'8 
 
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 THE TEXTILE WORLD RECORD 
 KINK BOOKS 
 
 Ho. 10 
 
 Kinks for Cotton 
 Superintendents 
 
 Compiled from tho 
 
 Questions and Answers Department 
 
 of the 
 
 TEXTILE WORLD RECORD 
 
 for its subscribers only 
 
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 LORD & NAGLE COMPANY 
 
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 [Boston, Mass., U. S. A. 
 
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THE TEXTILE WORLD RECORD 
 KINK BOOKS 
 
 No. 10 
 
 Kinks for Cotton 
 Superintendents 
 
 Compiled from the 
 
 Questions and Answers Department 
 
 of the 
 
 TEXTILE WORLD RECORD 
 
 for its subscribers only 
 
 LORD & NAGLE COMPANY 
 
 Publishers 
 Boston, Mass., U. S. A. 
 

 Copyright, 1909 
 
 LORD & NAGLE COMPANY 
 
 Boston, Mass. 
 
 |0 
 
 gCI.A256059 
 
PREFACB 
 
 The editors of the Textile World Record are 
 at all times face to face with the problem of securing 
 practical information. For years its subscribers have 
 been invited to make free use of its columns in asking 
 questions relating to cotton manufacturing, and it has 
 occurred to us that if some of the most important and 
 most interesting of the practical questions that have 
 been answered were gathered together in a handy form 
 for quick reference, it would meet a wide-spread want. 
 
 This book is the result. It contains information 
 which has been supplied by manufacturers, superin- 
 tendents, and overseers from their private note books 
 and their stores of knowledge gained by experience. 
 
 Many questions are answered and much information 
 given in this book, but subscribers should remember 
 that if there is any information they desire which is 
 not given in this volume, it is their privilege to ask the 
 Questions and Answers Department of the Textile 
 World Record, and every effort will be made to pub- 
 lish the information for them provided the question 
 is one of general interest to the trade. 
 
 No effort has been made to arrange the subjects in 
 the order of precedence in manufacturing, but the 
 book is fully indexed, which should enable anyone to 
 
PREFACE 
 
 find the information he seeks in the shortest possible 
 time. 
 
 Grateful acknowledgment is due to the men who 
 have supplied the information, and if Kinks for Cotton 
 Superintendents should benefit any of the large number 
 of men for whom it is intended, both they and the 
 publishers will feel that its mission has been accom- 
 plished. 
 
 TEXTILE WORLD RECORD 
 
 Lord & Nagle Company 
 Publishers 
 
KINKS FOR 
 COTTON SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 The Cost of Starting Up a New Mill 
 
 What allowance should be made for the 
 cost of starting up a new mill on cotton goods? 
 I mean what is estimated to be the cost of 
 getting machinery in good running order. 
 
 Works (1683). 
 A most intangible but a very real expense 
 incident to the cost of a new textile mill and 
 equipment is that concerned with starting up. 
 Only after a period of several months can the 
 entire plant be brought into a condition ap- 
 proximating maximum efficiency. There are 
 wastes on every hand, not only those resulting 
 from absolute errors or slight inaccuracies in 
 the setting, but a host of minor losses — in 
 material, in power and in human effort that in 
 the aggregate mount up to a considerable sum. 
 In a recent report F. W. Dean, mill engineer 
 and architect, Boston, makes an allowance of 
 no less than $10,000 for the single item of 
 "starting up," aside from that of erecting, in 
 the case of a mill equipment costing about 
 $200,000 — an amount equivalent to 5 per cent, 
 of the total cost. During the tuning up process 
 
O KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 frictional losses in shafting, belting and ma- 
 chinery are excessive, the operatives, although 
 generally experienced, have to accommodate 
 themselves to new conditions, there are re- 
 curring breaks and stops, with a resulting excess 
 of poor work. All these combine to increase the 
 unit cost of production to an extent that should 
 not be overlooked. It has been estimated that 
 in a textile mill fully one-half of the operating 
 expense for three months should be charged as 
 the cost of starting up. 
 
 Dressing for Dyed Cotton 
 
 Please let me know what is put on dyed cotton 
 to make it run well. Philip (484). 
 
 This question, like the poor, is always with us. 
 It is best to put nothing in the cotton if it can 
 possibly be avoided. The best way is to dye 
 with the substantive or direct colors when 
 dyeing raw stock. Avoid the use of basic 
 colors or cutch unless there is some special call 
 for them; neither use the sulphur colors unless 
 there is a special demand for fastness. How- 
 ever, if colors of a harsh nature, such as cutch 
 or the sulphurs, must be used in order to get 
 a special shade or a required fastness, then wash 
 well, give three or four pounds of cotton softener 
 or the same amount of soap, and dry. If Philip 
 is using logwood to get his black, it should be 
 aged over night, washed in the morning and 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 7 
 
 then softened with three pounds of the softener 
 to one hundred pounds of stock. 
 
 Do not run the dyed colors on the cards until 
 they have regained the natural moisture lost in 
 drying. Many carders try to run dyed cotton 
 right from the dryer, and have a good deal of 
 trouble on this account. I have found that 
 dyed cotton will run better if it is not carded 
 for a week or ten days after dyeing. 
 
 In the card room there are various methods 
 used to help in the running of the cotton when 
 it is harsh or charged with electricity. Among 
 them are these : 
 
 Sprinkle the cotton with water with a broom 
 or garden sprinkler; some use steam jets set in 
 or near the card alleys, also humidifiers; some 
 carders sprinkle ammonia water in the alleys; 
 others make up 50 gallons of a solution with 
 25 pounds of Turkey red oil and the same amount 
 of Glauber's salt or common salt, and then 
 sprinkle the cotton with this before it is picked. 
 The better way, however, is to use nothing at 
 all if it can be avoided. Use only those colors 
 that leave the cotton soft; do not work the 
 cotton too long in the dyebath, and in fact, 
 leave the cotton as near its natural state as 
 possible. Some carders set the cards coarser 
 for colored cotton than for white. Baumwolle. 
 
 Combing Cotton 
 
 We have a mill among our customers making 
 12s to 24s combed yarn and have been selling 
 
8 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 them hard Southwest Georgia and Alabama 
 cotton 1 1-16 staple, fully good middling to 
 middling fair, well selected for character. They 
 say they prefer the softer North Georgia cotton, 
 as it cleans better We cannot believe combed 
 yarns can be as good made out of the soft inch 
 cotton, as they say they are taking out 20 per 
 cent, waste. Will you let us know about this? 
 
 Alabama (1086). 
 
 Generally speaking such cottons as Sea Island, 
 Egyptian, and the long-stapled upland cottons, 
 which have a soft, silky and pliable fiber, are 
 better suited for combing than cotton having a 
 hard and more brittle fiber. There is, however, 
 another point which must be taken into consider- 
 ation, namely, the length of the fibers and the 
 grade. 
 
 The count of yarn being coarse in each case, 
 and the grade and length of fiber being 1-16 of 
 an inch greater in the Alabama and Southwest 
 Georgia cottons, a grade of fully good middling 
 to middling fair should undoubtedly give a 
 good yarn. If a soft, pliable and smooth yarn 
 is required, there is no doubt that the softer 
 cotton is more desirable. There need be no 
 trouble in producing 12s to 24s yarn from 
 combed inch cotton. If a premium is paid for 
 the extra staple used in the first case, this will 
 reduce some of the extra cost of combing the 
 shorter fiber. The resultant thread will be 
 much better adapted for hosiery yarn. 
 
 Bolster. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 9 
 
 Repair Shop for Cotton Mill 
 
 We are thinking of adding a repair depart- 
 ment, and as superintendent this will at first 
 come under my direction. Not having had 
 experience in matters of this nature I would 
 appreciate any points you may give me. 
 
 Repair (1674). 
 
 I will select u mill of 28,000 spindles and 700 
 looms as a basis for my remarks. The location 
 of the shop is the first thing to be considered. 
 It is a mistake to locate it in some out of the way 
 place, in a dark corner or basement. The repair 
 shop should be given as much consideration as 
 any department of the mill. It should be easily 
 accessible to all parts of the mill and should 
 have good light and room enough to handle 
 the work properly. It may be situated in a 
 building outside of the mill as was the repair 
 shop which impressed the writer as an excellent 
 solution of the problem. The building was of 
 concrete blocks two stories in height with the 
 first floor concrete and the second floor planks 
 on steel beams. The building had a truss roof 
 covered with oiled canvas, there being no posts. 
 All of the shafting was suspended from the 
 ceiling of the first story, the machines on the 
 first floor being driven from overhead and those 
 on the second floor through the floor. The 
 blacksmith shop was at one end of the first 
 floor, separated by a concrete wall from the 
 rest of the floor, which was used for the machine 
 
lO KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 shop. The second floor was used for the car- 
 penter shop and had a room partitioned off for 
 an office for the master mechanic with a large 
 window back of the draughting table. This is 
 but one of many examples of convenient ar- 
 rangements that are possible. 
 
 If the mill is driven by electric power, an 
 independent motor is the proper thing, arrang- 
 ing the mill with connections so as to take 
 power from outside sources. This is very con- 
 venient in case the mill is not running and 
 there is no steam up. It is also a good plan 
 to have a gas or gasoline engine. In the absence 
 of this auxiliary there should be a small steam 
 engine which can be run in case of a break- 
 down. Another very convenient power ap- 
 pliance is a small dynamo for lighting the 
 repair shop in case of night work. 
 
 The machine equipment of a repair shop 
 depends largely on the equipment of the mill, 
 and as far as possible should enable the repairs 
 to be made without aid from the outside, except 
 for foundry work. Following is a list of useful 
 machines: A lathe that will handle pulleys up 
 to 60-inch diameter by 24 inch face; a shafting 
 lathe that will swing 20 feet between centers 
 with a screw cutting attachment; two engine 
 lathes, 6 feet by 16 inches, both to have screw- 
 cutting attachments and one of them to have 
 taper turning and boring attachment; a speed 
 lathe 48 inches by 12 inches; a universal milling 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS II 
 
 machine; an upright drill, or better yet a radial 
 drill; a planer 36 inches by 36 inches by 96 
 inches; a two- wheel wet emery grinder. For 
 the carpenter shop: A circular saw; a hand 
 saw; a buzz planer; a pattern maker's lathe; 
 a boring machine; and a grindstone. For the 
 piping and plumbing ; A 6-inch pipe-cutting 
 and threading machine. For the blacksmith 
 shop: A good power blower; a bolt threading 
 machine; a nut tapping machine. There are, 
 of course, other machines that under certain 
 conditions add to the economical efficiency of 
 the shop. For example, in one mill there was 
 a turret lathe, which was kept busy from 45 
 to 50 hours a week. In another mill there was 
 a turret lathe that was not running over 10 to 
 15 hours a week, in which case the machine 
 would not pay the interest on the investment. 
 The number of machinists, carpenters and 
 other help needed varies in different mills. 
 Following is an estimate : A machinist to 
 look after the card room work; one for the 
 spinning room; one for the weave shop; one 
 for the cloth room, dye house and all around 
 work; two carpenters to care for endless belts 
 and wood work; a blacksmith; a piper and an 
 all around man for helper wherever needed. 
 These make a good complement of help for a 
 mill of the size named. Canterbury. 
 
 Roller Cloth 
 
 Please advise us what 22-ounce roller cloth 
 is used for? We understand that the ordinary 
 
12 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 weight for roller cloth is 16 and 18 ounces and 
 we would like to know for what special purpose 
 the 22-ounce cloth is used. Richmond (1024). 
 
 Twenty-two ounce roller cloth is now ex- 
 tensively used on drawing frame rolls for fine, 
 long staple cotton; also on comber rolls and 
 the sliver and ribbon lap machines when used 
 on fine work. The object of using cloth of this 
 weight is to give more of a cushion to the leather 
 covering during the drawing of the thin film 
 of delicate fibers, such as are found in long 
 staple cotton. On some of the modern high 
 production combers using very wide laps, a 
 24-ounce cloth is used on the detaching rolls 
 so as to obtain a uniform and delicate grip 
 upon the fibers during the detaching operation. 
 
 Bolster. 
 
 Strength of Mercerized Yarn 
 
 Kindly inform me as to the breaking strength 
 of a combed and gassed Egyptian mercerized 
 yarn, 120 yards, skein 13^ yards, circumference 
 80 ends. The yarn has 15-16 turns per inch. 
 The yarn measures 2-102 after gassing and 
 mercerizing, and probably was not more than 
 2-94 before, but loss of weight in process brought 
 it to 2-102. Bolton (540). 
 
 This is a subject on which there seems to be 
 very little reliable information. One spinner to 
 whom the question was referred writes as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 "I do not think 8 or 10 per cent, is any too 
 much to allow for the increase of lengths or 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 1 3 
 
 count in mercerizing. A 2-80s yarn twisted in 
 the opposite direction to the twist in the single 
 yarn will appear to be a 2-88s at the end of 
 the mercerizing process, as the yarn in this proc- 
 ess is subjected to an even greater tension than 
 in the twisting operation. Very little is known 
 about the breaking strength of yarns, not mer- 
 cerized only, but all other ply yarns. The 
 breaking standard of single 80s is 24.6, but very 
 few mills keep it to this. It may break any- 
 where from 20 to 24.6 pounds. Two threads 
 of 80s should have a breaking strength of 49.2 
 pounds, but if they are twisted together their 
 strength is increased anywhere from 10 to 20 
 per cent, according to the number of turns per 
 inch. According to this idea, a 2-80s yarn 
 should break at 54 to 60 pounds. I do not 
 know that this is correct, as I have never put 
 it to the test, but am trying to find some rule 
 that will answer the purpose. Gamaliel Gaunt. 
 
 Temporary Protection for Invention 
 
 Please inform me of the best and cheapest 
 way to get temporary protection for a new 
 device. I have several improvements which I 
 would like to protect before bringing them to 
 the attention of people who might wish to buy 
 and use them. Detroit (765). 
 
 Temporary protection for a new device, before 
 patenting, can be obtained by means of a caveat. 
 A caveat is a description of an incomplete in- 
 
14 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 vention, which an inventor who desires time to 
 complete his invention may file in the patent 
 office on payment of the proper fee. It entitles 
 the inventor to notice, within one year, of the 
 filing of an application for a like invention. 
 After such notice, the inventor must file a com- 
 plete application within three months, or lose 
 the benefit of the caveat. If the subject of 
 the caveat has already been patented, it will 
 be recorded, but not further noticed. No caveat 
 should be filed if the inventor believes his in- 
 vention to be complete. The governm(^nt fee 
 for filing a caveat is $10, besides the recording 
 charge and patent attorney's charge. We 
 would advise Detroit to consult a reputable 
 patent attorney, whose services would be well 
 worth their cost in insuring protection. 
 
 Equipping a Cotton Warp Spinning Plant 
 
 I would like a list of the machinery necessary 
 to equip a cotton warp spinning plant with a 
 capacity of 500 pounds daily, the size of the 
 yarn varying from 10s to 30s; also the price 
 of the same. Benton (791). 
 
