Faculty, and can not but constitute one of the most substantial inducements to business 
 men with sons to educate to settle in Philadelphia. 
 
 University Extension. 
 
 The American Society for the E.vtension of University Teachinjc. 
 
 Bv CtEorge F. James, ('.enerat. Secretary. 
 
 One of the most significant phases of recent Philadelphia activity, and one which has attracted the 
 largest measure of public recognition, is the educational movement known as University Extension. 
 This system was developed a little more than twenty years ago in England, by Mr. James Stewart, of 
 the University of Cambridge, and after it had been carefully tested and perfected tlirough several years, 
 the University of Cambridge formally adopted this plan of extra-mural teaching, under the name of 
 University Ivxtension. 
 
 Phihulelphia has the honor of first organizing it in an efficient and permanent way in the 
 I'nited States, not only bringing these advantages to tens of thousands of her own citizens, but 
 offering a model lesson which other cities in every State of the Union have not been slow to imitate. 
 Provost Pepper organized, in June of i.Syo, an .■\merican Society for the Extension of University 
 Teaching, which placed in the hands of Dr. lulmund J. James, as President of the Society, the task 
 of developing the necessan,- ailministr;itive machinery and guiding and shaping the work in its various 
 phases; provided for the sending of a Secretary to England to study and report upon the actual working 
 of the system there. The services of Mr. K. O. Moulton, the most successful and experienced of all 
 
 29 
 
th; English workers in this field were secured. Mr. Moulton's lectures led to the formation of many 
 local societies or "centres" in and around Philadelphia, and also attracted very soon the attention 
 of the whole country. The result w;;s that in the Fall of iSgi, colleges and universities everywhere 
 began to offer Extension lecture courses to such centres as their professors could conveniently reach : 
 and many State and city societies were formed for the purpose of furthering this work. 
 
 This phenomenal success was due to the American Society in more ways than one. This 
 organization not only brought j\Ir. Moulton to this country, and sujiplied lecturers, whenever desired, 
 to the centres that sprang up as the immediate result of his labors, but also guided and supported the 
 movement ever>-where. It undertook to create and publish a complete literature of the subject, a task 
 never attempted before, even in England. It furnished, and furnishes still, to State and university 
 societies and local centres and individual inquiries all over the land, circulars and pamphlets of the 
 utmost variety, descriptive of every possible feature of E.Ktension work, such as the organization and 
 management of centres, the securing of lecturers, the nature and value of the various pedagogical 
 features of the system, and many other matters of importance. It has issued, furthermore, a large 
 and complete hand-book of University Extension, dealing with the questions just mentioned and very 
 manv more, and giving also the history of the American movement in all its phases. Finally, it has 
 pnl)lished a magazine in which the results of experience in this work, gathered together from every 
 cjuarter where it is being carried on, are reported from month to month. 
 
 The Society has taken further the initiative in arranging national conferences of workers in this 
 fielfl. The first meeting, held in December, iSyi, was a significant sign of the progress of the move- 
 ment, being attended by many college presidents, scores of college professors and delegates from fifty 
 colleges, located in not less than twenty States. The second conference, organized also by the General 
 Secretary, George F. James, caiTied on the discussion of the movement at the point where it had been 
 Ic-ft the preceding year, and through comparison of various experiments, and especially through the 
 helpful presence of Dr. Richard G. Moulton, was an equally efficient agent in strengthening and 
 extending the work. 
 
 Another contribution of the American Society has been in the direction of training lecturers and 
 organizers for the work. It has established a seminary where instruction is given in every subject that 
 is of immediate importance to those who desire to qualify themselves for these activities. The latest 
 idea developed by the Society has been that of a Summer Meeting for Extension students. The plan 
 is to bring together at one of our great universities the students who have been following the courses 
 at the various centres during the year, and give them an opportunity to use all the facilities of the 
 university in carrying on the studies of the past year and in preparing for the courses of the coming 
 season. Instruction will lie given by the trained lecturers of the Society, drawn from the faculties 
 of leading institutions and by many leading specialists. Emphasis, in this the Columbian year, will 
 be laid especially on the study of American History aiid Institutions, including the whole development 
 of civilization on the Western Continent. 
 
 ■ The work has grown from forty-two courses, delivered at twenty-three centres, during iSgo-gr, 
 to one hundred and twenty courses, delivered at fifty-nine centres, in 1891-92. The season of 1892-93 
 has witnessed still further growth. In addition to centres already formed in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Delaware and \'irginia, twenty new centres have been formed, some in these States, and others in 
 Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland and West Virginia. The increasingly efficient lecture staff of 
 the Society has been strengthened this year by the services of Rev. W. Hudson Shaw, Fellow of Balliol 
 College, who has lectured at leading centres to an aggregate attendance of nearly 7,000, thus speaking 
 directly to nearly one-third of the students grouped in the work of the Society during the third year. 
 The work has b;en made possible onl}' through the generous gifts of leading Philadelphians who have 
 cheerfully given the $10,000 or $15,000 yearly which have been necessary to establish firmly this system 
 in America, and to secure for Philadelphia the leadership in a great reform. 
 
 The following gentlemen are the incorporators : George F. Baer, Charles E. Bushnell, John H. 
 Converse, Charles C. Harrison, Edmund J. James, Craige Lippincott, John 8. Macintosh, Frederick 
 B. Miles, William Pepper, J. G. Rosengarten, Justus C. Strawbridge, Charlemange Tower, Jr., Samuel 
 Waguer, Charles Wood, Stuart Wood. 
 
 30 
 
The American Academy of Political and Social 
 Science.— Station B, Philadelphia. 
 
 B%- Wrt.r.iAM H. Rir.iir: :;. B. A. 
 
 Among the manv societies of Philadelphia, none is doing a wider or more useful work than the 
 American Academy of Political and Social Science. Organized December 14, 1SS9, incorporated 
 January 14, 1891, it took its place almost at a bound among the most successful organizations of the 
 kind in the world. Whether we judge its work by the number of members, by the number cr value of 
 its scientific publications, or by the attention which its work has attracted from those who are inter- 
 ested in the field to which its work belongs, it must be considered as one <;f the most active ar.d 
 influential associations for the promotion of scientific thought at home or abroad. Its general member- 
 ship is over 2,000. The list of its publications embraces a wide range of subjects, including papers on 
 all theoretical and practical aspects of political and social topics, many of them submitted by the most 
 distinguished scholars in this country and in England. Its scientific sessions, nineteen of which have 
 been held in Philadelphia, have been the occasion of valuable and important contributions to political 
 and social science, and have given rise to fruitful and stimulating discussion. 
 
 The affairs of the Academy are in charge of a Council composed of some eighty members, and 
 embracing many of the leading scholars in economics and politics in this country and England. The 
 Executi\e Committee of the Council is assisted in its work of conducting the affairs of the Academy by 
 a General Advisory Committee, embracing in its membership such men as President Francis A. Walker, 
 of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; President C. K. Adams, of Wisconsin University; 
 President J. J. Keane, of the Catholic University of America ; President E. B. Andrews, Brown 
 University ; Professors J. W. Burgess, of Columbia College ; Bernard Moses, of the University of 
 California ; E. G. Peabody, of Harvard University; H. W. Farnam, of Yale; Woodrow Wilson, of 
 Princeton; J. W. Jenks, of Cornell : C. F. Bastable, of Dublin University ; J. S. Nicholson, of Edin- 
 burgh University ; Henry Sidgwick, of Cambridge, England ; William Smart, of Queen Margaret 
 College, Glasgow. 
 
 The proceedings of the Academy are issued in the form of a bi-monthly magazine, called the 
 "Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science," together with supplements 
 containing the longer papers. The proceedings contain not merely the full text of the papers 
 submitted to the Academy for publication and approval by the same, but also a very carefully edite<l 
 and full department, called Personal Notes, which is intended to give biographical and bibliographical 
 information in regard to leading scholars and workers in its field which their colleagues would like to 
 possess. Also the minutes of the proceedings, the current account of the scientific sessions of the 
 Academy, and a department of Book Reviews, in which the most important pulilications, falling within 
 the field of economics and politics, are noted or reviewed at length. 
 
 The most important papers are reprinted in special editions and are luinibercd consecutively in a 
 series entitled, Publications of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Nearly or.e 
 hundred such papers have been issued up to date. 
 
 One of the most important services rendered by the Academy has been the organization of large 
 public meetings, at which important questions of public policy are discussed, bringing together on one 
 platform the theoretical economist, the political economist, and the leaders in the various departments 
 of life which have to do with the practical aspects of such subjects, including the clergyman, the 
 legislator and the statesman. Edmund J. James, Ph.D., President; Roland P. Falkner, Ph.D., Cor- 
 responding Secretary ; Clinton Rogers Woodruff, Ph.B., Recording Secretary ; Stuart Wood, Treasurer ; 
 John L. Stewart, Ph.B., Librarian. 
 
 31 
 
Medical Colleges and Kindred Institutions. 
 
 Bv Seneca Egbert, A. M., M. D. 
 
 Q 
 
 7^,. 
 
 Although Plnladelphin has always been the medical centre of 
 America, few realize that, if it is not already so, it is rapidl}' 
 becoming, in many respects, the peer of any city in the world 
 in the education of physicians and in the dissemination of 
 medical and correlated knowledge. 
 
 This year there are enrolled at the various schools over 
 2,000 students (jf medicine, a number probably greater than 
 that of which any other city can boast, and if to this be added 
 those wlio are pursuing studies in pharmacy, dentistry and 
 veterinary medicine, our city is undoubtedly, as far as numbers 
 alone are concerned, far ahead of her ri\-als. But, happily, it 
 is on more commendable grounds than these alone that we are 
 content and proud to rest our claims of excellence. Each of 
 the five medical colleges is of the highest class, thorough in 
 its work and in the ciualifications of the graduates, and one of 
 the schools is not only the oldest but claims to be the best on 
 the continent. Their faculties are composed of men, second 
 to none as regards teaching ability, and the names of many of 
 whom are almost as well known abroad as at home. The 
 material equipment of each college for medical education is 
 most excellent, and, inasmuch as successful medical teaching 
 nuist be clinical as well as didactic, ample opportunity for this 
 is afforded in the enormous number of patients annually treated in the numerous Philadelphia hospitals 
 and dispensaries, which offer to the student almost every known type or phase of disease or injury. 
 Besides the respective hospitals to which the various colleges are specifically connected and which are 
 thoroughly equipped with everything required by the most advanced medical and surgical science of the 
 day, students have the privilege of attending regular clinics at the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, German, 
 St. Joseph's and other hospitals, while the various dispensaries afford unsurpassed opportunities for the 
 study of diagnosis and treatment. 
 
 Again, it is a potent incentive to young physicians to breathe the medico-literary atmosphere that 
 pervades the profession in this city and tij be so closely in contact with those who not only teach but 
 write, and who are thus known in their respective specialties the world over. It signifies not a little 
 that at least one-half of all the medical books in the United States are written or published here. 
 
 Of the institutions individually, the Medical Department of the I'niversity of Pennsylvania is 
 first to be considered, not only because it is the oldest medical school in .Vnierica, but because of its 
 claim that it is also the best and most thorough. P'ounded in 1765 by Dr. John Morgan, a pupil of 
 Hunter of London, and Cullens of Edinburgh, and adopting the methods of the best schools of Great 
 Britain, it had for its earliest faculty Morgan, Shippen, Kuhn, Rush and Bond, all names illustrious in 
 early medical history and writings of the country. To these have succeeded a long line of others no 
 less famous who ha\e always maintained the reputation of the school, and among the more recent of 
 whon\ may be mentioned George B. Wood, Hugh L- Hodge, Joseph Leidy and D. Hayes Agnew. 
 
 Realizing the constantly increasing scope of medical science the University, has adopted a four- 
 year course, beginning with the coming session of i893-'y4, in which, after a thorough grounding in 
 the fundamental sciences of medicine by both didactic and laboratory teaching, the strongest feature is, 
 perhaps, the especial bedside instruction and opportunities for practical operative work. This instruction 
 
^^ 
 
 Hi ' 
 
 
 
 
 3t,^ 
 
 PROPOSED BUII.DINr.S OF JKFFKRSON MEniCAL COLLEGE. 
 
 is given in the Medical Hall, Laboratory Building, University Hospital, Maternity Pavilions, Wistar 
 Institute of Anatomy and Laboratory of Hygiene, all located in close proximity to one another, while 
 also near at hand is the Philadelphia Hospital with its thousand beds, where at least six clinical lectures 
 a week are given by its medical and surgical staff. 
 
 The chemical laboratories are said to be the 
 largest and best equipped in the world, having 432 
 separate working places for students, thus allowing 
 that number to do practical laboratory work at the 
 same time. The Laboratory of Hygiene embraces the 
 best features of all the most noted ones abroad, and 
 the new Wistar Institute of Anatomy offers especial 
 facilities for post-graduate study and original research 
 in advanced anatomy and biology. As for the 
 ITniversity Hospital 17,644 patients have been treated 
 in its wards since 1874, while in its dispensaries for 
 the .same period there have been over 130,000 
 free patients. The total number of matriculates 
 enrolled for the session of i892-'93 in the Medical 
 
 woman's college. 
 
 Department of the University was 847, 
 Medicine at the recent commencement, 
 partmentis 10,801. In fine, as a promi- 
 history of the medical graduates of the 
 of medicine in America." 
 
 L\er since its founding, almost 
 
 \^'^^kf 
 
 
 11 
 
 !_■ — :': Si s ^ * 
 
 mf^r.-s 
 
 
 A Ml 
 
 of whom 189 received the degree of Doctor of 
 The total ntimber of graduates of the Medical De- 
 neiit medical man lias said, " He who writes the 
 University of Peinisylvania will write the history 
 
 seventy N-ears ago, the Jefferson Medical College 
 has been a sturdy rival of the LTniversity Medical 
 Department. It is well and favorably known, both 
 at home and abroad, and its many graduates reflect 
 lonorand credit not only upon the institution itself 
 but upon the profession at large. For many 
 years the didactic and laboratory instruction 
 has been given in the well-equipped 
 building on South Tenth Street, 
 but increasing numbers of students 
 and exigencies of the times demand 
 the preparation of more com- 
 rr;—- modious quarters. With this in 
 view a spacious and suitable pro- 
 perty has been secured on South 
 Hroad Street, on which it is the 
 intention to erect, as soon as 
 
 
 HAIINK.MANN MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
possible, a group of 
 thoroughly arranged col- 
 lege, hospital and laboratory 
 buildings, which will be 
 fully equipped with every- 
 thing n e c e s s a r y for the 
 proDer teaching of medicine 
 in all its branches. As to 
 the character of the teach- 
 ing, one might say that no 
 college could be considered 
 mediocre that had enrolled 
 at any one time upon its 
 staff such names as Gross, 
 Da Costa and Par\in. 
 
 As for the facilities 
 for clinical instruction, it 
 
 has lono- been the claim of Jefferson College that not more than one hospital in the world exceeds its 
 
 own in the average daily number of its applicants. This is apparently borne out by the report of the 
 
 great number of 150,552 patients treated in fifteen years. Besides this, its students, as do those 
 
 of other medical colleges, have the advantage of the clinics and dispensaries of other Philadelphia 
 
 hospitals, upon the staffs of a number of which its various professors have positions. The number of 
 
 matriculates enrolled for the past session was 624, of whom 188 gi'aduated as physicians at the recent 
 
 commencement. The total number of graduates to date is 10,087. 
 
 It is scarcely strange, and yet it is noteworthy, that in Philadelphia, for the first time in the 
 
 history of the world, the degree of Doctor of Medicine, from a chartered woman's medical college, was 
 
 conferred upon women. This happened forty-two years ag:>, two years after the founding, in 1850, of 
 
 what was then known as the " P^emale Medical College," but is now the Woman's Medical College. Its 
 
 total number of graduates since that time is 690. of whom 42 constitute the class that received degrees 
 
 this vear. The matriculates come 
 
 from all parts of the world. The 
 
 graduates go thither, not only to 
 
 heal the sick, but to open up thewa>' 
 
 to civilization to other women. 
 
 As to the college itself, its 
 
 equipment is excellent : it offers a 
 
 curriculum equalled by few and 
 
 second to none ; a four-year course 
 
 becomes obligatory with the opening 
 
 of the coming session of i893-'94 : 
 
 it has its own hospital and dispen- 
 sary, as well as the opportunities 
 
 that others offer, and the position of 
 
 resident physician is open to the 
 
 graduates in many of the hospitals 
 
 and other institutions of the city, 
 
 obtainab'e either by appointment or 
 
 by c o m p e t i t i \' e examination. 
 Altogether, this instil ulion has 
 
 excellent grounds for its claim thai 
 it is undoubtedly the best, the most 
 
 advanced and most thorough medical 
 
 POT.VCt.INIC .^^'D COLLEGE FOR GRADLWTKS OF MEDICIN'R. 
 
^ • A . ' r 
 
 Vkj uikw 
 
 
 "T -f -^ 
 
 ■■■ 
 III 
 
 III III 
 
 COLLEr.K or PHARMACY. 
 
 school for women exclusively in the world. The Hahnemann 
 Medical College was organized in 184S, under t!ie name of "The 
 Homoeopathic IMedical College of Pennsylvania." In 1869 it was 
 consolidated with a rival school and the name changed to the 
 present one. The number of graduates to date number 2,063. 
 The new college and h(wpital buildings cost about half a million 
 dollars and are models of efficiency, adeqtiacy and completeness. 
 The aim of the school has ever been towards thoroughness in 
 medical education, and the conscientious efforts of its faculty havv- 
 done much to establish homcL-opathy on the basis upon which it 
 now rests. 
 
 The youngest of the medical colleges of Philadelphia, the 
 Medico-Chirurgical, has lieen in existence but a few years compara 
 tively, but it is showing by the character of its work its determi- 
 nation that that shall be of the best. Having had to contend with 
 many prejudices and difficulties, especially in a city where the 
 prestige and influence of the other colleges was so long established 
 and so marked, it has already proved its right to exist and to 
 demand its share of patronage and support. It has an enthusiastic 
 faculty, a number of its members being well known by their work 
 and writings, and holding important hospital appointments throughout the city. Its buildings are 
 specially adapted to the teaching of large classes; its hospital is commodious, new, and has all the 
 modern improvements, and its graduates, though necessarily as yet few in numbers and young in years, 
 have given evidence that they are thoroughly trained and progressive. In the future, as in the past, no 
 effort will be spared to make this college the peer in character, reputation and efficiency of any in 
 the country. 
 
 It would be strange if, in this medical centre of our continent, there were not some especial 
 ojiportunity for post-graduate study and instruction in the special branches of medicine. This is aptly 
 and fully provided for by the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine, which 
 offer facilities that are in certain respects superior to those afforded anywhere else in the world. During 
 the past session there have been in attendance a large number of graduates from thirty-five of the medi- 
 cal schools of the country, who have enjoyed the personal instruction of a faculty made up of probably 
 the most noted specialists of the city, and the practical opportunities afforded by the cases in not one 
 but many large hospitals. It is worthy of note in this connection that the Polyclinic and Uni\-ersit\- 
 each publish a monthly medical journal of the highest class under the editorial care of the respective 
 faculties. 
 
 Brief space remains to mention those educational institutions of the city which have a kinsliiji 
 with the science of medicine. Of these, the College of Pharmacy is perhaps most closely related. 
 Organized in 1821, it now has a reputation unsurpassed either here or abroad. Its aim has always been 
 high ; the quality of its teaching unsurpassed. Marked features of its curriculum are tlie courses in 
 chemistry, the individual instruction in operative pharmacy and the review quizzes and practical exami- 
 nations. Since 1825 the .\incrican Journal of Pharmacy has been published under its direction, and the 
 new six-stor\- building just erected is the largest in the world devoted solely to giving instruction in 
 pharmacy audits allied branches. Since its establishment 12,097 students have been matriculated, of 
 whom 3,565 have received the degree of Graduate of Pharmacy. 
 
 As Philadelphia physicians are pre-eminent, so are Philadelphia dentists. There are three dental 
 colleges in the city, each connected with one of the medical colleges, viz. : the Department of Dentistry 
 of the University with its Medical Department ; the Pennsjdvania College of Dental Surgery with 
 Jefferson ; and the Philadelphia College with the Medico-Chirurgical. This gives opportunity to their 
 students for excellent instruction in anatomy, physiology and chemistry, both didactic and practical, 
 as well as in therapeutics and pathology. The clinical opportunities of these colleges are unexcelled, 
 and there is practically not a dental procedure or operation with which the students are not made 
 
 35 
 
perfectly familiar. The reputation which Philadelphia graduates of dentistrj- have made in all parts of 
 the world is the best evidence possible of the teaching qualifications of these schools. 
 
 Few realize the dignity which the science of veterinary medicine and surgery has attained within 
 recent years, but a little consideration of the financial value of the domestic animals of a large country 
 like the United States will serve to indicate its importance. It is with pride, therefore, that the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania makes the claim that its Department of Veterinary Medicirie is the greatest 
 school of the kind in the world. A three-year course is obligatory, the requirements are high and the 
 course of study includes everything pertaining to the welfare, care, and treatment of man's humblest 
 ser\-ants and friends. The hospital offers the most extensive and complete accommodations for sick 
 animals to be found in America, and to it 1,8^5 patients of this class were brought last year, thus 
 furnishing the students an abundance of clinical material. A separate and unique hospital for dogs has 
 just been erected, and is provided with unsurpassed facilities far the treatment of all small animals. 
 
 In conclusion, the writer would say that while some of the statements herein made may at first 
 appear to be extremely boastful, he is confident that sincere investigation will show that they are all 
 essentially true and that his opening statement that Philadelphia is in many respects already the 
 medical centre of the world is well-founded. 
 
 Hospitals. 
 
 By Senec,\ Egbert, .\.M., M.D. 
 
 A NURSE, PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAI,. 
 
 In no respect does Philadelphia so completely and nobly exemplify the 
 full significance of her name as in tlie ample and wonderful provision she 
 makes for the assistance and relief of those who suffer in any way within 
 her bounds. Another pen will describe those of her charities, associated 
 and otherwise, which are especially intended for the alleviation of the 
 material wants of those who are unfortunate ; but even these cannot 
 outshine in splendor and interest the story of lier hospitals and kindred 
 institutions. Certain it is that no cit\- on this continent, no matter what 
 its population may be, and few, if any, abroad can equal her in the 
 number and capacity of places for the succor of the sick and wounded, 
 where all that abundant wealth and the highest medical and surgical art 
 and skill can furnish is at hand and is freely given. 
 
 From the Episcopal Hospital in the northeast, Germantown and 
 the Jewish in the north, and St. Timothy's in the extreme northwest t'l 
 the Methodist and St. Agnes' in the south, there is no large section of 
 the city that has not some institution convenient and easj' of access by 
 its residents. The subjoined table will show that there are upwards of 
 twenty-five general hospitals where persons suffering from maladies or 
 injuries of all kinds (excepting, 
 of course, certain infectious 
 diseases), may be received at 
 all times ; while in addition to 
 these there are over one-half as 
 many kindred institutions for 
 the treatment of special affec 
 tions, and at least five separate 
 dispensaries where medical and 
 surgical advice is free to all 
 
 36 
 
 
 ConvTRV BRANCH OF THE CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL. 
 
3^f ^ ;: 
 
 
 V- 
 .^i-J IT. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL, MEMORIAL PAVILIONS. 
 
 who apply, or who need gratuitous attention at home. The table also gives certain data, as far as they 
 could be obtained, which give some idea of the extent of this especial form of charity for one year in this 
 city, and of the number of its beneficiaries ; though no mere words or figures can begin to measure the 
 good that flows from such beneficence, nor even the financial saving to the people in the days of sickness 
 abridged and in evils and limbs preserved that otherwise would be lost. Moreover, one must not 
 receive the impression that the hospitals are open only to those to whom fortune has been unkind 
 in her distribution of material wealth. Though primarily the hospitals are established and endowed for 
 this part of our population, the citizens at large are beginning to realize that for any serious illness or 
 hazardous surgical operation it is better to be treated in one of the hospitals, for there is ready at 
 hand in any emergency ever\^ needed remedy or appliance ; there are constantly watchful and skilled 
 nurses and attendants ; there the laws of sanitation and ventilation are most closely observed, and 
 there the physician or surgeon can most thoroughly employ his skill, unliampered by any of the 
 accessories or conventionalities of the private dwelling house. 
 
 Another thing to be noted is that while almost every religious denomination has its own hospital, 
 and some more than a single one, admission to 
 practically every one is without reference to creed, 
 color, race, residence or nationality, and many come 
 from a distance beyond the city that they may have 
 the advice and service of the eminent practitioners 
 upon the various staffs. That a proper feeling of 
 independence ma)^ be preserved and impositions 
 prevented, a small daily or weekly fee is expected 
 from each ward or in-door patient in most of the 
 hospitals, provided he is able to pay it ; but this fee 
 includes everything — medical attendance, nursing, 
 board, etc.,- — and as long as there is room within 
 no one is ever turned away simply for lack of it. Nor 
 does this apply to those who are simply dispensary 
 patients, or who receive treatment at their own 
 homes ; all that service being entirely gratuitous, 
 
 AMBUL.\NC1S SHKVICE. 
 

 
 RECEIVING WARD, EPISCOPAL HOSPITAL. 
 
 interest to the world at large. Founded in 
 1 75 1, through the especial efforts of Benja- 
 min Franklin and Drs. Thomas and Phineas 
 Bond, the Pennsylvania Hospital has the 
 enviable distinction of being the oldest 
 institution of the kind in America. Since 
 that time it has cared for 130,073 in-door 
 patients, 93,395 of whom have been poor per- 
 sons supported at the expense of the institu- 
 tion. What an army, and what a wealth of 
 charity and beneficence do those simple figures 
 indicate ! Some of the present and still-used 
 buildings were erected in 1755, and patients 
 first admitted to them in the following year. 
 As an indication of the system with which 
 this hospital is managed, on the occasion of 
 a recent theatre fire eighty-five men and boys 
 had their wounds dressed and were put to bed 
 or dismissed as out patients within sixty 
 minutes. Besides this twenty-two cases were 
 dressed from the ambulance at the scene of 
 the fire. 7,382 patients were treated in the 
 receiving wards last year. In addition to 
 the general hospital on Pine Street, and under 
 
 except the purchase of medicines, etc., 
 which are furnished at the least possi- 
 ble cost. That this dispensary service 
 is by no means the least that the 
 hospitals render to our people will be 
 at once evident by a glance at the 
 last two columns of the appended table. 
 While it would not be possible 
 within the limits of this article to 
 give details concerning each of our 
 hospitals, of all of which we are justly 
 proud, there are certain facts about 
 some of them of more than passing 
 
 'Tfefc-'' * 
 
 _^i^iji^^ 
 
 'mf-r^ 
 
 a&r 
 
 ; mm 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 
 
 the same management is the Department of 
 the Insane in West Philadelphia, where, 
 in a most beautiful natural park of about 
 100 acres and with half a dozen magnifi 
 cent buildings, everything possible is 
 done for those that suffer with a mind 
 diseased. With 600 additional acres in 
 Delaware, and within easy access of the 
 city, whereon it is proposed to erect in 
 the near future buildings for convales- 
 cent and other suitable patients, The 
 Pennsylvania Hospital will be second to 
 none in its opportunities for welldoing, 
 and will be able to excel its history of the 
 past. 
 
 l-'.NlVtkblTV HOSPITAL. 
 
I 
 
 RICHARDSON COUNTRY HOUSE, 
 PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAI,, DEVON, PA 
 
 The Philadelphia City Hospital, or "Blocklej-," 
 as it is often called, is the largest hospital in the United 
 States, both in the number of beds and of in-door patients 
 annually cared for, and one of the largest in the world. 
 Though unfortunatelj' it is connected with the Alms 
 house, it must not be supposed that all of its patients 
 are of the class which that fact might imply. The 
 service is as good as can be had, the medical and surgical 
 staff are of the highest skill and the results obtained, all 
 things considered, will compare most favorably with 
 those of any hospital. In fact, no one need ever be 
 ashamed that fate has made him a recipient of Blockley's 
 mercies. 
 One of the earliest denominational hospitals to be established was that uf the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in 1852, though St. Joseph's antedates it by a few 3'ears. Located in the distant 
 northeastern portion of the city and in the midst of factories, mills, workshops and numerous railways, 
 it has always found opportune and abundant occasion for the emploj-ment of its functions, and right 
 nobly has it exercised them. The new Harrison Memorial House, recently opened, adds greatly to its 
 efficiency. Other church hospitals that are doing good work in their several localities are the 
 Presbyterian, the Methodist Episcopal, and, for the Roman Catholics, St. Joseph's, St. Mary's and 
 St. Agnes'. 
 
 The Wills Eye Hospital, established in 1832, and governed by the Board of City Trusts, is 
 especially for the relief of the poor, and has a reputation extending over the whole United States. The 
 number attending the daily clinics is often astonishing and almost beyond the resources of the present 
 buildings. The other special institutions are all doing work that must be personally investigated to lie 
 appreciated. 
 
 The hospitals connected with each of the city's great medical schools are always crowded, and 
 furnish an abundance of clinical material for the instruction of the more than 2,000 medical students 
 that attend the latter. The readiness with which patients, not only from the city but from all 
 parts of the countrj', avail themselves of the benefits and opportunities of these hospitals, shows 
 that there is no ground for the fear, sometimes expressed, of experimentation by students or inex- 
 perienced persons, but that the fame of the teachers and operators is widespread and worthy of 
 confidence. As might be expected, these college hospitals are thoroughly equipped with everything 
 required by the most advanced medical and surgical science of 
 the day. By an arrangement with the United States Govern- 
 ment a Marine Department is maintained at the German Hospital 
 for the treatment of sick sailors, 612 of whom were received 
 last year. 
 
 A feature worthy of note is that several of the hospitals 
 have establishments in the country adjacent to the city, whither 
 convalescents and certain other patients can be taken during 
 the Summer months to enjoy all the additional aids to health 
 that are given by sunshine, pure country air and absence from 
 city turmoils and disturbances. Among these the Richardson 
 Home of the Presbyterian Hospital and the country branch of 
 the Children's Hospital, are models in architecture and equip- 
 ment of what such establisliments should be. The Home of 
 The Merciful Saviour for Crippled Children has the advantages 
 of similar surroundings, though within the city limits, and 
 does much good that is worthy of more than this passing 
 notice. The ambulance service of the Philadelphia hospitals 
 also deserves mention. With almost every institution main- 
 
 3y 
 
 OLD PHir.ADEI.PHIA DISPENSARY, FIFTH STREET 
 BELOW LIBRARY STREET. 
 
HOMK i)F MKRCIKl'I. SAVIDIIK KIlK CKIHHI.KD CHILDRIiN. 
 
 taining at least one ainbu- 
 
 . lance, and with the city 
 
 systematically subdivided 
 
 into convenient districts, 
 
 'l^ each containing one or 
 
 ' ' more hospitals, there is 
 
 ; scarcely a spot within its 
 
 130 square miles of area 
 
 where a serious accident 
 
 may happen and competent 
 
 surgical aid not to be at 
 
 hand within a very few 
 
 moments after the call is 
 
 sent in from the nearest patrol box. In addition to this, the city police receive some instruction as to 
 
 how to act in emergencies, and are expected to use their patrol wagons as temporary ambulances in 
 
 transporting the sick or injured to the nearest hospital when occasion demands. 
 
 As has been intimated, the dispensaries are of great value in extending the generous work of 
 the hospitals. They minister to those whom the exigencies of life forbid to cease from work, to those 
 whose maladies are incipient or not dangerous, and, under certain circumstances, to those sick in their 
 homes. Most of the general hospitals and some of the special ones have dispensaries connected with 
 them, besides which there are a number of independent ones, located in various parts of the city. Of 
 these latter, the Philadelphia Dispensary, founded in 1786, is the oldest and largest. 
 
 Lastly, but by no means least in importance, a tribute must be paid to the Nurses' Training 
 Schools which are connected with most of the hospitals. Not only do they open the way to an 
 honorable and lucrative vocation for many women, but the benefits and aid which they furnish to the 
 sick are no less material and direct. Every physician knows how much the result of a serious case of 
 illness depends upon competent attention, careful observance of symptoms and obedience to directions ; 
 every patient feels the influence of the firm but gentle touch, the quiet watchfulness and the intelligent 
 supervision of the trained nurse. In these schools, from which scores of graduates go out every year, — 
 and yet with the demand always greater than the supply, — these women are brought into active contact 
 with every kind of sickness, every operation, every emergency ; they learn to be cool and efficient in 
 time of danger, and to know the wherefore of their instructions and their duties. Founded in 1828, 
 the School for Nurses of the Lying-in Charity is the oldest in America, and is antedated by but one 
 abroad. Of the others, all are so worthy of praise that it would be invidious to mention any. 
 
 %^ ^ 
 
A YEAR OF HOSPITAL WORK. 
 
 The items of the accompanying table have been selected as those best calculated to give a true 
 idea of the extent of Philadelphia hospital work, and are probably as accurate as it is possible for such 
 a compilation to be. The expenses, in most cases, represent the simple cost of maintenance of the 
 institution and are exclusive of extra expenditures, investments, etc. The ward cases column shows 
 the number of in-door cases treated in the hospitals, as distinguished from the next group, the dispen- 
 sary cases, which includes both those who personally applied at the dispensaries and those treated at 
 their own homes. The fourth group indicates the number of visits which the dispensary cases made to 
 the dispensaries or had made to them at their homes. The figures are for the year 1892, except where 
 otherwise indicated. 
 
 Names of Hosthal ok Di.spknsar^. 
 
 , 1S92 
 
 , 1^93 
 
 , KS93 . 
 
 Central Hospital, opened Mareh i, iSq_^ . . 
 
 Children's Hospital ... 
 
 Children's Homeopathic Hospital, Sept. i, iSyi, to Sept. i, 1892 
 
 Church Dispensary 
 
 (Jernian Hospital 
 
 (iermantown Hospital 
 
 (Jynecean Hospital, No\'. i , i-mji, to Nov. i , 
 
 Hahnemann Hospital 
 
 Home for Cousurajitivcs 
 
 Home for Crippled Children 
 
 Home for Incurables 
 
 Hospital of the Good Shepherd 
 
 Howard Hospital, Maich i, 1S92. to March 1 
 
 Jefferson College Hospital 
 
 Jewish Hospital 
 
 Jewish Maternity Home 
 
 Kensington Hospital for Wutnen, Oct. 12, 1891, to Oct. 12, 1892 
 
 Lying in Charity 
 
 Maternity Hospital 
 
 Medico-Chirurgical Hospital 
 
 Memorial (St. Timothy's) Hospital 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Hospital. May i, 1892, to April i, 
 
 Municipal Hospital . 
 
 Northern Dispensary 
 
 Orthopaedic Hospital 
 
 Philadelphia Hospital (Blockley) 
 
 Philadelphia Hospital, Insane Department 
 
 Philadelphia Dispensary 
 
 Pennsylvania Hospital (General), May i. 1S92, to May i. 
 I*ennsylvania Hospital, Department Insane 
 
 Polyclinic Hospital 
 
 Presbyterian Hospital 
 
 Preston Retreat 
 
 Protestant Episcopal Hospital 
 
 Rush Hospital for Consumptives, Jan. 28. 1892. to Oct. ?, 
 
 St. Agnes' Hospital 
 
 St. Christopher's Hospital for Children 
 
 St. Clement's Church Hospital 
 
 St. Joseph's Hospital 
 
 St. Mary's Hospital 
 
 Southeastern Dispensary, August 1, 1892, to May i, 1S9J 
 
 Southern Dispensary 
 
 University Hospital 
 
 West Philadelphia Hospital for Women 
 
 Wills' Eye Hospital 
 
 Woman's Hospital 
 
 Woman's Homeopathic. Hospital 
 
 iSg.i . 
 
 1892 . 
 
 Totals, as far as ascertainable . 
 
 KxrENSES. 
 
 W.'.Ri) Cases. 
 
 UlSi'ENSARV 
 
 Cases. 
 
 DlSPE.NSAKV \'lSirS. 
 
 Not available. 
 
 No wards. 
 
 
 1.13'^ 
 
 approx., 4,300 
 
 $24,027 17 
 
 441 
 
 
 4,525 
 
 13,826 
 
 7,911 03 
 
 103 
 
 > 
 
 :o record. 
 
 11,473 
 
 2,023 88 
 
 No wards. 
 
 
 2.913 
 
 10,027 
 
 55.434 49 
 
 2.54.1 
 
 
 7,87s 
 
 28,227 
 
 ■7,762 93 
 
 453 
 
 
 2,064 
 
 6962 
 
 18,328 15 
 
 125 
 
 
 265 
 
 1,017 
 
 31,869 u 
 
 1.194 
 
 
 15.466 
 
 34,470 
 
 Not available. 
 
 79 
 
 No 
 
 dispensary 
 
 service. 
 
 12.326 3S 
 
 4S 
 
 No 
 
 dispensary 
 
 service. 
 
 Not available. 
 
 74 
 
 No 
 
 dispensary 
 
 .service. 
 
 3,659 >5 
 
 50 
 
 No 
 
 dispensary 
 
 service. 
 
 8,227 03 
 
 94 
 
 
 6,228 
 
 * 23,655 
 
 43.433 54 
 
 2,189 
 
 
 11.914 
 
 46,366 
 
 36,627 21 
 
 447 
 
 
 2,«6l 
 
 6,324 
 
 5.400 3' 
 
 77 
 
 
 101 
 
 No record kept. 
 
 6,197 69 
 
 130 
 
 Newdispeiis'ry 
 
 just built. 
 
 15,736 93 
 
 357 
 
 
 49" 
 
 837 
 
 8,663 78 
 
 145 
 
 No 
 
 dispensary 
 
 service. 
 
 lS,688 09 
 
 5S5 
 
 
 5.537 
 
 No record kept. 
 
 6,550 98 
 
 150 
 
 
 424 
 
 approx., 3,500 
 
 approx., 24,000 00 
 
 299 
 
 
 1.093 
 
 approx., 3,000 
 
 15.832 65 
 
 4S0 
 
 No 
 
 dispensary 
 
 service. 
 
 9,702 07 
 
 No wards. 
 
 
 14,668 1 
 
 29,913 
 
 34.502 21 
 
 398 
 
 
 926 1 
 
 3,609 
 
 •63.667 51 
 
 7,764 
 
 No 
 
 dispensary 
 
 service. 
 
 •44.54S 06 
 
 1,38s 
 
 No 
 
 dispensary 
 
 service. 
 
 7,351 84 
 
 No wards. 
 
 
 25.957 
 
 No record kept. 
 
 76,422 22 
 
 2.325 
 
 
 1 0,12s 
 
 31.106 
 
 222,198 02 
 
 615 
 
 
 Included in 
 
 above. 
 
 22,589 59 
 
 650 
 
 
 9,985 
 
 4" ,930 
 
 65,963 31 
 
 1,217 
 
 
 4,361 
 
 14.959 
 
 No data available. 
 
 
 
 
 
 102,237 27 
 
 2.194 
 
 
 23,028 
 
 61,812 
 
 Not available. 
 
 32 
 
 
 380 
 
 approx., 1,500 
 
 18,567 99 
 
 1,518 
 
 
 7.246 
 
 37,080 
 
 6.004 68 
 
 123 
 
 
 4,007 
 
 8,014 
 
 5,476 06 
 
 74 
 
 
 4.448 
 
 15,367 
 
 10,682 6s 
 
 ■.556 
 
 
 4,507 
 
 No record. 
 
 11.053 97 
 
 2,548 
 
 
 17,669 
 
 53,187 
 
 Not available. 
 
 No wards. 
 
 
 660 
 
 1,445 
 
 Not available. 
 
 No wards. 
 
 
 5.495 
 
 No record kept. 
 
 78.673 63 
 
 1.34S 
 
 
 7.-01 
 
 approx., 49,000 
 
 7,514 27 
 
 115 
 
 
 1.52S 1 
 
 5,233 
 
 20,302 99 
 
 760 
 
 
 11.733 
 
 approx., 60,000 
 
 32,732 88 
 
 824 
 
 
 r..;66 
 
 28,829 
 
 14,448 76 
 
 3S3 
 35,895 
 
 
 -•.<)6,? 
 228,050 
 
 ■0,994 
 
 fi.2i7,5)0 51 
 
 667,962 
 
 subsistence only. 
 
 4> 
 
The Children of Silence. 
 
 Prof. John P. Walker. 
 
 he Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb is situated at Mount Airy, a northern 
 suburb of the city, ten miles from the City Hall. It consists of four school buildings with 
 living apartments attached, a shop building, a boiler house, a gymnasium and a chapel, all of 
 grey stone, and each having every modern improvement and known appliance for the especial 
 work for which it is designed. They are grouped upon an eminence overlooking a wide 
 e.xtent of landscape, and their site of sixty-two acres is one of the most picturesque within 
 the city limits. 
 
 The incipiency of the work of educating the deaf in the commonwealth was at Seven- 
 teenth and Market Streets, where, in the year 1819, David Seixas gathered together into a 
 small room in his crockery store eleven deaf mutes, five boys and six girls, and entered 
 upon the labor of their instruction. 
 
 The school attracted immediate attention and excited the greatest interest, and, in the spring of 
 1820, a number of prominent citizens, among whom were Roberts \'aux, Horace Biniiey, Clement C. 
 Biddle, and Jacob Gratz, met and decided to establish an institution. Articles of incorporation were 
 obtained, Mr. Seixas was appointed principal, and, in the fall, the pupils, then numbering eighteen, were 
 moved into more pretentious quarters on Market Street above Broad. Finding these inadequate, a large 
 building at Eleventh and Market Streets, where the Bingham House now stands, was rented, and occupied 
 in the fall of 1821. Still more ample facilities were soon required and a site was purchased at Broad 
 and Pine Streets, where a commodious building was erected, to which the school was removed in 
 1825. This building was enlarged in 1838, again in 1854, and a third time in 1875 ; but, though there 
 
 f> 
 
 I i I 
 
 
 iS 
 
 -'<^' 
 
 ' ^''• 
 
 P- 
 
 ^•ui 
 
 
 ii : 
 
 r- 
 
 -^- 
 
 i 
 
 ' ] 1 ■ 
 
 
 L( 
 
 
 
 -ft ^..,. 
 
 MAIN BUILDING PENNSYLVANIA INSTITUTION FOR THK DK.iF AND DUMB, MT. AIRY, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
were then accommodations for upward of four hundred, there was not room for all applying, and it soon 
 became apparent that more space was absolutely necessary. 
 
 The grounds at Mount Airy were purchased in iSyo and the work of construction at once begun. 
 The last of the various departments was completed in the spring of 1892, and on the i ith of November 
 of that year their doors were thrown open to applicants from every part of the State. They are admit- 
 tedly the most complete and finest in their appointments of any structures for the ])urpose in the world, 
 the luiited cost of the buildings and grounds having been upwards of a million of dollars. In the 
 instruction of pupils both oral and manual methods are employed. Kvery one is given a thorough 
 trial in speech and lip-reading, and all are retained in oral work who are found capable of being educated 
 by its means. Particular attention is paid to industrial training, a thorough knowledge of a trade lieing 
 given to each while pursuing his course of study. The shop building, which is known as the " MoitIs 
 Industrial Building," a donation from Mr. J. T. Morris, represents alone a valuation of se\-enly-five 
 thovisaiid dollars. Three thousand five liundred pupils have been graduated since the institution was 
 opened. There are at present five hundred under instruction, and when every department is in complete 
 running order, there will be accommodations for at least seven hundred of the " Children of Silence." 
 
 The Citizens' Permanent Relief Committee 
 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 ,Mlllll///, 
 
 ^^\\\l""//^^ 
 
 Bv RoKKKT M. McWadk, Citv KdiToR Public Ledgtr. 
 
 Under this name there exists in Philadelphia an organization which has no duplicate in its 
 ijg- objects and achievements in any other city of the world. It was instituted almost 
 S^" immediately after the Irish famine of 1879 by a number of citizens of whom the writer was 
 one. It is composed of such men as George W. Childs, John H. Converse, Charles J. 
 Harrah, Simon Muir, Rudolph Blankenburg, John Y. Huber, Francis B. Reeves, Robert C. 
 Ogden, Dr. E. O. Shakespeare (the eminent bactereologist ) , Dr. M. S. French and Thomas 
 Dolan. The Mayor of the city is President and Robert M. McWade permanent Vice-President. 
 Its objects are the relief of all cities or communities at a distance that may be attacked b\' fire, 
 flood, pestilence or other similar calamity. In its time it has raised and expended upwards of 
 $3,000,000, which it has distributed among grateful and appreciative sufferers. It has done 
 most excellent service during all yellow fever outbreaks in the South, the floods in the Missis- 
 sippi River and Conemaugh Valley ; in the fires that have devastated whole communities in 
 our own State and the far West, and in typhoid and small -pox epidemics at home and in other 
 States. It has also performed meritorious work in organizing hospitals with fully equipped 
 medical and surgical staffs, trained nurses and all the appliances needed to combat those 
 terrible epidemics. Its members invariably visit the scenes of all epidemics and make their 
 reports to the Mayor, the public and their Association from personal observation. Self-denying and 
 with no desire for praise, they perform the full measure of their self-imposed duties toward humanity. 
 The last public work in which they were engaged was the transmission to Russia of two ocean 
 steamships fully laden with flour and clothing for the relief of the starving peasantry of that nation. 
 In this, as other instances, individual members of the committee personally supervised the distribution 
 of the cargoes, and, as usual, defrayed their own expenses. Surely Philadelphia stands to-day pre- 
 eminent among the cities of the nations in large-hearted and practical charity as typified in this noble 
 organization. 
 
 43 
 
m*j.i 
 
 /f^. 
 
 ^ 
 
 i^,.l 
 
 mm 
 
 o 
 
 BS 
 
 D 
 O 
 
 >J 
 V, 
 
 K 
 H 
 
Benevolent Charitable and Humane Institutions 
 of Philadelphia not otherwise mentioned. 
 
 American Anti-Vivisection Society, 1701 Chesltmt Street. 
 
 Baptist Home, 17th and Norris Streets. 
 
 Baptist Orphanage, Angora Station. 
 
 Bedford Street Mission, 619 and 621 .\laska Street. 
 
 Bethesda Children's Christian Home, Chestnut Hill. 
 
 Board of Missions of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, 1 104 
 
 Walnut Street. 
 Bureau of Charities, 42 North Seventh Street. 
 Bethany Day Nursery, 21 12 Bainbriilge Street. 
 Burd Orphan .Asylum, 63d and Market Streets. 
 Butler Memorial Home, Haines Street, Gerniantown. 
 Central Diet Kitchen, 411 Spruce Street. 
 Central Soup Society, S13 Arch Street. 
 Children's Aid Society, 127 South Twelfth Street. 
 Children's Country Week Association, 14 14 Arch Street. 
 Christ Cliurch Home, 4Sth Street and Belmont .Avenue. 
 Churcli Home for Children, .Angora Station. 
 Church Home for Seamen, Swanson and Catherine St. 
 Educational Home, Forty-ninth Street and Greeuway 
 
 Avenue. 
 Forrest Home for Actors, Holmesburg. 
 Foster Home Association, Twenty-fourth and Poplar Sts. 
 Franklin Reformatory Home, 911-915 Locust Street. 
 French Benevolent Society llS South Delaware Avenue. 
 Friend's Home for Children, 401 1 Aspen Street. 
 Fuel Savings Society, 252 North Broad Street. 
 George Nugent Home for Baptists, Johnston St., Gtu 
 Gorgas Home for Women, Roxborough. 
 Harrison Day Nursery, 1S26 Federal Street. 
 Hayes Mechanics' Home, 48th St. and Belmont .\vc. 
 Home for the Aged, 1S09 Mt. Vernon Street. 
 Home for .Aged Couples, 1723 Francis Street. 
 Home for Aged Couples of the Prcsb. Ch., 65th and Vino. 
 Home for .Aged and Infirm Colored Persons, Belmont and 
 
 Girard .'X venues. 
 Home for Convalescents, 35 North I-'ortieth Street. 
 Home for the Homeless, 70S Lombard Street. 
 Home for Infants, 4618 Westminster Avenue. 
 Home for Orphans of Odd Fellows, Tioga. 
 Home Teaching for the Adult Blind, 701 Walnut Strcc 
 House of Mercy, 41 1 Spruce Street. 
 House of Rest for the Aged, Wayne Avenue. Gtn 
 House of Industry, 112 North Seventh Street. 
 Howard Institution, 1612 Poplar Street. 
 Home for F. and A. Masons, 3333-3337 North Broad St. 
 Indigent Widows and Single Women's Societv, 3615 
 
 Chestnut Street. 
 Jane D. Kent Nursery, 302 North Sixteenth Street. 
 Kensington Day Nurserv, 116 Diamond Street. 
 Law and Order Society, 609 Walnut Street. 
 Lincoln Institution, 324 South Eleventh Street. 
 Lombard Day Nursery, 2218 Lombard Street. 
 Magdalen Society, 213 North Twenty -first Street. 
 Mercantile Beneficial Asso., 1707 Spring Garden St. 
 Merchant's Fund, 400 Chestnut Street. 
 
 Note. — This list has been compiled from llic City Missi 
 
 Midnight Mission, giy Locust Street. 
 
 Mission for Colored People, Eighth anil Bainbridge Sts. 
 
 Morris Refuge Asso. for .Animals, 1242 Lombard St. 
 
 Mutual Aid Asso. of County Med. Society, 1818 Chestnut. 
 
 Mary A. Drexcl Home, Girard ai li Corinthian Avenues. 
 
 Methodist Home, Thirteenth Strtct and Lehigh .Avenue. 
 
 Methodist Orphanage, I'ord and Monumental .'^venues. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal City Missions, loiS Arch Street. 
 
 Northern Day Nursery, looS North F'ifth Street. 
 
 Northern Employment Association, 702 Green Street. 
 
 Odd Fellows' Home, Seventeenth and Tioga Streets. 
 
 Old Ladies' Home, Wissinoming. 
 
 Old Man's Home, Thirty-ninth Street and Pou tltun .\vc. 
 
 Orphan Society, Sixty-fourth Street, and Havcrford Ave. 
 
 Penu .\sylum for Indigent Widows and Single Women, 
 Belgrade Street, aljove Susquehanna .Avenue. 
 
 Northeast Diet Kitchen, 1348 Mascher Street. 
 
 -Vorthwest Diet Kitchen, 2039 Summer Street. 
 
 Penna. Industrial Home for Blind Women, Powelton .\ve. 
 
 Pennsylvania Institution for Instruction of tlie Blind, 
 Twentieth and Race Streets. 
 
 Pennsylvania Prison Society, 1705 Chestnut Street. 
 
 Penna. Retreat for Blind Mutes. .\ged and Infirm, 3524 
 Lancaster Ave. 
 
 Pennsylvania Seamen's Friend .Soc, 422 Soutli l''ront St. 
 
 Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Crueltv to 
 Animals, 1627 Chestnut Street. 
 
 Pennsylvania Society to Protect Children Irom Cruelty, 
 1406 Chestnut Street. 
 
 Philadelphia Fountain Society, 13 Bank Street. 
 Phila. Soc. for Organizing Charity, 1705 Chestnut St. 
 Presbyterian Home for Widows ;ind Single Women, ;,Sth 
 Street and Greenway Avenue. 
 
 Presbyterian Orphanage, 5Sth St. and Kingscssiug Ave. 
 Rosine Home, 3216 Gerniantown .-V venue. 
 Sheltering .\rnis, 717 Franklin Street. 
 Southeast Diet Kitchen, 1719 South Ninth Street. 
 .Southwest Diet Kitchen, 76S South Ninteenth Street. 
 Southern Home for Dest. Children, 12th and Fitzwater Sts, 
 Sunday Breakfast Association, Broad above Race Streets. 
 St. James' Industrial School, 24th and Walnut Sts. 
 St. Luke's Home, 1315-1317 Pine Street. 
 St. Mark's Home, 142S Lombard Street. 
 St. Peter's House, Front and Pine Streets. 
 Society for the Adv. of Christianity, 217 South Third ,St. 
 Temporary Home .Association, 505 North Si.xth Street. 
 Union Benevolent .Association, 118 South Seventh Street. 
 Union Home for Old Ladies, Lancaster and Girard .Avc's. 
 Union Temporary Home for Children, 127 South 12th St. 
 Visiting Nurse Societv, 1203 Race Street. 
 Western Day Nursery, 35 North Fortieth Street. 
 Western Temporary Home, 35 North Fortieth Street. 
 West Philadelphia Diet Kitchen, 35 North Fortieth Street. 
 Western Soup Society, 1615 South St eet. 
 Willing Day Nursery, 427 Pine Street, 
 on Directory, 411 Spruce Street 
 
 45 
 
The Churches and Sunday Schools of Philadelphia. 
 
 By J. K. r>H I,A MoTTA, Piihlu- Leiigff. 
 
 OLD SWEDKS CHURdH. 
 
 There can be little doubt that, coniparatively 
 
 spcaking, Philadelphia has a larger imniber of 
 churches than any other city, and it is a well- 
 known fact not to be disputed that the religious 
 character of the people, their devotion and the 
 attendance on the services of the church, far 
 exceeds that of any other city. Philadelphia is 
 noted for the large number of her Sunday Schools 
 and Sunday School scholars, being in that respect 
 far ahead of other cities, and it is in the Sunday 
 School that the children are trained to lead good 
 and useful li\-es. The religious character of the 
 people of the City of Brotherly Love may be 
 attributed to a number of causes, one of the 
 principal, probably, being the large Quaker 
 element. Another reason may be the fact that 
 Philadelphia is emphatically the city of homes, 
 and there is every incentive for the encourage- 
 ment of the domestic relation. Taverns and 
 places of anuisement are not kept open on Sunday, as is the case in so many Western cities, and those 
 who might be inclined to frequent them are thus led to places of worship. It is becoming e\-ery year 
 more and more rare for churches to be closed during the Summer. When repairs are being made in 
 one portion of the building services are held in another part of the same. 
 
 It is often said to the discredit of Philadelphia that we have no very distinguished preachers and 
 no very distinguished churches, while the fact is that the average church in Philadelphia is large and 
 distinguished, and, on the other hand, the average church in other large cities is weak and declining. 
 This is simply saying that the church life of Philadelphia corresponds with the general business and 
 social life which is of a widespread prosperity and of universal homes. There are 300 churches in 
 Philadelphia which any minister might be proud to preside over, and in which any member might find 
 a happy, religious home ; in other large cities these hundreds nmst be reduced to scores. Another 
 peculiarity of church life in Philadelphia is that, while loyal to its own denomination, it is devoid of 
 sectarianism ; the original spirit of William Penn has rendered bigotry, narrowness and sectarian 
 jealousy impossible in the City of Brotherly Love. There is no city in the world where the average 
 church member is so generally identified with some philanthropic and benevolent institution or object. 
 A man or woman in any church in Philadelphia who has not some pet scheme of charity, some 
 orphanage, or home, or refuge, or asylum to which he or she devotes time, thought or mone\-. is a rare 
 excejjtion. 
 
 Of the 600 churches in Philadelphia there are 400 connected with denominations that favor 
 Christian lindeavor. In these churches there are 232 Christian lindeavor Societies, and of this number 
 215 have joined the Philadelphia Union. There are, in addition, 67 junior societies. The societies 
 number about 13,000 members. The Christian lMidea\or movement was inaugurated over eleven years 
 ago, and the first society was started in this city in the (iaston Presbyterian Church about eight years 
 ago. The Philadeljiliia Union, which was organized April 9, i8,S,S, with 15 societies, is the largest 
 local union in the world. Its growth has been so rapid as to necessitate its division into branches known 
 as Germantown , Northeast, Northwest and West Philadelphia. The local union holds three meetings 
 
 46 
 
each year, and the Executive Coniniittee, composed of tlie Presidents and Secretaries of the different 
 societies, meets montlily. These meetings have an average attendance of 5<«>- 
 
 One of the interesting features of religious work in Pliiladelpliia, which is equalled in very few 
 cities in the United States, is the Union Teachers' Study of the International Sunday School Lessons in 
 Association Hall. This Bible Class of 700 superintendents and teachers has fully maintained its 
 popularity. Sunday School workers, not only from this city Init from the surrounding towns, go e\ery 
 Saturday afternoon to Association Hall to obtain aid in preparation for their Sabbath work. 
 
 Philadelphia has a larger number of Methodists than any other cit\-. This sect maintains 95 
 churches within the city limits, having a membership of about ,-^o,ooo. The Philadelphia Conference 
 embraces 359 churches. This was the first conference of ministers organized on this continent, six 
 clergymen having met for that purpose in St. George's Church in 1773. The ureat Methodist book 
 concern originated here, as well as the first missionary society. 
 
 Among the chief glories of Philadelphia are her historic churches still used as regular ])laces of 
 worship, and often visited by strangers temporarily sojourning among us. In a grove of stately old 
 trees upon the banks of the Delaware in the southern part of the city stands tlie ancient Episcopal 
 Church of the Gloria Dei, more familiarly known as the Old Swedes. 
 
 Its history is perhaps more interesting and eventful than that of an\- other church edifice in this 
 country, and it stands to-day in a perfect state of preservation upon the original site. More than a half a 
 century before William Penn arrived at New Castle, on the Delaware, Gustavus Adolphus, of Sweden, 
 thought of sending a colony of settlers to this country. He was unable to carry out his desire, owing to 
 the stormy condition of affairs during his reign ; but in 1636 his daughter, Queen Christina, sent the first 
 little band of Swedisli colonists, who settled in the village of Wicaco, which at present forms a part of 
 this city. In 1677 the colonists formed a parish and erected a rude church constructed of logs, which 
 was dedicated on Trinity Sunday of the same year. Tlie church was known as the " Block House," as 
 it also served as a fort to defend the settlers from attacks by the Indians, of whom it is recorded, however, 
 that they generally were friendly and obliging, owing to the kind treatment they received. The old 
 building stood until 1700. when it was torn down, and the present structure of brick was erected in its 
 place, and dedicated on the first Sunday after Trinity. Services were conducted in the Swedish language 
 until i.Si.s. 
 
 Old Clnisl Church is located u])on Second Street above Market, in what was once the fashionable 
 quarter of Ih^- cit\-, but which has for generations been devoted almost entirely to purposes of traffic. 
 The church, which was one of the most notable structures in the colonies, was completed in 1744, the 
 steeple, however, being finished se\-en years later. This church was the place of worship of George 
 Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and many other personages of great distinction. 
 
 In the semicircle of villages which developed about the parent settlement upon the Delaware, 
 and which are now included within the city limits, are many quaint early churches still well preserved. 
 One of the finest of these is the Trinity, at Oxford, in Trinity Parish. The grandeur of design and 
 extent of many of our modern churches forbid especial mention. Numbers of up-town churches 
 conform in interior arrangement to the usual plan of the theatrical auditorium. The most notable and 
 novel edifice of worship erected within recent years is probably the temple of Grace Baptist Cliurch, 
 at the corner of Broad and Berks Streets which employs many striking features of decoration and 
 furnishing. 
 
