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 GENERAL QRAISTT. 
 
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year ISOS, by Ph. von BOBT, in the Clerk's 
 Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Southern District of New York. 
 
To General jJ. p>. Prant, jJ. p. ^. : 
 
 General : 
 
 The " New-York World " of the 24tli of March, 
 1868, oontaius a cominunication which calls attention to an 
 Army Order of youi'S therein re-printed, the contents of which 
 are of so extraordinary a character, that nothing short of an 
 emphatic denial of its authenticity on your part might have 
 been expected. You have, however, left it unnoticed, and thus 
 justified the assumption that you acknowledge the authorship 
 of the same. Here it is : 
 
 Headquarters 13th Army Corps, ] 
 Department of Tennessee, } 
 Oxford, Miss., December 17, 1862. J 
 General Orders — l^o. 11. 
 The JEWS, AS A CLASS, violating every regu- 
 lation of trade established by the Treasury Depart- 
 ment Orders, are liereby expelled from the Depart- 
 ment icithin tiventp-four liours from the receipt of this 
 order ly Post Commanders. They will see that 
 ALL THIS CLASS OF PEOPLE are furnished 
 with passes and required to leave, and any one 
 returning after such notification, shall be arrested 
 and held in confinement until an opportunity occurs 
 of sending them out as prisoners, unless furnished 
 with permission from these headquarters. No 
 passes AviU be given THESE PEOPLE to visit 
 these headquarters for the purpose of making per- 
 sonal application for trade permits. 
 
 BY ORDER OF MAJOR-GENERAL GRANT. 
 
6 
 
 If you had returned, General, like so many brave soldiers, 
 after the fatigues of your bloody campaigus, to your home, 
 proud iu the possession of yoiu^ laurels ; if, like thousands of 
 your comrades in arms, you had hung up yoiu- sword, and 
 thenceforth followed the pursuit of the husbandman, the mer- 
 chant, or the lawyer, the criticism of your army-orders would 
 have been a useless task, for they would have disappeared 
 from publicity along with your person, without leaving a trace 
 behind them. 
 
 But fiite had reserved for you a different destiny. You 
 became the great instrument in the hands of Providence, which 
 overthrew tlie rebellion ! ]t was you who conducted that frat- 
 ricidal war to a glorious end ! You are the hero whom history 
 will know as the man who swept the accursed institution of 
 slavery forever from the free and blessed soil of this continent ! 
 
 The great result which you obtained for the history, for 
 the civilization of the world at the point of your sword, has 
 made you, next to the President of the United States, Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the armies of this nation for life-time. 
 
 You have been successful, you have been fortunate ! 
 
 It is foreign to our present purpose, to subject the history 
 of your successes to a closer scrutiny. This is not, indeed, the 
 occasion to examine with critical analysis, your merit as a com- 
 mander, your military capacity, in a word, the means by 
 which you achieved the great result. ^Iiether it actually was 
 your own merit, or, rather that of your Generals, whether it 
 was the weight of the unlimited means which the nation placed 
 at your disposal, or whether it was the heroic bravery of your 
 armies, whose hecatombs were sacrificed in your trenches and 
 exploded mines, which led to the end, may remain unnoticed 
 for the present. In how far, finally, you may have been fa- 
 vored by that accident, which left you at the head of affairs, 
 after Scott, McDowell, McClellan, Halleck, Pope, Burnside, 
 Hooker, Meade, and others had been cast aside, and the nation 
 was weary of change, need not be examined here. 
 
 Enough, we have the results. You stand before us, a 
 hero, a giant, in bold relief above the heads of the people : you 
 have been nominated a candidate for election as President of 
 the United States. 
 
Your military genius we can, at present, afford to pass over j 
 the war is, tliauk God, ended ; and we pray that a beneficent 
 Providence may forever avert renewed bloodshed. But you 
 are now standing before us in a new capacity. You have 
 sheathed your sword, and you come before the nation as a 
 statesman, you now aspire to the proud position of Chief Mag- 
 istrate of a community of thirty odd millions of people. And 
 here your military qualifications, be they never so eminent, 
 cannot exclusively serve you as a recommendation. 
 
