>* «> 4<2* .* .«> ^0 V F ^ i* 4 0. -& ^d£whZ«- Ta a^ * ? *° «+* A 9* . a>^ * av v\. ~9 ^ ,4^ §isr^0tt s |anluit|r lows* . BISCHOFFS "AMERICA ABROAD" GUIDE FOR American Tourists in Europe. < W . COPYRIGHT SECURED J-- THOMPSON & MOREAU, PRINTERS, NOS. 51 & 53 MAIDEN LANE. NOXONIHSVm SS3HOMO0 JO [THE LIBRARY OW CONGRESS ([WASHINGTON TABLE OF CONTENTS. Introductory, .... General Plan, CHAPTER I. Language, . . . . Money, Expense of a Trip, . . ... Passports, ..... Diplomatic and Consular Agents, , Customs-inspection, . . . CHAPTER II. Plan of Tour, ..... Season, Companions, Excursions on Foot, Guides, CHAPTER III. Conveyances, .... Maps, ...... Hotels, Gratuities, PAGE. xi xv 1 2 3 4 6 10 12 12 13 14 15 18 22 22 iv Table of Contents. CHAPTER IV. PAGE. New York City, 27 Hotels, 29 Sights . .30 Theatres, ....... 31 Steamers to Europe, . . . . 33 The Passage, 35 CHAPTER V. great britain. London, ...•....*. 40 Hotels _ . . . 42 Sights, ........ 43 Theatres, 44 CHAPTER VI. Ireland and Scotland, . . • . . . 46 CHAPTER VII. GERMANY. Berlin, 48 Hotels, ....... 50 Sights, 50 Theatres, ....... 51 Routes 51, 57 and 59 liable of Contents. Cologne, Hotels, Sights, .... Theatres, .... The Rhine, .... Rhine boats, .... Bremen Hotels, Sights, .... Theatres, .... Hamburg, Hotels, ..... Sights, .... Theatres, .... CHAPTER VIII. AUSTRIA. Vienna, Hotels, .... Sights, . Theatres, . ... Routes, . . . . Prague, Hotels, Sights, .... Theatres, .... PAGE. 51 52 52 53 55 56 58 58 59 59 59 60 60 61 63 64 64 64 65 65 66 66 66 vi Table of Contents. CHAPTER IX. FRANCE. PAGE. Paris, . . . . . . . . . 72 Hotels, . . . . • ... 73 •Sights, ........ 74 Theatres, . 74 Routes, 75 Marseilles, 77 Hotels, ........ 77 Sights, . 77 CHAPTER X. HOLLAND. Rotterdam, 80 Hotels, . 80 Sights, . . j 80 The Hague, 81 Hotels, . ...... .... . 81 Sights, ....... 81 Theatres, . .. ... ■ . 82 Amsterdam, ....... 82 Hotels, - . . . 82 Sights, 82 Theatres, 83 Routes, 83 Table of Contents. VII Antwerp, Hotels, Sights, Theatres, Brussels, Hotels, Sights, Theatres, Routes, . CHAPTER XL BELGIUM. PAGE. 85 86 86 86 86 87 87 87 87 -/ CHAPTER XII. switzerland. Bale, . . 95 Hotels, 95 Sights, 96 Berne, 96 Hotels, . . 98 Sights 98 Zurich, 98 Hotels, 99 Sights, . 99 Vlll Table of Contents. PAGE. Lucerne, 100 Hotels, ....... 100 Sights, . . . 100 Geneva, 100 Hotels, 102 Sights, . 102 CHAPTER XIII. ITALY. Milan, 109 Hotels, 110 Sights, 110 Theatres, Ill Venice, . .113 Hotels, 113 Sights, .113 Florence 114 Hotels, 115 Sights, 115 Theatres, 116 Rome, 116 Hotels, . . 118 Sights, • 119 Table of Contents. ix PAGE. Naples, . . 119 Hotels, 121 Sights, . . .'~ - . . . . 121 Theatres, 122 CHAPTER XIV. Direct Routes on the Principal Railways of the Continent. Germany, 124 Austria, 127 France, . . 127 Holland, 128 Belgium, . . 129 Switzerland, . 129 Italy, 130 CIRCULAR TOURS. From Paris, 131 From Stations in Germany To Saxony and Bohemia, .... 132 To Bavaria, Saxony and Austria, . . 132 To Austria and Hungary 133 To Thiiringia and Harz Mountains, . . 134 To the rivers Rhine, Main, Mosel and Saar, . 134 From Berlin, 135 From Bremen, 136 Table of Contents. From Stations in Belgium To the Rhine, 137 To Holland, 137 To Flanders, . . . . . . 137 To the Meuse, 137 From Stations in Italy . To Northern and Central Italy, . . . . 138 To Central and Southern Italy, . . . 138 FOREIGN MONEY AND ITS COMPARATIVE VALUE IN THE UNITED STATES. Germany, . . . . . . . . . • 139 Austria, . . . . . . . 140 Holland, 140 Great Britain, 141 France, '. • 142 INTRODUCTORY. By foreign arts, domestic faults to mend, Enlarge our notions and our views extend, The useful science of the world to know Which books can never teach, nor pedants show. Lord Lyttleton. It is intended in publishing the following pages, First : To supply, in as brief a manner as possible, the travelling public with that information which ordinarily practical experience alone can furnish, namely: such suggestions as the tourist will find of general utility on his travels ; and by posting him as to the preparations necessary for travelling, and pointing out such possible phases as may "turn up" during his journey, to dispel that vague sensation of doubt and uncertainty usually accompanying every first attempt of a trip to a foreign country, and, Second: To insure to the tourist, or traveller generally, as much as practi- cable, that immunity from extortionate demands on his purse by hotel-keepers, etc., and dependence on guides, commissionaires, etc., to which the ordinary tourist in Europe is subjected, and in giving some practical hints on judicious economy of time xii Introductory. and money, enable him, the more thoroughly and in- telligently to understand, enjoy, and appreciate such objects of interest as he may encounter on his tour. The magnificent scenery of the Rhine, its legends, etc., the historic treasures of London, the sublimity and the awe inspired by the majestic height of the Alps are conceded by all to be unrivalled ; but an intelligent traveller will certainly enjoy these attractions more in- tensely after having gained, in some manner, a general outline and idea of the beauties in store. Even a superficial acquaintance with the legends of the Rhine, for instance, adds in a great degree to the charm of a trip on that beautiful river, and a knowledge of the story of the Lurlei, Mausethurm, and other "sagas" associated with its rugged castles, cannot but heighten the interest of even the most callous and prosaic of characters, If, after perusing the following pages, and after accomplishing the trip contemplated, the unbiased reader will frankly acknowledge that their contents contribute in some degree to the above object, the am- bition of the writer will be amply realized. A little preparation in respect to studying the general geography of the country, the customs of its Introductory. xiii people, etc., will be found eminently serviceable, for " He who would bring home the wealth of the In- " dies, must carry the wealth of the Indies with him — " so it is with travelling ; a man must carry knowledge " with him, if he would bring home knowledge," and it is just in proportion to the information he takes with him concerning the country about to be visited, that he will bring home information from that country and will have profited by the journey. The writer has compiled the entire contents of the book, from notes of personal observation, and the countries described have been repeatedly visited by him within the last seven years. As the cities, etc., are subject to some changes every year, infallibility is not claimed, although such changes are generally of an insignificant character ; the writer will be grateful for any information with which he may be favored by travellers, providing the data communicated are of their own experience. E. W. BISCHOFF, LL.B., Dr. Jur. GENERAL PLAN. The author deems the plan observed in the work, the most advantageous, as it introduces the various subjects in the natural order in which they would fol- low on the tour itself. We will first consider the pre- parations necessary to travelling generally, with par- ticular reference to a Continental trip. For tourists unacquainted in the metropolis, we give a concise de- scription of the city, briefly mentioning such objects of interest that may enable the traveller to spend a day or two profitably before leaving for Europe. After giving the names of the lines of steamers directly com- municating with the continent of Europe, we describe the continental countries and their principal cities, at- tractions, hotels, etc. At the end of each chapter an itinerary through the country is added, in which we confine ourselves (for the sake of brevity), as much as possible, to the most frequented and favored routes. CHAPTER L 1 . LANGUAGE. — The more thorough one's acquain- tance with the language of the country about to be visited, the greater will be the pleasure and knowledge derived. This is particularly applicable to those who contemplate exploring the more unfrequented districts of the Continent. Should, however, the tourist not intend deviating from the beaten track, he will gener- ally find that English and French are usually spoken at the principal hotels, and the ordinary resorts of foreigners, although even here, a slight knowledge of the vernacular may prove very serviceable, as strangers entirely ignorant of the language are naturally more subjected to the extortions practiced by cab-drivers, waiters, etc., which even the suggestions of the most experienced will be powerless to avoid. It may be noticed here, that as a general rule, the charges of cab-drivers, messengers, etc., are regulated by police ordinances, an extract of which they are, under a pen- alty, bound to carry with them, though they are usually very reluctant to produce their " tariff." Should the 2 America Abroad. tourist suspect an attempt at extortion, their tariff should be demanded. In cases where the money is already exacted, a threat to call an officer will gener- ally insure a ready restitution of the surplus charges. 2. MONEY. — It is advisable, for the tourist to provide himself before starting, with the current money of the countries he proposes visiting. This can either be done by taking with him banknotes of large denom- inations or procuring drafts or circular notes drawn on the principal cities of the Continent. German, French and English paper and gold are everywhere favorably received, (20 marks =$4.75 = 19^ shil.=:24 T 5 o ¥ fcs. = 25 lire=i2 fl., Austrian). In Austria and Italy gold still commands a premium, when converted into the paper currency of the respec- tive country. The German mark contains 100 phennig. The banknotes are of the denomination of 5, 20, 50, 100, 500 marks and upwards ; the coin of 1, 2, 5 marks. There are also base metal pieces as follows : nickel 5 and 10 phennig, and 1 and 2 phennig copper pieces. The English notes consist of : 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 300 jQ and upwards. (Ireland and Scotland also issue America Abroad. 3 1 £ notes.) Guinea pieces (21 shillings) are now very rare ; the coin in circulation are : 1, % £ gold, and 3, 4, 6 pence silver, single shillings, 2 shillings or florins, 2% shillings and 5 shilling pieces. Also pence and half-pence copper. France, Belgium, Italy and Switzerland, belonging to the same monetary union, have francs, (in Italy lire). -There are 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 franc notes and upwards, and 20, 50 centime pieces ; and 1, 2 and 5 franc silver coins. The franc has 100 centimes or 20 sous or soldi. Austria issues 1, 5, 10, 50, too, etc., gulden or florin notes, and 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 kreutzer pieces. The gul- den has 100 kreutzers. There are also, silver gulden and thaler pieces. Holland reckons in guilders, stivers and cents, and issues denominations as above. 3. EXPENSE OF A TRIP.—K variety of circum- stances come into consideration when calculating the expense of a tour on the Continent and in Great Britain. It may, however, be stated generally, that travelling in Germany, Belgium and Italy is less ex- pensive than in most other European countries, par- 4 Aj?ierica Abroad. ticularly when availing oneself of the advantages offered by almost all European railways, namely of taking circular tickets of which we add a list at the end of this volume. These tickets generally include all cities of importance between the starting point and destination, are liberally limited as to time, and effect a saving of one-third to one-half of the regular fares. The tourist of moderate requirements, especially when having attained a tolerable proficiency in the language, and the pedestrian avoiding the beaten track of ordinary travellers as much as possible, may succeed in confining his expenditure from $2.50 to $3.50 per day. Those, however, who avail themselves of all public conveyances, frequent hotels of the highest class, employ the services of guides, porters, etc., must be prepared to expend $6.00 to $10.00 and more daily. 4. PASSPORTS. — As a rule, passports are not re- quired now, but of late, on account of the nihilistic and socialistic agitations, strangers are often subjected to serious inconveniences when entering some European cities without a proper identification. This is notably the case in Hamburg, Berlin, Frankfort, Leipzig, Amej'ica Abroad. 5 etc. A passport will frequently also prove very ser- viceable in establishing one's identity in cashing checks, procuring admission to private art galleries, collec- tions, etc., obtaining delivery of registered letters, and letters addressed poste restante. By act of Congress, approved June 20, 1874, a fee of five dollars is required to be collected for every citizen's passport. A passport is good only for two years, and is procured by making sworn application before a notary and remitting citizen's paper with tax, to the Secretary of State at Washington. American citizens abroad desiring to obtain a passport must apply to the chief diplomatic representative of the United States in the country in which it is intended to be used ; or, in the absence of a diplomatic representative, to the Consul-General or Consul, a list of 'whom we give below. As the stranger will be apt to have greater difficulties in proving his identity abroad than at home, it is advisable, in all cases, to procure a passport be- fore undertaking the trip, and thus insure that tran- quillity of mind above all requisite to the traveller for the full enjoyment of a pleasure trip. America Abroad. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR AGENTS. D . j ENGLAND. ^ , . Residence. Salaries. London — Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary $i 7,500 London — Secretary of Legation 2,650 London — Assistant Secretary of Legation . . . 2,000 London — Consul-General 7>5°° Liverpool — Consul . 7>5°° Tunstall — Consul i>5°° Southampton — Consul 2,000 Sheffield—Consul 2,500 Manchester — Consul 2,000 Leeds — Consul 2,000 Bristol — Consul Fees Plymouth — Consul Fees Falmouth — Consul Fees New Castle — Consul Fees Cardiff — Consul Fees Birmingham — Consul 2,000 SCOTLAND. Glasgow — Consul $3,000 Dundee — Consul 2,000 Leith — Consul Fees America Abroad. 