 The machinery necessary for a plant of this 
 kind will depend on how the warp yarn is to 
 be disposed of after leaving the spinning frames; 
 that is, whether on section beams, weavers' 
 beams, or on skeins, ball warps, chain warps, 
 etc. We will assume that the spinning and 
 preparatory machinery are required to put the 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 1 5 
 
 yarn on section beams ready for the slasher. 
 Five hundred pounds a day is specified and we 
 will consider 20s the average count to be spun. 
 This will require about 1,400 ring spindles, and 
 each must produce 2 1-8 pounds a spindle a 
 week; this will call for 5 frames of 280 spindles 
 each, with a one-inch front roll running at about 
 130 r. p. m. and a spindle speed of approximately 
 9,000 r. p. m. About 150 roving spindles will 
 be necessary to supply these machines. Then 
 with a 1 1-8-inch roll making 140 r. p. m. and 
 a spindle speed of 1,000 r. p. m., about 20 pounds 
 a spindle will be produced, and a 2.5 hank 
 roving could be used. 
 
 About 52 intermediate spindles will be needed 
 each producing 61 pounds of one hank roving, 
 with a front roll of 1 3-16 inches making 156 
 r. p. m., and a spindle speed of about 750 r. p. 
 m. In connection with the slubber the shortest 
 frame usually made for actual mill use is about 
 30 spindles and a frame of this length would 
 keep the plant supplied with slubber roving by 
 producing 130 pounds a spindle of .45 hank 
 slubbing. This would call for 145 r. p. m. of 
 a li<t-inch front roll, and a spindle speed of 
 approximately 500 r. p. m. The draw frames 
 could be used as one frame, having three heads 
 of five deliveries each, each producing 785 
 pounds a week, with a 2-inch calender roll 
 making about 195 r. p. m. on a sliver weighing 
 60 grains per yard. 
 
1 6 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 Using a 27-inch doffer on cards making 12 
 r. p. m. and making a 60 grain sliver, the pro- 
 duction would be about 800 pounds card a 
 week, and 5 cards could be used. 
 
 One finisher picker and one breaker picker 
 would be required and if the stock needed more 
 cleaning than the two processes would give, 
 then the finisher picker could be used as an 
 intermediate picker also and the stock passed 
 through it twice. On account of the low pro- 
 duction the finisher picker could easily fill the 
 place of the intermediate. 
 
 The first cost of so small a plant would be 
 proportionately more than if the plant were 
 three or four times larger, as there are several 
 machines required which would supply a much 
 larger plant, while the cost would be the same 
 in both cases. The cost will be about as follows : 
 
 1 breaker picker and automatic feeder $840 . 00 
 
 1 finisher picker 750 . 00 
 
 5 cards at $650.00 each 3,250 . 00 
 
 15 draw frame deliveries at $60.00 each 900 . 00 
 
 30 slubber spindles at $15.00 each .. 450.00 
 
 52 intermediate spindles at $10.75 each 559 . 00 
 
 150 roving spindles at $6.75 each . . . 1,012.50 
 
 1400 ring spindles at $3.25 each .... 4,550. 00 
 
 100 spooler spindles at $3.00 each ... 300 . 00 
 
 2 warpers at $250.00 each 500.00 
 
 $13,111.50 
 
 The power required for this machinery with 
 an allowance for shafting, etc., will be ap- 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 1 7 
 
 proximately 50 h. p., and the power plant 
 would probably cost about $2,000 to equip. 
 
 This, together with an allowance for sundry 
 supplies, belting, etc., will bring the cost to 
 about $16,500. J. T. B. 
 
 Production of Cotton Machinery 
 
 If a fine speeder or jack frame was run con- 
 tinuously for 58 hours without a stop, turning off 
 50 hanks, what per cent, of loss should be allowed 
 for dofhng, piecing up broken ends, cleaning, 
 etc. ? Hartford (989). 
 
 The percentage of efficiency usually obtained 
 from the machines in the preparation processes 
 for cotton yarn is among the most variable 
 items in the mill. On similar goods the pro- 
 duction may vary considerably, owing to the 
 conditions under which the machines are run. 
 The following, however, will give an approximate 
 percentage under average conditions: On fine 
 speeders or jack frames a production of 90 per 
 cent, is considered satisfactory when running 
 below 8 hank; from 8 to 15 hank, 92 per cent, 
 may be obtained; and over 15 hank roving 
 from 92 to 95 per cent, should be obtained 
 under good conditions. On intermediates the 
 production is usually about 90 per cent., while 
 on slubbers the weekly product will vary from 
 83 per cent, to 90 per cent, of theoretical pro- 
 duction, depending upon stock used and hank 
 slubbing being made. 
 
l8 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 Drawing frames usually give from 75 to 80 
 per cent, of possible product, and this is deter- 
 mined by the care given to setting the various 
 stop motions in addition to the quality of stock 
 being worked. 
 
 Combers will give from 90 to 95 per cent, 
 production, and the ribbon lap machine about 
 90 per cent., while the sliver lap machine is 
 considered satisfactory if 70 per cent, of the 
 theoretical production is obtained. 
 
 The cards should, under good conditions, give 
 95 per cent, production, if continuous running 
 is considered, not including time lost in grind- 
 ing and setting, but including stripping. 
 
 When making allowances for the pickers, it 
 is customary to consider 50 hours as one week's 
 work, because these machines can be made to 
 accommodate a v/ide range of work. With the 
 above allowance, the production would represent 
 from 84 to 85 per cent, of a week's possible 
 production on a basis of 100 per cent being the 
 theoretical amount for 58 hours. 
 
 In the spinning room from 93 to 95 per cent, 
 production is expected under favorable con- 
 ditions. Bolster. 
 
 "Double Spun" Cotton 
 
 What is the meaning of "Double Spun" on 
 the labels of some cotton yarn that I have seen 
 imported? Spinner (1073). 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS I9 
 
 In Lancashire the words usually imply that 
 the yarn has been rereeled and picked after 
 spinning. There are commission firms specially 
 equipped for the work who charge 2 to 4 cents 
 a pound for removing all bad ends, snarls, etc., 
 and putting good yarn into perfect condition. 
 
 Egyptus. 
 
 Effect of Sizing on Cotton Yarns 
 
 The articles on "The Sizing of Cotton Yarn" 
 in your recent issues were very instructive, 
 particularly to a new manufacturer. In this 
 connection I would like to ask what effect, if 
 any, a heavy sizing has on the strength and 
 elasticity of cotton yarn. If they are affected 
 by the sizing, naturally the oftener a break 
 would occur on any machine using such yarn. 
 I would like to know what increase in weight 
 there could be without in any way affecting the 
 quality of the yarn. Ogden (837). 
 
 Heavy sizing undoubtedly has an effect on 
 the strength and elasticity (or more correctly 
 speaking, pliability) of yarns. 
 
 How much difference it makes depends on : 
 1. The percentage of size which is put on the 
 yarn. 2. The kind of "feel" required in the 
 woven cloth. 
 
 It is not usual to size yarn heavily, that is 
 over 36s to 40s counts. The percentage of size 
 put on the yarn will make it weave badly when 
 it becomes excessive. Yarns below and up to 
 32s counts can be sized up to about 80 per cent. 
 
20 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 without making an appreciable difference in the 
 weaving, providing the size has been made with 
 the simple object of increasing the weight and 
 obtaining good weaving results. After 80 per 
 cent, there begins to be an appreciable difference. 
 This difference is accentuated with every in- 
 crease in weight. When 150 per cent, has been 
 reached the yarn will break far oftener than 
 where there is 80 per cent., no matter how the 
 size is made, or treated. 
 
 At the same time it must be pointed out that 
 anyone trying to put 80 per cent, of size on the 
 yarn would require to have a mixing where the 
 various ingredients are nicely balanced to get 
 good results. Otherwise the weaving would 
 suffer. If the size contained too much starchy 
 matter, or was short of softeners, the yarn 
 would be harsh and brittle. If the proportion 
 of chloride of magnesium was deficient, or in 
 excess, the yarn would be too dry or too damp. 
 Again a well-balanced mixing might easily be 
 spoiled by not being sufficiently well boiled. 
 If the yarn is overdried after the size has been 
 applied bad results will follow in the process 
 of weaving. 
 
 The feel required in the woven cloth is the 
 factor which may make the greatest difference 
 in the weaving of heavily sized yarns. There 
 are certain makes of sized cloths of which the 
 buyer judges the value by its feel. The feel is 
 ascertained by taking the cloth between the 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 21 
 
 thumb and fingers and drawing them along the 
 cloth. Some buyers require a leathery feel; 
 others a boardy feel. Sometimes a hard, harsh 
 feel is wanted. 
 
 A doth meeting the buyer's requirements in 
 feel will always sell for a higher price than one 
 made to the same particulars in regard to width, 
 length, picks per inch, counts of yarn, and 
 weight of piece, but not having the desired feel. 
 To obtain feels that are foreign to the nature of 
 cotton yarns means using ingredients that, 
 though they give the desired result, are not 
 good weaving ingredients. 
 
 I have known cases where it was practically 
 an impossibility to make yarn with 70 per cent 
 of size weave as well as other yarns with 140 
 per cent. Both were made from the same yarns 
 and to the same particulars. The difference in 
 the weaving has been solely due to the feel 
 required in the woven cloths. It may be taken 
 as an axiom that the harder or rougher a cloth 
 feels the worse it will weave. The softer (pro- 
 viding it is not too soft) and smoother the feel, 
 the better the yarn will weave. Dusty yarns 
 will also weave better than yarns free from 
 dust. Yet soft, pliable, dusty cloths would 
 not obtain repeat orders in the sized cloth mar- 
 ket. To obtain repeat orders and high prices 
 every effort must be made to suit the buyer's 
 requirements, and this means sacrificing other 
 things at times. F, Scarisbrick. 
 
22 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 English Cotton Checks 
 
 I am much interested in your September 
 article, Textiles in Yorkshire. We manu- 
 facture fancy cotton goods and have already 
 encountered in this market the shepherd check 
 which you illustrate and which is sold for nine 
 cents per 263^-inch yard (English export price). 
 We have not been able to get a sample, but the 
 buyers are much pleased with the fabric, finish 
 and price, which, they say, are superior to the 
 domestic goods. Will you send me a sample of 
 the fabric that I may see how it is made? 
 
 Hoosac (481). 
 
 After the receipt of this inquiry we analyzed 
 the English sample. Hoosac informs us that it 
 differs from his fabric in an important particular 
 and that an examination of the English cloth 
 has shown him how to change his own in order 
 to reduce the cost and improve the fabric and 
 finish. Following are the results of our analysis 
 of this fabric which will doubtless interest 
 cotton manufacturers generally: — 
 Warp, 83 threads per inch. 
 
 Black, 1-36, finished count. 
 White, 2-80, finished count. 
 Filling, 62 picks per inch. 
 
 Black and white, 1-103 finished count. 
 Weight, 103^ yards 263^ inches wide 
 per pound. 
 
 The cloth has been mercerized which gives it 
 the peculiar finish mentioned by the American 
 buyers. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 23 
 
 The results of this inquiry illustrate the great 
 importance to manufacturers of an analysis of 
 competing fabrics. The above analysis and an 
 examination of the sample, give to a manu- 
 facturer all the information he requires to 
 duplicate the goods, and may, as it has done 
 in Hoosac's case, show him in what respect his 
 own goods need to be changed in order to meet 
 the requirements of the trade. 
 
 Hollow Space in Ply Yarn 
 
 Enclosed you will find a sample of threads 
 being held together by adhesion of unvulcanized 
 rubber such as we use in preparing our threads 
 for the construction of various kinds of rubber 
 goods. Each of these threads as per sample, 
 was made of six strands of yarn twisted together. 
 You will note in looking at the end of the threads 
 as twisted by our machine that there is a hollow 
 space in the center of the finished thread and 
 the peculiar part of it, which we fail to under- 
 stand, is that in taking four of these threads 
 in twisting them together there is no hollow 
 space in the center of the thread when finished. 
 Five is not so bad, but above that number, six, 
 eight or ten, the hollow space seems to enlarge 
 with the number of threads used in the twist. 
 What I want to know is a scientific explanation 
 of this, whether it is due to our method of 
 twisting, or whether this is the case in all cords 
 or rope^ manufactured by being twisted together 
 with a certain number of yarns or threads? 
 
 Tubular (1114). 
 
 The tubular effect or "core" which is formed 
 when six or more folded threads are cabled 
 
24 
 
 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 together to form one thread is quite usual if 
 all the six threads are maintained at exactly 
 the same tension during cabling, and it would 
 be interesting to know if all the six threads 
 have been run together on one bobbin prior to 
 cabling or whether they have been on separate 
 bobbins. Apparently the former has been the 
 case, since on untwisting the yarn all six threads 
 are found to take up the same 
 amount. Naturally if an even 
 tension is maintained each thread 
 must take up a position side by 
 side with its neighbor. Conse- 
 quently when twisted the effect is 
 somewhat like that of a twisted 
 flat band whose width is equal 
 to that of the combined diameters 
 of the number of strands cabled 
 together and the course of the 
 threads is shown at Fig. 1. A 
 section of Fig. 1 will show the 
 threads, as in Fig. 2 A or Fig. 2 B, 
 if the cabled thread is afterwards 
 flattened which is the case in the 
 sample submitted. It will be 
 evident that the threads must of 
 necessity take up such a position, 
 since each thread at the same 
 tension takes up the same amount during twisting 
 and is twisted round a common axis. Each thread 
 rests as it were on the preceding one, as will be 
 
 Fig. I. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 25 
 
 seen by Fig. 1. Therefore the section must 
 reveal a hollow core. This core is present even 
 when three or four threads only are cabled, 
 but of course it is insignificant, as will be seen 
 from the sections at Fig. 3, A and B. Naturally 
 the more threads are twisted the greater becomes 
 the core. 
 
 A B 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 A -B 
 
 Fig. 3. Fig. 4. 
 
 Evidently what "Tubular" requires is a 
 cabled yarn with a solid core, that is, a yarn 
 which would give a section like Fig. 4. Clearly, 
 then, this thread which forms the core must 
 remain straight throughout the length of the 
 cabled thread and of course will take up prac- 
 tically nothing during twisting, while the re- 
 maining five threads being twisted round 
 
26 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 it take up a certain percentage according to 
 the number of turns per inch and thickness of 
 yarns. It must be evident, therefore, that to 
 obtain this result the thread or threads (if more 
 than one is required to form the core) must 
 not be at the same tension as the others. They 
 must be held tighter than the rest. Usually 
 when cabling from separate bobbins this naturally 
 takes place, as the pressure of the outer threads 
 tends to force one or more to the center and of 
 course this thread does not come off the 
 bobbin at the same rate as the others and 
 remains practically straight. If, however, the 
 threads in the sample sent are being doubled 
 in this fashion provision must be made for 
 holding one or more bobbins tighter than the 
 others. This will form a solid core, which is 
 evidently what is required. Roper. 
 
 I have examined the samples with the more 
 interest because I have never before noticed a 
 hollow space in the center of ply yarn, but will 
 give my idea of the cause, and the spinner of 
 these yarns can easily put the opinion to the 
 test. The threads show distinctly the hollow 
 center mentioned and it must be due, in part 
 at least, to the fact that they are loosely twisted, 
 as an increase in the amount of twist entirely 
 obviates the central space. 
 
