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 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Chap..! A. Copyright No.._. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 

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BETTY SPRING ROAD. 
 
jfavoritc S)rivc6 
 
 Brounb (3art»nei\ 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLE5 b. PCJRRAQE. 
 
 (^^J:,!a^i© 
 
 JLLUSTRATED FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS. 
 FROM PAPERS READ BEFORE THE MONDAY 
 CLUB AND GARDNER INSTITUTE. .-. .-. .-. 
 
 m^?w,w^m 
 
 The Original Drawings By 
 Charles H. Stratton. 
 
 Press of the Gardner News 
 Company. 
 
 '^'^■- 
 
 Vw ' Vw / Wv, 
 
Copyright, 1896. 
 Rv Charlfs I). Rurra<fe. 
 
 Copyright, 1897. 
 By Charles D. Burrage. 
 
 f'\^. 
 
Ipveface to Zbivb lEMtion. 
 
 The unexpected favor with which this little essay has been 
 received is especially gratifying on account of the many expressions of 
 warm appreciation of the great natural beauties of Gardner it has 
 called forth, leading to the hope, that, in the future, more attention will 
 be given to the care and preservation of the native trees by the road- 
 sides and around the ponds. 
 
 chari.es D. BURRAGE. 
 Gardner, Mass., May, 1897. 
 
Xist ot lIllnBtrationa. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Betty Spring Road, I'roiitispiece. 
 
 Map of Roads of GardiR-r, 
 Map of Karly vSettlers, 
 
 Kagle V 
 
 In Heart of the Swamp, . vi 
 
 Initial — vSedge, ( Drawing ) . . i 
 
 Betty Spring Road, ... 2 
 
 Tomb of Rev. Jonathan Osgood, 2 
 
 Crystal Lake 3 
 
 Betty's Spring, .... 4 
 
 Moneses, Pyrola and Pipsissewa. 5 
 
 Buckbean, ..... 5 
 
 Pale Laurel, .... 6 
 
 Labrador Tea, ..... 7 
 
 Oldest Cellar-hole, ... 8 
 
 Bed of Indian Pipe, ... 9 
 
 Worthington Park, ... 10 
 Azalea, .11 
 
 Columl)ine, ..... 12 
 
 Pogonia, ...... 23 
 
 Calopogon, ..... 13 
 
 Home of the .\/alea, . . .14 
 
 Moccasin I'iower, ... 15 
 
 Wild Calla 16 
 
 Andalusite Crystals, , . . 16 
 
 Cha])el Place, . • '7 
 
 Purple-fringed Orchis, 18 
 The Woods near Crystal Lake, 
 
 ( Drawing) 20 
 
 Pitcher Plant 21 
 
 Cireat Oreen Orchis, . . .21 
 
 Ragged l'"ringed Orchis, . . 21 
 
 Meadow Lily 22 
 
 Snowy ( )wl, .... 21, 
 
 Old vStunip, ('Drawing), . 
 The Kneeland I'lace, . 
 The Bed of the Brook, ( The 
 
 Cardinal Flower), 
 Near tlu- Kneeland Place, . 
 Rhodora, ..... 
 Bickford-T ravers I\Iill-dani, 
 Jackson House, 
 
 Twin Flower, . . . . 
 In the Woods by Crystal Lake. 
 
 (Drawing), . . . . 
 The Old Railroad Cut, . 
 The Coolidge Place, . 
 Redemption Rock, . 
 Redemption Rock — the Inscript 
 Crystal Lake, (the Sheep-pen ), 
 Crystal Lake, (the I'ppcr Cov 
 I'ringed Gentians, . 
 Closed Gentians, 
 An Orchis, 
 Cardinal I'lower, 
 The Coolidge Place, 
 Many-flowered Indian Pipe. 
 SkulF, ( Drawing \ 
 The Whispering Pines, 
 Bailey Brook, . 
 Lake Denison, 
 Blueberry Blossoms, 
 Beryl Mine. 
 Lake Denison, . 
 Ladies' Tresses, , 
 White-fringed Orchis, 
 Tomahawk, ( Tail-jiiece) 
 List of Wild I'lowers. . 
 
 Page. 
 2J 
 
 25 
 
 . 26 
 
 27 
 
 . 28 
 
 29 
 
 .S2 
 
 ion, _>6 
 .^7 
 
 ■ 39 
 40 
 
 . 40 
 40 
 
 ■ 41 
 41 
 
 • 42 
 4.^ 
 
 • 44 
 4,S 
 
 . 4ft 
 
 47 
 
 . 4S 
 
 49 
 
 • 5" 
 51 
 
to — 
 
jFavodte Bvives Hrounb (5arbnei\ 
 
 " I have learned 
 To look on nature, not as in the hour 
 Of thoughtless youth." 
 
 — IVordsci'Oiih: 
 
 We are put here to secrete something 
 everlasting out of nature." 
 
 — 7 /somas Starr King . 
 
 UR hill-town of Gardner, .situated on the highest 
 part of the backbone of the .state, on the cre.st 
 of the ridge between Wachtt.sett and Monad- 
 nock, is 1 200 feet above the .sea, and in snni- 
 nier all the breezes of New England fan her 
 brow. The waters flow awa}' in every direc- 
 tion ; to the west by Otter River, to the north by Miller's River, to the 
 east by the Nashua, and to the south by a branch of the Ware River. 
 The roof-tree of more than one hottse in Crardner divides the rain drops 
 as they fall, to send part to the Connecticut and the Sound, and part to 
 the ocean above Cape Ann. No wonder she can boa.st the best record 
 in the Commonwealth for the smallest percentage of deaths from con- 
 sumption. Built on the tops of her seven hills, whichever way we go 
 is "down-hill." Winchendon lies 200 feet below to the north and 400 
 feet to the west ; Templeton from 400 feet below at Baldwinville to only 
 
lOO feet at the Centre, on the brow of Dolbier hill ; Huhbanlston and 
 Westminster, 200 feet below, and Ashburnhani on the east, where the 
 
 \-illat4es are, 200 feet below, wliik- Mtt-h- 
 l)ur<;, tweh'e miles away, lies 700 feet below, 
 (lardner has many ]ileasant drives 
 thn>UL;li llie woods within and bc-Nond her 
 borders, and the stranger ma\- safely take 
 any road, confident that he will find beanties 
 on every side ; dark woods inxiting him to 
 their cool recesses : silver}- streams refiect- 
 in_o- the enchantments of the syh'an shades 
 on their banks; flowers in ])r()fnsi<)n on 
 either hand, in all the colors of the rain- 
 bow ; and from every hill-toj) views rivall- 
 
 "The birds sinq in the branches." -r ii i • ^ i t 
 
 ^ mg in ma'^nihcence the choicest and most 
 
 famons in New Ivngland. For not even from famons Round Hill, 
 in Northampton, looking down ii])on the wide Connecticnt meadows, 
 with the rib])on of the river winding through them, nor from the T.erk- 
 shire Hills aronnd the Lenox ])owl, nor from the Bine Hills of Milttni, 
 half lost in soft haze from the ocean, are there afforded snch giorions 
 and extensive views of hills, woods, lakes and monntains — the ])ecnliar 
 charm of the New Ivngland landsca])e — as those from onrownCTard- 
 ner hills. 
 
 liach drive has its special charm, however : one l)ecause ot a jiar- 
 ticnlar view, another because the haunt of a rare 
 wild flower that grows nowhere else, and others 
 because of the stories of the deserted "cellar- 
 holes" by the waw marking the sites of ancient 
 homesteads. 
 
 The drives around Gardner are beautiful 
 because they are through a country still left to 
 nature, where the brush b\- the roadside screens 
 the fields, and the woods luwe not seen the 
 woodman's axe for a generation. Ivver_\- >ear 
 sees some great tract of woodland despoiled of 
 its royal crown, but every year also .sees old 
 sprout lots become full-grown woods, that hide 
 the heavens from us as we eagerly seek their 
 dei)ths. iCveii before the trees grow large enough 
 to choke to death the berr\- bushes the\- invited 
 in their struggling ycnith, we rejoice with them in their coming glory 
 
 ^ 
 
 lonib of Kev, Joniilh<in Osgood, 
 
 Till: l'ir>l Sctllod Miiiislcr. 
 

 f • - ■v. ^ 
 
 f 
 
BETTY'S SPRING. 
 
When 
 
 XTbe Bett^ Spring 1Roa5. 
 
 "The south wind wanders from field to forest, 
 And softly whispers, ' The vSpring is here," 
 
 we first of all turn our horse's head eastward, passing from the busy 
 town streets at once into the shade of the overhanging and ' ' venerable 
 woods" at Betty's Spring, the choicest spot in Gardner, where the 
 
 birds sing in the branches, and, at 
 evening, the plaintive cry of the 
 whip-poor-will echoes the shrill call 
 of the quail. In the early part of 
 the present century, two Indians, 
 
 Moneses. 
 
 Pyrola. 
 
 Pipsissewa. 
 
 Betty and her husband Jonas, last of 
 
 their tribe, lived on the side-hill 
 
 above the spring since called b}' her 
 
 name, in the cottage built by one of 
 
 the early settlers, John Miles. Only 
 
 the cellar now remains. Before this 
 
 they lived a few rods beyond the 
 
 railroad crossing on the right, on 
 
 the Beech Hill road, where faint 
 
 traces of the cellar may still be 
 
 found in the woods. Afterwards, 
 
 with a nephew named Jodorus, they moved to the Temple place on 
 
 Green street, and died there. In the shadow of the woods by Betty's 
 
 Spring, beneath the great trees, 
 
 " Huge trunks and each particular trunk a growth 
 
 Of intertwisted fibres serpentine 
 
 Upcurling and inveterately convolved," 
 
 Buckbean. 
 
benjamins ( Trillium crcctum ) abound, and the painted trillium ( Tril- 
 lium cr\throiarf)um ) with its white face. Here we find the niayflower 
 ( Epigaa repcns) nestling in its l)ed of snow, and Jack-iii-the-pnlpit 
 ( Aris(ra triphylliim ) preaching to hundreds of his l)rothers. A 
 little later the whole hillside under the centurx -old trees blossoms 
 out, for the foam flower ( Tiarella conii folia ) antl the Canada May- 
 flower ( Maiauthonum Catiadoise ) hide the many violets as they 
 change from yellow to white and to jiurple, and the glad \ellow of the 
 Clinlonia /iDrcalis grows richer in the moss. Here, in summer, the 
 
 I'alt' liiurel. 
 
 wa.\-like mend)ers of the licalh famil\- tempt us 1)\- their profusion, for 
 the shin-leaf, or lil\- ()f-the-\-alle\' ( I'vyola cllipiica ) grows in beds by 
 the side of the shining-lea\ed Princes' i)ine. or Pii)sissewa ( (7//w('/>///A7 
 umhclhila ). near the beautiful, one-flowered p\rola ( .Uonests n/a/nli- 
 flora ), and their degenerate cousin, tin.- ])arasitic Indian ]>ii>e ( Mono- 
 Iropd uni/loni ), the ghost-flower, or corpse ])lant, hides its pure white 
 stalks in the depths of the woods among the dead leaves. The brook 
 at the edge of the woods runs munnuring through the meadow and 
 loses itself beneath the heav>- growth bexond. On the hillside huge 
 boulders lie strewn about in i)icture.s(iue abandon, as if just from the 
 
hands of giants wearied in play. From the woods little streams come 
 trickling to the meadow, making nooks and dells and glens, where the 
 ferns, undisturbed, speak in every delicate frond, of the sanctity of 
 
 Labrador Tea. 
 
 nature inviolate, and the harsh noises from the town's pushing, 
 hustling, money-making factories sink into softness, recalling man's 
 universal kinship. These rough, worn hill-sides, scarred and seamed 
 
8 
 
 by storms, and covered with the growths of a century, with their gras.sy 
 knolls and beds of flowers, inviting retreats and shady nooks, appeal to 
 the desire tor rest and peace instinctive inns all, a longing becoming 
 pathetic in its intensity in such a busy, hard-working town as Gardner. 
 