7 r> -7 IRELAND. „ , Residence. Salaries. Belfast — Consul $2,000 Cork — Consul 2,000 Dublin — Consul Fees Londonderry — Consul Fees AUSTRIA. Vienna — Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary $12,000 Vienna — Secretary of Legation 1,800 Vienna — Consul-General 1,500 Trieste — Consul 2,000 Prague — Consul Fees GERMAN EMPIRE. Berlin — Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary $17,500 Berlin — Secretary of Legation 2,625 Berlin — Assistant Secretary of Legation 2,000 Cologne — Consul 3,000 Frankfort — Consul-General 3,000 Aix-la-Chapelle — Commercial Agent 2,500 Berlin — Consul \ . . Fees Bremen — Consul .' $3,000 8 America Abroad. n . 7 GERMAN EMPIRE. , . Residence. Salaries. Stettin — Consul 1,000 Geestemtinde — Commercial Agent Fees Munich — Consul 1,000 Nuremberg — Consul Fees Augsburg — Consulor Agent Fees Dresden — Consul Fees Leipzig — Consul Fees Chemnitz — Consul Fees Hamburg — Consul 2.oco Brunswick — Consul Fees Crefeld — Consul Fees FRANCE. Paris — Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary $17,500 Paris — Secretary of Legation 2,625 Paris — Assistant Secretary of Legation. 2,000 Paris — Consul-General 6,000 Bordeaux — Consul 2,000 La Rochelle — Consul 1,500 Lyons — Consul 1,500 Nantes— Consul 1,500 H vre — Consul 6,000 America Ab?-oad. Residence. FRANCE - Salaries. Nice — Consul I ? QO Rheims — Consul . . . . p ees Marseilles — Consul 2,500 HOLLAND. The Hague — Minister Resident $7,500 Rotterdam — Consul „ . . 2 000 Amsterdam — Consul 1,000 BELGIUM. Brussels — Minister Resident $7,500 Brussels — Consul j? ees Antwerp — Consul 2,500 Liege and Verviers j? ees ITALY. Rome — Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary $12,000 Rome — Secretary. of Legation 1,800 Rome — Consul-General 1,500 Florence — Consul * j? ees Geneva — Consul 1,500 Messina — Consul 1,500 io America Abroad. Residence. Salaries. Naples — Consul. 1,500 Palermo — Consul J^oo Spezzia — Consul 1,500 Leghorn — Consul 1,500 Carrara — Consul Fees Ancona — Consul Fees Venice — Consul . 750 SWITZERLAND. Berne — Minister Resident $7,5°° Basle — Consul 2,000 Geneva — Consul 1,500 Zurich — Consul . . 1,500 5. CUSTOMS-IHSPECTION.— The formalities of in- spection are now almost everywhere lenient, although much depends in this respect upon the individual in- spectors. A demand by the officials to open satchels, trunks, etc., should, in all cases, be readily complied with, as a refusal or reluctance only tends to create suspicion and cause delay. By no means put yourself at the mercy of a custom-house officer by offering a bribe. America Abroad. n As a rule, articles purchased during the journey and not destined for personal use should be "declared" at the frontier. At some custom-house stations, (in Austria, Italy, etc.,) playing-cards, almanacs and seal- ed letters are confiscated if found. In Austria, France and Belgium tobacco is a Government monopoly, and this will perhaps be the case in the German Empire, sooner or later. In that event the liability to pay duty will be even more strictly enforced. New silks, laces, jewelry, preserves, sugar, etc., are all dutiable. All articles worn or already used, and generally one copy of books, etc., are exempt. Those who pay duty on segars or other articles on crossing the frontiers should preserve the receipt, otherwise they may be compelled to pay a second time (frequently on entering towns where civic imposts are still levied). Trunks, etc., not containing articles to be used during the ocean pas- sage or en route should be sent to the principal stop- ping place of the traveller "direct" when they will be inspected at their final destination, and thus save the tourist considerable delay at the intermediate frontier stations. 12 America Abroad. CHAPTER II. 1 . PLAN OF TOUR. — A considerable saving of time and expense will be effected by the tourist, by care- fully preparing his plan of travelling before setting out. It will be the aim of the writer to enable the traveller to ascertain how each day may be profitably spent, although unfavorable weather would influence the carrying out of a prescribed tour to some extent. 2. SEASON. — For excursions among the moun- tains of Germany, Austria and France, or a trip through Great Britain, Holland and Belgium, the most preferable season would be from July to the mid- dle of September, while for tours to the Alps, August is most suggestive of pleasure. Italy and lower France are most favorable for a visit in the latter part of Sep- tember, and during the months of October and Novem- ber. Even in midsummer the Alpine passes are occa- sionally rendered difficult to travel by snow storms, though they are of very rare occurrence. The danger of avalanches in the Alps is greatest in the Spring and more particularly at noon. Lower Austria, the south- America Abroad. 13 era Alpine region and the Italian lakes may, to the more hardy tourist, be attractive as early as the begin- ning of June, a time when the melting of the moun- tain snow tends to increase the many waterfalls and thus heighten the beauty of that region. Those fond of southern fruit, such as figs, oranges, grapes, etc., arriving at perfection in Autumn, should not visit lower Austria and Central Italy before October, particularly as the cooler atmosphere then prevailing will render walking and mountain climbing less irksome. 3. COMPANIONS.— -The tourist travelling singly, who has acquainted himself more or less with the language, customs and geography of the country, will of course have the most favorable opportunity of studying the people, observing their peculiarities and gaining information concerning their land. This rule may frequently also be applicable to a party of two who are "well matched " and are in perfect harmony with each other, and under these circumstances the tour may even be less expensive, as two travellers can usually be accommodated for comparatively less in a light conveyance, or occupy the same room at a hotel. A third will, with rare exceptions, be found 14 America Abroad. de trap, and the greater the number is extended the readier will this rule apply. We all know the adage that "many men have many minds," and this is emi- nently true of travellers in a party. The obstinacy or whim of one of the party will often be maintained at the expense of the esprit and good-fellowship of all, and may perhaps frustrate the enterprise entirely. 4. EXCURSIONS ON FOOT.— ¥ ox a foot tour of one or two weeks, several flannel shirts, two pair of worsted socks, light shoes or slipper?, and the requisite toilet articles, carried in a game-bag over the shoulder will usually suffice. To this equipment a light ulster and an umbrella can be advantageously added. Strong and well-tried boots are absolutely essential to the comfort of the pedestrian, who unquestionably is the most inde- pendent of travellers and most competent both physically and intellectually, to enjoy the beautiful scenery with which the Continent of Europe is replete. Of course, the traveller should provide himself with a more ex- tensive reserve of clothing than the above, especially if he contemplates visiting towns of importance, but even this should be limited to articles that can be con- veniently packed into a valise which, if necessary, could A?7ierica Abroad. 15 also be taken with him or forwarded from town to town by post. As a rule, it may be stated, that the less the tourist is burdened with impedimenta the more perfect will be the pleasure of the trip. North- ern Germany offers many attractions and picturesque districts to the pedestrian, such as the Saxon Switzer- land, the Thuringian Forest, the Harz, the Giant Mountains, the environs of Kiel and the island of Riigen. The student of art is strongly recommended on this tour to visit the cities of Dresden, Berlin and Copenhagen, and the archaeologist will find many objects to interest him in the ancient towns of Hildes- heim, Liibeck, Bremen and Hameln, while the histor- ian will find an ample field at Wittenberg, Leipzig, etc. 5. GUIDES. — Thanks to the efforts of the Alpine and Tourist's Clubs in Europe great improvementshave been introduced among the guides within the last few years, especially in the more frequented parts of Germany, Switzerland, etc. A system of fixed charges has been established, and the standard of intelligence of the guides and members of similar fraternities has been raised. They are as a class intelligent, honest, and generally well informed in the districts of their im- to America Abroad. mediate vicinity. The usual fee for a tour of some length is $2.00 to $3.00 a day in Austria, Italy and South Germany ; but the charges for the longer and more difficult glacier expeditions in the Alps are considerably higher, and are fixed by special schedule. Mules (sommaro) and saddle horses {cavallo), can be had at almost every inn. Each guide is obliged to carry fif- teen pounds of baggage. Inasmuch as the individual who, as guide, is perhaps to be his sole companion for several days, a certain degree of unreserve should exist between guide and tourist. We cannot, of course, determine beforehand to what degree this good fellowship should be carried, but the discriminating trav- eller will soon be able to judge whether it be judicious at times to share the contents of his cigar case or flask with his guide, and if the contents is no better than the average native manufacture he will find that like "mercy" its bestowal "blesseth him that giveth and him that takes " as it plays less havoc with the stom- ach of the mountaineers than it usually does with the less hardy tourists. The guides furnished by inn- keepers are often obliged to hand over their fees or the greater part of them to their employer, and they, in consequence, importune the tourist for an extra America Abroad. 17 gratuity or Trinkgeld. In remote regions, where the traveller has no alternative but to apply to his inn- keeper for a guide, he must occasionally submit to these extortions. Guides are often rendered unneces- sary, for crossing mountain passes, by indications of the route by means of heaps of stones, crucifixes (especially in Rhenish and Southern Germany) and posts. 1 8 America Abroad. CHAPTER III. 1. CONVEYANCES.— Railways : In Belgium, Ger- many and Italy travelling by rail is cheaper than in England and most other parts of Europe. The car- riages are generally comfortable and clean and are of three classes. (Germany and some other countries on the Continent also have a fourth class unprovided with seats). The second class cars, furnished with cush- ioned seats, are most commonly used by tourists, and frequently compare favorably with those of the first class in England. They are arranged to seat eight to ten persons commodiously in each of the six coupes of which the car consists. The carriages of the first class, lined with velvet, are comparatively little em- ployed, but offer inducements to the lover of fresh air, as he will be more likely to secure a seat next to the window. For short distances the third class may be used unhesitatingly, being patronized by a quiet and inoffensive community, are tolerably clean, and in Summer perhaps even cooler than the first and second classes. Smoking is prohibited only in carriages so marked, or in special coupes for ladies. The fares for America Abroad. 19 the various classes, average four, three and two cents per English mile respectively, but in France and Aus- tria they are a trifle higher. The railways on the Con- tinent, particularly in Austria and Germany, are either under the immediate superintendence of, or are en- tirely controlled by the respective governments, and are without exception well organized and safe ; the latter somewhat at the expense of speed, which seldom exceeds twenty-five miles per hour. In Ger- many, Austria, etc., fifty pounds of baggage are free in addition to articles carried in the hand. The charges for overweight are moderate. No personal baggage is checked unless its owner pres- ents his passenger ticket. The heavier luggage should invariably be booked and a receipt obtained for it. The more simple and expeditious system of brass checks prevailing on our railways is not yet adopted in Europe. The traveller having checked his trunks, need be un- der no apprehension as to their prompt or safe arrival at their final destination, at which they are taken care of by a porter until its counter-receipt or ticket is pre- sented, upon which it is delivered subject to a small gratuity for storage. Diligence : Eilwagen (Malle-poste ) in Austria, 20 America Abroad. Deligenze in Italy, are still largely in vogue in lower Austria, Switzerland and Italy. They are ordinarily arranged for three passengers only, seating one pas- senger in the coupe and two in the interieur The coupe commands a tolerably good prospect of the country traversed, and should therefore be secured as soon as possible, especially in parts much frequented,, where it is advisable to engage it several days in ad- vance. The guards are generally well informed and civil, being mostly retired non-commissioned officers. As a rule, only small articles, such as satchels, hand- trunks, etc., not exceeding fifty pounds in weight, are admitted in the diligence ; articles of heavier weight or larger bulk should be sent by express or Giiter- wagen in Austria and Germany. All luggage should be booked at least two hours before the time announced for departure to assure its prompt transportation. " Extra Post : " For crossing remote mountain passes and visiting districts not traversed by the ordina- ry diligence, carriages may be obtained at inns for four persons including their luggage, if of moderate size, at $1.50 to $2.00 per ten miles. These charges however differ materially in the various provinces and districts. Those, fortunate enough to secure a returning carriage America Abroad. 