 The most recent statistics obtainable, credit Philadelpliia with 616 Sunday Schools, in which 
 178,865 youths and children are instructed by 16,937 teachers. These being the largest figures given 
 for any American city, and in regard to the proportion of percentage of attendance to the whole 
 population lieing excelled only by the cities of Washington, D. C, Rochester, N. V., Newark, N. J., 
 Minneapolis, Minn., and Baltimore, Md. The Philadelphia Baptists also outrank, luunerically, an\- 
 other connnuiiity, having 76 churches, with a membership of 25,000: and the great Iniilding of the 
 American Baptist Publication Society is located on Chestnut Street. 
 
 The stranger sojourning in Philadelphia over Sunday, and desirous of attending ser^•ice, will 
 find a welcome at any sanctuarj- he may choose to visit morning or evening. 
 
 47 
 
-SS!»5Sft? f 
 
 
 §-#ft® 
 
 ^-^-'^^.j iisl 
 
 GRACR mrTI'^T TKMIT.K. 
 
 TKMPI.F COI.LEOR. 
 
 The Temple College 
 
 Bv Rev. Russell H. Conwrll. 
 
 This energetic young institution has an Evening Deparment for the free instruction of workingmen 
 and working women, and also a Day Department for all classes of society, the employed and the 
 unemployed. 
 
 The number of students attending during the year 1892-1893 is about 2,000. The Faculty 
 consists of eighteen professors. 
 
 The courses of instruction include the following : The Kindergarten, the Calisthenics, the 
 Elementary English, the Business, the College Preparatory, the Full College, the Professional, the 
 Theological, the Art, the Nurse Training, and the Cooking course. 
 
 In 1889, the court granted the institution a regular charter, with all the rights and privileges of 
 all other colleges. There are two vigorous Literary Societies connected with the College. Many of 
 the former students are now pursuing higher college and professional studies in older institutions, and 
 many have gone direct from this College to prominent positions in business and professional life. 
 
 The future of the Institution seems also bright, with the prospect of still greater achievements. 
 The present location, in two large buildings, 1831-1833 Park Avenue, is merely temporary, but a new 
 location, one of the finest in the city, has been secured by the purchase of a lot on Broad Street below 
 Berks. A stately and commodious office is to be erected thereon at an early date. 
 
 With the acquisition of these new facilities, new Departments of Instruction will be introduced. 
 
 Arrangements are now being completed for a Correspondence School, to begin next Fall, for 
 Lay Preachers, and this will doubtless be soon extended to all branches of instruction. Another new 
 feature, to be introduced at the same time, will be a complete system of private instruction in all 
 branches, on the most improved methods. 
 
 All the achievements of the past, and all the prospects of future success, have grown from an 
 humble but earnest effort begun in 1887, to instruct a few young men struggling under financial 
 difficulties, to secure an education for the Christian ministry. 
 
 48 
 
The Academy of Fine Arts. 
 
 By Milton Bancroft. 
 
 m 
 
 T.-ifj'r-''^ii-iiSSi 
 
 Thk ACAnRM\' oi; FixK Arts. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Academy of 
 Fine Arts is the oldest art insti- 
 tution in America. It was 
 founded in 1S05 and chartered 
 the next year. The germ from 
 which it sprang had its existence 
 in 1791, when Chas. Wilson Peale 
 attempted to organize in Phila- 
 delphia a school for the fine arts. 
 The scheme, although supported 
 by Ceracchi, the Italian sculptor, 
 then in this country, William 
 Rush, and other artists, was not 
 successful, but out of it came in 
 1794, the Columbianum, and in 
 that year was held in Indepen- 
 dence Hall, by the association, 
 the first public exhibition of 
 paintings in this citj'. 
 
 The Columbianum continued 
 a tentative kind of existence for 
 several years, and Peak's interest in a school or academy, to advance the interests of the fine arts, 
 never abated, therefore, when a number of ]uiblic minded citizens of Philadelphia, the majority of 
 whom were lawyers, determined tliat the time for making a pronounced effort toward this end had 
 arrived, it was to Mr. Peale they turned, and it was in his room in the old State House that the 
 formative meeting was held, as were the director's meetings for many j-ears after. 
 
 The Academy was incorporated March 28th, 1806, with George Clymer, one of the signer^ 
 of the Declaration of Independence, as first President. 
 
 He held the position for eight years, and was followed by Judge Joseph Hopkinson, 1813- 
 1842; Joseph Dugan, 1S42-1845 ; Edward L. Carey, 1845; Joseph R. Ingersoll, 1846-1852 ; Henry 
 D. Gilpin, 1852-1859 ; Caleb Cope, 1859-1871 ; James I,. Claghorn, 1S72-1884: George G. Pepper, 
 1S84-1890. 
 
 The works of art belonging to the Academy have been slowly accumulating one by one 
 during the eighty-seven years of its existence, the only exceptions being the Carey and Temple 
 collections. 
 
 The Carey collection was formed by the fourth President of the Academy, one of the first 
 patrons of art in this country. His siiter had married Chas. Robt. Leslie, R. A., and through 
 his aid Mr. Carey obtained the desirable examples of the British school owned by the institution. 
 Mr. Carey was always the patron of American art and artists, as shown b)' the other works in 
 his collection. 
 
 The Temple collection is the result of a foundation by Mr. Joseph E. Temple in iS.So, and 
 and now numbers thirty-two pictures to which will be addi.d, from time to time, desirable paint- 
 ings by American artists from the annual exhibitions of the Academy. 
 
 In the future the Academy will receive, under the will of the late \'ice-President, Mr. 
 Henry G. Gibson, his notable collection of one hundred choice works of the best known artists, 
 
 49 
 
INTKRIOR, ACAI>HM\' '<V IINK ARTS. 
 
 and which, with the present collection, will place the galleries of the Academy second to none in 
 the countrj'. 
 
 Since the foundation of the Academy its collections of casts from the antique and other 
 works of art, have been used for study by the artists and art students of the city. 
 
 Classes for the study of the living model were also conducted from time to time, without 
 regular instruction until 1868; while, during the same period, lectures on anatomy were given for 
 the benefit of the students. 
 
 In 1868, a regular school organization was inaugurated, with Mr. Christian Schussele as 
 teacher of drawing and painting, and Dr. A. R. Thomas as lecturer on anatomy. 
 
 From that time the organization has been continued. Mr. Schussele has been succeeded by 
 several instructors, many of them prominent in the art world, such as Thos. Eakins and Thos. 
 Hovenden. 
 
 At present it has in its teaching corps Mr. Robt. W. Vonnoh, Mr. Henry Thouron, Mr. 
 Carl Newman, Mr. Henry R. Poore, Mr. Chas. Grafly, Mr. Will S. Robinson and Dr. McClellan. 
 It has a regularly organized faculty, and the work is becoming systematized and developed far 
 beyond the original plan. 
 
 The special purpose of the school has always been to afford facilities and instruction of the 
 highest order to students who intend to make painting or sculpture their profession. No advantages 
 but those of pure art education are offered, work comprising study in black and white from the 
 antique casts ; lectures in perspective, composition and anatomy, combined with practical work in 
 each of the subjects ; color study from still life ; elementary modeling from the cast ; and study from 
 living model, nude and draped, in black and white, in color, and in clay modeling. 
 
 The instruction is of the most advanced character, and is conducted by means of lectures 
 and criticisms. 
 
 50 
 
The Drexel Institute. 
 
 Rv jAMF.s MacAlistkr, UL.n. 
 
 m 
 
 ,.,0mk 
 
 
 The Drcxcl Institute, foiiiuled by Anthony J. Drexel, for 
 the promotion of education in art, science and industry, 
 was opened on December 17, 1891. The chief object of 
 the Institute is the extension and improvement of 
 industrial education as a means of opening better and 
 wider avenues of employment to young men and women. 
 It is the founder's desire, however, that the plan of 
 organization should be comprehensive, providing liberal 
 means of culture for the masses through the instru- 
 mentality of lectures, evening classes, a library and a 
 museum. 
 
 The Institute is situated on Chestnut vSlreet, corner 
 of Thirty-second, at a ])oint where many horse railways 
 converge, within easy distance of the Powelton Avenue 
 and the Soiitli Street stations of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road, and but three squares from the station of the 
 Baltimpre and Ohio Railroad. 
 
 The building, constructed of light buff brick with 
 terra -cotta ornamentation, measures, on the ground ])hui, 
 200 by 200 feet, and is four stories in height. The 
 principal entrance is on Chestnut Street, by a richly 
 decorated portal, 26 feet wide and 35 feet high, which 
 leads through a portico to a spacious entrance hall, the 
 ceiling of which is supported by pillars of red Georgian 
 marl)le. Beyond this is the grand central court, 65 feet 
 square and the entire height of the building ; the ceiling 
 
 being a skylight of stained glass. At the farther end of the court is the great marble stairway, leading 
 
 to the upper floors and to the basement. Broad galleries surround the central court and give access 
 
 to the various class-rooms, laboratories and 
 
 studios on the upper floors. On the first floor 
 
 are the library, the reading room, the museum, 
 
 the lecture hall and the auditorium. The lecture 
 
 hall has chairs for 30a students. The audi- 
 torium, which has a separate entrance on 
 
 Thirty-second Street, is a spacious and finely 
 
 equipped hall capable of seating 1500 persons. 
 
 It is furnished with upholstered arm-chairs. 
 
 At the eastern end is a fine organ enclosed in a 
 
 beautifully decorated screen iu the style of the 
 
 Italian Renaissance. 
 
 FortN' class-rooms, studios and work- 
 shops occupy the second, third and fourth 
 
 floors and the basement, the workshops being 
 
 situated in the ba.senient, and the physical 
 
 laboratories and a gymnasium on the second, 
 
 ■aaie^KaaB^ 
 
 PRINCIP.4L PORT.AL. 
 
 ORANH CENTRA!, COURT. 
 
MECHANICAL 
 
 third and fourtli floors. The two terms of the year liegui 
 respectively September i5tli and February ist. The evening 
 classes begin in October and continue until the end of March. 
 Instruction is given in drawing, designing, modeling in clay, 
 wood-carving, mathematics, physics, chemistry, apjilied 
 electricity, wood and iron working, cookery, millinery, dress- 
 making, stenography and type-writing, book-keeping, physical 
 culture, and choral music. 
 
 The library and reading room are open not only to 
 students, but also to the general public, daily, except Sunday, 
 from 9 A. M. to 6 p. m., and during the Winter months from 7 
 to 10 V. M. The museum is open to the public on the sam2 
 
 days and at the same hours as the library. It already includes a large collection of wood and metal 
 
 work, ceramics, embroideries and textiles given by Mr. Drexel, the founder of the Institute. \'aluable 
 
 and important gifts ha\-e been made to the collection by George W. Childs, the late Mrs. James \\". 
 
 Paul, Jr., James W. Paul, Jr., the family of the late Lieutenant Allan G. Paul, U. S. N., Dr. Edward 
 
 H. Williams and Thomas Iv Kirby. 
 
 The auditorium is in use throughout the season of instruction for popular and classic concerts, 
 
 lectures, educational assemblages and many like events to which the public is admitted either free or 
 
 upon the payment of a small sum. 
 
 The following departments have been established : 
 
 I. The Art Dep.a.rtment includes courses in fine arts, drawing, water color, painting in oils, 
 modeling, courses in applied art, design, architectural drawing, vv'ood-carving, stained glass. 
 
 II. The Scien'Tific Dep.vrtment : Courses in pin sics, chemistry, anatomy and jihysiology. 
 hygiene and sanitation. 
 
 III. Dep-VRTMext of Mech-WIC Arts : A systematic course of three years in linglish, 
 mathematics, mechanical and free hand drawing, physics, chemistry mechanics, sho]i work in wood 
 and iron. 
 
 I\'. Dep.vrt.ment of Domestic Scien'CE : A systematic two years' course in English, mathe- 
 matics, drawing, science, household economy and allied liranches. 
 
 \'. Department of Domestic licoxoMV : Courses in cookery, house-keeping, millin'-rx-, 
 and dress-making. 
 
 AT. Teciixic.vl I^EP.\rtmext : Courses in steam engineering, ajiplied electricity, machine 
 construction . 
 
 VII. HrsiNESS Dep.'VRTMEN'T : Courses in book-keeping, accounts, and in stenograi)h\' and 
 type-writing. 
 
 VIII. Department of Physical Training. 
 
 IX. NoRM.\L Department for the training of special teachers of art, manual training, i)hysical 
 culture, cookery. 
 
 X. Department of Eveninc, Cl.asses and Lectures. 
 
 XI. Library Dep.-vrTment, connected with which there is a class for tiie training of librarians. 
 
 XII. The Museum. 
 
 [iMiilii; IB '11 ^^^^ — ' 
 
 COOKING SCHOOL ROOM. 
 
p 
 
 ri 
 
 ri 
 
 ' ]n I ■ 
 
 ffiff-F'- 
 
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 '^Vtb 
 
 :=!<• 
 
 t 
 
 
The Pennsylvania Museum and School 
 of Industrial Art. 
 
 By L. W. Mii.i,er, Principal. 
 
 The Pennsylvania 
 Museum and School 
 of Industrial Art 
 was incorporated on 
 
 the twenty -sixth day 
 of February, 1876, 
 for the purpose, as 
 stated in its charter, 
 of establishing " for 
 the State of Penn- 
 sylvania, in the City 
 of Philadelphia, a 
 Museum of Art in 
 all its branches and 
 and technical appli- 
 cations, and with a 
 special view to the 
 development of the 
 Art Industries of the 
 State, to provide 
 instruction in Draw- 
 ing. Painting, 
 Modeling, Designing, etc., through practical schools, special libraries, lectures and otherwise.'' The 
 purpose of the institution as thus defined is distinctly industrial. The collections at Memorial Hall, 
 where the museum is located, embrace examples of art work of every description ; but as the city 
 already possessed, in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, an institution devoted to tlie advance- 
 ment of the Fine Arts, it was determined by the founders to make the collections of the Pennsylvania 
 Museum as largely as possible illustrative of the application of art to industry, and the instruction in 
 the School has constant reference to a similar purpose. The institution owes its origin to the increased 
 interest in Art and Art Education awakened by the Centennial Exhibition in 1876. The valuable 
 collection of fabrics, metals, glassware, curios and other interesting objects arranged in Memorial Hall 
 is open to the public, free of charge, every day in the week, including Sundays, and is one of the popu- 
 lar places to which residents conduct friends visiting the city. 
 
 The Art School is located at 1336 Spring Garden Street, and the Textile School at 1303 Button- 
 wood Street. An ample staff of professors of distinction and of instructors is engaged in the service of 
 the School. The number of pupils registered in 1892 was 365. Both day and night classes are main- 
 tained. Great importance is attached to the practical application of the principles taught. No school 
 in America is so thorough as this in its devotion to the idea that to be effectual the instruction must be 
 based upon a study of the actual requirements of the industries to which art is to be applied . 
 
 The School comprises the following departments : Drawing, Decorative Painting, including 
 Fresco Painting; Decorative Sculpture, Wood Carving, Applied Design, Architectural Design, Textile 
 Design and Manufacture, Chemistry and Dyeing. 
 
 54 
 
Philadelphia School of Design for Women. 
 
 HV KmIUY tJAKlAlN, I'KINLII'AL. 
 
 Founded in 1S44, the " Pliil;i(k'l- 
 ])liia School of Design for Women 
 is the oldest and most complete 
 School of Applied Art in the United 
 States. Incorporated in iS53,it\vas 
 first housed on its own ])reniises in 
 1863, at Broad and Fill)ert Streets, 
 and on the absorption of that site 
 into tlie Pennsylvania Railroail 
 Station, the directors bought the 
 Forrest Mansion, at the southwest 
 corner of Broad and Master Streets. 
 To the 100 feet of frontage on 
 Broad Street was added a three- 
 storied range of studios, running 
 westward 200 feet on Master Street, 
 with a return southward of 90 feet 
 on Carlisle Street in the rear, 
 enclosing three sides of a large 
 grassy quadrangle. A large 
 collection of casts from the antique, 
 and from the sculpture of the Italian renaissance, and a library add to the efficiency of the instruction. 
 The initial work of the school in teaching designing for carpets, curtains, wall-paper, oil-cloth, prints, 
 etc., has been supplemented by classes in other branches of Applied Art to meet the business demands 
 of the day. For many years wood-engraving was taught in this school and in no other, and now etching, 
 illustration, pen-drawing for photo-engraving and china decoration, are taught by artists, each 
 distinguished in his or her special branch. The Normal Art Course gives opportunity for thorough 
 artistic training in drawing, modeling, painting and theoric design for the specialists in the Industrial 
 
 Arts, as well as graduating thoroughly 
 Massachusetts this work is considered 
 so important tliat the State supports a 
 Normal Art School as part of its public 
 school system of Boston. The low 
 charge for tuition, averaging $50 per 
 year, places the instruction within the 
 reach of all, while forty free scholai- 
 ships are competed for among the 
 pupils of the public schools of Phila- 
 delphia. The practical quality of the 
 instruction and its business value are 
 evidenced by the large sales of designs 
 each year to manufacturing firms, in- 
 creasing the demand for our students 
 to fill positions as textile and print 
 designers, as decorators, art teachers, 
 enamellers, etc. 
 
 equipped teachers of art after their four years of study. In 
 
The Spring Garden Institute. 
 
 By i^ROl''. U*. A. PoRTKR, PkINCU'AI.. 
 
 The spring Garden Institute was 
 established early in the fifties in 
 connection with the City Institute 
 at Eighteenth and Chestnut, the 
 West Philadelphia Institute, the 
 Southwark and the Kensington 
 Institutes, under the care of the 
 Young Meu's Institute, a society 
 which still holds stated yearly 
 meetings, and elects a board of 
 directors. The object was to 
 improve the moral and mental 
 condition of young persons, and 
 while the charter prohibited the 
 influence of sect or party, the 
 institutes were privileged to adopt 
 spRiN-G GARDEN INSTITUTE, BROAD AND SPRING GARDEN STREETS. any method Or worlc iu any par- 
 
 ticular way that should best accomplish the purpose for which they were established. 
 
 Free lectures and reading rooms were generally the means used to gain the desired end. Later 
 on drawing room schools were organized at the Spring Garden Institute, and instantly met with popular 
 favor. The school has continued to grow and strengthen in size and numbers until at present it 
 occupies every room in the large building. The roll shows an attendance of 781 scholars. The 
 Institute carries on its work through two distinct channels, directed towards an art and mechanical 
 development. The primary aim is to cultivate the industrial side of art education. The main body 
 of the students is drawn from the class of young men and women already employed, but who desire to 
 advance still further in their special line of work. The .school is not a place for picture makers nor 
 portrait painters. Its doors are open to welcome the future lithographer, engraver, designer, metal 
 worker, electric light fitter, wood and stone carver. 
 
 The system of instruction carries through a period of three years. The work relates first to 
 form. Elementary drawing from the cast to secure good outline ; light and shade are next considered ; 
 finally color. During each term and at its close, certificates stating progression or testifying to profi- 
 ciency are granted. Instruction is given individually, supplemented by lectures on geometry, 
 perspective, historic ornament, botanical analysis, design and color harmony. 
 
 The Institute has been unusually progressive and efficient in the province of design. The success 
 is largely due to the excellent ground work in drawing, which forms the foundation of all the practice 
 in this department. " No amount of so-called talent or inventive genius can make up for a lack of 
 drafting skill, and all the pupils are, therefore, required to learn drawing before beginning the wurk of 
 design." Color harmony is a .subject essentially valuable in this line of work. Everybody should 
 look at color, but the designer must study it. The students are taught to turn to the best source of 
 inspiration— nature herself. Vegetables, fruits, flowers and foliage are prominent studies to be drawn 
 and painted before the pupils enter the designing class. The study of historic styles is, of course, a 
 necessary part of this particular liranch of training. The education of a designer demands an 
 acquaintance with what has been done in art, a knowledge how nature has been adapted and 
 conventionalized by different nations. The night .schools in drawing are carried im independently of 
 the day classes. They have been arranged for the education of those employed during the day. The 
 
 56 
 
PAINTING FROM THE MOPHr.. 
 
 course is laid out with special reference to their needs, and instruction is given in mechanical, 
 architectural and free-hand drawing by architects and draftsmen actually engaged at their profession 
 during the day. The course in mechanical drawing embraces three years. The principles are taught 
 from the round, and the subject considered in a very practical way ; architectural drawing is outlined 
 in the same manner for three years of study, the main purpose being to familiarize the pupils with 
 drawings required in various trades, and eventually, if studious and correct in practice, to educate them 
 to be capable draughtsmen. Boys are also trained at night for lithographic work, and instruction 
 is also g^ven in modeling in cla}'. 
 
 The school also maintains day and evening classes for teaching the proper handling of tools, 
 vise and machinist tool work. The shops being furnished with all necessary appliances, such as 
 turning lathes, planing machines, drill presses. Adjoining this department is one for wood working. 
 
 The Institute being thoroughly ambitious of extending a helping hand to apprentices and others 
 employed in shops and manufactories, the fees are fixed at amounts low enough to place the benefits 
 of tuition within the reach of all, and at the same time provide for a high grade of instruction. The 
 sum cif $5 enables a student to enter any of the evening classes, admits him to the lecture hall, and 
 entitles him to procure books from the library. 
 
 The prizes awarded by the Institute are gold, silver and bronze medals and certificates. 
 
The Manual Training Scliools. 
 
 E. A. Pariridge, Instructor in Physics. 
 
 \I \i II INK SHOP. 
 
 The Manual Training" ScIkjoIs ol Philadelphia are the outcome of 
 an endeavor oi" a number of tlie memViers of the Hoard of Educa- 
 tion, to add to the educational system of the city, schools in which 
 the instruction should be earned on by a method which has long 
 been recognized as the most natural and consequently the l)est that 
 can be conceived. The exercise and consequent development of 
 the senses, the avenues through which all our knowledge reaches 
 us, is necessarily the highest aim of the educator. But this sense 
 exercise has until recently been almost entirely neglected. With 
 the opening of the Manual Training School in September, 1885, 
 this neglect ceased and a course of study was inaugurated in 
 which sense exercise is the object consistently aimed at. Tlie 
 work in the several departments is so planned as to be mutually 
 hel]'ful. Working" in this way the school has achieved for itself a 
 high reputation lioth in this country and in Europe. At the Paris 
 Exhibition it was awarded a gold medal for presenting the best exhibit of work done by an American 
 Manual Training School. 
 
 In the Manual Training Schools boys do not learn trades, they are taught to use the tools 
 employed by the workers at many trades. They thus not only learn the methods of manufacture of 
 many things, but ac(iuire skill themselves. Skill which enables them wlieii they have conceived an 
 idea to give it tangible form. This A'ery ability reacting induces greater fertility of imagination. 
 The dexterity to fashion resisting materials into useful things creates in the boy a greater respect for 
 the artisan. As a consequence when he comes to the choice of his occupation he will not feel that he 
 is limited to the overcrowded, learned professions, but can give his natural inclination free sway, and 
 he will not choose blindly, for he will have learned by experience whether he is naturally gifted in any 
 particular direction. He is not, however, barred from a professional life, f(3r when he is graduated he 
 is fitted to enter the University of Pennsylvania. As the University offers a large number of free 
 scholarships, many of the graduates of the school have availed themselves of the opportunity to 
 continue their education. In fact 25 per cent, of the graduates enter colleges or higher technical 
 schools. Since the estalilishment of the school in 1885, 1497 boys have entered, over 50 per cent, of 
 whom have graduated. Taken together with the fact that only between 20 and 25 per cent, of those 
 who enter the ordinary High Schools remain to graduate, the 
 preceding statem-i-t has especial significance. It indicates that 
 the work is of alisorbiug interest, and therefore the pupils feel 
 great reluctance to leave. It is a striking fact that 97 per cent, 
 of those whose names are enrolled are in regular atte:idance, 
 2 per cent, out of the remaining 3 per cent, being absent on 
 account of sickness. An analysis of the register shows that 
 of the boys who have been admitted to the school 75 per 
 cent, are sons of Imsiness or professional men, 20 per cent. 01 
 artisans and 5 per cent, of laborers or widows. From this it 
 appears that men engaged in intellectual 'pursuits recognize the 
 value of an education aimed at fitting a boy for the practical duties 
 of life. The varied character of the work renders discipline a 
 matter which takes care of itself. The manliness -which a boy feels 
 
 58 
 
 FORCH ROOM. 
 
in consequence of his ability to do something, showing itself in no way so nuirkeilly as in this. An 
 important feature in the practical execution of the course is the absence of a system of marking daily 
 recitations. The pupil quickly realizes that he is working for himself, and the artificial stimulus of 
 marks is found to be wholly uiniecessary. The favorable impression made by the school, resulted in 
 so many applications for admission, that the accommodations of the original school were found U) be 
 wholly inadequate. To meet the increased demand for this class of instruction a second Manual 
 Training School was opened in i8yi. Others will surely follow. 
 
 MAIN BUILDING, GIRARD COLLEGK. 
 
 Qirard and his College. 
 
 A. H. Fetterolf, LL.D., President. 
 
 One of the most fortunate ships that ever sailed up the Delaware Rix'er, in far-reaching beneficence to 
 the City of Philadelphia, was called the " I^' Amiable Louise," Captain Stephen Girard, who was 
 diverted from his course between New Orleans and New York in the month of May, 1776, through fear 
 of capture by the war-ships of the British. This accidental call rt-sulted in the adoption of Philadel- 
 phia by the young French sailor as his home, where, thriving by reason of his superior commercial 
 acumen and the favorable conditions of trade in his time, he endowed the home of his manhood with 
 one of the greatest and noblest charities in the civilized world. 
 
 59 
 
Stephen Girard was born in the City of Bordeaux, France, May 20, 1750, and was, therefore, but 
 twenty-six years of age at the time of his arrival in this port. The young alien soon assumed citizen 
 ship, built ships, prospered, proved a patriot in periods of war and a hero in the awful days of the yellow 
 fever scourge of 1743 : was the financial right arm of the Government during the war of 18 14, and 
 became the merchant prince of his da}'. Fate denied him the happiness of a wife and familj' in his 
 latter years, and thus, at the time of his death, December 26, 1831, at the age of eighty-one years, 
 it was found that he had devised nearly his entire fortune of about $7,000,000, after making liberal 
 provisions for other charities and public works, to the creation of a great educational home for poor 
 white male orphans, preference being given to natives, first, of Philadelphia ; secondly, of the State of 
 Pennsylvania ; thirdly, of Xew York City, and lastly of New Orleans. 
 
 Minute conditions for the conduct of the great institution contemplated by the devisor were 
 contained in his will. The expenditure of the money necessary to erect the buildings, together with 
 the investment ot the large sums remaining was vested in the city authorities, and now forms a distinct 
 branch of the city trusts, in the hands of a series of committees of eminent citizens, under whose 
 fostering care the value of the investments have not only remained unimpaired, but have largely 
 increased. The vast business of this organization is conducted under the title of the Girard Estate. 
 The grounds, formerly Stephen Girard's farm, devoted to Girard College are located in the Twenty-ninth 
 Ward, to the west of Ridge Avenue, and have a frontage upon the south of quite half a mile at an 
 acute angle with Girard Avenue and Poplar Street, which thoroughfares are thus, for a short distance, 
 deflected from their general course. The area, which is enclosed with a heavy stone wall, embraces forty 
 acres. Fourteen principal structures of different types of architecture now form the college group, those 
 first built being of the Greek type. The main building is the finest example of this form in the United 
 States. Within its walls are the tomb and statue of its founder. The artistic grouping of these 
 buildings, set in the midst of flowery lawns and broad play-grounds presents a most pleasing picture. 
 The cost of land and buildings to date has been $3,250,000. At the close of 1892 the college contained 
 1,559 ptipils, 1 14 officers and teachers, and of other employes of all kinds, 268. The orphan pupils are 
 not only instructed in common school branches and the manual arts, but are enrolled in a battalion ot 
 youthful soldiers having its own excellent band, drum corps and officers, which is the pride of the 
 institution. When, at the age of eighteen years, the young beneficiary goes forth from these sheltering 
 gates, he is prepared to meet the world well equipped in head and hand and with the bearing of a 
 gentleman. X'isitors are admitted to the institution upon presentation of a card from the office of the 
 Girard Estate, which is located at Twelfth and Girard Streets, above Chestnut. 
 
 Wagner Free Institute of Science. 
 
 By T. L. Moxtgo.mkrs', hECRi;T.\Rv. 
 
 Professor William Wagner's efforts to promote an interest in scientific topics began in 1847, and con- 
 tinued at his residence at first, and later at the old Spring Garden Hall, until 1859, when Professor 
 Wagner commenced the erection of the present Institute, at Seventeenth Street and Montgomery Avenue. 
 In May, 1865, the courses of free lectures commenced at this place, upon geology, mineralogy, chemistry, 
 physics and engineering. After Professor Wagner's death in 18S5, the scope of studies and lectures 
 was increased, and the Institute has recently been thoroughly renovated. The lecture room seats 640 
 people. The library contains 7,500 volumes. Space is given up to a liranch of the Philadelphia Public 
 Library, which has placed here 10,500 volumes. 500 volumes are loaned daily to tlie public, free of 
 charge. The Natural History Museum is one of the best in the country. It is open to the public on 
 Wednesdays and Saturdays, from 2 to 5 o'clock. About 6,500 persons attended the courses of lectures 
 of the past Winter. The Faculty now consists of Dr. Henry Eefifman, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Professor 
 S. T. Skidmore, Professor Robert Ellis Thompson and Professor Samuel Tobias Wagner. Professor 
 William Wagner's gifts to the Institute amounted to about $300,000. 
 
 60 
 
The Franklin Institute. 
 
 By r>R. William H. Waiil. Skcrktarv. 
 
 The l''rankliii Iiistilnle dI tlie State of Pi'iinsylvniiia, locatt-d in 
 Philadelphia, was founded in the year i'.>2^, specilically fur the 
 promotion of tlie mechanic arts. Tlie scope of its operations, how- 
 ever, has been greatly extended within recent years, and it may 
 ' more properly be termed an Association f )r tli-.- promotion of the 
 arts and manufactures. The membership of the Institution is cuin- 
 posed of manufacturers, mechanics, engineers, professional mju, 
 and others who are interested in science and the industrial arts. Its 
 roll of membership embraces about 2.000 names. The means 
 employed in the furtherance of the objects of the Institution are 
 concisely stated as follows : 
 
 Library. — At the present time tl;c Librr.ry contains (>\-er 
 40,000 volumes, 25,000 pamphlets, 2o,oo<i maps and cliarls, and 
 over 1,000 photographs, classified and catalogued. It is exclusi\-elv 
 scientific and technical in character and is steadily increasing in 
 numbers and importance. It embraces, in addition to the standard 
 and current works on mechanics, physics and chemistry, pure an 1 
 applied, the publications of the princijial scientific and technical societies of the world, files of about 
 400 home and foreign scientific and technical serials accessible to all members in good standing, and cc^m- 
 plete sets of the British (and colonial ), French, German, Austro-Hirngarian, Russian, Swi.ss and Ameri- 
 can Patent Records, open for inspection by members at all hours, and by the public from 9 a. .m. to 
 6 p. .M. The extent and very complete condition of its serials make the library particularly \-aluablefor 
 reference. The library is open daily, Sundays excepted, from •.) \. m. to 10 i'. m. (6 i'. m. during June, 
 July and August j. 
 
 Lecti'res. — Courses of lectures on sulyecls of a scientific and technical character are given each 
 3'ear. These lectures number about thirty, and are arranged under the direction of a Committee on 
 Instruction, with the assistance of the professors of tlie Institute. The lectures are lield on Monday 
 and Friday evenings at 8 o'clock, begiiniing in November and continuing regularly thereafter until tlie 
 end of February. Members' tickets admit to the lectures, and members have the pri\ilege of obtaining 
 a limited number of admission tickets for friends. 
 
 Tlie courses are varied each year, and, while popular and entertaining themes are not neglected, 
 the greater number are selected with the view of presenting the latest advances in those branches of 
 science and the arts germane to the objects of the Institute. 
 
 I)R.\wiNCi School. — A school of instruction in drawing embraces the mechanical, architectural 
 and free-hand branches, has been maintained iininterruptedly since the foundation of the Institute. It 
 is in charge of a director and several a.ssistants, under the general direction of the Committee on 
 Instruction, and at present is in a flourishing condition, both in respect of the means and methods of 
 instruction and tiie number of the pupils. 
 
 JorK.x.VL OF TiiK Frank:, IX Institute. — The Franklin Institute began, in the year 1826, the 
 ])ublication of a Journal devoted to science and the mechanic arts whicli has been continued uninter- 
 ruptedly to the present day. It contains the record of the scientific and other useful work of tlie 
 Institute, besides many valuable contributions relating to the growth of American industries and the pro- 
 gress of science and the useful arts in general during the past half century. The complete file of the 
 Journal embraces The Franklin Journal, 4 volumes, US26-1827 ; the Journal of the Franklin Institute, 
 second series, 26 volumes, 1828-1S40 ; the Journal of the Franklin Institute, third series, 100 \-olumes. 
 1841 to the present, or 134 volumes in all. In its present form the Journal is an octavo of eighty pages. 
 
 61 
 
It is issued monthly. The six issues, January to June and July to December, each constitute a com- 
 plete volume, with index and title page. The Journal is edited by a Committee on Publications, with 
 the assistance of the Secretary of the Institute. The complete index of the Journal is arranged by 
 subject matter and authors, and covering the first 120 volumes (1826-1885) has been published. 
 
 Meetings. — The Institute meets on the third Wednesday of each month (except in July and 
 August). At these meetings papers on important scientific and technical subjects are read and 
 discussed, new inventions are exhibited and described, and a report on current matters of interest in 
 science and the useful arts is presented by the Secretary. The meetings are held in the lecture room. 
 The chair is taken at 8 o'clock, P. M. Members may introduce friends. Visitors are expected to leave 
 their cards with the door-keeper. 
 
 Committee on Science and Arts. — This Committee was originally the Committee on Inven- 
 tions. It was formed in 1834, and from that date to the close of 1886 was constituted of volunteer 
 members. Since 1887 the Committee has consisted of forty-five members chosen at the annual election, 
 fifteen each year, who pledge themselves to investigate and report upon the merits of such inventions as 
 may be submitted to them for that purpose, and to perform such other duties as shall be referred to the 
 Committee by the Institute. In its time this Committee has examined and reported upon a great 
 number of inventions, and many worthy persons are indebted to its counsel and aid for the successful 
 introduction of their in\-entions, or have dissuaded from wasting time and money upon impractical 
 projects. It has investigated and reported upon numerous subjects referred to it by the Institute, and 
 by its labors has assisted notably in maintaining the scientific reputation of the Institute. The work of 
 the Conmiittee on Science and the Arts is done gratuitously. The meetings of this Committee are open 
 to all members of the Institute. 
 
 This Committee has been entrusted by the Institute with the authority to grant the Elliott- 
 Cresson Gold Medal and the lidward Longstreth Silver Medal, and to recommend the grant of the John 
 Scott Legacy Premium and Medal, for discoveries and inventions of conspicuous merit. Persons 
 desiring to submit their inventions to this Committee will be furnished by the Secretary with a printed 
 copy of the rules and a blank form of application. 
 
 Sections. — Members of the Institute who may wish to become associated in order to devote 
 themselves to special branches of science and the other useful arts, may organize a Section for that purpose 
 in accordance with certain prescribed regulations. At the present time there is in existence a Chemical 
 Section, with a membership numljering about eighty, and an Electrical Section numbering about sixty- 
 five members, both active organizations. The meetings of the Sections are held in the hall, and are 
 open to all members of the Institute. 
 
 Exhibitions. — The first exhibition of American manufacturers held in the United States was 
 held under the direction of the Franklin Institute, in the year 1824, at the old Carpenter's Hall, in 
 Philadelphia. Since that historic event the Institute has held numerous exhibitions. Owing to the 
 great expansion of the industries, the recent exhibitions of the Institute have been devoted to special 
 subjects. The last exhibition (that of 1885) was the twenty-ninth exhibition held by the Institute. 
 
 Officers. — The present officers of the Franklin Institute are : President, Joseph M. Wilson ; 
 Vice-Presidents, Charles Bullock, William P. Tatham, Edward Longstreth ; Secretary, William H. 
 Wahl ; Treasurer, Samuel Sartain ; Actuary, H. L. Heyl ; Librarian, Alfred Rigling. In addition 
 there is a Board of Managers numbering twenty-eight members. 
 
 Bo,\Kn of M.vnagers. — Joseph M. Wilson, cx-officio. Chairman : Charles H. Banes, Henry 
 Bower, Charles Bullock, rx -officio : John \i. Codman, George \'. Cresson, F\ Lynwood Garrison, Henry 
 R. Heyl, Edwin J. Houston, H. W. Jayne, Washington Jones, Flnoch Lewis, Edward Longstreth, 
 ex -officio ; John Lucas, Samuel R. Marshall, Isaac Norris, Jr., Henry Pemberton, Jr., Theodore D. 
 Rand, Stacy Reeves, Charles Iv Ronaldson, Samuel P. Sadtler, Samuel Sartain, cx-offrici : Coleman 
 Sellers, William Sellers, H. W. Spangler, William P. Tatham, c x -officio ; William H. Thorne, J. C. 
 Trautwine, Jr., William H. Wahl, cx-officio. 
 
 62 
 
The American Philosophical Society. 
 
 ByJumus F. Sachse. 
 
 ORIGINAI, APPKARANCP; OF 
 The AMERICAN PHILOSOl'HICAI, SOCIKTV' 
 
 Hrii.niNG. 
 
 Every visitor in Philadelphia who is 
 scientifically or studiously inclined, 
 should visit the hall of the American 
 Philosophical Society, which is open to 
 the public daily, except on Sundaj', 
 between the hours of lo A. M. and i p. M. 
 This venerable building, No. 104 South 
 Fifth Street, which nestles there on 
 historic ground within the shadow of 
 Independence Hall, contains the art 
 treasures and library of the Society. 
 The latter consists of over 50,000 volumes 
 and manuscripts, and is mainly a library 
 of reference. It is the only free public 
 library in the old portion of the city east 
 of Tenth Street. In the hall proper, 
 where the meetings are held, are to 
 be seen a number of portraits of Revo- 
 lutionary and Colonial celebrities. 
 The American Philosophical Society, which has just celebrated its Sesqui-Centennial Jubilee, or 
 the One-hundred-and-fiftieth Anniversary of its founding, is the oldest scientific society in America, 
 and is ranked as an equal by the foremost American and European societies, as was instanced at the 
 late congress incident to the Sesqui-Centennial Celebration. Originally founded by Benjamin Franklin, 
 in 1743, it was virtually the outgrowth of the famous Junta, founded as far back as 1727. Upon the 
 roll of membership, from the earliest day to the present time, may be found some of the greatest men 
 in our country's history, all banded together for the promotion of useful knowledge. The present 
 building was commenced in 17S5, but was not entirely finished until the j-ear 1791. It is an interesting 
 fact that the building contained the University of Pennsylvania for five years, from 1789 to 1794. Many 
 interesting memories cluster around this old colonial structure, memories of F'ranklin, Washington, 
 Jefferson, Rittenhouse, Bishop White, Rev. Nicholas Colin, and many others who are closely identified 
 with our early historj^ and scientific development. It may be an interesting item to visitors that during 
 the last five years of the eighteenth century tlij second story northwest room served Charles W. Peale 
 as a studio, and in that room, before the 
 old fireplace still to be seen, the patriot 
 artist painted Washington, Jefferson, and 
 many other celebrities of the time. 
 
 A few years ago an additional story 
 was put on the building, and the structure 
 made fire-proof throughout. The additional 
 room now contains the valuable library of 
 the Society, the second floor being used ex- 
 clusively for meeting purposes. The Ameri- 
 can Philosophical Society has always been a 
 strictly American institution, representing 
 Philadelphia of days gone by, and as such 
 is well worthy of a visit from the intelligent 
 stranger, be they from at home or abroad. 
 
 INTERIOR PHII.OSOPFnCAI. .SOCIETY .S BUILDING. 
 
The Y. M. C. A. 
 
 By Thomas DeWitt Ciyi.kr, I'residknt. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association of Phila- 
 delphia is one of the oldest in America, having been 
 organized in 1853. The object is the piiysical, 
 intellectual, social and spiritual improvement of 
 young men living in the city or coming here to 
 reside for any length of time. To accomplish these 
 jjurposes it maintains buildings or suites of rooms 
 in different parts of the city, which are open to 
 young men, without distinction, day and evening. 
 It has libraries, educational classes for clerks and 
 mechanics, lecture courses, social and amusement 
 rooms, gymnasiums and baths, with moral and 
 religious addresses and meetings specially adapted 
 to young men as a class. It also has recreation 
 grounds at Belmont and Elm Avenues, near the 
 ]>ark, for use in the Summer season. The Asso- 
 ciation is one corporation with a general Board of 
 Directors, and fourteen branches in different parts 
 of the city. It owns six buildings and the remain- 
 ing branches are in rented quarters. Its principal building is at Fifteenth and Chestnut Streets, and is 
 well known througliout the country. Some of the other buildings are small but attractive, and the 
 P. R. R. Department of the work is just beginning the erection of a building at the Fortieth Street 
 Station, which, with the land, will represent an investment of $60,000. This will be one of the two best 
 buildings occupied by railroad men for this work in the world. The Association has branches in the 
 University of Pennsylvania and various medical schools which have comfortable rooms, has two railroad 
 branches, one for German speaking young men and one for colored youths. There was a total attend- 
 ance of 597,000 young men at the rooms of the Philadelphia Association last year. Its lectures, 
 entertainments and meetings of a similar character were attended by 229,000 young men. In its thirty- 
 seven educational classes there was an enrollment of i ,379 young men. Eight libraries, nine gymnasiums 
 and one natatorium form a part of its material ecjuipment. The Philadelphia Association 
 
 r.KRMANTOWN- V. M. 
 
 \. miii.niNT,. 
 
 is third in size and point of equipment in the world, being exceeded 
 York. The Board of Trustees hold the real estate and all trust 
 tion coming to it by gift or bequest. This Board consists of the 
 John I{. GraelT, John H. Watt, John H. Converse, John R. 
 Stetson, Joshua L. Baily, John Field, Frank K. Hii)i)le and 
 Thcjmas DeWitt Cuyler. The active management of the Asso- 
 ciation throughout the city is vested in a Board of 
 Directors consisting of the following : Thomas De- y 
 Witt Cuyler, Chas. S. Whelen, William C. Stoever, 
 Joseph P. Mnmford, John W. Townsend, Wm. A. 
 Patton, Augustus Thomas, James S. Swartz, Wm. O. 
 Neilson, C Colesberry Purves, Theodore Froth- 
 ingham. Francis J. Alison, Dr. Chas. S. Wurts, 
 Matthew Semple, Arthur E. Newbold and J. Q. 
 A. Herring. Each branch, however, has its own 
 
 only by London and New 
 
 funds of the Assccia- 
 
 following gentlemen : 
 
 Whitney. John B. 
 
 -V^ 
 
 PHNNSVI.VANIA RAII.ROAn V. M. C. A. BflLDING. 
 
TIIH RKADiriG R 
 V. M. C. 
 
 \ !■ rui: CKNTKAI, 
 
 ii.iiiNr,. 
 
 local board of nianageinent to manage its immediate affairs. 
 1 1: its ](urpose and effort to ])ro\-ide for the wants of the yoimg 
 men ot I'hihidelpliia in their leisure time and lo supply ewry 
 help to them, not simjily for their amusement, but for their 
 impro\ement ph\-sically, intellectually and morally, the Asso- 
 ciation jHits its privileges within reach of yuung ni. u of aU 
 classes at the cost of a very small fee. In order to do this and 
 to make up the difference in the cost of tliese privileges it 
 must depend for support ui)i)n the citizens of Philadelphia. 
 The Association receives annually, for the general work and 
 for its different branches, the money to maintain them. It also 
 seeks sums l)y gift or bc(iuest with which to erect otlier build- 
 ings, endow libraries, educational classes and (Hher departments, and to provide lor the future. The 
 work has been attended by such a measure of success that its jiresent facilities are over-crowdeil, and tlie 
 demiuid comes from the masses of >oung men in every part of our city lor the enlargement of the 
 buildings and extension of its various departments, whieh appeal not only to the tastes but to the needs 
 of vourg men whether they are in our homes, our colleges, or our stores, on our railroads, or manning 
 the great industries which are a distinguishing characteristic of this manufacturing city. 
 
 The Women's Christian Association is founded upon a plan similar to that of the Y. M. C. A., 
 and is devoted to the interests especially of young working women. It has now in course of con- 
 struction at Eighteenth and Arch Streets a splendid building, which will be a benificence to thousands 
 of girls and women antl the actual home of a large luunber. The new building will be eight floors in 
 height with a roof garden. A library, reception rooms and parlors, class rooms, employment office and 
 assemblv room occupy lower floors. Al)ove are rooms for cooking and training scliools, dining and 
 kitchen apartments and rooms to accommodate 250 persons. The cost of the building will he $225,000. 
 In the City of Brotherh' Love there is also an abundance of sisterly love as well, and no young 
 stranger of the weaker sex need be without friends of a helpful kind in this communit>-. The W. C. 
 A. maiitains a seaside home at Asbury Park, N. J., and the Whelen Memorial Home at Bristol, Pa. 
 
 Public Libraries of Philadelphia. 
 
 Kv T. Morris Pkrot, I^residknt Mkrcantii.k I,ibr.\rv Co. 
 
 Besides a large number of very valuable 
 private liliraries, there are in Philadelphia 
 over Kx) lil)rarie.^, the most of which are 
 open to the public, without charge ; and 
 the others are accessible to any one on verj' 
 reasonable terms. Some of these libraries 
 are of a special character, designed to meet 
 the wants of some one class of readers and 
 students, and the books can be used only 
 within the building. 
 
 Of the large libraries of a general 
 character, whose books are allowed to be 
 
 . taken from the building, worthy of especial 
 
 mention, there are two, The Library Com- 
 pany of Philadelphia, and the Mercantile Library Company. They each contain about i 70,000 volumes ; 
 there are two others that have about 50,000 volumes each ; two that have between 40,000 and 50,000 ; 
 
 65 
 
 RIDC.WAV BRANl H 
 
 THK I'lni.M'FI.ri 
 
five that have between 30,000 and 40,000; five that have between 20,000 and 30,000; thirteen that 
 have between 10,000 and 20,000; eighteen that have between 5,000 and 10,000, and forty that have 
 between 1,000 and 5,000. 
 
 Four libraries were formed in the first half of the last century, the oldest being the Library 
 Company, of Philadelphia, which was established in 1731. The Library of the Carpenters' Company 
 was established in 1736; the Friends' Library on Sixteenth Street, was established in 1742 ; and that 
 of the American Philosophical Society in 1743. 
 
 The Library Company, of Philadelphia, has a most valuable collection of books, many of which 
 could not be replaced. This library was founded by Benjamin Franklin and his associates in 1731. It 
 has a circulation of 43,000 volumes, and occupies a beautiful building on Locust Street below Broad. 
 Connected with this library is the Ridgway branch, a reference library, occupying a splendid building 
 on Broad Street, established under the will of Dr. James Rush, who left a legacy of $r, 000,000 for the 
 purpose. Unfortunately the location of this library is too far down-town, and on this account much of 
 its value is lost. It probabh' contains the 
 most valuable collection of books of 
 reference in America. The Mercantile 
 Library Conipanj', of Philadelphia, is 
 situated on Tenth Street, between Chestnut 
 and Market, a most convenient location, 
 occupying a large building 300 feet in 
 depth. It was founded in 1821 bj'the mer- 
 chants of Philadelphia, and has a circulation 
 of 87,000 volumes. It is open and free to 
 all readers of both sexes. A moderate 
 charge is made to those who desire to take 
 books from the library. A newspaper 
 room and a periodical room, containing 
 160 periodicals, are connected with the 
 library. 
 
 Of the libraries containing less than 
 100,000 volumes, that deserve special 
 mention, are those of the College of Physi- 
 cians, which in value is thought to rank 
 second only to that of the Surgeon General's 
 office in Washington ; the Carpenters' Company, rich in works pertaining to architecture and building, 
 in which the Continental Congress held its first sessions ; those of the Pennsylvania Historical Society 
 and the Baptist Historical Society, which are rich in printed and manuscript materials for history in 
 their several lines ; the Friends' Library-, which has lately made fire-proof provision for the safe keeping 
 of material pertaining to their history ; the Academy of Natural Sciences ; the Franklin Institute 
 and the Law Library, which are strong in their special lines. The library of the Drexel Institute 
 has been recently established, and is certain to become a valuable part of that institution's equipment 
 The Apprentices Library and the City Institute are free and have a large circulation. 
 
 The first free Law Library, Hurst Library, established a few years ago, is an admirable collection 
 of books made to meet the wants of the general practitioner, is endowed, and is believed to be the only 
 law library in the country that is entirely free to the profession and to the general public. 
 
 Under the authority of the City Councils, the Board of Education has just entered on the work 
 of establishing in different parts of the city small free libraries, especially for teachers and scholars, as 
 an adjunct to the school system. Two of these are now open. But the urgent need of a great free 
 public library for Philadelphia is yet to be accomplished, although much talked of for many years. 
 Nothing in the way of general education is of so much importance to the million of Philadelphians as 
 the establishment of such a librarj'. It has long been hoped by those who have at heart this 
 library question, that some of our many public-spirited citizens, who were endowing or providing in 
 
 66 
 
 Thk PHii.AnHi.PniA r.iKR\RY. 
 
their wills for institutions of a benevolent or literary character, would remember the great need of 
 Philadelphia in this respect. It is true that our philanthropic fellow citizen, George Pepper, left to a 
 free library, within certain bounds, the sum of about $200,000 or $250,000. This, of itself, would do 
 little towards the attainment of the object unless other sums are added, at least sufficient to erect a 
 suitable building and ha\e a fund besides for expenses and the purchase of books of not less than 
 $1,000,000. There is one large and valuable library in Philadelphia, whose property is worth probably 
 $500,000, free of encumbrance. Its building is most centrally situated and suilabk- for the purpose, 
 occupying a lot 100 feet by 300 feet, with about 170,000 selected volumes, and with an endowment 
 fund of about $150,000. This library, it is understood, is ready to open its doors freely to the public 
 as soon as the endowment will be made sufficient for its support. 
 
 Academy of Natural Sciences. 
 
 By EnwAKi) J. N()I,.\n, Sk.cretary. 
 
 The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, was founded 
 in 18 1 2. Its object is the encouragement of original research in 
 the natural sciences. To facilitate this work it has accumulated 
 a nuiseum and library which are believed in several of their depart- 
 ments to be une.Kcelled in America. It also contributes to the 
 progress of science by the publication of discoveries and investi- 
 gations, and by courses of popular and scientific lectures The 
 publications of the Academy consist of a quarterly journal begun 
 in 1817, and of an annual octavo volume of proceedings, which has 
 been issued regularly since 1841 . In these publications are recorded 
 the discoveries and researches, not only of the Academy's own 
 members, but also tlmse of other scientists who desire to avail 
 themselves of the opportunities which the Academ>- affords to give 
 ]niblicity to their work. 
 In the museum the collection of sliells is believed to be the largest now in existence. The orni- 
 thological cabinet contains 27,000 mnunted specimens and more than 5,000 unmounted skins. Among 
 its special features are the Gould collection of Australian birds, the Bonaparte collection of European 
 birds, and tlie X'erreau.x. series of liirds from Africa and Asia. The collection of fossils is one of the 
 most important in the country, and comprises many of the most valued types of some of our leading 
 paleontologists. The invertebrate series is perhaps the most extensive in America. All the other 
 departments of natural history are satisfactorily represented in the museum. 
 
 Through the administration of a fund devised to the Academy, in trust by Mr. A. Iv. Jessup, for 
 the purpose of assisting young men who re([uire pecuniary aid while engaged in the study of the natural 
 sciences, a nundier of such persons have been carefully educated in the institution, not only without 
 charge, but receiving a monthly stipend. Many of these students have acquired distinction in science, 
 and hold desiralile positions in institutions of learning. 
 
 The stated meetings of the society are held every Tuesday evening. Those interested in the 
 proceedings are welcome to attend whether they be members or not. In truth all the resources of the 
 Academy are placed freely at the service of those desiring to aciinire knowledge, with only such restric- 
 tions as have been found necessary to secure the greatest good to the largest number. 
 
 67 
 
The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
 By John W. Jordan 
 
 This most iiseful institution devoted to the systematic preservation 
 of ^■aluablc relics, docnnicnts and l)Ooks, relating to the history of 
 our country, and more particuhirly of this State, is situated upon 
 Locust Street, at the corner of Thirteenth, within a moment's 
 walk of the busiest highways of the city and several of its princi- 
 pal hotels. 
 
 Its Library contains 30,000 ^•olumes, the largest collection 
 of local pamphlets in the city, and unequalled newspaper files. 
 It also has the most extensive collection of genealogies in the United States. An index to the wills and 
 administrators of the counties of Philadelphia, Bucks and Chester may be found here, and records of 
 the Episcopal, Moravian and Presbyterian Churches, from 1681 to 1825, are on file. Copies of the 
 Record of P'riends' meetings in Pennsylvania and New Jersey are preserved here. 
 
 Among the priceless \-olumes owned by the Historical Society is the Bradford Prayer Book, of 
 17 10, discovered Isy the writer in the Moravian Church of Philadelphia, in 1870. 
 
 The Tower collection of colonial laws is unicpie. The Perdinand J. Itreer collection of auto- 
 graphs seen here, is one of the largest and most valuable in the I'nited States. There are deposited here 
 one hundred volumes of Pemberton-Clifford family papers. 
 
 The original charter of the City of Philadelphia, is one of the Society's chief measures. * 
 
 Among notalile papers are the original laws agreed upon by the colonists of Pennsylvania, 
 prior to leaving England in 1682, (in manuscript;; the will of the first member of the Washington 
 family t(.> migrate to America. Letters of (reneral Anthony Wayne, and numerous manuscripts of 
 the Penn family. 
 
 The relics include the old Ephrata Printing Press, once used by the monastic order of the 
 "Solitary in lijihrata." The Royal Arms of England, once displayed ujion the Pro\incial Hall, at 
 Second and INIarket Streets. 
 
 Sundry personal effects of William Penn. The first Deed of the Indians to William Penn. 
 (July 15, 1682) and the Great Belt of A\'ampum delix'ered to the jiroprietor at the same time under the 
 Elm Tree at Shackamaxon. 
 
 Manv notable paintings adorn the Society's walls, the most notable of which is an authentic 
 portrait of William Peini, presented to the institution by his grand son (iranville Penn, of Stoke Poges, 
 England, in 1833, from whom, also was received a second portrait of Penn at the age of twenty-two 
 years . 
 
 There are many other portraits, jiartly originals, of men distinguished in the past affairs of our 
 city and country. 
 
 The paintings of historical scenes include "Blowing up of the British Erigate Augusta," an 
 event which occurred at Red Bank, in the Delaware River, " P'airman's Mansion and the Treaty 
 Tree," "Marion's Dinner," "Fort Necessity," upon the site of Pittsburg, "Braddock's Grave," 
 "Braddock's Field, " Stoke Poges Park and Castle," the ancestral home of the Penns, and " Pennsyl- 
 vania Castle," Isle of Portland, Fhigland, the Penn Summer residence. 
 
 The Historical Society has real estate valued at $131,701, a publication fund of $35,000, a 
 building fund of $5,300, endowment fund of $33,000, library fund of $16,000 and general fund of 
 $11,000. 
 
 * ^See chapter upon " Our Charters and (iovernnient-s " for particuhirs regarding its discovery.) 
 
 68 
 

 \_- 
 
 
 
 .t. 
 
 \m 
 
 Vi 
 
 
 
 jViulcs Ica^n^ ^% ,.|lN!i!«i<M|>!uo 
 
 ii 
 
 President, 
 
 William W. Foclkrod. 
 
 Vice-Presidents, 
 
 George W. Blabox, 
 
 JoHX Field. 
 
 5ccretary, 
 
 JosEi'H X. Fitzgerald. 
 
 Treasurer, 
 
 K.ICHAKI) L. Austin. 
 
 Rnwi.AN'I) I). Allex, 
 
 lUnVAKI) ]). IvVKI'!, 
 
 Jniix O. Ki:ni. 
 W'u.LiA.M H. McCalu'm, 
 William M. Avkes, 
 Basil H. Bkowx, 
 
 JiiIlN DoHSOX, 
 
 F'rkderick S. Ckovks, 
 Maiilox X. Klixi-;, 
 ("iEoroe S. Ln-pr, 
 Thomas Martixdalk, 
 Charles W. Schwartz, 
 JoHX S. Stevexs, 
 
 Directors, 
 
 SAMLin. H . Cki;i',ak, 
 I. i:\vis M. II \i I'T, 
 WiLLLv.M 'X . McXi:;:lv, 
 (Ikokc.k W. ]') R(ihi;ri's, 
 
 FiXLEV ACKI'K, 
 
 Charlies H . Hanks, 
 William H. 1"(>l\vi-;ll, 
 
 HkNRV W. ( "iREEX, 
 
 Ariiiir H. Li-;a, 
 l.rcii's S. I. WDRiri'H, 
 I'A\'ii> C. XiMi.in' 
 TuKDi'ii. II. Smith, 
 Wii.ijAM 1'. Tn'mrsox, 
 H. CnEsidx \'axsaxt. 
 
 A. f'.RAHAM 1''.lliot, 
 Chaki.i'.s (r. JisTici:, 
 
 A. RoHIXSdX McIlAAIXK 
 \\'ILL1AM W. Sri'l'Ll-:K, 
 
 Charles M. Biddle, 
 JoHX C.. Crdxtox, 
 
 How ARIi P). 1'rexch, 
 
 II. 1, \ Harri-: J avxi-:, 
 Lkci I-okh, 
 
 RoIlERT M. Mc\\'.\I>E, 
 
 \\'ashixc;t()X Ric. htkr, 
 
 I''RICi)i;RICK SlT'I'I)-,-, 
 
 D.VXIEL Sltter, 
 
 (ier.eral Transportation Aijent, 
 
 Ch.vrles p. II.VTCii, 
 
 Office ;i;id Cuinniittcc Kotinis, 441 Chestnut Street. 
 
 69 
 
The Work of the Trades League of Philadelphia. 
 
 Bv Thomas Martindalk. 
 