 '• These shades 
 Are still the ahoiles of gladness; the thick roof 
 Of <ireen and stirring l)ranches is alive 
 And nuisioal with l)irds. that sing and si)()rt 
 In wantonness of s])irit." 
 
 I he Oldest Cellar-Hole. 
 
 On the left from Pearl street, half a mile from the road, almost 
 hi<lden bv the bushes growing around it. is the oldest cellar-hole in 
 Gardner, and the nnlx one whose historv is lost. The eighteen imh 
 stum]) of a pine tree that grew in its centre indicates an abandonment 
 long l.elore the settlement of the town. A lew narrow, handmade 
 brick of ancient jjattern and tlu' iron ciane that once hung in the >tone 
 chimney, attest the presence of a white man, as does the deep lellar 
 itself ; but all else is gone forever. 
 
 In these woods a fa\<)re<l maiden once found the rare white ladies' 
 slipper ( CV/>^/7"'<////w ^<///(//(///w ), pii haps the onl\ one e\ er lound in 
 Worcester Countv. 
 
lO 
 
 Just beyond the town 'cliuni)" on Pearl street, on tlie knoll, is 
 a cellar hole once occui)ie(l 1)\- the house of Be/.aleel Hill, who kft town 
 in 1812. He was a famous inventor, an original of Darius (ireen, as 
 he invented a f^>iug machine and, with great wings on his arms, leaped 
 from his second-story window. The story runs that he said the fl\"ing 
 was all right, but it was the stopping that hurt. 
 
 Slowly we leave these woods 
 
 "Where, when the sunshine struck a veHow shade 
 The rugj^ed trunks, to inward peepinj^ sij^ht 
 Thronj^ed in dark ])ilhirs up the K<^1<1 green light," 
 
 to drive straight on to Westminster, all the wa\- a delight. 
 
 Worthington Park. 
 
 The delicate wild geranium ( (irraiiiiiiii iiuti it/aiitiii ) and, in sum- 
 mer, the wootl lily ( l.iliiiiii Pliiladclf^liiiu))i ) and clover head polygala 
 ( /'o/vi^a/a safii;i(iiica ) brighten the roadside with their l)eds of color. 
 Or we ma\' turn through 'iVin])le street and go under the railioad to 
 clind) liarber hill, and then b\- little-used roads jjast Tophet swamp to 
 the \illage of Westminster, returning through the woods and swam])s 
 on the "lurn])ike" to .South <".ardnei, ])i('king the while swamp honev- 
 suckle ( Rliododtndroi lisrosinii ) bloomiuij in the \er\- midst of the 
 
II 
 
 AZALEA. 
 
12 
 
 waters, and the snake's head ( CJiclonc glabra ) showiiij^ white in the 
 edge of the woods. 
 
 Tlie old County road did not run through these swamps, \n\\. bore 
 off to the south, passing over the liill alx>ve tlie Ba])tist church, past 
 Wright's mill and on the side hill just hclow the original Jouathan 
 Greenwood house, a route long ago discontinued .-ind now almost oblit- 
 erated . 
 
 Near the old cellai' hole on the to]) of Wright's hill, where the 
 first house ( burned in iSoS ) built by josjd'.i Wright stood, i,-. the 
 
 Columbine. 
 
 ancient well, and by its side a large stone with a cinular hollow in its 
 top that the family u.sed for many years as a wash basin. It \\,is possi- 
 bly in use before their time by the Indians as a mortar lor grinding 
 corn. 
 
 '^\)C Ol^ Quao. 
 
 A \isit, one day in earl\ s])ring, to the "old <|uag " b\- the lailroad, 
 near ICast street, a fa\-orite resort of the \illage boys for geuetalions, 
 rewarded us with the i)urple blo.ssoms of the pitcher-])lant ( S<n >a<riiia 
 pinpiin-a ); the fresh and attractive white stalks of the buckbean 
 {Mcnvanf/us fn'/'o/i(i/(t ), a rare flower in Worc-esler Count\ , at first 
 sight suggesting an orchid : the slender and delicate white Snii/achia 
 /;-//i?//V/, which almost unconsciously is called Lilv-of-the-vallev ; from 
 
13 
 
 Pogonia. 
 
 the fringe of bushes at the land's edge, the woolly-leaved lyabrador tea 
 ( Ledum latifolium ) , a rare and radiant shrub found in few towns in the 
 county, and the bell blossoms of the low-bush blueberry ( I'acciniiim 
 
 1 'a cilia //s) . H e re , l)e s i d e 
 the Ijrilliant blossoms of the 
 rhodora ( Rliododcudrou rho- 
 dora) that lighten the bleak 
 bareness of the bushes just 
 budding into leaf, in the 
 middle of the swamp, just 
 above the water we find, 
 also, an earlier and exceed- 
 ingly graceful sister of the 
 mountain laurel, the deli- 
 cate, fragile pale laurel 
 ( K'a/iii/a o/auat ) . The 
 treacherous moss sinks deep 
 into the water as we cross 
 it, and the air-holes catch 
 us, drawing us into their 
 depths until we fairly gasp 
 at the rush of cold waters, the thick, slimy ooze under the tangled 
 roots holding the feet with almost overpowering suction. But it is a 
 rich treasure house of flowers, a delight and a joy to remember forever 
 after — just such a bed as would attract the 
 fairest and daintiest of New England's 
 jewels — the brightest colored and choicest 
 of the flowers. 
 
 Pearl street, itself, leads to Ashburn- 
 ham Centre and Meeting-house Hill, with 
 its wonderful views. It is well worth climl)- 
 ing the great hill to stand on the north 
 brow and look across the Naukeags with 
 their wooded islands, "when the gold of 
 evening meets the dusk of night ; " a view 
 unsurpassed, save, perhaps, on Lake 
 George. On the way home, in late sum- 
 mer, w^e find a rattlesnake orchis {Good- Caiopogon. 
 ve7-a piibcsccns) by the roadside, and note the curious mark- 
 ings of the leaves. We may drive straight on from Pearl street to the 
 very edge of the town, to Worthington 'Park, at the end of the road, 
 
14 
 
15 
 
 and looking at the fire-scorched ruins, reflect upon the transitory na- 
 ture of all earthly plans. Between the high cellar-walls the fireweed 
 ( Epilobium augustifolhcm ) glows with brilliant color, contrasting with 
 the blackened trunks of the ancient trees. 
 
 Then to the right, down the steep hill, we ride for an hour or 
 more, on winding roads, through thicket and brush, 
 
 "A land of trees, which reaching ronnd about. 
 In shady blessing stretched their old arms out. 
 With spots of sunny openings," 
 
 Moccasin Flower. 
 
 in the shade of maple, pine and oak woods, silent, cool, and filled wath 
 
 beauties, where 
 
 " The pines are whispering in the breeze 
 Whispering — then hushing, half in awe — 
 Their legends of primeval seas," 
 
 emerging finalh' upon the broad highway in the middle of Ashburn- 
 ham, to rettxrn through the long village street at the Junction. 
 
i6 
 
 Cbapcl Street. 
 
 Or. \vc nia\ lake the Beech Hill road to Westminster, and. on the 
 right, enter an abandoned road that plnnges at once into brush and 
 brier, where the tall grass reacht-s to the carriage. ( )n a Idw rise of 
 land fronting the shining rails of the railroad, are the cellar-holes of 
 se\-eral t)uil(lings, with fruit trees run wild around them. Cherries 
 
 hang ri])e and red on the 
 trees: lilac ])ushes, luxuri- 
 ant in their abandonment, 
 Haunt their colors on either 
 ^ide al)ove tile cellar, where 
 tlic- (k-ca\ing timbers are 
 ii\trrun with rasi)berries, 
 the fruit large, rich and 
 temi)ting. But when we 
 learn the story of the place, 
 we remend)er with regret. 
 Man\- years ago this was 
 a lliriving New Ivngland 
 larui, w ilh sons and daugh- 
 ters around the hearthstone 
 looking forward to life's 
 blessings. To this house- 
 hold disease suddenl\- came 
 — a fold and loathsome disease that stiuck down one after anotlier, and 
 ilro\e in horror e\-ery friend and neighl)()r from them, 'i'he father, 
 taken ill, died of small-i)ox, and was hastil\- buried on the farm itself. 
 'Die house became as if accursed. Provisions were brought onl\- to 
 the wall down the road. Im- 
 agine, if \ou can, the last sad 
 scene of this ])itiful historx 
 when the mother, alone with 
 her sick, in her sorrow and 
 almost broken by tlie strain of 
 her weeks of watching, stood 
 all one night b\ the be<lsi(le of her d\ing child, 'riien she went away 
 forever. So the buildings were left to deca\-, with a horror attached, 
 that lor \ear^ has ki-pt all hum.in kind awa\- from tlu-m. lea\ ing the 
 lonely graves to grow each passing year mon.- hinels', — 
 
 Wild Cdlld. 
 
 Xiiclci iisilc (r\>t<ils. 
 
 C.rysi.il |.:.kc.l 
 
"Where roses blossomed, branches now o'erspread ; 
 The mournful ruins bid the spirit weep, 
 The broken fragments stay the passing tread." 
 
 On the left is where a soldier in the French and Indian wars set- 
 tled, Chapel, for whom the street was named. He died in 1820, at the 
 age of one hundred and three years, the oldest person who has died in 
 Gardner. 
 