21 {rittorni in Italy), are generally accommodated at a lower rate. For parties of four this mode of convey- ance is less expensive and more agreeable than travel- ling by diligence. Omnibus or Stage : Termed Stellwagen in Aus- tria, run on the principal highways in Switzerland, Germany and Austria. The fare is about 25 cents per station (generally eight to ten miles), which they accomplish in about two hours. As a means of be- coming more intimately acquainted with the people of the country they are preferable to any other mode of travelling by vehicle, without considering their pecun- iary advantage. Their halting places are generally at second or third rate taverns or inns, which, of course, cannot be recommended for their daintiness or choice of edibles. The traveller is therefore counselled to postpone the principal meal, until he arrives at a larger station. The cabriolet in the forepart of the vehi- cle is the most comfortable part of the Stelhvagen and can be secured for three persons. The seats should be occupied as soon as possible to avoid unnecessary dispute, etc. Carriages, Cabs, etc.: Carriages ( Vetturini, Nolo- sinieri in Italy, Voiture in France, and Droschke in Ger- 22 America Abroad. many), with one and two horses, may be hired in the cities of the Continent at from twenty to thirty cents per hour, and are recommended to travellers desiring to gain a general idea of the extent of the cities visited and their suburbs before beginning a detailed inspec- tion of the various attractions. 2. MAPS. — The traveller, especially the pedestrian, should provide himself with a general map of Europe and such special maps containing foot-paths, etc., as he may require for his particular route, and which are procurable in the principal cities of such districts as he wishes to explore or at the R. R. book-stands. 3. HOTELS, GRATUITIES.— Little variation occurs in the accommodation and charges of first-class hotels in the principal towns and watering places throughout Europe, but it frequently happens in Austria, Ger- many, Belgium, etc., that in old-fashioned hotels of unassuming exterior the traveller finds as much real comfort as in the more modern establishments, while the charges are more moderate. The best houses of both descriptions will therefore be enumerated in our lists. America Abroad. 23 The average charges in the first-class hotels are as follows: Bed, 70 cents to $1.00; plain breakfast, 25 cents ; dinner {table d'hote), 75 cents ; table wine, 25 cents ; tea with steak, 50 to 75 cents : attendance (garfon), 25 cents; light (bougie), 25 cents; boots (porter) extra. This is the most prevalent or European plan ; in the larger cities of all the continental coun- tries may also be found hotels on the American plan. When the traveller remains for a week or more at a hotel, it is advisable to pay, or at least call for, his account every two or three days, in order that errone- ous insertions may be at once detected. Verbal reckonings should not be accepted. A waiter's arith- metic is faulty, and his mistakes are seldom in favor of the traveller. A habit too often prevails of present- ing the bill at the last moment, when errors or wilful impositions must be submitted to for want of time to investigate them. Those who propose starting early in the morning will do well to ask for their bills on the previous evening. A peculiarity of many of the inns in Austria and South Germany is that they have a Gastzimmer for the humbler classes on the ground-floor, while the salle a manger, for more distinguished visitors, is on 24 America Abroad. the first floor. The viands and liquors supplied in these different apartments are generally the same, while the charges differ considerably. Pedestrians and travellers of moderate requirements will find the country inns of South Germany and the German-speaking parts of Tyrol very reasonable, 5 marks = 3 florins ($1.25) a day being generally sufficient to include every item. In Italy, France, etc., the charges are higher by about 50 per cent., and larger gratuities are expected by the attendants. Tourists intending to explore very remote districts will find it advisable to take a supply of tea, coffee, or chocolate with them. Where there are no inns, accommodations may generally be obtained at the pastors, in Germany, or priests in southern countries on very reasonable terms. The post inns are generally good. Those patronized by the Stellwagen are inferior, although sometimes convenient for persons travelling by these vehicles, es- pecially when encumbered with luggage. American travellers often impose considerable extra trouble by calling for things almost unknown in the respective countries in which they happen to find themselves, and if in such cases ignorance of the lan- guage be combined with unacquaintance with the cus- America Abroad. 25 torus, misunderstandings and disputes too often ensue. We therefore recommend once more to our country- men to acquire, if possible, such a moderate profici- ency in the language as to render them intelligible to the servants, and, as a rule, to conform in their requirements to the habits and resources of the natives. Above all, we advise Americans abroad, at all times and in all circumstances, to " keep cool," even when the abruptness of a railroad official or the stern com- mand of Ruhe ! by a Prussian night-watchman, would apparently warrant the display of a little native " cantankerousness." ^555^ W® VIEW IN LOWER PART OF BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY. America Abroad. 27 CHAPTER IV. Having given the tourist some general information applicable to travelling and especially pertaining to the preliminaries of a tour, we will, in the next chapter, enter into detailed descriptions of the respective countries, and for the information of those unacquaint- ed with the city, and who wish to undertake a hurried inspection of the same, we will endeavor to briefly point out and describe those attractions of most in- terest to the tourist bound for Europe. /. NEW YORK CITY.— The first authentic record of an exploration of what is now known as New York is that of Jean Verrazani, a Florentine navigator, who entered the Bay of New York as early as 1525. His search, however, was interrupted, and did not result in any permanent settlement. In 1609, Henrick Hudson, in a vessel called " The Half Moon," navigated the bay and part of the river, being the first European who settled on Manhattan Island. He returned to Holland some years later, and gave such glowing accounts of his discovery that his visit 28 America Abroad. * was imitated by Dutch traders in 1624 who established a settlement. Two years later, under Pieter Minnet, Fort Amsterdam was erected, and the entire " Man- hata " Island was purchased of the Indians for about S25. In 1664, the English gained control of the island, and changed the name from New Amsterdam to New York. The occupation of the English was interrupted in 1673, when it was retaken by the Dutch, whose occupancy, however, was of brief duration. Thence- forth it became a flourishing settlement, so much so, that at the outbreak of the Revolution, in which it took an active. part, the city contained 23,000 inhabitants. From 1783 to 1790 New York w r as the seat of Govern- ment of the United States, President Washington's inauguration taking place in the old City Hall, then located at the present site of the Sub-Treasury, corner . Nassau and Wall Streets. The present City of New York is located at the mouth of the Hudson River in the southern part of the State. It covers the whole of Manhattan Island and a portion of the mainland, and is bounded on the south by New York Bay, on the west by the Hudson or North River, on the east by the River Bronx that separates it from Westchester America Abroad. 29 County, and the East River, a narrow, saltwater strait, dividing it from Long Island. It also includes Ran- dall's, Ward's and Blackwell's Islands, in the East River, and Governor's Island (occupied by the U. S. Government),- Bedloe's and Ellis's Islands in the Bay. The city is sixteen miles long, and varies in width from a few hundred yards to 4^ miles at the north part. Its harbor affords ample and safe anchorage for the largest fleets, and opens directly upon the Atlantic, making it the most convenient and* favored port for departure to Europe and other countries. From the sea New York City is approached from the south, past Sandy Hook, through the Narrows, between Long Island on the east and Staten Island on the west into New York Bay. By rail it is approached by the N. Y. Central and Hudson R. R. R., the Erie R. R. and the Pennsylvania Central R. R. Hotels. — First-Class : St. Nicholas, Metropolitan, Fifth Avenue, Hoffman House, Belvedere House, at corner of Fourth Avenue and 18th Street. Of moderate pretentions. — European Plan : Hart- mann's Hotel, 45 and 47 Bowery, Shoenfeld's, Battery 30 America Abroad. Place. — American plan : Rueckerts, corner Bowery and Canal Street. SIGHTS. — i. Castle Garden, Broadway. 2. Stock Exchange, Broad St. 3. Trinity Church. 4. City Hall, 5. East River Bridge. 6. Tombs, 7. Cooper Institute. 8. Masonic Temple. 9. Academy of Design. 10. Grand Central Depot. 11. Columbia College. 12. Central Park, Museum, Arsenal, etc. The Post Office stands in the triangular and the old City Hall Park, between Broadway and Park Row, and is not only a substantial and elegant structure of Doric and Renaissance architecture, but is the largest build- ing in the city. The New Court-House, close by, was begun in 1866 ; though of beautiful design it is still unfinished. It is occupied in part by various courts and municipal offices. The " Staats Zeitung " Building, opposite the north end of City Hall Park, at the junction of Chatham and Centre Streets, is a handsome granite building in the Renaissance style, with beautiful bronze statues of Franklin and Guttenberg above its portal. Its imposing height renders it conspicuous from all points of the city. It is with justice regarded as a America Abroad. 31 worthy memorial of German-American enterprise and industry. Theatres. — Haverleys, West 14th Street near Sixth Ave. Daly's, Broadway and 30th Street. Madison Square Theatre, 25th Street, near 5th Avenue. Stand- ard, Sixth Ave. and Broadway, near W. 33d St. Niblds Garden, Broadway and Prince Street. Germa- nia, corner 13th Street and Broadway (devoted to German plays.) Thalia, Bowery, near Canal Street (also devoted to the German drama.) Grand Opera House, 8th Ave. and 23th Street. Tony Pastor s, 14th Street, near 3d Ave. Theatre Comique, 514 Broad- way. San Francisco Minstrels, Broadway, near 28th Street. SUB-TREASURY, NEW YORK7~CITY. America Abroad. ^ 2. STEAMERS TO THE CONTINENT OF EU- ROPE. — The North German Lloyd Steamship Line, running to Bremen, and stopping at Southampton and Havre, is a very popular mode of communication direct to the continent. The vessels are large, and ably commanded, and the pleasure-tourist who maybe either going to Germany direct, or who desires to spend a few days at London and vicinity, or in Ireland and Scotland, will do well to take passage by this line instead of going roundabout to other English ports. Their agents in Southampton are Messrs. Keller, Wallis & Postlethwaite, and in Paris, L'Herbette, Kane & Co., 33 Rue du Quatre Septembre. The Hamburg American Packet Co., one of the most successful lines which crosses the Atlantic, plies be- tween Hamburg and New York, stopping on its out- ward passage at Cherbourg and Plymouth, and on its home trips at Plymouth and Havre. Agents in Ply- mouth and Southampton : Smith, Sundius & Co. ; Havre : A. Brostrom & Co. Both the above lines run extra steamers during the travelling season to accommodate their patrons. The Rotterdam Line. A very convenient line for tourists for South-Germany, the Rhine, etc., is the Rot- 34 America Abroad. terdam line. They are excellent steamers and have the advantage of not crossing that bugbear, the Chan- nel. They are splendidly manned and equipped, and are models of marine architecture. Agents in Rotter- dam : Netherland American Steam Navigation Co. Red Star Line. The steamers of this line sail weekly between Antwerp and New York. This line, by reason of its cheaper fares and of the favorable situation of Antwerp to Switzerland, Italy, etc., offers great inducements. Agents in Antwerp : B. von der Becke. Recently the Italian Line of steamers has sprung up for travellers direct to Italy and Spain. Though a young enterprise it is liberally patronized and promises to be successful. Among the companies whose steamers sail to Eng- land, may be mentioned the Cunard, Anchor, Guion, Inman, National and State Line ; and to France, the Bordeaux Line, and the Compagnie Generale Trans- atlantique. Ainerica Abroad. 35 3. THE PASSAGE.— Having selected your steamer, the question will naturally suggest itself : " What shall I wear?" The male traveller contemplating a land trip in ad- dition to the voyage by sea will require at least two changes of clothing — a gray or dark suit of serge or other equally durable and impervious material, an overcoat for the steamer, and some lighter goods for the journey inland ; for ladies we would recommend, as absolutely essential, three dresses : a steamer dress, for which we would choose gray camel's hair-cloth, or any fabric equally soft, thick and warm ; a pretty travelling dress to wear after you leave the steamer for your railway journeying, and a black silk. While on board the steamer, wear only flannel undercloths and colored skirts and hose, for white skirts soil very easily on the decks, which are often wet and sooty. Provide yourself with an extension chair before sailing. As for the amount of baggage, the less you take the better. If you take with you an infant, buy a deep clothes-basket and make a bed in it for the child 36 America Abroad. to sleep in ; set it on the floor of the state-room and secure it tightly. Endeavor to procure a nurse who will not become sea-sick. A state-room amidship, near the centre of the vessel and outside, with a port-hole, is most desirable, and as the number of these is necessa- rily limited the passenger should book as early as pos- sible. As for what to do to avoid sea-sickness, there are so many prescriptions warranted infallible, and known to be, in some cases, that we can only give a few, remark- ing that often the results are alike by entirely opposite methods. Some of the advice given is " lie down in your berth ; keep constantly on deck and in the centre of the vessel ; eat hearty but no fatty substances," etc., etc. The fact is that each instance of sea-sickness depends upon the individual itself. The author has witnessed persons apparently in the most robust of health overpowered very readily by sea-sickness, while feeble, timid persons, who were continually dreading sea-sickness before starting, were, during the passage, in the happy position of attending as good Samaritans on their otherwise more robust co-passengers. It is a common opinion prevailing among the inex- perienced, that frequent application of stimulants to America Abroad. 