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INJURIOUS INSECTS 
 
 Orchard, Vineyard 
 
 FIELD, GARDEN, CONSERVATORY, 
 
 HOUSEHOLD, STOREHOUSE, DOMESTIC ANIMALS, ETC, 
 
 ) -UJ-Ul) 
 
 REMEDIES FOR THEIR EXTERMINATION 
 
 'K/ 
 
 BY MATTHEW COOKE, 
 
 \0 LATE CHIEF EXECUTIVE HORTICULTURAL OFFICER OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER 750 WOOD CUTS, AND 25 PAGES OF CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 SACRAMENTO: 
 
 H. S. CROCKER & CO., PRINTERS AND STATIONERS. 
 
 188:5. 
 
5f333 
 C77 
 
 OF SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, 
 
 AS A TOKEN OF SINCERE REGARD, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT FOR KIND 
 
 ASSISTANCE IN PLACING ME IN A 
 
 MANUFACTURING BUSINESS IN 1874, WHICH LED TO MY 
 
 INVESTIGATIONS IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, 
 
 THIS BOOK IS 
 
 RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE 
 
 AUTHOR. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the jear 1883, 
 
 BY MATTHEW COOKE, 
 
 III the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
P REPACK 
 
 This book is designed for the use of orchardists, vineyard- 
 ists, farmers, and others interested in the subjects treated. It 
 is designed to convey practical information concerning some 
 of the species of insects injurious to the industries of cultiva- 
 tors of the soil, and those interested in earth produce generally. 
 
 It has been my aim to free the volume, so far as was possible, 
 from technical terms, and I have retained the technical or sci- 
 entific names of insects only to aid the reader in reference to 
 scientific works. 
 
 It must not be assumed that there has been any intention to 
 present this work as a scientific treatise, and I may be par- 
 doned for supplementing the statement by the information, that 
 I have never laid claim whatever to scientific education. My 
 advantages were limited in youth to a common school system, 
 and since that period I have, from time to time, pursued the 
 study of economic entomology, as opportunity allowed, up to 
 the year 1874. Since that date I have been enabled to engage 
 in extended practical investigations into the realm which before 
 I had knowledge of only by reading. 
 
 I was led to the field of experiment and investigation through 
 my business. In 1874 I engaged in the manufacture, in the 
 City of Sacramento, of fruit boxes. The next year the codlin 
 moth appeared in some orchards, and the fruit of the country 
 was threatened. Naturally, its injury would affect my busi- 
 ness, and thus I was draAvn to a consideration of means to pro- 
 tect it. I therefore entered upon the field of investigation, as 
 I found the text-books and treatises did not afford the desired 
 information — at least such as I was enabled to find in the lit- 
 erature of the subject. 
 
 In 1878 I began to give the result of my inquiries to the 
 public through the columns of the daily and the weekly press. 
 Very few persons in this State, especially of those who should 
 have manifested the deepest interest at that time, paid any 
 attention to economic entomology. In time, however, through 
 the assistance of the Sacramento Record-Union and the Pacific 
 Rural Press, and some other journals, and the discussions 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 engaged in at the meetings of the State Horticultural Society, 
 the public was brought to a degree of appreciation of the dangers 
 threatening the fruit interests, and as a result, protective legis- 
 lation was had in March, 1881. 
 
 In connection with the investigations made, the results of 
 which appear in this volume, I deem it not out of place to 
 state that I have been engaged in mechanical pursuits nearly 
 forty years. I became interested in the fruit box business, as 
 a manufacturer, through financial assistance extended me by 
 Mrs. Maky E. Gregory, and the late Henry Miller, both of 
 Sacramento. To the former, as a token of sincere acknowl- 
 edgment, this volume is respectfully dedicated. 
 
 It is due that I should acknowledge my special indebtedness 
 to Professor Charles V. Riley, Entomologist of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture, for his kindness in affording 
 me the use of his valuable reports and works, and also for his 
 identification of specimens sent to him for that purpose from 
 time to time. 
 
 To Professor Cyrus Thomas, late State Entomologist of 
 Illinois, and at present connected with the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution at Washington, D. C, for the use of his valuable vol- 
 umes of reports, I am much indebted. 
 
 To Professor J. H. Comstock, late Entomologist of the United 
 States Department of Agriculture, and at present Professor of 
 Entomology in Cornell University, at Ithaca, New York, my 
 thanks are due for favors extended. 
 
 To my respected friend. Professor C. H. Dwinelle, of the 
 State University, at Berkeley, California, my sincere thanks 
 are due for his kindly assistance and his many favors to me 
 during the period I have been engaged upon this work. 
 
 I desire also to acknowledge the kind favors of R. B. Blow- 
 ers, Esq., of Woodland, California, extended during my in- 
 vestigation of grapevine and other insect pests. 
 
 I have freely consulted, in the preparation of the volume 
 now presented, the reports of Drs. Le Baron and Walsh, Illi- 
 nois ; Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, Consulting Entomologist to 
 the Royal Agricultural Society of England ; of Drs. Fitch 
 and Emmons, of New York ; Professor A. S. Packard's 
 " Guide to the Study of Insects ;" Dr. Harris' " Insects In- 
 
PREFACE. 5 
 
 JURious TO Vegetation;'' Professor Saunders' recent work, 
 " Insects Injurious to Fruits ;" Figuier's " Insect World ;" 
 " The Canadian Entomologist," and the " Bulletins of the 
 United States Entomological Commission." 
 
 In the preparation of this book I have been placed under 
 special obligations to D. W. Coquillet, Esq., late Assistant 
 State Entomologist of Illinois, who has been assiduous in 
 his labors for the last four months, in preparing manuscript, 
 reading proof, and assisting me in my labors connected with 
 the issuance of the volume. 
 
 In the matter of illustrations, some of those presented have 
 been copied from previous works of this character, and due 
 credit has been given in another place. 
 
 I should be doing an injustice to my own sense of propriety, 
 if I submitted these pages to the criticism of the reader with- 
 out acknowledging the courtesy of my publishers, H. S. 
 Crocker & Co., of Sacramento, at whose establishment the 
 typographic work has been done ; and also if I failed to add 
 that the binding in Avhich the volume appears, was the work 
 of a fellow mechanic of Sacramento, Frank Foster, Esq., the 
 pioneer bookbinder of the city. Very much is due to the skill, 
 patience, and care of O. H. Tubes, foreman for Crocker & Co., 
 for the freedom of the book from errors, and for its neatness 
 of appearance. 
 
 This volume presents to the reader the results of my investi- 
 gations during the eight years last past. Two years of that 
 time I had the honor to fill the position of Chief Executive 
 Horticultural Officer of this State, a fact that it is deemed 
 proper to state, that the reader may be fully informed of the 
 opportunities enjoyed for the preparation of the work now 
 offered him. 
 
 I am much indebted to the fruit-growers of California, and 
 to the cultivators of the soil generally throughout the State, 
 for their cordial assistance in my work ; and I feel it no more 
 than right to close this page by saying that to the press of the 
 State which first enabled me to awaken the people to the dan- 
 ger threatening them from insect pests, and has since given me 
 free use of its columns, not only my thanks are due, but those 
 of all the citizens of California. M. C. 
 
 Sacramento, Cal., September, 1883. 
 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 
 
 The electrotypes of the folloAving Figures were purchased from Prof. 
 0. V. Kiley : 14, 25, 29, 30, 33-39, 43-45, 52-60, 63, 68, 72, 77, 85, 86, 90, 
 91, 103, 105, 109, 120, 121, 146, 148-153, 159-178, 180, 181, 183, 187-193, 
 195>^, 196, 198, 200, 205-213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 232, 264-266, 269, 271-281, 
 285-288, 290-293, 298-309, 312-333, 338, 339, 359, 360, 365 and 368. 
 
 The following were purchased from Lippincott & Co., of Philadelphia: 
 31, 69-71, 88 89, 104, 147, 197, 199, 201 and 214. 
 
 Electrotypes of Figures 11-13, 51, 96, 97, 138 and 155, were purchased 
 of Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr. 
 
 The following were copied from Dr. Fitch's Reports : 73, 74, 114, 204, 
 259-263, 268, 273-275, 289, 336, 337, 356 and 357. 
 
 Figures 26-28, 116-119, were copied from Riley's Reports. 
 
 Figures 156, 202, 203. 233, 254, 347, 351, 363, 364 and 369, were copied 
 from Packard's '' Guide to the Study of Insects." 
 
 The following are from Harris' '• Insects Injurious to Vegetation :" 
 67, 108, 113, 157, 227, 229, 234, 244, 245, 255 and 294. 
 
 The following were copied from Figuier's " Insect World :" 87, 124- 
 127, 194, 195, 348, 349, 361 and 362. 
 
 Figures 256, 257, 267, 282, 284, 334 and 340, were copied from Miss 
 Ormerod's "Manual of Injurious Insects." 
 
 The following are from the U. S. Agr. Reports : 40-42, 82-84, 277-280, 
 297, 341-34.3, 366, 367, 370. 
 
 Figi;res 3.50 and 352 were copied from the report of the Ontario Entom- 
 ological Society. 
 
 Figure 283 is from Dr. LeBaron's Fourth Illinois Report, and Figure 
 8 was copied from the Mass. Agr. Report. 
 
 Figure 253 is from the " Scientific American Supplement." 
 
 The following were kindly loaned me by the " Pacific Rural Press :" 
 80, 122, 128, 132-137, 140, 141, 154, 186, 226, 235, 237I4, 237io, 241, 242, 
 248-252. 
 
 To Mr. C. Muller, 135 Montgomery St., San Francisco, I am indebted 
 for the use of the electrotypes of Figures 9 and 10. 
 
 The remaining c\its are original, and were made expressly for this 
 work. Of these. Figures 32, 40, 41, 42, 51a, 64, 65, 66, 75, 76, 78, 82, 83, 
 84, 92, 93, 94, 95, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 127, 146, 179, 182, 184, 185, 220, 
 221, 230, 231, 246, 277, 278, 279, 280, 297, 310, 341. 342, 343, 353, 354, 355, 
 358, 370, 371 and 372, were drawn and engraved by Mr. Buchi, of Messrs. 
 M. Schmidt & Co., of San Francisco. These were received too late to 
 be inserted in the text, and so are given on Plates 1-4, Several of the 
 remaining figures were drawn and engraved by Mr. R. Philip, of this 
 city, and by Mr. V. Craig and Mr. Patten, 659 Clay St., San Francisco. 
 
 In order to assist fruitgrowers and others in readily identifying 
 insects, twenty-five pages of classified figures are given. 
 
C N T E N T S . 
 
 I'AGK. 
 
 Preface 3 
 
 Sentiments of an enterprising 
 Fruit-grower 9 
 
 History of Legislation to pre- 
 vent the spread of Injurious 
 Insects 9 
 
 Progress of the warfare against 
 Insect Pests, from Jan. 1, 1879, 
 to April 1, 1883 22 
 
 Disinfection of Return Pack- 
 ages versus Free Packages. . 24 
 
 Quarantine 28 
 
 Danger of importing Injurious 
 Insects from foreign countries 30 
 
 Danger of spreading Insect 
 Pests by the transportation of 
 infested fruit and nursery 
 stock 30 
 
 Notes on Experimental Work. . 31 
 
 Alkaline Washes as Insecticides 
 and Fertilizers 33 
 
 Thorough application of Eem- 
 edies 34 
 
 Pumps and Nozzles for Spray- 
 ing Trees 37 
 
 DeLong's Moth Trap 39 
 
 Structure and Growth of Plants 43 
 
 Entomology should be made a 
 permanent Study in the Pub- 
 lic Schools 48 
 
 Economic Entomology 50 
 
 Mildew or Scab on the Foliage 
 and Fruit of Apple and Pear 
 Trees 51 
 
 Birds; Beneficial and Injurious 52 
 
 Insects^Infcsting the — 
 
 Alfalfa 287 
 
 Almond 234 
 
 Apple 55 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Insects Infesting the — 
 
 Apricot 132 
 
 Asparagus 336 
 
 Azalea 254 
 
 Barley 287 
 
 Bean 334 
 
 Blackberry 214 
 
 Cabbage 321 
 
 Carrot 337 
 
 Cherry 136 
 
 Chestnut 233 
 
 Clover 287 
 
 Conservatory 263 
 
 Corn 290 
 
 Cotton 297 
 
 Cottonwood 244 
 
 Cucumber 302 
 
 Currant 216 
 
 Elm 245 
 
 Eucalyptus 238 
 
 Fig 167 
 
 Filbert 237 
 
 Flower Garden 261 
 
 Gooseberry 225 
 
 Grape 168 
 
 Hop 269 
 
 Juniper 251 
 
 Lemon 153 
 
 Lettuce 331 
 
 Lime , 153 
 
 Locust 239 
 
 Melon 301 
 
 Nectarine 145 
 
 Oak 246 
 
 Oleander 255 
 
 Olive 147 
 
 Onion 330 
 
 Orange 153 
 
 Parsley 337 
 
8 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Insects Infesting the — 
 
 Parsnip 337 
 
 Pea 332 
 
 Peach 126 
 
 Pear 112 
 
 Persimmon 146 
 
 Pie Plant 336 
 
 Pine 247 
 
 Plum 139 
 
 Poplar 244 
 
 Potato 306 
 
 Prune 145 
 
 Pumpkin 301 
 
 Quince 124 
 
 Eadish 328 
 
 Kaspberry 208 
 
 Red Bay 253 
 
 Rhubarb 336 
 
 Rose 256 
 
 Rye 287 
 
 Squash 299 
 
 Strawberry 228 
 
 Sweet Potato 315 
 
 Tobacco 296 
 
 Tomato 318 
 
 Turnip 329 
 
 Walnut 232 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Insects Infesting the— 
 
 Willow 242 
 
 Wheat 273 
 
 Household and storehouse pests 338 
 Insects infesting Domestic Ani- 
 mals 349 
 
 Insects infesting the Apiary. . .361 
 
 Miscellaneous Insects 362 
 
 What are they, Friends or Ene- 
 mies 362 
 
 Remedies 368 
 
 Conclusion 423 
 
 Explanations of Plates 1 and 2, 425 
 Explanations of Plates 3 and 
 
 4 428,430 
 
 Plates of Classified Illustra- 
 tions 432 
 
 Beetles 432 
 
 Bot-flies 436 
 
 True Bugs 437 
 
 Plant-lice 438 
 
 Saw-flies 440 
 
 Caterpillars, Grubs, etc 441 
 
 Butterflies and Moths 447 
 
 Index to Scientific Names 457 
 
 Index to Common Names 465 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Sentiments of an Enterprising Fruit Grower. 
 
 The following is quoted from an address l)y A. T. Hatch, 
 Elsq., of Cordelia, Solano County, California, before the Com- 
 mittee of Agriculture of the Senate, at the State Capitol, Jan- 
 uary 13, 1883 : 
 
 " Our watchword must ever be onward and upward, and fal- 
 ter not, although difhculties apparently insurmountalde arise ; 
 he who will, may overcome them. The enterprising fruit 
 growers of California are filled with a spirit that no power on 
 earth can curb. It falters not at misfortune's door, or any 
 obstacle to success, but boldly advances and removes them all ; 
 at least, it has been so, and must ever be. The time was when 
 our 'glorious climate, fruitful soil, and exemi^tion from all dis- 
 eases and pests, made our Golden State the wonder of all who 
 were conversant of its fruits and flowers. Now, alas ! the 
 s})oiler's hand is felt — a change has come over the spirit of our 
 dream. It seems as though all that is detrimental to the fruit 
 interest is here, or coming, making eternal vigilance the price 
 of success in this, the industry of the State. The time has 
 come when every one who by this occupation would thrive, 
 will find ceaseless use for head and hand ; even then, the fittest 
 only can survive. Who will supinely sit and see misfortune 
 spoil the result of years of toil, while others gird on their armor 
 with energies stimulated by the presence of the forces arrayed 
 against them on everv hand?" 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 History of Legislation to Prevent the Spread of Injurious Insects. 
 
 As California is the first of the United States, and it may be 
 said of any part of the world, that has attempted to prevent 
 
10 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 the spread of injurious insects of the orchard, etc., by legisla- 
 tion ; and as fruit growers in distant parts of the world are 
 watching our success, it may be well to place on the record 
 what has been accomplished in the space of thirty months, or, 
 from October, 1880, to April 1. 1883. 
 
 During 1879 and 1880, the subject of the spread of the cod- 
 lin moth and other injurious insects of the orchard Avas dis- 
 cussed in the newspapers of this State, and at the meetings of 
 the State Horticultural Society ; and these discussions resulted 
 in the above society, at its October meeting, 1880, appointing 
 a committee, consisting of Professor C. H. Dwindle, of Ala- 
 meda County ; Dr. Behr, of San Francisco ; A. T. Hatch, of 
 Solano County; W. H. Jessup, of Alameda; and Matthew 
 Cooke, of Sacramento, to prepare a bill for the protection of 
 the horticultural industries of the State, to be presented to the. 
 Legislature, which would meet in the month of December fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 The committee met at the office of the Hon. J. N. Young, at 
 Sacramento, early in the month of November, and a bill was 
 prepared, which, in due time, was presented in the Assembly 
 by Mr. Young. About the same time a bill was presented in 
 the Senate by Senator Baker, of Santa Clara. These bills were 
 referred to a joint committee of the Senate and Assembly. 
 The chairman of this committee called a meeting, and the fruit 
 growers were represented by A. T. Hatch, W. H. Jessup, and 
 the late James B. Saul, and others ; as the bills presented for 
 the protection of horticulture conflicted somewhat with each 
 other, and also with another bill (viticultural) before the Legis- 
 lature, the committee recommended that a new bill be pre- 
 sented. A new bill was prepared, and on its being brought 
 before the Senate was passed to a second reading, but amended 
 to such an extent that it was thought best to have it with- 
 drawn. Later in the session, the Hon. William Johnston, of 
 Sacramento County, then Vice-President of the Senate, had 
 the viticultural bill, which had passed the Assembly, amended 
 in the Senate by adding Section 8. The viticultural law, as 
 enacted, reads as follows : 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 11 
 
 AN ACT 
 
 To define and enlarge the duties and powers of the Board of 
 State Viticiiltural Commissioners, and to authorize the 
 appointment of certain officers, and to protect the interests 
 of horticulture and viticulture. 
 
 [Approved March 4, ISSl.] 
 
 The People oj the State of California, represented in Senate and 
 As>ienibly, do enact asfolloLOs: 
 
 Section. 1. The Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, 
 in addition to the duties and powers proN-ided for by the Act 
 entitled " An Act for the promotion of viticultural industries of 
 the State," approved April 15, 1880, shall, in respect to dis- 
 eases of grape vines and vine pests, constitute a Board of 
 Health. It shall, in addition to laboratory work, cause prac- 
 tical experiments to be made to determine or demonstrate the 
 utility of known and new remedies against such diseases and 
 pests. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Board shall elect of their own number, or 
 appoint from without their number, a competent person to 
 serve as Chief Executive Viticultural Officer, who shall per- 
 form also the duties of Viticultural Health Officer, under 
 direction of said Board, and subject to removal from such 
 office at any time by the Board. 
 
 Sec 3. The Viticultural Health Officer shall have power, 
 subject to the approval of the Board, to prevent the spread of 
 vine diseases and vine pests, by declaring and enforcing rules 
 and regulations in the nature of quarantine, to govern tlie 
 manner of, restrain, or prohibit the importation into the State, 
 and the distribution and disposal within the State, of all vines, 
 vine cuttings, debris of vineyards, empty fruit boxes, or other 
 material, on, or by which the contagion of vine diseases and 
 germs of vine pests may be introduced into the State, or trans- 
 ported from place to place within the State ; to declare and 
 enforce regulations approved by the Board for the disinfection 
 of vines, vine cuttings, vineyard debris, empty fruit boxes, and 
 other suspected material dangerous to vineyards, while in 
 transit, or about to be distributed, or transported into, or within 
 the State ; to classify the vineyards ancl viticultural regions 
 of the State, according to the degree of health, or vine disease 
 prevailing therein, and to change the same as circumstances 
 may require to be done, subjecting each class to such varying 
 rules and regulations, respecting tlie introduction or transpor- 
 
12 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 tation of vines, vine cuttings, and other material liable to 
 spread contagion of disease among vines, as may, in the opin- 
 ion of the Board, become necessary and expedient for the 
 preservation of vineyards. Such rules and regulations shall be 
 circulated in printed form by the Board among the vine 
 growers and fruit dealers of the State, shall be published at 
 least thirty days in two daily newspapers of general circulation 
 in the State, not of the same city or county, and shall be 
 posted in a conspicuous place at the county seat of each 
 county affected by their provisions. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Viticultural Health Officer may appoint local 
 resident Inspectors in any and all of the viticultural regions of 
 the State, whose duties shall be to report to him concerning 
 the health of grapevines, the progress of vine diseases and 
 pests, and all violations of the rules and regulations of the 
 Board ; to certify to the j^roper disinfection of vines, vine cut- 
 tings, empty fruit boxes, and other transportable articles 
 required by the Board to be disinfected before transportation, 
 or while in transit, or after delivery at any point of destina- 
 tion ; the methods of disinfection to be determined and 
 approved by the Health Officer and the Board ; to seize upon 
 and destroy all vines, vine cuttings, debris of vineyards, empty 
 fruit boxes, and other material liable to spread contagion, 
 which may be found in transit, or delivered after transporta- 
 tion, not certified to as required by the Board ; 'provided, that 
 the same may be exempt from such destruction if the cost of 
 disinfection by such Inspector shall be provided for by the 
 owner or agent in charge thereof, as may be prescribed for 
 such cases of negligence, carelessness, or violation of quaran- 
 tine rules, and to keep a record of all proceedings as such 
 Inspectors ; provided, that there shall be no compensation for 
 such services of inspection, excepting a fee, not to exceed one 
 dollar for each certificate of disinfection, in case of compliance 
 with quarantine regulations, and not to exceed five dollars for 
 each certificate of disinfection after seizure for non-compliance ; 
 provided, however, such inspection may be employed at the 
 option of the owners of property requiring disinfection to 
 disinfect the same. All vines, or other articles absolutely pro- 
 hibited of importation or transportation, may be promptly 
 destroyed by any Inspector discovering the same transported 
 or in transit, in violation of regulations, and the cost of such 
 seizure, together with a fee of ten dollars, shall be paid to such 
 Inspector out of any fine that may be collected from the party 
 or parties guilty of such violation. Willful violation of the 
 ciuarantine regulations of the Board shall be considered a mis- 
 demeanor, and punishable by a fine of not less than twenty- 
 five nor more than one hundred dollars. Whenever required 
 
INTRODUCTORY, 13 
 
 for the convenience of vine or fruit growers, or fruit dealers, a 
 resident Inspector shall be appointed upon petition of any 
 three neighboring vine or fruit growers, or dealers in grapes, to 
 reside in their vicinity, if not already provided for ; and there 
 shall be not less than two Inspectors appointed for each 
 county which is subjected to such quarantine regulations, and 
 they shall each be subject to removal at the will of the Viticul- 
 tural Health Officer, if incompetent, or if they fail to perform 
 their duties, or are unreasonably distasteful to vine growers 
 and grape dealers. 
 
 Sec. 5. It shall be also the duty of the Chief Executive 
 Viticultural Officer to personally visit, examine, and report 
 upon the several viticultural regions of the State ; io prepare 
 documents for publication, as required by the Board, relating 
 to any and all branches of viticultural industry, including 
 treatises for the instruction of the public ; to supervise the 
 preparation of reports for publication, and especially report 
 upon the practibility and means of eradicating diseases from 
 vineyards, and to superintend experiments with known and 
 new remedies. 
 
 Sec. 6. All printing heretofore ordered by the Board shall 
 be paid for out of the appropriations heretofore made for its 
 use. All printing required hereafter shall be done by the State 
 Printer. 
 
 Sec. 7. The salary of the Ohief Executive Viticultural 
 Officer shall be fixed by the Board, not to exceed one hundred 
 and fifty dollars i)er month, for services while engaged as such 
 officer, and his actual traveling expenses shall be allowed, not 
 to exceed five hundred dollars per annum. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Board of State Viticultural Commissioners 
 shall also appoint an officer, who shall be especially qualified, 
 by practical experience in horticulture, for the duties of his 
 office, to perform similar duties respecting the protection of 
 fruit and fruit trees as are provided for in this Act in reference 
 to grapevines, with like powers ; and the salary and traveling 
 expenses of such officer shall be fixed by the said Board, at 
 the same amounts provided for in the case of the Chief Execu- 
 tive Viticultural Officer ; and the said Board shall have power 
 to establish such quarantine rules and regulations as are 
 required for the protection of fruit and fruit trees from the 
 spread of insect pests. 
 
 Sec. 9. There is hereby appropriated for the uses of the 
 Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, as set forth in this 
 Act, and in the Act providing for its organization, out of any 
 moneys in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, the 
 sum of ten thousand dollars for the year commencing July 
 first, eighteen hundred and eighty-one, and ten thousand dol- 
 
U INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 lars for the year commencing July first, eighteen hundred and 
 eighty -two ;' and the State Controller will draw his warrants 
 upon the State Treasurer in favor of the Treasurer of the said 
 Board for the said sums, or any part thereof, when they become 
 available, upon proper demand being made for the same by 
 said Board ; provided, that no claim shall be paid out of said 
 appropriation until the same shall have been presented to and 
 approved by the State Board of Examiners. 
 
 Sec. 10. * This Act shall take effect and be in force from 
 and after its passage. 
 
 Assemblyman Reynolds, of Santa Clara, introduced the 
 following bill, which passed both houses and was approved by 
 the Governor March 14, 1881 : 
 
 AN ACT 
 
 To protect and promote the horticultural interests of the State. 
 
 The People of the State of California represented in Senate 
 and Assembly, do enact as follows: 
 
 Section 1. Whenever a petition is presented to the Board of 
 Supervisors of any county, and signed by five. or more persons 
 who are resident freehoklers and possessors of an orchard, or 
 both, stating that certain or all orchards, or nurseries, or trees 
 of any variety, are infested with scale bug, codlin moth, or other 
 insects that are destructive to trees, and praying that a com- 
 mission be appointed by them, whose duty it shall be to super- 
 vise their destruction, as hereinafter provided, the Board of 
 Supervisors shall, within twenty days thereafter, select three 
 commissioners for the county, to be known as a County Board 
 of Horticultural Commissioners. The Board of Supervisors 
 may fill any vacancy that may occur in said commission by 
 death, resignation, or otherwise, and appoint one ' Commis- 
 sioner each year, one month or thereabouts previous to the 
 expiration of the term of office of any member of said commis- 
 sion. The said Commissioners shall serve for a period of three 
 years from the date of their appointment, except the Commis- 
 sioners first appointed, one of whom shall serve for one year, 
 one of whom shall serve for two years, and one of whom shall 
 serve for three years, from the date of appointment. The 
 Commissioners first appointed shall themselves decide, by lot, 
 or otherwise, who shall serve for one year, who two years, and 
 who three years, and shall notify the Board of Supervisors of 
 the result of their choice. 
 
 Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Countv Board of Hor- 
 
TWTRODUGTORY. 15 
 
 ticultural Commissioners in each county, whenever they shall 
 be informed by complaint of any person residing in such 
 county, that an orchard, or nursery, or trees, or any fruit pack- 
 ing house, storeroom, saleroom, or any other place in their 
 jurisdiction, is infested with scale bug, codlin moth, red spider, 
 or other noxious insects liable to spread contagion dangerous 
 to the trees or fruit of complainant, or their eggs or larvae, 
 injurious to fruit or fruit trees, they shall cause an inspection 
 to be made of the said premises, and if found infected they 
 shall ^notify the owner or owners, or the person or persons in 
 charge or possession of said trees or places, as aforesaid, that 
 the same are infested with said insects, or any of them, or their 
 eggs or larvae, and shall require such person or persons to dis- 
 infect the same within a certain time to be specified. If, within 
 such specified time, such disinfection has not been accom- 
 plished, the said person or persons shall be required to make 
 application of such treatment for the purpose of destroying 
 them as said Commissioners shall prescribe. Said notices may 
 be served upon the person or persons owning or having charge 
 or possession of such infested trees, or places, or articles as 
 aforesaid, by any Commissioner, or by any person deputed by 
 the said Commissioners for that purpose, orthey may be served 
 in the same manner as a summons in a civil action. If the 
 owner or owners, or the person or persons in charge or posses- 
 sion of any orchard, or nursery, or trees, or places, or articles, 
 infested with said insects, or any of them, or their larvae or 
 eggs, after having been notified as above to make application 
 of treatment as directed, shall fail, neglect, or refuse so to do, 
 he or they shall be deemed guilty of maintaining a public nui- 
 sance, and any such orchards, nurseries, trees, or places, or 
 articles thus infested, shall be adjudged and the same is herebj^ 
 declared a pul)lic nuisance, and may be proceeded against as 
 such. If found guilty, the Court shall direct the aforesaid 
 County Board of Horticultural Commissioners to abate the 
 nuisance. The expenses thus incurred shall be a lien upon the 
 real property of the defendant. 
 
 Sec. 3. Said County Board of Horticultural Commission- 
 ers shall have power to divide the county into districts, and to 
 appoint a local Inspector for each of said districts. The duties 
 of such local Inspectors shall be prescribed by said County 
 Board. 
 
 Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said County Board of Com- 
 missioners to keep a record of their official doings, and to make 
 a report to the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners on 
 or before the first day of November of each year, who shall 
 incorporate the same in their annual reports. 
 
 Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the Commissioners at large, 
 
16 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 appointed by the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners 
 for such purpose, to recommend, consult, and act with the 
 County Board of Commissioners in their respective counties, 
 as to the most efficacious treatment to be adopted for the 
 extermination of the aforesaid insects, or larva?, or eggs thereof, 
 and to attend to such other duties as may be necessary to 
 accomplish or carrv out the full intent and meaning of this 
 Act. 
 
 Sec. 6. Each County Commissioner and local Inspector 
 may be paid five dollars for each day actually engaged in the 
 performance of his duties under this Act, payable out of the 
 county treasury of his county; providcdAhaX no more shall be 
 paid for such services than shall be determined by resolution 
 of the Board of Supervisors of the county for services actually 
 and necessarily rendered. 
 
 Sec. 7. Each of said Commissioners may select one or more 
 persons, without pay, to assist him in the discharge of his 
 duties, as he may deem necessary. 
 
 Sec. 8. If any County Board of Connnissioners, after hav- 
 ing received complaint in writing, as provided for in section 
 t^M3 of this Act, shall fail to perform the duties of their office, 
 as required by this Act, they may be removed from office h\ 
 the Board of Supervisors, and the vacancy thus formed shall 
 be filled in the same manner as provided for in this Act. 
 
 Sec. 9. Nothing in this Act shall be construed so as to 
 affect vinyards or their products. 
 
 Sec 10. This Act shall take effect immediately. 
 
 The appointment of a Chief Horticultural Officer and the 
 enforcement of quarantine rules, etc., being given to the State 
 Board of Viticultural Commissioners, they appointed a State 
 Board of Horticultural Commissioners to recommend a com- 
 petent person for Horticultural Officer, and also such regula- 
 tions, etc., as were necessarv for the protection of horticultural 
 industries. 
 
 The Board consisted of C. H. Dwindle. Alameda County ; 
 Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara County ; Albert S. White, San 
 Bernardino County ; Dr. Chapin, Santa Clara County ; A. Cad- 
 well, Sonoma County ; W. W. Smith, Solano County ; Felix 
 Gillett, Nevada County ; W. B. West, San Joaquin County ; E. 
 J. Wickson, Jr.,* Alameda County; M. T. Brewer, Sacramento 
 County ; ^Matthew Cooke, Sacramento County. 
 
 * Mr. Charles H. Sbinn was a member of the Board for one year, but 
 resigned on account of his leaving the State, and Mr. Wickson was 
 appointed his successor. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 17 
 
 The State Board of Horticulture met quarterly. At first 
 there was a laxity of action by the fruit growers in regard to 
 petitioning for County Commissioners ; however, in eight 
 months sixteen counties had appointed Boards, and in twelve 
 months twenty-one counties, in all, had appointed Boards, 
 namely : 
 
 Sacramento, Yolo, Solano, Santa Barbara, El Dorado, San 
 Bernardino, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Joaquin, Amador, 
 Contra Costa, Nevada, Placer, San Diego, Alameda, Los Ange- 
 les, San Benito, Fresno, Marin, Kern, and Butte (leaving only 
 six of what may be termed fruit growing counties that had not 
 asked for Commissioners). 
 
 The State Board of Horticulture did not think it advisable 
 to enforce quarantine regulations in 1881, The}' therefore had 
 prepared, l)y the Chief Horticultural Officer, '"''A Treatise on the 
 Injurious Insects of California, and Remedies for their Extermi- 
 nation.^^ Ten thousand copies of this book were distributed. 
 A State Convention of Fruit Growers was held at Sacramento, 
 in December, 1881. Quarantine regulations were issued, to be 
 enforced after January 1, 1882, as follows: 
 
 HORTICULTURAL QUARANTINE RULES. 
 
 To all whom it may concern : Be it known that I, Matthew 
 Cooke, Chief Executive Horticultural and Health OHicer of 
 the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, being duly 
 authorized and instructed by said Board, do declare the fol- 
 lowing (^arantine rules and regulations for the protection of 
 the horticultural interests of the State, and due notice thereof 
 is hereby given as provided by law, to wit, thirty days of pub- 
 lication in two daily newspapers of general circulation in the 
 State, and Iw posting notices in all counties to be affected by 
 these rules. All parties concerned therein are required to con- 
 form thereto, subject to penalties provided for by law, for any 
 infraction or evasion of said rules and regulations : 
 
 Quanaitine Rales and Regidations for the protection, of fruit and 
 
 fruit trees 
 
 From insect })ests, namely, insects injurious to fruit and fruit 
 trees, authorized and approved by the State Board of Viticul- 
 tural Commissioners of California. In pursuance of an Act 
 entitled " An Act to define and enlarge the duties and powers 
 
18 INTBODUOTOBY. 
 
 of the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, and to 
 authorize the appointment of certain officers, and to protect 
 the interests of Horticulture and Viticulture," approved March 
 4, 1881, the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer 
 may appoint local resident Inspectors in any and all of the 
 fruit-growing regions of the State, whose duties shall be as 
 provided in Section IV of an Act entitled " An Act to define 
 and enlarge the duties and powers of the Board of State Viti- 
 cultural Commissioners, and to authorize the appointment of 
 certain officers, and to protect the interests of Horticulture and 
 Viticulture," provided that there shall be no compensation for 
 such services of inspection excepting a fee, not to exceed one 
 dollar for each certificate! of disinfection, in case of compliance 
 with quarantine regulations, and not to exceed five dollars for 
 each certificate of disinfection after seizure for non-compliance ; 
 provided, however, such inspection may be employed at the 
 option of the owners of property requiring disinfection, to dis- 
 infect the same. And also said local resident Inspectors will 
 be entitled to such other fees as are provided for in cases of 
 conviction and seizures. 
 
 1. All tree or plant cuttings, grafts or scions, plants or trees 
 of any kind, infested by any insect or insects, or the germs 
 thereof, namely their eggs, larvae, or pupae, that are known to 
 be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, and liable to spread con- 
 tagion; or any tree or plant cuttings, grafts, scions, plants, or 
 trees of any kind, grown or planted in any county or district 
 within the State of California, in which trees or plants, in 
 orchards, nurseries, or places, are known to be infested by 
 any insect or insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, 
 larvae, or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, 
 and liable to spread contagion, are hereby required to be dis- 
 infected before removal for distribution or transportation from 
 any orchard, nursery, or place where said tree or plant, cut- 
 tings, grafts or scions, plants, or trees of any kind are grown, 
 or offered for sale or gift, as hereinafter provided. 
 
 2. All tree or plant cuttings, grafts, or scions, plants, or 
 trees of any kind, imported or brought into this State from 
 any foreign country, or from any of the United States or 
 Territories, are hereby required to be disinfected immediately 
 after their arrival in this State, and before being offered for 
 sale or removed for distribution or transportation, as herein- 
 after described ; provided, that if on examination of any such 
 importations by a local resident Inspector, or the Chief Execu- 
 tive Horticultural Officer, a bill of health is certified to by such 
 examining officer, then disinfection will be unnecessary. 
 
 3. Fruit of any kind, infested by any species of scale insect 
 or scale insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, larvae 
 
INTHODUCTOIIY. 19 
 
 or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit and fruit trees, and 
 liable to spread contagion, is hereby required to be disinfected, as 
 hereinafter provided, before removal off premises where grown, 
 for the purpose of sale, gift, distribution, or transportation. 
 
 4. Fruit of any kind, infested by any insect or insects,^or 
 the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, larvte, or pupie, known 
 to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, and lial>le to si)read 
 contagion, imported or brought into this State from any 
 foreign country, or from any of the United States or Terri- 
 tories, are hereby prohibited from being offered for sale, gift, 
 distribution, or transportation. 
 
 5. Fruit of any kind infested liy the insect known as codlin 
 moth, or its larv« or pupa% is hereby prohibited from being 
 kept in bulk, or in packages or boxes of any kind, in any 
 orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or place, or being dried for 
 food, or any other purposes, or being removed for sale, gift, 
 distribution or transportation. 
 
 6. Fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, used for shipping fruit 
 to any destination, are hereby required to be disinfected, as 
 hereinafter provided, previous to their being returned to any 
 orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or })lace to be used for storage, 
 shipping or any other purpose. 
 
 7. Transportable material of any kind, infested by any 
 insect or insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, 
 larvae, or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, 
 and liable to spread contagion, is hereby prohibited from being 
 offered for sale, gift, distribution, or transportation. 
 
 8. Tree or plant cuttings, grafts, scions, plants, or trees of 
 any kind, may be disinfected l)y dipping in a solution com- 
 posed of not less than one pound (1 lb.) of commercial con- 
 centrated lye to each and every two (2) gallons of water used 
 as such disinfectant, or in any other manner satisfactory to 
 the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer. 
 
 9. Empty fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, may be disin- 
 fected by dipping in boiling water, and allowed to remain in 
 said boiling water not less than two minutes ; said boiling 
 water used as such disinfectant to contain, in solution, not 
 less than one pound (1 lb.) of commercial potash, or three- 
 fourths (f) of one pound (1 lb.) of concentrated lye, to each 
 and every twenty gallons of water, or in any other manner 
 satisfactory to the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health 
 Officer. 
 
 10. Fruit on deciduous and citrus trees infested by any 
 species of scale insect or scale insects, or the germs thereof, 
 namely, their eggs, larvae, or pupae, may be disinfected before 
 removal from the tree, or from the premises where grown, by 
 washing or thoroughly spraying said fruit with a solution 
 
20 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 composed of one pound (1 lb.) of whale oil soap and one- 
 fourth of one pound of flour of sulphur to each and every one 
 and one-quarter (1^) gallons of water used as such disinfect- 
 ant, or in any other manner satisfactory to the Chief Execu- 
 tive Horticultural and Health Officer. 
 
 11. Owners of fruit of any kind grown in any orchard, 
 nursery, or place in which trees or plants are known to be 
 infested with any insect or insects, or the germs thereof, 
 namely, their eggs, larvae, or pupae, known to be injurious to 
 fruit or fruit trees, and liable to spread contagion, and all per- 
 sons in possession thereof, or offering for sale, gift, distribu- 
 tion, or transportation, are hereby required to procure a 
 certificate of disinfection before removal for sale, gift, distri- 
 bution, or transportation. 
 
 12. Any tree or plant cuttings, scions, plants, or trees of 
 any kind, empty fruit boxes, fruit packages, or fruit baskets, 
 or transferable material of any kind, offered for sale, gift, dis- 
 tribution, or transportation, in violation of the quarantine 
 rules and regulations for the protection of fruit and fruit trees, 
 approved by the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, 
 may be seized by the Chief Executive Horticultural and 
 Health Officer, or by any of the local resident Inspectors 
 appointed by him ; said seizure to be the taking possession 
 thereof, and holding for disinfection, or for an order of con- 
 demnation by a Court of competent jurisdiction. 
 
 13. Any joerson violating the above quarantine rules and 
 regulations shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon 
 conviction thereof shall be punishable by a fine of not less 
 than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars. 
 
 Matthew Cooke, 
 Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer. 
 Sacramento, November 12, 1881. 
 
 (For proceedings in Court in relation to quarantine rules, see 
 Chapter IV.) 
 
 At the Fruit Growers' Convention, held at San Jose on the 
 fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth of November, 1882, the fol- 
 lowing committee was appointed to prepare such bills as were 
 considered constitutional, and required for the protection of 
 the horticultural industries : 
 
 Wal. J. Tuska, San Francisco ; L. M. Holt, San Bernardino 
 County; F. C. De Long, Marin County; S. M. Leib, Santa 
 Clara County ; Dr. Chapin, Santa Clara County ; Hon. J. H. M. 
 Townsend, Santa Clara County; G. M. Gray, Butte County; 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 21 
 
 A. T. Hatch, Solano County ; Hon. Wm. Johnston, Sacramento 
 County ; Matthew Cooke, Sacramento County. 
 
 The committee met at San Jose, December 27, 1882. Sub- 
 sequent to this meeting two bills were prepared by one of the 
 committee — Wal. J. Tuska, Esq., attorney-at-law, San Fran- 
 cisco — one bill creating a Board of Horticultural Commission- 
 ers, and the other to prevent the spread of insect pests, etc. 
 These bills were presented to the Legislature as Senate Bills 
 Nos. 2 and 8, by Senator Cox, of Sacramento County, and 
 Assembly Bills Nos. 31 and 32, by Assemblyman Hollister, of 
 San Luis Obispo County. 
 
 The ])ills were amended in the Senate. The work of amending 
 to suit the views of Senators was done by Senator Whitney, of 
 Alameda. The Ijills as amended passed the Senate. In the 
 meantime the Assembly had passed the l^ill creating a Board 
 of Horticulture, and appropriating for its expense seven thou- 
 sand five hundred dollars ($7,500) per annum, the Senate bill 
 only alhfNving five thousand dollars ($5,000) per annum. The 
 Assembly then took action on Senate Bills Xos. 2 and 3, and 
 both were passed. The bill creating a Board of Horticulture — 
 Senate Bill No. 3 — as passed by both houses, was approved by 
 the Governor. Senate Bill No. 2, to prevent the spread of 
 insect pests, etc., after passing both houses, was mislaid or 
 stolen, so that it was not presented to the Governor for his 
 approval. In connection with the passage of the bills referred 
 to, I met with the greatest courtesy from the members of the 
 Assembly and Senate from the time the bills were introduced 
 until the}^ were passed. 
 
 On the twenty-seventh of March, 1883, I called upon Gov- 
 ernor Stoneman in relation to the appointment of a Board of 
 Horticultural Commissioner^. He expressed a desire to 
 appoint only competent persons, irrespective of political con- 
 sideration. If this promise was fulfilled it i.s ircU. 
 
22 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Progress of the Warfare Against Insect Pests from January 1, 
 1879, to April 1, 1888. 
 
 Previous to January 1, 1879, the codlin moth, oyster-shell 
 bark louse, San Jose scale insect, and black scale on decid- 
 uous fruit trees, and the soft orange scale, black scale, and 
 red scale on citrus trees, were found to be spreading rapidly in 
 some fruit growing districts. Excepting a few individuals, 
 but little notice was taken of their presence. In 1879 some 
 individual efforts were made to save the crops, which were 
 successful. But, notwithstanding the great interests at stake, 
 not one fruit grower out of every five hundred attempted to 
 make any effort to prevent the spread of these enemies of their 
 industry. Some fruit growers ridiculed the idea of any serious 
 results occurring from the presence of such minute creatures ; 
 others seemed satisfied that the pests would disappe^ as they 
 came, without any effort of the fruit growers. 
 
 On the 29th of October, 1879, I visited an orchard seriously 
 infested by San Jose scale {A. perniciosus). I recommended 
 the owner to spray his trees with an alkaline solution. On 
 the morning of the 30th he met the gentleman who accompa- 
 nied me to his orchard, and said the idea of washing trees waa 
 only a hohhy. Had he done, as advised, in November, 1879, 
 what he afterwards did in the Spring of 1882, he could have 
 saved one half of his orchard, which had to be dug out; 
 
 In 1880 matters became so serious in some localities that 
 efforts were made to destroy the pests. Such a difference of 
 opinion existed as to the proper remedies to be employed, that 
 a great deal of the work done did not produce very favorable 
 results, thus leaving the matter in a more hopeless condition 
 that in 1879. 
 
 The securing of legislation for the protection of the horti- 
 cultural interests of the State, in the Winter of 1880 and 1881 
 (the laws passed taking effect on March 14, 1881), brought the 
 subject of insect pest prominently before the fruit-growers. 
 The results of the work done in 1881, 1882, and in the Spring 
 of 1883, may be stated as follows : 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 23 
 
 1. It has been fully demonstrated that the insect pests can 
 be exterminated in orchards at a profit to the owner of from 
 one hundred to five hundred per cent on the amount expended 
 for remedies thoroughly applied. 
 
 2. Remedies of undoubted utility have been discovered, that 
 can be readily and thoroughly applied with the improved 
 facilities that the necessity of the times brought forth. 
 
 3. We have become better acquainted with the natural his- 
 tory of the injurious and beneficial insects of Caliibrnia, and 
 standard works on economic entomology can be readily pro- 
 cured by tliose wishing to get them. 
 
 4. In some of the districts that were seriously infested con- 
 fidence has been restored, and land has increased in value from 
 one hundred to two hundred per cent. 
 
 5. That the work became popular may be shown by the cor- 
 respondence, etc., of the Chief Executive Horticultural Officer, 
 of whicli the following is a sample : 
 
 From April 5, 1881, to April 5, 1883 :— 
 
 Number of letters, postal cards, and packages received, 5,581 
 Number of packages and letters containing specimens 
 
 of insects, etc., ------- 491 
 
 Number of visitors at the office on business connected 
 
 with insect pests, - - - - - - 611 
 
 The information derived from the experience of the two 
 years' work will not only benefit the fruit-growers of Cali- 
 fornia, but those of our sister States, and also of foreign 
 countries. For instance, at a recent meeting of the Royal 
 Agricultural Society of South Australia, Frazer S. Crawford, 
 Esq., of Adelaide, read a paper entitled, " California Legisla- 
 tion Against Insect Pests," etc., which concluded as follows : 
 
 " In conclusion, let me again point out the im})ortance of 
 carefully watching this California experiment. If we find, in 
 spite of this expense and trouble the Californians are willing 
 to put themselves to, that these pests do not decrease, or that 
 the results bear no comparison to the cost of the means 
 employed, it would be tolly to follow their example. If, on 
 the other hand, their vineyards and orchards yearly become 
 more prolific and free from insect and other plagues, while our 
 orchards are being destroyed with fungoid pests, our vine- 
 
24 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 yards deteriorated with odium, our orange, olive and other 
 trees ruined by scale insects, we may conclude that our Amer- 
 ican cousins are reaping the benefit of their wise legislation, 
 and that the sooner we follow their example the l;)etter, 
 remembering the truth of the old proverl^ : ' Providence helps 
 those who help themselves.' " 
 
 For the benefit of all interested in the warfare against insect 
 pests, positive assurance can be giv-en of the benefits to be 
 derived from legislation against the spread of insect pests, 
 etc. ; but success can only be achieved under certain well- 
 defined conditions, as follows : 
 
 First — The appointment of a Commission, each member of 
 which is required to have a thorough experience of the best 
 established methods used in preventing the spread of and in 
 exterminating the insect pests, and sustained in the perform- 
 ance of their duties by well-considered laws. 
 
 Second — Adequate compensation to secure competent offi- 
 cers. 
 
 Third — The appointment of officers to execute the laws of 
 the State and such regulations as are made by the Commis- 
 sion ; said officers to be in all respects competent to perform 
 the duties required, especially being thoroughly acquainted 
 with the science of entomology. 
 
 A Commission and officers appointed under such conditions 
 cannot fail to benefit the State tenfold the amount expended. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Disinfection of Return Packages versus Free Packages. 
 
 During the months of April, May, and June, 1882, there 
 arose considerable discussion amongst the fruit growers who 
 were selling their fruit in local markets, as to the utility of 
 disinfecting packages in which fruit was shipped to market 
 before the packages were reshipped to the orchards for further 
 use, as required by the quarantine rules, etc. Had the settle- 
 ment of the question been left entirely to the fruit growers, the 
 matter would have been amicably arranged, and successful 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 25 
 
 progress made in preventing the spread of the eodlin moth 
 and peach moth. Unfortunately for those directly interested 
 (the fruit growers), an issue was made hy the non-producers 
 (i. e. buyers and dealers of fruit), under the cloak of friendship 
 for the fruit-groAvers, l)Ut in reahty for personal gain, and for 
 forcing the fruit-growers to use the so-called free package. 
 The time may l)e stated about the first of June, 1882. Lest 
 any doubt should exist that such was the intention of the 
 opposition to the disinfection of packages, the following letter 
 now in my possession, from a very extensive buyer of fruit in 
 San Francisco to a member of the State Board of Viticultural 
 Commission, will perhaps be sufficient proof: 
 
 San Francisco, January 3, 1882. 
 Dear Sir : The box factories tell me they are making a 
 larger quantity of peach baskets than ever before. Now, this 
 is very bad, because the Fruit Growers' Convention, through 
 the proper committee, particularly recommended the abolition 
 of baskets and the suljstitution of boxes ; and furthermore, the 
 basket is as bad a package as can possibly be found for dis- 
 seminating pests. Why cannot the fruit grower help himself 
 in this matter? Nothing will do him good if he does not. You 
 can show this to Mr. Cooke, if you think best. Will you get 
 the sample of free packages into shape and put them on show 
 here, somewhere, and oblige, 
 
 Yours, Etc., 
 
 [The above reveals the secret of the opposition to disinfec- 
 tion of packages.] 
 
 The State Board of Viticultural Commissioners had framed 
 the quarantine rules, so as to give an opportunity to those who 
 preferred the use of the return packages, to do so. The fol- 
 lowing circular was issued explaining the reason : 
 
 To the fruit grower.^ of California, and all whom it may con- 
 cern: — 
 
 I take the liberty of calling your attention to the necessity 
 of disinfecting empty fruit packages before being returned from 
 market to the orchards, as required by the Quarantine Rules 
 and Regulations for the protection of Horticulture. 
 
 Rule 6. P^ruit boxes, packages, or baskets, used for ship- 
 ping fruit to anv destination, are herebv required to be disin- 
 3 ■ 
 
26 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 fected, as hereinafter provided, previous to their being returned 
 to any orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or pLace to be used for 
 storage, shipping, or any other purpose. 
 
 Rule 9. Empty fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, may be 
 disinfected by dipping in boiling water, and allowed to remain 
 in said boiling water not less than two minutes ; said boiling 
 water used as such disinfectant to contain, in solution, not less 
 than one pound (1 ft) of commercial potash, or three-fourths 
 (f ) of one pound (1 ft) of concentrated lye, to each and every 
 twenty gallons of water, or in any other manner satisfactory to 
 the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer. 
 
 In order to secure a general compliance with the above rules, 
 arrangements will be made at San Francisco, Sacramento, San 
 Jose, Stockton, and other places, where fruit is shipped to a 
 market or for storage ; and local Inspectors appointed who 
 will disinfect such packages, if required by the owners thereof ; 
 or the owners of empty y^ackages, or their agents, may disinfect 
 them, subject to inspection. 
 
 In answer to inquiries, the following cpiestions may be 
 asked : 
 
 Are those requirements oppressive on the fruit growers who 
 wish to send fruit to market? I answer, they are not, for the 
 following reasons : 
 
 1. There are several counties which may be termed fruit 
 growing counties, such as Sonoma, Napa, Yuba, Tuolumne, 
 Calaveras, and others, where the fruit growers have failed in 
 having a County Board of Horticultural Commissioners 
 appointed ; therefore there is not any organization in any of 
 the above and some other counties, with which I can consult 
 in relation to matters in which the fruit growers are interested. 
 
 2. The Commissioners in several coimties have been 
 retarded in their work by the requirements of the law, that 
 complaint must be made before they can make an inspection 
 of an infested orchard. Although many of the fruit growers 
 have made every effort in their power to cleanse their orchards, 
 yet they hesitate to enter a complaint against their neighbor ; 
 therefore, in a large number of orchards, the pests have been 
 allowed to spread as heretofore. And it is only by a general 
 enforcement of the Quarantine Rules that any good results can 
 be secured. 
 
 3. A large number of orchards are rented, leased, or owned 
 by parties that, judging by past experience, cannot be depended ' 
 upon to comply with the Quarantine Rules, except they are 
 compelled to do so. 
 
 4. It would require at least three hundred and fifty (350) 
 local Inspectors throughout the State, to have the work of dis- 
 infecting empty fruit boxes or packages, at the orchard, steam- 
 
TNTRODIWTORY. 27 
 
 boat landings, and railroad stations, done as eft'ectually as by 
 the disinfecting at markets, etc., as required. 
 
 5. The local Inspectors, if appointed, are allowed fees by 
 law, and would be a heav}^ expense on the fruit growers. 
 
 6. The rapid spread of codlin moth, to at least tliirty coun- 
 ties in this State, since its first appearance in one orchard in 
 1874, can chiefly be attributed to the use of the return pack- 
 ages ; therefore, the disinfection of all return packages is a 
 necessity. 
 
 7. There is a difference of opinion among fruit growers as 
 to the style of package that should be used in sending fruit to 
 market. Some growers recommend and have adopted the so- 
 called free package, and others use the so-called return package. 
 
 8. The disinfection of the packages gives an opportunity of 
 using the return packages at a nominal cost. 
 
 9. Stores, commission houses, and places wlierc apples, 
 }K'ars, and quinces were stored or sold last season, are generally 
 infested by the larvie, pupa^, or imago (perfect insect) of the 
 codlin moth, and are liable to be taken from such places in 
 return packages to orchards at this season of the year. 
 
 10. The disinfection of return packages at the place where 
 tbe fruit is sent to market (or for storage) is not only the most 
 effective method for the prevention of the spread of insect 
 pests, but is by far the most economical for the fruit growers. 
 
 Matthi]w Cooke, 
 Chief Executive Horticultural Officer. 
 
 The opposition brought the question of constitutionality 
 of the law into the courts ; pending a decision, the enforce- 
 ment of the quarantine rules was abandoned, and the pests not 
 only allowed to spread as heretofore, but the free package sys- 
 tem was not generally adopted. (In January, 1883, a decision 
 of the Supreme Court declared that the Legislature, in giving 
 the State Board of Viticultural Commissioners the right to 
 declare what would constitute a misdemeanor, gave the Board 
 legislative 'power, and ivas therefore unconstitutional.) 
 
 After mature investigation, I can find no reason to change 
 my opinion in regard to the prevention of the spread of fruit 
 pests ; that the best, safest, and cheapest method is the general 
 and thorough disinfection of all packages used in shipping 
 fruit. 
 
 The non-producer and free package advocate asserts (hypo- 
 thetically, of course,) that the cost of disinfecting one load of 
 boxes and baskets sent from his store — containiuR- three bun- 
 
28 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 dred boxes and three hundred baskets, belonging to thirty 
 owners — would V)e nearly thirty-five dollars, or as follows : 
 
 Disinfection of 800 boxes, at 1 cent, - - - - - - $8 00 
 
 Disinfection of 300 baskets, at ^ cent, ------ 1 50 
 
 Thirty Inspector's certificates, at $1.00, - - - - - - 30 00 
 
 Hypothetical total, $34 50 
 
 The actual cost Avould have been : 
 
 Disinfection of 300 boxes, at 1 cent, - - - - - - $3 00 
 
 Disinfection of 300 baskets, at \ cent, ------ 1 50 
 
 Certificate of Inspector (free), -------- 
 
 Total cost of hypothetical load of return packages, $4 50 
 
 Again compare figures : 
 
 300 boxes, each containing 30 pounds of fruit, - - 9,000 ibs 
 300 baskets, each containing 25 pounds of fruit, - - 7,500 lbs 
 
 16,500 ibs 
 
 Total cost of disinfection so that they could be used again 
 for shipping purposes, $4.50. 
 
 Free packages, to carry 16,500 pounds of fruit to market — 
 550 packages, 30 pounds each, 16,500; cost of 550 packages, 
 at ^\ cents each, cheapest style, $35.75. Thus showing a clear 
 gain to the fruit grower of $31.25, less return freight, in favor 
 of the i)lan of disinfection. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Quarantine. 
 
 In a warfare for the extermination of the insect pests of 
 the orchards, etc., quarantine laws are a necessity. The 
 codlin moth, peach moth, and other species of pests are spread 
 by the shipment of infected fruits. The scale insect and 
 woolly apliis have been and are being continually spread on 
 nurserv stock. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 29 
 
 From paat experience I have concluded that it is an impos- 
 sibility to secure any general law that will be acceptable to 
 the fruit growers, nurserymen and speculators combined. It 
 is, unfortunately, an established fact that a majority of fruit 
 growers, or persons growing fruit, prefer taking the chances of 
 allowing pests to spread rather than to disinfect their packages 
 when returned from market. The proof of this is beyond 
 question. At this date I do not know of twenty persons in 
 this State who are taking this precaution. Nursery stock 
 infested by the scale insect and woolly aphis is sent broadcast 
 through the State, and what are the results? 
 
 A planted two thousand Bartlett pear trees in 1880 ; in the 
 Fall of 1881 he discovered that they were infested by the San 
 Jose scale ; in the Spring of 1882 he cut them off at the ground 
 as a sure prevention of their spread on the 10,000 trees adjoin- 
 ing, and grafted them. By thorough application of remedies 
 he has the trees cleaned, but lost two years use of his ground. 
 
 B bought, in 1882, Bartlett pear trees for two acres ; in the 
 Spring of 1888 he discovered that they were infested by the 
 San Jose scale. For the protection of the balance of his 
 orchard property, the trees, after l)eing planted one year, were 
 dug out and burned. 
 
 C, in 1881, sent to a distant portion of the State for pear 
 trees, to escape any chances of getting infested trees ; unfor- 
 tunately the nursery-man had purchased the trees in an 
 infested district. In 1883, the trees planted two years ago are 
 found to be seriously infested by the so-called San Jose scale 
 {A perniciosus). 
 
 D, E and F have had the same experience in buying and 
 planting young apple trees, the roots of which were infested 
 by the woolly aphis. 
 
 The true remedy of these evils is, let every owner of fruit 
 trees, etc., liable to be infested by insect pests, make himself or 
 herself thoroughly acquainted with the appearance and natural 
 history of injurious insects ; then constitute a home quaran- 
 tine board, of one or more, for the purpose of preventing the 
 importation of insect pests on the premises. 
 
30 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Danger of Importing Injurious Insects from Foreign Countries. 
 
 Dealers in fruit at San Francisco often have consignments 
 of lemons and oranges arrive by steamships and sailing ves- 
 sels from Tahiti, from Australia, and also from European 
 ports. 
 
 In soine cargoes the fruit is seriously infested by scale 
 insects. Australia sends us the red scale {A. aurantii), and 
 Australia, Tahiti, and Europe send the leaf and fruit scale )A. 
 citricola). The latter has not been found, so far as I am aware, 
 in any orchard on this coast. 
 
 A shipment of apples received lately from New Zealand was 
 infested by the greedy scale (.-I. rapax). These species of scale 
 insects generally arrive in a healthy condition. The greedy 
 scale and red scale are both well located here. Care should 
 be taken that the A. citricola be not allowed to spread. 
 Remember, " eternal vigilance is the price of fruit." 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Danger of Spreading Insect Pests by the Transportation of In- 
 fested Fruit and Nursery Stock. 
 
 It would be superfluous to give any extended repetition of 
 the dangers which threaten husbandmen ])y having infested 
 fruits, nursery stock, seeds, etc., brought upon his premises, as 
 the danger is fully described in other chapters of this work. 
 The following instances are given for the purpose of further 
 calling the attention of those living in districts not yet infested : 
 
 The Novato Ranch orchard is isolated from any other 
 orchard from which it could become infested ; the pests were 
 brought in return packages, and to this date (July, 1883), the 
 amount expended by Mr. De Long in getting rid of his visitors 
 (codlin motli) must reach nearly ten thousand dollars. 
 
 The iH'ach worm, which was discovered last year (1882), has 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 31 
 
 been found in isolated orchards this year, so that undoubtedly 
 they were brought in return packages. 
 
 The discovery made in various sections of the country this 
 Spring (1883), of the presence in young orchards of the San 
 Jose scale (^4. perniciosus) is sufficient proof that the nursery 
 stock was infested when bought. 
 
 The presence of the codlin moth in an isolated apple orchard 
 in San Diego County, can readily be accounted for by the 
 owner carrying home his groceries in empty apple boxes that 
 were shipped to San Diego with infested fruit. 
 
 The presence of the red scale (^. aurantU) in some orchards 
 in Southern California is attributed to the importation of two 
 or three young trees from Australia. 
 
 The presence of the cottony cushion scale (/. purchasi) can 
 be charged to importation. 
 
 The codlin moth was brought in an importation of five bar- 
 rels of apples from States east of the Rocky Mountains, about 
 1873. The grain weevil (C. yraaaria) and other injurious 
 species of the weevil family [curcidionidx) can readily be spread 
 in grain and plant seeds. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Notes on Experimental Work. 
 
 It is not only a duty, but a necessity, that every cultivator 
 of the soil, irrespective of the line of industry in which he is 
 engaged, if his premises are infested or likely to be infested by 
 insect pests, that he should use his utmost efforts in experi- 
 mental work to find the ])est and cheapest methods for their 
 extermination, or for preventing their spread at least. In the 
 course of such experimental work, should he think he had 
 made an important discovery, he should be guided by the 
 following rules : 
 
 1. It is well worth the care of any one who wishes to 
 be sure — as every one should — of (;onferring a benefit upon his 
 fellows rather than risk doing them an injury, to delay the 
 expression of results of experiments until the correctness of 
 their results are tested by repeated trials. 
 
32 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 2. Before advising your neighbor to adopt a certain course 
 or remedy, be sure by repeated investigations that you are 
 possessed of a fact, not a fancy. Experiments, to be convinc- 
 ing, require that they be subjected to well defined, clearly per- 
 ceived conditions. 
 
 3. In reporting results of experiments, it should be remem- 
 bered that " it is the weakest link that determines the strength 
 of the chain." 
 
 One of the obstacles with which the enterprising fruit grower 
 has to contend in attempting to prevent the spread of insect 
 pests, is the reliance their neighbors place in remedies which 
 they have not sufficiently tested before adopting them. For 
 instance : A's neighbor, Mr. B, has decided to clean his 
 orchard to prevent the ravages of the codlin moth, and as a 
 business principle makes an estimate of the cost, which will 
 probably be from fifteen to twenty dollars per acre, according 
 to the size of the trees. About this time he notices an article 
 in his newspaper : " No more use for pumps, sprays, nozzles, 
 and solutions. By placing a branch of an eucalyptus tree in 
 your apple and pear trees, the codlin moth will not attack the 
 fruit." Mr. B adopts the cheap remedy without further inves- 
 tigation. Result : the codlin moth is not destroyed, and A's 
 orchard is placed in danger. Mr. C, who has been advised to 
 use wide-mouthed bottles, with sweetened water, etc., tries the 
 experiment and pronounces it a success, having captured by 
 actual count nearly five hundred moths in one night. The 
 success is announced, and others are induced to give up the 
 apjolication of all other remedies, and they are successful in 
 capturing a large number of moths. Query — Are they codlin 
 moths? In one case, where four hundred and eighty-three 
 moths were captured, in an orchard as badly infested by the 
 codlin moth as any that can be fovmd in this State, not a cod- 
 lin moth was found in the whole number. In another case, 
 where locomotive head-lights were used in an orchard at night 
 and surrounded by devices for capturing moths, such as pans 
 of sweetened water, rum and molasses, coal oil, etc., of the 
 immense number of moths captured, less than one fourth of 
 one per cent were codlin moths, or one in every four hundred. 
 Mr. B called at my office a few days ago, and stated that he 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 33 
 
 was capturing immense numbers of the eodlin moth in dishes 
 and bottles of sweetened water, in his orchard. On being 
 shown a eodlin moth, naturnl size, he discovered his mistake, 
 and remarked that the moths which he was capturiiig, the bod}^ 
 of each was over an inch in length and al)Out as thick as a 
 lead pencil. Serious consequeift-es have happened l)y the 
 application of highly recommended solutions for destroying 
 scale insects, such as tree wash — a cheap production made of 
 coal oil, which proved an excellent insecticide, but unfortu- 
 nately those who recommended it did not wait to find out the 
 effect on the trees. That it contained some pernicious (puili- 
 ties which destroyed the tree on which it was used was discov- 
 ered in three or four months after application. Only use well 
 known remedies if you wish to be successful. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Alkaline Washes as Insecticides and Fertilizers. 
 
 Since the passage of the laws in March, 1881, for the pro- 
 tection of the horticultural industries of this State, a large 
 amount of money has been expended in purchasing solutions, 
 and the necessary labor of applying the same for the purpose 
 of exterminating insect pests. In many cases the result of 
 the work did not meet the expectation of the fruit grower, and 
 in consequence of being disappointed a premature verdict was 
 given against the utility of the solution recommended. The 
 question never occurred : " Did I get the best material, or was 
 the proper application nuide?" The object of this chapter is 
 to explain how such failures have occurred. 
 
 No. 1. A proposes to wash his orchard trees with concen- 
 trated lye so that it will destroy insect pests, and at the same 
 time invigorate his trees. He calls on a wholesale merchant 
 (who knows nothing of the material required) and states what 
 he wishes to purchase. A potash is ofi'cred at a very low price, 
 but warranted equal to any in the market, if bought in quan- 
 tities of a ton, more or less. An order is given, and the so- 
 called potash delivered at five and a quarter cents per pound, 
 
34 INTRODUCTORT. 
 
 instead of nine or nine and a half cents per pound, the price 
 of the proper article. The work of application is commenced, 
 and it is only after the work has been completed that the fruit 
 groAver learns that the article he had bought for potash was 
 a poor quality of caustic soda. 
 
 No. 2 wishes to secure one ton of whale oil soap. He goes 
 to a soap factory and purchases the amount required, but after 
 application he ascertains that whale oil soap proper is the 
 residue precipitated in bleaching Avhale oil, in which the fatty 
 matter of the oil is saponified by liquid potassa, and can only 
 be purchased at the bleaching works ; also that the whale oil 
 soap he bought was made from a low grade of whale oil in 
 the same manner as soft soap, and instead of the saponifying 
 matter being all potash, the greater part was caustic soda. In 
 9uch cases the best results cannot be obtained ; perhaps one 
 or two cents per pound are saved, but the same amount of 
 labor was required that would have applied the proper wash. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Thorough Application of Remedies. 
 
 " I consider a great deal of my success in exterminating 
 scale insects was due to the thorough api)lication of the reme- 
 dies used.'' — Elwood Cooper. 
 
