Indian Notes &. Monographs Notes on Iroquois archeology INDIAN NOTES PRESENTED BlT MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN AND MONOGRAPHS ill «lli 4.^ Iwli* HEYE FOUNDATION INDIAN NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS Edited by F. W. Hodge n A SERIES OF PUBLICA- TIONS RELATING TO THE AMERICAN ABORIGINES 'lAy-it OL. :h , ^U) ' ' NOTES ON IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY BY ALANSON SKINNER NEW YORK MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN HEYE FOUNDATION 1921 This series of Indian Notes and Mono- graphs is devested primarily to the publica- tion of the result of studies by members of the staff of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, and is uniform with Hispanic Notes and Monographs, published by the Hispanic Society of America, with which organization this Museum is in cordial cooperation. Only the first ten volumes of Indian Notes and Monographs are numbered. The unnumbered parts may readily be deter- mined by consulting the List of Publications issued as one of the series. Gift Tnetltutlor OCT 25 t8k\ NOTES ON IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY BY ALANSON SKINNER CONTENTS PAGE I. Archeological Problems of the North- ern Iroquois Introduction 15 The great groups ; 24 (1) The Eastern or Mohawk- Onondaga group 24 (2) The Western group 30 (a) The Central Iroquois. . 30 (b) The Susquehanna Iro- quois 31 (c) The Western or Huron- Tobacco-Nation Iroquois 32 II. Notes on Caj^uga Archeology Introduction . 37 Prehistoric Iroquois sites in Cayuga county 40 Early historic Cayuga sites 48 The Great Gully site 55 The cemeteries 58 Cemetery 1 58 Cemetery II 66 Artifacts from Cayuga sites 69 Bone objects 69 Awls 70 Hollowed phalangeal bones. ... 70 INDIAN NOTES IROQUOIS Cut bear's jaw 71 Fishhooks 72 Ornaments 72 Beads and tubes 74 Combs 77 Antler objects 82 Chipping tools 82 Cut prongs 82 Knife-handle 83 [ Ornament 84 Condition 84 Pottery 85 Character 85 Classification 87 Pipes 89 Stonework 103 Chipped-stone objects 103 Rude stone objects 104 Polished stone objects 105 Pipes '105 Charms and beads 109 Shell articles 113 Trade articles 116 III. Archeological Researches in Jefferson County, New York Introduction 118 Prehistoric Onondaga site in Black River village 121 Occurrence of artifacts 123 Bone and antler objects 125 Awls 126 Pottery tools of bone 127 Arrowpoints 128 Needles 129 Animal teeth 130 Engraved objects 131 INDIAN NOTES CONTENTS 7 Harpoons 133 Beads 134 Jinglers 135 Miscellaneous objects 136 Antler objects 139 Summary 140 Pottery 141 Pipes of pottery 149 Stonework 157 Pipes 158 Beads 162 Effigy gorgets 164 Foodstuff 167 Summary 170 IV. Conclusion 172 Bibliographic Notes 176 Index 179 AND MONOGRAPHS ILLUSTRATIONS Plates PACE I. Neutral pot forms 26 II. Erie pot forms 30 III. Seneca pot forms 32 IV. Andaste pot forms 34 V. Map of Cemetery 1, at Big Gully, Young's farm, Scipio 42 VI. Cemetery 1, Big Gully, looking east 54 vn. Cemetery 1, Big Gully, looking south 58 VIII. Bone implements from Cayuga sites 60 IX. Bone comb with panther design, obverse and reverse, from Big Gully site, Scipio 64 X. Cayuga pottery jar from Venice Center 68 XI. Rim sherds of pottery jars from Cayuga county 68 XII. Fragments of pottery jar rims from prehistoric Cayuga fort, Locke 80 XIII. Portion of large pottery jar from prehistoric Cayuga fort, Locke. 84 INDIAN NOTES ILLUSTRATIONS 9 XIV. Rim sherds of Cayuga jars of cen- tral Iroquois type from prehis- toric fort at Locke 88 XV. Chipped flint objects from Cayuga sites 96 XVI. Hammerstone, net-sinkers, and muller from Cayuga sites 102 XVII, Celts from Cayuga sites 106 x\'iii. Stone beads and pendants from Cayuga sites 108 XIX. Trade articles from Cayuga sites. 118 XX. Map of the Putnam Site, Black River, Jefiferson county. ....... 118 XXI. Bone awls from Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson county 122 XXII. Prehistoric Onondaga bone and antler implements from Jeffer- son county 126 skull, and bone and antler arrow- points, from Jefferson county . . . 128 XXIV. Early Onondaga bone implements from Jefferson county 132 XXV. Engraved bone tools from Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson county 136 ^ XXVI. Prehistoric Onondaga pottery jar from Theresa, Jefferson county. 140 XXVII. Prehistoric Onondaga pottery jar from Theresa, Jefferson county. 142 XXVIII. Onondaga rim sherds showing con- ventional human faces, from Putnam site. Black River, Jeffer- son county 146 XXIX. Onondaga rim sherds showing con- ventional human faces, from AND MONOGRAPHS 10 IROQUOIS Putnam site, Black river, Jeffer- f^' son county 148 XXX. Onondaga rim sherds showing in- cised decoration, from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county 150 XXXI. Onondaga rim sherds showing in- cised decoration, from Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson county 152 XXXII. Onondaga rim sherds showing in- cised decoration, from Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson county 154 XXXIII. Onondaga rim sherds showing in- cised and stamped decoration, from Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson county 160 XXXI v. Onondaga rim sherds showing stamped decoration, from Put- nam site, Black River, Jefferson county 164 XXXV. Onondaga rim sherds showing stamped decoration, from Put- nam site, Black River, Jefferson county 166 xxxvi. Onondaga rim sherds showing stamped decoration and bizarre forms, from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county 168 xxxvii. Onondaga pipe forms in terracotta and stone from Jefferson county 172 INDIAN NOTES ILLUSTRATIONS 11 Figures 1. Onondaga pot forms from Jefferson county 26 2. Phalangeal bone of a deer, carved, from Locke 70 3. Fishhooks from Locke 71 4. Perforated rear portion of the plastron of a box-tortoise from Locke 73 5. Object made from the end of a human femur, from a grave at Great Gully . 74 6. Bird-bone bead from Locke 75 7. Engraved bone beads from a grave at Great Gully 76 8. Bone comb with partridge design, from Fleming 81 83 10. Sherd of a Cayuga jar found near Locke 87 IL Fragment of a terracotta figurine from Aurora 88 Center 91 13. Algonkian pipes from Cayuga county. 93 14. Coronet pipe of terracotta from Locke 94 15. Fragment of a pipe-bowl from a grave at Great Gully 95 16. Terracotta pipe from a grave on Young farm. Great Gully 97 17. Terracotta pipe-bowls from Great Gully and Scipioville 98 18. Terracotta pipe-bowls: a, from Scipio- ville, b, from Genoa 99 19. Terracotta pipe-bowls: a, with owl (?) efhgy, from Union Springs; h, with . bear effigy, from Fleming 100 AND MONOGRAPHS 12 IROQUOIS 20. Terracotta pipe with niche bowl, found near Montezuma 102 21. Stone pipe with carved face, found near INIontezuma 107 22. Stone pipe with effigy facing smoker, from near Owasco lake 108 23. Stone maskettes from Scipioville and from near Mapleton 1 10 24. Catlinite beads from a grave at Great Gully . Ill 25. Quatrefoil bone ornament from Fleming 112 26. Tubular shell bead from a grave. Great Gully .••.••;•■ 112 27. Shell beads: a, from Scipioville, h, from \'enice Center 113 28. Shell pendant or duck bead, from Flem- ing 114 29. Shell runtee from a necklace found at Great Gully 115 30. Bead necklace as found in a child's grave at Great Gully 116 31. Jesuit rings from Cayuga sites 117 32. Engraved bone tools from Putnam site, Black River, Jefiferson county 130 33. Engraved bone tools from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county 131 34. Engraved tube from Rutland hills, Jefferson county 132 35. Perforated phalangeal bone from Jeffer- son county 135 36. Rubbed phalangeal bone from Jefferson county 135 37. Antler measure from Jefferson county. 140 38. Rim sherd of a prehistoric Onondagi pottery jar from Putnam site. Black River. Jefferson county 147 INDIAN NOTES ILLUSTRATIONS 13 39. a, Trumpet pipe-bowl, h, Bowl showing shield bearing three faces, from Put- nam site, Black River, Jefferson county 152 40. Small pipe from Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson county 155 41. Fragment of an angular pipe-bowl from St Lawrence site, Jefferson county. . 156 42. Ring bowl pipe from CoUigan site, Rut- land hills, Jefferson county 157 43. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson county 158 44. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Jefferson county 159 45. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Jefferson county 160 46. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Rutland hills, Jefferson county 161 47. Fragments of terracotta pipes from Jefferson county 162 48. Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county 163 49. Stone pipe from Jefferson county 164 50. Stone pipe-bowl from Jefferson county 166 51. Beads in process of making, from Put- nam site, Black River, Jefferson county 167 52. Gorgets, with human faces incised thereon, from Putnam site. Black River, Jefferson county 169 AND MONOGRAPHS ^ I NOTES ON IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY By Alanson Skinner I.— ARCHEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE NORTHERN IROQUOIS INTRODUCTION T IS well known that, politically, socially, and militarily, the north- ern Iroquoian tribes were pre- eminent among all the Indians of forested North America; indeed, in their political achievements they were probably without equal in the New World. It is less generally realized that their material culture, while not so remarkable as their mental attainments, was, on the whole, su- perior to that of all their native contem- poraries and predecessors in Canada, New England, and the Middle Atlantic states, though meeting perhaps equally high types 15 INDIAN NOTES 16 IROQUOIS of development in the Ohio valley, in Georgia, Tennessee, and the Gulf states. While it is true that branches of the Iro- quoian stock, exemplified especially by the Cherokee, inhabited the latter districts, these peoples seem to have been of a differ- ent culture. For the purpose of this paper, therefore, the term Iroquois will be used to include only the tribes of the Iroquoian family inhabiting what is now New York, Pennsylvania, and lower Canada. In a general way, Iroquois artifacts have been figured and described, particularly by Beauchamp, in his valued pioneer studies of New York archeology,^ and by Boyle for Canada.^ Nevertheless, with few excep- tions, published data of intensive field- work at any given site or among any people of the northern Iroquois group have been lacking; the exceptions being Parker's re- port on the great EAe site at Ripley, N. Y.,^ and the bulletins by Houghton deal- ing with the Seneca and Neutral remains on and near the Niagara frontier."^ There are certain homogeneous features of Iroquois culture which are constant through- INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 17 out the range. These criteria, as evolved by Parker in his illumining article on "The Origin of the Iroquois as Suggested by their Archeology,"^ by Houghton,^ and by the present writer, may be briefly combined and recapitulated, as follows: (1) Location of Dwellings. — The fortifi- cation of hilltops by means of log stock- ades or earthen circumvallations was quite general until the historic period, when the possession of firearms and other advantages aUayed fears of siege or invasion. At least, this is true of the tribes of New York and Pennsylvania, but data on the Canadian branches of the stock are less positive. (2) Arrowpoints. — Flint arrowpoints, where found at all, are triangular in type, to the exclusion of all other forms, and Iroquois sites are marked by a scarcity or absence of many other widely distributed varieties of chipped-stone work, except oval knives and scrapers. (3) Bone and Antler Implements. — The occurrence of a great variety and abundance of implements of bone and antler. AND MONOGRAPHS 18 IROQUOIS (4) Pottery. — The existence of a high and specialized development of the potter's art in some regions, and a general abundance of earthenware. (5) Pipes. — The presence of an extraor- dinary development of the manufacture and use of earthenware tobacco pipes, with a later transference of certain features of this art to stone. (6) Non-use of Certain Materials. — The apparent distaste in nearly all localities for the use of certain materials highly prized for the manufacture of chipped-stone arti- facts by peoples of other cultures, the list including argillite, quartz, rhyolite, and various Hght-colored jaspers. This is not true of the tribes resident on the Susque- hanna, for the writer has personally taken typical, small, triangular arrowpoints made of most of the above materials from graves and village-sites of the Andaste on both the upper and the lower course of that stream. (7) Absence of Certain Forms of Stone Artifacts. — The absence of certain well- known forms of pecked, poHshed, and chipped stone artifacts, such as the grooved INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 19 axe, grooved adze (the long pestle is reported by Parker as occurring in rare instances), the "plummet," steatite vessels, the rubbed slate point, bayonet slate, semilunar knife, and stemmed and notched arrowpoints. Native copper articles are almost unknown east of the Huron and the Neutral terri- tories, though the writer has seen two au- thentic beads of this material from a pre- historic site in Jefferson county, New York. (8) Absence of Problematical Slates. — All the problematical slate forms, including tubes, bird and bar amulets, two-holed gorgets, and bannerstones are absent. (9) Absence of Certain Pipe Forms. — Cer- tain pipe forms, such as the platform or monitor type, and the straight or slightly bent stone and clay tubular pipes, are lacking. (10) Beads. — Beads of stone, bone, shell, and sometimes of pottery, were extensively used, and their abundance was greatly aug- mented in historic times by the acquisition of glass trade beads. In addition to the articles mentioned above, there are found many kinds of arti- AND MONOGRAPHS 20 IROQUOIS facts that are common to other cultures in the same and in neighboring regions. Among these are celts, muUers, hammer- stones, net-sinkers, and stone mortars, and certain common bone utensils, such as awls. It may further be said that in the manu- facture of such particular artifacts as were known to the Iroquois, excepting those of chipped flint, specimens of their making generally show better workmanship than is found among their neighbors. In his "Origin of the Iroquois"'^ Parker gives a list of centers of northern Iroquois population; but the writer beheves that it is possible to go farther and to define certain definite areas, each marked not only by Pan-Iroquoian features but by such local differentiations as serve to distinguish it from all other regions, even of the same gen- eral culture. These do not altogether cor- respond with the centers as presented by Parker, consequently the writer has re- arranged the grouping according to data based on his field observations and from study of the collections in the Museum of INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 21 the American Indian, Heye Foundation, and elsewhere in New York and in Canada. Before undertaking this classification it may be well to allude to the fact that, throughout the entire area in question, the existing remains may be identified with the tribes by which they were made, because it may often be determined, through his- toric sources, who the inhabitants of a given district were. It thus becomes possible, by comparison of the artifacts from known localities with those of prehistoric stations of unknown origin, to determine the latter with no uncertain degree of accuracy. This enables the archeologist to study and to correlate his data with greater facility than in any other section east of the Mis- sissippi. In his classification, the writer prefers to combine Parker's centers under two heads, an eastern and a western, on the ground that, while there are local tribal cultural variations in each instance, they possess so many characteristic features in common that their division into cultural units of equal value with and independent AND MONOGRAPHS 22 IROQUOIS of the parent group is unwarranted. Hence they will be considered as subdivisions. Parker himself recognizes an eastern and a western area of Iroquois pottery forms, ^"^ but although the present writer agrees with him in the matter of his actual criteria, their views do not wholly coincide on the subject of distribution. Another feature which has hitherto re- ceived scant attention is the factor of chron- ology. Thus, although an examination of prehistoric Iroquois artifacts shows that these people once possessed a somewhat homogeneous culture, as time went on this culture was modified among the western tribes, which, though retaining suggestions of the old handicrafts here and there, ulti- mately developed a distinctive art of their own. This, though varying locally, stands as a unit as opposed to that of the eastern Iroquois, who long clung to their ancient customs. Still later, in the historic period, when the Five Nations of New York augmented their numbers by bands of Huron, Erie, and Neutral, whom they settled en masse INDIAN NOTES INTRODUCTION 23 in their territory, these people evidently brought with them the characteristic fictile ware of the western group, which began to spread eastward, even to the territory of the Onondaga, where eastern Iroquois culture had formerly reached its climax; so that artifacts obtained on historic sites of that nation can scarcely be reconciled with the prehistoric objects of the same people. In this instance identification has been made largely through historic records, and the disappearance of the local types of artifacts through the substitution of extraneous ob- jects, or at least of objects made according to extraneous ideas, checks with colonial accounts of the incorporation of aliens by the Five Nations. In some cases, sites which existed before the influx endured for some time after, and archeological evidence has been found to link the earlier and the later influences at work on the handicraft of the inhabitants.^^ In passing, it may be observed that on some sites of the historic period, objects entirely foreign to any form of Iroquois culture are found — for example, notched flint arrowheads and grooved axes. AND MONOGRAPHS 24 IROQUOIS It is necessary only to remember that tribes of the Algonkian stock and culture were also forcibly colonized by the Five Nations. THE GREAT GROUPS (1) The Eastern or Mohawk-Onondaga Group The eastern or Mohawk-Onondaga center includes the St Lawrence basin from JVIon- treal southwestward through western Ver- mont to New York, including St Lawrence and Jefferson counties, thence to the valley of the Mohawk, and from there westward, including Oneida, Madison, and Onondaga counties. The area covers the territories, prehis- toric and historic, of the Mohawk, Oneida, and Onondaga. Various slight tribal dif- ferences in culture will be found to exist. For example, Mohawk artifacts, on the whole, are less varied than those of their congeners, while on the other hand, in pre- historic times the Onondaga developed a high technic in pipe and pottery making, which stands unsurpassed for free play of esthetic fancy, even among the Iroquois, INDIAN NOTES EASTERN GROUP 25 their art reaching its cHmax, so far as known, at the village of Hochelaga, discov- ered by Cartier in 1534, and now covered by the city of Montreal.^ Taking the Onondaga as the type people, the two features of their prehistoric archeol- ogy which strike the observer most forcibly are the well-made earthen pipes and ves- sels which abound in the ash-beds of their villages. In the case of the pipes, the fancy of the maker was scarcely restrained by conven- tion, and fairly ran riot in efhgy forms modeled in the round, including animals — the bear, fox, tortoise, fish, crawfish, frog, snake, and various birds; human faces and entire figures; complexes of birds and hu- man figures, men in canoes, and mytho- logical characters, with a number of truly conventional forms such as the ordinary bent trumpet, square-topped or coronet, and various odd geometric types, a small series of which may be seen in the collec- tions of the Museum of the American In- dian, Heye Foundation. These will be de- scribed in another part of this paper. AND MONOGRAPHS 26 IROQUOIS While less freedom of expression is found in ancient Onondaga pottery than in the pipes, a variety of forms is to be noted with a wider range of decoration than is c d Fig. 1. — Onondaga pot forms from Jefferson county. usual elsewhere (fig. 1). In shape, the Onondaga jars seem to have been con- ventionalized to a high degree, the con- stricted neck, overhanging collar, and INDIAN NOTES EASTERN GROUP 27 angular or peaked rim, being often highly exaggerated. The pitcher form (fig. 1, c), with the protruding Up carried to an ex- treme length, is not infrequent. Decoration is generally confined to the heavy collar, and is both incised and im- pressed with a cord-wrapped stick; but examples with parallel bands of lines or with dots, adorning the shoulders where the neck meets the swell of the body of the jar, are not infrequent. In some cases, notably with the pitcher forms, the ornamentation is spread over the neck and the entire upper half of the jar. Conventional human faces, composed of dots or of circles grouped to represent eyes and mouth, sometimes enclosed within in- cised diamond figures, often adorn the angles of the rim or occur under the raised peaks. In some cases these faces appear as realistic heads, modeled separately and luted to the jar before firing. In color both vessels and pipes generally vary from light- brown to rosy pink, sometimes mottled with black. AND MONOGRAPHS 28 IROQUOIS Among the Mohawk and the Oneida many of the same styles are found, but with less variety. As one goes westward, sugges- tions of the same types reach even to the Seneca, in whose territory, on prehistoric sites, there are found fragments of vessels which resemble, except in their weaker de- velopment of neck, collar, and ornament, the ware of the early Onondaga. This resemblance becomes less and less striking as the sites near and pass the period of European contact, when a new style of ware intrudes, bearing relationship to that of the Erie and the Neutral, which will be described more fully under its appropriate head. This ware (and the same is true of certain type of pipes) seems to have passed gradually eastward until it appears even on later sites of the Onondaga themselves, arti- facts from the Onondaga villages and ceme- teries of the colonial period on the Finger lakes being difficult to reconcile with speci- mens from the Rutland hills and Hochelaga. Early Onondaga stonework is almost neg- ligible, being confined to a few excellent steatite pipes and beads, some celts, mul- INDIAN NOTES EASTERN GROUP 29 lers, hammerstones, mortars, flint scrapers, a few chipped flints, triangular arrows, and some rare gorget-like pendants. However, it may be said of the pipes, that both stemmed forms, not dissimilar to some of the clay types, and bowls designed for the reception of a reed mouthpiece, occur. Of the latter, two striking types have been noted, one (fig. 50) of an animal of nondescript appear- ance, the other of a panther or other creature shown climbing on its own tail, like those found in Canada and figured by Laidlaw.