 / 
 
 ^ 
 
 In the i;ran(l dramas of life, of war, of business, or of 
 commerce, it is the force of numbers, together with the 
 the application of determined industry, the adoption of new 
 ideas and plans that win success. It is said that in tropical 
 countries the warrior ants march across the plains, over the 
 mountains and through the valleys, conquering everything 
 in their ]iath\vay by reason of their steady advance, their 
 pertinacity, their industry — but above all on account of their 
 immense force. That unique organization — the Trades 
 League of Philadelphia — illustrates these principles in a 
 masterful manner. Organized in March, 1891, at a public 
 meeting of merchants held in Common Council chamber to 
 adopt some practical plan for relief from severe trade 
 restrictions, it has steadih' increased in numbers, steadily 
 pursued its objects, until its force and its influence has been 
 demonstrated in this City of Homes and throughout the 
 State. 
 The meeting in Common Council chamber alluded to above was, to say the best f)f it, a most 
 discouraging, disheartening gathering, made up as it was of the ever alert newspaper reporters, and 
 gentlemen who belonged to other trade bodies, who seemed to look with unfriendly eyes upon the advent 
 of the puny and weak stranger among them, together with a very few men who thought they saw in 
 co-operation and in the banding together of a lot of business men for a specific object, a chance to obtain 
 relief from a practice which can'ied people by the thousands right through our city, and landed them a 
 hundred miles or so from our manufactories, our warehouses and our business offices. The demand of 
 the meeting was to obtain the privilege of "lireaking the journey" (as our English cousins put it) or 
 " sto])ping off" as we call it, on through tickets from the West to the East without paying extra fare. 
 Addresses in favor of organizing were made by Thomas Martindale and Col. Thomas G. Hood, and by 
 others in opposition ; but the opposition forces were routed, and the " Trades League," of Philadelphia, 
 was ushered into existence, destined to accomplish great and benificent results, and elected W. \V. 
 Foulkrod, President, together with a board of forty managers. 
 
 From March until November, of the same year, the time was spent in perfecting and arranging 
 the committees, increasing the membership and getting ready for aggressive work. At the same time it 
 was deemed wise to adopt a platform of definite objects for which to work, believing that any one or all 
 of them were for the good of the business and the carrying out of material interests of the city, and 
 which ought to occupy the best thought and attention of the broadest minded of the progressive 
 merchants for years to come. Among the projects advocated were the following : 
 
 First. To bring about an arrangement by which passengers from the South, West, North and 
 East, to and from all points, might have the jirivilege of stopping off here a reasonalile time on their 
 through tickets. 
 
 Second. To secure a lower rate of toimage on coal from the mines to this cit\'. 
 Third. To advocate and encourage the entrance to the city of the Lehigh \'alley Railroad and 
 other railroads that would give competition to the present lines now entering here. 
 
 Fourth. To secure the equalization of passenger and freight rates to and from Philadelphia. 
 Fifth. To encourage and advocate measures of rapid transit of which our city is now so nuich 
 in need. 
 
 70 
 
Sixth. To aihdcate and enconraj^e the building of a bridge from Phihulel])hia to Camden, X. J. 
 
 Sc\-enth. To ad\ocate and encourage the building of a sliip canal or ship raihvav across the 
 >State of New Jersey, connecting the Delaware River Avith the Atlantic Ocean by the shortest and most 
 practicable route between Philadelphia and the Atlantic, whereby the distance and time between our city 
 and Kurope mas- be shortened. 
 
 Kighth. To promote and foster the establishment of steamship and sailing lines between this and 
 other ports. 
 
 Ninth. To endeavor to obtain from the TTnited States Government a recognition of the fact that, 
 as the city has donated to it a large and valuable tract of land, known as League Island, for the purpose 
 of a Xavy Yard, the property ought to be used for the purpose for which it was accepted, and if the 
 (rovernment will not so nse it in the storing and building of naval vessels, that the property ought to 
 revert to the city to be sold or used for her l)est interests. 
 
 Tenth. To secure better and cheaper telephone and telegraph services. 
 
 iUeventh. To adopt and carry forward any other plans tending to advance our various mer- 
 cantile, manufacturing and business interests, with the ultimate object in view of j)lacing Pliiladelphia 
 in the commanding position among the cities in the Union to which, by reason of her wealth, geographi- 
 cal position, and ample space she is naturally entitled. 
 
 In November active work was started by the Committee on Passenger Transportation, which 
 together witli the aid of Mr. Frank Thomson, first Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and 
 Mr. Chas. K. Lord, Vice-President of B. & O. R. R., the long sought after privilege of stopping off at 
 Philadelphia on through tickets from the West to the East was gi'anted ; and went into effect December 
 I, i8gi. The phenomenal increase in the distribution of merchandise in the cit\- since that lime justifies 
 the belief that it is largely due to the impetus given to trade by this concession. 
 
 Next in order was the appointment of a " Freight Bureau "; where complaints of delays, over- 
 charges, claims for lost freight, etc., could be handled efficiently and promptly in the interest and for 
 the mendiers of the league. Mr. Chas. P. Hatch, with the ripe experience of over twenty years' ser\-ice 
 in freight traffic, was secured as General Transportation Manager, and through his aid permanent 
 reforms have been inaugurated, abuses corrected, and claims settled. 
 
 The attention of the managers of the League was next directed to the improvement of our 
 water communications, and in furtherance of this project Prof. L. M. Haupt and Thomas Martindale 
 appeared successively before the New York Board of Trade and Transporation, Trenton Board of Trade, 
 New Brunswick Board of Trade, and Committees of the Senate and House of Representati\-es at 
 Washington, in advocacy of a government sur\-ey of a ship canal coiuiecting the waters of Raritan 
 Bay with the Delaware River. The project is still before Congress and has received widespread 
 commendation from all parts of the country. 
 
 The "Trades League" has been continuous in its efforts to curb the excessive charges of the 
 Telephone Company, conducting business in the city, and has met with such signal success in its 
 efforts in the past that it trusts by the aid of legislative enactment, or other methods, to enable our 
 merchants in the future to enjoy this hitherto expensive business necessity at a moderate cost, instead 
 of the at ])resent unreasonably high charges for very indifferent service. Other matters of vital 
 importance to the welfare of the city, and to the United States as well, have been considered and 
 acted upon by the League with beneficial results to all concerned ; notably, the recommendation to 
 Congress to permit samples of merchandise and manufactures to be sent free of charge when under five 
 pounds in weight to any Consul of the TTnited States in any foreign country, the same to be placed on 
 exhil)ition at the Consulate. Also advising Congress to so amend the fifth section of the Interstate 
 Commerce Act as to permit agreements lietween railroads to be entered into under the restrictions of the 
 Interstate Commission . 
 
 At the request of the League the City Councils appropriated funds for a census of the city, 
 which was taken by the Police under the direction of his honor, the Mayor, in November, 1892, showing 
 a population of 1,142,653 inhabitants; and thus definitely .settling, for the time at least, that Phila- 
 delphia is still the second city of the I'nion. Through the efforts of the Press Committee of the 
 League, every large Hotel in every city of over 10,000 inhabitants in the United States is now furnished 
 
 7i 
 
with a daily copy of a morning and evening Philadelphia newspaper for the use of the traveling 
 ])ublic, and the same service is performed for the large hotels in Europe, thus making Philadelphia 
 news accessible in nearly one-half of the civilized world. The Press Committee has also had super- 
 vision for a number of months of the work upon tiie " Iktok of Philadelphia," in which this communi- 
 cation is to appear and the vast amount of valualile information, contributed by distinguished citizens 
 and scholars, illustrated bv artistic hands and soon to be sent out in substantial form to officials of 
 distant states and cities and of the general government : to editors, libraries, clubs, hotels and foreign 
 consulates and international steamships, affords another instance of the spirit of "push" which 
 animates this organization. 
 
 The membership of the League, at present, consists of about fifteen hundred business and 
 manufacturing firms, which, at a reasonable estimate, interest at least three thousand individuals in 
 these firms ; and it is believed that before the advent of !Sy4 the membership will consist of over two 
 thousand firms. An idea mav therefore I)e gained of the immense power for good this association of 
 earnest workers exerts, and will continue to exert in the future, not only on the business interests 
 of the city, the manufacturing, and the maritime interest, but on the hygienic, social, educational, 
 political, and economic conditions; tending at all times towards improvement and progress, the 
 amelioration of trade restriction, relieving congestion in one place, and restraining extravagance in 
 others, helping Cormcils and the authorities of the city to do what in some cases they could not do by 
 themselves alone, awarding praise and encouragement where such might be due, and bestowing censure 
 when and where deserved (and it will not be questioned that praise or censure coming from such a 
 source will always be appreciated at its full value), and which at the end bespeaks a new era in our 
 business — an era of great promise — of public works to be advocated and completed for the improve- 
 ment of commerce, of reform in municipal affairs, of improved water navigation, better steamship 
 service and more of it, cheaper telephone and telegraphic facilities, the new awakening of a patriotic 
 civic pride, whose sole aim it shall be to make our city i " which was founded by the gentle Quaker 
 between the rivers that flow to the sea, a city that was always goodly and fair to look upon, and 
 pleasant and healthful in which to dwell ") in the future, as it was in the past, the first city of all the 
 land. Then and then only will the "Trades League" have completed its mission, ha\'e finished its 
 fight, and won the plaudits of a rejuvenated city, a greater Philadelphia. 
 
 72 
 
The Philadelphia Bourse. 
 
 Rv (Vr.oRGK E. Bartoi,, rRH-;n>i:NT. 
 
 The F^hiladelphia Bourse is a remarkable instance of the earnestness 
 exhibited by conservative Fliiladelphians in carrying forwanl, quietly 
 and quickly to full fruition a new idea, when its utility is tirnily 
 established in the popular mind. This institution, whose magnitude, 
 scope and far-reaching influence is as yet but faintly appreciated 
 by the great majority of the merchants of the Quaker City, will, if 
 carried forward upon the broad, cosmopolitan plans upon whicli it 
 was conceived, exert in Philadelphia a power for good in the develop- 
 ment of its commercial life, in the jirotection of its commercial inter- 
 ests, and in the direction of municipal improvements far beyond the 
 expectations of its supporters. 
 
 Like many large projects, it owes its existence to an accident, 
 inasmuch as the thought which led to its organization came to the 
 mind of the writer, while making a brief visit to Eurojie in the sununer of 1S90, on business of a 
 different character. In the various cities which he visited, howe\-er, his business led him upon the 
 floors of the leading Bourses and Exchanges of northern Europe and Great Britain, and the adapt- 
 ability of an institution similar to those visited, to the commercial life of Philadelphia, first occurred 
 to him while upon the steamship, homeward bound from Liverpool. The thought once planted, germi- 
 nated and grew from day to day as the deficiency of Philadelphia in the possession of a great central 
 business exchange came more forcibly to his mind. As a conse(|uence, shortly after returning to 
 Philadelphia, he discussed the subject with many merchants of large experience, who, believing 
 the idea to be a good one, suggested that publicity should be given to it ; and, being a member of the 
 Manufacturers' Club, his ideas upon the subject were outlined in an article which appeared in the issue 
 of \\\fi Manufaclurer oi October 16, 1S90. The article was almost wholly descriptive of the character 
 and operation of the Hamburg Exchange, in Germany, which was described as " an institution worth 
 imitating." The concluding paragraphs of that letter are worthy of reproduction, now that the tiny 
 seed has developed into a great tree with hundreds of branches, they show the power of an idea \vhen 
 it is a good one : 
 
 " What Philadelphia most needs at the present time is an lixchange like the one at Hamburg. 
 The important questions of the hour with us are better inland communication and the improvement of 
 our harbor. What could better voice the general opinions of the commercial interests of the city than 
 such an Exchange as I have described, representing every branch of the commerce and industries of 
 the city ? How nuicli more influential such a body would be than the present scattered commercial 
 organizations. 
 
 "I write this in the hope that the manufacturers of Philadelphia, instead of encouraging the 
 formation of another exchange, will take hold of the broader idea, and invite the aid of all the commer- 
 cial interests of our town in organizing such an exchange as will represent all, aid all and develop all 
 of the many interests of this great city of ours. 
 
 " United, we will not only stand, but grow and regain our lost position. Divided, we will surely 
 fall.' 
 
 Fortunately for Philadelphia, this article attracted the attention of the able and far-seeing Presi- 
 dent of the Manufacturers' Club, Mr. Thomas Dolan, who urged its author to take up the question 
 earnestly with the view of developing the thought into a reality, and appointed him the chairman of a 
 committee ; the other members of which were Mr. John T. Bailey, the well-known manufacturer, and 
 Mr. Charles Heber Clark, the able .Secretarv of the Club. 
 
It would require too much space to recite the various steps pursued in developing the thought 
 into a reality. It is sufficient to say that the idea appealed at ouce to many of our leading manufact- 
 urers and merchants, several meetings were held at the invitation of the committee, almost all of the 
 various commercial bodies in the city approved of the general idea of centralizing the business interests 
 of the town into one exchange building, and the newspaper press gave the project its most cordial 
 support. B}' January, 189 1, the project had received so much favorable attention as to warrant the 
 organization of a preliminary company. Subscriptions were thereupon invited to a preliminary 
 company to have a capital of $100,000, but this was oversubscribed, and by T^Iay of that year one 
 hundred and twelve of the leading merchants, manufacturers and corporations of the citj' had subscribed 
 $1,000 each to an organization capital of ;fi 12,000. The company was then incorporated under the 
 laws of Pennsylvania, the name selected for it being that which appears at the head of this article. 
 The underlying thought of the organizers of the company was to enlist as large a support as possible to 
 the undertaking ; and, in consequence, it was decided that membership in the organization should be 
 acquired by the ownership of four shares of the stock of the company ; the holder of four shares, of the 
 par value of $50 each, having the right to exercise and receive all the privileges of membership, accept- 
 ing a membership card in lieu of dividends, up to 6 per cent. Persons holding stock in excess of four 
 shares having certain other rights upon the stock held in excess of the amount required for membership. 
 All members being free of any annual dues or assessments. 
 
 The various steps necessary in the development of the project followed each other steadily. The 
 total stock capital required was fixed at $1,000,000, which has now all been subscribed, the names of 
 about 2,300 persons appearing on the company's books as stockholders. A site for the building of the 
 company was selected in the financial centre, at a cost of $625,000, and the plot secured, which runs 
 from Fourth to Fifth Street, in the centre of the block between Chestnut and Market Streets, with 
 streets of thirty and forty feet in width respectively on each side of it, is in every way adapted to the 
 purpose. The city government promptly recognized the great value of the Bourse to Philadelphia, and 
 Councils by ordinance, unanimously passed, ordered Fourth and Fifth Streets to be widened from 50 feet 
 to 70 feet and 76 feet respectively, for a distance of about 300 feet, south from Market Street. The Bourse 
 Company showing its liberal spirit by donating all ground that it owned, needed for the improvement. 
 
 The Bourse building will be an ornate structure of steel frame, fire-proof construction, 350 feet in 
 length by 132 feet in width, and probably ten stories in height; its cost is estimated to be about 
 $1,400,000. The great hall of the Bourse will be upon the ground floor, and will measure 250 feet in 
 length by 125 feet in width, with a height, in the centre, of over 50 feet. It will be admirably adapted 
 as a meeting-place for a large body of men. On the ground floor there will also be four handsome 
 banking-rooms, together with telegraph offices and minor offices necessary for the proper handling of 
 business and the comfort of members. The market reports of the world will be found there, and every 
 facility for obtaining information will be afforded. The galleries upon either side of this hall will be 
 utilized as news-rooms and reading-rooms ; and it is probable that a large room upon the gallery floor 
 will be used as a comfortable lounging-room for the members. This will be a particularly attractive 
 feature to members not residents of the city, as it will in effect make it a vast club-house, in which they 
 will find physical comforts and business advantages. The upper floors, with the exception of the top 
 floor, will be used for office purposes and will contain between 300 and 400 offices. The arrangement 
 is such, howev-er, that offices can be made larger or smaller, as the partitions will be practically remov- 
 able at pleasure. 
 
 The basement will contain a restaurant of moderate size, together with several minor features, such 
 as a barber shop with bathing facilities, intended to contribute to the usefulness of the building, and, in 
 addition, a large room about 130 feet square, for the exhibition of machinery, which, at the option of 
 the exhibitor, can be shown still or in motion. The entire top floor will also be utilized for exhibition 
 purposes for objects of a lighter character ; and it is believed that these two departments will supply a 
 want which has been seriously felt. The number of articles which can be exhibited advantageously by 
 the persons who manufacture them is almost without limit, and the managers of the enterprise are 
 confident that when this feature is thoroughly understood, the applications for space will far exceed the 
 supply. 
 
 74 
 
Up to the present time tlie Bourse Company has been, of a necessity, confined to the de\elopment 
 of the real estate features of the enterprise ; but the completion of the capital and the beginning ui 
 construction leaves the nianagenieiit free to develop a feature of even more importance to its members 
 and the city, namely, the organization of the vast membership of the Bourse into a commercial body 
 which shall take an active and leading position in directing all the movements which arise from time to 
 time in the commercial life of a great city. 
 
 Without attempting to interfere in strictly trade matters, which will be watched over as hereto- 
 fore by existing trade organizations or by sections of the main body connected with special trades 
 represented, the board chosen by the members to deal with large ciuestions will confine its attention to 
 those matters which are of vital in\portance to all the business interests of the city, and Philadelphia is 
 to be congratulated that at last an organization exists in her midst which will be of a magnitude 
 commensurate with her importance and capable of commanding, both at home and abroad, the respect 
 which is naturally accorded to an association of vast proportions dealing intelligently and in a dignified 
 manner with subjects of great importance. The Bourse has been fortunate in securing the active support 
 in its Board of Directors, of men who command both the respect and confidence of the whole 
 community. Their names will be honored by future generations as those of men who, loving their city. 
 gave of their time and means with generous measure, to advance its prosperity. 
 
 The Philadelphia Board of Trade. 
 
 "•':^i^^' 
 
 Its- I-REDKRICK FKALHV, Ksa.. I'KESIDK.NT. 
 
 This t)rganization of active business men was 
 incorporated in the year 1S38, although first 
 organized some fi\'e years before, and has, through 
 many channels of influence and efforts been a 
 leading factor in the progress of the material 
 interests of the City of Philadelphia to the present 
 ; time. The writer is the only surviving member 
 of the original list at the time of incorporation. 
 Similar Boards of Trade now exist in nearly 
 every city of importance in the country. These 
 together form the Xalional Board of Trade, in 
 which the Philadclphi;i organization is an influ- 
 ential nieniher. These associations are of a mixed character. In a general 
 way many devote themselves to deliberation and consideration of the 
 great questions of the day, either in open session or by committees, 
 and they develop their work in resolutions appropriate to the objects examined, or in petitions to 
 legislative bodies that control the management and work of the connnunity at large. There are 
 others, partially deliberative and partially devoted to dealing, and these constitute a very large 
 proportion of those that now exist in the United States. Their dealings are enormous. They trade 
 with keen and active men ; day l)y da_\-, indeed hour l)y hour, they work, and the record of what they 
 accomplish is presented to the country in the reports which they ainmally make to their respective 
 bodies, and which they freely circulate among the instituticins cognate to their own. 
 
 Mr. Thomas P. Cope was the first President of the Philadel])liia I'xianl of Trade, and the chair 
 was occupied in turn by Mr. Thomas P. Hoopes, Mr. Samuel C. Morton, Mr. John Welsh, all broad 
 minded and progressive citizens well-known in all public movements of their times. The Board of 
 Trade now occupies agreeable quarters in the Drexel Building, and demonstrates by its activity in the many 
 lines of public advance that its vitality as a body is still unimpaired. The officers for tlie present year 
 are as follows: President, Frederick Fraley ; First \'ice- President, T. Morris Perot; Second Vice- 
 President, Thomas L. Gillespie: Tliird Mce-President, John H. Michener ; Fourth Vice-President, 
 N. Parker Shortridge ; Secretary, William R. Tucker; Treasurer, Richard Wood 
 
 75 
 
The Commercial Exchange. 
 
 B\' Lincoln- K. Passmore, President. 
 
 The Ci>niincTcial Exchange, of Philadelphia, was organized about 
 fort> years ago under the title of "The Corn Exchange Asso- 
 ciation." with General William B. Thomas as the first President. 
 The general object of the Association was the advancement of 
 trade and the improvement of the facilities for the transaction of 
 business, including the provision and maintenance of suitable 
 accommodations for a general business exchange in the City of 
 Pliiladelphia ; the inculcation of just and equitable principles in 
 trade ; the establishment of uniformitN' in commercial usages ; 
 the acquirement, dissemination and preservation of valuable 
 information ; and the adjustment of controversies between its 
 members by arbitration. The present membership approximates 
 500, comprising a large proportion of the names most prominently 
 connected with the business interests of the city : those actively 
 engaged in handling grain, flour, provisions and general produce, both for domestic and export use, 
 being more largely represented, whilst the leading corporations and banking institutions are to be- found 
 included in the number. 
 
 Under Act of Assembly, approved January 22, 1863. the Corn lixchange Association was created 
 a corporate body, and four j-ears later, by application to the Judges of the Court of Quarter Sessions, 
 the original title was changed to the existing more general one, with a view of meeting the widened 
 sphere of the Association's influence and usefulness. About this period the members of the Exchange 
 entered upon the occupancy of their present commodious quarters at 133 South Second Street. The 
 building is a substantial structure, designed from a useful rather than a showy standpoint. The lower 
 floors consist of a number of well-appointed offices, whilst the entire area of the spacious upper chamber, 
 about 100 feet square, well lighted on all sides, and capable of accommodating 4,000 to 5,000 people 
 in mass meeting, is devoted to the purposes of exchange business, the official hours being from 10.30 
 A. M. until 2.30 r. M. On the " floor " are to be found general cable and telegraph offices, well-equipped 
 and having direct wires not only to all the principal American markets, with which special facilities 
 exist for obtaining quotations, etc., but also with the foreign business centres of the world, and the 
 monetary market changes are immediatel}' recorded on huge blackboards provided for the purpose. 
 The telephone service is taken advantage of by nearly all the offices, several being fitted up with the 
 "long-distance," and direct oral communication is thus established with New York, Baltimore, and 
 even far-distant Chicago. \'isitors are admitted at convenient hours, without formalities, on application 
 to the proper officers. 
 
 The site of the present home of the Commercial Exchange possesses a certain historical interest, 
 for it was there that formerly stood the residence of William Penn, which was removed for the erection 
 of the present building; and it was, perhaps, but fitting that, since the unsparing hand of time demanded 
 the removal of that venerated structure, its place should be taken by the premises of an organization 
 whose aims and principles, and the success that has attended their propagation, would have filled the heart 
 of the founder of the city with the greatest satisfaction. Could only the immortal Penn revisit the scene 
 of his former peaceful abode and witness the daily course of business as transacted under its present 
 roof, it is to be doubted whether even he, man of marvellous foresight as he unquestionably was, and 
 possessed of the most sanguine beliefs in tlie possibilities of the future, would not be filled with awe 
 and wonder at the sight of one of the results of the work which his own prodigious energy instituted. 
 Without disparagement to the many sister institutions in tlie city, it may fairly be asserted that 
 the Commercial ICxchange has for many years past, been recognized as the leading commercial body of 
 
 76 
 
Philadelphia, and has played a most important part in all her business enterprises. U'hilst naturally 
 more inimedialel\' concerned with the furllierance and development of the trade and conuncrce oi tlie 
 port, it has not been unmindtnl ot what it tnved to the coninuinity at large, and has alwavs bee:i found 
 giving the aid of its influence to all movements which aimed at improvements and conveniences in the 
 interest of the general body of our citizens : and its charitable hand has Ix-eii generously extended 
 whenever sister cities or communities have suffered from calamity of lire, iLjod or famine. Among the 
 more important matters that have recently engaged or are occupying the attention of its Board of 
 Direction maybe cited the establishment of the Belt Line Railroad ; negotiations with the transportation 
 companies feeding the city, with the object <jf securing equitable conditions for competition with other 
 cities ; the improvement of the general transit facilities of Philadelphia ; the establishment of National 
 Quarantine, and the improvement of the Delaware Ri\-er and Harbor. 
 
 It may be added in conclusion that the Presidential chair of the Ivxchange has been filled by 
 many of our leading citizens, and is at present occupied by Mr. Lincoln K. Passmore, who was 
 re-elected from 1892, with Mr. A. C. Kerr as \'ice-President and Mr. K. O. Thomas as Treasurer. 
 Colonel C. Ross Smith has for many years filled the important position of Secretary. 
 
 -~J»iW 
 
 ». DEL.^WARr RIVRR PIt.OT UrvAT. 
 
OT.n MHRCKANTS' KXCHANOE, NOW OFFICES OF THR MARITIMK FXCPIAXGK. 
 
 The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange. 
 
 By Georgk E. Earxshaw, PRF„sinENT. 
 
 This Kxchange was fDumled in March, 1S75, by business men specially interested in tlie maritime 
 commerce of the port. It was fell that in these modern days of telegraph, cables and rapid ocean 
 transit Philadelphia must make an efft)rt if she would keep pace with the times, and maintain her 
 position as a great shipping port. The object of the lixchange, as stated in her charter, is " to provide 
 and regulate a suitable room or rooms for a Maritime Ivxchange, to 
 
 acquire, preserve and disseminate all maritime and other business infor- " 
 
 mation, and to do such other and lawful acts as will tend to promote and 
 encourage the trade and commerce of the Port of Philadelphia." 
 
 The most pressing need was to acquire maritime information, 
 more particularly as to the movements of vessels entering and leaving 
 the Delaware Bay and River. For this purpose reporting stations were 
 established and are maintained by the p;xchange on Delaware Pn'eak- 
 water, at New Castle, Del., and at Thurlow, Pa. The station on Dela- 
 ware Breakwater is probably the best and most thoroughly eejuipped on 
 the coast. The cost of its maintenance, however, is at times a severe 
 strain on the finances of the Exchange, on account of the telegraph 
 cable connecting the station with the mainland being damaged or 
 broken in stormy weather by small vessels that have taken refuge behind 
 the breakwater dragging their anchors. A watch is maintained night 
 and day, and it is seldom, if ever, that the skilled observers employed 
 
 78 
 
 ^ 
 
MAKiriMK KX C H A N^^^^DEL^^^^REAK W ATER. 
 From a sketch made in 1S90 
 
 fail to (listiiii^uisli and report any vessel entering or leaxiui,'- the hay. The news is flashed to the 
 Exchange by direct wire, and within a minute or two is exhiliited on tlie bulletin board for the inlorma- 
 tion of uiembers. 
 
 Delaware Breakwater is 103 uiiks fnini I'liihidelphia ; Newcastle, 33 miles and Thurlow 17 nules. 
 Passing vessels are reported from each of these stations, which is an invaluable aid to agents and others 
 who have to make arrangements for the reception of incoming vessels. The Exchange also maintains 
 a branch office at Lewes, Del., which is connected by telephone with all the life-saving stations from 
 Cape Henlopen to Cape Charles. News of wrecks and casualties is therefore promptly received and 
 disseminated for public information. An inteichange of news with kindred institutions in other ports 
 keeps members posted in all matters of interest, and disseminates the news from the stations as well as 
 that gathered along the docks and wharves of this city by the lixchange reporters. 
 
 The Exchange does not fail to carry out the secondary object of its charter, viz. : "To do such acts 
 as will tend to promote and encourage the trade and commerce of the port." It always is alert to watch 
 and influence legislation affecting maritime interests, and as it never has any other axe to grind, its 
 thoroughly representati\-e character is known and respected both at Harrisburg and Washington . I f the 
 business community realized what a large factor the Exchange is in jiromoting the general prosperity of 
 the city, more of those who have no direct interest in maritime matters would give it their support, and 
 thus enable it to increase its iisefulness. 
 
 jk' 
 
 •ik-'~>tt 
 
Building Interests. 
 
 AN I'P-TOWN DOORWAY. 
 
 Franki.in' M- IIakri^, Brii.DKR. 
 
 For nearly a decade, Philadelphia has been witnessing build- 
 ing operations in her midst, averaging in round numbers 9,000 
 a year at an average cost of more than $23,000,000. Less than 
 one in six of these operations were alterations or enlargements. 
 A vast amount of public, charitable, scientific, commer- 
 cial and railroad and steamboat work has been done. But the 
 great bulk of all the work has gone in the direction of work- 
 shops, mills, factories, foundries, warehouses and stores, 
 and then into homes for the people ; of the latter alone, 
 it is roughly estimated, there are, in this year 1892, 
 nearly 200,000 two, three and four stories high, -occupied 
 separately by single families. The approximate total of 
 all buildings in the city is 250,000, against a total of 
 about 130,000 in New York where the number of resi- 
 dent owners is estimated at only 13,000. These figures 
 ^ : - may hz better understood when it is explained that New 
 York, which has a population of nearly 2,000,000, has 
 less than half the area of Philadelphia which has a popu- 
 lation of considerably more than 1,000, coo. 
 
 Its wide boundaries have had much to do with 
 f Homes," and the settlement here of multifarious industries in 
 
 f^J.''"'' ^^^^^ /^ ^ 
 
 Philadelphia's (.levelopment as a " City 
 
 some of which, as in the carpet trade, she leads the manufacturing world, has inspired her builders to 
 
 greater achievements as much in the matter of mill and office construction as in the building of homes. 
 
 The anti([uated structures of the illustrious old residents have been rapidly disappearing from the 
 business thoroughfares ; country seats have given 
 way to rows of cosy houses and high and costly piles 
 of brick, and iron, and granite and marble have been 
 introduced in the finest and most imposing styles of 
 modern architecture. Not dwellings and manufac- 
 turies only, but hospitals, churches and club houses 
 have been making their appearance in great profusion, 
 and in such beauty and symmetry of proportion as to 
 win the encomiums of visitors from every country. 
 
 In 1892 there were 10,235 operations costing 
 exclusive of land, $34,357,646, of which 6,856 were 
 dwellings costing $16,865,200. When one pauses to 
 consider that Philadelphia has over 1,150 miles of 
 streets of which ])robably 800 miles are paved ; that 
 .she has aVjout 400 miles of sewers, and over 26,000 
 gas lamps in addition to electric lights, with numer- 
 ous public squares and parks, an additional reason 
 for extensive building presents itself. 
 
 There has been no retrogression in this phase 
 of Philadelphia's development, the inarch of pro- 
 
 80 
 
 A Vre&t PHILADELPHIA STAIRWAY. 
 
RKSIDKNLJC M.AK 4yTH ST. STATION, W. PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 gress has been steady in the quantity of work 
 done, as well as in the methods of construction 
 employed, and public and private enterprise, the 
 former sometimes hampered by a low tax-rate, 
 have gone hand in hand to the metes and bounds 
 of the city's great area. 
 
 Credit is due to capitalists, business men and 
 philanthropists for this expansion of building and 
 building ideas, but the city itself is not to be 
 omitted from the roll of those to whom the praise 
 should be given. She has set many an example 
 in architectural finish and structural diu-ability 
 that might be followed with profit in other cities. 
 Her spirit of progressiveness has manifested 
 itself in the construction of a City Hall, which 
 up to the present time has cost $15,000,000 and 
 which, when finished, will be without its equal 
 in the United States. Her spirit is also shown in the standard of excellence maintained for her 
 225 school houses, her 60 or more police and fire houses, and in her gas houses and water works. 
 She has endeavored to keep up with the enterprise of her citizens ; she has encouraged the right 
 kind of building ; she has witnessed the disappearance of old and dilapidated structures ; she has 
 prohibited the construction of frame or other dangerous or inflammable Imildings, and in all that 
 pertains to domestic and public convenience, in homes or in business ])laces, Philadelphia is keep- 
 ing abreast of the times. 
 
 The comfort and beauty of Philadelphia dwellings are exceeded only by the size and style 
 of its many business blocks. Philadelphia architects, like Philadelphia lawyers, have standing in every 
 community ; many buildings in Philadelphia have made the designers world famous. 
 
 In the matter of homes Philadelphia leads all cities in the land. The home of seven rooms, that 
 may be rented for $15.00 a month contains every necessary convenience found in mansions costing 
 fortunes. Over 121,000 citizens own land. 
 
 For example : A plot of grass in front and a bit of clay in the rear of his two story brick house 
 gives play room to the workingman's children ; the cemented cellar keeps its contents pure and 
 dry ; the cosy bath room insures cleanliness and health ; the numerous closets, the stationary stands, 
 sinks, book-cases and wardrobes help furnish the house, and the little range in the kitchen completes 
 the home that even the most lowly Philadelphian may reasonably hope to own. 
 
 The following statistics, covering a period of ten years, give conclusive proof of the activity 
 of Philadelphia's builders and justifies Philadelphia's claim for the first place in the American 
 building world. 
 
 NUMBER OK NEW 
 BUILDINGS ERECTED. 
 
 1883 4.390 
 
 1884 
 1885 
 1886 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 I89I 
 1892 
 
 4.938 
 6,326 
 
 7.561 
 
 6,784 
 
 8,262 
 
 10,250 
 
 10,136 
 
 6.738 
 7,61 I 
 
 ESTIMATED 
 COST. 
 
 $10,004,719 
 
 11,217,614 
 
 13,929,274 
 
 16,821,516 
 
 23.787.320 
 
 27,790,816 
 
 31,276,739 
 
 33,830,046 
 
 24,115,870 
 
 29,109,646 
 
 ALTERATIONS TO 
 OLD nriLDINGS. 
 
 1,566 
 
 1.524 
 1,638 
 1.639 
 1.309 
 
 1. 47 1 
 1,646 
 l,Sii 
 2,297 
 2,624 
 
 ESTIMATED 
 COST. 
 
 $721,512 
 
 513.827 
 964,728 
 
 827,445 
 528,100 
 
 574.638 
 
 924,916 
 
 1.224,317 
 
 3,445,500 
 
 5,248,000 
 
 81 
 
Real Estate Holdings and Valuations. 
 
 Bv John N. Gai:,i,agher, Publisher, 
 Real Estate Record. 
 
 Any iiulustrious and frugal workingman living in Philadelphia may 
 Ijeconie a house owner if he desires, although to the outsider, who under- 
 stands few, if any, of our many advantages, this statement will seem far 
 fetched. 
 
 Philadelphia was certainly intended by natvire for the great, thrifty 
 manufacturing city it is. Controlled by no special influence, ludess by 
 its proximity to the anthracite coal fields, there are centered here the 
 largest as well as the most varied assortment of manufacturing industries 
 to be found in an>' city in the world. That such a variety of shops and 
 foundries, mills and factories should be associated with the idea of a 
 rough and turbulent population is not strange. Indeed, the experience 
 of most cities justifies such conclusions ; but here the contrary is the fact, 
 owing to the wide distribution of real estate holdings among the working 
 people ; the influence from this condition of things being as distinctly 
 marked among them as among the rich or higher classes anywhere. 
 
 With an area of one hundred and twenty-nine and a half square 
 miles, or about three thousand six hirndred and ten square feet of land to 
 each inhabitant, it affords each person a liberty of movement as well as a 
 
 standard of hygienic advantages obtainable in few large cities. 
 
 The cheapness of land in the resident districts has promoted a system of dwellings particularly 
 
 well adapted to the uses of the workers, who mainly make up the population. The number of these 
 
 dwellings that have been built since the 
 
 MODEI, PHIL-\DEI.PHI.\ HOUSE. 
 
 Exhibited at the World's Coluinbiau 
 
 E-xpositiou, 1893. 
 
 first of January, 1SS7, is simply enor- 
 mous, as the following figures will show : 
 
 1887, Two-story dwellings . . 
 
 1887, Three-story dwellings . . 
 
 1888, Two-story dwellings . . 
 
 1888, Three-story dwellings . . 
 
 1889, Two-story dwellings . . 
 
 1889, Three-story dwellings . . 
 1S90, Two-story dwellings . . 
 
 1890, Three-story dwellings . . 
 
 1 89 1, Two-story dwellings . . 
 
 1 89 1 , Three-story dwellings . . 
 
 1892, Two-story dwellings ( iomos.)4,692 
 1892, Three-story dwellings . . . 1,634 
 
 4.951 
 1 ,700 
 
 5.589 
 1,428 
 
 7.450 
 1,992 
 7.301 
 
 1.958 
 4,632 
 
 1.343 
 
 Total 44.670 
 
 Thus we find that in the seventy 
 months, preceding the first of Novem- 
 ber, 1892, there were erected accom- 
 modations for 44,670 families of five 
 persons, making the single family system 
 possible as well as practicable. In fact, 
 
 FLOOR PLANS — MODEL PHILADELPHIA HOUSE. 
 World's Columbian Expositiou, 1S93. 
 

 ^■:,?S 
 
 
 !'-;*^" 
 
 *iP=l^-l^ 
 
 -maam 
 
 RESIDENCK AT BROAD STREET AND CIRARD AVENUE. 
 
 it wiHiUl he difficult to anticipate a 
 combination of circumstances that 
 could force the ])eoi)le to accept the 
 tenement house method of other 
 cities. While man\- of these dwell- 
 ings are in the hands of ca])italists 
 as investments, they have also been 
 largely i)urchased by the wage 
 earners for homes. .\n imiiortant 
 fact pointing to such a conclusion, 
 were lietter and more conclusive 
 evidence wanting, is the great 
 shrinkage in the deposits in t'lie 
 savings lund institutions. 
 
 In order that the reader more 
 clearl>- comprehends the trend of 
 popular sentiment for real estate, 
 the following table of con\'eyances 
 is given : 
 
 
 TRANSFERS. 
 
 ITRCHASE V.4LUATION. 
 
 
 TRANSFERS. 
 
 PURCHASE VAI.rATION 
 
 1888 . . 
 
 . . 12,679 • • 
 
 . . $62,663,201.87 
 
 1890 . . 
 
 . . 15,571 . . 
 
 . . $82,879,165.22 
 
 1889 . . 
 
 • • 15.945 • • 
 
 . . 80,225,270.88 
 
 r 89 1 . . 
 
 . . i4.-;<'4 
 
 . . 71,875,876.33 
 
 A total of 58,399 transfers, amounting to $297,643,514.30. The total incumbrance on the above was 
 32.65 per cent., 21.15 P^r cent, being represented by mortgage, while the ground rent incumbrance 
 amounted to i r.5 per cent. 
 
 Of course, the above table embraces all kinds of property : sites for building operations, mills, 
 factories, and other industrial and business buildings, yet the preponderance is largely dwellings. 
 The greater portion of the incumbrances is represented by the operations of Imilders to secure advances, 
 and the usually heavy percentages associated with large properties u.sed for business purposes. It is 
 believed that the holdings used as homes do not carry an average incumlirance of ten per cent. Besides 
 the heavy showing of dwelling lu)use construction during the se\'ent\- months, to which reference has 
 been made, thousands of massive buildings have been erected to meet the requirements of this busy city. 
 These miscellaneous buildings represent an investment of $25,866,718, and include ninety churches, 
 ccsting $4,192,000 ; banks and office Iniildings (over two stories), costing 
 $8,668,173; thirty-seven school houses, costing $2,200,000: mills and 
 factories, $6,103,805; foundries and shops, $4,016,738 ; and hospitals, 
 $997,000. 
 
 In numbers Philadelphia shows for the five years ending with 
 December 31, 1891, the erection of 24,173 more new buildings — the 
 figures in all cases being official — than Xew York; 5,162 more than 
 New York, Boston and Baltimore combined, and 4,062 more than New 
 York and Brooklyn comliined. The official figures for Chicago could 
 not be obtained ; 4,664 was given for 1 890, and 1 1 ,608 for i Si) 1 , which is 
 after consolidation, and includes the whole of Cook county with its one 
 hundred and thirty-four post office towns against thirty -se\-en for Phila- 
 delphia city and county. The average cost of the abo\e Iniildings was : 
 New York, $17,509.58 each; Boston, $6,548.67 ; Brooklyn, $4,886.40 ; 
 Philadelphia, $3,338.88. 
 
 The opportunities for the wage earners of this city to acquire real 
 estate is over five to one against tho.se of New York, outside of even 
 collateral influences, sircli as the force of example, the application of 
 
 83 
 
 TWIN HODSES— A MODERN TYPE. 
 
From Harper's Wtelily. Copyright i8qi by Harper S: Bros. 
 
 TVI'ICAT, PHILADKLPHIA. HOMKS. 
 
 1. Lots 17 X 40, seven rooms and bath. Ten minntes by steam from centre of the city. Rent, $23.00 per month. 
 
 2. Part of a block of forty houses, six to eight rooms, all conveniences. Rent, $12.00 to $20.00 per month. 
 
 rentals as purchase moiiev, instalment mortgages, building and loan associations, life insurance as 
 security for purchase money, and hundreds of other schemes, good and bad, aiming to make every man 
 and woman a real estate owner. 
 
 The two-storv dwellings of this city are, beyond all question, the l)est, as a system, not onl>- 
 owing to the single family idea they represent, but l.)ecause their cost is within the reach of all who 
 desire to own their own homes. They have done more to elevate and to make a better home life than 
 any other known influence. They typify a higher ci\-ilization, as well as a truer idea of American home 
 life, and are better, purer, sweeter than any tenement house system that ever existed. They are what make 
 Philadelphia a city of homes, and c< nnnand the attention of visitors from e^•er^• ijuarter of the globe. 
 
 From the valuable report of the Pennsylvania Tax Conference, of which Mr. Joseph D. Weeks, a noted 
 statistician resident in Pittsburg is the chairman, a large number of interesting facts relating to Phila- 
 delphia are now to be gleaned, among which the following salient points are selected : 
 
 The assessed valuation of all real estate in the City of Philadelphia is $732,300,892. The actual 
 •valuation, as based upon the selling price, is $1,003,252,220, which is nearly one-third of the real estate 
 value of the entire State. The city's percenta.ge of assessed to actual valuation is 73, against an average 
 of 64 V2 in sixty -seven counties. In the comity of Philadelphia the assessed valuation at the farm rate 
 was $18,557,690, as against $25,424,034 of actual valuation; tlie assessed suburban rate valuation was 
 $41,407,641, as against $56,728,468 of actual valuation, and the assessed valuation at the city rate was 
 $672,335,561, as against $921,099,718 actual valuation. These three classes together make the total 
 assessed and actual valuations heretofore given. The percentage of improvements is 64 per cent, of the 
 value ot both land and improvements. The \-alue of agricultural land within the city limits is 
 $21,610,429, which is exceeded by only eight counties in the State. The value of land devoted to 
 manufacturing purposes is $100,000,000, and the factories thereon are rated as worth $200,000,000. 
 There are within the city confines public property used for public purposes, places of religious worship, 
 places of burial, and institutions of ])ublic charity exempted from ta.\;ati(jn, valued at $137,906,691, in 
 which the churches and hospitals are valued at $68,600,635, city property (exclusive of schools), 
 $52,603,296. and schools, $8,905,000. The value of property belonging to the general government in 
 the city is $6,427,760. 
 
 84 
 
Building Societies. 
 
 By Addison B. Burk, Assistant Managing Editor, 
 Public Lidger. 
 
 Philadelphia will always remain the "City of Brotherly 
 Love" — that is its main characteristic. Two other titles 
 have been bestowed upon it, but it has outlived one, that 
 of the "Quaker City," and is yearly extending its claim 
 to the other, that of the "City (jf Homes." The census 
 returns show that it has substantially a dwelling house for 
 each family residing within its borders. There is no other 
 city in the world with a million or more inhabitants that can 
 lay claim to any such distinction. Various causes have 
 combined to encourage the building of a separate house for 
 each family, but the}' cannot well be understood by strangers 
 without a brief historical description of the growth of the 
 city. The greater part of the city lies on a neck of land 
 bounded by two large rivers, the Delaware and Schuylkill. 
 In addition to the city proper, as laid out by William Penn, 
 numerous other villages, following generally the plan of the 
 streets laid out by Penn, were built within the county limits. 
 These gradually met each other in the process of growth, 
 until they formed a compactly built city, and were then 
 consolidated under one citj- government. The country 
 roads which once connected these different settlements 
 naturally developed into the main streets of the villages 
 they traversed, and ultimately became business streets of 
 the consolidated city. Although the lines of old settlements 
 have long since been obliterated, even a stranger in the com- 
 pactly built city could almost mark their centres by the 
 clusters of stores ; and indeed Philadelphia covers such a large 
 area that socially and in a Imsiness point of view it still partakes of the character of a cluster of settlements. 
 One of the great thoroughfares — Second Street — is lined on both sides for a distance of at least five 
 miles with stores and shops, above which are dwellings. Ridge Road or Avenue, Lancaster Avenue, 
 Passyunk Road, Girard and Columbia Avenues are also great business streets, outside of the limits of 
 what are generally called the business parts of the city, the neighborhood of Market, Chestnut and 
 Arch Streets. Very early in the history of the city it was laid out in blocks, with what were then 
 considered broad streets, the blocks themselves were divided into building lots large enough to be 
 within the reach of people of moderate means ; and large blocks, or squares, were set apart for parks 
 or breathing places. But more important than all this, the building lots were sold on ground rent. 
 It was a sale in fee simple, the former owner simply reserving to himself a rent out of the property. 
 The buyer became in fact the owner in fee simple of the lot, but, in consideration of not paying for it in 
 cash, agreed to pay so much rent per annum, and this rent was almost invariably 6 per cent, interest on 
 the assumed value of the lot. This was the foundation upon which the " City of Homes " was built. 
 Under it very poor men were enabled to acquire title to a lot of ground on which to erect a homestead, 
 however humble it might be. They were secure against eviction so long as they paid the very modest 
 rent for their lot, and all increase of value which the growth of the city or their own labor put upon 
 their property went to them. The same system of ground rents pre^■ailed in all the settlements now 
 
 ' PL.\CE " OF TWO .\ND THRKK STORV 
 COTTAGE HOMES. 
 Copyright Harper & Bros. 
 
 85 
 
comprising the City of Philadelphia. There was a wide distribution of property, and as most heads of 
 families owned their houses and lots, there was little demand or need for apartment houses, and few- 
 were built. Every house, whether large or small, was built for the accommodation of only one family. 
 The custom was soon fairly established, and even when property had advanced in value so that it became 
 more and more difficult for the poorer and more improvident people to own their own homes, and rented 
 dwellings had to be provided for them, fashion, habit or prejudice still impelled each family to have its 
 own dwelling complete in itself. More than a hundred years before building and loan associations had 
 been established in Philadelphia, before the days of co-operation, Philadelphia was a city of homes, 
 made so primarily by the ground rent system, and kept so by the force of local custom. 
 
 The o-eneral plan of Philadelphia dwelling houses is also due to the fact that, being built to a 
 great extent by people of small means, they were made at first no larger than necessity required and 
 were o-radually extended as the means of the owner permitted, and as the size of the family increased. 
 The distinctive feature of the Philadelphia dwelling for persons of small means is that, whether large 
 or small, it is well lighted, well aired and admits of a decent living. Every room in the house receives 
 light and air from windows opening on the street or on the yard. Each room, except perhaps the 
 kitchen, is entirely separate from all others; that is to say, the occupants may pass by entry ways 
 direct from the street to any room in the house, without passing through other rooms. Each house is 
 also provided with a yard or garden, and these grouped together in the centre of a block, form a broad 
 open space common to all the houses above the six feet fence line, while each yard is, nevertheless, the 
 exclusive adjunct of the house to which it is attached. The greater portion of the dwellings are also 
 provided with bath-rooms, supplied from the city works. The plan developed by experience and not the 
 work of any one architect, is so good and compact that on lots 14 or 15 feet front by 50 deep, comfortable 
 dwellings, with 144 square feet of yard space, and containing from six to eight rooms, are erected and 
 supplied with the essential conveniences of the best modern dwellings. As a rule, however, the lots 
 are from 16 to 18 feet in frontage, and from 60 to 100 feet in depth. 
 
 The great bulk of Philadelphia's dwelling houses range in value, including lot, from $1000 to 
 S3000. There are of cour.se a large number ranging in value from $5000 to $7500, and for the latter 
 sum a house can be bought fitted for the home of a well-to-do merchant. When building societies 
 were introduced in Philadelphia fifty years ago, they simply found a congenial soil and flourished on 
 that account. They did not create though they have stimulated the desire for ownership of houses, and 
 at a time when sales of lots on ground rent were less common than formerly, they provided a ready 
 means for poor people to obtain homes of their own. It is an old story that the term building society 
 is a misnomer, and that Philadelphia building societies are really co-operative savings funds and 
 loan associations. 
 
 The .system in the simpler forms may be made plain in this way. One hundred men, each able 
 to save one dollar a month, agree, in order to strengthen each other in their purpose to save, to put 
 their monej' together at fixed periods and lock it up in a strong box until each shall have accumulated 
 $200. It is easy enough to see that if each man is prompt in his payments, the strong box will be 
 ready to be opened for a division of the savings at the end of 200 months. If each monthly payment 
 stands for a share of stock, then each share will be worth $200 at the end of 200 months. 
 
 But we will suppose that as soon as this agreement has been entered into by which the 100 men 
 come together monthly and put a dollar each into a common fund, one of the members suggests that 
 instead of allowing the money to lie idle in the box they had better put it out at interest as they 
 gather it each month, putting the securities for its return into the box and the interest also as fast as 
 earned. At a glance the other members see that, by acting on this suggestion, they will accumu- 
 late the $200 on each share in less than 200 months, perhaps in 180 months, when they will have 
 paid only $180 each. The suggestion is adopted, and now we have a purely co-operative savings fund 
 with only one distinguishing feature, and that one of great value — the savings are compulsory, and 
 made at stated periods. The member does not lay aside in this fund his spare cash as humor to save 
 prompts him, but enters into an obligation to pay so much per month. Now, you have in this scheme 
 as thus far developed, the essential features of our so-called building and loan associations. The other 
 branches of business in which they engage, although they give character and name to the societies, 
 
 86 
 
are reallj' incidental to the accomplishment of the one .i;raiui pnrpose, that of saving money by 
 co-operation and liy compulsory payment into the treasury. 
 
 The first problem that presents itself to the directors is, how to use the money collected the 
 first month. The purpose of the society will be destroyed if the money is not safely invested. vShall it 
 be put in Government bonds at a low rate of interest or invested in bond and mortgage, with real 
 estate security, at a high rate ? If the latter course is adopted, to whom shall it be loaned ? John 
 Smith who is not a member of the society desires to borrow, but so also does Peter Brown, who is a 
 member. If the societ)- should lend to Peter Brown, it will have security additional to that represented by 
 his bond and mortgage — in his stock, growing in value month by month. To get this additional security 
 for all the money it lends, and at the same time secure a higher rate of interest for its money than could 
 be obtained from Government bonds, the society determines to lend only to its members. Now it 
 appears that other members besides Peter Brown want to borrow the first month's collections. How 
 shall it be decided between them? Obviousslj', the fairest plan is to let them bid one against the other, 
 and lend it to the man who is willing to give the highest premium over and above the fixed or legal rate 
 of interest. This course is adopted, and the society finds itself in possession of two sources of profit, 
 interest on loans to its own members and premiums for the prior use of money collected. It is manifest 
 now that instead of requiring 200 or 180 months in which to accumulate in a strong bo.N: enough 
 money and securities to divide $200 per share, it will only take say 160 months. 
 
 In the course of time, some one of the members fails to pay his instalment. If this should be 
 permitted it is manifest that the member withholding his deposit and depriving the society of its use 
 will, in the end, have an advantage over his fellow members. To check this a fine is imposed when 
 instalments are delayed, so that the fine may serve as a penalty as well as reimburse the society for 
 the loss of the use of the money. Another member finds that he cannot keep up his payments, 
 or he desires to move to another part of the country. To accommodate him, the society agrees to open 
 its strong box before the appointed time, give him what he has paid in, with some portion of the profit 
 already accumulated, and cancel his stock. Now it is seen that there are, besides interest, three 
 sources of profit, namely : Premiums arising from competition for the loans, penalties for non-payment 
 of dues, and a portion of the profits withheld from members who fail to remain in the association, and 
 whose stock is canceled. And so the features of a Philadelphia building society are developed. 
 
 At last, somewhere between the tenth and the eleventh years, when from $120 to $132 have been 
 paid in on each share, the strong box is found to contain securities or money sufficient to divide to 
 all the shares, of the borrowers and the non-borrowers, ^200 each. The lime has come for the society 
 to be " wound up," technically speaking. Each holder of an unborrowed or free share gets $200 in 
 cash. Each borrower is entitled to $200. Init he owes $200, for which the societ}' holds his bond and 
 mortgage, so tiie account is squared b_v the cancellation of the mortgage. The society thus described 
 is a single series society. Stock is now issued in series, but the principle remains the same. The 
 series are treated as partners with interests in a business common to all, proportioned to their invest- 
 ments aiid the times for which the investments have been made. 
 
 For many 5-ears building societies had no competitors in loaning mone\' for the purchase of 
 houses. As money became cheaper capitalists began to compete, and at the present day one can 
 borrow from individuals mone}- on instalment mortgages so framed that the conditions and results 
 to the borrower are substantially the same as though he had become a member of and borrowed from 
 a building society. This condition will only last, however, as long as money is cheap. A capitalist 
 will not lend on such favorable terms unless forced to do so liy the market conditions. 
 
 Complete statistics respecting building societies are not attainable. It is known, however, 
 that the vState contains at least 1400 societies, and that about 450 have their offices in Philadelphia. 
 If they have an average of 1000 shares and 200 members each, and the shares of stock have an average 
 value of $90, then the 1400 societies have 280,000 members and $126,000,000 of assets. There is no 
 doubt that Philadelphia h.is at all times fully $40,000,000 invested in building societies and that the 
 members put away nearly $5,000,000 annually in these compulsory savings funds. Nearly all of 
 these savings are ultimately invested in little homes and that is why the builders of Philadelphia 
 erect many thousands of small houses every year. 
 
 87 
 
The Builders' Exchange. 
 
 EXCHAXGK ROOM. 
 
 By William W. Morgan. 
 
 Among the nuiiierou,-> bodies representative of special intensts in the 
 City of Philadelpliia, there is probably not one that has so fully proven the 
 wisdom and forethought of its projectors as the Master Builders' Exchange- 
 The organization was first publicly proposed at a. meeting of the 
 Master Plasterers' Association on June 7, 1886. At that time the 
 employing, or master mechanics, in the various building trades, owing to 
 labor agitations and other questions affecting contracts, found themselves 
 very frequently working at cross purposes, and as a result, the feeling 
 was gaining ground that something must be done for their mutual pro- 
 tection. When, therefore, the matter of forming an organization assumed 
 shape in the Mar,tt;r Pla->terers' Company, it received a flattering affirmative response from representative 
 men in all the building trades, and as a consequence, there was but little difficulty or delay in getting 
 together and deciding upon the form, scope and manner of conducting the association required to best 
 serve their interests. 
 
 A charter was granted February 17th, 1887, in the corporate name "f "The Master Builders' 
 Exchange of the City of Philadelphia," and temporary quarters were at once established b\- leasing the 
 rotunda of the old Philadelphia Exchange building at Third and Walnut Streets. A few months after 
 ijune 1887) the present home of the Exchange on Seventh Street was purchased from the German 
 Society. The Iniilding was one of the best known to Philadelphians, as it had been for many years 
 occupied by the city as a gas office. In the Spring of 1889, shortly after obtaining possession of the 
 premises, the Exchange set about remodelling it to suit their purposes. The front portion was 
 thoroughly overhauled and radically changed, and on the rear of the lot a fine five-story fire-proof 
 office building was erected. An additional story was placed on the front building in 1891, in which 
 a first-class cafe has been established for the accommodation of members, tenants and the general 
 jniblic. The^e improvements were completed about the first of November, 1889. 
 
 The Lumbermen's Exchange occupies a portion of the second floor of the building and the 
 meetings of the Stone Cutters' Association, the Bricklayers' Company, tlie Master Carpenters' and 
 Builders' Company, the Master Plasterers' Association, the Master Plumbers' Association, the 
 Philadelphia Saw and Planing Mill Association, the Master Painters' Association, and the Metal Roofers' 
 Association are also held in the building, thereby practically making it a headquarters for al! the 
 building trades. 
 
 Prior to the organization of the Exchange, the Builders of Philadelphia held but an unimpurtant 
 place in the business community in comparison with the amount of their financial transactions and the 
 responsibility devolving upon them ; but by virtue of concentrated 
 action, influence judiciously exercised, and a determination to maintain 
 their rights, freely expressed through the medium of a thoroughh' well 
 managed Exchange, they have made rapid strides toward elevating the 
 building interests of Philadelphia to their proper plane in business and 
 financial circles. 
 
 The work done in 1892 by members of the Exchange represents 
 upwards of seventy-five per cent, in amount of all the contracts awarded 
 ill Philadelphia for buildings erected under architects' plans and specifi- 
 cations, in addition to which many of them have had large operations 
 in other sections of the country. 
 
 In addition to concentrating the various building trades under 
 one strong and influential organization representing building interests, 
 
 EXTERIOR VIKW, 
 
the Ruilders' lixchange has gone further and estal)lislied two new 
 departments : the Pirniaiunl K.xhibilion and the Michanical Tradt' 
 Schools, both of which have been eminently successful, and have 
 attracted widespread attention and most faxorable comment. 
 
 The Builders' Exchaiiffr Mtrhaniial Tiad,- Sdiools have for their 
 object the instruction of young men whereby they will be given such 
 insight into whatever building tnxiie they may select, as will enable 
 them to be at once useful and remunerative to their employers when 
 KXHiBiTioN- ROOM. they enter upon a regular apprenticeship, and tend to save them from 
 
 the drudgery to which the average American boy so strongly objects; 
 but which the ordinary apprentice is subjected to during the first year or so of liis efforts to become a 
 skilled mechanic. Instruction is given in the use of tools, the actual handling, mixing and manipu- 
 lation of materials, and also in mechanical drawing, and other technical points which will prove 
 useful in the trade. These schools have been in operation since September, 1890, and are the first of 
 the kind ever established under the auspices and control of a Builders' Exchange. Their success is 
 very gratifying, and efforts are now being made by the Exchange toward their permanent endowment 
 and material enlargement from year to year. 
 
 Tht- Jluildi/s' Exrham^r Pfnnatunt ILxhibltion has become so well known that visitors to Phila- 
 delphia desirous of seeing the special attractions, are shown through it the same as through Independ- 
 ence Hall, Girard College, the United States Mint, the City Hall, or Fairmount Park. It constitutes a 
 handsomely arranged and classified exhibit of all kinds of materials and devices which enter into the 
 construction and finish of buildings, and occupies the entire first floor of the Exchange. It was opened 
 to the public in November, iSSy, since which time it has been growing in popular favor as well as in the 
 number and character of its exhibits. During the year 1892, the number of visitors was upwards of 
 90,000, and from a register containing the names and address of many of these, it is shown that they come 
 from almost every country on the face of the earth. To property owners and others interested in building 
 interests, this Permanent Exhibition is recognized as being of the greatest possible value, as it gives them 
 an opportunity of seeing at once the latest and best things to be used in erecting or remodelling a 
 building of an)' description. Exhibitors pay an annual rental for the space they occupy. Admission is 
 free, and the exhibition is open to the public from 8 K. y\. to 5 i'. ^\., every d.iy in the year, except 
 Sunday and legal holidays. 
 
 The Master Builders' Exchange of Philadelphia took a very prominent i)art in the organization, in 
 1887, of the National Association of Builders, which is composed of representatives from liuilders' 
 Ivxchanges located in all the principal cities of the I'nited States. Much good has resulted through 
 the medium of the National Association, by bringing together representative builders and building 
 tradesmen for conference, interchange of views and the establishment of uniform im])roved methods 
 and laws relating to the building business throughout the countr\'. 
 
 This Exchange has always been looked upon by the members of the National Association as a 
 model to be followed in the organization of similar bodies. 
 