 I do not wish to bo considered an alarmist, but I state, 
 frankly, that from this time forth, any fruit grower in this 
 State (especially in infested districts) who Avishes the produce 
 of his orchard to be choice and marketable, will be compelled 
 to expend money and lal)or to protect his crop from the rav- 
 ages of insect pests, and the following rules should be strictly 
 adhered to : 
 
 1. Procure the best quality of such articles as are required 
 for insecticides and fertilizers. 
 
 2. If you are not a judge of the article, secure the assist- 
 ance of some person who is. 
 
 8. Be sure that the formula for making any solution is 
 properly prepared, before application to the tree. 
 
INTRODUCrORY. 85 
 
 4. Use only the best mechanical a})pliances, such as pumps , 
 nozzles, etc. 
 
 5. Make thorough application in every respect the basis 
 upon which the work must be done. 
 
 The following cases are related from personal observation : 
 
 1. A was advised to scrape liis trees, ]>ut on bands, sew 
 them, etc., and was given full information how to proceed to 
 prevent the spread of the codlin motli. 
 
 Application. — He contracted to get his trees scraped for 
 three cents each — about forty per cent of what it should have 
 cost ; bands were placed on the trees, and during the four 
 months succeeding the fifteenth of May, they Avere partly 
 examined twice, instead of every seventh day. 
 
 Result. — The crop of apples and pears was destroyed, as 
 heretofore. The remedies reconnnended were denounced by 
 A as worthless. The failure and loss of time and money were 
 caused Ijy the negligent manner in which the wcu'k was done. 
 
 2. B has an orchard infested l)y the scale insect, and is 
 recommended to wash his trees with a solution of one pound 
 of concentrated lye to each gallon of water used. He substi- 
 tut(>d two and a half gallons of water to each pound of the 
 lye. 
 
 Result. — The scale insect was not destroyed. B was indig- 
 nant, and denounced the remedies recommended as an impo- 
 sition, but failed to state that he used two and a half gallons 
 of water instead of one gallon to each pound of lye used — 
 labor and money lost by not making application as directed. 
 
 8. C was advised to use the concentrated lye solution, and 
 not to use coal oil of any kind. However, by ad^dce of his 
 neighbor, he used a wash made of a low grade of coal oil. 
 
 Result. — It proved an excellent insecticide, but killed the 
 trees. 
 
 4. D's orchard was infested by tlie 8an Jose scale {A. per- 
 niciosus). He procured material, the best to be found in the 
 market, and commenced a thorough warfare against the pests. 
 He succeeded admirably in his work, but business matters 
 caused his absence for three or four days from the orchard. 
 On his return he found some of liis trees scorched by the appli- 
 cation. On investigation he found that the liquid was taken 
 
36 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 from the casks without stirring ; therefore, the trees washed 
 from the liquid taken from the bottom of the casks stood an 
 application about three times as strong as necessary ; how- 
 ever, they came out all right. The mistake was rectified, and 
 the experience noted for future use. 
 
 Result. — D's thorough application was successful in every 
 respect. It cost him $900, but his orchard is clear of San Jose 
 scale. 
 
 E owns an orchard containing seven thousand trees, for 
 which he paid $32,000 in 1879. In October, 1881, it was seri- 
 ously infested by the San Jose scale. In November he bought 
 seven tons of concentrated lye, and commenced work. About 
 new-year his neighbor condemned his work as being so 
 thorough it killed all his trees. He wrote me what he had 
 done. I advised him to "f/o on as he had been doing,^^ and in 
 a few days after visited his orchard. The work was completed 
 as commenced. I visited the orchard on the thirty-first day 
 of March following (1881) ; every tree Avas in bloom, and but 
 few of the scale insects in a healthy condition. I asked the 
 owner at what value he estimated the result of his persever- 
 ance and thorough work. He answered : " Last October, I 
 would have sold the orchard, bugs and all, for $15,000. At a 
 cost of a little over $1,200, I have conquered the bugs. Now, 
 sir, you cannot buy it for $40,000, and you can so inform your 
 friends." 
 
 Moral. — Follow E's example. 
 
 First-class material to make the solution and thorough 
 application will destroy the scale insect without fail. 
 
 Do the work as recommended, thoroughly, and the bugs 
 must go. 
 
INTRODUaTOUr. 
 
 37 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Pumps and Nozzles for Spraying Trees. 
 
 Experience has taught us tliat the most cfFective remedies 
 for the extermination of insects injurious to fruit and fruit 
 Fig- !• trees, especially those belonging to the Coecidae, 
 are those that can be applied in solution. For 
 the application of such solutions the best 
 method is by a pump and spraying nozzle. I 
 have been frequently asked the question : What 
 kind of pump, nozzle, etc., is the best? The 
 accompanying illus- pjg. 2. 
 
 t rations represent the 
 1) e s t apparatus we 
 know of at present. 
 Fig. 1 represents a 
 fountain pump. The 
 end of the hose is 
 placed in a barrel or 
 pail containing the 
 fluid. Price, $7.50. 
 
 The fountain pump 
 is designed for gar- 
 den use, and is sold 
 by Baker & Hamil- 
 ton, Sacramento and 
 San Francisco ; and by H. P. Gregory & Co., San Francisco. 
 Fig. 2 represents a pump, known as the "Gould Pump," 
 manufactured by H. P. Gregory & Co., Nos. 2 and 4 California 
 Street, San Francisco. A large number of these pumps are 
 now in use, and give excellent satisfaction, as the working 
 parts are made to resist the chcniicnl action of tlic disinfect- 
 ants used. 
 
 Price of pump, - - - - - - - $17 00 
 
 Price, complete, with twenty-live feet of hose, suction, 
 
 strainer, and spraying nozzle, - - - - 28 00 
 Or, with tifty feet of hose, double discharge, and two 
 
 spraying nozzles, - 28 00 
 
38 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 Fig. 3 is an illustration of a new improved pump, manu- 
 factured by H. P. Gregory & Co., of San Francisco. This is 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 certainly the best pump for spraying trees that has been 
 offered for sale. It is stronger made than most pumps, thus 
 giving more power. There are only two joints where it would 
 be possible for the liquid to leak out, and these, if properly 
 screwed up, are perfectly tight. The air chamber is very large 
 in proportion to the size of the pump, thereby giving an 
 exceedingly steady spra3^ The cylinders are lined with brass, 
 and the valves are made of the same m^tal as the body of the 
 pump, including the handle. The outer parts are galvanized, 
 thus preventing them from rusting, so that it will preserve the 
 same neat appearance that it has when new. 
 
 This pump was designed by H. P. Gregory, of the above 
 firm, and is certainly a great improvement. 
 
INTliODUCTORY 
 
 39 
 
 Fig. 5 
 
 Of the spray nozzles in 
 use, the most practical is 
 a nozzle made by Wes- 
 ley Fanning, No. 279 St. 
 .John Street, San Jose, 
 and is known as the " Mer- 
 rigot Nozzle." (Fig. 6.) A 
 is a diaphragm, with a small 
 opening in the center of any 
 required size. This is plac- 
 ed on the piece B, on top 
 of screw ; the cap C is then 
 screwed on, and the nozzle 
 is complete. 
 
 With a force i)ump this 
 throws a very fine spray 
 over the tree. 
 
 A full set of diaphragms 
 are sent with each nozzle. 
 
 Figs. 4 and 5 represents 
 the Niagara Lawn Sprink- 
 ler. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 DeLong's Moth-trap. 
 
 The apple house (Fig. 7) at the Novato Ranch in Marin 
 County, California, owned by Mr. DeLong, is a three story 
 building about one hundred feet long by seventy feet wide ; 
 the lower story is built of stone twelve feet high, the second 
 storv of brick fourteen feet high, and the third or upper story 
 is in the form of a hip-roof, and is about twenty feet irom the 
 floor to the ridgepole. 
 
40 
 
 INTRODUCTORT. 
 
 Mr. DeLong made this experiment of trapping the codlin 
 moth, carried to his premises in return packages. The fol- 
 lowing if taken from the report of the Fruit Growers' Con- 
 vention at San Jose, November, 188'2 : 
 
 
 Mr. Cooke — " I call your attention to one matter in refer- 
 ence to an orchard, of 250 acres, in Marin County, where there 
 are 31,000 trees subject to the attacks of the codlin moth— the 
 Novato Ranch. In June, 1881, I visited the ranch and, 
 greatlv to the dismay of Mr. DeLong, I found the pupa of a 
 codhn moth. When I told him, he said : ' No sir, we have 
 none here.' I replied : 'Mr. DeLong, there it is on this tree.'^ 
 Now I would like to call for his experience since June, 1881." 
 
 Mr. DeLong—" All I can say is that I did not know that we 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 41 
 
 had one in the year 1879 ; we had none in the year 1880 ; we 
 had none in the year 1881 until he discovered it, as he says, 
 in the chrysahs form. That year we gathered our fruit and 
 carried it into the apple-house, and I saw ver}" little of it on 
 the fruit. The apples did not seem to be much affected, but 
 the suggestion was made to me by Mr. Cooke, the following 
 Spring, that I had better scald all of my boxes. I asked him 
 whether they had gotten out of these boxes fiito the cracks of 
 the tioor in the building, and how would it do if I should close 
 this building up by putting mosquito netting over the win- 
 dows, so that there would be no possible chance for the moths 
 to get out. He agreed with me that it would be a good 
 idea, and I did so. Having done that, I thought I would like 
 to know the result of it. I nailed all the doors up so that it 
 would be perfectly impossible for anything to get in and out 
 without my knowing it, and I locked the door and took one of 
 my men and put him in possession of the key. He com- 
 menced finding some of the moths about the middle of April 
 and killed them, and up to the 27th of May, kept a running 
 account ; after that date he kept a daily account ; he found 
 that he had killed 15,027 up to the 27th of October. As the 
 account is called for I will read it ; it will give an idea. As 
 the days grew longer and warmer the moths increased ; as 
 they grew colder the moths diminished. This is the account 
 of the moths themselves, not the pupae. 
 
 DESTRUCTION OF CODLIN MOTH IN FRUIT-HOUSE. 
 
 From beginning to May 
 '27th, inclusive.. .2671 
 
 May 28 129 
 
 May 29 388 
 
 May 30 337 
 
 May 31 343 
 
 June 1 335 
 
 June 2 224 
 
 June 3 149 
 
 June 4 165 
 
 June 5 138 
 
 June 6 218 
 
 June 7 245 
 
 June 8 146 
 
 June 9 144 
 
 June 12 582 
 
 June 13 4U5 
 
 June 14 177 
 
 June 15* 990 
 
 June 16 484 
 
 June 17 412 
 
 June 18 116 
 
 June 19 440 
 
 ♦Cellar opened. 
 J— 
 
 June 20. . 
 June 21. , 
 June 22. . 
 June 23. . 
 June 24., 
 Juue 27., 
 June 28.. 
 June 29. 
 June 30. 
 July 1. 
 July 2. 
 July 3. 
 July 4. 
 July 5 . 
 July 6 
 July 7. 
 July 8. 
 July 9. 
 July 10. 
 July 11. 
 July 12. 
 July 13. 
 July 14. 
 
 221 
 
 268 
 
 397 
 
 199 
 
 154 
 
 336 
 
 314 
 
 467 
 
 447 
 
 315 
 
 330 
 
 415 
 
 307 
 
 238 
 
 278 
 
 75 
 
 .No count. 
 
 175 
 
 231 
 
 143 
 
 Ill 
 
 112 
 
 90 
 
 July 15 62 
 
 July 16 66 
 
 July 17 157 
 
 July 23 65 
 
 July 24 47 
 
 July 26 108 
 
 July 27 46 
 
 July 28 24 
 
 July 29 15 
 
 July 
 Aug. 
 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 Aug. 
 
 30. 
 1. 
 2. 
 4. 
 4. 
 4. 
 
 22 
 36 
 43 
 14 
 14 
 16 
 7 
 31 
 
 Aug. 13 14 
 
 Aug. 15 14 
 
 Aug. 18 5 
 
 Aug. 20 3 
 
 Aug. 26 7 
 
 Total No 15,627 
 
42 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 "■ I have kept ten or eleven men working continuously in the 
 orchard all through the season. Nine of them going over the 
 trees and pulling off all the fruit they could find that was 
 infested with these M^orms, and others were picking them up 
 and carrying them in. The means that I used to destroy them 
 was to put them in a large boiler and boil them up, not trust- 
 ing to the hogs or anything else to eat them ; and I came to 
 the conclusion that that was the surest way of exterminating 
 them. 
 
 " I have carried that out until the apples got large, and they 
 are now in the house. What the result will be, I don't know. 
 I have worked the bands very effectually, killing some days 
 thousands of larvae. I never kept an accurate account." 
 
 Mr. Cooke — " How many did the bats eat?" 
 
 Mr. DeLong — " That is a question I do not know anything 
 about. I don't know that I can give any further ideas. We 
 were working under the mode Dr. Chapin spoke of, which I 
 think is most effectual." 
 
 Mr. Cooke — "I merely wanted to call the attention of the con- 
 vention to the facts ; when Mr. DeLong covered all of the win- 
 dows on the inside of the three story apple house (the upper 
 story is formed with a high roof, and he had to keep the mos- 
 quito bar over both ends), he inclosed probably five hundred 
 (500) bats. We know that a bat lives on insects, and it is 
 certain that the bats lived on the codlin moth, and of these 
 Mr. DeLong was unable to give any account. He had placed 
 84,000 boxes in this house ; he neglected to say that he cleaned 
 the boxes before they were put into the trap, and he got ten or 
 twelve larvae in some of these boxes. He got over 15,000 
 moths, the largest capture ever made in this line of warfare, 
 for his Summer's work. 
 
 "I was present on May 29, 1882, at two o'clock v. m., and 
 on the covering of the top window, marked A, on Fig. 7, 
 one hundred and ten moths were captured. Extended notice 
 is thus given in commendation of Mr. DeLong's practical work 
 from the 15th of April to August 26th." 
 
 Note. — On Fig. 7 it can be noticed that there is a square 
 cornice on gable of building ; the bats could only get into this 
 cornice from inside ; the covering of mosquito bar kept them 
 on the top floor, and as they appeared well fed during their 
 confinement of four months"^ and a half, it is presumed that 
 thev destroved a large number of the codlin moths. 
 
INTRODUCTORT. 43 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Structure and Growth of Plants. 
 
 A great amount of damage has occurred in some fruit grow- 
 ing districts of this State by the applications of solutions, etc., 
 as insecticides (i. e. a low grade of coal oil), which contained 
 properties that were detrimental to plant-life. By examining 
 Fig. 8, the outer bark is found to be represented by letter F, 
 the green layer by letter G, the inner bark by letter H, and the 
 cambium layer by the letter I. As the cambium layer is 
 stated in the following description to be the seat of life of the 
 plant, it may be readily understood in what manner a solution 
 containing pernicious properties injures the tree when applied 
 to the outer bark, viz. : by penetrating the outer bark, the green 
 layer, and inner bark, thus reaching and destroying the cam- 
 bium layer (or seat of life of the tree). 
 
 On the contrary, if proper solutions, such as are recom- 
 mended in this work, are applied, they destroy insect life, and 
 by penetrating the outer layers reach the cambium layer, and 
 by means of the fertilization properties which they contain, 
 invigorate the tree. 
 
 [The following extracts are taken from a paper by Colonel 
 W. S. Clark, President of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
 lege.— Mass. Rep., 1873-4] : 
 
 " Every seed and every young plant consists wholly of cel- 
 lular tissue, but with the development of leaves is combined 
 the growth of fibro-vascular tissue." 
 
 " The first vessels to appear in the plantlet are arranged in 
 a circle around a column of tissue, which remains loose and 
 soft, and after the first season dries up and dies. This is called 
 the pith, and seems essential to the life of every woody stem 
 and branch during its infancy, although its special function 
 is unknown. Between the vessels around the pith may be seen 
 the rays of cellular tissue, which ultimately become hard and 
 firm, and which unite in bonds, never broken except by some 
 external force, the inside of the stem with the inside of the 
 bark. These rays make up the woof and have much to do 
 with the distinctive peculiarities of different sorts of timber." 
 
 *' Immediately outside the vessels inclosing the pith grows a 
 layer of woody fiber, upon which, in a more or less developed 
 
44 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 state, according to season, is a layer of organizable material, 
 called cambium, which may be regarded as the seat of life of 
 the plant." 
 
 " Investigation seems to demonstrate that the cambium 
 layer is the seat of life, and that whenever the direct commu- 
 nication between the root and the foliage is cut off in this 
 layer during one entire season of growth, the whole plant per- 
 ishes. It has also been determined by experiment that if sev- 
 eral rings of bark be removed from a growing shoot in such a 
 manner that on one of the isolated sections of bark there be no 
 leaf, while leaves remain on others above and below this, then 
 the leafless section will fail to make any growth in any part. 
 All other sections, if furnished with one or more healthy leaves, 
 will increase in thickness by the formation of new leaves, of 
 Avood and bark. This seems to prove that tfie material for 
 growth is elaborated by the leaves, and is transmitted onh^ 
 through the cambium, and has no power of penetrating the 
 tissues of the wood." 
 
 " The peculiar vital and organic power of the cambium is 
 remarkably illustrated in the structure and growth of grafted 
 trees. Every person is aware that pear trees are grown upon 
 quince roots, and that they often bear finer fruit than when 
 cultivated as standards. This is doubtless owing to the fact 
 that quince roots, being diminutive, furnish less water to the 
 leaves, which thus elaborate a richer sap, and produce more 
 perfectly developed wood and fruit." 
 
 " The apricot may be grafted on the plum, and the peach on 
 the apricot, and the almond on the peach ; and thus we may 
 produce a tree with plum roots and almond leaves. The 
 wood, however, of the stem will consist of four distinct varie- 
 ties, though formed from one continuous cambium layer. 
 Below the almond wood and bark we shall have perfect peach 
 wood and bark, then perfect apricot wood and bark, and at 
 the bottom perfect plum wood and bark. In this curious 
 instance we see the intimate correspondence between the bark 
 and the leaf; for if we should remove the almond branches- 
 we might cause the several sorts of wood to develop buds and 
 leafy twigs, each of its own kind. Each section of the com- 
 pound stem has its seat of life in the cambium, and the cam- 
 bium of each reproduces cells of its own species out of a 
 common nutrient fluid. Thus there is seen to be a floAv of 
 sap upward in the wood, and a flow of organizable material, 
 essential to the life of the plant, proceeding from the leaf to 
 the root, through the bark and the cambium layer. From 
 this perfected sap the growth of the season is formed, and 
 provision for the beginning of the next season's growth is also 
 stored up, commonly in the root." 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 45 
 
 " Next to the cambium, and united to the wood by the rays 
 from the pith, is the bark, consisting of three hiyers." 
 
 "The inner, or fil^rous hiyer, is formed by l)ast cells and 
 firm cellular tissue. Surrounding the inner bark is a layer of 
 cellular tissue in which the rays from the pith terminate, and 
 which is named the green layer, because it often exhibits this 
 color in young shoots, and then performs the same function 
 with the green tissues of the leaf Outside of all this is the 
 corky layer, consisting of dry, dead, cellular tissue, and devel- 
 oped annually from the green layer. This is not usually of 
 much thickness, or consequence, but sometimes, as in the cork 
 oak of Spain, it becomes an important article of commerce." 
 
 " The growth of our trees goes on in the cambium layer, 
 from which is produced annually a layer of wood and a layer 
 of bark, each formed of longitudinal fibro-vascular tissue and 
 horizontal cellular tissue." 
 
 " As the trunk expands, the outer bark cracks and falls off, 
 as in the shag-bark hickory, or distends and envelops it with 
 a somewhat smooth covering, as in the beech and birch. In 
 these latter cases the annual cortical layers are quite thin, and 
 the outer layer very gradually wastes away under the influ- 
 ence of winds and storms. In the cork oak the outer layer is 
 specially thickened, and if removed every eighth year, may be 
 obtained in stout, elastic sheets, which would crack and fall to 
 the ground in the process of time if not harvested. The 
 structure of the root is not unlike that of the stem, except 
 that the pith is usually wanting, as well as the green layer of 
 the bark, which could not be formed nor be of any use in the 
 dark earth where the root makes its home." 
 
 Fig. 8 reijresents a section, both vertical and horizontal, of 
 a branch of sugar maple, two years old, as it appears in 
 December. The portion included in the lines marked A is of 
 the first year's growth ; those marked B indicate the wood of 
 the second year; while those marked C include the three 
 layers of the bark. D represents the pith of loose cellular 
 tissue ; E the pith rays of silver grain of hard cellular tis- 
 sue connecting the pitli with the green or ndddle la3'er 
 of bark, which also consists wholly of cellular tissue. F 
 marks the outer or corky layer of the bark, w'hich is 
 composed of dry, dead cells, which are formed of con- 
 secutive layers from the outer portion of the living green 
 layer; G is the green layer of cellular tissue. H shows the 
 liber or inner bark, made up of c-ellular tissue penetrated by 
 
46 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 long bast cells, arranged parallel with the^'axis of growth. I 
 represents the place of the cambium or growing layer of organ- 
 izable material which descends from the leaves between the 
 liber and the sap-wood during the period of growth. K is 
 
 «• 6 HI 
 
 Avoody fibre, which gives strength to the stem, and through 
 which the crude sap rises. L indicates the vessels or ducts, 
 with various markings, such as dots, rings, and spirals, which 
 are formed most abundantly in the Spring, and usually con- 
 tain no fluid. They convey gases and aqueous vapors, and it 
 may be that a large proportion of all the water ascending from 
 the roots to the leaves passes through them as a vapor. M is 
 the layer of spiral vessels or ducts which always inclose the 
 pith, and in the young shoot extend into the leaves and unite 
 them to the pith during its life, which ceases with the first 
 season. 
 
 " This part of the plant develops an annual layer of wood 
 and bark, with rays of cellular tissue like the stem. The num- 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 47 
 
 ber and extent of root branches in the suil (.Icjm'ikI niiicli upon 
 its fertility and adaptation t() the plant.'' 
 
 " As the vigor of vegetable growth depends chietiy on the 
 action of the roots, the importance of thoroiigli tilhige is 
 apparent." 
 
 " The striking peculiarity in the structure of the root is the 
 absorbent power of the young rootlets, which are either cov- 
 ered with a thick, spongy layer of cellular tissue, or furnished, 
 as is commonly the case, with exceeding minute but innumer- 
 able hairs, which penetrate the crevices of the earth in every 
 direction in searcli of food. The extreme tips of the rootlets, 
 about one sixth of an inch in length, are not clothed with 
 hairs, nor capable of alisorption, but serve as entering wedges 
 f(n- the advancing root, which lengthens onlv near the extrem- 
 
 ity.;; 
 
 " The bark oi the larger roots becomes thick and impervi- 
 ous, like that of the trunk and its' older branches, and the 
 inner portion of the wood, both above and beloAv ground, 
 gradually solidifies, and becomes unfitted for the free trans- 
 mission of fiuids. It is then called heartwood, in distinction 
 from the sapwood, through which fluids are transmitted freely. 
 The farther any layer of wood or bark is removed from the 
 living cambium the less vitality does it retain, and conse- 
 quently the less useful is it in the economy of the plant." 
 
 " The leaf has been said, with some propriety, to be an 
 extension of the bark, and consists of a framework of fibro- 
 vascular tissue forming the stalk and veins, with a doubki 
 layer of loose cellular tissue covered with a distinct epidermis 
 or skin. The vessels in the leaf stalk and the veins, which are 
 its branches, are also in two layers, the upper connecting the 
 leaf with the vessels surrounding the pith, which are called 
 spiral on account of their peculiar markings, and the lower 
 which are united to the cambium layer through the tissue of 
 the inner bark." 
 
 " The distinctive features of the leaf is the presence of sto- 
 mata or breathing pores, which are usually more numerous on 
 the under side. These stomata are furnislied with openings, 
 so constructed as to close in very dry air, and open in that 
 which is moist, l;)Ut they always remain shut, except under the 
 stimulus of liglit. As the chief function of the rootlets is to 
 absorb the liquid food of the plant from the earth, so it is the 
 special work of the stomata to transpire the surplus water of 
 the crude sap, which has been employed as a carrier of food 
 from one extremity of the countless series of cells which build 
 up the plant, to the other, in some cases a distance of live hun- 
 dred feet, through imperforate membranes, and against tlie 
 force of sravitation." 
 
48 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Entomology should be made a Permanent Study in the Public 
 
 Schools. 
 
 That many orchards, vinej^ards, etc., in this State, are 
 infested by insect pests is an assertion that cannot be success- 
 fully contradicted. How can this evil be remedied? So long 
 as each fruit grower considers himself a competent authority 
 as to the necessity of extirpating from his premises such 
 insects as are known to be injurious, and eradicating such 
 diseases as impair the value of the fruit crop, and decides to 
 determine for himself the conditions upon which he will inter- 
 fere with their spread for the protection of his own property 
 or that of his neighbor's, there can be no uniformity of action, 
 by which the evil can be thoroughly eradicated, until a general 
 agreement of all parties interested in the fruit growing indus- 
 try can be j^erfected. 
 
 The dissemination of such information as will give a 
 thorough understanding of what is required, will require time. 
 As the fruit growers of California are scattered over a large 
 range of territory, and, as stated above, each individual having 
 his own theory to cling by, any advice offered that is not in 
 accordance with such a course as he has determined to adhere 
 to, is looked upon as a malignant interference with his private 
 affairs. 
 
 There are sources of power by which the obstacles men- 
 tioned will be overcome, to wit : The Public and Private 
 Schools, combined with the intellect of Young America and 
 the teaching "in the family circle. 
 
 The query may be reasonably made by persons who have 
 given but little attention to the teachings of entomology : 
 Why is it necessary to introduce the study of economic ento- 
 mology into the public schools at the present time? In 
 answer to this inquiry, it is stated in the first part of this 
 chapter that there is a conflict of opinion existing among 
 fruit-growers, etc., whose industries are threatened by the 
 invasion of insect pests. However, it is a matter of common 
 agreement of those persons who have considered the subject, 
 that it is only by a united warfare, or by united action, that 
 the insect pests can be exterminated. 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 49 
 
 Therefore, under present circumstances, it is absolutely neces- 
 sary that the enterprising husbandman should be fully ac- 
 quainted with the teachings of the science of entomology, or 
 in other words, with the natural history and habits of the 
 insect pests which destroy his property. 
 
 Another inquiry may be made : Why has the study of this 
 science been neglected? Until within the last few years the 
 orchards in this State were free from codlin moth and scale in- 
 sects ; the \dneyards were free from phylloxera, vine moths and 
 flea beetles ; the vegetable garden from cabbage worms and 
 cabbage bugs ; the granaries and storehouses from the grain 
 weevil, etc. ; therefore our educators introduced such studies 
 as they thought best for the requirement of the times. Besides, 
 there were obstacles in the way of introducing this science not 
 easily overcome, viz : the text books relating to entomology 
 were generally written in technical or scientific language, with 
 which the masses of the pupils attending the public schools 
 were unacquainted. In many cases mechanical accessions have 
 to be employed, such as the pocket lens and microscope to 
 detect the presence of these creatures, they being amongst the 
 minutest works of creation, and seemingly endowed with an 
 instinct to avoid the enquiring eye of man. Again, the stu- 
 dent who attempted to make insect life a study was treated as 
 a mere trifler and a dabbler in childish pursuits. It may there- 
 fore be readily imagined why the study of this science has 
 been neglected in the past. 
 
 In order to promulgate information in relation to the natu- 
 ral history, etc., of injurious insects, it must not be treated as 
 a matter of only local importance. The damage done to prop- 
 erty by injurious insects is not confined to any one locality, 
 but extends from the valleys to the hillsides and mountain 
 tops, from the northern line of the State to the southern line, 
 and from the Sierras westward to the st'a ; so that the promul- 
 gation of information in relation to tlicir natui'al history and 
 habits must necessarily be general. 
 
 This requirement can only be attained by introducing the 
 study of economic entomology into the public schools, and by 
 discussing its teachings in the family circle. 
 
 Among the results that will follow, the husbandman will 
 
50 
 
 INTRO DUO TORY. 
 
 thoroughly understand the natural history and halnts of those 
 parasites that prey upon his industry, and can therefore make 
 a successful warfare for their extermination, ha^dng a complete 
 knowledge of how and when to strike the blow for victory. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Economic Entomolog'y. 
 
 Horticulturists and all other persons engaged in cultivating 
 the soil should make the study of insects (especially those 
 known to be injurious to fruit and fruit trees, grain, vegeta- 
 tables, etc.), a part of their every day work. It is as necessary 
 for them to understand the natural history and habits of such 
 pests of the orchards, etc., as it is to understand how to plant, 
 prune, etc. 
 
 Some fruit-growers think that for such practical investiga- 
 tion of insect life, a scientific knowledge of the anatomy and 
 ph5'siology of these creatures is indispensable. Such, hoAV- 
 ever, is not the case. It requires some apparatus (which can 
 be procured at a nominal expense), a little patience, and an 
 interest in the subject investigated, to learn practically what 
 they have depended on others to furnish. 
 
 The following apparatus is necersary : (I am under obliga- 
 tions to Mr. C. MuUer, optician, No. 135 Montgomery Street, 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 San Francisco, for illustrations of this 
 
 chapter.) Fig. 9 represents a one-inch 
 
 focus watchmakers' glass ; price, from 
 
 75 cents to ^1.25 each. Fig. 10 repre- 
 
 ■c,. n sents a small 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 microscope; 
 price, from $10 
 to $20. Such 
 i n s t r u m e nts 
 liave sufficient 
 power for any 
 practical inves- 
 tigation requir- 
 ed on the farm 
 
 or its surround- '"^=" ^^ 
 
 intrs. One dozen glass slides, about $1.00; one dozen glass 
 
TNTRODUOTOHY. 51 
 
 covers, about 75 cents ; Canada Balsam, 25 cents. A neat 
 and useful outfit can be had for $15.00, .at C. Chiller's, 135 
 Montgomery Street, San Francisco. Should the fruit grower 
 lie unable to give half an hour of his time each day for such 
 investigations, the ladies and children of the household 
 sliould be trained to make observations that, wlien comi)ared 
 with those of others, such information will be ol:)tained as will 
 repay them for tlieir time and labor. When the life history 
 and habits of any of these insects is learned to such an extent 
 as to l)e familiar with the metamorphoses (changes) as larva, 
 [)U})a (chrysalis), imago (perfect insect), the fruit grower can 
 then go to work intelligently to exterminate theui. By fol- 
 lowing the above recommendations, the result gained will be 
 replacing theoretical by practical information. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Mildew or Scab on the Foliage and Fruit of Apple and Pear Trees. 
 {Fa!<icl(((liuiu dentritlram. — F. K. L.) 
 
 For a number of years past the presence of what is com- 
 monly called mildew has been detected on the leaves of the 
 apple and pear trees, but so far as the leaves are concerned, 
 more abundant on the former. When the apple tree is at- 
 tacked by this fungus early in the season, the young fruit is 
 generally destroyed, and the leaves attacked hardly ever conu' 
 to perfection, as they appear to dry up and crumble to pieces. 
 On the pear leaf it is in the form of a brownish blotch. 
 
 When the attack is first noticed on the young pears, it is in 
 the form of an irregular brownish spot on the skin ; this dark 
 spot or scab, as it is commonly called, does not penetrate 
 into the fruit to a great extent, but destroys the skin and forms 
 a hard surface, thus preventing the growth of the fruit on and 
 innnediately around the place attacked ; consetiuently when 
 the skin of the young fruit is attacked in one or more places, 
 when it is full grown the surface is not uniform, and the mar- 
 ket value is thus decreased. That the fungus spores which 
 cause this fungus, or mildew, on the leaves and fruit of api)le 
 
52 TNT ROD UCTOR Y. 
 
 and pear trees in the Spring is on the trees from one season to 
 another, I think is beyond question. 
 
 There is also a species of fungus that attack the apricot, 
 giving it a speckled appearance and destroying its market 
 value. It is also noticed on the jDeach, nectarine and prune 
 this season, 1883. 
 
 To destroy mildew, fungus, etc., on fruit and foliage of 
 apricot, peach, prune, nectarine and almond, use Remedies No. 
 5 or 7, one pound of the mixture to each one gallon of water. 
 
 On apple, pear and quince, use Remedy No. G, one pound to 
 each five quarts (1:^ gallons) of water. 
 
 Note. — The above remedies should be applied by spraying 
 the fruit and foliage as soon as the fruit is well set from the 
 blossom, or about the size of a small marble. The spraying 
 should be repeated in two weeks. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 Birds — Beneficial and Injurious. 
 
 It would be a very difficult task for any person to ascertain 
 what birds are injurious and which are beneficial. I do not' 
 think there is any bird that is wholly injurious, because those 
 which are usually regarded as being injurious, such as the 
 robin, blackbird, etc., are partially beneficial, since they some- 
 times feed upon injurious insects. And it would be about as 
 difficult to name a bird that is wholly beneficial ; the swallows 
 are usually regarded as beneficial birds, and yet it is evident 
 that they destroy mOre beneficial insects than injurious ones, 
 since the former are mostly on the wing in the daytime, while 
 the latter fly chiefly at night. The night-hawk and the whip- 
 poorwill are about the only birds that can be regarded as being 
 'wholly beneficial. 
 
 But, as any bird that feeds upon any part of our cultivated 
 plants, shrubs or trees, or in any manner injures or destroys 
 those animals which minister to our wants, is usually regarded 
 as being injurious, I will endeavor to classify our more com- 
 mon birds into three classes : the beneficial, the injurious, and 
 
TNTRODUCTOBT. 53 
 
 the doubtful. The first class will contain those birds which 
 feed almost exclusiveh^ upon insects or small animals, and 
 which are not known to injure fruits, grain, or anytliino; of 
 any value to us. The second class will contain those which 
 feed principally upon fruits or grain, or which are known to 
 cause extensive injury to some of the useful prcxhicts of the 
 soil, without making adequate return for their destructiveness 
 by destro3'ing noxious insects. In the third ch\ss will be 
 placed those birds which sometimes depredate upon the useful 
 products of the soil, or upon our domestic animals (including 
 fowls and bees), and which also feed largely upon insects ; so 
 that it is doubtful as to whether we are to regard them as being 
 beneficial or injurious. 
 
 BENEFICIAL BIRDS. 
 
 Bluebirds, pewees, flycatchers (except the beebird), swal- 
 lows, martins, wrens, chi(;kadee, vireos or greenlets, tanagers 
 or redbirds, ground-robins, cuckoos, humming-birds, Avarblers, 
 night-hawks, whippoorwills, meadow-larks, shrikes, butcher- 
 birds, road-runners, vultiu'cs, turkey buzzards, gulls, plovers 
 and snipes. 
 
 The meadow-larks and })l()V('rs, and perhaps a few other 
 birds in this list, sometimes feed upon seeds, l)ut only to a 
 limited extent, their food consisting almost exclusively of 
 insects ; the shrikes and road-runners feed upon insects? 
 snakes, small lizards, etc., and the former sometimes destroy 
 small birds ; gulls feed upon insects, frogs crayfish, etc. 
 
 INJURIOUS BIRDS. 
 
 House-finches or red-headed linnets, cedar-birds or waxwings, 
 orioles, doves, wild geese and ducks. These are aboiit the 
 only birds that are considered as l)cing very injurious, and 
 even these partlv atone for their injuries by feeding upon 
 insects. The linnets sometimes occasion considerable damage 
 by feeding upon the buds of fruit trees. (Early in Spring use 
 Remedies Nos. 5, (3, or 7, one pound to each gallon of water 
 used, and the birds will not eat the buds.) The cedar-birds 
 and orioles feed upon fruit and berries, and the latter also feed 
 
54 INTRODUGTORT. 
 
 upon green peas ; the doves feed mostly upon grain, while the 
 wild geese and ducks are sometimes very injurious to growing 
 grain. 
 
 DOUBTFUL BIRDS. 
 
 Thrushes, robins, catbirds, blackbirds, beebirds, finches, 
 sparrows, bluejaj^s, magpies, crows, hawks, owls, quails, wood- 
 peckers, and mocking-birds. 
 
 As stated above, these birds occasionall}^ feed upon some of 
 the useful products of the soil, or upon domestic animals, 
 barnyard fowls, or bees, while they also feed upon injurious 
 insects or other pests ; and it is a matter of considerable doubt 
 as to whether their good deeds do not counter-balance their 
 evil ones. The thrushes, robins, catbirds, quails and wood- 
 peckers sometimes feed upon fruits ; the blackbirds, crows, 
 bluejays and woodpeckers occasionally feed upon corn ; the 
 sparrows feed principally upon seeds, while the finches feed 
 upon seeds and buds ; the beebirds are sometimes quite 
 destructive to bees, but also feed largely upon other insects. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Woolly Aphis (SchUoneura lanigera)..lB 
 The Oyster-shell Bark-Louse (Aspidiotiis 
 
 cotwhiforinvi) 19 
 
 The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotws pemieio- 
 
 m.y) 20 
 
 The Greedy Scale (Axpidiofto: rapax) 21 
 
 The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Sa- 
 
 jifirda Candida) 22 
 
 The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chrij- 
 
 .inhnthrii femora ta) 23 
 
 The Apple-twig Borer (flostric)niK bicati- 
 
 dafuK) 2i 
 
 The Prickly-bark Beetle ( Leptonhjhiit acul- 
 
 iferux) 25 
 
 The Gray Bark-eating Weevil (ThricolepU 
 
 Kiiinilntor) 26 
 
 The Buffalo Tree-hopper CCcrefjrt bubalus). 27 
 
 The Harvest -fly (Cicada) 28 
 
 Canker Worms 29 
 
 The Fall Canker Wonn ( Anisopteryx pome- 
 
 taria) 30 
 
 The Yellow Canker Worm (Hihernia tili- 
 
 aria) 31 
 
 The Spring Canker Worm (Anisopteryx 
 
 vernata) 32 
 
 DeLong's Caterpillar (Clisiocampa con- 
 
 stricta) 33 
 
 The Orchard Tent Caterpillar (C/iVocnwififi 
 
 A me.ricana) 34 
 
 The Forest Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa 
 
 i<ylraficaj 35 
 
 The Fall Web Worm (Hyphantria fextw)..3& 
 The Tussock Moth (Orygia leucoxtigma). . .37 
 The Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Datana 
 
 miniatra) 38 
 
 The Red-humped Catei-pillar {Notodonta 
 
 concinna) 39 
 
 The Greater Leaf-roller {Loxotaenia rona- 
 
 ceana) 40 
 
 CHAT. 
 
 The Apple-leaf Crumpler {Phycila luibuh). 41 
 
 The Bud Worm {Penthina oculana) 42 
 
 The Many Dotted Ca,terp\Ua,r (Brachytcenia 
 
 malana) 43 
 
 The Turnus ButteiHy (Papilio tiirnus) 44 
 
 The Apple Buculatri.x (Bwrulatrix pomi- 
 
 foliella) : 4.5 
 
 The Apple-tree Aphis (Aphix mali) 46 
 
 The Apple-leaf Aphis {Aphix malifolioe) . . . .47 
 The Ten-lined Leaf-eater (Polyphylla 10- 
 
 lineata) 48 
 
 The Goldsmith Beetle iColalpa lanigera)..A% 
 The Robust Leaf Beetle {Scrica valida). . . .50 
 The Codlin Moth (Carpocapua 2)omonella)..S\ 
 
 The Apple Maggot {Trypcta pomonella) 52 
 
 The Apple Curculio (Anthonomuis quadri- 
 
 gibbus) 53 
 
 The Earvvig {Forfieuhi auricularia) 54 
 
 The following insects are also injurious to 
 the apple tree, but, as they are more destruct- 
 ive to other trees, they will be treated of in 
 another part of this work: 
 
 The Broad-necked Prionus (Prionus lati- 
 collis). 
 
 The Branch and Twig Burrower (Polycaon 
 confertus). 
 
 The Pear-tree Scolytus (Scolytus pj/ri) . 
 
 The Snowy Tree-cricket (Oecatithunniveun). 
 
 The White-lined Sphin.x (Deilephila lineata). 
 
 The Angular-winged Katydid {Microren- 
 trum retinervis). 
 
 The Rose Chafer {Macrodactylus biibspino- 
 .s (/*•). 
 
 The Plum Curculio (Conotraeheliis nenu- 
 phar). 
 
 The Plum Moth (Semasia pruniaiia). 
 
 The Red Spider {Tetranychus telarivs). 
 
56 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 The Woolly Aphis. 
 
 ( Schizoneura lanigera — Hausman). 
 
 Synonyms. — Ajihis lanigera — Hausman. Coccus mali — Bing- 
 ley. Eriosorna mail (Leach, M. S.) — Samoulle. Myzoxylus 
 mali — Blot. Schizoneura lanigera — Hartig. Pemphigus pyri 
 — Fitch. Aphis (Schizoneura) lanigera — Ratz. Eriosorna 
 lanigera — Ruricola. 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ^ tti -i \ 
 
 o T ' 1 TT \ Familv, Aphidid^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -^ ' 
 
 ♦ 
 [Living in hollows on the trunk or hmbs of apple trees, a 
 
 small plant-louse, which is more or less covered with a white, 
 
 cottony matter.] 
 
 The presence of this insect can readily be detected from the 
 api3earance of the tree infested ; the branches appear knotty, 
 the wood dry, hard, and brittle, and the general appearance is 
 that of over-age and decay. Its distribution may be said to 
 be general in this State on apple trees, and it is very generall}- 
 distributed on apjile nursery stock. The opinions of writers 
 differ as to whether the insect found on the roots, and those 
 on the trunk and limbs, are the same species, some contending 
 that they are similar, and that those on the trunk and branches 
 go to the roots and hibernate during the winter, or deposit 
 their eggs for the next season's brood, while others contend 
 that they are distinct species. For the present purpose it is 
 sufficient to know that one or more species infest our trees. 
 The climate of California maybe favorable to their hibernating 
 throughout the winter season on the trunks and limbs, as I 
 have found them in crevices of the bark throughout the winter 
 season, and at the same time finding them on the roots. To 
 destroy these insects effectually they must be attacked on the 
 roots, and on the trunk and branches at the same time. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 57 
 
 Fig. 11. Fig. 11.— Woolly 
 
 Aphis ; a, an infested 
 root ; h, th(^ larva — 
 color, brown ; c, winged 
 adult — colors, black 
 and yellow ; cZ, its leg ; 
 e, its beak ; f, its an- 
 tennae ; (/, a n t e n n se 
 of the larva (6) — all 
 higly magnified. 
 
 The woolly aphis 
 (Fig. 11) is of a dark 
 russet-brown color, with the abdomen covered with a white 
 down, of a cottony appearance. It is said by some writers that 
 it can only live on the apple tree. I have found it on the pear 
 tree, and on pear nursery stock ; also, one colony on a cherry 
 tree ; and in each case they seemed to thrive well above ground. 
 This insect is only to be found on the roots, branches, limbs, 
 and trunks of the trees ; it does not infest the leaves. 
 
 When the woolly aphis begins to spread, it appears in 
 blotches on the trees, of a white cottony appearance, Avhich, if 
 rubbed with the finger, will produce a blood-colored fiuid. 
 
 Remedies. — For destroying wolly ai)his on roots of trees. 
 No: 39 or No. 40. These remedies should be applied early in 
 the Fall season, so that the rains will carry the solution to the 
 roots. No. 40 or 41 may be used, but No. 39 or 40 are prefer- 
 able. 
 
 For destroying wolly aphis on the trunk of the tree, use 
 No. 43, when the tree is dormant. (Spray). 
 
 For destroying wolly aphis on limbs and branches, when 
 the tree is in leaf, use No. 6, one pound of mixture to each five 
 quarts (1:^ gallons) of water used; or, No. -51. (Spray.) 
 
 For destroying wolly aphis on roots of nursery stock 
 (young apple trees), use No. 42; or. No. .5 or 7, one pound of 
 mixture to each gallon of water used. 
 
58 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Oyster Shell Bark-louse, or Common Apple Scale Insect. 
 
 (Aspidiotus Conchiformis — (Tiiielin. ) 
 
 Syxoxyms — Mytilaspis pomicorticis — ;Riley. Aspidiotus pomo- 
 rum — Boiiche. Mytilaspis pomornm — Bouche. Aspidiotus 
 pyriis-malus — ;Rob. 
 
 Order. Hemiptera ; } -c^ ■^ r^ 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera : > • ' 
 
 1 1 1 1*1 1 i III 1 hill 
 
 [The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [A slender, slightly-curved scale insect, infesting deciduous 
 fruit trees.] 
 
 This species of scale insect can be found in orchards in 
 nearly all the central counties of California, and is very 
 destructive to apple trees, and also infests the pear and other 
 deciduous fruit trees. 
 
 Fig. 12. — A piece of 
 bark infested by Oyster 
 Shell Bark-lice — colors 
 of scales, brown, yellow 
 and gray. 
 
 This species can be readily distinguished from the other 
 species of scale insects that infest the apple tree and described 
 elsewhere in this work. The scale of the female is long and 
 narrow, and more or less curved, and widened at the posterior 
 end ; it measures from one line to one and one quarter lines 
 in length. Color — Dark yellowish-brown ; exuvife, amber- 
 yellow. 
 
 The scale of the male is smaller than that of the female, 
 and nearly straight ; it is not so dark in color, and has a mot- 
 tled appearance. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The eggs found under the female scale number from thirty- 
 five to seventy-five : the voung are hatched about the tenth of 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 59 
 
 May, and, so far as known at present, there is only one brood 
 in each year. Larva length, one seventieth of an inch ; color, 
 pale yellow; form, ovoid; antenna, seven jointed, two anal 
 setse. In a few days after it is hatched the larva fixes itself 
 on the wood, leaves or fruit, and perfects its change, or meta- 
 morphosis, as shown in Fig. 13. 
 
 Fig. 13. 
 
 Fig. 13. — Oyster Shell Bark-louse, highly magnified, i, the 
 egg — color, white or yellowish ; ;2, the newly hatched larva — 
 color, yellow ; J, the larva after becoming fixed ; -^, the scale 
 after the second plate is formed ; 7, fully formed scale, ventral 
 view ; -5, ventral view of larva ; 6', adult female — color, pale 
 yellow; 8^ antenna of the larva (2). 
 
 The male (perfect) insect is winged, as shown in Fig. 14. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 Fig. 14. — Oyster Shell Bark-louse (male), highly magnified; 
 a, ventral view of winged male — color, gray; /, a joint of his 
 
60 TN8EGTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 antenna more highly magnified ; r, a male scale — colors, yellow 
 and brown ; ?), a winged male, with wings expanded — color, 
 gray ; rf, one of his legs, more highly magnified ; c, upper sur- 
 face of the wing, more highly magnified. 
 
 It has been found very difficult to destroy this species, as 
 the scale or shell is fastened very securely to the wood, etc. ; 
 but late experiments have proven that the pest can be eradi- 
 cated. 
 
 Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, use No. 13 — one 
 pound of the mixture to each gallon of water used. (Spray.) 
 
 When the larvae are hatched and the tree is in leaf, use No. 
 6 — one pound of the mixture to each five quarts (1^ gallons) 
 of water used ; or, No. 5 or 7 — one pound to each gallon of 
 water used. (Spray.) 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 The San Jose Scale. (Cal.) 
 (Aspidiotvs perniciosvs. — Comstock.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera; ) Family, Coccid^. 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) 
 
 [A small, nearly circular, and flattened scale insect infesting 
 deciduous fruit trees.] 
 
 About the year 1873, this species of scale-insect appeared 
 in San Jose, Santa Clara County; at least, in that year it was 
 the first noticed by fruit-shippers as infesting the fruit. 
 
 From that time until 1880 it spread rapidly, and but httle 
 effort was made to exterminate it. -In the Winter of 1879 and 
 1880, some practical experiments were made which produced 
 such results as encouraged those who had entered upon the 
 work to make further efforts. In the Winter of 1881 and 1882, 
 extensive work was done throughout the infested districts, and 
 in many cases with excellent success. Unfortunately, in a 
 number of cases, solutions were applied, such as a low grade 
 of coal oil that was in the market under the name of tree wash, 
 which sold at about fourteen cents per gallon ; and another 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 61 
 
 under the name of crude petroleum; these were recommended 
 by those who had used them as excellent insecticides. 
 However, in a few months it was discovered that these solu- 
 tions contained pernicious properties which were destructive 
 to plant-life, consequently a large number of trees were de- 
 stroyed or killed. Tliis dangerous insect has been intro- 
 duced into many fruit growing districts on nursery stock, and 
 is found in over twenty counties at the present time (August, 
 1883). Great progress has been made in perfecting remedies 
 for the extermination of this pest, so that if the work is thor- 
 oughly done the orchardist need not fear this most dangerous 
 of the aspidiotus scale insects. 
 
 The A. jjcrniciosus infests all the deciduous fruit trees, except- 
 ing, perhaps, the Black Tartarian Cherry ; it lias also been 
 found on the currant bush, and on tomatoes grown in the 
 vicinity of infested trees. It also infests the poplar, osage 
 orange, wild cherry, eucalyi)tus and other ornamental trees 
 and shrubs. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The females of the family coccidas, to which the genus aspi- 
 diotus belongs, are described by Westwood as follows : " That 
 without referring to their singular habits we find some of them 
 on arriving at their last state are not only wingless, but also 
 footless and antenneeless, and in which all appearance of 
 annulose structure is lost — the creature, in fact, becoming an 
 inert mass of animal matter — a slender seta arising from the 
 breast and thrust into the stem, or leaf, or fruit on which the 
 animal is fixed, being the only external appendage of the 
 body." 
 
 Prof. Comstock, in speaking of the metamorphosis of the sub- 
 family diaspiuci', to which the genus aspidiotus belongs, says 
 that "members undergo a remarkable change at the time of 
 the first molt, losing their legs and antenna?, and thus becom- 
 ing apparently less highly organized than in the larval state." 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 The scale of the female is circular, and in color blackish 
 gray, excepting the exuvite in the center, which is of a deep 
 
62 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 straw color ; sometimes it has a reddish hue ; it measures from 
 one line to one and a quarter lines in diameter. The scale of 
 the male is oval in outline, and nearly black with the exuviae 
 between the center and the anterior margin of the scale, but is 
 darker in color, and more obscure than that of the female. 
 
 The female insect (Fig. 15), is primrose yellow, and some- 
 times ochre yellow in color, and measures about half a line in 
 diameter. Each female produces from thirty-five to fifty eggs. 
 -San Jose Scale, insect (adult female) 
 enlarged.] 
 
 [Fig. 16. — Larva of San Jose 
 Scale,enlarged, ventral view.] 
 
 The larvtu (Fig. 16 ), are yel- 
 lowish, form oval, antenna? six 
 jointed, two anal seta?, length 
 about one seventy-fifth (1-75) of 
 an inch. The larva creeps around for two or 
 three days, then finding a suitable place it fast- 
 ens itself to the wood (Fig. 17), leaf, or fruit (Fig. 18), and 
 undergoes its change, or metamorphosis. 
 [Fig. 17. — Portion of a 
 branch infested by San 
 Jose Scales.] 
 
 [Fig. 18. — A pear infest- 
 ed by San Jose Scales.] 
 
 The male insect 
 (Fig. 19), (perfect), is 
 winged ; wings nearly 
 transparent — color,body 
 light amber, with dark 
 markings ; antennae ten-^ 
 jointed (hairy) ; poste- 
 rior stylet nearly as 
 long as the body. Pupa of male 
 insect (Fig. 20), fifteen days after the scale is formed ; Fig. 21, 
 thirty-five days after the scale is formed. The sting or bite 
 of the female insect produces a dark red mark on the wood 
 or fruit. 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE THEE 
 Fiff. 20. 
 
 63 
 
 Fig. 21, 
 
 '"S'-^C 
 
 [Fig. 19. — San Jose Scale, in^^ect (adult 
 male) enlarged.] 
 
 Fig. 20. — Pupa of San Jose Scale, insect 
 enlarged. 
 
 Fig. 21. — San Jose Scale, insect (male pujja) enlarged. 
 This species produces three broods each year ; the first may 
 be expected about the time that cherries begin to color, the 
 second in July, and the third in October. 
 
 Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, use No. 11, Xo. 12. 
 Or Xo. 13 — seven pounds of the mixture to each eight gallons 
 of water. (The latter is preferable.) (Spray.) 
 
 When the tree is in leaf use Xo. 6 — one pound of mixture 
 to each five quarts of water (or 1^ gallons) — or No. 5, or Xo. 7. 
 Caution. — Beware of mineral oils. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 The Greedy Scale Insect. (Cal.) 
 (Aspidiotus rapnx — Comstock. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptkra ; 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; 
 
 Familv, Coccid.e. 
 
 [Infesting apple, pear, quince, peach, plum, apricot, almond, 
 and olive trees ; also, acacia, willow, eucalyptus, locust, and 
 other ornamental and forest trees.] 
 
 This species was given the specific name rapax, or Greedy 
 Scale, by Prof. J. H. Comstock, in 1881, on account of the 
 great number of plants upon which it subsists. I found it 
 on the fruit trees at Santa Cruz, in May, 1881, and wrote of it 
 under the common name, Santa Cruz Scale, but have since 
 found that it is generallv distributed throughout the fruit dis- 
 
64 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 tricts of California. It infests the wood (limbs and branches), 
 foliage, and fruit of deciduous trees, including the peach, apri- 
 cot, plum, almond, quince, and fig, and especially the apple, 
 pear, and olive. In some cases apples and pears were so 
 infested with this scale as to destroy their market value. The 
 acacia, willow, eucalyptus, locust, etc., are also its food plants. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 
 NATUEAL HISTORY. 
 
 Fig. 22 represents a portion of a branch infested by Greedy 
 Scales ; at the left are two of the scales, 
 enlarged — colors, gray or yellowish, and 
 brown. 
 
 The scale of the female is nearly circular, 
 or slightly oval ; 3'ellowish in color when it 
 covers a living, mature insect, but is gener- 
 ally a light gray. The full-grown speci- 
 mens measure nearly one line in diameter, 
 and its form is more convex than the other 
 species of aspidiotus described in this work ; 
 the exuviae is between the center and one 
 side, or edge, of the scale. Eggs, ovate — 
 color, yellow. 
 
 [Fig. 23. — Larva of Greedy Scale, enlarged ; 
 ventral view.] 
 
 [Fig. 24. — Female Greedy Scale Insect, en- 
 larged.] 
 
 Larva (Fig. 23) — color, yellow; 
 
 length, one-eightieth of an inch ; 
 
 antenna^, six-jointed ; two anal 
 
 setae. 
 
 Female full grown (Fig. 24) is circular in form — 
 
 color, yellow, with clear or nearly transparent 
 
 blotches. She deposits from thirty-five to eighty eggs. 
 
 Male (perfect) insect, winged. (I have not been able to pro- 
 cure a perfect specimen.) There are probably two broods each 
 year, as I have found the eggs in May and August. 
 
 Use remedies as described for San Jose Scale {A.perniciux((t<), 
 Chap. XX. 
 
 Fig. 24. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 65 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer. 
 
 ( Saperda Candida — Fabricius.) 
 
 Synonym. — Saperda bivittata — Say. 
 
 Order, Coleoptkka ; Faniilv, Cerambycid/k. 
 
 [The ineasiirements of insects in this work are ^iven in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Boring into the trunks of apple, pear, quince, and sim- 
 ilar trees, a nearly cylindrical, yellowish-white, footless grub, 
 which is finally changed into a beetle of a brownisli color, hav- 
 ing two white stripes on its back]. 
 
 The greater number of injurious insects live exposed ujjou 
 the plants which they attack ; but there are several kinds whicli 
 live concealed from view in the stems or branches of various 
 kinds of plants, shrubs, and trees, and thus hidden from view, 
 they carry on their silent work of destruction. I'rominent 
 among this latter class is the round-headed apple-tree borer, 
 which is found over the greater part of the United States. 
 
 [Fig. 25. — Round-headed Api)le-tree Borer; «, the larva — 
 color, yellowish-white ; b, the pupa — color, yellowish-white ; c, 
 the beetle — colors, brown and wliite.J 
 
 The beetles, or perfect insect (Fig. 25c) first make their 
 appearance a few weeks after the apple tree has put forth its 
 
66 INSECTS -IN FES TING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 leaves. They soon pair, and in the course of a few days the 
 females deposit their eggs. This operation consumes consider- 
 able time, so that about three months elapse before all of the 
 beetles have finished depositing their eggs. 
 
 The latter are commonly deposited in the crevices of the 
 bark, and usually near the surface of the ground, but some- 
 times they are placed in the axil of the lower branches, or the 
 place where the branches start out from the trunk. In about 
 a fortnight, from each of these eggs is hatched a minute, foot- 
 less grub of a whitish color, with a yellowish head. These 
 grubs eat their way obliquely downward through the bark, and 
 for the first year of their lives they live upon the inner bark or 
 sapwood, forming flat, shallow cavities. In their passage 
 through the bark they push their excrements and refuse 
 through the opening of their burrow, and being of a glutinous 
 nature, it collects around the mouth of the burrow in a small 
 mass, which, being usually of an orange color, is readily detected 
 by the experienced eye. The following season the borer enlarges 
 its burrow, pushing its castings out of the openings of its bur- 
 row in pellets, resembling in shape a grain of oats, but larger. 
 These are commonly found in pairs, lying parallel, with their 
 points toward the tree. 
 
 During this, the last Summer and Fall of their lives, they do 
 their principal damage by widening their burrows on every side, 
 destroying the alburnum deposited the year before, and often 
 the layer under it. If there is only one in a tree at this age, 
 and the tree is not more than one inch and a half in diam- 
 eter, the borer usually kills it by girdling entirely around it, 
 except about one fourth of an inch, on one side. One borer in 
 a large tree does not materially injure it, but generally in such 
 trees there are from two to five, and they girdle all around to 
 within one fourth of an inch of each other's burrow, and thus 
 kill the tree. 
 
 The borer or larva (Fig. 25rt) during the last Fall of its life, 
 eats voraciously until cold weather sets in, when it carefully 
 houses itself away until the following Spring. As soon as the 
 weather becomes mild, it begins to cut a cjdindrical burrow 
 from three to six lines long, usually up the trunk of the tree, 
 but sometimes directly through it, ending it just under the 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 67 
 
 outside l)ark, leaving the bark alwut the thickness of writing 
 paper ; it then draws back about an inch, phices some coarse 
 chips before and behind it, and soon assumes the pupa form. 
 (Fig. 25b). After remaining in this state for from two to six 
 weeks, it is changed to a beetle, which soon afterwards gnaws 
 a hole through the bark that covers the end of its burrow, and 
 thus effects its escape. The head of this grub is small, horny, 
 and brown ; the first ring or segment is much larger than the 
 others ; the next two are very short, as are also the eleventh 
 and twelfth ; the rings, from the fourth to the tenth, inclusive, 
 are each furnished on the upper side with two fleshy warts, 
 which are situated close together, and are destitute of the rasp- 
 like teeth which are usually found on the grubs of the other 
 kinds of borers ; no appearance of legs can be seen, even with 
 a magnifying glass of high power. When fully grown, it meas- 
 ures about one inch in length. 
 
 The beetle, or perfect insect, measures from six to nine lines, 
 or one half to three fourths of an inch in length, and is of a 
 cinnamon-brown color, marked with two white stripes, which 
 extend from the head to the tips of the wing-cases ; the face, 
 antenna), and legs are white, the antenna? being nearly as long 
 as the body. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer. (Cal, ) 
 
 ( Ch ryf<()l)othris fetnoratd — Fabricius. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Butrestid.^:. 
 
 [Boring into the trunks of apple, pear, peach, and simi- 
 lar trees ; a pale, yellowish, footless grub, having the forepart 
 of the body greatly widened and flattened ; finally transform- 
 ing into a greenish-black or bronze colored beetle, which is 
 copper-colored on the under side.] 
 
 While the round-headed apple-tree borer, S. bivitata (Fig. 
 25), usually infests healthy, growing trees, the present species 
 seems to prefer those which are more or less diseased, in such 
 
68 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 places where the hark is bruised, sunburned or dead, on which 
 account it is not to be so much dreaded as the round-headed 
 species. 
 
 The flat-headed apple-tree borer first makes its appearance 
 in the month of April or May, soon after which it deposits 
 its eggs ; these are usually deposited in crevices or beneath 
 the loose bark, several of them being not unfrequently 
 found together. They are of an ovoidal shape, pale yellow, 
 irregularly ribbed, will one end flattened. The young larvae 
 hatched from these gnaw their way through the bark until 
 they reach the green cambium layer, and gradually extend 
 their broad and flattened channels beneath the bark. At 
 length, when they have grown stronger and their jaws firmer, 
 they bore into the more solid wood of the tree, working 
 upward until a]:)out to undergo their transformations, when 
 they cut a passage to the outside, leaving a thin covering at 
 the surface through which the beetle (Fig. 26) afterwards 
 forces its way. It is supposed to pass through its various 
 changes with inthe course of one year. The grub or larva 
 (Fig. 27) of the borer measures nearly nine lines or three 
 fourths of an inch in length, when full grown, and is of a pale 
 yellow^ color ; it is entirely destitute of feet, and the second 
 segment is very broad and flattened, by which character this 
 grub may at once be distinguished from that of the round- 
 headed borer (Fig. 25a). The beetle measures about six lines, 
 or one half an inch in length, and is of a dark, dull, greenish 
 color with a strong, coppery luster, which is deepest on the 
 forehead and at the tip of the wing cases ; the head is sunken 
 up to the eyes in the thorax. On each wing-case are two 
 irregular impressed spots, which are generally of a deeper 
 green or coppery color than the surrounding surface, and 
 sometimes appearing double. The under side and limbs are of 
 a brilliant copper color. The portion of the abdomen covered 
 by the wing cases is a light, blue-green. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 69 
 
 Fig. 26. — Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — color, dark gray or 
 dull greenish. 
 
 Fig. 26. Fi^. 27. Fig. 28. 
 
 Fig. 27. — Larva of Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer; a, the 
 larva ; c, the underside of the head and forepart of the body — 
 color, white. 
 
 Fig. 28. — Pupa of Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — color, white. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 The Apple-twig Borer. 
 
 (Bostrichus bicaudatus. — Say. ) 
 
 Synonym — A mphiceru^ { Bot>trirh (^s' ) hicmtdatia^. 
 
 Order, Coleoptkra ; Family, Ptinid.e. 
 
 [Living in grapevines, a small, whitish, nearly cylindrical, 
 grub, which is thickest anteriorly ; finally transforming into 
 a brown beetle which burrows in the twigs of the apple, pear 
 and peach trees.] 
 
 The natural history of this insect has never been clearly 
 traced. Dr. Shinier states that he bred it from the larva found 
 Imrrowing out the central })ith of a grapevine, while other 
 authors contend that it spends its larval stage in some forest 
 tree, and that the beetle forms a burrow into the grapevines, 
 apple-twigs (Fig. 29), etc., merely for the purpose of getting 
 
 Fii^. 29. 
 
 a sheltered place in which to 
 })ass the Winter. 
 
 Fig. 29. — Twigs shoAving 
 burrows of apple-twig borer; 
 c, the entrance ; d, the bur- 
 row cut open. 
 
70 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 The beetles (Fig. 30) are found in their burrows from early 
 Fall till late in the following Spring. They measure from four 
 to five lines, or about three eighths of an inch in length ; are 
 of a dark brown color, the thorax nearly black, and the ante- 
 rior half is covered with spine-like points ; at the apex of each 
 Fig. 30. t)f the wing-covers of the male is a little horn 
 
 from which the species derives the specific 
 name : hicaudatus, or two-tailed. 
 
 Fig. 30. — Apple-twig Borer ; back view and 
 side view — color, brown. 
 Remedies. — If seriously infested, when the tree is dormant, 
 use Nos. 11 and 12 — one pound to each gallon of water used. 
 (Spray.) In the Spring when the tree is in leaf, use No. 5 or 
 7 — one pound to each gallon of water used. This will prevent 
 the insect from boring into the tree. Also, prune as directed 
 in No. 27. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 The Prickly Bark Beetle. 
 
 [Leptostylus aculiferus. — Say. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cerambycid.e. 
 
 Living under the bark of apple trees, small, whitish, foot- 
 less grubs, similar in appearance to the young apple tree 
 borers, occurring sometimes in multitudes, forming long, nar- 
 row, winding burrows upon the outer surface of the wood, 
 these burrows becoming broader as the worm increases in size ; 
 finally transforming into a rather short and thick brownish gray 
 beetle (Fig. 31) with small prickle-like points uj^on its wing-cov- 
 ers, and back of their middle is a white curved, or V-shaped band, 
 ^ with a black streak on its hind edge ; length from 
 three to four lines, or about one third of an inch. The 
 perfect insect appearing the last of August. — Fitch. 
 
 Fig. 31. — Prickly Bark Beetle — colors gray and 
 black. 
 
 Remedy. — Use soap as directed in No. 37, in July or early 
 in August. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 71 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 The Gray Bark Eating Weevil. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Thrirolepis simuUttor. — Horn.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid.e. 
 
 [A small, light grayish snout lieetle, feeding upon the bark 
 of the small branches or twigs of apple trees early in the 
 Spring.] 
 
 Early last Spring (1888), specimens were received from fruit 
 growing districts located at least one hundred and fifty miles 
 apart, of a small, light grayish colored weevil, reported as eat- 
 ing the bark and buds of apple trees. 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 32, Plate 1,) measures from one and one 
 half to one and three fourth lines in length ; the color is 
 grayish brown, but is covered with line white scales, giving it 
 a light grayish color. The larva- jirobably feed on the roots 
 of plants, but as this species is only reported this Spring its 
 natural history is not known to me. 
 
 Remedies. — Early in the Spring spray trees infested the pre- 
 vious year with No. 5 or 7 ; repeat in two weeks. This will 
 prevent the beetle from eating the ])ark. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 The Buffalo Tree-hopper. 
 (Ceresa hubalus. — Fabricius.) 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) -c. ., ,r 
 
 r, 1 1 XT ( Familv, MEMBRACIDiE. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) • ' 
 
 [Living upon the twigs of the apple, peach, ai)ricot, almond 
 and plum trees ; a green leaf-hopper, shaped something like a 
 beechnut, with two short spines jutting out horizontally from 
 each side of the anterior end, having some resemblance to the 
 horns of a l)ull oi- buffalo.] 
 
72 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 These insects obtain their nourishment by puncturing the 
 twigs with their beaks and imbibing the sap. 
 
 Fiff 33 ^^^- '^'^" — Bi^^ff'^lo Tree-hopper — color, green ; 
 
 a, side view 
 
 6, back view. 
 Fig. 34. 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 
 Fig. 34. — Eggs of Buffalo Tree-hopper; a, an egg, highly- 
 magnified ; fe, eggs natural size in a twig. 
 
 Fig. 35. — Larva and pupa of Buffalo Tree- 
 hopper, enlarged ; a, the larva — color brown- 
 ish ; h, the pupa — color greenish ; c, the ovi- 
 positor of the adult female, magnified. 
 