^° One of these pipes is in the H. J. Oatman collection in Watertown, New York. In bone and antler the Onondaga dis- played true Iroquoian facility of workman- ship, and quantities of excellent polished awls, bodkins, needles, fishhooks, harpoons, simple three- or four-toothed combs, gor- gets of human skull, rubbed and perforated phalanges of deer, beads, tubes, arrowpoints, spatulas, pottery tools, effigies, and miscel- laneous objects litter their ash-beds. In shell they made a few beads and uni- valve knives or scrapers. In native copper AND MONOGRAPHS 30 IROQUOIS two cylindrical beads, probably without parallel, have come to the writer's attention. Supplementary to this brief summai^, a description of the material found on a typical prehistoric Onondaga site and its environs in Jefferson county, New York, will be given elsewhere in this paper, (2) The Western Group The wTStern Iroquois covered a vast ex- panse of territory, ranging from the Finger lakes in the east to Georgian bay on Lake Huron in the west, southward along Lake Erie, across western Pennsylvania into Ohio, and down the valley of the Susque- hanna and its branches from the New York state line to Chesapeake bay. Naturally in so great a range, local culture develop- ments are to be expected, and these we may class under certain subdivisions, as follows: (A) The Central Iroquois. — The Neu- tral-Seneca-Cayuga group includes the Ni- agara peninsula in Ontario, and extends east- ward across the river to the Finger lakes of western New York. On the south, along the shores of Lake Erie, it crosses western INDIAN NOTES WESTERN GROUP 31 Pennsylvania into Ohio. The area was once inhabited by the Cayuga, Seneca, Erie, Neutral, and other minor tribes of the same stock. The southern and western people of this subdivision differ somewhat from the eastern Seneca and the Cayuga, but not enough to warrant placing them on a plane with the remaining subdivisions. Outlines of the forms of pottery jars used by these people are shown in pi. i-iii. (B) The Susquehanna Iroquois. — The habitat of this group includes the region comprised by the valley of the river from which its name is derived, the ancient ground of the little-known group led by the Andaste, Susquehannock, or Conestoga, as they were variously called, if indeed the names are really synonymous. The arche- ology of these people shows them to have been closely related to the Erie and the Neutrals. The known pottery jar forms of this group are shown in pi. iv. Possibly the still more southerly Tusca- rora and their kindred may some day be added to the list, as Iroquois in culture as well as in language. That such may well be AND MONOGRAPHS 32 IROQUOIS the case is suggested by the discoveries made by Moorehead^^ in one of their ceme- teries near Romney, West Virginia. (C) The Western or Huron-Tobacco- Nation Iroquois. — Owing to lack of in- tensive study of the archeology of the re- gion formerly inhabited by the Huron con- federacy and the Tobacco Nation, compris- ing the area in Ontario west of the Niagara peninsula, north of Detroit river, east of Lake Huron, and finding its northern limits somewhere above Lake Simcoe, it is not 3^et possible to define clearly the culture of these people. It may be that future research will bring to light sufficient data to warrant the division of the region into a number of centers, or it may eventually be merged with the Neutral and the Seneca. At pres- ent, however, such indications as we have seem to point to an ultimate division rather than to combination. The artifacts used by the western Iroquois tribes are Pan-Iroquoian in character, and, as usual, the greatest variations from the eastern group are found in their fictile ware. As the various subdivisions of the western INDIAN NOTES WESTERN GROUP 33 group will be treated individually hereafter, it will suffice to say for the present that in general the pottery vessels are of darker ware than that of the eastern peoples, and are squat and globular, with a beaded or crinolated rim, or slight collar, and Httle or no neck. In some instances, especially on older sites, i^tcher forms and angular- mouthed jars with pronounced collars, sometimes ornamented with human faces, occur, hnking the ware of the district with that of the Mohawk-Onondaga. These types, however, become scarcer after the dawn of the historic period, and the ves- sels partake more of the character of the globular type above mentioned. Greater conventionalization is noticed among the pipes of this region than farther to the east, certain forms predominating, especially those with line-and-dot ornament, and coronet or square-topped bowls. The former are specifically noted by Parker as typical of the western Iroquois. However, effigies representing heads of animals and of human beings, entire mammals, fish, birds, and serpents, with the bowl orifice in the AND MONOGRAPHS 34 IROQUOIS back or formed by the open jaws, and de- formed crouching images supposed to repre- sent members of the False-face society in the act of blowing ashes, appear. These are usually in dark clay, sometimes black, and so highly polished as to give the appearance of glaze. While some of the same concepts are to be seen in ancient pipes of the eastern area, the technic and style, as well as the color and finish, are quite different. It is these varie- ties in pipes and pottery that we find pene- trating eastward to later historic sites, as we have stated above, to the gradual exclusion of the original forms. As a concrete example, in the private col- lection of Mr C. P. Oatman, of Liverpool, New York, is a large series of typical pipes from prehistoric Onondaga sites in Jeffer- son county, and another series taken from graves at an Onondaga site near Syracuse, where Jesuit devices and trade articles abound. The latter group of specimens in- clude pipes with line and dot decoration, a bird-effigy pipe of western Iroquois style, and a blowing false-face, all of the dark INDIAN NOTES WESTERN GROUP 35 ware, and of the same form and technic as are associated with hke artifacts from the country of the Seneca, Neutrals, and Huron of the Niagara frontier and westward. Again, the pipe fragments obtained by the writer on prehistoric Cayuga sites are of the red ware and trumpet or coronet designs similar to those from Jefferson county, as indeed are some from Cayuga sites of the Jesuit period. But on the later sites dark pipes of western technic, even of the pohshed black variety, predominate. As to the great problem of the origin of the Iroquois, the writer does not think it possible to add any light at present to that afforded by Parker in his able discussion. It must first be determined whether the eastern or the western group is the older, and whether it is not possible that the two groups may not have been separated for a long time before they again came in contact. Moreover, during this possible separation they may have had very diverse history, vicissitudes, and migrations. The wide- spread occurrence of certain features of the AND MONOGRAPHS 36 IROQUOIS culture of the eastern group, as elsewhere brought out in this paper, may perhaps argue for the relative antiquity of that body, but until we have more detailed data from adjacent areas, the beginnings of the Iroquois must remain obscured. INDIAN NOTES II.— NOTES ON CAYUGA ARCHEOLOGY INTRODUCTION ENTRAL New York state has so long been settled and cultivated that most of the archeological sites have come to the attention of local farmers. The result has been that, for a century or more, objects of Indian manufacture have been gathered from plowed fields, and carried off and scattered broadcoast. Cayuga county is no excep- tion to this rule, and owing to the activities of one or more commercial collectors who sought out and looted the burial-grounds of both Algonkians and Iroquois in the hope of obtaining salable curiosities, most of its sites have been more greatly despoiled than those of neighboring counties. In the late seven- ties raids on the historic Cayuga cemeteries in particular began, and in the following decade large quantities of relics, considering 37 AND MONOGRAPHS 3S IROQUOIS the relatively small Cayuga population of the region, were exhumed and sold to col- lectors throughout the United States and even in Europe. The result has been that, while much archeological material has been recorded, and individual specimens have been figured and described, with the excep- tion of the objects now in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, no representative collection of Cayuga Iroquois culture is known. The objects illustrated in this article represent, probably as fully as is now possible, the archeological history of this relatively little known Iroquois people, and show them to belong to the western, as opposed to the eastern, Iroquois group. Much confusion has existed concerning the identification of Indian sites in Cayuga county. Algonkian and Iroquois alike have been muddled hopelessly by incompe- tent observers, and to sites of the Jesuit mission period have been given the names of Indian towns destrayed by General Sulli- van in his campaign against the Iroquois in 1789, a hundred years or more later. INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 39 Prehistoric Algonkian hamlets have been improperly classed as Jesuit stations, and noted as such in the literature of the county and the state with unjustified confidence. It is not the purpose of this paper to enter deeply into a historical discussion of this nature, but it is hoped that some discrim- inating historian versed in the rudiments of archeology will some day visit the abo- riginal sites of Cayuga county and reclassify them according to the criteria furnished by the remains occurring thereon. The difficulties of the task involved in research among the Iroquois remains in Cayuga county were dissipated to a great extent by the assistance of a number of public-spirited citizens of the district, who gave specimens, and even placed their farms, their automobiles, and their valuable time at the disposal of the Museum's party. Especial thanks are due Mr Wil- lian H. Young, of Union Springs; Mr Ernest J. Young, of Venice Center; Miss Isabel Rowland, of Sherwood; Dr F. C. Smith, of Fleming; Mr Benjamin Watkins, of Scipioville; Mr Edward Richardson, of AND MONOGRAPHS 40 IROQUOIS Union Springs, Mr George Myers and Mr Hugh Cadzow of Auburn. Mr Donald A. Cadzow of the Museum, and Mr Ralph Theurer of Auburn, served in the capacity of field assistants through- out the work. PREHISTORIC IROQUOIS SITES IN CAYUGA COUNTY During the summers of 1915, 1916, and 1919, the writer made three field trips to Cayuga county in behalf of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, for the purpose of examining and exploring the Indian sites still to be traced in that region. His observations soon made it apparent that at least two cultures were represented, as follows: (1) The culture of a prehistoric Algon- kian people, determined by comparing the artifacts found in their village and burial sites with those of other areas known to have been occupied by people of that stock alone. This Algonkian population of Ca- yuga county, it was found, were the makers of the polished slate gorgets, banner- INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 41 stones, platform pipes, notched arrowpoints and spearheads, gouges, long pestles, and a host of other articles unknown to, or at least not used by, their Iroquois successors, who in turn were more adept at work in clay, bone, and antler. The subject of the Algonkian occupancy of Cayuga county is more fully treated in vol. ii, nos. 1 and 2, of this series of Indian Notes and Mono- graphs. (2) The next comers here were an Iro- quois people, doubtless the Cayuga of his- tory, who occupied the county from pre- historic to late colonial times, not relin- quishing their homes until long after the arrival of Caucasians. As no Algonkians were found in Cayuga county by the first white settlers, and as their sites greatly out- number those of the Iroquois, it seems probable that Algonkian people were resi- dent in the district long before the arrival of the Cayuga; moreover, since no objects of historic provenience have been found associated with Algonkian remains, it se'ems further likely that the first Cayuga arrivals soon drove the Algonkians from their old AND MONOGRAPHS 42 IROQUOIS established seats and seized the territory for themselves. There is, however, a Seneca tradition, according to Mr A. C. Parker, State Archeologist, that the Cayuga are but a recent offshoot from the Seneca, who came into their historic territory in recent times, after it had been abandoned by the Seneca pioneers. The prehistoric sites examined by the writer include a typical stockaded fort at Locke; another on the Great Gully in Led- yard near Scipio, scarcely half a mile from the historic site on the Young farm; a third at Aurora; and a fourth, probably an un- fortified site, on Parker's pond in Cato. Of these sites, that at Locke is the largest and was occupied for a longer period, al- though in neither respect does it compare with many of the hilltop forts in the Rut- land hills in Jefferson county. It covera an area of two or three acres on a point of the tableland half a mile west of the vil- lage of Locke, and overlooks the Owasco lake inlet. Two streams join here, and the Indians dwelt on the angle formed by their junction, the steep banks on two converging INDIAN NOTES SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY PL. V II I I I 1 I I I I I '^ Disivrird ; / ■ ■ ■ ^^ (&j ;%;• '■%^^ ^i^6i/r6 ^ei ^u riJi/s . /irr-pit u 9^- MAP OF CEMETERY 1. AT BIG GULLY, YOUNG'S FARM, SCIPIO CAYUGA 43 sides making a natural fortification of the place. The arms of the acute angle along the brinks of the gullies were easily rendered redoubtable by a log stockade, the holes where the logs were set still being visible in rows, sometimes double, in the unplowed forest land. Deep pits, not yet entirely filled, prob- ably corn caches, perhaps to the number of a hundred, may be seen within the Hmits of the old enclosure. The artifacts are found on the slope of the hills and on the flat top, in ash-beds, some of which reach a depth of a foot or more. From the ashes the writer has taken a square-topped "coronet" pipe of terracotta, lacking only the mouthpiece; many fragments of pipe-stems; sherds from numerous pottery jars, closely resembhng those of the Iroquois ash-beds in Jefferson county, though with occasional leaning toward western (Seneca, Erie, Neutral) ware (pi. xiv). Among the articles found at Locke were bone awls (pi. viii), a bone fish- hook (fig. 3, a), jinglers'of hollowed deer phalanges, a fragment of a polished and perforated box- turtle shell (fig. 4), a carved AND MONOGRAPHS 44 IROQUOIS antler knife handle (fig. 9), triangular flint arrowpoints, leaf-shaped knives of the same material, net-sinkers, celts, diminutive celts used perhaps as pottery gravers, celts de- graded for use as hammers, and rubbing stones, all of which specimens are charac- teristic of Iroquois sites, even to the historic period. At the Great Gully fort, conditions are similar. The site is at the angle of the two gullies, and was stockaded, as is shown by a litie of post-holes still to be found in the woods. Pits abound, but there seem to be no ash-beds. A few sherds of archaic Iro- quois pottery, in which the angular collar with its notched edge is scarcely developed, were gathered. The occupancy here was brief, if indeed it was ever more than a place of refuge in time of war. Local residents speak of the finding of the remains of a keg of gunpowder and a brass kettle on this spot. As the great site on the Young farm, dating from the Jesuit period, is so near, this is not surprising. In Squier's Antiquities of the State of New York^^ is the following ac- count of this fort, with an excellent diagram INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA (pi. XIII, 3) entitled, "Ancient Work of the Cayugas, Ledyard Township, Cayuga County, New York." "This work is found about twelve miles southwest of Auburn, in the town of Ledyard, Cayuga county. It forms a good illustration of the character of the aboriginal defences. It is situated upon a high point of ground, formed by the junction of two immense ravines, which here sink some hundreds of feet below the table- lands. A narrow spur, hardly wide enough to permit two to walk abreast, extends down to the bottom of the ravines, starting from the extreme point of the headland. It is still called the 'Indian Path,' and affords a practicable descent to the water. At every other point the banks are almost, if not entirely inacces- sible. At some distance inward, extending from the bank of one ravine to the other, was originally a line of palisades. The holes left by their decay are still distinct, each about eight inches in diameter. The position is emi- nently a strong one, and, under the system of attack practiced by the Indians, must have been impregnable. Within the inclosure are to be found caches and other features common to the class of works previously described, and with which this work entirely coincides, except that the embankment is wanting." At Aurora another high point was chosen, situated between the converging 45 AND MONOGRAPHS 46 IROQUOIS gorges formed by brooks. Here are few pits, no traces of a stockade, but many ash- beds a few inches in depth. From these the writer procured clay pipe-stems, beads made from natural concretions, triangular flint arrowheads, leaf-shaped stone knives, archaic Iroquois potsherds, hammerstones, net-sinkers, round worn muUers or grinders not unlike the flat-sided type of discoidals known in the South, and a few bone awls. A piece of a small terracotta effigy of some animal (fig. 11) also was found. This site, in common with the two forts at Locke and Great Gully, is of purely Iroquois type, the Algonkian peoples preferring to dwell on the lowlands, except on rare occasions, and then leaving the flats only under Iroquois influence or compulsion. At Cato, on Parker's pond, or, as it is now known. Forest lake, a site was discov- ered on a low sandy knoU in the woods. Its finder, Mr Cramer of Auburn, together with the writer and Mr Cadzow, his assistant, spent several days in exploration here. Ash-beds and pits were found in which were INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 47 a few bone awls, clay pipe-stems, archaic and later Iroquois pottery, many net-sinkers (dozens being found eji cache), and a jingler made from a phalangeal bone of a deer. From the bottom of some ash-beds Algon- kian sherds and a single notched point were recovered. An interesting feature of this lowland site is that, not more than 150 yards away, is a site which, from the nature of its artifacts, is certainly attributable to the Algonkians. Here occurs a low mound, possibly artificial, of sand mixed with black earth and midden debris, in which Mr Cramer found a clay pipe resembling the soapstone platform variety, two skeletons without accompani- ments, notched stone arrowpoints, and fragments of steatite vessels. The writer secured also a two-holed slate gorget, sherds of Algonkian pottery, and stemmed and notched flint arrows at the same spot. Every specimen mentioned in this brief list is of a type wholly foreign to the articles found on known sites of the Iroquois, in- cluding that in the near-by woods. AND MONOGRAPHS 48 IROQUOIS ^ EARLY HISTORIC CAYUGA SITES Situated on the top of the high plateau between Lakes Owasco and Cayuga are a number of Cayuga Iroquois sites which may be referred not only to the early colonial period, but to the time of the Jesuit mis- sions, since at all of them quantities of trade and religious articles of European origin occur. The objects definitely attrib- utable to the Jesuits are bronze rings (fig. 31) with the sacred heart, figures of saints or of the Virgin, and inscriptions such as I.H.S., I.X.X.I., and V.M., together with crucifixes and the like. Other village remains of a still later date, namely, the sites of the Cayuga towns de- stroyed by the American Revolutionary General Sullivan, no doubt occur; but the Cayuga in 1789, according to the journals of Sullivan's officers, were dwelHng for the greater part in log houses patterned after those of the whites, and using almost en- tirely utensils procured from Europeans, so that their traces are more difficult to segre- gate from those of the early white settlers. Indeed, while present-day local tradition INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 49 makes nearly every Indian site, of whatever culture or period, the remains of a town burned by Sullivan's army, very few such are definitely located. There is one near Oakwood, between Union Springs and Au- burn, and possibly the village-site on the northern side of the mouth of Great Gully brook, generally considered a Jesuit station, may belong in this category. A few beads and pipes seem to be all the objects of In- dian manufacture that may be found on sites of this period. Beginning in the town of Fleming, on Fleming creek, there is an Indian site de- scribed by Beauchamp^^ as a "cemetery of half an acre on lot 89, west of Fleming Vil- lage.. Modern relics." This site has been largely looted by commercial collectors, and nothing is now visible. It was probably a Jesuit mission. About two miles southwest of Fleming, on the present Mead farm, is a site which has long been ransacked by local and commer- cial diggers. In his work last cited, Beau- champ says: "East Cayuga, or Old Town, was a quarter of a mile west of Mapleton, AND MONOGRAPHS 50 IROQUOIS on lot 95, Fleming. Area, 10 or 12 acres east of the creek. The relics are recent." Clark notes that, "East Cayuga, or Old Town, contained 13 houses, in the southwest corner of the town of Springport as indicated on the map from three to four miles from the lake. A site in the southwest corner of Fleming was a site of this town at about this time," which was 1779. The actual age of this Cayuga village far antedates the "Old Town" of 1779, for in the graveyard and in outlying isolated graves were found quantities of Jesuit relics. Mr W. W. Adams, who at the pres- ent writing is still Hving at an advanced age at Union Springs, New York, conducted much digging in Cayuga county, and prob- ably opened more graves and dug into more sites than any other collector. As his ex- cavations were made for commercial pur- poses, the objects found have been sold and scattered. On this site some of Adams' greatest finds were made. He assured the writer that, on May 2, 1888, he took from one grave here the following articles: INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 51 1 brass kettle 2 1 native made gun- 17 flints flints 2 gunflints 3 bars of lead 6 bullets 5 rubbing stones 6 long shell beads 16 canine teeth of bear 1 bone harpoon 2 axes 3 antler handles 2 pairs of shears 1 knife with an ant- 4 pairs of bullet-molds ler handle 2 gunlocks, with flints 2 large shears 32 knives and edged tools 1 gun 1 pipe 1 piece of black 1 piece of mica paint 1 wormer 2 trigger guards 1 steel and two flints 1 gun cleaner 2 melting ladles a quantity of 2500 wampum beads gunpowder a quantity of Jesuit rings Dr F. C. Smith, of Fleming, kindly pre- sented the Museum with the bowl of a bear- efligy pipe of highly polished black clay (fig. 19, b), an iron axe, and some other ob- jects dug by himself from this spot. Miss Isabel Sherwood also presented some Jesuit rings and a beautiful bone comb (fig. 8), found on the Mead farm by Adams. The writer obtained clay pipe fragments and glass beads from the ash-beds along the creek, also arrowpoints of brass. It is needless to repeat that the identification of this village with the Upper Cayuga or Old AND MONOGRAPHS 52 IROQUOIS Town destroyed by Sullivan's arm}' is erroneous. Approximately three miles southwest of this site lies the Jesuit mission village ex- plored by the writer and Mr Cadzow, on the south bank of Great Gully, which will be described later in detail. Possibly these three sites correspond with the three Cayuga non-paHsaded villages visited by Wentworth Greenhalgh in 1677.^'^ About two miles farther south, in the village of Scipioville (lot 26, Scipio), is an- other Jesuit station, remarkable for the re- ligious articles and the profusion of red shale or catlinite beads and pendants which it has revealed. Here again Adams found many artifacts, including several pipes of native origin. If the writer is not mistaken, one of these was the often-illustrated raven pipe which subsequently found its way into the Douglas collection now in the American Museum of Natural History. Mr Benja- min Watkins, who formerly lived on this site, presented to the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, quan- tities of beads, a stone carving of a human INDIAN NOTES C A Y U G A 53 face, and several clay pipe-bowls (figs. 17, h, 18, a, 23, a) ; he also spoke of finding a bone comb in a grave here, which was carved to represent two bears, squatted on their haunches, facing each other. Local farmers have effigy pipes, crucifixes, Jesuit rings, medals, beads, axes and brass kettles. Five or six miles southeast is a site on Big Salmon creek, in \>nice Center, where Jesuit relics have been found. Here the writer and his party spent several days in digging, in company with Mr Adams and alone, in 1916 and 1919, but only disturbed burials with a few beads and metal objects were found. In Mr Adams' note-book, which he kindly lent to the writer, he says that he found in graves in the sand bluff east of the creek, Jesuit rings and poly- chrome Venetian beads, brass kettles (one over the skull of a skeleton), guns, pipes, and an earthenware jar placed upright in a brass kettle. This may be the small jar shown in pi. X. One long, red-glass bead, and several wampum and discoid shell beads, an iron knife and kettle fragments, were all that AND MONOGRAPHS 54 IROQUOIS were found by the writer. A fine clay trumpet pipe (fig. 12) in our collection is catalogued as coming from Venice Center — probably this very site. In Genoa two similar Jesuit sites are found, but were not very carefully exam- ined by our party, as they too had been looted. It is interesting to note the relative pau- city of aboriginal articles of the Jesuit period in Cayuga graves, in comparison with those of the contemporary Seneca. Pipes are scarce, and earthenware vessels even scarcer — in all his work, Mr Adams encountered only two: one at Scipioville, the other, as mentioned, at Venice Center, July 20, 1886. So far as the writer is aware, few stone-age cemeteries of the Cayuga are known, and none positively traceable to any of the stone-age sites herein described. Historically it is well known that large bodies of Andaste from the Susquehanna were colonized by the Cayuga, whole villages, perhaps, being made up of colonists from this outlying Iroquoian tribe. The entire vessel shown in pi. x INDIAN NOTES / M '^>« 13 o o - QQ T-" >- DC LU LU CAYUGA 55 closely resembles some of the Andaste jars found at Athens, Pa., by the writer in 1916, and may have been made by that people. A detailed comparison of Andaste and Cayuga artifacts may shed hght on the origin of the latter. The chief value of the excavation and examination of Indian village and burial sites of the historic period lies in just such comparative work as this. Had the Ca- yuga cemeteries devastated by vandals been examined by competent observers, a mass of data bearing on the customs, religion, and history of the tribe might have been gath- ered, which, by comparison with like ma- terial from other areas, would have afforded means of determining the position of the Cayuga in history and archeology. The Great Gully Site On lot 113, Ledyard, in the village of Scipio, lies the William H. Young farm, on the south bank of Great Gully. Pro- tected from vandalism for many years, Mr Young permitted the Museum's party to excavate at will, and Mr E. J. Young, his AND MONOGRAPHS 56 IROQUOIS brother, also manifested his public spirit by presenting specimens found years ago on the farm, and by active assistance in digging and exploration. To these two broad-minded, intelligent gentlemen the Museum owes much. Of this site Beau- champ says: "A site on lot 114 Ledyard is supposed to be Upper Cayuga. There are fireplaces and a few graves with European relics and many cop- per fish-hooks. General Clark speaks of Upper Cayuga, an Indian town of fourteen very large houses, near the north line of Ledyard . . on the south bank of Great Gully brook and as appears on the map between one and two miles from the lake. The distance is greater. "^^ As a matter of fact, the distance from Lake Cayuga is three and a half or four miles, and, as will appear from the Jesuit rings found there, the site is an older one than has hitherto been conceded. The well-known prehistoric stockade was across a deep ravine joining Great Gully on the south, and only half a mile away. Scattered Algonkian notched flint knives and spears, and bits of steatite vessels pro- claim an earlier, pre-Cayuga occupancy.