37 the " inner man " dispels sea-sickness. This is errone- ous as after stimulation the reaction and consequent greater susceptibility to sea-sickness invariably sets in. We would advise the passenger to change his gene- ral habits as little as possible. To remove the dis- agreeable taste when sea-sick, lemons often prove very serviceable, as they neutralize the acid taste arising from the stomach. Avoid as much as feasible coming near the machinery of the vessel, as the smell of the oil and steam often nauseates. As a general rule avoid all nauseating sights, smells, etc. You will find much to amuse and interest you on a transatlantic steamer : to note the vessel's progress, recorded every day at noon, on the bulletin or " log," in the state-room landing ; then there are some simple yet entertaining games, as shuffle-board, quoits, etc., in which the ladies indulge as heartily as the sterner sex. Some of the most lasting ties of friendship! are made amid-ocean If you chance to be a student of human nature, you can study silently the traits of character of your fellow passengers, nowhere else so fully exhi- bited. Most of the continental steamers also furnish their cabin passengers with musical entertainment twice or oftener a day, and although the musicians are 38 America Abroad. mostly non professionals, still their performances some- times tend wonderfully to animate the company and in some cases even to partly dispel a vague sensation of "blues" or sea-sickness. The author has witnessed an inveterate misanthrope turn as lively as a squirrel on hearing a few strains of a familiar Alpine melody on an ocean steamer. Occasionally you will meet another vessel, similar to your own, and witness the ingenious telegraphy by flags ; you will learn to tell the time by "bells " instead of hours, for the steamer's time-piece is a chronometer and a bell. Or, leaning over the side of the vessel in the dark hours, you can — no, not sacrifice your last meal to Neptune, — but watch, interested, for hours the glittering wake of the steamer, alive with myriads of phosphorescent sparks, and, when tired, silently steal to your berth there to be lulled into a refreshing sleep by a chorus of sonorous snoring on the part of your more somnolent co-passengers, undisturbed by the serenades of those " infernal cats " in somebody's backyard, as sadly experienced on terra firma. America Abroad. 39 CHAPTER V. 'Tis liberty crowns Britannia's Isle And makes her barren rocks and her bleak mountains smile. Addison. GREAT BRITAIN. The history of England is already too familiar to the enlightened mind to render it necessary to enter into it at length ; but as it is our intention to preface each country with some brief remarks regarding its history, political economy, etc., the rule will be followed here also. The present mixed population of the British Isles has been the result of their intercourse with the differ- ent nations, who had successively become their conquer- ors. The Romans, who landed at Deal, under Julius Caesar, in the year 55, B. C, were succeeded by the Saxons, afterward by the Danes, under Canute, and still later by the Normans, under William the Conquer- or, in 1066. The original Celts mostly inhabit the High- lands of Scotland, Wales and a greater portion of Ireland ; the Anglo-Saxon race, of Germanic descent, 40 America Abroad. between whom and the former the leading distinction now exists, inhabit the Lowlands of Scotland and the whole of England. The island first became familiar to the Romans by the Gaelic name of Albin, by v/hich only it is known among the Gaels of Scotland at present. The population of Great Britain and Ireland was estimated in 187 1, at 33,450,237. Its manufactures and commerce are unequaled by any country in the world. The form of government is a limited monar- chy — the succession to the throne hereditary. The legislative power is shared by the House of Lords and Commons. The House of Lords consists of peers, whose titles and seats are hereditary, also bishops and archbishops, and Scottish peers elected for the dura- tion of the Parliament. The climate of Great Britain and Ireland is more uniform and milder than that experienced on the Con- tinent in the same degrees of latitude, resulting from the equalizing influences of the surrounding seas, the western side of both islands being invariably warm. /. LONDON. — The metropolis of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the most wealthy city of the America Abroad. 41 world. Its population is nearly 4,000,000, in the me- tropolitan area. The population in 1851, numbered 2,362,000 — an increase of over a million and a half in twenty years. The present increase is 44,000 per an- num, or a birth every twelve minutes. The city cov- ers an extent of one hundred and forty square miles, or fourteen miles long and ten broad. Three hundred and sixty thousand houses are occupied by the popu- lation, and the cost of food is computed to be $800,000 per day. Although the climate of London is by no means pleasant, its sanitary advantages over most other capitals are remarkable. The British metropolis lies principally on the north bank of the Thames, in the County of Middlesex. A large portion however, is situated within the County of Surrey, on the south bank of the Thames, and forty- five miles above the river's mouth. The portion of this vast metropolis which bears the name of the "City," is situated on the north bank of the Thames, between the Tower and Temple Bar, and was formerly surrounded by walls. The other divisions are, West- minster, Marylebone, Finsbury, Lambeth, Tower Ham- lets, Chelsea and Southwark. In addition to the par- liamentary divisions, London has numerous social 42 America Abroad. divisions, the centre of which is Temple Bar. The commercial centre is the Exchange. Two of the West End districts have lately been known as Belgravia and Tyburnia. The first occupies the southern wing of the West End, where reside, in conjunction with that of London, which radiates from Hyde Park corner, the crime de la crime of the English aristocracy; here are the principal club-houses and the most elegant squares. Belgravia is a creation of the last fifty years. Ty- burnia lies to the north of the West End. The houses are large and singular, the streets wide and clean, but the monotony of its appearance is rather oppressing. Its inhabitants are mostly city merchants and profes- sional men, who live very close to the charmed ring of fashion, expecting probably at some time to take the leap across. London is of great antiquity. The Romans sur- rounded it with walls; but nothing is known of it pre vious to that time. In the time of Nero, it bore the dignity of a Roman colony. During the last eight hundred years it has suffered much from fire and pes- tilence. Its public regulations are admirable. Hotels. — First-class : Grand Midland, Langham, Bristol, Queen, Westminster Palace, America Abroad. 43 Less pretentious : Perry's (Regent Street), Hotel de l'Europe (Haymarket). Sights. — 1. Antiquarian Society (by letter to the Secretary). 2. Bank of England (from 10 to 3, order of Director). 3. British Museum, Great Russell Street (Mon., Wed., Frid., from 10 to 4). 4. Buckingham Pal- ace. 5. Crystal Palace, Sydenham (daily, from Victoria Station). 6. Houses of Parliament (Saturday, between 10 and 4, by ticket, on application at Lord Great Chamberlain's office, near Victoria Tower). 7. Hyde Park and Rotten Row (from 12 to 2, and 5 to 7, dur- ing season, May, June and July). 8. Kensington Gar- dens (band plays Tuesdays and Fridays, 5:30 to 6:30, May and June). 9. Kensington Museum (daily). 10. Royal Academy, Burlington House (8 to 7, May, June and July, one shilling). 11. Somerset House (10 to 4, free). 12. St. Paul's Cathedral (daily, Sundays excepted, area free, vaults, gallery, etc., 3 shillings 2 pence). 13. Tower of London (daily, Sundays excepted, 10 to 4, one shilling). 14. Westminster Abbey (9 to 6 in sum- mer, and 11 to 2:30 in winter, free — choir and chapel six pence). 15. Westminster Hall (close to Abbey). 16. Windsor Castle (free, order at Lord Chamberlain's of- fice, at 1 p. m.). 17. Woolwich Arsenal (apply to 44 America Abroad. American Legation). 18. Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park (Mondays, six pence ; other days, one shilling). Theatres. — Covent Garden Theatre (Italian op- era), Drury Lane Theatre, Haymarket Theatre, Opera Comique. The Gayety (on the Strand), Globe Thea- tre (on the Strand), Adelphi Theatre (drama and farce, on the Strand), Princess' Theatre (73 Oxford street). The Lyceum (on the Strand), St. James', Prince of Wales', Saddler's Wells. 46 America Abroad. CHAPTER VI. IRELAND AND SCOTLAND. We would most decidedly recommend travellers who intend visiting Ireland and Scotland, to take the trip by rail, thus passing through the picturesque scenery of Wales. Take train at London via Holy- head to Queenstown, visit the celebrated Lakes of Killarney (Hotels: Royal Victoria and Railway Hotel), and go north through Dublin, Belfast, and Coleraine; cross the North Channel to Glasgow, and visit the principal cities in Scotland. The trip is one the tourist will never regret, and a hasty tour can be made in ten days. America Abroad. 47 CHAPTER VII. Land des Rechtes, Land des Lichtes Land des Schwertes und Gedichtes, Land der Freien Und Getreuen. Moritz, Graf v. Strachvvitz. GERMANY. Situated in the central part of Europe, Germany comprises in a wide sense the extensive territory of the German element and German language, which extends between the Slavonic East and Romanic West, from the Alps to the North and Baltic Sea; in its more limited (politic) sense however, embracing only the greater part of this territory. In this sense it comprises, according to the treaties between the North German Bund and South-Germany of September, 1870, the four kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony and Wiirtemberg; six archduchies, Baden, Hessia, Mecklenburg-Schwer- in, Saxe-Weimar, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Olden- burg ; five duchies, Brunswick, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe- Altenburg, Saxe-Koburg-Gotha and Anhalt ; seven principalities {Filrstenthumer), Schwarzburg-Rudol- stadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen,Waldeck, Reuss, 48 America Abroad. younger and elder branch, Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe; three free cities, Hamburg, Bremen and Liibeck* and Alsatia and Lorraine, together, twenty-six States, with about 45,000,000 inhabitants. Its industry and com- merce have increased enormously of late. Since Jan- uary 1, 187 1, it is a constitutional monarchy, of which the Emperor is the Chief Executive. The legislative and executive power is exercised by the Bundesrath (fifty-eight members), and the Reichstag (one deputy to each 100,000 inhabitants). The chief responsible official is the Chancellor Bismarck. /. BERLIN . — The capital of Prussia, residence of the Emperor of Germany, and seat of the Imperial Gov- ernment, as well as of the highest Prussian authorities, contains about 950,000 inhabitants, and a garrison of 21,000 soldiers. The city is situated in an extensive sandy plain about, half-way between the extreme south- west and north-east extremities of the empire. The town consists of ten different quarters and six suburbs, which have sprung up at different periods. The oldest quarters are Alt Berlin with the Rathhaus, * Though these will soon be joined in the Zollverein and thus lose'part of their autonomy enjoyed for centuries, America Abroad. 49 on the right bank of the Spree, bounded by the Konigs- graben and Koln with the royal palace on an island in the river. Adjoining these, on the west, are the Friederichswerder, with the Arsenal on the left bank of the Spree, surrounded by the fosse of the old fortifica- tions ; the Dorotheenstadt or Neustadt with the Lin- den to the north-west of the Friederichswerder extend- ing north as far as the river, the Friederichstadt to the south of the Neustadt, and with the Wilhelms Platz and the Schiller Platz ; then from west to east, along the right bank of the Spree, the Friederich-Wilhelm- stadt, the Spandau Quartier, the Konigstadt and the Stralau quarter ; and finally the Louisenstadt on the left bank, to the south-east of the Friederichswerder. The six suburbs are now increasing rapidly in extent, especially in the neighborhood of the railway station. The old town wall, which formerly enclosed these ten quarters, was about nine miles in circumference. The boundaries of the city having been extended in 1861, it now covers an area of twenty-three square miles, of which, however, about one-third only is occupied by buildings. The town contains about 480 streets, 58 squares, 700 public buildings (including 60 churches) and 15,000 private houses. The commerce and manu- 5o America Abroad. factures of Berlin have increased so rapidly of late that it now ranks among the most mercantile places in continental Europe. The staple commodi- ties are grain, spirits and wool ; the principal branches of industry are engine building, iron casting and the manufacture of woolen and silk goods and fancy articles. Hotels. — First-class : Hotel Royal (Linden), Me- tropole, Kaiserhof. Less pretentious : Schmelzer (Jager Str. 13); Nord- deutscherHof. (Mohren Str. 20). Hotels Garnis: Schlos- ser's (Jager Str. 17); Kohler (Mohren Str. 37.) Sights. — 1. Aquarium (daily, from 9 a. m., i mark.) 2. Arsenal (2 to 4). 3. Exchange or Borse. 4. Botanical Garden (daily, holidays excepted, 8 to 12 and 2 to 7). 5. Chambers of Deputies (cards of admission are issued the evening previous). 