 From specimens of this insect (Fig. 33), 
 and branches containing eggs (Fig. 34), re- 
 ceived from several places in this State, and 
 also from the State of Nevada, I am inclined 
 to think that from eight to twelve eggs are 
 laid in each puncture. 
 The young (Fig. 35) hatch in May. 
 Remedies. — No. 28 and No. 25. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 The Cicada, or Harvest Fly. 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; \ 
 
 Familv, Cicadid^. 
 
 [Making small slits in the under side of the lower branches 
 of the apple, cherry, and similar trees, and depositing therein 
 a row of pearl-white eggs ; a large, four-winged fly, the body 
 marked with greenish.] 
 
 These insects are usually of a large size, their wings expand- 
 ing from two to three inches. The males have a curious 
 drum-like arrangement on each side of the body, behind the 
 wings. It consists of convex instruments of fine parchment, 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 73 
 
 which are acted upon by small muscles ; when these mus- 
 cles contract and relax, which they do with great rapidity, 
 the drum-heads are alternately tightened and loosened, pro- 
 ducing a rattling noise, like that caused by a succession of 
 quick pressures upon a convex piece of tin-plate. The body of 
 the female is provided with a piercer, with which she makes 
 numerous small slits in the under side of the branches (Fig. 
 36cZ,) of various shrubs and trees. The branches thus muti- 
 lated usually die back to the place where the slit nearest the 
 trunk occurs, and are frequently broken off by the wind. 
 
 Fig. 36. — Seventeen-year Locusts, pupa and eggs ; a, the 
 pupa — c o 1 o r , 
 yellowish- 
 brown ; 6, the 
 cast pupa skin ; 
 dj a punctured 
 twig, contain- 
 ing eggs ; e, twu 
 of the eggs re- 
 moved from 
 the twig — col- 
 or, yellowish ; 
 c, the adult, or 
 perfect insect- 
 colors, black- 
 ish, and dull 
 orange. 
 
 As soon as hatched, the young grub enters the earth, but 
 this is as far as its history is known with any degree^of cer- 
 tainty, except that when about to be changed into a perfect 
 insect it comes out of the earth and ascends a plant (Fig. 366), 
 to which it attaches itself firmly by means of its hooked claws. 
 In a short time the skin on its back splits open and the 
 included insect issues in its perfect or winged form. 
 
 Some kinds are known to live for thirteen and even seven- 
 teen years in the larva state. They do not pass through a 
 quiet pupa state as butterflies and many other insects are 
 6 
 
74 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 known to do, but remain active from the time they issue from 
 the eggs (Fig. oQe) until they die of old age, or some other 
 cause. 
 
 A small species of Cicada is found in California, infesting 
 apple trees. The larva is about one inch in length, when full 
 grown ; the pupa is from seven to ten lines in length ; and 
 only finding a skeleton of the perfect insect, a correct descrip- 
 tion can not be given. Its natural history and habits are evi- 
 dently the same as the C. septemdecim^ excepting the time it 
 takes to mature the perfect insect, which at present can not be 
 stated reliably. They were found at Dutch Flat, in Placer 
 County, and are probably the Cicada novsehoracensis. 
 
 Since writing the above, I am informed that a specimen has 
 been taken at Anaheim, Los Angeles County. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 25 and No. 28. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 Canker Worms. (Cal.) 
 Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Phal^nid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, cherry, and various 
 other trees ; yellowish or dark colored span-worm, provided 
 with ten or twelve legs]. 
 
 There are three specious of span-worms (geometers), which 
 are commonly called "Canker Worms." (The Spring Canker 
 Worm, Chapter XXXII. Anisopteryx vernata — Peck; Palea- 
 crita vernata — Riley) ; the Fall Canker Worm, Chapter XXX. 
 Anisopteryx pometaria — Harris; Anisopteryx autumnata — 
 Packard) ; and the Yellow Canker Worm (Chapter XXXI. 
 Hihernia tiliaria — Harris). The females of these species are 
 wingless. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The eggs are deposited on the trees by the female moth. 
 A. pometaria and H. tiliaria deposit their eggs in the latter 
 part of December, and in January ; these are hatched about the 
 time the apple tree has put forth its leaves. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 75 
 
 The young caterpillars commence to feed on the new foliage, 
 and in four or five weeks they attain their full growth ; they 
 then descend to the ground, which they enter to a depth of 
 several inches ; here each caterpillar forms a small cell, in 
 which to pass the pupa stage. The A. vernata deposits her 
 eggs early in the Spring ; ' the caterpillars attain their growth 
 in four or five weeks, and then enter the ground to pass the 
 pupa state. 
 
 Use remedies as directed in Chapter XXXII — No. 10 or No. 
 89. (See note, Remedy No. 10). 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 Fall Canker Worm. 
 
 (Anisopteryx pometaria — Harris ; Anisopteryx autumnata — 
 
 Packard.) 
 
 Fig. 37. — Fall Canker Worm ; e, cluster of eggs ; a, side 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 view of one of the eggs, 
 enlarged ; &, view of up- 
 per end of same, en- 
 larged ; /, the worm — 
 color, olive-green, with 
 brown stripe and white 
 lines ; c, side view of a 
 segment of its body, en- 
 larged ; d, back view of 
 the same enlarged ; (/, female pupa — color, brown ; /(, tip of 
 same enlarged. 
 
 The caterpillar of this species (Fig. 37/) is about one inch 
 in length, and is provided with twelve legs — the pair on the 
 eighth segment are very short ; color, body pale greenish, 
 marked on the back with a brown stripe (Fig. 37c?), and Avith 
 three white lines on each side of the body (Fig. 37c) ; below 
 the spiracles is a brownish line, and below this a white line ; 
 the under, or ventral parts, are of a pale flesh color ; head, 
 brown; larva, when newly hatched, pale olive-green; head 
 and cervical-shield pale. 
 
76 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar spins a cocoon 
 composed of silk, interwoven with particles of earth ; in this 
 cocoon it changes to a pupa (Fig. 37<7 and Fig. 38) in four or 
 five weeks, and in this state it remains until the Fall. 
 
 Fig. 38.— Pupae of Fall Canker Worms, 
 enlarged ; a, the male ; 6, female — color, 
 brown ; at the left of each is shown the 
 anal projection, as seen from below, en- 
 larged. 
 
 !?''F?v'' "V^ IMAGO, OR PERFECT INSECT. 
 
 Toward the latter part of December, 
 
 or early in January, the perfect insects (Fig. 39, a and 6), 
 
 emerge from the ground ; the wingless females (Fig 396) climb 
 
 up the trees and lodge upon the branches, Avhere they deposit 
 
 their eggs in batches of from seventy-five to two hundred (Fig. 
 
 37<?) ; they are j)laced side by side in regular rows, and can be 
 
 readily recogniized as belonging to this species, as they are flat 
 
 upon the top, and marked Avith a brown ring or circle (Fig. 37, 
 
 a and h). The eggs are generally deposited close to the bud, 
 
 or in a crotch or indent of some kind. 
 
 Fig. 39.— Fall Canker- 
 Figr. 39. ' T,r 1 
 
 worm Moths ; a, the 
 
 male moth — color, 
 
 brownish-gray ; 5, the 
 
 female moth — color, 
 
 dark ash-gray ; c, several 
 
 joints of her antennae, 
 
 enlarged ; d, a segment of her body, enlarged. 
 
 Female Moth (Fig. 395) — color, dark ash-gray ; body and 
 
 legs smooth, and of a uniform color ; antennae over fifty jointed. 
 
 Male (Fig. 39a) — color, brownish gray — sometimes darker ; 
 
 the fore-wings are crossed by two whitish bands ; the outer 
 
 band is suddenly bent inward near the fore edge of the Aving, 
 
 forming a pale, quadrate spot ; in some these bands are Avant- 
 
 ing, but in such cases the pale spot is nearly ahvays present ; 
 
 expands one inch and three lines. 
 
 TlEMEDiES.— No. 32, No. 10, or No. 89. (See Remedy No. 10.) 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 77 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 The Yellow Canker Worm. (Cal.) 
 (Hibernia tiliaria — Harris.) 
 
 The caterpillar (Fig. 40, Plate 1) of this species is about one 
 inch and three lines in length, and is provided with ten legs. 
 Color — body yellow, marked on the back with ten black lines, 
 which sometimes impart a bluish tinge to the ground color ; 
 under or ventral parts, yellowish-white ; head, yellowish- 
 brown. 
 
 Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar forms a cell, 
 which it lines with a few silken thread's, thus forming a 
 cocoon. In from ten to fourteen days it changes to a pupa, in 
 which state it remains until the following Fall. 
 
 IMAC40, OR PERFECT INSECT. 
 
 Female Moth (Fig. 41, Plate 1) — Color, whitish, dotted with 
 black, and marked with two rows of black spots, and with a 
 row of smaller black spots on each side of the body ; the legs 
 are ringed with black and white ; the body is about half an 
 inch (six lines) in length. The eggs are deposited in crevices 
 and beneath the loose bark. Male moth (Fig. 42, Plate 1), 
 fore-wings yellowish, dotted with brown, and crossed by two 
 wavy brown lines, the line nearest the body being often indis- 
 tinct. In the space between these lines there is usually a brown 
 dot, placed nearest the front edge of the wing. The hind wings 
 are pale-yellowish, with usually a brown dot near the center of 
 each ; expands about one inch and nine lines. 
 
 Use remedies as directed in Chapter XXXII — Xo. 10 or No. 
 89. (See note, Remedy No. 10). 
 
78 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Fi^. 43. 
 
 Spring Canker Worm. 
 
 (Anisopteryx vernata — Peck. Paleacrita vernata — Riley.) 
 
 The caterpillar of this species (Fig. 43a) is nearly one inch 
 in length, and is provided with ten legs. Color — body green- 
 ish, marked on each side with four whitish lines (Fig. 43c), 
 the two lowest further apart than the others ; head mottled 
 and pale on the top, and marked on the top with two pale 
 transverse lines. The larva, when young, is dark green or 
 brown, the head black. 
 
 Fig. 43. — Spring Canker Worm ; a 
 
 the worm — color, olive-green with 
 
 paler stripes ; c, a side view, and d a 
 
 back view of one segment of its body, 
 
 enlarged ; 6, an egg, enlarged ; a small 
 
 cluster of the natural size to the right. 
 
 Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar 
 
 forms a cell which it lines with a very few silken 
 
 threads, thus forming a cocoon ; in a few days it 
 
 changes to the pupa state (Fig. 44) in which it 
 
 remains until the following Spring. 
 
 Fig. 44. — Female pupa of Spring Canker Worm, 
 enlarged — color, brown. 
 
 IMAGO, OR PERFECT INSECT 
 
 Female moth (Fig. 456) — color, pale gray, marked on the 
 back with a black stripe, which is sometimes divided in the 
 center by a whitish line or a row of whitish clots ; legs ringed 
 with black and gray ; length of body, from four to six lines. 
 
 Fig. 45. — Spring Can- 
 
 Fig. 45. 
 
 ker Worm Moth ; a, the 
 male moth- color, brown- 
 ish-gray ; 6, female moth 
 — c o 1 o r, pale-gray, a 
 darker stripe on the back ; 
 c, three joints of her 
 
INSECTS INFESTING TEE APPLE TREE. 79 
 
 antenna, enlarged ; d, one of her abdominal segments, 
 enlarged ; e, her ovipositor, enlarged. 
 
 The eggs (Fig. 436) are deposited in irregular masses and 
 secreted ; they are elliptic-ovoid in form and can be readily 
 distinguished from the eggs of the other species by the delicate 
 shell being irregularly punctured. 
 
 Male (Fig. 45a) — color, brownish-gray ; the fore-wings are 
 crossed by three jagged, dark colored lines, which are most 
 distinct where they cross the larger veins, and at the front 
 edge of the wing, where they divide the wing into four parts of 
 nearly equal width ; near the outer edge the wings are crossed 
 by a pale, jagged band, which terminates at the apex, at which 
 place there is a dark dash. Expands one inch and three lines. 
 
 Remedies. — As directed in Nos. 22, 10 or 89. (See note. 
 Remedy No. 10.) 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 DeLong's Caterpillar. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Clhiocampa ronstricta. — Stretch. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Bombycid.^. 
 
 [The measurements of insects in this woilv aie yi\en in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Living Upon apple and jilum trees ; a striped, slightly 
 hairy, sixteen-legged caterpillar.] 
 
 The common name, DeLong's Caterpillar, is given this spe- 
 cies, as previous to 1883 it was only found, in this State, at 
 the Novato orchard, of which Mr. DeLong is the proprietor. 
 In the early part of the month of May, 1881, the caterpillars of 
 this moth infested the apple and plum trees in such numbers 
 as to threaten the destruction of the entire crop of twenty 
 thousand of the former and five hundred of the latter. The 
 caterpillar (similar to Fig. 55) is one inch and nine lines in 
 length, nearly three lines in diameter, and is full grown by the 
 twelfth day of May. The body is sparingly clothed with soft 
 and short hair, rather thicker and longer on the sides than 
 
80 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 elsewhere. The head is dark brown on each side, and dark 
 brown above, leaving an inverted Y mark in the middle and 
 front, and having much the appearance of a goblet, as one 
 looks from above. The frontal mark is jet black, edged with 
 a white stripe across and over the mouth parts and on each 
 side of the inverted Y. The ground color of the upper part 
 of the body is evidently light blue, with a dorsal row of oval 
 orange spots, one on each segment; two sub-dorsal orange 
 lines ; also, two lateral orange lines. Between the sub-dorsal 
 lines is a number of crinkled black and orange lines ; between 
 the sub-dorsal and lateral lines the space is blue, slightly 
 variegated with fine orange and black lines intermingled. The 
 lower part of the body and feet are dusky blue, with crinkled, 
 orange and black irregular lines, and an amber-colored ring 
 around base of pro-legs. The caterpillars do not make a tent 
 or web, although they live in colonies on the tree. 
 
 Fig. 46. — Cocoon spun by cater- -pig. 46. 
 
 pillar of DeLong's Moth — color, ^^^^^^^^^,^,^^^^^-„^^^^^-^^ 
 yellowish. 
 
 The caterpillars spin their co- 
 coons (Fig. 46) in folded leaves 
 (Fig. 47) of the trees on which 
 they feed, and on fences and build- 
 ings in the vicinity of trees which they have stripped of foliage. 
 
 Fig. 47.— Fold- 
 ^^Hl^ ed leaf contain- 
 
 ing cocooon of 
 DeLong's Moth. 
 Pupa. — Pupa 
 elongate, poste- 
 riorly attenuated, 
 inclosed in a loose silken web, suffused with fine yellow pow- 
 der. The moth appears in about sixteen days, or about the 
 twenty-eighth of May ; is reddish brown, with two transverse 
 rust-brown nearly straight parallel lines on the fore-wings. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 
 
 81 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 Fig. 49, 
 
 Fig. 48. — DeLong's Moth (male) — col- 
 ors, light and dark brown. 
 
 Male (Fig. 48) antennae, short, curved, 
 moderately bipectinated in both sexes, 
 the pectinations gradually decreasing in 
 length to the apex, and shortest in the 
 females ; thorax, robust ; pilose, (hairy) ; 
 
 abdomen, elongate — robust in female, and tufted in both; 
 femur (thigh) and tibia (shin) hairy. The male insect expands 
 one inch and three lines, the female one inch and six to seven 
 lines. The female is lighter in color than the male. 
 
 Fig. 49.— DeLong's Moth (fe- 
 male) — colors, light and dark 
 brown. 
 
 The female moth (Fig. 49) lays 
 her eggs — two to three hundred 
 in number — in rows around the 
 new growth of w^ood (Fig. 50), 
 and covers them with an apparent water-proof substance to 
 protect them through the Winter season. 
 
 Fig. 50.— Eggs of DeLong's Fig. 50. 
 
 Moth — color, reddish brown. 
 
 About the time the leaves are 
 unfolding in the Spring, the 
 young hatch and feed on the foliage and young fruit. Mr. 
 DeLong had a block of two thousand apple trees completely 
 stripped of fruit and foliage by these caterpillars. 
 
 METHOD ADOPTED BY MR. DE LONG FOR DESTROYING THE 
 CATERPILLARS. 
 
 He placed a band of butter-cloth, about four inches wide, 
 covered with tallow, on the trees about two feet above the 
 ground. He discovered that the caterpillars could form 
 bridges over the tallow, especially at night. Over the tallow 
 he placed soft lard, which proved effective. Men with brooms 
 swept the caterpillars off the trunks, limbs, and branches of 
 the trees. The caterpillars attempted to ascend the trees 
 again, but would not cross the greased band. On every tree 
 they gathered in such immense numbers between the bands 
 
82 
 
 INSECTS TNFESTTNO THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 Fig. 51. 
 
 and the ground, that they were easily destroyed by the use of 
 clubs. By these means the crop of twenty thousand trees was 
 secured from their ravages, although the orchard was not 
 entirely cleaned. 
 
 GATHERING THE EGGS. 
 
 In the month of January, 1882, men were employed to pick 
 the rings of eggs deposited on the branches, and succeeded in 
 collecting eggs which would have produced sixty millions of 
 caterpillars. The cost of collecting the eggs was one dollar 
 and fifty cents per ounce. One ounce of the rings represented 
 one hundred and fifty thousand eggs. 
 
 NATURAL REMEDIES. 
 
 In 1881, many cocoons were found infested by the larva of 
 a Tachina fly (Fig. 51). 
 
 Fig. 51.— Tachina Fly {Ta- 
 china doryphorn) — colors, gray 
 and black. 
 
 In 1882, a small fly belonging 
 to the Braconinse (Fig. 51a, 
 Plate 1), a sub-family of the 
 Ichneumonidse, made its appear- 
 ance and destroyed the cater- 
 pillars hatched from the eggs 
 that escaped the egg gatherers. 
 At the present writing (Ma}^, 
 1883), Mr. DeLong cannot find any of the caterpillars of this 
 species in his orchard. The full description of the work done 
 in this case is given to prove what can be done in destroying 
 insect pests. Mr. DeLong's apple crop produces a revenue of 
 thirty thousand dollars annually. Rather than to allow the 
 caterpillars to destroy his crop, he exterminated them at a 
 cost of about two thousand dollars. 
 
 Reports say that this species has been found this season in 
 one of the Bay counties. 
 
 Remedies. — As described above. See Nos. 23 and 29. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 83 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 Orchard Tent Caterpillar. (Cal.) 
 
 {Clisiocampa Americana. — Harris.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family *Bombycid^. 
 
 [Living on apple, cherry and oak trees ; a striped sixteen- 
 legged caterpillar, sparingly clothed with hairs on the sides of 
 the body.] 
 
 This insect infests apple trees, and is also found on cherry 
 trees. Its presence can be easily detected by the web-like 
 nests found on trees which they infest, and from which the 
 insect derives its common name — Tent Caterpillar. . 
 
 Fig. 52. — r c h a r d 
 Fi^. 52, a and b. ^^^^ Caterpillar; a 
 
 and h, the caterpil- 
 lars — c o 1 o r s , black, 
 yellow, w h i t e an d 
 blue ; c, the eggs (poor 
 figure; Fig. 54 is more 
 accurate) ; c/, the co- 
 coon—color, yellowish 
 white. 
 
 The caterpillar (Fig. 
 
 52, a and ?>,) is about 
 
 two inches in length, 
 
 and nearly three lines 
 
 in diameter; head 
 
 black, frontal mark 
 
 M{ inverted Y, same as 
 
 1^ DeLong's caterpillar 
 
 ( Clisiocampa constric- 
 
 ta); ground color of 
 
 back apparently 
 
 brownish-black. 
 
 A dorsal line of a yellowish-white color extends the whole 
 
 length of the insect, on each side of which, on a yellowish or 
 
 orange ground, are black crinkled lines, which on the sides 
 
84 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPIE TREE. 
 
 form a black lateral line, or when the caterpillar is stretched 
 appears as a large black spot on the side of each segment ; in 
 the center of these spots is a small bluish mark ; below this is 
 a yellow (orange) line, and lower are five crinkled lines, yellow 
 and black. Ventral parts a dark, dusky color; on one of the 
 posterior segments is a small blackish wart. The body is 
 clothed with soft short hairs, rather thicker on the sides than 
 on the back and ventral parts. When full grown it spins a 
 cocoon (Fig. 52d;, in Avhich it undergoes its transformations. 
 Pupa. — The pupa state is from fourteen to sixteen days. 
 
 MOTH. 
 
 Fiff. 53. 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 Fig. 54. --Eggs of Orchard Tent 
 Caterpillar — color, brown. 
 
 Fig. oo. — Female Moth of Orchard Tent Caterpillar — (some- 
 times called the American Lackey Moth) — colors, yellowish or 
 reddish-brown and white. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 53) differs but little in appearance from the 
 C. constricta; the color is somewhat lighter ; the lines on the 
 fore-wings are more oblique, and the apex shorter. In some 
 specimens the band between the lines of the fore-wing are dark, 
 or of the same color as the base and apex ; in others it is very 
 light, or what may be termM a dirty white. The perfect insects 
 appear about the latter part of May. They deposit their eggs 
 (Fig. 54) on the branches on which they feed, and cover them 
 with a secretion to protect them in the Winter season. The 
 young caterpillars hatch about the time the leaves open. This 
 species can be exterminated by picking off and destroying the 
 bunches of eggs before the tree leaves out, and by picking off 
 and destroying tents when made ; or the latter may be burned 
 with their occupants, at such hours of the day as the caterjjil- 
 lars are at rest. A torch made of rags bound upon a pole and 
 saturated with kerosene is a useful weapon for this kind of 
 warfare. 
 
 Remedies as above described. Also, see Nos. 23, 29 and 31. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 85 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 The Forest Tent Caterpillar. (Cal.) 
 
 (ClisiocarajKi sylvatica. — Harris.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptkra ; Family, Bombycid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, oak, cherry, and vari- 
 ous other trees, a bluish, slightly hairy caterpillar, sprinkled 
 all over with black dots, and with a row of oval or diamond- 
 shaped Avhite spots on the back.] 
 
 When young, these caterpillars live in communities under a 
 web Avhich is spun against the trunk of one of the larger 
 branches of the tree, but as they grow older they disperse and 
 live singly, unprotected by a web. 
 
 Pig, 55, Fig. 55. — Forest Tent 
 
 Caterpillar-colors, bluish- 
 gray, white and yellow. 
 
 When fully grown (Fig. 
 55) they measure about 
 one inch and six lines in length ; they then seek some shel- 
 tered place in which to spin their cocoons, which are filled 
 with a yellow, mealy powder. 
 
 The moths appear early in June ; their forewings are of a 
 grayish color, crossed by two parallel brown lines, the whole 
 space between them sometimes being of the same dark brown 
 color ; the male moth expands about an inch and three lines, 
 while the female expands about an inch and nine lines. 
 
 Fig. 56. — Moth and eggs 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 €X. 
 
 of Forest Tent Caterpil- 
 lar; a, the eggs — color, 
 brown; c, an egg highly 
 iiagnified, top view; d, 
 three eggs highly magni- 
 fied, side view ; b, the fe- 
 male moth — color, brown- 
 ish-yellow. 
 
 The female (Fig. 56^) 
 deposits her eggs in rings 
 
86 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 around the small twigs (Fig. 56a), and these do not hatch out 
 until the following Spring. 
 
 The rings of eggs are similar in appearance to those of 
 DeLong's moth, C. constricta, excepting that the eggs of the 
 former are somewhat larger. 
 
 Remedies. — Destroy web or tent as described in Chapter 
 XXXIV. (Orchard Tent Caterpillar.) Also, as in Nos. 23 
 and 29. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 The Fall Web Worm. (Cal.) 
 
 (Hyphantria textor. — Harris.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid^. 
 
 [Living under a web on apple, hickory, walnut and other 
 trees, and feeding upon the upper surface of the leaves ; six- 
 teen legged caterpillars of a yellow and black color, their bodies 
 sparsely covered with whitish or brownish hairs.] 
 
 " This insect passes the Winter in the pupa state, and the 
 moth emerges during the month of May. The female deposits 
 her eggs in a cluster on a leaf, generally near the outer end of 
 a branch. Each worm or caterpillar (Fig. 57a) begins spin- 
 ning the moment it is hatched, and by their united efforts 
 they soon cover the leaf with a web, under which they 
 feed in companies, devouring only the pulpy portion of the 
 
 leaf. As they increase 
 in size they extend their 
 web, but alway remain 
 and feed underneath it." 
 —Riley. 
 
 Fig. 57.— Fall Web 
 Worm ; a, the worm — 
 colors, gray, black and 
 yellow ; b, the pupa — 
 color brown ; c, the moth 
 — color, white. 
 " The web sometimes reaches a length of fully seven feet." — 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 87 
 
 La. Baron. The young worms are of a pale yellow color, with 
 black heads. When fully grown they are a trifle over an inch 
 long ; of a yellowish or bluish-gray color, the back usually 
 black ; the body is sparingly clothed with whitish, reddish or 
 mouse-colored hairs, which grow in clusters from warts which 
 are usually yellowish-brown, or the two rows on the back are 
 frequently black, or reddish-brown marked with black. When 
 fully grown these caterpillars descend to the ground, which 
 they enter, and form small cells in which to pass the puj^a 
 state (Fig. 576). They spend the Winter in this latter state, 
 and the moths (Fig. 57c), which issue the following Spring, 
 expand about an inch and three lines and are of a pure white 
 color and without spots, except on the legs. " The proper 
 time to destroy these caterpillars is while they are young ; at 
 such time the branch containing the nest can be removed and 
 its contents easily destroyed." — Riley. 
 Remedy. — Use No. 97. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 The Tussock Moth. (Cal.) 
 
 (Oryyia leucostigma — Abbot and Smith.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and various other 
 trees ; a black and yellow caterpillar having large bunches 
 and plumes of hair on its body.] 
 
 The pretty caterpillar of this moth (Fig. 58) is found on 
 the apple, pear, plum and horse-chestnut ; also on the walnut 
 and oak, and perennials in the flower garden, especially the 
 rose. 
 
 Fig. 58. — Cater- 
 pillar of Tussock 
 Moth — colors, yel- 
 low and black, or 
 brown ; hair white, 
 the pencils blackish. 
 
 When full grown 
 it measures from one 
 inch and three lines to one inch and six lines in length. Color, 
 
88 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 cream-yellow, a black dorsal stripe extending the whole 
 length of posterior of the third segment ; next to the dorsal 
 stripe is a yellowish line, then a greenish-blue stripe on which 
 is sometimes a black line ; stigmatal line black, and below 
 this is a yellow line. On dorsal section of segments 4, 5, 6 and 
 7, is a wide tussock of whitish hair ; on each side of the seg- 
 ments next to the head, and on the dorsal part of the eleventh 
 segment, is a pencil of long black hairs, which are knobbed at 
 the apex ; on top of segments nine and ten is a small red 
 wart ; ventral parts yelloAvish-white, tinged with blue. Head 
 reddish-brown or dark red ; cervical-shield red. 
 
 Pupa. — Pupa of male (Fig. 5dd) elongate, posteriorly atten- 
 uated, inclosed in a coarse silky cocoon. Puj^a of female (Fig. 
 59c), ovate in form. 
 
 Fig. 59.-Tussock 
 Moth, Caterpillar 
 and Pupa ; a, the 
 female moth on her 
 cocoon — color of 
 former, whitish or 
 gray ; of the latter, 
 gray or yellowish ; 
 h, a young caterpil. 
 lar ; c, the female 
 pupa — color, brown or gray ; d, the male pupa — color, brown. 
 Imago. — The male insect (Fig. 60) is ashen-gray; the fore- 
 wings are crossed by wavy bands of a 
 darker color ; on each wing is a small white 
 crescent near the inner angle ; antennae 
 pectinated ; expands one inch. 
 
 Fig. 60. — Male Tussock Moth— color^ 
 ashen-gray. 
 
 The female (Fig. 59a and 61) is wing- 
 less — color, brownish ; form oval, and is 
 from four to five lines in length. Antennse 
 small. The eggs (Fig. 62) are generally 
 deposited and fastened on the outside of the cocoon. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING TlIE APPLE TREE. 
 
 89 
 
 Fig. 01. — Female Tussock 
 Moth — color, gray. 
 
 Fig. 62. — Eggs of Tussock 
 Moth on the cocoon — color, 
 eggs white, cocoon pale yellow. 
 
 Remedy — Use No. 30. 
 
 Fig. 61 
 
 Fig. 62 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 
 The Yellow-necked Caterpillar. 
 
 (Datana viinistra — Drury). 
 
 Synoxym. — Pygsera minisfra. 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bo.mbycid/E. 
 
 [Feeding in communities upon the leaves of the apple, wal- 
 nut, etc., a black or reddish brown caterpillar, which is usually 
 marked with five yellow lines on each side of the body.] 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 Fig. 63. — Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Moth, and Eggs; a, the 
 caterpillar — colors, black and white ; b, the moth — colors, 
 brown and yellowish ; f, the eggs — color, white ; d, an egg mag- 
 nified. 
 
 These caterpillars usuall}' live in communities, and when at 
 rest have a habit of holding both extremeties of the body 
 upwards. (See a, Fig. 63). They differ widely in their color- 
 ings, according to the kind of tree thev infest. Those which feed 
 
90 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 upon the leaves of the apple tree are usually of a black color, 
 the top of the first segment yellow, and there are five yellowish 
 lines on each side of the body, while those infesting the black 
 walnut are destitute of the yellow stripes, and the top of the 
 first segment is black ; in both of these varieties the head is 
 black. 
 
 When fully grown (Fig. 63rt) they measure about two inches 
 in length ; they then descend to the ground, which they enter 
 a short distance, where each one forms a cell in which to pass 
 the pupa state, which continues throughout the Winter. Only 
 one brood is usually produced each year. 
 
 The wings of the moth (Fig. 636) expand nearly two inches, 
 and are of a reddish brown color, crossed by four transverse 
 lines of a darker brown ; the hind wings are of a lighter color, 
 and are unmarked. The moths from the caterpillars which 
 infest the black walnut, are more of a smoky brown color. 
 Owing to the fact that these caterpillars congregate in large 
 companies upon a single branch, the latter can be easily 
 removed from the tree, and the caterpillars can then easily be 
 destroyed. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 97. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 The Red-humped Caterpillar. (Cal.) 
 
 (Notodonta concinna — Smith. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e. 
 
 [Feeding in communities upon the leaves of the cherry, 
 apple, plum, and pear ; a striped caterpillar, having two rows 
 of black spines along the back]. 
 
 These caterpillars live in large companies, and when at rest 
 they elevate the hind part of the body. The}^ are of a reddish 
 color, and are striped lengthwise with yellow and white lines ; on 
 the fourth segment is a coral-red hump, on which are four black 
 spines ; scattered over the body are numerous black spines or 
 points, those on the back the largest ; head, coral-red. When- 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 91 
 
 fully grown (Fig. 64, Plate 1) they measure about one inch 
 and three lines in length ; tliey then leave the trees and con- 
 ceal themselves l)eneath the fallen leaves, etc., where each one 
 spins a whitish, parchment-like cocoon (Fig. 65, Plate 1) ; they 
 remain in this cocoon a long time before changing to pupa, 
 the moths not issuing until the following Summer. Speci- 
 mens in breeding cages changed to pupa in February, and 
 emerged from pupa March 20, 1888. As these specimens were 
 collected the previous September, it is possible the Notodonta 
 may be double-brooded. 
 
 The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 66, Plate 1) expand from 
 one inch to one iiich and three lines ; are of a brownish color 
 along the hind margin, with the rest of the wing grayish, and 
 marked with dark brown and whitish ; the hind wings of the 
 male are brownish, or dirty white, with a brown spot at the 
 hind angle ; those of the female are dusky brown. This insect 
 is known to occur in large numbers in some portions of this 
 State. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 97 and No. 20. 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 The Greater Leaf-roller. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Loxotxaia rosaccuna. — Harris. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.i:. 
 
 [Living in a rolled leaf on the apple, cherry, rose, etc. ; a 
 greenish worm with a black or brownish head.] 
 
 The larva brings the two opposite edges of a leaf nearly 
 together, and holds them in this position by means of a great 
 many silken threads ; in this case, or nest, it remains during 
 the greater part of the time, coming forth only to feed. It feeds 
 upon the leaf which forms its nest, and after eating itself out 
 of a habitation it repairs to another leaf and constructs a simi- 
 lar shelter. In this way it proceeds until reaching its full 
 growth, when it lines the interior of its case with a fine layer 
 of silk, and soon afterwards assumes the pupa form. The full 
 
92 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 grown larva measures nearly an inch in length, is of a green 
 color, sometimes tinged with yellow ; the head is yellowish- 
 brown, with the regions of the jaws black, or entirely black 
 in the young. Sometimes the upper part of the face is tinged 
 with brown ; on top of the first segment is a black spot tinged 
 with green next the head, or in its place is a simi-circular black 
 line. 
 
 Fig. 67. — Greater Leaf-roller — colors, Fig. 67. 
 
 light and dark brown. 
 
 The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 67) ex- 
 pand about one inch, are much arched at 
 the middle of the front edge, and curve in 
 an opposite direction near the tip ; they are 
 of a light brown color, crossed b}'' dark brown lines and bands. 
 The hind wings are yellowish, Avith the part next the body 
 blackish. Dr. Emmons (N. Y. Rep., 1854), states that this 
 insect passes the Winter in the egg state, and is to be found 
 in small clusters on the bark of trees infested the previous 
 year. 
 
 In California there are several species found, which, if they 
 do not belong to the genus lozotxnia, are closely allied to it. 
 The young caterpillars appear early in the season, and make 
 their nest under the blossom leaf, or petal, of the apricot, 
 when the fruit is not larger than a garden pea, and feed upon 
 the skin or epidermis of the fruit on which they lodge. As 
 the fruit becomes larger and the insect gains in strength, it 
 bores into the fruit, destroying the pulp or mesocarp, and in 
 many instances eat part of the pit or stone. 
 
 Remedies. — When the tree is dormant wash or spray thor- 
 oughly with No. 53, to destroy any eggs deposited on the tree- 
 All infested leaves and fruit should be picked off and destroyed. 
 See No. 24. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 93 
 
 CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 The Apple Leaf Grumpier. 
 
 (Phycita nebulo. — ^\'alsh.) 
 
 Synonym. — Acrobasis nebulo. 
 
 Order, LepidopteRx\. ; Family, Pyralid^. 
 
 Living in a curved, black, silken tube (Fig. 68a), on apple 
 and plum trees, a reddish-brown worm, having a roughened 
 head. (Fig. 68c.) 
 
 Fig. 68.— A p p 1 e Leaf Fig. 68. 
 
 Grumpier ; c, the head and 
 fore part of the caterpillar's 
 body enlarge d — color, 
 brown ; d, the moth, en- 
 larged — colors, gray and 
 brown ; a, a case in which 
 the caterpillar lives, with 
 the fore part of the hitter's 
 body protruding from the 
 opening in the larger end ; 
 6, several cases fastened 
 together — color, black. 
 
 When fully grown this 
 worm measures nearly six 
 lines in length ; it then 
 closes the opening of the 
 silken tube in which it lives, and soon afterward assumes the 
 pupa form. The moth (Fig. 68c^,) issues during the Summer 
 season, and the worms or larvie which are produced from the 
 eggs she deposits pass the Winter inside of their silken tubes 
 (Fig. 686), there being but one brood produced in one year. 
 It has the habit of fastening dead leaves to the outside of its 
 case, which makes its presence very conspicuous during the 
 Winter season. In order to lessen the ravages of this insect, 
 it is only necessary to collect the silken tubes containing the 
 larva? and burn them. This can best be accomplished in the 
 Winter season after the leaves have fallen from the trees, at 
 which time the cases of this insect may be readily discovered. 
 
94 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 The Bud Worm. 
 
 (Penthina oculana. — Harris.) 
 
 Synonym. — Spilonota oculana. 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.^. 
 
 [Fastening together and devouring the leaves of the open- 
 ing buds of apple trees; a small, brownish caterpillar.] 
 
 Although of small size, these worms sometimes occasion a 
 great deal of damage by devouring the buds. They usually 
 attain their full growth by the middle of Summer, when they 
 prepare to assume the pupa form by lining their retreat with 
 a layer of silken threads. 
 
 Fig. 69. — Bud-worm and Moth ; lower figure. Fig. 69. 
 the worm — color, pale brownish ; upper figure, 
 the moth — colors, ash-gray and whitish. 
 
 These worms (Fig. 69) or caterpillars are of a 
 pale or dull brownish color, with the head and 
 top of the first segment shining brown ; and there is a dark brown 
 spot on the top of the eighth segment, which appears to be 
 under the skin. The moths (Fig. 69), which appear in June 
 or July, have the head and thorax dark ash color ; the fore- 
 wings are of the same color at each end, and grayish-white in 
 the middle, mottled with dark gray ; there are two little eye- 
 like spots on each one, near the tip, consisting of four little 
 black marks placed close together in a row ; the second eye- 
 spot is near the inner hind angle, and consists of three black 
 dots arranged in the form of a triangle, sometimes with a 
 black dot in the middle ; the hind-wings are dusky brown. 
 The fore-Avings expand from six to seven lines. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 65, and cut out infested branches. 
 See No. 27. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 95 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 The Many-dotted Caterpillar. 
 
 (Brachytienia malana. — Fitch. ) 
 
 Synonym. — Nolophana malana. 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.'e. 
 
 [Eating the leaves of the apple, cherr}^ and peach tree ; a 
 naked, sixteen-legged caterpillar, of a green color, dotted with 
 white, and marked with fine whitish lines.] 
 
 '' These caterpillars live e'x})osed upon the leaves of several 
 different kinds of trees. When fully grown they measure an 
 inch in length ; they then roll up a leaf, and inside of this roll 
 they spin a thin cocoon. Two broods are usually produced in 
 a year, the last brood passing the Winter in the pupa state. 
 The fore-wings of the moth expand about one inch, and are of 
 an ashen-gray color, crossed by three zigzag black lines, which 
 are connected in various places by black dashes. 
 
 " For the destruction of these worms it has been recom- 
 mended to place blankets beneath the trees and jar the worms 
 off', when they may then be easily destroyed. As the last 
 brood remains in the pupa state within the leaves, by raking 
 these into winrows in the Winter and then burning them, the 
 greater number of these pests will be destroyed." — [Condensed 
 from Fitch. 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 The Turnus Butterfly. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Papilio tu ruuif. — Linnaeus. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Papilioxid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and cherry tree; a 
 bluish-green, sixteen-legged worm, having an eye-like spot on 
 each side of the third segment.] 
 
 This caterpillar spins a fine web upon the upper surface of 
 a leaf, drawing the edges of the leaf slightly upAvards ; when 
 
96 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 not feeding, it rests upon, the upper side of this web. The 
 young caterpillar is of a black or brownish color, marked with 
 flesh color or white. 
 
 Fig. 70.— Caterpillar Fig. 70. 
 
 of Turnus Butterfly — 
 colors, green, yellow, 
 and black. 
 
 When fully grown 
 (Fig. 70), it measures 
 
 from one inch and six lines to two inches in length, and is of 
 a bluish-green color ; on each side of the third segment is a 
 black spot, centered with blue and surrounded by a yellow 
 ring, and this by a black one ; on top of the fourth segment is 
 a transverse yellowish ridge, in front of which is a row of four 
 blue dots ; on top of the last segment is a transverse yellowish 
 ridge ; head, pinkish-brown. When about to pupate, this cat- 
 erpillar suspends itself by the hind-feet and a transverse band 
 of silken threads which is passed around the forepart of the 
 body. It assumes the chr3^salis form in the Autumn, and the 
 butterfly does not issue until the following Spring. 
 
 Fig. 71. 
 
 Fig. 71. — Turnus Butterfly — colors, ^a^llow, black and 
 orange. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 
 
 97 
 
 This is one of the largest butterflies (Fig. 71) found in this 
 State. The wings expand from four inches and six lines to five 
 inches, and are of a pale yellow color, with a broad, black outer 
 margin marked with yellow spots ; the fore-wings are marked 
 with four black bands, the one nearest the body extending 
 across the hind-wings ; the latter are tailed, and have an 
 orange-colored spot near the hind angle. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 14. 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 
 The Apple Bueeulatrix. (Cal.) 
 
 (Bucculatrix pomifoliella — Clemens ). 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the apple tree, a small, dark, 
 yellowish-green, sixteen-legged worm, nearly six lines long; 
 spinning against the bark an elongate, dirty-white, ribbed 
 cocoon]. 
 
 This larva assumes the pupa form within its cocoon (Fig. 
 72 a and 6], and before the moth issues, the pupa works itself 
 part way out of the cocoon. Several broods are probably pro- 
 duced in one year ; the last brood passes the Winter in their 
 cocoons. 
 
 Fig. 72.— Apple Buc- _ Fig. 72. 
 
 culatrix ; a, the cocoons 
 on a twig — color, dirty 
 white ; h, one of the 
 cocoons, enlarged ; (\ 
 the moth enlarged — 
 color, gray and brown. 
 
 The perfect m o t h 
 (Fig. 72c) is a dirty 
 white or gray color, 
 marked with brown, as 
 in the figure. 
 
 Remedy. — When the tree is dormant, spray or wash thor- 
 oughly the parts infested with Xo. 18 — one ])Ound to each gal- 
 lon of water used. 
 
98 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 The Apple-tree Aphis. (Cal.) 
 (Aphis mali. — Fabricius.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; 
 
 Family, Aphidid^. 
 
 Fig. 73. 
 
 [Living^on the leaves or twigs of apple trees ; small green, 
 or green and black, plant lice.] 
 
 This plant louse, as its name indicates, is frequently found 
 on thej apple tree. It may be easily detected by the black 
 appearance of thg ends of the succulent twigs and leaves, 
 caused 'byj a honey-dew emitted by this insect and others 
 closely related to it. (See Aphis malifolia; Chap. 47.) 
 
 Fig. 73. — Apple-tree Aphis (young), enlarg- 
 ed — color, green. 
 
 The wingless individuals (Fig. 73) are small, 
 green lice, and can be found in great numbers 
 on the under side of the leaves and tender 
 twigs. They measure about one line in length, 
 and are often accompanied by winged individ- 
 uals. As the Winter season apf)roaches, the 
 eggs are laid on the branches and twigs, and 
 can be easily seen with a lens. About the time the leaves 
 begin to open in the Spring, these eggs hatch, and the young 
 lice fasten themselves to the tender leaves and extract the sap. 
 
 Fig. 74. — Apple-tree Aphis, en- 
 larged — colors, black and green. 
 In about ten days after 
 hatching the lice reach maturity 
 (Fig. 74) and commence giving 
 birth to living young. In the 
 course of from fifteen to twenty 
 days after reacliing maturity, 
 they die. The young, after reach- 
 ing maturity, become parents, 
 and it is -generally conceded by naturalists that in the Sum- 
 mer season they reach maturity in five or six days. Therefore, 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 99 
 
 it can be easily seen that their increase surpasses computation. 
 
 This species is spreading raiDidly in the vicinity of Sacra- 
 mento. Trees infested emit a very disagreeable smell. Mr. 
 Haywards, writing of this pest from British Columbia, says : 
 "After night, in passing along the road I can tell an infested 
 tree." In cases where trees are badly infested they produce a 
 smell similar to that of decayed fish. I have noticed in hand- 
 ling infested branches that this loathsome smell remains on 
 the hands. 
 
 Leaves infested by these plant lice curl or curve backwards 
 until a roll is formed, thus furnishing the insects with shelter 
 from the rays of the sun, or from rains, or dews, and makes it 
 difficult to destroy the insects by spraying the trees. 
 
 During the Summer they are found grouped together on the 
 leaves in all stages of their growth, and of various colors. 
 The mature insects (Fig. 74.) are of a yellowish-green, and 
 when half grown pale-yellowish, and when born the color is 
 nearly white. In Autumn the color changes in man}' cases, 
 either from the change in temperature or change in nourish- 
 ment. 
 
 Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, sj^ray thoroughly 
 with No. 13 ; one j^ound of the mixture to each gallon of 
 water used. When the leaves begin to expand, if the lice are 
 present, spray thoroughly with No. 64 or No. 65, and repeat if 
 necessary. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVII. 
 
 The Apple Leaf Aphis. (Cal. ) 
 
 (Aphis malifolia — Fitch. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) ^ ., . 
 
 a u J xj J Fumilv, Aphidid.^. 
 
 Sub-order, Hemoptera : \ • ' 
 
 [Living upon the leaves 'of the apple tree, a small, blackish 
 plant-louse.] 
 
 This species infests the leaves of the apple tree, and in their 
 habits they are similar to and are often mistaken for the apple 
 
100 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 tree aphis (Aphis mali), though they are larger, and generally 
 of a darker color. The winged insect of this species differ 
 from the A. mali in being larger, and the thorax and abdomen 
 are black ; there is also a slight difference in the venation of 
 the wings. 
 
 These insects emit a honey dew, which gives the leaves and 
 branches an appearance similar to that caused by the apple- 
 tree aphis {A. mali). 
 
 Remedies. — To be used as described in Chapter XL VI 
 for the apple-tree aphis. 
 
 CHAPTER XLVIII. 
 
 The Ten-lined Leaf Eater. (Cal.) 
 
 (Polyphylla decemlineata — Say. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^id^. 
 
 [The measurements of insects in this work are given in inclies and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and other fruit trees, 
 a large, grayish-brown beetle, marked with white lines ; or, 
 feeding upon the roots of grass, a large, white, six-legged larva 
 or worm]. 
 
 The perfect beetle (Plate 1, Fig. 74, male; Fig. 75, female) 
 measures from an inch to an inch and three lines, and is of a 
 reddish brown color, covered with short yellowish hairs, which 
 give it a grayish appearance ; the thorax is marked with three 
 white stripes, and on each wing-cover are three white stripes, 
 and two or three less distinct whitish lines. 
 
 The habits and transformations of this species are similar to 
 those of the common May beetle. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 38. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 101 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 The Goldsmith Beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Cotalpa lanigera — Linnaius.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family. Scarab.eid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, pear, and various 
 other trees, a broad beetle of a rich yellow color, the top of 
 the head and thorax having the appearance of burnished gold.] 
 
 Fig. 77. — Goldsmith Beetle — color, -p^^ YY 
 
 rich metallic yellow. 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 77) measures about 
 an inch in length. The female deposits 
 her eggs in the ground, and these 
 hatch into white, six-legged grubs 
 which closely resemble those common- 
 ly known as white grubs; they feed upon 
 the roots of various plants, and in this 
 Avay are sometimes very injurious to 
 strawberry patches. Thef spend sev- 
 eral years in this their larval stage, and finally assume the pupa 
 form in the Fall, and are changed to beetles in the following 
 Spring. 
 
 Remedy. — Use Xo. 38. 
 
 CHAPTER L. 
 The Robust Leaf Beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Serica valida — Harold. ) 
 
 Synonym. — S". robusta — Leconte. 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^eid.e. 
 
 [A reddish-chestnut colored beetle, feeding upon the leaves 
 of the apple, apricot, plum, and prune trees]. 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 78, Plate 1) has been reported damaging 
 the foliage of apple, apricot, plum, and prune trees. 
 
102 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 They feed on the foliage at night and hide themselves in the 
 ground and dark places in the day time ; recent reports state 
 that in some sections they have damaged the foliage of young 
 trees. 
 
 Description. — Length, four and one quarter lines ; form, 
 elongate ovate, narrowing toward the head ; color, reddish- 
 chestnut, but grows darker with age ; antennie, lamellate. 
 
 The larva of this species I have not found, but it probably 
 lives in the ground, feeding upon the roots of grasses, etc., near 
 the roots of the trees on which the j^erfect insect feeds. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 38. 
 
 CHAPTER LI. 
 
 The Codlin Moth, or Apple Worm. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Carpocapsa pomonella. — Linn.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid^. 
 
 [Living in apples, etc., a whitish, sixteen-legged worm.] 
 It is generally conceded that this insect was imported into 
 this State in shipments of apples received from states east of 
 the Rocky Mountains, and placed on exhibition at the State 
 Fair in or about the year 1873. Its first appearance in an 
 orchard in the vicinity of Sacramento was in the Spring of 
 1874. Since that date it has spread rapidly, and can be found 
 at the present time infesting orchards in thirty-four counties. 
 The moth belongs to the family Tortricidael, and is known 
 to naturalists as Carpocapsa pomonella (the codlin or apple 
 moth). It passes the Winter in the larva state, and in some 
 instances in the chrj^salis form. The larva can be found 
 hibernating under the loose bark, in crotches or indents, or in 
 cracks in the bark of the trees infested the previous year, or in 
 the crevices of wood, or woodwork of rooms, or places where 
 fruit infested by the larva was stored or packed, and in empty 
 packages in which fruit was shipped or gathered. It is often 
 found hibernating on bark of trees, from one to six inches 
 below the surface of the ground, especially if the tree has 
 
INSECTS- INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 103 
 
 smooth bark. In one case, where four hundred apple trees 
 were dug up, the larvae were found in large numbers in the 
 roots of such trees as were decayed at or above the surface of 
 the ground. 
 
 Fig. 79. — a, nest of lar- Fig. 79. 
 
 va as it appears on inside 
 of bark when taken off 
 tree — color, drab ; h, pupa 
 or chrysalis — color, dark 
 amber ; c, appearance of 
 larva when cover is re- 
 moved from Winter nests 
 — color, body 3^ellowish- 
 white, head dark brown ; k^ 
 d, appearance of bottom 
 of Winter nest on bark 
 
 when larva is removed in the following Spring ; e, a position 
 the larva takes when looking for a tree or place to make its 
 nest when read}^ to assume the pupa or chrysalis form. [Note : 
 when the larvae are full grown and read}' to assume the pupa 
 or chrysalis form, the color is light pink]. /, the moth, at rest 
 carries its wings like a steep roof; g, moth with wings spread, 
 length of body five lines, spread of wings nearly nine 
 lines — color, body and legs rich bronzed light drab, 
 fore-wings mottled with gray and drab, with dark copper 
 bar across hind margin on which is a golden ocjellated 
 patch near inner angle, hind-wings plain drab a little darker 
 than body (the moth after depositing eggs has assumed a light 
 drab color on fore-wings, and copper bar changes to a very 
 light color, scarcely perceptible, caused probably from flying 
 among the branches and leaves) ; h, head of larva as seen 
 through a glass magnifying nine times ; i, in this figure it was 
 intended to represent the pupa or chrj^salis case protruding 
 through nest prior to moth leaving it, but represented 
 as larva to show better. [Note : the figure would be correct 
 if the chrysalis (6) was represented instead of larva (c) ; the 
 figures a, b, c, d. e, and /, are natural size ; (/ is a little larger 
 than natural size; h, as described]. See, also, Fig. 80. 
 
104 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 Fig. 80.— Codlin Moth ; Fi-. 80. 
 
 a, an infsted apple ; h, the 
 place where the larva enter- 
 ed the same ; e, the larva — 
 color, whitish ; h, head and 
 fore part of the body of the 
 same — back view, enlarged ; 
 i, the cocoon — color, whit- 
 ish ; d, the pupa — color, 
 brown ; (/, the moth — colors, 
 light, dark gray and brown. 
 
 If the Spring is warm 
 and favorable, the larva? 
 are ready to assume the 
 pupa or chrysalis form by 
 
 the fifteenth of April. The duration of the pupa or chrysalis 
 state depends on external circumstances ; if warm Spring 
 weather, the perfect insect may appear in from fifteen to 
 twenty days, and may be prolonged to twenty or thirty days. 
 The Spring of 1881 has proven an exception. I found Mada- 
 lene pears on the sixteenth of May in which the larvae had 
 matured and left ; also, on May seventh found a pear with 
 larva about eight days old. (This is about eighteen days 
 earlier than usual.) On the seventh of April, 1883, 1 found an 
 empty pupa case from which the moth had escaped. 
 
 FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE MOTH. 
 
 The moth generally appears from April 25th to the fifteenth 
 of May — a few in favorable locations by April fifteenth. The 
 time al5 which the eggs arrive at maturity apparently coincides 
 with the ends or terminations of the pupa or chrysalis state, 
 so that the sexes are ready to unite soon after transformation. 
 The moths produced by the hibernating larvae deposit their 
 eggs in the blossom end (or calyx) of the fruit, generally ; 
 possibly because they cannot puncture the epidermis (or skin) 
 of the young fruit. Later broods deposit their eggs on any 
 part of the fruit. The eggs are attached to the fruit by a pasty 
 substance. It is rare to find more than one egg on any apple, 
 pear, or quince, or more than one larva. The larva is hatched 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 
 
 105 
 
 in from seven to ten days, and begins to eat eagerly and bur- 
 row toward the core. 
 
 Fig. 81.— A, bios- Fig. 81. 
 
 som end or calyx of 
 apple, and where lar- 
 va is supposed to en- 
 ter the fruit ; B repre- 
 sents an empty space 
 where carpellary ova- 
 rium or shell contain- 
 ing the seeds was lo- 
 cated before the en- 
 trance of the larva ; C 
 represents the bur- 
 row made by the 
 larva through the pe- 
 ricarp by which it 
 escapes from the fruit when it is ready to assume the pupa or 
 chrysalis form ; D, appearance of larva in liurrow when six 
 days old ; E, appearance of larva in burrows when ten davs 
 old. 
 
 The larva when hatched can scarcely be seen with the 
 unaided eye ; at six days it measures nearly one quarter of an 
 inch in length, is about as thick as a fine silk thread, and 
 shows first signs of excrement at Inirvows (D Fig. 81) ; at ten 
 days three eighths of an inch, and about as thick as a number 
 twenty wire (E Fig. 81). It has burrowed by this time about 
 three fourths of the distance to the core (B Fig. 81). At 
 twenty days nearly full grown (r. Fig. 79), and often as large 
 {e, Fig. 79). 
 
 When the larva is ready to assume the pupa or chrysalis 
 form, it leaves the fruit by gnawing a hole through the peri- 
 carp (C Fig. 81). Nature has supplied it with a spinneret, 
 the opening apparently in the lower lip, from which issues a 
 viscid fluid in a fine stream and hardens into silk on contact 
 with the air. By this means it lowers itself to the ground or 
 intervening branches. If it reaches the ground, it immedi- 
 ately crawls toward the tree, and on its journey can often be 
 8 ' * . 
 
106 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 seen, as at e Fig. 79. On reaching the tree it searches for a 
 nesting place under the loose bark, in the crotches, or in any 
 cavity it can find. If it comes in contact with a branch when 
 leaving the fruit, it generally crawls toward the crotches, or 
 until it reaches a hiding place. If the place selected is under 
 the loose bark, it commences building an oval-shaped wall 
 about one sixteenth of an inch high, composed of silk from 
 the spinneret, and sometimes mixed with pieces gnawed off 
 the bark. A silken cover is then put on the nest by using the 
 spinneret ; the whole completed in twenty-four hours. If in 
 the crevice of the bark, the nest is made in different shapes. 
 It is noticeable in the Winter nest that the top, sides, and bot- 
 tom are washed with the fluid from the spinneret, making the 
 nest water proof to a great extent. 
 
 The moth remains in the pupa or chrysalis form about nine 
 days in our usual May and June weather ; a little longer if the 
 weather is cool. At the proper time the pupa case is burst 
 open, and the perfect moth appears. (Fig. 70, /and g.) 
 
 PROBABLE RATE OF INCREASE OP THESE MOTHS. 
 
 Each female lays from two hundred to two hundred and 
 fifty eggs. Taking two hundred as the lowest number, twelve 
 female moths in one orchard would produce two thousand 
 four hundred caterpillars. If one half of these were females, 
 they would produce two hundred and forty thousand. In 
 proportion the third generation would reach twenty-four mil- 
 lions, supposing that no untimely deaths took place. Most of 
 the books on this subject speak of the codlin moth as going 
 through but one generation in a year. This may be true in 
 colder climates and shorter seasons than ours, but in parts of 
 our favored State there is no question that two or three gene- 
 rations or broods are common. From personal observations 
 I know that the rule for the Sacramento Valley is three 
 broods each year. In 1881, on account of the early appear- 
 ance of the first moths, as noted above, we had four broods. 
 These facts explain the exceptional importance of this insect 
 in California. 
 
 I have in my possession a vial containing eighty-five eggs, 
 deposited by one codlin moth. I have read statements by 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 107 
 
 fruit-growers that they have seen the codlin moth flying in 
 large numbers. In my investigations I have not seen more 
 than two at any one time. The moth will live in a glass vial 
 seven days. The female moths deposit their eggs within 
 forty-eight hours — these are deposited at night. The egg 
 cannot be seen plainly by the unaided eye. 
 
 The best time to see the moths at work is at the dawn of 
 day in the months of June and July. Part of the early fruit 
 falls prematurely when attacked by the larvae ; but little of 
 the late fruit falls until the larvae escape. 
 
 The theory that the moth always deposits the egg on the 
 fruit blossom, and that it remains there until the fruit has 
 grown to natural size, is a mistake. 
 
 HOW TO PROCURE SPECIMENS OF THE MOTH. 
 
 When you find the larva, if it is on the loose bark, remove 
 the piece of bark or wood to which it is attached, place it 
 in a small vial, and if in the Summer time, inside of ten 
 days you will have a genuine sj)ecimen of the moth (/ and g, 
 Fig. 79). Fruit-growers can get important information con- 
 cerning the natural history and habits of the insect pests by 
 experiments of this kind. Every fruit-grower should unite in 
 the crusade against this pest. " In union there is strength." 
 
 Since writing the above, or on August 8, 1883, I bought a 
 box of bellflower apples which was offered for sale in market. 
 With few exceptions each apple contained two larvae of the 
 codlin moth, and in nearly every apple infested by the later 
 broods the egg had been deposited near the stem. This is the 
 first instance that furnished me actual proof that the later 
 broods would deposit their eggs in fruit that had been infested by 
 the earlier broods of the season. In the absence of the seeds of 
 the apple, eaten l)y the larva of the earlier broods, the larva of 
 the later brood seemed to burrow (or honeycomb) the pericarp 
 in all directions. The larva; in the apples containing more 
 than one specimen were apparently of diflerent ages. 
 
 From investigation it is jn'obable that there are more than 
 one species of codlin moth infesting fruit in this State ; but I 
 am not prepared to report at present writing. 
 
108 . INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 That the codlin moth infests the peach and apricot, I have 
 abundant proof by rearing moths from both kinds of fruit. 
 
 Remedies. — For trees, No. 69 ; return packages (see Chap. 
 IV), No. 70 ; packages stored from previous year, No. 71 ; store- 
 rooms, sale-rooms, etc., No. 72 ; debris accumulating from 
 preparing fruit for drying', No. 15. 
 
 CHAPTER LII. 
 
 The Apple Maggot. 
 
 ( Trypeta pomonella. — Walsh.) 
 
 Order, Diptera ; Family, Trypetid^. 
 
 [Eating the pulp of apples, causing them to decay, a white 
 footless maggot which, when fully grown, enters the earth and 
 is finally transformed into a black and white two-winged fly.] 
 
 This maggot (Fig. 82, Plate 1,) may be easily distinguished 
 from the larva of the codlin moth by being entirely destitute 
 of legs. It also differs from the latter in its mode of opera- 
 ting, for while the larva of the codlin moth works for the 
 most part in the core of the apple and vicinity, this maggot 
 runs its burrows in all directions throug'h the pulp ; it also 
 differs from the larva of the apple curculio (Fig. 856), which, 
 like itself, is also destitute of legs, by apparently having the 
 hind end of the body obliquely cut off, the curculio larva 
 having this part rounded. 
 
 The apple maggot usually appears rather late in the Summer, 
 and after reaching its full size — about three lines in length — it 
 deserts the fruit and enters the earth, where it forms a small 
 cell in which to undergo its transformations. It assumes 
 the pupa form (Fig. 83, Plate 1,) in the Autumn, and is not 
 changed to a fly until the following Summer. 
 
 The body of the fly (Fig. 84, Plate 1) measures three and a 
 half or four lines (or from one fifth to one fourth of an inch) 
 in length, and is of a black color, the thorax marked with 
 four whitish lines, and with a white dot next to the abdomen ; 
 the latter is marked with three or four whitish transverse 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 109 
 
 lines. The wings, which are only two in number, are trans- 
 parent, and marked with four black cross bands, which are 
 more or less united with each other. The only remedy seems 
 to be to gather the infested apples before the maggots have 
 deserted them, and make such use of them as will destroy the 
 maggots. This insect, so far as is reliably known, has not yet 
 been found in California, but from descriptions given of the 
 decay of late varieties of apples in 1882, it is thought neces- 
 sary to give the above description. (See U. S. Agr. Rei:>. for 
 1881.) 
 
 Remedies. — Should this insect appear, it can be kept off the 
 fruit by spraying, in July and August, with Nos. 5 or 7, but 
 probably No. 4 would be better. 
 
 CHAPTER LIU. 
 
 The Apple Cureulio. (Cal.) 
 
 (Anfhonomus quadrigibbus — Say. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Famih^, Curculionid^. 
 
 [The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Living in apples, pears, and quinces ; a curved, footless 
 grub of a white color, marked with bluish-black ; assuming 
 the pupa form within the fruit, and finally producing a rusty- 
 brown snout-beetle, having three pale lines on the thorax, and 
 four humps on the wing-cases.] 
 
 The female cureulio punctures the apple with her long snout, 
 and after widening the puncture at the bottom, she deposits 
 therein a single egg, from which is hatched a footless grub 
 (Fig. 856) which burroAvs still deeper into the fruit, and feeds 
 upon the latter in the vicinity of the core. After attaining its 
 full growth, it forms a small cell, with a burrow leading from 
 it to the outside of the apple, and in this cell it soon casts off 
 its skin and enters upon the pupa stage (Fig. 85a), from which 
 the perfect beetle is evolved in the course of a few weeks. 
 
110 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 Fig. 85. Fig. 85. — Larva and Pupa 
 
 of Apple Curculio, enlarged ; 
 a, the pupa ; 6, the larva — 
 color of each, white. 
 
 The full grown larva meas- 
 ures a, little under five lines, 
 or one third of an inch in 
 length, and usually lies in a 
 curved position ; it is of a 
 white color, sparsely covered with wrinkles, the spaces between 
 which are bluish-black, of which color is the line on the back. 
 The perfect beetle (Fig. 86) "measures from one and one 
 half to two hues in length, and is of a dull reddish color, 
 marked on the thorax with three indistinct whitish lines ; on 
 the hind part of the wing-cases are four prominent humps, and 
 the snout is nearly as long as the body. 
 
 Fig. 86. — Apple Curculio ; a, 
 natural size ; 6, enlarged, side 
 view ; c, enlarged, back view — 
 colors, brown and gray. 
 
 The perfect insect issues from 
 the pupa state early in Septem- 
 ber, and passes the Winter in a 
 semi-torpid state. It infests 
 apples, pears, quinces, thorn- 
 apples or haws, and crab- 
 apples. 
 
 Previous to last Fall (1882), when apples were found with a 
 single empty burrow, ants and some other insects were credited 
 with capturing the larva of the codlin moth before maturity, 
 but the presence of this insect being detected, explains the 
 true facts in many of the cases mentioned. 
 
 Remedies. — See note at end of No. 69. In the Spring use 
 No. 5, or No. 6, or No. 7. 
 
 Fig. 86. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 
 
 Ill 
 
 CHAPTER LIV. 
 
 The Earwig. (Cal.) 
 
 (Forficula auricularia — Linnaeus. ) 
 
 Order, Orthoptera ; Family, Forficularid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the flowers of various plants, and also upon 
 fruits. A brownish or black six-legged insect, having a for- 
 ceps-like appendage at the hind end of the body.] 
 
 The female Earwig deposits her eggs beneath stones, etc., 
 and — what is very unusual among insects — she broods over 
 them like a hen until they are hatched out, and afterwards 
 manifests the most lively interest for the safety of her young. 
 The latter (Fig. 87, left) closely resembles the adults, but are 
 entirely destitute of wings. (Pupa, Fig. 87, viiddle). 
 
 Fig. 87. 
 
 / 
 
 Fig. 87. — Earwigs, enlarged — color, brown ; at the left, the 
 larva ; in the middle, the pupa ; at the right, the perfect insect, 
 with its wings expanded. 
 
 In the adults (Fig. 87, right) the wing-cases are very short, 
 and the wings, when not in use, are folded in a very complex 
 manner, and concealed beneath them. Although these insects 
 have been reported as crawling into the ears of certain per- 
 sons, yet no authentic instance of this kind is on record. 
 These insects are sometimes quite destructive to various kinds 
 of fruit, especially such as have been injured by some other 
 insects. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Oyster-formed Scale (Diaspis ostrce- 
 
 formia) 55 
 
 The Pear-tree Scale (Lecaniiim pyri) 56 
 
 The Pear-tree Borer {^Ejeria pyri) 57 
 
 The Pear-tree Scolytiis (Scolytus pyri) 58 
 
 The Branch and Tvvig-burrower {Polycaon 
 
 confertuH) 59 
 
 The Pear-tree Psylla {Paylla pyri) 60 
 
 The Pear Slug (Selandria cerasi) 61 
 
 The Pear-leaf Caterpillar {Nematus) 62 
 
 The Thrips 63 
 
 The following insects also infest the pear 
 tree: 
 
 The Woolly Aphis ( ticlnzoneura lanigera). 
 The Oyster-shell Bark-Louse (Aspidiotus con- 
 
 chiforinis). 
 
 The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotus rapax). 
 
 The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Super 
 
 da Candida). • 
 
 The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chryso- 
 
 bothris femorata). 
 The Apple-twig Borer (Lostrichus hiccmda- 
 
 im). 
 The Red-humped Caterpillar (Notodonta con- 
 
 cinna). 
 The Goldsmith Beetle [Cotalpa lanigera). 
 The Red Spider (Tetranychus telariuv). 
 The Yellow Mite. 
 
 The Codlin Moth {Carpucajjm poiiionella). 
 The Plum Curculio (Conotrachebts nenuphar). 
 The Apple Curculio (Anthonomus quadrigib- 
 
 bus). 
 The Quince Curculio (Conotrachelua cratcegi). 
 The Green Fruit-beetle (Gymnetis nitida). 
 
 CHAPTER LV. 
 
 The Oyster-formed Scale of the Pear and Apple. (Cal.) 
 (Diaspis ostreeeformis — Curtis.) 
 
 Synonyms. — Aspidiotus ostreaeformis — Ruricola. Aspidiotus 
 circularis — Fitch . 
 
 Order, Hemipteea ; } 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; ^ 
 
 Family, Coccid.<e. 
 
 [A small, circular scale insect, infesting pear trees]. 
 
 In the United States Agricultural Report, 1880, Professor J. 
 H. Comstock writes of this sjDecies as follows : 
 
 " This is a common species on the pear and apple in Eng- 
 land. Although I do not know of its occurrence in the United 
 States, it will be strange if it is not found here." 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TRRE. 113 
 
 I received the following, dated — 
 
 " Ithaca, N. Y., March 3, 1882. 
 " Your letter and specimens duly received. Without doubt 
 you are right. The scale is Diaspis ostressformis. This is very 
 important, as it is the first instance of which I know of this 
 species in this country. Strong measures should be taken to 
 crush it out before it gains a foothold," etc. 
 