- INDIAN NOTES C A Y U G A 57 Three cemeteries are known to exist on the Great Gully site, although, from the relative scarcity of skeletons, others must be near by; yet the stiff clay soil is so difficult to dig that testing is well-nigh impossible. The first spot examined by the Museum's party, which will be called, for the purpose of identification, Cemetery 1 (pi. v-vii), is situated on a high lobate knoll overlooking Great Gully, about 150 yards west of Mr Young's barn. The soil is stiff, reddish clay, overlying sand, which in some in- stances approaches the surface. The lo- cation of the burials was ascertained through the accidental exposure of a skeleton by plowing some years ago, while subsequent digging, mostly clandestine, by local collec- tors, brought others to light. The skeleton first found had with it a brass kettle, a gun, and a native clay pipe. A Mr Gif- fords found another burial that was accom- panied with a brass kettle, a pottery effigy pipe, a crucifix, some Jesuit rings, and a green blanket over the bones. How many others were located by diggers, or what their accompaniments were, can never be known. AND MONOGRAPHS 58 IROQUOIS as no records were kept and the objects are lost. Two hundred yards or more to the east- ward, on the brink of the ravine, Mr Young found Cemetery 2, which held seven burials, all flexed and without ob- jects. One hundred feet north, near the family residence, Mr Young's father, while planting a row of posts, found a burial with many accompaniments. This was the first discovery in Cemetery 3, to which refer- ence will be made later. A quarter of a mile east, in the Gully bottom, across the brook, the solitary skele- ton of a child was found by a neighboring farmer. It had no accompaniments and tests here revealed nothing. THE CEMETERIES Cemetery I: Grave 1. — This grave con- tained the flexed skeleton of a young man, on its left side, headed west, facing north, at a depth of 2 ft. 7 in. The bones were in poor condition, and the skeleton lacked the left arm, clavicle, and scapula. The left femur was detached, and was found upright INDIAN NOTES >- CAYUGA 59 against the northeastern corner of the grave, at an angle of 45 degrees. The upper right arm lay parallel with the trunk; the lower arm was at a right angle with it. About six inches in front of the finger-bones was a deposit consisting of an iron bullet-mold of small caliber, part of a metal knife-blade, a piece of a native clay pipe of the Pan- Iroquois line-and-dot pattern, and four large and handsomely engraved bone tubes (fig. 7). The remains of a flat, narrow, wooden object, nearly six feet in length, probably a bow, lay under the body and extended from head to feet; six inches be- fore the face was a small pile of round or barrel-shaped red-glass trade beads, with at least one tiny blue polychrome "star" bead. With these was a cylindrical frag- ment of brass, two or three inches long. Near the skull were two small sherds of native pottery, and scattered throughout the grave soil were scraps of brass kettle, flint chips, and bits of white and colored china. Grave 2. — This grave, which was four feet east of grave 1, was 5 ft. 10 in. long, by 4 AND MONOGRAPHS 60 IROQUOIS ft. broad and 4 ft. deep. It contained bones scattered from surface to bottom, where there were three heaps of long-bones repre- senting probably six individuals. The first of these bundles (a) was found in the north- west corner of the pit and contained two in- ferior maxillaries; at the opposite corner was a similar bundle (b), with one lower jaw; and in the third bundle (c), which lay in the center of the pit, were some in- fants' scapulae from bodies not represented by other bones. All the bones were greatly decayed, and the skulls were fragmentary. With bundle a, in the northwestern corner, there were no objects; but bundle c contained part of a short and narrow wampum belt wrapped around some of the bones. On the southern side of the pit, close by, was an iron trade axe, set upright, blade down. ■Bundle b, in the southeastern corner, had a globular green-glass bead, some very tiny glass beads, and several long, triangular, and tubular beads of red stone, probably catlinite (fig. 24), some of which are notched and engraved. Q-ave 3. — In troweling over the outer INDIAN NOTES SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY \a d BONE IMPLEMENTS FROM CAYUGA SITES (Length of a, 5 j in ) CAYUGA 61 edges of grave 2, a black stain was encoun- tered in the southwestern corner, which extended into grave 3. Here lay the re- mains of an old man, on the left side, headed east and facing south. The skele- ton was tightly flexed, with arms folded and hands before the face. The bones were surrounded by a plentiful deposit of char- coal, and a few inches above the body were many burnt stones. A pocket containing about a dozen land-snail shells {Helix sp.) was above and near the head. Grave 4. — This sepulcher likewise con- tained the skeleton of an old man, tightly flexed, on its left side, headed west and facing north. There were no objects in the grave, except a limestone bowlder of about fifty pounds' weight, which lay upon the shoulders. The bones were decayed be- yond recovery. A deep firepit was found near grave 3. It was oval in shape, 6 ft. long, 3 ft. broad, and 4 ft. deep, and contained, besides char- coal, ashes, and burnt stones, a few plain potsherds and a bit of the bowl of a white- clay trade pipe. AND MONOGRAPHS 62 IROQUOIS Grave 5. — This grave, which was 4^ ft. deep, held the skeleton of a woman, at length on its back, head to the west, facing over the left shoulder to the north. The right arm was folded across the abdomen, the other was folded with the hand under the chin. At the back of the head was a round hollow in the clay, 8 or 10 in. in diameter, which seemed to have contained a bundle of which the only remains con- sisted of a decayed black substance. At one side of this hollow was a beautiful carved bone back-comb (pi. ix), representing two panthers rampant, chmbing on their own tails, and facing each other with tongues joined. Both fiat surfaces of the comb are covered with finely etched designs. At the right knee of the skeleton was the upper end of a human femur that had been sawed off with a stone knife (fig. 5), and at the right foot was about a quart of bones and scales of fish. About two feet above the skeleton was an earthenware pipe bowl (fig. 17, a). The bones of this skeleton were in fair condition, so that it was possible to save the skull. INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 63 Grave 6. — At a depth of three feet was found the flexed skeleton of an aged woman lying on the left side, facing north. Back of the head was a brass kettle having a capacity of about a quart, in which were a few short deerskin thongs, some knotted. The kettle had rested on and been covered by bark, probably of elm, shreds of which were preserved by the metallic salts of the kettle. The bones of the skeleton had practically disappeared through decay. Grave 7. — At a depth of ^ ft. was the skeleton of an infant less than a year old, extended on its back, headed west. The child was flanked by two flintlock guns, both pointed west, with flints afifixed, and portions of the wooden attachments, as well as the brass ferules that had held the cleaning rods. At the top of the head, with the blade pointed northwestward, was a cutlass, probably French, with an antique basket hilt of rusted metal, to which had been attached a few round, black, glass beads. Near the waist were two long, cylindrical, shell beads, and about twelve inches away from the feet, at the eastern AND MONOGRAPHS 64 IROQUOIS end of the grave, was a shell necklace (fig. 30) extending across the grave from north to south, composed of seven engraved shell runtees (fig. 29), each about the size of a half dollar, with long, tubular, shell beads at the ends (fig. 26). Grave 8. — At a depth of only a foot, this grave contained the flexed body of a nearly toothless old woman, lying on the right side, headed west, facing north. Before her face were the dehcate bones of a new- born babe, extended on its back, headed west. An iron knife with a bone or an antler handle lay beside the child. The bones of both bodies were crushed and decayed. Grave 9. — This grave may have been looted by previous diggers. It held, at the depth of a foot, the disturbed skeleton of an aged person, probably a woman. The skull lay at one side, headed east. The lower jaw was eight inches away, toward the north- east; the other bones were two and a half feet away to the north, in a small pit. There were a few traces of vermilion paint. INDIAN NOTES cob; ^ Z— u LlJ_I >- Q_i :£ PCO 6 CAYUGA 65 Grave 10. — This was a looted grave con- taining a few bones stained with iron and brass. Grave 11. — Like grave 10, this sepulcher had been previously opened and looted. There were traces of iron and copper, some small bits of a wooden spoon or bowl, a carved bone trinket (apparently a spiral point broken from some larger object), and, in the northwestern corner of the grave, the cast of a pottery jar in the stiff clay, of which one large decorated sherd remained (pi. XI, h). Other sherds scattered through- out the grave showed that the looter had been too careless or ignorant to remove the jar which he had discovered. Grave 12. — A bundle burial composed of the bones of an aged person, found at a depth of eighteen inches. On a pile of long- bones were pieces of the skull, and the lower jaw, inverted. Beneath this was a pit, three feet deep, in which were several plain bone tubes, and near these a large piece of the bottom of a thick, colonial glass jar or bottle. Disturbed Graves. — From this point sev- AND MONOGRAPHS 66 IROQUOIS eral previously dug disturbances were found. At least half a dozen other skele- tons' had evidently been dug up and their bones scattered. Traces of vermilion and green paint, copper- and brass-stained bones, bits of brass kettles, fragments of trade pipes of white clay, and china were uncovered. A colonial cesspool, which may be at- tributed to a cluster of settlers' cabins and a grist-mill that stood here in the early years of the nineteenth century, was found. This was a cylindrical, stone-lined vault, and held a quantity of colonial relics, in- cluding an English halfpenny of 1804. Among the stones were found two Indian celts built into the vault. A fireplace con- taining a deep bed of red and white ashes was found about ten feet north of this; it held, among other things of European ori- gin, a brass needle of Indian make, flat, centrally perforated, 5| in. in length (pi. XIX, h). Cemetery II: About forty years ago Mr Young's father found the skeleton of a Cayuga warrior in the garden, about 25 INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 67 feet west of the southwestern corner of the house, and about 35 feet from the highway. Messrs WilHam H. and Ernest J. Young, who located the spot and assisted the ^Museum's party in digging there, remem- bered that this skeleton was flexed, headed west, and was found at a depth of two and a half or three feet. Near the head of the skeleton, inverted, was a small copper or brass kettle, under which were some copper fishhooks (pi. XIX, b) and red paint. Also near the skull WTre two clay pipes, one (fig. 16) of the lined-bowl type, long and graceful; the other, which is still owned by Mr Ernest J. Young, who presented the first specimen to the Museum, is longer and more slender, with a deHcately modeled human face, turned toward the smoker, beneath the lined bowl. Some iron implements, gun-locks, hide- scrapers, etc., were also obtained, and, on relocating the grave, an iron hide-scraper was taken from the disturbed earth by our party. No beads were found. Assisted by Mr Ernest J. Young, the writer found a second grave about a yard AND MONOGRAPHS 68 IROQUOIS north of that last described. This held the flexed skeleton of an old person, on its back, probably a woman, headed west, facing north, with arms folded across the trunk. The bones, although greatly decayed, were still traceable. Over the left shoulder was a small brass kettle of about one quart ca- pacity, in which were the moldering frag- ments of a wooden spoon wdth a broad bowl. Six inches above the skull was a piece of the bowl of an ornately decorated clay trumpet pipe (fig. 15), and a single tiny, round, green-glass bead lay amon^; the bones. The grass grows very green in the spring in a large circle around the spot where these graves were found, but persistent testing yielded no further remains. Those en- countered were probably isolated burials. Mr Ernest J. Young has Jesuit rings, stone celts, small triangular flint arrows, glass and shell beads, pitted hammerstones, stone mullers or corn grinders, brass arrow- points and jinglers, and a small, well-carved stone mask, all of which were found on the surface or in graves at this site. INDIAN NOTES SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY PL. X CAYUGA POTTERY JAR FROM VENICE CENTER (Height, about 6 in.) SKINNER— IRCOUOIS ARCHEOLOGY PL. XI >' "ffrff/iX m b RIM SHERDS OF POTTERY JARS FROM CAYUGA COUNTY \ CAYUGA 69 ARTIFACTS FROM CAYUGA SITES Bone Objects Bone was somewhat extensively used by the Cayuga, in both prehistoric and historic times, for the manufacture of a wide variety of implements and ornaments, yet, until after they had acquired metalHc tools, this tribe did not develop any such skill in work- ing either bone or antler as is shown by the artifacts found on the early Mohawk, Oneida, or Onondaga sites. In other words, early Cayuga bonework was little better than that of their rude Algonkian prede- cessors. With the possession of metal tools, however, bone carving took a de- cided impetus, and in historic graves very finely carved and etched articles of this material occur, equal or superior to the best work of any Iroquois people. Among the articles taken from Cayuga graves by Mr Adams and others, but which have disap- peared, are bone or antler harpoons, and spoons, some of which are figured by Beauchamp.^*" None were encountered by the writer during his explorations. AND MONOGRAPHS 70 IROQUOIS. Awls. — On most of the prehistoric sites examined by the writer, bone awls occurred, though in no great number. Several of these from the ash-beds of the fort at Locke are illustrated in pi. viii, a-e. They vary in length, the largest (the sharpened tip of which is missing) being 5j in. long, the shortest 3i in. Most of these implements are made by sharpening small mam- mals bones, probably deer, although some are fabrica- ted from sections cut from larger bones. They are of a type too well known to need further description. No bone awls from historic sites were seen, although it is probable that systematic excavation of the ash and refuse heaps would reveal They are not to be expected in graves. Hollowed. Phalangeal Bones. — Hol- lowed phalangeal bones of deer, as is usual on Iroquois sites, are not uncommon. One Fig. 2.— Phalangeal bone of a deer, carved, from L(Tcke. (Actual size.) them. INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA of these, cut open at the proximal end and perforated at the distal end, is shown in fig. 2. Deep notches are cut in the broad proximal part. It was one of a number found at Locke, and was either a jingling pendant or a unit of the ordinary cup-and- pin game. The writer has seen similar a h Fig. 3. — Fishhooks from Locke. (Actual size.) specimens from widely separated parts of the Iroquois range. Cut Bear's Jaw. — On the same site the writer recovered the rear portion of the in- ferior maxillary of a black bear, which had been cut in two with a stone knife by the common process of sawing a deep girdle AND MONOGRAPHS 72 IROQUOIS around the bone and then breaking it. The use to which this specimen was put is doubtful. Fishhooks. — A completed bone fishhook is represented in fig. 3, a, and another (b) in the process of making, both of which were taken from ash-beds at the Locke site. In the unfinished specimen a section has been sawed out of a dense but hollow bone, and the convex surface ground away, leaving the base and edges which, when the implement was completed, would have been freed from the intervening bone and the rough form of the fishhook thus made ready to polish and sharpen. The work was done wdth stone knives and scrapers, as the striae show. Ornaments. — Fig. 4 exhibits the per- forated rear portion of the plastron of a box-tortoise, found at Locke, probably a portion of a rattle used as an accompani- ment to dancing, as among the Iroquois today. An unusual specimen is shown in fig. 5, which represents the ball-end of a human femur, cut off apparently with a stone INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA knife, which was found at the right knee of the skeleton of the female in grave 5 of the cemetery on the William H. Young farm at Great Gull)'', near Scipio. A small Fig. 4. — Perforated rear portion of the plastron of a box- tortoise from Locke, (f.) hole on the rough surface suggests the beginning of a perforation. Beauchamp figures several perforated examples, mostly from Onondaga county,^ ^ but gives no clue 73 AND MONOGRAPHS 74 IROQUOIS as to their use. They were probably charms or trophies. PI. VIII, /, represents a pendant made from a perforated canine tooth of a black bear, found by Dr F. C. Smith of Fleming, who took it from a grave on the ]\Iead farm near the village. The site is one of the Jesuit period. Perforated canine teeth of Fig. 5. — Object made from the end of a human femur, from a grave at Great Gully. (Actual size.) various carnivorous animals are not un- common on Iroquois sites. Beads and Tubes. — Beads and tubes, made of naturally hollow bird-bones cut in sections, are familiar objects on all western Iroquois sites, and the writer has taken many from Erie and Neutral sites on both INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA sides of the Niagara frontier. He once found a necklace of thirty-six in an Erie ash-pit at Ripley, New York. Bone beads and tubes are not infrequently ornamented with etched chevron figures, especially those from sites across the Ca- nadian border. At the present time, such artifacts are still in use among the Meno- mini and the Winnebago, certain classes of medicine-men swallowing them for purposes of divina- tion, and also using them to suck disease from their pa- tients. Many seem to have been used solely for orna- ment. The writer has col- lected a number, both plain Fig.6 and etched, from both the tribes mentioned. Fig. 6 exhibits a bead made of a sec- tion of a hollow bird-bone, sawed off at both ends with a stone knife, and well pol- ished. It came from the Locke fort. Four hollow bird-bone tubes, or large beads, are shown in fig. 7, all deHcately etched with chevron and other designs. Bird-bone bead from Locke. (Actual size.) 75 AND MONOGRAPHS 76 IROQUOIS o o w The two larger examples are 4i in. long; all four were found by the writer among a small deposit of various objects INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 77 with skeleton 1 , on the Young farm at Great Gully. They were in contact with an iron bullet-mold, which has left stains and an incrustation of rust on them. The writer knows of no exactly similar objects, al- though a large tube of human bone from Jefferson county. New York, in the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, has reminiscent features in the incised de sign on its surface. Fine-Hne etching on bone objects seems to have been a favorite mode of embelHshment with the Cayuga, in both prehistoric and historic times. Combs. — Handsomely carved back-combs of bone and sometimes of antler, probably made solely for ornament, have been exten- sively used by all the Iroquois from prehis- toric times until the middle colonial period, at least. The date of their disappearance from use is unknown, but it certainly long post-dated European contact. On the earher sites simple combs, with from three to five teeth each, have been found. Examples of this kind are figured by Beauchamp from prehistoric Onondaga, Mohawk, and Seneca sites,^^ and by Parker^^ AND MONOGRAPHS 78 IROQUOIS from the Seneca. An Andaste comb of the primitive variety, found at Athens, Pa., is shown by Louise Welles IMurray.^^ The more elaborate combs of the later period are broader, furnished with more teeth, sometimes exceeding twenty, and bear on their fiat surfaces handsome designs, often of realistically carved animals or human beings. They occur commonly throughout the territory of the Five Na- tions, except, according to Beauchamp,^^ on Oneida sites, where they may still be expected. In the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, are two excel- lent examples from the Neutrals, found in graves at St Davids, not far from Niagara Falls, Ontario, and the writer has seen several fragmentary examples from Andaste or Conestoga sites on the lower Susque- hanna. Bone combs were unknown to the New York Algonkians, but one was found on the Minisink site in New Jersey by Messrs Heye and Pepper. ^- Beauchamp figures several Cayuga combs. One from Scipioville has the top carved to represent two men facing each other, per- INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 79 haps in combat. ^^ It was found, like most Cayuga specimens, by Mr W. W. Adams, who is credited also with recovering one showing two snakes on the opposing sides, also facing each other. Another,^^ from Fleming, exhibits two turkeys face to face. An outline drawing, seen by the writer, of a bone comb from Cayuga county in the private collection of Mr Palmer H. Lewis, of Katonah, N. Y., shows two indistinct figures, perhaps two headless men, carved on the back. From these notes, and from the specimens illustrated in this article, it will be seen that all later Cayuga combs thus far reported possess this feature of two opposing figures on the back or orna- mented part. A beautiful and nearly perfect bone comb, taken by the writer from grave 5 at Great Gully, is shown in pi. ix, a, b, which represent the obverse and reverse sides. The design portrays two long-tailed ani- mals, probably panthers, rampant, climb- ing on their own tails in the conventional attitude so often observed on stone pipes among the New York and Canadian Iro- AND MONOGRAPHS 80 IROQUOIS ■ quois. The tongues of the animals are joined. The comb is provided with twenty- one teeth, and from the fine cutting there can be no question that the specimen was made with metallic tools. It measures 3^ in. high by 2| in. broad, and is covered with finely-etched designs on both flat surfaces, in characteristic Cayuga style. While a number of bone combs have been found in Cayuga county, on the sites at Fleming, Mapleton, and Scipioville, none compares with this example in excellence of work- manship. Fig. 8 represents another bone comb, found many years ago by Air W. W. Adams in a grave on the Mead farm at Fleming, and presented to the Museum by !Miss Isabel Rowland of Sherwood. It is slightly longer and narrower than the one from Great Gully, being 3| in. high by 2 in. broad. The design represents two partridges fac- ing each other with joined bills, and, as in the other specimen, both flat surfaces are covered with finely-etched lines, in this case representing the plumage of the birds, and groups of chevron figures. The orna- INDIAN NOTES SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY PL. XII "<■ ■*r«r^.^;;vr --^ a FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY JAR RIMS FROM PREHISTORIC CAYUGA FORT, LOCKE CAYUGA mentation on both sides being almost iden- tical, only one surface is shown in the illustration. The comb is provided with nineteen teeth, of which five are broken. Fig. 8. — Bone comb with partridge design, from the site at Fleming, (f.) Like the preceding (pi. ix) it has been made with metallic tools. There are slight stains of copper salts on it. This comb is 81 AND MONOGRAPHS 82 IROQUOIS figured by Beauchamp,^^ who, however, gives it merely passing notice in his text. Antler Objects Chipping Tools. — An antler prong worked into a rude cylinder, the end of which shows wear, as though it had been used as a chipping tool, was taken from an ash-bed at the Locke fort. An illustrated circular printed for Mr W. W. Adams figures a similar though better-made example, which was taken from a historic grave on the Mead farm, at ]\Iapleton. These cylindrical ant- ler tools are apparently commoner west of the Cayuga country, on Seneca and Neutral sites. Cut Prongs. — Also found at Locke is an antler prong, one end of which has been cut off with a stone implement and partially hollowed. Traces of unfinished cutting may be seen on the opposite side near the base. This object may have been intended for a spear- or lance-head, until the tip was broken off. Not far from where this speci- men was taken from the ash-bed, the writer obtained the base of an antler of a Virginia INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA deer, cut oft" at or below the fork and care- fully ground down, and it exhibits grinding also at the proximal end. A longitudinal groove has been sawed in one side with a stone tool. The specimen was undoubtedly an imple- ment in process of manu- facture, but in its present stage its intended purpose cannot be determined. Knife-handle. — Fig. 9 represents a neatly carved antler knife-handle from the Locke fort. A deep slot has been cut in the distal end to receive a blade, probably of flint, and a similar one in the proximal part, though for no apparent purpose. The p^^ ^_^ a r v e d latter end is broken off, fntier knife-handle ' from Locke. (|.) but a perforation for sus- pension remains. On one side is a carved band, filled in with an incomplete zigzag ornament. The specimen, which is nicely polished, is grooved near the base of ^?