 If the dignity of a President of the United States is not to 
 dwindle down to a mere name and shadow, if the Constitution, 
 under which the nation has acquired its present greatness, to 
 the admiration, to the envious astonishment of the world, is to 
 be preserved, we require for this exalted station a well-tried 
 statesman ; a worthy bearer of its heavy responsibilities ; above 
 fill, a pure, a noble, a great character. 
 
 You will, therefore, no doubt, approve. General, of our 
 desire to enlighten our minds as far as possible, as to your 
 statesmanlike qualifications, a desire which is but natural and 
 legitimate, for citizens who are anxious to exercise their fran- 
 chise in a conscientious and intelligent manner. 
 
 But, unfortunately for this important, this momentous 
 ■question, there is an almost entire lack of material which 
 might afford us any light for our object. You, General, have 
 deemed it proper against all usage, against all tradition, to 
 wrap yourself in an impenetrable silence, thus leaving your 
 views, your opinions, and your priucii^les involved in utter 
 darkness. 
 
 Whether this be simply the custom of the taciturn but en- 
 ergetic warrior, whether it be the cautious proceeding of the 
 shrewd dii)lomatist, who adheres to the doctrine of using his 
 language only to conceal his thoughts, or whether it be, as your 
 -enemies maintain, the stupefaction of an habitual profligate, 
 laboring under a chronic sottishness, produced by the fumes of 
 whiskey and tobacco, that. General, is up to the present an un- 
 solved enigma to us. 
 
 It becomes, therefore, ouf imperative duty, all the more 
 carefuUj- to subject your actions, yom* utterances in unguarded 
 moments, and especially your written documents to a searching- 
 examination. 
 
8 
 
 Your proceeding on the occasion of the surrender of the 
 secretaryship of the War Department was to say the least of 
 it, of a very equivocal character. In the differences between 
 the President and yourself consequent upon that event, you 
 have indeed suffered a most signal moral defeat. For in the 
 face of the unanimous written testimony of five cabinet officers, 
 a combined testimony, which gave a flat contradiction to your 
 assertions, nobody can entertain any further doubts as to the 
 veracity of the President. It is said that your demeanor on 
 the occasion of a cabinet council during which you were ques- 
 tioned by the President in reference to your breach of faith in 
 surrendering the War Office to Mr. Stanton, was expressive of 
 so much contrition, that this alone was equivalent to an ac- 
 knowledgment of your guilt. They say that you stood there, 
 looking wonderfully small, the picture of abashed confusion, in 
 fact like a school-boy who had been caught napping, stammer- 
 ing forth some unintelligible excuses. If this accoimt were 
 true, the conclusion might be drawn from it to your honor, that 
 so fiir you have acquired no great perfection in the ambiguous 
 game of diplomacy, and that it is not too late for you to with- 
 draw from the field of politics, a field on which you have made 
 an unfortunate debut and on which you are sure to end with a 
 deplorable fiasco. 
 
 But these events transpired at a time when your nomina- 
 tion for the Presidency was an acknowledged fact ; you had 
 already thrown yourself body and soul into the arms of the 
 radical party ; you were wincing already under the lash of their 
 fanatical leaders. 
 
 Not that in the contemplation of these circumstances any 
 mitigation of your guilt could be found ; not because a deeper 
 investigation of them would exonerate you in any way, shall 
 we forego a closer scrutiny on this occasion, but because we 
 have to deal with a document which emanated from your own 
 pen and went forth to the world over your signature on the 17th 
 December, 1862 : Your famous army order in regard to the 
 Jews ! — a document which furnishes a better guide to your char- 
 acter, to the standard of your education, to your sense of jus- 
 tice, to your humanity, to your understanding of the founda- 
 tions on which the nation has become great, to your qualifi- 
 cation for the Presidential chair, which throws a stronger 
 light finally on the mind and on the heart of the man Grant,, 
 than the most intimate study of your life could procure. 
 
9 
 
 For tliis army order was issued by you, General, at a time 
 when you had as yet no aspirations to a pohtieal career. At 
 that period, now nearly six years ago, you, as little as the world, 
 could have anticipated what was in store for you in the future. 
 Long before the battles of Fort Donaldson, Vicksburg, in the 
 Wilderness and before Eichmond, had been fought, — battles in 
 which the fortune of war smiled upon your arms, consequently 
 long before the remotest prospect of your present claims had 
 dawned upon you, — at that time you gave yourself as you were, 
 at that time you were free from all calculating restraints ; the 
 anticipated and coveted votes of your fellow-citizens had not 
 cast their fetters about you. 
 