 A history of the P^xchange was recently published, giving a full account of its transactions from 
 the date of organization in 1886. The book is a model of the printer's art and a monument to the 
 enterprise of the Exchange. It contains upwards of 500 pages of text, and in addition is handsomely 
 illustrated with portraits of past and present officers, habitations of men of various countries and ages, 
 views of the Exchange and its different departments, and the exterior and interior of a model Phila- 
 delphia house for persons of moderate means. The Exchange lias always taken an active part in 
 State and municipal afi^iirs where an expression of public opinion on building subjects has been 
 desirable, and its weight and influence are recognized and respected in all business circles. 
 
 By establishing and upholding the P^xchange, the builders of Philadelphia have accomplished 
 much, and are in a position to eonfidentlv look forward to still greater achievements. 
 
 89 
 
A New Architectural Era. 
 
 ; ,■ J. C. WORTHINGTON, !■". A. I. A., ARCHITKCT. 
 
 
 A TVPICAI, OLD-STYLE DOORWAY 
 IN PHILADELPHL\. 
 
 Within the last decade and a half the architectural life of Philadelphia 
 has shown its first decided change, emerging from the period ol 
 slumbrofis quietude and conser\-atisni so characteristic of the people 
 who made the city. Previous to the Centennial the entire art of 
 building was bound up in the rigid but modest formality that had 
 existed for half a century, and which Dr. S. Weir Mitchell pictures 
 very vix'idlv in his short stories of those early days. In Hepzibah 
 (iuinmss we find the image of the long, rectangular streets, with their 
 infinitude of red brick and white or green shuttered houses, down the 
 
 f^^^^^^pH long vista of which the hot Sunnner suns blistered the paint on 
 
 . 4^^^^^^ J multitudes of closed or bowed blinds, while the business fronts pre- 
 
 sented the same air of retirement, contenting themseh-es with the 
 simplest of show windows, full of small glass lights. The change from 
 the old condition of things came very quietly, and by such gradual 
 degrees as to be almost as unnoted as the budding of the Spring foliage. 
 To be more modern became a common desire, until with the era of 
 what might be called the Centennial renaissance the old picture began 
 gradually to fade away, being replaced by the initial creations of newer 
 feeling, not always as wise as the old, but characteristic at least of a 
 period of restless stirrings which presaged the birth of a new life and 
 changed ideas. 
 
 Out of all this nascent life a varied result has grown. The architectural feeling has become as 
 cosmopolitan as one could desire — tracing its origin to every known style and a number of unknown 
 sources. To the observer, however, three distinct movements are visible, all of which deserve attention 
 and two of which are worthy of commendation. In one of these we find thoughtful and scholarly 
 study, free from reckless endeavors to be either novel or sensational, and expressing in its restraint the 
 very best elcmenls of the art of architecture. All classes of buildings show examples of this healthy 
 feeling, though its instances thus far have been more numerous in domestic work. This fact, it would 
 seem, can be viewed with a great deal of gratulatory feeling, since bad dwelling architecture has its 
 largest opportunities in a city designated as the "city of homes." The second of the two commendable 
 movements is marked by good intentions and either limited ability to express them or timidity. The 
 virtues of the best class of work are everywhere present, but a lack of wholeness and completeness mars 
 the result. In many instances this is due to the experimental stage in which the artist's mind is 
 working and is full of encouragement for the future, promising better things in the same way that H. 
 H. Richardson's church in Springfield, Mass., foretold his later work. As year after yearworks changes 
 and old buildings are swept away, in most instances the architect will rise to the occasion and develop 
 a city in every way marked for good and noble architecture. Of the third class it can only be said that 
 the results are to be seen by all and judged upon their merits. 
 
 Taken altogether, there is ground for the most pronounced hope in the future of Philadelphia 
 architecture. PVom the lowest to the highest class of building everywhere there is a marked growth in 
 the people's appreciation of good work, so that if men will but try to cultivate in them the right instincts 
 they will respond with as much eagerness as the citizens of Florence did several hundred years ago. 
 With an organized Chapter of Architects, one of the oldest in the country, whose scope is the bettering 
 of all artistic conditions, the work will go forward toward all good things, transforming the town which 
 William Penn founded in honorable simplicity into a city where vulgarity shall not ape nobility, where 
 richness shall not offend humilitj'. 
 
 90 
 
New Suburban Sections. 
 
 L 
 
 - i 
 
 jm.\ 
 
 Sl'KINC.HIKl.ll AVKNU]-:, WKST I'l I II.A HKI.l'll I A. 
 
 / 
 
 "^tf'^^tt:"" 
 
 i>4-^ 
 
 ITSAI. STRKET, r.KRM ANTOWN. 
 
Our Homes and Ways as Others See Them. 
 
 Extracts from an Article in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newapaper, by Robert P. Porter, 
 
 Superintendent of the Census. 
 
 Population is massing in large industrial centres : the size of the family is decreasing, but the number 
 of dwellings has increased during the decade at a rate relatively greater than the population. First, 
 as to the surprising growth of urban population : The Eleventh Census has established the fact that from 
 a country in which about 3 per cent, of the population were dwellers in towns of 8,000 inhabitants 
 and upward, we have developed into a vast industrial nation in which nearly 30 per cent, of the 
 population is concentrated in places of o\-er 8,000 inhabitants; over 36 per cent, in places of 2,500; 
 or, if the limit is extended down to small towns and villages of 1,000 and upward, therein may be 
 foiuid about 42 p-r cent, of the population. To ascertain the effect of this concentration of population 
 upon the occupations, the health, the mental and moral conditions, the material welfare, and the 
 future of the people of the United States, is one of the most interesting and important problems of 
 the age. The absorption of population by large cities may add to the civic splendor of the nation, but 
 it nevertheless deepens the lights and shades of society and makes more apparent the gulf between the 
 verv rich and the very poor. It intensifies life, perhaps, and makes it in some respects more enjoyable, 
 but the tenement house and the herding of human beings undermines the family and the home, and 
 thereby weakens the strongest pillars of the republic. The ver}' core of this nation is its homes anil 
 its families. Ey this I mean its separate dwellings, occupied and owned or rented by single families. 
 
 While the tendency in many of our large cities is to mass population in tenement houses, the 
 returns for the country show a satisfactory dimiinition of the number of persons to a dwelling from 5.94 
 in iS5oto 5.60 in 1880, and 5.45 in 1890. It has been said often that Philadelphia is the most American 
 large city in the Union. In the matter of homes this is certainly true. \\'hile 83 J 2 per cent, of the 
 population of New York Cit}^ li\e over ten to a dwelling, only 12 -'4 per cent, of the population of 
 Philadelphia are found over ten to a dwelling, and S~ }{ per cent, in dwellings having less than ten. In 
 this remarkable city of hom^s over 95 '2 per cent, of dwellings contain less than ten persons, and less 
 than 4^'i per cent. more. The other city of over a million inhabitants, Chicago, is about evenly divided 
 l)et\veen the two classes of dwellings. In New York nearly 29 per cent, of the dwellings contain more 
 than twenty persons to each dwelling, and 663-4' per cent, of the population there live over twenty 
 to a dwelling. 
 
 The average size of families in 1890 in seven of our largest cities is as follows: Philadelphia, 
 5.10; Baltimore, 5.01 ; Boston, soo; Chicago, 4.99; St. Louis, 4.92; New York, 4 S4 ; Brooklyn, 
 4.72. In the case of Philadelphia this shows an excess over the general average of the entire country 
 (^4.93} of above 3 per cent. 
 
 Extracts from an Article in Harper's Weekly, by Harry P. Mawson. 
 
 Philadelphia is, above all things, a city of magnificent distances. It has the most complete 
 system of street railroads in the world, with which almost e\'ery street is gridironed, with a system of 
 passes and exchanges one can ride by or within a stone's throw of even-where in the Quaker City. 
 
 This city is also the headquarters of the 1)uilding association. There are some twelve hundred 
 of these organizations in Pennsylvania, nearly one-half of them being located in Philadelphia. They 
 have done much to develop the small homes of the Quaker City, having been honestly and officially 
 managed. The theory and practice of the building association is the spirit of co-operation. Land is 
 cheap, opportunities for owning one's own home are easy to acquire, and the building association has 
 
 y2 
 
Iseen the modus operandi. One must not forget, too, her far-famed markets, snperldy snjiplied witli the 
 finest and choicest farm products in this country. 
 
 There is a great deal of cheap wit afloat at the expense of the city of Penn. Some of it is. 
 perhaps, deserved; much of it is launched in a spirit of ignorance and envy. Philadelphia can well 
 afford to listen unmoved to these ribald jests, for what city in this or any other country' has earned the 
 title, a "City of Homes?" It is better than being called a " Windy City," or a " Monumental Cit>-," 
 or the " Hub of the Universe," or, indeed, a " City of Churches," and means more to hundreds and 
 thousands than life in a tenement eight stories high in tlic " Empire City." 
 
 As a matter of statistical comparison, it is well to state here that Philadelphia has 2_^5.033 
 buildings, of all kinds, the letter carriers covering 91 Ij square miles of territory, against 120,000 build- 
 ings in New York and 41 square miles of territory ; 128,000 houses and 61 sciuare miles of territory in 
 Chicago, and 53,000 in Boston. Of these 235,000 and odd buildings in the Quaker City, 83,068 are 
 two-story dwellings — read these figures attentively, it means a " home " for from 5?8 to $133 month — 
 96,771 are three-story dwellings; a beautiful little "home," three st(jries high, for $25 a month and 
 even less. I find that I may have extolled the " homes " of the Quaker City seemingly at the expense 
 of the other cities discussed, but to those acquainted with the facts my enthusiasm is not out of bounds. 
 If the old adage, ' A man's home is his castle," was ever proved, it is in the Quaker City. 
 
 Extracts from an Article in the New York Sun, by John Swinton. 
 
 The first view of Philadelphia which the traveler gets wnen he enters it by the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad is impressive and pleasing. Immediat'^ly upon leaving the depot he confronts the huge and 
 majestic structure known as the " Public Buildings," or the City Ilall, while other great edifices are 
 within sight. There are few cities in America, or in P)urope, of which (jne gets such a favorable 
 impression as he gains here of the City of Philadelphia. The people seen hereabout are well but plainly 
 dressed, and appear to be of more leisurely habit than New Yorkers. 
 
 Upon entering Chestnut Street at high noon one sees a crowd of pedestrians very much like the 
 crowd to be seen in the chief business street of any other large American city. Chestnut Street is 
 narrower than Broadway, but resembles it in many respects. The older business houses are plain and 
 substantial ; the newer ones are large, high and ornate. Among them are some very excellent pieces of 
 architecture. The big windows of the shops are decorated with tlie goods for sale, and some of them 
 make a very fine show. The pedestrians and shoppers of both sexes all along the line of the street are 
 well and warmly clad at this season of the year. There is not the rush here that there is in similar 
 streets of New York at the same time of day. One does not see nearly as many gayly dressed ladies as 
 may be seen during any afternoon in such streets of New York as upper Broadway. Fifth Avenue, 
 P'ourteenth Street and elsewhere. There are many mature dames on Chestnut Street and also well-kept 
 gentlemen. Elderly people abound in the town. Philadelphians seem more prim and deliberate than 
 New Yorkers, who are more flamboyant and energetic than Philadelphians. The Quaker garb was not 
 seen upon any man or woman in Philadelphia during a day's travel over the city, where in old times this 
 garb used to be worn by a large proportion of the people. Chestnut Street and the streets crossing it 
 are in fine order, and seem to be all kept remarkably clean, even in this Winter season. 
 
 While strolling about Philadelphia one sees far fewer people of foreign aspect and style than he 
 sees in New York. It is more of an American city than any other city in the country. It has a more 
 subdued tone than New York. 
 
 There are more features of historical interest in Philadelphia than in Xew York. When the New 
 Yorker approaches Independence Hall the memories (jf Revolution days fill his mind, and the patriotic 
 fires burn within him when he beholds the old Liberty Bell and the other relics of the times that tried 
 men's souls. 
 
 93 • 
 
ON CHESTNUT STREET. 
 
 Ill walking about the city, off tlie main streets, one sees hundreds of those neat and substantial 
 residences of brick, triinnied with marble, which were built in the first half of this century, and in 
 which so many of the inhabitants of the city live comfortably, (juietly and pleasantly. During a daj-'s 
 journey to the four points of the compass from Independence Hall no " tenement quarters " like those 
 which exist in New York came into view ; but the visitor was informed that there are two or three 
 streets containing tenements. Orderliness and cleanliness were observable everywhere. 
 
 One sees comparatively few drinking places as he goes hither and thither through Philadelphia. 
 Persons under the influence of liquor are not ordinarily in sight, so far as one New Yorker could 
 a.scertain. There are a large number of colored people in Philadelphia, and they seem to he doing well. 
 Several restaurants were visited, and all of them had colored waiters, who were attentive and polite. 
 Saleswomen are to be seen in very maiu- of the business establishments and the offices of Philadelphia. 
 They all look prim and pleasant. The stranger in Philadelphia must be pleased with the general 
 courtesy of the people of the city. A person went into a Chestnut Street restaurant on Monday last to 
 get a small lunch, and when he paid the twenty cents which it cost, to the lady cashier at the desk, she 
 said, in a clear yet gentle tone of voice, "Thank you I " The same person, when he accosted a stranger 
 in the street and asked the way to a certain place, receix^ed the kindly reply, "I will accompany you 
 there." The same person enjoyed yet other like courtesies during a day in Philadelphia. 
 
 There are far fewer millionaires in Philadelphia than in New York : but the proportion of people 
 in Philadelphia who are pretty well off and who li\-e in their own houses is far greater than in 
 New York. 
 
 Of tf\» 
 
 94 
 
Markets of Philadelphia. 
 
 Bv Gkorck E. MapeS, Philadelphia Times. 
 
 #^^f"^- ^ 
 
 
 'if-.:i. 
 
 
 p?'S?-?5; 
 
 Philadelphia lias been notable from the first for the excellence and 
 extent of its markets. Penn I'anie in 16S2, and the f(.)no\ving year 
 there was a market in which butchers erected nio\al)le stalls. 
 This market was at the corner of Front Street and Market, then 
 called High Street. Ten j'ears later, under William Markham, 
 Deputj' Governor, this market was removed one square further 
 west to Second and Market Streets, and provided with a bell. At 
 this time and place, customs and regulations were adopted, which 
 practically continued to this day. There were to be two markets 
 a week, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, all sorts of provisions 
 brought to the city were to be offered for sale here and nowhere 
 else under penalty of forfeiture. The articles dealt in included 
 " flesh, fish, tame fowl, butter, eggs, cheese, herbs, fruits and 
 roots, etc.," the latter evidently meaning such culinary vegetables 
 as were then cultivated in the province. The market was to open 
 at the sound of the bell, which was to be rung in Summer be*^-veen 
 six and seven A. M. and in Winter between eight and nine. Sales 
 made before hours except to the Governor and Lieutenant Gov- 
 ernor were forfeited. All were forbidden to buy or price these provisions on their waj' to market, and 
 hucksters could not buy until the market had been opened two hours. The clerk of the market received 
 half of all forfeitures, together with six pence per head on all slaughtered cattle; two pence for each 
 sheep, calf or lamb ; three pence for each pig; but 110 charge was made on what the country people 
 brought to market already killed. He was also allowed a penny each for sealing weights and measures. 
 In 1710 a Court House was erected in Market Street between Second and Third, which stood 
 upon arches with brick pillars to rest upon, the basement of which was open for mtirket stalls. This was 
 the first market under roof, and the building, of which a picture is furnished in this article, was Court 
 House, seat of the Legislature and Municipal Council, State House and Town House until the erection 
 of the State House, now known as Independence Hall, in 17,15. It was a quaint, old-fashioned building 
 Avith a little cupola and bell and having a balcony in fn^it with stejis from either side leading up to it. 
 From this balcony the inaugural addresses and jmiclamations of the colonial governors were read, and 
 the famous preacher, George Whitfield, used it as a 
 puljiit from which to preach to six thousand people. 
 It is interesting to note that at this early day the 
 people of Philadelphia were schooled in public 
 affairs in this ver}^ act of buying and selling their 
 daily supplies, a custom their descendants follow 
 to this day. The market houses being still tlie 
 common meeting ground for discussing current 
 political events. This pirimilive market system 
 expanded as the city grew by the building of 
 mai'ket sheds in the centre of the wider streets, in- 
 cluding Callowhill, Spring Ciarden, Ciirard Avenue 
 and many others, the sheds being owned by the 
 city, and the stalls rented to the farmers, butchers, 
 fishermen and fruit and vegetable dealers. This 
 
 COIKT HOI SK .\M> .M AKK1;T, 2I> .^N'l) JI.\RKF.T ST.S. 
 
 KKHcrKi) 1710. 
 
 Kroju au Old I'rint. 
 
A PORTION OF OLD SPRINC, GARDEN MARKET, NOW REMOVED. 
 
 system continued and expanded according to the 
 demands of the rapidly increasing population until 
 the year 1851, when there were forty-nine of these 
 public market houses in various sections of the 
 city. At this time the agitation for the consolida- 
 tion of the outlying boroughs and sections into 
 one great municiiiality was at its height. Business 
 men began to complain of the market houses in 
 the middle of the streets as obstructions to busi- 
 ness, and it was proposed that the markets should 
 be transferred to pri\'ate owners who would erect 
 spacious, well-lighted buildings in coiu'enieiit 
 localities for this purpose. 
 
 Like all iimovations in Philadelphia, this was a change of slow growth. The first market of this 
 kind was called the Broad vStreet Market House, and was opened for business June 4, 1851. It proved 
 a feilure, the citizens persisting in patronizing the public market sheds. The Broad Street Market 
 House became the West Chester Railway Station. Slow as was the change, however, it made constant 
 headwa\-, and at the present day but four of the forty-nine public sheds remain, and these are doomed. 
 The unsuccessful Broad Street Market House has been succeeded by thirty-five of its kind, or nearly at 
 the rate of one for e\ery ward in the cit\'. There are 1,184 stalls rented by dealers whose goods are on 
 display every day in the week, except Sunday, exclusive of the farmers and market gardeners who throng- 
 to the city in regiments on Wednesdays and Saturdays. Dock Street Market has always been the 
 great distributing ]ioint. Here the fruit and early vegetables of the South were brought by rail, and the 
 fish and o},-sters brought in sloops and other vessels were exposed for sale. The Dock Street Market is 
 about to be abandoned, however, and at Thirty-second and Market Streets, in West Philadelphia, will 
 be located the distributing market of the future. At this point the Philadelphia Market Company will 
 receive oranges, fresh fruit and vegetables by a three-day train from Jacksonville; strawberries and garden 
 truck from Norfolk on the numiing after shipment ; peaches and watermelons, in their season, from 
 Maryland, Delaware and Xcw Jersey ; apples from Western New York and Michigan : dressed meat from 
 Chicago and Kansas City ; and live cattle from every State, from Pennsylvania to Oregon ; fish from the 
 great lakes of the West, the ocean on the I£ast, and creeks, rivers and lakes of the neighboring States ; 
 game of all sorts from all sections; oysters from the Chesapeake and Long Island Sound. In short, 
 everything edible in its season, from the Bermuda Islands in the Last to the vineyards and orchards of 
 California on the West. In the matter of supplying the outlying suburban towns the market system of 
 Philadel]>hia is admirable. Both the Philadelphia and Reading and the Pennsylvania Railways deliver 
 the market baskets free of charge, for those who come to town to buy the day's provisions, over their 
 respective lines. Of the market houses, that underthe Reading Terminal, at Twelfth and Filljert Streets, 
 is undoul)tedly the leading example, because of its central location and its proximity to the two great 
 railwav terminals of the city. As a single item, showing the importance of the market business of 
 I'hiladelphia, the agricultural lands in Philadelphia County alone are assessed at twenty-one millions of 
 
 dollars, the most of which are devoted to market gardening. 
 The same business is extensively followed in Bucks, Mont- 
 gomery, Chester and Delaware Counties, and in the States 
 of New Jersey and Delaware, for the purpose of supplying 
 the Philadelphia market. In short, the people of no great 
 city in the country live better or are better supplied with 
 the necessaries, delicacies and luxuries which are essential to 
 please the palate and sustain the bodily vigor of the ordinars' 
 human being. The market system of Philadelphia remains 
 to-day what it has been from the very foundation of the city — 
 the best in America. 
 
 96 
 
 E 
 
 
 NEW MARKET HOl'SE, ^OTH ANn MARKET STREETS. 
 
The riilk Supply. 
 
 By K. W. Woolman, PresiuhnT PHii.AiiHr.rHiA Mii.K Kxchanck. 
 
 Second only in ])oint of importance to general excellence cf market 
 facilities antl jiroduce in the domestic economy of a great city, is the 
 supply of milk. Upon another page of this publication the President 
 of the Board of Health has shown by indisputable figures the decrease 
 within recent years in the rate of infant mortality. Much of this 
 saving of precious human life may be properly credited to the uniform 
 purit}- of the milk dealt out each morning at the doors of the people 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 It is not contemplated in this article to refer to the products of milk for wliich this community 
 has such a wide reputation. The supply of milk has long been secured by means of milk trains cover- 
 ing an area of fifty or sixty miles around Philadelphia, about thirty-five cars, daily, being required. 
 The district northeast of Philadelphia, between the Schuylkill and Delaware Rivers failed about two years 
 ago to produce enough milk for this market, and a more extended field was found in northern Pennsyl- 
 vania and southern New York, which is reached via the L,ehigh \'alley Railroad, the milk from this 
 territorv being sent hither in refrigerator cars and arriving in as good condition as any that reaches the 
 city. This source of supply promises to prove an ample reinforcement for many years to come. From 
 data obtained by the Philadelphia Milk Exchange, it appears that in 1892 the following quantities of 
 milk were delivered to dealers in this city in quarts. 
 
 Pennsylvania R. R 38,242,810 
 
 Philadelphia & Reading R. R 36,748,664 
 
 Baltimore & Ohio R. R 5,687,300 
 
 In Wagons ... 10,600,000 
 
 Total, 91,278,774 
 
 It is believed that the quantity handled during 1893 will reach the aggregate of 110,000,000 
 qirarts. The Milk Exchange of the City of Philadelphia, was formed in 1885, and is conducted in much 
 the same manner as other mercantile exchanges. It has exercised a constantly increasing influence 
 upon local dealers towards a high standard of purity, all kindred topics being discussed freely at its 
 monthly meetings. Its members are numbered among our most energetic and progressive citizens. The 
 pul)lic is protected against dishonest dealers by the state law of 1878, "to prevent the adulteration of 
 and pre\-ent the traffic in impure and unwholesome milk," and also by the city ordinance of 1890, to the 
 sameefl'ect. hVom the reports of the chief inspector's office, for the year i8gi,less than 6 percent, of 
 the supply failed to reach the high standard required by him. No record of epidemic or sickness has 
 been found upon the books of the County Medical Society, caused by milk, during the thirty years of 
 its existence. 
 
 About Si, 000,000 of capital is invested in this industry, and from fix'e to six tliousand persons 
 are employed in handling the daily supply, which requires some 2,500 wagons. 
 
 The sales amount to nearly 510,000,000 annually. As science and experience indicate more 
 clearly, in the future the unequalled health-giving qualities of this ideal article of nutriment, in all its 
 forms, the demand must largely increase, and Philadelphia will gain in equal proportion in her already 
 high record as a healthful cuniniunity. 
 
 97 
 
Railroad Terminals of Philadelphia. 
 
 Bv John' A. J"hann' and Frank \\'. IIaroi.d, The Pnhli,- Lfjgtr. 
 
 In no city in the world are there such magnificent railroad terminals as exist in Philadelphia. The 
 Broad Street Station of the Pennsylvania Railroad has been a model of a perfect railroad building for a 
 score of years, but it will soon be succeeded by a greater and much more commodious structure, 
 imposing in appearance and more perfect in its arrangements than the old. Excejiting alone the new 
 Broad Street Station, the magnificent new Market Street Station of the Philadelphia and Reading 
 Railroad is the largest in the world. Philadelphia, therefore, has the two greatest passenger terminals 
 built, beautiful alike in grandeur and architectural features, and as complete as the suggestions of 
 experienced railroad men could make them . 
 
 Another passenger terminal, not as large as those of the Pennsylvania and Philadelphia and 
 Reading Railroads, is that of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at Twenty-fourth and Chestnut Streets. 
 It is of sufficient size to accommodate the growth of the lousiness of this trunk line for several years, 
 and is not lacking in all the conveniences for passengers and trains known to modern railroading. All 
 of the great passenger stations are located within the heart of the city on the main artery of traffic and 
 close to the centres of every line of trade. The Pennsylvania Railroad Station is at Broad and Market 
 Streets, directly opposite Philadelphia's magnificent new City Hall. Its style of architecture is modern 
 Gothic, harmonizing with the old station familiar to visitors to the Quaker City. 
 
 The main building will be ten stories high, 306 feet on Broad Street, from Market to Filbert, and 
 having a depth of 212 feet on Market Street. Fifteenth Street will be bridged, running beneath the 
 vast station. Tliis great structure will contain about 200 rooms, and on its completion many of the 
 main offices of the Pennsylvania Railroad, connected directly with the operating department, will be 
 moved into it. The base of the building is of granite and the upper stories will be of brick with terra- 
 cotta trimmings. The whole structure will be absolutely fire-proof. At the base of a high tower, which 
 will stand directly at the corner of Broad and Market Streets, will be a splendid main entrance, 70 feet 
 deep, from which elegant stairways will lead to the waiting rooms on the second floor. There will be 
 carriage facilities, elevators and every convenience that belongs to a modern railroad station of the first- 
 class. The train shed connected with this will be its crowning feature and is now nearly completed, and 
 is doubly interesting because it is the largest single span shed ever constructed. It is an arch of iron and 
 glass, reaching from Market to Filbert Streets, and having a clear span of 304 feet. Its length is 600 
 
 98 
 
feet, its height 146}^ feet from the track level, and it covers sixteen tracks with their cotninoclious 
 platforms. Nearly five acres are covered by the shed, and the total length of the main building and 
 shed is 810 feet 8j4 inches. 
 
 The approach to this great terminal station is over an elevated railway supported on arches of 
 solid brick. The Hroad Street Station really includes the extensive Adams Ivxpress and Pennsylvania 
 Railroad freight stations, extending to the westward of the passenger station for Unw blocks. The 
 traffic of the Broad Street Station is enormous, both in trains and passengers. An average of 60,000 
 people arrive and depart from this station every day in the year, and 530 scheduled trains daily, with 
 rarely a trifling accident, is the proud record of this great terminal. Between 4 and 7 p. m., every 
 week-day, fifty trains arrive and eighty de])arl. The enormous aggregate of 20,000,000 jiassL-ugers were 
 handled in 1S92, an increase during tea years of 11,000,000. 
 
 
 .\RCn STREET EROXT OF THE I'Hir,AnEI,PIII.\ AND READIXf. TERMIXAT,. 
 
 The new .Market Street Station of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad was opened to traffic 
 on January 20, 1893. Its style of architecture is composite renaissance, a style never before adopted 
 for a great railroad terminal. On Market Street the station front is 266 feet, with a depth of 107 feet on 
 Twelfth Street. The building is eight stories high and its facade is impressive and mai;niricent. The 
 building is one of the architectural ornaments of the city. New England granite was used in the 
 construction up to the second floor level. Above that there is a pleasing combination of pink tinted 
 brick and white terra-cotta. In the basement of the building there are several stores. The main 
 entrance is in the centre of the Market Street front, and there is also an entrance from Twelfth Street. 
 On the Second floor, which is level with the tracks, there are five offices and waiting rooms, furnished in 
 sumptuous style. The main waiting room is 78 by 100 feet, with a ceiling 35 feet high, and the 
 decorations are elaborate. It opens on a lobby 50 feet wide, running the whole width of the station 
 and giving entrance to the tracks. The structure also includes a well appointed restaurant, convenient 
 baggage and express rooms, carriage entrances, elevators and every necessary convenience for the 
 comfort of passengers. 
 
 The upper stories of the station are soon to be occupied as the general executive and operating 
 offices of the company, affording commodious and comfortable rooms for every department. As a single 
 span structure the train shed is second only to that of the new Broad Street Station in height and area. 
 Its length is 405 feet. The iron arch has a clear span of 266 feet, and contains 90,000 square feet of 
 glass. The distance from the level of the thirteen tracks in the shed to the loj) of the arch is 80 feet. 
 Beneath the tracks in the great shed is a busy market house, occupied l)y the merchants who formerly 
 
 99 
 
rented stalls in the farmers' market houses which were torn down to make room for the new station. 
 Tlie number of scheduled trains running from this station over the many divisions of the Philadelphia 
 and Reading system is 290 daily. 
 
 The passenger station of the Baltimore and Ohio is situated on the east bank of the Schuylkill 
 at the southwest corner of Twenty-fourth and Chestnut Streets. It is constructed of pressed brick and 
 is of a pleasing design, a iironiinent feature being a tall clock tower. Wide stairways descend to the 
 track level from the main entrance on Chestnut Street, which is here elevated to the second floor level 
 of the station, on tlie eastern approach to the handsome bridge which spans the Schuylkill River and 
 the railroad tracks on each Inink. The second story of the station contains large waiting rooms and a 
 well ai)i)ointed restaurant, besides the offices of the Philadelphia division of the Baltimore and Ohio 
 Railroad. The main waiting room occupies nearly the entire first floor of the station and opens on a 
 lobby leading to the train shed. The splendid express trains of the Royal Blue Line to New York and 
 Washington ])ass through this station. 
 
 Probabl)- no city in the ITnited States is better provided with freight terminals. The freight 
 stations of the three great railroad lines centreing in Philadelphia are so evenh- distributed that they are 
 to be found in almusl e\ery section of the city. Not in any city of the country has any single railroad 
 I)rovided so nKin\- ]>c)ints for the shipments and delivery of freight as has the Pennsylvania. It has over 
 thirty stations which receive and send out freight. The Mantua Transfer Station, which is 700 feet 
 long, alone handles a business of 50,000 tons a month of miscellaneous freight. The aggregate tonnage 
 handled at all the Pennsylvania Railroad's freight stations in 1892 was 10,218,000 tons. The great 
 commodities, such as grain, flour, coal and produce, have special stations devoted to them. At Green- 
 wich Point, on the Delaware Ri\-er, are the coal whar\es. There are five trestles for the shipment of coal 
 and an average of 300 car loads a day are handled. Orain is chiefly received at the two great elevators 
 at Girard Point, which ha\-e a combined capacity of 1,730,1^10 bushels. There is also a storehouse 
 there; and besides the grain piers, there are two for the discharge of iron ore from aliroad and two for 
 merchandise. The flour depot is at Eighteenth and Market Streets. In 1892, 550,000 barrels were 
 handled there from the West. 
 
 .\t Thirtieth and Market Streets is an extensive station where Southern fruits and vegetables 
 arri\e. Live stock is delivered at large stock yards in West Philadelphia, which are connected with an 
 abattoir. Dry goods and hardware are recei\'ed ;it the Dock Street Station, which has as an adjunct a 
 large cold storage warehouse for the perishable trade. The terminus for miscellaneous freight for the 
 Southern system is at Broad and Washington Avenue. 
 
 The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad has upwards of twenty-fi\e freight stations in Philadel- 
 phia, situated in every section in the city, handling millions of tons of ireight annually. The two most 
 extensive general stations where miscellaneous freight is received and deli\'ered are the Hroad Street 
 Station, at Broad and Callowhill Streets, and the Willow and Noble Streets Station, at front, Willow 
 and Noble Streets, and Piers 23 to 29, North Wharves. Other large stations for miscellaneous freight 
 are at Piers 33 to 39, South Wharves ; Second and Berks Streets and Twenty-third and Arch Streets. 
 At four points, widely separated, carload trafirc only is received and delixered. The potato yard, 
 where potatoes are received by the carload, is at Second and Master Streets. At Pier 8, South Whar\-es, 
 freight in any quantity to and from the Atlantic City Railroad is handled. Deliveries of flour are made 
 at the Sixteenth Street Stores, Sixteenth Street and Peiuisylvania Avenue. Grain for export is delivered 
 at the Port Richmond PHevator, and lumber at the lumber storage yard. Tenth and Berks Streets. 
 Shipments of live stock are delivered at the North Philadel])hia Drove Yard. Drove Yard Station, Fifth 
 Street and Rising Sun Lane, in tlie northern section of the cit>". Besides the purely freight stations 
 named, there are the extensive coal wharves and steamship piers at Port Richmond, and transfer stations 
 at W'ayne Junction and other suburban points. 
 
 Tlie Baltimore and Ohio Railroad has large freight receiving and delivery stations at four points 
 on the Delaware Ri\-er, occupying eight piers, and one point on the Schuylkill River at Race Street. 
 This company also has coal piers at the foot of Snyder Avenue, Delaware River. 
 
 Philadelphia's long stretch of over six miles of water front on the Delaware River is a series of 
 busy railroad and steamlxxit terminals, interspersed with wharves devoted to tlie business of great sugar 
 
refineries and other industries or brunches of trade of a connncrcial nature. Tile raih'oad companies 
 own or control more than half of the wharves on the Delaware, and their needs are such that tliey are 
 frecinently in the market as purchasers of more. 
 
 
 PORT RICHMON'n CO.\I. TKBMrNAL. 
 
 At Port Richmond, the northernmost improved point on the Delaware River, are the wharves of 
 the Xorth Atlantic Trident line of freight steamers. The grain elevator at this point has a capacity of 
 960,000 bushels. Stretching to the southward are the extensive coal wharves of the Philadelphia and 
 Reading Railroad Company. Numerous whan-es. devoted to manufacturing industries, ship building, 
 coastwise and river commerce, the ferry business and the extensive freight business of the three railroads, 
 extend to and beyond the central part of the city. Lower down the river are the great sugar refineries 
 and another grain elevator at the fool of Washington Avenue, with a capacity of 400,000 bushels. A 
 splendid group of piers to the north and south of this elevator constitute the terminal of the American, 
 Red Star, Atlantic Transport and Allen lines of transatlantic steamers. These fine whan-es are the 
 property of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, which maintains large freight stations on and near 
 them. The coal ship])ing piers of the same railroad company are at Greenwich Point, still further 
 down the river. 
 
 Passing League Island, with its dry-dock, group of massive brick buildings and war vessels, 
 constituting in many respects the finest navy yard possessed by the I'nited States (Government. The 
 Girard Point grain elevators are reached near the mouth of the Schu\lkill River. These two towering 
 brick structures have a combined capacity of 1,750,000 bushels, and are continually surrounded by 
 vessels loading grain for all parts of the world. A short distance up the Schuylkill is the great oil 
 shipping terminal. Point Hree/.e. It is the terminus of the pi])e lines of the Standard Oil Company, 
 and huge tank steamers receive their cargoes all the year roiuid. 
 
 TiiK Tonx Tiui.r,, "PKxxsv's" fir.st locomotive, .^nd its c\rs. 
 
 .\s run Iruiu Ni;w York to Chicago in .April, iS^i. 
 

 Our Waterways, 
 
 Bv pRoi-. Lj.wis M. Haiht, Civil Engixehr. 
 
 The \-arviiig phases of commerce in Philadelphia, as elsewhere, can best be nnderstood by a review 
 <if the conditions which surround it, and as these are largely of a physical nature, I will essay to 
 present to my readers an outline of the history and development of the waterways which have con- 
 tributed so largely to our former commercial and present manufacturing supremacv. 
 
 It is beliex'ed that the majestic ri\'er which connects this city with the sea was discovered and 
 named by Lord I)e la Ware in 1610, ea route_ to Jamestown, as (iovernor of \'irginia, holding com- 
 mission from Queen Elizabeth. At this time the Dutch were active in their explorations, and in 160Q 
 Hendrick Hudson entered the North Ri\-er, now named after him, l)ut it was not until ihj;, that 
 Cornelius Mey explored the Delaware, which he probably named the South River, as it was so called by 
 the Xetherlanders during their occupancy of this section. He ascended the river and built a fort at the 
 mouth of Timber Creek, at Gloucester Point, which he called Nassau. The early Dutch settlers were, 
 howe\-er, all massacred by the natives, and it was not until the Spring of 1638, when the Swedes 
 inaugurated their peace policy by bartering for their lands, that a permanent settlement was effected on 
 the meadows of the Winquas, which they named Christeen, after their Queen. Christiana. The out- 
 cropping ledge of rock where they landed, and near which P'ort Christiana and their church were built, is 
 still to be seen on the left bank of the ri\-er, in the City of Wilmington. This is the Plymouth Rock of 
 the early Colonists on the South Ri\'er, and it is U> be regretted that its site is not marked by a monu- 
 ment. The old fort has succiunbed to the demands of industrial progress and has gi\'en place to ship 
 yards and car shops. 
 
 P'orty-five years later ( 1683) William Pen n wrote : "The country hath the advantage of niany 
 creeks, or, rather, rivers, that run into the main river or bay ; some navigable for great ships, some for 
 small craft. Those of most eminence are Christiana, Brandywine, Skilpot, Sculkill, any one of which 
 have room to lay up the Royal Na\-y of England, there lieing from four to eight fathom of water." 
 
 \'an der Douck likewise relates " how, on the river lies, first, Miniqua's Kihl, where the Swedes 
 have liuilt Fort Christiana, where the largest ships can load and unload at the shore. There is another 
 place on the river called Schulkihl, \\hich is also navigable." 
 
 Thus it may be seen that for more than two centuries the possibilities of this noble river have 
 been appreciated and, to some extent, utilized. The incessant pulsations of the tides, which ebb and 
 flow along its lianks, hiwe produced many changes in the physical condition of the river, but they have 
 not marred its beauty- nor destroyed its commerce. 
 
 The picturesque canoes of the savage have given place to the majestic monarchs of the sea, and 
 the ]ialtry trade in skins has yielded to the commerce of the world. Now, upon the bosom of this great 
 life stream, floats iimunierable tons of coal, grain, oil, cattle and merchandise, products of the industry 
 and thrill of this progressive commonwealth. As we view the years gone by the memory becomes 
 crowded with lli:- many tragic and nKjuit-nious events which have marked her course. Her defensive 
 works, lur wars and her victories, the triumphant passage of her waters by the intrepid Washington, 
 her blockades and her disasters are all of record, but it should not be forgotten that it was upon these 
 historic waters, flowing close to the homes of the great inventors and philosophers, Franklin, Ritten- 
 house, F'ulton, Fitch. Evans and others, where was made the first application of steam to navigation. 
 
 102 
 
COAI. WHARVKS AT PORT RICHMOND. 
 
 On July 20, 1786, Jno. Fitch propelled a small skiff by steam, but it was not ver^,^ successful, 
 because of its limited size. The next year, however, on Augiist 22, he moved a boat forty feet long by 
 paddles, and in 1788 a steamboat ran from Philadelphia to Burlington, at the rate of four miles an hour. 
 The following year the speed was doubled, and the boat made a mileage of nearly 3,000 miles during 
 the season. Oliver Evans' stern-wheel boat was launched in 1S04, and ran at the rate of sixteen miles 
 an hour. This was followed in 1807-9 by the walking beam engine of Jno. C. Stephens, which ran 
 between these points for four years, and in 18 17 the steamboat ^tna (owned by Jos. Bonaparte,) ran on 
 the route from Philadelphia to Baltimore, making six miles an hour against the tide. 
 
 The first ocean steamship built was the side-wheeler Savannah, which sailed from New York 
 March i, 1819, for Savannah which she reached in seven days. The steam was oidy used when 
 becalmed, and when the wind was fair the wheels were stowed away on deck to save fuel, which was 
 wood. It is, therefore, seen that barely a century has elapsed since the application of steam to naviga- 
 tion, and the enormous impetus given to commerce has increased correspondingly the requirements of 
 our river. Vessels of nearly 700 feet length, 28 feet draft and over 10,000 tons burthen are now building, 
 and a corresponding change is required in our terminal facilities that they may be handled with expedi- 
 tion and safety. 
 
 The possibilities of our waterways are apparently onh- fully appreciated by very few Americans, 
 and the great economy of transportation in bulk by water is not utilized in this country as it is abroad. 
 We have probably relied too much upon the munificence of our endowments by nature in our deep and 
 broad rivers and capacious lakes, and have not fully appreciated the intimate relations existing between 
 land and water carriage. 
 
 It is because of this close relation that Philadelphia was for so long a time the chief commercial 
 city of the Western Hemisphere, as she was located at the point farthest inland which could be con- 
 veniently reached by ocean vessels. But her glory departed when the Erie Canal placed the great 
 northwest in touch with New York by water. Still, Philadelphia has latent advantages which only 
 need to be realized by her enterprising citizens to bring her once more to the front as a connnercial 
 centre, and these are on the eve of development. The rectification of her rivers by the Government has 
 been in progress for several years, and already some of the north bars have been much improved by the 
 construction of single dikes, while there is probably no river in the world where the aids to navigation 
 are so abundant. Vessels ni;iy sail with perfect safety from the Capes to the port, for, as with the 
 Israelites of old, there is the pillar of fire to guide them by night and the cloud by day, in the shape of 
 a continuous chain of range-lights so placed that the channels are covered at all times by a pencil of 
 light or by beacons on range, while the dangerous points are indicated by red flashes or b\- buoys. 
 
 Prior to 1874, when the writer made the sur^-ey for the first range-lights to cross the Bulkhead 
 Shoals, at and above Fort Delaware, there were but three light-houses on the river useful to deep draft 
 
 103 
 
BETWEEN DELAWARE CAPES IX A CALK. 
 
 vessels, but since then the S}-steni, as inaugurated by Gen. Reynolds, has been so rapidly extended that 
 there are now over ten times that number in operation and no time need to be lost. 
 
 The many scenic attractions of this route to the sea must be passed ox'cr lor lack of space, j'et 
 it must not be forgotten that abundant provision is made for the recreation so necessary to the man who 
 counts time by heart throbs : for the woman who would ssek relief from the ceaseless toils of her daily 
 routine, or for the child who needs tlie invigorating draught of ozone generated by tlie magnificent 
 steamers now plying her waters. These excursion boats touch at all the points of interest between 
 Cape May and Bordentown, a distance of about one hundred and thirty miles. 
 
 But aside from their local import these waterways possess a national and strategic \'alue which 
 our forefathers were not slow to recognize and use. The Delaware and Hudson Rivers are connected 
 even yet by artificial routes at se\'eral points, which are avenues of a large and cheap traffic. The 
 Delaware and Hudson Canal extends horn Iloiiesdale, Pa., near the month of Lackawaxen Creek, to 
 Rondout Kill, on the Hudson River, a distance of one hundred and eight miles. The Morris Canal 
 from Phillipsburg, opposite the mouth of the Lehigh River, to Jersey City, one hundred and two miles 
 in length, and the Delaware and Raritan, from Bordentown, X. J., to New Brunswick, on the Raritan 
 River, a distance of forty-four miles, while l.ielow the city and near the head of the bay, there is to be 
 found the historic Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, extending for nearly fourteen miles across the 
 peninsula separating these bays. This canal, of m fc-et iu deiilh, was opened for use in 1.S29, and was 
 an herculean task at that date. Its capacity is now far too limited and its enlargement to the dimensions 
 of a ship canal is seriously proposed. This, together with the route across Xew Jersey on a shorter 
 line, would constitute an improvement of great commercial and strategic value, by forming an inner line 
 of water connnunications for our new naval armament, and render the four miles of our coast line 
 containing the densest part of our population and the greatest wealth almost impregnal)le. 
 
 The discovery of "stone" (anthracite) coal in I'enns\l\-ania in i7i-)2 was of no connnercial 
 importance until the interior waterways were constructed ( in i.Sjo-^o) to bring it to market, and then, it 
 was that Philadelphia began the great manufacturing career which has placed her in the van of American 
 cities. This system of canals comprises the Lehigh and Schuylkill Navigations, the Schuylkill and 
 Susquehanna, the Pennsylvania Canals and the Union Canal, which, during the existence of the old 
 Postage Railroad rendered it possible to ship by canal-boat from tide-water to Lake Erie and points 
 farther west. Some of these canals are still doing a large and profitable business, while others have 
 been purchased by railroads and abandoned to destroy their ccmipetition. 
 
 104 
 
The Lcliigli Canal, cxtt-iuling from Maucli Chunk lo the Delaware River at ICaslon, forty -six and 
 three-quarter miles, was opened in July, 1829, to convey coal from the quarry at Summit Hill, where a 
 vein 25 feet thick covered the mountain, to tide-water. The mines were reached by two inclined planes 
 and the cars descended by gravity on the now famous "Switchback" (1827). Although discovered in 
 1792, the quarrj^was not operated until 1820, when stoves were devised which could burn this new fuel, 
 and canals built to transport it. 
 
 The Schuylkill Canal, between Fairmount and Mount Cartxin, one hundred and eight miles, was 
 0])ened for use in 1825 and lor many years delivered fuel in Philadelphia for eighty cents a ton freight, 
 but it has been leased for some years by the Reading Railroad Coni])an\-. and the rales are about >i .00 
 higher, while the canal does very little business. 
 
 The Union Canal, connecting the Susquehanna Ri\'er at Middletown with the Schuylkill two 
 miles below Reading, was eighty-two miles long and cost about $2,000,000, but its dimensions and boats 
 were so small that it is no longer an important factor in the transportation problem. 
 
 The water frontage of the city exceeds thirty-eight miles in length, only a small percentage of 
 which is at present utilized, but the radical enlargement of the terminal facilities of this port is now 
 receiving the earnest attention of the municipality, and steps are being taken to construct a system so 
 comprehensive and satisfactory to all parties as greath' to stimulate the traffic of the river and restore 
 to this city her old time standing as a commercial emporium. 
 
 The Maritime Commerce of Philadelphia. 
 
 Bv Clemext a. Ori.scom, President Internationaf. Navigation Co. 
 
 William Penn followed every precedent when he chose as the site for his 
 city the head of navigation, but that he found the river navigalsle for such a 
 great distance is in many ways unfortunate for Philadelphia. Although the 
 great cities of the world are almost invariably found at the head of naviga- 
 tion, vet thev are always within a comparatively short distance of the mouth 
 of the particular river upon which they happen to be situated. That New 
 York is exceptionally fortunate in this respect is due to the fact that the early mariners found it almost 
 impossible to navigate the Hudson in sailing vessels. The winds from the Catskills were erratic and 
 the tides strong. Peter the Great, against the advice of his engineers, placed St. Petersburg on a marsh 
 at the mouth of the Xeva, and he lived to see his great buildings gradually sinking and his people 
 constantly menaced l>y floods. 
 
 Philadelphia is i 20 miles from the mouth of the Delaware, but this great distance is in some 
 measure offset by the breadth and nax'igabilily of the bay and river. The proximity to the great iron, 
 oil and coal fields of Pennsylvania is an unlooked f )r ad\-antage which has come into existence in later 
 years. Penn's iicw colony was so favorably situated that it began immediately after its foundation to 
 attract to itself all the elements of progress and strength. In 16S5, three years after Penn laid out his 
 city, it outstripped New York in size, wealth and commercial importance. It afforded a sale ami con- 
 venient liLirbor for trading vessels, while the smalkr boats could na\-igate 35 miles above Philadelphia. 
 On the western side of the city the Schu\-lkill afforded navigable waters for boats drawing 16 feet. 
 These natunil resources of navigation ha\-e Ijeen amended in succeeding generations by the construction 
 of numerous canals, the most important of which are the Delaware and Hudson Canal and the Morris 
 Canal, connecting Philadelphia and New York; the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, making a short 
 cut to Haltimore : and the Seluiylkill Navigation Canal, which opens up the interior of Pennsylvania. 
 The early history of Philadelphia commerce is somewhat wrapped in gloom, but we can presume 
 that her 2,500 inhabitants in 1684 carried on no very extensive trade. By 1743 the imports from 
 
 105 
 
England amoimted to ?;i7.s,ooo, and ten years later we are told that 125,000 barrels of flour and 
 175,000 bushels of wheat and corn were exported from Philadelphia. During the Revolution, Philadel- 
 phia was the commercial centre nf America, and after the war her domestic exports increased from 
 ?7, 000, 000 in 1795 to $17,500,000 in 1796, and b\' 1S116 liad attained a value of $31,000,000. The war 
 of 1S12 struck this commercial acti\it\' a lilow from which it is onh- now recovering. From being as 
 low as $2,300,000 in 1S43, the exports have reached $56,500,000 in 1S80, their highest point, and 
 $42,845,000 in 1S91. The imports have increased from $3,760,(^)00 in 1843, to $62,438,000 in 1892. 
 
 The increase in the amount of tonnage being carried on the Delaware has warranted and brought 
 forth many improvements in the channel and wharfage, while the system of range lights estal)lished is 
 said to be one of the best in the world. In addition to which, to make a safe harbor in Delaware ]5ay, 
 the National Ciovernment has built, at an expense of $2,500,000, a breakwater at Cape Henlopen, which 
 shelters tlie fleets in the foreign and coastwise trade, and is consequently of great importance to the 
 Maritime Connnerce of Philadelphia. As in the early history of Philadelphia her facilities for ocean 
 commerce and coastwise trade made her the commercial metroiwlis of the country, so to-day, the 
 failure of these facilities to develop in proportion to the demands of trade has been the sole reason for 
 her decadence in Maritime Commerce. The great success of the other industries and trades of Phila- 
 delphia furnishes a striking proof of the energy and resources of her people, which, if turned towards 
 her merchant marine, might once more gain for her the maritime supremacy of the United States, which 
 was so quickly obtained and only given up when the completion of the Erie Canal, in 1825, restored to 
 New York her lost prestige. 
 
 New York has, for ten years past, exported 85 per cent, of the entire grain shipments of the 
 Atlantic seaboard. This pre-eminence is due to her geographical position ; to her important connection 
 by the Ivrie Canal with the (rreat Lakes : to her immense banking and monetary fticilities : to her own 
 large manufacturing interests and her proximity to others; and to her great collection of foreign capital. 
 Her banking capital exceeds $81,000,000. The power to influence trade by such a concentration of 
 money is almost beyond estimate. She has thirty-nine lines of steamships, composed of about 200 
 vessels, regularly employed in the Trans-Atlantic trade. In addition to which there is loaded at her 
 piers for foreign ports an average of one transient steamer daily throughout the year. A comparison of 
 this to the showing of tlie port of Philadelphia is not very encouraging to Philadelphians. During the 
 year 1891 , a total of 2,587 vessels arrived at the Delaware Breakwater. In the last ten years the foreign 
 tonnage of the port shows, on the whole, a decided increase both in the in-bound and out-bound trade. 
 The coastwise trade on the contrary shows an unfortunate falling oflT. In the year 1891, 5,612 vessels 
 entered and 5,654 cleared, and the 2,466 of these engaged in the foreign trade carried 2,226,180 tons of 
 cargo in all, valued at $105,283,943. 
 
 106 
 
Just as grain is, roughly speaking, the basis for rates in the freight market, so the amount of 
 grain shipped from any port gives a fairly good idea of its comparative im])ortanee. We, ihcrefore, 
 present the following table to indicate the relative position of Philadel|jhia. 
 
 EXPORTS OF WHEAT AND CORN FOR THE YEARS 1S82, 1 887 AND iSgi, I'RO.M I'ORTS 
 ON THE ATLANTIC COAST, WITH PERCENTAGES FROM EACH PORT. 
 
 
 MONTREAI. 
 
 5,797.155 W- 
 516,230 c. 
 
 Per Ct. 
 
 7.8 
 4.3 
 
 nosroN 
 
 2,843,493 W. 
 2,174.320 C. 
 
 Per Ct. 
 
 3..S 
 17.1 
 
 NKW YORK 
 
 Per CI. 
 60.4 
 
 i.Hn..\i.A 
 
 5,852,951 w. 
 808,599 C. 
 
 Per ct. 
 
 7.9 
 ' -7 
 
 ll.M.l IMCiRK, 
 
 17.233.499 W- 
 1,132,407 c. 
 
 Pir Ct. 
 
 1882 . .... 
 
 f 
 
 36,670,191 W. 
 
 7.253,895 c. 
 
 23.6 
 9.4 
 
 Tot:il Kxpurls 
 
 
 6,3'3,385 
 
 7.3 
 
 5.017.813 
 
 5.S 
 
 43,924.086 
 
 5..2 
 
 6,661 ,550 
 
 7.7 
 
 18,365,816 
 
 -■1.5 
 
 1887 
 
 f 
 
 7.434.716 W. 
 
 1,263,108 c. 
 
 9.4 
 5.0 
 
 2.983.925 w. 
 2.313.95S C. 
 
 5.0 
 7.1 
 
 41,886 049 W. 
 12,306,272 C. 
 
 53.' 
 38.. 
 
 8.774.174 W. 
 
 1,996.58} c. 
 
 ici.l 
 6.1 
 
 11,057,700 W. 
 7,1 5,'*i4 C. 
 
 14.0 
 22.0 
 
 Tiilal Kxiinrls 
 
 
 8,697,82.1 
 
 7.S 
 
 6.297.8S3 
 
 5.6 
 
 54.192,321 
 
 4-1.7 
 
 10,7,0,757 
 
 9.6 
 
 IS,173,I„4 
 
 16.3 
 
 "V' 
 
 • { 
 
 6,090,114 W, 
 
 2,173.070 c. 
 8,263,184 
 
 6.8 
 7.8 
 
 2.7S7.115 W. 
 
 3,897.565 e. 
 
 3.2 
 
 1,1.2 
 
 46.957.113 w. 
 
 13.180,393 C. 
 
 6'\i37..so6 
 
 ' 52.3 
 47.9 
 
 51.4 
 
 6,840,503 W. 
 2,608,677 c. 
 
 9,449, If 
 
 7.7 
 9-5 
 
 8.1 
 
 15,' 73,334 W. 
 3,852,911 C. 
 
 19,526,245 
 
 '75 
 14." 
 
 Total K.xp<iTt< 
 
 7.0 
 
 6,684,680 
 
 .6.7 
 
 A writer on the Maritime Commerce of the City of Philadelphia has no pleasant sense of pride, 
 as might justly come to one engaged in handling such a subject as manufactures, buildings, etc., in 
 which his city is nationally pre-eminent. Cmujiared to New York, IVir instance, the amount of shipping 
 he has to record is painfully insignificant, as the table shows. The receipts of grain in New York 
 during the years 1878, 1879 and 1880 amounted to 470,000,000 bushels : while Philadelphia and Balti- 
 more, during the same period, received 141 ,000,000 and 173,000,000 respectively. Nearly one lialf of 
 the New York wheat came from the West b\- canal, so that only about one and three-quarters times as 
 much wheat was shipped to New York as to Baltimore by rail. New York has 25,000,000 bushels of 
 storage capacity, compared to 4.000,000 each of Philadelphia and Baltimore. While Philadelphia is 91 
 miles nearer the Western grain centres than is New York, yet she is further from the chief ports of 
 Europe by twice that distance. The rates of freight liy ocean steamers are invariably higlier from 
 Philadelphia and P>altimi)re than from New York, despite the proximity of the former to the Western 
 cities. While it requires only five steamers of a moderate speed to form a weekly line between New 
 York and Liverpool, it requires at least six steamers of equal speed to furnish the same service between 
 Philadelphia and Liverpool. 
 
 Philadelphia has, however, some great advantages in the freight trade. Her petroleum export 
 for 1 89 1 was greater by 713,000 Ixirrels than that of any previous year, and is estimated to be 35 per 
 cent, of all the petroleum shipped from America. So in regard to coal and other freights coming from 
 points near by, her showing is excellent. To put Philadelphia in a position to successfully compete 
 with New York and the other great cities of the Atlantic seaboard, many improvements in the harbor 
 are needed, and they should be completed without delay. After the removal of the islands in the 
 Delaware opposite Philadelphia, and the deepening of the channel in l)oth the Delaware and vSchu\-lkill, 
 it will be possible for the largest vessels in the world to come to Philadelphia, unload, load and deiKirt 
 with ease, safety and rapidity. The deepening of the channel of the Schuylkill from its month to 
 (libson's Point is a matter of considerable importance, as that ri\-er is rapidly increasing in usefulness. 
 In the last seven years 22J per cent, of all \-essels in the foreign trade went up the Schuylkill, and 
 36 per cent, of the exptjrts of 1891 were carried awa>- on vessels using that rix'er, and as freight is 
 being carried in larger vessels more water is needed. 
 
 Philadelphia can never hope to compete with New York in the Creal Lake trade without a canal 
 to Erie, and the Allegheny Mountains offer an almost insuperalile barrier to the execution .)f such a 
 project. The figures gi\en above sliowing the proportion of the grain brought to New York carried by 
 the E^rie Canal indicate, in some measure, what such a canal nii.ght do for Philadelphia were 
 its construction feasible. A ship-canal running directly across New Jersey to a point on the 
 Atlantic Coast on the same parallel of latitude as Philadelphia, would umiuestionably be of 
 great benefit to Philadelphia, bringing it, as it would, 150 to 200 miles nearer New 
 
 107 
 
■England and the great Northern European ports. Such a canal would be of easy construction, through 
 a flat and well watered country. Philadelphia must not remain passive and see the various lines of 
 trade drawn one by one into ports of greater enterprise and activity. Commerce will not come to a city 
 of its own accord ; and while its presence is of the greatest benefit to any community, like all good things, 
 it is hard to get and still harder to hold. Philadelphia is such a queen in the manufacturing world that 
 she is tempted to neglect her other industries. But to be a great city every element of a great city is 
 essential, and to allow one branch of industry to stagnate means stagnation throughout. Philadelphia, 
 however, has in it the spirit of enduring prosperity too strongly imbued to allow for any great period a 
 neglect of an element such as its Maritime Commerce, which particularly needs a great care and a 
 liberal encouragement. It will become enlightened, as did the whole of the United States in 1892, to 
 the fact that no great countrv, least of all a maritime city, can prosper and exist without fostering and 
 cncouraijing: its Maritime Commerce. 
 
 Philadelphia Ship Building. 
 
 Bs IIl-NKV \V. Cr.\mp. 
 
 Ship building has been a prime industry of Philadelphia since the foundation of 
 the city. During the colonial period no adequate records were kept, but from 
 tradition and from pri\-ate documents it is known that Penn himself began to 
 promote ship building within a few years after his settlement here. C)f course, the 
 earlier construction was not important, though it is known that vessels large 
 enough for the coasting and West India trades were built within the present water 
 front of the city during the first quarter of the eighteenth century. Tradition places the locality of the 
 first ship yard in the vicinity of the present foot of South Street. However, as a topic of general 
 modern interest, shi]i building in Philadelphia may be dated at the close of the War of Independence. 
 That war had left thj colonies entirelv destitute of shipping. 
 
 It is worth while to remark, as a tribute to the sturdy patriotism of the First Congress, that with 
 ex'ery temptation to buy ships abroad, with domestic ship building paralyzed and with commeice 
 languishing lor want of vessels, the third act approwd b>- President \\'ashington prohibited the registry 
 of foreign built vessels: and this act, as amended and enlarged December 31, 1792, now forms the basis 
 of the navigation laws of the United States. During the period between the practical end of the Revo- 
 lutionary War and the assembling of the first Federal Congress, that is to say, from 17.S1 to 1790, the 
 Defense Acts of the Continental Congress remained in effect, and these permitted registry of foreign 
 built ships oidy when condemned as jirizes of war. The records for that period are imperfect, but they 
 show the c(jnstructioii of at least 162 vessels in PhiladeljihiLi ship yards, aggregating 18,000 tons register, 
 or an average of about i to tons. Excepting the " Alliance," a frigate presented to the King of France 
 in 1784, which was of 732 tons, no ship larger than 300 tons was built at Philadelphia prior to 1790. 
 