> AND MONOGRAPHS 84 IROQUOIS the blade slot to receive a thong or sinew binding for holding the blade firmly. It now measures 2| in. in length by Its in. at the broadest part. Such handles are not common, but have been reported from a number of widely separated Iroquois localities. Ornament. — A small spiral, carved of antler and having the appearance of being part of some larger object of unknown ap- pearance, was found in a looted grave on the Young farm at Great Gully. Condition. — A matter that has long aroused the scepticism of observers unfa- miliar with Iroquois culture iS the ex- cellent condition of the bone and antler ob- jects when unearthed. Many retain their polish, and even the grease with which they were saturated when lost, this being evi- dently due in part to the preservative nature of the beds of hardwood ashes in which they are commonly discovered. Similar objects found buried elsewhere, or plowed to the surface, disintegrate and soon resemble those from Algonkian shell-heaps of the coast. But the high polish of many INDIAN NOTES SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY PORTION OF LARGE POTTERY JAR FROM PREHISTORIC CAYUGA FORT, LOCKE (Height, 9| in.) CAYUGA 85 bone artifacts may also serve to make them more resistant to decay than the roughly finished tools of the Algonkians. Illustra- tive of the grease retained in bone objects from Jefferson county, is the fact that the collection of Dr R. W. Amidon, of Chau- mont, New York, was partly eaten and nearly destroyed by mice during his absence. Pottery Character. — Inasmuch as the occu- pancy of Cayuga county by the Iroquois seems to have been of short duration, in comparison with that of the Algonkian tribes which preceded them, relatively little pot- tery of Cayuga manufacture exists in mu- seums or in private collections. In pre- historic graves, clay jars are rarely found in the Iroquois country, and apparently not at all in the Cayuga territory.- The time when such mortuary offerings were commonly made was from the period of the first contact of white people to rela- tively modern times. In the Seneca con- fines, for example, the graves most pro- ductive of pottery and other native arti- AND MONOGRAPHS 86 IROQUOIS facts are those which date from the time of the advent of the first Europeans, to whom, judging by these mortuary evidences alone, is attributable a gradual infiltration of foreign articles. With the Cayuga, judg- ing by the archeological work the writer has done and by the collections he has ex- amined, it would seem that their contact with the whites was sudden and close, and that they passed from a prehistoric to a mixed colonial culture at once, without any intermediate transition period. Con- sequently, Cayuga graves commence ab- ruptly to contain objects of which by far the greater proportion is European. One Cayuga jar from Scipioville is illus- trated and described by Beauchamp.-^ It is rather plain and not t\'pical. Mr W. W. Adams reports but two native vessels as a result of his extensive diggings, one of which was found in a brass kettle. This is probably the example figured in pi. x. The writer found traces of one earthen jar on the Young farm at Great Gully. All other native pottery of which there is any knowledge is fragmentary, and comes from INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA ash-beds or pits on prehistoric sites. Speci- mens were obtained at the Locke fort (which yielded by far the greatest quantity), at Aurora, and at Cato. With two exceptions the examples figured in this paper are from Locke. Fig. 10. — Sherd of a Cayuga jar found near Locke. Classification. — Cayuga pottery may be divided into three groups, as follows: (a) Archaic Iroquois, in which the typical rounded bottom, constricted neck, and overhanging rim with the notched angle, are foreshadowed by a weak development of all these features, as seen in pi. xiii and 87 AND MONOGRAPHS 88 IROQUOIS fig. 10. This type of ware closely resembles that found by Mr A. C. Parker, State Archeologist, on the Reed farm at Rich- mond Mills and at Burning Spring in Cat- taraugus county, both early Seneca sites. A second form (b) is similar to the more highly developed eastern Iroquois pottery of Jefferson county and the St Lawrence region, as shown in pi. XII. Here the narrowed neck and notched collar are pro- nounced. A small but entire exaniple of this ware is shown in pi. X. It is about six inches high and of two and a half pints' capacity. There are conventional human faces on the rim. The third and last type (pi. xiv) is simi- lar to that of the western Iroquois style, as noted on Seneca and Erie sites of the early Fig. 11. — Fragment of a terra- cotta figurine from Aurora. (Actual size.) INDIAN NOTES ur — o ^3 K< ^^ CO < < O >- < o Ll O CO D CC ijj I CO CAYUGA 89 contact period, where the overhanging col- lar, or cornice, narrows or disappears. Few designs impressed with a cord- wrapped stick are seen on early Cayuga earthenware, but an example shown in pi, XI, b, was found in a grave on the Young farm at Great Gully. In the same plate, a represents a sherd from the prehistoric site at Cato, decorated in the same manner. Fig. 11 represents a portion of a small animal figurine of pottery, found at Aurora. It is a most unusual, though crude, example. Pipes. — Such earthenware pipes as have come to the writer's attention from prehis- toric Iroquois sites in Cayuga territory are all made of light, reddish clay. These pipes still appear on sites of the colonial period, but at these later places dark-gray and even polished black •earthen pipes occur abun- dantly. This, of course, is due to western Iroquois influence through captives from tribes across the Niagara frontier and to the south. Early Cayuga pipes are not abundant, and as they are found in ash-beds and not AND MONOGRAPHS 90 IROQUOIS in graves, they are generally broken. Those seen or obtained by the writer consist prin- cipally of the trumpet and the coronet or square-topped, forms, although there is reason to suppose that the kind having the bowl made in imitation of an ornate Iro- quois earthenware jar is old as well as recent. The latter type of pipe is somewhat more commonly reported from Cayuga sites than elsewhere in the Iroquois country, though known especially in Jefferson county. Early Cayuga pipes are also in- clined to be less angular in outline than those of later date. No efitigy pipes have as yet been reported from sites antedating colonial contact, though there is no good reason to suppose that they may not exist. On later sites, where deposits of artifacts occur in graves, entire pipes are found, though spar- ingly, and among these a variety of effigy forms has been recorded, commonest of which is the style in which a face, either animal or human, is turned toward the smoker. Those in which the face is that of a man (fig. 18, a) predominate. INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 91 Beauchamp-^ figures an effigy pipe found at Scipio by Mr Adams, the bowl of which has an upturned raven's head in front, the rear being made in the form of a miniature jar. Another pipe, shown by the same Fig. 12. — Trumpet pipe of terracotta from Venice Center. (About i) author,-^ is described as from Cayuga county; it has the bowl in the form of a bear's head, with jaws open to receive the tobacco. From Venice, in the same county, Beauchamp illustrates^^ a trumpet pipe AND MONOGRAPHS 92 IROQUOIS which may be a poor reproduction of the same pipe shown in our fig. 12. Two other Cayuga pipes represented in the same pub- lication show the vase or jar form, and also a fine wolf-head pipe taken by Mr Adams from a grave at Mapleton. Other Cayuga county clay pipes figured by ^Beauchamp are Algonkian in origin. By way of con- trast fig. 13 is presented as an example of a number of these, collected mainly by the writer from various Algonkian sites in Cayuga territory. In the collection of Mr Palmer H. Lewis, of Katonah, N. Y., are a number of Cayuga pipes of the usual types. One of these has a long brass mouthpiece fitted to a clay bowl and stem, a peculiarity that the writer has twice before noted in Cayuga pipes, there being an example with a pewter stem in the Douglas collection in the American Museum of Natural History, and another in private hands in Scipioville, N. Y. The writer has yet to see an effigy pipe of the blowing false-face type from anywhere in Cayuga territory, though this form occurs INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 93 Fig. 13. — Algonkian pipes from Cayuga county. AND MONOGRAPHS 94 IROQUOIS fairly abundantly on later Seneca sites, and sometimes on Onondaga sites of the colonial Fig. 14. — Coronet pipe of terracotta from Locke. (|.) epoch. They are probably an importation from the Neutral-Huron tribes of the western Iroquois group. INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA A square-topped, "coronet," pottery pipe, lacking the mouthpiece, found by the writer in an ash-bed in the prehistoric fort at Locke, is represented in fig. 14. In its present condition this specimen measures 4^ in. in length around the curve, which is less abrupt than usual. The specimen is made of fine, apparently untempered clay, pinkish in color, mottled with black. The Fig. 15. — Fragment of a pipe-bowl from a grave at Great Gully. (Actual size.) type is one found in the Seneca country, thence westward into Canada, and, less frequently, eastward to Jefferson county. A neat Kttle pink-and-gray, mottled, terracotta pipe of the trumpet variety, in the IMuseum's collection, is shown in fig. 12; it was found in a grave at Venice Center, probably by IMr Adams. It is unusually 95 AND MONOGRAPHS 96 IROQUOIS small, although a portion of the tapering stem seems to be missing. The bowl is decorated with many finely etched bands, and the rim, which approaches the disc form, is notched along the edge. The speci- men measures about 4f in. around the curve, which is rather sharp. A fragment of the bowl of a still handsomer trumpet pipe is shown in fig. 15; it came from the earth in a sepulcher in Cemetery 2 on the Young farm. The same form of pipe, but gener- ally undecorated, occurs on prehistoric Cayuga sites. Fig. 16 represents a slender, graceful, terracotta pipe, the bowl of which is decor- ated with a variant of the Hne-and-dot pattern so widely distributed throughout the Iroquois territory, and in this rather delicate form seems commoner in the Ca- yuga and perhaps Onondaga areas than elsewhere. Among the western tribes it is heavier and shorter. The specimen illus- trated was found in a grave on the Young farm at Great Gully by the father of the present owner, and was presented to the Museum by ^Mr Ernest J. Young. It INDIAN NOTES SKINNER — IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY S^^ a CHIPPED FLINT OBJECTS FROM CAYUGA SITES (Length of d, IJ in.) CAYUGA 97 measures 8 in. around the outside of the curve, and is made of uniformly gray clay. It bears on its bowl a slight deposit of rust from an iron object with which it lay in contact. The bowl of a pipe somewhat similar to the last is presented in fig. 17, a. This Fig. 16. — Terracotta pipe from a grave on Young farm, Great Gully. fragment was taken from the fill in grave 5, on the Young farm at Great Gully. The stem was not present, and had probably not been cast into the grave. It is of red-and-gray mottled clay. Another pipe-bowl, ornamented with a design somewhat similar to that of the pre- AND MONOGRAPHS 98 IROQUOIS ceding, is illustrated in fig. 17, b; it was presented to the JMuseum by ]Mr Benjamin a b Fig. 17. — Terracotta pipe-bowls from Great Gully and Scipio\ille. (Actual size.) L. Watkins of Scipioville, who found it on his farm. It is made of mottled-gray clay. INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA Also presented by Mr Watkins is a disc- topped pipe with a human face, turned toward the user, on the rear of the bowl (fig. 18, a). The dull-gray color of the Fig. 18. — Terracotta pipe-bowls: a, from Scipioville; b, from Genoa. (E.xtreme diameter of a, If in.) pipe is accentuated by much weathering. The ears, which are modeled in bold relief, are pierced, as though for earrings. As is often the case with Cayuga pipes, the inner 99 AND MONOGRAPHS 100 IROQUOIS curve of the stem is ornamented with longi- tudinal lines and rows of dots. A portion of a gray-clay pipe, the bowl of which represents a raven with open beak, the mouth being the receptacle for tobacco, is represented in fig. IS, b. An interesting and unusual feature is that the eves are com- FiG. 19. — Terracotta pipe-bowls: a, with owl(?) effigy, from Union Springs; b, with bear effigy, from Fleming. (Diameter of a, If in.) posed of small leaden pellets, or large shot, set into the terracotta. This pipe was ob- tained by the writer from a site near Genoa. Fig. 19, a, shows a bowl broken from a black polished clay pipe of the western type, recorded as having been found at INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 101 Union Springs. It represents an owl or an owl-man being, facing the smoker, as usual. The front of the bowl is ornamented with parallel rows of horizontal lines, over which is a surrounding vertical figure, ex- tending down to the curve of the stem be- neath the face. This figure may have been intended to represent a snake peering over the edge of the bowl, where a broken protu- berance seems to indicate the head. Fig. 19, b, represents the bowl of an animal-efhgy pipe of polished black pot- tery, also of the western type, taken from a grave on the Mead farm near Fleming, by Dr F. C. Smith of that village, who pre- sented it to the Museum. The orifice for tobacco is in the center of the back of the animal, which faces the stem. What mam- mal the maker intended to represent is problematical. If it was a bear, as the head suggests, it is odd that a long thin tail should be modeled on the front of the bowl. An unusually fine pipe, found by a Mr Helmar on the bank of the Barge canal near Montezuma, was obtained by purchase through Mr George Nichols of Cayuga AND MONOGRAPHS 102 IROQUOIS (fig. 20). As there is no known Iroquois site near by, the specimen may have been lost by some hunting or fishing party in the great Montezuma marshes. Unlike the other pipes figured herein, the clay of which this specimen is made was tempered Fig. 20. — Terracotta pipe with niche bowl, found near Montezuma. with an admixture of sharp sand, which is now visible as the polished surface has weathered away. The rear part of the bowl is designed to represent a niche or shield upon which are grouped four human faces, one in the apex of the niche, the other three INDIAN NOTES UJ -7- < S3 ^ I UJ n! ^ 5 CAYUGA 103 in a row across the base. The front of the bowl is ornamented with parallel rows of lines. Similar pipes have been reported from Jefferson county, and one found on the Putnam farm, near Watertown, will be described in another part of this paper. The Cayuga pipe measures 5^ in. around the curve, and is Hght-gray in color. Stonework Chipped-Stone Objects. — Outside of stone pipes, hammers, and celts, few imple- ments of stone were made by the Cayuga at any period. PL xv, a, d, represent two typical triangular arrowpoints, the former from the Locke fort, the latter from the much later site at Young's farm on Great Gully. These triangular arrowpoints and small oval or lanceolate flint knives, with flint scrapers (pi. xv, c, is from the Young farm site), and, during the historic period, gunflints of native make (pi. xv, b, is from a grave at Fleming), comprise nearly the entire list of Cayuga chipped flints. Curi- ously enough, chipped-stone objects of this nature are apparently more abundant on AND MONOGRAPHS 104 IROQUOIS sites of the historic than of the prehistoric period, in spite of the availabihty of metal tools and materials. The gunflints have often been called "gambling flints," but there seems to be no justification for this term. When found in graves they are nearly always in associa- tion with guns and gunsmiths' tools. Rude Stone Objects. — Net-sinkers of several types occur. PL xvi, b, represents a flat, notched pebble from Locke, similar to those found at Cato, Aurora, and on his- toric sites. PL XVI, d, shows another, rounder and chipped about the circumfer- ence; it is from the surface on the Young farm. This type of stone implement may not be a sinker. The writer found one, very similar to the example illustrated, set over the mouth of a pottery jar in an Andaste grave near Athens, Pa. PL XVI, a, represents a common pitted hammerstone from the Great Gully site, and c a polished quartzite muller, or corn grinder, nearly as well made as some of the better class of discoidal stones from the South. It was found in or near Scipioville. INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 105 Polished Stone Objects. — PL xvii rep- resents a series of celts, the ordinary Iro- quois hatchets; a, d, and e, are from Locke, and b, c, from the Young farm at Great Gully, showing that these stone-age tools survived by some time the invasion of the whites and the advent of trade axes, being not uncom- mon during the Jesuit period, at least. PI. XVII, a, illustrates a celt from Locke, degraded by use as a hammerstone, the edge having been entirely battered away. Several tiny celt-like objects of slate were found at Locke, which the writer supposes to be pottery gravers. The soft material of which they are made precludes their use for cutting such resistant materials as wood, bone, and stone. They are not at all uncommon ir the Locke ash-beds. Pipes. — Certain archeologists, especially Parker, ^° have asserted that Iroquois stone pipes are totally different in type from those of clay, a statement with which the writer agrees in part. It is true, indeed, that the common bowl pipes, that is, pipes whose stems do not form a permanent part thereof, but require the insertion of a stem of • AND MONOGRAPHS 106 IROQUOIS wood or of reed, seldom have any counterpart in clay, but during the colonial period, at least, nearly all the clay forms were imi- tated in stone. In the collection of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, are examples of the square- topped "coronet" form, the blowing false- face, the pipe with the niche containing a human figure at the rear of the bowl, and several other varieties in both clay and stone. The writer has also seen one stone example of the common line-and-dot pipe, from a Canadian Neutral grave at St Davids, near Niagara Falls. The state- ment mentioned above cannot therefore be accepted in its entirety. It does appear, however, that as a rule monolithic stemmed stone pipes, at least so far as effigy forms are concerned, were made by the Iroquois at a later period than those of the same pattern in clay. Difficult as was the task of making, and especially of boring, the stems of these pipes, some plain forms are unquestionably pre- historic. One of these, from a pre-Colum- INDIAN NOTES "^ t o J CAYUGA 107 bian Onondaga site in Jefferson county, is illustrated elsewhere in this paper (pi. xxxvn, b). Both stemmed and stemless stone pipes occur, though sparingly, in the Cayuga country, but none of the latter form are represented in the collections of this Mu- seum. There are several in the coUec- FiG. 21. — Stone pipe with carved face, found on site near . Montezuma. tion of Mr Palmer H. Lewis, of Katonah, N. Y., and others are in private hands in Cayuga county. A beautiful little pipe of orange-and- black mottled stone, with a well-carved human face on the front of the bowl, away from the user, is shown in fig. 21. In AND MONOGRAPHS 108 IROQUOIS length, outside the curve of the stem, this specimen measures 5 in. It was obtained through ;Mr George Nichols, of Cayuga, from ]\Ir Helmar of IMontezuma, who found it near where he obtained the pipe shown in fig. 22. This type with the face Fig. 22. — Stone pipe with efEg>' facing smoker, from near Owasco lake. in front is not common, and is generally considered later than those with the face turned backward, on what grounds the writer cannot say. The pipe figured in fig. 22, which meas- ures 7^ in. over the outside of the curve, INDIAN NOTES SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY STONE BEADS AND PENDANTS FROM CAYUGA SITES (Length of c, U in.) CAYUGA 109 is made of compact, close-grained stone, perhaps steatite, of uniform gray. On the rear of the bowl is a well-modeled human face in high relief, flanked by two elongate, comma-like slots. This excellent example of Cayuga handicraft was found near Owasco lake, and was presented to the Museum by Mr E. H. Gohl, of Auburn, who has many pipes from Cayuga county in his large collection. Pipes of earthenware have already been referred to. Charms and Beads. — Small stone masks and heads are sometimes' found in many parts of the Iroquois country, both in New York and in Canada, and the Cayuga sites are no exception to the rule. A pretty little carving, representing a man's full face, was found by Mr E. J. Young on the Great Gully site, and fig. 23, a, represents another, not so well done, found at Scipioville by Mr Benjamin L. Watkins, who kindly pre- sented it to the Museum. The material is red shale. It is interesting to note that the maker placed the eyes above the eye- brows, and that the mouth is double. Pos- AND MONOGRAPHS no IROQUOIS sibly the candng represents some mythical character. A small, neatly carved, stone pendant (fig. 23, b) from near Mapleton was pre- sented by ]\Ir Ralph Theurer of Auburn. It is perforated laterally for suspension, Fig. 23. — Stone maskettes from Scipioville and from near Mapleton. (Height of a, 2^ in.) and resembles several others seen by the writer from Oaklands and Scipioville. The material is a red shale resembling catlinite. Four carved catlinite beads are repre- sented in fig. 24, being part of a lot of thir- teen found by the writer in grave 1 on the INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA Young farm at Great Gully. These beads, with one exception, are notched at the edges, and, in the case of c, slightly etched on the flat surfaces. The other beads are mostly long and narrow; the longest is 2j in. by ^ in., and is rectangular in cross- FiG. 24. — Catlinite beads from a grave at Great Gully. (Length of b, nearly 2 in.) section, but plain. They were, of course, made with metal tools. A typical series of red shale and catlinite beads from Scipioville is shown in pi. xviii, a, d, g, i, presented by Mr B. L. Watkins. The first of these {i) was perforated through 111 AND MONOGRAPHS 112 Fig. 25. — Quatrefoil stone ornament from Fleming. (Actual size.) IROQUOIS the edges, but a piece has scaled off, showing the drilhng; g is also perfor- ated laterally, as well as centrally, but is entire. In material and concept these closely resemble a specimen found by the writer on the surface of the shell-heap on the south bank of Spuyten Duyvil creek, IManhattan Island, New York City. PI. XVIII, c, e, represent two more odd forms, both of shale, from the same site and donor; a and j, of catlin- ite, were obtained l^y the writer at Genoa, not far away. Of these, b seems to be a pendant carved to re- semble an ear of corn. A small, gray slate orna- ment, or charm, quatrefoil in shape, found by the writer in an ash-heap on the L. Fig. 26.— Tubular shell bead from a grave, Great Gully. (Actual size.) INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA 113 Mead farm at Fleming or Mapleton, is shown in fig. 25. Two natural concretions used as beads, which he found in ash-beds on the prehistoric fort site at x\urora, are shown in pi. xviii, h, f. Shell Articles In his work on "Wampum and Shell Articles," Beauchamp presents an ac- count of the shell runtees of New York, in a b Fig. 27. — Shell beads: a, from Scipio\'ille; b, from Venice Center. (Actual size.) which he refers to several from Cayuga county, and figures one similar to the speci- mens here described. Like examples were found by Messrs Heye and Pepper in the Munsee cemetery at Montague, New Jersey.^' There is no good reason to doubt that these runtees are native in origin. AND MONOGRAPHS 114 il IROQUOIS Wampum beads, both purple and white, are commonly found in historic Cayuga graves, and often in quantities. Mr W. W. Adams records finding as many as five thousand on one decomposed belt. The writer found them at Great Gully, \'enice Center, and Mapleton. Long, tubular, shell beads were found in grave 7 at Great Gully (fig. 26) and wam- pum in grave 2. A heavy shell bead (fig. 27, a) was presented by Mr Watkins, of Scipioville, and many discoid shell beads are reported from various sites. Fig. 27, b, Fig. 28.— Shell ^ r ^i, r pendant or duck represents one of these from bead, from Flem- j- . u j i. a^ • ing. (Actual ^ disturbed grave at Venice ''''■^ Center. A carved shell bead, or pendant, of duck form, from a grave near Fleming, probably on the old Mead farm, is illus- trated in fig. 28. As all these are typical of historic Iroquois sites in other parts INDIAN NOTES CAYUGA of New York, they require no further description here. One of the seven shell runtees, about 1| in. in diameter, found with some tubular shell beads in grave 7, is shown in figure 29; they are from the Young farm at Great Fig. 29. — Shell runtee from a necklace found at Great Gully. (Actual size.) Gully. The ornaments lay side by side (each has double lateral perforations), with the tubular beads at each end, just as the necklace composed of them was deposited at the feet of the skeleton (fig. 30). They are all adorned with an incised, star-like de- 115 AND MONOGRAPHS 116 IROQUOIS sign. Runtees of this type occur on many historic Iro- quois sites. Trade Articles An abundance of trade arti- cles (pi. xix) have been found at all historic Cayuga sites, but all the forms are so well known as to need scarcely more than enumeration. They include great numbers of iron axes of the usual colonial type, iron hide-scrapers, jew's-harps, swords, guns, scissors, bullet- molds, knives, brass and copper kettles of various sizes, pewter and china dishes, glass beads of numerous kinds, haw^k-bells, Jesuit rings (fig. 31), and cruci- fixes, brass fishhooks (pi. xix, h), and many articles made by the Indians themselves from Fic. 30. — Bead scrap brass. In necklace as found , , in a child's grave pi. XIX, a, e, J, g, at Great Gully. . , j (Length, 151 in.) IS presented a INDIAN NOTES C A Y U G x\ series of trade-metal arrow-heads from Great Gully and Fleming, and h shows a brass mat-needle with a central perforation, from Great Gully. A rolled brass jingler is illustrated in d of the same plate; it is similar in form to the rolled conical arrowhead shown in a. Fig. 31. — Jesuit rings from Caj'Uga sites. (About f.) In the collection of Mr Palmer H. Lewis there is a round, double, convex brass rattle, ornamented with a simple design in dots or perforations; it was taken from a Cayuga grave. 117 AND MONOGRAPHS 118 III.— ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCHES IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, NEW YORK INTRODUCTION EFFERSON COUNTY, New York, has long been recognized by archeologists as one of the early seats of the Onondaga, whose territory, with that of the Oneida and the Mohawk, was the scene of the highly indi- vidualized culture formerly regarded as characteristically Iroquois, but now known rather as a phase, albeit an extreme one, of the general Iroquois culture. Here are more sites of former occupancy on formidable hilltops than in any other region; here earthen walls and traces of log stockades abound. Nowhere else in the Iroquois country did pottery forms and efifigy pipes attain such a high degree of development, and in no other part of the Iroquois area are bone and antler objects so INDIAN NOTES SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY I f 9 TRADE ARTICLES FROM CAYUGA SITES (Length of A, 5 f in.) SKINNER— IFl SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY PL. XX MAP OF THE PUTNAM SITE, BLACK RIVER. JEFFERSON COUNTY After a drawing by Reginald Pelhara Bolton, Esq. ONONDAGA 119 abundant, and artifacts of chipped stone correspondingly rare. Moreover, there are no great historic sites in the country — everything is prehistoric if we except occa- sional European objects that have been found on a few sites. The historic seats of the Onondaga lie farther south, chiefly in the county that bears their name, and these, moreover, while having much in common with their forerunners in Jefferson county, yield many artifacts of a different nature, attributable to a western Iroquois origin. As it was from one of the eastern Iroquois people, the Mohawk, that the Indians about greater New York and the lower Hudson derived their later cultural impetus, it was believed to be of especial interest to send an expedition into the general region to explore such ancient sites as yet re- mained. Accordingly, in July and August, 1919, the writer, accompanied by Rev. Dr William R. Blackie and his son, WiUiam R. Blackie Jr, as volunteer assistants, located and exca- vated the site described in this section. AND MONOGRAPHS 120 IROQUOIS Especial thanks are due to Mr and Mrs L. H. Putnam, who not only gave permission to the party to excavate on their property, but rendered valuable assistance in many ways, and presented to the Museum their own choice collection. Mr William A. Moore of New Rochelle, and Mr Carl E. Dorr of Syracuse, both extended their hos- pitality and aid, and it is due to them that much of the success of the work was made possible. Dr W. M. Beauchamp, dean of New York archeologists, although in his ninety-first year, honored the party by a visit and an inspection of the work through several days. It is disheartening to be obliged to state that, with all the exploration and collecting done in Jefferson county, no attempt has been made to record any data respecting the occurrence of material found, nor to describe the sites and their attendant phe- nomena, since the brief sketches published by Squier^- and Hough. ^^ Many sites in Jefferson county have been listed by Beauchamp, ^^ but no account of the Put- nam site has hitherto been recorded. INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 121 PREHISTORIC ONONDAGA SITE IN BLACK RIVER VILLAGE On Pearl Street road, two miles east of Watertown, in the township of LeRoy and the village of Black River, on the farm of Mr L. H. Putnam, is a prehistoric Onon- daga village-site. Crossing the Putnam farm half a mile north or northwest of Black river, is a long, low, sandy ridge which overlies the limestone rock, and here ancient ash-beds, scattered over an area of ten acres, are proof of former Indian occu- pancy (pi . xx). To the westward a quarter of a mile, beyond a low gap in the ridge, is the site of a small camp, the debris of which sparsely covers several knolls, perhaps four acres in extent, with artifacts indicating identity in material culture with those of the great village. Distributed over this second group of knolls, and thence westward, are sparse traces of an earlier people, notched flint points, large stemmed knives or spears, numerous flint or quartz chips, and crumb- Hng, ill-made pottery, attesting the pres- ence of a previous roving Algonkian com- munity. . A single stemmed flint arrow- AND MONOGRAPHS 122 IROQUOIS point found on the great site was no doubt lying there when the first Onondaga pioneer set foot on the ridge. The majority of the Iroquois sites in this vicinity are on high hilltops, and several, not more than a mile or two distant, across Black river to the south, overlook the Put- nam farm from the summit of the Rutland hills. Two other lowland sites are near, one a mile and a half away, in the heart of the village of Calcium (once called Sanford's Corners), the other perhaps two and a half miles eastward, on the Rodney Whitney farm on Rabbit street, in Black River. The latter was once fortified by an earth- work. No signs of fortifications have been found on the Putnam farm. The defence, if any, must have been a single log stockade. Owing to the unusual low situation of the former village, so close to the river-bottom, the Putnam site had not been detected by curiosity seekers, notwithstanding the fact that near-by Watertown is the abode of many industrious collectors; indeed, out of nearly twenty-five Iroquois sites examined in this county, that on the Putnam place INDIAN NOTES DC ^ y. .2 o < — c ONONDAGA 123 alone seemed to have suffered compara- tively little from looters, all the others having been ransacked for the attractive effigy pipes, bone implements, and pot- sherds characteristic of the region. The site under consideration has not altogether lacked attention, for many fine specimens have been carried away to be lost or de- stroyed; yet, with the exception of some digging by Mr and Mrs Putnam, who kindly presented to the Museum the re- sult of their efforts, no systematic excava- tion had been done before the arrival of our party. OCCURRENCE OF ARTIFACTS The artifacts recovered from the Putnam site were found in beds of black charcoal and gray wood ashes, irregularly oval in shape and varying in length from four to forty feet. No deep beds were encoun- tered, three inches to a foot being the ex- treme and six inches the average depth. In consequence of this, the objects concealed in the earth were frequently broken or brought to the surface by plowing; hence AND MONOGRAPHS 124 IROQUOIS many have been carried away by collectors. It was only in the hillside dumps, in the pastures along the edge of the ridge over- looking the springs which are the head of Ostrander's creek, that undisturbed ash- beds were found. IMost specimens were obtained in the black charcoal layer near the surface, often among the grass roots. Not many were found in the white or red ash which invariably lay beneath. Few genuine pits, such as are a feature of Iro- quois sites elsewhere, and of New York coastal Algonkian sites, were discovered; those encountered seem to have been either natural depressions or old stump-holes filled with ashes, the lack of aboriginal objects and the decaying roots of former forest trees betraying their origin. Two pits that may have been due to human agency were found, but this is by no means certain. It is impossible to say exactly how many ash-beds occurred on the site, as some were hidden under growing crops, but probably there were as many as thirty or thirty -five. Twenty-five of these beds were carefully examined by the Museum's party, the ashes INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 125 being troweled and often screened, with gratifying results. No cemetery was discovered, although diligent search was made. It may be miles away, or the bones of the dead from this once populous village may repose in some communal grave with the erstwhile inhab- itants of several villages. A number of such ossuaries were found in the Rutland hills in former years. , Bone and Antler Objects For all ordinary small weapons and other implements, the Iroquois, whether Huron, Neutral, Seneca, Onondaga, or iMohawk, preferred bone and antler to stone; and indeed in Jefferson county, perhaps more than in any other portion of their ancient seat, they used these materials almost to the exclusion of stone. This fact has long been known to archeologists, and Beau- champ has particularly commented on it.^^ On the Algonkian sites examined by the writer in Jefferson count}^ including the pre-Iroquois camps on the Putnam farm and in adjacent fields, there is an abundance of AND MONOGRAPHS 126 IROQUOIS large, dark flint, white quartz, and jasper flakes and implements, hence it was evi- dently not beyond the power of the ancient Onondaga to procure suitable stone for knives and arrows. Yet all the notable Iro- quois collections from the county tell the same story — stone was used sparingly for artifacts. The efforts of the Museum's party and the previous digging of the Putnams on the site under discussion brought to light only four triangular points of black flint, whereas an Algonkian site of equal size would have yielded hundreds. Arrows of any kind indeed were not abundant, yet of the three hundred whole and broken implements of bone and antler recovered from the ash-beds, seventeen were pro- jectile points. Awls. — The most common implements of bone found on the Putnam site, as on most sites in the Iroquois domain, were bone awls (pi. xxi), of which seventy-seven entire specimens were found. So well known are these implements that detailed description is unnecessary. It may be mentioned, how- ever, that the awls from the Putnam ash- INDIAN NOTES LLl *^ ■^ to < o ONONDAGA 127 beds are well made and highly polished, the "sliver awls" of the New York coastal Algonkian type being almost unknown. Many were cut from large bones by longi- tudinal grooving with a stone knife (pi. XXI, a); they also sometimes exhibit the striae caused by dressing them to a point with stone scrapers. Very few have the natural joints left as handles; some are so dull as to suggest their use as punches, rather than as awls; and many were prob- ably used as forks for taking food from kettles. Occasionally the delicate, long, hollow bones of birds, or the penis-bone of the raccoon, were used as awls. One of these is illustrated in pi. xxi, b, exhibiting the characteristic curve of the bone from which it is made. Pottery Tools of Bone. — Next to bone awls, in point of number, are crude, flat, usually lanceolate bone objects, from four to six inches in length, which seem to have been used as potter's tools for shaping and smoothing the sides of vessels before firing. Of the forty-one specimens found, pi. xxii, d-i, show a fair series. Most are made of AND MONOGRAPHS 128 IROQUOIS splinters of bone worn into shape by con- stant usage; only a few seem to have been intentionally fashioned. Some have curv- ing sides, as though to adapt them to the form of the vessels on which they were used; a few bear incised decoration on their flat surfaces. The writer does not recall similar implements from other Iroquois sites, although such may occur. Arrowpoints. — As pointed out in one of the preceding paragraphs, arrowheads of bone and antler preponderate over those of stone from the Putnam site, seventeen having been found to six of black flint. Some of the bone points (pi. xxiii, h-e), which vary in length from 2 in, to 4 in., are in the shape of an elongate triangle, ground flat on one side, the other side remaining convex after the natural curve of the bone (pi. xxiii, d, e), the marrow channel being left open and somewhat cleared of its filling of cellular bone for the reception of the shaft. Some (c-e) are shghtly indented at the butt; others have a round socket and resemble some forms of points made of native copper (pi. XXIII, d). INDIAN NOTES o .o •^ Ll. ONONDAGA 129 The antler points (pi. xxiii, h, /, g, h) are primarily prongs of buckhorn, sawed off with a stone knife and hollowed at the base for attachment. They were either scraped to a slenderer girth than that of the original tine, or were fashioned into a flat-sided form approximating a diamond-shape cross- section. Such arrow-tips seem less common among the western Iroquois, who were well suppHed with tiny, triangular forms of flint, but were known to the New York coastal Algonkians. In evidence of the prevalence of flint triangles on a Seneca site, it may be said that 1187 were found at Richmond Mills, N. Y., in contrast with only six bone tips. Needles. — Needles of bone, of a narrow, lanceolate type, pointed at the ends and perforated in the middle, were found at the Putnam site, but they were uncommon, only three having been obtained. All of these were broken, as usual, at the eye, but an example from the Getman collection, prob- ably found in an ash-bed of the site at St Lawrence, N. Y., is shown in pi. xxiv, g; it resembles the modern bone snowshoe AND MONOGRAPHS 130 IROQUOIS needles of the jNIiddle Western and North- ern tribes. The use of such needles seems quite general among the Iroquois, and was known also to the tide-water Fig. 32. — Engraved bone tools from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county. (Length of a, 2| in.) Algonkians, at least during the period of Iroquois influence. Animal Teeth. — Worked teeth of mam- mals, split lengthwise and ground flat on the broken surface, were found to the num- INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 131 ber of fifteen. Of the five recovered, four were canine teeth of the black bear, and one of the beaver. Possibly they were for smoothing pottery. Fig. 33. — Engraved bone tools from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county. (Length of a, 2f in.) Engraved Objects. — Seventeen bone tools of various kinds, with flat surfaces, were found to have been engraved with various pat- terns, as shown in the representative series AND MONOGRAPHS 132 >, ■//\ /, Fig. 34. — Engraved tube from Rutland hills, Jefferson county. (Height, 1\ in.) IROQUOIS illustrated in figs. 32, ZZ, and pi. XXV. The designs vary from groups of lines, possibly intended as counts or tallies, to neatly execu- ted chevron figures, similar to those found on the local pottery. Most of the en- graved bones have had pigment of some kind, probably soot, rubbed into the incisions. Engraved bone implements other than beads, tubes, and combs, are not common outside of Mohawk-Onon- daga territory, but such are abundant in the Mu- seum's collection from Neutral sites in Canada and Cayuga sites in New York. The writer has found some objects of this class on Manhattan Island, an Algonkian area under Mohawk domination. INDIAN NOTES - t-J ONONDAGA 133 The most remarkable specimen of en- graved bone obtained by the expedition is the cylinder shown in fig. 34, which was plowed from a site in the Rutland hills. The material seems to be part of a human femur and the object measures 7| in. in length. The design consists partly of a linked diamond figure. Nothing quite similar to this remarkable artifact from Iroquois territory has yet been brought to the attention of the writer. Harpoons. — A bilateral bone harpoon, provided with three barbs, was found by Mr Putnam, who presented it to the Museum. The shank is pointed and highly poHshed, while a longitudinal slot has been grooved through the implement near the base, sug- gesting that the harpoon may have been loosely attached to a socketed shaft by means of a thong and toggle. This little implement, which is 3^ in. in length, is shown in pi. xxiv, h, while d represents a somewhat similar but double-ended ex- ample, lacking the perforation, from the St Lawrence site. No doubt such bi-pointed harpoons as this latter were fitted into a AND MONOGRAPHS 134 IROQUOIS socket in the shaft, and, if the striking end became dulled, were quickly reversed. Such implements are fairly common in Jefferson count}^, but not elsewhere within the Iroquois range. PI. XXIV, /, illustrates a bilaterally barbed harpoon from one of the sites in the Rut- land hills. Later central Iroquois har- poons, at least, tend to be unilateral, single- barbed, and are thicker and far heavier than this specimen; they are also more likely to be of antler. Among the Algon- kian tribes which inhabited the interior of New York state, bone harpoons, both bi- lateral and unilateral, were in frequent use, whereas on the seacoast, where the pres- ence of such implements in numbers would be expected, they are almost unknown. One specimen, evidently suggested by the uni- lateral single-barbed form, in use among the Iroquois, was found by the writer on Man- hattan Island. Beads. — A single bead, made of a section of hollow, cylindrical bone, sawed off at both ends and polished, was found at the Putnam sitie, but fragments of one or two INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA other beads of this kind were unearthed, and several knuckle-ends of hollow bones, sawed off in bead-making, were gathered. Generally bone beads are far more abun- dant on Iroquois sites. In prehistoric Onon- FiG. 35.— Perforated phalangeal bone, from Jefferson county. (Actu- al size.) Fig. 36. — Rubbed pha- langeal bone from Jeffer- son county. (Actual size.) daga territory disc beads of steatite seem to have been the favored kind. Jinglers. — Four phalangeal bones of deer cut off at the proximal end and perforated 135 AND MONOGRAPHS 136 IROQUOIS at the distal end as though for suspension, were gathered from the ash-beds. One of these is shown in fig. 35, and with it another phalanx rubbed flat on the opposing faces (fig. 36), taken from a site in Rutland hills, not far away. These phalangeal bones may have been units of the cup-and-pin game, but on the other hand in modern times they are used by the Iroquois as jinglers, and for this purpose vie in popu- larity with the horny part of the deer's hoof, especially for knee- and ankle-rattles. The Iroquois have always been fond of such devices, as is shown by their liking for conical metal jinglers in colonial times. The ground deer's phalanx, shown in fig. 36, is of no known use, unless it served as a die in some gambling game. While generally abundant throughout Jefferson county, no ground phalangeal bones were found at the Putnam site. Miscellaneous Objects. — A few artifacts of bone found at near-by Jefferson county sites, but for the greater part not on the Putnam farm are shown in pi. xxiv. INDIAN NOTES s ^> Ow -3 CCCC Ml li-uj a ONONDAGA 137 PL XXIV, h, i, show two broken objects of unusual types from a site in St Lawrence. Such problematical forms have occurred sparingly on Onondaga sites. Arrow-like implements, cut from flat bone, from sites in the Rutland hills, are figured in the same plate, a, c. A large, flat, needle-Hke tool, with three basal perforations, from the Putnam farm, is shown in j, while a barbed bone fishhook found by Dr Getman at St Lawrence is shown in e. This hook is one of the finest specimens of its kind known, and is figured and described by Beauchamp in his paper on "Bone Articles of the New York Aborigines."^® Although the more common, barbless form was used by the Algonkians of the interior in New York, curiously enough bone fishhooks are as lit- tle known on the coast as are the harpoons. One was found in a shell-pit at Clasons Point, New York City, by the writer.^ '^ PI. xxin, a, represents a gorget made from a circular piece cut from a human skull. This ornament, which was found by Dr Getman at St Lawrence, is highly pol- ished and possesses, even in its present AND MONOGRAPHS 138 IROQUOIS fragmentary condition, six perforations, one of which is considerably worn, perhaps by the friction of the string by which it was suspended. There are traces of a rude, incised, zigzag decoration on the smooth, convex surface, but the venation has been worn or ground away from the inner, con- cave side. No doubt such gorgets were valued war trophies. PL xxiii, i, illus- trates an unfinished example, from the Rutland hills, which has merely been shaped, not smoothed or bored. The skull gorgets are more abundant on eastern Iroquois sites than elsewhere, and are especially common in Jefferson county, though none were encountered on the Put- nam farm. They seem never to have been used by any of the Algonkians. Two hock-bones of deer, the ends show- ing wear which may have been caused by their use as fiiiit- working tools, are shown in pi. XXII, b, c. The natural shape of these bones adapts them admirably for this pur- pose, yet it should be borne in mind that nearly all bone tools were susceptible of numerous uses at the will or the necessity INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 139 of the native owner, and that our classi- fication is necessarily arbitrary. Antler Objects . — Two blunt, wedge-shape objects, made of antler tines ground at the tips, were obtained. Their use is problem- atical, unless it may have been as pottery gravers. PI. xxii, a, represents an antler prong, interesting because of three small, conical holes bored partly through one side, near the base, and j of the same plate shows a prong sharpened at the front by grinding into longitudinal facets. The tine has been whittled and split away until it is flat on one side, and a perforation has been made near the end. The form is reminis- cent of the hafting of certain gaff-hooks among t,he Copper Eskimo of today, col- lected by ]\Ir Cadzow, of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation. ^^ The implement, which is unusual in shape, is possibly a dagger or a pike-head, yet it may have served as a punch. It was found in the Rutland hills. Pike-heads made of hollowed deer-antler and fastened to a wooden shaft by means of a bone or an AND MONOGRAPHS 140 IROQUOIS antler pin, have been re- J^ ported from Seneca sites; P^t they are, however, rare. plJl Fig. 37 shows an Bitffl antler-tip hollowed out BI^H ^^^ ^ measure, perhaps B^^ffl for medicines, and per- Ri'j^l forated for suspension, f ' IH ^^^^ ^ ^^^^ '^^ ^^^ Rutland 1 H ^^^^^' Similar objects are 1 I 'M still used among the 1 fffl Central Algonkian and 1 1 H Southern Siouan tribes f • : m as medicine or powder ■ H measures. 1 IJI Summary. — A sum- 1 ■ S| mary of the types of 1 l' Hi bone and antler articles m- ^ H found at the Putnam f ' H ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ interest. 1 1 ^ The specimens include i i: : ^^p seventy-seven entire awls ^fiH^K^P of the usual types, and one Fig. 37. — Antler i^ade of the penis-bone measure, from Jeaerson £ raCCOOn; eighteen county. (Actual size.) ' ^^ decorated bone tools of INDIAN NOTES SKINNER— IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY PREHISTORIC ONONDAGA POTTERY JAR FROM THERESA. JEFFERSON COUNTY (Height, 10| in.) ONONDAGA 141 all varieties; seventeen bone or antler arrow- points; ten beads, jinglers, etc.; forty-one pottery tools; three perforated needles; fifteen worked animal teeth; one harpoon; eight miscellaneous articles; and one hun- dred and twenty broken and indeterminate objects, probably mostly awls — three hun- dred specimens in all. Of course local col- lectors have carried off numerous artifacts, and others have been broken and destroyed by plowing. Although Jefferson county is a locahty where simple combs with few teeth, of pre- historic Iroquois type, are to be expected, none were obtained at the Putnam site, nor are there any in the Museum's collection. They are not at all abundant, and indeed need scarcely be looked for in numbers from refuse-heaps and ash-beds. Pottery The pottery vessels of the Onondaga of Jefferson county have been preeminent among Iroquois earthenware. With the jars of the Oneida and the Mohawk, those of the St Lawrence in Canada and the AND MONOGRAPHS 142 IROQUOIS western \'ermont region, they form an east- ern group as compared with those of the central and western Iroquois — the Cayuga, Seneca, Erie, Neutral, Wenro, Andaste, and perhaps the Huron and the Tionontati. Typical eastern Iroquois jars from Jef- ferson county are represented in pis. xxvi, XXVII. They possess the distinctive rounded bottom, constricted neck, and heavy, over- hanging, ornamented collar. While it is not our immediate purpose to consider the sub- ject in detail, the outlines given in fig. 1, from entire specimens or fragments in the Museum's collection, will afford an idea of several leading forms. For the contrasting forms of vessels of the central and western Iroquois the reader is referred to pi. i-iv, which show outhnes of jars in the Museum's collection. The western pots are short, round, and squat, often with a narrow, notched rim, although forms approaching the eastern group are sometimes found, especially on earlier sites. In common with all Iroquois sites in the adjacent region, the Putnam farm yielded a very large number of sherds. Every ash- INDIAN NOTES SKINNER — IROQUOIS ARCHEOLOGY PL. XXVII PREHISTORIC ONONDAGA POTTERY JAR FROM THERESA. JEFFERSON COUNTY (Height. 