 The swamp across the railroad entices us with its promises of hid- 
 den treasures, for here from the sphagnum moss in the water, among 
 
 'Where Roses Blossomed." 
 
 the white blossoms of the cranberry ( [ \iai)iiii))i viacrocarpon ) , spring 
 one of the prettiest of the orchis family, the pink flower of the beauti- 
 ful beard ( I'ogonia ophioglossiodes , . And its beautiful sister, the In- 
 dian pink ( Calopogon piilchcUus ) is near, its rich purple blossoms con- 
 trasting strangely delicate beside the cat-tails. Careless of everything, 
 save the delight of connnuning with Nature in her home, we wade far 
 out into the treacherous waters to find the wild calla ( Calla palustris ) 
 hiding its pure white petals in the very heart of the swamp, reserving 
 its beauties for those who love it and seek it in its retreat. In early 
 spring the flower masses of white almost cover the waters— a beautiful 
 picture. 
 
i8 
 
 We may go on over Heech liill to enjoy the views, or turn sharply 
 to the riglit to cross the countr\- to the Betty Spring road near West- 
 minster, returning laden with flowers, and listening to 
 
 " The bree/.e munmiring in the musical woods 
 Where the embowerinj^ trees recede, and leave 
 A little space of jjreen expanse." 
 
 Z\K IRortb 1Roa^5. 
 
 From tile Windsor House as a starting point, we drive north ex- 
 pectantly, for the woods run together for miles and the houses are few. 
 We may go to the right over Matthews' hill, with berries in abundance 
 
 Ihe Purple I ringed Urthis at Home. 
 
 on either side, and keep on through the swainji, jiast ancient home- 
 steads indicated by abandoned cellar-holes, to Pearl street; or go north 
 to the end of the road at the Xaslnui reservoir. enjo\ing e\er\- roil of 
 tlie wooded drix'e. 
 
 JJut when the da>' is \oung and ue want a long dri\e, we go on 
 l)ast the great elm at Page's ( the largest in (lardner ) throngli woods 
 
 tliat seldom see a carriage, where 
 
 " • • • fantastic aisles 
 Wind from the siglU in brightness and are lost 
 Among the crowileil jjillars," 
 
19 
 
 over a brush-grown road that leads for miles without a house, through 
 
 the swamps, where, in June, 
 
 ' ' The Atlantic June, 
 
 Whose calendar of perfect days is kept 
 
 By daily blossoming of some new flower." 
 
 the azalea ( Rhododoidron midijioriim^ blooms on acres and acres of 
 bushes, where the moccasin flower, or lady's slipper ( Cypripedium 
 acaule), another of the orchis family, boasts its careless wealth of 
 color, and where the columbine ( Aquilegia Canadensis ) , daintiest and 
 most graceful of flowers, welcomes us to her home on the fern-covered 
 bank. Every little while we pass a deserted "cellar-hole" and tell 
 again the varying life histories of their former owners ; some sad, some 
 tragic, all pathetic. All the way we delight in the profusion of flowers, 
 for the pyrola and its white sisters lie in beds about us, the Indian-pipe 
 is under almost every bush and by every log, while the one-flowered 
 pyrola, the exquisite star of the Monescs grandiflora, forces an excla- 
 mation of genuine pleasure from us, when we see a great bed of its 
 pure white, waxy petals under the spreading branches of a pine. 
 Abundant in this vicinity, it is unknown elsewhere in the county. The 
 swamps in the woods fairly glow with the beautiful blossoms of the 
 purple-fringed orchis ( Habenaria Jinibriafa) , most precious and most 
 sought-for of all the season's flowers. How the heart thrills at the 
 first sight of the delicate, fragile blossoms gleaming white against the 
 dark background of the woods. Here in the dense woods, where the 
 Sun never shines, 
 
 " In the deep glen, or the close shade of pines," 
 we find the great green orchis {Habenaria orbiculata), \\A\osq large, 
 full-orbed leaves add to its royal dignity. 
 
 At the four corners we can go west to force a narrow way through 
 brush that sadly scratches the carriage to the little red schoolhouse on 
 the main Winchendon road ; and once we used to go east to the Junc- 
 tion, but now the road is discontinued. Here in the swamps, the curi- 
 ous fiy-trap, or pitcher plants ( Sarracenia piirpnrca ) , grow in hundreds 
 and we watch them 
 
 " How at the dawn they wake, and open wide 
 Their little petal windows " 
 
 safe here from all intrusion by man, and 
 
 " The passion they express all day 
 
 In burning color, steals forth with the dew 
 
 All night in odor." 
 and the ragged f ringed-orchis ( Habenaria lacera ) keeps them com- 
 pany. So we keep straight on to leave the woods at last at the Astor 
 
20 
 
 CAi^y^ 
 
 l-t-aflfss ;ir»,- tin- trt-i-s; lluir |)nri)lf hr.iiiclus 
 
 Spread thcinsclvcs al)roa<l, like reefs of i<.r;il liMni^ silciil 
 
 In the Red .Sea of the winter sunset." 
 
21 
 
 House, the old tavern on the turnpike at Burrageville, in North Ash- 
 burnham, the home of the yellow meadow or Canada lily, the fairies' 
 or witches' cap {Liliuni Ca?iade?ise) , whose branched stems and 
 graceful drooping bells remind us of candelabra in some ancient 
 cathedral. The meadows and even the roadside are rich to prodigality 
 with the golden bells, and the delicate, smaller purple fringed-orchis 
 {Habcjiaria psycodes) growing 
 
 " Beside a brook in mossy forest dell " 
 hardly lessens our admiration by the glory of its richer beauty. By the 
 bridge we once picked a ^^^^^^^^^^^^ large cluster of purple 
 meadow-rue {Thalictrum ^^^^^^^^^^^^| piirpurasceiis) , more 
 delicate than its graceful ^^^^^^^^^^H sister. We return by 
 the great mill-dam and ^^^HR^^^^I ^^^^ little red school- 
 house, where the roads ^^^^^Ih^^^H *^o^^^^^' ^"^^ '^'^ either 
 side, in a little way, corner ^^^HSg^^^^H in fours again, making 
 eight different roads at ^^^Bl^^^^^^l <^"^ service, each with 
 its own peculiar and ^^^|Kja^^^^| inviting charms. One 
 is the old toll-road, bring- ^^^VSH^^^^H ^^^Z ^^ ^^^^ near the 
 Town Farm; another ^^^|H^^^^^H climbs the great hill, 
 and passing for miles ^^^^^H^^^^^H under 
 
 Pitcher Plant. 
 
 Ragged Fringed Orchis. 
 
 Great Green Orchis. 
 
 " green-robed senators of mighty woods. 
 Tall oaks, branch-charmed by the earnest stars " 
 
 becomes Stone street, in Gardner, one of the prettiest drives in town; 
 and by another we go to old Winchendon to enjoy a particularly fine 
 view of Monadnock on the way. 
 
 All through these woods we catch glimpses of the brown rabbit 
 hopping along in front of us, and every little while the whir-r-r of the 
 partridge startles us from our reveries. Once we drove into the midst 
 
22 
 
 of a young family, and instantly the niother-l)ircl fluttered by the 
 carriage. appartntl\- hurl unto death, causing eager pursuit through 
 the bushes until she had led us a safe distance; then, recovering, she 
 flew far away; we almost fancied we heard a laugh as she left us. Her 
 little, brown-l)acked children hid themselves under the brush, keeping 
 absolutely (piiet while we stood o\-er them watching their nervous 
 heart throbbinus. 
 
 Mi'(i(I(»% I il\ . 
 
 The long, bush}- tail of tlie fox is sometimes seen (lisa])])earing 
 through the bushes ahead, indicating "good liunling" here, and the 
 dust in summer and the snow in winter bear the ini])rinl ol tlie raccoon 
 in almost ])erfect imitation of a bab\'s fool. 
 
 The red scpiirrel abounds, for nuts are ]ileul\ , and, with ihe wood- 
 pecker for comi)an}-, an occasional clii]>nmnk or r,ire gra\- scjuirnl fdl 
 the woods with life. 
 
23 
 
 SNOWY OWL. 
 
24 
 
 Otters once frequented the river named from them, Otter River, and 
 are still found there; a wildcat was recently killed near the Nashua 
 reservoir, and a Snowy Owl, from Canada, in 1882 strayed to its death 
 on Glazier Hill. Two or three deer have visited here in late years, 
 probably driven south by the severe winters. 
 
 aOf 
 
TLbc lkncclan& /ll>ai&5. 
 
 Crime, sorrow, disease, the wrong of man to man, and man 
 to woman have not spared our peaceful town in the century' of its 
 life, and the dense growth of its great woods, for miles seldom trodden 
 by man, hide many a dark mj^stery, the shame of many a crime. 
 
 As we drive through the West Village with its thronging homes, 
 we turn aside, near the curve in the railroad, to visit a gravel-knoll 
 half a mile from the road, secluded and covered with wood. On this 
 
 The Kneeland Place. 
 
 low hill, (debris of a moraine dating from the glacial epoch) a hunter, 
 a few 3'ears since, found in the shade of a tree a withered human body, 
 with a rope around the neck and a broken end hanging from a limb 
 overhead. He had lain there two or three years, unknown, unseen, 
 perhaps never missed. The mystery of the suicide remains to this day 
 unsolved, and, buried on the spot, the sleep of the faint-heart continues 
 unbroken under the tree he chose, in a lonel}' and soon-to-be-forgotten 
 grave . 
 
 We linger a moment near here, in the bed of the brook, to rejoice 
 in the wealth of flowers that greets us on every side, for the purple 
 monkey-face i^Mivndus ringeyis^ hides under the bushes, with the 
 
26 
 
 <,kn\\-cap (Srufr//ar/a i^alcriadata) beside it; near by tlie dainty blue 
 and yellow of the "ruby grape of Proserpine," the ni<;htshade ( .SW- 
 aniim dulcmnaya) hangs close to to the golden l)lossonis of the jewel- 
 weed {I>npatii'?is pallida) \ below us the pool is white with arrow head 
 ( Saggitaria I'ariabilis ) ; from our feet rises a great club of thorough- 
 
 " Tlu- rcil ])fiiii() 
 flowers 
 
 >l till- i;ii ci in.il 
 
 Haii)^ iiiolioiilcss iijidii their uiirii^'lit 
 staves." 
 
 wort, or bonesct ( liupatoi iuw pcy/o/io/ii»i ) , while in the foreground 
 the brilliant cardinal-flower ( A(7/W/<r rardina/is ) , High Priest of the 
 Tabernacle, stands stately, erect and magnificent in all the bright gh)ry 
 of its coloring. 
 
 Then on through the valley, where the .swamp flowers abound, 
 white lilies lie in the sun, and. late in the summer, great beds of purple 
 asters, harbingers of autumn, fill tin.' roadside willi tln-ir masses of star- 
 like blossoms. Turning to the right in Ivast Templeton, we swing 
 rai)idly down the long, exhilerating curves of the hill to Bailey brook, 
 through woods that thv twin-flowL-r ( l.ivjura horralis ) loves, and the 
 
27 
 
 air is filled with its fragrance — one of the flowers that conduce to 
 thought, through which 
 
 " Ever the words of the gods resound ; 
 
 But the porches of man's ear 
 Seldom, in this life's low round, 
 Are unsealed, that he may hear." 
 