 From 1790 till the outbreak of the war of 181 2, Philadelphia easily led the country in ship 
 building, particularly in regard to the size and quality of the ships built. During those times even the 
 whalemen of New Bedford and Nantucket, with New England ship yards alongside their own wharves, 
 often came to Philadel]ihia to get their ships built. The ship building supremacy of Philadelphia at 
 this time was due partly to the excellent quality and great ([uantity of timber in the region tributary to 
 her. and partly to the skill and aptitude which her shipwrights had inherited from the colonial times. 
 
 It was during this period also that Philadelphia inaugurated the era of steam navigation, by 
 building for John I"itch the first American steamboat, which, in 1790, began regular trips between this 
 city and Trenton, taking a day for it each way. A chronicler of that time says that " the boat is a 
 
 108 
 
])leasaiiter vehicle than the mail coach, 
 liecause of its freedom from jolt and 
 jar, but it is not so expeditious." A 
 second steamboat was launched in 
 1 79 1 , about at the present foot of 
 Palmer Street, but when nearly com- 
 pleted was driven from its moorings 
 hv a storm and wrecked on Petty s 
 Island. This bankrupted Fitch and 
 his backers, and steam navigation on 
 the Delaware languished for several 
 \ears. However, the name of Fitch's 
 
 ... ■■;,„.^„-.^.,.-.. — ^ boat, the "Perseverance," lived after 
 
 V. s. s. "NEW ^•oRK " ON HKR TRIAL TRii'. her and has become the motto of 
 
 Philadelphia ship builders. 
 In i.Sny another steamboat line was established to run between Philadelphia and Trenton. This 
 was successful, and steam navigation on the Delaware has since been uninterrupted. This incident is 
 mentioned here in its chronological order as part of the ship building history of the city, but, of course, 
 it was manv vears before steam shipping began to cut any important figure in the sura total of output. 
 The first decade of the present century emphasized the supremacy of Philadelphia in naval 
 architecture. Baltimore, Boston ami New York, in the order named, struggled along during this 
 period, but iar in the rear ; so much so that Philadelphia constantly built East Indiamen for Boston 
 merchants, Atlantic packets for the New Yorkers, and coasters and coffee ships for the Baltimore trade, 
 taking the cream of ship building orders away from the ship yards of those ports by simple dint of 
 superior skill and economy. One Philadelphia ship, the " Rebecca Sims, ' of 500 tons, built at Ken- 
 sington in 1801, made about 100 Atlantic passages between that date and 1S23, and then, being sold to 
 a New Bedford firm for whaling service, made eleven round-the-world sperm and right-whaling voyages, 
 until 1862, when she was bought by the Ignited States and used as a coaling ship for the blockading 
 squadron off Charleston in 1862. After some service in this capacity the good old ship was scuttled 
 and sunk in Morris Island Channel to close it against blockade runners. The quality of the " Rebecca 
 Sims" as a sample of Philadelphia ship building may be inferred from the fact that, in May, 1807, she 
 left the Capes of the Delaware, and in fourteen days hauled up to her wharf, at Liverpool, " without 
 once shivering her topsails, ' ' as sailors say. That was eighty-six years ago, but the old ' ' Rebecca Sims 
 st'U holds the sailing record between Cape Henlopen and the Mersey, and probably will hold it forever. 
 In a paper of more extensive scope than this one it would be a pleasant task to recall in some 
 detail the glories nf Philadelphia ship building during this period, but the conditions of space forbid 
 
 it here. 
 
 After the war of 1812, ensued a long period of depression in all trades and industries, which the 
 ship vards of Philadelphia shared, though the enterprise of her builders found some relief in the con- 
 struction of a very considerable tonnage for foreign account. 
 
 This embraced both merchant ships and men-of-war, and included one line-of-battle ship, which 
 was sold, in 1826, to the Emperor Nicholas, of Russia. At this time the depletion of forests in Cireat 
 Britain began to tell on ship building in that country, and in 1830 two Philadelphia ships, originally built 
 for the China trade, of i,Soo and 1,540 tons respectively, were purchased by the English East India 
 Company. This raised a great fuss in England, and resulted in action by the Board of Trade which 
 effectually closed the British market to American built ships, the British authorities resolutely insisting 
 that their merchants must have their ships built in England, even though they had to itaport almost 
 every foot of timber used in their construction. 
 
 What may fairly be termed the modern epoch of Philadelphia ship building began about 1830. 
 Iler supremacy in all the arts pertaining to naval architecture had by that time become so well estab- 
 lished, and so universally admitted, even by cities which had hitherto pretended to some sort of rivalry, 
 that the question of the future was simply that of holding her own. 
 
niaiiv of lluin were more extensive 
 
 In discussion of the events of this epoeli I trust 1 may 
 be permitted, without charge of undue famih^ ])ri(le. but simply 
 for the purpose of conserving the exactitude of history, to say 
 that from 1S30 to the present time the name of my grandfother, 
 the late William Cramp, is inseparably identified with the annals 
 of ship building in Philadelphia, and thereby maintains a repre- 
 sentative attitude in relation t(j the industry. When he founded, 
 in 1830, Uie industrv which has now grown lo the colossal 
 establishment currently known as "Cramp's Ship Vanl. " tlure 
 were no less than fourteen shi;) liuilding concerns in operation 
 !)etween Cjreenwich Point antl C.unner's Rnn, and at the start 
 and important than his. Hut with two exceptions, namely : 
 Xeafie iS: Le\y and the Charles Hillma:i Company, both excellent establishments though not on a 
 large scale as things are reckoned now, the ship yard of William Cramp has sur\-i\ed them all. Thi^ 
 fact, however, is due quite as much to the changed conditions of the industry, which imperatively 
 require concentration of capital, plant and organization as to the enterprise and perseverance of William 
 Cramp and his descendants. 
 
 When the great transition came from wood to iron and from canvas lo steam, the old ship yards 
 succumbed one by one until, about 1S70, William Cramp and his sons found that the task of peryietn- 
 ating the ship building supremacy of Philadelphia, in the new era, practically devolved upon tluin. 
 How they performed this task, and how deep and broad they laid the foundations of the ship yard that 
 bears their name, such ships as the New York, Columbia and Indiana and the new Atlantic Liners may 
 testify. In the sixty-three years of its existence this ship 3-ard has gi\'en to commerce and to tlie 
 public service 269 ships, and now has 13 more in various stages of construction ; and in the twenty- 
 three years that have elapsed since the incorporating of a mariire engine plant with the shij) yard 141 
 engines of every description and capacity, up to al)out 10,000 indicated horse-power, have been its 
 output. 
 
 The tendency to augment the size ami power of steamships has now doubtless approached the 
 maximum of commercial practicability, but it h is already reached a stage at which the small ship yard, 
 except for special construction such as tugs, yachts and river craft, is necessarily a thing of the past, 
 and the fourteen bus}' yards which were the pride of Phila- 
 delphia sixty years ago will never be seen again. 
 
 In conclusion, I remark that some persons entertain 
 the belief that the predominence of Philadelphia in shij) 
 building is of recent date and due largely to the radical 
 changes in material and conditions of construction. The 
 reverse is true. There has never been a day from 17 10 to 
 1893 when Philadelphia was not in the lead in everything 
 pertaining to naval architecture, and sitice the advent of 
 the steam era, in marine engineering. In the old days 
 Baltimore sometimes rose to the dignity of what s])orting 
 people call a "pretty good second," and Xew York has 
 undergone occasional brief spasms of ship building activity, 
 but the career of Philadelphia has beeu steady, her progress 
 consecutive, and the rank she enjoys to-day of the first ship 
 building city of the Western Hemisphere and second to none 
 in the world so far as importance and ([uality of output are 
 concerned, is simply that which she has honestly earned in 
 nearly two centuries of steadfast diligence and patient skill. 
 
 i 
 
 -I 
 
 V. S. s. " riTir.AnHi.pniA. 
 
Industries, Capital and Wages. 
 
 By I.orin Bi.onr.HT. 
 
 ■f 
 
 Niljl Iflilij', ^Ib|1 The earliest attempt at an industrial census was made in 1850, but this, as 
 
 -Wjr*o==?¥o , well as those of subsequent decades, are well known to ha\'e been imperfect 
 
 ^ " ~ and misleading. An advance bulletin relating to the statistics of our local 
 
 r industries, sent out by the Census Bureau, now engaged upon the 
 
 latest enumerations, carried up(.)u its face the evidence which 
 condemned it and compelled its recall, thus we have no basis for 
 calculation, as yet, from the National Government. 
 
 In the year 1S83, with the efficient aid of Mayor Samuel G. 
 King and the Police Department, the writer completed and published 
 a census of the manufactures of Philadelphia, which has been 
 widely accepted as authoritative. The conclusions therein form the foundation for such figures as I 
 am now able to furnish to the " Book of Philadelphia," being the most recent data a\-ailable when 
 reinforced by constant research among manufacturers extending down to the present time. My 
 figures are as follows : 
 
 Mininuun product, $763,820,400. The capital employed averages two-thirds of the above product. 
 The lurmber of distinct establishments is about 22,500. An average of eight establishments exists to 
 each special form of industry. The numl^er of workers employed in manufacturing industries are : 
 Males, 227,500: females, 122,500. In 1,000 establishments, covering fifty industries, it was found that 
 female employes were in the majority in two-fifths of the entire series. The productive capacity of each 
 worker, represented in cash value per ainium, has advanced in the past ten years about 5 per cent., 
 being now about $2,100.00. The ratio of increase of wages has advanced from rather less than one- 
 fifth of the selling price to one-([uarter of the entire value of the product. Since 1850 the wages of 
 female lal)or has been practically doubled, averaging now aljout $300.00 per annum. 
 
 W'ithin the past ten years many new industries ha\'e advanced from the point of experiment to 
 permanence in our midst, which give largely added opportunit'es not only for wage-earners but for the 
 exploit of originality in design, exercise in taste, and superior skill. A notable instance in point is that 
 of the manufacture of silk goods. While it is true that the larger mills, many of them being of great 
 extent and perfectly equipped, which are engaged in the business of silk weaving, are located in the 
 prosperous towns of the Lehigh \'alley and through Northern Pennsylvania, there are at present 
 nearly one hundred silk-making concerns in this city. Kight or ten of these only turn out the class of 
 goods produced hy the mills above referred to, the great majority being devoted to the maiuifacture of 
 curtains, chenilles, laces, trinnnings, decorative and artistic falirics of even,' sort in which silk forms a 
 leading factor. All of this form of production has been transplanted from the cities of Europe within a 
 few years, and now gives steady occupation to 14,500 persons in this city, of which the female proportion 
 is 64 per cent. It is not to be doubted that a line of investigation among other classes of manufacture, 
 which absorb, each work-da)' of the year, the laljor of many thousands of our thrifty and skilful work- 
 people, would reveal an ecjually agreeable and hopeful condition of affairs. 
 
 I may say in conclusion, that the most remarkable event of the time is the increase of industrial 
 products of all kinds in the State of Pennsylvania, which is practically 100 per centum in 1890 over 
 the product of 1880. No parallel of this ad\-ance exists in any other State. Our annual production 
 of iron, 4,712,51 r tons, is nearly one-half of that of the entire United States : and of steel, 2,768,253 
 tons, about two-thirds of the entire output of the country. In woolens we are far in advance of 
 Massachusetts and New York, that interest now amounting to $90,000,000 annually. The .a^reat 
 metropolis of the commonwealth is of course the chief beneficiary of these general conditions within 
 the borders of the State, as well as of the tln'ift of all of her lesser communities. 
 
Fire Insurance. 
 
 Seventeen stock Fire Insurance Companies exist in Philadelphia, two of whith also do a marine 
 business, whose paid up capital aggregates JS, 452, 875, and whose total assets, iucluding capital and 
 liabilities for unearned premiums and unadjusted losses, amounts to 5^36,417, 106. 
 These Companies are as follows : 
 
 American Fire $500,000 $3,183,302 
 
 Delaware 702,875 1,664,186 
 
 Fire Association 500,000 5,225,263 
 
 County Fire 400,000 903,081 
 
 Franklin Fire 400,000 2,198,529 
 
 Girard Fire 300,000 1,681,104 
 
 North America 3,000,000 9,730,689 
 
 State of Peiinsylvani.i 200,000 763,926 
 
 Jefferson Fire 100,000 381,234 
 
 Lumbermen's 250,000 918,675 
 
 Mechanics 250,000 741,174 
 
 Pennsylvania Fire 400,000 3,825,160 
 
 Reliance 300,000 842,862 
 
 Spring Garden 400,000 1,310,386 
 
 Teutonia 200,000 261,701 
 
 Union 250,000 530,513 
 
 United Firemen's 300,000 1,254,301 
 
 $8,452,875 $36,417,106 
 
 savings. 
 
 Notwithstanding the very general tendency of the thrifty people of Philadelphia towards the invest- 
 ment of their surplus earnings in small but comfortable homes, the \-ast sums held in trust for them 
 against the coming of the proverbial " rainy day," is unequalled in amount per capita in any other 
 community. In four of the Saving p'unds of Philadelphia the following amounts were on deposit 
 January i , i .S9 -, : 
 
 Philadelphia Saving Fund Society $34,509,710.72 
 
 Beneficial Saving Fund Society 4,897,468.36 
 
 Saving Fund of Germantown and \'icinity 2,581,770.29 
 
 Western Saving Fund Society 7,724,626.78 
 
 In addition there are se\-eral institutions having deposits of less than one million dollars. The 
 Philadelphia Saving Fund Society is the largest concern, with a single exception, in the United States; 
 and there are but two exceeding it in the value of deposits in the world. 
 
 "3 
 
The Hotels of Philadelphia 
 
 By Joseph M. Rogers. 
 
 Philadelphia's hotels are essentially guest houses. The custom of families living in hotels, apartment 
 houses or flats has ue\-er made much headway here. When every mechanic can have his own home it 
 is logical that those possessed of larger incomes should have their own homes also. Within the last 
 few 3'ears a number of family hotels have been erected, but they are fewer than in many cities of one- 
 fourth the population. The Philadelphian is devoted to his home, where he dispenses a quiet but 
 generous hospitality. This tendency to home life is the distinguishing cliaracteristic of the city, and is 
 one of the reasons why visitors from Paris or \'ienna consider our people "slow." But the comfort 
 of the stranger is not and never has been neglected. When William Penn visited his province he landed 
 at tlie dock of the Blue Anchor Inn, on Dock Creek ; it was there he first broke bread, and he was able 
 to write to his friends in England, that the arrangements for taking care of the constant flow of 
 immigrants were excellent, the service good and the price moderate — a condition which has existed to 
 this day. 
 
 The lilue Anchor Inn was the first tavern erected in the cit}^ and the precursor of a long line of 
 others, famous in their day, before the modem hotel became an institution of civilization. Within the 
 memory of men still living Philadelphia was the largest city on the North American continent ; it was 
 the chief landing place of the immigrants from all over Europe, and the starting point for most of the 
 parties which went westward to settle in the great West. Hence its taverns have always been famous, 
 and the diaries of nearly all the leading men in the early history- of the continent bear witness to the 
 fact. The coffee house was a later institution, principally for use of residents. The old London 
 Coffee House, at Front and Market Streets, was the leading public resort of the city in colonial daj^s. 
 It was the public mart, the social focus and political headquarters for the city. It was here the public 
 meetings were held in which resistance to royal tyranny' was agreed on, and to this point hurried e\-ery 
 sea captain returning from abroad with important news to meet the assembled crowds. 
 
 The modern hotel came much later, but Philadelphia has never been behind in this branch of 
 progress. The Continental Hotel was opened in iS6o, and was at that time the largest and best appointed 
 hotel in America, and it is to-day one of the leading ones in the country. The service is first-class in 
 every respect, and its popularity is undiminished. It is run on both the American and European plans, 
 as are most of the hotels in the city, although the latter has never been as popular as in other cities. The 
 distinguishing feature of all Philadelphia hotels is good seiA'ice at rates considerably below those of other 
 cities of its class. Another feature is that the guest has greater quiet and less annoyance from lackeys 
 than is customary in many of the nation's great hostelries. 
 
 The Lafayette is another of the first-class hotels with every modern convenience and accommo- 
 dations for a large number of guests. It is situated on Broad Street, near the great terminal stations, 
 and has always enjoyed a large patronage. 
 
 The Bellevue, at Broad and Walnut Streets, is the most e.xclusive hotel in the city, and is second 
 to none in the world in the quality of its service. Although it acconunodates few guests, it is run in 
 connection with the Stratford across the street, whicli has ample accommodations. Both are exquisitely 
 furnished and are known the world over. 
 
 The Stenton, at Broad and Spruce Streets, is the newest of the large hotels. It is a handsome 
 structure, elaborately furnished and gives the very best ser\'ice, and caters to the best local and transient 
 trade. 
 
 The Colonnade, at Fifteenth and Chestnut Streets, has long enjoyed a high reputation and has 
 been refurnished in recent years, making it one of the best in the city. It has accommodations for 
 several hundred guests, and has also a large family patronage. 
 
 114 
 
The Girard House is one of the Itest known houses in the city, and its location al Ninth and 
 Clicstnut Streets has made it a favorite with travellers. 
 
 The Bingham, at Eleventh and Market Streets, has been rebuilt recently, and enjoys a popularity 
 second to none in the city. Its service is excellent and the rates are somewhat less than almost all of 
 the hotels mentioned. 
 
 Dooner's Hotel, on Tenth Street near Chestnut, on the European plan, is for men only, and is 
 one of the best patronized in the city, and has a reputation all over the country, both for its service and 
 the popularity of its proprietor. Green's, also for men only, at Eighth and Chestnut Streets, has a 
 large patronage. 
 
 To give a list of all the hotels would be impossible. Among those which enjoy a go(xl patronage 
 from transients are the Keystone, at Sixteenth and Market Streets ; the \'endig, at Twelfth and Market 
 Streets — both convenient to the railway station : the Washington, at Seventh and Chestnut Streets, in 
 the heart of the city ; the Windsor, at Thirteenth and Filbert Streets, one of the largest and best 
 equipped of the moderate hotels, also near the terminal stations ; this has been recently enlarged and 
 refitted for the comfort of the transient and family trade. The Imperial, at Eleventh and Filbert Streets, 
 is a new hotel on the European plan. All hotels are well built and provided with fire-escapes. 
 
 One of the leading hotels in the city which is primarily a family hotel and also has a good 
 transient patronage is the Aldine, at Nineteenth and Chestnut Streets. This was remodelled from the 
 old Rush mansion, which in its day was the most famous private residence in America. It is removed 
 from the business centre, but is easily accessible and has a large patronage. 
 
 The largest of the strictly family hotels in this city and the first erected, is the Gladstone, 
 at Eleventh and Pine Streets. It is one of the largest and most elegant in the city. There are others 
 of the same kind, but the demand for them is lar less than in other cities. 
 
 While there is less ostentation about Philadelphia hotels than is noted elsewhere, they are 
 excellent houses, well kept and conducted with an eye to the comfort of the guests. It is the purpose 
 of Philadelphia landlords to carry out the traditions and fulfil the mission of their forefathers. I'hila 
 delphia is par txccllence the City of Homes, and the stranger finds in the hotels the atmosphere of the 
 home as .soon as he crosses the threshold. While Philadelphia does not boast of the magnificence of 
 her hotels, she is proud of the fact that they are elegant, comfortable and sufficient for the needs of 
 every class of guests. The too familiar story of over-crowded hotels and extortionate charges is not 
 heard in Philadelphia. It is here that the traveller reposes in comfort, and repeats with satisfaction the 
 old-time t^uery ; 
 
 " Shall i not take mine ease in nunc nin .' " 
 
 '.f« 
 
 
 CONTIXHNTAI. IIOTEI.. 
 115 
 
Our Theatres Past and Present. 
 
 Bv C. O. SEILHAMHR, TIu- Inquirer 
 
 The (ln;;na in America liad its beginniiiL;' in Philack-lpliia, where a company 
 of ;>la>-ers was organized as early as 1749, and Philadelphia continued 
 lo hold the lead in theatrical development until the combination 
 system made preliminary advertising an indispensable condition 
 of stage production. Ni)t only was the first theatrical com- 
 ]v.inv in America organized in Philadelphia — that 
 under ^Murray and Keen, which appeared in New 
 York as the Philadelphia Comedians in 1750 — 
 but the first permanent playhouse in this country, 
 known in theatrical history as the theatre in 
 Soutlnvark, was built just outsitle of what were 
 then the city limits in i 7(16, and the first American 
 tragedy e\er produced — " The Prince of Parthia" 
 — b^• Thomas Godfrey, the younger, was ]ila\'ed 
 in this house April 24, 17(17. The Southwark 
 Theatre, the original walls of which are still 
 standing on South Street below Fifth, was used 
 for theatrical purposes by the Old American 
 Company at frequent intervals for a qttarter of a 
 centur\', and it occasiomdly housed other com- 
 [lanies down to i<S2i, when it was burned. 
 
 Althimgh David Douglass, under whose 
 direction the Southwark Theatre was built, was 
 the builder of a chain of theatres on the Atlantic 
 Coast — the theatre on John Street, New York, in 
 1767, the Annapolis Theatre in 1771, and the 
 h'irst Theatre, Charleston, in 1773 — there was 
 in reality no temple worthy of the drama in 
 America ])revious to the erection of the New 
 Theatre, by Wignell and Reinagle, on Chestnut Street, near Sixth, in 1792. The interior of this house 
 was a perfect copy of the Theatre Royal, at Hath, then considered one of the handsomest theatres in 
 England. Mr. Wignell engaged a remarkalile company of highest pla\ers, including I\Ir. Fennell, who 
 had achieved considerable distinction as a tragedian in London and lulinburgh ; Mr. Chalmers, who had 
 been received with some favor at Co\'ent Garden ; Mrs. Whitlock, a sister of Mrs. Siddons, and Mrs. Old- 
 mixon, already famous in singing roles at Drury Lane and the Haymarket. With this force, which 
 comprised fiftj-'six people in all, Mr. Wignell arrived in the Delaware in August, 1793, but the yellow 
 fever was epidemic at that time, and the company in consequence was sent to Annapolis, the opening 
 of the New Theatre lieing delayed until February 17, 1794. This conqiany remained jiractically 
 unbroken until 1797, when Mrs. Merry, who, as Miss Brunton, had been a great fa-'orite at Covent 
 (larden, was engaged to replace Mrs. Whitlock, together with John Bernard, also a Covent Garden 
 favorite, for the leading parts in genteel comedy. Mr. Wignell at the same time engaged a young actor 
 of some promise, William Warren, for comedy old men, but he was disappointed in his >-oung tragedian, 
 Cooper, who soon quarreled with him and withdrew to New York, With slight modifications the 
 organization remained unchanged unlil Wignell's death in iSo;,. 
 
 .\ few months pre\-ious to his demise Wignell had marrieil Mrs. Merry, the jirincipal attraction 
 of the theatre, who succeeded to his interest in the management. Mrs. Wignell subsequently sent 
 
 n6 
 
Warren to England fur recruits, and soon after his return she married him. Mr. Warren thus became 
 possessed of the property, and a year after his wife's death, in 1808, he disposed of a share in the theatre 
 to William B. Wood, who. fur a number of j-ears, had been the acting manager. The firm of Warren 
 & Wood thus formed in 1809 lasted until 1826, when the partnership was dissolved. In the meantime 
 the first Chestnut Street Theatre had been destroyed by fire in 1820 and rebuilt on the same site. The 
 new lujuse scarcely attained the artistic or financial success of its predecessor, and it passed through 
 many managerial hands liefore it was finally abandoned previous to the opening of the present Chestnut 
 Street Theatre in 1863. 
 
 When the first Chestnut was burned Warren & Wood's company were in Baltimore, but when the 
 performers returned to Philadelphia in the autumn they appeared in the building still known as the 
 Walnut Street Theatre, the oldest playhouse now in this country. At that time the Walnut Street 
 house was known as the Olympic. It was built in 1808 for circus purposes and required many altera- 
 tions to fit it for dramatic uses ; but a malicious report was put in circulation, the allegation being that 
 the western wall projected to a;i alarming degree and that th; entire building w'as tmsafe, and the 
 business of the season was much injured in consequence. That west wall stands to-day, a monument to 
 the bfiilders of 1808 and a testimony against the liars of 1820. A pleasing incident of Warren & Wood's 
 first season at the Walnut was the first appearance of a young gentleman of Philadelphia who was 
 ileterniined to be an actor — Master Edwin h'urrest. Like the second Chestnut, the Walnut passed under 
 the control of a long list of managers, but it is to-day, as it always has been, fully abreast of the times 
 in the matter of theatrical attractions. 
 
 When Wood found himself out of tlu- management of the Chestnut Street Theatre, with which 
 all his tiieatrical experiences were associated, and a .salaried actor in the house he had helped to build, 
 it was generally believed the Walnut was to give place to a row of dwellings, and that what the interests 
 of the drama in Philadelphia demand ;'d was a new theatre on Arch Street. The liuuse was built in 
 1S26 and the management offered to Wood, who accepted it reluctantly and with gra\'e tluubts of the 
 issue. Wood opened the house for the season of 1827-8. but after an experience of three months he 
 relinquished the undertaking. In 1.S28 Inslee & Blake made an unsuccessful attempt with the Walnut, 
 and that year saw poor Warren a bankrupt at the Chestnut, with Pratt & Wemyss as tlie lessees, on 
 Xew Year's Day, 1.S29. It was a period of transition and misfortune, and down tu the close of the 
 star-stock system in tiie early '711's, the hislury of the three leading Philadelphia theatres is unintelliiMble 
 unless told in detail, and \-ery dull in anything like a detailed narrative. The same things are true of 
 other cities, notably New York and liostun. 
 
 It is a mistake to suppose that stock companies like that organized by the elder Wallack, in Xew 
 York, and like that now known as Daly's are identical with those of the leading .\merican theatres 
 between i8;;(i and 1.S70. Companies in that era everywhere were for the support of stars, not for 
 production, and when the star system had worn itself threadbare, the theatres of Philadelpliia gracefullv 
 yielded to tlic nt-w conditions. Tlie Arcli, under Mrs. John Drew's 
 management, was the first to welcome the combination pla\ers ; then 
 the Walnut, tmder Mr. Goodwin, reluctantly placed itself in line and 
 finallj'the Chestnut, under Mr. Gennnill, gave way to what was inevitable. 
 The change has been very great, but the promise for tlic future is at least 
 as bright as the past was brilliant. 
 
 h'or the three leading theatres of a quarter of a century ago — the 
 Chestnut, the Walnut and the Arch — we now have six of e(|ual rank: 
 the Chestnut, the Walnut, the Chestnut Street Opera House, the Cirand 
 Opera House, the Broad and the Park, together with six others scarcely 
 inferior to these, the (iirard Avenue, the National, the People's, Fore- 
 paugh's, the Bijou and the Empire. There are still others that cater to 
 the diverse tastes of a great city, together with the only opera house in 
 the country that maintains the traditions of minstrelsy — Carncross' — and 
 the Academy of Music, long tlie home of grand opera in Philadelphia. 
 
 117 
 
Clubs in Philadelphia. 
 
 Bv Chaklks R. Dkacon, Secretary ok the Ci.ovkr Club. 
 
 The cu:ii])arative scarcity of gorgeous club houses 
 in the City of Philadelphia has its explanation in 
 the fact that the home comforts of our citizens are 
 far in advance of those in other cities, nevertheless, 
 a large number of clubs of prominence, and having 
 full membership lists exist among tis, offering to 
 the properly accredited stranger a warmth of hos- 
 pitality not exceeded by similar institutions in any 
 conimunity in the land. 
 
 The Philade'phian is naturally gregarious, 
 this tendency finding an expression in the great 
 membership to be accredited to the secret societies, 
 the beneficial organizations, the numerous technical 
 and scientific institutes and various other bodies, 
 more or less influential, not properly within the 
 bounds and limitations of this chapter. 
 
 Probably the foremost social club of this city 
 is the time-honored Philadelxjhia , located at 
 Thirteenth and Walnut Streets, occupying an 
 exceedingl}- plain brick building, but which, nevertheless, is spacious and suitable for the purposes of 
 the organization. It was originated in 1834, and is the leading and most exclusive of the strictly 
 social clubs in the city. Other prosperous and successful social clubs are the Manufacturers', occupying 
 a handsome and elegantly equipped new building erected for it on Walnut Street just west of Broad, a 
 non-partisan organization, but, nevertheless, a potent factor in national elections, most of its members 
 favoring the high tariff as a protection to American industries. It wielded a great influence in the 
 presidential campaign of 1888, and contributed largely 
 to the election of President Harrison. "The Manufact- 
 urer, " published in the interests of the Club, is a 
 successful journal and is ably conducted. The Mercan- 
 tile, composed entirely of Israelites ; the Rittenhouse, 
 which is the junior ultra-swell social club of the city, and 
 is most pleasantly located on Walnut Street, opposite 
 Rittenhouse Square ; the Columbia, occupying an attrac- 
 tive new structure at Broad and Oxford Streets, its 
 memberslii]) being principally composed of residents of 
 the northern section of the city ; the Caledonia Clul), 
 com])osed of citizens of Scottish antecedents ; the Mark- ;J. 
 liani, <if 1405 Locust Street, and the Colonial Club of ,:- 
 C.ermantown, an aristocratic and exclnsi\-e social -^'^ 
 organization. 
 
 The I'nion League, occupying its spacious and 
 conqiletely equipped building on Bioad Street, halfway 
 between Chestnut and Walnut Streets, is the foremost of 
 the socio-political clubs. The liuildiiii; Mas erected for 
 the organization and is used exclusively for cluli jmrposes, 
 
 lis 
 
 CAI.l'MONI \ CI. LIU, I VrU AXll SPRINC. I.AKHKX STkEETS. 
 
THK AKT CLUB, BROAD STREET BELOW WALNUT STREET. 
 
 and is one of the most convenient and best appointed club liouses in the country. The Union League 
 originated during the War of tlie Rebellion, and was founded by thirty-eight gentlemen loyal to the 
 Uiuon, -who adopted the title of " The Union Club," and held their first meeting on the twenty-first of 
 November, 1862, during the darkest hours of the war. The members met at each other's houses in turn 
 for a while and then it was determined to eidarge its usefulness and influence, and permanent quarters 
 were secured in February, 1S63, resulting ev'entually in the erection and occupancy of the jiresent elegant 
 and spacious quarters. Hon. John Russell Young, now its President, was the first Secretary of the 
 original Union Club, from which the present organization sprang. Since the close of the war the 
 Leagne has not taken a very active part in politics. It is still under the control of imnibcrs holding to 
 the sentiments of the founders, and though it always throws its influence in favor of good candidates, 
 it can hardly be considered a working political organization. Others of a political character deserving 
 mention are the Union Republican Club, at Eleventh and Chestnut Streets : the \'i)ung Republican 
 Club, at Twelfth and Chestnut Streets; the Americus (Democratic) Club, at Hroad and Chestnut 
 Streets; the Pennsylvania Club, at 1423 Walnut Street, and the Young Men's Democratic Battalion, 
 at 109 South Broad Street. ^ 
 
 The literary element is strongly represented in the 
 Penn Club, located at 720 Locust Street, famous for its 
 attentions to distinguished sojourners in the city, and to 
 citizens who have, by some notable action, merited tlie grali 
 tude and esteem of tlie connnunity. The I'en and Pencil 
 Club, at 133 South hUeventh Street, is composed of active 
 workers upon the local newspapers, and a most enjoyable 
 evening always awaits its guests. 
 
 The artistic organizations include the Art Club, occu- 
 pying a beautiful structure ujion Broad Street below Waliurt ; 
 the Sketch Club, probably the oldest organization of the kind 
 
 119 
 
 ^^.V 
 
 i ! 
 "I 
 
 THE COLO.NI.\L CLUU, GKRMANTOWN. 
 
in the United States, having its Bohemian haliitat at Xo. 201 South Eleventh Street. It includes the 
 larger portion of the male art element in the cit}-, and its frequently recurring informal receptions are 
 much in vogue. The Sketch Club has always e.xerted a marked and beneficial influence upon the 
 progressive art spirit of the city. 
 
 The Art Worker's Guild is a new organization which is made up of men engaged in widely 
 varying specialties in design, from the architect to the artisan in metals, and is located in Marble ^Alley, 
 below Thirteenth Street and east of Broad. It publishes a creditable monthly called the "Art Worker." 
 
 The Musical organizations include the Orpheus, the Manuscript Society, the I'tojMa and the 
 Mendelsohn Clubs. The lovers of Chess have a strong club. 
 
 The New Centurv Club is a strong organization of ladies having a fine cluli house on Twelfth 
 Street below Sansom. This club is progressive and philanthropic, and enjoys wide re])utation as a 
 representative body of sincere and cultured women. 
 
 The Turf Club, at 44 South Broad Street, and the Sparring and Fencing Club, at 36 South 
 Sixteenth Street, are devoted to purposes indicated in their titles. 
 
 The aristocratic Country Club, located in the vicinity of Fairmount Park, at Falls Road and 
 City Line Avenue, is an objective point of the equally exclusive Coaching Club's members. 
 
 In the matter of gustatory clubs Philadelphia has a world-wide reputation. The ancient " State 
 in Schuylkill " is said to be the oldest cluli in the world. Its present home is upon the Delaware River, 
 a few miles aliove the city. This veneral>le institution was founded in 1732, and guests as well as 
 mendiers ass'st in preparing and cooking the \-iands at the notable dinners held in the " Castle." The 
 membership is limited to twenty-five members, with a number of apprentices in addition. In olden 
 davs the club was located within the present confines of F-airmount Park, upon the Schuylkill River, 
 and afterward, until a few years since, upon the same stream below Gray's Ferry. That unique coterie, 
 the Clover Clul), holds its monthly dinners at the Bellevue Hotel, members and guests usually assembling 
 at fi\'e o'clock, p. m. Neither dignity, age nor rank secures for the guest at the Clover dinners 
 imuuuiitv from the most merciless yet ever good-natured raillery, and a flaw in the armor of the stranger 
 is quickly found. The Five O'clock Club is conducted upon a similar plan, and also meets at the 
 Bellevue. The Roast Beef and the Skillet and Pan Clubs are composed of members of the Manufact- 
 \irers' Club, and dine at the beautiful clul) house of the latter body. The Islimaelites Clul) is made up 
 of members of the Union League Club. 
 
 The Rabbit Club, located near West Fairmount Park, has a quaint, old-style club house, which 
 members adopt as an olijective ])oint in su1>urban drives. It is an exclusive body com])osed of well- 
 kn(jwn citizens. Athletic and Cycling clubs are referred to in separate chapters of this book. 
 
 Many social organizations existing in Philadelphia in the form of clubs are necessarily ommitted 
 in this list for want of specific information. 
 
 The professions are represented in the Engineers' Club and the Lawyers' Club, the Chapter of 
 Architects (see Architecture), in South Penn Square, opposite the City Hall ; the United Service Club, 
 composed of officers of the military and naval ser\-ice of the ITnited States, ujjon Broad Street above 
 Locust ; the Photographic Society, occupying a fine building adapted to purposes of exhibition upon 
 Eighteenth Street below Market Street. The Physicians, Dentists and Instructors al.so have their 
 several ortjanizations for both social and professional benefit. 
 
 / 
 
 
 > 
 
 -t9 
 
 •' >* 
 
 w 
 
 ti 
 
 ^' 
 
 — v 
 
Philadelphia Journals and Journahsts. 
 
 By Charlks H. Hkustis, Editor I'ln Inquirfr. 
 
 EDITOR MCCXl'RE S SANCTUM. 
 
 The journals and journalists of Philadelphia have, from before the 
 
 Revolution, exercised a great influence in the affairs of the city, state 
 
 and nation. In the crisis of political life, Philadelphia has been the 
 
 source of public opinion, and the source of the money and the men 
 
 that made the public opinion of the city mighty in the nation. The 
 
 power of the pen of Benjamin Franklin has been ably maintained by 
 
 his successors in the journalistic life of the city, but in later times 
 
 the power of the city's great journals has been exercised more 
 
 impersonally. Nevertheless, behind the power of the great dailies 
 
 with their tremendous circulation, the public descry the men who 
 
 created their prosperity. 
 
 Tiie Xoith American is distinguished as the oldest daily newspaper in the United States. Its 
 
 polished, aggressive editor. Colonel Clayton McMichael, is also a graceful orator. He filled an 
 
 important trust under the administration of President Arthur. 
 
 The Philadelphia Inquiirr has risen from the \-erge of oblivion to unrivaled popularity and power 
 through the pluck and shrewdness of James Elverson, at whose very touch, as has been commonly 
 remarked, a number of journals have "turned to gold," and made him one of the city's millionaires. 
 It was the first eight page one cent paper in America, and still rivals its higher-priced contemporaries 
 all over the world. 
 
 The country at large recognizes The Press as a monument to the genius of Colonel John W. 
 Forney. It is a stanch champion of American Protection, being owned by Calvin Wells, a Pennsyl- 
 vania iron manufacturer, and edited to-day by an orator, diplomatist and scholar, Charles Emory Smith, 
 Ex-Minister to Russia. 
 
 The Times is acknowledged to be one of the most beautiful typographical papers in the world, 
 and that is the pride of Frank McLaughlin. Its editor-in-chief. Col. A. K. McClure, wields the most 
 incisive pen, is an orator of national distinction, and in one speech furnished to the Democratic party 
 the biggest part of the campaign argument that elected President Cleveland. 
 
 William M. Singerly, b}' the application of marvellous business sagacity to journalism, has 
 reared The Record from almost nothing to a tower of strength. Few journals in the world excel it in 
 point of circulation, and the Record Building is one of the architectural attractions of the city. 
 
 The Public Lcdffer a.nA its editor, George W. Childs, are names that speak to the world in them- 
 selves. Mr. Childs is counted among the greatest philanthropists of the world, and his profits from the 
 Ledger a.x& so enormous, that people spend time figuring out the rate of his income per second. The 
 Ledger, through the leading editorials of E. Clarke Davis, is frequently charged with speaking the 
 views of President Cleveland's administration by "inspiration. " The recent change in the size, 
 number of pages and other details of the Ledge) attracted attention and comment all o\'er the 
 country. 
 
 The Evening Telegraph is probably, without exception, the greatest evening journal in the world. 
 Its editor, Charles li. Warburton, is a man who believes that an editor should be wholly iree from any 
 governmental service that might bias his judgment on public questions. A great feature of the Telegraph 
 estal)lishment is an obituary library, so kept up to date that a man of any note in any part of the world 
 cannot die but an account of his life is ready for the printers. 
 
 The Evenitig Star "dwells apart" from its contemporaries by the distinguishing lustre of 
 its special correspondence. The personality of John Russell Young shines brightly in its pages. 
 
Mr. Young was formerly U. S. Minister to China, and was lately one of the Vice-Presidents of the 
 Reading Railroad System. The Washington letters signed " S. M." are by James Rankin Young, 
 also one of the proprietors. 
 
 There are manv other papers whose prominence cannot be fairly set forth in a brief article, as 
 The Call, which most admirably carries out its special aim to serve the home and the family in this City 
 of Homes; The Item, with its enormous circulation, reaching especially the working-classes that are 
 the bone and sinew of this greatest American manufacturing community ; the Evening Bulletin, which 
 is ever neck and neck with the Telegraph in the race for first place among the evening dailies, and is a 
 stanch Republican power ; the liveiiing Xeies, which has led the profession in the production of new 
 and unique features in journalism ; the Herald, which has a large circulation ; the Gcrmantozt'n 
 Telegraph, a verv old and influential paper; the C,erman Demokrat, which is another Public Ledger \q 
 the vast German population. The ])apers that serve special trades and classes are almost too numerous 
 to catalogue, much less to describe. Notable among them, however, are the Carriage Monthly, devoted 
 to the interests indicated in its title, and the Confeetioners' Journal, which has been for nearly two 
 decades the leading periodical of the country, identified with the great advance made l>y manufacturers 
 of candies and chocolates. 
 
 There are many interesting facts showing that Philadelphia has been in the lead in all the 
 evolutions of the newspaper business. The third journal published in the American colonies was the 
 Philadelphia H'eeklj Mereurv, issued by Andrew Bradford, December 22, 1719. The Cent was the first 
 pemiy paper in America. It was issued in 1830, by Christopher Columbus Conwell. Philadelphia also 
 gave to the country the first religious weekly and the first trade journal. The oldest American law 
 journal is also Philadelphian, and the oldest medical journal, with one exception. Christopher Sauer 
 here published the first Bible ever issued in America, and issued the first religious magazine of an\' 
 description, h'rom those times to the present, the city has led in the revolutions of journalism. What 
 blessings of liberty have come to the people through the brave struggles of succeeding journalists since 
 Andrew Bradford was ordered to be arrested by tlie Pennsylvania Assembly for publishing an editorial 
 on liberty, written b\- Franklin, and successfully made a stand for the constitutional right of freely 
 writing and speaking to the people. A Philadelphia paper was the first that ever published the debates of 
 the American Congress, (rodev's Ladv Book is mentioned among a great number of such journals 
 because it was the first of its class in America, and because its pages introduced Taylor, Holmes, Field, 
 Longfellow, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Marion Harland and other famous authors to the world. Edgar 
 .\llen Poe's poem, "The Bells," was written for and first appeared in a Philadelphia magazine. The 
 1/ 'onnvi's Advoeate was the first woman's paper, and was printed and edited here by women. 
 
 The united circulations of the Philadelphia papers reach millions of readers every day, and the 
 influence of their editors is calculable only in the great changes that are seen from time to time in the 
 city, state and national politics ; from the time that Benjamin Franklin represented the nation abroad, 
 it has I)een common for the National Government to call upon Philadelphia journalists to serve in 
 places of gi-eat trust and honor at home and abroad. 
 
 
 \v^ 
 
sports of All Sorts. 
 
 By Horack S. Fogel, Sporting Editor Pi<l>li< LeJi^er. 
 
 Philadelphia has lately become an 
 important factor in the world of 
 athletics; with nineteen regularly 
 organized clubs, with an aggregate mem- 
 bership of 7,500 and club property worth 
 $250,000, she is able to. demand recognition 
 on the field, track and water in every branch 
 of sport. The history of local athletics on a 
 large scale, irrespective of rowing, dates back 
 to June, 1880, when the Schuylkill Navy gave its 
 first open games at the Young America Cricket 
 Grounds, at Stenton. The success of this first 
 venture, and the subset juent meeting given in Fairmount Park, in 
 .' ) November, 1881, led to the formation of what is now known as the 
 
 Athletic Club Schuylkill Navy, which has risen to the proud distinction 
 of being the leading athletic club in this city. John F. Huneker may be justly called the 
 father of the organization, as it was through his proposition to form an athletic club that at a 
 subsequent meeting held August 19, 1884, the A. C. S. N. was finally launched. In November, 
 1S84, the new club procured quarters at 1913 Market Street, and after being substantially fitted up 
 they were formally opened on Thanksgiving Eve of that year. The phenomenal growth of the club 
 led to the erection of the present imposing building at 1626-28 Arch Street. After some vicissitudes 
 the club has been placed upon a sound footing financially, and with a membership of 1,500 exerts a 
 great influence upon the athletic affairs of the community. 
 
 In athletics, particularly in three branches, the organization has stood out pre-eminent in the 
 athletic world, namely — boxing, wrestling and pole vaulting, in the first named through the efforts of 
 the instructor. Professor Robert Colbert, such experts with the gloves as William H. Horton, William 
 H. Rocap and Harry Pritner were graduated. Through the fine coaching of Professor William 
 H. Coiipe, wrestlers of fame, like, for example. Dr. J. K. Schell, Herman Wolff, Joseph B. Reilly and 
 George W. Hoskins, were developed from the club's membership. Through the skilful and persistent 
 labors of Physical Director Frank Henderson, a number of runners and jumpers have been discovered, 
 many of whom have won local fame; but in the persons of W. S. Rodenbough and L. F. L. Pynchon, 
 the club has a team of pole vaulters which can defeat the world, the former being the present world's 
 record holder in this branch of sports. The club has always maintained a high standard in its athletic 
 department, and in i8go possessed a team of gentlemen boxers and wrestlers who had not only won 
 the championships of America twice in succession, Init stood ready and willing to defend the athletic 
 prestige of the Quaker City in these two branches of sport against the entire world. 
 Among other organizations that have cultivated physical training on a 
 mentioned in addition to the A. C. S. N. the Athletic Department V. M. C. A. 
 National Swimming Club, Phila- 
 delphia Athletic Association, Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad Athletic Asso- 
 ciation, Bank Clerks' Athletic 
 Association, and the half-a-dozen 
 or more German Societies around 
 town affiliated with the American 
 Turnerband. 
 
 arge scale ma\- be 
 Caledonian Club, 
 
 CHAMPION DODBtE. 
 
BOAT CLUB HOI'SES, FAIRMOTNT I'ARK. 
 
 ROWING. 
 
 In rowing, 
 Philadelphia stands 
 out pre-eminent 
 among the cities of 
 this continent. 
 The Schuylkill 
 Navy, in organi- 
 zation, equipment, 
 \' a 1 u e of club 
 p r o J) e r t y and 
 natural advantages 
 has no equal. It 
 was formed early 
 in the fifties, and in 
 1853 began its 
 career as a racing 
 organization in 
 atiuatic sports. 
 
 Through the courtesy and liberality of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park, a plot of ground on the 
 east bank of the Schuylkill, between the waterworks and Girard Avenue bridge, was set apart for the 
 the amateur oarsmen ; here they began to build, and to-day twelve handsome club houses grace the 
 river bank, adding much to the scenic effect of the park in that \'icinity. 
 
 At present, with a membership of twelve clubs, owning over 300 boats, valued at $45,000, with 
 club property valued considerably over $100,000, and an aggregate membership of 1,400, it is con- 
 ceded to be the leading rowing organization of America. Eight-oared shell racing received its first 
 impetus upon the waters of the Schuylkill. 
 
 In sculling, double shell and four-oared shell rowing, individuals and crews from Philadelphia 
 have frequently won the championship. The \'esper Chib has carried off the honors in sculling with 
 Edwin Hedley, George W. \'an Vliet, John Y. Parke and George Megowen. In four-oared shell 
 racing, tlie Fairmount Club Quartette has for several years past, at least, made the crack crews of the 
 United States and Canada take their wash. The Centennial Regatta, held over the national course on 
 the Schuylkill Ki\'er in 1876, had much to do with bringing Philadelphia into prominence as a rowing 
 centre, and since that time the Schuylkill Na\-y has worthily upheld the Quaker City's prestige in 
 aquatic sport. 
 
 The organizations composing the Schuylkill Navy at 
 this time are the Vesper Boat Club, Malta Boat Club, Phila- 
 delphia Barge Club, Pennsylvania Barge Clul), Crescent Boat 
 Club, West Philadelphia Boat Club, lona Boat Club, Undine 
 Barge Club, University Barge Club, College Boat Club, Quaker 
 City Boat Club and Bachelors Barge Club. Tlie Fairmoiiut 
 Rowing A.ssociation, located abo\-e the dam, and the American 
 Rowing Association, below the dam, are not connected with 
 the Schuylkill Navy. The former came into notice in 1SS6, 
 ))y winning the four-oared and eieht-oared shell championships 
 of America. The Vesper Club won the eight-oared champion- 
 ship in i.S.Sj. 
 
 VACHTINT,. 
 
 There are in the vicinity of Philadelphia five yacht 
 clubs: the Pliiladeljihia, Corinthian, ,Sonthwark, Shackamaxon 
 and Coopers Point. 
 
 124 
 
lu the Philadelphia there are 115 niemhers ; this iinniher is continually increasing; ; i schooner, 
 15 sloops, 2 cutters, i yawl. 3 open cats and 13 steamers. The value of the club properly at Tinicuni 
 Station is $25,000; that of the property in Philadelphia S5.000, and the value of the yachts is placed 
 at $300,000. 
 
 The Corinthian Club has its station at Essington, adjoining that of the Philadelphia, and therein 
 are 123 members. In the fleet there are schooners, 7; sloops, cutters and yawls, 22; open boats, 5; 
 steamers and launches, 14. The value of the schooners is estimated at $50,000 : the slo()])s, cutters and 
 yawls, $35,000 ; the open boats, $2,500 ; and the steamers, $250,000. The club projierty is estimated 
 at $5,000. 
 
 At sih'er lake, in the lower ])ortioii of the city, the Southwark Club has its headquarters. The 
 fleet is made up mosth' of " tuck-ups ' and "duckers," small open craft peculiar to the Delaware. The 
 club has over 200 members, and the club and boat property is estimated at $10,000. 
 
 The Shackamaxon Club is akin to the Southwark in the character of its craft. It has loS mem- 
 bers, and 30 boats valued at $6,000. 
 
 The Coopers Point Club, with headquarters at Camden, has fio members, 1 1 sloops, 31 open boats 
 and 2 launches. 1 he club and j^acht property is valued at $12,000. 
 
 If 
 
 B-\SI-: li.M.I.. 
 
 Philadelphia is not the base ball centre 
 
 I'hilad Ipliia liberally 
 show that the games 
 
 of the world, it is at least the home of base ball 
 players. The Huaker City has furnished more good 
 talent for America's National Game, than all the 
 other leading cities conibiiied. During the past ten 
 or twelve years every major league club had on its 
 team from one to half a dozen players born, raised 
 and developed in this city, while the minor league 
 teams throughout the country WL-re made up princi- 
 pally of Philadelphians. 
 
 For ten years, during the period in which 
 the National League and American Association 
 were rival organizations, Philadelphia was the onl\ 
 city that would support avo major league clubs, 
 and for that reason, if for no other, earned the title 
 of best base ball city in the world. Not onl\- tlid 
 support two big professional clubs, but the statistics 
 I in this city attracted larger crowds tlian those played in any of the other cities. 
 
 j Philadelphia could always boast of having more amateur clubs than 
 
 any other half-a-dozen cities combined. During the past ten years the 
 
 average number of amateur organizations in this city was about 200 each year. 
 It is because of the great number of amateur clubs that have always 
 
 flourished here, that this city has turned out so mauA^ professional players. 
 
 One reason why there are so many amateur organizations in Philadelphia 
 
 is, because there are in the city limits so many open lots and parks where 
 
 the game can be played, and this is the incentive which induces so many 
 
 artisans, mill hands and other young laborers to indulge in the heidthful 
 
 recreation of ball playing after working hours, in the evening and on 
 
 holidays. 
 
 Next to Philadelphia, Boston and the smaller cities surrounding 
 
 the hub have the most amateur clubs and j'early turn mit the largest 
 
 number of professional players. It is a matter of record that during the 
 
 past ten years more than one-half of all the professional ball ])layers in 
 
 this country came from Philadelphia and the vicinity of Boston. , '^, >^- 
 
 125 
 
 V 
 
Few professionals came from New York and Chicago, though the latter has a great many amateur 
 clubs. In the matter of turning out professionals, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Louisville and Pittsburg out- 
 rank New York and Chicago, and are about on a parity; Brooklyn's record is next to Philadelphia and 
 Boston the best. 
 
 Though Philadelphia has been furnishing the talent for the country at large, she has been unfor- 
 tunate with her own clubs, as only two championship flags have ever come to this city, one captured by 
 the old Athletics in the seventies and the other by the reorganized Athletics, who won the American 
 Association pennant in 1883, liy the narrow margin of one game. 
 
 In the matter of grounds Philadelphia can boast of having the best ball park in the world. The 
 grounds of the Philadelphia Ball Club, at Broad and Huntingdon Streets, are a model after which 
 other clubs have been copying, but none have as large and imposing a grand stand, and as fine appoint- 
 ments. It is claimed that the pavilion, stands, fences, etc., at this ground alone cost $80,000 to erect. 
 
 t. 
 
 •srr 
 
 KICKKT CLUB, MWin IM, l'HII,AI>KI.I'HIA. 
 
 CRICKKT. 
 
 mi .ati 
 
 Philadelphia is the home of Cricket 
 in America. No other branch of sport is 
 so popular with Philadelphia's 400 as 
 England's national game, and every im- 
 portant match invariably attracts from 
 2,000 to 20,000 of the Quaker City's best 
 people, including most of its society leaders, 
 to the grounds where the contest is 
 scheduled to take place. The average daily 
 attendance at an international match in 
 this city is 10,000. 
 
 In the matter of playing the game Philadelphia is probably half a century in advance of all the 
 other American cities. In New York, Boston, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Detroit and Chicago, the only 
 Other cities in this country which have regularly organized cricket clubs, the game is still in its infancy, 
 and the combined playing strength of those six cities would not compare with the liest team Philadelphia 
 can put in the field. Indeed, the first eleven of anv of Philadelphia's four or fi^•e leading clubs cau 
 vanquish the best team picked from the rest of the country. 
 
 
 CLUB HOUSK, M.\NHEIM. 
 
 126 
 
aixjcewai. 
 
 CLLB HOUSE, BELMONT CRICKET CLUB 
 
 49TH STREET STATION. 
 
 Thp thrt-e leading clubs in Philadel- 
 phia are the Germantown, Merion ani 
 Belmont. The former was organized in 
 1858, and has its headquarters at Queen 
 Lane Station, Germantown. It has the 
 finest equipped grounds in America, the 
 value of its property being estimated at 
 nearh- $300,000. The club has a member- 
 ship of 2,000, including about 100 active 
 cricketers, and in the matter of plaving 
 strength, is the leading cricketing organiza- 
 tion in this country. The Merion Club 
 was organized in 1.S65, and its grounds are located at Haverfonl College. It has a membership 
 of 1,000 and property valued at $200,000. The Belmont has about the .same number of members 
 and property valued at the same figure. Its grounds are located at Forty-ninth Street and Chester 
 Avenue. The date of organization of this club is 1872. The oldest club is the Philadelphia, which 
 has been in existence since 1840. This club has a membership of 600 and makes its home at 
 Wissahickon Heights. 
 
 Other leading clubs are: Tioga, organized in 18S3; membership, 500; location of grounds, 
 Westmoreland. Haverford College, organized in 1866; membership, 100; location of grounds, Haver- 
 ford College. North End, organized in 18S8; membership, 150; location of grounds, Stenton. Belfield, 
 organized in 1889; membership, 500; location of grounds, Germantown. Pennsylvania Railroad, 
 organized in 1886 ; membership, 200 ; location of grounds. Fifty-second Street Station. Oakland, 
 organized in 1890; membership, 150; location of grounds, Frankford. St. Davids, organized in 1892; 
 membership, 200; location of grounds, St. Davids. Excelsior, organized in i8gi ; membership, 100; 
 location of grounds, Germantown. The West Chester Club, of West Chester, with a membership of 
 400, and the Riverton, of Riverton, with 100 members, both flourishing clubs, might also be considered 
 Philadelphia organizations, as most of its active members are in business in this city but residents of 
 these two sulmrban towns. 
 
 A volume might be written on the history of the game in this city, but space will not permit of 
 more than a mere reference to the achievements of Philadelphia cricketers in the past. During the past 
 ten years Philadelphia has engaged in international matches here and abroad with England, Australia 
 and Ireland, and more than held her own against the best teams pitted against her by those countries. 
 In the international matches with Canada and Xova Scotia Philadelphia has, during the past two or 
 three years, emphatically demonstrated her superiority. In the inter-city competition with New York, 
 Boston, Baltimore, Pittsburg, Chicago and Detroit, which was started two years ago, Philadelphia won 
 both times with comparative ease. 
 
 L.\WX TENNIS. 
 
 The game of Lawn Tennis is chiefly 
 fostered by the cricket clubs, there being but 
 one distinctively Lawn Tennis organization of 
 any prominence in this city. The Belfield 
 Club, at Thorpe's Lane, Germantown, was 
 organized principally Jor the practice of this 
 game, although its large membership, recruited 
 from prominent Germantown families, is pro- 
 vided with other means of diversion as well. 
 Every local cricket, as well as several of the 
 athletic clubs, have tennis courts on their 
 grounds, and among its members are some 
 verj' expert racquet wielders. The game is 
 
 CLl."B nOUSK OF TIIK BELFIELD CLUB, GERM.VNTOW.V. 
 
very popular in this citv, is as extensively played as anywhere in this country, if not in the world, 
 and wiiile Philadelphia has no champions at present, she has several ex-champions, notably Mr. 
 Joseph S. Clark and Mrs. Dr. Toulmin, nee Miss Townsend, and a number of aspirants for that 
 honor in the persons of Mrs. A. H. Harris, Miss A. C. Wistar, Mrs. Milton C. Work, Miss Hattie 
 V. Beaumont, Miss Nellie Hansell, Miss Kthel Bankson, Mr. M. D. Smith, Mr, Charles T. Lee, Mr. 
 W. L. Landreth and others. There are in addition to the above a small army of second raters who 
 have not been playing long enough to reach the first-class, but who, with a little more experience, 
 are likely to be heard from in the near future and bring honors to Philadelphia before they retire 
 from the courts on account of old age, business engagements or other causes. 
 
 FOOT BAM.. 
 
 Philadelphia can boast of more foot ball clubs than any other city. She has a great college team 
 in the Uni\'ersity of Pennsylvania eleven, and there are some forty academies and schools in the city, 
 each of which has a foot ball team. 
 
 About four years ago the English association game was introduced in this city, and in one year's 
 time a dozen clubs were organized to play that game. A league was formed to play a series of games 
 annually for the championship, and that body is now in a most flourishing condition. In order to 
 encourage this sport Mr. George W. Childs presented a valuable cup to the leagnie, which is known as 
 the Pennsylvania Association Foot Ball Union, three j'ears ago, and the annual competition for this 
 trophy attracts no little attention. The games are generally played during the months of October, 
 November, December, January, February, March and April, and are patronized to a large extent, 
 principally by the mill hands and artisans in the northern and northwestern sections of the city. 
 
 THE R.\CE TRACK. 
 
 Horse racing in Philadelphia does not flourish as in other cities, because the State laws do not 
 permit pool selling cr betting in any form. If betting were allowed that branch of sport would boom 
 as well as in any other city. No running meetings are held in this city because they would be a failure, 
 as no jockey club can exist anywhere unless permitted to sell pools. Trotting races were formerly very 
 liberally patronized in Philadelphia, but the sjiort died out during the se\-enties, and for a number of 
 years no meetings were held here. About five years ago the Philadelphia and Belmont Driving Clubs 
 were re-organized on a sound financial basis, and since then a number of meetings have been held on 
 both tracks each year. Each club is capitalized at $250,000, and the stock is held by several hundred 
 of Philadelphia's wealthiest and most prominent business men. Both tracks are in the Grand Circuit, 
 and the two clubs are succeeding admirably in their efforts to make trotting popular in this city. 
 
 The Philadelphia Driving Park Association's track is at Point Breeze, while that of the Belmont 
 Driving Club is located at Bala Station, en the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is generally conceded that 
 there are no better and faster courses anywhere than the two located in this vicinity. 
 