8 in.) ONONDAGA 143 bed teemed with fragments; during the month which the Museum's party devoted to the investigation, probably as many as five bushels were unearthed. Hundreds of decorated pieces had been found and carried away by previous collectors. ]Mr Putnam himself at one time had a grain- sack full of choice rim-sherds which he gave away. Indeed, so abundant were the earthen vessels that it is apparent that the natives of this village at the Putnam site never took the pains to mend cracked vessels by boring holes at opposite sides of the frac- ture and lacing them together with thongs, a practice followed by the Algonkians everywhere in the state. At any rate, among the many thousands of sherds recov- ered, not a single bored specimen was found. It is also notable that seldom were any number of pieces of the same jar collected. Even in undisturbed ash-beds, it was the exception to find many pieces that fitted. As a typical example, of hundreds of rim- sherds found in the course of one after- AND MONOGRAPHS 144 IROQUOIS noon's digging in an untouched hillside dump, not more than a dozen could be pieced together, and these represented several different jars. This postulates an immense quantity of pottery in constant use among the inhabitants, and suggests that, after breakage, the fragments presumably lay about the lodge, being played with and in part destroyed or lost by children, and that ultimately such as remained found their way to various middens — seldom all to the same one. Whole jars are rarely found in Jefferson county. On breaking new land Mr Putnam once plowed out all the pieces of a vessel that had been abandoned, bottom up, in an ash-bed, but which still covered animal bones. This discovery aroused his interest, but, as he was unable to obtain advice or help from any local collector, the jar lay on the surface until it disintegrated. The number of receptacles represented by the thousands of sherds unearthed is im- possible to determine, but doubtless they formed parts of several hundred vessels. In color the earthenware from the Put- nam site, like all the specimens from Jef- INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 145 ferson county, ranges from bright yellowish- red to black. No sizing material was used, and the only traces of painting were some broad parallel bands of black found on a few potsherds of a single vessel. For tem- pering the clay of which the utensils were made, burnt and granulated stone was used. No examples of shell-tempering were found, and there are none in the Museum's collection from Jefferson county. Judging by the fragments, the coil process was commonly in vogue. An entire pottery jar, found in a crevice in the rock talus near the bank of Indian river, in the village of Theresa, Jefferson county, is represented in pi. xxvi. It was found by Mr Arthur Dewitt Rowland, who a short time afterward procured the vessel shown in pi. xxvii from another crevice not many yards away. The larger jar (pi. xxvi) is 10 j in. high and 8 in. in diameter at the mouth. In color it is Hght terracotta mottled with black. The outside is fabric-marked, prob- ably with a paddle wrapped with textile, but the inside is smooth and jet-black. AND MONOGRAPHS 146 IROQUOIS The tempering is fine, sharp sand. Both this specimen and that next to be mentioned were covered with a white Hme-Hke powder when discovered. The second pottery jar from Theresa is figured in pi. xxvii. It is smaller than the preceding example, being only 8 in. high and 6 in. in diameter at the mouth. Its color, general appearance, and tempering are similar to the larger vessel, but it is less symmetrically formed, though more or- nately decorated. The serrated lower angle has the spaces between the usual notches exaggerated into projecting nodes. No Iroquois site at Theresa has been re- corded, the two vessels being stray finds. Oddly enough, a third entire jar, now in possession of the New York State Museum at Albany, was found under similar circum- stances in the same village, not far away, by Mr Percy Purdy.^^ These three receptacles are the only entire large vessels of pottery from Jefferson county known at present, although the ware was never excelled by Indians of the New England or Middle Atlantic areas. Fragments of many jars of INDIAN NOTES o ^>- $ 13 O ^2 -JO < CO sec — U. ZUJ u-s u > o o:r ^ <. o3 CO CO Q QC U r CO ONONDAGA 147 similar pattern were obtained, not only from the Putnam site, but throughout the region under examination. PI. xx\7ii-xxxvi, and fig. 38, represent sherds of the rims of receptacles found on the Putnam farm. It will be observed that Fig. 38. — Rim sherd of a prehistoric Onondaga pottery- jar from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county. (Diameter, 3 J in.). the conventional human face (pi. xxvni, xxix) is commonly used as a decorative motive. The same curious conventionali- zation may be observed incised on the gor- get shown in fig. 52, a, from the same site. It is odd that in almost all such forms from AND MONOGRAPHS 148 IROQUOIS Jefferson couny, only the mouth and the eyes are indicated. PI. xxx-xxxvi show potsherds orna- mented with the ordinary chevron groups of incised lines, common on eastern Iroquois sites, and pi. xxxiv-xxxvi, show similar figures produced by pressure on the plastic clay with a roulette or a cord-wrapped stick, a technic much less common in Iro- quois than in Algonkian ware. The designs are always in angular, geometric patterns, are unlimited in variety, and, if the con- ventional faces be excepted, show no trace of symbolism. The bosses produced by pressure from within, so often found on Algonkian pottery of western New York, are absent, and the realistic human faces in relief, luted on later Iroquois jars, are not found on specimens from the Putnam site, although one is in possession of Mr William A. Moore, of New Rochelle, N. Y., which was dug by him from an ash-bed on the Colligan site, in the Rutland hills, not far away. It seems strange that the ancient Onon- daga potters were limited to conventional INDIAN NOTES o < 39 -» ONONDAGA 149 patterns for their jars, when there was apparently no Hmit, bej^ond their personal skill, to the realism applied to their terra- cotta pipes. Possibly this is due to the fact that the vessels were made by the women, and the pipes by the warriors. Among the miscellaneous pottery objects found at the Putnam site were two beads, a pipe-stem reworked as a bead, and a small, crude disc. PIPES CF POTTERY The Iroquois earthenware pipes of New York and Canada are the best known in America, and those of Jefferson county are preeminent among their kind. Made by master craftsmen, they present an almost unending variety, for, except in a few cases, the prehistoric Onondaga had not settled down to the conventionalized types which long survived among the other Iro- quois after the coming of Europeans, but allowed full play to their fancy. Geometric forms or effigies — human, mammal, bird, reptile, batrachian, and crustacean — are found, with others which in design seem to AND MONOGRAPHS 150 IROQUOIS point to purely mythological concepts. They vary in color, but tend to be light reddish-brown, sometimes mottled with black. The highly polished, black forms of the western Iroquois tribes are unknown. It was the attractiveness of these pipes which, beyond all else, made collecting so alluring to curiosity seekers, and that led to the ransacking and looting of almost every Iro- quois site in Jefferson county as soon as it was discovered. Numerous as these pipes once were, they have been so eagerly sought that they are now among the rarest of all articles in the region. Found only in ash- beds, and not in graves (for the Iroquois occupancy of Jefferson county antedates the period of sepulchral deposits among that people), the pipes obtained are nearly always fragmentary. Those in the collec- tions seen by the writer have, with few ex- ceptions, been more or less ''restored" by the finders, and the accuracy of the work may sometimes be questioned. In accordance with expectations, the Putnam site yielded many earthenware pipes, one hundred and ninety-one whole INDIAN NOTES 3 Q. o cr H>- Uo Qco OC Ouj ixl Li. COL. — Ul I" DC z> q: ONONDAGA 151 and fragmentary specimens in all. Of the total number, sixty-six fragments are in- significant, but there are forty-seven bowls and fifty-eight stems, mostly of the com- mon undecorated trumpet form. Sixteen fragments are ornamented, or are parts of effigy pipes. Only four specimens were virtually entire. A selection of these pipes is shown in pi. xxxvii, of which most of a plain, mottled, brown, trumpet pipe is rep- resented in d, the bowl of which was found by Mr Putnam and the stem later discov- ered by one of the Museum party. The type is the most common conventional form from Jefferson county, and is probably Pan- Iroquoian, for the writer has found portions of similar pipes in Cayuga county, and a variant on an Andaste site at Athens, Pa. A pipe of unusual form is presented in pi. XXXVII, /, and fig. 39, a, an elaborate ornamented variant of the trumpet t}'pe, with a suggestion of the kind in which the bowl is made in imitation of a pottery jar. The former clay stem, in one piece with the bowl, has been broken off, but so highly did the aboriginal owner AND MONOGRAPHS 152 IROQUOIS prize the latter, that he smoothed the broken end, plugged the original hole, and bored another and larger one to receive a stem of reed. It may be noted that about Fig. 39. — a. Trumpet pipe-bowl; h, Bowl showing shield bearing three faces; from Putnam site, Black River, Jeffer- son county. (Height of a, 4 in.) half the rim had been broken off, and was missing when the bowl was found, to be dis- covered later, nearly ten feet away, in an INDIAN NOTES o q: u. Oh- '-'a> OLD i> COO u X <0 < < o z o z o ONONDAGA 153 ash-filled crevice under a bowlder, where it had been washed. The ornamentation of this specimen consists of a border of incised, vertical bars around the rim, interspersed with short, stamped, horizontal lines which seem to have been pressed in the clay while still soft, by means of a bone or a wooden tool. The under-edge of the rim is notched, and the upper edge has four peaks, both of which features are characteristic of the pot- tery jars of the Iroquois. The narrow neck below the rim, or collar, is plain, but there is an expanded girth beautified by a border, nearly an inch and a half in depth, of some- what oblique vertical Hnes pressed in the clay alternating with the same kind of short horizontal dashes as on the rim. The upper design of this border consists of two encirchng lines surmounted by a row of punctate dots. The lower edge has the same figure, but with only one encirchng line. On the left side of the bowl a deep slot, three-quarters of an inch long, breaks the design. Its reason is not obvious, but the feature is one common to Iroquois pipes. In some cases, though not in this instance, AND MONOGRAPHS 154 IROQUOIS these slots may have been meant to receive an inlay. The pipe is four inches high. A small pipe, found and presented by Mr Putnam, is represented in fig. 39, b. The design is that of a shield, facing the smoker, in outline roughly like an inverted truncated cone. The shield bears three human faces cut in relief, their heads surmounted by conventional figures possibly representing plumed head-dresses. The clay stem was broken in two by the native owner and re-bored to receive a tube of wood or of reed. The back of the bowl bears two zones of incised chevron patterns, scratched in deli- cate lines. There is a similar specimen (fig. 20) in the Museum collection which came from the vicinity of Montezuma, Cayuga county. Another and larger specimen, slightly restored, is in the collection of Mr C. P. Oatman, of Liverpool, N. Y. It was found in Jefferson county, in the Rutland hills, and shows three faces, including head- dresses. Fig. 40 represents a bowl broken from a very small ornamented pipe which bears INDIAN NOTES o fr u. cco oo GO CO DOC UJLU cofJ- — u. ?^ 0)0 < CO -I QOQ IT Ul r CO ONONDAGA 155 incised decoration with the three circular dots so often employed to symbolize the human face on jars. These are also re- versed in some of the panels on this speci- men. The pipe was found in a deep ash- bed, part of a hill-side dump, near the edge of Ostrander's creek on the Putnam farm. A trumpet-shaped pipe from the Getman collection, probably from St Lawrence vil- lage, is figured in pi. xxxvn, c. It differs from most specimens in that the mouth- piece is contracted and narrow. Fig. 40.— SmaU pipe from A fraamprif- of tVip Putnam site, Black River, A iragment OI tne jegerson county. (Actual bowl of an angular pipe ^'^^-^ bearing incised decoration, found by the writer in an ash-bed on the St Lawrence site, is shown in fig. 41 ; and fig. 42 illustrates a pipe-bowl of clay encircled by a series of raised, ring-like ornaments, from the Colli- gan farm site in the Rutland hills. Fig. 43-47, representing specimens from the Putnam site or its vicinity, show typical AND MONOGRAPHS 156 IROQUOIS Jefferson county Iroquois pipe-bowls of ordinary styles. Fig. 48 indicates a broken pipe-bowl of anomalous form, found by Dr Blackie in an ash-bed on the Putnam farm site. It is in such fragmentary condition that its former Fig. 41. — Fragment of an angular pipe-bowl from St Lawrence site, Jefiferson county. (Actual size.) appearance cannot be determined, except that it was rather profusely decorated with incised chevron and herring-bone patterns. Possibly this pipe was merely a clay bowl furnished with a separate reed stem. INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 157 Stonework Stone being little used by the early Onon- daga, few artifacts of this material came to light at the Putnam site. Several flint Fig. 42. — Ring bowl pipe from CoUigan site, Rutland hills, Jefferson county. (Actual size.) arrowheads of the common Pan-Iroquoian triangular form were, however, found, and one notched point of the same material. AND MONOGRAPHS 158 IROQUOIS The latter was probably intrusive, as it is of a type not made nor used by the early Iroquois people, and came perhaps from some roving band of Algonkian hunters, the site of one of whose camps, known by its stemmed arrowheads, is only a short dis- tance away. Not a single stone mortar was obtained, although several mul- lers were found, as well as some pitted hammers. Of celts, the only axe of the Iro- quois, a number were collected and others Fig. 43. — Fragment of a i i ■» «- terracotta pipe from Put- wcrc reported by 'Mr nam site, Black River, -n <. a ii r Jefferson county. (Actual rutnam. Ail are Of ^^^•^ a hard black stone susceptible of taking a good polish and a keen edge, and as usual on Iroquois sites, a considerable variation in size w^as observed among them. Pipes. — Pipes of stone were by no means so common as were those of clay, but a per- fect example of polished black steatite found INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 159 not far away, near Black River village, is shown in pi. xxxvii, b. Although its shape approaches some of the clay forms of which certain writers have doubted the manufac- ture before the advent of metal tools,' this Fig. 44. — Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Jefferson county. (Actual size.) is undoubtedly a prehistoric pipe. The maker must have experiencd no Httle diffi- culty in boring the stem by primitive means. An unfinished specimen of simi- AND MONOGRAPHS 160 IROQUOIS A lar appearance, which came likewise from the Putnam site, is shown in pi. xxxvii, a. In this example the perforation has barely been commenced, apparentl)^ with a stone drill. PL xxxvn, g, and fig. 49 illustrate a similar, but diminutive, pipe from St Fig. 45. — Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Jefferson county. (Actual size.) Lawrence. These tiny pipes, both in clay and in stone, are not infrequent elsewhere in the Iroquois territory, but are a special feature of Onondaga archeology. An interesting effigy-bowl pipe is repre- sented in fig. 50, collected in northern New INDIAN NOTES < a^ So UJ 20 Li. <^ qq: uu «> oE Oiij Q OC UJ I CO ONONDAGA 161 York, probably in Jefferson county, and presented by Harmon W. Hendricks, Esq., a trustee of the Museum. The material is a dark, mottled steatite, well polished, and the bowl formerly possessed a stone stem, which was broken. This fracture was Fig. 46. — Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Rutland hills, JefEerson county. (Actual size.) ground down by its native owner, who later re-bored the bowl to receive a reed mouth- piece. It has a perforation also in the base for the attachment of a thong. The carved head, which faced away from the smoker, an unusual feature, may have been intended to AND MONOGRAPHS 162 IROQUOIS represent an old and ferocious snapping- turtle {Chelydra serpentina) with open jaws. Pipes of this type, while rare, are more commonly seen west of the Mohawk-Onon- daga country. A remarkable pipe, carved of Huronian slate, representing a long-tailed animal Fig. 47. — Fragments of terracotta pipes from Jefferson county. (Diameters, 2 in., If in.) curled up in the act of climbing its own caudal appendage, has been found on Dry hill, near Watertown, in Jefferson county. This t3^e is rather widely spread among the Iroquois of the western group. Beads. — Twenty-five stone beads were found in the ash-beds. In fig. 51, a, b, will INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 163 be seen two ordinary discoidal beads of polished steatite. Fig. 51, c, represents an unusual specimen which seems to be part of the stem of a soapstone pipe, deeply scored in several places in the process of cutting it into sections intended to serve as beads. Fig. 48. — Fragment of a terracotta pipe from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county, (f.) Soapstone beads, with crinoids, small nat- urally perforated concretions, and shell disc-beads, examples of all of which were found at the Putnam site, seem to have been preferred by the Jefferson county AND MONOGRAPHS 164 IROQUOIS Onondaga to the bone beads elsew.here held in such high esteem among the Iroquois. Effigy Gorgets. — Among the specimens presented by Mr Putnam are two broken efhgy gorgets, of which fig. 52, a, represents the larger and better-made example. It is of purplish-red shale, and seems to have Fig. 49. — Stone pipe from Jefferson county. (Actual size.) been oval in shape, with a central perfora- tion, across which it was broken. On both sides are conventional human faces enclosed in a figure composed of double horseshoe- shape lines. The cutting is deep and seems to have been done with a stone tool. The faces, which are typically Iroquois in de- INDIAN NOTES o ir Lu o>- §" U2 QO Lu tij Q-Ll 2> O X CO CO Q < < Q O O ONONDAGA 165 sign, are similar to those found on the angles of local pottery jars. The eyes and the mouth are indicated, but as usual no attempt has been made to portray the nose. In its broken condition the specimen meas- ures two inches in height. Fig. 52, b, represents a small, flat pebble, perforated at the upper end for suspension. A face is rudely scratched on one side; eyebrows, eyes, and nose or bill are indi- cated, but it is impossible to say whether the portrait is intended to be that of a hu- man being or of an owl. Summary. — A recapitulation of the stone articles gathered at the Putnam site shows that of the sixty- three specimens found, thirteen are small, entire steatite beads, and seven, also beads, broken in process of manufacture, of the same material, making twenty in all. To these should be added five beads made of crinoids or of naturally perforated stones. An elongate pebble, perforated and drilled at one end, which seems to have seen service as a whetstone, was unearthed. Thirteen celts, two gorgets, seven flint arrowpoints, of which one only AND MONOGRAPHS 166 IROQUOIS was stemmed, the rest being triangular, were obtained. Seven hammerstones and mullers, but no mortars were found. Six Fig. 50. — Stone pipe-bowl from Jefferson county. (Actual size.) flint scrapers, five whetstones, and three stone pipes also came from the site. INDIAN NOTES < z H D Q. o a: u. 2 o>- o o CO Qqc UJlxl Q-u. ^^ O^ co< CoQD Q QC UJ X CO ONONDAGA 167 Foodstuff In the ash-beds on the Putnam site were found beans, corn, squash-seeds, hickory- nuts, butternuts, and pits of the wild plum. The use of tobacco may be inferred from the numerous pipes and pipe fragments recov- ered. A list of the animals used as food, so far as it has been possible to identify them Fig. 51. — Beads in process of making, from Putnam site, Black River, Jefferson county. (Actual size.) from bones and fragments found, was pre- pared through the kindness of Captain H. E. Anthony, of the American Museum of Natural History. Animals Used as Food Virginia deer, Odocoileus virginianus, Elk, Cerviis canadensis American bison, Bison americanus AND MONOGRAPHS 168 IROQUOIS Black bear, Porcupine Raccoon, Marten, Otter, Woodchuck, Muskrat, Beaver, Skunk, Weasel, Dog, Pig (domestic). Ursus americanus Erethizon dorsatum Procyon lotor Mustela americana Lutra canadensis Marmota monax Ondatra zibethica Castor canadensis Mephitis htidsonius Mustela novaboracensis Canis familiaris Sus scrofa domes tica The only remarkable species discovered were the bison, rare so far north and east, and the domestic pig. The bones of the latter were found by the writer in the ash- beds, but as nearly all of these had been plowed, it is possible that the bones could have found their way there in recent times. As stated elsewhere in this article, no other traces of contact with Caucasians have been noted at this site, nor indeed^ at most of the neighboring sites. If the bones were deposited in the refuse-heaps in Indian times, an interesting course of speculation is open. In a letter to the writer, Mr S. C. Bishop, of the New York State Museum, states that, INDIAN NOTES cc o u. u cr cc S^ Olj 0-5 LiJ OCT u Q> u — D-OC Oc/J < I- ONONDAGA 169 although the bison bones are not of a fossil character, they are of interest because they give evidence of a former wide distribution of the species in New York. As the toe- bones and the teeth have not been worked and show no signs of having been used in Fig. 52. — Gorgets, with human faces incised thereon, from Putnam site, Black River, Jefiferson county. (Height of a, 2^a in-) any way as implements, it seems evident that they were from an animal killed in the vicinity and probably used as food. Early records of settlers in Onondaga county show that large herds of bison vis- ited the salt-licks near Syracuse, and a AND MONOGRAPHS 170 IROQUOIS sufficient number of bones have been found near the place to justify the behef that the records are true. Beau champ has also com- mented on buffalo-bones from Jefferson county. Summary The artifacts found at the Putnam site number three hundred bone implements, several thousand potsherds, one hundred and ninety-one clay pipes, sixty-three stone articles (of which twenty-five, or more than one-third, are beads); five ob- jects of shell, and none of native copper. Accepting this site as typical of the Iro- quois region, Jefferson county, we have a fair cultural index for comparison with other Iroquois and Algonkian remains of the same prehistoric period in New York state. There can be no doubt that for the Algon- kians a similar numerical analysis of arti- facts would show an equal plurality of stone objects over those of bone, a paucity of clay, and the presence, possibly, of native copper, steatite bowls, worked mica, and, of course, the polished slates — the tubes, ham- INDIAN NOTES ONONDAGA 171 merstones, two-holed gorgets, and bird- stones would be noted. The material cul- ture of the early Iroquois of New York was, roughly speaking, a culture of bone and of clay that emphasized the pipe of terra- cotta in particular. The Algonkian cul- ture was one which developed the working of stone. AND MONOGRAPHS 172 IV.— CONCLUSION THE remains found on the sites of the villages and in the cemeteries of the Cayuga show that this people conformed with all the Pan-Iroquoian traits as given in the intro- ductory part of this paper, and that, as might be expected from their geographic position during prehistoric times, their cul- ture possessed many features in common with that of the eastern or Mohawk- Onondaga, although strongly marked by western features of the central subgroup. Early resemblances to the eastern group were particularly noticeable in the light- reddish pipes and pottery, and in the numer- ical paucity of chipped-stone implements. At a later period, during the contact of the Cayuga with white colonists from France and England, and before the aban- donment of their ancient seats, western Iro- quois influences became pronounced, and INDIAN NOTES o I- _ CO O < -; ^ 2 o w O 'S < w □c S DC CONCLUSION 173 the types of pottery, pipes, and other arti- facts found on sites of this epoch partake pronouncedly of Seneca-Neutral and even of Huron characteristics. Among these traits are jet-black, poHshed pipes of clay and round, squat, pottery jars. The use of chipped stone was also slightly extended. In addition to these influences, it is highly probable that the Andaste or Sus- quehanna river Iroquois also made a cul- tural impression on the Cayuga, for it was by captives from this people that many of the Cayuga villages were largely increased. Unfortunately, Andaste archeology is little known, but some Cayuga pottery is remi- niscent of that from the Susquehanna valley. The culture of the prehistoric Onondaga has already been dealt with at some length in our Introduction. Suffice it to say that the Putnam site herein described fulfills every detail, save two, as a typical village of that people. The two requirements lacking are: situation on a hilltop, and for- tification by log or earthen walls, or both. The site has yielded the characteristic eastern Iroquois pottery of extreme de- AND MONOGRAPHS 174 IROQUOIS velopment in great abundance and variety; numerous handsomely made bone and antler artifacts; quantities of clay pipes of beauti- ful technic and design; showed the custom- ary lack of chipped-flint articles, and pos- sessed the usual celts, beads, and crude stone utensils. There is no indication that outside influ- ences of any kind were at work on the an- cient culture of the Onondaga, or that there was notable internal change in their ma- terial life during the period of the native occupancy of Jefferson county, except for the normal development of a few art mo- tives such as the addition of modeled human faces luted on the rims of the pottery jars, apparently an outgrowth of the early con- ventional line-and-dot faces. It may be added, however, that an ex- amination of collections from Onondaga sites of late prehistoric times to the colonial period, situated in and near Syracuse, shows a rapid growth of western Iroquois influence as the colonial period advanced; so that those sites, dating from the Jesuit epoch on, are notable for the abundance of artifacts INDIAN NOTES CONCLUSION 175 typical of the Niagara frontier and of lower Canada. Especially is this true with re- gard to the forms of pipes, which show a less ancient character, and were perhaps ultimately crowded out, in form and technic, by the black clay pipes of western Iroquois design. This, of course, is accounted for by the large numbers of Huron and Neutral captives colonized by all the tribes of the Five Nations after their triumphant western campaigns. - AND MONOGRAPHS 176 IROQUOIS BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES 1. Beauchamp, W. M. Articles in Bulletin of the New York State Museum, nos. 16, 18, 22, 32, 41, 50, 55, 73, 78, 87, 89, 108, Albany, 1897-1907. 