 The twin-flower is no longer found in Worcester count}' outside of the 
 few northern towns, so the great beds in Gardner are especially inter- 
 esting. 
 
 As we return on the circuit, at the head of Parker's pond and the 
 junction of Wilder and Kneeland brooks, almost within sound of the 
 
 Near the Kneeland Place. 
 
 busy life of Gardner, we find, by the foot of a tall tree, a faint cellar- 
 hole marking the site of the home of the Kneeland Maids. They were 
 two aged sisters, daughters of Timothy Kneeland, one of the earliest 
 settlers in Gardner, found beaten to death in their beds in March, 1855. 
 The buildings were destroyed by fire the following May, and a crime 
 that filled the whole state with horror, and caused, to the timid, fear 
 and apprehension for many a long year thereafter — a crime that was as 
 brutal and cowardly as any in the history of the Commonwealth, went 
 unpunished bj^ man, and after forty years leaves the ashes of a once 
 happy home its only reminder. 
 
 Or keep on through East Templeton, turning to look at the great 
 blossoms on the tulip-tree ( Liriodendron tulipifcra ) at the corner of the 
 Parkhurst house-lot, and as you climb the long Ladder hill, note an 
 
28 
 
 RHODORA. 
 
29 
 
 especially attractive view — Gardner and its multitude of houses framed 
 in by the walls of earth. All roads that are before you are invit- 
 ing, but if you have the time, go down into and across the Ware River 
 valley, through the Four Corners, and swing home through Phillipston 
 Centre and Goulding Village, across the Great Meadows, where pout 
 and pickerel thrive. On such a trip, if in late July, one may find, in a 
 hollow between the Phillipston hills, a great clu.ster of purple loose- 
 strife ( Lvthniiii saliraria ) crowning the marsh, standing as brilliantly 
 erect as in its native land in the days of Ophelia. 
 
 Bickford-Travers Mill-Dam. 
 
 " There is a willow grows aslant a brook 
 That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream, 
 There with fantastic garlands did she come 
 Of crow flowers, nettles, daisies and long pnrples 
 That liberal shepherds give a grosser name. 
 But our cold maids do dead men's fingers call them." 
 
 To get far away from the noise of the town, tttrn south from Ea.st 
 Templeton to Hubbardston, over Mine hill. The road terraces the 
 steep hillside, with precipitous depths beneath in the shadows of the 
 woods ; the curves under the hill reminding us of the famous Geyser 
 
30 
 
 grade. Here the railing is (or actual use, and we can almost level with 
 our eyes the top of the tall hemlock that grows just below the road. 
 
 "Sleep is the side • • * shagj^y and wild 
 With mos.sy trees and pinnacles of flint 
 And many a hanj^inj; cra}^." 
 
 It makes little difference whcllicr \ on return l)y the way of Ragged 
 hill and through the long woods below the Pail h"actory. where the 
 .Maytlower ( A/'/V'/vr trpcns ) first blooms every spring, and "the green 
 vistas arch like the hollows of miglity waves of some crystalline .sea ; " 
 or go on through llubbardston in a wilderness of drives: a glorious 
 prospect, with woods and ])onds alternating in an unending ])ageant of 
 pleasure. Tlie wild c:\\h\ ( Ca/Ia pa/iis/n's ) haunts the swani])s, and 
 we pick .several varieties of tick-trefoil as we drive along. The morn 
 ing-glory ( Cfliivo/vu/us Anicricanus ) bells cover the walls and rock- 
 piles, and the wild bean ( .Ipios /libfrosa ) barricades the banks. Re- 
 turning from llubbardston with a bunch of brilliant red Oswego tea- 
 heads ( Mo)ia)iia t/ia'viiia ) we drive slowly by the old mill-dam of the 
 Bickford mill, tlic first l)uill in town, destroyed by fire August 20, 1895. 
 On Kendall hill, behind the station, where the old turnpike cro.ssed the 
 brow of the hill, a few elms still stand sentinel over the .site of the 
 Jackson house, the first house l)uilt in Oardner. Here the "bright 
 chalices" of the painted-cup ( Castillcia coccinca ) glow 
 
 " In the .i,neen like flakes of fire," 
 
 its scarlet tufts 
 
 " Tinted thu'^ to hold the di'w for fairies." 
 
 From photo by F. H. Hrown. 
 
 Jackson House. 
 
 I'liili 1704' 
 
®n (Blaster Mill. 
 
 One of the earliest settlers had the courage ( and love of nature ) 
 to build his house on the top of Glazier hill, where the reservoir now 
 is. He sold in 1772, to John Glazier, from whom the hill takes its 
 present name. The house now stands on Morrill street, and is the 
 oldest in town. In it was held the first town meeting in Gardner. As 
 we climb the hill, the winding road brings us fresh surprises at every 
 turn, for we are on a great pyramid with all the Commonwealth spread 
 out before us, and 
 
 ***** "The mountains that infold 
 In their wide sweep, the colored landscape round, 
 Seem groups of giant kings, in purple and gold, 
 That guard the enchanted ground." 
 
 Twin Flower. 
 
 From the first blush of morning, mantling the face of Wachusett, 
 standing huge and solitary in the plain, twelve miles away to the south, 
 to the last red arrow shot by the setting sun against the dark blue mass 
 of Monadnock, watchman of the Northern hills, one of the 
 " Mountain columns with which earth props heaven ; " 
 
 from the faint gray 
 
 " The pure mist — the pity of the sea 
 Coming as a soft white hand," 
 
 to ctirtain the beds of the flowers in the swamps in early morning, to 
 the drawing of the fog-covers over the rivers, reflecting golden glories 
 
32 
 
 of the sky at sunset ; we watch the wonderful transformations, as the 
 sun lights up the woodlands, shadows the long lines of hills, and turns 
 the 
 
 " Waters rcstiii}^ in llu- umhrace of the wide forest," 
 
 into i|nivering glowing (|uicksilver, instinct willi life, and color and 
 
 beauty — 
 
 " A liun(lre<l hills their dusky backs u])hea\e(l 
 All <)\i-r this still ocean ; aii<l beyond 
 I'ar, far bi'yond. the solid va])our stretched 
 In headlands, tonijues and ])roinontory shapes," 
 
 and all the fair lantl at our feet reminds us of the gardens of Armidas 
 of which Tasso sings, 
 
 " Still lakes of silver, streams that ninnn'rin^ ere])!. 
 Hills, on whose slopinj^ brows the sunbeams slept ; 
 Luxuriant trees, that various forms displayed, 
 And valleys, grateful with refreshing shade ; 
 Herbs, flow'rets, gay with many a gaudy dye. 
 And wood, and arching grottos meet the eye." 
 
 
 ? :?i 
 
 l.iM of Its K.iic. 
 
33 
 
 "5 - 
 
 o -^ 
 
 
 
 '73 .53 
 
 fc-^^^c^. 
 
 
 
 '^tj^^- 
 
34 
 
 ^' 
 
 -.-pT^ 
 
 i S 
 
 --^ 
 
 
 f' \\ 
 
 s 
 
 X. 
 
 1> 
 
 CC 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■^ 
 
 K 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ♦J 
 
 r, 
 
 M-i 
 
 a; 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 •X 
 
 
 (U 
 
 « 
 
IRc^emption IRocf?. 
 
 An eight-mile drive takes us through Westminster by the left side 
 of Wachusett L,ake, near the foot of Wachusett Mountain, to the 
 broad-topped Redemption rock, just by the roadside; its further side 
 twenty feet above the grass. The inscription on its face tells its story. 
 
 From Photo. 
 
 Redemption Rock. 
 
 We may everywhere find flowers, rare and beautiful, but we have 
 a choice as to where to go at different seasons. On Lynde hill, in the 
 very heart of the town, the hepaticas ( Hepatica striloba ) grow^ 
 
 " Wheu spring unlocks the flowers to paint 
 the laughing soil ; " 
 
 Checkerberries, or wintergreen, ( Gaultheria procumbens ) redden Bick- 
 ford's or Parker's hill, with their abundance ; and in summer the 
 smaller orchid, ladies' tresses {Spiranthes gracilis) twists through the 
 dying grasses on Glazier hill. By Crystal Lake the white laurel ( Kal- 
 ■niia latifolia ) and the lamb-kill, or sheep laurel {Kalinia aiigustifolia ) 
 relieve the darkness of the woods ; the American brooklime ( Veronica 
 
36 
 
 Americana) shields itself from prying eyes; and in the fields on the 
 hillsides rising from its waters, we find the pimpernel {Anagallis 
 arvoisis) and the corn cockle {Lychnis githago) . The fringed polygala 
 {Polvgala paucifo/ia) grows abundantly on Greenwood Hill. The 
 maiden hair fern is no longer found in Gardner, but still flourishes in 
 some favored spots in Templeton. The wood anemone {Ancmojie 
 ncmorosa), the "wind-flower," grows in great abundance in the low 
 land near the pail factory; the Ivuropean hawkweed {Hicracium auran- 
 tiacum), "the devil's paint-l)rush," may l)e found on llie roads to the 
 east, and the rhodora {Rhododcndro)i i/iodo/a), ])nlliantly beautiful in 
 its purple brightness, may be found on every hill and in every swamp. 
 On one road to the north is a quarter-acre lot that is fairly covered with 
 these bushes, every one a mass of color, in the spring. The beautiful 
 white fringed orchis {Habcnaria blepliariglottis) lines the edge of one 
 swamp on East street, and is found in several others. Beech -drops, a 
 curious •^2iX^<?h.\.Q. { Epiphcgus / yr;'/;//^?;/^/ ) are abundant in the woods 
 bv Crvstal Lake. 
 
 From Photo. 
 
 Rcdt-mplion Ko( k. 
 
 I lie Inscription. 
 
3.7 
 
38 
 
 Upper Cove. 
 
 ' lyakc of llii.- liills, will Ti' cool and 
 
 swccl, 
 Thy sunset waters lie." 
 
Hroun^ Crystal %n\\c. 
 
 For a varied and interesting drive start from Monument Square 
 and go past the green lawns on the hill, past the smooth, rich fields of 
 the Heywood Farm, and turn to the left. Crystal Lake lies before us 
 as a brilliant jewel, with its setting of green; to the north, Monadnock, 
 
 black and forbidding, bars the view. By 
 the lakeside, in September, we chance 
 upon the latest, and almost the fairest of 
 the season's flowers — the war)-, fringed 
 gentian (Grnf/aua crinita) 
 
 "colored with heaven's own blue," 
 the flower of which the poet sings, 
 
 ••Four plumes from the bluebird's wing, as fast 
 
 to the south he flew 
 The Angel of Flowers caught them up as they 
 
 fell in the autumn dew, 
 And shaped with a twirl of her fingers this spire 
 
 of feathery blue." 
 