 "J. H. COMSTOCK." 
 
 Thife species is found^on pear and apple trees in the vicinity 
 of Sacramento ; it is not known what length of time the trees 
 have been infested, but serious damage has been done. In 
 many cases the bark is destroyed. 
 
 NATURAL^HISTORY. 
 
 The scale of the female insect is nearly circular, or a broad 
 oval, and measures about three fourths of a line in diameter — 
 color, ashy-gray ; exuviae in the center, or nearly so, yellow- 
 ish-brown ; the inside of the scale and the venter is snowy 
 white. 
 
 The scale of the male is elongated. The eggs are pinkish- 
 red and ovate. The female insect is of a reddish-purple color, 
 and in form is somewhat elongated. There are at least two 
 broods each year, as I have found the eggs early in May, and 
 also in the latter part of July. The male insect is winged, 
 and is described by Curtis as being of a bright ochreous 
 color, with a black band on the thorax. 
 
 Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, a thorough spraying 
 with No. 13 — one pound of mixture to each gallon of water used. 
 Summer wash, Nos. 5 or 7. Where trees are seriously infested, 
 when dormant No. 44 may be used as a spray, but followed 
 by No. 13 in about twenty-four hours. 
 
114 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER LVI. 
 
 The Pear Tree Scale. (Cal.) 
 
 (Lecanium pyri. — Schrank.) 
 
 Synonym — Coccus pyri. — Schrank. 
 Order, Hemiptera; 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera • ( ^^'^y^ Coccm^. 
 
 [A light brown scale insect or bark louse, about half the 
 size of a pea, infesting the pear trees.] 
 
 This species of scale insect can be found in several of the 
 fruit-growing districts of this State, and is injurious to the 
 trees infested by it. It is only found on the pear, so far as 
 known at present. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The insect is hemispherical, and is about the size of half a 
 pea. It is of a bright brown color, and oval in form ; the 
 upper surface slightly indented. Its longest diameter is from 
 one and one half to two lines ; the width from one line to one 
 and one half lines. Specimens sent me were received early in 
 June, at which date the young were hatching out. The eggs 
 are oval, and of a dirty white color ; number produced by each 
 female, from fifty to one hundred ; length, one eighty third of 
 an inch ; color, brownish-white ; antennge and anal setse pres- 
 ent. In passing through the stages from the larva state to the 
 mature insect, at first the color is greenish-yellow, but changes 
 at the approach of maturity to a chestnut-brown, then to a 
 bright brown. 
 
 After the eggs are deposited the insect dies ; 
 then the scale or outer covering is blackish. 
 It is probable that there is only one brood in 
 each year. (See Black Scale.) 
 
 Fig. SY-j. Portion of a branch infested by 
 Pear-tree Scales ; at the right are two of the 
 scales — color, brown. 
 
 Remedies. — When the ti'ee is dormant, spray 
 thoroughly with Nos. 11 or 12. Or in Summer, 
 No. 4, or No. 5, or No. 7. For Summer wash 
 the latter are preferable, as the sulphur is an 
 enemy to fungi. 
 
 Fig. 87>^. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 115 
 
 CHAPTER LVII. 
 
 The Pear Tree Borer.,, (Cal.) 
 
 {jEgeria pyri. — Harris.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ^gerid^. 
 
 [Boring into the trunks of the pear tree, a pale-yellow, six- 
 teen legged larva.] 
 
 This borer has about the same habits as the peach tree borer, 
 but, as far as known, never infests any other kind of tree than 
 the pear. 
 
 The perfect insect (Fig. 88 — moth) usually issues 
 from the pupa state in July. The wings expand 
 about eight lines ; they are transparent, but bor- 
 dered and veined with purplish black, and across the 
 tips of the front wings is a broad, dark band, show- 
 ing a coppery reflection ; the upper side of the body is pur- 
 plish-black, with the edges of the collar and of the shoulder 
 tufts, three bands across the abdomen, and the tuft at the pos- 
 terior end of a golden-yellow ; the under side of the body is 
 mostly of this color. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37. 
 
 CHAPTER LVIII. 
 
 The Pear-tree Seolytus. 
 
 (Scolytus pyri — Peck.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scolytid.e. 
 
 [Boring into the branches of apple, pear, apricot, and plum 
 trees ; a small, footless grub, finally transforming within its 
 burrow into a dark-brown beetle. ] 
 
 The egg from which this grub liatches is deposited in the 
 latter part of the Summer, and is usually placed at the base 
 of a bud ; as soon as hatched, the grub gnaws its way into the 
 branch and works around the central part, usually following 
 
116 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 
 
 the course of the central part of the branch. By this means 
 the vessels which convey the ascending sap is cut off, and that 
 part of the branch above the place where the insect is located, 
 withers and soon becomes dead wood. 
 
 The larva assumes the pupa form in its burrow, and the 
 perfect insect appears early in Summer. 
 
 The perfect beetle (Fig. 89) measures about one and one 
 quarter lines, or a tenth of an inch, in length, and is of a deep 
 uniform brown color. 
 
 Fig. 89. — Pear-tree Scolytus, natural size and en- Fig. 89. 
 larged — color, brown or black. 
 
 For the destruction of this insect, it has been rec- 
 ommended to cut off and burn the infested limbs. 
 This should be done earlier than the month of April, 
 otherwise the beetles will have completed their trans- 
 formations and made their escape. 
 
 I have not found this insect in this State, but from speci- 
 mens of branches sent me for examination, there can be no 
 doubt of the presence of this beetle, or a closely allied species. 
 
 I^EMEDY. — Prune, as above described, and use No. 37 on the 
 branches as soon as the beetle appears, which is in the latter 
 part of July. The branches, etc., may be sprayed with No. 
 4, or Nos. 5 or 7. 
 
 CHAPTER LIX. 
 
 The Branch ~and Twig-Burrower. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Polycaon confertus. — Leconte. ) 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Ptinid^. 
 
 [An elongate pitch-colored beetle, about half an inch in 
 length, burrowing into the branches and twigs of the apple, 
 pear, cherry, almond, apricot, peach and olive trees, and also 
 into grape canes.] 
 
 In June, 1881, Mrs. E. R. Thurber, of Vacaville, sent me 
 some olive branches (Fig. 92, Plate 1) which were infested by 
 this beetle. In the Fall of 1881, grape cuttings (Fig. 93, Plate 
 1) were sent me from Sonoma County, with a beetle, Avhich 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 117 
 
 proved to be this species, burrowing into the pith. In 1882, 1 
 received apple, pear, cherry, almond, apricot, peach, and olive 
 branches, all of which were infested by this beetle. I also 
 visited one pear orchard, and one orchard in which olives are 
 grown, and found some trees damaged to a serious extent. 
 The nature of the damage done by this beetle, is the burrow- 
 ing into the branch and eating the center or pith. (Fig. 94, 
 Plate 1.) The place selected to commence operations is gen- 
 erally in the axil of a bud, or small branch. The burrows 
 made are invariably downwards, and measure from six lines 
 to one inch in depth, and from two to three lines in diameter. 
 A pear branch, thirty inches long, contained eleven of these 
 burrows. 
 
 The damage done the trees is caused by their burrows being 
 filled with water by the Winter rains, causing the branches to 
 decay, and also by the branches burrowed breaking off. 
 
 The natural history of this beetle (Fig. 95, Plate 1) has not 
 been fully studied, but it is supposed the eggs are deposited 
 and the larvae live in forest trees. 
 
 The perfect insect, both male and female, burrow into the 
 branches of the fruit trees, but the eggs or larvee have not been 
 found in any of the varieties which they infest. This Spring, 
 1883, serious damage has been done Iw this species to trees 
 planted last year. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 27, and early in the Spring spray with 
 Nos. 4, 5, or 7. 
 
 CHAPTER LX. 
 
 The Pear-tree Psylla. (Cal.) 
 
 (Psylla pyri. — Linn«us.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; i ,-, ., . 
 
 r, 1 ' 1 XT I h amilv, Aphidid.e. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) - ' 
 
 [Living in communities upon and puncturing the twigs of 
 the pear tree; a small, yellowish or greenish louse.] 
 
 These insects possess the power of leaping, and hence in 
 some localities are known by the name of flea-lice. They 
 
118 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 
 
 obtain their nourishment by puncturing the twigs with their 
 beaks and imbibing the sap. The larvae, or young, are of a dull- 
 orange color, and are obtuse behind. (Pupa, Fig. 90). The per- 
 fect or winged insects (Fig. 91) are a little over a line long to 
 the tip of the closed wings ; the eyes are large and prominent ; 
 the head and thorax are of a brownish-orange color, and the 
 abdomen is greenish ; the wings are transparent. I have 
 found this species in one orchard only, and not sufficiently 
 numerous to do much damage to the trees infested. 
 
 Fig. 90. 
 
 Fig. 91. 
 
 Fig. 90. — Pupa of Pear-tree Psylla, highly magnified — col- 
 ors, orange-red and black ; a, ventral view ; 6, back view. 
 
 Fig. 91. — Pear-tree Psylla, enlarged — colors, orange-red and 
 black. 
 
 Remedies. — Trees infested the previous year should, when 
 dormant, be thoroughly sprayed wth No. 13 — five pounds of 
 mixture to six gallons of water. In April, spray with Nos. 5 
 or 7. Repeat the spraying in two weeks, if necessary. 
 
 CHAPTER LXI. 
 
 The Pear Slug. 
 
 {Selandria cerasi — Peck.) 
 
 Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredinid.e. 
 
 [A small twenty-footed caterpillar, covered with a sticky 
 olive-colored slime, infesting the foliage of the pear and cherry 
 trees.] 
 
 The specific name, cerasi, given to this saw-fly, places this 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 119 
 
 insect as a pest of the cherry tree, but in this state it does most 
 injury to the pear ; therefore, it is placed in the list of pear 
 insects. 
 
 The pear slug is found in many orchards in Central Cali- 
 fornia ; it feeds upon the foliage of the pear, the cherry, and 
 the plum tree, but only eats the epidermis off of the upper side 
 of the leaves, leaving the framework and under surface 
 untouched. 
 
 " The trees attacked by them are forced to throw out new 
 leaves during the heat of the Summer at the end of the twigs 
 and branches that still remain alive ; and this unseasonable 
 foliage, which should not have appeared until the next Spring 
 exhausts the vigor of the trees and cuts off the prospect of 
 fruit." — Harris. 
 
 The egg is deposited in a cut made in the leaf, by the saw- 
 like apparatus or ovipositor of the female. Nineteen eggs have 
 been found deposited in one leaf. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 96) is hatched from the egg in two days, and 
 feeds upon the leaves, as described above ; it attains its full 
 growth in from twenty to twenty-five days. During the time 
 it is feeding it exudes an olive-colored slimy substance, which 
 covers the body and gives it the appearance of a tadpole. 
 When it ceases eating it casts its skin and slimy coat, and 
 appears with a clean, yellowish skin ; the divisions of the 
 segments of the body are plainly seen ; it then descends to the 
 earth and crawls beneath the surface, from one to four inches, 
 and forms a cocoon, where it undergoes its, metamorphoses or 
 changes; in about fifteen days the perfect insect (Fig. 97) 
 
 appears. .-- — 
 
 Fig. 96. 
 
 Fig. 97. 
 
 Fig. 96. — Pear Slug ; an infested leaf on which are two slugs ; 
 above it is one of the slugs, enlarged — color, olive-brown. 
 Fig. 97. — Pear-Slug Saw-fly, enlarged — color, black. 
 The first brood appears late in April, or early in May ; the 
 
120 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 
 
 second, early in July. When the larvae of the second brood are 
 full grown they enter the earth, and remain unchanged until 
 the following Spring. Harris says, referring to the first brood : 
 
 " It seems that all of them, however, do not finish their 
 transformations at this time ; some are found to remain in the 
 ground unchanged till the following year, so that if all the 
 slugs of the last hatch in any one year should happen to be 
 destroyed, enough from a former brood would still remain in 
 the earth to continue the species." 
 
 There are apparently but two broods in each year. 
 
 Larva length, five and one half lines. Perfect insect, body 
 shining black, nearly three and one half lines long ; expanse 
 of wings, six lines ; wings transparent ; lower part of fore 
 anterior legs, dirty-white. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 61 and No. 63. 
 
 CHAPTER LXII. 
 
 The Pear-leaf Caterpillar. (Cal.) 
 
 (Nematiis Spf) 
 
 Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredinid^. 
 
 [A small twenty-footed caterpillar, feeding upon the foliage 
 of the pear tree.] 
 
 Considerable damage has been done to pear trees in the 
 Sacramento Valley by a small green caterpillar (of a saw-fly) 
 eating the leaves. In some orchards the varieties of pear trees 
 which were the first to put forth their leaves were seriously 
 infested, and not only injuring the crop of fruit on the trees 
 by destroying the foliage, but also the crop of the next year. 
 
 ' NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 About the time the leaves begin to appear, the eggs are 
 deposited in a small slit or opening made by the ovipositor of 
 the female fly in the surface of the leaf. These are hatched 
 in about ten days. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 
 
 121 
 
 The young caterpillar (Fig. 98) commences to feed by eating 
 a short track, apparently under the surface of the leaf; it 
 eventually makes an opening in which it feeds until one fourth 
 grown, or six days old ; it then leaves this opening and com- 
 mences feeding on the edge of the leaf, and as there are often 
 from one to eight on a leaf, they move from one leaf to 
 another until full grown, which is in about twenty-two days 
 from the time they were hatched. When the larva, or cater- 
 piller, ceases to eat, it descends to the earth and crawls below 
 the surface and makes a tough, dark-brown oval cocoon. In 
 this cocoon it hibernates, in the larval state, until the next 
 Spring. Caterpillar (larva) ; length, six lines ; color, green ; 
 head, yellowish-green ; eyes, black ; twenty legs. 
 
 Fig. 98. 
 
 Fig. 98. — Pear leaf, caterpillar and work. 
 9 
 
122 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 
 
 Fig. 99. 
 
 Fig. 99. — Pear-leaf Saw-fl}- — colors, 
 black and yellow. 
 
 Perfect insect ( Fig. 99 ) — length of body , 
 three and three fourths lines ; expanse 
 of wings, about seven lines ; color, head 
 and thoi'ax black, abdomen yellowish, 
 with a black transverse band on the dor- 
 sal half of each segment ; wings transpa- 
 rent, wdth a brownish hue. 
 
 There is, apparently, only one brood 
 each year. 
 
 Remedies. — As soon as. the larv« appear, spray as directed 
 in No. 61, or 65 ; also, see No> 62. 
 
 CHAPTER LXIII. 
 
 The Thrips. 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sub-order, Heteroptera 
 
 Family, Thripid^.- 
 
 Fig. 100. 
 
 [Feeding upon the upper surface of the leaves of the pear, 
 peach, etc., minute black or yellow six-legged insects.] 
 
 Last year, 1882, the owners of a great number of orchards 
 complained that the leaves of the pear, peach, and plum trees 
 were attacked by some insect or disease which caused them to 
 wither and fall off. On examination they were found to be 
 infested by a species of Thrips not heretofore noticed on fruit 
 trees in this State. 
 
 The leaves infested by these insects appeared 
 marked all over their surface with minute 
 black dots, either caused by the bite of these 
 minute insects or were their excrements. 
 Many of the branches, especially on the lower 
 part of the tree, were denuded of their foliage. 
 
 Fig. 100. — Larva of Thrips — colors, bright 
 and dark yellow. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 100) of this species of 
 Thrips is one twenty-sixth of an inch in 
 length ; color, primrose-yellow, with narrow 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 
 
 123 
 
 Fig. 101. 
 
 Fig. 102. 
 
 transverse orange-colored markings. (Fig. lOU, highly mag- 
 nified.) 
 
 The pupa (Fig. 101) is one twenty-fifth of an inch in 
 length ; about the same color as the larva, only the transverse 
 markings are not so clear. The legs and antennie are 
 obscured by a film, the wings are in a sheath (see Fig. 101, 
 magnified), and the insect moves more sluggishly than when 
 in the larva state. 
 
 Fig. 101.— Pupa of Thrips— col- 
 or, yellow. 
 
 Fig. 102.— Thrips— color, black. 
 The perfect insect (Fig. 102) is 
 one twenty-second of an inch in 
 length ; body black ; wings black, 
 bordered with a silvery fringe ; 
 there is a yellowish transverse bur 
 across the base of the wings. 
 
 Remedies . — As soon as the 
 thrips are noticed on the foliage, 
 spray thoroughly with No. 4, or No. 5, or No. 7 ; repeat spray 
 ing if necessary. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE QUINCE. 
 
 CHAP. The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Saysrda 
 
 The Quince Scale (Aspidiohcs cydonice 64 
 
 The Quince Curculio {Conotrachelus cra- 
 tisgi) 65 
 
 The following insects also infest the Quince: 
 The Greedy Scale {Aspidiotxi,e rapax). 
 
 Candida). 
 The Red Spider {Tetranijchus telarius). 
 The Codlin Moth (Carpocapm pomotiella). 
 The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelus ticnuphar). 
 The Apple Curculio {Anthonomus quadrigib- 
 
 bus). 
 The Nesfro Bug iCoriinelcena pulicarta). 
 
 CHAPTER LXIV. 
 
 The Quinee Scale. 
 
 ( Asjndiotus cydon ix. — Comstock. ) 
 
 Family, Coccid^. 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; 
 
 [A species of scale insect found on the quince in Florida.] 
 Prof. Comstock reports this species in Florida, and states in 
 
 appearance the scale is indistinguishable from that of the^ 
 
 greedy scale — {A. rapax). 
 
 Remedies. — Same as for San Jose Scale (^A. j^crniciosus), 
 
 Chap. XX. 
 
 CHAPTER LXV. 
 
 The Quinee Curculio. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Conotrachelus cratsegi. — Walsh.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid^. 
 
 [Living in quinces and pears, a whitish, footless grub, 
 about four lines long, with a distinct tubercle on either side of 
 each segment, and a reddish-brown head ; usually, but not 
 always, deserting the fruit and entering the earth to pupate.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE QUINCE. 
 
 125 
 
 Fig. 103. 
 
 The female curculio punctures the fruit and deposits an 
 egg therein. This hatches out in a few days, and the grub 
 works, for the most Y>avt, near the surface of the fruit, never, 
 as far as known, entering the core. It acquires its full growth 
 in about a month after leaving the egg, and then usually, but 
 not always, deserts the fruit and burrows two or three inches 
 into the earth. Here it forms a small cell, in Avhich it remains 
 unchanged until the following Spring, no matter whether it 
 left the fruit as early as the first of August or as late as the 
 first of October. In April of the following year, the larva 
 assumes the pupa form, from which the beetle issues in the 
 course of a week or two. 
 
 Fig. 103. — Quince Curculio, enlarged ; 
 a, side view ; b, back view — color, ash- 
 gray. 
 
 The beetle (Fig. 103) is about two 
 lines long, of an ashen-gray color, mot- 
 tled with pale-yellow, dusky and whitish, 
 an(i at the base of the thorax is a some- 
 what triangular dusky spot. The body 
 is broadest at the shoulders, and the 
 wing cases are destitute of humps. The snout is longer than 
 the thorax and is bent beneath the breast. 
 
 I have found but two specimens of this species, and these 
 were found in 1882. 
 
 Remedies. — In the latter part of April, spray the foliage and 
 fruit thoroughly with Nos. 5 or 7. Repeat in two weeks if 
 necessary. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Peach-tree Borer (Aegeria exitiosa). . .66 
 
 The Peach Moth {Anarda lineatella) 67 
 
 The Peach Leaf-roller (Crania peraieana). .68 
 
 The Peach Aphis (MyzuH perm'coe] 69 
 
 The Indian Cetonia (Cefonia inda) 70 
 
 The Green Fruit-beetle (Ggrnnetu nitida) . . 71 
 
 The following insects also infest the Peach 
 tree : 
 
 The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciomn). 
 The Greedj' Scale {Axfiidiotus rapax). 
 The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chrysobo- 
 
 thris femorata). 
 The Cherry-tree Borer (Dicerca divaricata). 
 
 The Apple-twig Borer (Bostrichus bicauda- 
 
 tm). 
 The Branch and Twig burrower (Pohjcaon 
 
 confertus). 
 The Snowy Tree Cricket (Oecanthits niveus). 
 The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa bubaluD). 
 The Many-dotted Caterpillar ( Brachy taenia 
 
 malana). 
 The Almond Aphis (Aphis amygdali). 
 The Red Spider (Tetranychus telariui<). 
 The Yellow Mite. 
 
 The Codlin Moth fCarpocapua pomonella). 
 The Plum Curculio (Corwtrachelus nenuphar). 
 The Thrips. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVI. 
 
 The Peach Tree Borer 
 
 (JEgeria exitiosa. — Say. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidopteka ; Family, Aegerid^. 
 
 [Boring into the trunks of peach, plum, cherry and similar 
 trees, a pale yellow sixteen-legged larva.] 
 
 The peach tree borer is Avidely disstributed over the greater 
 part of the United States, and wherever found it is one of the 
 most pernicious enemies of the peach tree. 
 
 The egg from which this borer hatches is deposited in the 
 latter part of Summer upon the trunk of the tree, usually 
 near the roots, but sometimes at the base of one of the lower 
 limbs. 
 
 As soon as hatched, the young l)orer begins to eat its way 
 downward through the bark and sapwood, continuing its 
 course in this direction until the following Spring, when it 
 turns about and directs its course upward. Before pupating, 
 it forms a cocoon composed of its chips and castings, mixed 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 
 
 127 
 
 with gum. The perfect- insect issues during the lattei part of 
 July, or during the .month of August. The presence of this 
 borer may easily be detected by the mass of thick gum mixed 
 with the castings of the larva, which accumulates around the 
 opening of its burrow. It usually works in that part of the 
 tree which is at or just beneath the surface of the ground, 
 although it occasionally occurs in the crotches, or upon some 
 other part of the tree. 
 
 Fig. 104.— Peach Tree Borer— color, ^^^^ 
 
 yellowish. M^?:^^^'"^^^^^: 
 
 The full grown larva (Fig. 104) meas- ,^^^^^^S 
 ures from six to eight lines in length, and ^-^-^s;^^^^-^^- 
 is pale yellow, and provided with sixteen legs ; the head is red- 
 dish, marked Avith black. 
 
 Fig. 105, 1. 
 
 Fig. 105, 2. 
 
 Fig. 105.— Peach Tree 
 Borer (moths) — colors, 
 steel blue and yellow ; 1 , 
 the female moth ; 2, the 
 male moth. 
 
 The perfect insects into 
 which these borers are 
 finally transformed somewhat resemble wasps, being provided 
 with four nearly transparent wings. The female (Fig. 105, 1,) 
 differs so much from the male (Fig. 105, 2,) as to cause her to 
 be mistaken for a distinct species. Her body is of a steel blue 
 color, with a dark orange colored band across the middle of 
 the abdomen ; the fore wings expand about one inch and six 
 lines, and are of a steel blue color ; the hind wings are trans- 
 parent, but are veined and bordered with steel blue. 
 
 The male expands ol)out one inch ; the wings are transpa- 
 rent, and are bordered and veined with steel blue ; the fore- 
 wings crossed beyond the middle by a band of the same color ; 
 the body is also steel blue, and the edges of the collar and 
 shoulders tufts, as well as two rings on the abdomen, and the 
 brush at the end are pale yellow. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37 in July and August, or No. 98 — the 
 latter is preferable. 
 
128 TN&ECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVII. 
 
 The Peach Moth. (Cal.) 
 
 (Anarsia lineatella. — Zeller. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid^e. 
 
 [A small reddish-pink larva, from four to five lines in 
 length, boring into the fruit of the peach and apricot ; also, 
 into the buds and the new growth of the peach.] 
 
 In 1882 the larva (Fig. 106, Plate 1) of this species was 
 found boring into peaches (Fig. 107, Plate 1) and apricots in 
 several of the fruit-growing districts of this State. The moth 
 or perfect insect is small ; length, three lines ; spread of wings, 
 about six lines ; color, dark-gray ; antennae gray, ringed with 
 brown ; wings gray, with brown streaks ; hind wings, smoky- 
 gray ; cilia, gray. Larva length, nearly four lines ; color, red- 
 dish-pink ; head, brownish-black. 
 
 I found a larva in a peach early in June, 1882. It left the 
 fruit on the 13th, and was changed to a pupa by the 16th. On 
 the 25th of June, the perfect moth appeared. The larva in 
 apricots matured to perfect insect in about the same length of 
 time. I have also found the larva of this moth in peach buds, 
 also in the end of the new growth. In the latter it can be 
 easily detected, as the new leaves present a withered appear- 
 ance. The larva passes its transformations in the debris in 
 the crotches of the trees, or on the ground among fallen 
 leaves, etc. I have found them more than half grown in the 
 buds in January, but apparently in a semi-dormant state. 
 
 The variety found in the fruit of the apricot and peach is 
 lighter in color than that found in the buds and new growth. 
 The perfect insect (Fig. 106, Plate 1) that is reared from the 
 fruit-eating larva, is lighter colored than those raised from the 
 bud or new growth larva. 
 
 There are probably three broods each year. From the 
 limited opportunities I have had to investigate the natural 
 history and habits of this pest, I am inclined to think that a 
 part at least of the so-called sap disease, or gum oozing from 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TRRE. 129 
 
 the buds is caused by the boring of the larva of A. lineatella, 
 but will not say positively that such is the case. It is also 
 reported as a destructive pest to the strawberry, by eating chan- 
 nels through the crown of the plant, and also burrowing into 
 the runners. 
 
 Since writing the above, I have reared a number of the 
 perfect insects. The larva leaves the fruit to pass its tran- 
 formations. When it selects a place it spins a few threads, 
 then changes to pupa. It remains in the pupa state from 
 seven to ten days, according to the temperature. 
 
 This season (1883), specimens of plums, prunes and necta- 
 rines have been received infested by the larva of this moth. 
 
 Peaches received in this city (Sacramento) in July last, had 
 at least forty per cent, infested by this pest. The moth 
 deposits the egg on the fruit, generally near the stem. 
 
 Remedies. — See No. 67, and use Nos. 5 or 7 as spray. For 
 strawberries, see No. 68. 
 
 CHAPTER LXVIII. 
 
 The Peach-leaf Roller. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Crcesia persicana. — Fitch.) 
 
 SvxoNY.M. — Ptydioloma persicana. — Fitch. 
 
 Order. Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.e. 
 
 I M h I i M i I l:lJ 
 [The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut lep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Living singly in a nest of newly-exjDanded leaves on peach 
 trees ; a pale-green worm, with two white lines along the back, 
 the head dull-yellowish.] 
 
 This leaf-roller assumes the pupa state in its nest. The 
 fore-wings of the perfect moth expand about eight lines, and 
 are of a yellowish color, varied with black, and marked with 
 white spots. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 24. 
 
130 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER LXIX. 
 
 The Peaeh Aphis. (Gal.) 
 
 (Myzus persicse. — Sulzer.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera : ) t? ■^ k 
 
 o 1 J TT ( Familv, Aphiddi.e. 
 
 bub-order, Homopteea :) - ' 
 
 [Living on the underside of the leaves and on the new 
 growth of peach, prune, and nectarine trees, causing the leaves 
 to curl and thicken by puncturing them with their beaks and 
 extracting the sap; small, black or reddish-brown plant-lice.] 
 
 The wingless females are rusty red ; the winged females are 
 black or greenish-brown. 
 
 The winged males are a bright yellow, with a transverse 
 brown streak on the thorax, and a few streaks of the same 
 color on the abdomen. 
 
 Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, spray with No. 11 
 or 12 ; when in leaf, use Nos. 4, 5, or 7 — 5 or 7 preferable. 
 
 CHAPTER LXX. 
 
 The Indian Cetonia. 
 
 (Cetonia inda. — Linnaeus.) 
 
 Synonym. — Euryomia inda. 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cetonid.e. 
 
 [Eating into peaches, pears, and grapes : a coppery-brown 
 beetle, about six lines or half an inch long, sprinkled with 
 brown dots, and thinly covered with yellowish hairs.] 
 
 Fig. 108. — Indian Cetonia — color, coppery-brown. Fig. 108, 
 
 The larval and pupa stages of this insect are un- 
 known, but it probably lives in the ground during 
 the larval state, feeding upon the roots of plants. 
 
 The beetles (Fig. 108) make their appearance in 
 the Autumn and again in the Spring, passing the 
 AVinter in some sheltered situation. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 
 
 181 
 
 CHAPTER LXXI. 
 
 The Green Fruit-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 [Gymnetis nitkhi. — Linnseus.) 
 
 Synonym. — AUorliina nitida. 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cetonid^e. 
 
 [Feeding upon ripe peaches, i)cars, phims, figs, and melons ; 
 a green beetle (Fig. lOOc) measuring about one inch and two 
 lines in length, having the wing-cases bordered with yellow ; 
 or feeding upon the roots of strawlxn-ry plants, etc., a whitish 
 six-legged larva.] (Fig. 109a.) 
 
 Fig. 109. 
 
 Fig. lOy. — Green Fruit-beetle, Larva and Pupa; r, the male 
 beetle — colors, green and yellow ; 6, the pupa — color, brown ; 
 a, the larva, or grub — color, whitish ; d^ its upper jaw, enlarged ; 
 e, its antennse, enlarged ; ,f, one of its legs, enlarged ; r/, its 
 upper lip and palpus. 
 
 This species is very scarce in this State, as but few speci- 
 mens have been found. It is plentiful in Arizona Territory, 
 and is very destructive to peaches and melons. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 
 
 The Red-bodied Saw Fly I^Dolerus tejonicus}.12 
 The Apricot Leaf-roller (Diahcelia cali/omi- 
 
 ana) 73 
 
 The Striped Bud-beetle (Disonycha Uinbi- 
 
 collix) 74 
 
 The followina^ insects also infest the Apricot : 
 The Greedy Scale (AxpidiotUH rapax). 
 The Pear tree Scoly tus (Ssolytin pi/ri). 
 
 The Branch and Twig-burrower {Polycaon con- 
 
 fertwi). 
 The Peach Moth (Anarsia lineatclla). 
 The Robust Leaf Beetle (Seriaa valida). 
 The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Cere^a bi(,')alu,s). 
 The Red Spider {TetrunyehxK telarius). 
 The Plum Curculio {ConolrcKhelus nenuphar) 
 The San Jose Scale [Axpidiotwi pernieiosuH). 
 The Black Scale (Lecaniiim olece). 
 The Cottony Cushion Scale (Icerya purchasi). 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIL 
 
 The Red-bodied Saw Fly. (Cal.) 
 
 (Dolents tejonicus. — Norton. ) 
 
 Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredinid^. 
 
 [A four-winged saw-fly with dark wings and a reddish body, 
 eating the leaves and shoots of young fruit trees.] 
 
 About the loth of May, 1883, a young orchard planted in 
 1882, was attacked by this saw-fly (Fig. 110, Plate 1). The 
 owner of the orchard writes on the 3d of June: "The flies 
 injured my trees very much by eating the leaves and young 
 shoots off" entirely ; many of the trees have sent out new 
 growths, but many have not, and appear as though they were 
 killed." 
 
 The following is the description of this new pest : Head, 
 black ; antennae black, nine-jointed ; thorax reddish, hinder 
 portion and scutellum black ; abdomen marked with black at 
 the base ; legs, black ■ wings clouded with smoky or blackish ; 
 the veins and costa deep black ; length of body nearly half an 
 inch ; spread of Avings, three fourths of one inch. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 133 
 
 At a later date, June 26, the orchardist writes : " They are 
 now feeding on the weeds around the orchard." 
 
 Note. — This saw-fly, if not identical with the European 
 saw-fly, Dosytheus Interitius — Klug., very closely resembles 
 that species. The larval history of this insect is unknown to 
 us at the present time. 
 
 Remedy. — Spraying the foliage with No. 5, or 7, or 65, will 
 protect it from the ravages of this pest. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXm. 
 
 The Apricot Leaf-roller. (Cal.) 
 
 (Dichoelia Californiana. — Walsingham. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.e. 
 
 [A small caterpillar, living in a rolled leaf, and feeding upon 
 the new leaves and growth of the apricot tree. It also feeds 
 on the fruit after it sets f6rth from the bloom.] 
 
 This caterpillar appeared in several orchards in the Spring 
 of 1882. In one instance it nearly destroyed the entire crop 
 of apricots, by feeding upon the fruit. I did not succeed in 
 rearing the moth last year, but this season I have been suc- 
 cessful. It has attacked several orchards this Spring, 1883 ; in 
 one case young trees planted last Spring from the dormant 
 bud, were nearly denuded of their foliage by this pest. In 
 other cases it has fed on the fruit. The caterpillar first attacks 
 the fruit when about the size of a small marble — first fasten- 
 ing a leaf to it. At first it feeds upon the epidermis, or skin, 
 but as the caterpillar grows larger it eats into the fruit. When 
 .not feeding, it returns to its nest. At other times it folds a 
 leaf and feeds upon the new shoots and leaves near its nest — 
 in some cases nearly cutting off" the former. 
 
 The body of the caterpillar (Fig. Ill, Plate 1) is yellowish- 
 green, with a dorsal line of a darker shade ; head and cervical 
 shield brownish-black, with a pale space betAveen them ; spira- 
 cles, ringed with brown ; length, seven to eight lines. 
 
 The perfect insect (Fig. Ill, Plate 1) emerged from the pupa 
 
134 INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 
 
 case on the 6th, 7th, 11th, and 12th of June, after remaining 
 in the pupa state about eleven days. 
 
 The moth is of a golden ochre-yellow color ; the fore wings 
 are crossed near the middle, by an obhque reddish-brown 
 irregular band, on which are scattered some bluish scales ; and 
 there is a reddish-brown bar, tinged with yellow, across the 
 outer end of the wings; hind wings, reddish-brown, marked 
 with whitish on the front edge ; legs, yellow ; length, from 
 front of head to apex of fore wings (when at rest), nearly four 
 lines ; spread of wings, about nine lines. There are two broods 
 each year. 
 
 Remedies. — As directed in No. 24. Hpray early in May, 
 with Nos. 5 or 7, or 65. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIV. 
 
 The Striped Bud-beetle. (Cal.) 
 (Disonyche limhirolUs. — Leconte.) 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 
 
 [A five-striped beetle, similar in size and appearance to the 
 striped cucumber beetle (D. vittata), feeding upon the buds of 
 apricot trees.] 
 
 This species has appeared in immense numbers in several 
 localities, and many persons supposed it to be the striped 
 cucumber beetle. It hibernates in the perfect state (Fig. 112, 
 Plate 1), and as soon as the warm weather begins it appears 
 in the orchards and attacks the fruit-buds as soon as they 
 begin to swell, seeming to have a ^Ji'cference for the apricot. 
 After their appearance in the early Spring, at night and on 
 cold days, they gather together in large numbers. As many 
 as one or two gallons have been found on one tree, fence, 
 frame of windmill, etc., apparently in a semi-dormant condi- 
 tion ; but as soon as the weather became warm again they 
 took to flight. This beetle is elongate-oval in shape ; thorax, 
 black, bordered with a narrow light-yellow margin ; the wing- 
 cases are light A^elloAv, marked Avith five black lines. The dif- 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 135 
 
 ference between this species and the striped cucumber beetle 
 can be readily distinguished. The larva probabl}^ lives in the 
 roots of some kinds of plant. 
 
 Remedies. — Spray trees infested by this beetle with No. 5, 
 or 7, or 65. If the trees are seriously infested, by stirring or 
 mixing one pound of buhach in fifteen gallons of the mixture, 
 it will effectually destroy the beetle. When gathered in large 
 numbers in one place, as described above, the solution, mixed 
 with buhach, should be used. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIV^. 
 
 The Twelve-spotted Diabrotiea. (Cal.) 
 
 {Dinbrofica 12-puiictata. — ( )livier. ) 
 
 Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the buds and leaves of various kinds of 
 
 plants, and also upon ripe or nearly ripe fruit ; a yellow beetle 
 
 (Fig. 1124^) about three lines long, the head black, and tlic 
 
 wing-cases marked with twelve black spots.] 
 
 Fie 112V "^^^^ early stages of this beetle have never been 
 
 traced out, but it probably lives in the ground 
 
 in the larva state, feeding upon the roots of 
 
 plants. 
 f'^&i Fig. 112^,.— Twelve-spotted Diabrotiea— colors, 
 
 yellow and black. 
 Remedies. — The fruit in an orchard in this vicinity (Sacra- 
 mento) was attacked by these pests in the month of August, 
 18S3. The owner sprayed the trees with a solution composed 
 of six pounds of buhach steeped in one gallon of alcohol, then 
 diluted Avith twenty gallons of water ; this destroyed the pests 
 very effectually. I have succeeded in driving them off of the 
 trees by spraying the latter with Remedy No. 5 or 7, one pound 
 to each gallon of water used. 
 
 NoTE.--Since writing the article on the Horned Flower-beetle (page 259), I learn that these 
 beetles sometimes burrow into ripe peaches, pears, and plums ; and they are also charged with 
 gnawing off the green grapes and letting them fall upon the ground. 
 
 When furnishing copy to the luiblisher, this Chapter was overlooked and not detected until 
 too Iate.--M. C. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CHERRY TREE. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Cherry-tree Borer {Dicerca dinaricata).!^ 
 The Cherry Tortrix {Loxotcenia ceradvor- 
 
 ana) 76 
 
 The Cherry Worm 77 
 
 The following insects also infest the Cherry- 
 tree : 
 
 The Woolly Aphis ( iSchizoneura lanigera). 
 The Lemon-peel Scale (AnjiidioUta nerii.) 
 The Peach-tree Borer (^Hgeria exitiom.) 
 The Branch and Twig'-bnrrower {Polycaon 
 
 confertus.) 
 The Harvest-fly (Cicada.) 
 The Orchard Tent-caterpillar (Clisiocampu 
 
 Americana.) 
 The Forest Tent-caterjDillar (Clisiocampa syl- 
 
 vatica.) 
 
 The Red-humped Caterpillar (Xotodonta con- 
 
 cinna.) 
 The Canker Worms. 
 
 The Greater Leaf-roller ( Loxotcenia rosaceaiia.) 
 The Many-dotted Caterpillar {Br achy taenia 
 
 ■malana.) 
 The Turnus Butterfly {Papilio turnuH.) 
 The Pear Slug (Selandria cerasi.) 
 The Red Spider (Tetranychus telariuv). 
 The Yellow Mite. 
 
 The Rose Cha,fer (Macrodactyhis stibapinosus.) 
 The Angular-winged Katydid (Microcentrum 
 
 retinervis.) 
 The Brown Strawberry-weevil {Lintronotiis 
 
 nevadicus.) 
 The Negro-bug {Corimelcena pulicaria.) 
 The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelus nenuphar). 
 
 CHAPTER LXXV. 
 
 The Cherry-tree Borer. (Cal.) 
 
 {Dicerca div aricata — Say . ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Buprestid^. 
 
 [Boring beneath the bark of cherry and peach trees ; a yel- 
 lowish footless grub, having the second segment greatly 
 widened and flattened.] 
 
 This borer closely"resembles the flat-headed apple-tree borer 
 in all its stages, as well as in its habits. 
 The perfect beetle (Fig. 113) is from eight to eleven lines 
 long, and is of a shining bronze or copper-color ; 
 the wing-cases are elongated, their tips separating 
 quite widely from each other, and appearing as if 
 broken squarely ofif at the apex. 
 Fig. 113. — Cherry-tree Borer — color, coppery-gray. 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37. 
 
 Fig. 113. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CHERRY TREE. 
 
 137 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVI. 
 
 The Cherry-tree Tortrix. (Cal.) 
 
 {Loxotxnia cerasivorana — Fitch.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid^. 
 
 [Living on cherry trees, between two leaves, or in commu- 
 nities in a large nest formed b}' fastening the leaves and 
 branches together with silken threads; a nearly naked, pale- 
 yellow caterpillar, with the liead and a spot on top of the 
 fore and hind parts of the body, black.] 
 
 This caterpillar pupates within its nest, and a short time 
 before the perfect moth issues, the pupa works itself part way 
 out of the nest. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 114) expands from nine to thirteen lines, is 
 of a pale ochre-yellow color, marked with pale leaden spots 
 or bands ; the hind wings, and the under side of all the wings 
 are pale yellow. 
 
 Fig. 114. — Cherry Tortrix — colors, yel- 
 lowish and l.)rown. 
 
 Remedies. — When tlic tree is dormant, 
 spray with No. 18 — five pounds of the mix- 
 ture to six gallons of water ; or. No. 1 1 or 
 12. As soon as the fruit sets well from blossom, use Nos. 5 
 and 7. 
 
 Fig. 114. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVII. 
 
 The Cherry Worm. (Cal.) 
 
 Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredimd^e. 
 
 [A small twenty-footed larva, eating into cherries.] 
 Specimens of cherries infested by a small, twentj-footed 
 larva, have been received from at least three localities, situ- 
 ated about thirty miles from each other. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 115, Plate 1), when full grown, measures 
 about three lines in length ; color — body yellowish-white, 
 10 
 
138 INSECTS INFESTING THE CHERRY TREE. 
 
 immaculate, anal shield a little darker than body ; head small, 
 round and pale-yellow ; eyes black ; twenty legs. 
 
 The egg is probably laid by the parent fly on the cherry 
 when the latter is about the size of a pea ; as soon as hatched 
 the larva commences to feed upon the skin of the fruit and 
 eats in toward the pit or stone. In the young fruit it eats 
 into the pit, but when the cherry is more than half grown it 
 seldom attacks the pit. When the larva is full grown it evidently 
 leaves the fruit to prepare to go through its change (metamor- 
 phosis) in the ground or elsewhere. The specimens were received 
 too late in the season to learn the natural history of this pest ; 
 and failing to rear the perfect insect, it is only by analogy that 
 its history can be referred to, therefore its having twenty legs 
 indicates that it is the larva of a saw-fly, and as the full grown 
 larva is only three lines in length, the perfect insect or fly 
 must be very small. 
 
 Remedy. — The natural history of this insect being unknown 
 to me at present, I can only recommend the picking off of the 
 trees all infested fruit and boiling it, or otherwise making 
 such use of it as will destroy the insect which it contains. It 
 would be beneficial to the tree to spray it when dormant with 
 No. 11 or 12. Or No. 13 — five pounds to each six gallons of 
 water used. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Pliiin-tree Aphis (Aphis pnini) 78 
 
 The Phiin Leaf-hopper (Bythosmpux clitel- 
 
 larim) 79 
 
 The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelus nenu- 
 phar 80 
 
 The Plum Gouger (Anthonoynus prunicida).81 
 The Plum Moth (Semagia pruniana) 82 
 
 The following insects also infest the Plum 
 Tree: 
 
 The San Jose Scale {Aspidiottis pemiciosux). 
 The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotus rapax). 
 The Lemon-peel Scale ^Aspidiotms nerii). 
 
 The Peach-tree Borer (Acgeria exUioxa). 
 The Pear-tree Scoljtus {Scolijtus pyri). 
 The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Cercsa biibatti>><). 
 De Long's Caterpillar {Clisiocampa conatricta). 
 The Tussock Moth (Orygia leucoxUgma). 
 The Red-humped Caterpillar {Nolodonta am- 
 
 cinna). 
 The Apple-leaf Grumpier (Phycita nehulo). 
 The Red Spider (Tetranyclam telariiix). 
 The Robust Leaf-Beetle (Serica valida). 
 The Green Fruit-Beetle (Gyninetix nitida). 
 The Thrips. 
 The Peach Moth [Anfirxia Uneatdla.) 
 
 CHAPTER LXXVIII. 
 
 The Plum Tree Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 {Aphis ■prnni. — K( )cli. ) 
 
 Synoxy^i. — A. prunifoVia. — Fitch. 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; / t^, -i . „,. ^ „ 
 
 o 1 ' J TT < I'' amilY, Aphidida:. 
 
 Sub-order. Homoptera : ) 
 
 I I I I I 1 I I M I hill 
 
 [The measurements of insects in this work arc given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Living on the under side of the leaves of the plum, whicli 
 they puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; small 
 greenish plant-lice, usually marked with black.] 
 
 The wingless lice are greenish-white ; or the head is black, 
 the thorax green, with tAvo transverse black lines, and the 
 abdomen is green, dotted with black, and marked on the top 
 with a large dark colored spot. 
 
140 INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 
 
 The winged lice have the head and thorax black, usually 
 with a green ring around the neck ; the abdomen is colored 
 similar to that of the wingless lice, but is darker. 
 
 This species is very destructive to the plum and prune. 
 
 Remedies. — When the trees are in leaf, use No. 3 or 4, or 
 No. 5 or 7 ; when dormant, spray with No. 11 or 12, as 
 directed; or No. 13 — five pounds to six gallons of water. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXIX. 
 
 The Plum Leaf-hopper. 
 
 {Bythoscopus cHteUarivs. — Say. ) 
 
 Order, Hemipteka ; ) j^ -in 
 
 o 1 ' 1 XT Familv, (_ ECROPinyE. 
 
 bub-order, Homoptera ; ) • ' 
 
 [Puncturing the fruit-stems of plums and extracting the sap ; 
 a small cylindrical, slightly tapering leaf-hopper, about two 
 and a half lines long ; black or dark brown, with a bright, 
 sulphur-yellow spot on the middle of its back and a pale 
 yellow band in front of this ; the head pale yellow, with two 
 black dots on the forehead. — Fitch.] - 
 
 Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, spray with No. 11 or 
 12, as directed ; or with No. 13 — five pounds to six gallons of 
 water. For Summer wash, use Nos. 3, 4, 5, or 7 ; those mixed 
 with sulphur are preferable. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXX. 
 
 The Plum Curculio. 
 
 ( Coiiotrachelus nen uphar. — Herbst. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera; Family, Curculionid^. 
 
 [Living in plums, cherries, peaches, pears, nectarines, apri- 
 cots, quinces and apples, a yellowish-white footless grub 
 which undergoes its transformations in the earth.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING TEE PLUM TREE 141 
 
 This is undoubtedly the worst enemy with which the fruit- 
 grower has to contend — in fact its operations have become so 
 extensive that the raising of phims has become ahnost entirely 
 abandoned in several sections of this country. This pest can 
 be kept in check by following the proper course, but it 
 requires constant watching ; or, as Professor Riley remarks, 
 " eternal vigilence is the price of fruit." 
 
 Fig. 116. — Plum, showing egg-puncture Fig. 116. 
 
 and crescent-mark of the plum C'urculio ; 
 also, a curculio resting \\\)<n\ the ])lum. 
 
 The female curculio makes a small hole 
 in the fruit {Fig. 116) with her snout, then turns around and 
 deposits therein a single egg ; after which she gnaws a cres- 
 cent-shaped slit around and partially under the egg. This 
 precaution is probably taken in order to prevent the fruit from 
 growing over and thus destroying the egg. On account of this 
 ha])it, the insect has l)een named the " Little Turk," the cres- 
 cent being the national emldemof the Turkish Empire. 
 
 This crescent is a pretty sure indication that the fruit upon 
 which it appears is infested with the curculio, although upon 
 apples and similar fruits the growth of the fruit is so rapid as 
 to obliterate the crescent in a short time. Each female is sup- 
 posed to have a stock of from fifty to one hundred eggs, and 
 to dei)osit from five to ten a day. While those which appear 
 earlier begin this work l)y the middle of May, it is continued 
 by others, Avhich api)ear later, so that the period of egg-laying 
 is extended to a i>eriod of about two months. 
 
 Fig. 117.— Larva of Plum ("urculio. Fig. 117. 
 
 enlarged — color, yellowish-white. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 117) which hatches 
 from the egg of the curculio is a small 
 footless worm, somewhat resembling 
 
 a maggot, except that it does not taper so much, and it has a 
 distinct head. It is of a glossy yellowish-white color, but 
 partakes more or less of the color of the flesh of the fruit it 
 infests. There is a lighter line running along each side of the 
 body, with a row of minute black l)ristles below, and a less 
 distinct one above it. The under part is reddish-brown, and 
 the head is yellowish or pale brown. When fully grown it 
 
142 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 
 
 Fig. 118. 
 
 Fig. 119. 
 
 measures about five lines in length. As soon as it reaches its 
 full growth, the larva deserts the fruit — which usually falls to 
 the ground before ripening — and enters the earth to the depth 
 of a few inches, where it forms a small cell in which to pass 
 the pupa state (Fig. 118). It remains in this state about 
 three weeks when the change to the perfect state takes place. 
 Fig. 118. — Pupa of Plum Curculio, enlarged — 
 color, yellowish-white. 
 
 Fig. 119. — Plum Curculio, en- 
 larged — colors, brown, yellow, black 
 r ^^^^^ and white. 
 
 1 M^Mir Tj^g perfect beetle (Fig. 119) or 
 curculio is about two lines long, 
 and is of a dark brown color, vari- 
 gated with white, yellow and black ; the snout is 
 rather longer than the thorax — the latter is uneven ; the wing- 
 cases have two black tubercles on them, one on the middle of 
 each near the suture ; behind these is a broad band of dull 
 yellow and white ; the thighs have two small teeth on the 
 under side. 
 
 This insect lives not only in the fruits mentioned at the 
 head of this article, but also in the black knot infesting plum 
 and cherry trees. The perfect beetle feeds not only upon the 
 fruit, but also upon the leaves, and even the bark of newly- 
 formed twigs does not escape its attacks. 
 
 The number of broods which this insect produces in one 
 year is not definitely known, but most authors regard it as 
 being single-brooded ; the perfect beetles hibernating beneath 
 pieces of wood, etc., lying upon the ground. 
 
 I am not aware that this insect has been found in this State 
 up to date ; but as we have received so many injurious insects 
 from the East, it is not at all improl)able that the plum cur- 
 culio Avill make its appearance among us. The greatest care 
 should be taken to prevent its importation on nursery stock 
 from infested districts. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 109 and 110. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 143 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXI. 
 
 The Plum Gouger. 
 
 (Antkonomus prutiicida — Walsh.) 
 
 Synonym. — Coccotorus scutellaris— Lee. 
 
 Order. Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid.e. 
 
 [Living in the pits of plums ; a small milk-white footless 
 grub with a yellowish-white head, passing through its trans- 
 formations within the pit, and finally producing a brown snout- 
 beetle, having the thorax pale-yellow.] 
 
 This insect, as its name indicates, seems to confine its attacks 
 wholly to the plum. The female gnaws a hole into the fruit 
 and deposits an egg therein ; as soon as hatched, the young 
 larva makes its way directly to the pit or stone, which it enters 
 and feeds upon the kernel ; after attaining its full growth, it 
 cuts a round hole through the shell of the pit — which is now 
 quite hard — and having thus prepared a place of exit, it casts 
 off its skin and appears in the pujDa form, from which the per- 
 fect insect issues in the course of a few weeks. 
 
 The larva of this species can easily be distinguished from 
 that of the plum curculio by having the under part of its body 
 white, this part being reddish-brown in the curculio. 
 
 The perfect insect (Fig. 120) is about one and a half lines 
 long, exclusive of the snout, which is not much longer than 
 the thorax ; the latter is pale yellow, as are also the legs ; the 
 wing-cases are brown, with a dull grayish tint, and are desti- 
 tute of tubercles. — Walsh and Riley. 
 
 Fig. 120. — Plum Gouger, enlarged — col- Fig. 120. 
 
 ors, yellow and grayish-brown. 
 
 In 1882 I received specimens of plums? 
 in the pits of Avhich was a small grub, 
 but failed to rear the perfect insect, there- 
 fore cannot say if this species is found 
 here. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 109 and 110. 
 
IM INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXII. 
 
 The Plum Moth. 
 
 (Sema>iia ■pniniana — Walsh. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid^e. 
 
 [Living in plums, apples and crab-apples ; a dingy white or 
 brownish-yellow sixteen-legged worm, having a black head.] 
 
 It is not known with certainty whether this larva will attack 
 sound fruit, or whether it only infests fruit which has l)een 
 attacked by some other insect, but the latter is perhaps the 
 case, and, if this view is correct, then this insect cannot be 
 regarded as being very injurious to the orchard. When fully 
 grown, this worm measures about three lines in length ; it then 
 deserts the fruit and spins a dark colored cocoon, which is 
 fastened to some neighboring object. 
 
 The perfect moth has the fore-wings black and variously 
 marked with red, blue and Avhite, the latter forming seven 
 short streaks along the front edge of the wing ; the hind Avings 
 are grayish next the body, shading into black at the tips. 
 This insect was bred by Mr. Walsh from the plum ; the hlack 
 knot ; a gall produced by plant-lice on an elm leaf ; and a gall 
 made by a four-winged fly on an oak leaf, and Professor 
 Riley has bred it from the apple, crab-aj^ple and haws. 
 
 This insect is described in order that investigations may be 
 made by those who have plums infested by a small whitish 
 larva. I have been unable to procure specimens, but I know 
 of at least six localities in which plums are infested by a smal 
 caterpillar. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PRUNE. 
 
 The following insects infest the prune, l)iit are treated of 
 elsewhere in this work : 
 
 The Robust Leaf-beetle (Scrica valida). I The Peach Moth {Anarsia lineatdUt). 
 
 The Peach Aphis {Mijzus perxicce). 
 
 Tree Cricket (Oeeanthus). 
 
 I have received twigs of prune trees containing eggs similar 
 to that of the gray tree cricket ( Oeeanthus latijieiuiiti — Fig. 121), 
 but whether they belonged to this or to an allied species I am 
 unable to say. 
 
 Fig. 121. — Eggs of Gray Tree Cricket; a, the wood removed 
 showing 
 the eggs; 6, 
 punctures ^^ 
 contain- 
 
 ing the "^ ^^s«^£^^ 
 
 eggs ; e, an egg highly magnified — color, white. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 25 and 2S. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE NECTARINE. 
 
 The following insects infest the nectarine, l)ut are treated of 
 in another part of this work : 
 
 The Peach Aphis (Mysm persicfr). \ The Plum Curculio [Conotrachelus jiemiphar). 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PERSIMMON TREE. 
 
 The Persimmon Aphis (Aphin diospyri) Chap. 83 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIII. 
 
 The Persimmon Aphis. 
 
 (Aphis diospyri — Thomas. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } -j^, ., . 
 
 a, 1. J ^ xj^,,^ i^ amilv, Aphidid.e. 
 
 bub-order, Homoptera ;) " ' 
 
 1 I I I I I M I M lihl 
 
 The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and Hnes. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thrreof. 
 
 [Living upon the leaves of persimmon trees, which they 
 puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; small brown 
 and black plant-lice.] 
 
 The wingless lice are purplish-l)rown ; the head and thorax 
 are dark ; the alxlomen l^rownish with the extremity black. 
 The winged lice are usually colored like the wingless ones. — 
 Professor Thomas. 
 
 Remedy. — fSpray the foliage with either Nos. 3, 4, 5 or 7, as 
 directed. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 
 
 The Black Scale (Lecanium olece) 84 
 
 The Olive Worm {Danif, olece) 85 
 
 The following insects also infest the olive : 
 The Greedy Scale (Anpidiotus rapax). 
 The Red Baj' Scale (Aspidiotus perseoe). 
 The Branch and Twig Burrower (Polycaon 
 
 cotifertus). 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIV. 
 
 The Black Scale. (Cal.) 
 (Leraiiium olese. — Bernard. ) 
 
 Order, Hemipteea ; 
 Sub-order, Homopteea ; 
 
 Family, Coccid.e. 
 
 [A dark brown hemispherical scale insect, or bark-louse, 
 which infests all varieties of citrus trees, and nearly all varie- 
 ties of deciduous fruit trees, and many shrubs, vines, etc.] 
 
 The black scale is more generally found in the orchards and 
 gardens of California than any other species of the Coccidse. 
 
 It infests the orange,- lemon, lime, olive (Fig. 122, 1,) apple, 
 pear, peach, apricot, plum, prune, cherry and pomegranate 
 ■ trees. In the garden, it infests the honeysuckle, chrysanthe- 
 mum, rose, oleander, and many other plants ; and this, or a 
 closely allied species, infests the forest trees. The presence of 
 this species can be readily detected by the appearance on the 
 branches, foliage and fruit of a black smut, known to scien- 
 tists as Fumago salicina, and the cause of its production is a 
 question upon which authorities difler. I am convinced, from 
 practical investigation, and also from information re(;eived 
 from Mr. Alexander Craw, and Mr. Wolfskill, of Los Angeles, 
 and the late A. B. Clark, of Orange, Los Angeles County, 
 that the black smut is caused by a honeydew exuded by the 
 females of the black scale insect, in the stage of their life 
 
148 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 
 
 between the time of the first formation of the calcareous secre- 
 tion by which the insect is covered, and their reaching matur- 
 ity or becoming fixed to any part of the plant. 
 
 Fig. 122. 
 
 Fig. 122. — Black Scale ; i, an infested twig ; la, side view 
 of one of the scales, enlarged — color, dark brown. 
 
 In relation to this smut or fungus, Professor Barlow writes : 
 " The result of our examination of the diseased orange and 
 olive leaves is briefly as follows : The disease, although first 
 attracting the eye by the presence of the black fungus, is not 
 caused by it, but rather by the attack of some insect which 
 itself deposits some gummy substance on the leaf and bark, or 
 so wounds the tree as to cause some sticky exudation on 
 which the fungus especially thrives. It is not denied that the 
 growth of the fungus greatly aggravates the trouble already 
 existing by encasing the leaves, thus preventing the action of 
 the sunlight. We only say that in seeking a remedy we are to 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE OLl VE. 149 
 
 look further back than the fungus itself, to the insect, or what- 
 ever it may be, which has made the luxuriant growth of the 
 fungus possible." • 
 
 The smut or fungus is found on the branches, foliage and 
 fruit of orange, lemon, lime and olive trees infested by the 
 black scale. I have also seen apricots and peaches, taken 
 from trees infested by this insect, so thoroughly covered by 
 this smut that it destroyed their marke.t value for canning 
 purposes. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The black scale (Fig. 122, la^) when full grown is of a dark 
 brown color, nearly hemispherical in form, but is slightly 
 longer than broad ; length, from two to two and a half lines ; 
 width, about two thirds of the length ; height, one and one half 
 lines ; there are two ridges or bars across the body, apparentl}^ 
 dividing it into three parts, the middle being the largest ; a 
 short ridge along the back joins the two cross ridges, forming 
 lines resemliling the letter H ; the edge of the covering of the 
 insect resting on the wood, foliage, etc., is margined, and has 
 a grooved or fluted appearance nearl}'^ one half the height of 
 the insect. 
 
 The eggs are oval in form ; when first laid, whitish ; before 
 hatching, a reddish-yellow. From seventy-five to one hundred 
 and seventy-five are deposited by each female of this species. 
 Fig. 123. — Larva of Black Scale, en- 
 / ' . larged, back view — color, reddish-yellow. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 123) is one seventy- 
 fifth of an inch long ; Avidth, five eighths 
 of length ; form, oval ; antenntie, six or 
 seven jointed. From the time the secre- 
 tion begins to form until the insect has 
 reached maturity, it assumes different 
 shades of color — first, greenish-brown; 
 half grown, reddish-brown, and at ma- 
 turity, dark brown. 
 It is doubtful if there are more than one brood in each 
 year ; the first brood are hatched, in this locality (Sacramento), 
 about the first of May, but do not attempt to leave from under 
 
150 INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 
 
 the scale until the twelfth ; yet it is very common to find the 
 females of this species depositing their eggs late in September, 
 but whether they are of the Spring brood I am not prepared 
 to say. 
 
 In relation to the length of time the lecaniums are capable 
 of moving from one place to another, Mons. V. Signoret 
 writes : " Before pregnancy, they have the power to move, 
 if necessary." 
 
 Remedies. — Deciduous ft-uit trees : When the tree is dormant, 
 spray with Nos. 11 or 12, as directed; or No. 13 — five pounds 
 to six gallons of water. In Spring or Summer, when the young 
 are hatched, spray thoroughly with Nos. 5 or 7. (No. 4 may be 
 used and prove very effective, but the solution containing sul- 
 phur is preferable, as it destroys the black smut.) For citrus 
 trees : (see No. 48), spray, etc., as directed in No. 49, and also 
 as directed for olive trees. For olive trees : Use same as for 
 citrus trees ; or No. 9, with one gallon of water added to every 
 gallon of the solution. Example — To thirty gallons of No. 9, 
 add thirty gallons of water — sixty in all. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXV. 
 
 The Olive Worm. 
 
 (^Dacus oleoi.) 
 
 Order, Diptera ; Family, Ortalid.^. 
 
 [Living in the olive berries (Figs. 126 and 127); small 
 whitish footless maggots.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 
 Fig. 126. 
 
 151 
 
 Fig. 127:^' Fig. 12G.— Olives iniestecl by Olive Worms. 
 Fig. 127. — An olive cut open, showing work 
 of Olive Worms. 
 
 This pest is n(,)t found in California, so far 
 as I am aware, at present. The following is 
 taken from Figuier's account of this insect : 
 
 The parent ^Fig. 124), which deposits the 
 
 eggs from which the maggots (Fig. 125, left,) 
 
 are produced, is about one half the size of the 
 
 common house-fly, and of an ashen-gray color ; its head is 
 
 orange-yellow, with two black spots on the upper part of the 
 
 face; the eyes are green; the thorax is marked with four 
 
152 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 
 
 light yellow spots, and the abdomen is brownish, spotted with 
 black on the sides. 
 
 Fig. 124. 
 
 Fig. 125 
 
 Fig. 124. — Olive Fly, enlarged — colors, gray, black and yel- 
 low. 
 
 Fig. 125. — Olive Worm and Pupa ; at the left, the worm, nat- 
 ural size and enlarged — color, whitish ; at the right, the pupa, 
 natural size and enlarged — color, brown. 
 
 This fly punctures the skin of the olive and deposits therein 
 a single egg ; the maggot, which hatches from this, burrows 
 into the berry until reaching the stone, which it leaves 
 untouched. After attaining its full size, it forms a cell beneath 
 the skin, and in this cell it assumes the pupa form (Fig. 125, 
 right.) 
 
 Remedy. — Sjiray with Nos. 4, 5 or 7. 
 
Insects Infesting OFange, Lemon and Lime Trees. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Red Scale (Aspidiotux aurantU) 86 
 
 The Red Scale of Florida ( Aspidictm ficus) 87 
 The Lemon-peel Scale (Aspidiotiig nerU)...68 
 Pergande's Orange Scale (Axptdiotux per- 
 
 gandii) 89 
 
 The Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale (Aitpidiottis 
 
 citricola) 90 
 
 The Soft Orange Scale (Lecanium henperi- 
 
 duin) 91 
 
 The Cottony Cushion-scale {Teerya purchasi) 92 
 
 Th# following insects also infest Citrus 
 trees : 
 
 The Black Scale (Lecanium olece). 
 The Filbert Scale (Lecanium hemisphericum). 
 The Common Mealy-bug (Dactylopius adotii- 
 
 dum). 
 The Destructive Mealy-bug (Dactylopius de- 
 
 ffructor). 
 The Red Spider (Telranychus telarius). 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVL 
 
 The Red Scale. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Aspidiotus avrantii — Maskell. ) 
 
 Synonym. — Aspidiotus citrii — Comstock. 
 
 Order, Hemipteka ; ^ i- -i ri 
 bub-orcier, Homoptera ;) - ' 
 
 [A circular reddish scale insect, infesting the citrus trees, 
 and has been found on grape vines and the foliage of walnut 
 trees.] 
 
 The red scale (Fig. 128) infests some of the citrus groves of 
 Southern California, and orange trees in Sacramento and 
 Marysville. It has also been found on grape vines and on the 
 foliage of walnut trees, but I do not think that any damage 
 Avill be done to these plants by this pest. As the walnut sheds 
 its foliage annually, the insects are likely to be destroyed; 
 and those which I have examined on the grape vines in the 
 month of September, and which appeared to be in a healthy 
 11 
 
154 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 condition, were dead and shrunken when I examined the vines 
 in the month of February following. 
 
 It is generally conceded that this species is an importation 
 from Australia. 
 
 Fig. 128. — Red Scale; l,a twig infested by these scales; la, 
 the male, highly magnified — colors, yellow and brown; 1&, the 
 female scale, greatly enlarged — colors, gray, yellowish or brown ; 
 Ic, the male scale greatly enlarged — color, same as the female 
 scale. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Female scale (Fig. 128, 16), nearly transparent, circular, of 
 a light-grayish color, and measures from one line to one and 
 
INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 155 
 
 one quarter lines in diameter; exuvias or cast skin in center, 
 yellowish ; second larval skin easily distinguished. 
 
 Male scale (Fig. 128, Ic) a little darker in color and smaller 
 than the female scale ; form, elongated ; exuvife nearest the 
 anterior end. 
 
 Eggs. — It is thought by some writers that the females of 
 this species are viviparous. I have watched the female insect 
 ovipositing, and immediately examined the egg or sack under 
 a microscope, using a high power, and could not detect any 
 appendages ; however, in twenty-four hours I noticed the pres- 
 ence of antennte and legs. The insect produces from two to 
 four of these eggs or sacks in twenty-four hours, and the num- 
 ber produced by each female is from twenty to forty-three ; 
 the latter is the highest number I have found. 
 
 In the month of September, 1882, I found a lemon at an 
 orchard in Los Angeles County, on which the larvae of thirty- 
 nine male scale insects had located around the stem of the 
 fruit, and as there was only one matured scale on the lemon, 
 this was evidently the number produced by one female. Larva 
 color, bright yellow ; form, ovoid ; length, one eightieth of an 
 inch; antennae, six-jointed; anal setas, present. 
 
 Female (Fig. 129) — color, light or primrose-yellow when the 
 scale is formed, but as it reaches maturity it becomes a brown- 
 ish-yellow. The formation of the body is such that under the 
 scale, when examined with a lens, its appearance is that of a 
 broken ring, but when ovipositing the posterior end of the 
 abdomen extends beyond the circular line of the body. The 
 color of the natural insect is shown -through the nearly trans- 
 parent scale from which it derives its common name — Red Scale. 
 Male (Fig. 128, la) — color of bodv, amber- 
 ^.^■^,1 yellow, with dark marking on thorax ; eyes, 
 
 black. 
 
 Fig. 129. — Female Red Scale Insect, en- 
 larged, ventral view — color, yellow. 
 
 The young larva? can be found at all seasons 
 of the year, and there are probably four or five 
 broods in each year. 
 
156 INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 130. lig. 131. 
 
 Fig. ISO.^Orange infested by Red Scale. 
 
 Fig. 131. — Leaf infested by Red Scale; two of the scales at 
 the left, enlarged — color, yelloAV or brown ; the upper one the 
 female ; the lower one the male. 
 
 This species infests the small branches and foliage (Fig. 
 128, 1) and fruit (Fig. 130), but seems to prefer the fruit and 
 foliage. (Fig. 131.) 
 
 Remedies. — See Nos. 48, 49, oO, 65, and 77. Spray. 
 
 (Aspidiotus ficus- 
 
 CHAPTER lxxxvii. 
 