 In twisting ply yarns together to form a 
 thread of the nature of the sample, there is 
 always a tendency for the ply yarns to lie edge 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 27 
 
 to edge in the twisted thread, and unless they are 
 twisted together very tight, the chances for 
 forming the mentioned hollow centre are in- 
 creased. This will not show up in using a small 
 number of ply yarns for the reason that the 
 diameter of the twisted thread is not larger 
 than twice the diameter of the ply yarns 
 composing it, thus allowing the ply yarns to 
 touch in the center. In confirmation of the 
 above opinion, anything over a three-ply rope 
 will carry a central core around which the outer 
 strands are twisted and against which their 
 inner surface rests. In some cases this central 
 core is composed of several strands. Steuben. 
 
 Mill Construction 
 
 Does the term "mill construction" indicate 
 any particular specification, or is it a general 
 term? Term (562). 
 
 Mill construction consists in so disposing the 
 timber and plank in heavy solid masses as to 
 expose the least number of corners or ignitible 
 projections to fire, to the end also that when 
 fire occurs it may be most readily reached by 
 water from sprinklers or hose. 
 
 It consists in separating every floor from 
 every other floor by incombustible stops, by 
 automatic hatchways, by encasing stairways 
 either in brick or other incombustible partitions, 
 to the end that a fire shall be retarded in passing 
 from floor to floor to the utmost that is consist- 
 
28 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 ent with the use of wood or any material in con- 
 struction that is not absolutely fireproof; in guard- 
 ing the ceilings over all specially hazardous stock 
 or processes with plastering laid on wire lath, or 
 upon dovetailed lath, following the lines of the 
 ceiling and of the timbers without any inter- 
 spaces between the plastering and the wood; 
 or else in protecting ceilings over hazardous 
 places with salamander, asbestos air cell board 
 or sheet metal; in not only so constructing the 
 mill, workshop or warehouse that fire shall pass 
 as slowly as possible from one part of the build- 
 ing to another, but also in providing all suitable 
 safeguards against fire; it consists in laying 
 the top floor and an outer boarding of the roof 
 over mortar, salamander or other heat retardent 
 laid upon thick plank, where the maximum of 
 safety is to be attained. Atkinson. 
 
 Cut Marks on Colored Goods 
 
 Can you give me a method for cut marks on 
 black or colored goods? Wagram (676). 
 
 Most of our colored goods are prepared on 
 what are called Yorkshire dressing frames, and 
 the spinner when making the warps links a 
 portion of the warp at each required cut length, 
 in order that the warp dresser can mark the 
 yarn, and when these link places come forward 
 the weaver knows when the cut is finished. In 
 black goods we invariably use white selvages, 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 29 
 
 and the dresser always marks a portion of the sel- 
 vage as well as the other yarn. Whenever we put 
 any colored warps through the slasher we mark 
 them red in the usual way, and before deliver- 
 ing them to the finisher we stamp them with 
 the loom number, style and length. Colored 
 goods are stamped red, and grey goods black. 
 We use tar for the black with plenty of dryer, 
 so that the mark soon dries and does not make 
 any impression on any goods it may come in 
 contact with. The stamping is placed about 
 nine inches from the end of the piece to enable 
 the finisher to stitch the pieces together with- 
 out any interference with the stamping. If any 
 question arises as to quality, length, etc., it can 
 easily be traced. Slashing machines are fitted 
 with a marking motion and when used will 
 ensure a fairly uniform length of pieces, the 
 only variation being caused by the various 
 tensions in the loom. J. R. Greaves. 
 
 Wagram does not say whether he uses the 
 short or long chain system of warping. If he 
 uses the short chain, which is somewhat out of 
 date, the only way to make a mark is to use a 
 string the length required and tie the chain at 
 that point; then when the yarn is dyed it will 
 leave a white mark. All colored work that I 
 have done has had just an ordinary cut mark 
 made with a dauber on the slasher; on black 
 warps it is usually a red mark. I have found 
 that any dye that is in contrast to the ground 
 
30 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 work will be suitable for a cut mark. An over- 
 seer of weaving in one of our large mills tells 
 me that in all their colored work they use a 
 white selvage and usually put the cut mark 
 there, in which case any color would do. He 
 also said that he never had any trouble from 
 unequal lengths except when the slasher tender 
 had let the cut marker run dry or where it was 
 not working right. Dan Ready. 
 
 Paste for Cotton Piece Goods 
 
 I would like a paste for piece goods that will 
 stand mangling. Spring (971). 
 
 The following recipe is for a paste that will 
 stand the strain of mangling for five or six hours : 
 
 2 gal. wash flour. 
 
 1 lb. farina. 
 Bring almost to a boil while stirring the mixture. 
 Do not let it boil or it will become too thick. 
 Paste the cloth together before putting it on a 
 hot plate, then smooth it out until quite dry. 
 This paste, if properly made, will stand more 
 strain than the cloth itself will stand. It will 
 not stand the boiling or bleaching process. 
 
 Montrose. 
 
 Baling Sea Island Cotton 
 
 I notice that while you have published a 
 good deal on the subject of baling American, 
 Egyptian, and Indian cotton, you have said 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 3 1 
 
 nothing about the baling of Sea Island cotton. 
 
 1 would like to have some information on this 
 subject. Excelsior (818). 
 
 A large user of Sea Island cotton writes us 
 in reply to this inquiry as follows : — 
 
 "Cotton grown on the islands off the Carolina 
 coast reaches us in uncompressed bags averaging 
 about 8 feet long by 8 feet, 6 inches in circum- 
 ference and weighing 335 pounds each. Cotton 
 grown in Georgia and Florida from Island seed 
 is put up in partly compressed bales 6 feet by 
 
 2 feet, 4 inches, by 4 feet, weighing 380 pounds 
 each. In either case no bands are used, but 
 the quality of the bagging is such that the bales 
 arrive in good condition and suffer very little 
 damage in transit." Andover. 
 
 Other large consumers of Sea Island cotton 
 write us as follows : — 
 
 "Sea Island cotton is not baled like ordinary 
 cotton because of the value of the staple and 
 the importance of it not being injured in any 
 way. Its nature is such that it is more easily 
 damaged than peeler cotton. It is not com- 
 pressed in any way, but simply put in large 
 bags, which are then sewn up. These bags are 
 made of very closely woven coarse burlap and 
 are very strong, consequently the cotton does 
 not accumulate dirt or other injurious matter; 
 it being impossible to break open the bags by 
 ordinarily careful^handling. 
 
32 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 "The sizes of the bags vary somewhat. The 
 average height is about 5 feet, 6 inches, the 
 width about 3 feet, 3 inches, and the thickness 
 from 2 feet to 2 feet, 3 inches. The average 
 weight of these bags is about 400 pounds, which 
 gives a density of about 10 pounds per cubic 
 foot." Arthur Dyson. 
 
 "The average weight of the Georgia and 
 Florida Sea Island bales is 369 pounds; size, 
 30.03 cubic feet. Carolina cotton, 357 pounds 
 and 37.32 cubic feet. Generally speaking the 
 former is received in good condition; the latter 
 in excellent condition." Seaboard. 
 
 The following letter from one of the leading 
 dealers in Sea Island cotton in the South gives 
 some valuable information regarding the baling 
 of this grade of cotton : — 
 
 "In South Carolina the original method of 
 packing Sea Island cotton still prevails; viz., 
 take 12 feet of 50-inch, 2-lb. jute bagging, 
 fold the two ends and sew the edges together 
 very securely, thus forming a bag about six feet 
 long. Suspend this bag with the mouth dis- 
 tended by a wooden hoop. The cotton is then 
 thrown in and tramped down by the feet of a 
 laborer, who also uses a wooden or metal pestle 
 to ram the cotton down around the sides. When 
 filled, sew up the mouth of the bag. The bags 
 usually weigh 330 to 370 pounds. 
 
 "In Florida and Georgia Sea Island cotton is 
 packed in plantation cotton presses in same 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS ^^ 
 
 way as Upland cotton, but the bales usually 
 weigh 380 to 420 pounds, instead of 500 pounds 
 and upward, as in the case with Upland cotton, 
 and no ties (bands) are put on a bale unless, 
 and until, it is recompressed in city presses for 
 shipment abroad. Instead of bands the edges 
 of the bagging are securely sewed." 
 
 W; W. Gordon & Co. 
 
 Press Roll on Pickers 
 
 What advantages are there in using a press 
 roll on cotton pickers? This roll lies on the 
 back lap in front of the calender rolls. 
 
 Putnam (1023). 
 
 The press roll on cotton pickers is employed 
 as an additional calender roll, to assist in ex- 
 pelling the air from the sheet of cotton before 
 it is rolled onto the lap. The roll is not driven 
 by means of direct gearing, but simply by 
 frictional cojntact with the cotton and the 
 calender rolls. Bolster. 
 
 The press roll is a hollow iron roll resting on 
 the back calender or fluted roll, often called 
 the lap roll. On the Kitson machine it is 
 carried on two pins bolted to the sides of the 
 machine so as to allow free movement. It is 
 kept at all times in contact with the lap roll. 
 The strip of cotton as it leaves the last pair of 
 calender rolls, passes directly under the press 
 roll and is carried forward to the lap by the 
 
34 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 action of the two rolls, that is the press and lap 
 rolls. The purposes are two-fold : — 
 
 First. — It lessens the tendency of the lap to 
 wrap around the calender roll while the machine 
 is starting up and running, as it comes in con- 
 tact with the lap just as it is leaving the calender 
 rolls and just before it is wound into the lap. 
 
 Second. — It breaks the lap when the knock-oflf 
 occurs and starts the lap when the machine is 
 again started. When the knock-off operates, 
 the lap rolls continue to revolve while the 
 calender rolls stop. The press roll, resting on 
 the lap and pinching it between itself and the 
 back lap roll, continues to revolve from con- 
 tact with the lap roll and thus breaks the lap 
 into a straight edge at this point. When the 
 lap is removed and the machine again started 
 the press roll immediately receives the end of 
 the lap when broken off and together with the 
 aid of the lap roll passes it up over the back 
 lap roll and down to the lap rod where it is 
 wound into the form of a lap. Steuben. 
 
 A Small Spinning Mill 
 
 Do you think it would be advisable to start 
 a mill to spin about 1,000 pounds of cotton 
 yarn a week? We would not need a bleacher 
 or dyer. Can you give some idea of how much 
 floor space and what kind of machinery would 
 be required? Warner (1050). 
 
 A spinning mill for 1,000 pounds of yarn per 
 week would not be advisable as the production 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 35 
 
 is too small for profitable operation, because of 
 the high cost of equipping ■ and operating such 
 a plant. It is possible, however, for this amount 
 of yarn to be spun and twisted, i. e., the cotton 
 may be purchased in the roving and a small 
 equipment of spinning and twisting machinery 
 could be installed to convert it into 2-ply yarn. 
 Even this method would not be advisable in 
 the case of warp yarn to be sized, as the necessary 
 machinery would be able to turn out a much 
 larger amount. Bolster. 
 
 Blanket on Slasher Roll 
 
 I would like some information regarding the 
 squeeze rolls on the slasher. We are running 72 
 by 68 40-inch goods. We use the very best 
 blanket. Our trouble is the blanket slipping 
 from the cotton cloth on the roll that should 
 hold it straight across at the end. 
 
 Chopper (482). 
 
 The roll should be stripped bare and if rusty 
 or covered with scales it should be sent to the 
 shop and turned down smooth. Give the roll 
 a coat of white lead and while this is still moist 
 put on a piece of cotton cloth 1^ yards long. 
 Be sure that the cloth is straight. Let the roll 
 stand over night to dry and harden. Place the 
 roll in the slasher and put on the first blanket 
 which should be a coarse fabric three yards 
 long, and be soaked from ten minutes to half an 
 hour and applied wet. It should be overlapped 
 
36 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 by the cotton cloth at least one turn; one and 
 a half would be better. It may be necessary to 
 trim the edges so they will be perfectly straight 
 with the roll. 
 
 After this put on two fine blankets each 
 three yards long. Follow the directions given 
 for the first one in regard to the laps and wetting 
 and trimming. Do not think that one blanket 
 five yards long will do in place of the two 3-yard 
 blankets. As the outside fine blanket wears off 
 it is trimmed down until used up. When put- 
 ting on a new one of three yards the inner fine 
 blanket is removed and the new one put in its 
 place, the older one being put outside. In this 
 way the coarse blanket will not need to be 
 changed more than once a year. 
 
 These directions refer to the finishing roll. 
 The other roll does not need a fine blanket. 
 First put on the cloth, then two coarse blankets 
 and finish with 13^ yards of fine cotton cloth. 
 This method saves the blankets. If they are 
 properly lapped they will not slip. 
 
 Thomas Barr. 
 
 Numbering Braided Banding 
 
 How is braided banding numbered and how 
 can the number of any one piece of banding be 
 determined? Braid (604). 
 
 Braided banding is made with sixteen strands. 
 Single No. 10 cotton yarn is taken as a standard 
 and the number of the banding changes with 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 37 
 
 the change in the number of threads in each 
 strand. Two strands of 20s cotton yarn may- 
 be used in place of each strand of 10s, but in 
 both cases the number of the banding is the 
 same. The following table gives the numbers 
 of the banding and the yarn used in each of 
 the sixteen strands : — - 
 No. of banding. Each strand. 
 
 30 2-10 or 4-20 
 
 48 3-10 or 6-20 
 
 64 4-10 or 8-20 
 
 80 5-10 or 10-20 
 
 96 6-10 or 12-20 
 
 112 7-10 or 14-20 
 
 128 8-10 or 16-20 
 
 Intermediate sizes are made by adding one 
 thread of 20s; thus, No. 40 banding is made 
 with 5-20 in each of the sixteen strands of 
 which the braid is composed. 
 
 Cost of Shipping Textile Machinery 
 
 I should like some information regarding the 
 cost of shipping cotton mill machinery from 
 New England to Southern points. Is the rate 
 the same from different New England points 
 and does it make any difference whether a lot 
 of machinery is shipped from one place or comes 
 from different points? Warner (1078). 
 
 Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, N. C, who is 
 agent for many textile machinery builders in 
 the North and who is constantly making ship- 
 
38 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 ments to Southern mills, has compiled compre- 
 hensive data on this subject which answers the 
 above inquiry as follows : — 
 
 For the general information of Southern 
 buyers it is perhaps well to mention that cotton 
 mill machinery takes the same rates from 
 practically all New England points. The class- 
 ification is 6th Class Specific, and applies to 
 cotton mill machinery peculiar to cotton mills 
 also to roving cans; in straight or mixed car 
 loads released; minimum car load 20,000 pounds; 
 does not apply on electrical machinery, engines, 
 boilers, blowers, shafting or pulleys. For esti- 
 mating purposes the rate can generally be 
 taken at fifty cents per hundred pounds. Also 
 it makes very little difiference whether an order 
 comes from one single shop, or is split up and 
 comes from two or three different shops, for it 
 will almost always happen that there will be 
 at least one car load from each one of the differ- 
 ent points, and anything over but still less than 
 a car load can be billed with the full car at the 
 same rate. Occasionally small shipments can 
 be made to the machine shops and reshipped 
 with the machinery to advantage; this practice 
 is peculiarly the case in regard to roving cans, — 
 at the same time, I question whether it pays, 
 because the cans are often damaged in transit 
 by being bruised or mashed out of round, too 
 little to make a claim on the railroad for damages 
 and yet enough to render their use more or less 
 undesirable. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 39 
 
 It is manifestly impracticable ' to attempt to 
 give a schedule of the weight of different kinds 
 of cotton mill machinery, as there are differences 
 in weights peculiar to each builder, not to 
 mention difference in weight according to speci- 
 fications by the same builder. At the same 
 time, as our customers have often asked for 
 information as to the number of machines of 
 each kind constituting a carload, I herewith 
 append an approximate schedule as follows: — 
 Picking Machinery.— Generally three one- 
 beater finishers, or three machines of like size. 
 Cards.— Four 40 or 45-inch revolving top 
 flat cards. 
 