 But for this very reason the above-quoted document of that 
 period may serve as the real expression of your innermost na- 
 ture, as the the true reflexion of your soul ; for this reason your 
 General Orders No, 11 is so valuable for the study of your char- 
 acter and for the accomplishment of our piu?pose. 
 
 Let us then subject it to a closer examination. 
 
 It appears that the regulations of trade established by the 
 orders of the Treasiu-y Department had been violated. It cer- 
 tainly was no less your right, than it became your duty to 
 enforce these orders, and to i)unish the \dolators. 
 
 Who then were these violators ? That of course had to be 
 ascertained in the first instance ! 
 
 A number of merchants were present with the army for the 
 purpose of trading with the soldiers, whom they supplied with a 
 variety of articles both of necessity and luxury, highly welcome 
 to them. The majority of these merchants were Christians, 
 probably of various denominations, and no doubt Presbyterians, 
 Methodists, Eoman Catholics, Baptists and whatever other 
 sects there may be, down to the Spiritualists, who are enjoying 
 the free exercise of their religious practices in this country, 
 were represented amongst them. 
 
 Natiu-ally also a proportionate number of Jews, who con- 
 stitute a considerable part of the trading community in Amer- 
 ica, were among the number of these merchants. 
 
 In what manner now any< connection can be established 
 between the various creeds of these individuals and the infrac- 
 tions of the orders regulating the mode of trading with the army, 
 must remain an unfathomable riddle to every impartial enquirer. 
 
10 
 
 It would liavo been a conspira-cy alike wonderful and in- 
 sane, if the members of any one of the above-named religious con- 
 fessions, had combined for the purpose of violating the trade 
 regulations I What interest could have united, say for instance 
 the Baptists, to resort to such an unusual mode of action? 
 What, for instance, could have induced the Methodists, Presby- 
 terians, Eoman Catholics, or — Jews, among the merchants, in 
 their quality as religious communities, to combine as a body 
 against the trading orders of the Treasury Department I 
 
 To these questions you will have to owe us the answer ! 
 
 But if there exists no imaginable bond which could have 
 united any given religious brotherhood for combined action in 
 the direction of trade, then to single out any one of these broth- 
 erhoods at random — no matter of what denomination — from 
 the mass of the traders, and to visit the punishment due to the 
 crimes of individuals amongst their number on the whole com- 
 munity to which they accidentally happen to belong, becomes in 
 the estimation of every healthy intellect an actof unparralleled 
 injustice. 
 
 That, General, was the remarkable remedy which you ap- 
 plied for the preservation of the orders of the Treasury De- 
 partment ! 
 
 Instead of searching out the guilty individuals, punishing 
 them and preventing a repetition of their crime, you have con- 
 demned the innocent with the guilty, and you have thus de- 
 graded the action of a judge into a deed of brutal and vindic- 
 tive cruelty. The legitimate object of upholding the law and 
 protecting it from violation in the future, you have thus entire- 
 ly lost sight of ; for in the case in question there must have 
 been transgressors of the law amongst the unpunished sects 
 quite as well as among the one which you picked out at hap- 
 hazard for punishment. 
 
 We venture positively to assert that in the civilized world 
 of the i^resent century no parallel can be found to your proce- 
 dure. 
 
 But in the country to wh'ich we are proud to belong where 
 every citizen holds the great principle that equality before the 
 Law is the inalienable right oi every man ; where, as a conse- 
 quence of our great war, the half brutish uegTo now participates 
 
11 
 
 in this great blessing-, for whose sake the Vaw has actually been 
 made to act backwards, in that country your action must alike 
 provoke and disgust every spectator. 
 
 We confess that we are at a loss for expressions properly 
 to characterize your conduct in this affair, and we do not know 
 whether to be more astounded at the ignorance, the injustice 
 or the cruelty which manifests itself in your edict of 17th De- 
 cember, 18G2. You acted at the dictates of a coarse instinct, 
 of a low nature, protected by tlie irresponsibility of a military 
 commander, unfettered at that time by any thought of a politi- 
 cal career. 
 