2. Boyle, David. Annual ArchcEological Re- ports of the Provincial Miiseum, Toronto, 1892-1910. 3. Parker, A. C. An Erie Indian Village and Burial Site, Bulletin 117, New York State Museum, Albany, 1907. 4. Houghton, Frederick W. (a) The In- dian Occupancy of the Niagara Frontier, Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, vol. rx, no. 3, Buffalo, 1909. (b) The Seneca Nation from 1655 to 1687, ibid., vol. x, no. 2, 1912 5. Parker, A. C. Origin of the Iroquois as Suggested by their Archeology, American Anthropologist, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 479, Lan- caster, Pa., Oct.-Dec, 1916. 6. Houghton, Frederick W. The Charac- teristics of Iroquoian Village Sites of Western New York, ibid., p. 508. 7. Parker, Origin of the Iroquois, op. cit., p. 497. 8. Parker, A. C. (a) A Prehistoric Iroquoian Site. Researches attd Transactions of the New York State Archeological Association, vol. I, no. 1, Rochester, 1918. INDIAN NOTES NOTES (b) A Contact Period Seneca Site, ibid., no. 2, 1919. 9. Dawson, Sir J, W. Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives, London, 1888. 10. Laidlaw, Coi. Geo. E. Ontario Effigy Pipes in Stone, 2d Paper, Annual Archceo- logical Report, Provincial Museum, p. 37, Toronto, 1913. 11. Holmes, W. H. Aboriginal Pottery of Eastern United States, Tiventieth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Eth- nology, Washington, 1903. 12. Squier, E. G. Antiquities of the State of New York, p. 88, Buffalo, 1851. 13. Beauchamp, W. M. Aboriginal Occupa- tion of New York, Bulletin 32, Neio York State Museum, p. 39, Albany, 1900. 14. London Documents III, cpoted b}'^ E. B. O'Callaghan, Documentary History of New York, vol. I, p. 12. 15. Beauchamp, op. cit., p. 39. 16. Beauchamp in Bulletin 50, New York State Museum, Albany, 1902. 17. Ibid., p. 273. 18. Ibid., p. 284. 19. Parker, A Prehistoric Iroquoian Site, op. cit., p. 25. 20. ]\IuRRAY, Louise Welles. Old Tioga Point and Earlv Athens, p. 201, Athens, Pa., 1908. 21. Beauchamp in Bulletin 50, op. cit., p. 288. 22. Heye and Pepper. Exploration of a Mun- see Cemetery near ]\Iontague, New Jer- sey, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. II, no. 1, New York, 1915. 177 AND MONOGRAPHS 178 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. IROQUOIS 23. Beauchamp in Bulletin 50, New York State Museum, p. 285, fig. 180. 24. Idem., p. 286, fig. 192. 25. Idem., p. 286, fig. 197. 26. Beauchamp in Bulletin 22, New York State Museum, p. 103, fig. 92, Albany, 1898. 27. Idem., p. 116, fig. 140 28. Idem., p. 122, fig. 174. 29. Idem., p. 122, fig. 176. 30. Parker, Origin of the Iroquois, op. cit., p. 39. Heye and Pepper, op. cit., p. 30 et seq. Squeer, op. cit., p. 16. Hough, Franklin B. History of Jefferson County in the State of New York, Water- town, N. Y., 1854. Beauchamp in Bulletin 32, New York State Mtiseum, p. 73. Beauchamp, in Bulletin 50, op. cit., p. 252. Beauchamp, ibid., p. 310, fig. 222. Skinner, Alanson. Snakapins, a Siwanoy Site at Clasons Point, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, vol. v, no. 4, part ii, p. 94, pi. X, d, New York, 1919. Cadzow, Donald A. Native Copper Objects of the Copper Eskimo, Indian Notes and Monographs, pi. i. New York, i9:o. Annual Report of the Director of the New York State Museum, 1914, p. 68. INDIAN NOTES INDEX Adams, W. IF., antler chipping tool found by, 82; artifacts found by, at Scipioville, 52; bone artifacts recorded by, 69; bone combs found by, 79-82; graves excavated by, 50-51; pot- tery vessels found by, 86-87; trumpet pipe found by, 95; wampum beads found by, 114; wolf-head pipe found by, 92 Albany, Albany county, New York State Mu- seum in, 146 Algonkian:: antler measures among, 140; antler points of, 129; artifacts at Cato, 47; artifacts at Great Gully, 56; bone comb on site of, 78; bone fishhooks of, 137; bone harpoons of, 134; bone needles of, 129-130; bonework com- pared with Cayuga, 69; colonies of, among Five Nations, 22-24; condition of bone arti- facts of, 84-85; culture of, compared with Iroquois, 170-171; in Cayuga county, 37-40, 42, 85; Manhattan island belonging to, 132; mending of pottery by, 143; notched arrow- points of, 19, 23, 41, 47, 121-122, 157-158, 165-166; notched knives of, 56; on Putnam site, 121; pipes in Cayuga county, 92; sites of, lowland, 46-47; sliver awls of, 127; stone artifacts of, 40-41, 125-126 American Museum of Natural History, Capt. H. E. Anthonv of, 167; Douglass collection in, 52, 92 179 AND MONOGRAPHS 180 IROQUOIS Amidon, R. W., collection of, 85 Anndets of slate, absence of, on sites, 19. See Charms Andaste, along Susquehanna, 18,31; bone combs of, 78; colonies of, among Cayuga, 54-55; in- fluence of, on Cayuga, 173; pottery jars of, 142; stone artifacts of, 18; stone disc of, 104; trumpet pipe of, from Athens, Pa., 151 Angular, collar of jar, 33, 44; patterns on pot- tery, 148 Animals: effigies, in terracotta, 46; on combs, 51, 53, 62, 78-80; on pipes, 29, 51-53, 90-92, 99-101, 149, 161-162; figurine of earthenware, 89; used as food by Onondaga, 167-170; worked teeth of, 130, 141 Anthonv, H. F.., list of food animals prepared by, 167-170 Antiquities of the State of Neiv York, Squier, author, 44-45 Antlerwork, abundance of, 17; Cayuga artifacts of, 43-44, 82-85; Onondaga development of, 29, 118-119; of Putnam site, 174. See Bone- work Archeologv of New York state, authorities on, 16 Argillite, Andaste artifacts of, 18 Arrowpoints, antler or bone, 29, 126, 128, 141; brass, 51, 68; flint, 44, 46, 68, 103, 126; material of Andaste, 18; notched or Algon- kian, 19,23,41,47, 121-122, 157-158, 165-166; shape of Pan-Iroquoian, triangular, 17, 29, 157; trade, from Cayuga sites, 116-117 Ash-beds, artifacts in, 29, 43, 46-47, 51; bone artifacts in, 70, 72, 82-85, 141; bone awls in, 127, 141; bone jinglers in, 136; bone needles INDIAN NOTES INDEX in, 129; Cayuga pipes in, 89-90, 95; evidence of, as to food, 167-170; luted pottery in, 148; of Onondaga village site, 121-125; potsherds in, 87, 142-144; pottery gravers in, 105; stone beads in, 162-163; stone ornaments in, 112- 113; terracotta pipes in, 89, 150, 155-156 Ashes, artifacts in, at Locke, 43; blown by false- face, 34; in cemetery at Great Gully, 61; in fireplace at Great Gully, 66; preservation of bone artifacts by, 84-85 Ash-pit on Erie site, 75 Athens, Pennsylvania, Andaste: bone comb at, 78; grave at, 104; jars at, 54-55; trumpet pipe from, 151 Auburn, Cayuga county, collection of E. H. Gohl in, 109; Mr Emmanuel Cramer of, 46; Mr Hugh Cadzow of, 40; site of Colonial period near, 49 Aurora, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 42; earthenware figurine from, 89; fort at, 45-46; net-sinker from, 104; pottery from, 87; stone beads from, 113 Awls, bone: on Cayuga sites, 43, 46, 47, 70; on Onondaga sites, 29, 126-127, 140-141; Pan- Iroquoian, 20 Axe, iron, in burial, 60; axes from Scipioville, 53. See Celts Bands painted on pottery, 145 Bannerstones, Algonkian, 19, 40-41 Barbed harpoon, bone, from St Lawrence, 133 Bark, covering of, in grave at Great Gully, 63 Barrel-shaped beads in burial at Great Gully, 59 Bars as border on pipe, 153 181 AND MONOGRAPHS 182 IROQUOIS Bayonet slate, absence of, on sites, 19 Beaded or crinolated rim in pottery, 2>3 Beads, abundance of, on sites, 19; bone, on Cayuga sites, 14r-11; bone, on Onondaga sites, 29, 134-135, 141; catlinite, on Cayuga sites, 52, 60, 110-112; copper, on Onondaga sites, 19, 29-30; glass, on Cayuga sites, 51, 68, 116; on Cayuga sites, 49, 53; pipe-stem reworked into, 149; shell, on Cayuga site, 63-64, 68, 115-116; shell, on Onondaga sites, 163-164; stone, on Cayuga sites, 46, 113; stone, on Onondaga sites, 28, 135, 162-163, 165, 174 Bear, artifact from bone of, 71-72; black, as food, 168; effigy of, on comb, 53; effig>'-head of, on pipes, 25, 51, 91, 100-101; pendant of tooth of, 74; tool made from tooth of, 131. See Black bear Beauchamp, W. M ., acknowledgment to, 120; author of: Bone Articles of New York Abor- igines, 137; Wampum and Shell Articles, 113; bone artifacts recorded by, 69; on artifacts made from femur, 73-74; on bone combs, 77- 79, 82; on bone implements, 125; on buffalo- bones in Jefferson county, 170; on Cayuga jar, 86; on Great Gully site, 56; on sites near Fleming, 49-50; studies of New York Iro- quois by, 16 Beaver as food, 168; tool made from tooth of, 131 Belts of wampum in grave, 60, 114 Big Salmon creek, Cayuga county, Cayuga sites on, 53 Bilateral harpoons in Jefferson county, 133-134 Birds, bones of, as awls, 127; bones of, as beads, 74-77; effigies of, 25, 33, 34, 51-52, 80-82, 91, 100-101, 114 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Bird-stones indicative of Algonkian culture, 171 Bishop, S. C, on bison in New York state, 168- 169 Bison, American, evidence of, as food, 167-170 Black, bands on pottery, 145; pottery of Onon- daga, 144-145; terracotta pipes of Western origin, 34-35, 51, 89, 100, 150, 172-173, 175. See Pigment Black hear as food, 168. S"ee Bear Blackie, W. R., assistance by, 119-120 Blackie, W. R., Jr, assistance by, 119-120 Black River village, Onondaga site in, 121-125. See Putnam site Blanket covering skeleton, 57 Blowing false-face, absent from Cayuga pipes, 92-94; on pipes, 34, 106 Bodkins of bone, Pan-Iroquoian, 29 Bone Articles of New York Aborigines, Beau- champ, author, 137 Bone, awls, 20, 29, 43, 46, 47, 70, 126, 127, 140- 141; beads.. 19, 29, 74-77, 134-135, 141, 163- 164; combs, 29,51,53,62, 77-82, 132, 141; fishhooks, 43, 72, 137; handle to knife, 64; human, artifacts of, 62, 72-74, 77, 133, 137- 138; jinglers, 43, 47; needles, 29, 129-130, 141 ; phalangeal, 70-71, 135-136, 141; tools, 127- 128, 131-132, 153; trinket with burial, 65; tubes, 59, 65, 74-77, 132 Bonework, abundance of, 17; comparative excel- lence of, 69; of Cayuga, 69-85; of Onondaga, 29, 118-119, 125-139, 174; Pan-Iroquoian, 20, 170-171 Bow in burial at Great Gully, 59 Bowlder in burial at Great Gully, 61 183 AND MONOGRAPHS 184 IROQUOIS Bowls, steatite, indicative of Algonkian culture, 170. See Vessels Box-turtle, perforated shell of, from Locke, 43, 72 Bo vie, David, studies of Canadian Iroquois by, i6 Brass, artifacts from Cayuga sites: (general) 116- 117; arrowpoints, 51, 68; ferules, 63; jinglers, 68; kettles, 44, 53, 57, 63, 66-68; mouth- piece of Cayuga pipes, 92; needle, 66; scraps, 59; traces of, in burial, 65. See Copper Bronze rings of Jesuit origin, 48 Buffalo, see Bison Bullet-molds from Cayuga sites, 59, 77, 116 Buftdle burials at Great Gully, 59-60, 65 Burial-grounds, see Cemeteries Burials, artifacts in, 37-38, 50-55, 59-68; bead articles in, 113-116; bullet-molds in, 59, 77; gun-flints in, 104; scarcity of pipes in, 89-90, 150; scarcity of pottery in, 85-87; trade arti- cles in, 116-117. See Cemeteries, Flexed bur- ials. Graves, Skeletons Burning Spring, Cataraugus county, Seneca pot- tery from, 88 Burnt stones, in cemetery at Great Gully, 61; used to temper pottery, 145 But I emu Is, evidence of, as food, 167 Caches, at Great Gully, 45; at Locke, 43; of net-sinkers at Cato, 47. See Pits Cadzow, Donald A., assistance by, 40, 46, 52; Eskimo gaff-hooks collected by, 139 Cadzow, Hugh, acknowledgment to, 40 Ca/f/«w, Jefferson county, Onondaga site in, 122 Camp, Algonkian, on Putnam site, 121, 158 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Canada, artifacts typical of, on Onondaga sites, 174-175; Cayuga sites in, 109; culture of, compared with Iroquois, 15; effigy pipes in, 29; engraved bone implements in, 132; forti- fication of hilltops in, 17; Iroquois of, 16; Iroquois pipes of, 149; pottery jars of, 141. See Ontario Canis familiar is as food, 168 Captives, see Colonies Cartier, Jacques, Onondaga site of Hochelaga discovered by, 25 Carving, of antler, 83; of bone, 29, 51, 53, 62, 69, 75-82, 131-132, 140; of shell, 114-116; of stone ornaments, 52, 109-113; of stone pipes, 106-109. See Bonework, Engraving, Etching, Stonework, Woodwork Castor canadensis as food, 168 Cataraugiis county, Seneca pottery from, 88 Catlinite, carved beads of, on Cayuga sites, 52, 60, 110-112 Cato, Cayuga county, Algonkian and Iroquois sites at, 46-47; Cayuga site at, 42; net-sinker from, 104; pottery from, 87, 89 Caucasians, see Colonial period Cayuga, Andaste colonies among, 54-55; arche- ology of, 37-117; bonework of, 69-85, 132; boundaries of, 30-31; culture, extraneous in- fluences on, 172-173; date of invasion by, 41- 42; Jesuit sites among, 35, 53-54, 116; pottery jars of, 142; pottery of, 85-89; shell ornaments of, 113-116; stone age of, 54; stone ornaments of, 109-113; stone pipes of, 105-109; stone- work of, 103-113; terracotta pipes of, 89-103 Cayuga, Cayuga county, ]\Ir George Nichols of, 101-102, 108 185 AND MONOGRAPHS 186 IROQUOIS Cayuga county, Algonkian pipes in, 92; classifi- cation of sites in, 38-39; effigy pipe from, 154 Cayuga lake, see Lake Cayuga Celts, from Cayuga sites, 105; from Great Gully, 66-68; from Locke, 44; on Onondaga sites, 28-29, 158, 165, 174; Pan-Iroquoian, 20 Cemeteries, at Great Gully, 57-68, 73; despoiled, 37-38; of stone age, 54; value of scientific exca- vation of, 55. See Burials, Flexed burials. Graves Cemetery, communal, 125; Munsee, at Montague, N. J., 113; near Fleming, 49; near Romney, West Virginia, 2>2 Centers of population, 20-24 Cervus canadensis as food, 167 Cesspool, colonial, at Great Gully, 66 Charcoal, in burial at Great Gully, 61; Onon- daga artifacts found in, 123-124 Charms, of stone, Cayuga, 109-113; worked human femurs as, 73-74 Chaumont, Jefferson county, collection of R. W. Amidon in, 85 Chelydra serpentina, effigy of, on pipe, 162 Cherokee, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 16 Chesapeake hay bounding Western group, 30 Chevron figures, ornamenting bonework, 75, 80, 132; on pipes, 154, 156; on pottery, 148 Children, burials of, 58, 60, 63-64; sherds used as playthings by, 144. See Infants China, bits of, in burial at Great Gully, 59, 66; dishes from Cayuga sites, 116 Chipped stonework: antler tools for, 82; flints, 20, 29, 59; implements, 103-104; scarcity of, 17-20, 118-119, 172-174 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Circles decorating pottery, 27 Circumvallations on hilltops, 17. See Earthen walls Clark, J. V. H., on Cayuga village at Old Town, 50; on Great Gully site, 56 Clasons point, New York county, bone fishhook at, 137 Classification, of Cayuga pottery, 87-89; of cen- ters of population, 20-24; of Pan-Iroquoian culture, 16-19; of sites, 38-39 Clay, tempering of: with burnt stone, 145; with sand, 102, 146; untempered pipe of, 95. See Terracotta Coil process used in Onondaga pottery, 145 Collar of jars, 26-27, ZZ, 44, 88-89, 142 Collection: Amidon, 85; Douglass, 52, 92; Get- man, 129, 137, 155; Gohl, 109; Lewis, 79, 92, 107, 117; Museum of American Indian, Heye Foundation, 20-21, 25, 38, 40, 51-52, 67, 77, 78, 80, 95-117, 123, 126-166, 170: Oatman, C. P., 34, 154; Oatman, H. J., 29; Putnam, 120; Young, 68 Colligan site, Jefferson county, luted pottery from, 148; terracotta pipe from, 155 Colonial period, artifacts of, on sites, 28, 56, 66, 116-117, 119; Cayuga mortuary offer- ings dating from, 85-86; Cayuga pipes of, 89, 106; Cayuga sites of, 41, 48; Indian vil- lages of, 48-49; influence of, on artifacts, 172- 175; metal jinglers of, 136; records of: as to bison, 169-170; as to Five Nations, 23. See Brass, Glass, Iron, Jesuit period Colonies, among Five Nations, 22-24, 175; of x\ndaste among Cayuga, 54—55, 173 187 AND MONOGRAPHS 188 IROQUOIS Color, of Onondaga pottery, 27, 144—145; of terracotta pipes, 89, 95, 97-101, 150; of West- ern versus Eastern pottery, 33-35, 172 Combs, bone, 29, 77-82, 132, 141; carved: with bears, 53; with panthers, 62, 79-80; with par- tridges, 51, 80 Concretions, beads of, 46, 113, 163 Condition of Cayuga bone artifacts, 84 Conestoga, along Susquehanna, 31; bone combs of, 78. See Andaste Confederacy, Huron, Z2. See Five Nations Conventional faces, 27, 88, 109, 147-148, '155, 164-165, 174 Copper, arrowpoints, 128; artifacts from Cayuga sites, 116-117; beads, 30; fishhooks on Great Gully site, 56, 67; indicative of Algonkian culture, 170; native, objects of, almost un- known, 19; stains in grave, 66. See Brass, Bronze Copper Eskimo, hafted gaff-hooks of, 139 Cord-ivrapped stick used in decorating pottery, 27, 89, 148 Corti, evidence of, as food, 167; mullers for, 68, 104; pendant resembling ear of, 112, Corn caches, see Caches Coronet pipes, on Cayuga sites, 43, 90, 95; Pan- Iroquoian, 25, 33, 35, 106 Cramer, Emmanuel, acknowledgment to, 46-47 Crawfish, efhgy of, 25 Crinoids, beads of, 163, 165 Crouching images on pipes, 34. See Blowing false-face Crucifixes on Cayuga sites, 48, 53, 57, 116 Culture, Algonkian: compared with Iroquois, 170-171; in Cayuga county, 40-41; Andaste: INDIAN NOTES INDEX 18, 31, 54-55, 173; Cayuga: and Onondaga compared, 172-175; collection of, in Museum of American Indian, Heye Foundation, 38; sites of, 40-68; Onondaga: of Jefferson county, 118-175; Pan-Iroquoian : artifacts of, classified, 17-19; centers of, 20-24; preeminent, 15-16. See names of various tribes Cup-aud-pin game, deer phalanges units of, 71, 136 Cutlass, French, in grave at Great Gully, 63 Cylinder of engraved bone, 133 Cylindrical beads of copper, 29-30 Dancing, rattle accompanying, 72 Decoration, of bone artifacts, 59, 62, 69, 75-82, 128, 130-133, 138, 140-141; of pipes, 25, 29, 33-34, 51-53, 57, 59, 67, 79,90-103, 105-109, 149-156, 160-162, 173-174; of pottery, 27- 28, 33-35, 44, 87-89, 142-149, 174; of shell, 63-64, 115-116; of stone, 60, 111. See Can- ing, Designs Effigies Deer, carved bones of, 70-71: perforated pha- langes of, 29; phalanges of, as jinglers, 71, 135-136; Virginia, as food, 167; worked ant- lers of, 82-83 Deer^s-hoof jinglers among Iroquois, 136 Deerskin thongs in grave at Great Gully, 63 Designs: angular patterns, 148; bands, 145; bars, 153; bosses, 148; chevron, 75, 80, 132, 148, 154, 156; circles, 27; diamond, 27, 133; geometric, 25, 148-149; herring-bone, 156; horseshoe, 164; Jesuit, 34, 48; line-and-dot, 27, 33, 34, 59, 96, 100, 106, 174; lines, 67, 101, 103, 132, 148, 153; nodes, 146; star, 59, 115- 116; zigzag, 83, 138. See Conventional faces, Decoration, Effigies 189 AND MONOGRAPHS 190 IROQUOIS Detroit river bounding Western group, 32 Diagram of Great Gully fort, 44—45 Diamond figures, on bone, 133; on pottery, 27 Disc beads, of steatite, 135; of stone and shell on Onondagi sites, 163-164; of terracotta from Putnam site, 149 Discoidals, muUers like, 46; from South, 104 Discoid shell beads, from Venice Center, 53-54; on Cayuga sites, 114 Disc-topped pipe from Scipioville, 99 Disease, use of bird-bone beads in, 75 Dog as food, 168 Dorr, C. E., acknowledgment to, 120 Dots, decorating pipe, Z3, 34, 153; representing human faces, 27, 88, 147-148, 154-155, 164- 165, 174 Douglass, A. E., collection of, in American Museum of Natural History, 52, 92 Drill, stone, used in boring pipes, 160 Dry hill, Jefferson county, effigy pipe from, 162 Duck shell-bead from Fleming, 114 Ears, pierced, of effigy pipe, 99 Earthen walls, in Jeft'erson county, 118; of Onon- daga forts, 173 Earthenware, see Pottery, Terracotta East Cavuga, Cayuga county, Caj^uga site at, 49-52 Eastern culture, modifications of, 21-24; of Jefferson county, 118-175; pipes and pottery of, 24, 28, 8S, 141-142 Effigies, on bone, 29, 53, 62, 78-80; on gorgets, 164-165; on masks, 52, 68, 109-110; on pipes, 25, 29, 33-34, 51-53, 57, 67, 79, 90-94, 99-102, 106-109, 118, 149-151, 154, 161-162; on pot- INDIAN NOTES INDEX tery, 27, 33, 46, 88, 147-148, 174. See Blowing false-face, Faces Elk as food, 167 England, colonial period of, among Cayuga, 172- 173 Engraving, of bone, 59, 131-132, 140-141; of shell runtees, 64, 115-116; of stone beads, 60. See Etching Erethizon dorsatum as food, 168 Erie, boundaries of, 31; colonies of, in Five Na- tions, 22-23; pottery forms of, 28, 43, 88-89, 142; site of, at Ripley, 16, 75; Susquehanna tribes related to, 31; use of bone tubes among, 74-75 Etching, on bone, 62, 69, 75-77, 80-81; on stone beads. 111; on terracotta pipes, 96. See Engraving Europeans, pottery influenced by, 28; utensils procured from, 48. See Colonial period Eyes, carved above eye-brows, 109; conventional representation of, 27, 148, 165; leaden pellets representing, 100 j li J _i ii _ _ Fabric-marked jar from Theresa, 145 Faces, carved in stone, 52-53, 109, 164-165; oh pipes, 25, 33-34, 67, 90, 99, 101-103, 106-108, 154; on pottery, 27, 88, 147-148, 155, 174. See Effigies False-face society, images of, on pipes, 34. See Blowing false-face Farmers, cemeteries despoiled by, 37; collections of, 53 i45 Fenur, human, artifacts of, 62, 72-74; engraved cylinder of, 133 Ferules, brass, 63 191 AND MONOGRAPHS 192 IROQUOIS Fictile ware, see Poitery Figurine, earthenware, from Aurora, 89 Finger lakes, bounding Western group, 30; type of artifacts from, 28 Firearms, effect of, on fortifications, 17 Fireplaces, at Great Gully, 61, 66; in Upper Cayuga village, 56. See Ash-beds, Ashes Fish, bones and scales of, in burial, 62; effigies of, 25, 33) Fishhooks, bone: from Cayuga sites, 43, 72; from Onondaga site, 137; Pan-Iroquoian, 29; brass, from Cayuga sites, 116; copper, from Cayuga site, 56, 67 Five Nations, bone combs of, 78; captive colo- nies among, 22-24, 173, 175 Fleming, Cayuga county, artifacts from, 74; bone comb from, 80-82; Cayuga site near, 49; chipped gunflint from, 103; Dr F. C. Smith of, 39, 51; duck shell-bead from, 114; effigy pipe from, 101; quatrefoil charm from, 112- 113; trade articles from, 116-117 Fleming creek, Cayuga county, Cayuga site near, 49 Flexed burials at Great Gully, 58, 61, 63-64, 67, 68 Flint, arrowpoints, 17, 23, 44, 46, 68, 121, 126, 157-158, 165: chipped, 20, 29, 59, 103-104; knives, 44, 116; notched implements, 56; scrap- ers, 29, 166 Foodstuff of Onondaga, 167-170 Forest lake, see Parker's pond Forks, see Awls Forms, of Onondaga pottery, 26-28, 33; of Western versus Eastern pottery, 3Z, 142. See Shapes INDIAN NOTES INDEX Forts, see Stockades Fox, effigy of, 25 France, colonial period of, among Cayuga, 172- 173 French cutlass in grave at Great Gully, 63 Frog, effigy of, 25 Gambling flints, see Gmiflints Gambling game, die of deer's phalanx for, 136 Genoa, Cayuga county, Jesuit sites at, 54; raven effigy-pipe from, 99-100; stone ornaments from, 112 Geometric designs, on pipes, 25, 149; on pottery, 148 Georgia, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 16 Georgian bay, bounding Western group, 30 Getman, A. A., bone fishhook in collection of, 137; bone gorget found by, 137; bone needles in collection of, 129; trumpet pipe in collec- tion of, 155 affords, Mr. burial found by, 57 Glass, beads of, extensively used, 19; from Cayuga sites, 116; from Venice Center, 53-54; in burials at Great Gully, 60, 63, 68; jar buried at Great Gully, 65. See Trade articles Globular jars of Western group, 33 Gold, E. H., stone effigy pipe presented by, 109 Gorget-like pendants, Pan-Iroquoian, 29 Gorgets, effigy, of stone, on Onondaga sites, 164- 165; of human skull, 29, 137-138; of pottery from Putnam site, 147; slate, Algonkian, 40- 41; slate, at Cato, 47; two-holed, Algonkian, 19, 170-171 Gouges, Algonkian, 41 193 AND MONOGRAPHS 194 IROQUOIS Gravers, antler prongs as, 139; celts, for pottery, 44; slate, for pottery, 105 Graves, age of, at Old Town, 50; artifacts in Andaste, 18; at Ledyard, 56; communal, in Rutland hills, 125; effigy pipes in, 90. See Cemeteries, Cemelery Great Gully, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 42, 46; antler ornament from, 84; arrowpoints from, 103; bone comb from, 79-80; catlinite beads from, 111; celts from, 105; fort at, 44- 45; excavations at, 55-69; hammers tone from. 104; jar from, 86; necklace from, 63-64, 115-116; pottery from, 89; shell artifacts from, 114-116; stone mask found at, 109; terracotta pipes from, 96-97; trade articles from, 116-117. See Voung farm Great Gully brook, Cayuga county, Jesuit sta- tion on, 49 Green, blanket covering skeleton, 57; paint, traces of, in grave, 66 Greenhalgh, Wentworth, Cayuga villages visited by, 52 Grinders, see Midlers Grooved, adze, absence of, on sites, 19; axe, extraneous origin of, on sites, 19, 23 Gulf states, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 16 Gunflints of native make, 103-104 Gunpowder, keg of, at Great Gully, 44 Guns, from Cayuga sites, 53, 57, 63. 