 By its side is the slender-twi.stcd white 
 orchis, ladies' tresses i^Spiranthes cernna.) 
 Earlier in the year, the .strange sundew 
 {Drose7'a rot undi folia ) , with carniverous 
 leaves feeding on insects attracted by the 
 sweet "dew" that glistens like a tinj^ web 
 of diamond dttst, raises its drooping head 
 in the meadow farther north, and a great 
 i^igjg, -ajyr^ h&A oi ysoodi-^oxr^X {Oxalis acetosella^Xx^Xs 
 
 H| ^^B^ up the roadside at the archway under the 
 
 ^Fringed* Gentian. trees. The rose-Hke blo.ssoms of the purple 
 
 flowering ra.spberry {Riilnis odoratiis) , a plant .somewhat uncommon in 
 Worcester County, attracts us to its home under .some great oaks 
 and chestnuts, where its abundance gives it tmtisual dignity; while 
 over our heads, the golden woodpecker and oriole fly back and forth. 
 From our windows in the winter we look out on the snow depths after 
 
40 
 
 a severe "cold spell " to watch the little brown Labrador birds hopping 
 in the 1)ranches, for they only come in the coldest of mid-winter, from 
 their far northern home. Imohi the edi;e of the woods we gatlier a 
 larj;e i)unch of closed gentians ( (i)iiiiaiia .liidracsii ) , the 
 
 Closed Genliiins. 
 
 " l'"lo\vcT all elusive, j^uanliu}^ alike from the 
 rain and the sun 
 The mystical heart of thyself," 
 
 to ])righten tlic rooms at home for 
 
 ■'Seven threads of li.^ht 
 I\Iornin}<'s j^old and eveninj^s' red, 
 Hraidetl with the starry nii(ht,"' 
 
 week after week, sometimes keej) 
 
 ing fresh and bright w ilii undimmed 
 
 color for fiveor six weeks. In snm 
 
 mer we follow the road throngh 
 
 fields fragrant with tlowers and ber- 
 
 AnOrrhis. ^.j^.^ ,p,^^. bnshcs are bine with 
 
 high bnsh blneberries ; great clusters of blacklierries 
 hang coyly nnder the leaves, and 
 
 (drdindl IIomit. 
 
41 
 
 " Along the roadside, like tlie flowers of gold 
 That tawny Incas for their gardens wrought, 
 Heavy with sunshine droops the goldenrod," 
 
 the flower most t^'pical of sturdy American energy and independence. 
 
 throwing to the breeze its graceful richness of delicacy and color. A 
 
 branch of brilliant maple leaves, rival- 
 
 ^ -^,— ^, — ,_.^ ^ ling the sunset in hue, waves gently 
 
 to and fro, a warning of the chill of 
 winter soon to come. Two great elms, 
 guarding a deserted homestead at 
 the end of the road, indicate the long 
 battle with fortune fought by one of 
 the earh' settlers of Gardner. The 
 grass under the great trees, dried by 
 the fierce August heats, invites tis to 
 its soft embrace. 
 
 " * * * * bright clouds, 
 Motionless pillars of the brazen heaven, — 
 I'heir bases on the mountains — their white 
 
 tops 
 .-^hiuing in the far ether, — fire the air 
 With a reflected radiance," 
 
 and we rejoice in all the glorious 
 wealth of display and generous pro- 
 fusion of the waning of a New Eng- 
 land summer. 
 In the darkest corner of the dark 
 woods w^e seek and find another of 
 the ghost flower family, the many- 
 flowered Indian pipe ( Moiotropa hy- 
 popitys ) . 
 
 Beautiful as the location is, the 
 desolation of the fine old homestead 
 strikes us to the heart, and the sense 
 of loneliness grows within us when we 
 learn that, a few years since, there 
 was found under the Inishes b}- the 
 road, where it had been hidden for 
 more than sixty years, a skeleton, 
 with a bullet-hole throtigh the grin- 
 ning skull. The careful concealment 
 
 Indian Pipe. 
 
 { Many-flowered.) 
 
of the body forl)ids a charitil^le solution and couples the dreadful 
 l)ullet-hol(j with crime alone. The silence of sixt}' years grows into 
 the silence of eternit> . and the white bones of the victim may rest 
 peacefully in a soon forgotten grave ; the momentary uncovering of the 
 tragedy excites only passing comment, and the curtain falls as the in- 
 cident sinks into oblivion. 
 
43 
 
 ' The whispering pines meet in converse. 
 
44 
 
 
 ■V* ^ 
 
 .<3^r , 
 
 
 ";^- . '^;;^.t 
 
.iBailcv? .iBrooh an& Xal^e "©cnison. 
 
 But when the spirit moves you some bright day iu early summer 
 when the sun's heat hastens all vegetation forward, drive west through 
 "Little Canada," by Crystal Lake, and see the floating hearts { Lim- 
 naiitlicDium lacitiiosiini ) covering the surface, with the slender pipewort 
 ( Eriocanlon septaiiiiularc ) thrusting its white points beside them. 
 
 The White Beach, Lake Denison. 
 
 Go past Bailey brook, with its vistas of reflections and promises of 
 autumnal glories in the foliage on its banks, where 
 
 " Down bend the banks, the trees dependinsj; 
 grow. 
 And skies beneath with answering colours 
 glow," 
 
 past the meadows, yellow in spring with cowslip blossoms ( Caltha 
 palustris) and the golden ragwort {Senecio aztreus) , down the long hill 
 where the rhodora grows, its frail, naked blossoms lighting up the 
 whole bleak pasture, on down to the head of the Reservoir, where the 
 whispering pines meet in converse overhead, and form 
 
 "***** a pillared shade 
 Upon whose grassless floor of red-brown hue," 
 
46 
 
 we find a rich treasury of flowers. Let the horse walk awhile, for the 
 yellow clover ( Trifoliion aQran'uni ) is sweet here, and earlier in the 
 year the brilliant red of the fringed polygala ( /Wvi^n/a paiicifoHa ) 
 catches the eye. An old stump, cut when the i)ond was first flowed, 
 has a tiny seedling pine starting from its top, delighting the children 
 when it is pointed out as a " cnriositw" From this i)ond great turtles 
 
 Blueberry Blossoms. 
 
 come, one huge fellow weighing o\-er fift>- jiounds. with a shell over 
 two feet in diameter. 
 
 We stoj) here under the pines, and, looking across the waters of the 
 stum])\- pond, see the Templeton hills in the distance : behind us the 
 road disai)pearing in a vista whose beaut_\- lingers in our memory for 
 many a day thereafter. Here from the swampy, brush-grown recesses 
 of the woods, we ])luck the i)ur])le fringed orchis {I/ohcnaria finihiata) . 
 Here the ground is white with wax flowers, the i)yrolas, pipsissewa ami 
 moneses, the bunchberry ( Cor/i/ts Contu/ffi.s/s ) and the delicate stars 
 of the Dalibarda rcpcns. 
 
47 
 
 We may go north through Wincheiidoii, south through Templeton, 
 or go straight on through Mill Glen to I^ake Denison, a famous ancient 
 resort of the Indians, and the home of the white water-lily {Nymphaca 
 odorata ) , which grows here in thousands. 
 
 "God's plans like lilies pure and white vinfold, 
 We must not tear the close shut leaves apart, 
 Time will reveal the calyxes of gold." 
 
 The Beryl Mine. 
 
 Near the lake is the ford across Miller's river, beside which Mrs. Row- 
 landson camped with the Indians on her return to Wachusett for ran- 
 som, the soldiers abandoning the pursuit on the farther shore. Beyond 
 the lake, a by-road follows the abandoned bed of the railroad, whose 
 course was changed to the other side of the river. It runs straight as 
 an arrow for nearly two miles, at one time high above the swamp on an 
 embankment, at another cutting through a rocky hill, where ledges 
 tower above our heads 
 
 "Huge pillars that in middle heaven uprear 
 Their weather-beaten capitals." 
 
 Overgrown with brtish, uncared for, in the spring axle-deep in water 
 
48 
 
49 
 
 at one end, a drive on such a road is an inspiration to the tired worker, 
 
 and 
 
 " The calm shade 
 
 Shall bring a kindred calm, and the sweet breeze 
 That makes the greeu leaves dance, shall waft a balm 
 To thy sick heart." 
 
 Whether you go on to the beryl-mine, or the granite quarry in Royal- 
 ston, or visit Doane's or F^orbes' falls, or remain quietly at Lake Deni- 
 
 T^^ -/ 
 
 Ladies' liossi-s. 
 
 son to fish and pick lilies, and dig in the pure, white sand, makes 
 
 little difference, for 
 
 " * * * All that is most beauteons is imaged there 
 
 In happier beauty ; more pellucid streams. 
 
 An ampler ether, a divinpr air, 
 
 And fields invested with purpureal gleams." 
 
 The passing of the seasons is reflected in the flowers by the way- 
 side, and as the heart thrills at the sight of the first may flower in the 
 spring, so it is chilled by the coming of the golden-rod in the early 
 autumn. The colors of the prevailing flowers change, too, as the sea- 
 sons wane, for the delicate white and yellow of the violet and Clintonia 
 borealis pass into the waxy-white and pink of the larger and more 
 ornate laurel ; that in turn into the richer pink and purple of fleur-de-lis 
 
50 
 
 WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS. 
 
51 
 
 and lily and trumpet- weed. The pure white of the daisy is succeeded 
 by the brilliant red of the fireweed and the yellow of the primrose and 
 golden-rod, and they again by the deep purples of the asters, until late 
 autumn crowns the whole with the gorgeous coloring of the changing 
 maple leaf ; and the mantle of winter's snow softly covers all the 
 flowers, to await in safety the certain resurrection of the spring. 
 For there is 
 
 " A little drop of Heaven in each diamond of the shower, 
 A breath of the Eternal in the fragrance of each flower.'' 
 
 " The Beauty which old Greece or Rome 
 Sung, painted, wrought, lies close at 
 home ; 
 We need but ej-es and ear 
 In all our daily walks to trace 
 The outlines of incarnate grace. 
 The hymns of gods to hear ! 
 
 Found in the Swamp. 
 
 ( 1850.) 
 
A LIST 
 
 OF 
 
 Zhc ^ Mtlb * jflowcrs 
 
 FOUND IN 
 
 Gardnkr, Mass. 
 
E Xist of tbc Milb jFlowcrs, 
 
 SHRUBS AND TREES, FOUND WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE 
 TOWN OF GARDNER. 
 
 The following list is very incomplete, but it may be of assistance 
 to some, and, at least, it will serve as a beginning for that fuller, com- 
 plete record that we hope will some day be made ; for a full list of the 
 flora of Gardner would honor the town with its richness. 
 
 Since this book went to press the maiden-hair fern has been found 
 within the town limits, near Templeton. (ante Page 39.) 
 
 It may be interesting to note that out of 474 in the following list, 
 over fifty are considered rare or uncommon in this section, and twelve 
 others are given for the first time, not being embraced in any previous 
 list of flowers found in Worcester County. 
 
 I desire to express my grateful acknowledgment to all who have 
 helped me in the preparation of this list ; a help that has been most 
 generously given. 
 