 Sliver Lap Machines, Ribbon Lap Machines, 
 Combers. — Four 6-head combers, two sliver lap 
 and two ribbon lap machines; or, ribbon lap 
 machine in place of 6-head comber; all set up. 
 Four 8-head combers, boxed, make a car load; 
 cannot ship them set up. 
 
 Drawing. — Four 6-delivery heads, crated. 
 Slubbers, Intermediates, Roving and Jack 
 Frames. — Four frames are usually considered a 
 car load, but if they are not too long, five can 
 be squeezed into a large car; in the case of 
 six, however, the shipment would be divided 
 into two cars, as three machines will exceed the 
 minimum car load rate. 
 
 Spinning, Twisters and Spoolers. — Six frames 
 - of average length constitute a car load. 
 
 Reels. — Fifteen to twenty, knocked down and 
 boxed. 
 
40 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 Cone Winders. — Two machines of 100 spindles 
 each, shipped in sections; the weight will be 
 only 14,000 or 15,000 pounds, but it will pay- 
 to ship at minimum car load rate of 20,000 
 pounds. 
 
 Slashers. — One standard slasher is usually 
 shipped as a car load and must be placed on 
 a flat car; sometimes in a shipment of say five 
 slashers the ten cylinders can be placed on two 
 flat cars and the rest of the machinery in two 
 box cars, thereby saving one car. The actual 
 weight per machine is only 12,000 to 15,000 
 pounds, but it pays to bill it as a car load. 
 
 Warpers. — Eight complete slasher warpers 
 with creels; or six complete slasher warpers 
 with creels and fifty beams; or twelve slasher 
 warpers without creels; or six leese warpers 
 complete with creels and bailers; or eight leese 
 warpers including bailers without creels; or 
 twenty beamers complete with tension ends. 
 
 Quillers. — Four quillers set up; six or more 
 boxed. 
 
 Looms. — Twenty plain pattern heavy 40-inch 
 looms; other sizes in proportion. 
 
 Cloth Room Machinery. — Roughly speaking, 
 two sets of cloth room machinery of average 
 size for 40-inch goods constitute a car load, 
 viz : Two sewing machines, two brushers with 
 calender rolling machines, two folders, and two 
 inspecting machines. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 4I 
 
 Presses. — These are strictly matters of weight, 
 as they are relatively very small and compact. 
 It will generally pay to have a first class press 
 billed as a car load, whether it weighs 20,000 
 pounds or not. The small and lighter machines, 
 however, can best be shipped at actual weight, 
 less than car loads. 
 
 Nappers. — Two or three nappers. 
 
 Claims After Cutting Up 
 
 Some time ago we sold sotne white canvas to 
 a customer who made it up into shoes. He 
 now claims that the goods were not up 
 to the proper standard and puts in a claim for 
 the value of the made-up goods. We refuse to 
 allow this claim as we contend that he should 
 have made the complaint before the goods were 
 cut up, in which case we would have made him 
 an allowance if we found he was justified in 
 regard to his claim. 
 
 What is the rule in the textile trade regarding 
 claims of this kind? As far as our experience 
 goes we find that no commission houses will 
 make an allowance after goods are cut up, 
 unless possibly to hold a customer. 
 
 Dalton (876). 
 
 We believe there is no established rule in the 
 trade regarding whether claims shall be made 
 before cutting up the goods or not. The Ameri- 
 can Woolen Company are trying to enforce the 
 rule that claims shall be made before the goods 
 are cut. We understand that one of the main 
 purposes of the American Association of Woolen 
 
42 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 and Worsted Manufacturers is to establish some 
 rule in this respect. In the absence of any- 
 fixed rule of this kind in the trade the practice 
 depends in great measure on the condition of 
 business. If business is good, manufacturers 
 and commission merchants are in a much better 
 position to insist on claims being made before 
 cutting up; in times of bad trade, however, it 
 is the buyer who has the whip hand and he can 
 bring the manufacturers and selling agents to 
 his terms. 
 
 Organization Sheets for Cotton Mills 
 
 I would like a working program of drafts, 
 weights, speeds, and production for a cotton 
 mill on 60s yarn, also some consideration of the 
 subject that I may know how the results given 
 in the program are decided. Southern (1623). 
 
 In estimating an organization sheet or work- 
 ing program of drafts, weights, speeds, pro- 
 duction, and number of machines for a cotton 
 mill, several important points have to be dealt 
 with. 
 
 In planning for a new mill the question of 
 capacity and number of machines is not very 
 difficult, but in planning for an old mill, the 
 most desirable combination of drafts, doublings 
 and speeds have sometimes to be abandoned 
 and a less satisfactory arrangement resorted to 
 in order to increase the production of some one 
 class of machines and, by so doing, increase the 
 total production. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 43 
 
 There is considerable range to drafts, weights 
 and speeds on all classes of mill machinery and 
 there are probably no two mills on the same 
 class of goods that have indentically the same 
 program all through the different processes. 
 
 Aside from the capacity and proportions of 
 the machines available, the most important 
 considerations are the numbers and qualities 
 of the yarns made and the uses to which they 
 are to be put. The finest numbers of yarn and 
 the better qualities of hosiery yarns demand a 
 long combed stock and a large number of 
 doublings. Coarse yarns for weaving do not 
 require such stock and the number of doublings 
 is decreased. All yarns for knitting,, where a 
 good quality is desired, should be spun from 
 combed stock using the mule, with double roving 
 and slack twist, as this tends to greater evenness 
 and regularity. 
 
 There is a very great diversity of opinion in 
 regard to the use of single roving. Many mills 
 on print cloth, using 28s warp and 32s filling, 
 spin both from single roving; some spin both 
 from double roving, and others use double 
 roving on warp, on account of the added strength, 
 and single roving on filling. If evenness is 
 desired in coarse yarns, double roving is often 
 used and also in some cases to save making 
 roving of a different size. As filling does not 
 require so much strength as warp, it is often 
 spun from single roving and the warp, of about 
 
44 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 same size or coarser, is spun from double'roving. 
 
 In spinning 20s and under the intermediate 
 roving frame is often thrown out and longer 
 drafts used, while for finer yarns, say 60s and 
 over, a fourth roving frame is used. 
 
 It is always desirable to have as few sizes of 
 roving as possible in making yarns of different 
 numbers, and it often happens in mills making 
 a range of numbers, that longer and shorter 
 drafts than are customary are used. The 
 amount of draft at the various machines also 
 depends upon the stock being used. Long 
 staple cotton will admit of more drafts than 
 short staple cotton, and as a rule the draft 
 increases as the bulk decreases. In figuring a 
 program where there are no severe limitations, 
 average drafts in each case would be assumed, 
 varying these slightly to bring the roving to 
 standard sizes, remembering that, within reason- 
 able limits, the heavier the sliver and the rovings 
 and the longer the drafts, the smaller the amount 
 of machinery necessary to produce the required 
 amount of roving. 
 
 It is not possible to follow a program of 
 weights and numbers exactly, but where any 
 degree of care and accuracy is taken in working 
 it out, the actual results obtained will not vary 
 greatly from the figured program. 
 
 Following is given a program for 60s yarn, using 
 four processes of fly frames without combers. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 45 . 
 
 The drafts are all easy and this should give 
 excellent results in actual practice. 
 
 PROGRAM FOR 60s YARN 
 
 Four processes of fly frames. No combers. 
 120 yds. 60s yarn weigh 16.66 grains. 
 
 Allowing a contraction in length of yarn of 
 3% due to twisting: then 
 
 16.66^1.03 = 16.17 grains as weight of yarn 
 as it leaves the rolls of the spinning frame. 
 Spinning frame draft 10.3. Double 2. 
 16.17Xl0-30 _^^^ g^^.^^^ ^t. of 120 yds. 
 
 2 jack roving. 
 
 83 3^10 = 8.33 grains, weight 12 yds. jack 
 roving =12 hank roving. 
 
 Jack frame draft 6.82. Double 2. 
 8.33X6.82 _^g 40 grains, wt. 12 yards fine 
 
 2 roving = 3. 5 hank roving. 
 
 Fine frame draft 5.83. Double 2. 
 00 A(^^^ sq 82.78 grains, weight 12 yds. 
 28:i^><il5i=intermediate roving = 1.20 
 2 hank roving. 
 
 Intermediate frame draft 4.8. Double 2. 
 
 82.78X4.8 _.^QQ grains, weight 12 yds. slub- 
 
 2 ber roving = .5 hank roving. 
 
 Slubber draft 3.6. No doubling. 
 
 199X3.6 _^Q^ ^^ gQ grains per yd., weight 
 12 of drawing sliver. 
 
46 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 Drawing frames draw six and double six at 
 each process, giving a card sliver of 60 grains 
 per yard. 
 
 Draft of card 97. Allow 5% for waste. 
 
 — -— ,^^ ^ =14 oz. lap from finisher picker. 
 
 .9oX437.o 
 
 Having worked out a suitable program of 
 weights and drafts, the next step is to estimate 
 the production required at each stage of the 
 operation. In getting these figures we must 
 allow a certain percentage at the different 
 machines for waste and stoppages. It would 
 be impossible to produce the same number of 
 pounds of yarn as there were pounds of card 
 sliver, as every frame the material passes through 
 makes some waste, due to breakages, etc., hence 
 it is imperative to start with more pounds of 
 cotton tnan tne requirea number of pounds of 
 yarn. After this allowance in the production 
 is made there should be a certain allowance at 
 each process for loss of time while doffing, oiling, 
 etc. These amounts vary with different machines 
 and also with the same machine on different 
 classes of work. It is not possible to make a 
 fixed allowance for each operation, but a fair 
 average can be estimated from actual results. 
 After this average allowance has been provided 
 for, any discrepancy in production can easily be 
 overcome by raising or lowering the speeds 
 where needed. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 47 
 
 It is not the best policy to use extra large 
 machines in spinning and roving or very small 
 ones. In the former case the loss of time 
 while doffing, etc., is increased, and in the 
 latter the cost of production is increased. It 
 is not well to use excessive speeds anywhere, as 
 by so doing the quality of the product is im- 
 paired and the percentage of breakages increased, 
 thus increasing the time lost and the percentage 
 of waste made. 
 
 In getting the figures which follow I have 
 endeavored to strike a good average all the way 
 through, without excessive speed or production, 
 which will give a good, smooth, strong yarn at 
 the spinning with the minimum of stoppages 
 and waste. 
 
 We will assume that we want a production 
 of 25,000 lbs. of 60s yarn at the spinning frames 
 and, using the table of drafts and weights 
 previously worked out, will find the number 
 and capacity of the frames at each process, 
 making sufficient allowance for waste and 
 stoppages : 
 
 SPINNING FRAME 
 
 Production required, 25,000 lbs. of 60s yarn 
 per week. 
 
 Speed of spindles, 10,000 r. p. m. Time run, 
 58 hours. Allow 5% for loss of time and waste. 
 
 V 60 = 7.74; 7.74X4.5 = 34.83 turns of twist 
 per inch. 
 
48 KINKS FOR SUPEKINTENDENTS 
 
 10,000 X 60 X 58 X. 95 „^ ^, . ^^ 
 
 34.83X36X840X60--^'^ Ibs.^per^spindle per 
 
 25,000^.539 = 46,382 spindles required. 
 
 Spinning frames, 204 spindles each; then 
 
 46,382^204 = 223 spinning frames. 
 
 This leaves a shortage of 10 spindles in the 
 total number, but it is too small to be taken 
 into account. 
 
 Note that in this calculation 4.5 has been 
 used as a twist multiplier instead of the standard 
 4.75, as experiments made by the writer tend 
 to show that this used as a multiplier, all other 
 conditions being the same, will give a stronger 
 yarn. It is common to use 4.75 as the multiple 
 for twist and this change would affect the pro- 
 duction but slightly. 
 
 JACK FRAME 
 
 The waste between the jack roving and yarn 
 will probably not run much over 1 per cent, 
 and the time allowed for stoppages for doffing, 
 oiling, etc., will not be much over 6 per cent., 
 so in order to get a production of roving suf- 
 ficient to keep the spindles running we must 
 make these allowances and figure for corre- 
 spondingly heavier production. 
 
 Production of spindles 25,000 lbs. of yarn; 
 then, 
 
 25,000X1.01=25,250 lbs. produced by jack 
 frame. 
 
 Speed of flyer, 1,500 r. p. m. Hank roving 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 49 
 
 Twist per inch, ^ 12X1.2 = 4.15 turns per 
 inch. 
 
 Allowing the 6 per cent, loss of time due to 
 stoppages on the jack frames, the following 
 calculation gives the production in pounds per 
 spindle per week of 58 hours : — ■ 
 . 1,50QX6QX58X.94^ ^^^ ^ 
 
 4 15X36X840X12 ^ 
 
 25,250^-3.25 = 7,769 jack spindles. 
 
 Dividing this into frames of 176 spindles 
 each will give 44 frames, with 25 spindles short; 
 this small number can be disregarded. 
 
 rmE FLY FRAME 
 
 Spindle production, 25,000 lbs. Allow 2 per 
 cent, for waste between fine roving and yarn; 
 then 
 
 25,000X1.02=25,500 lbs. per week of fine 
 roving. 
 
 Speed of flyer, 1,200 r. p. m. Size of bobbin, 
 7X33/^. Hank roving, 3.5. 
 
 Twist = V 3.5X1.2 =2.24 turns per inch. 
 
 Loss of time while doffing, etc., 10 per cent. 
 
 1,200X60X58X.90 , . ^ iu 1 
 
 — \.^ r..r. — ^— r = 14.2 lbs. per week per 
 
 2.24X36X840X3.5 spindle. 
 
 25,5004- 14.2 = 1,796 spindles. 
 
 Twelve frames of 152 spindles each will give 
 only 28 spindles more than the calculated 
 number and this is not large enough to be 
 taken into account. 
 
50 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 INTERMEDIATE FLY FRAME 
 
 Spindles produce 25,000 lbs. Allow 4 per 
 cent, for waste between intermediate roving 
 and yarn; then 
 
 25,000X1.04 = 26,000 lbs. required of inter- 
 mediate spindles. 
 
 Speed of flyer, 950 r. p. m. Size of bobbin, 
 9X41^. Hank roving, 1.20. 
 
 Twist = v' 1.20 XI. 1 = 1.22 turns per inch. 
 
 Loss of time, 15 per cent. 
 950X60X58X.85 ^^ i iu • ^^ 
 
 1.22X36X840X1.20 = ^^-^ ^^^- ^^^^P^"^^^ ^'' 
 
 26,000-j- 63.4=400 spindles. 
 
 Four frames of 102 spindles each = 408 spindles. 
 