 We have exposed the glaring injustice of your order only 
 generally. The utter iniquity of the same must be so evident 
 to every impartial and thinking American, who is worthy of 
 this proud name, that it cannot be deemed necessary to enter 
 upon the matter more in detail, than we have done. In fact 
 the document bears its own condemnation on its face. 
 
 The victim now of your mediaeval thirst for oppression 
 became according to mediaeval examples — the Jews ! 
 
 In searching the whole history of the Jews, we do not find 
 an analogous case to the one before us, later than the year 1241 : 
 that is, more than six centuries ago. At that remote period 
 we meet with an occurrence of which we read with astonish- 
 ment and abhorrence, but which bears a remarkably strong re- 
 semblance to the one in hand. King Henry III of England, 
 one of the worst and most cruel Monarchs of that country pun- 
 ished and fined the Jews of London, in the sum of twenty thou- 
 sand marks or perpetual imprisonment, for a crime which the 
 Jews of Korwich had committed. The chronicle mentions, fur- 
 ther, that " the whole reign of this King was but a repetition of 
 acts of the basest extortion and trumped up charges against 
 his subjects." In order to further illustrate the barbarous cus- 
 toms of tbat period, we will simply add, that i^risouers of war 
 were then drawn and quartered alive. 
 
 To you then. General Grant, it has been reserved to revive 
 those scenes of dark and bloody ages in this our nineteenth 
 century, and that in the United States of America, a country 
 which calls itself the most enlightened in the world, and which 
 is held up to the oppressd nations of the Old World as the 
 asylum of freedom ! 
 
12 
 
 The insulting- and contemptuous mode of expression con- 
 tained in joav General Orders :S"o. 11 alone, would suffice to 
 characterize the spirit of its author, if even its contents were 
 less barbarous. You say therein: 
 
 " The JEWS, AS A CLASS, violating," &c. 
 Again : 
 
 " ALL THIS CLASS OF PEOPLE are furnished," &c. 
 And again : 
 
 "1^0 passes will be given to THESE PEOPLE," &c. 
 
 Tou presume, General Grant, to stigmatize the Jews in 
 America as a CLASS, and to grossly insult them as a total ! 
 but you did not know. Sir, when you attacked them as a 
 CLASS, you really in your ignorance did not know what you 
 were doing ! 
 
 For we are obliged to assume that you are ignorant of the 
 history and the traditions of a people, whom you thus under- 
 took to disgrace ; we must sui)i)ose that you are ignorant of the 
 part they have played in the civilization of the world, of the 
 numerous events which illustrate their greatness and their 
 loyalty — that you are ignorant, in short, of what is known to 
 all the world besides ; for without such total ignorance we can 
 hardly imagine that even you would have wantonly done the 
 thing you did ! 
 
 We regret that the narrow compass of a paper like this 
 does not permit us to enlighten you Avith the completeness to 
 which the grateful subject invites, and that we must restrict 
 ourselves to giving you a few short quotations from writers 
 whose authority you will possibly respect. 
 
 The Eev. H. H. Milman, Dean of St. Paul's, a celebrated 
 Christian Divine, opens the first chapter of his History of the 
 Jews, in the following strong terms : 
 
 " The Jews, without reference to their religious belief, are 
 among the most remarkable people in the annals of mankind." 
 
 Miss Hannah Adams, a lady of Boston, who was active in 
 the conversion of the Hebrews, wrote about them, half a cen- 
 tury ago, in her History of tlie Jews : 
 
 " To them we are indebted for the Scriptures of the New 
 as well of the Old Testament; to them were given the prophecy 
 
13 
 
 and power of working miracles ; from them were derived an 
 Ulustrions train of i)ropliets and apostles. To use the lan- 
 guage of an inspired writer, ' To tlieni pertaineth the adoption 
 and the glory, the service of God, and the promises, and of 
 them as concerning the flesh Christ came.' " 
 