 Clematis Virgiuiana, L- Virgin's bower. 
 
 Anemone cyliudrica, Gray, Long-fruited anemone. 
 Virginiana, L. 
 
 nemorosa, L. Wood-anemone. 
 
 Hepatica triloba, Chaix. Liver-leaf. 
 
 Thalictrum dioicum, L. Early meadow-rue. 
 
 polyganium, Muhl. Tall meadow-rue. 
 
 Ranunculus aquatilis, L, \ White water-crowfoot, 
 
 var. tricophyllus. Gray, J 
 
 abortivus, L. Small flowered crowfoot, 
 
 fascicularis, Muhl. Early buttercup. 
 
 Pennsj'lvanicus, L. f. Bristly buttercup, 
 
 bulbosus, L. Bulbous buttercup, 
 
 acris, L- Tall buttercup. 
 
56 
 
 Caltha palustris, L. 
 Coptis trifolia, Salisb. 
 Aquilegia Canadensis, L. 
 Actaea spicata, L. var. ruUra, Ail. 
 
 alba, Bigel. 
 Berberis vulj^aris, L. 
 Caulophylluni thaliclroides. Michx. 
 Xvmiihiua odorata. Ail. 
 Nuphar advena. Ail. f. 
 Sarracenia purpurea, I.. 
 Sanjjuinaria Canadensis, L. 
 Chelidoniuni niajus, L. 
 Corydalis glauca, Pursh. 
 Nasturtium Arnioracia, l"'ries. 
 Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. 
 Sisymbrium canescens, Null, 
 officinale. Scop. 
 Brassica .Sinapistrum, Hoiss. 
 
 nigra, Koch. 
 Cajisella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. 
 Le])idium Virginicuni, I,. 
 Raphanus Raphanistruni, L. 
 Viola palmata, L. 
 
 palmata, var cucullata. (iray. 
 
 sagittala, Ail. 
 
 blanda. Willd. 
 
 primukefolia, I/. 
 
 lanccolata, h. 
 
 rotundifolia, Michx. 
 
 pubescens. .\it. 
 
 canina. I.., var. Muhlenbergii, 
 (tray. 
 Dianthus Armeria, I,. 
 Saponaria officinalis, I,. 
 Silcne Cucubalus, Wibel. 
 antirrhina. L. 
 noctiflora. I,. 
 Lychnis (iithago. I, am. 
 Stcllaria media. Smith. 
 
 longifolia, Muhl. 
 Cerastium vulgatum. I<. 
 nutans, Raf. 
 arvense, L, 
 Bulla rul)ra, Dumort. 
 S{)ergula arvcnsis, J<. 
 Portulaca olerarea, I,. 
 Claytonia Caroliniana, Michx. 
 Hypericum ellii)ticum, Hook. 
 ])erforatum, !,. 
 Cauadensc. L. 
 
 Marsh marigold. 
 
 Goldthread. 
 
 Wild columbine. 
 
 Red baneberry. 
 
 White baneberry. 
 
 Barberry. 
 
 Blue cohosh. Papjxjose root. 
 
 White water-lily. 
 
 Yellow water-lily. 
 
 Pitcher-plant. 
 
 Blood-root. 
 
 Celandine. 
 
 Pale corydalis. 
 
 Horseradish. 
 
 Winter cress. 
 
 Tansy mustard. 
 
 Hedge mustard. 
 
 Hnglish charlock. 
 
 Black mustard. 
 
 Shepherd's purse. 
 
 Peppergrass. 
 
 Wild radish. 
 
 Blue violet. 
 
 Blue violet. 
 
 .\rrow-leaved violet 
 
 .Sweet white violet. 
 
 Primrose-leaved violet. 
 
 Lance-leaved violet. 
 
 Karly yellow violet. 
 
 I)own^■ veliow violet. 
 
 Dog violet. 
 
 I)ei)tfonl ])iMk 
 
 Bouncing Bet. 
 
 Bladder cam])ion. 
 
 Sleei)y catchfly. 
 
 Night- flowering c.itchfly. 
 
 Ct)rn ct)ckie. 
 
 Common chick weed. 
 
 I.ong-leaved stitch wort. 
 
 Larger mouse-ear chickweed. 
 
 Tall mouse-ear chickweeil. 
 
 I'ield chickweed. 
 
 Sand-sj)urrey. 
 
 Corn s])urrey. 
 
 Common ])urslane. 
 
 Spring-be.iuty. 
 
 .Si. John's-worl. 
 
 St. John's-wort. 
 
 St. John's-wort. 
 
57 
 
 Hypericum nudicaule, Walt. 
 Elodes campanulata, Pursh. 
 Malva rotundifolia, h. 
 
 nioschata, h. 
 Tilia Americana, L. 
 Geranium maculatuni, L. 
 
 Robertianum, L. 
 Oxalis Acetosella, I,. 
 
 corniculata, L., var. stricta, Sav 
 Inipatiens pallida, Nutt. 
 
 fulva, Nutt. 
 Ilex verticillata, Gray. 
 Nemopanthes fascicularis, Raf. 
 Vitis Labrusca, L. 
 
 aestivalis, Michx. 
 Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. 
 Acer Penns3'lvanicum, L. 
 spicatum, Lam. 
 saccharinum, Wang, 
 dasycarpum, Ehrh. 
 rubrum, L. 
 Rhus typhina, L. 
 glabra, L. 
 copallina, L- 
 venenata, DC. 
 Toxicodendron, L. 
 Polygala paucifolia. Wild, 
 polygama, Walt, 
 sanguinea, L. 
 cruciata, L. 
 Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br. 
 Lupinus perennis, L. 
 Trifolium arvense, h. 
 pratense, L. 
 repens, L. 
 reflexuni, L. 
 hybridum, L. 
 agrarium, L,. 
 procumbens, 
 Medicago lupulina, L. 
 Desmodium Canadense, DC. 
 Lespedeza polystachya, Michx. 
 
 capitata, Michx. 
 Vicia sativa, L. 
 Cracca, D. 
 Apios tuberosa, Moench. 
 Amphicarpaea monoica, Nutt. 
 Prunus pumila, L. 
 
 Pennsylvanica, L,. f. 
 Virginiana, Iv. 
 
 St. John's-wort. Orange grass. 
 
 Marsh St. John's-wort. 
 
 Mallow. 
 
 Musk mallow. 
 
 Basswood. 
 
 Cranesbill. Geranium. 
 
 Herb Robert. 
 
 Wood-sorrel. 
 
 Yellow wood-sorrel. 
 
 Pale Touch-me-not, (Jewel-weed.) 
 
 Spotted Touch-me-not, (Jewel-weed.) 
 
 Black alder. Winterberry. 
 
 Mountain holly. 
 
 Northern fox-grape. 
 
 Summer grape. 
 
 Virginian creeper. 
 
 Striped maple. 
 
 Mountain maple. 
 
 Sugar maple. 
 
 White maple. 
 
 Red maple. 
 
 Staghorn sumach. 
 
 Smooth sumach. 
 
 Dwarf sumach. 
 
 Poison sumach, 
 
 Poison ivy. 
 
 Fringed polygala. 
 
 Polygala. 
 
 Clover-head polygala. 
 
 Moss polygala. 
 
 Indigo. 
 
 Lupine. 
 
 Rabbit-foot clover. 
 
 Red clover. 
 
 White clover. 
 
 Buffalo clover. 
 
 Alsike clover. 
 
 Hop clover. 
 
 I/Ow hop-clover. 
 
 Black medick, ('nonesuch.) 
 
 Tick-Trefoil. 
 
 Bush clover. 
 
 Bush clover. 
 
 Vetch, or Tare. 
 
 Vetch. 
 
 Wild bean. 
 
 Hog peanut. 
 
 Dwarf cherry. 
 
 Red cherry. 
 
 Choke-cherry. 
 
58 
 
 Prunus serotina, Ehrh. 
 Spiraea salicifolia, L. 
 toiiientosa, L. 
 Rubiis odoratus, L. 
 
 triflorus, Richardson, 
 slrijjosus, Michx. 
 villosus, Ait. 
 Canadensis, h. 
 hispidus, L. 
 Dalibarda repcns, I<. 
 Geuni rivale, L. 
 P'ragaria Virginiana, Mill. 
 Potentilla Norvugica, L. 
 argentca. I<. 
 fruticosa. L. 
 Canadensis, L. 
 Agritnonia Eupatoria, L. 
 Rosa blanda. Ait. 
 Carolina. L. 
 PjTus Mains, L. 
 
 arbntifolia, L. f. 
 Crataegns coccinea. L. 
 Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. iS: (^rray. 
 Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, L. 
 Tiarella cordifolia, L. 
 Chrysospleniuni Aniericannni, Schwein. 
 Ribes rotundifoliuni, Michx. 
 prostratnm, I/IIer. 
 floridnni, I^'IIer. 
 
 rnbruni, I,., var. siibglaiidnlosuni, 
 Maxim. 
 vSeduni Telcphinni, L. 
 Drosera rotundifolia, L. 
 
 iiitL-nnidia, Ilayne, var. 
 
 .•\niericana, DC. 
 HanianiLdis Virginiana, !>. 
 Decodon verticillatns, l.ll. 
 Epilobinni angnstifolinm. I., 
 lineare, Mulil. 
 strictnni, Mnlil. 
 coloralnni, .Mnlil. 
 Oenothera biennis, I<. 
 
 Oakesiana, Robbins. 
 ])uniila, L. 
 fruticosa, I<. 
 Cirraia I<iileli:in;i, L. 
 
 alpina, K. 
 ICchinocystis lobata. Torr. i\: (iray. 
 Mollugo verlicillata, I,. 
 Daucns Carota, I.. 
 Angelica atropnrpnrea, I.,. 
 
 Black cherry. 
 
 Meadow-sweet. 
 
 Hardback. 
 
 Pnrple flowering-raspberry. 
 
 Dwarf raspberry. 
 
 Red raspberry. 
 
 High blackberry. 
 
 Low blackberry. 
 
 Running swamp-blackberry 
 
 Pnrj)le avens. 
 
 Strawberry. 
 
 Cinqiie-foil. 
 
 Silvery cinqne-foil. 
 
 Shrnbb}- cinque-foil. 
 
 Common cincjue-foil. 
 
 Agrimony. 
 
 Wild rose. 
 
 Wild rose. 
 
 Apple. 
 
 Choke-berry. 
 
 Hawthorn. 
 
 Shad-bush. 
 
 Swamp saxifrage. 
 
 False Mitre-wort. 
 
 Golden saxifrage. 
 
 Gooseberry. 
 
 Fetid currant. 
 
 Wild black currant. 
 
 Red currant. 
 
 Live-for-ever. 
 
 Sundew. 
 
 Sundew. 
 
 Witch-hazel. 
 
 vSwamp loosestrife. 
 
 I'ire-weed. 
 
 I'ire-weed. 
 
 I''ire-weed. 
 
 F'i re-weed. 
 
 livening primrose. 
 