6. Royal Mint (Tuesdays and Fridays,on application). 7. Museum. 8. Zoological Gar- den. 9. Royal Palace. 10. Palace of the Emperor. 11. Palace of the Crown Prince. 12. National Gallery, opp. Schloss. 13. Rathhaus. 14. Synagogue. 15. Potsdam (half an hour from Berlin, with Sans Souci). 1. Char- lottenburg (Flora). America Abroad. 5 1 Theatres.— Royal Opera House {Linden) ; Royal Theatre, Schauspielhaus {Linden); Friederich Wilhelmstadt Theatre (comic operas, comedies, etc.); Wallner's; Victoria (Miinz Str. 20) ; Kroll's Theatre (Thiergarten) ; Waltersdorf Theatre (Chaussee Str. 27) ; Vorstadtisches Theatre; National Theatre; Theatre Varietes (outside the Halle gate). ROUTES TO AND FROM BERLIN.— From Cologne to Hanover, and to Berlin by Stendal or Magdeburg (convenient for passengers embarking at Antwerp and Rotterdam); 1. Railway to Hanover in 5 to 7 hours ; fares : 1st class, 34 marks ; 2d class, 28 marks ; 3d class, 20 marks. To Berlin by Stendal, in n# to 15 hours ; fares : 45 marks, 33 marks, 23 marks, respectively ; by Magdeburg in 12 to 20 hours (same fare), no change by express train. Berlin to Cologne by Magdeburg Kreiensen ; railway to Magdeburg in 2^ to 3^ hours (Express train 15 marks, 10 marks and 7.50 marks). To Cologne in 11 to 21^ hours ; fares, 60 marks, 42 ' marks, 31 marks. Cologne is the usual starting point for stations along the Rhine. 2. COLOGNE {Kbln.)— -The most important city on the Rhine, both in size and commerce. It is superbly 52 America Abroad. fortified and contains a population of 140,000, of which nine-tenths are Catholics. Its garrison numbers 7,000. It is situated, in the shape of a crescent, on the left bank of the Rhine, with the opposite bank of which it is connected by a pontoon and a suspension bridge. In consequence of its many majestic steeples, the city offers an imposing view to the approaching traveller. The old streets and alleys, though narrow and unin- viting, contain many interesting edifices, some of which were built as far back as the 13th century. The more modern streets are graced by stately buildings, mostly in the Renaissance style. Hotels. — First-class: Hotel du Nord, Hotel Disch, Mainzer Hof, Victoria Hotel. Less pretentious : Europaischer Hof, Hotel Billstein, Hotel Weber. Sights. — 1. Cathedral. 2. Museum of the Arch- bishop. 3. Suspension Bridge. 4. Wallraff-Richartz Museum. 5. Church of the Minorites. 6. Hochstrasse. 7. Rathhaus. 8. Great St. Martin Church. 9. Giirzenich (near Rathhaus). 10. St. George's, St. Peter's, St. Sev- erin, St. Cacelie, Church of the Apostles, St. Gereon, America Abroad. 53 Jesuit Church. n. Fortifications. 12. Zoological Garden. Theatres. — Stadt Theatre (Glockengasse) ; Thalia (Schildergasse); Kolner (Summer, near the Flora). VIEW ON THE RHINE. America Abroaa. 55 Der deutsche Rhein — ! wie klingt das Wort so maechtig Schon sehn wir ihn, den goldig gruenen Strom. Mit heitern Staedten, Burgen, stolz und praechtig, Die Lurlei dort und dort den Koelner Dom! Der freihe Rhein! — Gedaechtniss unsrer Siege, Du mit dem Blut der Edelsten getauft Ruhm unsrer Vaeter, die im heil' gen Kriege Mit Liedern nicht, mit Schwertern dich erkauft ! Robert Eduard Prutz. 3. THE RHINE. — As with the majority of districts north of the Alps, the most favorable seasons for a Rhine trip are, summer and autumn ; although for excursions in the neighboring forests, such as the Taunus, etc., April and May also offer many attractions on account of the then prevailing freshness of the landscape. For tourists, however, accustomed to associate the legends of the Rhine with the exquisite green of its vineyards — autumn alone presents attractions par excellence. Of course, it is not within the province of a guide- book, to enter into details respecting the literature, etc., of any particular country. We give the following classic account of the legend of the Mausethurm (by Bingen on the Rhine), more for the sake of its quaint manner of narration than its descriptive value. Sebas- tian Miinster (1550) speaking of the Rhine, alludes to 56 Ai?ierica Abroad. the Mausethurm thus: " Er hat den Nammen von ein- " er solchen Geschichte uberkommen. Es war ein " Bischoff zu Mentz zu den zeiten des grossen Kaysers "Otto, nemlich anno Christi 914, der hiesz Hatto, un- " der dem enstund eine grosse Thewrung, und da er "sahe dasz die Armen Leut grossen Hunger litten, '' versammelt er in ein Schewr viel armer Leut, und liesz " sie darin verbrennen: Dann er sprach: es ist eben mit "jnen als mit den Meusen die das Korn fressen unnd "niergend zu nutz sind. Aber Gott liesz es nicht "ungerochen. Er gebote den Meusen dass sie mit "hauffen uber jhn liffen, jm Tag und Nacht keine " ruhe lieszen, wollten ihn also lebendig freszen. Da " flohe er in diesen Thurm, und verhofft er wiird da " sicher seyn vor den Meusen. Aber er mocht dem " Urtheil Gottes nicht entriinnen, sonder die Meuss " schwummen durch den Rhein zu jm. Da er das sahe, "erkannt er das Urtheil Gottes und starb also under " den Meusen. Wilt dues fiir ein Fabel haben, will ich "nicht mit dir darum zancken, ich hab disz Gesch- " icht mer dann in einem Buch gefunden." Rhineboats. — (The first arrived in 181 7, at high- water from London to Coblenz. The regular service above Cologne, however, began in 1827.) Of the boats America Abroad. 57 of the Koln Diisseldorfer Co., the best are the four new- est, built after American models : Deutscher Kaiser, Wilhelm, Kaiser und Konig, Friede and Hum- boldt. The duration of the trip from Bonn or Col- ogne to Mainz is from 10 to 11 hours, fare 7 to 9 marks; 100 pounds baggage free. Passengers purchasing tickets over 2 marks, have the privilege of interrupt- ing their trip after previous announcement to con- ductor or clerk. Dinner 2 m. 50 ph.; the wine is excellent and comparatively reasonable. Some of the Rhine wines noted for particular excel- lence are, .first: Those produced at the Johannisberg and Steinberg; also Rudesheimer-Berg, Riidesheimer Hinterhaus, Marcobrunn, Rauenthal-Berg and Hoch- heim. Assmannshaus is celebrated for its exquisite red wines. Rhenish Bavaria (Wonnegau), Rhenish Hessia (Scharlachberger), the river Nahe, a tributary of the Rhine (Kauzenberg), the Valley of the Rhine (Enge- holl, Oberwesel), and the river Mosel, also offer supe- rior wines, though somewhat inferior to those of Riidesheim and vicinity. ROUTES TO AND FROM BERLIN, continued.— From Bremen to Berlin, via Hanover, take railway at Bremen. 58 America Abroad. Time to Hanover, 3 to $}4 hours; 9 m., 7.50 m., 4.60 m. respectively. From Hanover to Berlin, 5 to 6 hours; fares : 26 m., 18 m. and 13 m. (by way of Stendal). 4. BREMEN. — Second in importance of the three in- dependent Hanseatic cities, and, next to Hamburg, the most important commercial city in northern Germany, has a population of about 100,000. Bremen is situated on a sandy level on both banks of the Weser, 65 miles from its influx into the North Sea. It is divided into the Altstadt and Neustadt. The Altstadt, on the right bank, formerly enclosed by ramparts, is now sur- rounded by the suburbs, or Vorstadte. The mediaeval importance of the place is still indicated by the well- preserved, quaint-looking edifices occasionally encoun- tered in its streets, while its present prosperity is fully attested by its numerous handsome residences of modern architecture. Bremen owes its importance to a great extent to its seaport, Bremerhaven, which is annually entered by over 3,500 vessels. Hotels. — First-class: Hillmann's, Hotel de l'Eu- rope, Stadt Frankfurt, Siedenburg (all within 10 or 15 minutes' walk from railroad depot). America Abroad. 59 Less pretentious : Belle vue, Casper (both in the Bahn- hof Street.) Sights. — 1. Promenades. 2. Rathhaus and Raths- keller (built 1410), 3. Roland Denkmal. 4. Exchange. 5. Schiitting, or Chamber of Commerce. 6. Cathedral in the Romanesque style, begun in the nth century (ask to be shown the Bleikeller). 7. Gustave Adolph Statue. 8. Ausgarii Church, erected in 1229 to 1243 (contains altar-piece by Tischbein). 9. Bridges. 10. Biirgerpark. Theatres. — Stadt Theatre, Saltzmann's Garden and Tivoli (in summer). ROUTES TO AND FROM BERLIN— continued.— From Hamburg to Berlin via Hanover. Railway to Hanover, in 4^2 to 5 hours, fares 12.75 m., 9.60 m., 6.45 m., respectively; railway to Berlin from Ham- burg, 5 to 6 hours. 5. HAMBURG. — With 300,000 inhabitants, and next to London, Liverpool and Glasgow, the most important commercial place in Europe. It is the largest of the free Hanseatic towns of the German Empire. As with 60 America Abroad. Bremen, Hamburg is divided into the Altstadt and Neustadt; the latter having been formerly surrounded by fortifications, and the suburbs of St. George and St. Pauli, the one on the north-east, and the other on the west side. Outside the Dammthor, a new quarter has recently sprung up. Hamburg is advantageously located on the broad lower Elbe, which, by reason of the tide rising twice daily, admits the entrance of ves- sels of the largest tonnage. It is also connected by railways with all countries of the continent. The Al- ster, a small stream at the north part of the city, forms a large basin outside the town, and a smaller one with- in it, thus greatly enhancing its facility for commerce. Hamburg is a thoroughly modern city, and this, to- gether with the enterprising character of its inhabitants, sufficiently accounts for the familiar almost American impression it leaves on the traveller, and which has gained for it the title of "the suburb of New York." Hotels. — First-class: Hotel de TEurope, Streit's Hotel, Victoria, Hotel St. Petersbourg. Less pretentious : Wiezel's Hotel, Zingg's, Hoefer's. Sights. — i. Harbor. 2. Elbhohe (locally known as the Stintfang). 3. St. Pauli. 4. Exchange. 5. Church America Abroad. 61 of St. Nicholas (daily from 12:30 to 2:30). 6. Johan- neum, (an edifice in the Italian style). 7. Binnen- Alster. 8. Kunsthalle. 9. Botanical Garden and Zoolo- gical Garden. 10. Environs of Hamburg. Theatres. — Stadt-Theatre (begins 6:30) ; Thalia Theatre (chiefly comedies); Schultze's Theatre, at St. Pauli ; Damm's Tivoli ; Centralhalle, St. Pauli ; Odeon, at St. Pauli. 62 America Abroad. CHAPTER VIII. 1st das der Segen nicht des Donaustrandes ? Das blaue Auge meines Vaterlandes ? Der Deutsche wacht, o Flut an deiner Wiege An deiner Bahre weint das Morgenland. Karl Beck. AUSTRIA. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy is, measured by its territorial dimensions, the second largest empire in Europe. Its population, according to the latest census, numbers about. 40,000,000. It comprises the south- eastern portion of Central Europe and more than one- half of the Danube territory. The German population amounts to about 36 per cent. Austria's chief industry is the manufacture of woolen goods, linen, cotton, etc., and its significance as an industrial as well as a com- mercial country is steadily increasing. According to the Pragmatic sanction of April 19th, 17 13, Austria is an indivisible empire, of which the crown is inherit- able to the male and female line of the Hapsburg-Lor- raine dynasty. Since October 20, i860, it has a con- stitutional form of government. America Abroad. 6? o 1 . VIENNA. — The capital of the Empire of Austria and residence of the Emperor is favorably situated on the Danube Canal in a plain surrounded by distant moun- tains. The Danube Canal is at this point considerably widened by the influx of the Wien at the east side of the city. Prior to 1863, the city was divided into the city proper and thirty-four suburbs, but now consists of nine sections: 1. Interior, or city. 2. Leopoldstadt. 3. Landstrasse. 4. Wieden. 5. Margarethen. 6. Maria- hilf. 7. Neubau. 8. Josephstadt. 9. Alsergrund. In addition to these, there are eighteen suburbs beyond the boundary lines, immediately connected with the city, although under the supervision of the Vienna po- lice, viz.: Hernals, Funfhaus, Rudolphsheim, Ottak- ring, Wahring, Unter-Meidling, Simmering, Gaudenz- dorf, Sechshaus, Neulerchenfeld, Ober-Dobling, Wil- helmsdorf, Nussdorf, Heiligenstadt, Hietzing, Ober- Meidling, Unter-Dobling and Weinhaus. According to the census of 187 1, the interior of the city contained a population of 67,752, while the whole of the nine dis- tricts contain 635,494 inhabitants and 10,380 houses. Including the suburbs, the entire population is little less than 850,000. Some of the suburbs are connected with the interior by beautiful bridges, notably, the 64 America Abroad. Leopoldstadt quarter, lying on the north side of the Danube Canal, which is crossed by eight bridges of more or less artistic merit. The almost insignificant Wien is crossed by no less than fifteen bridges. The interior of the city offers the principal attractions to visitors ; it extends from the Ringstrasse to the Franz Joseph Quai, and is the centre of business, art, etc. Hotels. — First-class : Grand Hotel, Imperial, Me- tropole, Hotel de France, Hotel Austria. Less pretentious : Ungarische Krone, Weisser Wolf, Hotel Holler, Stadt London (in the Postgasse). Sights. — 1. Church of St. Stephens (tower 453 ft.) 2. Trinity Column. 3. Hofburg. 4. Monument of Em- peror Francis I. 5. Equestrian Statue of Emperor Joseph II. 6. Augustine Church. 7. Volksgarten. 8. Hofgarten and Collections. 9. Ringstrasse. 10. Alber- tina. ti. New Opera House. 12. Carlskircbe. 13. National Museum. 14. Belvedere and Collections. 15. Arsenal. 16. Museum of Weapons. 17. Academy of Art. 18. Votive, or Memorial Church. 19. Lichten- stein Gallery. 20. Prater or public park. Theatres. — Hofburg Theatre (tragedy, comedy, America Abroad. 