 Yes, indeed, a truly remarkable people ; a people distin- 
 guished by an extraordinary singleness and tenacity of pur- 
 pose, an indomitable strength of character, by a wonderful 
 power of intellect ; great alike under all the varied circum- 
 stances of prosperity and adversity, which fell to their lot during 
 an existence of over fifty centuries. The first emigrants and set- 
 tlers, the first agriculturists, the pioneers of civilization — for 
 Abraham destroyed the images of idolatry — they became great 
 warriors and conquerors. In peace, they were the great ci^il- 
 izers of the world, a mission which seems almost to have been 
 specially entrusted to them, for their constant wanderings 
 bringing them in contact with all the nations of the globe, both 
 ancient and modern, they absorb and diftiise continually the 
 culture of all, thus promulgating civilization on their track 
 wherever they go. Under adversity, when it came, strong and 
 faithful to their God, no reverses ever dismayed, no oppression 
 ever daunted them. Far down the ages that are past, their 
 history is bright with instances of romantic gallantry against 
 their enemies, of their resistance to oppression, of their tri- 
 umphs over misfortune. Joseph fell into a slavery in a strange 
 country — he became a ruler in the land of his captivity. Famine 
 drove the sons of Jacob from their homes and country — and 
 they gave a government and a dynasty to Egypt. Pharaoh 
 reduced them to bondage, but the hand of Israel's God was 
 stretched out, and Egypt mourned in darkness and desolation 
 the wickedness and folly of her King. In the hour of their 
 exodus from the land, when the tumultuous waves of the Eed 
 Sea lay in front, and a host of enemies in hot and blood-thirsty 
 pursuit pressed close behind — the waves which threatened to 
 become their graves, receded from their path and stood a wall 
 to guard their deliverance and to engulf their pursuers. Thus 
 Israel was redeemed from Egypt, to continue the mission of 
 the Patriarchs, to play the part in history which Providence 
 had entrusted to its hands, and to begin a grand, marvelous 
 and eventful career as a nation. From that day to this the 
 Jews have continually triumphed fxer every disaster. From 
 adversity they always extracted greatoess : from oppression they 
 ever derived sti-ength. Even the captivity of Babylon which 
 swept them far away from the smoking ruins of their liomes 
 
14 
 
 and tbeir altars into a distant and hostile land, did not dis- 
 courage and could not destroy them. The Temple was rebuilt, 
 and once more the walls of Jerusalem raised their embattled 
 towers to the skies. The Eoman and Moslem iuA^asions and su- 
 premacy drove the Jews finally from their country, and scat- 
 tered them broadcast upon the face of the earth, but still they 
 subsist, a numerous and thriving- people; and wherever civil- 
 ization has obtained a foothold, there they are to be found and 
 their influence is to be felt. In the middle ages, devoting them- 
 selves to the pursuit of commerce, they became the financiers 
 of the world, and supi»lied the funds with which the wars of the 
 Crusades were carried on. Growing powerful by their Avealth, 
 they were often marked out for the spoil of the government or 
 the people, and then their genius, in order to render fortune in- 
 visible, produced the wonderful invention of bills of exchange, 
 a device, like the art of printing, become too familiar to bead- 
 mired. In the science of medicine they have been eminent from 
 very remote ages, and gradually they have grasped every branch 
 of ait and science, and distinguished themselves amongst their 
 first votaries. Indeed, it is acknowledged reluctantly by some, 
 but imanimously by all historians, that they have been the chief 
 agents in the civilization of Europe. They have gone amongst 
 all nations, and have ever contributed to the wealth and glory 
 of the people with whom they have dwelt ; they have lived in 
 every country, and obeyed the laws under which they lived j 
 they have fought and bled under every flag whenever the coun- 
 try of their adoption called upon them : in England, in Holland, 
 in France, in Germany, and history has never recorded the 
 name of a traitor Jew. Gradually, and as they emerged by dint of 
 their distinguished talents from oppression and a comparative 
 obscimty, their persecutions ceased, and the French revolution 
 of 1790 — that event by which all that Avas antiquated and in- 
 iquitious in the old institutions of Europe, was shattered to the 
 earth — broke their fetters, and, upheld by such men as Mirabeau 
 and Eabaut St. Etienne, they were recognized as Iree citizens, 
 and obtained equal rights in all civilized communities. 
 