 The Red Scale of Florida. 
 
 -Riley, MSS. ; Chrysomphalvf: fcv^- 
 MSS. Ashmead.) 
 
 -Rilev, 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; / 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; \ 
 
 Family, Coccid.e. 
 
 [A species of scale insect infesting the branches, foliage and 
 fruit of orange trees in Florada and the Island of Cuba.] 
 
 Fig. 132. — Red Scale of Florida; 2, leaves infested by these 
 scales ; 2a, the female scale, enlarged — colors, reddish-brown 
 and brown ; 2h, the male scale, enlarged — colors, gray and 
 
INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 157 
 
 brown : ^c, young larva, highly magnified — color, yellow ; ^d, 
 Jc and -if, the scales in different stages of formation. 
 
 Professor Comstock describes this species as follows (Fig. 
 132): " Female Scale. — Color, the part of the scale covering 
 the second skin is a light reddish-brown ; the remainder of 
 the scale is much darker, varying from a dark reddish-brown 
 to black, excepting the thin part of the margin, which is gray ; 
 exuviae nearly central, whitish in fresh specimens ; form circu- 
 lar, one line in diameter. Male Scale. — The scale oi' the male 
 
158 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 133. 
 
 is about one fourth as large as that of the female ; the pos- 
 terior side is pro- 
 longed into a thin 
 flap, which is gray 
 in color (Male, Fig. 
 133). (See United 
 States Agricultural 
 Report, 1880: and 
 A s h ni e- a d in 
 " Orange Insects," 
 1880.) 
 Fig. 133 — Red Scale of Florida (male, highly magnified) — 
 
 colors, yellow and brown. 
 
 Remedies. — Same as for red scale {A. aurantii). Nos. 48, 
 
 49, 50, 65, 77 or 44. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXVIII. 
 
 The Lemon-peel Scale. (Cal.) 
 (Aspidiotus nerii. — Bouche. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera 
 
 Family, Coccid.^. 
 
 [A whitish circular scale insect, infesting the lemon, plum, 
 cherry and currant; also the oleander, acacia, magnolia, etc.] 
 
 This species has been known to scientists as the " Oleander 
 Scale" (Fig. 134), from which it derives its specific name, 
 nerii. Within the last four or five years it has been found on 
 the lemon, plum, cherry and currant ; also on the acacia, mag- 
 nolia, etc. It seems to prefer the fruit of the lemon, and in 
 many cases infests the skin or peel to such an extent as to 
 reduce its market value. California cannot claim a sole pro- 
 prietary right to this pest, as lemons imported from Europe 
 are often offered for sale in our market which are seriously 
 infested by A. nerii. 
 
 Fig. 134. — Lemon-peel Scale; 1, leaves and twigs infested 
 by these scales; la, the male scale insect greatly magnified — 
 
INSECTS tINFESriXG ORANGE TREES, ETC 
 
 159 
 
 colors, yellow and brown ; lb, scale of male greatly enlarged — 
 color, white ; Ir, scale of female highly njagnified — color, whit- 
 ish or gray. 
 
 P^ 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The female scale (Fig. 134, Ic,) is of a whitish color, and 
 nearly circular, measures one line in diameter ; exuviae or cast 
 skin, yellowish, and near the center. Male scale (Fig. 134, 
 16,) white, smaller, and not as circular as that of the female. 
 Egg, light yellow. Larva, yellowish white ; length, one eighty 
 
160 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING OR'ANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 fifth of an inch. Female, light yellow, with darker blotches ; 
 body, circular ; abdoijainal segments appear as a pointed pro- 
 jection at one part of the circle. Male insect (Fig. 134, la,) 
 winged ; body yellowish, with dark markings. The lemon- 
 peel scale insect closely resembles the red scale, and it is only 
 by the difference in color that a person not thoroughly acquain- 
 ted with the respective species can distinguish them. 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 48, 49,. 50, 65, 77 or 44. 
 
 CHAPTER LXXXIX. 
 
 Pergande's Orange Scale. (Cal) 
 
 {Paiiatoria pergandii. — Comstock) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } ^ ., ,, 
 
 c, 1 1 XT Fannlv, Coccid,^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) - ' 
 
 [A scale insect infesting the branches, foliage and fruit of 
 citrus trees.] 
 
 I have found this species on the orange tree in Sacramento, 
 but have not found it in any other part of the State. 
 
 Fig. 136. 
 
 Fig. 135. 
 
 Fig. 135. — Pergande's Orange Scale ; at the left, the female 
 scale enlarged — color, dirty gray ; at the right, the male scale 
 enlarged — color, gray. 
 
 Fig. 136. — Pergande's Orange Scale ; male, highly magni- 
 fied — color, purplish. 
 
 The female scale (Fig. 135, left,) is somewhat elongated in 
 form, but nearly circular, the exuviae at one side of the cen- 
 
INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREKS, ETC. 161 
 
 ter — color, grayish; exuviae yellow, and genenally oval in 
 shape. 
 
 Male scale (Fig. 185, right,). Tlie scale of the male is elonga- 
 ted and narrow — color, dirty white ; exuviae at the anterior 
 end. Female — color, purplish, with posterior end of body yel- 
 lowish, and is nearly as broad as long. Eggs — color purplish, 
 elongated ; from nine to twenty found under each female 
 scale. Larva length, nearly one nineteenth of an inch — color 
 purplish, ^fale (Fig. 136) — color dark piu'plish. 
 
 Remedies. — Nos. 48, 49, 50, 65, 77 or 44. 
 
 CHAPTER XC. 
 
 The Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale. 
 
 (Mytilaspis citri.cold — Packard.) 
 
 Synonym. — Aspidiotus citricola. — Packard. 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) -c^ -i n 
 
 a \ ^ XT Familv, CocciD^. 
 
 bub-order, Homoptera \\ 
 
 [An eltingated slightly curved scale insect, infesting citrus 
 trees.] 
 
 This species of scale insect has not been found on any of 
 the citrus trees in this State, so far as I know, but it will be 
 strange if it is not found in the near future. It is not a rare 
 occurence to find it on oranges, etc., which are imported from 
 Europe, Australia and Tahiti, and offered for sale on fruit 
 stands throughout the State. 
 
 The scale of this species (Fig. 137, la, lb)ii^ similar in form 
 and appearance to that of the oyster shell bark-louse (M. 
 poinorurn, Chap. XIX), excepting that it may be a little wider 
 at the posterior end. Length of female scale about one and 
 one half lines. The male scale (Fig. 137, Jc) is similar to 
 other species of Mytilaapis in having a hinge-like joint, poste- 
 rior to the middle of the scale, so that by lifting the posterior 
 part up, the perfect insect (Fig. 138a) can emerge. 
 
162 INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 137. — Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale; i, a leaf infested by 
 these scales ; la, the female scale greatly enlarged, back view 
 — color, brown ; i6, the same, ventral view, showing eggs — 
 color of each, white ; ^c, the male scale enlarged, back view — 
 color, brown. 
 
 Fig. 138.— Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale, 
 enlarged; c, the male scale — color, 
 brown ; a, the male scale insect — color, 
 red ; h, the larva — color, yellowish. 
 
 Remedies. — Nos. 44, 48, 49, 50, 65, 
 and 77. 
 
 Fiff. 138. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 163 
 
 CHAPTER XCI. 
 The Soft Orange Scale. (Cal.) 
 
 Fiff. 139. 
 
 (Lecanium ha^iieridum. — Linnaeus.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ^ jn -i r-, 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; \ ^^™^^-^' ^^^"D.f.. 
 
 [An oval flattened scale insect, infesting citrus trees, 
 especially the orange.] 
 
 The soft orange scale is found in California in nearly every 
 locality where citrus trees are grown ; it infests the wood 
 foliage and fruit. This, or a closely allied species, is found on 
 plants in hot-houses. 
 
 Fig. 139. — Soft Orange 
 Scales ; at the left, one of the 
 scales enlarged — color, yel- 
 lowish. 
 
 In the Treatise on Injuri- 
 ous Insects, 1881, I describ- 
 ed the male of this species 
 as winged. Prof. Comstock, 
 in his Entomological Report 
 of 1880, writes: "The male 
 of this species has never been 
 found, although it has been 
 studied from the time of 
 Linnseus down." 
 
 In September, 1880, I pre- 
 pared a dry mounting of a 
 specimen °of Lecanium hes- 
 peridum for microscopic use 
 at the State Fair of that year ; 
 early in the week a small in- 
 sect was noticed coming from under a specimen beneath the 
 glass, and finally released itself. It proved to be a male scale 
 insect. 
 
164 
 
 INSECTS rXFESTTNG ORANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Female (Fig. 139) — a broad oval scale, measuring from one 
 and one quarter to one and one half lines in length, Avidest at 
 the posterior end — color, dark brown on top, and a lighter 
 brown surrounding the margin. Two indentations on the 
 margin on each side, and a large indentation on the posterior 
 end. It has powers of locomotion similar to those of other 
 Lecaniinns. I have not found the egg of this species, but have 
 found large numbers of the young larvae — as many as forty- 
 five under one specimen. The young larva? appear about the 
 first of May in this vicinity (Sacramento). Larva length, one 
 eighty fifth of an inch — color, dark or dirty yellow ; antennae, 
 six jointed (some specimens appear to have seven joints) ; 
 tAvo anal setae. 
 
 Description. — Length Fig. 
 
 of body, one seventy-sec- 
 ond of an inch ; fronj ^ ^ 
 front of head to apex of 
 wing, one twenty-fourth of 
 an inch ; posterior styl- 
 ets, one forty-fifth of an 
 inch, or one half t h c 
 length of body — color, 
 body, immaculate golden- 
 yellow ; eyes, dark oi- 
 black ; antenna^ (from the ^'| 
 peculiar position in which 
 they are placed I can only 
 count seven joints), gold- 
 en yellow and hairy ; legs, 
 golden-yellow. 
 
 As it did not agree 
 with the description of 
 any of the male scale in- 
 sects I had read of, or 
 specimens of males of 
 aurantii, perniciosus, per- 
 seas, rapax, vosese or pur- 
 chasi in my possession, I could only imagine that it was the 
 
INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 165 
 
 male of L. hesperidum (be what it may, it come from under the 
 L. hesperidum scale), and fortunatel}' I preserved the mount- 
 ing. 
 
 Fig. 140. — Soft Orange Scale — color, brown. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 4 or 9, one gallon of Avater added to each 
 gallon of the mixture; Xo. 5 or 7, four pounds of mixture to 
 each five gallons of water. Apply all the above at a tempera- 
 ture of one hundred and thirty degrees Fahrenheit. (Spray.) 
 
 CHAPTER XCII. 
 The Cottony Cushion Scale. (Cal.) 
 (Irerifa pnrrhasi. — Maskell.) 
 I 
 
 Order, Hemipteka ; 
 Sub-order, Homoptera 
 
 Familv. Cocrin.E. 
 
 Fi^. 141. 
 
 [A white cushion-like scale insect, feeding upon citrus trees, 
 deciduous fruit trees, forest trees, and on some varieties of 
 vegetables.] 
 
 Fig. 141.— I 'or- Fig. 142. 
 tion of a l)rancli in- 
 fested In- Cottony 
 Cushion Scales. 
 
 Fig. 142. — Cot- 
 t o n y C u s li i o ii 
 Scales, natural 
 size-colors, orange, 
 red, Avhitish and 
 pale yellowish. 
 
 This species of scale insect 
 (Figs. 141 and 142) I consider 
 the most dangerous of any that 
 infests fruit and other trees in 
 California, as it may be said to 
 lie a general feeder ; it is found 
 on all varieties of citrus trees, deciduous fruit trees, on many 
 varieties of ornamental trees, forest trees and shrubs : also on 
 
166 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 143. 
 
 some varieties of vegetables. The apparent color of this scale 
 insect at first sight is white, with a dark colored head. On 
 examination, it is found that the part indicated by the dark 
 color is the insect, and the white portion a bag or case spun by 
 the insect to conceal her eggs when deposited. 
 
 Fig. 148. — Cottony Cushion Scale — color, yel- 
 lowish-white. 
 
 The females (Fig. 143), after ovipositing (the 
 egg case included), differ in size, some measuring 
 six lines in length ; but the general length is from three to 
 four lines ; width, one and one half to three lines, and slightly 
 tapering toward the posterior end. Each female deposits from 
 two hundred to five hundred eggs. In one instance I counted 
 seven hundred and three. The eggs are oblong-ovate in form, 
 and of a pale red color. 
 
 Fig. 144. — Larva of Cottony Cushion Scale — 
 color, red. 
 
 Larva (Fig. 144) — color, body red; antennae 
 six jointed, clubbed at the apex, on Avhich are 
 six long hairs — color, smoky black ; legs, smoky 
 black (the joints of the antennae and legs are 
 lighter in color than the balance) ; there are six 
 long anal hairs ; the margin of the body and back is also dot- 
 ted with hairs ; length of body, one thirty fifth of an inch. 
 
 Fig. 145. — Female of Cottony Cushion 
 Scale Insect — color, reddish-brown. 
 
 Mature female (Fig. 145) before spin- 
 ning egg-case. The female insect during 
 her growth assumes a variety of colors : 
 principally yellowish-red, with irregular 
 blotches of white, green and yellow. At 
 full groAvth, and before spinning egg-case, 
 she is ovoid in form ; the hairs on the anal margin and sides 
 are used as spinerets, exuding a cottony-like secretion of which 
 the egg-case is formed. During her growth, and before begin- 
 ning to spin her egg-case, the females exude a honeydew, 
 which forms a black smut on the branches and foliage, as 
 described in the chapter on the Black Scale. 
 
 Male insect (Fig. 146, Plate 3), winged — color, thorax and 
 
 Fig. 145. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 167 
 
 body dark brown, abdomen red ; antenna^ dark colored, with 
 light brown hairs extending from each joint; wings brown, 
 irridescent. 
 
 Remedies. — Nos. 96, 44, 77 or 50 — one part to twelve of 
 water. If No. 50 is used, wash thoroughly with No. 5 or 
 7 after the leaves drop off. Simple remedies are of no avail 
 in fighting this pest. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE FIG. 
 
 The Green Fruit-beetle (Gymnetis nitido). and the Cottony 
 Cushion-scale (/. jjurchasi) infest the lig, but are treated of in 
 another part of this work. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Grape-root Borer (JEgeria polistifm-mis) 93 
 The Broad-necked Prionus (Priomis lati- 
 
 collis) 94 
 
 The Grape-root Louse (Phylloxera vmta- 
 
 trix) 95 
 
 The Cottony Grape-scale (Lecanium vitis).96 
 
 The Grape Scale (Aspidiotiis tivee) 97 
 
 The Decaying Wood Borer (Lyctug) 98 
 
 The Achemon Sphinx {Philampelis ache- 
 
 mon) 99 
 
 The Satellite Sphinx (Philainpelin satel- 
 
 litia) 100 
 
 The Abbott Sphinx {Thyreu^ Abbottii). . . .101 
 The Hog Caterpillar (Clicerocampa pam- 
 
 pinatrix) 102 
 
 The White-lined Sphinx {Deilephila lineata)10S 
 The Eight-spotted Forester (Alypia octo- 
 
 ifMculala) 104 
 
 The Beautiful Wood-nymph {Eitdryas 
 
 grata) 105 
 
 The Grape-vine Epimenis (Psychomorpha 
 
 epimeiiU) 106 
 
 The American Vroms{Procriii Americana)\(yi 
 The Grape-leaf Folder (Desmia macu- 
 
 lalU) 108 
 
 The Grape-vine Plume (Ptei'opharus peri- 
 
 scelidactylufi) 109 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Grape-vine Flea-beetle {Haltica chaly- 
 
 bea) 110 
 
 The Imported Grape Flea-beetle (Adoxus 
 
 ritix) Ill 
 
 The Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspino- 
 
 sxts) 112 
 
 The Spotted Pelidnota (Pelidnota punc- 
 tata) 113 
 
 The California Grape-vine Hopper (Ery- 
 
 thronetira comes) 114 
 
 The Grape-vine Aphis (Siphonophora viti- 
 
 cola) 115 
 
 The False Chinch-bug (Xygius destructor) 116 
 
 The Yellow Mite 117 
 
 The Angular-winged Katydid (Microcentrum 
 
 retinerns) 118 
 
 The Snowy Tree-cricket {€Ecanthtisniveu.->) 119 
 The Grape Curculio(C«//'orfe»' irueqiialin).. 120 
 
 The Grape-seed Maggot (lnosoina vitia) 121 
 
 The Grape-leaf KoUer (Tortrix Sp?) 122 
 
 The following insects also nfest the Grape : 
 The Red Scale {Aspidiotus aurantii). 
 The Branch and Twig-burrower {Polycaon con- 
 
 fertus). 
 The Apple-twig Borer (BostrkhiM bicaudatus). 
 The Yellow Bear (Spilosoma Virginiva). 
 
 CHAPTER CXIII. 
 
 The Grape-root Borer. 
 
 {jEgeria polistijormis. — Harris. ) 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Famih-, .Egerid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the bark and sapwood of the roots of the 
 grapevine; a whitish sixteen-legged hirva.] 
 
 The female moth (Fig. 146fe) usually deposits her eggs upon 
 the vine close to the ground, and the young borer, as soon as 
 
INSECTS INFEST ryr; THE a RAPE. 
 
 109 
 
 issuing from the egg, begins to excavate a ))un'ow through and 
 just l)eneath the bark, proceeding directly to the roots, devour- 
 ing the sapwood and leaving the heart untouched. When fully 
 grown (Fig. 147) it measures aljout one inch and six lines in 
 length. Before pupating, it forms an oval pod-like cocoon 
 neai- the infested roots. The moth, or perfect insect, issues in 
 July or early in August. Male insect (Fig. 14(5^) — The fore- 
 wings of the moth expand a little over one inch, and are of a 
 brownish-black color, with one or two nearly transparent spots 
 at the base of each ; the hind wings are transparent, with the 
 veins and outer border brownish-black. The bodv is black 
 and variously marked with yellow ; in some the basal part of 
 the abdomen is l)Iack. with the remainder dull yellowish ; in 
 others the abdomen is AvhoUy Ijlack, with the exception of one 
 or two yellow rings. — [Condensed from Riley. 
 
 Fig. 
 Fig. 146. U7. 
 
 Fig. 14(). — Grape-root Borer ]N[oths — colors, dark brown 
 and oiange ; a, the male moth : h, the female. 
 Fig. 147. — Grape-root Borer — color, yellowish. 
 Remedy. — Use No. .^ or its. The latter is preferable. 
 
 (CHAPTER GXIV. 
 
 The Broad-necked Prionus. (Cal.) 
 
 {Prion IIS latiroUi''. — Drurv.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptej{.v ; Family, Ceka.mbvcid.e. 
 
 [Living upon and usually hollowing out the roots of apple 
 trees, gra})e and hop vines ; a large white nearlv footless 
 12 
 
170 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 larva or grub, having the first segment of its body larger than 
 any of the others.] 
 
 This larva (Fig. 148) is of a creamy-white color, with a pale 
 bluish line along the back ; the first segment is as long or 
 longer than the next three combined ; the body tapers gradu- 
 ally from the third segment backward ; the head is brown, and 
 the legs are minute. It is supposed to pass three years in the 
 larva state. When fully grown it measures about three inches 
 in length ; it then deserts the roots and forms a smooth cavity 
 in the earth, wherein to undergo its transformations. The 
 perfect beetle appears in about three weeks after the change 
 to the pupa form (Fig. 149) has taken place. 
 
 Fis. 148. 
 
 Fig. 148. — Larva of Broad-necked Prionus — color, yellow- 
 ish-white. 
 
 Fig. 149. Fig. 150. 
 
 Fig. 149. — Pupa of Broad-necked Prionus — color, yellowish- 
 white. 
 
 Fis. 150. — Broad-necked Prionus — color, brownish-black. 
 
INSECTS INPESTrNG THE GRAPK 
 
 171 
 
 These lieetles (Fig. 150) vary in leiigtli from a little over an 
 inch fo an inch and eight lines, and are of a brownish blaek 
 color ; on each side of the thorax are three teeth, the middle 
 one the most ])rominent. 
 
 There is another beetle very closely related to the above 
 species, which, like the latter, also infest the roots of grape 
 and lu)}> vines in its larva state. This is known as tlie tile- 
 horned prionus {Pn'ouis imhriroiiiia). It ditfers from the 
 broad-necked species in having from sixteen to nineteen joints 
 in each antenna, whereas those of the broad-necked species 
 have only twelve joints. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 99. 
 
 CHAPTER CXV. 
 
 The Grape-root Louse. (Cal.) 
 ( Phyllo.rrra ru-^tat ri.r. — Planchon.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ( ^^ ., . 
 
 o 1 1 XT l^amilv, ApniDiD/E. 
 
 Sub-order, Homopteka; \ • ' 
 
 [A minute yellow louse, feeding upon the roots of the grape 
 Fig. 151. 
 
 vme. 
 
 sini] 
 
 Fig. 151. — rjrape 
 Root Louse froot- 
 iidial)iting form) : 
 a, an infested root ; 
 />,hibei-natinglouse 
 enlai'ged — color, 
 yellow : r, its an- 
 tenna enlarged ; (/, 
 one of its legs en- 
 larged : r, J\ and (/, 
 the lice enlarged — 
 color, yellow ; /, a 
 tubercle enlarged ; 
 /( and ,/', granula- 
 tions t>f the skin, 
 enlarged ; /.-, the 
 le eyes, eidarged. 1 will not give an extended descrip- 
 
172 INJECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 tion of this pest, nor an account of the damage done to vine- 
 growers- by its ravages, as the reports of the State Board of 
 Viticultural Commissioners, the report of Charles A. Wet- 
 more, Chief Elxecutive Viticultural Officer ; papers l)y Prof 
 E. W. Hilgard and others, of this State, and Prof. C. \. 
 Riley's Missouri Reports, have given full information of its 
 natural history, habits, etc. 
 
 Unfortunately the presence of the grape-root louse (Fig. 
 151) in some of the vinej^ards of this State is established 
 l)ey()n(l a doubt, and that a large acreage of vineyard property 
 has been destroyed by the ravages of this pest many of the 
 vine-growers can offer substantial verifications. 
 
 Various opinions have been expressed as to how this insect 
 sprea<ls from one vine-growing district to another. A asserts 
 that the winged individuals fly from one vineyard to another, 
 as other species of Aphididse spread on their respective food 
 l)lants. B considers that the insect is spread by transporting 
 from infested vineyards rooted vines and cuttings on which 
 the Winter egg is deposited. C claims that the grape-root 
 louse was brought on his premises by boxes returned from 
 market in which grapes had been shipped. D insists tliat he 
 has not had any boxes returned to his premises, that the cut- 
 tings he used were grown in his own vineyard, yet on a patch 
 of ground five rods square the vines are infested by the Phyl- 
 loxera, although the latter are not found on his older vines 
 from which the cuttings were taken. The opinions of A, B, 
 C, and D, may individually or collectively be correct, and as 
 the pest has secured a foothold on their premises, the query 
 arises : "What can be done to save the infested vines?" 
 
 Since the first of January, 1880, 1 have visited several locali- 
 ties in which I found grape-vines infested by the grape-root 
 louse, and in nearly every case the appearance of the vine 
 indicated the presence of the pest. In conversation with the 
 vineyard owners, in relation to the decay of their vines, the 
 following questions and answers may be taken as the result of 
 such investigations : 
 
 Question— -How many crops of grapes have you taken off of 
 these vines? Answer (from different growers) — From ten to 
 fifteen cro|)S have been taken from this vineyard. 
 
INSECTS INFEST TNG THE GRAPE. 173 
 
 Q. — Were the vines pruned each year? A. — Yes. 
 
 Q. — Wliat was done with the cuttings or prunings? A. — 
 Some of them were used for cuttings for phxnting, the l»akince 
 were hauled off the ground and ])urned. 
 
 Q. — Has the ground been thoroughly cultivated each 3'ear? 
 A. — [ believe so. 
 
 Q. — And of course you gathered the crop of grapes each 
 year? A. — That is what I planted the vines for. 
 
 Q. — Have you at any time during the last eight years used 
 any kind of fertilizers on your vineyard? A. — No. 
 
 Q. — How did the yield of the vines planted fourteen years 
 ago or more, compare last year with those of four or five 
 years ago? A. — Five years ago I had a nuich larger yield on 
 the same vines. 
 
 Q. — Did you notice any difference in the yield of the crops 
 of 1881 and 1882 of the vines planted, say seven years 
 ago? A. — The crops of 1882 were heavier; but that may be 
 attributed to a favorable season, as much at least as to the 
 increased age of the vine. 
 
 My reasons for asking questions as indicated above, were this : 
 In 1880 I had formed an opinion that a remedy for the grape- 
 root louse could l)e found l)y fertilization, and so stated at a 
 meeting of the State Horticultural Society — that "The pres- 
 ence of the grape-root louse and the serious damage done by 
 it to the vine might, to a- great extent, be attriluited to the 
 weakly condition of tlie vine at the time it was attacked by 
 the pest, and which was probably caused by the vine being 
 deprived of some nutriment that it required, and which did 
 not then exist in the soil in which it was growing.'' At that 
 time some of the vine-growers took issue with me on that 
 opinion. In the month of September following the meeting of 
 the State Horticultural Society referred to, a meeting was held 
 of the " Phylloxera Congress," at Paris, France, at which the 
 President of the Congress, M. Henricy, expressed the follow- 
 ing opinion : " The phylloxera were but the result of the long 
 use and fatigue of the vine, and that they might get rid of 
 them by restoring health and vigor to the soil and plant." 
 
 Fig. 152. — Grape-root Louse, highly magnified (the root- 
 inhabiting form); a. a healthy root ; &, a root on which the 
 
174 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE GEAPE. 
 
 lice are working ; r, a root which they have deserted ; ^/, d, d, 
 d, the lice on large roots ; e, the female pupa, back vieAV — 
 color, yellowish ; /, the same, ventral view ; g, the winged 
 female, back view — color, yellow; /?, the same, ventral view; 
 i, her antennse, more highly magnified ; ,/, side view of wing- 
 less female, laying eggs ; k, a section of an infested root, show- 
 ing eflfects of their work. 
 
 Fig. 152. 
 
 In discussing the merits of fertilization, vine-growers have 
 used the following argument : " If fertilizers are used to pro- 
 duce a vigorous growth of the vine, so as to offset the damage 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 175 
 
 done by the attack of the grape-root louse, the value of the 
 grapes would be destroyed to a great extent for making fine 
 wines.'' 
 
 h\g. 153. 
 
 Fig. 158.— 
 (Trape-root T^ousc 
 (gal l-inhal)iting 
 form) ; r/, a gall 
 in the leaf cut 
 o])en ; r, a gall in 
 the temh'il ; r, ;in 
 egg, highly mag- 
 ni fied — col or, pale 
 y e 1 1 u w ; /*, back 
 view of n e w 1 y 
 hatched louse,. en- 
 larged ; a, ventral 
 view of the same, 
 enlarged — color. 
 y('lh)W ; f", //. and A. a(Udt fcmalt' lice — side view, l)ack view, 
 and ventral view, enlarged : /, an antenna — color, orange-yel- 
 low, greatly magnified ; /', a foot, greatly magniiied. 
 
 To this argument I only answer : Taking into consideration 
 the general rielmess of the lands yet to be planted in this 
 State, the visitation of this pest may ])c considered a ben- 
 efit rather than a misfortune to the vine-growers who grow 
 grapes for wine-making purposes. In regard to grapes grown 
 for table use and raisin making, the objection to the use of 
 fertilizers is unttmalde, as I know a very extensive grower of 
 these varieties who has been very successful in maturing heavy 
 crops of a choice (piality by the use of fertilizers. A vine- 
 grower residing within forty miles of Sacramento had thirty- 
 nine acres, ])rincipally table grapes, which netted him a revenue 
 of nearly six thousand dollars per year. The viiu's connnenced 
 to decay to such an extent that thirty-four acres were dug out 
 and peach and apricot trees were planted in their place, and 
 these are in full bearing at the present time — June, 1888. It 
 was ascertained afterwards, by examining some of the roots 
 left in the ground, that the grape-root louse was the cause of 
 the decay of the vines. The few acres remaining were found 
 
176 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 to lie infested. Every alternate row was taken up, and fer- 
 tilizers used. The improyement in the appearance and liear- 
 ing of the vines in two years was such that the grower expressed 
 the opinion that had he known at the time his vines hegan to 
 decay, what he has since learned by practical experiments, he 
 might have saved his thirty-four acres of vines dug up, and 
 also the loss of three or four years' crop. 
 
 Remedies. — If the vines infested are planted close together, 
 say less than ten feet between the rows, dig out every third 
 row, and use as a fertilizer No. 35. 
 
 CHAPTER ('XVI. 
 
 The Cottony Grape Scale. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Lecaninm vitU. — Fitch.) 
 
 Synonym. — Coccus ritis. — Kirby. 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) ^j, ., ,, 
 
 ^ 1 ' T -u- ' Familv, C'occiD.E. 
 
 Sub-order, Homopteka ;) 
 
 [Infesting the grape vine ; a scale insect which exudes a 
 white cottony-like secretion in which its eggs are concealed.] 
 
 Fig. 155. 
 
 Fig. 154 
 
IN.SECT.S INFESTING THE GRAPE. Ill 
 
 Fig. 154. — Cottony drape Scale — color of tlie scales, reddish- 
 brown ; of the cottony masses, >vhitc. 
 
 Y\\i. 155. — Cottony Maple Scale (Piilrinariu iiDiumfrlhilis^ 
 syn. Lccdniniii accrirola, L. iiutrhinv, L. urcriniriicis) — colors, 
 brown and Avhite. 
 
 This species is closely allied to the Lcrduivni urcrirohi (Fiu's. 
 154 and 155), which infests the maple, and lias l)e('n Ibund in 
 several ]iarts of tliis State. It infests the foliage and bi-andics 
 of the grapevine. 
 
 XATIHAL HISTORY. 
 
 The f(>ninle is oval in form, and measnres abont two lines in 
 length ; color, dark-brown ; near the posterior end arc ridges 
 or carina^ and the lines se})arating tliem are darker than the 
 other parts; anal indentation similar to L. he^pcridnni or soft 
 orange scale. The eggs are white when first laid, but change 
 to a yellowish tinge before hatching; oval in form, and al)ont 
 one ninetieth of an inch in length. 
 
 In one of the cottony-like masses attached to a female of 
 this species, I have found nearly three hundred eggs. Larva — 
 color, yellowish-white ; form, ovoid ; length, one ninetieth of 
 an incli. Similar in api)earancc tollie larva of the soft orange 
 scale, excei)t in color. 
 
 Rkmedies. — When tiie vine is doi-mant, use Xos. 14, 12, or 
 18, after scrajjing off the loose liark and bui-ning it. In Sum- 
 mer use No. 4, or Xo. .'> if Xo. 4 cannot l>e had. 
 
 CHAPTER CXVII. 
 
 The Grape Scale. 
 
 {A-yil(ll()tiis iir;i\ — Com stock.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptkra ; ; ,^ ., 
 
 c. 1 1 XT r ami V, ( occid.k. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera S ■ 
 
 [A small circular scale, found on the trunk of the vine and 
 wood left from growth of the |irevious year.) 
 
 I have only had one s})ecimen of this species sent me. which 
 
178 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 was found on imported vines. Professor Conistock reports it 
 from Indiana, and describes it as infesting the lower part of the 
 grapeA'ines from the ground to the shoots of the second year's 
 growth. In comparison with the red scale it is smaller, and 
 the color is lighter, being a yellowish-brown. 
 
 Remedies. — When the vine is dormant, use Nos. 11, 12, or 
 13. In Summer use No. 4. 
 
 CHAPTER XCVIII. 
 
 Decaying Wood Borers, (Cal.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Ptinid.e. 
 
 [Grubs from three to five lines in length, found in decaying 
 wood of fruit trees and grape-vines.] 
 
 Between the months of October, 1882, and March, 1883, 
 several specimens of grubs were received that were found in 
 decaying wood of fruit trees and grape-vines. 
 
 Fig. 15(1 — Decaying Wood Borers (Bi- 
 toiiia opanihis. — Lee.) ; h, the pupa-color, 
 yellowish ; a, the larva — color, white ; in 
 the middle, the Iteetle — color l)rown. 
 Lives in dead grape canes. 
 
 I kept the specimens of larva? (Fig. 
 156«) until they assumed the puj^a form 
 (Fig. 1566), but did not succeed in rearing the perfect insect 
 (Fig. 156), as the insects died when casting the pupa skins; 
 however, they were sufficiently matured that they could be 
 identified as to family and genus. The specimens belonged to 
 the genus Lijrtii.'< of Latreille (in Crotch's Check List, the Bitmna 
 of Hubner). Those insects whose grubs are found boring in 
 decayed Avood arc not injurious to trees of a healthy growth. 
 Remedy. — Cut out and burn all decayed wood on vines. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 179 
 
 CHAPTER XCIX. 
 
 The Achemon Sphinx. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Ph ila iiijifUs ncJtonnn . — Drury .) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Sphingid/E. 
 
 [Fcedino; upon the loaves of the grapevine, a large green 
 yellowish or l)rown worm, with six narrow eream-colored spots 
 on eaeii side of the l)0(lv. I 
 
 Fig. 157, 
 
 Fig. 157- 
 C a terpillar 
 of A c h e - 
 mon sphinx 
 — ( ■ o 1 o r s , 
 yellow and 
 hrown. 
 \\'hcn fully grown (Fig. lo7) it measures ahout three inches 
 and six lines in length ; it then deserts the vine and enters the 
 
 earth, whei-c it forms a 
 ^^^- ^^^ •-. _ _^ smooth eell in which to 
 
 x undergo i t s transforma- 
 \ ^;J^^ lion. (Fig. 158.) 
 
 ,_ ___ Fig. 158. — Pupa of Ache- 
 
 mon s]>hinx — eolor, hrown. 
 The young worm is green, with a long slender horn on the 
 hind end of the hody ; after casting its skin several times the 
 horn disappears, and in its i)lace is a polished hlaek tul)ercle ; 
 the body is now a pale straw-color on the back, the sides hrown 
 and marked with six narrow scalloped cream-colored spots. 
 
 The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 15*)) expand from three to 
 four inches, are of a dark olive-gray color, marked with three 
 dark olive spots; the basal part of the hind wings is roseate, 
 followed by a dark stri})e, next to which is the olive border. 
 The body is fawn color, with two triangular oliv(^ colored spots 
 on the thorax. 
 
180 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fig. 159. — Achemon Sphinx — colors, gray, brown and pink. 
 
 Fig. 159. 
 
 
 '1 
 
 Li 
 
 J" 
 
 
 
 
 !^ 
 
 jy 
 
 * 
 
 
 iW 
 
 
 ^- 
 
 
 ""■ 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 M»^ I 
 
 ^. 
 
 / 
 
 ^ae. 0^ 
 
 Remedies. — Nos. 14, 100 and 101. (See letter of Mr. Blowers, 
 No. 83.) 
 
 CHAPTER C. 
 
 The Satellite Sphinx. (Cal.) 
 
 (Philampelis mteUitia. — Linn.) 
 
 Synonyim. — P. pandoms. — Hubner. 
 
 Order, Lepidopteka ; Family, Sphingid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a large brown 
 worm, having five or six large creain-oolored spots on each 
 side of the body.] 
 
 The egg from which this worm hatches is deposited singly 
 upon a leaf. When first hatched, and for some time after- 
 wards, the worm is green, with a tinge of pink along the sides, 
 and on the hind part of the body is a long curved horn. After 
 the worm has cast its skin about three times, the horn 
 disappears, and in its place is a polished, Idaclv tubercle ; the 
 color of the body is now a rich velvety l)rown, with five or six 
 cream-yellow spots upon each side, ^^'hon fully grown (Fig- 
 
INSECTS TNFESTTNO THE (/RAPE. 
 
 181 
 
 160) it measures three inehes or more in length; it then enters 
 the earth, and forms a smooth eell in which to undergo its 
 transformations. 
 
 Fig. 160. 
 
 Fig. 160. — CaterpilUirs oi' .Satellite Sphinx — colors, green 
 or brownish and yellowish-white; c, the young catcrpilhir ; b, 
 the same nearly grown, at rest; «, the full grown cater))illar. 
 
 Fig. 161. 
 
 Tlie moth (Fig. 161) into which this worm is finally trans- 
 formed, expands from four to five inches ; the fore-wings are 
 
182 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 pale olive-gray, marked with darker olive-green patches, one of 
 which is at the tip, one near the outer hind angle, and a third 
 on the hind margin near the bod5\ 
 
 Fig. 161.— Satellite Sphinx — colors, gray and dark olive-green. 
 
 Remedies.— Use Nos. 14, 100, and 101. (See R. B. Blow- 
 ers' letter. No. 33). 
 
 CHAPTER CI. 
 
 The Abbott Sphinx. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Thi/reus Aohotii — Swainson.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Sphingidje. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a checkered 
 yellowish and brown worm, nearly three inches in length, hav- 
 ing a polished black tubercle on the hind part of the lx»dy.] 
 
 The ground color of this caterpillar (Fig. 1G2) is a dirty yel- 
 lowish, marked with numerous transverse black lines and 
 black-brown patches, forming a line along each side of the 
 body. The head is slightly roughened and dark, and is marked 
 with a light streak, and there is another streak in the middle, 
 which sometimes forms the letter X. When about to pupate, it 
 deserts the vine and spins a cocoon beneath the leaves, etc. 
 
 Fig. 162.~ 
 'P^S.'i-G'I. Abbot Sphinx; 
 
 upper figure, 
 the caterpillar 
 — colors, yel- 
 lowish an (1 
 black ; lowci' 
 fi g u r e, t h e 
 moth — colors, 
 grayish-brown 
 and pale yel- 
 low. 
 
 The perfect 
 moth(Fig. 162) 
 has the outer 
 edge of the wings deeply scalloped; the fore-wings are dull 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 183 
 
 grayish-ljrown, variegated with dark brown; the liind wings 
 are pale yellow, with a dark brown hind ])order. 
 Remedies.— Use Nos. 14, 100, and 101. 
 
 CHAPTP]H CIl. 
 
 The Hog- Caterpillar. 
 
 {Ch(troc(imj)(i pmnpiiiatrix — Abbott and Sniitli.) 
 
 tSvxoNYM — Darapsa niijron . — Cramer. 
 
 Order, Lkpidoptera ; Family. Sphi.xgid.e. 
 
 i I I I I I I M I I lilil 
 
 Fiff. 163. 
 
 The measurements of insects in this work are triveii in inches and lines. The aliove out rep- 
 resents one inch diviiied into lines and fractions thrreof. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grape-vines; a l)rown or 
 green worm, witli a light stripe on eaeh side of tlie body and a 
 curved horn on the posterior end.] 
 
 The eggs of this species are perfectly round, of a uniform 
 yellowish-green color, and are glued, singly, to the underside 
 of the leaves. 
 
 Fig. 163.— Hog 
 Caterpillar— color 
 green and yellow- 
 ish. 
 
 The full grown 
 worm (Fig. 1()8) 
 measures a))out 
 one inch and six 
 lines in length ; is 
 of a pale green or 
 brown color, mark- 
 ed with a yellow 
 stripe on each side 
 of the body, and 
 
 'I'PTOil*-- 
 
 with a row of dark spots on the back. It receives its name of 
 " Hog Caterpillar '' from the forepart of the body being greatly 
 
184 
 
 rNSECTS INFEST TNG THE (I RAPE. 
 
 Fig. 164. 
 
 swollen, thence tapering to the head, giving to this part a 
 vague resemblance to the head of a fat hog. When about to 
 
 pupate it deserts the vine and 
 spins an imperfect cocoon be- 
 neath the leaves, etc. (Pupa, 
 Fig. 164.) 
 
 Fig. 1()4. — Pupa of Hog Cater- 
 pillar in its cocoon — color, 
 brown. 
 
 The perfect moth (Fig. 165) expands about two inches and 
 three lines, and has the body and fore-wings of a lilac gray 
 
 color, marked and 
 Fig. 165. , ' ... ,. 
 
 shaded with olive 
 
 green, while the 
 hind wings are of 
 a deep rust color, 
 with a shade of 
 gray near tlieir in- 
 ner angle. — Riley. 
 Fig. 165.— Moth 
 of Hog Caterpil- 
 lar — colors, gray, olive-green and rust-red. 
 
 Use the same remedies as recommended for the Achemon 
 Sphinx— Chapter CXIX. 
 
 CHAPTER CIII. 
 
 The White-lined Sphinx. (Cal.) 
 
 {Di'ilephihi line(tt(( — Fabricius.) 
 
 Order, Lepii)Opter.\ ; Family, Sphixgid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grape, apple, melon and 
 turnip ; a green or brownish-l)lack worm, having a horn u})()n 
 the liind end of th(> body.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 Fig. 166. 
 
 185 
 
 Fig. 166. — Caterpillar of White-lined Sphinx — colors, green 
 and yellow. 
 
 This worm appears in two entirely' different colorings ; 
 in the more common form (Fig. 166) it is yellowish-green, 
 with a row of oval spots along each side of the back, which 
 are usually connected by a yellow line ; these spots consist of 
 two curved black spots enclosing a yellow and a crimson spot. 
 
 Fig. 167. 
 
 Fig. 167. — Caterpillar of White-lined Sphinx — colors, black 
 and yellow. 
 
 In the other form (Fig. 167) the body is black, usually 
 marked on the back with a yellow line, and Avith a number of 
 yellow spots on each side of the body. When fully grown it 
 measures from three to four inches in length ; it then creeps 
 beneath some leaves or other rubbish, sometimes even enter- 
 ing the earth, and forms a smooth cell in which to undergo 
 its transformations. 
 
 The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 168) expand al)out three 
 inches, are of a dark olive-green color, with a whitish line 
 extending from the base to the tip of each wing ; the hind 
 wings are black, with a rose-colored band extending length- 
 wise through the middle. This moth is quite common in this 
 State, and may frequently be seen in the evening twilight 
 liovering over the flowers like a humming-bird. 
 
186 TNSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fig. 168. 
 
 Fig. 168, — White-lined Sphinx — colors, olive-green, white, 
 hlack and rose-colored. 
 
 Remedies. — Nos. 14, 100 and 101. 
 
 CHAPTER CIV. 
 
 The Eight-spotted Forester. (Cal.) 
 
 (Alypia octoviaculata. — Fabricius. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ZYG.ENiDiE. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a bluish-white 
 worm, dotted with black, and having on the middle of each 
 segme'nt a broad transverse orange band, on each side of 
 which are four black rings.] 
 
 Fig. 169.-- -Eight-spotted For- 
 ester and Caterpillar ; c, the 
 moth — colors, blue-black and 
 yellow ; a, the caterpillar — col- 
 ors, bluish-white, black and 
 orange ; h, one segment of its 
 body, enlarged. 
 
 This worm wlien fully grown 
 (Fig. l()9r^) measures one inch 
 and four lines in length ; it 
 pupates within a slight cocoon 
 
 Fig. 196. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 187 
 
 spun beneath some leaves, or just beneath the surface of the 
 ground. The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 169c) are of a deep 
 blue-black color, and each are marked with two light yellow 
 spots ; the hind wings are also blue-black, and are each marked 
 with two white spots. The larvae are found in the latter part 
 of May. One specimen was received about May •27th, and one 
 on the 3d of June, 1882 ; both specimens were nearly full 
 grown. 
 
 Remedies. — Where vines are seriously infested, spray with 
 No. 5 or 7, witK an equal number of gallons of No. 9 added ; 
 also No. 101. The larva will creep under chips, etc., laid on 
 the ground under the vine, to pupate, and can be gathered in 
 the Autumn. 
 
 CHAPTER CV. 
 
 The Beautiful Wood Nymph. 
 
 ( Eiidryas grata . — Fabricius. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Zyg^nid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a bluish-white 
 caterpillar dotted with black, and marked on the middle of 
 each segment with a transverse orange band, on each side of 
 which are three black rings.] 
 
 Fig. 170.— Caterpillar and 
 eggs of the Beautiful Wood 
 Nymph ; a, the caterpillar- 
 colors, bluish, black and 
 orange ; b, a segment of its 
 bod}' enlarged ; d, back view 
 of hump on eleventh seg- 
 ment enlarged : c, back view 
 
 of the top of first segment enlarged ; /, side view of an egg 
 enlarged (natural size indicated beneath) ; e, an egg as seen 
 from above enlarged (natural size indicated at the right) — 
 colors, yellowish and black. 
 
 The full grown larva (Fig. 170) measures about one inch and 
 six lines in length ; it tlien deserts tho vines and burrows a 
 
188 
 
 IN,SECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fig. 171. 
 
 short distance into a piece of soft wood, or enters the earth 
 and forms a cell in which to pass the pupa state. 
 
 Fig. 171.— Beautiful Wood 
 Nymph (female moth) — col- 
 ors, white, yellow, brown and 
 olive-green. 
 
 The fore wings of the moth 
 (Fig. 171) expand about one 
 inch and six lines, and are of 
 a white colof, broadly l)or- 
 dered and marked with red- 
 dish-brown and olive-green; the hind wings are pale yellow, 
 broadly marked with pale brown on the hind border. — Riley. 
 I have not found this species in this State, although moths 
 of a similar description have been reported. 
 
 Remedies. — Same as recommended for the Eight-spotted 
 Forester, Chapter CIV. 
 
 CHAPTER CVI. 
 
 The Grapevine Epimenis. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Psychomorpha epimenis. — Drury . ) 
 
 Order, Lepidopteea ; Family, Zyg.enid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine; a bluish-white 
 caterpillar, dotted with black and marked on each segment 
 with four black rings.] 
 
 Fig. 172.— Caterpillar of Fig. 172. 
 
 Grapevine Epimenis ; a, the 
 caterpillar— colors, white and 
 black ; h, segment of its body, 
 enlarged ; c, back view of the 
 top of the eleventh segment, 
 
 enlarged. This caterpillar (Fig. 172) lives in a sort of nest 
 formed by fastening several leaves together with silken threads. 
 When fully grown, it measures about one inch in length ; it 
 then deserts the vine and bores into wood or other sufficiently 
 soft substance, and forms a cell in which to undergo its trans- 
 fornuitions. 
 
INSECTS FN FES TING THE (Hi APE. 
 
 1S9 
 
 Fig. 17H. — (irapevine Epimenis (male Fif,'. 173. 
 
 moth) — colors, black, white, and red. 
 
 The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 178) 
 expand a little over an inch, are of a vel- 
 vety blacdv color, marked with blue ; and a 
 little beyond the middle of each is a large yellowish spot, 
 which on the hind wings is of a- deep orange color. 1 have 
 found the nest and caterpillar as described early in May, Ijut 
 failed to rear the perfect insect. 
 
 Rk.medies. — Use No. 24, and the same as recommended for 
 the Eight-spotted Forester, Chap. CIV. 
 
 CHAPTER evil. 
 
 The American Proeris. 
 
 ( Proeris. A mericana. — Bois.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera : Family, Zyg.exid.i:. 
 
 [Feeding in companies upon the leaves of the grapevine : a 
 small yellowish caterpillar, usually having small tufts of black 
 hairs on the body.] 
 
 Fig. 174. — Ameri- 
 can Proeris Caterpil- 
 lars on a leaf — colors, 
 yellow and l>lack. 
 
 These cater})illars 
 (Fig. 174) arrange 
 themselves side l)y 
 side, their heads all 
 pointing in one direc- 
 tion. When young, 
 they eat only the 
 surface of the leaves, 
 but when they get 
 stronger, they devour 
 all the leaf excepting 
 the larger veins. 
 
 Fig. 174. 
 
190 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 The full grown caterpillar (Fig. 175a) measures about six 
 lines in length, is of a pale yellow, with a row of black prickly 
 tufts on each segment : the first segment is black, with a yel- 
 low edge, and the head is brown. When about to pupate they 
 desert the plants and spin in some sheltered place their tough, 
 flattened, whitish cocoons (Fig. 175c). The perfect moth (Fig. 
 175, d and g,) expands a little under an inch, and is wholly 
 black except the deep orange collar. I have not found this 
 species in this State, although its presence here has been 
 reported. The above description is taken from Riley's Second 
 
 Missouri Report. 
 
 Fig. 175. — American Pro- 
 
 cris ; e, the moth, with its 
 
 w i n g s expanded ; d, the 
 
 same, with its wings closed 
 
 — colors, 'black and orange; 
 
 a, the caterpillar — colors, 
 
 yellow and black ; b, the 
 
 pupa — color, brown ; c, the 
 
 cocoon — color, whitish. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7. mixed with equal quantity of 
 
 No. 9 ; on non-bearing or young vines, use No. 10 or No. 103. 
 
 CHAPTER CVIII. 
 
 The Grape Leaf-folder. 
 
 (Desmia maculalis. — Westwood, ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid^. 
 
 [Living in a folded grape leaf; a pale-green larva or cater- 
 pillar, with a reddish-brown head, marked with darker spots.] 
 
 When fully grown this larva (Fig. 176, -?,) measures about 
 ten lines in length. It assumes the pupa form (Fig. 176, 3,) 
 within its nest. At least two broods are produced in one year ; 
 the last brood spends the Winter in the pupa or chrysalis state, 
 and the moths issue during the month of May of the following 
 year. 
 
INSECTS INFEST TNO THE GRAPE. 
 
 191 
 
 The perfect insect or moth (Fig. 176, 4 and o,) is of a black 
 color, the fore-wings marked with two white spots and the hind 
 wings with only one white spot — but this is sometimes divided 
 into two spots ; all of the wings are bordered with white. 
 
 Fig. 176. 
 
 Fig. 17(>. — Grape Leaf-folder ; 1, the caterpillar — color, green 
 or yellowish ; 2, the head and fore part of its body, enlarged ; 
 S, the pupa — color, brown : .^, the male moth — colors, l)lack 
 and white ; 5, the female moth — colors, black and white. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 24 ; where seriously infested use \o. 5 
 or 7, with an equal quantity of No. 9. 
 
 CHAPTER CIX. 
 
 The Grapevine Plume. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Pterophorns perisrelidactt/Ius. — Fitch. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pterophokid.e. 
 
 [Living in a rolled grape leaf, upon which it feeds ; a small 
 pale greenish caterpillar, about six lines long, with numerous 
 spreading clusters of whitish hairs.] 
 
 This caterpillar (Fig. 177a) usually fastens the oppijsite 
 edges of a leaf together with silken threads, but it sometimes 
 fastens several leaves together, forming a large cavity in which 
 it resides. When about to pupate — which is about the tenth 
 of May — it suspends itself by the hind feet. The pupa (Fig. 
 1776) is angular, and the anterior end appears as if it had 
 been obliquely cut off; on the middle of the back are two 
 angular projections. 
 
192 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE OR APE. 
 
 Fig. 177. — Grapevine Plume ; 
 rf, the moth — colors, pale yellow, 
 white, and brown ; a, the cater- 
 pillars in their nests — color, 
 greenish-yellow,with white hairs ; 
 6, the pupa — color, green or 
 brown ; c, one of the horns on 
 the back of the pupa, enlarged ; 
 e, one of the leg-bearing segments 
 of the larva, enlarged. 
 
 The perfect moth (Fig. llld) 
 expands a little over nine lines, 
 is of a tawny yellow color, and 
 each fore-wing is marked with 
 about five white spots ; these 
 M'ings are cleft or cut nearly to 
 the middle ; the hind wings are 
 cleft twice, the forward cleft 
 reaching nearly to the middle, and the second cleft reaches 
 nearly to the base of the wing ; they are rusty brown at the 
 base, with the remaining part tawny yellow. I have found the 
 perfect insect ; also, a rolled leaf on vines. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No, 24. Spray in the latter part of April, or 
 early in May, with No. 5 or 7. 
 
 CHAPTER ex. 
 
 The Grapevine, or Steel-blue Flea-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Haltica chalyhea. — Uliger. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the buds or leaves of the grape and willow ; 
 an elongate brownish six-legged larva, marked with black 
 dots and with a black head ; finally changing to a small blue- 
 black beetle, about two lines in length.] 
 
IN8E0TS INFESTINO THE GRAPE. 
 
 193 
 
 Fig-. 1 78. — Grape- 
 vine Flea-beetle and 
 Larvte; a, several lar- 
 va? on a leaf ; 6, a lar- 
 va enlarged — colors, 
 brown and black ; c, 
 the cocoon ; d, the 
 beetle enlarged— col- 
 or, steel-blue. 
 
 These beetles have 
 the hind thighs 
 greatly enlarged, 
 which enables them 
 to leap to a consid- 
 erable distance, like 
 a flea ; it is from this 
 peculiarity that they 
 take the name of 
 " flea-beetles." They spend the Winter in some sheltered situa- 
 tion, and come forth early in the following Spring and feed upon 
 the buds of grapevines, usually hollowing them out. As soon 
 as the leaves are expanded the females deposit their eggs upon 
 them ; in a few days the young are hatched, and immediately 
 begin to feed upon the leaves. When fully grown (Fig. 1786) 
 they descend to the ground, which they enter, and form small 
 cells (Fig. 178c) in which to pass the pupa state. These 
 insects are very destructive to grapevines, and every effort 
 should be made to exterminate them. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 19, 20, 21 or 102. On young non-bearing 
 grapevines, etc., use Xo. lOo, or Xo. 10 may be used instead. 
 
194 TN SECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 CHAPTER CXI. 
 The Imported Grape Flea-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 {Adoxis vitis. — Linnaeus.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.^:. 
 
 [A small (lark-brown beetle, feeding upon the leaves of the 
 grapevine.] 
 
 This species was reported in 1882, from at least six of the 
 vine-growing districts, as damaging the foliage of grapevines, 
 and is reported this Spring (1883) to be destroying the vines 
 infested. This is an enemy of the grapevine, which must be 
 eradicated. Their mode of attack on the vines is similar to 
 that of the steel-blue or grape flea-beetle {Haltica chalybea), 
 and they frequently damage young vines to such an extent 
 that they die. One vineyard in this vicinity (Sacramento) has 
 been damaged seriously this Spring. The perfect insect (Fig. 
 179, Plate 3,) is black, with a sub-metallic luster of a greenish 
 hue, but after emerging from the pupa state is of a reddish- 
 brown color. It is ovate and convex, and measures from two 
 lines to two and one quarter lines in length ; antennae, eleven 
 jointed. This insect, although known to be widely destructive 
 on the Pacific Coast and in the mountainous I'egions of the 
 Atlantic States, had not been reported as being very injurious 
 in this State until 1882. In Europe it is well known as a dan- 
 gerous enemy to the grapevines, especially in France, where it 
 is called C. griboimer, and where much has been written in 
 regard to its destructive habits. 
 
 Remedies. — Nos. 19, 20, 21 and 102. On young non-bear 
 ing grapevines Nos. 103 and 10 may be used. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 195 
 
 CHAPTER CXII. 
 
 The Rose Chafer. (Cal.) 
 
 [Macrodactylus subspinosus. — Fabr.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^eid^e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grape, rose, apple, cherry, 
 
 etc. ; a slender brownish-yellow beetle, about four lines long.] 
 
 This insect is a very general feeder, and at times becomes 
 
 very injurious. During its larva stage it lives in the ground, 
 
 feeding upon the roots of various kinds of plants. 
 
 The eggs laid by each female are about thirty in number, 
 and arc deposited from one to four inches below the surface of 
 the earth. 
 
 The larvie lie upon their sides, their bodies being curved so 
 that the head and tail nearly meet each other. They are of a 
 yellowish-white color, with the head pale reddish. They pass 
 the Winter in their earthen cells, and assume the pupa form 
 the following Spring, there being but one annual brood. 
 
 Fig. 180. — Rose Chafer — color, brownish-yellow. 
 The beetles, or chafers (Fig. 180), as they are com- 
 monly called, measure about four lines in length ; 
 the thorax is produced into a small point on each 
 side of the middle ; the head and thorax are black, 
 and the wing-cases brown, but the entire insect is 
 colored with yellowish scales which give it a brownish-yellow 
 appearance. 
 
 Re.medies.— Xos. 19,. 20, 21, 102; or No. 103 or Xo. 10 on 
 non-bearing vines or plants. 
 
196 
 
 TN8ECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 CHAPTER CXIII. 
 
 The Spotted Pelidnota. 
 
 (Pelid'itota 'punctata. — Liiinseus.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^id^e. 
 
 [The measurements of insects in this work aie gi\eii in inches and lines. The above cnt rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the grape vine ; a robust clay- 
 yellow Ijeetle, about one inch long, marked with a black spot 
 on each side of the thorax, and with three black spots on each 
 wing-cover.] 
 
 Fig. 181.— Spotted Fig. 181. 
 
 P e 1 i d n t a. Larva 
 and Pupa ; c, the bee- 
 tle — colors, yellowish 
 and black ; a, the grub 
 — color, white ; d, the 
 tip of its body ; e, one 
 of its antenna?, en- 
 larged ; /, one of its 
 legs, enlarged ; /), the 
 pupa in its earthen 
 cell — color, brown. 
 
 These beetles (Fig. 
 181c) sometimes occur 
 in destructive num- 
 bers upon the leaves of the cultivated grapevine, but only in 
 limited localities. 
 
 The larvaj or grubs (Fig. 181a) closely resemble the white 
 grubs, but differ in having a heart-shaped swelling at the hind 
 end of the body. 
 
 Remedies.— Use Nos. 19, 20, 21, 102 ; use Nos. 103 and 10 
 on non-bearing trees and vines. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 197 
 
 CHAPTER CXIV. 
 
 The California Grapeviner Hopper. (Cal.) 
 
 (En/thronriim romes. — Say.) 
 
 Order, Hemipteka ; } ^^ ., 
 
 Q 1 1 XT bamily, C ekcopid.t:. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptkh.v ;) • ' 
 
 [Infesting tlie leaves of the grapevine, which they piuietiire 
 with their beaks and imbibe the saj), causing the leaves to tiu'n 
 yellow prematurely; a yellowish-white vine hop])er marked 
 with orange-red.] 
 
 The perfect insects (Fig. 182, Plate o,) are yellowish-white, 
 with obli(|Ue confluent orange-red l)ands on the wing-cases, 
 and a short ol)li(|ue line on the middle of the outer margin of 
 each ; on the thorax are usually three red stripes, the middle 
 one forked anteriorly and confluent with two red stripes on 
 the crown of the head ; Icnigth, ab(»ut one line and a half. The 
 scutellum is lai'ge, triangular and marked with three orange 
 spots which form a triangle : the two anterior spots are some- 
 times black. At the outer fore-angle of the wing-cases is a 
 black dot, and there is another black dot at the outer hind 
 angle; the posterior tibia^ are densely spined. and there is a 
 row of spines on the anterior tibia'. 
 
 These insects hibernate in the perfect state around the vines, 
 etc., and come forth in the following Spring and feed u])on the 
 new growth of vegetation. The females deposit their eggs 
 upon the leaves o\' the grapevine as soon as the latter are 
 expanded. The young vine-hoppers closely resemble the 
 adults in form, but are destitute of wings. They cast their 
 skins several times before arri^dng at maturity, and these 
 white cast off skins may frequently' be found adhering to the 
 leaves or scattered upon the ground beneath them. I have 
 first observed the perfect insect in the month of July. 
 
 These insects puncture the leaves of the vine and extract 
 the sap to such an extent as to cause the leaves to turn yellow 
 prematurely, preventing the canes from ripening, and when the 
 grapes, picked off of the inxcstcd vines, are used for shipping 
 to the Eastern States they arc liable to mildew. 
 
 Remedies.— Nos. 82 and :V.\. (See Xos. 19, 20, 21 and 108.) 
 
198 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 CHAPTER CXV. 
 
 The Grapevine Aphis. 
 
 ( Siphonophora viticolse. — Thomas. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) -c^ ^^ \ ^„^^^^ ^ 
 
 o 1 ' 1 TT \ Family, APHiDiDiE. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera \) -^ ' 
 
 [Living upon the leaves and twigs of grapevines, which they 
 puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; small brown- 
 ish plant lice.] 
 
 The wingless females are dusky brown ; the legs and honey 
 tubes are black ; the latter are about one fourth as long as the 
 body. The winged lice are colored similar to the wingless 
 ones, but are darker. — Professor Thomas. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; No. 4 will also be effectual, or 
 No. 64. 
 
 CHAPTER CXVI. 
 
 The False Chinch Bug. (Cal.) 
 
 (Nysius destructor. — Say ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } -^y .. j^,^^^^^ 
 c, 1 ' J TT If amilv, Lyg^id^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) - ' 
 
 [A small grayish-brown bug, feeding on the foliage of the 
 grapevine, etc.] 
 
 In 1882 specimens of the larva and pupa (Fig. 1836) of this 
 species were sent me, accompanied by a note stating that these 
 insects were destroying the foliage of grapevines (Fig. 183a), 
 and in two or three weeks later specimens of the perfect insect 
 were received. The first letter received with these specimens 
 stated that vines on about five rods square of ground were 
 attacked ; ten days later nearly tAvo acres were infested before 
 the insects were checked from spreading. 
 
— o' 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE GEAPE. 199 
 
 Fig. 183. ^^S- 183. — False 
 
 Chinch Bug ; a, a 
 
 '^° V' ^ '^T'^'M^jfT^ l^It?^! 'caf, showing its 
 
 work ; 6, a pupa — 
 colors, dingy yellow, 
 red, and brown ; c, 
 tlie adult — colors, 
 ^ iT ^ y J \^l^ ^ grayish-brown and 
 
 black. 
 
 The perfect insect (Fig. 183c) is of a grayish-brown color; 
 the wing covers (hemelytra) are nearly transparent, and gen- 
 erally colorless ; the legs are yellowish, inclining to brown ; 
 length, one and one half lines — in some specimens a little 
 over. The pupa is nearly of the same color as the perfect 
 insect, excepting that the longitudinal lines ai'e brighter ; in 
 color, red and brown: Aving-pads visible. The larva is of a 
 brownish-yellow color. 
 
 This plant bug is reported as feeding on the potato, cabbage, 
 etc., but has only been reported on grapevines in this State. 
 Rp:medies. — Use Nos. 36 and 51 ; or No. 65. (See No. 20.) 
 
 CHAPTER CXVII 
 
 The Yellow Mite. (Cal.) 
 
 (Tetranychus Sp?) 
 
 Class, Arachnida ; / r^ ■^ n^ 
 
 c„K ..!„., \., .^r,T. tamilv, Trombidid^. 
 
 hub-class, AcARiNA ; \ 
 
 [A small yellow mite infesting tlie branches and foliage of 
 deciduous fruit trees, grapevines and nursery stock.] 
 
 As this species was only brought to notice last year (1882), 
 1 cannot givt' any i)articulars as to its natural history. Tlie 
 color is immaculate prinn-ose-yellow, excepting that the male 
 (Fig. lS-4. Plate 3,) has two In'ight minute vermillion-red spots 
 on the anterior portion of the body (or on the shoulders). 
 The female (Fig. 1.S5, Plate 3.) is about one seventieth of an 
 inch in length ; form, ovate ; the male is smaller. 
 
200 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 They are very destructive to the fohage of fruit trees, grape- 
 vines and nursery stock, and appear to spin more than the red 
 mite. Mr. W. B. West, of Stockton, has found them on forest 
 trees. ^Ir. Williams, of Fresno, reports them on weeds 
 growing on uncultivated land. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 34. 
 
 CHAPTER CXVIII. 
 
 The Angular-winged Katydid. (Cal.) 
 
 (Microcentrum retinervis — Burmeister.) 
 
 Order, Orthoptera ; Family, Locustid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the orange, apple, cherry 
 and grapevine ; a large green grasshopper.] 
 
 The following account of the manner in which this insect 
 deposits her eggs is condensed from the excellent history of 
 this species given by Professor Riley : 
 
 " Selecting a twig about the size of a common goose-quill, 
 this provident mother prepares it for the reception of her eggs 
 by biting and roughening the bark with her jaws for a distance 
 of two or three inches. When this operation is accomplished 
 to her. satisfaction, she commences at one end of the roughened 
 portion of the tAvig and, after fretting it anew witli her 
 jaws, and feeling it over and over again with her paljji as if 
 to assure herself that all is as it should be, she curls the 
 abdomen under until the lower edge of the curved ovipositor 
 is brought between the jaws and palpi, by which it is grasped 
 and guided to the right position. It is then gently worked up 
 and down for from four to six minutes, while a viscid fluid is 
 given out apparently from the ovipositor. Finally the egg 
 gradually rises and adheres to the roughened bark ; the insect 
 now rests for a few minutes, soon to resume her efforts and 
 repeat the like performance in every particular, except that the 
 egg is placed to one side, and a little above the first." 
 
Fig-. 186. 
 
 (Miani. M / 
 
202 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 Fig. 186. — Angular-winged Katydid ; i, the adult — color, 
 green ; la, the eggs — color, brownish or slate color ; Ih, the 
 young — colors, green and yellow ; 2, an egg parasite (the 
 Eupelurus mirahilis of Walsh) female, enlarged — colors, black 
 and yellowish ; 2a, the male, enlarged — color, metallic-green ; 
 26, eggs, showing holes from which these parasites had emerged. 
 
 The eggs overlap each other (Fig. 186, 2h,) at one end and 
 are usually placed in two rows, side by side, but more rarely 
 in a single row. The number of eggs laid at one time varies 
 from two to thirty, and each female (Fig. 161, -?,) deposits 
 about two hundred eggs. As soon as hatched, the young 
 grasshoppers (Fig. 186, lb, lb,) begin to feed upon the pulpy 
 part of the leaf. They do not pass through a quiet pupa state, 
 as butterflies and many other insects are known to do, but 
 continue active from the time they leave the egg until they 
 die of old age or some other cause. Two broods are probably 
 produced in one season, the eggs of the last brood not hatch- 
 ing until the following Spring. Should this species ever 
 become numerous, a great amount of damage would be done 
 to the foliage of the trees or plants on which they feed. 
 
 Pig. 187. 
 
 Fig. 187. — Katydid — color, green. 
 
 Note. — The above insect is frequently mistaken for the true 
 katydid {Platyphyllum concavum — Harris) which inhabits the 
 eastern part of this country, but has not, so far as I am aware, 
 been found in this State. By comparing Fig. 187 with Fig. 186, 
 1, the difference 'between these two species is readily observable. 
 
 Remedies.— No. 18 ; and also by capturing and destroying 
 the perfect insects. 
 
mSECrS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 208 
 
 Fig. 189. 
 
 CHAPTER CXIX. 
 
 The Snowy Tree-crieket. 
 
 ( G'Jcantliiis n/rcKs. — Harris.) 
 
 Order, Outiioi'TKHA : Family, Okvi.i.id.i;. 
 
 [Puncturing the tender twigs of tlie grapevine, a\)\)\v and 
 peach trees, raspberry and bkiekberry bushes, and dei)()siting 
 her eggs therein ; a greenish-white cricket.] 
 
 Fig. 188.— Snowv Tree-erieket, 
 
 Fig. 188. f ^ 1 ■•11- + 
 
 iemale — color, greenish white. 
 