 128 
 
lbmi.. 
 
 A great many trotting liorses are owned in this city. Nearly every well-to-do resident owns one 
 or more good roadsters, and they have a splendid opportunity to e.vercise them on the fine roads laid out 
 through Fairmount Park. Thousands of fost steppers can be seen in this park on any fine day. 
 
 COACHING . 
 
 The Philadelphia Pour-in-Hand Club con- 
 ^ , tributes a pretty pageant to the sum of the vear's 
 
 local events in the annual parade which occurs early 
 in May. 
 
 The coaches, gay with tiie guests of the 
 occasion, start from Rittenhouse Square, proceed up 
 Broad Street, out Spring Garden Street and through 
 the Park to the aristocratic Country Club. The Club 
 now includes some seventeen coaches, and the turn- 
 outs are frequently encountered in Fairmount Park 
 and along our charming suburban drives. Those 
 participating in the May parade of the present year 
 were Mr. A. J. Cassatt, E. Rittenhouse Miller, 
 Edward Browning, J. C. Mercer Biddle, C. Davis English, J. p:. Widener, Neilson Brown, Col. Edward 
 Morrell, Harrison K. Caner, G. W. C. Drexel and John R. P'ell. 
 
 During the past Sjiring Mr. Barclay H. Warburton's coach " Meadowbrook " made daily trips, 
 starting from the " Stenton," upon South Broad Street, for Meadowbrook p-arm and Jenkintown. The 
 " Initial," owned by Messrs. E. Rittenhouse Miller and Edward Browning, also left the Hotel Stratford 
 every afternoon for Bryn Mawr. These coaches, as well as that of Col. Morrell, which for a time left 
 the Bellevue daily, were public, any reputable person being entitled to book for a seat upon payment of 
 the fare of $1 .50 for the round trip. This commendable effort to popularize this agreeable means of 
 recreation will probably be continued permanently. 
 
 THE COUNTRY CLUB. 
 
 
 A COACHING P.iKTV 
 129 
 
Cycling in Philadelphia. 
 
 Arthur H. MacOwen. 
 
 m 
 
 Wi^. 
 
 When tlie history of cycling in America comes to be written, it 
 will lie found that Philadelphia has occupied, from the inception 
 of the recreation in this country, a leading position as a centre of 
 what is now so popular a pastime. The Philadelphia and Penn- 
 sylvania Bicycle Clubs, of Philadelphia, are among the oldest of such 
 !j IM^ - ' organizations in the country ; and besides these well-known clubs 
 there are others later born, such as the Century Wheelmen, South 
 End Wheelmen, Park Avenue Wheelmen, Quaker City Wheelmen, 
 etc., etc., to the number of half a hundred, the mere mentioning 
 of whose names and date of foundation , etc . , would make an article 
 as long and this one. 
 
 Geographically speaking, Philadelphia is well situated for the 
 enjoyment by its citizens of the pastime of cycling. It lies in a 
 vast river basin, the water shed of which is reached by grades which, 
 comparatively speaking, are wonderfully gentle, while giving most 
 exceptional opportunities in the way of beautiful scenic effects. 
 
 PENNsvLv.\Ni.4. BICYCLE CLUB HOUSE. Witncss the ucar-by glories of the Schuylkill Valley, with its 
 
 Girard Avenue, near Fortieth street. romantic Wissahickon adjunct, the Chester and White Marsh 
 
 Valleys, and the farther removed but easily reached beauties of the historic Braiidywine River on one 
 side and the grand scenery of the Delaware Water Gap on the other. Until recently, extreme difficulty 
 was experienced by cyclers in the way of getting out of the immense wilderness of brick and mortar and 
 cobble stone pavements known as Philadelphia : but, within the past decade, both in the city projier and 
 throughoat the beautiful northwestern and more particularly the western suburban territory, inipro\-ed 
 pavements and road surfaces have been laid, and now minister to the comfort of the cycler. Such 
 beaut}^ spots as the Germantown and Chestnut Hill districts. Fort Washington, Valley Forge, the 
 old camping ground of Washington, Willow Grove, Norristown, Bryn Mawr, Wayne, Devon, Paoli, 
 West Chester, Downingtown, and a host of small towns and hamlets, some of historic and some of 
 present day interest, can now be reached most comfortablv, and are patronized by an ever increasing 
 army of cyclers. Before the creation of the fine net-work of roads that now exist, there was, outside 
 of the fine drives in Fairmount Park, but one really good macadamized road in the vicinity of the 
 city. That road was Lancaster Pike, the old highway to the West, and its name, in consequence 
 of the absence of any competitor in the way of macadam surface, became almost proverbial in the 
 early history of cycling in this countr}'. 
 
 Philadelphia and Boston were the two cities where the bicycle first took firm hold in the United 
 States, and where the main battles were fought against public i)rejudice and municipal shackles. The 
 Reser\'oir Drive, of Boston, and the Lancaster Pike, of Philadelphia, are household words in the lexicon 
 of American cycling, and though there are now round the " Quaker City " many better road surfaces 
 than that of Lancaster Pike, the old-time riders ha\-e an affectionate regard for the only road over which 
 at line time they could push the famous old high bicycle that preceded the modern " safety " in poi)ular 
 fa\'or. As showing the stable condition of the recreation of cycling in Philadelphia, it is interesting to 
 note that the Philadelphia Bicycle Club and the Pennsylvania Bicycle Club each erected their own club 
 houses, and each organization is credited with the ownership of real estate to the value of $25,000 to 
 $30,000. Both these organizations, as well as a number of the later formed clubs, are incorporated 
 under the laws of the State. 
 
 130 
 
It is estimated that there are 30,000 cyclers in and around Philadelphia. Of these about 3,000 
 are members of the various clubs, of which there are fifty in the city, and there are about 1,000 members 
 of the national organization, the League of American Wheelmen. A conservative estimate places the 
 valuation of bicycles owned in the city at over $2,000,000. There are only two cycle manufacturing 
 establishments in the city, but there are fifty-two retail concerns interested to a greater or less degree in 
 the handling of bicycles and kindred articles. 
 
 Our Citizen Soldiery. 
 
 The several commands of State troops recruited in Philadelphia are 
 included in the First Brigade National Guards of Pennsylvania, and 
 are subject to call into service at the will of the Governor. They 
 compose the following representative organizations : First Troop 
 Philadelphia City Cavalrj', Captain Joseph Lapsley Wilson. Bat- 
 tery A, Captain Maurice C. Stafford. State Fencibles Battalion 
 (Infantry), 4 companies. Major Wm. A. Witherup. First Regiment 
 (Infantry), 10 companies. Col. Wendell P. Bowman. Second Regi- 
 ment (Infantry), 10 companies. Col. Oliver C. Bosbyshell. Third 
 Regiment (Infantry), 8 companies, Col. E. V. Morrell. Gray 
 Invincibles (colored infantry), i company, Capt. Chas. A. Hailstock. 
 These several organizations are generally well-housed in 
 roomy and convenient armories. The City Troop, Battery A. State 
 Fencibles, First Regiment and Third Regiment being especially well 
 provided for in this particular. The Second Regiment still occupies 
 its old quarters at National Guards Hall upon Race Street near Fifth, 
 but expects ere long to enjoy the benefits of a fine new structure 
 upon North Broad Street. 
 
 Each organization, in addition to its distinctive and showj' 
 
 dress uniform, is fully equipped with the State dre.ss which, in its 
 
 present form, is admirably adapted for use in camp and campaign 
 
 service. The rank and file as well as the field staff and line officers 
 
 are made up of the best classes of our native j-outh, who evince, at 
 
 all times, a soldierly spirit and laudable pride in the record of the 
 
 citizen troops of the Keystone State, which has resulted in a compact organization aggregating 8,000 
 
 troops, which may be placed in the field fully equipped for any service and for any length of time, within 
 
 twenty-four hours' notice from the commander-in-chief. 
 
 While the orderly character of the masses in busy and prosperous Philadelphia seems to render 
 the existence of armed citizen soldiery unnecessary, the vast development of the natural wealth in coal 
 and iron in the interior of the State of Pennsylvania, has developed an alien population which constantlj' 
 ferments and gives frequent occasion fcjr call upon the troops of the State, who are thus inured to a 
 kind of service of the mo.st severe and yet valuable character. The Philadelphia organizations have 
 all. at various times within recent years, borne their full part in these affairs, the members responding 
 with promptitude to all demands, and often at great personal inconvenience and loss. 
 
 A new feature of our local defensive organizations is the company of Naval Reserves, composed 
 of our best sort of young citizens and clad in true sea-faring toggery. 
 
 It may be safely asserted that the people of the City of Philadelphia are justly proud of the fact 
 that the troops of their citv and State are unequaled in all the qualities of the true soldier by those of 
 no other State in the T^nion. 
 
 rK 
 
Secret Societies. 
 
 Bv Hon. Richard Vaux and others 
 
 Free Masonry is the most ancient of all human institutions, makes its own laws, 
 maintains them and defends its principles and traditions, never permitting any inter- 
 ference with its power and authority. There are 389 lodges of Free and Accepted 
 Ancient York Masons in the Masonic Jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Pennsyl- 
 vania. There are also 119 Chapters of Royal Arch Masons, and 71 Commanderies 
 of Knights Templar, 32 societies of various kinds under title of "Scottish Right," 
 " Red Cross of Constantine " and " Nobles of the Mystic Shrine " also exist. It must 
 be observed that it is only the lodges of Free and Accepted Masons that are Masonic 
 bodies. The Grand I^odge of Pennsylvania does not recognize as Masonic any but 
 those who are in the lodges of the symbolic degrees which the Blue Lodges represent. 
 While it is believed that in some, at least, of the other societies named free 
 masons only can be made members, yet they are not in any way recognized by the 
 Grand Lodge as Masonic. Obviously this is not the place in which to explain the 
 reasons which govern the relations between these bodies and the Masonic Grand Lodge 
 of Pennsylvania. The unalterable regulations of the Grand Lodge forbids the recog- 
 nition as Masonic of any societies that are independent organizations, created without 
 its authority. 
 The membership of the order in the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania is 46,200, and in the City of 
 
 Philadelphia is 13,000. The number of properly organized bodies of Free and Accepted Masons is as 
 
 follows: 61 Bhre Lodges, 12 Chapters, 7 Commanderies, i Consistory, 3 Mark Lodges, i Council, 6 
 
 School Meetings, and i Veteran Association. All of these, except five lodges which meet at Richmond 
 
 Temple, Kensington, hold their sessions at the Masonic Temple. This magnificent edifice stands at the 
 
 nortlieast corner of Broad and Filbert Streets, opposite the City Hall. It is the most costly and complete 
 
 building for the purposes of any secret order upon the continent. It was commenced in 1868 and 
 
 completed five years later, the total outlay being ?i, 700, 000. It contains ten rooms for lodge 
 
 purposes, namely, the Ionic, Egyptian, Norman, Renaissance, Corinthian, Oriental, Gothic 
 
 assembly room and the northwest 
 
 and southwest towers. These 
 
 apartments are richly decorated 
 
 and furnished in appropriate styles. 
 
 The Masonic Temple is open to the 
 
 general public between the hours of 
 
 10 A. M. and 2 p. M. Thursdays, 
 
 except upon holidays or in bad 
 
 weather. The patriotic attitude of 
 
 Philadelphia during the days of the 
 
 War of 1861-65, expressed in the 
 
 large number of organizations 
 
 recruited and sent from this city 
 
 to the scene of conflict, in the 
 
 great Sanitary Fair held in vast 
 
 temporary structures erected in 
 
 Logan Square, in the Cooper Shop 
 
 Refreshment Saloon, where tens of 
 
 thousands of soldiers in transit 
 
 EGYPTIAN ROOM, MASONIC TEMPIA 
 
were given hearty meals, often served by ladies of leading families, and in the unremitting effort 
 of all classes to mitigate the horrors of the campaign and hospital have endeared our people to the 
 whole country, and it is natural that in such a community tlie soldier ordei of the Grand Army of 
 the Republic should flourish and attain a degree of success not elsewhere surpassed. There are now 
 thirty-six posts in existence in Philadelphia, having a total membership of about 9,000, and embracing 
 a large number of our most eminent citizens in every field of effort. Fraternity, charity and loyalty 
 are constantly exemplified in the work of the order, which embraces the care of needy veterans 
 and of those dependent upon them, the annual ilecoration of the graves of all soldiers of the war to 
 be found in city cemeteries, and in maintaining the love of country and of the flag. 
 
 The orginal posts of this department are Genl. George G. Meade Post i, and Post 2, both of 
 which were chartered in October, 1S66. Posts 5, 6, 7, S, ic, 12, 18 and 19 were chaitered before the 
 close of the same year, and Posts 27, 46, 51 and 71 were chartered in 1S67. The city posts since 
 organized are Nos. 11, 14, 15, 21, 24, 35, 55, 56, 63, 77, 80, 94, 103, 114, 115, ifSo, lyi, 228, 275, 312, 
 334, 363 and 400. Many of the posts own a considerable amount of property in addition to valuable 
 relics of the conflict. The most notable post hall is the fine home of Post 2 upon Twelfth Street, 
 above Wallace, which is open to comrades and visitors daily. Naval Post and Meade Post also have 
 elaborate meeting rooms, which are much visited. 
 
 The Department Headquarters of Pennsylvania is located at 1025 Arch vStreet, where \'isiting 
 comrades are always heartily welcomed. 
 
 As an outcome of the p;itriotic sentiment that dominates the G. A. K., the Sons of \'eterans are 
 organized in this city to an extent and perfection of e.xcellence in discipline not attained elsewhere, 
 the various camps participating in the services of Decoration Day, and in many ways working for the 
 perpetuation of the flag and the Union of the States. 
 
 The Independent Order of Odd F'ellows still occupies its time honored hall upon Sixth Street 
 below Race, but has commenced a large and costly building at Broad and Cherry vStreets. The order is 
 very strong and influential in this city. The Order of United American Mechanics owns a large hall at 
 Fourth and George Streets, up-town, the National headquarters being at 1341 Arcli Street. The Junior 
 Order United American Mechanics has its office at Room 16, N. E. corner of Seventh and Chestnut 
 Streets. The Military Order of the Loyal Legion includes many of our distinguished soldiers. A 
 memorial building is to be erected as a home for the order. The present business headquarters is at 
 723 Walnut Street. The hall of the Knights of Pythias is at 1027 Race Street. This popular and 
 showy order makes a fine display upon occasions of great public ])arades. The Improved Order of Red 
 Men has its office at 928 Race Street. 
 
 Among the great number of secret orders existing in this city the following are all well-known, 
 and, in the aggregate, inclirde a vast number of our citizens. Independent Order of Good Templars, 
 Cadets of Temperance, American Protestant Association, Sons of Temperance, Sons of America, 
 Ancient (Jrder of Foresters, Ancient Order of Good Fellows, Knights of the Golden Eagle, Artizans 
 Order of Mutual Protection, Ancient Order United Workmen, Grand Senate of Sparta, Benevolent 
 Protective Order of Elks, American Legion of Honor, Knights of Honor, Ancient and Illustrious Order 
 Knights of Malta, Order Sons of St. (jeorge. National British- American Association, Ancient Order 
 Knights of the Mystic Chain, Knights of Labor, 814 N. Broad ; Legion of the Red Cross, Pennsylvania 
 Society of the Cincinnati, Order of the American Union, Knights of St. John and Malta. 
 
 133 
 
0Sr-, 
 
 f 
 
 4*!*i^s< 
 
 ^IliSitHi 
 
 # 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 MASONIC THMI'LE. 
 
Historical Buildings and Places. 
 
 
 
 ...^■^S^^'*^*^ 
 
 The yuaker Cily, which lias been the theatre ot so much ol' 
 great import in the early histor\- of the colonies and the United 
 States, and the home ot" so many distinguished men, is pecu- 
 liarly rich in the possession of visible relics of the past. The 
 chief of these is Independence Hall, from the southern windows 
 of which the visitor looks out upon the ever beautiful square, 
 its walks shaded with noble trees and its lawns well kept. 
 This is the repository of numerous relics of the revolutionary 
 era, among them being the Liberty Bell, and the heavy oaken 
 frame upon which it formerly rested. The room in which the 
 ordinance of the Declaration of Independence was passed and 
 the document signed is preserved as nearly as possible with the 
 original iurniture in its original appearance. Two blocks below 
 and leading away from Chestnut Street, is a small by-way- 
 leading to Carpenter's Hall, a quaint and modest building now 
 nearly smothered by the vast modern structures about it. Here 
 was assembled, nearly two years prior to the immortal event of July 4, 1776, tlie first Continental 
 Congress. It is now maintained as a pnlilic relic by the Carpenter's company, and is often \isited by 
 strangers. The first American flag was made by Betty Ross, in a little building at 239 Arch Street, 
 .vhich is still standing. 
 
 Old Christ's Church is located upon Second Street just north of Market, and is a fine example 
 of colonial architecture. In point of interest it divides honors with old Swede's Church in Southwark. 
 (See chapter on churches. J 
 
 Upon busy Arch Street just below Fifth, one may observe an open space in the high brick wall 
 guarding the cemetery of Christ's Church, through the railing of which is to be seen the grave of the 
 great printer, philosopher and statesman, Benjamin Franklin. William Penn's house formerly standing 
 in Letitia Street, near Second and Chestnut Streets, is now located in Fairmount Park, just beyond the 
 western end of Girard Avenue bridge. Several historic country houses are still carefully preserved 
 in the Park. (See chapter on Parks. j Many buildings exist in the oldest portion of the city near the 
 wharves of the Dela\yare, given over to the basest uses of trade which were once the princely mansions 
 of well-to-do citizens. There are, too, many quiet court yards around which the windows of busy 
 offices look down which have, perchance, seen many stirring episodes. In one of these, just off trom 
 Willing's Alley below Fourth Street, is the peaceful Catholic institution of St. Josephs, which many 
 associate with the pathetic reunion of Evangeline and her lost lover Gabriel, when 
 
 '■ On .1 Sahh.-ith niDrn, tlirouKli the streets, deserted and silent. 
 Wending her quicl way, she entered the door of the almshouse," 
 And " sweet on the summer air was the odor of flowers in the garden." 
 
CHRIST CHURCH. 
 
The Mint of the United States 
 at Philadelphia. 
 
 By (). C. BobliVSHb.l.L, Sl'PKRIXriiNDRNT. 
 
 The Mint of the United States was cstalilisheil 1)\- the Act of April 3, 1792, and has 
 the distinction of having Ijeeu jirovided for in tlie first building erected for public 
 purposes under the Federal Government. This building was erected on Seventh Street, 
 near Arch. The corner-stone was laid by David Rittenhouse, July ^r, 1792. The 
 superstructure was of plain brick. It was occupied in the October following, and the 
 structure continued in use for about forty years. 
 
 By the Act of May, 1.S29, the present site was purchased, and the corner stone 
 of the new building was laid on the Fourth of July following. It is located at the 
 corner of Chestnut and Juniper Streets, with a front of 150 feet on Chestnut and of 204 
 feet on Juniper Street. The structure is of white marble, of Grecian architecture, with 
 two porticos, one on Chestnut Street and one on South Penn Square. It was finished 
 and occupied in 1833. As originally constructed the building was not fire-proof, but 
 has since been much altered interiorly and rendered practically fire-proof. 
 
 From the organization of the Mint until 1873 the Director of the Mint was 
 located ui the Mint at Philadelphia, and was charged with the supervision of the branch Mints and 
 Assay Ofiices of the United States. By the Act of 1873 a Bureau of the Mint was created and located 
 in the Treasurj' Department, Washington, D. C. The Director supervises the work of the Mint and 
 Assay Offices, and the Coinage Mints, as well as the Assay Offices at New York, are by the same act 
 administered by superintendents. The Mint has four operative officers : Assayer, Melter and Refiner, 
 Coiner, and Engraver. All dies for the several branch mints are made at the Philadelphia Mint, and all 
 minor coinage is also executed there. The Mint is open to the public from 9 a. m. to 12 noon of every 
 working day, except during the annual settlement and while the machinery is shut down for repairs. 
 The visitors are shown the processes from the fine bars to the coinage presses, and are attended by 
 intelligent ushers, who give brief ex])lanations of the various processes. The museum of rare coins 
 and curios, together with a large and valuable collection of medals from all parts of the world, is one 
 of the most interesting points. 
 
 The Troy pound, which is the unit of weight in all of the Mints and Assay Offices of the United 
 titates, is kept in a strong \ault at the Philadelphia Mint, and annually a commission is appointed by 
 the President to conduct the annual assay and try the weights used in the Mints by the Troy pound 
 standard. This weight is carefully insulated and preser\'ed against oxidation. The treasure vaults and 
 
 the whole Mint building are luider constant g^iard day and iiight. The 
 watch is noted on automatic registers every quarter hour. 
 
 The increased demands made upon the facilities of the Philadelphia 
 much in excess of the space and machinery at command, that Congress 
 authorize an enlargement of the building in 1885. 
 The eidargement, by the addition of a second story, 
 was authorized, but the amount aiijiropri a t ed 
 proved inadequate, and the project was abandoned. 
 The present Superintendent, upon his i 
 
 entrance into the office, revi\-ed the project 
 of enlargement of facilities, and after much 
 persistent effort, ably supported by Hon. E. 
 
 
 progress of the 
 
 Mint became so 
 was asked to 
 
 
O. Leach, Director uf the Mint, the purchase of a new site affording more floor space was authorized by- 
 Congress at its session in 1890-91. A commission, composed of Hon. Kdwin H. Fitler, A. J. IJrexel, 
 Samuel Gustine Thompson, James H. Windrim, Esqs., and Cols. A. K. McClure, Wm. M. Singerly 
 and O. C. Bosbyshell, was designated by the Secretary of the Treasury to select a proper location for a 
 new Mint. The matter is still undetermined at this time. 
 
 The coinage executed at the Philadelphia Mint for the fiscal year, ended June 30, 1892, was as 
 follows : 
 
 Double Eagles Pieces, 
 
 Eagles 
 
 Half Eagles 
 
 Quarter Eagles 
 
 Silver Dollars 
 
 Half Dollars 
 
 Quarter Dollars 
 
 Dimes 
 
 Nickel 
 
 Bronze 
 
 1,442 \'alue, 
 
 91,858 
 
 61.413 
 
 1 1 ,040 
 
 8,694,206 
 
 200,600 
 
 3,920,600 
 
 15,310,060 
 
 17,022,142 
 
 44,560,332 
 
 $ 28,840 00 
 
 918,680 00 
 
 307,065 00 
 
 27,600 00 
 
 8,694 206 00 
 
 100,300 GO 
 
 980,150 GO 
 
 1,531 ,060 00 
 
 851,107 10 
 
 445.603 32 
 
 Total " S9, 873, 703 " $13,8.84,611 42 
 
 During the same year there were struck at the Philadelphia Mint 1,872 medals of gold, silver, 
 bronze and aluminum. The dies manufactured numbered 1,545. The value of the gold and silver 
 received was $63,522,406.30. There were issued for the industrial arts gold bars of the value of 
 #1,861,339.50, and of silver $12,179.18. 
 
 '38 
 
Our Prisons. 
 
 By Hon*. Richaro Vaux. 
 
 The first prison in Philadelphia was located at Secbnd and Market 
 Streets and was in use nearly one hundred \ears ago. In it were 
 confined criminals vagabonds and ruiiawa\ apprentices. Hoth sexes 
 were indiscriminately associated, and its horrors forced a reform in 
 this method of incarceration. The next prison stood at the south- 
 west corner of Sixth and Walnut Streets. Another prison stood at 
 the soitthwest corner of Broad and Arch Streets. This belonged to 
 the county. Debtors were there lield in custody. Early in the 
 present century efforts were made to devise a more efficacious system 
 of imprisonment and abolish the association of prisoners together 
 while in durance. This resulted in the erection of the State 
 Penitentiary for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania upon what was 
 then called Coates Street, near the Schuylkill River, and which is still called " Cherry Hill." It was 
 opened for the reception of prisoners in 1821.). The law applied to this prison effected the entire separation 
 of every prisoner from his fellows. Each convict had a room to himself. This was called the "solitary 
 system " as the only other mode of imprisonment was the associate system with all its evils. The true 
 designation was the " separate system," but the former term is still preferably used by the uninformed. 
 The method as it has been enforced now for half a century of e.xperience is properly called the industrial 
 treatment system. The record of this penitentiary for sixty years proves that it has accomplished great 
 benefits for the convicts and society. The House of Refuge for incorrigible youths was located at the 
 intersection of Coates Street, now Fairmount A\'enue, and Ridge Road. It was maintained U[)on the 
 associate plan and was more of a place of detention than a prison. Later the buildings near Cherry 
 Hill were erected and the former structures torn down. At the present extensive House of Refuge in 
 Delaware county, the inmates are taught in the skilled industries and in mental branches of study with 
 the best results. When the old prison at Arch and Broad Streets was demolished, the city and county of 
 Philadelphia erected the local prison known as Moyamensing. 
 
 This building has been found imperfect for its uses. In it were three departments, respectively, 
 for male criminals, one for untried persons charged with crime, and one for those held in custody under 
 civil process. The inspectors are now erecting a most admirable building near Holmesburg, in the 
 county of Philadelphia. All of the improvements that experience has found to be of value are to be 
 found in its plan. Within a few years past a county institution called the " House of Detention " has 
 been established near Holmesburg. The inmates who are sentenced for minor offences are placed at 
 work outside of the confines of this prison in stone quarrying and agricultural labor. This is yet an 
 experiment. This concludes the mention of all institutions that may be classed as places of involuntary 
 confinement in Philadelphia city and cotinty. 
 
 The Eastern Penitentiary is the most prominent in the list of such institutions, eitlier in the 
 United States or liurope. Several of the continental countries have adopted its system. England has 
 gravitated towards its effectual principles of convict treatment. 
 
 When opened in 1S29, nine prisoners were held as inmates. From that year to end of 1892 a 
 total of 16,629 prisoners ha\'e been received. In 1892,474 persons were convicted and sent to the 
 Penitentiary. A trifle less than one-fourth of the whole have been foreign born. Each person confined 
 in the Eastern Penitentiary works ii; his own room. No machinery is used. It is desired to teach each 
 convict to labor with his hands as the best reforming agency that has yet been devised. Each prisoner 
 has characteristics peculiar to himself. The rule of treatment is flexible. It is applied to his history, 
 temperament and character. Labor is used entirely as a reformatory measure and not as a badge of 
 
 ■39 
 
puiiishnifiit for crime. After the 
 completion of a fixed and moderate 
 task all overwork performed by the 
 prisoner is credited to him, and 
 the money is used in supporting 
 his family while lie is in prison, or 
 if he has no family he may take it 
 away when he is discharged. The 
 State allows him five dollars if he 
 lives within fifty miles of Philadel- 
 phia and ten dollars if he li\-es more 
 than that distance from the city. 
 The cost of these buildings from 
 1830, with the additions till 1892, 
 was $988,183.69. 
 
 The front of the Penitentiary 
 is composed of large blocks ot 
 squared granite ; the walls are 35 
 feet high, 12 feet thick at the base, 
 and diminish to the top, where they 
 are 2^4 feet in thickness. A wall 
 30 feet in height above the interior 
 platform, incloses an area of 640 
 feet square. At each angle of the 
 wall is a tower. The facade, or 
 principal front, is 670 feet in length. 
 The central building is 200 feet 
 long, and consists of two projecting 
 massive square towers, 50 feet high, 
 crowned by embattled parajiets, sup- 
 ported by pointed arches resting on 
 corbels or brackets. 
 
 Tiie great gateway is 27 teet 
 high and 15 feet wide, and filled by 
 massive wrought iron portcullis and 
 dciulile oaken gates studded with 
 projecting iron rivets, the whole 
 weighing several tons ; nevertheless, 
 tliev are opened and closed with the 
 greatest facility. A lofty octangular 
 tower surmounts the entrance. 
 
 The " centre building " is 40 
 feet in diameter, and from it the 
 various corridors radiate. It is two 
 stories in height. The second story 
 is used as the convicts' library, 
 which contains nearly 9000 volumes. 
 On top is a lantern aiul lookout. 
 The centre building stands in the 
 exact centre of the enclosure. 
 There are ten corridors, on each 
 side of which the rooms, 730 in 
 
number, are situated at right angles to and communicating with them. The majority of the rooms 
 have yards attached, which the convicts are permitted to use a limited time each day for exercise. 
 
 The sanitary conditions of the rooms are of the best. They are well lighted in the daj^time, 
 comfortably furnished, and at night each cell is illuminated with an electric light, all corridors being 
 similarly illuminated. Thirty arc lights dispel all shadows from the grounds at night. In the corridors, 
 rooms and out-buildings there are 5,000,000 cubic feet of space lighted and heated. \'isitors are 
 permitted to inspect the prison under proper restrictions and through a card of admission. 
 
 Our Comparative Mortality Rate. 
 
 Bv William H. Ford, M. D., PRESinENT of the Board of Health. 
 
 In preparing the accompanying table of the mortality rate in fourteen cities of America and Europe, it 
 was found necessary to base the calculations of the years 1880 and 1890 upon the census reports of 
 population. The inter\-ening years are based upon the estimated population. So far as Philadelphia is 
 concerned we know that the record of deaths is correct. It will be observed that our city is thus shown 
 to be one of the healthiest large communities in the world. It will also be seen that the fluctuation in 
 the different years has been comparatively slight, showing that under all circumstances the health of the 
 city is more or less uniformly good. The estimated population and calculated death rate of all other 
 cities is taken from their own reports and made according to their own methods. The work of compila- 
 tion thus presented has been done by Mr. J. V. P. Turner, Chief Registration Clerk of the Board of 
 Health. 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 New York 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Baston 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Brooklyn 
 
 New Orleans 
 
 St. Louis 
 
 San Francisco . . 
 Cincinnati .... 
 Providence 
 London .... |' | 
 
 Paris I i ■{ 
 
 = 1 I 
 
 Berlin j [ 
 
 POPULATION 
 
 Death Rate Per iooo of Population. 
 
 population 
 census of 
 
 1890. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 22.13 
 
 1884 
 
 1 1 
 
 1885 1886 1 1S87 
 
 1 888 ; 1889 
 20.. '4 1 19.74 
 
 1S90 
 20.76 
 
 846,980 
 
 20.91 
 
 22.48 
 
 22.62 
 
 21-55 
 
 22.53 2^-59 21.85 
 
 1,046,964 
 
 1,206,299 
 
 26.41 
 
 31.00 
 
 295 
 
 25-7 
 
 25-7 
 
 25-4 
 
 25 8 26.1 26.2 25.1 
 
 24.6 
 
 1. 515.301 
 
 503.185 
 
 20.79 
 
 25.60 
 
 23.60 
 
 19.92 
 
 19.80 
 
 18.76 
 
 1943 20.27 
 
 19.00 17.48 
 
 1S.22 
 
 1,099,850 
 
 362,839 
 
 2353 
 
 22.67 21.91 
 
 22.76 
 
 22.48 
 
 24.04 
 
 23.17 25.18 
 
 24.57 24.42 
 
 22.70 
 
 448.477 
 
 332,313 
 
 24-33 
 
 22.37 
 
 21. 81 
 
 22.93 
 
 20.27 
 
 19-55 
 
 19.98 19.16 
 
 17.87 17.40 
 
 22.41 
 
 434,439 
 
 566,663 
 
 '9-75 
 
 23.22 
 
 23.07 20.36 
 
 20.15 
 
 21.18 21.04 22.02 22.04 22.14 
 
 23-05 
 
 806,343 
 
 216,090 
 
 26.02 
 
 29.26 
 
 26.71 
 
 33-50 31.43 
 
 28.50 
 
 26.43 25.02 
 
 25-41 23.92 
 
 28.50 
 
 242,039 
 
 350,518 
 
 18.09 
 
 22.07 
 
 19.06 
 
 20.04 
 
 19.07 
 
 18.07 
 
 2J.6 21.8 
 
 20.49 17-78 
 
 18.45 
 
 460,367 
 
 233,959 
 
 
 23.09 
 
 25-3''^ 
 
 22.81 21.36 
 
 21.00 
 
 22. iS 17.63 
 
 1S.63 20.06 
 
 28.50 
 
 298,997 
 
 255.139 
 
 18.49 21 78 
 
 24-54 
 
 21.12 
 
 20.33 
 
 18.37 
 
 18.98 19.97 
 
 18.44 18.22 
 
 19.81 
 
 296,908 
 
 104,857 
 
 19.84 
 
 19-56 
 
 19.06 
 
 19-89 
 
 19.00 
 
 i-'^-.V, 
 
 19.62 21.50 
 
 21.30 19.36 
 
 21.77 
 
 148,944 
 
 3,894,000 
 
 21.6 
 
 21-3 
 
 21-5 
 
 20.88 
 
 20.9 
 
 20.4 
 
 20.6 20.3 
 
 19.3 18.4 
 
 21.4 
 
 4,229,056 
 
 2,269,000 
 
 25-32 
 
 24.6 
 
 25-3 
 
 24-3 
 
 24-4 
 
 23-4 
 
 29.4 22.5 
 
 21.9 23.0 
 
 23-3 
 
 2,424,705 
 
 1,122,400 
 
 29.6 
 
 27,29 
 
 25.92 
 
 2892 
 
 26.33 
 
 24-38 
 
 25.63 2). 84 
 
 20.30 23.0 
 
 21-53 
 
 1,330,080 
 
 141 
 
The Northern Home. 
 
 '.'i*^'' 
 
 Among the great number of charities, each doing its noble work for humanity, with 
 which Philadelphia is endowed, the institution lovingly known to its friends and 
 thousands of former inmates by the above title, has an unrivalled place. Its full name 
 is ■' The Northern Home for Friendless Children and Associated Institute for Soldiers' 
 and Sailors' Orphans." 
 
 It occupies plain but substantial buildings with ample play grounds, at the 
 intersection of Twenty-third and Brown Streets. The institution was organized in 
 1853, its object being to support and educate friendless orphan children, beginning 
 with the Kindergarten and ending with the High School. Some of its male graduates 
 have received appointments to West Point and Annapolis, and scores of successful business men of 
 to-day, spent their tender years beneath this hospitable roof. Many others are now in the ser\'ice of the 
 Pennsylvania and the Reading Railroads and in our large banking concerns. Among the girl graduates 
 there are many now occupying responsible positions in the higher vocations of life. 
 
 The children are taught not only the usual branches of common school education, but the boys 
 are instructed in carpentering, cabinet-making, machinery work and kindred useful trades. The progress 
 made by the girls in drawing, painting and music is no less notable than the skill displayed in dress- 
 making and cookers'. The well-known Matthew Baird Brass Band, of twenty-two pieces, is composed 
 of pupils of this institution and is maintained by Chas. O. Baird, Esq., son of the distinguished citizen 
 whose name they bear. This was the first institution in the United States to receive the children of 
 those who desired to enlist at the outbreak of the war, and to build a special home for soldiers' and 
 sailors' orphans, 1303 of whom were subsequently maintained and educated here. 
 
 The total number of graduates, including the above number, to date is 6516. Diplomas and 
 medals are awarded by the Board of Managers. During its forty years of existence the " Northern 
 Home " has enjoyed the assistance and care of many distinguished men, among 
 whom should be remembered John 'W. Claghorn, Esq., at whose residence the 
 "Northern Home " was organized, and who was one of the incorporators; 
 and the Rev. V,. W. Hutter, whose writings and labors in behalf of the work 
 were of great service. The support of the institution is derived from annual 
 appropriations from the State, annual individual subscriptions and legacies 
 which are invested as a permanent fund. 
 
 The present officers are : President, Mrs. E. E. Hutter; Vice-Presidents, 
 Mrs. John B. Heyl and Mrs. ^vi\. H. Kemble ; Secretary, Mrs. Mary L. 
 Chaplain; Treasurer, Miss Louise E. Claghorn ; Secretary of Admission, Mrs. J^,.^"^ 
 
 Wm. P. Conover, Jr. ; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Anna M. Grove. It is a - " 
 
 notable fact that the lady who was elected the original President still actively 
 
 142 
 
 
occupies the same position. Tlie Board of Managers numbers twenty-five ladies. The Trustees and 
 Physicians are gentlemen of well-known social business and professional standing. The Superintendents 
 are Miss M. M. Walk and Mrs. Jennie Harshberger. Among the active managers are Mrs. George I. 
 Young, Mrs. Theodore Trewendt, Miss Pnllie Horn. Mrs. E. A. Heintz. 
 
 The Sanitarium Association. 
 
 B^■ Dr. Wii.i.hm U. Fmrp. 
 
 'i^. 
 
 I 
 
 irc3:]yjrn:r 
 
 B 1^" R 
 
 : M ! r r 
 
 . i 
 
 % 
 
 In a city so liberally 
 provided with relief 
 and charitable 
 associations, it 
 would seem invid- 
 ious to select single 
 instances of effort 
 in the field of 
 humanity, but the 
 work of the Sani 
 tarium Association 
 of Philadelphia is 
 so unusual and 
 extended in its 
 character and the 
 beneficent effects of 
 its S},'Stem are so 
 apparent, that its 
 methods will inter- 
 est readers in other 
 communities. 
 
 The Asso- 
 ciation is composed 
 of about sixty well- 
 known citizens and 
 ladies, and the con- 
 tributors of money or materials are many hundreds. Two roomy and clean steamboats belonging to the 
 Association convey, each day of the heated term, thousands of the children of the poor districts, and 
 those having them in charge, usually mothers, down the Delaware Ri\er to Red Bank, a pleasant place 
 where everybody is made happy for the day. Sick children and in\:ilid mothers are pro\-ided with 
 medicine, the hungry are fed and the squalid are clothed. During the season of i.Sg^over 130,000 
 persons were thus enabled to escape from the narrow streets and alleys for a day into the pure air of the 
 country. Formerly the percentage of deaths in Philadelphia of children under five years of age was about 
 41 per cent, of the total mortality. It has been reduced to an average of about 37 per cent., representing 
 an annual saving of child life of nearly 400 individuals. This decrease in childhood mortality was 
 coincident with the establishment of the Sanitarium in 1.S7S. Of the great army of the poor and 
 debilitated who visited the Red Bank Sanitarium last season, 105,267 were children, and of these 67,924 
 were under five years of age. The total cost, per capita, to the institution is about ten cents, which 
 includes the refreshing steamer ride, food, attendance, medicine if needed and bathing. Several 
 endowments and numerous contributors provide the means to co\er this outlay. The. President 
 of the vSanitarium Association is Mr. ("jeorge D. McCreary, the City Treasurer of Philadelphia, and 
 among the managers are numbers of leading physicians. 
 
 ONF. OF THK S.\NTTARIUM STEAMERS 
 
 J43 
 
Working W^omen's Guilds. 
 
 
 By Kate L. Gallagher. 
 
 
 'K'^ 
 
 Within the last decade a unique feature of work among self-supporting 
 women has been the formation of guilds and societies for various 
 purposes, but more particularly for self-improvement. As man\' of 
 the members were compelled to leave school at an early age, the necessity of 
 counteracting this disadvantage was soon apparent, and led to the formation 
 of evening classes in arithmetic, gTammar, spelling, reading, penmanship, 
 literature, and in addition French, tierman, stenography, typewriting, dress- 
 making, millinery, and various other branches. The success of the movement 
 was assured from the start, as it offered advantages that could not be obtained 
 at the night schools, where regularity of attendance and a more rigid system of 
 instruction shut out a large number of working women. The method pursued by the guilds calls 
 generally for one lesson a week in each branch, and in addition to educational advantages, is more 
 social in its character, and partakes largely of the nature of a club. A few of the larger societies 
 have the use of an entire house, in which case there are parlors, class-rooms, a library, a gymnasium, 
 and sometimes a place where a member may bring her lunch and have a cup of hot tea or broth during 
 her noon hour. While these institutions were springing up in various parts of the city, an influence 
 was at work which finally ccjncentrated their forces, and led to the formation on April 21, i.'-iyi, of the 
 Association of Working Women's Societies, which now includes thirteen societies and represents a 
 membership of nearly 4,c»o working women. 
 
 Its objects are, as stated in its constitution, " To bring into communication, strengthen and knit 
 together the societies of which it is composed and to protect their interests ; to make known the aims 
 and advantages of working women's societies, and to promote the adoption of right principles in their 
 formation and management, and to encourage the formation of new societies." The Association is 
 non -sectarian, and is governed by a council composed of delegates from the guilds and societies 
 belonging to the organization in the proportion of one delegate for each 100 members and fraction 
 thereof. The council elects its own ])resident, secretary and treasurer, and the meetings are held 
 monthly at the rooms of the New Century Guild, i 132 Girard Street, where questions and measures are 
 discussed looking to the well-being and protection of the women forming the Association. The St. 
 James and New Century Guilds are the largest two in the association, and inimber over 600 members 
 each, in addition to which the New Century Cniild has about 700 more in the evening classes, as they 
 are open to non-members also, on payment of a small fee. The latter society publishes its own paper 
 the " Working Woman's Journal," which contains the proceedings of the monthly bvisiness meetings, 
 the reports of the various committees, and of the entertainments held monthly in the parlors, and in 
 fact of all matters pertaining to the guild and its work. 
 
 It is early to predict the outcome of this movement, but it is safe to say that its influence will be 
 felt in all those trades and professions into which the labor of women enters as a factor, but some idea 
 of the aim of the organization may be gained from the following excerpt from the address of the 
 President, Mrs. Eliza S. Turner, delivered at the Second Annual Convention, held at the Academy of 
 Music on February 2,1893: " When all the workers in a community are educated and refined, then all 
 work will be respected, and not any sooner. Then will come a new kind of Labor-union, not where 
 the workers argue with pa\ing stones and dynamite and the wrecking of trains : not when worker says 
 to employer: 'You mi/s/ keep me wliether you want me or not,' but, on the contrary, where the 
 employer says to himself, 'I w«.«/ make things so pleasant for them that they won't want to leave, 
 because they are so valuable to me that I can't do without them.' " 
 
 144 
 
Our Jewish Citizens. 
 
 By Henry 8. Morais. 
 
 Long before the American Revolutionary War, Hebrews had located in Phila- 
 delphia. There is evidence that as early as 1740, Jewish citizens met for 
 worship, although not in any consecrated spot. The original Jewish set- 
 tlers were chiefly of Spanish or Portuguese origin, some of whom came 
 hither from Brazil, which country they had first sought as a refuge from 
 persecution in the old world. The importance of the Jews, commer- 
 cially and socially, in this progressive era, in the City of Philadelphia, 
 is universally recognized. The Jews are naturally a law abiding 
 people, and follow, peacefully, their vocations, desirous only of 
 contributing to the weal of the community of which the,v are a 
 part, and of earning the regard and esteem of their fellow citizens, 
 with all of whom they share in common the freedom and the liber- 
 ties vouchsafed us under our beneficent constitution. The Jewish 
 population of the city is now nearly 40,000. 
 
 The principal congregations of the Jewish faith in Philadel- 
 phia are: Mickveh Israel, Seventh above Arch Street; Rodeph 
 Shalom, Broad and Mount \^ernon Streets: Beth Israel, Crown above Race Street ; Keneseth Israel, 
 Broad Street near Montgomery Avenue; Adath Jeshurun, Seventh Street above Columbia Avenue ; 
 B'nai Abraham, Lombard above Fifth Street : B'nai Jacob, Lombard above Fourth vStreet ; Emunath 
 Israel-Oheb Shalom, X. E. Corner of Fifth and Gaskill Streets. The Keneseth Israel congregation 
 has only recently occupied its attractive and -costly Temple. The up-town congregations support large 
 religious schools for the children. 
 
 The charities maintained by the Philadelphia Hebrews are upon a scale with their pronounced 
 traits of sympathy with, and liberality toward, the unfortunate and needy of their race. At the office of 
 the United Hebrew Charities, 636 N. Sixth Street, the sum of $51,071.42 was expended up to the end 
 
 KKNK.SKTII ISR.\Er. TEMPLE. 
 
 of the fiscal year (MaJ^ '92) in various sums to thousands of applicants. There 
 iary Branch which maintains an Employment Bureau. The Jewish Hospital 
 maintains, at Olney Road near York Road, a beautifully environed Hos- 
 for the Aged and Infirm, and the fine Mathilde Adler Loeb Dispensary. 
 Foster Home, upon Mill Street, Germantown, is a large and costly edifice 
 midst of extensive and shady grounds, and which now contains about "^ 
 
 
 is also an Auxil- 
 
 Association 
 
 pital, a Home 
 
 The Jewish 
 
 set in the 
 
 90 orphans. 
 
 -^^-i'.'. 
 
 
 yMhL 
 
 >A ./ 
 
 k^-:^jmr-- 
 
 -M. 
 
 'it/ m n M 
 
 -^ ^. :? J ^ .■: 
 
 ' , fr f ' •« -* -a . "; Snii' SSn' M BS" Sxf W ,_,& ' 
 
 ■ J^-:- 
 
 
 '^i 
 
 IKWISH FOSTER HOME. 
 
with a capacity for more. A very complete and admirable gymnasium and swimming buildmg has 
 been recently added as a "Memorial" oflfering. The Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, Jewish 
 Maternity Association, Association of Russian Immigrants, Orphans' Guardians, The Wayfarers' Lodge, 
 Rappaport Bene\-olent Association, the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust, and many other similar bodies, all 
 practice the great principle of charity. The Hebrew Charity Ball is regarded as one of the leading 
 social events of the year, and large amounts (as high as $21,000), have been annually distributed to the 
 leading charities from the proceeds. A movement has taken shape since the beginning of the current 
 vear, in which leading Jewish citizens have adopted the initiative, for the formation of a company of 
 large capital to build and conduct apartment homes for the poor, similar to the extensive block of 
 buildings for this purpose already in existence in Brooklyn. 
 
 In educational matters the Jews are well advanced. The Hebrew Education vSociety maintains 
 three free schools for Hebrew and religious instruction in different parts of this city. At its Southern 
 
 & 1 
 
 mmh 
 
 
 JKWI.^II HOMI-: FOR THK AGED AND INFIRM. 
 
 building, Touro Hall, Tenth and Carpenter Streets, there are, besides, English Schools and Industrial 
 Classes, where useful trades are taught to numerous pupils of both sexes ; as many as 1400 scholars 
 having been admitted in a single year. 
 
 The Young Women's Union, a branch of the above Society, does vast work at 230 Pine Street. 
 At the two Hebrew Sunday Schools, Northern and Southern, and the Hebrew Sewing School, hundreds 
 of children are afforded instruction. The Philadelphia Branch of the Jewish Theological Seminary 
 Association, whose centre is in New York City, the Young Men's Hebrew Association (occupying a fine 
 building as a library, reading and lecture hall and gymnasium, at 933 North Broad Street), the Hebrew 
 Literature Society, and Jewish Publication Society of America, are all organized for the preservation 
 of Jewish traditions and literature. 
 
 The Philadelphia Branch of the Universal Israelitish Alliance has about 400 members. The head- 
 
 146 
 
quarters of this Society is in Paris, and the objects are the Political, Rcligimis Ititellectual and Social 
 advancement of the Jewish race in all portions of the world. 
 
 A number of secret orders exist among both sexes. The Jewish Social Clubs are: The Mercan- 
 tile, 86_|. N. Seventh Street, (which will soon remove to Broad above Master Street ; The Garrick, 
 Franklin Street above Fairmount Avenue ; and The Franklin, Poplar above Franklin Street. 
 
 The fewish Exponent, published weekly at 41 N. Tenth vStreet, is the recognized local journal of 
 the race. There is also a monthly magazine, entitled Jc-wis/i Women, besides other publications. 
 
 The Society of Friends. 
 
 York, Philadelphia, 
 and there are also 
 
 Bv Fk.\n'k H. Tavlor. 
 
 It is in the months of April and May that the casual observer sojourning in the 
 Cit\- of Philadelphia nia\- best note the entire fitne.ss of the sobriquet of the ' ' Quak<.r 
 Cit\-." Upon the third second day of the fourth month the Orthodox branch of 
 the Society of Friends begins the sessions of its yearly meetings, and a month 
 later the great annual gathering of the Hicksite portion of the Society coninKiices. 
 The first of these is held in the substantial olil meeting-house set in tlie midst 
 of the groirnd, surrounded by a hi.gh brick \\all, at Fourth and Arcli Streets, 
 which was set apart bv the founder of tlie city for th.-it purpose. Tlie second 
 series of meetings is held in the large meeting-house at Fifteenth and Race vStreets. 
 This sect is divided nearly equally into its two distinct branches. The 
 Orthodox Friends hold \-early meetings in Xew Fjigland, in the cities of Xew 
 and Baltimore, in the States of North Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, and Iowa, 
 Western " and " Canadian " regular meetings. The total Orthodox meml)ersliii) is 
 placed at 85,950. The number of Orthodox Friends in Philadelphia, which includes most of those 
 who habitually wear the quaint garb of the sect and nian\' who do not, is only 5,500 ])ersons, but here, 
 as elsewhere, they exercise an influence upon the connnunil\-, and in the conduct of local, Slate and 
 National afTairs, (piite out of proportion to their numerical strength. Sinq^licity, truth aiul luunanity 
 characterize tliem in all the relations of life. 
 
 That portion of the sect which meets at Philadelphia, in .\pril, includes the delegates of the Friends 
 from the quarterly meetings held in the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland. 
 The quarterly meetings are in turn made up of local monthl>- meetings. During the week of this 
 conference, the vicinity of the staid old meeting-house on Arch .Street is thronged with attendants, the 
 women clad in the neat gray and 1)rown dre.sses and ([\iaint poke bomiets usuall\' worn by them, and the 
 men arrayed in the broad-brimmed hats and straight-cut suits so familiar in Philadelphia at all times. 
 These costumes, contrary to general belief, were never, adopted specifically b\' the Friends, but are sinqjly 
 survivals of a once popular fashion left behind by the more fickle " world's jteople," liut retained by 
 the conservative " Quakers " because it was foinid that a distincti\'e dress had its restraining influences. 
 It is not obligatory, and the younger members very generally dress in tlie ordinary styles of the times. 
 Although generally, as individuals and as an organization, tlie Onakers are wealthy, tlieir 
 buildings, like tlieir dress, are exceedingly jilain. Anything sa\-oring of extravagance in ornament is 
 discouraged. At the service, the congregation sitting upon ])lain. unpainted benches, the sexes 
 separated, usually meditate in silence, awaiting the promptings of the Spirit belore ^■enturing ujion 
 speech. The ministers and elders are not compensated, and are generally engaged in l)usiness ])ursuits 
 as a means of support. Many of the ministers are women. Questions coming before the meetings are 
 ne\-er determined by \-ote, but by the weight of argument, the clerk acting as mediator, .\fliniiation is 
 accepted by the courts in lien of the oath in the case of witnesses of this faith. Perfect candor and 
 directness of speech is enjoined in all their dealings with one another and with the world. 
 
 T47 
 
'^^^, Wherein We Are First. 
 
 The first Law School in America opened here in 1790. 
 
 The first American flag was made at No. 239 Arch Street. 
 
 The first American voUinteer fire company was organized here in 1736. 
 
 The Mint of the United States was established here in 1792, by Act of Congress. 
 
 The first coins made in the United States were struck at No. 29 North Seventh Street. 
 
 The first Medical School in the United States was inaugurated in Philadelphia, in 1751. 
 
 The first paper mill built in North America was erected upon the Wissahickon Creek, in i6go. 
 
 The first pianoforte manufactured in the United States was made here by John Behrent, in i 775. 
 
 The Mariners" Quadrant was invented by Thomas Godfrey, in Germantown, Philadelphia, in i 730. 
 
 The Philadelphia Water-works, the first of the kind in the country, were commenced May 2, 1799. 
 
 The first hospital in connection with a university in the United States was opened in Philadelphia. 
 
 The first Public Library in the United States was the Philadelphia, founded by Benjamin P'rank- 
 lin, in 1 731 . 
 
 The theory that lightning and electricity were the same was demonstrated by Benjamin Franklin, 
 June 15, 1752. 
 
 The first expedition fitted out in North America for Arctic exploration sailed from Philadelphia, 
 March 4, 1753. 
 
 The first vessel moved by steam was navigated on the Delaware Ki\er at Philadelphia b\- John 
 Fitch, July 20, 1786. 
 
 The first School of Anatomy in North America was opened by Dr. William Shijipen, in Phila- 
 del]ihia, November 26, 1762. 
 
 The first pleasure grounds for the people, laid out in North America, were dedicated in i6,Si, 
 u/<in the laying out of Philadelphia. 
 
 The first experimental railroad track laid down in the United States was put down in a yard 
 adjoining the Bull's Head Tavern, Philadelphia, in September, i8()g. 
 
 The American Philosophical Institution, the first institution devoted to science in North America, 
 was founded in this city by Benjamin Franklin, in 1743. 
 
 The first lightning rod used in the world was set up liy Benjamin P'ranklin, at his dwelling-house 
 on the southeast corner of Second and Race Streets, in September, 1752. 
 
 The Philadelphia Contributionship for insurance against losses by fire, established in Philadelpliia, 
 was the first fire insurance company in the American Colonies. Incorporated in 1752. 
 
 The Bank of North America was established l)y resolution of Congress, May 26, 17S1, and 
 opened for business in 1783, being the first corporate banking institution established in the United States. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Hospital, the first establishment in America devoted to the relief of the sick, 
 was chartered by the Assembly of Penn.sylvania at the solicitation of Benjamin P'ranklin anil others, 
 in 1 75 1. 
 
 The first steamboat navigated in the world for a passenger and freight boat ran on the Delaware 
 River between Philadelphia, Burlington, Bristol, Chester and Wilmington during the Summer and F'all 
 of 1790, covering over 3,000 miles in June, July, August and September, seventeen years before the 
 Clermont, Robert Fulton's first steamboat, navigated the Hudson River. 
 
 148 
 
0m 
 
 'ctI^'''.'^ 
 
 I* 
 
 SEGor,3'':''*VjneSts. 
 
 PHIL-APELf-HM;R^i- 
 
 Telephone734 
 
 Established 1X7; Incorpuralfd 1HS7 
 
 Capitalization, $300,000.00 
 
 Pratt Food Co. 
 
 130 Walnut Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 Sold in over 
 
 ^An^ 
 
 POUlxTRY 
 
 00 
 
 I5,OOoTowns 
 
 Sole Manufacturers and Proprietors of 
 
 'TTT^ 
 
 PRATT5 Food for Horses and Cattle 
 PRATTS Poultry Food 
 PRATT5 Improved Dog Biscuits 
 
 T49 
 
A ^ 
 
 *^/\merican Tin ^*'Terne 
 
 PLATES 
 
 FTFNRY C. MCIL-\AINE 
 
 A ROBINSON MCILVAINE 
 
 OF OUR OWN MAKE 
 
 The (ollowin^r brands: 
 
 LIBERTY" 
 
 Mcllvaine Bros. 
 
 Fifteenth and Hamilton Streets 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 EAGLE" 
 
 t 
 
 •VENUS" 
 ■COLONIAL" 
 
 Ml 
 
 CSTtC? 
 
 PHCENIX" "COLONIAL" "CLIMAX- 
 ECLIPSE" "HERCULES" 
 "ATLANTIC" 
 "PENNSYL" "ALOERLY" 
 
 Old ,Meth-'d— t-xtra Coated, 5o well know n b> the Trade. 
 
 riL'ARANTEEl) BETTER THAN ANY OTHER TIN AND 
 
 ROOHNti PLATES. 
 
 EITHER AMERICAN OR IMPORTED, 
 
 SOLI) AT THE SAME PRICE. 
 
 Importer^, 
 Kxporter-i and 
 
 Manufacturer- ..f Standard Qualit\ 
 
 We can (ill :ill carders AT ONCE. 
 
 Gums 
 
 Chemicals 
 
 Botanicals 
 
 Etc., etc. 
 
 J Qummey, Spering & Co. 
 
 Manufacturers and Dealer.s 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Al.so carry in stock larRc Tin Plates for Cheese >'at-*, etc ^ 
 
 Established by Thom.T^ Matlark in I^4^l 
 
 CJLLL powr 
 
 iJLLL POWDERS bearing our Trade 
 are guaranteed Absolutely Pure 
 
 Mar., ^^MLB." 
 
 Tanner5 of 
 
 TEXAS OAK SOLE 
 
 OAK BELTING 
 
 BUTTS 
 
 BELLIES 
 
 Leas^i2i 
 
 McVitty 
 
 Tanners 
 
 aiul 
 
 Sole Cutters 
 
 Cutters of 
 
 TEXAS OAK SOLES 
 
 Square Cut Blocks 
 
 COMBINATION 
 
 AM) 
 
 TAP SOLES 
 
 3^3^ 3^3^ 3^7 
 North Third Street 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 iju 
 
A "Wide Awake" Philadelphia Grocery 
 
 rtxlracts from the news columns of the 
 
 PUBLIC 
 
 LEDGER 
 
 Vol. ex. Philadelphia, Dec. iS, 1890. No. 73. 
 
 PliRUSHED rVERY MORNING 
 
 i Kxcejil Smuhui 
 
 AT THK 
 
 LEDGER BUILDINQ 
 
 . W. Cdrnicr Sixth anij Chkstnt't Streets 
 
 itv 
 
 GEORGE W. CHILDS 
 
 I'INLEY ACKBR cS: CO. 
 
 Enterprise and Snap in a KIk Rijjhth Street 
 Establishment. 
 
 During October, 18S1, a store was opened on 
 Ivighth street, above Race, which diflered so 
 materially (rom tht character ol its neighbors 
 as to excite general comment. Its windows, 
 instead of displaying the nsuni goods incident 
 to a great " shopping" tliDroughtare, were filled 
 w ith only snch household necessities as coffees, 
 leas and chocolates. Despite the prophecies of 
 the storekeepers and the passers-by on the street 
 tint the concern woulil fail in six months, the 
 store began to gr:uliially till with customers. 
 Ily supplying their patrons with addresst.<l postal 
 cards, by nnering to call lor their orders, and 
 by arranging to send, each week, or month, reg- 
 ular ([uantities of these staple articles, the firm 
 jiractically overcame the disadvantages of "dis- 
 tance," and extended their trade to all sections 
 ot the city, while, at the same time, the firm 
 became more and more favorably knowii for 
 -.npplyiug a superior article of goods in their 
 line at most reasonable prices. 
 
 The steady and continutnis increase of trade 
 forced the firm, about six years age*, l«> jiurchase 
 Ihe larger building on Highth Stii-et. above Aich. 
 The sticcess of their efforts in the sale of teas, 
 coffees and chocolates resulted in a demand for 
 iither specialties. Spices were first ad<led an<l 
 sold under a " guarantee brand," their purit\- 
 being warranted under a forfeiture of Jiooo. 
 I'ullowing the addition of spices came pure 
 flavoring extracts; then choice biands of cereals 
 and flour; then olives, pure olive oil and other 
 bi.ttled goods; then fancy biscuits, dried fruits, 
 
 canned meats, soups, etc., until the entire list of 
 fine and fancy groceries was filled. 
 