 SLUBBER 
 
 wSpindle production, 25,000 lbs. Allow 8 per 
 cent, for waste between slubber roving and 
 yarn; then, 
 
 25,000X1.08 = 27,000 lbs. required of slubbers. 
 
 Speed of flyer, 650 r. p. m. Size of bobbin, 
 12X6. Hank roving, .5. 
 
 Twist = ^.5 = .7 turns per inch. 
 
 Loss of time due to doffing, etc., 25 per cent. 
 
 650X60X58X.75 ,^^ ., . ,. 
 
 —————— ——=160 lbs. per spmdle per 
 
 . 7 X oo X 840 X . o week. 
 
 27,000^160 = 181 spindles. 
 
 Three frames of 60 spindles each = 180 spindles. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 5 1 
 
 DRAWING FRAMES 
 
 Spindles produce 25,000 lbs. Allow 12 per 
 cent, for waste; then, 
 
 25,000X1.12=28,000 lbs. required on draw 
 frames. 
 
 Three processes drawing. 
 
 Front roll speed, 350 r. p. m. using metallic 
 rolls, 32 pitch, 1 3-8 inches in diameter. Weight 
 of sliver, 60 grains per yard. 
 
 1.375X3.1416 = 4.32 circumference of front 
 roll if using leather rolls, but with metallic 
 rolls, the circumference must be 33 per cent, 
 more on account of the crimping action of the 
 flutes in metallic rolls; then 
 
 4.32X1.33=5.75 inches dehvered by each 
 revolution of metallic rolls. 
 
 5.75X350X60X60X58X85 }'f}^ ^^^- P^^ 
 
 563^^:500 -"'"'ZZi.^''' 
 
 28,000-^ 1,416 = 19.4 deliveries. 
 Five frames of 4 deliveries each for each 
 process. 
 
 CARDS 
 
 Spindle production, 25,000 lbs. Allowing 12 
 per cent, for waste, the cards will have to make 
 28,000 lbs. per week. 
 
 Loss of time, 10 per cent. Weight of sliver, 
 60 grains. Diameter of dofifer, 27.75 inches 
 outside clothing. Doffer speed, 10 r. p. m. 
 
52 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 27.75 X 3.1416 X 10 X 60 X 58 X 60 X .90 _ 
 36 X 7,000 ~ 
 
 650 lbs. per week per card. 
 28,000^-650 = 43 cards. 
 
 PICKERS 
 
 Spindle production, 25,000 lbs. Allowing 18 
 per cent, for waste, the pickers will have to 
 make 29,500 lbs. per week. 
 
 9-inch lap roll running 8 r. p. m.; 14-oz. lap. 
 Loss of time, 20 per cent, 
 
 9X3.1416X8X60X58X14X.80 _ __ 
 
 36X16 =^"'^^^ 
 
 29,500^ 15,306=2 finisher pickers. 
 
 It will be noticed that in getting the twist for 
 the slubbers and intermediates the standard 
 multiple of 1.2 was not used, but a lower twist 
 put in. This was because the use of longer 
 staple cottons necessitates a reduction in the 
 amount of twist put in the roving so the fol- 
 lowing frames will draw the roving easily. The 
 twist multiple of 1.2 is based on general usage 
 with short cotton and will hold good in most 
 cases, but as 60s yarn requires a staple of about 
 134 inches it is not necessary to run so much 
 twist in the roving. The longer the staple of 
 the cotton used the less the amount of twist. 
 This reduction of twist will tend to increase the 
 production on those frames. 
 
 In attempting to run the foregoing program 
 with the equipment worked out, there will, in 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 53 
 
 all probability, be some discrepancies that will 
 cause a little trouble, but none that cannot be 
 overcome by readjusting some of the speeds, 
 etc. There should be a certain amount of 
 elasticity in every program, as the loss of time 
 varies with the efficiency of the operatives and 
 the quality of work done, as well as the speed 
 used; the production likewise varies from the 
 same causes. Reducing the speed of fiy frames 
 will often increase the production from the 
 fact that there will be a less amount of lost 
 time due to breakage of the roving, etc. I 
 have had this experience several times while 
 running coarse work. 
 
 In many cases higher and lower speeds than 
 those given are used with good results; greater 
 and less productions obtained, more and less 
 time lost by stoppages, etc., but the allowances 
 made and the results obtained as given here 
 are such as can be equalled and in many cases 
 exceeded, by any well-organized and well- 
 managed mill. B. M. Parker 
 
 Soft Twine and Cable Cord Harness 
 
 Which will last the longer, a soft twine or a 
 cable cord harness? Chatham (681). 
 
 A soft twine harness should last from three 
 to six years on high speed, but of course a few 
 may break during that time, say from three 
 to ten per cent. A cable cord harness will 
 
54 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 last from eight to ten years on high speed, say, 
 from 150 to 200 picks per minute. 
 
 Henry Owen. 
 
 Flooring in Slasher Rooms 
 
 We have been troubled by rotting of the 
 floor under our slashers and would like to know 
 how this difficulty can best be remedied. 
 
 Slasher (1057). 
 
 Slashers are usually located on the upper 
 floors of a mill, almost never on the ground 
 floor. The usual custom is to provide drip 
 pans under the machine which are most always 
 of zinc. 
 
 The practice of covering the floor with sheets 
 of copper soldered together is a very poor one. 
 The floor will rot more quickly under those 
 conditions than if there was no covering at all. 
 Any moisture, as you know, tends to collect 
 and to be held on the under side of the metal. 
 Condensation of the steam not only from the 
 slasher room, but from the room below would 
 keep the floor beneath the copper constantly 
 damp. 
 
 Concrete or asphalt might be a good thing 
 if it was properly reinforced so it would not 
 crack. Asphalt alone would not carry any 
 weight if it is subjected to much heat. The 
 objection to using asphalt or concrete in such 
 cases is that the machines are likely to be 
 moved in the event of rearrangement and the 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 55 
 
 average manufacturer would not care to have 
 a special kind of floor built under his slashers. 
 Good solid spruce flooring with several layers 
 of paper underneath to waterproof it and the 
 planking treated with carbolineum would doubt- 
 less be of much better service than sheets of 
 copper. 
 
 Some rtiills kyanize the lumber for such pur- 
 poses, which has the same general effect. Spruce 
 would seem to be the best material because it 
 soaks up the impregnating compound better 
 than other kinds of lumber. The use of wood 
 blocks would have the same objections that 
 apply to concrete and asphalt, namely that it 
 would mean a different sort of flooring for 
 certain parts of the mill. Engineer. 
 
 Density of Textile Materials 
 
 I would like to have some information regard- 
 ing the density, that is, the pounds per cubic 
 foot of textile materials in different forms, such 
 for example, as cotton in the bale and in tightly 
 woven cloth. I would also like to know the 
 specific gravity of the fiber itself. 
 
 Fiber (1017). 
 
 The density of cotton in its various forms, 
 especially when baled, is governed wholly by 
 the kind of bale and how baled. The following 
 figures will give a fairly comprehensive idea of 
 the range taken, and also how valueless any 
 given density is, unless the character of the 
 bale is indicated. 
 
56 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 The common American bale — the style of 
 "package" that has been the cause of so much 
 controversy between the American shipper and 
 the European buyer — averages 475 pounds, 
 and occupies about 22 cubic feet, the "density" 
 of which would be 21.6 pounds per cubic foot, 
 or a "specific gravity" of 0.345 compared to 
 water as 1.000. On a basis of 25 pounds per 
 cu. ft., the specific gravity would be 0.400. 
 
 An Egyptian bale recently measured weighed 
 700 lbs. and occupied 15 cu. ft., the "density" 
 of which was 46.6 lbs. per cu. ft. and the specific 
 gravity 0.745. 
 
 A bale from Pernambuco compressed to 400 
 lbs. per 10 cu. ft. has a density of 40 lbs. per cu. 
 ft. and a specific gravity of 0.64. Another bale 
 examined from Colombia, South America, 
 weighed 550 lbs. to a volume of 26 cu. ft., having 
 a density of 21 lbs. per cu. ft., and correspond- 
 ing to a specific gravity of 0.336. The American 
 round bale has an average density of 35 pounds 
 per cu. ft., and a specific gravity of 0.56. 
 
 The specific gravity of the various textile 
 fibers are given in the following table: — 
 
 Cotton 1 . 50-1 . 55 
 
 Linen 1 . 50 
 
 Hemp 1.48 
 
 Jute 1.48 
 
 China Grass 1 . 51-1 . 52 
 
 Wool 1.28-1.33 
 
 Mohair 1 . 30 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 57 
 
 Raw Silk 1.30-1.40 
 
 Degummed Silk 1.25 
 
 The density of woven fabrics depends upon 
 the weave, weight of yam, etc., and can be 
 ascertained only by making direct tests. 
 
 The density of wool can be calculated ap- 
 proximately from its specific gravity, using the 
 various figures for cotton for comparison. A 
 bale of Bagdad wool just measured gives a 
 density of 42 lbs. per cu. ft., corresponding to 
 a specific gravity of 0.672 (water =1.000). 
 
 Dumfries. 
 
 Rope Transmission in Textile Mills 
 
 Why are ropes for the transmission of power 
 in the textile mills of the United States of 
 America not so commonly used as in other 
 industrial countries? Hiram (693). 
 
 Our correspondent makes an assumption that 
 we hardly think is justified by the facts. His 
 question will probably apply equally well to 
 other manufacturing industries using large 
 amounts of power. There is no definite data 
 on the subject, but it is doubtful whether rope 
 transmission is not in equally general use here 
 as abroad. The extension of the use of the 
 rope drive in this country within recent years 
 has been very rapid and the conditions of only 
 a few years ago have radically changed. 
 
 An authority on this subject, who was con- 
 sulted, replies: — 
 
58 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 "We believe it is true that the rope drive was 
 introduced and developed in England and 
 European countries before its general adoption 
 in this country, so that in times past this means 
 of transmission was used more freely abroad 
 than in the United States. As to just how that 
 condition happened to come about at the time 
 we are hardly prepared to say. When power 
 users began to adopt some system of band 
 transmission in place of transmission by gears, 
 which had been previously used for large drives, 
 it appears that in this country leather belting 
 was largely adopted and rapidly and carefully 
 developed as a means of connection, while in 
 England instead of adopting leather belting so 
 widely, the rope drive came into favor. 
 
 "However, the advantages of the rope drive 
 have now become very widely known and ap- 
 preciated in this country and ropes have rapidly 
 replaced belting in many places on the main 
 drives of plants using a large amount of power. 
 We might say that this condition is very notice- 
 able among textile mills, and especially among 
 the newly constructed mills of our southern 
 states. 
 
 "We believe that although first used abroad 
 the rope drive at the present time will be found 
 in a more highly developed state in the United 
 States than anywhere else in the world. The 
 fact that American manufacturers have a large 
 demand for their manila transmission rope in 
 
KINKS rOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 59 
 
 foreign countries has proven that so far as the 
 construction of the transmission rope itself is 
 concerned this country must be in the front 
 rank." 
 
 Prices Paid for Winding Yarn 
 
 What is the price per hundred pounds that 
 is paid for winding cotton yarn from cones on 
 to bobbins, also price per hundred usually paid 
 for winding worsted yarns from cops to bobbins ? 
 
 Adams (1113). 
 
 For the following list of yarns these prices 
 are generally paid: — 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Worsted 
 
 1-8 
 
 35 
 
 1-30 
 
 1-40 
 
 1-50 
 
 1 . 50 
 
 1-14 
 
 1-16 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.25 
 
 1-18 
 
 1-20 
 
 1-52 
 
 1-22 
 
 2.25 
 
 1 . 00 
 
 1-24 
 
 60 
 
 
 1-25 . . . 
 
 . . 60 
 
 
 1-60 
 
 2-28 
 
 1 . 00 
 
 45 
 
 
 2-30 
 
 45 
 
 
 2-40 
 
 ... .50 
 
 
 2-50 
 
 60 
 
 
 2-60 
 
 70 
 
 
 2-80 
 
 80 
 
 
 I have not got the regulation figures at hand 
 but I give you here the prices I am at present 
 
6o KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 paying and do not believe that they will be 
 found far out of the way for good winding. 
 These prices could be lowered by giving a hand 
 more ends to wind than he could take care of 
 and give the best results. They might also be 
 lowered where help is plentiful and labor cheap, 
 but the prices would have to be very close to 
 these in scale. I believe that any attempt to 
 lower the worsted prices unless the yarn winds 
 exceptionally well, would be more than offset 
 at the knitters. Madison. 
 
 Marking Ink 
 
 Please tell me what ink to buy or how to 
 make a black ink that will print on white cotton 
 cloth and will not run if washed a little in cold 
 water. Sandoval (632). 
 
 There are numerous inks on the market that 
 the makers claim ars absolutely fast to washing. 
 Practical printers or dyers with long experience 
 will each have a formula of his own, the principal 
 ingredients probably being logwood and chrome, 
 "but these are being rapidly succeeded by dyes 
 more fast to washing. A retired calico printer, 
 a man who has spent nearly fifty years in the 
 business, gives me the following formula for 
 printing a very fast black on cotton cloth, 
 mixing it in pigment style: — 
 
 Parts 
 
 Venice turpentine 9 
 
 Soft potash soap 10 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 6 1 
 
 Parts 
 
 Olein 4 
 
 Lamp black 6 
 
 Extract of indigo (neutral) 1 
 
 Water 1 
 
 He describes the method of mixing as follows : 
 The turpentine is first heated, along with the 
 olein. Then the soap is placed on a levigating 
 slab, and the mixture of turpentine and olein 
 is gradually incorporated into it. When this is 
 completed, the lamp black, which must first be 
 ground as fine as possible and sifted, is worked 
 in. The extract of indigo and the water are 
 then added and the ink is ready for use. 
 
 For an aniline mixture, the following process 
 gives a fine ink, and it is one that is extensively 
 used for marking purposes in bleacheries, being 
 one of the fastest blacks known : — • 
 
 Part 
 
 Aniline salts 1 
 
 Sodium chlorate 1 
 
 Ferrocyanide of potassium 1 
 
 Water 1 
 
 A little starch thickening is added to suit. 
 The color is developed wth heat or age, thus 
 taking a longer time to prepare than the first 
 formula given, but if time is no object the 
 aniline mixture is preferable. 
 
 Some people are satisfied with an ordinary 
 coal tar ink obtained by reducing the tar with 
 
62 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 any ordinary solvent, turpentine being most 
 generally used, but this is not as fast as either 
 of the two formulas given. William Eddy. 
 
 Weight per Square Yard 
 
 Please publish in your Question and Answer 
 Department a solution of the following textile 
 problem : — 
 
 Ex. A cotton fabric has 74 ends of 20s warp 
 and 66 picks of 20s filling per inch. Find 
 weight per square yard, allowing for take-up 
 13 per cent, in warp and 12 per cent, in filling. 
 
 I would also like to have an explanation of 
 the method of allowing for take-up of warp and 
 filling. Otto Wood (737). 
 
 The allowance far take-up in warp and filling 
 is made by percentage on the spun length of 
 the yarn taken as a basis. This spun length is 
 the length on the warp beam for warp, and that 
 on the bobbin for filling. If the warp take-up 
 is 13 per cent, then 100 yards of warp will make 
 (100—13) 87 yards of cloth. If the filling take- 
 up is 12 per cent, then 100 yards of filling yarn 
 on the bobbin will measure (100 — 12) 88 yards 
 in the cloth. 
 