65 and classical drama) ; Opera, Stadt Theatre, (Seiler- statte 25); Theatre an der Wien; Leopoldstadt Carl Theatre; Joseph stadt Theatre; - Strampfer Theatre (Tuchlauben 16); Residenz Theatre (Johannesgasse, 22); and various others known as summer theatres. Routes. — Vienna to Linz. Western Railway in 4^2 to 7^ hours. Express fare, 10 fl., 80 kr. and 8 fl., 10 kr.; Linz to Salzburg in 3^ to 4)4 hours, fares 7 fl. 13 kr. and 5 fl. 35 kr. Excursions to Attersee, Mond- see, Salzburg to Insbruck, Zillerthal. Routes north to Prague, Pilsen, Carlsbad, Marienbad, etc. PRAGUE (Bohemian, Prahd). — Has a circumference of about nine miles and is the ancient capital of Bohe- mia. It contains about 178,000 inhabitants (comprising suburbs and garrison), of which about four-sevenths are Bohemians and three-sevenths Germans, including I 3>°°° Jews. It occupies a remarkably picturesque and imposing position in the valley of the Moldau extending partly to the adjoining hills, the venerable Hradschin rising in its grandeur above the many hand- some and interesting mediaeval edifices and numerous towers. Prague is peculiarly attractive on account of its superb surroundings and its many historical rem- iniscenses and associations. 66 America Abroad. Hotels. — First-class: Hotel de Saxe, Englisher Hof Schwarzes Ross. Less pretentious : Erzherzog Stephan (Wenzelsplatz), Drei Karpfen. Sights. — i. Pulverthurm (15th century). 2. Teyn- kirche. 3. Rathhaus. 4. Collegium Clementinurn. 5. Statue of Charles IV. 6. Carolinum. 7. Carl's Bridge. 8. Kaiser-Franz Bridge. 9. Monument of Francis I. 10. Radetzky Monument, it. Church of St. Nicholas. 12. Hradschin. 13. Cathedral. 14. The Burg. 15 Belvedere. 16. Rossmarkt. 17. Citadel. 18. Jews Quar- ter, or Josephstadt. Theatres. — German (performances daily); Bohemi- an (4 times a week); Neustadter, near the Ross Gate. America Abroad. 67 CHAPTER IX. Gay, sprightly land of mirth and social ease Pleas'd with thyself, whom all the world can please. Goldsmith's Traveller. FRANCE. France, until September, 1870, an empire, since a republic, is situated on the western side of continental Europe, and is bounded on the north by Germany, Belgium and the English Channel ; on the east by Germany, Switzerland, Italy and part of the Med- iterranean; on the south by the Mediterranean and Spain; and on the west by the Atlantic. Since 1871, when its two provinces were ceded to Germany, it comprises 206,474 square miles, being four and a half times as large as the State of New York, or nearly twice as large as Great Britain and Ireland. Its population previous to the war, was 38,192,064, of which 87,000 were Jews, 9,000 gypsies, and a small percentage Belgians, English, etc. Its present popu- lation is 37,000,000, having lost 1,597,228 by the ces- sion of Alsace-Lorraine. The geographical position of France gives to it im- 6S America Abroad. portant natural advantages. Its extensive coasts are washed by the waters of the Atlantic and the English Channel a distance of 590 miles, and by the Mediter- ranean 360, while it is protected inland on the east by the Vosges, the Jura, and the Alps; on the south by the Pyrenees, and on the north by an artificial line defined by treaty and guarded by numerous fortresses. By far the greater portion of France consists of a succession of gentle slopes and fertile plains. Of its rivers, the most important are, the Seine, Loire, Ga- ronne and Rhone. The absence of obstructive high grounds between the different river basins has early suggested the construction of numerous canals, which, with the different lines of railway that cross the coun- try in every direction, and mostly radiate from Paris, have greatly contributed to the development of the in- ternal traffic of the country. The Canal du Midi unites in the south the Garonne, which flows into the Bay of Biscay, with the Mediterranean. The Canal du Cen- tre, connects the Loire, which likewise empties into the above bay, with the Saone, which, joining the Rhone, empties into the Mediterranean. The Canal de Bourgogne unites the waters of the Saone with those of the Yonne, thereby connecting the rivers America Abroad. 69 Rhone and Seine; while the Canal du Rhone au Rhin effects a junction between these rivers by means of the River Doubs. France is destitute of lakes of any significance, with the exception of some small mountain lakes in the higher valleys of the Pyrenees, and Lake Geneva on its frontier, possessing that portion of this lake, which bounds Savoy on the north, or nearly the whole of one side. France is well provided with extensive forests, chiefly toward the central portion of the country. Its mineral resources are extensive, particularly iron, which oc- curs almost without limit along the chains of the Vos- ges, Cevennes and Jura; also in the peninsula of Brit- tany and the basins of the Garonne and Loire. The political division of France, prior to the Revo- lution of 1789, was into thirty-four provinces of which many had at some time been independent States. It has been redivided into eighty-seven Departments, named principally from the rivers by which they are intersected, or from the mountain ranges which border them. The Departments are governed by a Prefect appointed by the General Government, and are sub- divided in arrondissements, cantons and communes. 7o America Abroad. The currency of the country consists of francs =19^ cents, and centimes = \ cent. One franc = 100 centimes, and although the franc and centimes are the legally recognized currency, the sou = 5 centimes = 1 cent is usual in ordinary trade. All railways allow sixty pounds of luggage free, and as all trunks, etc. are weighed and registered, it is ad- visable that the traveller endeavor to be at the station twenty minutes before the time announced for starting. 72 America Abroad. PARIS. — Perhaps no city has experienced such radi- cal changes as Paris, under the second Empire. Ex- tensive districts of dilapidated buildings and numer- ous irregular streets disappeared and were replaced by elegant boulevards, beautiful squares and palatial edi- fices. Public improvements begun under former Governments, were completed, and new projects of vast scope were conceived and begun, particularly the parks, squares, etc., were enlarged and beautified, and what was of still greater importance, the entire city was supplied with an efficient system of canalisation, the streets were lighted sufficiently, and the city given an ample supply of water. Paris is at present enjoying the fruits of these improvements, being not only one of the most beautiful cities, but from a sanitary point of view, one of the most perfect. The present administration is energetically prosecuting the labors of its predecessors and has succeeded in removing the devastations of the Commune replacing them by buildings of modern architectural beauty. Paris has a population of about 1,890,000 — among them 115,000 paupers. In no other country do all its attractions (excepting, of course, natural scenery, etc.,) concentrate so per- America Abroad. 73 fectly in its capital as in Fiance; and assuming that the tourist desires " to do " Paris without unneces- sary delay, we will forthwith proceed to describe the centre where " magnificence, elegance and luxury reign supreme." Then making Paris our starting-point, we will mention some of the principal routes through France. On arriving at Paris, the traveller is subjected to a very great annoyance in being obliged to wait a full half- hour, while the octroi, or custom-house authorities, spread out along the tables the entire baggage arriv- ing by the train; and notwithstanding that your bag- gage may have undergone examination at some fron- tier octroi, it is generally examined again and passed definitely. Engage your voiture or omnibus immedi- ately on arriving. Hotels. — First-class: Hotel Cailleux (Northern Railway Station); Hdtel de la Gare (Eastern or Strass- burg Railway Station) ; Hotel de Londres (Western, Gare St. Lazare) ; Hotel de New- York (Gare St. Lazare); Grand Hotel; Hotel Chatham. Less pretentious : Ville de Bale (at Strassb. Railroad station) Hotel de la Tamise. 74 America Abroad. Sights. — i. General view. 2. The Boulevards. 3. the Docks. 4. Place de la Concorde. 5. Rue de la Paix and Rue Castiglione. 6. Place Vendome. 7. The Office of Justice. 8. Passage de l'Opera. 9. Passage des Princes. 10. the Bourse, or Exchange, n. Place of the Bastile. 12. Rue de Rivoli. 13. Palace of Industry. 14. Dio- rama of Paris. 15. Place de l'Elysee. 16. The Garden and Ruins of the Tuileries. 17. The Louvre. 18. Palais Royal, National Library. 19. Notre Dame. 20. Boule- vard des Italiens. 21. The Luxembourg. 22. The Pan- theon. 23. Botanical Gardens. Theatres. — Theatre Italien (Italian Opera, Rue Neuve St. Augustin) ; Opera Comique (Place des Ital- iens); Odeon (Place de TOdeon); Gymnase Drama- tique (Boulevard, Bonne-Nouvelles 38) ; Vaudeville (Boulevard des Capucines and Chaussee d'Antin); Varietes (Boul. Montmartre); Theatre du Palais Royal (Palais Royal, N. W. corner); Bouffes Parisiennes (Pas- sage Choiseul) ; Theatre de la Porte St. Martin (Boul. St. Martin); Renaissance (cor. Boul. St. Martin and Rue de Bondy) ; Theatre du Chatelet (Place du Chatelet) ; Theatre National Lyrique (Square des Arts-et-Metiers) ; Theatre Historique (Place du Cha- telet) ; Ambigu Comique (Boul. St. Martin) ; Folies America Abroad. 75 Dramatiques (Boul. St. Martin and Rue de Bondy); Theatre de Cluny (Boul. St. Germain); Theatre du Chateau d'Eau (Rue de Malte). Routes. — i. Paris to Havre via Rouen and Yvetot. 2. Paris to Cherbourg via Nantes, Evreux, Caen, and Bayeux, with excursions to Trouville, Honfleur, St. L6, Granville, St. Malo and Dinan. 3. Paris to Orleans, Agen and Tarbes, via Chateauroux, Limoges, Peri- gueux, Lectoure and Auch. 4. Paris to Basle via Nogent, Troyes, Chaumont, Vesoul, Belfort, Mulhouse. 5. Ly- ons to Strassburg via Bourg, Chalons, Verdun, Metz, and Thionviile, etc. America Abroad. 77 M ARSE ILL ES — Marseilles was founded by the Phoe- nicians about 650 before Christ, and was built up by- refugees seeking to escape the vengeance of Cyrus. Its superior location soon made it the commercial cen- tre of the countries surrounding it, and the city was soon rendered intellectually more attractive by the erection of public buildings devoted to the cultivation of science and art. Marseilles is now the commercial capital of France,, possessing the most commodious harbor in the country. Its entrance is superbly defended by Forts St. Jean and St. Nicholas, surmounting the two hills on either side, and by the fortified islands Chateau d'lf, Pomegne and Ratonneau. It contains a population of about 300,000 souls. Hotels.— Grand Hotel du Louvre et de la Paix; Grand Hotel de Marseilles. Sights. — 1. Museum (with paintings of some of the Italian and Dutch masters). 2. Church St. Victor. 3. Notre-Dame de la Garde. 4. Docks. 78 America Abroad. CHAPTER X. They love their land because it is their own. And scorn to give aught reason why. — Halleck. HOLLAND. Holland constitutes an independent State, situated on the German Ocean, between Belgium and Prussia. Its dimensions in the direction of north and south vary from fifty to two hundred miles; its mean breadth is about one hundred miles. The area of the province at present forming the kingdom of the Netherlands — that is, including the duchies of Luxemburg and Limburg — is 13,598 square miles. The population, not includ- ing its colonies, is 3,809,527, consisting of 72 percent. Dutch, 14 per cent. Frisians, and about 68,000 Jews. The general aspect of Holland is different from that of any country in Europe. Its surface presents one grand net-work of canals, which are very extensive and answer the purpose of roads in other countries. The principal occupation of the Dutch is agricul- ture, the chief products being grain, flax, hemp, to- America Abroad. 79 bacco, hops, and vegetables. Holland's commerce at one time rivalled that of England. The climate of Holland is not inviting, being colder than the opposite coasts of England in similar lati- tudes, and the winter is, with rare exceptions, severe. The atmosphere is usually moist, in consequence of the abundance of water. The eastern provinces are more arid and healthier than those immediately adja- cent to the coast. The climate of Holland, indeed, is damp, raw, and cold for eight months in the year; hot and unwholesome for four. Accounts in Holland are kept in guilders, stivers and cents. Travellers should provide themselves with Dutch money before entering Holland. The custom-house officers in Holland are particu- larly civil to American travellers. English, German and French are generally spoken in the larger hotels. Cabs are here known as " vigilantes." Other convey- ances such as omnibuses, etc., are also in waiting at the various stations. The charges at hotels are, bed- rooms 2 to 3 guilders ; dinner (at 4 o'clock), 2 to 3 guilders ; service, 1 guilder ; breakfast (tea or coffee, with bread and butter), 15 stivers. We would advise travellers to accustom themselves 80 America Abroad. to drink mineral waters during their sojourn in Hol- land, as the ordinary water is unwholesome and a fre- quent cause of indisposition. /. ROTTERDAM. — Rotterdam is situated on the right bank of the Maas, and contains a population, accord- ing to the last census, of 132,054, being the second city in Holland in point of population and commercial importance. It possesses a convenient harbor, ample docks and numerous canals. Hotels. — First-class: Hotel Victoria. Sights. — 1. Museum (daily, except Mondays, from 11 to 3. On Sundays, entrance 5 cents, from 10 to 4, other days 50 cents. Magnificent collection of Dutch and Flemish painters, such as Cuyp, Rembrandt, Dii- rer, the Wouvermanns, Rubens, etc.). 2. Docks. 3. Zoological Gardens (beyond the Delft Gate). 4. Ex- change. 5. Custom-house. 6. Stadthouse. 7. Palace of Justice. 8. Admiralty. 9. Church of St. Law- rence. Trains every few hours for Amsterdam, the Hague, Haarlem, Utrecht, and the Rhine. Also barges, or " trekschuiten" for Delft, fare 40 cents, time 2 hours. America Abroad. 81 2. THE HAGUE. — The Hague has a population of about 100,000, and is probably the best built city in Europe. It is situated about three miles from the Ger- man Ocean. The streets, of modern appearance, are wide, and here and there adorned by beautiful walks, fine residences, cultivated gardens, and villas of some pre- tensions to architectural beauty. The Hague is the seat of government, of the Supreme Court of Justice and the resident city of the foreign Ministers. It is famous for its unrivalled collections of paintings by the Dutch masters. Hotel. — Bellevue. Sights. — 1. National Museum (containing the cele- brated " Young Bull," by Paul Potter, for which the Dutch Government offered Napoleon two hundred and fifty thousand guilders for permitting it to remain at the Hague). 