116 Hammerstones, from Cayuga sites, 46, 68, 104; from Onondaga sites, 29, 158, 166; Pan-Iro- quoian, 20; slate, indicative of Algonkian cul- ture, 170-171 INDIAN NOTES IND EX Handle, antler, from Locke, 43, 83; bone, from Great Gully, 64 Harpoons, antler, Cayuga, 69; bone, Cayuga, 69; bone, Onondaga, 29, 133-134 Haivk-bells from Cayuga sites, 116 Head-dresses, conventional, decorating pipes, 154 Heads, luted on potter}^, 27, 148, 174; modeled on pipes, 2>d>. See Effigies Helix sp., shells of, in burial at Great Gully, 61 Helmar, Mr, niche pipe found by, 101; stone effigy pipe obtained from, 108 Hendricks, Harmon W., effigy pipe presented by, 160-161 Herring-hone pattern on pipe, 156 Heye, G. G., Algonkian bone comb discovered by, 78; shell runtees found by, 113 Hickory-nuts, evidence of, as food, 167 Hide-scrapers, iron, with burial at Great Gully, 67. See Scrapers Hilltops, fortification of, 17; at Locke, 42; in Rutland hills, 42; sites of Onondaga in Jeffer- son county, 118, 121-122 Hochelaga, now Montreal, Onondaga pottery of, 24-25, 28 Hock-hones of deer, tools from, 138-139 Horseshoe design on effigy gorget, 164 Hough, F. B., researches of, in Jefferson county, 120 Houghton, F. W., bulletins of, on Seneca and Neutral, 16; classification by, of Iroquois culture, 17-19 Howland, A. D., Onondaga jars found by, 145 Howland, Isahel, acknowledgment to, 39; bone comb presented by, 51, 80 Hudson river, influence of Mohawk along, 119 AND MONOGRAPHS 195 196 IROQUOIS Human, bone artifacts of, 62, 72-74; engraved cylinder of, 133; gorgets of , 29, 137-138; tube of, 77; effigies, 25, 3?,, 34, 67, 78-79, 88, 90, 99, 101-102, 109-110, 147-149, 154, 164-165, 174 Huron, blowing false-face pipes of, 92-94; bone implements of, 125; boundaries of, 32; colo- nies of, in Five Nations, 22-23; colonies of, among Onondaga, 175; influence of, on Cayuga, 173; pottery jars of, 142 Huronian slate, effigy pipe of, 162 Impressed decoration of pottery, 27, 89, 148, 153 Incised decoration, of pottery, 27, 148, 155-156; on bone smoothers, 128. See Etching hidian Notes and Monographs, Algonkians treated in, 41 ''Indian Path'' at Great Gully fort, 45 Indian river, Jefiferson county, entire jars found near, 145-147 Infants, burials of, 60, 63-64. See Children Inlay, slot for, on pipe, 153-154 Inscriptions, Jesuit, on rings, 48 Iron, artifacts from Cayuga sites, 116-117; axe, from Mead farm, 51; axe, in burial at Great Gully, 60; bullet-molds in burials at Great Gully, 59, 77; knife from Venice Center, 53- 54; knife in burial at Great Gully, 64; imple- ments in burial at Great Gull}^, 67; traces of, in burial at Great Gully, 65 Iroquois, inclusiveness of term, 16. See Five Nations, Fan-Iropioian Jars, Andaste, at Athens, Pa., 104; Andaste, on Cayuga sites, 54-55; cast of, in grave at Great Gully, 65; conventional faces on, 33, 8S, INDIAN NOTES INDEX 147-148, 155, 164-165, 174; entire, from Theresa, 145-147; glass, in grave at Great Gully, 65; in Cayuga burial at Venice Center, 53; of Eastern and Western culture, 141- 142; pipe-bowls resembling, 90-92, 151-152; rim-form of, 33, 153; scarcity of, in graves, 85-87; shape of Onondaga, 26-28; Western forms of, 31, 173 Jasper, Algonkian implements of, 126; Andaste artifacts of, 18 Jaw, bear's, artifact from, 71-72 Jefferson county, abundance of bone artifacts in, 125; Algonkian sites in, 125-126; archeo- logical data of, 120; ash-beds of, 43; beads of native copper in, 19; bilaterally barbed har- poons in, 133-134; bison in, 170; coronet pipes of, 95; deer phalanges in, 136; development of Onondaga culture in, 174-175; Eastern cul- ture of, 24; Eastern pottery from, 88; efhgy pipes from, 154, 160-162; jar-form of pipe- bowl in, 90; niche pipes of, 103; Onondaga pottery of, 141-149; Onondaga sites in, 30, 34, 118-125; prehistoric stone pipe in, 106- 107; skull gorgets in, 138; terracotta pipes of, 149-156. See Putnam site Jesuit period, artifacts of, on Cayuga sites, 35, 38-39, 48, 53-54, 57; devices of, 34, 48; influ- ence of, on Onondaga culture, 174—175; rings of, 48, 51, 53, 56, 57, 68, 116; sites of, 38-39, 44, 49, 52-54, 74; stone celts in, 105 Jew^s-harps from Cayuga sites, 116 Jinglers, bone, from Cato, 47; bone, from Locke, 43; bone, from Putnam site, 141; ground phalangeal bones as, 71, 135-136; brass, from Cayuga sites, 68, 117 AND MONOGRAPHS 197 198 IROQUOIS Katonah, Westchester countv, collection of P. H. Lewis in, 79, 92, 107 Keg of gunpowder at Great Gully, 44 Kettles, brass, from Cayuga sites, 44, 53, 57, 63, 66-68 Knee- and ankle-rattles among Iroquois, 136 Knives, antler-handled, 43-44, 83; flint, 44, 103, 116; iron, 53-54, 64; shell, 29; stone,' 17, 46, 56, 62, 71-73, 75, 121, 127, 129 Laidlaw, G. E., effigy pipes figured by, 29 Lake Cayuga, Cayuga sites near, 48; Great Gully site near, 56 Lake Erie bounding Western group, 30 Lake Huron bounding Western group, 30 Lake Oivasco, Ca^mga sites near, 42, 48; stone effigy pipe from, 108-109 Lake Simkoe bounding Western group, 32 Lead, pellets of, as eyes, 100 Leaf -shaped knives, from Aurora, 46; from Locke, 44 Ledyard township, Cayuga county, Great Gully fort in, 45, 55 LeRoy, Jefferson county, Putnam site in town- ship of, 121 Leivis, P. H., collection of, 79, 92, 107, 117 Line-and-dot decoration, 27, ZZ, 34, 59, 88, 96, 100, 106, 109, 148, 155, 164-165, 174 Lines as decoration, 67, 101, 103, 132, 148, 153 Linked diamond design on bone, 133 List of animals used as food, 167-168 Liverpool, Onondaga county, collection of C. P. Oatman in, 34, 154 Location of dwellings, Pan-Iroquoian, 17. See Sites INDIAN NOTES INDEX Locke, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 42-44, 46; antler artifacts from, 82-83; arrowpoints from, 103; artifacts from, 43-44, 72, 75; coronet pipe from, 95; net-sinker from, 104; pottery from, 87; stone implements from, 105 Long-bones, burial of, at Great Gully, 60, 65 Lowlands, Algonkian sites in, 46-47; Onondaga sites in, at Black River, 122 Luting of faces on pottery, 27, 148, 174 Liitra canadensis as food, 168 Madison county, Eastern culture of, 24 Mammals, see Animals Manhattan island, bone harpoon found on, 134; engraved bone implements of, 132; shell- heap on, 112 Manufacture of pottery, 144-145 Mapleton, Cayuga county, antler artifact from, 82; bone comb from, 80; Ca3mga site near, 49; quatrefoil charm from, 113; shell artifacts from, 114; stone pendant from near, 110; wolf-head pipe from, 92 Marmota monax as food, 168 Marten as food, 168 Masks, miniature stone, from Cayuga sites, 109; stone, from cemetery at Great Gully, 68 Mead farm, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 49- 52; antler chipping tool from, 82; artifacts from, 74; bone comb from, 80-82; duck shell-bead from, 114; effigy pipe from, 101 Measure, antler-tip for, 140 Medals, Jesuit, from SciDioville, 53 Medicine, antler measure for, 140 Medicine-men, use of bird-bone beads by, 75 Mending of pottery, 143-144 199 AND MONOGRAPHS 200 IROQUOIS Menomini, use of bone tubes among, 75 Mephitis hudsonijis as food, 168 Metal, artifacts on Cayuga sites, 116-117; jin- glers, 136; tools, effect of, on bonework, 69; tools for stoneworking, 111. See Brass, Cop- per, Iron Mica, worked, indicative of Algonkian culture, 170 Middle Atlantic states, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 15; pottery of Indians of, 146 Middle Western tribes, bone needles of, 129-130 Minisink site, near Montague, N. J., 78 Modeling of effigies, 25, 27, 33, 67, 148, 174 Mohawk, bone combs of, 77; bone implements of, 125, 132; bonework compared with Ca- yuga, 69; domination of Manhattan island by, 132; Eastern culture of, 24, 118-119, 172; pottery jars of, 141 Monitor pipes, absence of, on sites, 19 Monolithic oipes, 106. See Pipes Montague, N. J., Munsee cemetery at, 113 Montezuma, Jefferson county, effigy pipe from near, 154; Mr Helmar of, 108; niche pipe from near, 101-102 Montreal, Canada, an ancient Onondaga site, 25 Moore, W. A., acknowledgment to, 120; luted pottery found by, 148 Moorehead, W. K., discoveries by, in West Vir- ginia, 32 Mortars, Onondaga, 29, 158, 166; Pan-Iro- quoian, 20 Mortuary offerings, scarcity of, 54—55, 85-86. See Graves Mound, Algonkian, at Cato, 47 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Mouth, conventional indication of, 27, 148; double, on mask, 109 Mouthpieces of pipes, 29, 92, 105-106, 161. See Pipes Midlers, from Aurora, 46; from near Scipioville, 104; in burial at Great Gully, 68; on Onon- daga sites, 158, 166; Pan-Iroquoian, 20 Munsee cemetery at Montague, N. J., artifacts from, 113 Murray, L. W., Andaste comb found by, 78 Museum of the American Indian, Heye Founda- tion, see Collection Miiskrat as food, 168 M us tela americana as food, 168 Mustela noveboracensis as food, 168 Myers, George, acknowledgment to, 40 Necklace, of bird-bone beads at Ripley, 75; shell, with infant's burial at Great Gully, 63-64, 115-116 Necks of jars, 26-27, Z3, 87-88, 142 Needles, bone, on Onondaga sites, 29, 129-130, 141; brass, in ash-bed at Great Gully, 66 Net-sinkers from Cayuga sites, 44, 46, 47, 104; Pan-Iroquoian, 20 J Neutral, antler tools of, 82; blowing false-face pipes of, 92-94; bone combs of, 78; bone implements of, 125, 132; boundaries of, 30-31; colonies of, among Onondaga, 175; colonies of, in Five Nations, 22-23; Houghton on, 16; Huron relationship to, 32 ; influence of, on Cayuga, 173; Onondaga pottery related to, 28; pottery forms of, 43, 142; stone pipe of, 106; Susquehanna tribes related to, 31; use of bone tubes among, 74—75 201 AND MONOGRAPHS 202 IROQUOIS Xeiv England, culture of, compared with Iro- quois, 15; pottery of, 146 New Jersey, Algonkian site in, 78; jMunsee ceme- tery in, 113 New Rochelle, Westchester county, Mr W. A. Moore of, 120, 148 New World, northern Iroquois preeminent in, 15 New York, fortification of hilltops in, 17; influ- ence of Mohawk on, 119; Iroquois of, 16 New York State Museum, entire Onondaga jar in, 146; Mr S. C. Bishop of, 168 Niagara, falls: Neutral bone combs near, 78; Neutral stone pipe near, 106; frontier: arti- facts typical of, on Onondaga sites, 174-175; Erie and Neutral sites near, 74-75; influence of tribes west of, on Cayuga, 89; Seneca and Neutral remains near, 16; peninsula: Western groups on, 30; territory of Hurons w^st of, 32 Niche pipe, found near IMontezuma, 101-103; from Putnam farm, 103; pipes in stone, 106 Nichols, George, effigy pipe obtained from, 108; niche pipe purchased from, 101-102 Nodes ornamenting Onondaga jar, 146 Non-palisaded villages, 52 North America, northern Iroquois preeminent in, 15-16 Northern, Iroquois, preeminence of, 15, 20; tribes, bone needles of, 129-130 Notched, arrowpoints: Algonkian, 19, 41; on Iroquois sites, 23, 47, 121-122, 157-158, 165- 166; beads, 111 ; knives and spears, Algonkian, 56; rim in pottery, 44, 87-88, 96, 142, 153 Nuts, evidence of, as food, 167 Oaklands, Cayuga county, stone pendants of, 110 INDIAN NOTES INDEX 203 Oakwood, Cayuga county, site of Colonial period near, 49 Oatman, C. P., effigy pipe in collection of, 154; pipes in collection of, 34 Oatman, H. J., pipes in collection of, 29 Odocoileus virginianus, as food, 167 Ohio, Western group in, 30-31 Ohio vallev, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 16 Old Town, see East Cayuga Ondatra zibethica as food, 168 Oneida, bone combs of, 78; bonework compared with Cayuga, 69; culture of, 24, 118; pottery jars of, 141 Oneida county, Eastern culture of, 24 Onondaga, antlerwork, 29, 131-141; artifacts from Putnam site, 165-166, 170; awls, num- ber of, 126, 140; arrowpoints, number of, 126, 128; blowing false-face pipes, 92-94; bonework, 29, 69, 77, 125-141; copper beads, 29-30; climax of Eastern culture in, 23-24; culture compared with Algonkian, 170-171; culture, extraneous influences on, 173-175; food, 167-170; pottery, 24-28, 141-149; pre- historic stone pipe, 106-107; shellwork, 29; sites in Jeflferson county, 30, 118-125; sites on hilltops, 173; stonework, 28-29, 157-166; terracotta pipes, 24-28, 96, 149-156 Onondaga county, artifacts of human bone from, 73-74; bison in, 169-170; Eastern culture of, 24; Onondaga sites in, 119 Ontario, Canada, Neutral in, 78; Neutral stone pipe in, 106; Western group in, 30, 32 Opposing figures decorating Cayuga combs, 78- 79 AND MONOGRAPHS 204 IROQUOIS Orientation of burials, 61-64, 67, 68 Origin of Iroquois, unsolved, 35-36 Origin of the Iroquois as suggested by their Ar- cheology, Parker, author, 17, 20 Ornament, antler, from Great Gully, 65, 84. See Charms, Gorgets, Fe?idants Ossuaries in Rutland hills, 125 Ostrander's creek, Jefferson county, ash-beds at •Jiead of, 124; terracotta pipe found near, 155 Otter as food, 168 Oval knives and scrapers on sites, 17, 103 Owasco lake, see Lake Owasco Owl effigy on pipe, 101 Paddle used in marking pottery, 145 Paint, red, in burial, 67; traces of, in burial, 66; vermilion, in burial, 64 Painting of pottery, 145 Pan-Iroquoian, arrowheads, 157; artifacts iden- tifying sites, 17-20, 24-36, 172-175; line-and- dot pattern, 59; trumpet pipe, 151 Panthers, carved on comb, 62, 79-80; on pipe, 29 Parker, A. C, author of Origin of the Iroquois, 17, 20; centers of population classified by, 20-22; classification by, of Iroquois culture, 17-19; on bone combs, 77-78; on Cayuga stone pipes, 105; on origin of Cayuga, 42; on origin of Iroquois, 35; on Western pottery forms, 33; pottery found by, 88; report by, on Erie site at Ripley, 16 Parker's pond, Algonkian and Iroquois sites at, 46-47; Cayuga site at, 42 Partridges carved on comb, 80-81 Peaked rim in pottery, 26-27, 153. See Angular INDIAN NOTES INDEX Pearl Street road, LeRoy township, Onondaga village-site on, 121 * Pebble, as whetstone, 165; perforated for sus- pension, 165. See Net sinkers Pecked stone, absence of certain forms of, on sites, 18-19 Pendants: bear's tooth, from Fleming, 74; bone Cayuga, 71; catlinite, from Scipioville, 52 gorget-like, 29; representing ear of corn, 112 stone, from near Mapleton, 110 Penis-bone of raccoon, as awl, 127, 140 Pennsylvania, Andaste in, 78, 104; fortification of hilltops in, 17; Iroquois of, 16; Western group in, 30-31. See Athens Pepper, G. H., Algonkian bone comb discovered by, 78; shell runtees found by, 113 Perforated, antler-prongs, 139-140; canine teeth, 74; human femur, 72-74; knife-handle, 83; pebble, 165; phalanges of deer, 29, 70- 71; plastron of box-tortoise, 73; skull gorget, 137-138. See Beads, Pendants, Tubes Pestles, Algonkian, 41; occurrence on sites, 19 Pewter, dishes, from Cayuga sites, 116; pipe stem, 92 Phalangeal bones, hollowed artifacts of, 70-71, 135-136; jinglers from, 43, 47; rubbed and perforated, 29 Pig (domestic) as food, 168 Pigment rubbed in patterns, 132 Pipes, evidence of, as to use of tobacco, 167; stone: Algonkian, 41; on Cayuga sites 105- 109; on Onondaga sites, 28-29, 158-162, 166; Pan-Iroquoian, 79-80; terracotta: extraordi- nary development of, 18; of Cayuga, 43, 49, 52-54, 57, 67, 89-103; of Onondaga, 24-25, 205 AND MONOGRAPHS 206 IROQUOIS 149-15.6; Western versus Eastern, 33-35, 175; trade' in cemetery at Great GuUv, 61, 66 Pitcher-form of Onondaga jar, 27, 2>3 Pits, at Cato, 46; at Great Gully fort, 44; at Locke, 43; rarity of, on Putnam site, 124. See Caches Pitted hammerstones, from Great Gully, 68, 104; on Onondaga sites, 158 Platform pipes, Algonkian, 41; at Cato, 47. See Monitor pipes Plum, evidence of, as food, 167 Plummet, absence of, on sites, 19 Polished stone, absence of certain forms of, on sites, 18-19, 170-171 Polishing, of antler, 83; of bone, 29, 75, 84-85, 127, 133-135, 137; of stone, 18-19, 105, 158; of terracotta pipes, 3-4-35, 51, 89, 100, 150, 173 Population, centers of, 20-24 Porcupine as food, 168 Potsherds, see Pottery Pottery, Algonkian, 47, 121; bone tools for, 29, 127-128, 131, 141; Cayuga, 44, 46^7, 59, 65, 85-87, 172-173; gravers for, 44, 105, 139; Onondaga, 24-28, 118, 141-149, 170; Pan- Iroquoian, 18, 19, 23, 31-33, 87-89, 170-171. See Jars, Terracotta, Vessels Powder, pottery jars covered with, 146 Procyon lotor as food, 168 Prongs, antler, implements of, 139-140; from Locke, 82-83 Punches, see Awls Purdy, Percy, entire Onondaga jar found by, 146 Purple wampum on Cayuga sites, 114 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Putnam, L. H., acknowledgment to, 120; effigy gorgets presented by, 164; Onondaga site on farm of, 121; trumpet pipe found by, 151 Putnam site, Jefferson county, antler objects from, 139-141; bone objects from, 125-139; niche pipe from, 103; number of artifacts from, 140-141, 165-166, 170; occurrence of artifacts in, 123-125; physiography of, 121- 122; pottery from, 141-149, 170; stone arti- facts from, 165-166; stone pipes from, 158-160; terracotta pipes from, 149-156, 171; typical of Onondaga culture, 173-174. See^Black River village Quafrefoil slate charm from Fleming, 112-113 Quartz, Algonkian implements of, 126; Andaste artifacts of, 18; chips on Algonkian site, 121 Quartzite muller from Great Gully, 104 Rabbit street, Calcium, Rodney Whitne}^ farm on, 122 Raccoon, as food, 168; penis-bone of, as awl, 127, 140 Rattle, brass, from Cayuga grave, 117; portion of, from Locke, 72 Raven, effigy-head on pipe, 91, 99-100; effigy- pipe, 52 Red, paint, in burial at Great Gully, 67; shale, beads and pendants of, 52; shale, maskettes of, 109-1 10;. stone beads in burials, 60; ware, pipes of, 35. See Vermilion Reed, mouthpieces of, 29, 105-106, 161 Reed farm, Cataraugus county, pottery from, 88 Revolutionary war, sites destroyed by, 38, 48-49 Rhyolite, Andaste artifacts of, 18 207 AND MONOGRAPHS 208 IROQUOIS Richardson, Edward, acknowledgment to, 39 Richmond Mills, Cataraugus county, Seneca arrowpoints at, 129; Seneca pottery from, 88 Rims, crinolated, ^3); faces luted on, 27, 148, 174; notched, of jars, 87-88; notched, of pipes, 96, 153; notched, of Western form, 142; peaked, 26-27, 153 Rings, bronze, of Jesuit origin, 48, 51, 53, 56, 57, 68, 116 Ripley, Chautauqua county, Erie site at, 16, 75 Romney, West Virginia, Tuscarora cemetery near, 32 Roultte used in decorating pottery, 148 Rubbed slate point, absence of, on sites, 19 Rubbing stones from Locke, 44 Rimtees, shell, from infant's grave, 64, 115-116; native origin of, 113 Rutland hills, Jefferson county, antler imple- ments from, 139-140; bone harpoons from, 134; bone implements from, 137; efhgy pipe from, 154; engraved bone cylinder from, 133; hilltop forts in, 42; luted pottery from, 148; Onondaga sites in, 122; ossuaries in, 125; skull gorget from, 138; terracotta pipe from, 155; type of artifacts from, 28 Sacred heart on Jesuit rings, 48 St Davids, Ontario, Neutral bone combs from, 78; Neutral stone pipe from, 106 St Laurence, St LaAvrence county, bone fish- hook from, 137; bone harpoon from, 133; bone needle from, 129; Eastern pottery jars of, 141; stone pipe from, 160; terracotta pipe from, 155 Saints, figures of, on Jesuit rings, 48 INDIAN NOTES INDEX St Lawrence basin, Eastern culture of, 24 St Lawrence county, Eastern culture of, 24 St Lawrence river, Eastern pottery of, 88 Salt-licks visited by herds of bison, 169. Sand used to temper clay, 102, 146 Sanford^s Corners, see Calcium Scipio, Cayuga county, Cayuga sites near, 42, 55 Scipioville, Cayuga county, a Cayuga site, 54; bone combs from, 78-80; catlinite beads from, 111-112; jar from, 86; Mr Benjamin Watkins of, 39, 114; muller from near, 104; stone mask from, 109; stone pendants from, 110; terracotta pipes from, 92, 97-100 Scissors from Cayuga sites, 116 Scrapers, flint: from Cayuga' sites, 103; from Onondaga sites, 166; Pan-Iroquoian, 29; iron, from Cayuga sites, 116; shell, 29; stone, 17, 127 Semi-lunar knife, absence of, on sites, 19 Seneca, antler tools of, 82; blowing false-face pipes of, 92-94; bone combs of, 77; bone im- plements of, 125; boundaries of, 30-31; Cayuga an offshoot of, 42; coronet pipes of, 95; flint arrowpoints of, 129; Houghton on, 16; Huron relationship to, 32; influence of, on Cayuga, 173; Jesuit sites of, compared with Cayuga, 54; mortuary offerings of, 85-86; pottery of, 28, 43, 88-89, 142 Shale, effigy gorgets of, 164-165; maskettes of, 109-110. Set Catlinite Shapes, of Cayuga pipes, 89-90; of jars, 142. See Forms Shell, articles on Cayuga sites, 113-116; arti- cles on Onondaga sites, 29, 170; beads exten- 209 AND MONOGRAPHS 210 IROQUOIS sively used, 19; beads from Cayuga sites, 53- 54, 63-64,. 68, 115-116; beads from Onondaga sites, 163-164; perforated, of box-turtle, 43 Shell-heaps, Algonkian, 84; stone beads in, 112 Shell-pit at Clasons point, 137 Shells, snail, in burial at Great Gully, 61 Shell-tempering not found in Jefferson county, 145 Sherwood, Cayuga count)^, Miss Isabel Rowland of, 39, 51, 80 Shield, with effigies, on pipes, 154 Sinker, see Net-sinker Sites, Algonkian, 46-47; Cayuga, 40-68; con- fusion in, 38-39; Onondaga, in Jefferson county, 118, 121-122, 173; typical Iroquois, on hilltops, 17 Sizing unused in Onondaga pottery, 145 Skeletons, accompanied with brass kettle, 53; Algonkian, at Cato, 47; found by Young, 67. See Burials, Cemeteries Skull, human, gorgets of, 29, 137-138 Skunk as food, 168 Slate, charm from Fleming 112-113; efffgy pipe on Onondaga site, 162; gorget at Cato, 47; gorgets on Algonkian sites, 40-41; pottery gravers at Locke, 105 Slates, absence of, on sites, 19; polished, indica- tive of Algonkian culture, 170-171 Sliver awl, an Algonkian type, 127 Slot for inlay on pipe, 153-154 Smith, F. C, acknowledgment to, 39; artifacts presented by, 51; bear's tooth pendant found by, 74; effigy pipe presented by, 101 Smoothers, bone, for potter>^, 127-128, 141; worked teeth as, 131, 141 Snail-shells in burial at Great Gully, 61 INDIAN NOTES INDEX Snakes: carved on bone comb, 79, effigy on pipe, ^ 25, 2>Z, 101. Snap ping-turtle, effigy of, on pipe, 162 Snow-shoe needles, Onondaga needles like, 129- 130 Soapstone, beads, 163; pipe, 47 Soot used as pigment in patterns, 132 South, discoidals from, 46, 104 Southern Sionan tribes, antler measures among, 140 Spatulce, bone, of Onondaga, 29 Spearheads, Algonkian, 41, 56; antler, Cayuga, 82. See Knives Spoons, bone, from Cayuga sites, 69; wooden, with burial. Great Gully, 65, 68 Spuyten Duyvil creek, New York county, shell- heap on, 112 Square-topped pipes, see Coronet pipes Squash, evidence of, as food, 167 Squier, E. G., author of Antiquities of the State of New York, 44-45; cited, 120 Star, bead, from Great Gully, 59; design on shell runtees, 115-116 Steatite, beads of, on Onondaga sites, 28, 135, 163, 165; effigy-pipes of, 108-109, 158-162; pipes of, 28; vessels of, Algonkian, 19, 47, 56, 170 Stemmed, arrowpoints: absence of, on sites, 19; Algonkian, 47; arrowpoints and knives, 121- 122; stone pipes, boring of, 106-107. See Notched Stockades, at Aurora, 45-46; at Great Gully, 44- 45, 56; at Locke, 43; Onondaga, of Jefferson county, 118, 122, 173; Pan-Iroquoian, 17 Stoneage, cemeteries of, 54; tools of, 105 211 AND MONOGRAPHS 212 IROQUOIS Stone, artifacts, of Cayuga, 43-44, 46, 47, 52-53, 68; beads, abundance of, 19; beads of Cayuga, 46, 110-113; beads of Onondaga, 135; knives of Cayuga, 17, 46, 56; knives of Onondaga, 121, 127, 129; mortars, 29; ornaments of Cayuga, 109-113; pipes on Cayuga sites, 105- 109; pipes on Onondaga sites, 158-162, 166; scrapers, 17, 29, 103, 127, 166; tools, 62, 71- 73, 75, 82-83, 105, 127, 160, 164 Stones, burnt, for tempering pottery, 145; in cemetery at Great Gully, 61 Stonework, Algonkian, 19, 23, 40, 47, 56, 121- 122, 157-158, 165-166, 170-171; Andaste, 18; Cayuga, 103-113; Onondaga, 28-29, 119, 125-126, 157-166; Pan-Iroquoian, 20, 172, 174. See Chipped stonework Stoneworking, bone tools for, 138-139 Straight pipes, absence of, on sites, 19 Sullivan, John, Indian towns destroyed by, 38, 48-49, 52 Susquehanna valley, Andaste colonies from, 54- 55; Andaste culture of, 18, 31, 78, 173; Western group in, 30 Susquehannock along Susquehanna, 31. See Andaste Sus scrofa domes tica as food, 168 Sivords from Cayuga sites, 116 Symbolism of Onondaga pottery designs, 148 Syracuse, Onondaga county, Onondaga arti- facts from region of, 174-175; Onondaga site near, 34; Mr C. E. Dorr of, 120; salt-licks of, visited by bison, 169-170 Tail, effig>' climbing, 162; panther climbing, 29. 62, 79 INDIAN NOTES IND EX Teeth, perforated, 74; worked implements of, 130, 141 Tempering, of clay with sand, 102; of Onondaga pottery, 145-146 Tennessee, culture of, compared with Iroquois, 16 Terracotta, effigy, from Aurura, 46; pipes: Algon- kian, 47; Cayuga, 46, 47, 51, 53-54, 62, 89- 108, 172-173; Onondaga, 149-156, 170, 174; Pan-Iroquoian, 18, 171. See Pipes Theresa, Jefferson county, entire jars from, 145- 147 Theurer, Ralph, assistance by, 40; stone pen- dant presented by, 110 Thong, perforation for, on knife-handle, 84; on pipe, 161; thongs: in grave, 63; used in mending pottery, 143 Tionontati, pottery jars of, 142 Tobacco, use of, evidenced by pipes, 167 Tobacco Nation, boundaries of, 32 Tools, bone and antler, 82, 127-128; 131-132, 138-139, 140-141, 153; metal, 69, 81, 111; stone, 62, 71-73, 82-83, 105, 127, 129, 160, 164 Tooth, bear's, pendant of, 74 Tortoise effigy on pipes, 25 Trade articles, on Cayuga sites, 48, 61, 66, 116- 117; on Onondaga site, 34. See Brass, Iron, Kettles, Rings Triangular arrowpoints, Pan-Iroquoian, 17-18. See Arrowpoints Trinket, bone, with burial at Great Gully, 65 Trumpet pipes, Cayuga, 54, 68, 90, 91, 95-96; Onondaga, 25, 151, 155; Pan-Iroquoian, 35 213 AND MONOGRAPHS 214 IROQUOIS Tubes, bone, Cayuga, 59, 65, 74-77; bone, Onon- daga, 29, 77, 132; slate, indicative of Algon- kian culture, 19, 170-171 Tubular shell beads on necklace at Great Gully, 63-64, 114-115 Turkeys carved on bone comb, 79 Tuscarora related to Iroquois, 31-32 Two-holed gorgets, at Cato, 47; indicative of Algonkian culture, 19, 170-171 Unilateral harpoons of bone, 134 Union Springs, Cayuga county, Mr Edward Richardson of, 39; Mr W. H. Young of, 39; Mr W. W. Adams of, 50-51; owl effigy-pipe from, 100-101; site of Colonial period near, 49 Untempered day, pipe of, 95 U pper Cayuga, site of, at Great Gully, 56 Ursiis americanus as food, 168 Vandalism, 37-38, 49, 5>, 65, 150 Venetian beads at Venice Center, 53 Venice Center, Cayuga county, Cayuga sites at, 53; Mr Ernest J. Young of, 39; shell artifacts from, 114; trumpet pipes from, 91-92, 95-96 Vermilion, paint, in burial, 64; traces of, in burial, 66 Vermont, Eastern culture of, 24; Eastern pottery jars of, 142 Vessels of steatite, Algonkian, 19, 170; at Cato, 47; at Great Gully, 56 Village-sites, artifacts in Andaste, 18. See Sites Virgin, figure of, on Jesuit rings, 48 Virginia deer, as food, 167; worked antler of, 82-83 INDIAN NOTES INDEX "Wamptim and Shell Articles," Beauchamp, au- thor, 113 Wampum, beads in Cayuga graves, 53-54, 114; belts in burials, 60, 114 U^arriors, pipes made by, 149 Watertown, Jefferson county, collection of H. J. Oatman in, 29; commercial collectors of, 122; effigy pipe from, 162; niche pipe found near, 103; Putnam site near, 121 Watkins, Benjamin, acknowledgment to, 39; pipe-bowls presented by, 97-100; shell bead presented by, 114; stone mask found by, 109; stone beads presented by, 111-112 Weasel as food, 168 Wenro, pottery jars of, 142 Western culture, area of, 30; Cayuga belonging to, 38; groups of, 30-34; influence of, on Cayuga, 172-173; influence of, on Onondaga, 119, 174-175; modifications of, 21-24; pipes of, 96, 100-103, 150, 162; pottery of, 43, 88- 89, 141-142 West Virginia, Tuscarora cemetery in, 32 Whetstones on Onondaga sites, 165-166 Whites, see Colonial period, Jesuit period White wampum on Cayuga sites, 114 Whitney, Rodney, Onondaga site on farm of, 122 Winnebago, use of bone tubes among, 75 Wolf, effigy-head of, on pipe, 92 Women, burials of, 62-64, 68; pottery vessels made by, 149 Woodchuck as food, 168 Wooden spoons with burial at Great Gully, 65, 68 215 AND MONOGRAPHS 216 IROQUOIS Young, Ernest J., acknowledgment to, 39, 5vS- 56; collection of, 68; pipe presented by, 67; specimens presented by, 96-97; stone mask found by, 109 Young farm, a Cayuga site, 42, 44; antler orna- ment from, 84; arrowpoints from, 103; cat- linite beads from, 110-111; celts from, 105 jar from, 86; net-sinker from, 104; necklace from, 63-64, 115-116; pipes from, 96-97 pottery from, 89. See Great Gully Youuii, W. H., acknowledgment to, 39, 55-56 burial on farm of, 58, 66-67 Zigza; decoration, on knife handle, 83; on skull gorget, 138 INDIAN NOTES INDIAN NOTES if It it e^ A, Iwfe MUSEUM OF THE A Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing Agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatnnent Date: Bbbrreeper PRESERVATION TECHNOLOGIES. L.P. 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Crantjerry Twp., PA 16066 {412)779-2111 AND MONOGRAPHS HEYE FOUNDATION 010 744 289 3