 The yarn length is the basis of 100 per cent. 
 
 The take-up is expressed by the rate per cent. 
 
 The cloth length is the yield per cent. 
 
 The calculations of allowance for take-up are 
 thus simple operations in percentage. The spun 
 length is found as follows : — 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 63 
 
 Ex. What length of warp is required for a 
 50-yard cut with a warp take-up of 13 per cent? 
 
 50-h.87 (yield) = 573^ yards of warp. 
 
 The weight of the fabric in the problem given 
 by Otto Wood is calculated as follows: — 
 
 20s cotton = (20 X 5 M) 103^ runs. 
 
 74 (ends) X 36 (in.) =2664. 
 
 26644-. 87 (yield) = 3062 yds. of warp. 
 
 66 (picks) X 36 (in.) =2376. 
 
 2376-^.88 (yield) =2700 yds. of filling. 
 
 3062 (yds.)H- 1050 (yds. peroz.)=2.9 ozs. warp. 
 
 2700 (yds.)-^ 1050 (yds. per oz.) =2.6 ozs. filling. 
 
 Weight per square yard 5.5 ounces. 
 
 The mistake is sometimes made of taking the 
 cloth length as the basis of 100 per cent. By 
 this method a take-up of 13 per cent, means 
 that 100 yards of cloth requires 113 yards of 
 warp. 
 
 The first method by which the spun length 
 is taken as a basis is to be preferred, because 
 it corresponds to the usual method of making 
 allowances for losses in other processes, by 
 which the original length or weight is considered 
 the basis. Thus an allowance of 15 per cent, 
 for waste in carding and spinning means that 
 100 pounds of cotton at the picker yields 85 
 pounds of spun yarn. Likewise a take-up of 
 15 per cent, in weaving means that 100 yards 
 of warp yields 85 yards of cloth. 
 
64 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 Sticky Warps 
 
 Lately we have had a good deal of trouble 
 with our warps sticking to the slasher cylinder. 
 Can you tell us how to prevent this? 
 
 Cylinder (505). 
 
 As we do not know just what style of work 
 Cylinder is running, we shall have to give some 
 of the usual causes for warps sticking to the 
 cylinder and leave him to decide whether any 
 of them fit his case. The two principal causes 
 are found in the size and the squeeze rolls. If 
 the goods being run require a heavy size I should 
 advise adding one pound of paraffine to every 
 hundred gallons of water. To do this properly 
 the wax shoud be shaved and mixed with 
 half a pail of water by boiling, and then added 
 to the kettle of size. Be sure that the size is 
 thoroughly cooked before using. Properly cooked 
 size will feel smooth, like good engine oil, when 
 rubbed between the thumb and finger, and just 
 the least bit sticky as it cools. If it is so thick 
 that the thumb and finger stick together there 
 is either too much starch for the quantity of 
 water or it has not been boiled long enough. 
 
 If the size is all right, look next to the finish- 
 ing squeeze roll. This should have at least 10 
 yards of blanket, as follows : 3 3^ yards of 
 coarse blanket next to the iron roll, called No. 
 1; then 33^ yards fine blanket, No. 2; and then 
 3 yards of fine blanket that has been run three 
 days or longer. No. 3. Never put a new blanket 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 65 
 
 on the outside, but when No. 3 wears out take 
 off No. 2 and put the new one in its place, and 
 put No. 2 on the outside. This is necessary to 
 make the yarn dry properly and not stick to 
 the cylinder. 
 
 These are the most common causes for the 
 trouble, but there are others that will produce 
 it to a greater or less extent. Running the 
 slasher too fast carries the size onto the cylinder 
 and gums it so the yarn will stick. If there is 
 too much cloth on the roll the yarn will break 
 and the loose ends stick to the cylinder. After 
 the trouble has been located it is necessary 
 first to give the cylinder a good washing with 
 soft soap and water. After wiping dry go over 
 the cylinder with a piece of oily waste and then 
 everything is ready to begin right. 
 
 Thomas Barr. 
 
 Mercerizing Single Yarns 
 
 Are single yarns ever mercerized.? 
 
 Ashton (999). 
 
 Single yarns can be and are mercerized and 
 while a very good gloss can be obtained, the 
 best results are produced on two-ply yarn. 
 The yarns should not be stretched while being 
 immersed in the caustic soda solution, but 
 stretched during the washing off immediately 
 after leaving the mercerizing bath. Peterson. 
 
66 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 Spooler Production 
 
 What is the usual production in spooling 
 black skein yarn on a skein winder, counts 
 ranging from 2-5s to 4-20s, and what is the 
 price generally paid for such work ? 
 
 Webber (855). 
 
 This is a rather hard question to answer as 
 so many things must be taken into consideration. 
 The amount of yarn one girl can spool depends 
 on the speed of the spindles, the condition of 
 the yarn as it comes from the dyer, the count 
 of the yarn, the size of the skein, and the color. 
 Black is a particularly hard color to handle, 
 and the coarser the yarn the fewer the number 
 of spindles she can run. Sometimes one girl 
 can keep ten or twelve spindles running at once; 
 other times only one or two, but if everything 
 is in good working order she should be able to 
 turn off a production of 780 to 900 pounds a 
 week. Our skein winder does very well if she 
 turns off 700 pounds of 2- 16s a week. In this 
 instance the cost is 1.2 cents a pound, or $8.40 
 a week. 
 
 Following is a rule I have worked out and if 
 everything is running well it gives nearly the 
 exact production for one girl : — 
 
 1.25 inches (diameter of bare spool) X 3. 1416 = 
 3.927 inches, circumference of bare spool. 
 
 5 inches (diameter of full spool) X3. 1416 = 
 15.708 inches, circumference of full spool. 
 
 Total number of inches, 19.635. 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 67 
 
 19,635-f- 2 = 9.817 inches, average, wound at 
 one turn of the spindle. 
 
 Suppose the spindle is running 800 r. p. m., 
 there will be (800x9.817) inches 7,853.6 inches 
 wound per minute. 
 
 Now we will take 2-20s yarn which is the 
 same as No. 10, and we wiil assume that the 
 skein weighs one-half pound. This will measure 
 (840X10^2) 4,200 yards, or 151,200 inches. 
 
 151,200 (inches)^ 7,853.6 (inches per minute) = 
 19.25 minutes that the skein will run. 
 
 The girl will need about 1)^ minutes to put 
 the skein in order; 19.25-7-13/^=12.8, or 13 
 spindles to one girl. 
 
 The number of minutes in a week is (58 hours 
 X60) 3,480; 3,480-- 19.25 = 180 half-pounds, or 
 90 pounds to a spindle; 90 pounds X 13 spindles 
 = 1,170 pounds per week, with 10 per cent, 
 allowance. 
 
 At this rate the production for the counts 
 mentioned would be as follows : — 
 
 Yarn Spindles Production Less 10% 
 
 Count per Girl Lbs. Yarn Lbs. 
 
 2-5 3.3 1,148 1,033.2 
 
 2-8 5.1 1,152 1,037.3 
 
 2-14 9 1,152 1,036.8 
 
 2-20 13 1,170 1,053 
 
 2-30 19 1,178 1,060 
 
 3-12 5.1 1,152 1,037.3 
 
 3-26 10 1,160 1044 
 
68 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 Yarn Spindles Production Less 10% 
 
 Count per Girl Lbs. Yarn Lbs. 
 4-16 5.1 1,152 1,037.3 
 
 4-20 6.4 1,158 1,042.5 
 
 The price varies from 8 mills to 1 2-10 cents 
 per pound. Clayton. 
 
 Average Count of Yam 
 
 How is the average count of yarn found in 
 a spinning room on mixed numbers? At this 
 time I am making 22s, 24s, 26s, and 30s; about 
 1,000 spindles on 22s, 1,000 on 24s, 1,600 on 
 26s, 8,000 on 30s. What is the average number? 
 
 Norwood (577). 
 
 The average count of yarn of different sizes 
 is the average number of hanks per pound and 
 this cannot be calculated from the spindles and 
 counts. If the length of the yarn spun in a 
 mill were in proportion to the number of spindles 
 irrespective of the size of yarn, a rule could be 
 given for calculating the average count from 
 the different counts and the number of spindles 
 on each, but this is never the case. The length 
 spun depends on the speed of the rolls which 
 varies widely with different counts, and in fact 
 for the same count. Again, the production of 
 the different sizes is affected by breakdowns, 
 doffing and other things which are never uniform 
 on all machines in a room. Owing to these 
 varying factors the average count of a spinning 
 mill's production varies constantly. The only 
 
KINKS FOR SUPEPINTENDENTS 69 
 
 way it can be calculated is from the different 
 counts and the quantity of each (expressed 
 either by length or weight) produced in any 
 given time. The following example illustrates 
 the method: — 
 
 Ex. A spinning mill produced 12,000 pounds 
 of yarn in one day; 4,000 pounds 10s, 6,000 
 pounds 30s, 2,000 pounds 40s. Find average 
 count for that day. 
 
 4,000 pounds 10s = 40,000 hanks 
 6,000 pounds 30s = 180,000 hanks 
 2,000 pounds 40s = 80,000 hanks 
 
 12,000 pounds 300,000 hanks 
 
 300,000 (hanks)^ 12,000 (pounds) =25, average 
 count or hanks per pound. 
 
 If the product is given in hanks instead of 
 pounds, the operation is as follows: — 
 
 40,000 hanks 10s = 4,000 pounds 
 
 180,000 hanks 30s = 6,000 pounds 
 
 80,000 hanks 40s = 2,000 pounds 
 
 300,000 hanks 12,000 pounds 
 
 300,000 (hanks)^ 12,000 (pounds) =25, average 
 
 count or hanks per pound. 
 
 This method is correct for any fixed weight 
 
 method of yarn numbering such as cotton, 
 
 worsted, run or linen system. 
 
70 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENrS 
 
 Spinning Machinery and Power Required 
 for 125 Looms 
 
 Kindly give me a list of cotton spinning 
 machinery required to supply 125 looms for the 
 manufacture of print goods, 28 inches wide, 
 and the power required to run them. 
 
 Dunster (1041). 
 
 The following is a list of cotton spinning 
 machinery required to supply 125 looms for the 
 manufacture of print goods: — 
 
 H. P. 
 
 1 breaker picker 7 
 
 1 intermediate lapper 7 
 
 1 finisher lapper 7 
 
 6 cards IVs 
 
 1 drawling, 1 head of 5 deliveries, 1st 
 
 drawing 1 
 
 1 drawing, 1 head of 5 deliveries, 2d 
 
 drawing 1 
 
 1 slubber, 52 or 56 spindles, 12 by 6 1}4 
 
 2 intermediates, 72 or 78 spindles 2^ 
 
 4 fine frames, 120 or 128 spindles 5 3/^ 
 
 12 spinning frames, 256 spindles, half 
 
 warp, half filling 35 
 
 1 spooler, 100 spindles i^ 
 
 2 warpers 3^ 
 
 1 slasher 1 ^ 
 
 125 looms 26 
 
 1 folder H 
 
 1 shear and brush (if this is necessary) . . 3 3^ 
 1 waste picker 13^ 
 
 Total 103 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 7 1 
 
 There is a combined breaker and finisher 
 picker that would take the place of the breaker 
 picker, intermediate and finisher so far as 
 making the laps are concerned, and such machines 
 are used in small mills on coarse goods. I am sure 
 that such a machine would give you as clean 
 cotton cloth both as to leaf and slugs. Probably 
 an opener with a small blower system would 
 overcome the difficulty. I intend some day to 
 install such a system to open my cotton in 
 better shape. 
 
 I should recommend the following machinery 
 
 for a 125-loom mill: — 
 
 H. P. 
 
 1 pale breaker with lattices for two mix- 
 ings, 3 ft. by 6 ft. 2 in 3 
 
 1 hopper feeder with opener and single 
 beater lap machine combined, 36- 
 inch lap, 27 ft. by 6 ft. 2 in 12 . 
 
 1 finisher lap machine, double beater, to 
 make 38-inch laps from 4 laps from 
 single beater lap machine, 14 ft. 
 by 6 ft. 2 in 5 
 
 1 thread picker for extracting hard ends 
 from the waste of ring frame roller 
 laps, so that the waste can be used 
 in the mixing for making the filling 
 yarn, 4 ft Yi. 
 
 8 revolving flat cards, 37 inches on wire, 
 50 cylinder, 26-inch doffer, 110 flats 
 1 3-8 broad; 10 ft. 6 in. by 5 ft. 6 in. 12 
 
72 KINKS FOP SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 H. P. 
 
 1 set drawing frames, 3 heads of 7 deliv- 
 eries each; 35 ft. These may either 
 be arranged one in front of the other 
 or in a line 43^ 
 
 1 slubbing frame, 66 spindles; 27 ft 1^^ 
 
 2 intermediate frames, 88 spindles each; 
 
 27 ft. each 2 
 
 6 roving frames, 112 spindles each for 43^ 
 
 hank roving; 27 ft. each, 2 h. p. . . . 12 
 22 ring frames, 224 spindles each= 4,928 
 
 spinning spindles; 27 ft. each, 3 h. p. 66 
 
 1 winding frame, 200 spindles, 25 ft. long. 
 
 This frame should be supplied with 
 a traveling apron to carry the empty 
 ring bobbins to the end of the frame 4 
 
 2 beaming frames for making back beams 
 
 for the sizing machines; 25 ft 1 
 
 1 sizing and taping machine (this really 
 
 belongs to the weaving department) 6 
 
 Total 1293^ 
 
 It is calculated that 1 h. p. will be required 
 for 40 ring spindles and the necessary prepar- 
 ation machinery, but from actual experience it 
 is advisable to reckon 38. 
 
 A plant of these dimensions cannot be worked 
 as economically as one of any four times the 
 size, as the preparation equipment you are 
 compelled to install is capable of supplying 
 considerably more spindles, to the same initial 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 73 
 
 outlay. A number of cotton mills at the present 
 time are doing away with making mixings, and 
 are using the cotton direct from the bales, but 
 having had practical experience with both 
 systems, I have no hesitation in recommending 
 having mixings, as the exposure of the raw 
 cotton to the atmosphere for say three or four 
 days previous to using, allows it to open out 
 naturally, which puts it in a more suitable 
 condition for subsequent manipulation than 
 what might be termed the artificial mode of 
 treatment in feeding the cotton direct from the 
 bale to the opener. Certainly a concern can 
 be worked with less capita] by not having 
 mixings, as so much less cotton is required on 
 hand, but the advantage of being enabled to 
 make a more satisfactory yarn with less loss 
 in waste, and less wear and tear on the prepar- 
 ation machinery, is considerably greater than 
 the small amount of interest on capital that 
 would be saved. There is nothing more detri- 
 mental to cotton machinery than badly opened 
 cotton, as it puts a strain on certain points 
 that should be avoided, and the faults of the 
 preparation machinery are apparent to the 
 practiced eye, in the yarn and cannot be rem- 
 edied after leaving the lap machine. In fact, 
 the proper manipulation of the cotton in its 
 earlier process is the secret of success in cotton 
 spinning, as it affects both quality and quantity 
 of the yarn produced, and also the amount of 
 waste made. 
 