 ICvening ]>rinirose. 
 
 FA'cning ])rinir()se. 
 
 F^vening primrose. 
 
 Ivnchanter's nightshade. 
 
 Ivnchanter's nightshade. 
 
 Halsam-ap])le. 
 
 Carpet-weed. 
 
 Carrot. 
 
 Angelica. 
 
59 
 
 Heracleum lanatum, Michx. 
 Pastinaca sativa, L. 
 Thaspiuai aureum, Nutt. 
 Sium cicutaefolium, Gmeliu. 
 Zizia aurea, Koch. 
 Caruui Carui, L. 
 Cicuta maculata, L. 
 Osmorrhiza brevistylis, DC. 
 Hydrocotyle Americaua, L. 
 Aralia raceinosa, L. 
 hispida, Vent. 
 uudicauHs, L. 
 trifolia, Decsue. & Planch. 
 Cornus Canadensis, L. 
 
 stolonifera, Michx. 
 paniculata, L,'Her. 
 alternifolia, L. f. 
 Sambucns Canadensis, L. 
 
 raceniosa, L. 
 Viburnum lantanoides, Michx. 
 Opulus, L. 
 acerifolium, L. 
 dentatuni, h. 
 cassinoides, L. 
 Lentago, L- 
 Liuntea borealis, Linnteus. 
 Symphoricarpos raceniosus, Michx. 
 ivouicera ciliata, Muhl. 
 
 caerulea, L. 
 Diervilla trifida, Moench. 
 Houstonia caerulea, L. 
 Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. 
 Mitchella repens, h- 
 Galium trifiduui, L. 
 
 asprellum, Michx. 
 triflorum, Michx. 
 Eupatorium purpureuni, L,. 
 perfoliatum, h- 
 ageratoides, L. 
 Solidago caesia, L. 
 bicolor, L. 
 rugosa. Mill, 
 juncea, Ait. 
 Canadensis, L. 
 nemoralis, Ait. 
 lanceolata, L. 
 tennifolia, Pursh. 
 Aster corym1)osus, Ait. 
 macrophyllus, L,. 
 patens, Ait. 
 
 Cow-parsnip. 
 Parsnip. 
 
 Meadow-parsnip. 
 Water-parsnip. 
 
 Caraway. 
 
 Musquash root. 
 
 Sweet cicely. 
 
 Water pennj'wort. 
 
 Spikenard. 
 
 Bristly sarsaparilla. 
 
 Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Dwarf ginseng. 
 
 Bunch berry. 
 
 Red-osier dogwood. 
 
 Panicled dogwood. 
 
 Alternate-leaved dogwood. 
 
 Elder. 
 
 Red-berried elder. 
 
 Hobble-bush. 
 
 Cranberry tree. 
 
 Dockniackie. 
 
 Arrow-wood. 
 
 Withe-rod. 
 
 Sw^eet viburnum. 
 
 Twin flower. 
 
 Snowberry. 
 
 Fly-honeysuckle. 
 
 Mountain fly-honeysuckle. 
 
 Bush-honeysuckle. 
 
 Bluets. 
 
 Button-bush. 
 
 Partridge-berry. 
 
 Small bedstraw. 
 
 Rough bedstraw. 
 
 Sweet-scented bedstraw. 
 
 Joe-Pye weed. 
 
 Thorough wort. 
 
 White snake-root. 
 
 Golden-rod. 
 
 Golden-rod. 
 
 Golden-rod. 
 
 Golden-rod. 
 
 Golden-rod. 
 
 Golden-rod. 
 
 Golden-rod. 
 
 Golden-rod. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
6o 
 
 Aster. cordifoHus, L. 
 eriooiiles, I,, 
 mulliflorus. Ait. 
 (liftusus. Ait. 
 puniceus, L. 
 umbellatus. Mill, 
 linariifolius, L. 
 acuminatus. Michx. 
 i:rigcron Canailensis. L. 
 annuus, Pers. 
 strij^osus, Muhl. 
 bellitlifolius, Muhl. 
 Philadelphicus, L. 
 Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook. 
 Anaphalis margaritacea. 
 
 Beuth & Hook. 
 Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx. 
 
 uliginosum, L. 
 Inula Hclenium. L. 
 Ambrosia arteinisiaefolia, I,. 
 Ru<ll)eckia hirta, L. 
 Helianthus tuberosus. L. 
 Bidens frondosa, L. 
 cernua, L. 
 chrysanthemoides, Michx. 
 
 Anthc-inis Cotula, DC. 
 Achillea Millefoliuin. L. 
 Chrysanthemum ],eucaulluinuni, L. 
 Tanacetum vulgare, I.. 
 Tussilago l'"arfara, L. 
 Senecio aureus, 1.. 
 Arctium Lappa, L. var. minus. 
 Cuicus lanceolatus, Hoffm. 
 ])umilus. Torr. 
 rirvensis, Hofim. 
 Krigia Virginica, Wihl. 
 Cichorium Intybus, L. 
 I.eontodon autuinn.ilis, I,. 
 Hieracium aurantiacum. L. 
 
 Caiiadense. Michx. 
 venosum, L. 
 (tronovii, I,. 
 I'rcnanlhes alba, K. 
 
 altissima. L. 
 Taraxac\im olTicinale, Weber. 
 I.actuca Canadensis, L. 
 Sonchus oleraceus. I,. 
 
 asper. Vill. 
 Lobelia cardinalis, 1.. 
 spicata, I, am. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Aster. 
 
 Horse-weed. 
 
 Daisy Fleabane. 
 
 Daisy Fleabane. 
 
 Robin's Plantain. 
 
 I'leabane. 
 
 p^vcrlastiug. 
 
 Pearly everlasting. 
 
 Pearly everlasting. 
 
 Low cudweed. 
 
 Ivlecampane. 
 
 Roman wormwood. 
 
 Cone-flower. 
 
 Jerusalem artichoke. 
 
 Beggar-ticks. 
 
 Smaller bur-marigold. 
 
 Larger bur-marigold. 
 
 ^lay-weed. 
 
 Yarrow. 
 
 Ox-eye daisy. 
 
 Tansy. 
 
 Coltsfoot. 
 
 Golden Rag\\<irt. 
 
 Burdock. 
 
 Thistle. 
 
 Pasture thistle. 
 
 Canada thistle. 
 
 Dwarf daniU-liou. 
 
 Chicory. 
 
 I'all ilandelion. 
 
 Devil's p.iint-brush. 
 
 Hawk weed. 
 
 Rattlesnake weed. 
 
 Hairy hawkweed. 
 
 Rattlesnake-root. 
 
 Ralllesnake-root. 
 
 Dandelion. 
 
 Lettuce. 
 
 Sow-thistle. 
 
 Spiny -leaved s<nv-thistle, 
 
 Cardinal (hnver. 
 
6i 
 
 Lobelia iiiflata, L. 
 Campanula rapuiiciiloides, L. 
 
 apariiioides, Pursli. 
 Gaylussacia duinosa, Torr. & Gray, 
 resinosa, Torr. & Gray. 
 Vaccinium Pennsylvanicuin, Lam. 
 vacillaiis, Solander. 
 corymbosum, L. 
 Oxycoccus, L 
 macrocarpoii, Ait. 
 Chiogenes serpyllifolia, Sali.sb. 
 Epigaea repens, L. 
 Gaultheria procumbens, L. 
 Andromeda ligustrina, Muhl. 
 Cassandra calyculata, Don. 
 Kalmia latifolia, L. 
 
 angustifolia, L,. 
 glauca, Ait. 
 Rhododendron viscosum, Torr. 
 nudiflorum, Torr. 
 Rhodora, Don. 
 Lednmlatifolium. Ait. 
 Cletlira alnifolia, L. 
 Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt. 
 Moneses grandiflora, Salisb. 
 Pyrola secuuda, L. 
 
 chlorautlia, Swartz. 
 elliptica, Nutt. 
 rotundifolia, L- 
 Monotropa uniflora, L. 
 
 Hypopitys, L- 
 Lysimachia quadrifolia, L. 
 stricta, Ait. 
 nummularia, L. 
 Auagallis arveusis, D. 
 Fraxinus Americana, D. 
 Apocynum androsaemifolinm, L. 
 Asclepia.s tuberosa, L. 
 
 purpurascen.s, D. 
 Cornuti. Decai.sne. 
 phytolaccoides, Pursh. 
 Gentiana crinita, I'roel. 
 
 Andrew.sii, Griseb, 
 Meuyantliestrifoliata, L. 
 Limnantliemum lacunosum, Grisebach. 
 Cynoglossum officinale, L. 
 Echinospermum Virginicnni, Lehni. 
 Convolvulus sepium, L. 
 Cuscuta Gronovii, Willd. 
 Solanum Dulcamara, L,. 
 
 Indian Tobacco. 
 Bellflower. 
 Marsh-bellflower. 
 Dwarf huckleberry. 
 Black huckleberry. 
 Dwarf blueberry. 
 Low blueberry. 
 High blueberry. 
 Small cranberry. 
 Large cranberry. 
 Creeping snowberry. 
 Manyflower. 
 Checkerberry. 
 
 Leather leaf. 
 
 Laurel. 
 
 vSheep laurel. 
 
 Pale laurel. 
 
 White swamp pink. 
 
 June pink. 
 
 Rhodora. 
 
 Labrador tea. 
 
 Sweet pepperbush. 
 
 Prince's pine. Pipsissewa 
 
 Shin-leaf. Wintergreen. 
 
 Shin-leaf. 
 
 Shin-leaf. 
 
 Shin-leaf. 
 
 Indian pipe. 
 
 Many-flowered Indian pipe. 
 
 Loosestrife. 
 
 Loosestrife. 
 
 Moneywort. 
 
 Pimpernel. 
 
 White ash. 
 
 vSpreading dogbane. 
 
 Butterfly-weed. 
 
 Purple milkweed. 
 Common milkweed. 
 Poke milkweed. 
 Fringed Gentian. 
 Closed Gentian. 
 Buckbean. 
 Floating heart. 
 Hound's tongue. 
 Beggar's lice. 
 Hedge Inndweed. 
 Dodder. 
 Nightshade. 
 
62 
 
 Verbascuin Thapsus, L. 
 Linaria Canadensis, Duinunt. 
 
 vulgaris, IMill. 
 Chclone (ilabra, Tourn. 
 Minuilus ringens, L. 
 Gratiola aurea, Miihl. 
 Veronica Anagallis, L. 
 
 Americana, Sclnveinilz. 
 scutellata, h. 
 officinalis, L. 
 serpyllifolia. h. 
 Gerardia purpurea, L. 
 
 tenuifolia, Vahl. 
 Castilleia coccinea, Spreng. 
 Pedicularis Canadensis, L. 
 Melanipyruni Aniericanuni, Miclix 
 Epiphegus Virginiana, Hart. 
 Conopholis Americana, Wallrcith. 
 riricularia inflata. Walt, 
 vulgaris, I,, 
 cornuta. INIiclix. 
 \'erljena urticaefolia, L. 
 
 hastata, L. 
 Trichostema dichotoniuni, L. 
 Mentha viridis, L. 
 piperita, L. 
 Canadensis, L. 
 
 var. glahrata. Renth 
 Lycopus sinuatus, ]'<11. 
 Calamintha Clinopodium, Hentli. 
 Hedeoma ])ulegoiiles, Pcrs. 
 Monarda didyma, J^. 
 Xepeta Cataria, L. 
 