 In depositing her eggs, the 
 
 female cricket (Fig. 188) tirst 
 
 uses her jaws for the [»iii-])()se 
 
 of slightly tearing away the outer bark ; the ovipositor is next 
 
 inserted into the twig, and an egg thrust- into the puncture 
 
 thus niade. 
 
 Fig. 189. — Eggs of Snowy Tree-cricket; 
 a, the egg punctures in a twig ; h. the eggs 
 exposed — color, pale yellow; c, an egg 
 highly magnified ; d, upjjcr enil of the 
 same, still more highly magnified. 
 
 These eggs (Fig. 189) are usually jtlaeed 
 diagonally across the central pith. In this 
 way the female proceeds until her stock of ^s^ 
 over two hundred eggs is exhausted. These ^' * 
 punctures are freciuently made within four 
 lines of each other, and extend in an irregu- 
 lar row a distance of one foot and six lines 
 or over. — Ililey. 
 
 Fig. 190.— Snowy Tree- 
 crieket, male — color, green- 
 ish white. 
 
 \\'lien first hatched, the 
 young cricket feeds upon 
 phmt-lice, eggs, etc., and 
 has even been known to 
 attack and devour one of 
 its own kin(h'ed. After acquiring wings liiey 
 
 Fig. 190. 
 
204 
 
 INSEGTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 sometimes do considerable mischief by gnawing off the stalks 
 of green grapes, permitting the latter to fall to the ground. 
 The eggs are usually deposited in the latter part of Summer 
 or early in the Autumn, and these do not hatch out until the 
 following Spring. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 28. 
 
 CHAPTER CXX. 
 
 The Grape Cureulio. 
 
 (Crr.Iiodrs ina^quaJis. — Say.) 
 
 Order. Coleoptek.a ; Family, Curculioxid^. 
 
 [Living in grapes, a whitisli or bluish footless grub about 
 two lines long, with a brownish head ; when fully grown 
 deserting the fruit and entering the earth to pupate.] 
 
 Fig. 191. — Grape 
 
 Fig. 191. 
 Fif/.l 
 
 Cureulio enlarged- 
 Fig.l b \^ '■^■' ^ color, grayish- 
 
 black ; a, one of its 
 FigJa f^^g jggg . 5^ jts lar- 
 va — color, yellow- 
 ish-white. 
 
 The female cur- 
 lio (Fig. 191,1,) ex- 
 cavates a small cavity in the grape (Fig. 192a), and then 
 deposits therein a single egg of a bright yellow color. The 
 grub' (Fig. 1916) which hatches from this egg feeds upon the 
 pulp or flesh of the grape, and rarely upon the seeds. When 
 fully grown (Fig. 1926) it is about two 
 lines long, and each segment of its 
 body bears on each side a large fleshy 
 tubercle. 
 
 Fig. 192. — Grape Cureulio ; a, an 
 infested grape : 6, the larva enlarged — 
 color, white. 
 
 When about to assume the pupa 
 form the larva deserts the fruit, which sometimes drops from 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 205 
 
 the vines previous to this, and enters the earth to the depth of 
 a few inches, where it forms a small cavity in which it shortly 
 afterwards assumes the pupa form. The beetle issues in the 
 Fall, and passes the Winter in some sheltered place. The 
 perfect beetle is nearly hemisi)herical in outline, and of a 
 black color, but is covered with short a])pressed scale-like 
 white hairs, which give it a grayish tinge ; the legs are red- 
 dish, and on the upper and outer edge of each fore and mid- 
 dle shank (tibia) is a rectangular tooth. The body measures 
 about one line in length. I have not found this species in 
 this State. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXI. 
 
 The Grape-seed Maggot. (Cal.) 
 
 (Isosoma vitis. — Saunders. ) 
 
 Order, Hymexopter.\ ; Family, Chalcidid^. 
 
 [Living within the seeds of grapes; a minute footless 
 maggot.] 
 
 This maggot (Fig. 193) burrows into the grape while the 
 covering of the seeds are still soft and tender ; it makes its way 
 directly to the seed, which it enters and feeds upon the kernel- 
 It undergoes its transformations within the seed, and the fly, 
 when about to issue, gnaws its way out. 
 
 Fig. 193. — Grape-seed Maggot — color, Fig. 193. 
 
 whitish. 
 
 The perfect fly is black, and the fore- 
 wings expand about one line. Only one 
 brood is usually produced in a year, and 
 these pass the Winter in the larva state. 
 
 Mr. Charles A. Wetmore, Chief Executive Viticultural Offi- 
 cer, called my attention to the larva found in the seed of the 
 California wild grape, from which I bred the fly, and found it 
 to be the Isosoma vitis. I do not know of any cultivated grape 
 being infested by this pest, but close attention sliould be given 
 to examinations lest it gains a foothold. 
 
 Remedies. — Should this pest spread to the cultivated varie- 
 
206 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
 
 ties, all grapes should be picked off the vines at the end of the 
 season, and if not fit for any use, destroyed ; also, all seed 
 from wine presses, etc., should be destroyed. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXII. 
 
 The Grape Leaf-roller. (Cal.) 
 
 (Tortrix Sp?) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid/E. 
 
 [Living in a rolled grape leaf; a small greenish caterpillar.] 
 
 Last season (1882) specimens of grape leaves rolled up and 
 
 fastened with silkcn^'threads, as in Figs. 194 and 195, were 
 
 ri„ T)i. 
 
 Fiy. 195. 
 
 ^ »^ H ''t ^ ^ ffrj fV .,y j -^ 'A "i^ 
 
 sent me from Fresno County. As I did not succeed in breed- 
 ing the perfect insect, I am unable to give the name of the 
 species to which this leaf-roller belongs ; but, judging from the 
 account given by Miss Ormerod and others of the oak leaf- 
 roller (Tortrix riruhiiia — Stei^hens), it is evident that our spe- 
 cies is closely related to it. 
 Remedy. — Use No. 24. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAFE. 
 
 207 
 
 CHAPTER CXXIU. 
 
 The Red-shouldered Grapevine Borer. 
 
 ( Sinoxylon basillare. — Say.) 
 
 Order. Coleoptera ; Family, Ptinid.e. 
 
 [Living in the canes of grapevines ; a small yellowish six- 
 legged larva or grub, finally changing into a black beetle which 
 is usually marked with a red spot at the base of each wing- 
 cover.] 
 
 This grub (Fig. Ido-ka) lives in the canes of grapevines, boring 
 the wood beneath the bark, and also the heart-wood, in various 
 directions. It also lives in the trunks of apple, peach and 
 hickory trees. 
 
 The pupa form (Fig. Ido^h) is assumed in the burrow. 
 
 The beetle (Fig. 195^) measures about two and a half lines 
 in length, is of a black color, and there is usually a large red- 
 dish spot at the base of each wing-cover ; the thorax is armed 
 with short spines in front, and the mng-cases are armed with 
 several small teeth at the apex or tip. 
 
 Fig. 195^. — Red-shoul- 
 
 Fig. 1951^. 
 
 dered Grapevine Borer, en- 
 larged ; a, the larva — color, 
 yellowish ; b, the pupa — 
 color, yellowish ; c, the 
 beetle — color, black and 
 reddish. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 26 
 and 27. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Raspberry-root Borer (jEgeria ritfti). .123 
 The Kaspberry-root Gall-fly (Rkodites radi- 
 
 cum) 124 
 
 The Raspberry Borer {Agrilus ruficollis). . . 125 
 The Raspberry Span-worm (Aplodes rubi- 
 
 vwa) 126 
 
 The Raspberry Leaf-roller (Exarte.ina per- 
 
 nmndana) 127 
 
 The Raspberry- .\phis (,Siphonophm-a rubi). 128 
 
 The Negro Bug (Corimclcena pulicaria). . .129 
 
 The following insects also infest the Rasp- 
 berry : 
 
 The Rose Scale (Biaspis roste). 
 The Blackberry Cane-borer (Oberea tripiinc- 
 
 tata\ 
 The Snowy Tree Cricket {(Ecanfhus niveua). 
 
 CHAPTER CXXIII. 
 
 The Raspberry-root Borer. (Cal.) 
 
 (^geria ndn. — Rik'}\ ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ^Egerid^e. 
 
 [Living in the stems and roots of raspberry and blackberry 
 bushes; a pale yellow sixteen-legged larva.] 
 
 Fig. 196. 
 
 Fig. 196. — Raspberry -root Borer — 
 colors, brown, black, and yellow ; a, the 
 male moth ; b, the female. 
 
 The perfect insect (Fig.. 196) expands 
 from one inch to one inch and three 
 lines, and is of a black color, marked 
 with gray, as folloAvs : A narrow ring 
 around the neck, the hind third of the 
 abdominal segments ; a row of tufts on 
 the back, and another row along each 
 side of the abdomen, besides a few 
 streaks on the thorax. 
 The eggs from wbich these borers hatch are deposited upon 
 
rNSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 209 
 
 the bushes at a distance of from four to six inches from the 
 ground. As soon as hatched, the young borer enters the stem 
 to the pith, and then directs its course downward to the roots, 
 which it reaches at the approach of AV^inter. Here it remains 
 until the following Spring, when it directs it course upward, 
 burrowing out a different stem than the one by which it had 
 entered the roots. After attaining its full growth it })repares 
 a place of exit, and soon afterward assumes the pupa form. 
 
 I have only found one specimen of the larva of this species 
 and have had specimens of roots sent me from which the 
 borer had matured. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37 in the latter part of June and early 
 in July ; or No. 5 or 7. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXIV. 
 
 The Raspberry-root Gall-fly. 
 
 (Rhoditei< radicivin. — Osten Sacken.) 
 Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Cyxipid.^. 
 
 [Living in a large swelling on the roots of raspl)erry bushes ; 
 small whitish footless grubs.] 
 
 If one of these galls were to be cut open, it would be found 
 to be composed of a yellowish pith^' substance, and scattered 
 through it are a number of small cells, each containing a 
 small white larva or grub. These soon change to pupse, 
 which in turn produce the perfect flies ; and the latter gnaw 
 their Avay out of the gall, leaving small holes to mark their 
 places of exit.-s-C'ondensed from Saunders. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXV. 
 
 The Raspberry Borer. 
 
 (Agrilus ritficolli><. — Fabricius. ) 
 
 Order, Coeeoptera ; Family, Buprestid.e. 
 
 [Living in the stems of raspberry and blackberry bushes, 
 producing a gall-like swelling; a pale yellow footless grub. 
 
210 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 which is finally transformed into a slender blackish beetle, 
 with the head and thorax of a brilliant copper color.] 
 
 The location of these borers in the canes may easily be detected 
 by the gall-like swelling in the canes ; this swelling is about an 
 inch long, and is very rough as compared with the rest of the 
 cane. Occasionally several larvae will be found inhabiting the 
 game gall, thus lengthening the latter and causing it to assume 
 a very irregular shape. 
 
 Fig.'197.— Raspberry Borer, en- 
 larged ; b, the larva — color, yel- 
 lowish ; a, the hind part of its 
 body still more enlarged ; c, the 
 beetle — colors, black and cop- 
 pery-red. 
 
 When fully grown, the larva 
 (Fig. 1976) measures about seven 
 lines in length, and is of a yel- 
 lowish-white color ; the first segment behind the head is greatly 
 dilated on each side, and the last segment is armed with two 
 dark brown horns, each with three teeth on the inner edge. It 
 assumes the pupa form within the gall in April or May, and 
 the perfect beetle (Fig. 197c) issues in the course of a few weeks. 
 
 This species has been reported to me as infesting the black- 
 berry in this State, but I have not seen any specimens. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 27, 28, 37, or 67. 
 
 CHAPTER CXVI. 
 
 The Raspberry Span worm. 
 (Aplodes rubivora. — Riley.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Phal.enid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves and fruit of the raspberry and 
 blackberry ; a yellowish ten-legged span-worm, thinly covered 
 with small spines, on which are usually affixed small pieces of 
 leaves.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 211 
 
 
 Fig. 198. Fig. 198. — Rasp- 
 
 benySpanworm and 
 Moth ; a, the worm — 
 color, yellowisli- 
 gi'ay ; />, a segnient 
 of its Ijody greatly 
 e 11 1 n rged ; c, the 
 moth — colors, green 
 and white ; r/, two of 
 its wings enlarged. 
 
 Before pupating, 
 thisAvorm(Fig.l98a) 
 sjiins a loose cocoon 
 in which to undergo 
 its transforma- 
 tions. 
 The perfect moth (Fig. lOSc") expands about six lines, and 
 
 is of a delicate green color, and all of the wings are crossed by 
 
 two curved light colored lines. — Rile}'. 
 
 Remedies. — When the cater])illars appear, spray Avith No. 
 
 83 or No. 85. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXVII. 
 
 The Raspberry Leaf-roller. 
 
 ( Exartcina jicriii niidana. — Clemens. ) 
 
 Synonym. — l\cr<qts/.s pcrmundana. — Clemens. 
 
 Order, I.KriiiorTKHA ; Family, ToktkicidzE. 
 
 [Living within a rolled leaf on raspberry, strawberry and 
 various other plants ; a greenish worm with a black head.] 
 
 Besides rolling up and devouring the leaves, this leaf-roller 
 sometimes fastens several blossoms together with silken 
 threads, afterwards feeding U})on them. It has nearly the 
 same habits as the (rreater Leaf-roller (Chapter XL.) 
 
212 INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 Fig. 199. — Raspberry Leaf-roller, nat- 
 ural size and enlarged — colors, yellowish ,^5^^^,^^^^;,^-^ 
 or brownish. 
 
 The perfect moth (Fig. 199) has the. 
 fore-wings yellowish, varied with brown 
 streaks and patches. The caterpillar 
 appears about the time the berry is in 
 bloom. I have found the moth of this 
 species, and also the nest of the larva, but have never found 
 the larva. 
 
 Remedies. — (See Remedies, Chapter XL.) 
 
 CHAPTER CXXVIII. 
 
 The Raspberry Aphis. 
 
 ( Siphono'phora rubi. — Kaltenbach. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) -r, .-, . 
 
 c, 1 1 TT ( F amily, Aphidid^e. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) •" 
 
 [Living on the stems and leaves of blackberry and rasp- 
 berry bushes, which they puncture with their beaks and 
 extract the sap; small, greenish plant-lice.] 
 
 The wingless and winged lice of this species are almost 
 entirely of a greenish color. — Prof. Thomas. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 3, 4, 5, or 7. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXIX. 
 
 The Negro Bug. 
 ( Corimelsena pulicaria. — Germar.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) ^^^^.^ Scutellarid^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera \ ) -^ 
 
 [Living upon the stems and fruit of the strawberry, rasp- 
 berry, cherry, and quince ; a small black bug, with a white 
 stripe on each side of the wing-covers.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 
 
 213 
 
 "These bugs puncture the young twig^; and fruit and imbibe 
 the sap ; but the injury they occasion in this direction is as 
 nothing compared to the effect which their presence has upon 
 the fruit, as they exhale an offensive oder which renders the 
 fruit upon which they congregate wholly unfit to be eaten ; 
 besides this, their small size renders their detection very diffi- 
 cult, so that a person is likely to get one or more of them into 
 his mouth, along with the fruit, witliout being aware of it." — 
 Riley. 
 
 Fig. 200. — Negro Bug, natural size and 
 magnified — colors, black and Avhite. 
 
 The young bugs closely resemble the 
 adults (Fig. 200), but are of a more brown- 
 ish color and are entirely destitute of 
 wings. 
 
 I have a specimen found on the cherry 
 that agrees with the above description, excepting stripes on 
 the wing-case. It is probably a closely allied species, but I 
 have found the genuine negro bug in Southern California, on 
 purslane. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE BLACKBERRY. 
 
 The Blackberry Cane-borer (pberea tri- 
 
 punctata) 130 
 
 The Blackberry Aphis (SipAa ruhifolii) 131 
 
 The following- insects also infest the Black- 
 be rr.y : 
 The Kaspberry-root Borer (^Egeria ruhi). 
 
 The Raspberry Borer (Agnhm ruficMis). ■ 
 The Rose Scale (^Diaapis rosce). 
 Tlie Snowy Tree Cricket ((Ecanthius nCveus). 
 The Rcil-huniped Caterpillar (yutotlonta con- 
 
 cinnn). 
 The Raspberry Span-worm (Aplodes rubivora). 
 The Raspbeny Apliis (Siphonophora rubi). 
 
 CHAPTER CXXX. 
 
 The Blackberry Cane-Borer. 
 
 ( Oberea trlpnurtata. — Fal)ricilis.) 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cerambycid^. 
 
 [Living within the stems of blackberry and raspberry bushes ; 
 a yellow footless grub, transforming into a slender black long- 
 horned beetle, having the tojj of the thorax yellowish, and usu- 
 ally marked with two or three black dots.] 
 
 Fig. 201. — Blackberry Cane-l;)orer — colors, black 
 and yellowish. 
 
 The perfect beetles (Fig. 201) appear in May or 
 June. The female beetle, after gnawing two rings 
 around the growing cane, punctures the latter be- 
 tween the girdled rings, and deposits therein a single egg ; the 
 grub which is produced from this egg burrows into the central 
 pith, where it lives until reaching its full growth, when it 
 forms a cell in its burroAV, and soon afterward assumes the 
 pupa form ; in due time the pupa is transformed into the per- 
 fect insect, or beetle, which gnaws its way out of the burrow. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 60 and 66. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE BLACKBERRY. 215 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXI. 
 
 The Blackberry Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 ( SipJui ruhifolii. — Thomas.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } r^ -i a 
 
 o , ' 1 TT [ Family, Aphidid.e. 
 
 bub-order, Homoptera \S • ' 
 
 hhl 
 
 The measurements of insects in this \vorl< are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. 
 
 [Living on the underside of the leaves of blackberry bushes, 
 which they puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; 
 small, black and green or pale green plant -lice. 
 . The wingless lice are pale green, marked with a darker green, 
 the head tinged with yellowish. The winged lice have the 
 head and thorax black, and the abdomen colored as in the 
 wingless lice. — Professor Thomas. 
 
 PvEMEDiEs. — Use No. 4, 5, or 7 ; No. 3 will do if No. 4, 5, 
 or 7 cannot be obtained. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Currant Borer {^flgeria tipuliformis).132 
 The American Currant-borer (Psenocerus 
 
 supeniotattix) 133 
 
 The Currant Mite (Tyroglyphus ribis) 134 
 
 The Imported Currant-worm {Nematus 
 
 ventrieoKUx) 135 
 
 The Native Currant-worm (Pristophora 
 
 grosgularice) 136 
 
 The Currant Span-worm (Eufitchia nbe- 
 
 aria) 137 
 
 The Progne Butterfly (Graptaprogne) 138 
 
 The Currant Ajjhis {Myzus nbis) 130 
 
 The following insects also infest the Cur- 
 rant : 
 
 The Rose Scale (Diaspis rosce). 
 The Lemon Peel Scale (Atipidiotus nerii). 
 The Stalk Borer (Gw^yna nitela.) 
 The Gooseberry Fruit-wonn (Pempelia gron- 
 
 sularia.) 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXII. 
 The Currant Borer. (Cal.) 
 (jEgeria tipuliforinis. — Linn. ) 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, iEoERiDiE. 
 
 [Eating out the central pith of currant and gooseberry 
 bushes ; a whitish sixteen-legged worm.] 
 
 Among the numerous insect enemies of our small fruits, 
 none are more widely distributed nor better known than the 
 currant borers. 
 
 The eggs from which these borers (Fig. 202) hatch are depos- 
 ited near the buds, only one egg usually being consigned to a 
 single plant. As soon as hatched, the young borer penetrates 
 the stem to the pith, which it devours, forming a burrow seve- 
 ral inches in length in the interior of the stem. As it increases 
 in size it enlarges the hole communicating with its burrow, so 
 as to admit of the more easy passage of its castings, which it 
 pushes out of this opening. It reaches its full growth in the 
 following Spring, and then measures a little over six lines in 
 length. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 
 
 21' 
 
 Fig. 202. — Currant Borer; upper ii{?. 2i)2. 
 
 figure, the larva — color, white ; lower 
 figure, the pupa — color, white. 
 
 When about to assume pupa form 
 (Fig. 202) this borer takes up a posi- 
 tion near the opening of its burrow, 
 and closes the burrow above and below 
 it with its castings, and then spins 
 
 around its bod}^ a silken cocoon. Soon after completing this 
 task the borer is changed to a pupa, from which the perfect 
 insect is evolved in the course of a week or so. The latter 
 usually makes its appearance in April or May, and soon after- 
 ward deposits its eggs. 
 
 The fore-wings of the perfect moth (Fig. 203) expand about 
 ten lines ; they are transparent, with the veins and margins 
 black, and crossed near the middle with a black band ; at 
 the tip of each wing is usually a black spot, which is more 
 or less tinged with copper color ; the body is blue-black, with 
 the edges of the collar and shoulder tuft, and three rings on 
 the abdomen, golden yellow. 
 
 Fig. 203. — Currant Borer (moth) — colors, 
 blue-black and yellow. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 60 and (36. In the 
 latter part of April or early in May, spray 
 with No. 5 or 7 ; use No. 3 or 4 if No. 5 or 7 
 cannot be obtained. 
 
 Fig. 203. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXIII. 
 
 The American Currant-borer. 
 
 (Psenocerus .supernotatus. — Say. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera : Family, Cer.\mbvcid.e. 
 
 [Living within the stems of currant bushes ; a whitish foot- 
 less larva with a brown head.] 
 
 " This larva feeds upon the pith until reaching its full 
 growth, when it gnaws a hole to the bark ; it then retreats to 
 15 
 
218 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 
 
 Fig. 204. 
 
 a short distance below it and forms a cell in which to undergo 
 its transformations. It remains in its cell unchanged througli- 
 out the Winter, and is changed to a pupa in the following 
 Spring, the beetle issuing in April. 
 
 Fig. 204. — American Currant-borer, en- 
 larged — colors, brownish and white. 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 204) is a little over two 
 lines long, and is of a black color, with 
 the margins of the thorax and wing-covers [ 
 pale brown. Near the middle of each wing- " 
 cover is a crescent-shaped white spot, and 
 a short distance toward the base of the wing- 
 cover from this are two yellowish or ash- 
 gray spots. — Fitch. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 60 and 66. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXIV. 
 
 The Currant Mite. 
 ( Tyroglyphus rihis. — Fitch.) 
 
 Class, Arachnida ; Family, Acarid^. 
 
 [Living in the burrows of the currant-borers ; minute eight 
 legged mites of a white color, and measuring scarcely one 
 hundredth of an inch in length.] 
 
 In specimens of currant stocks infested by borers sent me 
 by Mr. W. H. Jessup, of Haywards, in September, 1880, he 
 called my attention to nests of eggs in the debris left by the 
 borer from which hatched mites. These are not true insects, 
 but belong to the same class as the spiders, and are character- 
 ized by having in the adult state four pair of legs, whereas no 
 insect in the perfect state has more than three pairs. They 
 belong to the same family as the itch-mites — minute creatures 
 which live beneath the skin of man, producing that loathsome 
 disease commonly known as the itch. 
 
 The habits and economv of the currant mite have never 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 
 
 219 
 
 been studied up, and hence it is impossible to say whether it 
 should be regarded as a beneficial or as an injurious insect. 
 
 Another species belonging to the same genus — the phylloxera 
 mite, tyroglyphus phylloxera; — Planchon and Riley — feeds in the 
 early part of its existence upon partly decomposed vegetable 
 and animal matter, Avhile later in life it preys upon the living 
 phylloxerse or grape-root lice ; and so we may conclude that 
 the currant mite is a friend and not a foe ; or at least that it is 
 not destructive to living plants. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXV. 
 
 The Imported Currant-worm. 
 
 (Xe.iiia(ii-s centrlcosiis. — Klug.) 
 
 Order, Hymexoptera; Family, Tenthredinidj:. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ; 
 a naked green twenty-legged worm, marked witli black spots.] 
 
 Fig. 205. ^^ig- 205.-Eggs of Im- 
 
 ported Currant Saw-flies ; 
 1, the eggs; 2 and 3, holes 
 made in the leaf l»y tlie 
 young worms. 
 
 The eggs (Fig. 20.")) from 
 
 ^ _^ ^ which these worms hatch 
 
 V~x^\]fi^ s j / f": 'I ^\/2^ ^^^ ^^^^ along the larger 
 
 vx.', SX\L>'' Xm/-"^^ V / A veins on the underside of a 
 
 leaf. In the course of eight 
 or ten days these hatch into 
 pale worms, having a large 
 whitish head with a black 
 spot on each side. After 
 casting the skin the color 
 becomes green, and the body is marked with numerous pol- 
 ished black spots (Fig. 206) ; the head is also black. After 
 
220 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 
 
 the last molt the black spots disappear, and the head becomes 
 greenish, -vvith a dark spot on each side. 
 
 Fig. 206. — Imported 
 Currant Worms ; a, a 
 and a, the worms of 
 different sizes — colors, 
 green and black ; fo, a 
 segment of a worm's 
 body enlarged. 
 
 When fully grown 
 they measure about 
 nine lines in lengtli. 
 They then desert the 
 plants and hide them- 
 selves beneath the 
 leaves, or en te r the 
 earth and spin their 
 tough b r o w n i s h co- 
 coons. At least two broods are produced in one season ; the 
 last brood passing the Winter in their cocoons. 
 
 Fig. 207. 
 
 Fig. 207. — Imported Cur- 
 rant Saw-flies — colors, yellow 
 and black ; a, the male en- 
 larged ; &, the female enlarged. 
 
 The female fly (Fig. 2076) 
 is of a bright honey-yellow — 
 color, the top of the head and 
 thorax marked with black ; the 
 wings expand about six lines 
 and are transparent with black 
 veins. 
 
 The male fly (Fig. 207a) dif- 
 ers so much from the female 
 as to be easily mistaken for 
 a distinct species. It is black, 
 with the top of the thorax 
 marked with yellow, and the tip and the under side of the 
 abdomen are marked with vellow. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CURB ANT. 
 
 221 
 
 Fig. 208. 
 
 Fig. 20S. — Ovipo.sitors of Saw- 
 flies highly magnified ; a, ovipo.s- 
 itor of willow saw-fly (N. salispo- 
 muin) ; b, o\apositor of imported 
 currant saw-fly. 
 
 Remedies. — When the larva is 
 noticed on the foliage, use No. 64 5 
 
 No. 5 or No. 
 
 Sec also No. SO. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXVl. 
 
 The Native Currant Worm. 
 
 (Prtstophora iiros.-fnlnrin . — Walsh.) 
 
 Order. Hy.mkxopteka ; Family. Tenthredinid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ; 
 a naked green twenty-legged larva or worm.] 
 
 Fig. 209.-Native Cur- 
 rant Worm and Fly ; a, 
 the worm — color, 
 green ; h, the fly — col- 
 ors, black and yellow- 
 ish. 
 
 When fully grown 
 (Fig. 209a) this worm 
 measures about six 
 lines in lengtli ; it then spins a tough cocoon in some sheltered 
 place, usually among the leaves of the plant it infests. 
 
 Two broods are usually produced in one season, and the 
 second brood are changed to flics (Fig. 209ft) in the Fall. The 
 latter deposit their eggs upon the twigs, and these eggs do not 
 hatch until the following Spring. 
 
 The wings of the perfect fly expand from four to six lines ; 
 the body is black, and the thorax is marked with pale yellow- 
 ish. — Riley, ninth Missouri Report. 
 
 Remedies. — When the larvae appear on the foliage, use No. 
 64, No. o or No. 7. See also No. 80. 
 
222 
 
 INJECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXVII. 
 
 The Currant Span-worm. 
 
 (Eujitchia ribearia. — Fitch. ) 
 
 Synonym. — Abraxas, or Ellopia ribearia. 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Phal.enid^. 
 
 1 1 1 1 11 1 iT 1 1 hill 
 
 [The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ; 
 a whitish ten-legged span-worm, marked with yellow stripes 
 and numerous black spots.] 
 
 Fig. 210. — Currant Fig- 210. 
 
 Span-worms and Pupa; 
 a and b, the Vorms in 
 different positions — col- 
 ors, yellow and black ; c, 
 the pupa — color, brown. 
 
 This span-worm (Fig. 
 210, a and b), when fully 
 grown, measures a little 
 over an inch in length, 
 is of a whitish color, spot- 
 ted with black, a n d 
 marked with a yellow 
 stripe on the l:)ack and a 
 similar one on each side 
 of the body ; the under 
 side of the l.)ody is also 
 white, and has a yelloAV 
 line in the middle. When 
 al)out to pupate, it deserts the bushes and creeps beneath the 
 fallen leaves, etc., or enters the earth and forms a small cell 
 in Avhich to undergo its transformations. (Fig. 210c.) 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 223 
 
 Fig. 211. Fig. 21 1 .—Currant Span-worm Moth 
 
 (female) — colors, yellow and leaden. 
 
 The wings of the perfect moth (Fig. 
 211) expands about an inch, are of a 
 pale yellowish color, marked with sev- 
 eral dusky spots. 
 
 This moth appears in June or July, 
 and deposits her eggs u})on the stalks of the currant and 
 gooseberry bushes ; these eggs do not hatch until the following 
 Spring, there being but one brood of these insects produced 
 in one year. 
 
 Remedies. — AVhen the larvre appear on the foliage, use No. 
 64 or No. 5, or No. 7. See, also, No. 80. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXVIII. 
 
 The Progne Butterfly. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Grapta progne. — Fabricius. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Nymphalid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the currant and gooseberry 
 bushes ; a grayish sixteen-legged caterpillar, thinly covered 
 with whitish spines tipped with black.] 
 
 When fully grown, this caterpillar measures about one inch 
 and three lines in length ; the body is marked with alternate 
 black and white bands, and on each side are two rows of yel- 
 low spots. When about to pupate, it suspends itself by the 
 hind feet. 
 
 The pui)a or chrysalis is pale l)ro\vn, faintly clouded on the 
 sides with olive-brown, and the abdomen is broadly striped 
 with the same color on the back and sides ; across the middle 
 of the back is a deep depression, on each side of which are two 
 silvery spots. 
 
 The fore-wings of the butterfly expand about one inch and 
 ten lines, are of a reddish-brown color, marked with black 
 spots; the outer edges of the wings are scolloped ; the under 
 
224 INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 
 
 side of the wings is blackish-gray, paler at the tips, and on 
 each hind wing is a silvery character, resembling the letter L- 
 Remedies. — When the caterpillars appear on the foliage, use 
 No. 64, or No. 5, or No. 7. See No. 80. 
 
 CHAPTER CXXXIX. 
 
 The Currant Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 (Myzus ribis. — Linnseus.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera; ) ,-, .. .„„,^,^_ 
 o 1 ' -I XT c i^ amily, Aphidid^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -^ ' 
 
 [Living on the under side of the leaves of currant and goose- 
 berry bushes, which they puncture with their beaks and extract 
 the sap ; small green or yellowish plant-lice.] — Thomas. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 64, or No. 5, or No. 7 ; Nos. 3 or 4 will 
 give good results. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Frosted Le&{-hopper(Pcecilopterapru- 
 inosa) 140 
 
 The Gooseberry Fruit Worm (Penipelia 
 grossulariie j 141 
 
 The Gooseberry Midge (Cccidomyia gros- 
 sularice 142 
 
 The following insects also infest the Goose- 
 berrj- : 
 
 The Currant Borer (^f'^gei-ia Hpub'formi^). 
 The Imported Currant Worm (Xematus ven 
 
 tricosus). 
 The Native Currant Worm (Pristopliora grog- 
 
 xularice.) 
 The Currant Span Worm (Eufitchia ribearia). 
 The Progne Butterfly (ijraptu progne). 
 The Currant Aphis (Myzua rihiKi. 
 
 CHAPTEE CXL. 
 
 The Frosted Leaf-hopper. (Cal.) 
 
 ( PcecHoptera praiuoxd. — Say.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ^ F '1 F • 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; \ ^^^^ ^' 
 
 [Puncturing and sucking the juices of the leaves and tender 
 shoots of gooseberry bushes and the rhubarlj plant ; a small 
 four-winged moth-like insect of a dusky bluish color, covered 
 with a white meah' powder.] 
 
 This insect (Fig. 212) measures about four lines in length, 
 and when at rest holds its wings slanting over the back like a 
 steep roof. 
 
 Fig. 212. Fig. 212. Fig. 213. 
 
 — Frosted 
 Leaf- hop- 
 per enlarg- 
 ed — color, dull leaden or 
 pale green. 
 
 Fig. 213. — Eggs of Frosted Leaf-hopper ; a, the eggs higlily 
 magnified — color, yellow ; h, the same in the twig, highly mag- 
 nified ; c, the same in a twig, natural size. 
 
226 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE GOOSEBERRY. 
 
 The female deposits her eggs (Fig. 213) in acontinuous sht 
 in a twig of a tree or shrub, placing them upon one side, end 
 to end. The young leaf-hopper is of the same general form 
 as the adult, but is destitute of wings. It is covered with a 
 cottony matter which envelopes the entire body, excepting the 
 head. » 
 
 I have found these insects on rhubarb in May. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 28, No. 5 or No. 7. 
 
 CHAPTER CXLI. 
 
 The Gooseberry Fruit-worm. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Pempelia grossiiJa rue. — Packard. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid.^. 
 
 [Eating out the interior of currants and gooseberries ; a 
 pale green worm.] 
 
 Fig. 214.-Gooseberry Fruit- Fig. 214. 
 
 worms — color, green. 
 
 The caterpillar (Fig. 214) 
 after eating out the interior of 
 one berry will fasten a neigh- 
 boring one to it with silken 
 threads, and in this way whole 
 bunches of currants or goose- 
 berries are sometimes Avebbed 
 together, and will have nothing left of them except the empty 
 hulls. After reaching its full growth this worm deserts the 
 plants and enters the earth, where it forms a small cell in 
 which to undergo its transformations. Only one brood is pro- 
 duced in a season, and these pass the Winter in the pupa state. 
 
 Fig. 215. — Gooseberry Fruit-worm 
 Moth and Cocoon ; at the left the co- 
 coon — color, grayish-brown ; at the right 
 the moth — color, gray. 
 
 The fore-wings of the perfect moth 
 (Fig. 215) expand nearly an inch ; are 
 of a pale gray color, and marked with transverse white and 
 
 Fig. 215. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE GOOSEBERRY. 227 
 
 dark lines. I have found the caterpillar and pupa of this 
 insect, but failed to raise the perfect moth. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 28. Pick off and destroy all infested fruit, 
 in addition to gathering the larva^. 
 
 CHAPTER CXLII. 
 The Gooseberry Midge. (Cal.) 
 (Cecidomyia grossularix — Fitch.) 
 Order, Dipteha ; Family, Tipt'ijp.e. 
 
 [Living in gooseberries, causing them to turn prematurely 
 red and to decay; a bright yellow footless maggot. J 
 
 The midge which produce these maggots quite closely 
 resembles a mosquito ; it is only about one line to the end of 
 the closed wings, and is of a pale yellow color, the eyes black, 
 the legs yellow and dusky, and the wings are transparent and 
 faintly tinged with dusky. 
 
 This midge or fly punctures the young gooseberries and 
 deposits therein one or more eggs. The maggots hatched 
 from these eggs are entirely destitute of feet, and are of a 
 bright yellow color. They assume the pupa form within the 
 berries; the latter usually become prematurely red, and dro]) 
 to the ground sometime previous to this. 
 
 The only remedy which suggests itself is to gather up and 
 destroy the fallen fruit shortly after it falls, or before the 
 maggots have completed their transformations and escaped. 
 
 Remedies as above, and when the fruit is fully formed use 
 No. 5 or 7, and repeat in two weeks. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Strawberry Crown-borer (Analcis 
 
 fragarice) 143 
 
 The Brown Strawberry Weevil {Listronntus 
 
 nevadicus) 144 
 
 The Strawberry Worm (Emphytus niacu- 
 
 latus) 145 
 
 The Strawberry Leaf-roller (Anchylopera 
 
 fragarice) 146 
 
 The following insects also infest the Straw- 
 berry: 
 
 Crane Flies iTipula). 
 The Peach Moth (Anarsia lineatella). 
 The Negro Bug (Corimelcena pulicaria). 
 The Raspberry Leaf-roller (Exartema per- 
 
 nmndana). 
 
 CHAPTER CXLIII. 
 
 The Strawberry Crown-borer. 
 
 (Analcis fragarife, — Riley. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera; Family, Cukculionid^. 
 
 [Living in the roots of strawberry plants ; a whitish curved 
 grub or larva, about two lines long, with the head yellow ; 
 finally changing into a chestnut-brown snout-beetle.] 
 
 Fig. 216. — Strawberr}^ 
 ^^" ^ ■ Crown-borer ; a, the lar- 
 
 V a, enlarge d — c o 1 o r, 
 white ; 6, the beetle, side 
 view, enlarged ; c, the 
 same, back view, en- 
 larged — color, chestnut- 
 _ brown. 
 
 r ^ \ The egg from which 
 this grub (Fig. 216a) hatches is probably laid upon the crown 
 of the plant, and as soon as hatched the grub burrows down- 
 ward into the pith. Here it remains until it has acquired its 
 full growth, working in the thick, bulbous root ; it undergoes 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY. 229 
 
 its transformations to the pupa and perfect beetle state within 
 the roots, and the beetle (Fig. 216c) makes its appearance 
 above ground in the month of August. — Riley. 
 
 I have not found this species in this State, although I hesi- 
 tate to say that it is not here. I have found grubs in straw- 
 berry plants w^hich I supposed to belong to this species, but I 
 did not succeed in rearing the perfect insect. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 104. 
 
 CHAPTER CXLIV. 
 
 The Brown Strawberry Weevil. (Cal.) 
 (Listroitotas nevadicuti. — LeConte.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family. Curculioxid^. 
 
 [A small snout-beetle feeding on strawberry and cherry 
 leaves, also eating into the crown of strawberry plants.] 
 
 This species was found, last Summer, eating the leaves and 
 also the crown of the strawberry plants ; it also eats cherry 
 leaves. The fruit grower sending the specimens writes : 
 
 " I found this weevil on a strawberry patch ; it eats the 
 leaves, making them appear like lace work, and it also eats 
 into the heart of the plant. I have also found it eating cherry 
 leaves. In the daytime it hides in crevices in the bark of trees 
 or in the ground under the strawberry plants ; it is a night 
 feeder." 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 127, Plate 3,) measures from two and a 
 quarter to two and one half lines in length ; is of a reddish- 
 brown color, mottled with yellow, whitish or light markings 
 on each side of the thorax and the outer base of the wing- 
 cases, also at the apex of the wing cases ; inner edges of the 
 latter bordered with black. From the fact that the larva? of 
 this group of insects usually live on the roots of plants, it is 
 probable that the larvae of this species live in the roots of 
 strawberry plants. 
 
 Remedy. — Use Xo. 105. 
 
230 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY. 
 
 CHAPTER CXLV 
 
 The Strawberry Worm. 
 
 (Emphytus inaculatns — Norton.) 
 
 Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, TeiXthredinid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upan the leaves of strawberry plants; a naked 
 dirty -yellowish worm, which is provided with twenty-two legs.] 
 The eggs (Fig. 218, 9,) from Avhich these worms hatch are 
 deposited in the stems of the plants ; this operation is per- 
 formed by the female fly by means of a saw-like instrument 
 with which all the flies belonging to this family are provided. 
 When fully grown the worms (Fig. 218, 4,) measures about 
 six lines in length ; they then enter the earth and form small 
 cells in which to undergo their transformations. Two broods 
 are usually produced in one season, and the last brood remain 
 in their cells unchanged until the following Spring. 
 
 Fig. 218.— Straw- 
 berry Worm, Pupa, 
 Fly, etc. ; 1, the 
 pupa, enlarged, ven- 
 tral view ; ^, the 
 same, side view — 
 color, greenish- 
 white ; -i, the fly, 
 enlarged (the wings 
 on one side not rep- 
 resented) — c o 1 o rSj 
 black and dirty 
 white ; S, her an. 
 tenntTe, greatly en- 
 larged ; 0, the fly with its wings closed ; 6", the worm at rest ; 
 4, the same extended — color, dirty yellow ; 7, the cocoon ; 9, 
 the egg, magnified — color, white. 
 
 The perfect flies (Fig. 218, S and 5,) are deep black, with 
 two rows of dirty white spots on the abdomen ; the wings are 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY. 231 
 
 transparent, and expand about six lines. — Rile3''s Ninth 
 Missouri Report. 
 
 Remedy. — If the plant is bearing fruit, use No. 19, or spray 
 with No. 83 or 85. 
 
 CHAPTER CXLVI. 
 
 The Strawberry Leaf-roller. 
 
 ( Anchylopera fragarue — Riley.) 
 
 Syxonym. — Pho.ropteri.s fragarin'. — W. and R. 
 
 Order, Leptdoptera ; Family, Tortrioid.e. 
 
 [Rolling up and feeding upon the leaves of the strawberry ; 
 a yellowish or greenish brown caterpillar about four lines long, 
 with a yellowish-brown head having a black spot on each side.] 
 
 This caterpillar (Fig 219a) feeds npon the upper surface of 
 the leaf, giving the latter the appearance of having been 
 scorched. It pupates within its nest, and the moth (Fig. 219c) 
 which issues a few weeks later has the head, thorax and fore- 
 wings reddish-brown, the latter streaked and spotted with 
 bla^k and white. It expands about six lines. 
 
 Fig. 219.— Strawberry p. g^^ 
 
 Leaf-roller ; a, the cater- 
 pillar — color, dull olive- 
 green ; h, head and first 
 four segments of its 
 body, enlarged ; f/, two 
 last segments of its 
 body, enlarged; c, the moth enlarged — colors, reddish-brown, 
 black and white. 
 
 There are two broods of these leaf-rollers each season, the 
 last brood passing the Winter in the pupa state. 
 
 I have found a small caterpillar on the strawberry leaves 
 similar to that described here, but failed to rear the perfect 
 insect, and therefore cannot say to what species it belonged. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 24. 
 
INSECTS INFiiSTING THE WALNUT TREE. 
 
 The Walnut Scale (AtipidioHis juglans- 
 regice) 147 
 
 The following insects also infest the Walnut 
 tree : 
 
 The Red Scale {Aspidiolus aurantii). 
 
 The Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Da^ana min- 
 
 intra). 
 The Fall Web-worm {Hyphantria textor\. 
 The Tussock Moth (Orygia leucostigma). 
 
 CHAPTER CXLVII. 
 
 The Walnut Scale. (Cal.) 
 
 {Aspidiotus juglans-regise. — Comstock. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ^ tti -i ri 
 
 oil TT . Family, Coccid^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; y *" 
 
 [A grayish-brown scale, infesting the walnut tree.] 
 Mr. Alexander Craw, of Los Angeles, sent me specimens of 
 this scale in 1881. I have examined several trees infested by 
 this species of scale, and find that they spread rapidly on the 
 bark of the limbs and branches. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 The female scale measures one line in diameter — color, gray- 
 ish-brown : form — circular, or slightly elliptical ; exuviae or 
 larval skin on one side of the center, giving the shell in some 
 cases the appearance of a cockle shell. The scale of the 
 male is similar in form to the male of the red scale, and is of 
 the same color as the female scale, which is 'grayish-brown. 
 The female is pale yellow, with golden colored spots ; when 
 matured she is of a rich amber color. This species infests the 
 limbs and branches. I have a specimen of a limb over two 
 inches in diameter, the bark of which is entirely covered by 
 this pest. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 11, 12 or 13, when the tree is dormant • 
 or No. 4 in Summer. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CHESTNUT TREE. 
 
 The Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle {Pitiiophlhonix pubipennix) Chap. 148 
 
 CHAPTER CXLVTII. 
 
 The Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 (_PityopJtt}ionis jiif^ipciiivix. — Leconte.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scolytid.^5. 
 
 [A small dark-l)rown beetle eating into the base of the bnds 
 of chestnut trees, especially the variety known as the Italian 
 chestnut.] 
 
 Last year (1882), specimens were received of branches (Fig. 
 220, Plate 3,) of chestnut trees, the buds of which were infested 
 by a small l)eetle. The beetle (Fig. 221, Plate 3,) measured 
 from three fourths of a line to one line in length, and is not 
 half as wide as long — color, dark-brown ; and as its specific 
 name, puhiiJennis, indicates, the wing-cases are covered with a 
 fine hairy-like rl own. 
 
 The perfect insect infests the bud at the base of the outer 
 side, and eats into the heart, entirely destroying it, as only the 
 outer shell remains. This beetle is probably a native species, 
 as Dr. Leconte found it twenty years ago in this State, living 
 under the l»ark of oak trees. It is also found feeding on the 
 oaks in the vicinity where it is found feeding in the buds of 
 chestnut trees. This species hibernates in the perfect state, as 
 I found the beetles in buds last March in a semi-dormant con- 
 dition. I am not aware that tlie larv:c have l)een found upon 
 the chestnut. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 67. No. 11 or 12 ; or No. 13 — five pounds 
 of the mixture to each six gallons of water used. These 
 solutions should be used when the tree is dormant. 
 16 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE ALMOND TREE. 
 
 The Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius) 149 
 
 The Almond Ai)his (A2jhi!t amygdali) 150 
 
 The following- insects also infest the Almond 
 tree: 
 
 The Greedy Scale {Aspidiotus rapax). 
 
 The Branch and Twig-bnrrower {Polyeaon 
 
 corafertus). 
 The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa bubalas). 
 The Yellow Mite. 
 
 CHAPTER CXLIX. 
 
 The Red Spider. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Tet ran cli us ielarius. — Linn . ) 
 
 Class, Arachnida : } -n^ -i m 
 
 Q, 1 1 . ' Family, TROMBiDiDiE. 
 
 !Mib-class, AcARiNA ; ) ■" 
 
 [A small red mite, infesting the trunk, limbs, and foliage of 
 fruit trees and nursery stock, and also garden and hot-house 
 plants.] 
 
 The red mite (Fig. 222), connnonly called the "red spider," 
 may be said to be a universal pest of the orchard, garden and 
 hot-house, and has been allowed to spread to an alarming 
 extent in orchards in this State. Although a fqeder on nearly 
 all varieties of deciduous fruit trees, and also on citrus trees, 
 the almond seem to be the worst infested by this species. 
 
 Fig. 222. — lied Spider, adult — color, reddish. Fig. 222. 
 
 The perfect mites have eight legs ; form, 
 ovate ; length, one sixtieth of an inch ; color, \ \ 
 various, sometimes brick-red, rust-red, or 
 greenish, dotted with red ; head, yellowish. 
 
 The egg when first exposed is colorless, but 
 changes to a bright red ; in form it is round, 
 and measures one one-hundred-and-fortieth of 
 an inch in diameter. 
 
 I have no reason to change my opinion ex- 
 pressed in 1881, in my " Insects Injurious," etc., that the female 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE ALMOND TREE. 
 
 235 
 
 does not deposit tlie egga, but at auiturity I'asten.s lu-rsell" to 
 the bark or leaf and dies ; the covering is removed from the 
 body by the males, exposing from fifteen to twenty whitish 
 eggs. I have counted one hundred and twenty-seven female 
 bodies fastened by the anterior part to the bark, and have also 
 noticed the male insects removing the skin of the (lead females, 
 and in this way exposing the eggs. 
 
 Fig. 223. 
 
 Fig. 223. — Larva of Red Spider, enlarged 
 — color, bright red. 
 
 The young mite, when first hatched from 
 the egg, has only six legs (Fig. 228) ; in a 
 few daj'S a film seems to cover the body, 
 and from this emerges the perfect mite, 
 having eight legs. (Fig. 222.) 
 The injury done by this species is principally on the fruit 
 buds, blossoms, and on the leaves ; they eat the epidermis or 
 skin of the latter, and also cover them with a fine web, caus- 
 ing them to wither and fall off. The trunk, liml)S and branches 
 of trees seriously infested by this mite appear of a reddish 
 color ; this is from being covered by a multitude of the eggs of 
 these mites. (Fig. 224.) 
 
 Fig. 224. — Portion of a twig infested l)y Red 
 Spiders. 
 
 In some cases wliere not seriously infested, it 
 has the appearance of Ijeing covered with iron 
 rust. 
 
 When this species first attack a tree tlie mites 
 are generally found around the bud and new 
 foliage. 
 
 The red spider is also occasionally found on 
 trees infested by scale insects. 
 Remedy. — Use No. 84. 
 
 Fig. 224. 
 
236 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE ALMOND TREE. 
 
 CHAPTER CL. 
 
 The Almond Aphis. (Cal.) 
 (Aphis amygdaU. — Blanch. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; 
 
 Family, Aphidid^. 
 
 [Living upon the under side of the leaves of almond and 
 peach trees, causing them to become crisp and wrinkled, by 
 puncturing them with their beaks and extracting the sap ; 
 small green plant-lice.] (Fig. 225.) 
 
 Fig. 225. 
 
 Fig. 225. — Plant Lice (Aphis) highly magnified — color, green. 
 Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; No. 3 or 4 Avill give good results 
 if No. 5 or 7 cannot be had. 
 
NSFXTS INFHSTIXG THE 
 
 lbi^:r'i 
 
 Til 
 
 e Kilhert Scale ( Lecanmin heiniKpha'ricum't Chap 151 
 
 CHAPTER CLI. 
 
 The Filbert Scale. ^Cal.) 
 
 (Lecanium henuHphiericum. — Targioni. ) 
 
 Order, Hemipteea ; ) r^ ^^ ^, 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera; j family, Coccid.e. 
 
 [A dark-brown hemispherical scale insect, or bark-louse, 
 
 feeding upon the tilbert and 
 orange trees, and on the 
 oleander and other orna- 
 mental trees.] ' 
 
 I take the liberty of desig- 
 nating this species as the 
 "Filbert Scale" so as to 
 distinguish it from the soft 
 orange scale {L. hespcri- 
 chim) on account of the 
 similiarity of their techni- 
 cal names. 
 
 Fig. 226.— Filbert Scale ; 
 •■?, leaves infested by this 
 scale ; 3a, the adult female, 
 enlarged — color, brown. 
 
 The filbert scale (Fig. 
 226, Ja,) when full grown is 
 of a dark brown color, 
 hemispherical in form, and 
 measuring one and three- 
 quarters lines in length ; 
 width, one and a half lines ; 
 
 Fig. 226. 
 
 MoanxM 
 
238 INSECTS INFESTING THE FILBERT. 
 
 height, varying, but about one line. The size of the branch 
 on which the insect locates sometimes alters or changes its 
 form ; if the branch is small, the flattened edge of the insect 
 will spread doAvnward, clasping the branch or twig, thus giv- 
 ing the insect an elongated and narrowed appearance, different 
 from those located on a fiat surface or leaf. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 Eggs — length, one eighty fifth of an inch ; width, one half 
 of the length ; color, pinkish. From seventy to one hundred 
 are laid by each female. Larva — color, reddish ; length, one 
 seventy fifth of an inch; antennae, seven jointed; anal setae 
 present. 
 
 The females of this species (Fig. 226, 3a — enlarged), like 
 other Lecaniums, have the power of locomotion until they 
 become fixed to the plant. When young they are of a reddish 
 color, changing to a light brown, and finally becoming 
 a dark brown color when they reach maturity. They infest 
 the filbert and orange, also the oleander and other ornamental 
 trees. They can be readily distinguished from the black scale 
 (L. olem) by the aljsence of the carina or ridge, forming the 
 letter H on the back. 
 
 Remedies. — Use the same as for the black scale on decidu- 
 ous trees. (Chapter LXXXIV.) 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE EliCALYPTUS TREE. 
 
 The following insects infest the Eucalyptus Tree, and are 
 treated of in another part of this work : 
 
 The San Jose Scale (A^pidintitJf 'pernicioiiuii). \ The Greedy Scale (Aspidinlvs rapax). 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THH LOCUSl 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Legged Locust Borer (Xyleutic< rub- 
 inice) 152 
 
 The following insects also infest the Locust 
 Tree: 
 The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotus rapax). 
 
 The Legless Locust Borer (CTi/tjfsroMmceJ. 153 | The Elm and Locust Scale. 
 
 The measurements of insfects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. 
 
 CHAPTER CLII. 
 The Locust Carpenter Moth, or the Legged Locust Borer. (Cal) 
 {XylcAifuH robliiise. — Peck.) 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e. 
 
 [Living in the trunks and larger limbs of locust, willow and 
 oak trees ; a greenish-white, sixteen legged worm. J 
 
 The common names given to this borer, "Legged, etc.," are 
 to distinguish it from the grub of Chjtus rohinhv, Avhich also 
 infests locust trees and is destitute of legs. 
 
 Fig. 227. 
 
 Fig. 227. — Legged Locust Borer; the full grown caterpillar 
 — color, greenish-white, with a tinge of pink or yellow. 
 
 This borer (Fig 227) keeps its burrow open, and not packed 
 full of woody fibres as many other borers are known to do. 
 
240 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE LOCUST TREE. 
 
 When about to pupate it spins a cocoon in the lower part of 
 its burrow, and before the perfect moth emerges the pupa 
 works itself up to and partially out of the opening of its bur- 
 row, and while in this position the moth (Fig. 228) makes its 
 escape. 
 
 Fig. 228.— Lo- Fig. 228. 
 
 cust Carpenter 
 Moth (female) — 
 colors, gray and 
 black. 
 
 The sexes differ 
 widely from each 
 other, both in 
 size and color. 
 The female is 
 the largest, ex- 
 panding from 
 
 two inches to two inches and six lines ; the wings are gray, 
 dotted with Ijlack and marked with a network of black lines. 
 
 The male moth expands only about an inch and six lines ; 
 the wings are darker than those of the female, and there is a 
 large yellow spot on each hind wing. This species is very 
 destructive to locust trees. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37. 
 
 CHAPTER CLIII. 
 The Legless Locust Borer. (Cal.) 
 ( Clytus rubinix. — Forster.) 
 Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Cekambycid^e. 
 
 [Boring into the trunks and branches of the locust tree; a 
 nearly footless whitish grub, about one inch long and as thick 
 as a goose-quill.] 
 
 When young this borer lives in the sap-wood, but as it 
 grows longer it burrows into the solid wood, perforating it in 
 every direction. At first it casts its chips out of the opening 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE LOCUST TREE. 241 
 
 of its burrow, which finally becomes packed full of the coarse 
 and fibrous parts of the wood. It assumes the pupa form in 
 its burrow, and the beetle issues late in July or early in August. 
 Fig. 229. — Legless Locust Borer (the beetle) — 
 colors, yellow and black. 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 229) is of a lihick color and is 
 marked with several transverse and oblique yellow 
 lines; it is sometimes very destructive to locust 
 trees. 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE WILLOW 
 
 CHAT. 
 
 The Weeping Willow Borer (S'iapteron ro- 
 
 hinke) 1 54 
 
 Tlie Willow Scale (AxpidiMun convexus). . .155 
 The San Bernardino Willow Scale (Ai<pidi- 
 otus ortholobus) 156 
 
 The followinj? insects also infest the Willow: 
 The Legged Locust Borer (Xi/ltittiij> robinim). 
 The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotiis rapax). 
 The Steel-blue Flea-beetle {HaUica chalyhea). 
 
 CHAPTER CLIV. 
 
 Weeping Willow Borer. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Sciaptcron robin ise. — Edwards. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, tEgeridjE. 
 
 [A yellowish-white sixteen-legged larva, about one inch in 
 length, boring into the wood of the weeping willow, locust and 
 Cottonwood.] 
 
 In September, 1882, I was requested to examine a number 
 of weeping willows planted for ornamental purposes near a 
 residence. I found them so infested by the larva (Fig. 230, 
 Plate 3.) of a moth that I recommended tliev be cut down 
 wdiich was immediately done. The wood of the stems was 
 thoroughly burrowed. I found a number of larvfe, and one 
 pupa. On the 30th of September the perfect insect emerged 
 from the pupa. At the present time, June 9th, one of the 
 larva? found is spinning a cocoon ; it is evidently about to 
 undergo its changes. The perfect insect (Fig. 231, Plate 3,) is 
 about nine lines long ; spread of wings, about one inch and 
 two lines ; color, head dark-brown ; palpi, dark-orange ; anten- 
 nae, yellowish-red ; thorax, dark brown, with a narrow yellow 
 marginal line around the upper surface ; tirst segment of abdo- 
 men, dark brown ; second segment, yellow ; third and fourth 
 segments, dark brown ; all the segments posterior to the fourth 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE WILLOW. 243 
 
 are yellow ; anal segment slightly tufted ; fore-wings, brick 
 red, with black veins ; hind-wings clear, transparent, the 
 inner edge bordered with a narrow brown band, yellow at the 
 base ; legs yellowish red. Pupa — color, dark amber. Larva — 
 length, one inch; color, pale yellowish; second segment, yel- 
 loAvish; head yellowish-red; mouth part dark brown; about 
 six fine yellowish hairs on each segment, growing on as many 
 wart-like spots ; spiracles small, round, and of a light-broAvn 
 color ; true legs light-brown ; pro-legs re])resented by eight 
 rings of hooks. This species is found in localities one hun- 
 dred and fifty miles apart. This species also infest the locust 
 tree. 
 
 Note. — Since writing the above the perfect insect has emerged 
 from the pupa of the above mentioned larva. It proved to be 
 a specimen of the Sciapteron rohinix of Edwards. (July 13.) 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 37. 
 
 CHAPTER CLV. 
 
 The Willow Scale. (Cal.) 
 {AspidiotiiA< co)ive.riif<. — Oomstock.) 
 
 Order, Hemipteka ; / 
 
 Sub-order, Homopteha ; \ 
 
 Familv, Cocoid^. 
 
 [A species of scale insect infesting willows.] 
 
 This species resembles tlie gi-eedy scale < A. rapax) in 
 appearance, and it is only by scientists that a distinction can 
 be made. I think it bcN'ond question that tliis species will 
 spread on cultivated trees, especially the apple and pear. 
 
 Near the city of Los Angeles, the orchards of McKinlay 
 Brothers and ^Ir. Kieser were protected by over two miles of 
 wind breaks made l)y planting willows, which forn^ed an excel- 
 lent protection from the winds and supplied a large quantit}' 
 of firewood annually. Two years ago it was noticed that the 
 fruit — apples and pears — Avas seriously infested by the A. con- 
 vezus. It was found that the willows were also infested Ijy the 
 same spe>^ies. I advised the digging out of the willows, which 
 
244 INSECTS INFESTING THE WILLOW. 
 
 was done, and the wind breaks replaced by planting eucalyp- 
 tus trees. Last year there was no scale on the fruit. 
 Remedies. — Same as for San Jose scale, Chapter XX. 
 
 CHAPTER CLVI. 
 
 The San Bernardino Willow Scale. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Chionaspis orfhalohis. — Comstock.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } -c^ ■-, n 
 
 Q 1 ' 1 TT I' amilv, CocciD^. 
 
 bub-order, Homoptera ; ) -^ ' 
 
 [A scale insect found on the willows at San Bernardino, 
 Cal.] 
 
 Prof. Comstock found this species on willows, and described 
 it as follows : " Color white, about one line in length. The 
 body of the female is dark purple ; eggs dark purple. This 
 species infests chiefly the bark of the small whip-like limbs 
 which spring from the trunk of the trees." 
 
 Remedies. — Same as for San Jose scale, Chapter XX. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE POPLAR AND COTTONWOOD 
 
 The following insects infest the poplar and Cottonwood, and 
 are treated of in another part of this work : 
 
 The San Jose Scale (Asfidiotus pemiciosus). \ The Legged Locust-Borer {Xyleutus robinice). 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE ELM. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Elm and Locust Scale 157 
 
 The Semicolon Butterfly (Grapta interroga 
 tionis), also infests the elm. 
 
 CHAPTER CLVII. 
 
 The Elm and Locust Scale (Cal.l 
 
 (Lecaniiiin Sp?) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sub-order, Homoptera 
 
 Family, Coccid^. 
 
 Fig. 230. 
 
 [A dark brown scale insect infesting the elm and locust trees.] 
 Fig. 280. — Elm and Locust Scales — color, 
 brownish-black. 
 
 This species is found on the elm trees, espe- 
 cially the cork elm, and also on the locust trees — 
 varieties, honey locust and Chinese locust ; they 
 infest the branches (Fig. 230) and leaves. 
 
 The female scale is of a dark-brown color, 
 ovate in form, and measures three lines in 
 length, two and one quarter lines in width, and 
 nearly two lines in height. This 
 scale differs from the black scale 
 (Chapter LXXXIV) and filbert 
 scale, in the form being conical (Fig. 230). 
 
 Fig. 231. — Larva of Elm and Locust Scale 
 enlarged — color, reddish-yellow. 
 
 Larva (Fig. 231) — length, one ninetieth of 
 an inch ; form, elongate-ovoid. Eggs — color 
 yellowish-white, from two hundred to three 
 hundred being produced by each female. 
 
 Remedies. — Same as for black scale. Chap- 
 ter LXXXIV. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE OAK. 
 
 The Acorn Moth (Holocera glandulclla) . . .158 
 
 The following insects also infest the Oak: 
 The Legged Locust Borer {Xyleutas robinice). 
 The Forest Tent Caterpillar (ClUiocampa syl- 
 
 vaticu). 
 
 The Fall Web Worm {Hijphantna textor). 
 The Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Datuna iiivti- 
 
 Utra\. 
 The Tussock Moth (Urygia leucostUjma). 
 
 CHAPTER CLVIIl. 
 
 The Acorn Moth. (Cal.) 
 
 (Holocera (/landuleUa. — Riley. j 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, TiNEic^i. 
 
 [Living ill acorns ; a yellowish or grayish-white sixteen- 
 legged caterpillar, from three to six lines long.] 
 
 This caterpillar (Fig. 232a) is supposed to infest onh' those 
 acorns which have been infested by some other insect, such as 
 the larva of a weevil. It assumes the pupa form in its burrow. 
 
 Fig. 232. — Acorn Fig. 232. 
 
 Moth ; /, the moth 
 enlarged — color, ash- 
 gray ; b, an acorn, 
 showing hole where 
 the caterpillar e n - 
 tered ; a, the cater- 
 pillar in an acorn — 
 color, gra3ush-white ; 
 e, back view' of a segment of its body, enlarged ; d, side view 
 of same, enlarged ; c, top of the head and first three segments 
 of the caterpillar's body, enlarged — color of head and first 
 segment, light brown. 
 
 The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 232/) expand from six to 
 nine lines, are of an ashen-gray color, marked near the middle 
 with two dark spots, and wdth a pale transverse stripe across 
 the basal third of the wing. The moths issue during the Sum 
 mer season, or from April to September. 
 
 Note. — The above account of this insect is given because 
 several persons have insisted that it is the codlin moth. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PINE. 
 
 The Pine Weevil (Pii;sodes utrobi) 159 
 
 The Pales Weevil {Hi/loOim palea) 160 
 
 The Norfolk Island Pine Scale {Ulderia 
 antucarice) 161 
 
 CHAPTER CLIX. 
 
 The Pine Weevil. (Cal. ) 
 
 (Pissodei< .•<(rubi. — Peck.) 
 
 Order, Colk()Pteu.\ ; Faniily, C'urculionid.i^:. 
 
 [Living in the terminal shoots of pine trees ; a footless grub 
 
 which is linally changed into a brownish beetle, marked with 
 
 two large whitish spots behind the middle of the wing-cases.] 
 
 ^. ,^.,., Fig. 283. — Pine Weevil, en- 
 
 rig. 2,66. 
 
 larged ; at the left, the weevil 
 
 — colors, brown and white ; b, 
 the pupa, ventral view — color, 
 white ; a, the larva — color, 
 white, the head reddish. 
 
 The larvn^ (Fig. 23oa) or 
 grubs of this weevil are some- 
 times very injurious to pine 
 trees, by destroying the terminal shoots; as many as forty 
 have been found in one shoot, which they had perforated in 
 various directions. Tliey assume the pupa form (Fig. 2336) 
 within their burrows, first gnawdng a passage to the outside 
 for the egress of the perfect beetles (Fig. 233, left). In the 
 vicinity of Sacramento these insects have peen found on pine 
 trees that had been planted for ornamental purposes. 
 Remedies. — Nos. 26 and 27. 
 
248 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE FINE. 
 
 CHAPTER CLX. 
 
 The Pales Weevil. (Cal.) 
 
 [HyJohixis pali'x. — Herbst.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cueculionid^. 
 
 [Living beneath the bark of the pine tree; a whitish footless 
 grub, finally transforming into a dark brown or black snout- 
 beetle, about fovn- lines long, and marked with numerous 
 whitish spots.] 
 
 Before pupating the larva gnaws a passage to the outside of 
 the bark, but leaves a thin covering to its burrow in which it 
 assumes the pupa form. 
 
 Fig. 234. — Pales Weevil — colors, black, brown 
 and white. 
 
 In due time it is changed to a beetle (Fig. 234) 
 which gnaws through the thin covering of its 
 burrow and makes its escape. I have found the 
 grub, pupa and perfect insect of this species in 
 pine slabs shipped from the mountains, and 
 have found a specimen having a similar appear- 
 ance on pear trees. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 26 or 27. 
 
 Fig. 234. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXI. 
 
 The Norfolk Island Pine Scale. (Cal.) 
 
 ( I lileria a ran car he. — Comstock. ) 
 
 Order, HEmPTERA; | F.^iilv, Coccid^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) - ' 
 
 [Infesting the Norfolk Island pine tree ; a white, nearly 
 circular scale insect.] 
 
 This species is found only upon the Norfolk Island pine, and 
 occurs in the Counties of Sacramento and Santa Barbara. 
 
250 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE PINE. 
 
 Fig. 236. 
 
 Fig. 2.37. 
 
 Fig. 235.— Norfolk Island Pine Scale (Figs. 1 to Ih) ; 1, an 
 infested twig ; ia, the male — colors, white and brown ; -?fe, 
 the hind end of the body of the male ; i<?, hind end of the body 
 of the female ; Id, the adult female — color, yellow ; Ih, her 
 antennae ; Ig, her spinnerets ; If, one of her legs ; Ic, por- 
 tion of the leg of a male ; all highly magnified. Oak Scale 
 (Rhizococcus quercus) (Figs. 2 to %) ; 2, an infested twig; 2a 
 spinnerets of a female, highly magnified ; 2h, one of her legs, 
 greatly enlarged. 
 
 The scales (Fig. 235, 1,) are nearly circular, white, and measure 
 about two sixteenths of an inch in diameter. The larva (Fig. 
 236) is of a light amber color, and about one-hundredth of an 
 inch long ; it is provided with two long anal setae, and appears 
 to be covered with very fine armor-like plates or scales. 
 Fig. 236. — Larva 
 of Norfolk Island 
 Pine Scale, enlarg- 
 ed — color, light am- 
 ber. 
 
 Fig. 237. — Male 
 Norfolk Island Pine 
 Scale Insect ; enlarg- 
 e d — color, d a r k - 
 brown. 
 