74 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 If there are any further particulars you desire 
 respecting these machines, such as speed of 
 spindles and front roller, length of lift, diameter 
 of front roller, width and diameter of pulleys 
 required on frames, twist per inch, grinding 
 apparatus for cards, etc., I will be pleased to 
 supply same. In ordering new machinery it is al- 
 ways advisable to have every little detail specified, 
 in order to prevent additional expense on neces- 
 sary items that have been omitted when making 
 the contract. These "extras" should be avoided, 
 or they will be found to foot up to a considerable 
 amount. Denbigh. 
 
 Numbering Cotton Duck 
 
 How is the weight of cotton duck calculated 
 from the number and width? I would like an 
 explanation of the system of numbering cotton 
 duck. Concord (710). 
 
 For numbering heavy sail duck a cloth weigh- 
 ing 18 ounces per running yard 22 inches wide 
 is taken as a standard and called No. 1. For 
 each ounce below 18 the number is increased 
 by 1. Thus, No. 2 duck weighs 17 ounces per 
 yard 22 inches wide; No. 3 duck, 16 ounces, 
 and so on. Duck heavier than 18 ounces per 
 yard is numbered by ciphers, a cipher being 
 added for each ounce increase in the weight. 
 Thus, 1-0 duck weighs 19 ounces per yard 22 
 inches wide; 2-0 duck weighs 20 ounces per 
 
KINKS rOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 75 
 
 yard 22 inches wide, and so on. Duck is made 
 as heavy as 20-0, which should weigh 38 ounces 
 per yard. 
 
 The width of 22 inches is the standard for 
 numbered duck and the weight per running 
 yard for other widths is in exact proportion to 
 the width. Thus, 24-inch duck would weigh 
 1-11 more than the standard 22-inch goods, 
 while 11-inch duck would weigh per running 
 yard one half as much as the standard 22-inch 
 goods. For example : No. 8 duck, which 
 weighs 11 ounces per yard 22 inches wide, 
 would weigh 12 ounces per yard 24 inches wide. 
 Again 2-0 duck, which weighs 20 ounces per yard 
 22 inches wide, would weigh 10 ounces per yard 
 11 inches wide. The following table shows the 
 special range of numbers and weights of 22 
 inch sail duck and will illustrate the system of 
 numbering : — 
 
 2-0=20 ounces per yard 22 inches wide. 
 0=19 
 
 1 = 18 
 
 2 = 17 
 
 3 = 16 
 4=15 
 5 = 14 
 6=13 
 
 7 = 12 
 
 8 = 11 
 
 9 = 10 
 10= 9 
 
76 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 Light cotton ducks are not numbered by this 
 system. The weight of these light goods is 
 indicated by the regular method used for woolen 
 and worsted goods, that is, by the ounces per 
 running yard regardless of the width. Thus, a 
 10-ounce duck 30 inches wide would be a slightly 
 lighter fabric than a 10-ounce duck 28 inches 
 wide by reason of the difference in width. 
 
 The weight and number of cotton duck, as 
 well as the size of the yarn in it, can easily be 
 determined from a small sample. A piece 
 having an area of 1-300 square yards (1.8 by 
 2.4 inches) is cut and weighed. The number of 
 grains in the weight of such a sample is equal 
 to the weight in ounces per yard 52 3/2 inches 
 wide. The weight per yard of any other width 
 is then calculated by proportion. The size of 
 the yarn is found by dividing the threads per 
 inch by the number of grains in the weight of 
 the yarn in the sample. Thus : — 
 
 Ex. A sample of duck 1.8 inches by 2.4 
 inches weighs 23.9 grains. There are 40 ends 
 of warp and 36 picks of filling per inch. Find 
 number of duck and average count of yarn. 
 
 23.9 grains = 23.9 ounces per yard, 52 3/^ inches 
 wide. 
 
 (23.9 OZS.X22 in.)^ 52 3^ inches = 10 ounces 
 per yard 22 inches wide, or No. 9 duck. 
 
 76 (40 + 36) -f- 23.9=3.2 average count of 
 cotton yarn. 
 
 The count of the single yarn in warp and 
 filling is found by raveling and weighing the 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 77 
 
 , -nd nilm. sepir.itely, then dividing the 
 
 ends I'cr inch by the weight in grains resDect- 
 ively, and allowing for the number of strands 
 in the ply yarn. 
 
 Sizing of Warps for Lav/r.s 
 
 Can vou give me any information lei^arding 
 the method If sizing warps for lawns an<i f ^er 
 sheer white goods? Laurence (812). 
 
 At no time is an understanding of the art 
 of dressing so important as when handhng and 
 dressing warp yarns from 60s to 100s, especially 
 for fancy white work and lawns. The yarn has 
 to be not only sized carefully, but the utmost 
 watchfulness is required that it may enter the 
 weave room without streaks of any kind. Al- 
 though the size is a most important factor it 
 is only one of the many that tend to the pro- 
 duction of a warp that will be a credit to the 
 
 dresser. 
 
 A size made according to the following recipe 
 will give a finished warp that will weave well 
 and cause but very few seconds in the cloth 
 room: — 
 
 To a kettle containing 100 gallons of water, 
 add 85 pounds of good potato starch and 6 
 pounds of tallow (not grease). After this has 
 come to a boil add one-half pound of parafhne 
 wax previously shaved into two quarts of water 
 and dissolve by heating. Allow the combined 
 
78 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 "N mixture to boil two and one-half hours and 
 keep it hot until it is all used. 
 
 After the size is cooked, draw down a batch 
 in the size box of the slasher, and to this first 
 batch add one pail of water. To have this 
 enter the yarn it is only necessary to keep it 
 boiling while the yarn is passing through it. 
 The steam will keep the size the right con- 
 sistency without adding water to the other 
 batches. 
 
 In order that the warps may be sized regularly 
 and evenly, there should be some regular time 
 to draw the fresh size. I consider the best 
 time to be when on the last five or six cuts of 
 the beam. Many slashers are piped to draw 
 size in only one end of the size box, but it will 
 be readily seen that the size will be more evenly 
 distributed if a pipe enters each end of the box. 
 
 I prefer a geared cylinder slasher for all kinds 
 of fine work and am able to turn out better 
 work with this than with any other kind. Great 
 care must be taken on all fine yarns not to 
 stretch them while wet. There should be 
 practically no tension on the yarn from the 
 finishing size roll to the take-up, or calender 
 roll. The yarn should be taut and straight as 
 it enters the size. The immersion roll should 
 be only one inch below the surface of the sizing 
 solution, and both the size rolls should be 
 covered with all wool blankets, the one on the 
 outside of the finishing roll of a very light 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 79 
 
 weight. The blankets on the finishing roll 
 should be wound to a thickness of one and 
 one-half inches; on the first roll to two inches. 
 One trouble in weaving fine yarns is that 
 the elasticity has been taken out in the slasher 
 and the ends will snap at every opening of the 
 harness in the weave room. Many times the 
 yarn is stuck together because the slasher man 
 does not put in the tapes; the tapes should be 
 put in every second beam on all fine yarns. 
 
 Thomas Barr. 
 
 Absorbent Cloth 
 
 We are manufacturing a pile-fabric of cotton. 
 We use 2-20s and 3-24s grey cotton yarn. 
 After weaving, the goods are bleached by the 
 open process. We have no trouble in securing 
 a perfectly white bleach, but it is very im- 
 portant that our goods be thoroughly and quickly 
 absorbent when finished, and on this latter point 
 we have been unable to secure uniform and 
 satisfactory results. 
 
 We enclose a finished sample which we be- 
 lieve will absorb about as we wish to have the 
 goods. It may be tested by dropping it, pile 
 side down, on a dish of water; if it quickly 
 absorbs the water and is saturated within 30 
 seconds (possibly 40) it is all right. We have 
 not tested it as it is supposed to be right before 
 it is finished. 
 
 In explanation of what may seem contradic- 
 tory statements we wish to say that we have 
 been, and are, able to make the goods absorbent. 
 The trouble is that we frequently find it neces- 
 sary to treat the cloth a second or even a third 
 
8o ■ KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 time after it comes from the bleach and has 
 been dried, before it will absorb properly. 
 These supplemental treatments are simply a 
 plain water or caustic soda boiling and they 
 will do the business. What we want to learn 
 is how to be sure that the goods are absorbent 
 before they are ready for finishing. 
 
 We have found it a very perplexing problem 
 inasmuch as we will treat one lot in a certain 
 manner and it will come out right; perhaps 
 the next lot, treated in exactly the same manner 
 (by this we mean that everything is tested and 
 weighed, same time in boil, chemic and sour) 
 will be about as absorbent as a cork and require 
 the supplemental treatment. 
 
 We have made many inquiries and many 
 persons have told us just how to do it, but 
 practical results have proven their theories 
 incorrect. Can you give us any information 
 that will enable us to secure the results desired? 
 
 Lockhaven (817). 
 
 I have given a sample of the cloth referred to 
 the test of which "Lockhaven" speaks, and find 
 it as he says, about as absorbent as a piece of 
 cork. It was on the water more than a minute 
 and a half and was then no wetter than a duck's 
 back. The cause is evident : not thoroughly 
 bottomed, hence the buoyancy without absorp- 
 tion. 
 
 I do not understand how the pieces can vary so 
 much if they are all treated alike; if one lot 
 comes out right all the others should be the 
 same. The cause of the trouble seems to be 
 in the boiling. "Lockhaven" says all of them 
 were boiled for the same length of time, but 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 8 1 
 
 were they under the same steam pressure? 
 Was there any possibility of extra condensation 
 before the steam reached the cloth? Something 
 is wrong with the boiling; that is evident. 
 The chemic might be used a little stronger also. 
 
 If I knew whether the goods were bleached 
 in a jig, as used in dyehouses, or in a patent 
 open bleaching machine under pressure, whether 
 they were put through a straight caustic bleach, 
 or lime was used in the first boiling I could give 
 a more definite answer. There is no reason why 
 these goods could not be got right the first 
 time; they are a good cloth and will stand a 
 lot of bleaching. 
 
 "Lockhaven" also wants to know how to be 
 sure the goods are absorbent before finishing. 
 If the goods are in long lengths, cut out a small 
 piece near a seam, after they have been put on 
 the last sour bath; wash the piece well and dry 
 it thoroughly. Then take a pen, dip it well in 
 ink and throw a few spots on the cloth. If the 
 ink spreads and dries immediately, as on a 
 piece of blotting paper, the goods are all right; 
 if not right, the ink will stay in one spot and 
 be a long time in drying without spreading. 
 This is a good test and very simple, or it could 
 be tested as first mentioned, by dropping it 
 pile side down on a dish of water. If the goods 
 are in towel form with fringes they could be 
 treated the same way. 
 
82 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 The statement that the only supplemental 
 treatment the goods require is a plain water 
 boiling shows that they are under boiled. 
 
 Henry Douglas. 
 
 We have to thank you for the information 
 in your April issue regarding the methods for 
 making cotton goods more absorbent. We have 
 been trying to follow some of the suggestions 
 made by your correspondent and think we are 
 securing better results. 
 
 Perhaps our statement that we used the open 
 method of bleaching was not explicit enough, 
 as one of your correspondents speaks of the 
 uniformity of steam pressure under which goods 
 are boiled. Our boiling kier is an open wood 
 kier with vomit pipe connected with injector 
 and designed to keep continuous circulation. 
 After boiling actually begins the heat must be 
 practically uniform, as the pressure of steam 
 to the injector is regulated by a reducing valve 
 permitting the steam to pass at about 15 lbs 
 pressure and as our boiler is kept at 30 to 40 
 lbs. pressure there is a continuous and uniform 
 flow of steam. 
 
 However, we believe there has been more or 
 less irregularity in the heat of water delivered 
 from the vomit pipe owing to a variation in 
 atmospheric conditions, condensation, etc., which 
 affected the water between the time of leaving 
 the mouth of the pipe and its contact with the 
 cloth. To obviate this we have immersed the 
 
KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 8^ 
 
 mouth of the vomit pipe in the water and find 
 that much less steam is required and that a 
 more effective boil is secured besides giving a 
 certain amount of agitation to the water, which 
 seems to cause all parts of the cloth to become 
 more thoroughly and perfectly saturated. 
 
 We deferred writing to you as we desired to 
 make some experiments of the suggestions 
 offered. We run about 1,000 lbs. to a bleach, 
 but the nature of our goods is such that we are 
 satisfied a much longer time is required in the 
 boil than would be the case if the goods were 
 plain; the pile mats down and makes a very 
 heavy and compact mass that is difficult to 
 bqil in a uniform manner in an open kier. 
 
 Again thanking you for your courtesy and 
 trouble, we are. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 Lockhaven (817). 
 
 Setting for Cards 
 
 In the answer on "Setting for Cards" by W. 
 S. on page 117 of your January issue the fol- 
 lowing statement is made: "If the flat strip- 
 ping is too heavy the front plate should be set 
 a little closer to the cylinder and away from 
 the flats; if too light, set closer to the top 
 flats." 
 
 I and doubtless many others would read with 
 interest the reason why and how such a cl>ange 
 in this particular setting will change the amount 
 of flat strips; and, also what percentage of 
 
84 KINKS FOR SUPERINTENDENTS 
 
 waste is usually taken out by the flats, and how 
 much this can be varied by changing the position 
 of the front plate. Interested (969). 
 
 In reply to "Interested" the change in the 
 position of the front plate changes the draft or 
 air current. This affects the amount of strips 
 taken out by the top flats. It would be impos- 
 sible to say just how much of a change can be 
 made at this point. The strip may be changed 
 from a very light one to a very heavy one. 
 