 Thus the calamities which had befallen the Jews since their 
 dispersion ceased to exist, and since then the distinctions which 
 had seperated them for centuries from other nations, but which 
 were produced rather by their observances than by their con- 
 fession, had disappeared ent|^ely. Since that time they have 
 gained a wonderful prominence, for they stand foremost at 
 present in every pursuit of life. The first students in every 
 branch of science and literature, the fii-st statesmen, the first 
 
15 
 
 lawyers, the first financiers, the first merchants, the first artists 
 in every branch have emanated from their ranks. And. if in a 
 country where few persons can trace their pedigree beyond 
 their grandfather, antiquity and jnirity of race is a title to con- 
 sideration, we may, according- to the Eev. Mr. Milman, also add 
 they are of the best blood, for he says, in speaking of them in 
 his celebrated work : " They are perhaps the only unmingled 
 race which can boast of high antiquity." 
 
 France mourned only lately the demise of her Minister of 
 Finance in the person of a Jew ; England, great, haughty, 
 powerful as she is, and one of the most enlightened nations of 
 the world, has placed the helm of her government in the hands 
 of a Jew ; and a Jewish banker has held for years, and holds at 
 the present moment in his control the wealth of the world, and 
 with it wields the destinies of nations! 
 
 So much as to the status of the Jews in the old world! and 
 now for America! 
 
 We need not dilate in vainglorious self-praise on their record 
 in this country, for unanimous would be the verdict in their fa- 
 vor if the votes of the nation were taken on the question. 
 
 Eeligious, loyal, industrious, thrifty, benevolent, sober,, 
 they stand recognized in society, and by the nation, as the 
 models of good and virtuous citizens. Look at your criminal 
 records, and see whether you find any Jews implicated in 
 crime, or, if at all, in what proportion to their number ! A 
 Eichmond magistrate thus speaks of the Jews, and his testi- 
 mony may find a x)lace here : 
 
 " I was Commonwealth Attorney of the City of Eichmond 
 for twenty-one years, and in that long interval, I only 
 prosecuted three Jews, and two of them were most honorably 
 acquitted, there being not a particle of evidence to sustain the 
 charges. During my fourteen years of service as a magistrate, 
 only one Jew was before me for trial, and he was acquitted. 
 In that long period, I do not remember ever having application 
 for public charity from any individual of either sex or any age,, 
 belonging to that faith, and so far as I am aware, no Jewish 
 child has ever received the benefits of our tree schools, for 
 which their parents without m^^ur pay their taxes." — (Na- 
 tional Freemason.) ^ 
 
 And their record during the war stands equally favorable. 
 ^^ You, General, know better than any man, that their bones are 
 
 i 
 
10 
 
 bleaching on every battle field ; you know that entire compa- 
 nies of Jews marched to the front and stood the brunt of the 
 battle with unshaken bravery; you know that many distin- 
 'guished oflicers in both branches of the service were Jews. 
 For their faith did not interfere with their patriotism! they 
 jfelt as American citizens should feel, and as such they came 
 Iforward and loyally did their duty ! 
 
 ' And as American citizens — if on no other ground — are 
 they entitled to that respect which you have refused them ! 
 Your wanton insult does not degrade them in the eyes of the 
 nation, much less in their own ; but the disgrace you sought to 
 impute by your iniquitous General Orders 'No. 11 falls back 
 upon yourself ! 
 
 For, as American citizens, they now reject your nomina- 
 tion. As American citizens, they tell you that they consider 
 you unfit for the first office of this Government, that you are 
 unAYQrthy of the dignity of a President of the United States ! 
 
 A i)erilous time may be in store for this country ; gTcat 
 power may have to be entrusted to the hands of a President, 
 and what would become of the nation if a man presided over 
 her destinies who goes back to King Henry III. of England 
 for his model ! 
 
 And as to your insult to the Jews as a religious brother- 
 hood, to a whole people who have not been outraged for the 
 fault or crime of a few of its members in so shocking a manner, 
 since the days of Ham an, we have only one word to say to you : 
 
 As a CLASS, you have stigmatized and expelled us ! As a 
 CLASS, we rise up and vote against you, like one man ! 
 
 We are numerous, we are influential, we are wealthy, we 
 are diffused over the whole continent, we are as one familj^ ; 
 wherever our influence reaches, every Jew — no matter of what 
 political part}' — every Jew, with the votes he can command, 
 will endeavor to defeat, and mth God's blessing, will defeat 
 you! 
 
 With this assurance, jn the name of all American Jews, I 
 
 have the honor to sign myself, General, 
 
 '^l 
 V Jours, obediently. 
 
 iNTew-York, June, 1868. 
 
 A JEW.