 The adult female (Fig. 235, ir/,) is of a yellowish color. 
 The adult male (Figs. 237 and 235, la,) is of a whitish-yellow, 
 marked with dark brown ; wings nearly transparent ; antennae 
 ten jointed; two long filaments protrude from tlie anal seg- 
 ment, in the place of the anal stylet, which is found in some 
 species described in this work. 
 
 " When the female is ready to lay her eggs she excretes a 
 cocoon-like covering to the body, composed of white silken 
 threads. The sac is dense like felt but easily torn ; it is open 
 on the middle line of the ventral surface, or very much more 
 delicate on that part. It adheres to the tree quite firmly, 
 remaining where excreted after the death of the insect. As 
 the eggs are laid, the body of the female shrinks away, mak- 
 ing room for them, and finally it becomes a very small i)ellet 
 
 r^ 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE JUNIPER. 251 
 
 in the anterior end of the sac, the remainder of the space being 
 filled with eggs. These are light yellow in color. When the 
 male larva is ready to undergo his metamorphosis he secretes 
 a covering to his body resembling the sac excreted by the 
 female, except that it is very much smaller, measuring only 
 one five hundredth of an inch in length." — Comstock. 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 4, 5 and 7. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE JUNIPER 
 
 The Juniper Scale (Dianpis carueli) Chap. 163 
 
 CHAJ'TER CLXII. 
 
 The Juniper Scale. 
 
 (Diaspis carueli. — Comstock. ) 
 
 Order, Hemipter.v ; ^ t-, ^ r^ 
 
 Q 1 ' 1 XT \ Bamilv, CocciD.E. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) • ' 
 
 [A white scale insect infesting various species of juniper, 
 and some other shrubs of the pine family.] 
 
 Professor Comstock describes this species as being very 
 common in Washington, D. C. 
 
 The scale of the female (Fig. 287i, 2a,) is circular, snowy- 
 white, with the exuvia) central or nearly so ; diameter of scale, 
 from one half to three fourths of a line. The females are of 
 a yellow color, nearly circular in outline, but a little elonga- 
 ted posteriorly. 
 
252 INSECTS INFESTING TEE JUNIPER. 
 
 Fig. 237 14. Fig 237i^. 
 
 Fig. 237^. — Juniper Scale ; 
 f , an infested branch ; 3a, the 
 female scale — color, phite ; 2b, 
 the male scale — color, white. 
 
 Fig. 23 7^. — Male Juniper 
 Scale Insect, highly magni- 
 fied — color, orange-yellow. 
 
 Remedies. — Use same as for the Red Scale, Chap. LXXXVI. 
 
INSFXTS INFESTING THE RED BAY TREE. 
 
 Tlie KfJ Bay Scale (AfpidioiiDi pcrsciv) L'liap. U3 
 
 CIIAPTEli ('T.XTTT. 
 The Red Bay Scale. 
 {Af<jjt<li(itv!< pri-y-civ. — ( 'oni^tuck.) 
 Oi-clex, Hemii'TEKa ; / 
 
 Sub-order, Homoi'TEHa ; i 
 
 Faniilv. Coccid.e 
 
 [A circular scale infesting the foliage of the red bay tree, 
 and also the olive tree.] 
 
 The red bay scale insect infests the foliage of the red bay 
 tree, and also the foliage of trees planted in the vicinity of 
 trees infested by this species. I have also found this, oi- a 
 closely allied species, on a privet hedge. 
 
 The scale of the female is circular, and from three fourths of 
 a line to one line in diameter ; the outer margin is dark red- 
 dish-brown with a yellowish tinge ; the central i)art is a darker 
 brown ; the exuviie is nearly in the center, and forms a nipple- 
 like i)rominence. 
 
 Fig. 238. — Male Red Bay Scale Insect, enlarged, 
 ventral view — color, yellowish. 
 
 The male scale (Fig. 238) is of a dirty whit*- 
 color, elongated ; the exuvije or larval skin nearly 
 central, and of a golden-yellow color. The eggs 
 are yellowish, and of an elongate-oval shape : 
 from twenty to thirty-five are deposited by each 
 female. The larvte are yellow. 
 
 The female is orange-yellow ; form, similar to 
 the red scale of Florida {A. Jicua). 
 
 Remedies. — Same as for the red scale, e'liapten- LXXX\'I. 
 
 Fi^^ 23S. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE AZALEA. 
 
 The Azalea Bark Louse {Eriococcus azaleoe) Chap. 164 
 
 CHAPTER CLXIV. 
 
 The Azalea Bark Louse. 
 
 (Eriococcus azaleie. — Comstock.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } j^ .-, ^ 
 
 c 1 ' J XT ( Familv, CocciD^. 
 
 bub-order, Homoptera ;) - ' 
 
 [A bark-louse or scale insect, enclosed in a -white felt-like sac, 
 feeding on the azalea.] 
 
 This species can be readily distinguished from other species 
 of scale insects or bark-lice described in this work, by being 
 enclosed in a felt-like sac. In form the sac or covering is hemi- 
 spherical, but more pointed at one end than at the other, and 
 snow-white in color. 
 
 The female insect is dark purplish in color and oval inform, 
 the posterior end being the narrowest ; the eggs and young 
 larva? are of a reddish-purple or carmine color. 
 
 Remedies. — In conservatories use Xo. 8(S, or No. 5 or 7. 
 
IiNSECTS INFESTING THE OLEANDER. 
 
 The Oleander Aphi< (Aphis neril) 105 
 
 The following insects also infest the Olean- 
 der : 
 
 The niack Scale {Lexaniam olca;). 
 
 The Filbert Scale (Lecauium heiiiiaphericxiiii). 
 
 The Lemon Peel Scale (Aapiciiutus tierii) 
 
 CHAPTER CLXV. 
 
 The Oleander Aphis. 
 {Aphis nerli. — Fonscol.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; 
 
 Family, Aphidid.i:. 
 
 [The measurements of insects in this work are jfiven in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions ttiereof .] 
 
 [Living upon the leaves and tender twigs of the oleander, 
 which they puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; 
 small yellowish plant-lice, sometimes marked with brown.] 
 
 The wingless lice are yellow. The winged lice are also yel- 
 low, having the thorax marked with brown. 
 
 Re-\iei)[i:s. — No. 3 or No. 4; but No. 5 or No. 7 are prefera- 
 ble. No. 04. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH. 
 
 CIIAI". 
 
 The Roee Scale {Diaspi>i rosce) 166 
 
 The Rose Aphis ( Siphonophora roue) 167 
 
 The Rose Sluy Woria (Setandria rob-ne) 168 
 
 The Horned Flower-beetle (Notoxus inon- 
 odon) 169 
 
 The following' insects also infest the Rose 
 bush: 
 
 The Tassock Moth (On)ijia leiicostigma). 
 The Greater Leai-vo\\er(Loxotcenia ru-iciceaiia). 
 The Rose Chafer . Macrodacfjjlu< !iubfpLiiu<u-<). 
 
 CHAPTER CLXVl. 
 
 The Rose Scale, or White Scale. (Cal.) 
 (Diasjjis rosR'. — Sandberg. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sub-order, Homopteka 
 
 Family, Coccid.^. 
 
 Fig. 240. 
 
 [A white scale-insect infesting the rose, raspberry, black- 
 berry, currant, etc.] 
 
 The rose or white scale insect (Fig. 239) infests several 
 varieties of rose bushes, and also the raspberry, blackberry, 
 currant, etc. 
 
 Fig. 239. — Rose 
 Scales — color, white ; 
 at the top are two 
 scales, magnified, the 
 one to the right being 
 a side view and the one 
 to the left being a top 
 view. Fig. 240. — Female Rose Scale-insect, enlarged. 
 
 Female (Fig. 240) form, elongated; abdomen, distinctly 
 segmented ; color, dark red. 
 
 Male (Fig. 242), winged— color, light amber, with dark 
 irregular markings ; wings white, the veins slightly colored ; 
 anal stvlet half the length of the body ; legs, yellowish. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE HOSE BUSH. 
 Fm. 241 
 
 257 
 
 Fig. 241. — Rose Scale ; 1, a portion of an infested bush ; la, 
 the female scale, greatly enlarged — color, white ; lb, the male 
 scale, enlarged — color, white. 
 
 It is generally found on the stems and branches of the 
 plants (Fig. 241) and its presence can be easily detected, as its 
 color contrasts strongly with the color of the bark of the 
 plant which it infests. I have recently received specimens of 
 currant roots taken from below the surface of the ground 
 which are covered by this species of scale-insect. Query — 
 Does this species infest the roots of plants? Will fruit- 
 growers please investigate? 
 
 The scale of the male (Fig. 241, lb,) is elongated and meas- 
 ures three fourths of a line in length ; color, white ; exuviae 
 near the anterior end. 
 
 Eggs — color, red ; form, oval ; length, one one-hundredth 
 of an inch — from twenty to fifty under each scale. 
 
 Larva — length, one eighty-fifth of an inch, and about two 
 
258 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH. 
 
 anteniue, six-jointed ; two 
 
 Fig. 242. 
 
 thirds as wide; color, reddish 
 anal setse, but very fine. 
 
 Fig. 242.— Rose 
 Scale-insect (male, 
 greatly enlarged) — 
 color, yellow. 
 
 The scale of the 
 female insect (Fig. 
 241, la,) is circu- 
 lar, or nearly so ; 
 color, snowy white ; 
 length, from one 
 line to one and one 
 quarter lines ; exuviae or cast skin to one side of the center. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 3 or 4; but No. 5, 6, or 7 are preferable. 
 
 Fig. 243. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXVII. 
 
 The Rose Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Siphonophora rosie. — Reaumur. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ^ i7> -n a 
 
 r, 1 ' 1 XT ( Family, Aphidid.e. 
 
 bub-order, Homoptera ; ) -^ ' 
 
 [Living on the stems and leaves of the rosebush, which they 
 puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; small green or 
 reddish plant-lice, usually marked with black or brown.] 
 
 Fig. 243.— Wing of Aphis, 
 showing venation. 
 
 The wingless lice are green 
 in color, excepting one vari- 
 ety, which is reddish. The 
 winged lice (Fig. 243, wing,) 
 are green, the head and tho- 
 rax brown or black, the abdo- 
 men marked with brown or 
 black. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 64 : 
 No. 8 or 4 is very effective, but 5 or 7 is better. No. 83 or No. 
 85 are excellent. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH 259 
 
 CHAPTER CT.XVTTT. 
 
 The Rose Slug-worm. (Cal.) 
 
 ( SeJaiidria r(jx;r'. — Harris.) 
 
 Order, Hymkn(jptkra ; Family, Tenth hi-:i)I\id/E. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the rosebush ; a naked green 
 worm, provided with twenty-two legs.] 
 
 Fig. 244. — Rose Slug-worm — color, green. Fig, 244. 
 
 These slug-worms (Fig. 244) eat only the upper ^^^^ 
 surface of the leaves, leaving the remainder un- 
 touched, thus giving the leaves the appearance of having been 
 scorched. These worms have the head yellowish, with a black 
 spot on each side, and on the edge of the first segment are two 
 triple-pointed warts. When fully grown they desert the plants 
 and burrow a short distance into the earth, where each one 
 forms a small cell in which it spins a tough elliptical cocoon. 
 Two broods are usually produced in one year, the last brood 
 passing the Winter in their cocoons. 
 
 Fig. 245. — Rose Saw-fly — color, black. 
 The perfect fly (Fig. 245) has four smoky 
 wings, which expand about five lines ; the 
 body is of a uniform black color. The 
 female fly deposits her eggs singly in punc- 
 tures made in a leaf by means of a saw-like 
 instrunient with which her abdomen is armed. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 64, 5, 7 or 6 ; the latter is excellent, but 
 miulit mark the foliaye. 
 
 CIIAl'TKK (LXiX. 
 
 The Horned Flower-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 (A'o^7.i((N inuiinduii. — Fabi'icius.) 
 
 Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Anthicid.^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the petals of the garden rose; a grayish- 
 brown beetle, having a brown band across the middle of the 
 
260 INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH. 
 
 wing-eases ; two or more brown spots at the base of the same, 
 and an obscure band at the tip ; the thorax projects in the 
 form of a long horn over the head.] 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 246, Plate 3,) measures about a line and a 
 half in length. Where it lives during its larval stage is not 
 known, l^ut the perfect insect passes the Winter beneath pieces 
 of wood, etc., that lie upon the ground. 
 
 Remedies. — Spray with No. 5, 7 or 64 ; or dust after sunset 
 with No. 19. 
 
INSECTS INFESTIiNG THE FLOWER GARDEN. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Verbena Aphis (Siphonoiihnra verbenfT)170 
 The Carnation Aphis (Bhopalogiphum dian- 
 thi) 171 
 
 The Tulip Aphis (Rhopalosiphinn tulipm). 172 
 The Snowhall Aphis {Aphis viburni) 173 
 
 CHAPTER CLXX. 
 
 The Verbena Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 (Siphonophora Vcrhcan . — Thomas.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; / ,. ., . 
 Sub-Order, Homoptera jj ^' ^^"^^^^'' ^^^H^^ir^^^- 
 
 [Living upon the leaves of the garden'^verbena, Avhich they 
 puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; small green 
 or yellowish plant-lice. — Thomas.] 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gal- 
 lons of Avater used ; or No. 83 or No. 85. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXX I. 
 
 The Carnation Aphis. (Cal.) 
 {Rhopalo.^ijih iini did nth i. — Schrnnk.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ^ t? i * 
 
 c, V 1 xj , r amilv, Aphidid^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) - ' 
 
 [Living upon the stems and leaves of the carnation pink 
 and Cerman ivy, wliich the.y punc-ture witli their beaks and 
 iml>ibe the sap; small green phint-lice, sometimes marked 
 with black. J 
 
 The wingless lice are yellowish-green, striped with darker 
 
262 INSECTS INFESTING THE FLOWER GARDEN. 
 
 green. The winged lice have the head and thorax black, the 
 abdomen dark olive-green, with darker transverse lines. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gallons of 
 water used ; or No. 83 or No. 85. 
 
 CPIAPTER CLXXII. 
 
 The Tulip Aphis. (Cal.) 
 ( Rhopalosiphum tulipse. — Fonscol. ) 
 
 ^^J^^'H™^^^^-^' i Family, APHIDID.E. 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -^ ' 
 
 [Living upon the leaves and stems of the garden tulip, 
 which they puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; 
 small green plant-lice, sometimes marked with black.] 
 
 The wingless lice have the head and thorax blackish-green, 
 the abdomen dark green, with darker transverse lines and 
 a row of black dots along each side. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gallons of 
 water used ; or No. 83 or No. 85. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXIII. 
 
 The Snowball Aphis. (Cal.) 
 (A^jhis viburni. — Scopoli.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera; j Family, Aphidid.e. 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -' ' 
 
 [Living upon the leaves and stems of the garden snowball 
 and the high-bush cranberry, which they puncture with their 
 beaks and imbibe the sap ; small brown or blackish plant- 
 lice. — Thomas.] 
 
 Remedies. — No. 3 or 4, one. pound to each two gallons of 
 water used ; or No. 83 or No. 85. 
 
 « 
 
INSFXTS INFESTING THE CONSHRVATORY. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Common Mealy-bug [Dactijlopius: ado- 
 nidii III) 174 
 
 The Destructive Mealy-bug [Dartylopiun 
 destructor) ITfi 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Mealy-bug with long threads (Dartijln. 
 
 pius lonnifilis) 176 
 
 Slugs or Snails 177 
 
 chaptp:r clxxiv 
 
 The Commoii Mealy-bug. (Cal.) 
 
 (Dactylopius adonicii(m . — Lin naeiis. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } -^ -, n 
 
 bub-order, Hoaioptera ; ) • ' 
 
 [Living upon various kinds of green-house plants and orange 
 trees ; a small scale-like insect, more or less covered with a 
 whitish, mealy powder.] 
 
 Fig. 247. — Female Mealy-hug, enlarged — 
 color, yellowish-white. 
 
 This species is commonly termed the 
 mealy hug, as if there was only one spe- 
 cies. It is sometimes very troublesome in 
 hot-houses, conservatories, and also to some 
 kinds of garden plants. I have also received 
 specimens of oranges which were infested 
 by this, or a closely allied species. The 
 female (Fig. 247) measures from one line and a quarter to a 
 line and a half in length ; is of a whitish or yellowish color, 
 with a brown Ijand on the middle of the back, and is covered 
 with a mealy powder wliicti is excreted through pores situ 
 ated on various parts of the body. In addition to this there 
 
264 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY. 
 
 is a woolly border around the edge of the body which is lon^ 
 est at the hind end of the body. 
 
 Fig. 248. 
 
 Fig. 248. — Common Mealy-bug; 1, a lobe of hind end of 
 the body of the female ; la, an antenna of the female ; 16, an 
 antenna of the male ; Ic, a leg of the female ; Id, anal ring of 
 the female — all highly magnified. 
 
 The adult male is furnished with two wings, and is of a 
 brownish color. 
 
 Remedies. — In conservatories use No. 88 ; on citrus trees 
 seriously infested use No. 50, and pick off all fruit ; when the 
 foliage and fruit are off, spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7 ; 
 this should be done before the growing season, when the trees 
 will send out a new foliage. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXV. 
 
 The Destructive Mealy-bug'. 
 (Daciylojnvs dcstrnrfor. — Comstock.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; I 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; ^ 
 
 Family, Coccid.e. 
 
 [Infesting green-house plants and orange trees ; a small yel- 
 lowish bug, thinly covered with a mealy powder.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING' TEE CONSERVATORY 
 
 265 
 
 Fig. 249. 
 
 Fig. 249. — Destructive Mealy-bug, 
 female, greatly enlarged— color, brown- 
 ish-yellow. 
 
 This species is sometimes very de- 
 structive to orange trees, and also to 
 green-house pi ;i n t s . The female 
 (Fig. 249) is oj" a dull brownish-yel- 
 low color, very slightly covered with 
 a mealy powder; length, nearly two 
 lines. 
 
 Fig. 250. 
 
 Fig. 250. — Destructive Mealy-bug, male, highly magnified — 
 color, light olive-brown. 
 
 The winged male (Fig. 250) is of a light olive-l)rown color, 
 and is marked with olive bands. The female dei)Osits her eggs 
 in a cottony mass which is excreted from the hind part of her 
 body. The eggs and young bugs are of a light yellow color. 
 
 Remedies. — Same as in Chapter CLXXIV. 
 18 
 
266 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORT. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXVI. 
 The Mealy-bug with Long Threads. 
 
 ( Da rtylopi m lonyijil /.s. — ( - omst ack. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) j^^^^^.j^ C^ocriD:^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) " ' 
 
 Fig. 251. 
 
 The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. 
 
 [Infesting green-house plants ; a small yellowish bug thinly 
 covered with a whitish mealy powder.] 
 
 Fig. 251.— Mealy -bug with long 
 threads, female, greatly enlarged — col- 
 or, yellowdsh. 
 
 Professor Comstock has described 
 another kind of mealy-bug which I 
 have not found in California ; the fol- 
 lowing is condensed from his original 
 description of this insect : " The female 
 (Fig. 251) is from two to two and a 
 half lines long, and is of a pale-yellow- 
 ish color, sparsely covered '_ with a 
 nieal}^ powder. The winged male (Fig. 
 252) is of a light olive-brown color. 
 The female deposits eggs, but these 
 are so far developed that the young bug issues shortly after 
 the egg is laid. These insects are sometimes quite destructive 
 to green-house yjlants, especially to ferns." 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY. 
 Fig. 252. 
 
 267 
 
 Fig. 252. — Mealy-bug with long tlxreads ; male, highly mag- 
 nified — eolor, olive-brown. 
 
 Remedies. — Same as in Chapter CLXXVI. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXVII. 
 
 Slugs or Snails. (Cal.) 
 
 Class, Gasteropoda ; ; ,-, ., .j 
 Ordei', Pulmonata; \ ^'^^^^^3', Helic: 
 
 [A small gray or blaek slug, feeding at night on conserva- 
 tory and garden plants.] 
 
 CID.E. 
 
268 fNSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY. 
 
 Although the slugs or snails do not belong to the same sub- 
 kingdom as insects do, Articidata, but belong to the sub-king- 
 dom Mollusca, which comprise the soft-bodied animals of the 
 shell-bearing and non-shell-bearing species ; yet the damage 
 which some of the species inflict on garden vegetables and 
 other productions of the gardener, florist, etc., is sufficient to 
 cause mention of these pests in this work. 
 
 Fig. 253. — Slug — color, 
 Fig. 253. __^ gray. 
 
 The most destructive 
 species that is found in 
 the gardens, hot-houses 
 and conservatories in this tState is the small gray slug, Lymax 
 ac/restis (Fig. 253), and a darker colored species, probably the 
 Lymax ater. These species may be designated as the gray 
 slug and the black slug. They are generally found in damp 
 places, hiding under stones, etc., in the daytime. In the eve- 
 ning they come from their hiding places in search of food, and 
 as they are gregarious in their habits, they often do great dam- 
 age. In Europe various species of slugs injure field crops. 
 
 The Gasteropoda — meaning heUy-footrd — bury their eggs in 
 the ground-; each egg is enclosed in a shell, and hatches in 
 August or September. They hibernate through the cold 
 weather, and attain their full size the next Spring. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 87. 
 
NSECTS INFESTING THH HOP PLANT. 
 
 The Hopvine Plusia {l'lu4a baltnca) 17S 
 
 Tlie Ho])vine Snout-moth (Ilypcna /iwniUi) 179 
 The Semicolon Butterfly (Grapta interro- 
 
 (jationU) ISO 
 
 The Hop Aphis (I'horoiUin hvinvAi) 181 
 
 The following insects also infest the Hop 
 plant : 
 
 The Broad-necked Prionus (I'rionua lalicoUis) 
 Cut-worms (Ayrutia). 
 
 CHAPTER (M.XXVIII. 
 
 The Hopvine Plusia. 
 
 (Plusia balhirn. — (leyer.) 
 
 (Jrder. Lkpidoptera ; Family. Noctuid.e. 
 
 II I M M I I I I lihl 
 
 [The measurements of insects in tliis work are {^iv en in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the hopvine ; a green, fourteen- 
 legged caterpillar, marked with white streaks ; the head green, 
 and destitute of black dots.] 
 
 This caterpillar arches up its back slightly when crawling. 
 When fully grown it measures about one inch and three lines 
 in length. It then crawls into some sheltered place and spins 
 a thin cocoon. The fore-wings of the perfect moth expand 
 about one inch and nine lines ; they are almost entirely cov- 
 ered with metallic green scales, and are crossed by two oblique 
 dark lines. The hind svings are dusky gray. 
 
 I have not found this species in this State. The above 
 account is taken from the Canadian Entomological Report 
 for 1873. 
 
 Remedies. — Spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7; or Xo. 64, 
 which is preferable. Read No. 106 carefully. 
 
270 INiSECTS INFESTING THE HOP PLANT. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXIX. 
 
 The Hopvine Snout Moth. 
 
 {Hypoia Jiuinidi. — Harris.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Pyealid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the hopvine ; a naked, green, 
 fourteen-legged worm, dotted with black and marked Avith 
 from two to four white stripes, and having the head dotted 
 with black.] 
 
 Fig. 254. — Hopvine Fig. 254. 
 
 Snout-moth; at ihv ^^^^J\^y-l^^^^rg^ ^m^^^MX^^^^^^ 
 left, the moth — coloi^, ^g.""^"^ " ' ^^ 
 
 dusky-brown, gray and "^ 
 black; a, the pupa — 
 color, brown ; above the 
 pupa, the caterj)illar — 
 color, green, with white and dark lines and black dots. 
 
 These caterpillars (Fig. 254) in walking arch up their backs 
 like the span-worms, and when jarred from the leaves they 
 usually hang suspended by a silken thread. They are very 
 sprightly, frequently leaping sidewise to a distance of several 
 inches when touched. When fully grown they are about an inch 
 long. They then desert the plants and secrete themselves 
 beneath the fallen leaves, etc., or enter the earth and form 
 small cells in which to pass the pupa state (Fig. 254fl). 
 
 The perfect moth (Fig. 254) exjjands al)out an inch and 
 three lines. The fore-wings are of a dull brownish color, 
 marked with darker spots and coal-black elevated points. 
 The hind wings are pale dusky brown. 
 
 There are at least two broods of these Avorms produced in 
 one season, and these are to be found from May to September. 
 The manner in Avhich these insects pass the Winter is not 
 known ; but the last brood of moths, which appear in Septem- 
 ber or October, probably hibernate, and deposit their eggs in 
 the following Spring. This species is reported as occurring 
 in this State, but T have never seen a specimen of either larva 
 or perfect insect. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE HOP PLANT. 
 
 271 
 
 Remedies. — Spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7; or No. 64, 
 which is preferable. Read No. lOG carefully. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXX. 
 
 The Semicolon Butterfly. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Grapta inter rogationis. — Fabricius.) 
 
 Order, Lei'idoptkra ; Family, Nymph aliive. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the hopvine ; a browish cater- 
 pillar, mottled with yellow and covered with red or light col- 
 ored spines tipped with black, or the spines wholly black.] 
 
 The fully grown caterpillar is about one inch and six lines 
 long ; the head is reddish-brown, thinly covered with small 
 prickles, and on the top are two branching spines. When 
 about to pupate, it suspends itself by the hind feet. 
 
 The chrysalis is ashy-brown, and the head is surmounted 
 with two projections resembling ears ; on the back of the tho- 
 rax is a nose-like prominence, and on the l)ack are a number 
 of silvery spots. 
 
 Fig. 255. 
 
 Fig. 255. — Semicolon lUittertiy — colors. reddis]i-l)rown and 
 black. 
 
 The butterflv (Fig. 255) which issues from this chrysalis has 
 the outer margin of all the wings notched; they are of a red- 
 dish-lirown color, marked with black and dark brown spots, 
 and with an outer brown border ; in some the greater part of 
 
272 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE HOP PLANT. 
 
 the hind wings are black. On the under side of each hind 
 wing is a silvery character resembling a semicolon ( ; ). The 
 fore-wings expand from two inches and six lines to two inches 
 and nine lines. 
 
 Remedies. — Should the caterpillars appear on the vines, 
 spray thoroughly wdth No. 5 or 7 ; or No. 64, which is prefer- 
 able. Read No. 106 carefully. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXL 
 
 The Hop Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Phorodon humuli. — i^chrank. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera; ) Familv, Aphidid.e. 
 
 Sub-order, HoxMOPtera ;) 
 
 [Living upon hopvines, usually near the terminal end, which 
 they puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap; small 
 yellowish-white or green plant-lice, sometimes marked with 
 black or brown.] 
 
 The wingless lice (Fig. 256, 3 and 4,) are yellowish-white or 
 
 green. 
 
 Fig. 256. 
 
 Fig. 256. — Hop Aphis ; 4, a wingless aphis, enlarged ; 3, the 
 same, natural size — color, yellowish or green; 2, a winged 
 aphis, enlarged ; 1, the same, natural size — colors, green, brown 
 and black. 
 
 The wdnged lice (Fig. 256, 1 and 2,) are green, and the 
 females have the head brown or black, and the thorax and 
 abdomen marked with dark brown or black. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; or No. 64, Avhich is preferable. 
 Read No. 10(> carefullv. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING WHEA' 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Crane Flies (Tipula) 182 
 
 The Hessian Fly (Cecidomyiu destructor).. 183 
 
 The Joint Worm (Euri/toma trilici) 184 
 
 The Cliinch Bug' iMkropua leucopteru^) . . .185 
 
 The Grain Aphis {Aphix avena) 186 
 
 The Army Worm {Leucania unipunc(a). . .187 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Cahfornia Locust ((Edipoda alrox). . . .188 
 Tiie Wheat Midge (DiploM^-i tritici) 189 
 
 Wire Worms ( Elateridce) also attacli the roots 
 of tlie Wheat plants. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXII. 
 
 Crane Flies. (Cal.) 
 Order. Diptei^a; Family, Tipulid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the roots of barley, corn, turnips, strawber- 
 ries, etc. ; a grayish footless grub, having the hind end of the 
 body apparently cut squarely off and provided with tubercles.] 
 
 Fig. 257. — Crane Fly ; i, the 
 larva or maggot — color, gray ; 
 ^, the pupa — color, brown ; 5, 
 the fly — color, brown ; 4, the 
 eggs. 
 
 In England the larvae (Fig. 
 257, i,) of these flies are known 
 by the name of " Leather Jack- 
 ets," on account of their tough, 
 leathery skins. In that coun- 
 try they are sometimes very 
 destructive to various crops 
 by feeding upon the roots ; 
 but I am not aware that they 
 have ever been reported as 
 being very injurious in this 
 State, although quite a number of species are found here. 
 
274 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 Fig. 258. Fig. 258.— Crane Fly- 
 
 color, brown. 
 
 These long-legged two- 
 winged flies (Figs. 257, S, 
 and 258), which some- 
 what resemble gigantic 
 mosquitoes, are familiar 
 to almost everybody, and 
 known as the "Dadd)^ 
 Long-legs." The greater 
 number of them live in 
 decayed vegetable mat- 
 ter, and are hence not 
 injurious to the agricul- 
 turist in this State, so 
 far as at present known. The pupa (Fig. 257, ^,) is somewhat 
 cylindrical, and at the anterior end are two horn-like pro- 
 jections. 
 
 Remp:dies. — In gardens, use No. 55, A. In fields, deep plow- 
 ing, thorough drainage, and cleaning the grounds. See No. 
 20, No. 32, A. B., and No. lOB, A. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXIII. 
 
 The Hessian Fly. 
 
 ( CecidoDu/ia (Icstructoi: — Say.) 
 
 Order, Diptera ; Family, CEciDOMYiDyE. 
 
 [Living between the leaves and the stalk on the lower part 
 of the wlieat plant; an oval, cylindrical, white, fleshy maggot, 
 finally transforming into a brownish two-winged fly.] 
 
 Among the wheat pests dreaded in the Eastern States is the 
 Hessian fly. I have not found this insect in California. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 275 
 
 Fig. 259. 
 
 Fig. 259. — Female Hessian Fly, en- 
 larged — color, l)lack. 
 
 The Hessian fly (Fig. 259), named 
 Cecidomyia dedructor by Mr. Say, ap- 
 peared in this eountry in 1776, and the 
 general oi)inion was that it was imported 
 in the stores by the Hessian soldiers in 
 the employ of the British Government, 
 from which it derived the name of 
 "Hessian Fly.'' There is probably no 
 other species of the insect kingdom that 
 has occasioned so much discussion as to 
 
 whether it is indigenous to this country. Sir John Banks, an 
 English entomologist, reports to the British Government, in 
 1789, that no such insect could be found to exist in Germany. 
 Its lirst appearance^ in this country was in 1776, on Staten 
 Island, and at Flatbush, on the western extremity of Long 
 Island. Some writers state that it travels al)out seven miles 
 each Summer. However, Dr. Chapnum discovered it in 1787 
 on the west side of the Alleghany Mountains, which would be 
 about thirty miles each year, dating from Staten Island in 
 1776. ^\lleat, rye, barley, and even timothy grass, were 
 attacked ])y them ; and so 'great was their ravages in the larva 
 state that the cultivation of wheat was abandoned in many 
 places where the}- had established themselves. It has been 
 a subject of general discussion as to where the female 
 deposits her eggs. Some claim on the yt)ung leaves of the 
 wheat, others on the grain before sowing; but the following 
 opinion is evidently correct, as expressed by Dr. Chapman : 
 "The Hessian fly lays her eggs in the small creases of the 
 young leaves of the wheat." Mr. Havens states that the fly 
 lays her eggs on the leaves. Mr. Herrick writes : "1 have 
 repeatedly, both in Autumn and in Spring, seen the Hessian 
 fly in the act of depositing her eggs on wheat, and have also 
 found that she selects for this purpose the leaves of the young 
 plant. The eggs are laid in various numbers on the upper 
 surface of the strip-shaped portion (or blade) of the leaf." Mr. 
 Herrick also states that the number of eggs on a single leaf is 
 
276 
 
 TNSECTiJ INFE8T1N0 WHEAT. 
 
 often twenty or thirty. I'he egg is aljout one fiftieth of an 
 inch in length, and it hatches in less than fifteen days. 
 Fig. 260. — Larva of Hessian Fh', 
 
 Fig. 260. 
 
 Fig. 261. 
 
 wTTrilTrrrt!' enlarged — color, yellowish-white. 
 
 Fig. 261. — The sheath removed, 
 showing three hibernating larvae or maggots of 
 the Hessian Fly. They are now said to be in 
 the flax-seed state, from the resemblance they 
 bear to those seeds. 
 
 Harris says: "The maggot (Fig. 260) which 
 proceeds from the egg is of a pale-red color. The 
 maggots crawl down the leaf and work their way 
 between it and the main stalk (Fig. 261), passing downward 
 till they come to a point a little beloAV the surface of the 
 ground, with the head towards the root of the plant. Having 
 thus fixed themselves upon the stalk they become stationary, 
 and never move from the place till their transformations are 
 completed. They do not eat the stalk, neither do they jjene- 
 trate within it, as some persons have supposed ; but they lie 
 lengthwise upon its surface, covered hy the lower part of the 
 leaves, and are nourished wholly b)' the sap, which they appear 
 to take by suction. As they increase in size they grow plump 
 and firm ; they become embedded* in the side of the stem by 
 pressure of their body upon the growing plant. (Fig. 262.) 
 The maggot thus seldom destroys the 
 plant ; but where two or three are fixed 
 in this manner around the stem they 
 Aveaken and impoverish the plant and 
 cause it to fall down or to wither and 
 die." (Fig. 268, right.) 
 
 Fig. 262. — Lower part of an infested 
 wheat plant, showing the swelling at the 
 lower end of the sheath caused by the 
 larvae of the Hessian fly. 
 
 The maggot reaches maturity in about 
 forty days, and measures about three tAventieths of an inch in 
 length. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 277 
 
 Fig. 263.— At the left, a Fig. 263. 
 
 healthy wheat plant ; at the 
 right, a plant infested by the 
 maggots or larvae of the Hes- 
 sian fly. 
 
 The trdnsformation of this 
 species is different from some 
 others in the pupa or chrys- 
 alis state, inasmuch as it first 
 passes through what is termed 
 by naturalists the "flax-seed " 
 state. It assumes the pupa 
 form only a few days before 
 the perfect insect emerges. 
 
 This pest produces two 
 broods each year — one in the 
 Spring and one in Autumn. 
 
 The perfect insect (Fig. 259) 
 is described as follows : "Col- 
 or, black, except that the ab- 
 domen is more or less tawny, 
 
 each ring being marked more or less with black ; legs, pale-red 
 or brownish, with black feet ; wings, three-veined, ciliate or 
 fringed. The lengtli of tlu; insect is about one tenth of an 
 inch, the expansion nearly one quarter of an inch." The 
 insect belongs to the order diptera, or two-winged flies. 
 
 Dr. Cyrus Thomas, State Entomologist of Illinois, writes as 
 follows : 
 
 "DOES THE HESSI.VN FLY KMKiRATE? 
 
 " As regards the so-called emigration of this insect, we would 
 express our disbelief in any such movement from place to 
 place as is involved in the idea of the word emigration. The 
 history of the insect simply shows that it has steadily spread 
 from its original point of introduction to new sections of the 
 country as rapidly as they Avere settled and wheat became a 
 staple article of production. 
 
 " It is periodically abundant ; most other noxious insects 
 are more abundant some years than others, becoming abun- 
 
278 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 dant in some localities and scarce in others. It cannot, there- 
 fore, truly be said to migrate from one part of a State to 
 another, or from one region to another." 
 
 Again, writing of the proliable limits of the Hessian fly, Dr. 
 Thomas says : " The question naturally arises whether this 
 pest will ever infest the wheat regions of western Dakota, 
 Montana, Utah, Colorado, and the Pacific States and Territo- 
 ries? We believe (though not aware, that such a statement 
 may be hazarded) that it was originally an inhabitant of Cen- 
 tral and Southern Europe. It has become acclimated in the 
 Eastern, Atlantic, and Middle States, in the Valley of the 
 Upper St. Lawrence, and in the Valley of the Mississippi 
 River ; that it can thrive in the elevated dry Rocky Mountain 
 plateau regions, and withstand the cool nights and dry hot' 
 atmosphere of the far west seems doubtful. At least, so 
 slowly has it spread westward, so slight an amount of wheat 
 or straw is transported westward (all produce of this kind 
 going eastward), that we doubt whether, during this century 
 at least, it will extend west of Kansas and Minnesota, where 
 it has already had a foothold for several years." 
 
 From what has been said of the Hessian fly, it is obvious 
 that the wheat-growers of California cannot be too careful in 
 preventing the importation of this pest. 
 
 Remedies. — Should this pest appear in this State, a good 
 preventative of its spreading would be the use of No. 56 or 20. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXIV. 
 
 The Joint Worm. (Cal.) 
 
 (Eurytoma tritici. — Fitch. ) 
 
 Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Chalcididje. 
 
 [Living in galls or swellings on the lower part of wheat 
 plants ; a footless pale yellow maggot.] 
 
 The parent flies appear in the latter part of April or begin- 
 ning of May, and pierce the stalk in numerous places 
 immediately above one of the joints, inserting an egg into 
 
INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 279 
 
 each puncture. These eggs soon hatch into minute foot- 
 less, yellowish grubs, whose presence in tlie plant near the 
 joint soon causes the latter to swell, forming a sort of gall 
 which is of a hard, woody texture. These grul)s remain in 
 their cells in the center of the stalk all W'inter, and ai-e 
 changed to Hies in the following Spring. The perfect insect 
 (Fig. 2G4) is wholly black with the exception of the front 
 shanks (tibiu'), which are pale yellow. 
 
 Fig. 264.— Joint Worm 
 Flies, enlarged — color, 
 black ; a, the female ; e, 
 her abdomen, still more 
 enlarged ; c, her antenna, 
 highly magnified ; b, the 
 male fly ; /, his abdomen ; 
 d, his antenna. 
 
 An insect very closely 
 related to the preceding 
 infests rye in the same 
 manner as the latter in- 
 fests wheat. This is 
 known as .the rye fly 
 (Eunjtoma secalis— Fitch). ft is wholly black except the 
 front and hind shanks (tibia'), which are pale yellow. 
 
 Two other species infest barley in the same manner as the 
 above insect infests rye. These ;nv the l)lack-legged l)arley 
 fly {Eunjtoma hordci — Harris)— of a black color, witii only tlie 
 knees and feet pale yelloAv ; and the yellow-legged barley fly 
 {Eiirytoma ftampe><—Y\tQh)—oi -A black color, with all the" legs 
 pale yellow. Some autliors contciid that the four species of 
 flies described above are but varieties of one species, which 
 was first described by Dr. Harris under the name of Eurytoma 
 hordei. 
 
 Remedies.— I^se Nos. 56 a)id 20. 
 
280 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXV. 
 The Chinch Bug. 
 
 ( Micropvs levrn]>frnift. — Say. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ( 
 Sul)-or(ler, Ho>roi'TER.\ ;\ 
 
 Family, Lyg/Eid.e. 
 
 Fin. 265. 
 
 [Living upon the stalks of wheat, corn, oats, etc. ; a small 
 black bug with white wings, which lie tlat upon the back and 
 have a black spot on the outer edge of each ; or a yellow, red 
 or gray bug entirely destitute of wings.] 
 
 The female deposits her eggs (Fig. 265, a and b,) in the 
 ground at the roots of the plants upon which her progeny are 
 to feed. These eggs are of a pale amber-white color, elongate 
 oval, and 6ne end appears^as if it_had been cut squarely off 
 and is surmounted by four small rounded tubercles. 
 
 Fig. 265.— Chinch 
 Bug Larva, Pupa and 
 Eggs; g, the pupa 
 enlarged — colors' 
 brownish-black and 
 gray ; c, e and /, the 
 larvfe in d i ff e r e n t 
 stages of their 
 growth — colors, yel- 
 low or red ; d, one of 
 their feet, enlarged; h and a, two eggs, highly magnified— 
 color, whitish or pale brown ; h, a leg of the adult, enlarged ; 
 j, the foot of the same, still more enlarged ; i, the beak of the 
 adult, highly magnified. 
 
 The young bugs (Fig. 265, c and e,) are variously marked; 
 some are yellow, with an orange stain upon each of the three 
 larger abdominal segments ; others are reddish, with- the two 
 basal abdominal segments pale or with a pale band across the 
 middle ; and still others are of a dingy gray. These insects 
 obtain their nourishment by puncturing the plants with their 
 beaks and imbibing the mp ; they hibernate in the perfect or 
 winged stage (Fig. 266). 
 
INSECTS INFESTTNO WHEAT. 
 
 281 
 
 Fig. 266. — Chinch Bug, enlarged — cokirs, Fiff. 266. 
 
 black and white. 
 
 I have had many specimens of insects 
 sent me, those forwarding them stating 
 that they thought them to bo the chinch 
 bug, but so far I have not found a specimen 
 of this species in this State. 
 
 Remedies. — Should this pest appear in 
 this State, it can be prevented from spread- 
 ing by trenching, as recommended in No. 
 86 ; use in the trenches No. 81 or 85. If 
 No. 85 is dusted on the perpendicular side of the trench, and 
 renewed every three or four hours, few of the insects entering 
 the trench will survive. See Nos. 20 and 56 ; also No. 106, A^ 
 as recommended for cleaning hoj) fields. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXVI. 
 
 The Grain Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 {Aphis avensc. — Fabricius. ) 
 
 Synonym . — Siphonopho ra a vcme. — Fab r . 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sul>order, Homopteka ; 
 
 Family, Aphidid/E. 
 
 [Living upon the stems, leaves, etc., of wheat, barley, etc. ; 
 small brown, green or yellow plant-lice, which j)uncture the 
 plant with their beaks and extract the sap.] 
 
 Fig. 267. — Grain 
 Aphis ; 1, the winged 
 louse, enlarged (natu- 
 ral size indicated at 2) 
 — colors, green, yel-^ 
 lowish and black; 3, 
 a wingless louse, en- -^^^T^ 
 larged ( natural size 
 indicated at 4) — color, 
 green, yellow or brown. 
 
 The wingless lice (Fig. 267, 3 and 4.) nre either dark brown 
 19 
 
282 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 or dark green, with a reddish band across the abdomen at the 
 base of the honey tubes ; the antennas, knees and feet are black. 
 
 The winged female (Fig. 267, 1,) is either dark green or 
 brown, with a ro'w of black dots on each side of the body ; 
 the head and thorax are sometimes marked with black. 
 
 The i^resent season, 1888, this species appeared in at least 
 ten counties in this State, and in some instances did consider- 
 able damage to wheat, etc., but were prevented from spreading 
 by the late rain, which also gave such impetus to the growth 
 of the infested grain that in many fields the damage is scarcely 
 perceptible. On the 29th and 30th of April, and on the 1st, 
 2d and 3d of May, un- 
 
 usual flights of the 
 winged insects (Fig. 
 268) were noticed in 
 this city (Sacramento) 
 but they disappeared 
 entirely with the ad- 
 vent of the rain of 
 May 4, 1883. 
 
 Fig. 268.— Grain 
 Aphis (winged female? 
 enlarged) — colors, 
 green, yellowish and black. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 56 and 20 
 
 Fig. 268. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXVII. 
 
 The Array Worm. 
 
 (Leucania unipuncta. — Haworth. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidopteea ; Family, Noctuid^. 
 
 [Migrating in large armies and feeding upon the leaves of 
 various kinds of grain and grass ; a naked caterpillar having 
 sixteen legs, the body marked with lines of dusky, black, 
 white and yellow. J 
 
 This insect plays two roles — one as a cut worm, living con- 
 
INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 283 
 
 cealed during the daytime and coming forth at night to feed, and 
 the other as an army worm (Fig. 269) migrating from one 
 field to another and devouring everything before it. It is in 
 this latter capacity that this insect has figured the most con- 
 spicuously. 
 
 Fig. 269.— Army Worm— Fig. 269. 
 
 colors, dusky, black, white 
 and yellow. 
 
 \\^hen fully grown it meas- 
 ures a little over one inch in, 
 length, is of a dingy velvety' 
 black color, with a white line 
 on the back and four light lines on each side of the body, the 
 two uppermost lines white, the two lower ones yellow ; the 
 head is yellowish, and marked in front with two curved 
 blackish lines. 
 
 Fig. 270. — Pupa of Army Worm — color, brown. 
 The caterpillars of this species which act as 
 ■^T; ' ■'"' ; cut worms, attain a larger size than those which 
 ~^' migrate from one place to another, and their 
 
 colors are more obscure. Three broods or more are produced 
 in one season, the last Ijrood hibernating as partially grown 
 worms. Before pupating they enter the earth and form small 
 cells. (Pupa, Fig. 270.) 
 
 Fig. 271.— Army Worm Moth ; 
 color of fore-wings, light reddish- 
 brown. 
 
 The fore-wings of the perfect 
 
 moth (Fig. 271) expands about 
 
 one inch and nine lines, are of a 
 
 light reddish-l)rown color, dotted 
 
 If!' with black, and marked near the 
 
 center with a black dot, from 
 
 which they derive the s])ecific vnipuncta or one-dotted. The 
 
 hind wings are smoky or blackish. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 86. 
 
 Fig. 270. 
 
 Fig. 271. 
 
 ^y 
 
 r' 
 
2R4 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXVIII. 
 
 The California Locust, or Grasshopper. (Cal.) 
 
 ( (lildipoda atrox. — Scudcler.) 
 
 Order, Othoptera ; Family, Acridid^, 
 
 [Feeding upon nearly every kind of grain and grass, and 
 also the leaves of trees and nearly every species of plant ; a 
 six-legged locust, or grasshopper.] 
 
 This insect is closely related to the destructive Rocky Moun- 
 tain locust — Caloptenus spretns — which is found from the Sier- 
 ras to the middle of the State of Iowa, but has never been 
 reported as occurring west of the Sierras. The California 
 locust has at times appeared in immense swarms in various 
 parts of this State, but has been especially destructive in the 
 Sierra Valley. They sometimes fly in immense swarms, hid- 
 ing the sun from view for hours at a time. Their usual time 
 of appearance is during the months of Julie and July. Their 
 flight is usually from the northeast to the southwest. 
 
 This insect measures from nine to fifteen lines to the tips of 
 the wing-covers ; general color, a dull brown, varied with 
 darker brown ; the cheeks and a spot on each side of the tho- 
 rax are yellow ; along the inner or upper edge of each wing- 
 case is a yellow line ; along the opposite edge of the wing are 
 from one to three dark brown spots, the one nearest the base 
 the largest, the others small, and sometimes obsolete ; there 
 are several other spots of the same color on the disk of each 
 wing-cover ; the hind wings are transparent ; the hind femorse 
 (thighs) are brown or yellow usually, but not always, marked 
 on the outside with two oblique dark brown spots ; the hind 
 tibiae (shins) are yellowish. 
 
 Fig. 272. — Eggs of a Locust, or Grass- Fig. 272. 
 
 hopper — color, yellow. 
 
 The female locust deposits her eggs in 
 masses in holes excavated in the earth 
 (Fig. 272) by the aid of four horny plates 
 which are situated at the posterior end of the abdomen. Seve- 
 ral other kinds of locusts, or grasshoppers, are found in this 
 State, but they have about the same habits as the al;)ove spe- 
 cies, with this exception : that they have never been known to 
 
/NSECTti INFECTING WHEAT. 
 
 285 
 
 occur in sucli destructive numbers, or to migrate from one 
 place to another, as the California locusts are known to do. 
 
 Remedy. — Mr. R. B. Blowers has been successful in destroy- 
 ing locusts, or grasshoppers, in his clover and alfalfa fields 
 that were seriously infested, by using an arrangement con- 
 structed as follows : He had a pan constructed of sheet iron, 
 ten feet long and three feet wide, turned up a few inches on 
 the sides and ends ; this was strengthened by pieces of two by 
 two inch Oregon pine. A board ten feet long, two feet wide 
 and half an inch thick is used on the back of the pan, and 
 fastened with braces. A light runner is placed under each end 
 and in the middle, raising the pan about one inch from tlie 
 ground. Ropes are attached to each of the front corners, and 
 to these a horse is hitched. Coal tar to the depth of from 
 half an inch to one inch is placed in tlie pan. A boy is then 
 placed on the horse's back, and drives backward and forward 
 over the infested grounds. If the tar is too thick, thin with 
 petroleum. The dead bodies of the insects can be taken out 
 of tlie liquid with a rake or some other implement. 
 
 Fig. 273, 
 
 CHAPTER CLXXXIX. 
 
 The Wheat Midge. 
 
 (Diplosis tritici. — Kirby.) 
 
 Order, Diptkra; Family, Cecidomyid.e. 
 
 [Living in the heads of wheat; an orange-yellow footless 
 maggot.] 
 
 Fig. 273. — Wheat Midge and Lar- 
 va ; at the left the larva, or maggot, 
 natural size ; in tlio middle the 
 same, highly magnitied — c o 1 o r i 
 orange ; at the right the fly, or 
 midge, with its wings closed — color, a 
 orange. 
 
 As we have never met with this 
 insect in this State, we take the fol- 
 lowing condensed account from 
 Packard's " Guide to the Studv of Insects." 
 
286 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 
 
 " When the wheat is in blossom the females lay their eggs 
 
 within the chaffy scales of the flowers, in clusters of from two 
 
 to fifteen or more. In eight or ten days the eggs disclose the 
 
 transparent maggot, which, with age, becomes orange-colored, 
 
 Fig. 274. ^^cl when fully grown (Fig. 273) measures about 
 
 one line and a half long. 
 
 [Fig. 274. — A green kernel of wheat infested 
 by the larvse, or maggots of the wheat midge — 
 color of larva, orange.] 
 
 " They crowd around the germ of the wheat 
 (Fig. 274), which by pressure becomes shriveled 
 and aborted. At the end of July, and in the 
 beginning of August, the maggots become full fed, and in a 
 few days cast their skins ; shortly after this — and sometimes 
 before it — they descend to the ground, which they enter to the 
 depth of about an inch ; here each one spins around its body 
 a minute silken cocoon. They remain in their cocoons un- 
 changed during the Winter, and 
 are changed to jjupse the follow- 
 ing June. 
 
 [Fig. 275.-Wheat Midge,female, 
 enlarged and natural size — color, 
 bright orange.] 
 
 " When^the perfect fly is about 
 to issue, the pupa works its way 
 to the surface ; this usually oc- 
 curs in June or July. The fly 
 (Fig. 273 and 275) is of an orange- 
 yellow color, with long slender 
 legs, and two transparent wings ; 
 the antennfe of the female are 
 twelve-jointed, while those of the male are twenty-four jointed.' 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 20 and 56. 
 
 Fig. 275. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING BARLEY. 
 
 The following insects infest barley, but are treated of else- 
 where in this work : 
 
 The Crane Flies (Tipula). 
 The Blac-k-legged Barley Fly {Eurytoina hor- 
 dei). 
 
 The YelIoA-lei'i,''ed Karle\ Fly (Euiytoma 
 
 Jiaripoi). 
 The Grain Ai)his {Aphis avenrv). 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING RYE 
 
 The Rye Fly (Euryloina .fecaiin) (See article on The Joint-worm, Chapter CLXXXIV.) 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AND ALFALFA. 
 
 The Clover-root liorer (Hylaiiten trifoliij. . .190 
 The Clover-stem Borer [Langurhi inozar- 
 
 di) 191 
 
 The (^lover-ha^;- Worm (Anvpia rvstalis). . . . 192 
 
 Tliefollowiiitf insects also attack Clover and 
 Alfalfa : 
 
 The Crane Flies (Tipula). 
 The California Locust {(Eilipoda atrux). 
 
 CHAPTER CLC. 
 The Clover-root Borer. 
 
 {Hi/lasttf< trlfoUi. — Miiller.j 
 Order, CoLEorTEKA ; Family, Scolvtid.e. 
 
 [Living in the roots of clover ; a whitish six-legged grub, 
 about one and a half lines long, with the head yellow, iinally 
 changing into a reddish-brown slightly hairy beetle.] 
 
 These insects usually reach maturity in October, and the 
 
288 INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AND ALFALFA. 
 
 beetles hibernate in their burrows. In the following Spring 
 they come forth from their Winter quarters, and the female, 
 when about to deposit her eggs, first gnaws a large cavity in 
 the crown of the roots, and then deposits therein from four to 
 six pale whitish elliptical eggs, which hatch in about a week. 
 The young larva begins to bore dowtnward into the root, pass- 
 ing between the outer skin and the heart. When fully grown, 
 it assumes the pupa form in the bottom of its burrow, and the 
 perfect beetle issues in the course of a week or so. 
 
 I have found a grub in roots of alfalfa, but did not succeed 
 in rearing the perfect insect. 
 
 CHAPTER CXCI. 
 
 The Clover-stem Borer. (Cal.) 
 
 (Langnria mozardi. — Latreille.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Erotylid/e. 
 
 [Living within the stems of clover (Fig. 276, Plate 3,) ; a 
 yellow six legged larva about three lines long, with two curved 
 spines at the hind end of the body ; finally changing into a 
 blue-black beetle, having the thorax yellowish-red.] 
 
 The female beetle first gnaws a hole into the stem and then 
 deposits therein a single egg (Fig. 277, Plate 3,) of a yellowish 
 color, rounded at each end and somewhat curved. The young 
 larva (Fig. 278, Plate 3,) burrows downward, consuming the 
 central substance of the stem to a distance of six or eight 
 inches. It assumes the pupa form (Fig. 279, Plate 3,) in the 
 lower end of its burrow, and the beetle (Fig. 280, Plate 3,) 
 which issues in the Autumn, deserts its burrow and, at the 
 approach of cold weather, seeks some sheltered place in 
 which to pass the Winter. I have found this, or a closely 
 allied species, in alfalfa. 
 
 Remedies. — Clean cultivation : see Nos. 20 and 106, A. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AND ALFALFA. 
 
 289 
 
 CHAPTER CXCII. 
 
 The Clover-hay Worm. 
 
 (Asopid c().'^f((li>t. — Fabricius.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid^. 
 
 [Living in silken tubes in clover-hay; an olive-brown or 
 dull white sixteen legged-caterpillar.] 
 
 When fully grown these caterpillars (Fig. 281, I and 2,) 
 measure about nine lines in length, and shortly afterward 
 assume the pupa form (Fig. 281, 4,). There are probably two 
 broods in one season, and the last brood passes the Winter in 
 the larva state. In Europe the perfect moth (Fig. 281, 5 and 
 6',) is knoAvn as the " golden fringe ; " it is of a liliaceous or 
 purplish color with a silky gloss ; the front wings are tinged 
 Avith gray and marked on the front edge with two large, bright, 
 golden-yellow spots, which are narrowed behind into a slender 
 line that extends across the wing ; the hind wings are lighter 
 than the front ones and are crossed b}' two light straw-colored 
 lines ; all of the wings are margined with deep orange ; 
 expands about ten lines. 
 
 Fig. 281. — Clover-hay Fig. 281. 
 
 \\'orm ; i, Ijack view of 
 one of the worms ; ^, side 
 view of the same (both 
 suspended by silken 
 threads) — color, brown- 
 ish ; 7, a worm in its 
 silken tube ; 4, the pupa 
 — color, honey-yellow ; S, 
 the cocoon — color, whi- 
 tish ; 6, the moth with its 
 wings expanded ; 6, the 
 same with its wings closed — colors, grayish purple and yellow. 
 
 The larvie or caterpillars of this moth are sometimes very 
 destructive to clover-hay, especially to that which has stood in 
 the stack for several years. They are most abundant in the 
 bottom of the stack, where the infested hay will frequently 
 be found to be webbed together by the silken tubes which 
 they spin for a habitation in which to dwell. 
 
INSECTS INFHSTING CORN. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Wire Worm 193 
 
 Cut Worms (Agrotis) 194 
 
 The White Grub (Lachnofterna quercina).19o 
 
 The Corn Worm {Heliotkis ariiiigera) 19(5 
 
 The Corn Aphis {Aphis tnaidis) 197 
 
 The following- insects also infest Corn: 
 Crane Flies (Tipala). 
 The StalU Borer (Gortyna nitela). 
 The Chinch Bug (Micropua leucojjterus). 
 Tlie Army Worm (Leucania unipunctaj. 
 The Yellow Bear (Spiloaoina virginicu). 
 The California Locust (Qidipoda atrox). 
 
 CHAPTER CXCIII. 
 
 The Wire Worm. 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Elaterid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the roots of wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, and 
 many other plants ; a nearly cylindrical reddish or yellowish- 
 brown six-legged larva or worm.] 
 
 Fig. 282. — Wire- 
 worms and Snap- 
 ping-beetles ; 3, Ela- 
 ter obscurus, enlarged 
 (natural size indi- 
 cated at 4) — color, 
 black or brown ; 2, 
 E. lineatus, enlarged 
 (natural size indi- 
 cated at 1 ) — color, 
 grayish-brown, with 
 darker lines ; 5, E. 
 sputator, natural size; 
 
 6, the same enlarged — color, blackish ; 10, the pupa of a wire- 
 worm, enlarged — color, yellowish ; 8, the larva of E. lineatus, 
 natural size ; 9, the same enlarged — color, yellowish ; 7, a wire- 
 
INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 
 
 291 
 
 worm, natural size. All of theso are natives of the Eastern 
 continent. 
 
 This is the larva of a beetle known as the " snapping beetle," 
 "skipjack," etc. (Fig. 282, 2, 3, 5, and 6). They derive this 
 name from the method they adopt to attain an upright posture 
 when they happen to fall upon their backs. Being unable to 
 turn over, they make a sudden jerk or spring, accompanied by 
 a clicking noise ; hence the name. 
 
 The larva (Fig. 282, 7, 8, and 9,) has six legs, two beneath 
 each of the three first segments, and a tubercle under the last 
 segment of the abdomen, which it uses as a pro-leg. 
 
 It is an undecided question among naturalists as to the 
 length of time these insects remain in the larva state ; some 
 say two years ; others, as high as five ; however, it is generally 
 conceded to be about three years, which, like many other 
 beetles of long larval lives, have an opportunity of doing 
 immense injury to crops, etc. 
 
 Fig. 283. — Wire-worm— color. Fig. 283. 
 
 yellowish-brown. ,..rf^SK'ICT'(QS^^^I>r-:-p^ 
 
 Mr. Curtis writes : "Wherever ^ry^~^'"^^ 
 grasses will grow, the wire-worm (Fig. 283) may be found." 
 Dr. Fitch writes : " They abound alike on the roots of the 
 coarsest sedges, and on other wild grasses, on the borders of 
 marshes and on those of the most delicate pasture." Theyclo 
 great damage to crops, especially corn, but can be found feed- 
 ing upon the roots of barley, cabbage, wheat, rye, potatoes, 
 asparagus, carrots, oats, etc., of the field, and dahlias, pinks, 
 carnations, etc., of the garden. A great many remedies have 
 been published for destroying those pests, but are generally 
 inapplicable to field crops. 
 
 Fig. 284. — Milli- 
 pedes or Thousand- 
 legged Worms — color, 
 brownish or yellowish. 
 
 Note. — The milli- 
 pedes, centipedes, or 
 t h o u s a n d-1 e g g e d 
 worms (Fig. 284), are 
 sometimes mistaken 
 
 Fig. 284. 
 
292 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 
 
 for wire-worni!^. They can easily be distinguished from the 
 latter by having one or more pairs of legs to each segment of 
 the body, whereas the true wire-worms have a pair of legs 
 attached to the first three segments only, the remaining seg- 
 ments being destitute of legs ; compare Figs. 283 and 284. On 
 roots of trees, use Remedy No. 59 ; on roots of cereals, etc.. No. 
 55, A. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 55. 
 
 CHAPTER CXCIV. 
 
 Cut-worms. (Cal. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the roots of corn, melons, cabbages, etc., 
 usually severing the plants ; or ascending fruit trees, grape- 
 vines, rosebushes, etc., and devouring the buds ; a naked, 
 greasy looking sixteen-legged caterpillar or worm.] 
 
 Fig. 285. 
 
 Fig. 286. 
 
 Fig. 285. — W-marked Cut-worm (Agrotis dandestina) — 
 color, ash-gray and black or brown. 
 
 Fig. 286. — Glassy Cut-worm (Hadena devastator) ; the lower 
 figure represents one of the middle segments of its body 
 enlarged — color, pale green. 
 
 Fig. 287.— Cut-worm and ^^^- 287. 
 
 Moth (Mamestra renigera) ; 
 at the left the moth (known 
 as the Figure 8 Minor 
 Moth) — color, dark gray ; 
 at the right the worm 
 (called the White Bristly Cut-worm) — color, yellowish gray. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 
 
 293 
 
 These worms (Figs. 285, 28H and 287) are very destructive 
 to young plants of various kinds ; their usual mode of pro- 
 cedure is to cut the young plants off and drag them into their 
 burrows, there to devour them at their leisure. Others ascend 
 various kinds of trees and sin-ubs and feed u})()n their leaves. 
 Fi". 288. -^'^S- -^^- — l^upa of Cut-worm in its 
 
 earthen cell — color, brown. 
 
 They come forth to feed mostly in 
 the night, remaining in their l)urrows 
 during the daytime. When about to 
 pupate they form smooth cells (Fig. 
 288) in which to undergo their transformations. 
 
 Fig. 289. 
 
 Fig. 289.— Gothic Dart Moth 
 (Agrotis subgothica, the parent of 
 the Dingy Cut-worm) — c o 1 o r s , 
 gray, yellow and white. 
 
 The perfect moths (Figs. 289 
 and 287) are usually of an ashen- 
 gray color, variously marked with 
 dusky or black ; their hind wings are mostly whitish or smoky. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 73. 
 
 CHAPTER CXCV. 
 
 The White Grub. (Cal.) 
 
 (Lachnosterna quercina. — Knoch.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Famil}-, Scarab^id^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the roots of corn, potatoes, strawberry plants, 
 nursery stock and various kinds of grasses ; a white curved 
 six-legged grub ; or feeding upon the leaves of the apple and 
 other trees ; a robust reddish-brown lieetle.] 
 
 The beetle (Fig. 290, o and 4,) which deposits the eggs from 
 which these grubs (Fig. 290, 2,) hatch, is commonly known as 
 the " May-beetle," or ".June-bug.'' It is from eight lines to 
 nearly an inch long, of a nearly uniform chestnut-brown color, 
 and the breast is covered with vellowish hairs. 
 
294 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 
 
 Fig. 290.— White 
 Grub ; 4, the beetle, 
 back view ; 3, the 
 same"^ side view — 
 color, chestnut- 
 brown; 1, the pupa 
 in its cell— color, yel- 
 lowish-white ; 2, the 
 grub in its burrow 
 in the earth — color, 
 white, with the head 
 brown. 
 
 The eggs are laid in 
 the earth, and these 
 soon hatch into 
 small, whitish six-legged grubs,' with brownish heads. When 
 at rest they lie upon one side, the body being curved so as to 
 bring the head and tail nearly in contact. They feed upon the 
 roots of various kinds of plants, and are supposed to spend 
 two or three years in this, their larval stage. 
 
 When about to pupate they form smooth oval cells in the 
 earth (Fig. 290, 1,) in which to undergo their transformations. 
 The perfect insects feed upon the leaves of the apple, cherry, 
 and various other fruit and ornamental trees. 
 Remedy. — Use No. 107. 
 
 CHAPTER CXCVI. 
 
 The Corn-worm, or Boll-worm. (Cal.) 
 
 (Hdiothis annigera . — Hubner. ) 
 
 Order, Lkpidoptera : Family, Noctuid^. 
 
 [Living in the ears of corn and feeding upon the kernels, 
 or burrowing into the bolls of cotton; a green or broAvnish 
 sixteen-legged worm, marked with darker stripes.] 
 
 The body of this caterpillar (Fig. 291 c) is sparsely covered 
 with polished black elevated dots, and the head is brown. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 
 
 295 
 
 When fully grown it measures about one inch and six lines in 
 length. It sometimes assumes the pupa form in its burrow, 
 but usually descends to the ground, which it enters and forms a 
 smooth cell (Fig. 291rZ) in which to undergo its transforma- 
 tions. 
 
 Fig. 291. Fig. 291.— Corn- 
 
 w o r m ; c, the 
 w o r m — colors, 
 green and brown ; 
 d, the pupa in its 
 cell — color, 
 1) r own; e, the 
 moth with wings 
 expanded ; _/', the 
 same, Avith wings 
 closed — color, 
 pale yellow tinged 
 with olive-green ; 
 a, an egg, side 
 view, highly mag- 
 nified; h , the 
 same, top view. 
 The fore-wings of the perfect moth (Fig. 291, e and/,) 
 expand about one inch and six lines, are of a pale yellowish 
 color, sometimes tinged with olive-green and reddish mark- 
 ings. Near the center of each wing is a blackish spot, and 
 near the outer margin is a dusk}^ spot. The hind wings are 
 paler, with a blackish outer border, and containing a light 
 colored spot in the center. 
 
 The caterpillar of this moth will bite human flesh. A case 
 occurred in the city of Sacramento, where the arm of a baby 
 was attacked by one of these worms until it bled freely ; and 
 several other cases have been reported. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; spray the ears of corn to pre- 
 vent the moth from depositing eggs on them. 
 
296 INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 
 
 CHAPTER CXCVII. 
 
 The Corn Aphis. 
 
 (Aphis maidis. — Fitch . ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } ,^ ■-, . 
 
 o 1 ' 1 TT Family, Aphidid^. 
 
 bub-order, HoMOPTERA ; ) '^' 
 
 [Living on the roots, stalks, or ears of corn, which they 
 puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; a small green- 
 ish plant-louse, marked with dusky or black.] 
 
 The wingless lice are apple green throughout, excepting the 
 front of the head, which is dark. The antennae are brownish 
 and the honey tubes are black. 
 
 The winged lice have the head and thorax shining black, 
 the abdomen greenish-yellow marked along the sides with 
 black dots. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 108. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING TOBACCO. 
 
 The Tobacco Worm (Macrosila Carolina) infests Tobacco, 
 and is treated of in another part of this work. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING COTTON. 
 
 CHAP. I The Corn Worm (//(j/w^/as u/-;/ii_;f/a) also at 
 The Cotton Worm (Aletia argiUacea) 198 tauks Cotton. 
 
 CHAPTER CXCVIII. 
 
 The Cotton Worm. 
 
 [Aletia argiUacca. — Hubner. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Familv, Xoctuid.e. 
 
 M I M I M I I I l.hl 
 
 [The measurements of insects in tliis work, are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the cotton phiiit ; a pale green- 
 ish caterpillar, dotted with black and marked witb yellow 
 
 stripes.] 
 
 Fig. 292. 
 
 Fig. 292. — Cotton Worm ; a, the egg, magnilicd — color, 
 green ; b, c\ and </, worms of different sizes — color, iiTeen, with 
 20 
 
298 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING COTTON. 
 
 Fiff. 293. 
 
 lighter lines ; /, the pupa — color, brown ; e, a rolled leaf, in 
 which the worm assumes the pupa form. 
 