 To get the best results the plate should be 
 kept well up between the cylinder and the top 
 flats. If the plate is too low much good fiber 
 will be taken out with the strips. With the 
 plates properly adjusted the strips from the 
 different flats should be held together by just a 
 few fibers between them. The weight of the in- 
 dividual strips may be from 15 to 20 grains each. 
 The percentage of strips taken out will vary 
 widely with the class of cotton and amount of 
 sliver produced. The following table will give 
 an idea of the percentages with strips of different 
 weight and varying production per week, top 
 flats running 3.5 inches per minute. : — 
 Production 15 gr. strip 18 gr. strip 20 gr strip 
 300 lbs. 3.8% 5.6% ' 6.2% 
 
 500 lbs. 2.9% 3.4% 3.8% 
 
 700 lbs. 2.0% 2.5% 2.7% 
 
 900 lbs. 1.6% 1.9% 2.1% 
 
 W. S. 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Absorbent Cloth 79 
 
 Adding Repair Shop -9 
 
 Adjusting Claims 41 
 
 Advantages of Mixings 7d 
 
 Advantages of Press Roll ].;, .kit 
 
 Allowance for Stoppage 47, 49, 50 
 
 Analysis of Cotton Check 22 
 
 Asphalt Floor in Slasher Room o4 
 
 Average Count of Yarn 68 
 
 Baling Sea Island Cotton a ; • ?9 
 
 Blanket on Slasher Roll 35, 65 
 
 Bleaching Cloth f 1 
 
 Braided Banding, Numbering of ^o 
 
 Breaking Strength of Yarn 13 
 
 Cable Cord Harness 5d 
 
 Calculating Average Count 68 
 
 Calculating Production 17 
 
 Calculating Weight of Cloth 62 
 
 Calculation of Allowance for Take-up oo 
 
 Carding Dyed Cotton J 
 
 Cards, Production of gi 
 
 Cards, Settings for 83 
 
 Causes of Warps Sticking to Cylinder 64 
 
 Caveat 
 
 Check, English Cotton. '.'.'.'.'..'. '. 22 
 
 China Grass, Specific Gravity of 5b 
 
 Claims After Cutting Up 41 
 
 Cloth for Rolls 12 
 
 Colored Cotton, Dressing for -6 
 
 Colored Goods, Cut Marks on 28 
 
 Combined Breaker and Picker 71 
 
 Combing Cotton ■' 
 
 Concrete Floor for Slasher 54 
 
 Construction of Mill Buildings 27 
 
 Construction of Repair Shop -9 
 
 Core in Ply Yarn 23 
 
 Cost of Machinery for Cotton Warp Spinnmg Plant •16 
 
 Cost of Shipping Textile Machinery 37 
 
 Cost of Starting Up a New Mill • ^ 
 
 Cost of Winding Yarn 59 
 
 Cotton Bales 56 
 
 Cotton for Combing • | 
 
 Cotton, Specific Gravity of 5b 
 
 Cut Marks on Colored Goods ^o 
 
86 INDEX 
 
 PAGH 
 
 Density of Baled Cotton 32 
 
 Density of Textile Materials 55 
 
 Determining Number of Braided Banding 36 
 
 Double Roving 43 
 
 "Double Spun" Cotton 18 
 
 Drafts, Weights, Speeds and Production 42 
 
 Drawing Frames, Production of 51 
 
 Dressing for Dyed Cotton 6 
 
 Duck, Numbering 74 
 
 Effect of Sizing on Cotton Yarns 19 
 
 Efficiency of Preparatory Machines 17 
 
 Electricity in Cotton 7 
 
 English Cotton Checks 22 
 
 Equipping a Cotton Warp Spinning Plant 14 
 
 Equipment for Repair Shop 10 
 
 Estimating Production 46 
 
 Example for Finding Average Count 69 
 
 Example for Finding Number of Duck 76 
 
 Feel of Cloth 20 
 
 Finding Average Count 68 
 
 Fine Fly Frame, Production of 49 
 
 Fine Yarns, Sizing and Warping 78 
 
 Flooring in Slasher Rooms 54 
 
 Harness, Loom o3 
 
 Heavy Sizing on Yarns 19 
 
 Help in Repair Department 11 
 
 Hemp, Specific Gravity of 56 
 
 Hollow Space in Ply Yarn 23 
 
 Importance of Analysis 23 
 
 Increase in Length in Mercerizing 12 
 
 Ink for Marking 60 
 
 Intermediate Fly Frame, Production of 50 
 
 Inventions, Protecting 13 
 
 Jack Frame, Production of 48 
 
 Jute, Specific Gravity of 56 
 
 Lawns, Sizing Warps for 77 
 
 Linen, Specific Gravity of 56 
 
 Location of Repair Shop 9 
 
 Loom Harness, Wearing Qualities of 53 
 
 Machinery for Cotton Spinning Plant 14 
 
 Machinery for Repair Shop 10 
 
 Marking Ink 60 
 
 Mercerized Yarn, Strength of 12 
 
 Mercerizing Single Yarns 65 
 
 Mill Construction 27 
 
 Mixing Cotton 73 
 
 Mixing Marking Ink 61 
 
 Mohair, Specific Gravity of 56 
 
 Numbering Braided Banding 36 
 
 Numbering Cotton Duck 74 
 
 Paste for Cotton Piece Goods 30 
 
 Organization Sheets for Cotton Mills 42 
 
INDEX 87 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Pickers, Press Roll on 33 
 
 Pickers, Production of 52 
 
 Piece Goods, Paste^for " 30 
 
 Pile Fabric, Making Absorbent 79 
 
 Ply Yarn, Space in 23 
 
 Position of Threads in Ply Yarn 24 
 
 Power for Repair Shop 10 
 
 Power Required 70 
 
 Power for Spinning Plant 16 
 
 Power Transmission, Rope in 57 
 
 Preparatory Machinery Required for 125 Looms 70 
 
 Press Roll on Pickers 33 
 
 Prices Paid for Winding Yarn 59 
 
 Print Goods, Machinery for 70 
 
 Production of Cotton Machinery 17 
 
 Production of Drawing Frames and Cards 51 
 
 Production of Intermediate and Slubber 50 
 
 Production of Jack Frame and Fine Fly Frame 49 
 
 Production ofiSpinning Frames 15, 47 
 
 Production of Spooler 66 
 
 Program for 60s Yarn 45 
 
 Protecting Inventions 13 
 
 Recipe for Marking Ink 60 
 
 Recipe for Paste to Stand Mangling 30 
 
 Recipe for Size 77 
 
 Regulating Flat Strips 84 
 
 Remedy for Yarn Sticking to Slasher Cylinder 64 
 
 Repair Shop for Cotton Mill 9 
 
 Roller Cloth 11 
 
 Rolls on Slasher 35 
 
 Rope Transmission in Textile Mills 57 
 
 Rotting Floor in Slasher Room 54 
 
 Rule for Spooler Production 66 
 
 Sea Island Cotton, Baling of 31 
 
 Section of Ply Yarn 25 
 
 Settings for Cards 83 
 
 Shipping Machinery 37 
 
 Silk, Specific Gravity of 57 
 
 Single Roving 43 
 
 Single Yarns, Mercerizing 65 
 
 Size Box, Piping 78 
 
 Sizing of Warps for Lawns 77 
 
 Sizing on Cotton Yarns 19 
 
 Slasher Roll Blanket 35 
 
 Slasher Room, Floor for 54 
 
 Slipping of Blanket on Slasher 35 
 
 Slubber, Production of 50 
 
 Small Spinning Mill 34 
 
 Soft Twine and Cable Cord Harness 53 
 
 Specific Gravity of Textile Fibres 56 
 
 Spinning Frame, Production of 15, 47 
 
 Spinning Machinery and Power Required for 125 Looms70 
 
88 INDEX 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Spinning on Small Scale 34 
 
 Spooler Production 66 
 
 Stand^'d for Numbering Duck 75 
 
 Starting New Mill, Cost of 5 
 
 Sticky Warps 64 
 
 Stoppages, Allowance for 47, 50 
 
 Strength of Mercerized Yarn 12 
 
 Table of Flat Strips 84 
 
 Table of Spooler Production 67 
 
 Take-up in Twisting 24 
 
 Take-up in Warp and Filling 62 
 
 Temporary Protection for Invention 13 
 
 Tension in Twisting 24 
 
 Test for Absorbent Cloth 81 
 
 Textile Materials, Density of 55 
 
 Transmission, Rope 57 
 
 Twist Multiplier 48, 52 
 
 Use of Roller Cloth 12 
 
 Use of Rope Transmission 57 
 
 Warp Spinning Plant 14 
 
 Warps Sticking to Cylinder 64 
 
 Waste, Allowance for 47-52 
 
 Weaving, Effect of Sizing on 21 
 
 Weight of Cotton Bales 31 
 
 Weight per Square Yard 62 
 
 White Goods, Size for 77 
 
 Winding, Price Paid for 59 
 
 Wood Preservative 55 
 
 Wool, Specific Gravity of 56 
 
 Working Program of Drafts, Weights, Speeds and 
 
 Production for 60s Yarn 42 
 
 Yarns for Knitting 43 
 
 Yarns Used in Braided Banding 37 
 
C. E. RILEY, TREAS. SOUTHERN OFFICES 
 
 BOSTON OFFICE 814-815 EMPIRE BLDG. 
 
 65 FRANKLIN STREET ATLANTA, GA. 
 
 HOWARD & BULLOUGH 
 
 American Machine Co,, Ltd, 
 
 PAWTUCKET, R. I. 
 
 COTTON 
 
 MACHINERY 
 
 WE BUILD 
 
 HOPPER BALE OPENERS 
 
 FEEDERS, SELF-FEEDING OPENERS 
 
 BREAKER INTERMEDIATE AND 
 
 FINISHER LAPPERS 
 
 REVOLVING FLAT CARDS 
 DRAWING FRAMES 
 
 SLUBBING INTERMEDIATE 
 AND ROVING FRAMES 
 
 IMPROVED SPINNING FRAMES 
 
 NEW Model Twisters 
 
 CONE WINDERS 
 
 WARPERS AND SLASHERS 
 
 We Invite Investi§:ation and Comparison 
 
Evan Arthur Leigh 
 
 232 Summer Street 
 
 BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 SOLE AGENT IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA 
 
 FOR 
 
 PLAH BROS. & CO., LTD. 
 
 OF OLDHAM, ENGLAND 
 
 BY FAR THE LARGEST MAKERS IN THE WORLD 
 
 OF 
 
 COTTON, WOOLEN, and WORSTED 
 MACHINERY 
 
 FOR ALL CLASSES OF WORK 
 
 MATHER & PLATT'S 
 
 DYEING AND FINISHING MACHINERY 
 
 JOSEPH SYKES BROS.' 
 
 CARD CLOTHING FOR COTTON 
 
 WILSON BROS. BOBBIN CO., Ltd. 
 
 BOBBINS AND SHUTTLES 
 
 HAIGH'S 
 
 DOUBLE LOOP BANDS AND TAPES 
 
 DRONSFIELD BROS. 
 
 GRINDING TACKLE AND EMERY FILLET 
 
 SPECIAL MACHINERY 
 FOR WORKING COTTON WASTE 
 
Universal Winding 
 Machines 
 
 Have a wide range of work. Inter= 
 changeable parts make the NO. 50 
 available for 
 
 NUTAPER CONES, TUBES 
 OF VARIOUS LENGTHS, OR 
 DOUBLING. 
 
 The NO. 90 winds cotton, woolen, 
 worsted or silk 
 
 FILLING 
 
 On bobbins or cop tubes from cops, 
 frame bobbins, unrolling spools, or di= 
 rect from skeins at high speed. 
 
 THE "UNIVERSAL" 
 
 Is the only scientific or complete wind= 
 ing system in existence ; it has justified 
 its name by its universal application and 
 adoption throughout the world. 
 
 UNIVERSAL WINDING CO. 
 
 95 SOUTH STREET 
 BOSTON 
 
Kitson Machine 
 Shop 
 
 Lowell Mass. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF THE 
 
 MORTON SYSTEM 
 
 For Opening Bale Cotton in 
 Store House and Distributing 
 Same Automatically to Feeder 
 Hoppers in Picker Room, 
 Making Breaker Laps Without 
 a Second Handling of Stock. 
 
 A Complete Line of Latest Improved 
 
 PICKING MACHINERY 
 
 AND WASTE WORKING 
 
 MACHINERY 
 
Lowell Machine Shop 
 
 LOWELL, MASS. 
 Cotton Machinery 
 
 ^ Cards, Railway Heads, Drawing 
 Frames, Fly Frames, Speeders, 
 Ring Spinning Frames, Twisters, 
 Spoolers, Reels, Warpers, Slashers, 
 Winders, Looms, Shearing and 
 Brushing Machines, Balling Ma- 
 chines, Folders, Stamping Ma- 
 chines, Sewing Machines, Size 
 Pumps, Size Kettles, Drawing-in 
 Frames, Baling Presses, Indigo 
 Grinders, Camless Winders, Etc. 
 
 SOUTHERN OFHCE 
 Prudential Building Atlanta, Ga. 
 
CARD GRINDERS 
 
 We are recognized as 
 
 authority for everything 
 
 pertaining to the above. 
 
 Write and tell us what 
 
 you want and we will 
 
 be glad to quote prices. 
 
 Also builders of 
 
 Warpers, Bailers, Beamers 
 
 and 
 
 Patent Expansion Combs 
 
 for Warpers, Beamers 
 
 and Slashers : ; : : 
 
 T. C. Entwistle Co 
 
 FRANK B. KENNEY, Manager 
 LOWELL, MASS. 
 
KINKS 
 
 ON 
 
 Roving 
 Machinery 
 
 Ask 
 Woonsocket Machine 
 
 and 
 
 Press Company 
 
 Woonsocket, R. I. 
 
Books That Help 
 
 Barker — Introduction to Study of Textile 
 
 Design $2.50 
 
 Bradbury — Calculations in Yarns and Fab- 
 rics 1.25 
 
 Nicholson — Factory Organization and 
 
 Costs . . . / 12.50 
 
 Kastanek — Manual of Weave Construction 1.00 
 
 Matthews — Textile Fibres 4.00 
 
 Nichols — Cost Finding in Cotton Mills 1.50 
 
 Thornley — Cotton Combing Machines . 3.00 
 
 Broadbent — Cotton Manual 75 
 
 Tompkins — Cotton Mill Processes and 
 
 Calculations 5.00 
 
 Tompkins — Cotton Mill, Commercial 
 
 Features ... • 5.00 
 
 Taggart — Cotton Spinning (3 vols.) . . 7.50 
 
 Marsden — Cotton Weaving 3.00 
 
 Dobson — Humidity in Cotton Spinning 1.50 
 
 Thornley — Mule Spinning 3.00 
 
 Bowman — Structure of the Cotton Fi- 
 bre 3.00 
 
 Bean and McCleary — Chemistry and 
 
 Practice of Finishing .... • , . 15.00 
 Bean and Scarisbrick — Chemistry and 
 
 Practice of Sizing 10.00 
 
 Beech — Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics . . . 3.00 
 
 Mercerization (2 vols.) 7.50 
 
 Rothwell— Printing of Textile Fabrics 6.00 
 
 We prepay Postag-e or Express Chargres. 
 
 LORD & NAQLE COMPANY 
 
 BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 SEND FOR COMPLETE CATALOG 
 
IF YOU ARE CONTEMPLATING BUILDING. 
 
 OR CHANGING OVER YOUR OLD 
 
 MACHINERY. WRITE TO THE 
 
 Metallic Drawing 
 Roll Company 
 
 FOR PRICES AND ADVANTAGES OF THEIR 
 
 METALLIC ROLLS 
 
 fl 25 to 33 per cent more 
 production guaranteed, than 
 can be received from any 
 leather roll : : : : : 
 
 Indian Orchard 
 Mass. 
 
JAK 141910 
 
 THE 
 
 Whitin Machine Works 
 
 WHITINSVILLE, MASS. 
 
 Cards Spoolers 
 
 Combers Twisters 
 
 Drawing: Frames Reels 
 
 Roving: Frames Long: Chain Quillers 
 
 Spinning: Frames Looms 
 
 Builders of 
 
 Cotton Machinery 
 
 SOUTHERN AGENT 
 
 STUART W. CRAMER 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. Atlanta, Ga. 
 
THE RABBETH 
 CENTRIFUGAL CLUTCH SPINDLE 
 
 Is being adopted in large numbers 
 in the best mills. Over 
 
 1,300,000 
 
 ordered up to October I, 1909. 
 They can be obtained in new 
 frames through any of the standard 
 builders, and for replacement of 
 old spindles, directly at our works. 
 
 OUR MIRROR SPINNING RINGS 
 
 Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat Off, 
 
 are the best on the market and set 
 the standard for quality. 
 
 One copy del. to Cat. Div. 
 
 ^ m mo