 .\ healthy and continuous increase of business 
 followed these various changes, so that the origi- 
 nal salesroom became too small. In about a 
 year the store was extended to its fullest capacity . 
 Later on. an adjoining building, having an out- 
 let into a side street, wa;» secured and used as a 
 separate order department, and for receiving and 
 shipping goods. The upper floors of an adjoin- 
 ing property on Mighth Street were also secured 
 for a cereal department. At jiresent the quarters 
 appear again to be getting too small for the 
 constantly increasing business. 
 
 This progressive firm claim that they do not 
 owe their success to any sudden turn of fortune, 
 or to a " happy hit " as to location, but to their 
 efforts in winning the full confidence of theii 
 patrons and in a thorough acquaintance witli 
 their business, and in giving their patrons ever\ 
 possible advantage. It is but natural that a busi 
 nes9 so progressive and nriginal in its character 
 :-.nd methods should find patrons outside of Phila 
 delphia. The firm has just duplicated a Iar.u< 
 order for a resident of Bertnuda ; another order 
 was filled last week to go to Jamaica ; yesterda>' 
 goods were shipped to England ; sorae have been 
 sent to l-'rance, and still others to China. Orders 
 are also frequent from many of the States, from 
 Maine to Florida, and as far west as Colorado, 
 These outside orders have come, in some cases, 
 from parties who formerly resided here, and in 
 other instances bv the receipt of a printed price 
 list. 
 
 while circular shelves around the centre columns 
 afford an opportunitv for an attractive display of 
 fancy imported good-. The upper floor- are util- 
 ized for reserve stock. 
 
 PUBLIC 
 
 LEDGER 
 
 Vol. C.XII, Philadelphia, Feb. 19, 1892. No, 127 
 FINLEY ACKER & CO. 
 
 Extensive Enlargement of their Eighth Street 
 Grocery House. 
 
 Order Di-i-artmi m-I i.mi v 
 llS-l20-i22-i24-i26-]2)s-i3o-i32 Carman St. 
 
 Kinley Acker S: Co., the well-known Ivighih 
 Street grocers, are just iujw giving their custo- 
 mers a genuine surprise in their enlarged store 
 and tasty and uui(|iie imprnvements and altera- 
 tions. T<j those who are familiar w itli the mag 
 nitude of tlie firm's business it has been a wonder 
 how the\' could possiby handle so large a trade 
 in their former contracted quarters, and thou- 
 sands have, no doubt. ]iassed their stores without 
 ever noticing the place ; but now, since they have 
 doubl**!! the capacity of their former salesroom, 
 giving an oppor- 
 tunity of aprojier 
 d i s ]i 1 a y in the 
 many show win- 
 dows, the atten- 
 tion of the pass- 
 er-by is at once 
 arrested. 
 
 The improve- 
 ments they have 
 made consist of 
 laking in the ad- 
 joining five-story 
 liuilding on the 
 -outh and throw- 
 ing the first floors 
 I'f both into one 
 111 a g n i f i c e 11 1 
 -alesrooni. The 
 irrangement o f 
 ilie interior is en- 
 i iiely original 
 :i n d d i f fe re n t 
 trom the genei 
 .ility of stores t f 
 Ihe k i n d . In- 
 stead ol the long 
 line of shelving, 
 separate cases, 
 artistically nia<ie 
 »)f hard woods, 
 are used for each 
 class of goods, 
 thereby p rac t i - 
 cally making so 
 many distinct 
 departments, 
 
 .\CK r R & C*' 
 724-726-728 Cherry St. 
 
 S.\Li:SRCO.M — I-IM.EV ACKl.R & C^l. 
 
 iji and 123 N. Eighth Street 
 
 .\ noticeable feature in the enlarged store is the 
 veiy handsome display it affords in the show 
 windows. Another is the large semi-circular 
 counter clirectly back of the centre window, 
 which is called the "demonstration"' counter. 
 It is supplied with all the convenient appliances 
 for dispensing hot samples of their specialties in 
 coffee, cocoa anti other palatable beverages and 
 foods which the firm mav desire ti> rapidly intro- 
 duce. The exterior of the enlarged building is 
 liandsomely decorated frnm the first floor to the 
 roof with artistically designed signs. 
 
 But it appears that the firm are not satisfied 
 with tlie additional room furnished by these im- 
 provements. The space is found yet too small to 
 meet the requirements of their rapidly growing 
 business, especially in the rlry roast coffee depart- 
 ment. In consecinence they have secured the 
 first floor of the large newly rebuilt printing 
 house directly in the rear of their present build- 
 ing, 'the division wall will shortly be torn out, 
 and the room, containing an area of over 7000 
 square feet thrown in»o tlie store, giving the firm 
 one of the largest and most convenient order 
 departments of any retail grocery house in the 
 I'nited States. The additional room about to lie 
 taken in lias a front on Cherry Street of about 55 
 feet, and a dejith along Carman riace of 13s feet 
 to Winliel{i Street. To give an idea of the mag- 
 nitude of the enlarged storercxuu it may be staterl 
 that the depth of it from I-!ighth Street to Carman 
 Place is 160 feet, with a width in the rear of i-^s 
 feet. 
 
 The continuous success of this enterprising 
 firm of young men is attributed by them to a 
 constant application of three ruling principles, 
 "Best Goods," "Lowest Trices," " Sqiiare Deal- 
 ing." 
 
 This eiiteriuising fiim has recently added the 
 maunfacture of pute confections to their regular 
 business, atul offer to mail their complete price<l 
 catalogue of coffees, teas, groceries and confec- 
 tions to any address in the world. 
 
 151 
 
HBNRY W. GREEN & CO. 
 
 MANLIHACTURERS OK 
 
 w 
 
 ide=Awake Shadings 
 
 W 
 
 \Jc <iffer for this coming season 
 
 a superior line of goods in 
 
 BEST HEAVY CAMBRIC 
 
 and 
 
 Fine English Cambric Tint-Cloths 
 
 37 to ii8 inches wide 
 
 paques 
 
 ^W'e are giving special attention t(.) matching Draperies, Funnture Coverings, 
 \\'all Tints, particularh' in onr best goods, and have taken many contracts 
 for same during the past season. We also match these shadings in Linen 
 Fringes and Shade Loops, and Applique Laces. 
 
 Get our Catalogue of Fringes, examine prices and you will sa\e 15 to 30 per 
 cent, on Fringes alone. 
 
 DOUBLE COLORED SHADINGS A SPECIALTY 
 
 ALSO, MOUNTED OPAQUE SHADES 
 
 MOUNTED HOLLAND SHADES 
 
 MOUNTED DADO SHADES 
 MOUNTED FRINGED SHADES 
 
 Send for Sample Books 
 
 Wc also carry in stock a large assortment of Polished Poles, 
 with wood and brass Iriramings ; brass poles, two qualities, 
 drapery loops, 50 patterns ; rug fringes ; also Lonsdale, 
 Hollands, etc. 
 
 Importers of JOHN KING & SON'S SCOTCH HOLLANDS 
 
 TERMS, 6'i DAYS NET 
 (»R 10 DAYS LESS 2 I'ER CENT 
 
 THK MM.v IIOl'Sl-: IN I'HII,.^nEI.FHI.\ 
 C.^RKVIXG .\ Hri.I, LINE OF COLORS AND WIDTHS 
 
 PRICES SCBJECT TO CHANCE 
 WITHOUT NOTICE 
 
 WIDTHS Inche-s 2<S 
 
 WHITE 1 ^ 
 
 ECRU AND CRiSA.VI 1=; 
 
 10 DRAB AND LI-NEN SHADE. ... Ih 
 
 20 AND 30 SAGE l6 
 
 BUFF AND MARIGOLD I" 
 
 13 DRAB .\ND 126 SAGE I9 
 
 GREEN, BROWN, BLVK AND OI.IVF;. ig 
 
 CARDINAL 2^ 
 
 IRI'^II LINEN, PRICES NET 
 
 .?0 
 
 14 
 16 
 
 17 
 17 
 IS 
 20 
 20 
 2-1 
 
 .?2 
 
 15 
 17 
 
 IS 
 IS 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 3 1 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 19 
 ■9 
 
 22 
 27 
 
 36 ,?8 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 2 r 
 
 2,1 
 23 
 29 
 40 
 
 18 
 20 
 
 21 
 21 
 
 2 2 
 24 
 24 
 
 3" 
 42 
 
 40 
 
 19 
 21 
 22 
 
 2 3 
 23 
 25 
 25 
 32 
 
 43K 
 
 42 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 24 
 24 
 23 
 26 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 4,S 
 24 
 
 ,S4 
 
 60 
 
 22 
 
 29 
 
 
 23 
 
 27 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 41 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 35 
 
 39 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 37 
 
 43 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 37 
 
 42 
 
 29 
 
 33 
 
 3« 
 
 43 
 
 3h 
 
 41 
 
 49 
 
 56 
 
 50 
 
 5.^ 
 
 5b 
 
 62 
 
 72 
 41 
 
 45 
 49 
 47 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 69 
 
 Extra for Cuttini; per yard- :<■- In ;*, ;c,; .\<> lo 4J, 4c.; .fS <■" 4^, 51;.; 54 in-. 6c-; 60 hi-, Sc. ; 7.' in., mc. Iri»h Linen, j" per ctnt. extra for Culling. 
 SPECIAL WIDE WIDTHS.— White, S2 in., ssc: 92 in-. 70c.; loS in., vsc. Cream, 82 in., 60c.; 02 in., 77c., 108 in., $1.00 
 
 NET Ecru, 82 in.. 60c. Buff, 82 in., 63c.; 92 in., 80c.; 108 in., Si.o.s 
 
 Qreen, 82 in., 70c., 92 in., one; loK in., $1.15 20 per cent, ext-a for Cutting. 
 
 1716 and 1718 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 152 
 
Samuel F. 
 
 Woodliouse 
 
 .Manurai'iiircr nf ihc 
 
 Woodhouse "Excelsior" and "Franklin" 
 
 Liquid Fillers 
 
 Iiii])(>rlcT ami (irimlor of 
 
 Pure L/olors for rainters' Use 
 
 No KrBHiNO Off 
 
 Works as Kreklv in Cold as in Warm Weatuer 
 
 Not Hffected by the Climate 
 
 A 
 
 r ;i recent convention of the .Master rainter-^, 
 licUl at Harrisbiirg, Vr., during a discussion 
 regarding the use of various Fillers, the var- 
 ious speakers testified so strongly in favor of 
 the WooiiHouSK Filler that a britf report of 
 tlie proceedings lias been printed by Mr. Sam- 
 uel F. Woodhouse from whicli all interesteil 
 may judge for themselves by obtaining a copy 
 from 
 
 Sahuel F. Woodhouse 
 
 4434 to 4444 Penn Street 
 
 Frankford, Philada. 
 
 153 
 
me 
 
 r aoer 13 
 
 oxes 
 
 E 
 
 VK.KY N'HCKSSARY APPLIANCE POK THE SPP;EDY 
 AND p;CONOMICAI. PROUUCTIU.V OF PAPER 
 BOXES PO;< ALL PURPOSES 
 
 Jesse Jones & ^o. 
 
 <or the pa>t fittecn ^ear^ wo have £i\cn special 
 attention, and with remarkable success, tu the 
 manufacture oi fine tSuxes fur confectioner^' 
 u^e. 
 
 No. 615 COMMERCE STREET 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 M 
 
 oore s 
 
 Windsor rlotel 
 
 ^^ m^t0^^' 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 . 1ATES_ 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 r\nierican Flan 
 tjruropean Plan 
 
 $2.00 ) 
 2-50 J 
 
 f'KH HAY 
 
 1-50 3 
 
 Hfc.K DAY 
 
 Two blocks from Tenusylvania Railroini IJc|;ot 
 
 One-half block from New Terminal I'hiladelpliia and Kt-aiiiu^ Kailroad Itepot 
 
 PRESTON J. iMOORK, Proprietor 
 
 154 
 
Hood, Foulkrod & Co. 
 
 I.N reviewing the immense busiuess iMilrrpri.-.t:*--. lliat have been 
 built up in thi- city within tlie last century, and those wliicli 
 contribute to the greatest extent in supplyinj*; the actual 
 necessities of tlie people, and at the same time )ielp keep 
 1 hiladelphia prominently before the business world, Hie 
 tirni of Hood, Koulkrod & Co., importers and jobbers of 
 dry goods, notions, etc., at the south-west •corner of'Kleveuth and 
 Market Streets, shouUl have the first consideration. 'I'his great 
 firm holds the leading position in its particular line in the citv, and it 
 is one of the largest in tlie country. 
 
 The history of Hood, Foulkro<l & Co. dates back as far a> 1S2.;, 
 when the late Samuel Hood, father of the present senior member of 
 the firm, commenced the dry goods business, in I'hiladelphia, in a 
 small way under the name of Hood & Co. The business ]>rospered, 
 and, froni a small beginning, continued tj increase until 1S60, when 
 the firm became Hood, lionbright & Co., James IJonhright being 
 admitted as a nieniber. The business steadily increased until 1864. 
 when they were compelled to take larger cjuarters, and moved l-i 
 5>9 Market Street. In 1S72 it was again found that more room was 
 necessary to meet the demands of their growing business, in cousc- 
 tiuence of which the late Thomas Powers built for their use the 
 stores at Sii, 813 and S15 Market Street, which was at that tinu- 
 considered one of the finest mercantile buildings in the countr\". 
 But the business still continued to grow, and in 1SS6 even larger 
 quarters being required, the firm made arrangements with tlu 
 Board of City Trusts for the erection by the Girard Estate of ihf 
 handsome structure they now ni'cup\' at the corner of Kleventh an«l 
 Market Streets. 
 
 The splendid building in which this immense business is trans 
 acted is considered one of the show places of the city, and it is 
 without doubt one of the handsomest and largest in use in the whole- 
 sale dry goods business in the country. It is entirely of iron, six 
 stories high, being tne hundred and forty feet from the pavement 
 to the top of the tower. The dimensions of the building are 160 feet 
 
 front oil Market Street, i^o feet on Kleventh Street. 160 feet on (iirard 
 >^treet, and iSo feet on West Street— the latter being a private street from 
 which the house does all its shipping. The basement is used for 
 domestic dry goods ; the first floor is devoted exclusively to dress 
 goods, in which can be found all the different fabrics of foreign and 
 rlomestic manufactuie, from the lowest price cotton goods up to the 
 finest silks made ; the second floor is devoted to hosiery, underwear. 
 gloves, and notions ; the third floor to linens, white goods, laces, and 
 upholstery goods; the fourth floor to hosiery and underwear exclu- 
 •'ivelj'; tlie tifth floor to sample room, together with storage room; 
 the sixth floor is the packing and shipping room, Hvery convenience 
 that can possibly be thought i^f fur transacting a large business with 
 di^jiatch can be found in this building. 
 
 Here can be seen daily a great army of clerks and salesmen who 
 arc busy carrying out the details of the various dejiartmenls, and 
 helping along the wheels in the machinery of a great business which 
 is the pride and glory of the City of I'hiladelphia. In addition to the 
 large staff in the main establishment, the firm's buyers <iUier reside 
 in or visit ever.\- large city and emporium in the world, and it also has 
 offices at No. fv" Broadway, New York, at Market and Monroe Streets. 
 Chicago. Indianapolis. Cincinnati. San Franci.sco, and No- 2,^ Theater 
 Sira'-se, Chemnitz. Saxony. 
 
 The present firm is composed of Thomas (i. Hood, who for fort\- 
 
 \eais has been at the head of the jobI)ing dry goods business iu 
 
 I'hiladelphia; William W. I-'oulkrud, who has been actively engaged 
 
 ill the wholesale notion business for the past twenty years, and who is 
 
 prominently connected with the leading commercial organizations of 
 
 IMiiladelpliia ; Uriah G. Fo.v. who has spent all his life in the wholesale 
 
 dry goods business, and who was formerly a member of the old 
 
 Hood, Bonbright &. Co. firm ; Bartiui F. Blake, who has charge of the 
 
 financial part of the business, and who was formerly superintendent 
 
 of The Bradstreet .\gency, and later, financial manager of John 
 
 Wanamaker's business ; and John Wanamaker, w1k> is tlie special 
 
 partner. 
 
 — Taktn front I^hiladeiphia anii I'o/>ular PhUatiel/'hians. 
 
 155 
 

 
 OFFICES— 
 
 NEW YORK . S3 LEONARD STREET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA . i.ehigh ave. &hancouks-i 
 
 BOSTON . . . . rS CHAUNCEY STREET 
 
 CHICAGO , . . 2^. FIFTH AVENUE 
 
 DENVER . . . rioxEER nuiLDiNc, 
 
 SAX FRANCISCO. "9 bish street 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ 
 
 FRANK LEAKE, 
 
 I'RhSlUENT. 
 
 DOUGLAS LEAKE, 
 
 SEC'Y AND TREAS, 
 
 Wi^-i^/ 
 
 ,T WILL BE NEWS to most of tlie numerous recipients of the "BOOK OF Philadelphia" to Icarii 
 amoii.i; the luiinerou:; interesting facts printed upon its pages that the most extensive factory devoted 
 10 the production of Turkish Towels, is located here under the name of the Star and Crescent Mills 
 Company, whose Imildings are at Lehigh Avenue and Hancock Street. 
 
 The demand for tliis indispensable form of towel for the bath has increased cnorniniisly at home, 
 ami the products of the extensive plant of the Star and Crescent Mills Comjiany arc exported to 
 Europe, Canada and South America. 
 
 In addition to Towels, this concern produces Batli-robing, Tidies, Dusters, and Wash-rags, in great 
 
 fjiMnlities. Mr. Frank Leake, the President, states that not less than tm mi/rs ii/" ;'om/.. an- icwrvii each day. 
 
 I'our and a half tons of Toweling may always be found iu the vats of the bleach liouse. (Jne hundred 
 
 and ninety looms, which have, from the nature of tlicir construction, the cajiacity of 250 ordinary 
 
 1oo:tis. arc iu constant operation. Imvc hundred designs are produced, and new ri;.;ures are beiu,!.; 
 
 consUintly adilcd ; ioo of tliese are in l)ath-roljing alone. The colors and materials wliich coniriluUe 
 
 to the color effects number nearly 150. 
 
 This house was founded in 1SS2, and stands to-day as one of the leadiu.g examples of the flatterim.; success which has 
 
 attended so manv of the .t;reat special industries eslablislicil within comparatively recent times in this prosperous and 
 
 inventive community. 
 
 The illustrations upon the op])osilc pa;jc show the two attractive exhibits now being made by this company at the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 '/'I'u- /in/, representing that iu Manufacturers' Building, where a space of 9x23 feet contains a case of ivory finish, 
 with ornamentation picked out in gold, the interior of which is decorated with samples of their products, supported at 
 either end upon beautiful nickeled fixtures (each fixture being a crescent with gold star pendantl, and the centre ]iortion 
 devoted to the display of Bath Robes, in a bath room with tileil floor and bath, upou three wax figures gracefully posing 
 beneath arches of Moorish desi.gu, worked out in their jiroducts, while the whole is surmounted bv ceilings beautifully 
 decorated with the same goods. 
 
 '/'/if irco/ui, shows the exhibit iu Machinery Hall, of their looms in operation, iu a space of 2OX32I2 feet, lailed in and 
 fitted up in mahogany and carpeted, where the contrast between old and modern methods is made entertaining and 
 instructive, by placing beside the power looms and Yankee weavers a primitive hand-loom and native Armenian weaver, 
 and where also is demonstrated the various uses to which this peculiar looped fabric, so aptly spoken of as 
 " LOOPS OF LUXURY," may be put. 
 
 This object lesson has been .yiveu in many sections of the country by this company placing a similar exhibition in 
 large retail stores. 
 
 Bnterprisini^ firms who arc dsiirous of :>ti:urin^ an a//raction can obtain iumi by corresponding w'Uh the Company, 
 
 i=;6 
 
U1SPLA\ or PRODUCT STAR AND CRESClfNT AULL^ 
 COTTON SECTION O. No. 32. 
 MANUFACTURERS' BUILDING, WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAQO 
 
 SPACK, Q \ .?• IKLT. 
 
 DISPLAY OF LOOMS AND WEAVING PROCESS, STAR AND CRESCENT MILL5 
 SPACE, 2ox3ili FEET. SECTION 39; COLUMN N. No. s«. 
 MACHINERY MALL, WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO, ILL. 
 
 157 
 
GEORGE BARNI'.TT 
 
 Rstablislicd 1863 
 
 HENRY BARNETT 
 
 Q &HBARNETT 
 
 Black Diamond File Works 
 
 Richmond, Leopard, Eagle and Canal Streets 
 T3hiladelphia, Pa. 
 
 Manufacturers of every description of 
 
 piles *-' Dasps 
 
 "Very 3uperior Qoods" 
 
 Medals Awarded for 
 
 CKXTI-;XXIAL HXl'OSITR)X. 1S76 
 
 NEW ORLEAXS, 1884-5 FRANKLIX IXSTITUTE, 1885 
 
 LOUISVILLE. KV., iss;, LOUISVILLE, KY., 1885 
 
 LONDON, 1S87 
 
 XEW YORK. 1875 CINCIXXATI, 1875 
 
 CENTENNIAL KXPUSITluX OIIIU VALLEY AXD CEXTRAL STATES, 1888 
 
 15a 
 
\...m 
 
 
 ^s 
 
 I- 1 
 
 All old-established, reliable, 
 iclail Clothing Hoi:se, recog- 
 ui/ctl among its patrons as a 
 ti wc anrl //'.■ iff si^i iV exponent 
 ■ '1 the art of providing for the 
 t \ternal :i].]>earance and com- 
 luii of mankind. 
 
 ■^■.-^ 
 
 Pates 
 
 & Co. 
 
 13th and Chestnut Sts. 
 Philadelphia 
 
 J. S.Tliorn Co. 
 
 Sorver,Damon&Co. 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 Sheet rietal 
 
 I M I' 1 1 1-; T )•; K • 
 
 A N I. 
 
 J o 11 1: K K S 
 
 WORKS 
 
 Conee 
 
 No. 1 22-; U) 12 
 
 :,:. C 
 
 illtnvliill Street 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I'liilad 
 
 clphi 
 
 I, I'ci. 
 
 118 
 
 South 
 
 Front 
 
 Street 
 
 
 >B 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 H I LA J)KL PH I A 
 
 Maniiracliircrs of 
 
 
 Skylights anil StrncluTc^ .>i 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 i.'opper ami Galvani/ed Iron 
 
 
 IRON and GI..\SS, 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 
 
 CORNICHS 
 
 
 METALLIC CKILINCS, 
 
 
 
 
 
 and 
 
 
 :\iKfAL .mun(;li:s. 
 
 
 
 
 
 BL'ILDING TRIMMINGS 
 of any design 
 
 
 and heavy and liglit j 
 Sheet Iron Work of every 
 
 
 
 
 
 GKO. \V. SnRVKK 
 AI.U}':Rr ! UAMfiN 
 
 
 
 description 
 
 
 
 
 
 c.KO. s. sokvi;r 
 
 The Larg^est AniUne Dye iTianufacturers in America 
 
 RKPRESENTKD BV V\ . VV . JLL i~\. 1\ 1\ jfi. 
 
 Aniline Colors 
 
 l-OK 
 
 COTTON 
 
 WOOL 
 
 SILK 
 
 PAIXTS 
 
 l1';atiijvK 
 p:tc. 
 
 50 and 52 NORTH FRONT STREET, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 159 
 

 :.^ ^ 
 
 Co- 
 
 MANfFAUTTRERS OK 
 
 255 North Fourth vSt. 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Ladies' Shoes 
 Hand Welts 
 
 Goodyear Welts 
 Goodyear Turns 
 and Hand Turns 
 
 HcKay Sewed 
 
 Widths. A A A to R Sizes, 1 t.. S All Colors 
 
 c 
 
 able Address: " Shoccop, Philadelphia" 
 
 J. L. 
 
 hoemaker 
 
 & Co. 
 
 •5 
 South Sixth Street 
 Philadelphia 
 
 y^ ■^ ^^\ Mamifacttirers and Importers of J^/vTcLLlJ-Vri 
 a,„l all .nateriak for BOOKBINDERS' „« ^_ 
 
 Schwartz & Graff 
 
 pliiiKi 
 Iiiiportt-rs ot" ^ T aii.i 
 J apan 
 
 718 Market Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 Straw fl attings 
 
 atul wholesale dealers in 
 
 w 
 
 Tc have a speciiil departnu-iil 
 through which dealers cau 
 sell carpets from Samples 
 and have tliein rut to meet 
 their retinireiueuts— .^^ 
 
 arpetings 
 
 of all irrades 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ 
 
 Oil Cloths and Rugs 
 
 160 
 
The Albro-Clem Elevator Co. 
 
 Maiiufacturt-rs aiul Kuiklfis of 
 
 INCOKl'OKATRn 
 
 Freigfht and Passenger 
 
 Plevators 
 
 ^""Xntoiiuiti 
 
 Ol' KVl'iKV DKSCKII'TION WITH 
 
 I.\TEST SAHHTV AI'I'l.IAN'CKS 
 
 c HiUcli Doors 
 
 Dunil) Waiters, etc. 
 
 MAIN OIFICK AND \V0RK5 
 
 NKW HAVKN. COXN'., OH ICIC 
 
 No. 65 Orange Street 
 
 Nos. 411 and 41^^ Cherry Street 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 B 
 
 oraef " 
 
 mong all of those purveyors to the necessities of the "inner man," past and 
 present, who have contributed to the fame of Philadelphia and all the world 
 over, for "good living," no concern stands higher than that which is still 
 conducted under the honorable name of " Boraef, " which has . been known 
 to the public, in connection with first-class beef, from the days of our 
 grandfathers. After years of unl)roken tenancy of stalls in the Fifth Street 
 Market, the approaching demolition of this structure to make room for the 
 splendid Bourse building compelled a change, and the Horaef establishment 
 is now found at 515 Minor Street, less than half a block from its former 
 location. This is one of the most central locations in the city. Every street 
 in the inunediate neighborhood being traversed by car lines reaching north, 
 east, south or we^t among the homes of the people. The down-town cafes 
 much frequented by business men, are largely in this vicinity, and it is 
 within half a dozen blocks of the ferries to Camden and the shipping wharves. 
 The new store at ,si,5 Minor Street has been fitted with all a])]iro\-td apjiliances for the best preser\-a- 
 tion and convenient handling of meats, both wholesale and retail, and it has now been found advisable to 
 add to the great staple of the house an abundant supply of pork, veal, mutton, vegetables, poultry, etc. 
 Thus householders, heretofore trading at different stands of the old market, as well as steamships, hotels, 
 restaurants and other patrons, will litid everything the\- require for the table at the new Boraef stand. 
 Delivery .service by Boraef teams is regularly maintained in all parts of the city and suburbs. 
 Marketing may be done from residences b>- telephone, with full confidence that the supplies sent will 
 equal those selected b\' personal inspection. 
 
 161 
 
"J 
 
 ust 
 
 Prompt 
 _ Certain" 
 
 The Delaware Insurance Co, 
 
 of Philadelphia 
 
 KOL'XDKD IX 1835- 
 
 Has paid over $16,000,000 m Losses 
 
 Insures against loss by FIRE AND STORM. ON LAND AND SEA 
 
 SHIPS AND BUILDINGS 
 
 CARGOES AND MERCANTILE STOCKS 
 DWELLINGS AND FURNITURE - 
 
 Risks accepted direct from owners or through responsible brokers 
 
 I^ I R !■; C T ( ) K S 
 
 TATTNAI.I. I'Ari.DING 
 Wirj.IAM C. HOUSTON 
 II. l-'RANK ROBINSON 
 IIKNRY r. SI.OAN 
 JOHN H MICHENKR 
 JOHN H. CATHERWOon 
 N. PARKKR SH0RTRID01-. 
 
 ANDREW WHEELER 
 JOEL J. BAILY 
 JAMES IIATEMAN 
 RICHARD A. LEWIS 
 DANIEL DONOVAN 
 JUSTUS C- STRAW-BRIDGE 
 ERANCIS li. REEVES 
 
 RdllERI' SHOEMAKER 
 MALCOLM LLOYD 
 B. ERANK. CLYDE 
 
 EUGENE de;lano 
 
 EDWARD LONGSTRETH 
 SAMUEL CASTNER, Jk. 
 WILLIAM 1'. READ 
 
 FRANCIS M BROOKE 
 RICHARD II. DOWNING 
 D.1NIEL BAUGII 
 WILLIAM JL CASTLE 
 WILLIAM I'. HENSZEY 
 HENRY JI. DECHERT 
 C. WILLIAM BERGNRR 
 
 lll'NRN' 
 
 TATTX.VLL r.M'I.Dl XC, President 
 Cll.Xkl.IvS H. VAkX.ALL, \'ice-Prcsiaeiit 
 l.Vl.lU-RN, Secretary ALFRED HAND, Ass't Secretary 
 
 162 
 
THE PHILADELPHIA AND READING TERMINAL STATION, MARKET AND TWELFTH STREETS. 
 
 163 
 
This hciuse conducts both 
 
 a jobbing and a retail trade. Tlie 
 
 general title of the business being that of " Importing 
 
 Grocers." The retail department at the northeast corner 
 
 of Tenth and Market Streets enjoxs a large home trade among 
 
 families. The offices of the firm are located here. The warehouses 
 
 in which are kept the .sample lots of the wide variety of canned goods 
 
 '\*' carried in stock are located at 926 Filbert and 925 Huntei Streets, these 
 
 alone filling the several floors of the buildings with what would, not long 
 
 since, have been regarded as a most extravagant supply. The principal 
 
 stock is carried in other warehouses convenient to shipping terminals, from 
 
 which the goods are sent direct to the customer. 
 
 The leading specialties of the firm include every variety of fruit and vegetable 
 wliich can be successfully preserved, packed in gallon cans. These include 
 tomatoes, pears, peaches, squash, pumpkins, quinces, cherries, strawberries, 
 plums, apples, gooseberries, rhubarb, blueberries, string beans, blackberries, 
 raspberries, pineapples and apricots, a fine selection is also carried of French 
 peas, mushrooms, (champignons), string beans, (Haricots verts), lima beans, 
 'Haricot flageolets) and mixed vegetables, ( macedoines ). 
 
 Thom.^s M.\rtixu.\le & Co. are pioneers in Philadelphia in the intro- 
 duction of native wines, at popular prices. These goods, as well as choice 
 brandies, are sold by them either by bottle, case or barrel. 
 
 The art of saving the surplus of the fruits of the soil and thereby equalizing 
 the demand and extending the formerly brief seasons in which the luscious 
 native garden products were obtainable to the circle of the entire year has been 
 developed within the past two decades. The housewife of this period who spreads 
 her table with choice and varied sauces, preserves and fruits may place under 
 contribution, at small cost, the entire world, and for this she is indebted to the 
 modern grocer. 
 
 In the story of this evolution in the methods and scope of the grocery 
 trade as now conducted in the United vStates, Philadelphia has an honorable 
 part, and among the notable concerns in this business now conducted in the 
 Quaker Cit\', one of the foremost in this particular line is undoubtedh- that of 
 Thom.\s M.\rtind.\lk ^: Co. 
 
 164 
 
Th, 
 
 ontinental 
 
 Q= ic* Qhcstmit Streets 
 
 f-'hiladelphia 
 
 Complete in ,eN'^ .\o'^ 
 
 Music 
 
 every .Satnriia\' dtirinp Dinner 
 
 from 6 until S o'clock 
 
 in tliL' Winter Season 
 
 The Continental ha"- hern known for many years as the most 
 desirably located hotel in the city, with 
 regard to business and shopping dis- 
 tricts, and the theatres. It has 
 been newly decorated and fur- 
 nished, and still remains 
 Philadelphia's leading 
 
 Hotel 
 
 J • E • Kingsley & Co- 
 
 Proprietors 
 
 165 
 
gamuel JJ • prencli & Q 
 
 o- 
 
 ESTABI.ISHKD 
 1844 
 
 • « O 
 
 TAINTERS' AND BUILDERS' SUPPLIES 
 PEERLESS COLORS I-OR MORTAR 
 MANTELS, TILE and I'lREPLACK Giioli- 
 CEMENT, PLASTER, Etc. 
 
 aint 
 
 -^ .^ .. _ Manufacturers 
 
 • ♦ o "'' "'"~ 
 
 York Avenue, Fourth and Callowhill Streets 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 ^h^ A . r^olburn Qo 
 
 Established in 1857 
 
 COLBURN'S CHOICEST vSPICES 
 COLBURN'S PI I IT. A. MUSTARD 
 
 COLBURN'S CELERY SALT 
 
 COLBURN'S SALAD DRESSING 
 
 COLBURN'S TABLE SAUCE 
 
 COLBURN'S CHUTNEY 
 
 The A. Colburn Company 
 
 Alanutucturers uf 
 
 FINEST TABLE QeHcaCiCS and CONDIHENTS 
 
 no *(«' 112 North Second Street = r^hiladelphia 
 
 166 
 
Frank Teller & Co. 
 
 M 
 
 anufacturers of 
 
 ■ uban 
 
 uban Hand Made 
 
 ^Ozl. Cherry Street 
 
 '^'^ 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 |tfiQ:ars 
 
 FACTORY No. ;SS 
 
 ist DISTRICT, VA. 
 
 WESTERN OFFICE 
 
 19 Wabash Avenue 
 
 ChicLigu, Illinois 
 
 ^N^^'^^e La Flor de Teller 
 v^%^^_ Royal Blue 
 
 olumbian PI ills ^ompany 
 
 I jo\vn( luilts, ( 
 
 Ely. Collins & Hale 
 A. J. Mcintosh & Co. 
 Industry Down &• Quilting Co. 
 
 OTTOX 
 OM FORTS 
 
 DOWN CUSHIONS, SII.K COVERINCiS i:KI;sCI;NT nR.\ND FE.VTIIKKS 
 
 St. Loms, Mo. ,33 FRANKLIN STREET New ^ ork City 
 
 1709 FILBERT STREET Philadelphia 
 
 Factories.) Athenia, N. J. 
 
 Philadelphia, I'a 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Warren =Ehret C^n^P^^y 
 
 ^/[anufaclurers of 
 
 guilding Papers e^ J^oofing ^Jateriah 
 
 432 Market Street p^.^ AnKT.PHT A 
 
 S 
 
 167 
 
HANCE BROTHERS & WHITE 
 
 Pharmaceutical Chemists 
 Philadelphia 
 
 make the two- or three-thousand items that constitute the stock of a retail drugstore, 
 and do it well. 
 
 If this were all, they would shortly drop out of existence; for nowadays trade is not 
 held by mere merit. There are a good many good makers of drugs; but there are not a 
 good many who do so much lor a druggist. 
 
 Hance Brothers & White have a sort of business school in which they teach Success; 
 and every druggist in the United States is a welcome pupil in it — free. The instruction is 
 closely connected with merchandise — mostly drugs, temptations and drugs — but druggists 
 may take the instruction and leave the temptations and drugs if they will. 
 
 The subject of study this year is ''How to Get People into a Drugstore." Last year 
 it was "How to Be a Druggist." The year before it was "Help at Your Soda Fountain." 
 
 They send to every druggist every year a book on the topic of the year, and the study 
 is done at home — no cjuestions asked, no degrees or diplomas — the book is all. It teaches 
 how to succeed in a drugstore. There are about thirty-five-thousand druggists, besides 
 dispensers and salesmen, in the United States, who want this knowledge. And this is the 
 knowledge in short: 
 
 A drugstore can't advertise; trade is too narrow. Its principal means of communica- 
 tion with people outside is by using its windows; it can get the people who pass to look in 
 the window expecting to see some pleasant or useful thing and some information about it. 
 The druggist's one means of attracting his neighbors is soda-water; but he must make it 
 fine; and druggists generally don't know the difference between fine and not-fine in soda; 
 or, what amounts to the same thing, they think their neighbors don't. This school takes 
 infinite pains to teach the druggists fineness cleanness coolness daintiness courtesy — 
 daintiness means thin glasses and courtesy means a girl of good sense as well as good 
 
 manners to serve at the fountain — richness of flavor and freshness. The first thinof to 
 think of in being a druggist is having the people to sell to; they've got to be humored. 
 People go where they like, and bu\- where they like; they go by two or three drugstores 
 to one that pleases them — humors them — that is the better word. There is a great bundle 
 of indispensable things to teach about humoring people. 
 
 These things that nobody teaches and few ever learn are the keys of success. It is 
 by making druggists successful that Hance Brothers & White succeed. They teach; but 
 they practice as well. Their "Frog In your Throat? loc" is one of the best illustrations. 
 Sugar Blocks is another. Quinine Pills are a staple; but their method of doing them up 
 and selling them makes them a specialty. There are forty other useful things made 
 pleasant, and pleasant things made useful, to help a druggist succeed. 
 
 It Is by making druggists successful, teaching success and furnishing them the means 
 of success, that Hance Brothers & White maintain their ancient position In trade with a 
 thousand competitors struggling for it. 
 
 Win is better than Push. There are times to push; but to win is for all times. 
 
 i68 
 

 
 
 ' ^ -'■ ./i " g^ " r*" -^^^ f^i* = 
 
 
 
William C. Peters 
 James B. Mahar^ 
 
 E. L. Wunder 
 A. C. Mellor 
 M. C. Nelson 
 
 Buildinjr and Housekeeping: 
 
 ^Hardware 
 
 JAMES M. VANCE & CO. 
 
 CUTLERY, TOOLS 
 
 AGATE WARK 
 
 I'LANISHMl) WARli 
 
 SIIA'I^R - PLATE] ) WARE 
 
 211 and 213 Harket Street 
 
 and 
 202 CHURCH .STREET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 IkEUEKICK SUTTON 
 
 J. ALPHEUS VANSANT 
 
 SUTTON & VANSANT 
 
 IMPORTERS 
 and 
 JOBBERS u( 
 
 Coffee 
 
 120 South Front Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 HE house of Uavid Landreth & vSoiis, Philadelphia, U. S. A., founded in 1784, 
 is the oldest in America. 
 
 From the date of its establishment to the present lime, the proprietors 
 have been practical seedsmen, gi\'ing personal attention to the cultivation of 
 their own grounds. They offer seeds grown from Pedigree Stock, carefully 
 selected, which carry with them, in view of the aliove facts, the strongest 
 possible assurance of good qualit\-. 
 VEGETABLE OR KITCHEN GARDEN SEEDS, all the old standard varieties, 
 
 including many specialties, and all novelties of merit. 
 FLOWER SEEDS, a very complete assortment, in which may l)e found the 
 "old tashioned " favorites, as well as the finest strains of Florida flowers. 
 BULBOUS ROOTS for Autunni and Spring planting. 
 AGRICULTURAL OR FARM SEEDS. Mangold Wurtzels and Sugar Beets, Ruta Bagas or Swedes, 
 Turnips, Carrots, Parsnips, for cattle feeding. Improved A'arietics of Corn, Wheat, Oats and Sorg- 
 hum, Seed Potatoes, (irass and Clover Seeds, all approved ^•arieties for permanent pastures and 
 lawns. Separate or in mixture, to suit particular soils. 
 AGRICULTURAL and HORTICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS and TOOLS. All garden and tarm appliances. 
 Fertilizers and Insecticides. The stock in all lines is complete. Planters and others interested iu 
 rural affairs would do well to send for our Catalogue — mailed free on application. 
 
 Auiess D. LANDRETH & SONS 
 
 Seed Farmers and Merchants, 21 and 23 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. 
 
Thompson Bros. 
 
 For Ventilating 
 
 Dininj; R«oni-s 
 
 Ice Cream Saloons 
 
 Offices 
 
 Tactories 
 
 Etc. 
 
 Engineers and 
 
 Machinists 
 
 These fans are well 
 made, of good ma- 
 terial ; the blades 
 fuiislied in natural 
 grain of the wood, 
 and the pulley ar- 
 ranged iVir s mall 
 round belt; fiat belt 
 can be used if pre- 
 terreil. 
 
 J 
 
 1 12 Bread St. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Cooling Fans for 
 Warm Weather 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 Safety Sectional 
 Steam Boilers 
 
 Engines Shafting Grates Flanges 
 
 Pumps Pulleys Dampers Fittings 
 
 Heaters Hangers Regulators Radiators 
 Gearing Bearings Pipe Fans 
 
 Brass-Cock Making Machinery 
 
 Ice Cream Machines 
 
 Mas.-i- Mixing Mills 
 ^^. for Druggists 
 
 Fire Escapes 
 
 Bone-Grinding Mills 
 
 umbo 
 
 STEERING GEAR 
 
 Solid and Powerful 
 
 ^rEAM-POWER 
 
 ATTACHMENTS 
 
 For Driviug Sewing Macliines 
 
 Patent Self-Regulating High ur I.nw Pressure 
 
 Steam=Heating^ 
 
 Apparatus i r w^ 
 
 "ROSETTE" 
 DIRECT RADIATOR 
 
 Varmint^ and Veulilalin^ 
 
 1 THLic BriLi>iN<.s Hospitals ScnoiiL Hui'sks 
 
 I-ACTORiKS Stores Dwellings Htc. 
 
 Plans, estimates, drawings, patterns, forgings, castings, etc 
 furnished at short notice. 
 
 AUAPIED either FOR 
 
 Yachts or Working Vessels 
 
 
 "CLIMAX" 
 INDIRECT RADIATOR 
 
 Patent Pressure REGULATOR 
 
 For 5team, Water, Air or (jas 
 
 l-or Hiyh or I.ow i-ressure SteauLpr Hot Watt-r. 
 
 Kx tended Surface. Self-Draining. 
 
 All Taper-Screwed J<jints. 
 
 171 
 
BURPEE'S 
 
 
 ov 
 
 GROW 
 
 ^ _^^XitXitZ0X^XvtXi-tX^Z*r, 
 '^XvtXvtXVtXvtX.VtXA^.^X0:Xi 
 
 U^Xi'^X0Xi-tXl^Xl^X.r'-Xl-'X-;.^Xl 
 ^.X-^X.m.irx.^rxA:tx.i'^Xi^X.^Xi^i 
 ttX^^X.-,rx.ifZitx.i^X^X:i^X;;';Xi 
 ^^^X^tZ^^Xg&itXl'^ili 
 
 ^T^ »T^ wT^ ^ •'Th •'^v "■-'T* •-t^ ^'T^ •n^ ~^T • •'^ ^T* ^T** •''T^ "'T* ^T^ "^^ ^ 
 
 I^VK^ 
 
 Largest iVlail Order i rade^- MVorid; 
 
 
 ^i*__* Xr *J^ ■ sL* 'nI * 
 
 [XvtXrfX^^X^Xv'XV'X^^rZ^^Xvtl 
 
 
 BURPEE'S 
 SEEDS 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 F. s. Gibson 
 
 Recei\-er and Shipper of 
 
 potatoes, 
 
 APP'^*' Qnions, (^abbage, Qranges, demons 
 
 pineapples 
 
 And Wholesale Dealer in 
 
 Mew Vork Ctate products 
 
 Have also a Special Department for ^ ^ * *^ ' 
 
 Butter, Poultry, Eggs, 
 Calves, Dressed Pork, 
 
 plorida pruits and yegetables 
 
 CALIFORNIA FRUIT3, OEORQIA AND CAROLINA MELONS 
 anJ JHkSEY AND CAPE COD CRANBhRRlEi 
 
 Country Produce generally. 
 
 \ 108 SPRUCK STKKET, I'HILADKLI'HIA. ]-A 
 
 STORES : 
 
 508 MONROE STREET, TOLEDO, OHIO. 
 
 REFERENCES 
 
 airard Natlimal Bank. Pliiladelphia 
 Nurthern Natlunal bank, Tuledu, Ohio 
 
 First National Bank, I'enn Van, New Vurk 
 Bradford County Bank. Starke, Fla. 
 and Mercantile Agencies 
 STEAnSHIPS, VESSELS AND HOTELS SUPPLIED 
 
 172 
 
 Bank of Wayne, Ooldsboro, N. C. 
 The Farm Journal, of Philadelphia 
 
E 
 
 lectro=Tint 
 
 Engraving Qo, 
 
 DESIGNERS 
 ILLUSTRATORS and 
 ENGRAVERS 
 
 Nos. 1306-10 Filbert Street, Philadelphia 
 
 HALF-TONE WORK A SPECIAr.TV 
 
 CATAI.O(-.rE. MAGAZINE AND BOOK lI.I.rsTRATIONS OP THE 
 BEST GRADE PROMPTLY HANDLED 
 
 3end for 
 
 E 
 
 stimate 
 
 173 
 
J. B. 
 Lippincott 
 
 Co. 
 
 Publishers^Booksellers 
 =5tationers= 
 = I m po rt e rs= 
 
 / I S = 717 Market Street 
 
 publishers of the 
 ^tandard Works 
 
 OP Oeference 
 
 Worcester's Dictionary 
 
 Chamber's Encyclopedia 
 
 Reader's Reference Library 
 Allibone's Dictionary of Authors . • 
 Lippincott's Gazeteer of the World 
 lyippincott's Biographical Dictionary 
 
 Jobbing Department 
 
 The largesit and most complete 
 
 stock in the T'nited States 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Wholesale Dealers in Foreign Books 
 
 SCHOOL liOOKS 
 
 ETC, 
 
 Publicatious i>f auy house furnished promptly at lowe-^t market rates 
 
 ID Henrietta Street 
 Covent Garden, London, England 
 
 Staple •,* Foreign Stationery and Fancy Goods 
 
 BLANK BOOK iMANDFACTHREKS ■<st- I'RINTERS FOR THE TRADP: 
 
 .JS^ij; 
 
 David K. Conover. 
 
 B. Frank Williams. 
 
 David F. Conover & Co. 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 Jeinehji and 1i^ctfc/i tudeS^ 
 
 American Watch Wholesale Salesroom. 
 
 S. E. Corner Chestnut and Seventh Stc, 
 PHILA1>ELPH1.V. PENNA. 
 
 Williamson & Cassedy 
 
 Railway 
 Engineers' 
 Steamship ^ 
 
 526 Market Street 
 
 Supplies 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 174 
 
KDWIN 1'. MORSK 
 PRESIDBNT 
 
 C. R. KKBMANN 
 
 VICB-PRESIDKNT 
 
 CARLTON M. WILLIAMS 
 SBC. AMD TrBAS. 
 
 Morse, Williams & Co. 
 
 Electric^ hydraulic 
 
 high speed 
 
 v^^^^"s^^ Elevators 
 
 STEAM 
 BELT 
 
 ANlJ 
 
 HAND POWER 
 
 Freight 
 Elevators 
 
 with most appro\ed 
 
 5afety Devices 
 
 Offi 
 
 ces 
 
 IJIRKCT ELKCTRIC KLi;\ATiiK 
 
 Philadelphia 
 New York - 
 Boston - - 
 New Haven 
 
 W- 
 
 ORKS: 
 
 Frankford Avenue 
 Wildey 
 
 AND 
 
 Shackamaxon Streets 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 
 1105 Frankford Avenue 
 
 - 108 Liberty Street 
 
 - 19 Pearl Street 
 
 - 83 Church Street 
 
 Scran ton, Pa. - - 425 spruce street 
 
 Washington, D. C. ni^ e street, n. w. 
 
 Chicago - - - - 433 Omaha Building 
 
 175 
 
Established in 1818 
 
 Interesting 1 M Q^cf § 
 
 ABOUT A 
 
 Philadelphia Mouse 
 
 ABOUT A FAMOUS OLD 
 
 HII.ADEI.PHIA 
 
 '4 
 
 "^^ 
 
 is famous all over the world for her numerous oUl established business houses, dating back forty, 
 fifty, sixty, ^eventy and sometimes eighty years. It is safe to say that no other American city can 
 show such a lengthy list of really old concerns as Philadelphia. Among the oldest concerns iu the 
 city may be mentioned Messrs. M. F. Augustiu & Son, the famous Restaurateurs and Purveyors, of 
 1105 Walnut Street. These gentlemen carry on a business that dates back to iSiS— seventy-five years ago. 
 They are the leading Caterers of Philadelphia, if not of the United States. Their record is not only 
 lengthy, but brilliant, as may be judged from the following partial list of great occasions on which 
 they have had charge: Banquet to General Lafayette in 1S24 ; Dinner to Dr. Wood, at Academy 
 of Music, May 16, jS6o; Military Celebration to General Meade, Washington, D. C, August 27, 1863; 
 Banquet to Board of Trade, Academy of Music, June 5, 1868 ; The Grand Duke Alexis Ball, for 1000, 
 at Academv of Music, December 4, 1871 ; IlaiKjuet to Sir Edwin Thornton, the British Mini.ster, 
 St. George's Hall, May 11, 1S76; Reunion of the Army of the Potomac, June 6, 1S76 ; Banquet to 
 Gen. Grant, December 22, 1^79. and many others. The firm have also made many shipments abroad 
 to such well-known gentlemen as W. H. Ilerrinan, Rome, Italy; Robert M. Hooper. Paris, France, 
 and Thos. Sopwith, London, England. Among notable domestic shipments have been those to 
 Hon. Grover Cleveland; Hon. W. S. Bissell, Puffalo, N. V.; Henry S. Sanford, Tampa, I'la., and 
 Judge Woodward, I^exington, Ky. 
 
 For thirty years past Messrs. Augustiu & Sou have been located at their present address, 
 iios Walnut Street. They are especially famous for their croquettes, terrapin and deviled crabs, and 
 it is not too much to say that there is no other concern in the world that can compare with them in 
 such matters. No great function in this part of the country is considered perfect unless they have 
 charge in their line, serving all in a liberal and honorable manner. Even their help they retain until 
 disabled or removed by death. This fact alone affords a key to the entire history of the house. No 
 wonder all good Philadelphians are proud of 
 
 Messrs. Augustin & Son. 
 
 Jas. 
 
 K. Augustin, a grandson of 
 into membership, and will 
 
 M. F. Augustin, has recently been admitted 
 give hl5 personal attention t" the business. 
 
 AMONG THE STABLE AND ENDURING INSTITUTIONS OH PHILADELPHIA, CERTAINLY 
 NONE STANDS HIGHER THAN 
 
 The Fidelity 
 
 riutual Life Association 
 
 No. 914 WALNUT STREET 
 
 II was organized in 1S7S under laws that have enabled it to create and build up a security for policy- 
 holders absolutely unapproached by that of any other life company in Pennsylvania. Ordinarily the 
 cash surplus of a company is the full measure of its security, and, gauged by that standard alone, 
 The I'iDEMTV is "head and shoulders" above all its competitors, having, in comparison with 
 liabilities, a much greater cash surplus than the largest company iu America, or about forty-six 
 dollars for every dollar of liability, and yet investigation of its plans and affairs will show that 
 this is the smallest and least considerable part of its security. The company is prompt in the pavment of losses, liberal to its agents, and 
 lurnishes insurance at 25 per cent, less than the leading companies of the country, issuing whole life, renewable term, limited payment, 
 and joint life policies, incontestable after three years, and with a cash return in case of lapse. 
 
 llr. I.. G. House, whose portrait appears above, is and has been its president since its organization. He is widely known iu insurance 
 circles in this country and iMirope, and is regarded as one of the leading actuaries and ablest insurance officers iu .\merica. Jle has 
 contributed voluminously to insurance literature, and is the author of important life tables, and mainly through his indefatigable labors the 
 .Association has reached its present commanding and influential position. 
 
 n. fouse: 
 
 President 
 
 O. C. BOSRYSHKI.I, 
 
 Vicc-rresideut 
 
 .\RTHrR THACHEK 
 
 Treasurer 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 
 
 W. S, CAMPBELL 
 Sec. and S< 
 
 S. C. ROLLING 
 
 Supt. uf .\gcnls 
 
 L. G. PousE, President 
 John E Prymier, Wholesale (Jueensware 
 
 P. Phnt, with American Book Co., New York 
 
 »), C. HosRYSHELL, Vice-PresidcH t , Supt. V. S. Mint at Philadelphia 
 \Vm. G. P'ischer, Pianos and Organs 
 
 ,,,.,_ ....^.,^„„ ^ ^„., Geo. W. Kendrick, Jr., Vice-President Third National Bank 
 
 William W. Allen, Pres. Philada. Hire Insurance Broker-' As-iociation 
 
 \ALL or PHILADELPHIAJ 
 
 Hon. Levi P. Kaler, Merchant, Phcenixville, Pa. 
 
 176 
 
 Conrad B. Day. President Seventh National Bank 
 J. P. Half Jenkins, Attorney at Law, Norristown, Pa. 
 
There's 
 
 Money 
 
 ;^c. hires' IMPROVED Z5f. 
 
 ROOT BEER! 
 
 IN LigulO, NO ■ofi.ma OR sthainimo kauit wuf 
 THIS PACKAGE MAKES FIVE GALLONS. , 
 
 In It 
 
 For You 
 
 Or for any live storekeeper. It is the best advertised, 
 best known, best selling- and in every way the best 
 article of the kind on the market to-day. 
 
 Hires Rootbeer 
 
 Is the only rootbeer that j-on can safely guarantee 
 to give perfect satisfaction. It is always in demand; 
 ahvaj's uniform in price; no waste and no dead stock. 
 When your customers ask for Hires' be sure and 
 have it for them. Order through the jobber. 
 
 The Chas. E. Hires Co., 
 
 117 U 119 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 William iM 
 
 W 
 
 ilson&Sons 
 
 BROKERS 
 
 AND 
 
 Commission Mkkcuants 
 
 IN 
 
 CHEMICALS 
 
 DRUGS 
 
 GUMS 
 
 ETC. 
 
 No. lia ARCH WTREEX 
 
 rHII.ADELI'lIIA 
 
 Establi5hed 1815 
 
 John E. Frymier 
 
 933 
 
 Market 
 
 • • 
 
 St. 
 
 FOREIGN AND noMESTIC 
 
 CHINA, 
 
 GLASS 
 
 AND 
 
 
 
 FANCY 
 
 GOODS 
 
 G. S. Lovell Clock Co. 
 
 "^^-ClocKs ►-" Bronzes 
 
 SOLE AGENTS FOR 
 
 SETH THOMAS CLOCK CO. 
 
 BOSTON CLOCK CO. 
 
 E. N. WELCH MFQ. CO. 
 
 BAIRD CLOCK CO. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 CATALOGUES AND PRICE LISTS. 
 
 TO DEALERS 
 
 rPON APPLICATION 
 
 SELLING ( THE ANSONIA CLOCK COMPANY 
 
 AGENT5 ^ THE E. INQRAHAM COMPANY 
 ''^^ [WATERBURY CLOCK COMPANY 
 
 1019, I02I Market Street, Philadelphia 
 
 177 
 
Lord's Boiler Compound 
 
 Like all genuine and siiccessiiil coniniodities, has liad to contend with num- 
 berless spurious and imitati\e fraudulent articles on its onward march to 
 success. The designedly fraudulent character and dishonest motives of these 
 " imposters " is manifest, and is Init an intentional and deliberate attempt to 
 rob the in\entor of his just reward. 
 
 The attention of the Steam User and Engineer is respectfully called 
 t<i certain parties who, through the appropriation of Lord's Patent, together 
 with falsely advertising to ha\e improved the same, have deluded many 
 manufacturers and recei\'ed their orders for my preparations. 
 
 Caution. ^Lord's Patent is Imt the incomplete invention of a novice, and 
 was formulated by nic jire\-ious to my permanent adoption and advent into 
 my present business. 
 
 Attention. — The words ' 'fiord's Boiler Compound" are but the trade 
 mark identifying my chemical preparations ; each of which is specially pre- 
 pared and adapted to fvilfil the requirements of the individual case, based upon 
 an exhaustive analysis of the water used. The value of the chemical 
 reagents employed by me, both separately and collectively, is consistent with 
 the highest chemical authority, and confirmed by practical and experimental 
 experience of thirty years. For full particulars, address, 
 
 GEO. W. LORD 
 
 316 Union St.. Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 ^®^ 
 
 # established 184* ~-^ 
 
 Manufacturers' 
 
 C 
 
 o 
 
 COTTON 
 
 WOOLEN 
 
 SILK and 
 
 WORSTED 
 
 MILLS 
 
 Supplies 
 
 PROPRIETOkS OH TME 
 
 Philadelphia Bobbin & Shuttle Co. 
 
 MAKERS OP BOBBINS, SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, ETC.. FOR THE TEXTILE TRADES 
 
 Sole Manufacturers of the GLOBE PACKING (or STEAM EINOINES. PISTON RODS, MINING PUMPS, ETC 
 
 General Hill Furnishers'""^ 
 
 COKKKSI'OXDHNCi; ScU.ICITHn 
 I7S 
 
 FLOURING 
 PAPER 
 ROLLING 
 and SAW 
 
 MILLS 
 
 3 Chestnut Street 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
Ii: 
 
 f- 
 
G. A. BISLER 
 
 Specialties: 
 
 FINEST CONFECTIONERY BOXES 
 STATIONERY and 
 
 PATENT SHELF BOXES 
 
 aper Box 
 
 JWanufacturer 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 ^tephens, Armstrong & Conkling 
 
 Terra 
 
 MANfFACT 
 
 fRERS y^ 
 
 /^rchitectu 
 
 ral 
 
 Cotta 
 
 Works, 46th St. and Girard Avenue 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 OFFICES 
 
 1341 Arch Street - PHILADELPHIA 
 181 Broadway - - NEW YORK 
 
 n 
 
 THE 
 00 re and 
 
 \^hite Co. 
 
 Fifteenth Street 
 Lehigh Avenue 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 per Mill 
 
 Machinery 
 
 1^ pRICTION 
 
 ^^ Clutch Pulleys 
 
 ETC. 
 
 180 
 
redick 
 
 606 Arch Street 
 
 AKI-; I.VVKNTORS AND MANl'KACTURERS UF 
 
 Dhiladelphia 
 
 * PA. 
 
 Circular Automatic Ribb- 
 
 Knitting Machinery 
 
 H 
 
 A VINO DEVISED and put into successful operation inachiner>' for the 
 
 production of the various lines of ribbed knitted fabrics, 
 
 such as LADIES', MISSES', CHILDREN'S and MEN'S 
 
 SKIRTS 
 TIGHTS 
 JACKETS 
 SWEATERS 
 UNDERWEAR 
 COMBINATIONS 
 BICYCLE SUITS 
 CORSET COVERS 
 
 THIS FIRM 
 
 composed of (ieorgi.' K. Nye ami Edward Tredick, 
 who began business some tea years api), having ad- 
 vanced step by step, keeping pace with the growing and 
 varied wants of the American nianufacturer, at tlie same 
 time adding practical improvements to their machinery, 
 to simplify construction, and facilitate production and 
 nicety of goods ^^^^^ 
 
 THIS FIRM 
 
 who are the pioneers in this country of the Automatic 
 Circular Ribb Knitting Machine, are now an old antl 
 well established concern, with a trade extending to all 
 partsof the United States and Canada, and many parts 
 of Europe and South America. By their uprightness in 
 business, superiority in workmanship, and practical de- 
 signs in simple construction of their machines, they are 
 well and favorably known among the knit goods 
 industry, and enjoy a most enviable reputation. 
 
 • J_ 11(^11 various styles of machinery, together witli hitest 
 iniproveinents (the latest of which is now just 
 completed;, can l)e seen at the offices of this firm, at 
 
 606 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa., or 84 Summer Street, Boston, Hass. 
 