2. Royal Cabinet of Curiosities (daily from 9 to 3 p. m.). 3. King's Palace, near the Museum. 4. Palace of the Prince of Orange. 5. Zoological and Botanical Garden. 6. Public Baths. 7. Willem's Park. 8. " T Huis in 't Bosch," or " The House in the Woods " (former residence of the late Queen of Holland). 82 " America Abroad. Theatre, — French and Dutch (performances 4 times a week). 3. AMSTERDAM.— §0 called from the " dam "on the Amstel, which intersects the town. It is the largest commercial city in Holland, and one of the most inter- esting in Europe. Its population is nearly 300,000. The city, built in the shape of a semi-circle, was for- merly surrounded by ramparts, which have since been planted with trees and laid out into broad avenues. The streets are less regular, and narrower than those of the Hague, but are in regard to buildings equally as attractive. The four canals, Princen Gracht, Keyser Gracht, Herren Gracht, and Singel Gracht, add con- siderably to the superior sanitary condition of the city. The canals, which are very numerous, divide the city into about ninety islands, joined together by three hun- dred bridges of more or less beauty. Like Venice, Amsterdam rests on piles driven into the boggy soil. Hotels — Hotel Amstel, Brack's Doelen Hotel. Sights. — 1. Royal Palace, at the Damm. 2. Museum with Collection of Paintings of Dutch and Flemish Masters [(open from 10 a. m. to 3 p. m.) 3. New Church. America Abroad. $3 4. " Oude Man Huis." containing paintings of merit. Admission 50 cents. 5. Fodor Museum (10 to 2 p. m. entrance 50 cents). Theatres. — There are three theatres in Amsterdam, (closed from May to September), in which the perform- ances are in Dutch, Italian and French. Frascati's concerts are much frequented in summer and fall. Steamer leaves weekly for Hamburg, London, Hull, St. Petersburg and Stockholm. Routes. — 1. Rotterdam to Amsterdam via the Hague, Ley den, and Haarlem. 2. Amsterdam to Cologne via Utrecht and Arnheim, time5,hrs. 25., fare 15^2 marks. Rotterdam to Hanover via Salzbergen. Railway in 11^ to 123^ hrs., fare 20 guilders; 2d class, 15 ; 3d class, 10. Shortest route to Rotterdam and Berlin. Custom- house at Bentheim. 84 America Abroad. CHAPTER XL Here sunburn' d Labor swings his Cyclop arms. — 0. W. Holmes. BELGIUM. The Kingdom of Belgium has been established in its present form, since the separation of the pro- vinces from that of Holland by the Revolution of 1830. It is situated on the North Sea, between Holland, Germany and France, and contains about 5,021,000 inhabitants, being the most densely popula- ted country in Europe. Its territorial dimensions are small compared with those of other European States, notwithstanding which, it enjoys by reason of its com- pact form (surrounded on three sides by active com- mercial nations), and its industry which is proverbial, an enviable position in commercial importance. It is separated from England by a few hours voyage only. On the West are the two large and commodious ports of Antwerp (10 hours from London), and Ostend, while its Eastern boundary is distant only a few leagues from the Rhine, which affords ample means of com- America Abroad. 85 munication with Central and Southern Europe. It is conveniently situated for disposing of its productions in the most favorable markets, and its generally level surface intersected by a close network of railways, offers great facilites for local transit trade. Belgium's climate is milder than that of Holland; and the country is well watered by the River Maas and Scheldt, and their tributaries, Sambre, Ourthe, Werze, Lys, etc. The abundance of its rural products being far in ex- cess of its own consumption, it is enabled to supply a considerable portion of the surrounding countries. /. ANTWERP contains about 125,000 inhabitants. It is situated on the right bank of the Scheldt, is the chief port of Belgium, and commands, in consequence of its favorable position, an extensive foreign trade. The city is superbly fortified. The citadel of Antwerp picturesquely occupies a part of the right bank of the Scheldt, which is navigable for vessels of the largest burden. During the 12th to 14th centuries Antwerp almost rivalled in commercial importance such cities as London, Venice, etc.; her prosperity, however, was disastrously affected by the treaty of Westphalia in 1648, by which its merchants were driven to Amster- 86 America Abroad. dam and Rotterdam. It is still a flourishing city and the thrift and industry of the inhabitants is apparent everywhere. . Hotel. — Hotel St. Augustine, on the Place Verte. Sights. — i. Cathedral (i franc fee, contains Ru- ben's great Master-piece the " Descent from the Cross.") 2. Museum (formerly Convent of the Recollects), con- taining specimens of the Masters of the Flemish school, Vandyke, Jordaens, Rubens, Teniers, etc.) 3. Church of St. jaques. 4. St. Paul's Church. 5. Church of St. Augustine. 6. St. Andrew's Church. 7. City Hall. 8. Exchange. 9. Theatre. 10. House of Rubens in the Rue de Rubens. 11. Zoological Gardens. Theatres. — Theatre near Porte St. George. 2. BRUSSELS. — Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is charmingly situated on the Senne, about fifty miles from its influx into the sea. The upper part of the town is rendered particularly attractive by a beautiful park, and contains the buildings of the royal court, and Government Departments. Here also are situated the mansions of the wealthier classes. The H6tel-de- America Abroad. 87 Ville or City Hall in this quarter is a beautiful edifice, in the gothic style, and is probably one of the most per- fect specimens of that style of architecture in Europe. Its erection dates back as far as the 15th century. Hotels. — First-class: Mengelle, Bellevue, Hotel de l'Univers, Grand Hotel de Saxe, Grand Hotel. Sights. — 1. H6tel-de- Ville. 2. Place des Martyres. 3. Place de la Monnaie (Mint, Exchange, etc.) 4. Pal- ace (Place Royal) with paintings, by Teniers, Dow, Vandyke, etc. 5. Cathedral of St. Gudule (founded in 1010). 6. Notre-Dame de la Chapelle (founded in 1 134). 7. Notre-Dame de Bonsecours. 8. Bourse. 9. Excursion to Waterloo, about 12 miles from Brussels. Theatres. — Theatre des Galeries, Place de la Mon- naie. Routes. — Brussels to Luxembourg via Namur and Arlon. Time 6 h., fare 17 francs 60 c. Brussels to Ostend via Ghent and Bruges. Time 3 hrs. 42 min., fare 8 frs. 65 c. Brussels to Paris via Hal, Mons and Valenciennes. Time 9 hrs. 20 min., fare 40 frs. America Abroad. 89 CHAPTER XII. Ein angenehm Gemisch von Bergen, Fels, und Seen, FSllt nach und nach erbleicht, doch deutlich ins Gesicht Die blaue Feme schlieszt ein Kranz beglantzer Hohen Worauf ein schwarzer Wald die letzten Strahlen bricht. *********** Bald aber ofnet sich ein Strich von griinen Thalern Die, hin und her gekrummt, sich im Entfernen schmalern. Albr. v. Haller. SWITZERLAND. For the guidance of the tourist unaccustomed to feats of pedestrianism, we preface our description of Switzerland with a few brief remarks concern- ing the preparations peculiarly necessary to travel- ling in a country where the main topographical features are so entirely different from those of other European districts, and in which, by reason of the mountainous character of this region, the im- portance of railway transit becomes a secondary con- sideration, although the demands of commerce and the progressive spirit of the Swiss have not failed to assert themselves here also by connecting the larger cities by 90 America Abroad. rail, and rendering it possible to traverse the country in from six to nine hours if necessary. The pedestrian will find it of foremost importance to undertake all foot tours of any length early in the morning, beginning, if health permits, before breakfast and trusting to chance (in which he will be rarely disap- pointed) to encounter some suitable stopping place to partake of a frugal breakfast. Avoid gratifying the appetite too liberally during the day, and postpone the most substantial meal until after sunset. As to the hour for retiring, the traveller must consult the dicta- tion of his own feelings with, if anything, a bias for early retirement. The inconvenience of carrying a superabundance of baggage will nowhere be more keenly felt than during a foot tour through Switzerland. Do not undertake excursions into the higher Alps before July or August, nor later than the end of Sep- tember. The enthusiastic novice in mountain-climbing too fre- quently consults but the promptings of his animal spirits, in his ardor, at the outset of his journey, and begins with imprudently undertaking feats beyond his powers of endurance. He should commence with moderate America Abroad. 91 walks of from six to ten hours a day, and gradually increase to longer performances, after having ascer- tained what amount of fatigue can be tolerated with impunity, and without overtaxing his general " staying abilities." The common sense conveyed in the Italian proverb — Chi va piano va sano, chi va sano va lon- ta/z Halle, 7:25 ; Leipzig, 8:05. Fares : $7.60 ; 5.65 ; 4.10. 3. Bremen — Verden, lime, 1:00; Wunstorf, 3:05; Hannover, 3:30. Fares: $3.40; 2,50; 1.70 (Hamm- Cologne, see No. 9). 4. Bremen — Rotenburg, time, 58 m. ; Harburg, 2:15 ; Hamburg, 2:32. Fares : $2.00; 1.60; 1.20 ; fourth- class, 62 cts. 5. Berlin — Stettin, time. 2:28; Stargard, 3:23; Belgard, 5:25 ; Coslin, 5:55 ; Stolp, 7:15; Zoppot, 9:40; Danzig, 10:00. Fares: $ 9.40 ; 7.10; 4.70. 6. Berlin — Fiirstenwalde, time, 1:10 ; Frankfort-on- the-Oder, 1:45; Guben, 2:15; Sommerfeld, 2:30; Sorau, 4:05; Hansdorf, 4:16; Kohlfurt, 5:00; Bunzlau, 6:00; Liegnitz, 7:10; Neumarkt, Bres- lau, 8:26. Fares : '$8. 00 ; 6.00 ; 3.42. 7. Berlin — Giiterbog, time, 1:12 ; Wittenberg, 1:43 '■> Bitterfeld, 2:25; Leipzig, 3:20. Fares: $3.20; 2.40 ; 1.70. 8. Berlin — Halle, time, 3:10; Weissenfels, 3:46; Gross- Heringen, 4:22; Weimar, 4:59; Erfurt, 5:40; Gotha, 6:00 ; Eisenach, 6:28 ; Bebra, 7:30 ; Fulda, 8:30; Elm, 9:07; Salmiinster, Gelnhausen, 126 America Abroad. 9:48; Hanau, 10:04; Frankfort-on-the-Main, 10:40. Fares : $8.30; 5.50; 3.50. 9. Berlin — Potsdam, time, 27 m.; Brandenburg, 1:02; Magdeburg, 2:12; Lehrte, 5:35; {Hannover, 6:00 from Berlin; Minden,7:i5); Minden, 8:00; Lohne 8:50; Bielefeld, 10:00; Hamm, 11:32; Dortmund, 12:00. Fares: $8.40; 6.50; 4.45. Dortmund, Ober- hausen, 53 m.; Diisseldorf, 1:30; Cologne, 2:15. Fares : $2.05 ; 1.50; 1.00, extra, from Dortmund. 10. Frankfort-on-the-Main — Hanau, time, 19 m.; Asch- affen-burg, 1:00; Gemiinden, 2:12; Wiirzburg, 3:00; Steinach, 4:45; Ansbach, 5:26; Gunzenhau- sen, 6:00; Treuchtlingen, 1 ] '.30. Then Treuchtlingen via Eichstadt, 8:10 ; Ingolstadt, 8:42 ; Munich, 10:28 from Frankfort-on-the-Main. Fares: about $7-5° ; 5-30 ; 4-00. 11. Frankfort-on-the-Main — Mainz, Worms, time, 53 m.; Ludwigshafen, 1:20; Schifferstadt, 1:40; Neu- stadt, 2:06; Landau, 2:39; Winden, 2:53; Weissen- burg, 3:14; Hagenau, 3:50; Strassburg, 4:35 from Mainz. Fares : about $3.70 ; 2.80 ; 2.00. America Abroad. 127 AUSTRIA. 12. Vienna— Tuln, Absdorf, time, 1:00; Eggenburg, i:5i;G6pfritz, 2:53;Gmiind,3:47; Budweis, 5:16; Strakonic, 6:35 ; Pilsen, 8:10; Marienbad, 10:10 ; Eger, 10:52. Fares ; $8.60 ; 6.50 ; 4.40 ; fourth- class, $2. 20. 13. Vienna— Brurm, time, 3:35; Trtibau, 5:30; Pardu- bitz,6:35;Kolin, 7 124; Prague, 8:30; Kralup, 9:38; Aussig, 10: to; Bodenbach, 11:26; Dresden, 13:21; Fares : $10.20; 7.60; 5.20. (Berlin to Dresden, 4 hrs.) 14. Vienna — St. Polten, time, 1:30; Amstetten, 3:00; St. Valentine, 3:55 ; Linz, 4:30 ; Wels, 5:21 ; Neu- markt, 6:10; Braunau, 9:00; Simbach. Fares: $5.80; 4.40; 2.90. (Simbach to Munich, 3:30.) FRANCE. 15. Paris — Amiens, time, 3:40 ; Arras, 5:30 ; Haze- brouck, 8:04; Calais, 10 hrs. Fares : $6.65; 5.20; 3.80. 16. Paris — Rouen, time, 2:40; Havre, 4:38. Fares : $5-35 ; 4-oo ; 3.00. 128 America Abroad. 17. Paris — Caen, time, 5:18; Cherbourg, 8:15. Fares: $8.70; 6.50 ; 4.75. ' 18. Paris — (St. Lazare) Versailles, 40 m. 19. Paris — (Montparnasse) Versailles, 40 m. 20. Paris — Orleans, time, 2:05; Tours, 4:00; Poictiers, 5:50 ; Coutras, 10:00 ; Bordeaux, 12:00. Fares: $13.50; 10.15 ; 7-5°- 21. Paris — Orleans, time,. 5:20 ; Vierzon, 7:50; St. Sul- pice, 14:00; Pe'rigeux, 18:00. Fares: $17.00; 12.75; 9- 2 5- 22. Paris — Dijon, time, 7:50; Macon, 10:55; Lyons, 13:00; Valence, 16:50; Tarascon, 21:00; Mar- seilles, 24:35. Fares: $20.00; 15.20; 11. 15. 23. Paris — Meaux, time, 40 m. ; Epernay, 2 140 ; Chalons, 3:40; Blesme, 4:28; Frouard, 7:10; Nancy, 7:20; Luneville, 8:10; Avricourt, 8:50. Fares: $10.00; 7.20; 5.30. (Strassburg from Paris, 11:00 lirs.) HOLLAND. 24. The Hague — Rotterdam, time, 10 m. ; Gouda, $s m - 5 Utrecht, t:io; Arnheim, 2:15; Emmerich, 3:00. Fares: $2.50; 2.00; 1.27. (Cologne, 6:00; Berlin, 22:00.) America Abroad. 129 25. The Hague. — Rotterdam, Gouda, Amsterdam, time, 1:45. Fares, $1.25; 1.00; 60 cts. 26. Amsterdam. — Haarlem, time, 33 m.; The Hague, 2:00; Rotterdam, 2 115. Fares: $1.50; 1.15; 75 cts. 27. Amsterdam. — Hilversum, time, 32 m.; Utrecht, 43 m. Fares: 75 cts.; 60 cts.; 35 cts. 28. Rotterdam. — Gouda, Amsterdam, time, 1:35. Fares: $1.20; 95 cts.; 55 cts. BELGIUM. 29. Brussels. — Ghent, time, 1:10; Brugge, 1:50; Ostend, 2:20. Fares: $1.70; 1.25; 85 cts. 30. Brussels. — Mecheln, time, 25 m.; Antwerp, 58 m. Fares: 62 cts.; 48 cts.; 30 cts. 31. Brussels. — Braine-le-Comte, time, 1:02; Jurbise, 1:40; Mons, 2:00; St. Ghislain, 2:21; Quivrain, 2:45; Paris, 8.05. Fares: $7.25; 5.40; 4.00. 32. Aiitwerp. — Mecheln, time, 35 m.; Brussels, 58 m. Fares: 62 cts.; 48 cts.; 30 cts. SWITZERLAND. 33. Basel. — (Bale) Lietel, time, 21 m.; Sissach, 33 m.; Olten, 1:12; Aarau, 1:31; Wildegg, 1:0; Turgi, 130 America Abroad. 2:05; Baden, 2:20; Zurich, 3:00. Fares: $2.00, 1.60; 1. 00. 34. Basel. — Olten, time, 1:12; Herzogenbuchsee, 2:50; Berne, 4:00. Fares: $2.10, 1.50, 1,15. Romont, 6:13; Lausanne, 7.30; Geneva, 9:10. Fares: $5-5°, 3-9o, 2.85. 35. Basel — via Neufchatel, Geneva, 9 hrs. Fares: $5.30 3.80, 2.80. 36. Zurich — via Zug, time, 1:25; Lucerne, 2:20. Fares: $1.30; 95 cts.; 55 cts. ITALY. 