 Glechoma, Henth. 
 Scutellaria lateriflora, L. 
 integrifolia, L. 
 galericulata, L. 
 Hrunella vulgaris, L. 
 Leouurus Canliaca. J/. 
 Galeopsis Tetrahit. I.. 
 Plantago major, I,. 
 
 lanceol.ita, L. 
 Cluiiojiodiuni alUuni. L. 
 
 li\hri<luni, h. 
 Runux cris]uis, L. 
 
 conglomeratus, I<. 
 Acetosella, L. 
 Polygonum aviculare, I,. 
 
 Pennsylv.iiiii inn. I,. 
 IVrsic'iria, I,. 
 
 Mullein. 
 
 Toad-flax. 
 
 Butter and eggs. 
 
 Snake-head. 
 
 Monkey-flower. 
 
 I ledge-hyssop. 
 
 Water speedwell. 
 
 .Vmerican brooklime. 
 
 Marsh speedwell. 
 
 Common speedwell. 
 
 Thyme-leaved speedwell. 
 
 Purple gerardia. 
 
 Slender gerardia. 
 
 Scarlet painted cup. 
 
 Wood betony. 
 
 Cow-wheat. 
 
 Beech-drops. 
 
 Cancer-root. 
 
 Bladdcrwort. 
 
 Greater bladderwort. 
 
 White vervain. 
 
 Blue vervain. 
 
 Bastard Penn^'royal. 
 
 Spearmint. 
 
 Peppermint. 
 
 Mint. 
 
 Mint. 
 
 Water horehound. 
 
 Calamint. Basil. 
 
 .\merican pennyroyal. 
 
 Oswego tea. 
 
 Catnip. 
 
 (iill-over-the-ground. 
 
 Mad-dog skullcap. 
 
 Skullcap. 
 
 Skullcap. 
 
 vSelf-heal. 
 
 Motherwort. 
 
 Hemp nettle. 
 
 Plantain. 
 
 Ribgrass. 
 
 Pigweed. 
 
 Maple-leaved goose loot. 
 
 Curled dock. 
 
 Smaller green dock. 
 
 l''ielil sorrel. 
 
 Knot weed. 
 
 Knot weed. 
 
 I.adv's ihnml). 
 
63 
 
 Polygonum Hydropiper, L. 
 arifolium, L,. 
 sagittatum, L. 
 dumetorum, L-, 
 
 var. scandens, Gray. 
 Fagopyruin esculentum, Moench. 
 Polygonella articulata, Meisn. 
 Asarum Canadense, L. 
 I/iudera Benzoin, Blunie. 
 Euphorbia Cyparissias, L,. 
 Ulmus Americana, L. 
 Humulus IvUpulus, L. 
 Juglans cinerea, L. 
 Myrica Gale, h. 
 
 asplenifolia, Kndl. 
 Betula lenta, L. 
 
 lutea, Michx. 
 populifolia. Ait. 
 Alnus incana, Willd. 
 Corylus Americana, Walt. 
 Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter. 
 Ouercus alba, L. 
 
 Prinus, L. 
 rubra, L,. 
 coccinea, Wang., 
 var. tinctoria, Gray. 
 Castanea sativa, Mill., var. Americana, 
 
 Michx. 
 Fagus ferruginea, Ait. 
 Populus tremuloides, Michx. 
 
 balsamifera, Iv., var. candi- 
 caiis. Gray. 
 
 Smartweed. 
 
 Halberd-leaved tear-thumb. 
 Arrow-leaved tear-thumb. 
 
 Climbing false buckwheat. 
 
 Buckwheat. 
 
 Joint-weed. 
 
 Wild ginger. 
 
 Spice-bush. 
 
 Elm. 
 Hop. 
 
 Butternut. 
 Sweet gale. 
 Sweet fern. 
 Black birch. 
 Yellow birch. 
 Gray birch. 
 Speckled alder. 
 Hazel nut. 
 Hornbeam. 
 White aok. 
 Chestnut oak 
 Red oak. 
 
 Black oak. 
 
 Chestnut. 
 Beech. 
 American Aspen. 
 
 Balm of Gilead. 
 
 Pinus Strobus, L- 
 
 rigida. Mill. 
 
 White pine. 
 Pitch pine. 
 
 Picea nigra, Link. 
 Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. 
 Abies balsamea. Miller. 
 Larix Americana, Michx. 
 Chamsecyparis sphseroidea, Spach. 
 Juniperus communis, L. 
 Virginiana, h- 
 Taxus Canadensis, Willd. 
 
 Black spruce. 
 Hemlock. 
 Balsam fir. 
 Tamarack. 
 White cedar. 
 Juniper. 
 Red cedar. 
 Ground hemlock. 
 
 Vallisneria spiralis, L,. 
 Corallorhiza innata, R. Br. 
 
 multiflora, Nutt. 
 Spiranthes Romanzoffiana, Chatn. 
 
 Eel-grass. 
 Coral-root orchis. 
 Coral-root orchis. 
 Ladies' tresses orchis 
 
64 
 
 Spiranthcs cernua. Richard. 
 
 ]>necox, Watson. 
 
 gracilis, Hij^clow. 
 Goodyera repens, R. Hr. 
 
 puhesccns. R. Br. 
 Calopogon pulchellus, R. Hr. 
 Pogoiiia o])hioj^lossoitles, Nutt. 
 Habeiiatia virescens, Sprenti. 
 
 orbiculala. Torr. 
 
 l)lepharii,dotlis, Torr 
 
 lacera, R. Hr. 
 
 psycodt'S, {'Tray. 
 
 (imhriala, R. lir. 
 Cyj)ript.-diuin acauk-, .\il. 
 
 Iris versicolor, I.,. 
 
 Sisyrinchium anjjustifoliuin, Mill. 
 
 Hypoxis erecta, L. 
 
 .Siiiilax herhacea, L. 
 
 rotunilifolia, I,. 
 PolyKonatum hinoruni, Hll. 
 Smilacina raceniosa, Desf. 
 
 Irifolia, Desf. 
 Maiaiitheinuin Canadeiise, Desf. 
 Streptopus roseus, Michx. 
 Clintonia borealis, Raf. 
 I'vularia perfoliala, L. 
 (^akesia sessilifolia, Watson, 
 Liliuni I'hiladelphicnin, L. 
 
 Canadense, ly. 
 Medeola Vir}j;iniana, I,. 
 Trillium crectiun, L. 
 cernuuni, L. 
 erythrocarpnni. Miihx. 
 Veratrnni viride, Ait. 
 Pontederia conlata, L. 
 Typha lati folia, I.. 
 Sparj<aniuni eurycarpuni, lji;;elni. 
 
 simplex, Ilnds. 
 Arisaema triphyllum, Torr. 
 Calla palustris, I.. 
 Symplocarpus ffutidns, vSalish. 
 .\corus Calamus, I<. 
 Sa).(j,;iltaria variabilis, lvnj.;eln>. 
 Ivriocaulon se])tan).(ulare, I.. 
 I'>io]»lioriim cy])erinnm, K. 
 vav^inalum, L. 
 I'anicum ca])ill:ire. L. 
 Ivjuisclum arveiise, I<. 
 
 svlvaticiini. I.. 
 
 Ladies" tresses orchis. 
 Ladies' tresses orchis. 
 Ladies' tresses orchis. 
 Rattlesnake orchis. 
 Rattlesnake orchis. 
 In<lian pink orchis. 
 Indian pink orchis. 
 (ireen orchis. 
 Great }i;reen orchis. 
 White frinj^ed-orchis. 
 Ragged fringed -orchis. 
 Small purple fringeil-orchis. 
 Large purple fringed-orchis. 
 Lady's slijiper orchis. 
 
 Hlue flag. 
 Hlue-eyed grass. 
 Star-grass. 
 Carrion-flower. 
 Greenbrier. 
 Solomon's seal. 
 False Solomon's seal. 
 
 Twisted stalk. 
 
 Hellwort. 
 Wild oats. 
 Wood lily. 
 Yellow lily. 
 Indian cucumber. 
 l'uri)le wake rt)bin. 
 Wake robin. 
 Painted trillium. 
 Indian poke. 
 Pickerel-weed 
 Cat-tail. 
 Hur-reed. 
 Hur-reed. 
 
 Jack-in-the-])nl])it. 
 Calla lily. 
 Skunk cabbage. 
 Sweet flag. 
 .\rrow-head. 
 Pipe wort. 
 Cotton-grass. 
 Cotton-grass. 
 Witch-grass. 
 Horsetail. 
 Horsetail. 
 
65 
 
 fferns. 
 
 Polypodium vulgare, L,. 
 Adiantum pedatum, 1, 
 Pteris aquiliiia, L. 
 Aspleuiam ebeneum, Ait. 
 
 Thelypteroides, Michx. 
 Filix-foemina, Bernh. 
 Aspidium Thelypteris, Swartz. 
 spinulosum, Swartz. 
 
 var. intermedium, D. C. 
 Eaton, 
 cristatuni, Swartz. 
 marginale, Swartz. 
 acrostichoides, Swartz. 
 Onoclea seusibilis, L,. 
 
 Struthiopteris, Hoffm. 
 Osmunda regalis, L,. 
 
 Claytoniana, L. 
 cinnamornea, L. 
 Botrychium ternatum, Swartz., var. lu- 
 
 naroides. 
 Botrychium ternatum, Swartz., var. iu.- 
 
 termedium. 
 Botrychium ternatum, Swartz,, var. 
 
 dissectum, 
 Botrychium ternatum, Swartz., var. 
 Australe. 
 
 Rock fern. 
 Maidenhair. 
 Brake. 
 Ebony fern. 
 
 Shield fern. 
 Shield fern. 
 
 Shield fern. 
 
 Sensitive fern. 
 Ostrich fern. 
 
 Cinnamon fern. 
 
 Club moss. 
 
 Lycopodium lucidulum, Michx. Staghorn moss. 
 oViscurum, Iv. 
 
 clavatum, L,. Club moss, 
 
 complanatum, L,. Ground pine. 
 
 r" 
 
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ADDENDA. 
 
 Viola pedata, L. 
 Pyrus Americana, D. C. 
 Malva sylvestris. L. 
 Myosotis laxa, Lehm. 
 Arethusa bulbosa, L. 
 Alisnia Plantai{o, L. 
 
 Bird -foot violet. 
 American mountain ash. 
 High mallow. 
 Forget-me-not. 
 Arethusa. Orchis. 
 Water plantain. 
 
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