 181 
 
Haines, Jones & Cadbury Co. rfc, i^. ^ * 
 Manufacturer, o. HIGH CLASS PlUmbing UOOClS 
 
 We have lately completed 
 
 extensive alterations 
 
 ill our 
 
 Show-Rooms 
 
 ami now have the most 
 
 iiiaguificent display of it-- 
 
 kind to be found in 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 if not in Ihe United States 
 
 All are cordially invited 
 to visit them 
 
 Ridge 
 Avenue 
 
 The United Gas Improvement Co. 
 
 DkEXEL BUILDIXG, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 GEORGE PHILLER 
 WILLIAM « WARDEN 
 
 t) 1 R E C r (.) K H 
 
 1'. A. B, WIDENER 
 WILLIAM I.. KI.KINS 
 
 WILLIAM W. GIBB3 
 C. A. GRISCOM 
 
 Thomas Doi.an, President 
 
 GEORGE PHILLER, Vice-President SAMI'EL T. BODINE, 2d Vice-President and General Manager 
 
 RANDAL MORGAN', 3d Vice-President EDWARU C. LEE, Secretary and Treasurer 
 
 ALE.X. C. HUMl'HREVS, General Superintendent WALTON CLARK. Assistant General Superintendent 
 
 CONSULTIXC, KNCHNEERS OX CAS LWESTMENTS 
 
 FIRST MORTGAGE HOXDS OX DESIk.VHLl': GAS I'KOPERTIES FOR SALE 
 
 lUiiUlers, Lessors and Purchasers of 
 CtAS WORKS 
 
 I'AMPHLETS, PLANS AND ESTIMATES KrKNlSlIKD UPON APPLICATION 
 
 182 
 
T 
 
 homas Roberts & Co. 
 
 V^anned C'liiods 
 
 and 
 
 California l)rit'<l Fruil 
 
 i oiumission ^j^erchants 
 
 Kstablislied 
 
 RIEHLE 
 
 Testing- Machines 
 
 .MANLIKAClUkKD BV 
 
 R 
 
 iehle Bros. 
 
 Testing Hachine Co. 
 
 Successors to Kiehir Hros. 
 Works, ofTice and Store, 
 
 NINTH ST. ABOVE MASTER ly NORTH SIXTH STREET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Meml)ers of tlie Manufacturers' Club and Trades League, Pliila. 
 
 No. ii6 South Front Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, pa 
 
 MAKBLK MACHINES TKSTING MACHINES 
 
 klEHLK KOBIE JACKS R. K. Sl \VAKI-;i10LSH TRUCKS 
 
 IRON FOUNDERS' and MACHINISTS' 
 
 SPECIAL MACHINERY 
 
 Tests uf Materials made daily and Certificates furnlshtd ; 
 Reports Copied and kept Contidcntial 
 
 Cable Address : " Riehl.'- Philadelphia" 
 
 THE RIEHLE TESTING MACHINES 
 
 are mainly used in every department of the United Stales Governmeut, 
 
 and in most of the leading Institutions of Learning, 
 
 Railroad Companies, 
 
 and the largest Iron and Steel Works. 
 
 Illustratrd catalogues will be furnished upon application without charge 
 
 United States Credit System Co. 
 
 ISSUES CERTIFICATES OK ULAkANTEE AGAINST EXCESS LOSSES ARISINO KROftt BAD DEBTS 
 
 January 31st, 1893 
 
 Casli Capital I'aiil in full, S,-^27, 100.00 • Excess Losses Paid to date, $421^617.^2, 
 
 Net Assets - $520,032.32 
 
 WM. H. I . FIEDLER GOTTFRIED KRUEGER 
 
 I'residfnl Vice-President 
 
 FRED'K M. WHEELER 
 
 Secretary 
 
 JULIUS STAPFF 
 
 I reasurer 
 
 L. .MAVBAUAl 
 
 .-Vctuary 
 
 Home Office, U. S. Credit System Company's Building, Newark, N. J. 
 
 HkA.NCH OPKICf:5:^N>w York. Cincinnati, Snn I-raiicisco. rhilru!<l].hi.i. K.wt.ni, ridlimorr. Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, New Orleans. 
 
 V V C iVcl tliat your system is by far the 
 simplest :.nd best ever introduced 
 for insuring credit accounts. 
 
 Sharpless Bros. 
 
 Philarlelphia, I'a. 
 
 PROTECT YOUR 
 
 Capital 
 
 \ V G strongly 
 
 recommend your priiici 
 pie of insurance. 
 
 1"KANK I). I.aI.anm: it Co. 
 
 \ Y tl believe that your system is a good 
 one and one that is .-idvantageous 
 to the mercantile community, 
 
 \Vm. DOlihr & Co. 
 riiiladelphia, I'u. 
 
 PROTECr \OUR 
 
 profits 
 
 WM. A. VVIlii i iCK 
 
 , (general .\j;ent for Department ol I'euusylvauia and 
 
 Philadelphia. Pa. Delaware 
 
 Philadelphia Office, 541 Drexel Building 
 
 '^3 
 
 V Y C esucm the credit insurance of 
 
 cess losses lo he well wtirtli \vli:it 
 it costs. 
 
 Wkimer, Wright iSi Watki.ns. 
 I'hiladtlphia, I'a. 
 
 ex- 
 
Pedrick & Ayer 
 
 D. W. PEDRICK 
 H. C. AVER 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 (Jniversal 
 
 and PLAIN 
 
 riilling 
 
 I 7>," jiuiHWi^Jili!!!!^^ 
 
 riachines 
 
 • o • 
 
 Richards' 
 
 PATENT OPEN-SIDE 
 
 Planing and Shaping riachines 
 
 ^PECIAL TOOLS FOR 
 
 Dailway Repair Shops 
 
 • • • 
 
 Portable and Stationary ^..^^^^ 
 
 CyUnder Boring Machines 
 
 Universal Grinding Machines 
 
 QfFICE ^^ WORKS 
 
 r looi-ioo^ Hamilton Street 
 i 1002-1004 Buttonwood Street 
 
 ■ Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 184 
 
eading Daper Mills 
 
 Reading Mills 
 
 Packerack Mills 
 
 Tuipehocken Mills 
 
 MANIIFACTURERS OF- 
 
 No. I MANILA 
 
 Plate, Lithograph 
 and_FineSuper= Calendered Book 
 
 |^alf=Jponed ^uts 
 
 ROPE PAPERS 
 
 -tor 
 
 OFFICE, BULLITT BUILDI^(i 
 131 and 133 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia 
 
 E • Clinton & Co 
 
 EDWIN T. CLlNTO>J 
 LEON A. CLINTON 
 
 Y'J amitacturei's 
 
 iuid j nipovters nf 
 
 inoR Market Street 
 
 and 
 
 S South Tenth Street 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Brushes 
 
 Q able Address, " Wooline." 
 Telephone No. 3(125 
 
 LAW OFFICES 
 
 OF 
 
 J .Walter Douglass. 
 
 patents 
 
 AND 
 
 patent Causes, 
 
 Philadelphia. 014 Walnut St. 
 
 New York, 261 Broadway. 
 
 Washington, 615 Se\enth St. 
 
 I. Patent Soliciting and Legal Department 
 
 In this dep.nrtmeiit I'alents in tlie different countries 
 are procured, and Trade Marks, Designs, Copyrights, 
 niid Labels ol)taiued. Ccmtracts, Assignments, and 
 i>ther Legal Dociinicnt^ prepared. Rejecttd applica- 
 tions revived and .\ppeals prosecuted. Ojjinions a^i 
 to scope and validity of patents given. Interferences 
 and Litigation conducted. J^^'K. B. — Special atten- 
 ti<in given to Textile and Electrical matters and cases. 
 All foreign ca^^es are prepared in the different languages 
 :-iUi\ )>rosfLuted fr.mi Uit niaiu ofitice in Philatieljihia. 
 
 II. Draughting Department 
 
 In this department is employed a skilled Kngiueer 
 and a corps of assistants who pre]»are drawings for 
 inventions ; working plans for the erection of ma- 
 chinery, and drawings for the development of crude 
 ideas for the protection of the same b\" ]»atenls in 
 this conntr\- and the foreign countries. 
 
 III. Collection, Annuity and Working Department 
 
 In tlii"^ department attention is given to the culled imi 
 of royalties ; jjaynient of annuities, and the v<irking 
 of patents for in\entions in the foreign countries 
 and the preparation of assignments, coTilracls, and 
 r>ther instruments of writing in the different foreign 
 languages. ■..■.■." 
 
 I\'. Patent Sales Department 
 
 In this department is employed a gentleman and a 
 corps of assistants under liim, who investigate patents 
 and inventions, and furnish reports thereon, and 
 negotiate the sale thereof Xo charge is made unless 
 a sale is effected. .■.'.*. 
 
 v. Patent Soliciting Instalment Department 
 
 In this dei>artmeiit the inventions of the poor are 
 1 rotected on the instalment plan of weekly payments. 
 The inventor is only required to furnish a sketch 
 or a brief description of the main features of the 
 invention, when a report w ill be furnished gratis as 
 to the patentable novelty thereof 
 
 186 
 
A. M. Collins Manufacluring Co, 
 
 No. 527 ARCH STRF:ET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, U.S.A. 
 
 MAKI-KS UK AI.l. KlNlis Ol- 
 
 Card Boards 
 
 A N I I 
 
 Cards 
 
 Photographers, Printers, Lithographers, 
 
 Stationers, Etc. 
 
 The Geo. W. Blabon Co. 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 loor Oil Cloths 
 
 Linoleum 
 
 ^npAHI.K A 
 
 Xn STAIR 
 
 OIL CLOTH 
 
 V 
 
 IXSEKD OIL AND 
 
 OIL CAKE 
 
 9 North Fifth Street 
 no Worth Street 
 
 Philadelphia 
 New York 
 
 187 
 
WILLIAM T. TILDEN 
 
 GENERAI- PARTNER 
 
 DAVID H E V 
 
 SPECIAL PARTNER 
 
 Established 1851 
 
 WTTlLDEN 
 
 Importer and Merchant 
 
 Wool, Hair ^^^ Noils 
 
 252 and 254 North Front Street 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Cable Address ; " TILDEN " 
 
 flolten & fjiinch 
 
 Wholesale I )ealers 
 
 and 
 
 Manufacturers' Agents 
 
 riting Papers 
 
 OF EVKKV DESCRIPTION 
 
 Envelopes 
 Card Boards 
 Cut Cards, etc. 
 
 Decatur Mills Engine Sized Flats 
 River Mills Engine Sized Flats 
 Commercial Mills Fine Flats 
 Linwood Extra Fine Flats 
 Lenox Superfiue Flats 
 
 No. 13 Decatur Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Reliance Linen Ledger 
 
 Byron Weston Liuen Ledger 
 
 L. L. Brown's Linen Ledger 
 Parson's Bond Paper 
 
 Agawam Bond Paper 
 
 CARD BOARDS 
 
 188 
 
 ' U. S." Linen Paper 
 Maltese Linen Paper 
 
 Tinted, Wove and I«aid 
 F'lats for Checks and 
 Commercial Work 
 
 Type- Writing Papers 
 
BsAllison Manufa6luring Q. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Railroad prelght Q^ars 
 
 Wrought Iron Lapwelded Boiler Tubes 
 
 For Locomotive, Marine and Stationary Boilers 
 
 Wrought Iron Pipe of Superior Quality 
 
 For Steam, Qas and Water 
 WROUGHT IRON ARTESIAN, SALT, OIL AND QAS WELL TUBINQ AND CASINO 
 
 Drive Pipe, screwed with Allison Patent Vanishing Thread 
 
 ALSO 
 
 Fittings for Wrought Iron Pipe 
 
 parr & Bailey Mfg. Co. 
 
 ALL 
 WIDTHS 
 
 AND 
 GRADES 
 
 LAROB 
 AND 
 
 ELEGANT 
 
 LINE 
 
 OF 
 
 PATTERNS 
 
 MANI'I- ACTTRERS OF 
 
 FLOOR 
 
 OIL 
 CLOTH 
 
 RUG, STAIR AND CARRIAOK OIL CLOTH 
 
 OFFICK AND WORKS 
 
 Seventh Street and Kaighn Avenue 
 
 CAMDEN, N. J. 
 
 POTTER, LINSLEY & PEARSON 
 
 Relling Agents for New York and New l-'nglnnd State* 
 
 88 White Street, New York 
 
 FAYETTE R. PLUMB 
 
 MANUFACTTRER OF 
 
 HAMMERS - EDGE TOOLS 
 BLACKSMITHS' 
 MINERS' 
 
 AND 
 
 RAIL TRACK 
 
 SLEDQES 
 
 PICKS 
 riATTOCKS 
 
 Tools 
 
 QRUB HOES 
 ETC. 
 
 Main mflce and Woriu 
 Pennsylvania Railroad, Tucker and James Streets 
 
 FRANKFORD 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. 
 
 189 
 
DIRT 
 
 ISAM ACCOMPANIMENT TO ART 
 
 SO IS LUCAS PAINT 
 
 TRY IT 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 LUCAS RAINT 
 
 THE BEST FOR 
 
 PRESERVING & BEAUTIFYING 
 
 NO WATER NO BENZINE 
 
 BUT PURE OIL AND 
 
 PERMANENT PIGMENT 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 PAINT FOR FACTORIES 
 
 JOHN LUG AS *^° 
 
 VARNISH FOR FACTORIES 
 
 QIBBSBORO, N. J. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 WANT ED 
 
 YOUR JUDGMENT ON 
 LUCAS PAINTS 
 
 LUCAS COLORS 
 
 LUCAS VARNISH 
 
 A GOO D AD. 
 
 A STORE PAINTED WITH 
 
 LUCAS PAINT. 
 
 IT PRESERVES IT BEAUTIFIES 
 
 ITWILL CATCHTHE EYE 
 
 FLAT ROCK MILLS 
 
 MANAYCNK, I'A. 
 
 CITY MILLS 
 
 24th and Vine Streets 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Martin # Wm. H, Nixon Paper Co. 
 
 M 
 
 anMrachirer«; of- 
 
 
 4^* 4?* W^« «"<< 
 
 riachine Finished 
 
 Book papers 
 
 
 nud 
 
 Grocers' paper Dags 
 
 I'or sale 1>\- dealers ■ 
 
 190 
 
"Rusiness Establislied in 1^57 
 
 arrett & Buchanan 
 
 ""* r ciper dealers 
 
 ANI» MANfFAC TL'R tRS OF 
 
 Tissue 
 
 Heavy Hanilla 3 "^^ 5 U^^^^^^ ^^• 
 
 nd Wrapping Papers 
 
 ^^^^_^^_^_^^.^.^.^ in Rolls and Sheets 
 
 ALSO 
 
 WAXED PAPERS OF ALL KINDS 
 
 This firm is especially progressive and representative, in the truest and best sense, of the Philadelphia houses 
 engaged in handling tissue, heavy manilla and wrapping papers of all kinds, in roll and sheet ; also, waxed papers. 
 This firm controls the products of three Pennsylvania paper mills, and their ripened experience with all that 
 relates to the paper trade, cither in its technical or commercial branches and in connection with every kind and 
 grade, adapted to whatsoever purpose, has served to give them a deservedly high prestige throughout tlie country. 
 The business was established in 1857, by Mr. C. S. Garrett, who was succeeded in 1S64 by the firm of C. S. 
 Garrett & Bro., who in turn gave place to the firm of C. S. Garrett, Bro. & Co., in 1S73, and in 1S76 the present 
 firm was organized by Messrs. Sylvester Garrett and Alex. S. Buchanan. The business premises comprise two 
 
 buildings, containing four floors and a basement, 40x60 feet each, with an additional floor on Market street, 
 thus giving ample accommodations for supplying the most extensive demand. The partners are possessed of a 
 very thorough and varsatile knowledge of the qualities and kinds of paper manufactured and of their market values. 
 They have moreover the advantage of an extensive connection with mills, and are In a position to offer special 
 inducements to business men. Favored by this and their own energy and persistent application, as well as their 
 earnest endeavor to supply exactly what their patrons require, they have built up a widespread and influential 
 connection not only in all parts of the United States, but also in Australia, while the same is developing naturally 
 in appreciation of the honorable system of business pursued A corps of talented salesmen represent the interests 
 of the house upon the road, and all orders receive immediate and careful attention. 
 
 'Y^liomas potter, gons & Qo. 
 
 INCORPORATF.n 
 
 MANVKACTl'RKRS OP 
 
 Cloth 
 
 Linoleum 
 
 Philadelphia New York 
 
 192 
 
John Maneely 
 
 rought Iron Pipe 
 
 T'f>N 
 
 Valves, Fitting's, etc. 
 
 Sole Agent for A. M. BvERS & Cos WROUGHT IRON I'IPK 
 
 Sole Agent for National Hardware & Malleable Iron Cos FITTIXC.S 
 
 ''Keystone'' Radiators 
 
 309 A 
 
 3V3 rYrcli 
 
 Street 
 
 Pliiladelpliia 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1855 
 
 od ley's Ctorage \\/^ "^houses 
 
 Telephone 3246 
 
 Bonded and Free Storage 
 Negotiable Receipts Issued 
 
 Member ()f American Warehousemen's Association 
 
 (■ranite Street — V. S. Bonded Stores 
 
 Arg\-le Stores 
 
 Queen Street Stores 
 
 '" 
 
 '"^^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 iJBIfe' 
 
 / 
 
 > 
 
 j 
 
 « ':0 
 
 Philip Qodley 
 
 Proprietor 
 Office: DOCK AND GRANITE STREETS 
 
 PHILADlCl.l'HlA 
 
 193 
 
He ROY & Co. 
 
 MANIFACTTRERS OF 
 
 frencli Looking-Glass Plates 
 
 >^ ]>l;iin and t)fvele<l 
 
 927 Arch Street Philadelphia 
 
 Importers of 
 
 Plate Glass a„d ^.1^ H. E. SEALEV 
 
 ^27jt t^^^ Manager 
 
 French Window Glass 
 
 ALLEN t. MrDDI.ETON 
 
 WAI.TKR D, CRISCOM 
 
 LiiifiJ^CDlLiiCa'j 
 
 <'':'T,-^-" 
 
 ffiUMJj; Pill f A 
 
 MODERATE RATES 
 
 NO SUBSCRIPTION FEE 
 
 4^3, 435. 437 CHESTNUT STREET 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 HAVING BRANCH OFFICES 
 and connections in ever>- City and County in the United States, and in all Foreign Business Centres, 
 we are equipped to handle Collections an<l Lethal Business of every description in any locality 
 
 Law Department 
 
 TITLES IvXAMINEIJ 
 
 • • • 
 
 CASF;S I'ROSFXrTKD IN Cn'II. and CKIMINAI. COfRTS 
 
 CORPORATION AND INSl'RANCK LAW 
 
 LEGAL DOCUMENTS PREFARKD 
 
 DEPOSITIONS TAKECN 
 
 ESTATES SETTLED LEGAL ADVICE 
 
 F 
 
 igfures— Not Talk 
 
 -Office of 
 
 THE CALL, 
 
 26 South Seventh Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, May 15, 1893 
 
 The CALI/ is sold by nearly 500 newsboys, .jno newsdealers, and is <lelivered to residences by 30 carriers. 
 Nine delivery wagons, besides special messengers, are required daily for the delivery of THE CALL'S 
 bundles to customers. 
 
 A FEW SPECIMEN DAILY SALES OF THE CALL. BY ONLY TWENTY-EIGHT NEW5DEALERS AND NEWSBOYS 
 
 Rroad Street Station f i stands) 
 
 Charles G. Ivins, 4th and Girard av 
 
 John Foley, i Markft st. . . 
 
 Smith, 203 Cumberland . 
 
 I. F. Stet^er, Gloucestt-r, X. J. 
 
 A. Hilt, kidge Avenue Cais 
 
 -N'inlh and Green Dt-pot . . . 
 
 J. I'aul, 8oq Green st. 
 
 Stand in Market Street Ferry 
 
 Depot at 31st and Chestnut. 
 
 >pTi-:s 
 
 1039 
 
 - 825 
 
 . 610 
 
 . IQO 
 
 ■ 4c)" 
 
 ■ 5^S 
 . 1511 
 
 . 180 
 
 ■ M5 
 
 I> J La Rue, 33d and Marktt 19.1 
 
 John Donnell\-, blind man, ea'^t end of 
 
 I'ublic Buildings 125 
 
 Depot, Twelfth and Market 360 
 
 B. J. McConnell, slh and Market .... 165 
 
 J. Aufeiibeider, 3d and Walnut 175 
 
 J. Cavanaugh, -^d and Walnut lio 
 
 ^' Dutch Willie," 6th and Walnut .... 175 
 
 J. Gill, 9th and Chestnut 185 
 
 Three colored boys at 13th and Chestuut. 345 
 
 COPIES 
 , . 125 
 
 E. J. King. S4nS. 2d st , 
 
 A. Watkins, 6th and Chestnut .... 
 
 L. Ran, 7th and Chestnut 13S 
 
 J. Ran, qth and Arch 140 
 
 Camden, Market st 14" 
 
 Camden, Federal st. 141* 
 
 Watkins, 3d and Market 15" 
 
 Winnemore, 4th and Market 130 
 
 Sexton, Front and South. 380 
 
 ROBERT S. DAVIS, Proprietor 
 
 194 
 
*, 
 
 v^^ 
 
 V 4'^^ 
 
 hti 
 
 I 'l'>, 
 
 
 
 mi IIBI •^ ' \ 
 
 mW 1 EE 5 
 
 mf. i KtJ "i 
 
 ■^>fe. 
 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 ^' 
 
 1 Xr:''-!j5/ 
 
 Oxford 
 
 T elephoiie 1670 
 
 Bindery 
 
 529, 531 Arch Street 
 
 524, 526, 528 Cherry Street 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Perforating and Eyeletting 
 Pamphlet and Book Work 
 Blank and Cloth Work 
 Paper Ruling, Etc. 
 
 FREDERICK SHIELDS 
 
 Proprietor 
 
 P 
 
 Ihe 
 
 Only 
 
 
 
 
 ertect 
 
 Sys 
 
 ,tem 
 
 
 
 
 FOR FILING AND 
 REAUV REFERENCE 
 
 TO 
 
 Letters 
 Bills, 
 Receipt 
 is the 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 St 
 
 la 
 
 r 
 
 THE 
 
 Rapid Roller Copier 
 
 SHOULlJ HE SEEN 
 
 TO BE APPRECIATED 
 
 OFFICE FURNITURE 
 
 in Wood or Metal 
 
 5end for Complete Catalogue to 
 
 OFFICE SPECIALTY MFG. CO. 
 
 No. 30 S. Third Street, Philadelphia 
 
 •95 
 
^offin, ^Itemus & ^o. 
 
 Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, Boston 
 
 Dry Goods Commission Merchants 
 
 Agents for 
 
 Farr Alpaca Co. Dress Goods 
 Washington Prints Glasgow Company 
 
 Barnaby Mfg. Co. Fine Zephyr Ginghams 
 Williamsville Mfg. Co. Davol Mills 
 
 Slater Cotton Co. .Monohansett Mfg. Co. 
 
 Powhatan Mills Elinwood Mills 
 
 Centreville Mills Hamlet Mills 
 
 Forestdale Mfg. Co. 
 H. S. Henry Flannels and Cassimeres 
 Pembroke Wide Sheetings 
 
 Sevill Schotield vV Co. Blankets 
 
 Wm. Boekel 
 
 J. BOEEEL 
 
 \Ym. goekel & Qo. 
 
 Tk/fanufacturers 
 
 fletal Goods 
 rietal Spinners 
 
 PLUMBERS' GOODS 
 
 CHEMICAL APPARATUS 
 SURGICAL GOODS 
 
 BRASS RAILINGS and 
 
 STORE WINDOW FIXTURES 
 
 N 
 
 o. CIO Vine Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 Telephone No. lOiz 
 
 CharlCvS Beck 
 Paper Co., Limited 
 
 Sole .Agents in 
 
 United States for 
 
 BREHMER BROS. 
 
 \\ MK 1.1. K KNOWN'FD 
 
 "Wire Stitcliinj>: Machines 
 
 Manufacturers and Importers of 
 
 SURFACE COATED 
 
 and FANCY 
 
 f Dapers 
 
 /ARDS A 
 
 ND C 
 
 ARDBOARDS 
 
 Machinery for 
 Paper Box Makers, Bookbinders* Printers 
 
 6oq Chestnut Street 
 604, 606, 60S, 610 Jayne Street 
 
 Cuble Address 
 
 ■ PACIFIC, PHILADA. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 Telephone Connection 
 
 196 
 
 No. s8 Brehmer Wire Stitcher. 
 
i: o 
 
 (J B 
 
 If'"" 
 
 £ r 
 
 Si ^ 
 u ^ 
 
 n o 
 O t» 
 
 o 
 
 £ 
 
 a. 
 
 _D. 
 
 "3 
 
 
 t/5 
 
 o 
 z 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 
 UJ 
 
hos. H. Parks 
 
 1432 South Penn Square 
 
 and 
 
 Eighteenth and Diamond Streets 
 
 \ '■ 
 
 Builder 
 
 Real Estate Operator 
 '•'■' groker. 
 
 • • • 
 
 ionve 
 
 onveyancer 
 
 Notary Public 
 
 TRANSACTS A GENERAL REAL ESTATE BUSINESS 
 
 T^egotiates 
 
 MORTGAGES 
 
 TITLE and 
 
 FIRE INSURANCE 
 
 TAKES ENTIRE CHARGE OE ESTATES 
 
 198 
 
arl Qriibnau 
 
 I mporter of_ 
 
 Wool^Hai 
 
 D 
 
 46 
 
 North Front Street 
 
 -X hiladelphia, Pa.- 
 
 IKKCT CONNECTIONS IN AI.I. 
 PARTS OF THE WORLD 
 
 Correspondence Solicited 
 
 Cable Address 
 
 GruBNAU, tlLADELFIA 
 
 199 
 
/^^harles Denneler an^ Son 
 
 Offer their FIRST-CLASS SEAL GAR- X ^^L,^^ '^l I 1 T" I I i I ^ 
 
 MENTS as well as other FINE FURS, "^ p^',' L.;.>r#/ Vv' *^-*- -*" -l^V^-1- "^--^ 
 
 reproduced in the most artistic style, 
 after the latest TARIS and LONDON 
 
 ^Fashions 
 
 N. W. Corner Eleventh and Sansom Streets 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 eo. E. Hoffman 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Cotton 
 Waste 
 
 and 
 
 248 Chestnut Street 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
< 
 
 <! 
 
 W 
 
Geo. W. Weikel, President 
 Theop. H. Smith, Treasurer 
 Geo. H. Weikel. Superintendent 
 Wm. D. Weikel, Asst. Superintendent 
 
 directors 
 Geo. W. Weikel Henry E. Smyser 
 Wm. Patton _ 
 
 Weikel & 3mith 3pice Co. 
 
 (Established 1850. Incorporated 1S6S) 
 
 139 to 137 N. Front St., Philadelphia, U. S. A. 
 
 Importers, Qrinders and Manufacturers of 
 
 SPICES, MUSTARD 
 
 AND 
 
 GROCERS' SPECIALTIES 
 
 For which we have established and maintained a reputation for Purity and Strength 
 
 ONE OF OUR SPECIALTIES IS 
 
 THE ONLY MEDALS AWARDED FOR 
 
 Pure^^— 
 
 ]Vlustard ^ gpices 
 
 BY THE UNITED STATES 
 
 CENTENNIAL COMMISSION IN 1876 
 
 WERE TO US 
 
 BOHSEMEEn 
 
 which has been adopted as our " Trade Mark." 
 translated into English, means as follows : — Boh- 
 sera is spice; Bohsemeeni, plural, is spices; to 
 which word we add the English definition and 
 ipiaUfy it by the words, the Best and Purest. 
 
 B 
 
 ohsemeem 
 
 5pices 
 
 THE BEST 
 #4 PUREST . 
 
 i-- copyrighted, and protected by U. S. Letters 
 Patent, and are never sold in bulk, only in pack- 
 ages, cans and bottles of from i oz. to i lb., under 
 our trade mark and with our name on each 
 package. 
 
 Registered Tradb Mark 
 
 1850. The firm of Hummel, Bohler & Co. was established in Phila- 
 
 delphia by George Hummel and Daniel Bohler for the 
 manufacture of George Hummel's Essence of Cofllee. 
 
 1851. September. Geo. W. Weikel was employed as clerk by the 
 
 above-named firm, then situated at No. 21S (afterwards 
 changed to No. 612) Callowhill Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 1851, November. The firm of Hummel, Bohler & Co. dissolved, and 
 
 Daniel Bohler continued the busiuess under the firm name 
 of D. Bohler & Co. 
 
 1856. July. The firm of D. Bohler & Co.. succeeded by Bohler & 
 Tomson. 
 
 '^57- Jidy. Bohler & Tomson succeeded by Bohler, Tomson ^S: 
 Weikel, and removed fiom No. 612 Callowhill Street to 
 No. 248 N. Third Street. 
 
 i860. July. The firm of Bohler, Tomson it Weikel dissolved. 
 Daniel Bohler and Geo. W. Weikel continue under 
 firm name of Bohler & Weikel, at No. 127 N. Third Street. 
 
 1861. March. Purchased stock of Graver & Brother, Manufacturers 
 of Mustard and Spices, and removed business to their 
 address, Nos. 205 and 207 North Front Street. 
 
 1863. January. Dissolution of firm of Bohler & Weikel ; continued 
 under name of Daniel Bohler — Geo.W. Weikel superintend- 
 ing the business ; also removed to No. 114 North Third St. 
 
 1865. October. Theop. H.Smith employed as clerk. 
 
 1866. December. Purchased property Nos. 133, 135 and 137 North 
 
 Front Street by Daniel Bohler and Geo. W. Weikel. 
 
 1806. December 27. Daniel Bohler died. 
 
 1867. Januar\". Succeeded by Geo. W. Weikel. During the month 
 admitted Theop. H. Smith as partner, and changed the 
 firm name to Geo. W. Weikel & Co. About two months 
 later admitted John L. Laird as special partner, and 
 changed the firm name to Geo. W. Weikel & Smith. 
 Towards the close of the year removed from No. 114 North 
 Third Street to Nos. 133, 135 and 137 North Front Street. 
 
 1867. December. Organized a Stock Company under the name of 
 the Weikel & Smith Spice Co. Capital, $100 ,Aoo. Directors: 
 Geo. W. Weikel, Theop. H. Smith, John L- Laird, 
 Wm. R. Hart, S. P. Mockridge. Officers : Geo. W. 
 Weikel, President and Superintendent ; Theop. H. Smith, 
 Assistant Superintendent; E. T. Mockridge, Clerk and 
 Treasurer. 
 
 i8ftH. January. Incorporated. 
 
 (869. June. E. T. Mockridge resigned, and Theop, II, Smith 
 elected clerk and treasurer. 
 
 1S69. July. Henry E. Smyser elected assistant superintendent. 
 
 186Q. September 12. Large fire; almost total destruction of build- 
 ing, etc. Insured, and loss adjusted amounting to $21,000. 
 
 1872. March 29. Visited by another large fire. Insured, and loss 
 adjusted amounting to $26,000. 
 
 1880. March. Bought out business of A. M. Purves & Co., suc- 
 
 cessors to C. J. Fell & Bro. ; also balance of their lease 
 on factory 222 and 224 Carter's Alley. 
 
 1881. February. Factory in Carter Street destroyed by fire; total 
 
 destruction. Insured, and loss adjusted amounting to $5500. 
 
 1892. February 15. Geo. H. Weikel elected superintendent and 
 
 William D. Weikel elected assistant su])erintendent. 
 
 1893. March 31. Large fire in building Nos. 133, 135 and 137 North 
 
 Front Street. Insured; loss adjusted amounting to 
 $11,333-88 on building and contents. 
 
JOHN" n. AVIL, PRESIDENT 
 HARRY S. SMITH, VICE-PRES. 
 FRANK S. HOLBY, TREASURE 
 CHAS. H. CLARKE, SECRETARY 
 
 ur Work and Prices 
 
 SPEAK 
 
 FOR 
 
 THEMSELVES 
 
 -We have the largest and mo^t complete Book iiud Jolt PrilllillJ^ Phlllt 
 ou this Contiueut. 
 
 NOTHING 
 
 TOO 
 
 S 
 
 L 
 
 n 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 R 
 
 L 
 
 Q 
 
 L 
 
 E 
 
 FOR 
 
 us 
 
 Ot'R KACir.ITIES ARE 
 
 Floor space occni>ietl, kiS/kri square feet — nearly three 
 
 acres. 
 Eight floors in building. 
 Six large lithograph i>resses. 
 Ten wire stitching machines. 
 One line of twenty standing presses. 
 Twenty-five steam folding machines. 
 ICighleen steam book sewing machines. 
 Ten large steam paper cutting machines. 
 All other modern book -binders* machinery in proportion 
 Forty-eight steam printing and lithographinij presses 
 Three himdred and fifty employees. 
 Complete steam-power printing ink works. 
 Twenty-five lithograph artists, best in the country. 
 Two fire -proof vaults 20x30 feet, for storing hook 
 
 plates. 
 Over 1000 different fonts of type, some fonts containing 
 
 as high as three tons. 
 I'lates made in German, French, Hebrew, Spanish, 
 
 Swedish and Portugutse languages. 
 Complete electrotype and stereot\pe foundry , fully 
 
 equipped with all the latest improved machiner>-. 
 
 We combine under 
 
 one roof^ 
 
 Job Printing, 
 
 Manufacture of Books in every detail, 
 
 ■fypc-setting, 
 
 F;iectrotypiiig, 
 
 Lithographing, 
 
 Designing, 
 
 F^ngraving, 
 
 Plio to-engraving. 
 
 Book-binding. 
 
 Vll Printing G 
 
 3941 = 43 = 45 Market Street 
 3944"46=48"5o=52-54 = 56 Filbert Street 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Just sixteen raimites westward 
 from City Hall. 
 
 U. S. A. 
 
 Your orders solicited 
 
hoemaker & Busch 
 
 SUCCESSORS l< 
 
 Roller & Shoemaker. 
 
 DruQ"i2ists 
 
 IMPORTERS and WHOLESALJ' 
 
 602 Arch Street 
 
 ONE of the foremost of the younger firms of Phik^- 
 delphia is the house of Shoemaker & Busch, 
 composed of Messrs. Ckiytou F. Shoemaker, and 
 Miers Busch, located at 602 Arch Street, and 
 concUicting tlie business of Wholesale Druggists and dealers 
 in Drugs, Chemicals, Paints, Dyes, Glass, Varnishes, Patent 
 Medicine.; and Druggists' Sundries. 
 
 The present firm was founded April 13th, i.Sy2, suc- 
 ceeding Messrs. Roller & Shoemaker, which was reorgan- 
 ized in 1S85. Prior to that year Mr. Shoemaker had been 
 connected with French, Richards & Company for about 
 twenty years. Mr. Busch graduated in 1S.S5 from the 
 Wharton School of the University of Peimsylvania, and 
 entering the service of this house soon afterward became 
 a member of the firm in 1888. Entering boldly upon a 
 field already long hedged with active competition lietween 
 long established houses, and essaying to supply promptly 
 any aytd cverv article rrqiiirai by the retail drugo^ist, this 
 energetic firm has, by intelligent and unremitting effort, 
 increased its business far in advance of the most sanguine 
 expectations. The trade of Messrs. Shoemaker & Busch 
 is chiefly outside of the city, in adjoining counties, and 
 through Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware; 
 its Southern trade extends as for as Texas. 
 
 This house is proprietor of the following well-known 
 remedies : 
 
 HASSON'S HEDAKUR 
 
 YANKEE FLY PAPER 
 
 MOXEY'S CEREALINA 
 
 WRIGHT'S LIVER FILLS ^^^^^^^^^^g^g^^B 
 
 CHINESE HEADACHE CURE 
 
 BEAN'S ROOT BEER EXTRACT THC 
 
 BENNETT'S ELECTRIC LINIMENT 
 
 HASSON'S COMPOUND SYRUP OF TAR 
 
 CLYMER'S HORSE AND CATTLE POWDER 
 
 DR. W. A. COX'S SANTONINE WORM SYRUP 
 
 DR. W. A. COX'S DIARRHCEA & DYSENTERY REMEDY 
 
 5 
 
 undry 
 department 
 
 is an important branch, and is 
 probably the best of its kind in 
 the City. In this department, 
 and in some others, the firm 
 imports all the foreign made 
 goods ■ 
 
 602 Arch Street 
 
 1 204 
 
 pH 
 
 ILADELPHIA 
 
The S. S. White 
 
 Dental Mfg. Co. 
 
 M.\NrF.\CTURER 
 K.XPORTER AND 
 IMPORTER OK 
 
 Dentists' 
 
 4k 
 
 nphe Best is the 
 ^ Cheapest" 
 
 Supplies 
 
 L'K I'KOUl-CTS EMBRACE EVERY .ARTICLE USED BY THE DENTIST IN HIS 
 
 BUSINESS EVERY ARTICLE MADE BV US IS THE STANDARD OF 
 
 QUALITY OUR GOODS ARE SOLD BY REPUTABLE DEALERS I.N 
 
 DENTISTS' SUPPLIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. 
 
 B 
 
 ranches 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 BROOKLYN 
 
 ATLANTA 
 
 incipal LJepot 
 
 D. 
 
 Chestnut Street 
 Corner Twelfth 
 
 P 
 
 hiladelphia 
 
 205 
 
EDWARD W. WOOLHAN Philadelphia picliling Qo. 
 
 Milk 
 
 C/ream 
 Dutter 
 
 Received fresh daily from Dairies situated in 
 Delaware, Chester, Montgomery 
 and Lancaster Counties. 
 
 ANALYTICAL AND VETERINARY 
 SUPERVISION 
 
 'T^elephone Connectio 
 iif^, \V. Pa. 
 
 Office, 44 North 38th St. 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Orders taken Iiv drivers of delivery wag 
 
 Manufacturers, I'ackers, Importers and Exporters of 
 
 ALI, KINDS OF 
 
 d 
 
 Table delicacies 
 
 Sauces (four grades) 
 
 Mustard (five grades) 
 
 Olives (all grades) 
 
 Capres {all grades^ 
 
 Chow Chow 
 
 Mixed I'ickles 
 
 Freiicli Pickellette 
 
 Onions (White Silver Skin) 
 
 Cauliflower (in every style) 
 
 Sour Kraut (Imp'd and Domestici 
 
 Pickles (Sweet and Sour) 
 
 Salad Oils (of all kinds) 
 
 Salad Dressings 
 
 East India Chili Sauce 
 
 California Honey, (strained) 
 East India Chutney 
 Preserved E- L Tamarinds 
 Mushroom Catsup 
 Tomato Catsup 
 Walnut Catsup 
 lalt Cider and 
 
 White W'ine Vinegar 
 Pickled Walnuts 
 Lime Juice 
 Extracts (all flavors) 
 India Curry Powder 
 Cooking Herbs 
 Etc., etc., etc. 
 
 OFFICE AND SALESROOM 
 
 202 and 264 SOUTH SECOND STREET 
 
 lfi\e doors above Spruce Street) 
 and 
 
 265 LEVANT STREET 
 
 Send for latest 
 
 Illustrated Price List 
 
 Dhiladelphia 
 
 TELEPHONE 3337 
 
 arl F. Lauber 
 
 • «i 
 
 904 Filbert Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 206 
 
D 
 
 reer s 
 
 Seeds 
 
 For the Farm and Garden 
 
 THE QUALITY IS THK l-'IRST CONSIDKKATION SI-;CT'KH1) HV ■I'HK 
 MOST CAREFVL SKI.KCTIOX 
 
 THE PRICES THE LOWEST CONSISTENT WITH STEKLIM'. Ml'KIT 
 
 VEGETABLE 
 
 FLOWER and 
 
 FIELD 
 
 SEEDS 
 
 D 
 
 REER'S Garden Calendar, issued in January of every year, 
 is the most complete guide to tlie successful cultiva- 
 tion of the Garden or Farm. Distributed gratuitously. 
 
 PLANTS, BULBS, 5MALL FRUITS 
 
 AND 
 
 EVERYTHING FOR THE GARDEN 
 
 H 
 
 enry 
 
 A. D 
 
 reer 
 
 Established 1838 
 
 Incorporated 1892 
 
 714 Chestnut St 
 
 ., Phihi 
 
 iladelphia 
 
 ■t^k^ 
 
 Supplee 
 Hardware Company 
 
 503 Market Street 
 
 4 and 6 N. Fifth Street 
 
 I'HOROUGHLY important aud representative establishintut in Philadelphia, and one which materially adds 
 to its facilities as the best purchasing point in the fnited States, is that of the Supplee Hardware 
 Company, located at Nos. 503 Market Street and 4 and 6 North I-'ifth Street. This company are 
 manufacturers, importers and dealers in Shelf Hardware in all its varieties, and have recently issued 
 an illustrated Catalogue of over 1400 pages, with nearly 6coo illustrations, which they furnish to 
 their trade gratuitously. The size of this hook is 13K x ii!4 inches, weight 16 pounds, and embraces 
 Locks, Latches, all kinds of Builders' Hardware, Mechanic aud Edge Tools, Bolts, Screws, Cutlery, 
 Plated Ware, House Furnishing Goods, and Miscellaneous Hardware of every description. The prem- 
 ises occupied for trade purposes comprise five floors and a basement, with eutrauces on both Market 
 and Fifth Streets; besides additional warehouses used by the firm. Here is. emphatically, a vast 
 depot for Hardware, Tools and Builders' Supplies, where can at all times be found the fullest and 
 most comprehensive stock to be found in United States. Among the prominent specialties which 
 "Continental," "Quaker City," and "New Departure" Lawn Mowers, which stand ahead of all com- 
 The business qualifications of this house are of a very high order, their methods are prom|>t, honorable 
 
 they control are the " Pennsylvania, 
 petitors in this or any other country, 
 and equitable, and they have always retained the confidence and esteem of leading commercial and financial circles. 
 
 207 
 
The Guarantee Trust and Safe Deposit Company. 
 
 (DX he haiidsoine buildiug nf tlie C.uarantec Trust and Safe Deposit Company is located at 316, 318 auil 320 
 
 ♦ I Chestnut Street, in the heart of the financial quarter of the city. 
 
 -L This Company, with a capital of f 1,000, 000, undertakes the safe keeping of valuables, the leasing of 
 
 safes in its unpregnable and extensive system of burglar proof vaults, the receipt of money upon interest, 
 
 tlic execution of trusts, the collection of interest money or other income, and the management and settlement of 
 
 estates, as executor, administrator, assignee, receiver, guardian, trustee, agent or attorney. 
 
 The present officers are : 
 
 RiCH.\RD V. Cook, President. Harry J. DEL.A.NY, Treasurer. 
 
 Georck H. Eari.k, Jr., Vice-President. JOHX Jav Gilroy, Secretary. 
 
 Richard C. Win.shih, Trust Officer. 
 
 The annual charges arc as follows : 
 
 Coupon Securities f i.oo per |i,ooo Deeds, Bonds and Mortgages, |i .00 per year, or accord- 
 
 Rcgi.stcrcd Securities . - 0.50 per 1,000 ing to bulk. In tin boxes of one .Mud a half cubic feet 
 
 Gold Coin or Bullion 1.25 per i,oon capacity, fs. 00. 
 
 Silver Coin or Bullion 2.00 per 1,000 Safes in vaults arc rented at prices varying from I9.0U 
 
 Jewclrv, Diamonds and Watclies, 2.50 per 1,000 to I125 per annum. Interest of 2 per cent, allowed on 
 
 Silverware i.oo per 100 rlcposits subject to check at sight. 
 
 STRANGERS visiting the city and having in their possession money or valualiles, will find it to tlicii 
 advantage to deposit the same for safe keeping with this Company. 
 
 Residents in the country or surrounding cities having no safe deposit facilities, wishing to deposit bonds 
 or valuables -with this Conipanv, may send them through any reliable express company, who will be responsible foi 
 their safe delivery, and obtain a certificate of deposit for the same, as may be directed. Correspondence on this 
 subject is solicited, and the most explicit infonnation will be given. It is a well known fact, that the loss of 
 such securities as Coupon Bonds is irreparable, they cannot be replaced. No recourse can be had 
 against the party issuing them, any more than for lost bank notes. If stolen and sold, the law will protect the 
 innocent holder in possession. 
 
 In Registered Securities, even, the owner is almost invariably put to considerable trouble, delay and 
 expense, and in addition required to file a bond of indemnity, with approved sureties, before recovering. 
 
 To guard against Fraud or Imposition, this Company has, by a particular mode of identification, every 
 person dealing with it, identified in the most thorough manner, before gaining access to the safes or with- 
 drawing deposits. (^ 
 
Independence 
 
 National Bank 
 
 Capital, $500,000 
 
 Surplus, $150,000 
 
 PRKSIDENT 
 
 Richard L. Austin 
 
 VICE-PRESIDENT 
 
 George W. Blabon 
 
 CASHIER 
 
 Tlieo. E. Wiedersheim 
 
 E • Q • LOCKE 
 
 MANT'FACTTRKR OK 
 
 FINE SURFACE COATED 
 
 Q lazed 
 
 Directors : 
 
 JACOB G. DeTI-RCK 
 WIIJ.IAM B. SCOTT 
 rHII.IP JAGODE 
 SIMON B. FI.EISHER 
 r,EO. FALES BAKER, M. D. 
 JOHN SAILER 
 TAMES F. SULLIVAN 
 CHARLES H. DUNGAN 
 GEORGE W. BREMER 
 CHARLES J HARRAH 
 GF:(IRGE W. BLABON 
 RICHARD L. AUSTIN 
 NICHOLAS LENNIG 
 
 aii.l 
 
 Si- Papers 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 PAPER BOX MANUFACTrRERS 
 
 LABEL PRINTERS 
 
 LITHOGRAPHERS 
 
 BOOKBINDERS 
 
 PUBLISHERS 
 
 ETC., ETC. 
 
 FACTORV \S1> OFFICE 
 
 SS and 35 Cooper St., Camden, N. J. 
 
 Telephone, "No. 236 Camden, ' 
 
 P 
 
 hiladelphia Printing Ink Works 
 
 Charles Eneu Johnson 
 & Co. 
 
 OFFICE AND WORKS 
 
 509 SOUTH TENTH STREET 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Established 1804 
 Incorporated 18S3 
 
 Branch Dfficks 
 
 47 Rose Street 
 
 New York 
 
 99 Harrison Street 
 Chicago 
 
 529 Coniniercial St. 
 San Francisco 
 
 ♦ ♦ ♦ 
 
 ALL GRADF.S OF w ^ 
 
 Typographic -^ Lithographic I n KS 
 
 VARNISHES AM) PLATE OILS 
 
 Bookbinders' Inks in all Colors 
 
 FRANK TOOMEY 
 
 iicrv 
 
 of every description. 
 
 
 131 North Third St. 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Telephone 262 
 
 Sole Ajjcut for 
 The Celebrated Baxter 
 
 KN(UNK, 
 
 Cleveland it Hardwick. 
 
 Eric Hnj^ine Works, 
 
 tnanulacturcrs of 
 
 rortable and Stationary 
 
 Kngiiies and Boilers 
 
 and 
 Columbia Compound 
 
 BOILERS, 
 Troy ^'erl^cal Engines, 
 
 Antoniatic Yacht 
 
 and Hoisting Engines, 
 
 Steam Pumps Lathes, 
 
 Planers. Shapers. 
 
 Drill Presses. Etc . Etc. 
 
 209 
 
FOURTH FLOOR 
 
 duplicate 
 stock 
 
 
 
 
 '•''"■'it/ °'"- 
 
 
 Wholesale Dry Good; 
 
 ""'ft-. „ ^"-^ 
 '°or. 
 
 Sharpless Brothers 
 
 812 and 814 Market Street, Philadelph 
 
 la 
 
 BRANCH OFFICES 
 
 NEW YORK, 78 Walker Street 
 
 PITTSBURGH, 708 Penn Avenue 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 ::-^^:T:^'^:/y^'^. 
 
 "■V. 
 
 
 CHICAGO, 175 Dearborn Street 
 CINCINNATI, Bradford Block 
 121 Post Street 
 
 FIFTH FLOOR 
 
 I'acking and Shipping 
 
 
 
 
3auquoit 5*'*^ 
 
 ilanufacturing Co. 
 
 Manufacturers of all kinds of 
 
 Silk 
 
 Fast Dye .... 
 Qrganzines 
 
 ^-m 
 
 arns 
 
 for 
 
 WOOLEN MANUFACTURERS 
 
 A SPECIALTY 
 
 (ACTORIES 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Scranton 
 
 Sauquoit 
 
 PHILADELPHIA OFFICE 
 
 Columbia Aveinif. corner Randolph Street 
 
 CHICAaO OFFICE 
 
 2_^3 and 2,^5 East Jackson Street 
 
 BO.STON OFFICE 
 
 76 Cliauiicey Street 
 
 NEW YORK AGENTS 
 
 WILLIAM RYLIv .\; CO., 54 Howard Street 
 
C 
 
 E 
 
 (A 
 
 QQ 
 
 -Rail and Water Connections- 
 
 SUPERIOR 
 
 2>i 
 
 BULLHEAD. 
 
 
 FireBrick 
 
 CUYKETORTS;!^ 
 
 WEDGE. 
 
 LARGE VARIETY OF 
 
 CIRCLE BRICK. 
 
 Blocks and Tiles. 
 
 « 
 
 •"arch skew end. 
 
 SKEW SIDE. 
 
 LARGE KEY. SMALL KtY. 
 
 -To all Parts of the World 
 
 % 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 ■a 
 
 
 -* 
 
 Jr^ irG Insurance 
 
 Hi:)R ANY AMiUXT 
 
 AT LOWEST RATK.S 
 
 Thomas 
 
 C. 
 Foster^ 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 Walnut Street 
 
 S.Twitchell & B 
 
 ro. 
 
 l.IMITF.D 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ ^ "^-225-22 
 
 / 
 
 VINE STREET 
 
 Philadei] 
 
 Iphia. 
 
 212 
 
Cable Address— BURK, Philadelphia 
 
 KSTAHLISKED 1869 
 
 William B. Hi-rk 
 Gkorce w. BrRK 
 William C. Bvrk 
 
 COFFEES 
 
 '^ 
 
 vA-LL VARIETIES AND GFIA.DES. 
 
 JAVA 
 
 MOCHA 
 
 CEYLON 
 
 AFRICAN 
 
 ARABIAN 
 
 JAMAICA 
 
 MANILLA 
 
 CELEBES 
 
 MEXICAN 
 
 TRADE LIBERIAN MARK. 
 
 SUMATRA 
 
 H O N O U R AS 
 
 SINGAPORE 
 
 HINDOSTAN 
 
 NICARAGUA 
 
 COSTA RICA 
 
 GUATEMALA 
 
 PORTO RICO 
 
 SAN DOMINGO 
 
 SAN SALVADOR 
 
 CURACOA AND CARACAS 
 
 LACUAYRA, MARACAIBO 
 
 SAVANILLA, ANGOSTURA 
 
 MARTINIQUE, GUADELOUPE 
 
 BOGOTA, BUCARAMANGA, OCANA 
 
 ECUADOR, BOLIVIAN AND PARAGUAY 
 
 RIDS, SANTOS, BAHIA AND CEARA 
 
 CAPATINEA AND MARAGOGIPE 
 
 ^STRAIGHT COFFEES ONLY.^ 
 
 145 SOUTH FRONT STREET, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A. 
 

 TEAS, 
 
 ALL VARIETIES AND GRADES. 
 
 X 
 
 AMOY 
 FOOCHOW 
 
 for'mosa 
 
 Oolong teaS 
 
 MOYUNE 
 
 HY-CHOW 
 
 SUNGLO 
 
 GrREEIN XE:/VS 
 
 OGURA 
 
 KIOTO 
 
 YAM ASH I RO 
 
 Jj%.P.A.N XEaS 
 
 KAISOW 
 
 MONING 
 
 NINGCHOW 
 
 CoiTGOxj xe:.a.S 
 
 ASSAM 
 
 CACHAR 
 
 DARJEELING 
 
 PEKOE 
 CONGOU 
 
 AND 
 
 SOUCHONG 
 
 IMPERIALS, GUNPOWDERS 
 
 TWANKAYS, HYSONS 
 
 YOUNG HYSONS AND HYSON SKIN 
 
 PEKOES. SOUCHONGS AND POUCHONGS 
 
 PAN -FIR ED, SUN-DRIED AND BASKET-FIRED 
 
 145S.FrontSt.,Philadelptiia,U.S.A. 
 
 MOORE & SINNOTT 
 
 Successors to John Gibson's Son & Co. 
 
 Established 183; 
 
 DISTILLERS OF 
 
 L)lSTILLERIES 
 
 Gibsonton 
 
 Fine Whiskevs 
 
 Westmoreland Co., Pa. 
 
 Philadelphia 
 
 214 
 
nterprise Hanufacturing 
 
 Company 
 
 The history of ihis prominent concern, since 
 its organization in iS66. fully justifies its cor 
 porate name. 
 
 It occupies extensive factories at Third and 
 Dauphin Streets, in the busiest manufacturing 
 section of Philadelphia, which are devoted to 
 the production of Patented Hardware Special- 
 
 ties. The average luimher of employees, 
 
 Si Ml ffi|B|HiPJ^^ jT^ffl ft! '" \l nearly all being skilled mechanics, is 850. 
 
 5»* Hi m IPtt^B ^l Wv 111 £ 1 1 ^^^ value of the annual product is $1,000,000, 
 
 and its numerous labor saving machines and 
 devices are in use all over the world. The 
 vai ions shops coverabout four acres of space. 
 In the development of its business, the man- 
 agement of the Company has not only im- 
 proved in the details of its goods from year 
 to year, but has created wonderfully effective 
 and ingenious machinery, also made beneath 
 their own roofs, which, working automati- 
 cally, produces from the raw metal in bars 
 and rods many of the hif^hly finished part*-, 
 thus making each piece of any given article 
 interchangeable and perfect, securing not 
 gjt -^^^ Q . - ^ - - , , ^ ^ ,^— only far greater wearing qualities than by old 
 
 3|* ^^^Ss^ /^ VnV^ .^^^r methods, but largely reducing the cost of 
 
 production, and consequently the price to the 
 buyer. In a tour of the works, the visitor 
 will admire the long ranks of these complete 
 and powerful machines eijually with the per- 
 fect system observed everywhere, from the 
 casting foundry to the paint shop, where the 
 goods receive their final touches before going to the storage department. Both metal and wood enter into the composition of many of the most 
 important articles made here, and large well equipped wood working rooms form a considerable part of the factory. 
 
 Their leading specialties are Coffee, Spice and Drug Mills, Measuring Faucets. Fruit. Wine and Jelly Presses, Meat Choppers. Sad Irons 
 and Sausage Stuffers. 
 
 The Enterprise Manufacturing Company's industry is the largest of its kind in the I'nited States, and is a notable example of the 
 success and magnitude of extent which attends the rapid development in the manufacture of small machinery for retailers and domestic 
 j!l use in this favored city. 
 
 For 5ale 
 
 by the 
 
 Hardware Trade 
 
 rife^yt;^ 
 
 
 ' \elie/fla}e5 
 
 *T>y lb? "70^^ f3Koi-oiJof7ly 
 
McCallum & McCallum 
 
 
 iVlanufacturers and 
 Uealers in. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 arpets 
 
 ^ R.UgS, Etc 
 
 IOI2 and 1014 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 
 
 I and 3 Union Square - - - NCW YorR 
 
 Lombard Building - - - - Indianapolis 
 
 N 
 
 ew Glen Echo Mills 
 
 WAYNE JUNCTION 
 
 216 
 
t- 
 
 '^^^SSESa^MJ 
 
 ♦ 
 
 { 
 
 ■if 
 
 
 Mid&ai 
 
LED '13 
 
Biddle Hardware Company 
 
 (_Kstablished in 1837; 
 
 „\VHOI,RSALK nRALKRS IN, 
 
 hardware ^ ^^ssmS^ ' gkates 
 
 Qiitlery Jjpm^:^' J^QYde^,^tc. 
 
 507 and 509 Commerce Street 
 
 and 
 
 510 and 512 North Street 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 THE Wheatland Pure Rye Whiskey Distillery, owned and operated 
 by Messrs. .Miller & Mooney, 206 and 208 South F-ront Street, 
 Philadelphia, is located at Womelsdorf, Berks County, Pa., 
 in the heart of the section famous for producinij rye 
 that yields the best and purest whiskey known. 
 The water used in connection with this 
 distillery is from a spring under the slope 
 of South Hountain, celebrated for its 
 purity, and which has made Wernersville 
 one of the great sanitariums of the country. 
 The Wheatland Distillery is one of the most 
 complete in the state, having all of the 
 latest improvements known to the trade. 
 The distiller and superintendent, fir. L. 
 H. Keiper, has had many years of ex- 
 perience, possibly more than any 
 other person in this business 
 in the state. Between 1873 
 and 1888 he was engaged in 
 making the widely - known r\t. 
 \ernon VN'hiskey. Those who desire 
 an absolutely pure article for medicinal 1^^ 
 
 purposes will find the Wheatland Whiskey J |i||cr & riOOneV 
 
 all that is claimed for it. Messrs. Miller "^ 
 
 & Mooney manufacture only one grade, 206 and 208 
 
 strictly pure rye and barley malt. Cooperage South rront Street 
 
 and storage first=class in a steam. heated bonded 
 warelK'use, built upon the rack system, which h;is no " 
 
 superior in point of completeness in this section^ 
 
 217 
 
/ 
 
 r 
 
 Q^^ M A N T- K A C T I- 
 
 MANT-KACTVRI RS CF 
 A COMTLHTK LIXH OI- MHN'S. LADIKS'. CnU.DRrXS AND TKNNIri 
 
 earn less Hosiery 
 
 In 
 
 wool, 
 
 Cl-ITTON 
 
 MEKINU 
 
 WORSTEK 
 
 in all styles and gradt-s 
 
 
 'K- 
 
 V^^'^ x^*- 
 
 Y\\^ 
 
 .V-^^ 
 
 
 o 
 
 ur Specialty is 
 
 The Beacon 
 
 Triple Elastic Knee 
 
 Fast Black Children's Hose 
 
 I:^TIMA lES r,IVKN 
 
 TO 
 
 M aNI'I-AC lirKKRS AND JOHHKRS 
 
 ON SPECIAL STYLES 
 
 rroprietors of the celebrated 
 
 Granger, Beacon Automatic Brands 
 
 A 
 
 gents_ 
 
 WILLIAM I'OWELL, 16 Thomas Street, 
 JOSEPH POWELL, 221 Fifth Avenue, 
 L. NEEBE, 33 Bedford Street, 
 JOHN M. GIVEN, 59 Ninth Aveuiic, 
 GREENEBAUM, WEIL & MICHELS, 
 
 NEW Y(1RK 
 CHICAGO, ILL. 
 BOSTON, MASS. 
 PITTSBrRGH, PA. 
 
 17 and 19 Sansome Street, SAX FRANCISCO, CAL. 
 BENJ. H. LYON, 1021 Market Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 218 
 
 W 8 6 
 
 1 
 
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