37. Turin. — Novara, time, 2:40; Milan, 3:45; Bergamo, 5:10, Verona, 7:26; Padua, 9:40; Venice, 10:35. Fares: $9.80, 7.00, 5.00. 38. Modane — (Mt.Cenis)Turin, time, 4:30; Alessandria, 6.50; Piacenza, 8:50; Bologna, 11:56; Pistoja, 15:50; Florence, 16:40. Fares: $12.25, 9.25,6.75. (Rome, 26:50; Naples, 34:20.) 39. Milan — (Arona) Mortara, time, 1:15; Alessandria, 2:45, Genoa, 5:15. Fares: $3.30, 2.35, 1.90. 40. Florence. — Pisa, time, 2:40; Leghorn (Livorno), 3:10; Grosseto, 7:30; Civita-vecchia, 10:20; Rome, 12:10. Fares: $8.20; 5.70. America Abroad. 131 41. Florence. — Foligno, time, 5.40; Rome, 10:05. Fares: $8.20, 5.70. 42. Rome. — Ceprano, time, 4:10; Capua, 8:10; Naples, 9:59. Fares: $6.30, 4.40. II.— CIRCULAR TOURS. During the travelling season, the principal rail- way companies on the Continent, issue excursion tickets at greatly reduced prices. These round-trips embrace the leading places of interest throughout the country. We give a list of these below, though some may be subject to slight changes. Tours not marked with time are usually for 30 days. FROM PARIS. 1. Paris, Nancy, Avricourt, Strassburg, Ludwigs- hafen, Kehl, Baden-Baden, Karlsruhe, Heidelberg, Mannheim, Darmstadt, Frankfort, Mainz, Wiesbaden, Riidesheim, Ems, Coblenz, Kappellen, Bonn, Aix-la- Chapelle, Liege, Namur, Charleroi, Brussels, Valen- cienne, Paris. First-class, about $30.00; Second-class, $22.00. 2. Paris, Belfort, Basel, Lucerne, Zug, Zurich, 132 America Abroad. ft Rapperswyl, Wessen, Glarus, Wadeswyl, Ziegelbruck, Chur, via Bodensee to Rorschach, Constance, Singen, Schaffhausen, Basel, Miihlheim, Freiburg, Offenburg, Baden-Baden, Strassburg, Paris. First-class, $36.00; Second class, $27.00. 3. Paris, Belfort, Basel, Lucerne, Alpnacht, Brienz, Giesbach, Interlaken, Thun, Berne, Freiburg, Lausanne, Geneva, Dijon, Paris. First-class, $30.00; Second-class, $22.50; tickets good for 2 months about 10 per cent, higher. FROM STATIONS IN GERMANY To Saxony and Bohemia. 1. Berlin, Roderau, Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin. Second-class, $6.00; Third-class $4.00 — good for ten days. 2. Dresden, Schandau, Aussig, Teplitz, Dux, Carlsbad, Eger, Franzensbad, Zwickau, Chemnitz, Freiberg, Dresden. Second-class, about $7; Third-class, $6.50. To Bavaria, Saxony ana Austria. 1. Berlin, Leipzig, Reichenbach, Eger, Regens- burg, Munich, Regensburg, Fiirth, Pilsen, Prague,Dres- America Abi'oad. 133 den, Berlin. Second-class, $19.00; Third-class, $13.00. 2. Berlin, Jiiterbog, Wittenberg, Leipzig, Reichen- bach, Hof, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Niirnberg, Munich, Regensburg, Eger, Reichenbach, Leipzig, Berlin. Second-class, $18.00; Third-class, $13.00. 3. Niirnberg, Regensburg, Passau, (also by steam- boat to Vienna), Vienna, Budweis, Pilsen, Marienbad, Eger, Weiden, Niirnberg. Second-class, $14.00; Third- class, $11.00. To Austria and if angaria. i. Leipzig, Altenburg, Reichenbach, Franzens- bad, Eger, Marienbad, Pilsen, Budweis, Vienna, Kolin, Jungbunzlau, Bodenbach, Schandau, Konigstein, Dresden, Leipzig. Second-class, $17.50; Third-class, $10.50. 2. Berlin,Gorlitz, Seidenberg,Friedland, Reichen- berg, Jungbunzlau, Kolin, Prague, Aussig, Bodenbach, Schandau, Konigstein, Dresden, Neustadt, Berlin. Second-class, $20.00; Third-class, $13.00. 3. Same as far as Vienna, thence to Salzburg, Rosenheim, Munich, Niirnberg, Hof, Bamberg, Reich- enbach, Leipzig, Berlin. Second-class, $28.00; Third- class, $19.00. 134 America Abroad. 4. Hamburg, Berlin, Dresden, Konigstein, Schan- dau, Aussig, Leitmeritz, Prague, Vienna, Linz, Salz- burg, Munich, Ntirnberg,. Bamberg, Hof, Leipzig, Berlin, Hamburg. Second-class, $35.00; Third-class, $24.00 — good for 45 days. To Th'uringia and Harz Mountains. 1. Erfurt, Weimar, Goschwitz, Gera, Weissenfels, Erfurt ; Second-class, $4.00 ; Third-class, $2.80. 2. Hannover, Northeim, Nordhausen, Sonderhau- sen, Erfurt, Gotha, Eisenach, Gerstungen, Bebra, Cas- sel, Gottingen, Hannover. Second-class, $6.50 ; Third- class, 5.00 — good for ten days. 3. Berlin to Ballenstedt, Blankenburg, Thale, Wernigerode. Second-class, $4.00 ; Third-class, 3.00 — good for ten days. To the rivers Rhine, Main, Mosel and Saar. 1. Berlin via Halle, Nordhausen, Cassel, Eisenach, Bebra, Hanau, Frankfort, then either via Mainz, Bingen, or via Wiesbaden, Oberlahnstein to Coblenz and Cologne, then either via Hannover, Lehrte, Ber- America Abroad. 135 lin, or via Kreiensen, Magdeburg to Berlin. Second- class, $17.00 ; Third-class, 10.50. 2. Berlin to Frankfort as foregoing, thence Rii- desheim or Bingen, Kreuznach, Saarbriicken, Metz, Luxemburg, Trier, Cologne, and thence again as per trip No. 1. to Berlin. Second-class, $21.00 ; Third- class, 14.00. 3. Hamburg, Bremen, Miinster, Cologne, Mainz, Ludwigshafen, Mannheim, Heidelberg, Frankfort, Cassel, Hamburg, same from Bremen. Second-class, $16.00 ; Third-class, 11.00. 4. Cologne, Bonn, Coblenz, Oberlahnstein, Ems, Nassau, Dietz, Limburg, Weilburg, Wetzlar, Deutz, Cologne. Second-class, $4.00 ; Third-class, 2.80. From Berlin. 1. Berlin to Dresden, Leipzig, Berlin. First-class, $6.50 ; Second-class, 5.00 ; Third-class, 3.50. 2. Berlin, Halle, Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha, Eisenach, Gerstungen, Hersfeld, Fulda, Gelnhausen, Hanau, Wiesbaden, Oberlahnstein, Coblenz, Cologne, Dussel- dorf, Altenessen, Dortmund, Hamm, Bielefeld, Minden, Hannover, Brunswick, Oschersleben, Magdeburg, Ber- 136 America Abroad. lin. First-class, $21.00; Second-class, 15.00; Third- class, 11.00. 3. Berlin, Roderau, Dresden, Krippen, Boden- bach, Prague, Briinn, Vienna, Gratz, Pragerhof, Ofen, Pest, Marchegg, Briinn, Pardubitz, Koniggratz, Jo- sephstadt, Parschnitz, Liebau, Hirschberg, Frankfort- on-the-Oder, Berlin. First-class, $43. 00; Second-class, 28.00; Third-class, 22.00. From Bremen. 1. Bremen, Hannover, Cassel, Marburg, Frank- fort, Mainz, Castel, Wiesbaden, Eltville, Riidesheim (or Bingen, Coblenz), Oberlahnstein, Ems, Wetzlar, Giessen, Marburg, Cassel, Hannover, Bremen. Second- class, $13.00; Third-class, 8.40. 2. Bremen, Hannover, Cassel, Nauheim, Frank- fort, Heidelberg, Carlsruhe, Baden, Appenweier, Of- fenburg, Freiburg, Mullheim, Basel, Waldshut, Neu- hausen, Schaffhausen, Constance, Bodensee, Fried- richshafen, Ulm, Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Jaxtfeld, Wim- pfen, Heidelberg, Frankfort, Bremen. First-class, $25.00 ; Second-class, 17.50 ; Third-class, 12.00. 3. Bremen, Hannover, Brunswick, Goslar, and back via Thale, Oschersleben, Vienenburg, Brunswick, America Abroad. 137 Hannover, Bremen. Second-class, §5. 00 ; Third-class, $3-7° — the same from Hamburg. FROM STATIONS IN BELGIUM. To the Rhine. 1. Brussels, Liege, (Liittich), Spa, Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), Cologne, Mayence (Mainz), Darmstadt, Ems, Wiesbaden, Mannheim, Baden-Baden, Strass- burg, Nancy, Paris, St. Quentin or Valenciennes, Hau- mont or Quivrain, Namur, Brussels — one month. Fare: First-class, $28.03. To Holland. 2. Brussels, Antwerp (Anvers), Rotterdam, The Hague, Amsterdam, Amersfoort, Zwolle, Arnheim, Utrecht, Tilburg, Antwerp, Brussels — 15 days. Fare: First-class, $9.40. To Flanders. 3. Brussels, Malines, Antwerp, St. Nicholas,Gand, Bruges, Ostend, Roulers, Ypres, Courtrai, Tournai, Braine-le-Comte, Brussels — 15 days. Fare: First-class, $5-32. To the Meuse. 4. Brussels, Malines, Louvain, Liege, Verviers, 138 America Abroad. Spa, Huy, Namur, Dinant, Brussels — 15 days. First- class, $4-4°- FROM STATIONS IN ITALY. To Northern and Central Italy. 1. Milan, Turin, Alessandria, Genoa, Piacenza, Milan — 15 days. Fares: First-class, $8.00; Second- class, $5.70; Third-class, $4.10. 2. Milan, Verona, Padua, Venice, Bologna, Flor- ence, Bologna, Piacenza, Lodi, Milan — 20 days. Fares: $14.00, $10.50, $7.60. 3. Turin, Milan, Padua, Venice, Bologna, Flor- ence, Bologna, Piacenza, Alessandria, Genoa, Turin — 30 days. Fares: $16.20, $12.20, $9.00. 4. Turin, Milan, Padua, Venice, Bologna, Flor- ence, Empoli, Pisa, Lucca, Pistoja, Bologna, Piacenza, Alessandria, Genoa, Turin — 35 days. Fares: $17.75, $13.00, $9.50. To Central and Southern Italy. 5. Turin, Milan, Padua, Venice, Bologna, Flor- ence, Foligno, Rome, Ceprano, Naples, Rome, Civita- vecchia, Leghorn, Pisa, Florence, Bologna, Piacenza, Alessandria, Genoa, Turin — 50 days. $33.50, $24.00, $16.15. America Abroad. 139 III— FOREIGN MONEY and its comparative value in the United States. These values vary somewhat according to the fluctuations of the rates of exchange. GERMANY. GOLD. 20 Marks. $4 75 I0 " 237^ - << 1 18^ SILVER. 5 Marks J l8 ^ 3 " (Thalers, still in circulation) 70% 2 " 47K j " ... 23^ 50 Pfennings (100 Pfennings=i Mark n^ 20 " 5 NICKEL. 10 Pfennings 2 /^ 5 " *# COPPER. 2 Pfennings / 2 I " % PAPER. 5,000, I, coo, 500, 100, 50, 20 and 5 Mark-notes. 140 America Abroad. AUSTRIA. GOLD. (Value fluctuates.) SILVER. 1 Thaler $0 70^ 1 Florin 41 Yz " 10% Y " 10X 20 Kreutzers (too Kreutzers=i Florin) 8 10 " . 4 5 " 2 COPPER. 2 Kreutzers I 1 " Yz PAPER. 1,000, 100, 50, 10, 5 and 1 Florin-notes. HOLLAND. GOLD. 10 Guilders $4 00 5 " 2 00 SILVER. 2 y 2 " (20 Stivers=i Guilder) I 00 1 " 40 Yz " • 20 50 cents, 25, 10, 5 Nickel, and 2 and 1 Copper. America Abroad. 141 PAPER. 500 Guilders to 1 Guilder. GREAT BRITAIN. GOLD. I Guinea (few in circulation) $5 08 1 Sovereign (1 £) 485 %. " 2 42 K SILVER. I Crown (5 shillings) 1 203^ Vz " 60X I Florin (two shillings) 48 1 Shilling {1 £=10 shillings) 24 6 Pence (12 pence=i shilling) 12 4 Pence 8 3 Pence 6 2 Pence 4 COPPER. 1 Penny (about) 2 Vz " " 1 PAPER. 100, 50, 30, 20, 10, 5 £ notes and Scotch and Irish 1 £ notes. 142 America Abroad. FRANCE, (Belgium, Italy and Switzerland.) GOLD. ioo Francs $19 50 50 " 9 75 20 ' ' (Napoleon) 3 83 10 *.« 1 91^ 5 " 95^ SILVER. 5 Francs 95^ 2^ " 48 2 " 38^ 1 " 19X 50 Centimes (100=1 Franc) 9^ 25 " 5 20 " (about) 4 10 " " 2 5 " " 1 NICKEL. 20 Centimes 4 10 " 2 5 " .-. 1 COPPER. 10 Centimes 2 5 " (Sou) 1 1 " - I f 98 RED STAR LINE. United States and Royal Belgian Mail Steamers EVERY SATURDAY FOR ANTWERP. The splendid first-class, full-powered Steamers Waesland, Rhynland, Belgenland, Zeeland, Nederland, Switzerland, Taderland. New Steamers: "Pennland" (will be ready in March); " Westernland " (building). Saloons, State-rooms, Smoking and Bath-rooms amidships. SECOND CABIN ACCOMMODATION UNEXCELLED. State-rooms all on main deck. No horses, cattle, sheep or pigs carried. First Cabin, $75 and $100.— Return Tickets, $125 and $175. Second Cabin, outward, $55 ; Prepaid, $55 ; Excursion, $100. PETER WRIGHT & SONS, General Agents, 55 Broadway, New York. LLOYD S. S. y. IMPERIAL GERMAN MAIL. Steamships. Captains . Elbe, 5000 Tons, WlLLIGEROD. Neckar, . 3500 " Bussius. Oder, 3500 " Unduetsch. Mosel, 3500 *«■ Hesse. Rhein, . 3500 " Neynaber. Main, 3500 " Barre. Donau, . 3500 " RlNGK. General Werder, 3500 " Christoffers, Braunschweig, 3500 " POHLE. Habsburg, . 3500 " Hohenzollern, 3500 " Sander. Hohenstaufen, . 3500 " Himbeck. Salier, 3500 " Wiegand. Nurnberg, . 3500 " Jaeger. Building : S. S. WERRA, of 6000 Tons and 7000 Horsepower, indicated. Steamers sail from Bremen Pier, Foot of Second Street, Hofooken, N. J., at 2 P. M. precisely, with the exception of S. S. Elbe, which sails at the time specified in the list of sailings. They call at Southampton to land passengers, mail and specie for London and Paris, and proceed for Bremen without further delay. These steamers carry no cattle nor pigs. Steamers leave Southampton every Monday, Wednesday and Friday evening for Havre. OELRICHS & CO., General Agents, P. O. Box 137. 2 Bowling Green, New York. IMPERIAL GERMAN MAIL. Hamburg-American Packet Co. ALBINGIA ALLEMANNIA, BOHEMIA, CIMBRIA, FRISIA, GELLERT, HAMMONIA, HERDER, LESSING, RHENANIA, RUGIA, SILESIA, SUEVIA, THURINGIA, VANDALIA, WESTPHALIA, WIELAND. DIRECT WEEKLY LINE — TO ENGLAND, FRANCE AND GERMANY. LEAVING NEW YORK Every Thursday and: every Saturday, from Hamburg Pier, Hoboken* — FOR — PLYMOUTH (London,) CHERBOURG (Paris), and HAMBURG, Thereby accommodating passengers who would avoid the discomforts of crossing the English Channel. RETURNING FROM HAMBURG EVERY WEDNESDAY AND EVERY SUNDAY, Via Havre, taking passengers for Southampton or London without extra charge. RATES OF PASSAGE. From New York.— First Cabin, $100. Second Cabin, $60. Steerage, $30. (First Cabin, from November 1st to April 1st, $70 and $80.) From Hamburg, Havre, Southampton or London. — First Cabin, $120. Second Cabin, $72. Steerage, $27. Round Trip Tickets.— First Cabin, $185. Second Cabin, $110. Steerage, $50. (First Cabin, from November 1st to April 1st, $165.) Children under 12 years of age, half price. Infants free. Passengers landing at Plymouth receive free R. R. passage to London, or any Station in the South of England. Railroad Tickets from Cherbourg to Paris, and from Paris to Havre, issued at reduced rates. Steerage passengers to and from Denmark, Norway and Sweden, booked at very low rates. The First Cabin is fitted up in mag- nificent style. Each State-room contains two berths and a sofa. The Second Cabin is comfortably furnished : is situated on the same deck forward of the First Cabin, and like the latter, heated by Steam, while the surrounding State-rooms are equally well lighted and ventilated. The Steerage accommodations are commodious, and the appointments and table unsurpassed. An experienced Physician is attached to every Steamer. No charge for medical attendance. Stewards and Stewardesses speak- ing several languages are ready to attend to the wants of passengers. 61 . B. RICHARD & CO. General Passenger Agents, Broadway, New York. 61 KUNHARDT & CO. General Agents. Broad St., New York. Rotterdam Line STEAMERS ROTTERDAM, ZAANDAM, SCHIEDAM, W. A. SCHOLTEN, AMSTERDAM, J>. CALAND, EDAM, MAAS 9 SAIL FROM Company's Pier No. 54, North River, New York Foot of 24th Street. I*. W . MORRIS, General Passenger Agent, No. 50 Broadway, New York. S. '^J, Z£$MX* <«-** ^•o' *°<* ^ ■♦ 9* •••-• «»« 4 ^ HBB '■'■■':r i; ''" i' : |HBi IliWIMMII innn jTOH^sp LIBRARY OF CONGRESS HBBi MB 021 947 674 7 H iii HI Hi III Urns! KhRSI UBHH|^mH ilH i Mflflfflfil mSlffll 1 MB 1111110 II mm m Will m wBtwM Imi BM W mWM B mi BHBmBHHMHHIHi^HlHHWH BIHS HUH H IB Wi nil II ABB — Wl ■HHHH HI 111 III mmmmti ImmW WSmsKSBmKm mm ivlHIMH