 Although this caterpillar (Fig. 292, h, c, and d,) is provided 
 with a full complement of sixteen legs, yet in walking it is 
 obliged to arch up its bod}^, somewhat as the span-worms do. 
 This is due to the fact that the front pair of legs beneath the 
 middle of the body are so much shortened as to be of no use 
 to the caterpillar. When about to pupate it rolls a leaf around 
 its body (Fig. 292c), fastening the edges together with silken 
 threads ; it then lines the interior with a layer of silk, and 
 soon afterward assumes the pupa form. (Fig. 292/.) 
 
 Fig. 293.— Cotton- 
 worm Moths; a, 
 witli wings expand- 
 ed ; 6, with wings 
 closed — color, yel- 
 lowish, with lilac 
 lines. 
 
 The perfect moth 
 (Fig. 293) has the 
 fore-wings of a nearly uniform redclish-brown color, with a 
 dark spot, centered with two pale ones, near the center of each 
 wing. The head and thorax are also reddish-brown, while the 
 hind wings are smoky brown. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 103. (See note at end.) 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE SQUASH. 
 
 The Squash-vine Borer (.fi(/i'ria curcnbitce)W9 
 The Squash Bug (Coreun trintis) "200 
 
 The following insects also infest the Squash; 
 The Striped Cucumber-beetle (Liabrotioa 
 vitlata). 
 
 The Cucumber Aphis (.'iipliuuhplwm raair 
 
 bike). 
 The Pickle Worm {Phwellum nitidalis). 
 The Melon Worm ( Phacellura hyalinitalk). 
 
 Fie. 294. 
 
 iiS^^V^^^-^^i^^ 
 
 CHAPTER CXCIX. 
 
 The Squash Vine Borer, (Cal.) 
 
 ( JSgeria cucurbitse. — Harris. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, .Egekid.^e. 
 
 [Living in squasli and pumpkin vines near the roots ; a 
 whitish sixteen-legged larva ahout one inch long.] 
 
 Fig. 294. — Squash-vine Borer — K^olors, white 
 and broM'n. 
 
 The eggs from which these borers (Fig. 294) 
 hatch are deposited on the vines near the roots, 
 and as soon as hatched the young borers penetrate the stems 
 and devour the pith, frequently occasioning the death of the 
 vines. They reach their full growth in Autumn, and usually 
 enter the earth and construct a sort of cocoon in wdiich to pass 
 their transformations ; sometimes, however, they pass through 
 their transformations within their burrow^s. They pass the 
 Winter in the pupa state, and are changed to perfect moths in 
 the following Spring. 
 
 Fig. 295. — Squash-vine Borer (the moth) 
 — colors, black, olive and orange. 
 
 The perfect insect or moth (Fig. 295) has 
 blue-black fore-wings, which expand from 
 one inch to one inch and six lines ; the 
 hind wings are wholly transparent ; the ab- 
 domen is deep orange, marked with black. 
 
 Remedies. — Spray with No. 5 or 7, or No, 68 or 104. 
 note at end of No. 98.) 
 
 (See 
 
300 INSECTS INFESTING THE SQUASH. 
 
 CHAPTER CC. 
 
 The Squash Bug. (Cal.) 
 
 { Core us tristis. — De Geer. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ) r7^ ^^ r^ 
 
 Sub-order, Heteroptera; ( ^^"^^1>^' Corisid^. 
 
 [Living upon the leaves and fruit of the squash and pumpkin 
 vines ; a rusty-black elongated bug which punctures the plants 
 with its beak and inil;)il)es the sap.] 
 
 Fig. 296.— Squash Bug— colors blackish Fig. 296. 
 brown and dirty yellow. 
 
 The perfect or winged bugs (Fig. 290) pass 
 the Winter in some sheltered situation ; they 
 are about seven lines long, of a dirty yellow 
 color beneath and black above, the projecting 
 edges of the abdomen spotted with pale yel- 
 low; the wing-covers are rusty black, with the 
 thin overlapping ends black. 
 
 The females lay their eggs on the underside of the leaves, to 
 which they fasten them with a gummy substance. 
 
 The young are of a gray color, and as they increase in size 
 and by molting their skins, they change to a dull yellow 
 color. The leaves on which the young feed soon wither and 
 become dry and wrinkled; the bugs then change to fresh 
 leaves, and in this manner the vine is eventually destroyed. 
 
 The squash bug can be found in all stages of its growth 
 throughout the Summer season. It hibernates around fences, 
 crevices of walls, among weeds, and in other sheltered places. 
 In January, 1882, I found on pine trees, which were covered 
 Avitli ivy, immense numbers of squash bugs in all stages of 
 their existence — larva, pupa and imago. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos.«20 and 19, or No. 64 ; thorough spray- 
 ing with the latter (No. 64), one pound of the soap to each 
 gallon of water, then adding the buhach, as described, will be 
 effectual. See also No. 114. 
 
NSECTS INPHSTIXCx THH PliMPKIX. 
 
 The following insec^ls inl'est the piunpkiu, and are treated of 
 in another part of this work : 
 
 The Siiiiash-viiie Borer (.■K'jeriacucurbitce). The Squash-hug (Coreits trUtis). 
 
 The Striperl Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica ' The Cucumber Aphis (Siphoiiopliom cucur- 
 vitta/a). I bitce). 
 
 INSRTS IXFHSTIXG THli MELON. 
 
 CHAP. The Stripel Cucumber Beetle {Diabrotica 
 
 The Melon Worm (I'hacdlum lnjuUnitalis).20l nttafa). 
 
 The Cucuuiber Flea Beetle (Ilalfica rucum- 
 ens). 
 The following insects also infest the Melon: The Green Fruit Beetle (lyi/mneti.i nitida). 
 Cut Worms. . The Pickle Worm (fharelliira nilidalU . 
 
 CHAPTER CCI. 
 
 The Melon Worm. (Cal.) 
 
 (Phacellura hyalinitalis. — Linnjieus.) 
 
 Order, Lepiuoptera ; Family, Pyralid.e. 
 
 [Eating large holes in cucumbers, melons and pumpkins, 
 and also feeding upon the leaves of these plants; a yellowish 
 green sixteen-legged worm.] 
 
 The worms which occur upon the leaves (Fig. 207, Plate 4,) 
 usually web up the latter with silken threads. When fully 
 
302 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 
 
 grown they measure about an inch and three lines in length ; 
 they then spin their cocoons among the leaves, and soon after- 
 wards assume the pupa form. The last brood pass the Win- 
 ter in the pupa state. 
 
 The perfect moth (Fig. 297, Plate 4,) expands about an inch, 
 is of a pearly white color with a black stripe along the front 
 edge of the fore-wings, and a similar stripe along the outer 
 edge of all the wings. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 20 and 14 ; spray thoroughly with No. 
 51 or 65. 
 
 INSHCrS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 
 
 The Striped Cucumber-beetle (Diabrotica 
 vittata) 202 
 
 The Cucumber Flea-beetle (Haltica citcu- 
 meris) 203 
 
 The Cucumber Aphia^SiphonopIioramair- 
 
 hitae) 204 
 
 The Pickle Worm (Phacellura nitidalis). .205 
 
 The Melon Worm (Phacellura hyalinitalis), 
 also infests the Cucumber. 
 
 CHAPTER ecu. 
 
 The Striped Cucumber-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 {Diabrotica vittata. — Olivier.) 
 
 Synonym — Galeruca vittata. 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelidye. 
 
 [Living in the stems of cucumber, melon and squash vines ; 
 a slender whitish six-legged grub, about four lines long, with 
 a brownish-black head, and a spot of the same color on the 
 last segment ; finally changing into a yellowish leaf-eating 
 beetle (Fig. 298) about three lines long, and having two black 
 dots on the thorax and three black stripes on the wing-cases.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 
 
 '60-6 
 
 m 
 
 if 
 
 Fig. 298. Fig. 296. — Striped Cu- 
 cumber-beetle — colors, 
 3'ellow and black. 
 
 Fig. 299.— Larva of the 
 Striped Cucumber-beetle, 
 enlarged; 1, back view; 2, side view 
 — color, yellowish-white. ' I 
 
 In early Summer the grul)s (Fig. 1 
 299) of this species are sometimes 
 found in the stems of young cucum- 
 ber vines, near the roots. They bore 
 the stems in various directions, and 
 after attaining their full size they de- 
 sert the plants and form small cells 
 in, the earth, in which to pass the pupa state. 
 Remedy. — Use No. 111. 
 
 299. 
 
 CHAPTER CCIII. 
 
 The Cucumber Flea-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 {Haltica cucumeris. — Harris. ) 
 
 Synonym. — Epitriz cucumeris. — Harris. 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.*;. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the cucumber, melon, potato, 
 etc. ; a small l)hick beetle.] 
 
 Fig. 800. — Cucumber Flea-heetle, enlarged — color, Fig. 300. 
 black. 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 300) is less than a line long, and 
 the antenna? and legs are yellowish, except the hind 
 thighs, which are black and greatly swollen, enabling 
 the insect to leap to a considerable distance. The larvae, or 
 young, are supposed to live in the leaves of various kinds of 
 plants, and to enter the earth to pupate. 
 
304 INJECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 
 
 The perfect beetles jdess the Winter in some sheltered place. 
 These beetles attack the seed-leaves of cucumber plants as soon 
 as the}^ appear above the ground, thereby destroying them. 
 They also attack tomatoes, potatoes, etc., and injure the 
 plants by eating holes in the leaves — the injury to the plant 
 being in proportion to the extent of surface of the leaves 
 destroyed. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 111. 
 
 CHAPTER CCIV. 
 
 The Cucumber Aphis. (Cal. ) 
 
 ( Siphonoph ora cucurhitse. — Middleton. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; } t? ■^ k 
 
 oil TT I 1* amilv, Aphidid^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera \ ) • ' 
 
 [Living on the under sides of the leaves of cucumber, squash 
 and pumpkin ^dnes, which they puncture with their beaks and 
 imbibe the sap ; small green plant-lice, sometimes marked 
 with brown.] 
 
 The wingless lice are green, with a few darker markings. 
 The winged lice are green, the head yellowish, the eyes brown 
 and the thorax usually brownish. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 111. 
 
 CHAPTER CCV. 
 
 The Pickle Worm. (Cal.) 
 
 ( PJiacellura nitidalis. — Cramer. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Pyralid^. 
 
 [Boring cylindrical holes into cucumbers, melons, and 
 squashes; a pale greenish-yellow worm, with a reddish head.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 
 
 305 
 
 Fifj. ?,01.— Pickle Worm 
 worm — color, vellowiBh 
 
 Fig. 301. 
 
 
 j. an infested cucumber; r/, the 
 or green ; r,one of the middle 
 segments of its 
 body, enlarged ; d, 
 the horny plate on 
 the top of the first 
 segment, called the 
 cervical shield; e, ar- 
 rangement of black 
 spots on one side of 
 the first segment ; 
 f, shoAvs arrange- 
 ment of black spots 
 on top of the sec- 
 ond and third seg- 
 ments ; g, arrange- 
 ment of black spots 
 on top of the last segment ; b, the head and fore part of the 
 caterpillar's body, enlarged, back view; h, the cocoon — color, 
 white; /, the male moth — color, yellowisli-brown and dull 
 golden yellow. 
 
 When fully grown this Avorm (Fig. 301a) is about an inch 
 long; it then crawls beneath the leaves, etc., Avhich lie upon 
 the ground, and spins a slight Avhitish cocoon (Fig. 301 A). 
 The last brood passes the Winter in the pupa state. 
 
 The perfect moth (Fig. 301/) expands about one inch find 
 three lines. The fore-wings are of a A'ellowish-brown color 
 with a [)urplish reflection, and near the middle of the hind 
 edge is an irregular semi-transparent du\l golden-yellow spot. 
 The hind wings are of the same l)roAvnish color, with their 
 inner two thirds semi-transparent and dull golden-yell oav. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 20 ; spray fruit and foliage with No. 5 or 7, 
 to preA'cnt moth from depositing its eggs. 
 
INSFXTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Potato-stalk Weevil (Baridius triao- 
 
 tatus) 206 
 
 The Stalk Borer (Gortijna nitda) 207 
 
 The Colorado Potato Beetle (Doryphm-a 
 
 10-lineata) 208 
 
 The Three-Iiiicd Potato Beetle (Lem-a tril- 
 
 Ineata) 209 
 
 The Ash-colored Blister Beetle (CantharU 
 
 cinerea) 210 
 
 The Striped Blister Beetle (Cantharis mt- 
 
 tataj 211 
 
 The Small Potato Beetle, No. 1, (EpUrix 
 
 subcrinita) 212 
 
 The Small Potato Beetle, No. 2, {EpilHx 
 
 hirlipennis) 213 
 
 The Potato Moth 214 
 
 The following insects also infest the Potato: 
 
 The White Grub {Lachnosterna quercina) 
 Wire Worms. 
 
 The Tomato Worm (Marerosila Carolina). 
 The Cucumber Flea Beetle (Haltica cucum- 
 eri:<). 
 
 CHAPTER CCVL 
 
 The Potato-stalk Weevil. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Baridius trinotatus. — Say. ) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculioxid^. 
 
 [Living within the stalks of potatoes ; a whitish footless 
 larva, about three lines long ; finally transforming into a 
 bluish-gray snout-beetle, which is marked at the base of the 
 thorax with three black dots.] 
 
 Fig. 302.— Potato-stalk Weevil ; a, the Fig. 302. 
 
 larva enlarged—color, white ; b, the pupa 
 in its burrow, enlarged — color, yellow- 
 ish white. 
 
 The female weevil makes a slit in the 
 stalk by means of her snout, and then 
 deposits a single egg therein. The larva 
 hatching from this egg (Fig. 302a) bur- 
 rows downward into the stalk, sometimes extending its bur- 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO, 
 
 307 
 
 row even into the roots. It assumes the pupa form (Fig. 
 3026) in its burrow, and the perfect beetle issues in the latter 
 part of the Summer or late in the Fall, and passes the Winter 
 in some sheltered situation. 
 
 Fig. 808. — Potato-stalk Weevil— color, bluish- 
 black. 
 
 This weevil (Fig. 808) is about two lines long, of 
 an elongate-oval form, and is of a bluish-black 
 color, with three black dots at the base of the tho- 
 rax, the middle dot being situated upon the small 
 wedge-shaped piece technically called the scutel. 
 
 In the southern part of this State these insects are quite 
 frequently met with upon • the Jamestown weed {Datura stra- 
 monium'), in the stems of which they breed. ' 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 25. 
 
 CHAPTER CCVII. 
 
 The Stalk Borer. (Cal.) 
 
 {Gortyna nitela. — Guenee.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.e. 
 
 [Burrowing into the stalks of corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cur- 
 rant-bushes, etc. ; a l)rownish sixteen-legged worm nuirked 
 with white stripes.] 
 
 Fig. 304.— Stalk Fig. 304. 
 
 Borer ; 1, the moth — 
 color, gray; 2, the 
 c a t e rp i 1 lar — colors, 
 white and brown. 
 
 This l)orer (Fig. 
 304, ^,) when fulh- 
 grown measures about 
 
 one inch and three lines in length, is of a reddish-brown color, 
 marked on the back with three white lines, the two lowest ones 
 interrupted on the segments from the fourth to the seventh, 
 inclusive ; the underpart of these segments is reddish-brown, 
 
308 INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 
 
 while this part of the remaining segments is greenish-white ; the 
 head is yellowish-brown, usually with a dark dash ujDon each 
 side. It sometimes assumes the pupa form within its burrow, 
 but it usually enters the earth, where it forms a cell in which to 
 undergo its transformations. The fore-wings of the moth 
 (Fig. 304, 1,) expand from an inch and one line to an inch and 
 six lines ; they are of a mouse gray color, tinged with lilac, 
 and finally sprinkled over with bright yellow scales ; toward 
 the outer edge they are crossed by a yellow line. These borers 
 appear from April to August, there being but one annual 
 brood ; the moths are supposed either to hibernate, or to 
 deposit their eggs in the Fall, these not hatching until the fol- 
 lowing Spring ; the first supposition is probably the correct one. 
 Remedy. — Use* No. 25. 
 
 CHAPTER CCVIII. 
 
 The Colorado Potato Beetle. 
 
 {Doryphnra lO-lineata. — Say.) 
 
 Order, Coleopetra ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the po.tato and tomato ; a six- 
 legged yellowish grub about six lines long, and marked with 
 two rows of Ijlack dots along each side of the body, with the 
 head and legs also black ; finally transforming into a robust 
 yellowish beetle, having a black spot on the head, the thorax 
 covered with dots and short streaks of black, and the wing- 
 cases marked with ten black lines.] 
 
 ■ The egg of this species {Fig. 305a) are deposited in small 
 clusters upon the leaves, and hatch out in the course of 
 about one week. After attaining' their full growth the larvse 
 (Fig. 3056) enter the earth and form small cells in which to 
 undergo their transformations. Several l^roods are produced 
 in one year, the last brood passing the Winter in the pupa 
 state (Fig. 305c). 
 
 Fig. 305. — Colorado Potato Beetle ; a, a, the eggs — color, 
 yellow ; 6, b, 6, the larva in different stages of its growth — 
 colors, yellow and black ; c, the pupa — color, yellow ; d, d, the 
 beetle — colors, yellow and black; e, one of the wing-cases, 
 enlarged ; /, one of the hind legs, enlarged. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 309 
 
 Fig. 305. 
 
 Re.aiedies. — Xo. 103; spray thoroughly witli liquid solution 
 (see note at end of No. 108) ; good results have been obtained by 
 hand picking, etc. (See Xo. 112). For further description of 
 remedies, see Professor Riley's Seventh Missouri Report, pages 
 1 to 19. 
 
 CHAPTER CCIX. 
 
 The Three-lined Potato Beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 {Lema •trilineata . — Olivier.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the potato; a. six-legged slug- 
 like larva, which is finally changed into a yellowish beetle, 
 having two black dots on the thorax and three black stripes 
 on the wing-cases.] 
 
 Fig. 307.- 
 V a, Pupa 
 
 Fig. 306. 
 
 •Lar- 
 
 a n d 
 Eggs of Three- 
 lined Potato Beetle 
 — ; a, a, the lar- 
 va — color, yellow ; 
 b, the tip of its body, en- 
 larged ; c, the pupa, enlarged 
 — color, 3^ellow ; c/, the eggs 
 — color, vellow. 
 
310 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 
 
 Fig. 306. — Three-lined Potato Beetle, enlarged — colors yel- 
 low and black. 
 
 The parent beetle (Fig. 306) deposits her eggs (Fig. 307fl) 
 in patches of from half a dozen to a dozen, usually placing 
 them on the underside of tlie leaves ; tliey are somewhat oval 
 in shape and of a golden-yellow color. They hatch in about 
 two weeks, and the larvae (Fig. 307a) reach their full growth 
 in a few weeks and then enter the earth and form small cells 
 in which to pass the pupa state (Fig. 307c). Several broods 
 are produced in one season, and the perfect beetles pass the 
 Winter in some secluded place. The larva is of a dull yellow- 
 ish color, with a black head ; it has the habit of covering its 
 back with its own excrements. This insect is very common 
 in the southern part of the State. 
 
 Remedies. — Use same as in Chapter CCVIII. 
 
 CHAPTER CCX. 
 
 The Ash-eolored Blister-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 (Cantharis cinerea. — Fabricius.) 
 
 Synonyms. — Lytta cinerea — Fab ; Macrobasis unicolor — Kirby. 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Meloid.e. 
 
 [An elongate ash-colored beetle, about six lines long, feeding 
 upon the leaves of potatoes, etc.] 
 
 Fig. 308. — Ash- Fig. 308. 
 
 colored Blister-bee- 
 tle ; a, the beetle, 
 enlarged — color, 
 ash-gray ; d, its an- 
 tenna, enlarged — 
 on the left, that of ■■^d Iq / 
 the male ; on the 
 right, that of the 
 female ; &, the black 
 
 variety (murina), enlarged — color, black ; c, its antenna, 
 enlarged — on the left, that of the female ; on the right, that 
 of the male. 
 
INSECTS INFESTINO THE POTATO. 311 
 
 Tliis species has done serious injury to the potato crop in 
 one county in this State. It appears in the perfect state (Fig. 
 308) and attacks the potato by feeding upon the leaves. Par- 
 ties sending specimens to me could not give any particulars 
 concerning the natural hi storey of this insect. As the speci- 
 mens sent me were from portions of the State infested hy 
 grasshoppers and crickets, it may be that this species in the 
 larva state feeds upon the eggs of these pests. 
 
 Professor Riley gives the natural history of this species, in 
 substance as follows : The female lays her eggs in the nests 
 of such locusts or grasshoppers as deposit their eggs in the 
 ground. The larva' produced from these eggs are of an 
 elongate form and provided with six legs. They at once 
 begin to feed upon the locust eggs, and at the approach of 
 Winter they cast theii- skins and appeal' in an entirely different 
 form, known as the semi-pupa. In the true pupa form the 
 next change results in the exclusion of the perfect insect ; but 
 in the present case, as soon as the skin is cast, the insect 
 appears again in the larval form. The semi-pupa differs from 
 the true pupa in lacking the wing and leg-sheaths, but, like 
 it, is incapable of moving about. It is of a pale yellow color, 
 slightly curved, and beneath the fore part of the body are six 
 short tubercles, which seem to represent the legs. In the fol- 
 lowing Spring it casts its skin and again appears in the larval 
 form. Its body is now much curved, the head nearly coming 
 in contact with the tail. After attaining its full size it 
 assumes the pupa form, from which the perfect beetle issues 
 in the course of a few weeks. 
 
 I have not found it in am' locality not infested by grass- 
 hoppers, so it may be a friend as well as a foe. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 103 — liquid solution preferable — and Xo. 
 112. 
 
312 
 
 INSECT^S INFESTING THE POTATO. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXI. 
 
 The Striped Blister-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 ( CantJiaris ritiatti. — Fal)ricus.) 
 
 Synony.m. — Lytta, or Epicaata vlttata. 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Meloid.e. 
 
 Fig. 309. [Feeding upon the leaves of the potato ; an 
 
 elongate yellowish beetle (Fig. 309), about six 
 lines long, marked with two black spots on the 
 head, two black stripes on the thorax, and two 
 black stripes on each wing-case — the outer stripe 
 the widest, and sometimes divided into two 
 stripes by a yellow line.] 
 
 Fig. 309.— Striped Blister Beetle— colors, dull 
 yellow and black. 
 
 The habits and natural history of this species are the same 
 as those of the ash-colored blister-beetle — Chajater CCX. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 103 — liquid solution preferable — and 
 No. 112. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXII. 
 
 Small Potato Beetle.— No. 1. (Cal.) 
 
 {Epitrix subcrinita. — Leconte.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.e. 
 
 [A small metallic colored beetle, feeding on the leaves of 
 the potato.] 
 
 This species appeared early in August, 1882, on one side of 
 a field of potatoes which contained three acres, and by the 20th 
 had infested the whole field, entirely destroying the foliage. 
 
 The perfect insect (Fig. 310, Plate 4,) is oval in form, of a 
 greenish-black color with a slight sub-metallic luster ; antennte, 
 ten-jointed; legs, pale brown ; posterior thighs, stout : length, 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 313 
 
 about one and one half lines. The leaves attacked by these 
 pests were filled with holes similar in appearance to grapevine 
 leaves attacked by the grapevine tlea-bectle (Ilaltica chalybea.) 
 Should tlu'V appear this season, I will endeavor to learn some- 
 thing of their natural history. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. lOo — liquid solution })rcieral)le. 
 
 CHAPTEll CCXIII. 
 
 Small Potato Beetle.— No. 2. (Cal.) 
 
 {Epilrix hirtipcnnia. — Mels.) 
 
 Order, Coleopteua ; Family, CnKYSOMKLiuiE. 
 
 [A small reddish-colored beetle feeding on the leaves of 
 ])otatoes.] 
 
 This species was found in company with the preceding — 
 Epitri.c subcriaita — feeding on the leaves of potatoes, but was 
 not so luunerous as the latter. Tlic perfect insect is reddish 
 in color, with indistinct Idack markings ; antenna% ten-jointed ; 
 legs, pale l)rown ; lenglh of insect, about one and a half lines. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 103 — litpiid solution preferable. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXIV. 
 
 The Potato Moth. (Cal.) 
 
 (Gekchia Spf) 
 
 Order, LKiTDOi'TifiiJA : Family, Tineid.e. 
 
 [A small whitish caterpillar a little over six lines in length, 
 the head and true legs black; feeding upon potatoes.] 
 
 In 1<S81 and '82 specimens of potatoes were received infested 
 by the larva> of a snuill motli. Length of larva, about six 
 lines; color, ycllowish-whitc : head and cervical shield black, 
 with a whitish space between them; true legs, black. (Simi- 
 lar to larva, Fig. Ill, Plate 1.) 
 21 
 
314 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 
 
 Fio-. 311. 
 
 ciliated. 
 
 Fig. 311. — Potato Moth — color, ash-gray. 
 
 The moth (Fig. 311) is of an ash-gray color; 
 length of body, about four lines ; spread of wings, 
 -^ seven to eight lines ; fore-wings dark ash-gray, 
 ciliated ; hind wings lighter in color, and also 
 The moths appear about the first of July, and 
 deposit their eggs in potatoes after the latter are gathered 
 from the ground and placed in heaps or in sacks. The fol- 
 lowing letter was received from a gentleman Avho has suffered 
 from this pest : 
 
 '' Yours at hand, and in reply I will say that the larva does 
 not attack the potatoes in the ground, l)ut it is after they are 
 taken from the ground (dug) and placed in l)ulk that the moth 
 deposits her eggs on the potatoes, especially on those on the 
 top of the heaps. Some are infested to such an extent as to 
 appear like a honeycomb. Last year (1882) the moths ap- 
 peared about the tirst of July, and were present in all stages 
 of their existence until the first of February, 1883. When I 
 noticed them first in 1881, the potatoes on top of tlic heaps 
 were seriously infested. I covered the entire hea])S with old 
 sacks ; as soon as the larvae were full grown they left the i)ota- 
 toes and made their cocoons on the under side of the sacks, 
 in which to pass their transformation. When the sacks were 
 taken off there was not a space the size of a silver dollar but 
 had one or more cocoons attached. In order to prevent its 
 further spread I have burned the sacks, straw coverings and 
 sheds, and removed the storing place to a distant part of my 
 place." 
 
 This pest is reported from 
 three counties. There are evi- 
 dently two or three broods each 
 vear. To prevent this pest from 
 injuring the crop of potatoes 
 after they are gathered, the po- 
 tatoes should l:)e covered with 
 earth, or placed in what is called 
 a pit, in p]ngland, which is made 
 
 by piling the potatoes in a heap and putting a covering of 
 from four to six inches of earth on tliem (See Fig. 31U), or 
 
 FiK. ^m. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO. 
 
 315 
 
 by covering the heap with old sacks, etc., and phieing on the 
 top a light covering of earth. In all cases the storing place 
 should be as far as possible from localities alread}' infested. 
 Sprinkling slacked lime on the heaps will ^jrevent the moths 
 from depositing their eggs on the part covered by the lime. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Toifoise Beetles 215 
 
 The Golden Toi-toise Beetle (Ca^xida au- 
 
 riehalcea) 215 
 
 The Mottled Tortoise Beetle (Candida gut- 
 
 lata) 215 
 
 The Two-striiied Tortoise Beetle {Camda 
 hivlUala) 215 
 
 The Black-legged Tortoise Beetle (Casgida 
 niij ripen) 215 
 
 CHAPTER CCXV. 
 
 Tortoise Beetles. 
 
 Order. Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of flie sweet potato; a fattened 
 
 larva, having a row of spines along each side of the body ; 
 
 finally transforming into flattened tortoise-shaped beetles.] 
 
 Fig. 313. 
 Fig. 312. 
 
 Fig. 812. — Two-striped Tortoise Beetle, larva and pupa ; 2, 
 the larva, enlarged — color, dirty white ; 3, the pupa, enlarged 
 — color, brownish ; 4, the beetle, enlarged — colors, yellow and 
 black. 
 
316 
 
 INSECl'S INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO. 
 
 In this country there are no less than four different kinds of 
 tortoise beetles which are known to infest the sweet potato ; 
 they are more or less hemispherical in form, and the head is 
 concealed beneath a thin, transparent extension of the front 
 edge of the thorax. 
 
 Fig. 313. — Mottled Tortoise Beetle, enlarged — color, black. 
 
 The two-striped tortoise beetle (Cassida bivittata — Say; Fig. 
 312, 4,) is marked with two black stripes on each wing-case. 
 In the three following species, the wing-cases are unmarked. 
 
 The mottled tortoise heetle (_Casmla guttata — Olivier; Fig. 
 313,) has the shoulders blackish to the extreme outer edge of 
 the wing-case. In the remaining two species the thin, transpa- 
 rent outer edge of the wing-cases and. thorax is unmarked. 
 
 Fig. 315. 
 
 Fig. 314. — Golden 
 Tortoise Beetle and 
 Pupa ; d, the beetle — 
 color, yellow ; c, the 
 pupa — color, brown. 
 Fig. 315.— Egg of 
 (Tolclen Tortoise Bee- 
 tle, enlarged — color, dirty white. 
 
 The golden tortoise beetle (Cassida auri- 
 chalcea — Fabricius ; Fig. 314(/,) is of a deep 
 yellowish color, usually dotted with black, or 
 it is of a transparent golden color, shining like a drop of 
 liquid gold. It measures about two lines in length. 
 
 This is the only tortoise beetle that is known to occur in 
 this State, and is frequently met with on wild morning glories- 
 Fig. 316.— Black-legged Tortoise Beetle- 
 color, yellowish. 
 
 The black-legged tortoise beetle (Cassida 
 iiigripcs — Olivier; Fig. 316) closely resembles 
 
 Ii»i|p]i^'7 L the last, but is larger, measuring nearly four 
 llBii iiL;:.J ■ lines in length. It also differs in having the 
 legs black, and each wing-case is marked with 
 three black dots. The larva^ of these tortoise 
 beetles are elongate-oval in outline, greatly flattened, and have 
 a row of spines on each side of the body and two larger spines, 
 which are situated at the hind end of the body; these are usu- 
 
 Fig. 316. 
 
tNSECTS FNFESTING THE SWEET POTATO. 
 
 317 
 
 ally held over the liaek, and the excreiiients of the lai-va are 
 
 sometimes eullected upon them. 
 
 The larva of the two-striped tortoise beetle (Fig. ol2, ^,) is iA' 
 
 a dirty, or yellowish white color. It differs from the other three 
 
 mentioned below by not collecting its excrements u])()n its 
 
 anal spines. 
 
 Fig. 817. Fig. 318. 
 
 Fig. ol7. — Larva of (Jolden Tortoise Beetle; (i^ several lai-- 
 vii? on a leaf; h, a larva, enlarged — color, dark brown. 
 
 Fig. 818. — Larva and pupa of Mottled Tortoise Beetle; n. 
 the larva, enlarged — color, green ; h, the pupa, enlarged — coloi-, 
 green. 
 
 The larva of the golden tortoise beetle (Fig. olT) is of a dark 
 brown color, with a |)ale shade upon the back. 
 
 That of the mottled tortoise beetle (Fig. ol8r/) is of a green- 
 ish color, while the larva of the ])lack-legged toi'toise beetle 
 (Fig. 819, a and b,) is of a pale straw color, marked with dusky 
 spots, the spines tipped with black. 
 
 Fig. 319. 
 
 ■-•^^i.^' 
 
 th( 
 
 Fig. 319. — Larva of Black-legged Tortoise Beetle: b. 
 larva, enlarged — color, yellow ; «, two larva' on a leaf. 
 
 Fig. 320. — Pupa of Black-legged Tortoise Beetle, enlarged — 
 color, brown. 
 
318 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO. 
 
 When fully grown these larviv attach themselves to some 
 object by the hmd part of the body and soon cast off their 
 skins, which are worked backward and allowed to remain, en- 
 veloping the hind part of the pupa. (Figs. 320, 3186, 314c 
 and 312, S,). The pupae somewhat resemble the perfect bee- 
 tles, but differ by being destitute of the hard wing-cases, and 
 also in having a row of spines along each side of the body. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No 113; if seriously infested, use No. 103. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 Tlie Tomato Worm (Macroxi.la Carolina). 21C 
 The Tomato Aphis (Megmira solani) 217 
 
 The following; insects also infest the Tomato: 
 The Stalk Borer {Gortyna nitela). 
 The Colorado Potato-beetle (DorypJiora 10- 
 
 lineata). 
 
 CHAPTER CCXVI. 
 
 The Tomato and Tobacco Worm. (Cal.) 
 
 (Macrosila Carolina. — Linn ; and J/. 6-macuIata. — Haw.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Sphingid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of tomato, potato, and tobacco 
 plants ; a large green worm, having seven oblique white stripes 
 on each side of the bod}', and a horn on the hind end.] 
 
 Fig. 321. -Potato 
 or Tomato Worm — 
 colors, green a n d 
 white. 
 
 Fig. 322. — Pupa 
 of Potato or To- 
 mato Worm — col- 
 or, brown. 
 
 The above two 
 species very closely 
 resemble each oth- 
 
 Fiff. 321. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO. 
 
 319 
 
 er in all of their stages. The full grown worm ( Fig. :V1\) meas- 
 ures from three to five inches in lengh. When alxnil to ])Upate, 
 it enters the earth and forms a smooth cell in which to undergo 
 its trail sl'ormations. 
 
 Fig. 32;!. — Potato AVorni Moth or Five-spotted Sphin.\ — ih 
 ors. grav. hlaclc. and vellow. 
 
320 INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO. 
 
 The pupa (Fig. 322) is dark brown, and is furnished with a 
 long tongue-case, which curves around from the forward end, 
 its outer extremity resting upon the breast of the pupa, some- 
 what resembling the handle of a pitcher. 
 
 The perfect insects (Fig. 323) are commonly called "hawk- 
 moths," from a habit they have of hovering over flowers in 
 the evening while partaking of the nectar by means of their 
 long proboscis. Their fore-Avings expand from four to five 
 inches, and are of a grayish color ; the abdomen has a row of 
 orange spots, surrounded by black, on each side. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 14, 100, and 101. All chrysalids 
 (pupa) dug up or plowed up should be destroyed. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXVII. 
 
 The Tomato Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Megoura solani. — Thomas. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; ? tti -i a 
 
 o 1 1 XT [ Family, Aphidid^. 
 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) *" 
 
 I [ 1 1 I. L 1 I I I Ihhl 
 
 The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
 resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. 
 
 [Living uj)on tlie leaves and stems of tomato plants, which 
 they puncture wdth their beaks and iml)ibe the sap ; small 
 greenish plant-lice, sometimes marked witli yellow or brown.] 
 
 The wingless lice are pale green, with a dark green stripe 
 along the back ; head whitish, the eyes l)rown. 
 
 The winged lice are greenish, the thorax black or marked 
 witli l)lack or l)r()wn. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 74. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 
 
 CHAr. 
 
 The Cabbafje Mag-got iAntlmntyia br(iK>:i- 
 
 (•(V) 218 
 
 The Southern Cabbage Butterfly {PierU 
 
 prolo(lice) 219 
 
 The Imported Cabbage Wonii (Pien's 
 
 rapce) 220 
 
 The Cabbage Plusia (Pluxi'a Umxsiere) 221 
 
 The Yellow Bear Catei-pillar {Sijilomina 
 
 Vinjinica) 222 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Harlequin Calibage Bug '^Strachia his- 
 
 iriuniva) 223 
 
 The Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brcissica;) 224 
 
 The following insects also infest the Cab- 
 bage : 
 
 Cut Worms (A'jrotis). 
 The Striped Flea Beetle (IlalUca oittata). 
 
 CHAPTER CCXVIIT. 
 
 The Cabbage Maggot. 
 
 {Anthoinyia b runs leu . — l>oiiche.) 
 
 Order, Dtptera ; Family, Muscid.e. 
 
 [Boring into the roots of the cal)hage, turni[) and rutabaga; 
 a white maggot having a flattened liind end margined around 
 with minute teeth.] 
 
 These maggots and the flies into which they are flnally 
 transformed so closely resemble the onion maggot and fly, 
 and their habits are so similar, that the account given of the 
 latter will apply equally well to the present species. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 113. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXTX. 
 
 The Southern Cabbage Worm. (Cal.) 
 
 {Picris protodice. Bois Lee.) 
 
 Order, TiEPiDOPTERA ; Family, Pierid^e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the cabbage and mustard ; a sixteen-legged 
 greenish or bluish worm, dotted with black and marked with 
 from four to six 3'ellow stripes.]. 
 
322 
 
 INSECTS rNFESTING THE CABBAGE. 
 
 Fig. 324.— Southern 
 Cabbage W o r m and 
 Pupa — a, the worm — 
 colors, greenish-blue 
 and j-ellow : h, the pu- 
 pa — color, gray. 
 
 The full grown worm 
 (Fig. 324a) measure:^ 
 about one inch and 
 three lines long. When 
 about to pupate it sus- 
 pends itself by the hind legs and a transverse loop of silken 
 thread passed around the fore part of the body. The pupa 
 
 (Fig. 324/>) is grayish-brown, 
 Fis- 325. dotted with V)kck ; the head 
 
 terminates in a conical prom- 
 inence, and there is quite a 
 large prominence on the back 
 of the thorax : it is about 
 eight lines in length. 
 
 Fig. 325. — Southern Cab- 
 bage Butterfly, male — colors, 
 white and black. 
 Fig<326 — Southern Cabbage Butterfly, female — colors, white 
 and black. 
 
 The wings of the butterfly Fig. 326. 
 
 (Figs. 325 and 326) expand 
 about two inches, and are 
 white, the fore ones marked 
 with about eight l)lackish 
 spots, and the hind wings 
 sometimes have a border of 
 t r i a n g u 1 a r slate-colored 
 spots with a zig-zag slate- 
 colored line inside of them. 
 
 Remedies. — Spray once each Aveek early in the season with 
 No. 5 or 7 ; and should the caterpillars appear, use No. 83 or 
 85, or 04 ; the latter is preferable. (See also No. 114.) 
 
INSECTS INFEST TNG THE CABBAGE. 
 
 323 
 
 Fig. 827. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXX. 
 
 The Imported Cabbage Worm. 
 
 (Pif'ris rajni'. — Linna'Us.) 
 
 Order, Lkimdoi'tioka ; f'ainily, Pierid.'e. 
 
 [Feeding upon the cabbage, etc. ; a green sixteen-legged 
 worm dotted with black, and marked on the back with a yel- 
 low line, and with a row of vellow spots on each side of the 
 body.] 
 
 Fig. 827. — Im])orted Cabbage Worm and 
 Pu])a; (I. the worm — color, green with 3'elloAv 
 lines ; h, the pupa — color, greenish or gray. 
 
 When fully grown, this Avorm (Fig. o27rf) is 
 al)Out one incli and three lines long ; it then 
 suspends itself by the hind feet and a trans- 
 verse loop of silken threads passed around the 
 fore part of the body. It soon sheds its skin 
 and ajipears in the pupa state (Fig. '.Vllh). 
 Several broods are joroduced in one year, the 
 last brood hil)ernating in the pupa state. 
 
 Fig. 328.— Imported Cab- 
 bage Butterfly, male — col- 
 ors, white and black. 
 
 The perfect insect, or bul- 
 terfiy (Figs. 328 and 32i)) 
 expands about one inch and 
 nine lines, and is white or, 
 yellowish-white, w i t h the 
 fore-wings tip[)ed w itli Ijlack 
 
 Fig. 329. 
 
 Fig. 328. 
 
 and marked with from one to 
 three black spots: the hind 
 wings have a blackish spot on 
 the front margin. 
 
 Fig. 329. — Imported Cab- 
 bage Butterfly, female — colors, 
 white and black. 
 
 Remedies. — S a m e as i n 
 Chapter CCXIX. 
 
324 
 
 IN8EGT8 INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXI. 
 
 The Cabbage Plusia. (Cal.) 
 
 ( riii-^id hras.'<ir!i . — Riley.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.e. 
 
 [Feeding upon cabbages and lettuce ; a naked green twelve- 
 legged worm, dotted with white and marked with white lines.] 
 
 This caterpillar (Fig. 330a) arches up its back slightly when 
 walking ; it is of a yellowish-green color, sparsely dotted with 
 white, and marked on the back with a dark line, on each side 
 of which are three whitish lines ; the head is green, and is 
 marked on each side with five black eyelets, which are scarcely 
 noticeable with the naked eye. 
 
 Fig. 3 30.— Cab- ^ Fig. 330. 
 
 bage Plusia ; «, the 
 caterpillar — c o lor, 
 green with white 
 lines ; 6, the pupa in 
 its c o c o () n — color, 
 brown ; c, the moth 
 — color, grayish- 
 brown. 
 
 When al)out to 
 pupate it spins a 
 thin wliitish cocoon 
 (Fig. 3306) in some 
 sheltered place, fre- 
 quently among the 
 leaves of the plant it infests. The perfect moth (Fig. 330c') 
 expands from an inch and three lines to an inch and six lines ; 
 the fore-wings are dusky gray, inclining to brown, variegated 
 with light gra3dsh-brown, and near the middle of each is a 
 small oval spot and a somewhat U shaj^ed silvery mark. 
 These insects may be found during the greater part of the 
 year, there being at least three broods produced in one season ; 
 the last brood hibernating as half grown worms. 
 
 Remedies. — Use same as in Chapter CCXIX. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 
 
 325 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXII. 
 
 The Yellow Bear Caterpillar. 
 
 (Spilosoma Virf/inica. — Fabricius.) 
 
 Order, Lepidopteka ; Family, Bombycid.^.; 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of the pea, bean, beet, cabbage, 
 grape, etc. ; a hairy caterpillar of a yellowish-gray or green- 
 ish-white color, marked with from two to four lines, usually 
 of a (hirk color, and covered with white, yellow or reddish 
 hairs.] 
 
 Fig. 331. 
 
 " / i \ \ _____ 
 
 Fig. 331. -Yellow 
 Bear ; a, the cater- 
 pillar—colors, white 
 or gray, the hairs 
 white or vellow ; h 
 the pupa — c o 1 o r , 
 brown ; c, the moth 
 — ct)l()r, white with 
 black dots. 
 
 This caterpillar 
 (Fig. 331a) varies 
 greatly in its colors 
 and markings ; the 
 
 3'oung caterpillar is of a greenish-white color, with three white 
 lines on the back ; the more mature ones are pale yellow or 
 dark gray, with two dark colored lines on the back, and some- 
 times there is a yellowish line low down on each side of the 
 body. The hair is in spreading clusters, and is either white, 
 yellow, reddish-brown, or tli(> base is brown with the tips 
 black. When fully grown it measures about one inch and six 
 lines in length ; it then creeps into some sheltered place and 
 spins a thin cocoon, internuxed with the hairs with which the 
 body was covered. 
 
 The perfect moth (Fig. 331 r) is commonly known as the 
 " white miller,'' and is of a pure white color, usually marked 
 with a few black dots. The fore-wings expand from an inch 
 and six lines to nearly two inches. The caterpillar of this 
 moth can he found frojii the 2Uth of April to the 1st of October. 
 
326 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 
 
 Remedy. — Should these caterpiUars appear in Large num- 
 bere, see No. 14. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXIII. 
 
 The Harlequin Cabbage-bug. (Cal.) 
 ( Strachia hisfrioni.ca. — Hahii.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera ; 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; 
 
 Famil}^ Scutellerid.e. 
 
 [Living upon cabbages, radishes, turnips, etc. ; a wingless 
 greenish bug, marked with black, or a winged bug, marked 
 with l)lue-black and orange.] 
 
 The eggs (Fig. 332 c, d, and e, ) from which these bugs hatch, 
 are usually deposited on the under side of a leaf, in two or 
 three rows of half a dozen each. The_y are of an elongate-oval 
 form, light green or white, and marked with two black circles 
 and a })lack dot, the latter placed above the lower circle (Fig. 
 332fL) They are placed upon one end, and on the upper end 
 is a crescent-shaped black spot. (Fig. 332e.) 
 
 The perfect insects (Fig. 333) are about five lines long 1)V 
 three lines Ijroad, and prettily marked with blue-black and 
 polished orange. They pass the Winter in some sheltered 
 place. Unlike most other plant-bugs, they do not give forth a 
 disagreeable odor when crushed. 
 
 Fig. 332. 
 
 t 
 
 d 
 
 Fig. 332. — Jvarva, Pupa and Eggs of Harlequin Cabbage- 
 bug ; a, the larva, enlarged — colors, pale green and black ; h^ 
 the pupa, enlarged — colors, greenish or yellow and black; (/, 
 side view of eggs, enlarged — colors, white and black ; c, the 
 same, natural size : c, the eggs as seen from above, enlarged. 
 
 Fig. 333.— Harlequin Cabbage-bug — colors, orange and black ; 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 
 
 327 
 
 at the left, the bug, with its wings closed ; at tho right, the 
 same, with its wings expanded.* 
 
 This species spread to such an extent in Sacvamento County 
 as to prevent the growing of cabbages. 
 
 Remedies. — Nos. 20, IO60 and 36. If the cabbages, etc., are 
 seriously infested by this cabbage-bug, use No. 64, or 83, or 
 Sf), of (l()ul)l(' the strength reconuiiended. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXIV. 
 
 The Cabbage Aphis. (CaJ.) 
 {AphU brassicfe. — Linnanis. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera; } 
 Sub-order, lIoMorTERA ;'i 
 
 Family, Aphidid.e. 
 
 [Living u[i(m the leaves of tlie (•al)bage, which they })uncture 
 witli tlieir l)eaks and extract the sap; small greenish-yellow 
 plant lice, sometimes markinl with lilack and covered with a 
 bluish-white powder. J 
 
 Fig. 334.— Cal)bage Fig. 334. 
 
 Aphis ; J, the winged 
 louse, natural size ; 2, 
 tlie same, enlarged — 
 colors, greenish-yellow 
 and black ; 6', the wing- 
 less female, natural 
 size: .^ tlie same, en- 1 
 hirged — color, green or 
 yellowisli. 
 
 Tlie wingless lice (Fig. 334, 4,) are of a pale pea green or 
 greenish-yellow color. The winged lice (Fig. 334, ^,) are 
 green or greenish-yellow, with the head black and a row of 
 dots along each side of the abdomen of the same color. — Pro- 
 fessor Thomas. 
 
 This species of plant-louse is the most injurious that the 
 market gardener, has to contend with. 
 
 Remedy. — Fse No. 74. 
 
NSECTS INFHSTING THH RADISH. 
 
 CHAP. I 
 
 The Radish Usiggotf Antlioiiiyiaraphani).'2'25 ! The Harlequin Cabbage Bug (S^me/^ia histri 
 The Scriped Flea-beetle {Haltica vittala). . 226 I onicaj also attacks the Radish. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXV. 
 
 The Radish Maggot. 
 (Anthomyia raphani. — Harris.) 
 
 Order, Diptera; Family, Muscid^e. 
 
 [Boring into the roots of the radish ; a white footless mag- 
 got, its blunt posterior end margined with minute teeth, of 
 which the lower two are the largest and are notched at the tips.] 
 
 These maggots so closely resemble the onion maggots in all 
 their stages, that the account given of the latter will apply 
 equally well to the present species. 
 
 Remedy. — Same as recommended in Chapter CCXVIII. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXVI. 
 
 The Striped Flea-beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 « 
 
 {Haltica vitta ta. — Fabricius.) 
 Synonym. — Ha If ica sfriola ta. 
 
 Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of turnips, radishes, cabbages, etc. ; 
 a small black beetle, having a yellowish wav}' stripe on each 
 wing case.] 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE RADISU. 
 
 329 
 
 Fig. 835.— Striped Flea-bcetk-', enlar.iied— colors^ Fij,'. 335. 
 black and yellow. 
 
 These beetles (Fig. 885) have the hind thighs greatly jU^I 
 enlarged, Avhich enables them to leap to some distance 
 like a flea, hence the name " flea-beetle.'' The larvio 
 or yonng live in the ground and feed upon the roots of various 
 plants. When fully grown tln^v form small cells in the earth, 
 wherein to undergo their transformations. They are minute 
 slender whitish grubs, provided with six legs and having the 
 head light brown. 
 
 Remedies. — Should the beetles appear in large numbers, 
 use No. 64, double strength ; spray thoroughly, as often as the 
 beetles appear ; or Nos. 5 and 7 are effective. See also Nos. 
 20 and 106, A. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING THE TURNIP. 
 
 The following insects infest the Turnip, and are treated of 
 in another part of this work : 
 
 The Wire Worm. 
 
 Crane Flies (J'ipula). 
 
 The Striped Flea-beetle (Haltica litlataj. 
 
 The VVhite-lineii Sphinx (Deilephila lineata). 
 The Harleiiuin Cabbage Bug' {Strachiii hiatri 
 on tea). 
 
 22 
 
INSECTS INbESTlNCx THH (JNION. 
 
 The Onion Magg:ot {Antlinmyia ceparum^ Chap. 227 
 
 Fig. 336. 
 
 Fig. 337. 
 
 CHAPTER CC'XXVII. 
 
 The Onion Maggot. (Cal.) 
 
 (A It th omijuA rcjxi rii in . — Liniueus.) 
 
 Order, Diptera ; Family, Miscid.e. 
 
 [Boring into the bnlb of the onion, causing it to wilt and 
 decay ; a white footless maggot, which tapers at one end, the 
 opposite end appearing as if obliquely cut off, and marked 
 near the middle with two elevated eye-like brown dots.] 
 Fig. 336.— An Onion 
 infested by Onion Mag- 
 gots — color of maggots, 
 white. 
 
 Fig. 337.— Onion Fly, 
 enlarged — colors, ashy- 
 gray and black. 
 
 When fully grown these 
 maggots sometimes as. 
 sume the pupa form in a cavity 
 which they have gnawed in the 
 
 onion (Fig. 336), but they usually burrow a short distance into 
 the earth and form a small cell ; liere the change to tie pupa 
 state takes place, and the perfect fly issues in the course of a 
 week or so. This fly (Fig. 337) closely resembles the 
 common house-fly, but is more slender ; it is of an ashen-gray 
 color : the face is silvery, with a rusty black stripe between 
 the eyes, and there is usually a black stripe or row of black 
 spots along the back. 
 
 Remeoy. — Use same as recommended in Chap. CCXVIII. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING LinTECE. 
 
 CHAP. 1 
 
 The Lettuce A]<his ( SiphviKriJiora htutti- | The Cahha,ge Vhma, {J'hina bnissicce.) Also, 
 cce) 228 ; attacks Lettuce. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXVITI. ' 
 
 The Lettuce Aphis, 
 
 [SiphoNopltorK hictiiric ?) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera : / ., ., . 
 ^ub-Order, Ho.moptkra ;\ 
 
 [The measurements of insects in tliis woik are g-ivcn in inches and lines. The above outiej)- 
 resents one inch divirled into lines and fracticms tliereof.] 
 
 [Li\'ing upon the leaves of the garden lettuce, which they 
 puncture with their Ijeaks and imbibe the sap ; small green 
 plant-lice, usually marked with black or brown. | 
 
 The wingless lice are gi'een or brown, usually marked with 
 black dots. 
 
 The winged lice arc green, the head and thorax sometimes 
 black or brown. 
 
 Remedies. — Spray with Xo. •") or No. 4, or use Xo. 83 or Xo. 
 85. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEA. 
 
 CHAP. I The Yellow Bear ('^i'to.vo/iia Vinjinica), also 
 
 The Pea Aphis (Siphonophora pid) 229 | attacks the Pea. 
 
 The Pea Weevil (Bntclniapisi.) 230 I 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXIX. 
 
 The Pea Aphis. (Cal.) 
 
 {SiphonopJiora jtisi — Kultenl)ac'h. ) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera : ) t^ ^^ \ ^^^ , 
 o 1 T TT Family, Aphidid/E. 
 
 bub-order, Homoptera ;) -■ ' 
 
 [Living- upon the stems, pods and leaves of the pea, which 
 they puncture with their beaks and iml)ibe the sap ; small 
 green plant-lice, sometimes marked with yellow.] 
 
 The wingless lice are green, with the eyes black. 
 
 The winged lice are green, the thorax brown or yellow, the 
 eyes black or brown ; the antennae are longer than the body. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 3 or No. 4, or No. 88 or No. 85. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXX. 
 
 The Pea Weevil. (Cal.) 
 
 (Brack as pisi. — Linnseus.) 
 
 Order, Coleoptera; Family, Bruchid.e. 
 
 [Living in peas ; a small footless, deep yellow grub, with a 
 black head, finally transforming into a small gray snout-beetle, 
 which is striped with black and white.] 
 
 The female weevil deposits her eggs upon the young pods ; 
 
INSECTS INFESTING THE PEA. 
 
 383 
 
 Fig. 338. 
 
 the larva (Fig. o38c), as soon as hatched, burrows through the 
 pod and into a pea. Here it remains until it becomes full}'- 
 grown, feeding upon the interior of the pea. When about to 
 pupate, it gnaws a round hole under the shell of the pea, leav- 
 ing the latter untouched. It assumes the pupa form (Fig. 
 338(Z) in the Autumn, and is changed to a beetle (Fig. 338ft) 
 during the Winter or early in the following Spring. The beetle 
 gnaws a hole in the shell of the pea, through which it makes 
 its escape, although it not infrequently remains in the pea 
 until the latter is planted. During all this time it seldom 
 injures the germ of the pea. so that peas infested by it will 
 grow with almost as much certainty as those not infested. 
 
 Fi.ir. ;!;5S.— Pea 
 Weevil : c, the larva, 
 side view, enlarged 
 (natural size indi- 
 cated above) — color, 
 yellowish ; rf, the pu- 
 pa, back view, en- 
 larged (natural size 
 indicated below and 
 to the right — color, 
 yellowish ; 5, the wee^^l, enlarged (natural size indicated below) 
 — color, rusty-black and white ; (/, an infested pea. 
 
 The beetle, or weevil, is about two lines long, and is of a 
 grayish color, the wing-cases being marked with alternate 
 stripes of gray and black, and behind the midcUe of each is an 
 oblique white stripe. The exposed tip of the abdomen is 
 covered with a whitish down, and is marked with two blaqk 
 spots placed near the center. 
 
 Since writing the above, I have met a gentleman from a sec- 
 tion of this State where the pea weevil is doing considerable 
 damage. He expressed his belief that the pea weevil was pro- 
 duded by '"spontaneous generation," as he had never seen the 
 beetle in his field when the crop was growing. The existence 
 of the Aveevil in the perfect state is of short duration, and as it 
 prol)ably works only at night, this would account for its not 
 being seen. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 115. 
 
INSliCTS INFESTING THE BEAN. 
 
 The Bean Weevil {BrurhuB fahce ^ 
 
 The Bean Ajihis {Aphis rumicu) 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 ...231 
 ...232 
 
 The fcllowing: insects also attack the Bean: 
 The Ash-coloi-ed Blister-beetle {Caiitharis 
 
 cinerea.) 
 The Yellow Beai' {SpUosoma Virgi7iica.) 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXI. 
 
 The Bean Weevil. (Cal.) 
 {Brucli IIS t<tf>!r. — Riloy.) 
 
 SY^"ONYM — BrurJiLis ohsoletus.—f^a.y. 
 
 Order, CoLEorxEKA ; Family, Bkuchid.i^. 
 
 [Living in beans; small footless gruljs, finally transform- 
 ing into grayish-brown beetles.] 
 
 The female weeyil deposits her eggs upon the young pods, 
 and the Larva, as soon as hatched, burrows through the pod 
 and enters the bean (Fig. 3396) ; sometimes as many as four- 
 teen larvae have been counted in one bean (Riley). When 
 full}^ grown they gnaw- a passage to the hull or shell, and are 
 soon changed to pujja' ; the transformation to the perfect 
 state sometimes takes place in the Fall, but usually not until 
 th^ following Spring. 
 
 Fig. 339.— Bean Weevil; a, the 
 weevil enlarged, the small figure at 
 the left being the natural size — 
 color, l)ruwnish-gray ; 6, a bean in- 
 fested by the Lirva of this weevil. 
 
 The perfect weevil (Fig. 339rt) is 
 of a brownish-gray color, and 
 measures about one line in length- 
 
 Remedy. — I^se No. 1L5. 
 
 Fig. 339. 
 
II^SECTS INFESTING THE BEAN. 
 
 335 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXII. 
 
 The Bean Aphis. (Cal.) 
 {Aphis nnniris. — Linniuus.) 
 
 Order, Hemiptera : 
 Sub-order, Homoptera ; 
 
 Family, Aphioid.e. 
 
 Fig. 340. 
 
 [Living upon the leaves and stalks of the bean, whieli they 
 puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; small blackish 
 plant lice.] 
 
 Fig. 3 40.— Bean 
 Aphis ; 1, a stalk in- 
 fested by the aphides ; 
 4, a wingless aphis, 
 enlarged — color, 
 blackish ; 2, a winged 
 aphis, enlarged — col- 
 or, black ; 3, natural 
 size of No. £. 
 
 The wingless lice 
 
 -f/\^ (Fig. 340, 4,) are black, 
 
 ^^_g0^-^ i / the head and thorax 
 
 sometimes greenish. 
 
 The winged females (Fig. 340, 2,) are Avholly black. In 
 
 England this species is called the " Collier," " Black. Dolphin," 
 
 " Black Fly," etc. 
 
 " The bean aphis sometimes appears in such vast numbers as 
 to smother the beans, making them look as if they were coated 
 with soot. The attacks are begun Ijy a few wingless females 
 esta})lishing themselves near the top of the bean-shoots, where 
 they produce living young. These in their turn are soon able 
 to produce another hving generation and so on and on, till 
 the increase is numerous and from the numbers of the 'black 
 tiy ' and the sticky juices llowiiig fr(jm the punctures which 
 they have made witli their suckers, the plant becomes a mere 
 dirt}' infested mass, with a few infested leaves sticking out 
 from amongst the plant-lice." — INIiss Ormerod. 
 Remedy. — Use No. IK;. 
 
INSFXTS INFESTING ASPARAGUS. 
 
 The Asparagus Beetle (Crioceris asparagi) Chap. 2S8 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXIII. 
 
 The Asparagus Beetle. 
 
 ( Crioceris asparafii. — Linnaeus.) 
 
 (Order, Coleoptera; Famil}-, Chrysomelid.e.) 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves of asparagus ; a robust, ash-gray 
 six-legged larva, about three lines long, with a row of black 
 dots along each side of the body, the head and two spots on 
 the first segment also black.] 
 
 This beetle (Fig. 341, Plate 4,) ineasures about three lines in 
 length ; its thorax is reddish and usualh^ marked with black ; 
 the wing-cases are pale-yellowish, marked with blue-black as 
 ill the figure. 
 
 The perfect beetles pass the W^inter in some sheltered situa- 
 tion and come forth early in the following Summer to deposit 
 their eggs. These are placed upon the stalks of the asparagus 
 (Fig. 342, Plate 4,) and somewhat resemble in form a grain of 
 wheat, Vjut are much smaller and are of a blackish-brown color. 
 After the larva? (Fig. 343, Plate 4,) attain their full size, they 
 desert the plants and enter the earth, where each one forms a 
 small cell in which to undergo its transformations. 
 
 Remedies. — Use No. 19, or No. 83, or No. 85, or No. 3, or 
 No. 4. 
 
 INSECTS INFESTING RHLBARB, OR PIE PLANT. 
 
 The following insects infest the Rhubarb plant, and are 
 treated of in another part of this work : 
 
 (^ lit W< inns (^i/ro*'''')- I The Frosted Leat-hopper (Pa'cUopiera pruinosa). 
 
INSECTS INFESTING PARSLEY 
 PARSNIPS. 
 
 CARROTS ANT) 
 
 The Parsley Worm (Papilin oKteriax Chap. 234 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXIV. 
 
 The Parsley Worm. 
 
 (Papilio asterias. — Fabriciii?;. ) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Papilionid.^. 
 
 [Feeding upon the leaves and blossoms of parsle}^, carrots, 
 parsnips, etc. ; a whitish or greenish-yellow sixteen-legged 
 worm, banded with black and marked with black and yellow 
 spots.] 
 
 Fig. 344.— Parsley Worm— col- Fig. 344. 
 
 ors, greenish-yellow and black. ii:ffl^J^fH^'^fflE^fSl'§7j^'/^h>. 
 
 When fully grown, this worm P*«2J^JWgJi,,i:;l^ 
 (Fig. 344) is about one inch and ^ x^sr^ 
 
 six lines long. Before assuming the pupa form it suspends 
 itself by the hind feet and a transverse loop of silken threads 
 passed around the fore part of the body. 
 
 Fig. 345. 
 
 Fig. 345. — Asterias Butterfly — colors, black, blue and yel- 
 low. 
 
338 
 
 HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 
 
 The pupa varies in color from pale green to yellowish, or 
 ash-gray ; at the anterior end are two ear-like projections, and 
 there is a smaller projection on the hack of the thorax. 
 
 The butterfly (Fig. 345) expands from three inches and six 
 lines to four inches, is of a black color, with two rows of yel- 
 low spots near the outer edge of the wings ; the hind wings 
 are tailed, and are marked with several blue spots, while above 
 the angle near each tail is an orange spot centered with black. 
 
 Remedies. — Same as recommended in Chapter CCXIX. 
 
 HOUSEHOLD AND STORHHOUSE PESTS. 
 
 CHAP. I 
 
 The Clothes Moth ( Tinea flavifrontclla) . . . 235 I 
 The Carpet Beetle {Anthremm acrophti- 
 
 larice) 236 
 
 The Cockroach (Blatta gernuinca) 237 
 
 The Mosquito {Cule.x) 238 
 
 The Dried Fruit Moth 239 
 
 The Grain Weevil (Calandra granaria). . .240 
 The Angounious Grain Moth (Gelechia 
 
 cerealella) 241 
 
 The Bran and Flour Bugs (SUvanuit ./uarf- 
 
 ricoilis and S. surinaiiiensis) 242 
 
 The Raw-hide Beetle (Dermegtes lardariiD<).24S 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXV 
 
 The Clothes Moth. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Tinea flarifrontdla. — Linnanis.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid.e. 
 
 [Living in silken tubes on carpets, woolen- goods, etc. ; 
 small, pale, sixteen-legged worm.] 
 
 Fig. 346.— Clothes Moth— color, light butf. '?' , ' 
 
 The perfect insect (Fig. 846) is a small moth or "'^^^ 
 miller, of a uniform light buff color ; the wings are 
 long and narrow, with the most delicate fringe of silken hairs. 
 
HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 
 Fig. 347. 
 
 339 
 
 Fig. 347. — Caterpillar, Pupa, 
 and Case of the Clothes Moth ; 
 «, the caterpillar — color, whit- 
 ish ; h, its case : c. the pupa — 
 r-olor, l)rown ; all enlarg0'cL 
 ^ This moth deposits her ^ggs 
 
 in ear})ets, woolen goods, furs, 
 etc. As soon as hatched the 
 young larva (Fig ?Ala) immediateh' hegins to construct for 
 itself a nearly cylindrical tube (Fig. 8476), formed by fastening 
 the gnawed pieces of the cloth together with silken threads. 
 In this tube the larva lives, and instead of dragging its habita- 
 tion over the hairs, etc., it first cuts these ott", thus doing more 
 injury than if it merely fed upon the cloth, fur, etc. When 
 fully grown, the caterpillar closes both ends of the tube and 
 soon assumes the pupa form (Fig. o47r),from which the per- 
 fect moth issues in the course of a few weeks. 
 
 Fig. o48. — Larva and Cases Fi^- •'''■^• 
 
 of the Carpet Moth. 
 
 Closely related to the above 
 species is the carpet moth, or 
 woolen moth {Titicd fapct- 
 zella — Ijinu), whose larva also 
 lives in a silken tube (Fig. 
 .■)4S) and is sometimes very 
 destructive to carpets, etc. 
 
 Fig. 349.— Carpet Moth- 
 colors, black, yellowish-white 
 and gray. 
 
 Fig. 849. l^^K-' perfect mf>tli (l''ig. olt») is blackish at the 
 
 l)asc of the fore-wings, the remainder ])eing 
 ■;■ /' yellowish-white; the hind wings are dark-gray, 
 and the liead is white. 
 Rio.MKDifJs. — No. S2.<)(.» and 117. 
 
 '"f^jv'^'if'^Vi 
 
340 
 
 HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXVI. 
 
 The Carpet Beetle. (Cal.) 
 
 (AnthreJius scrophularise. — Linn. ) 
 
 Order. Coleoptera ; Family, Dekmestid.e. 
 
 [Living beneath, and eating large holes in the carpet ; a 
 small hairy brownish larva or worm. J 
 
 This larva (Fig. 350o), when full}" grown, measures a little 
 over three lines in length, and is of a brownish color, the 
 sutures of the segments whitish. On various parts of the body 
 are tufts of hair — that at the hind end the longest, and fre- 
 quentl)^ as long as the body itself. When about to pupate, it 
 crawls into some sheltered place ; here it remains perfectly 
 quiet, and is changed to a pupa (Fig. 3o0c) within the old 
 larval-skin. A short time before the perfect beetle emerges the 
 larval-skin is rent on the back, disclosing the included pupa ; 
 soon after this takes. place, the skin of the pupa is also rent on 
 the back, giving us a glimpse of the partially inclosed beetle- 
 Fig. 350. 
 
 Fig. 350. — Carpet Beetle, enlarged ; d, the beetle — colors, 
 black, white, and scarlet ; c, the pupa — color, yellowish ; b. the 
 same, in the old larva skin; a, the larva — colors, dark and 
 light brown. 
 
 The beetle (Fig. 350f?) crawls out of its environment in the 
 course of a day or so. It]is^only about one and a half lines 
 long by one line broad. Its colors are black, white and scar- 
 let, the latter forming a line along the middle of the back. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 82, 90. and 117. 
 
 Note. — This beetle frequents flowers, and can then be de- 
 stroyed by using No. 81. 
 
HOUSEHOLD ANB STOREHOUSE PESTS. 341 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXVII. 
 
 The Cockroach. (Cal.) 
 
 (Blatta gerinanirn. — Linnteus. ) 
 
 Order, Orthoptera ; Family, Blattarid^e. 
 
 [Infesting houses, and feeding upon cloth, etc. ; a flattened 
 reddish-brown six-legged insect.] 
 
 The female cockroach lays her eggs in a reddish-brown elon- 
 gated capsule or pod, each capsule containing about thirty 
 eggs. The young cockroach closely resembles the adult, but 
 is entirely destitute of wings, although in the adult female the 
 wings are greatly aborted, and are sometimes reduced to short 
 wing-pads. 
 
 These insects are nocturnal in their habits, remaining hidden 
 during the da^'time and coming forth at night to feed. 
 Although they are sometimes very troublesome, yet they par- 
 tially atone for their ill-doings by ridding the house of bed- 
 bugs and similar vermin, which they devour. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 121. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXVIII. 
 
 The Mosquito. (Cal.) 
 
 (Culex Spf) 
 
 Order, Diptera ; Family, Cuijcid^. 
 
 [A small two- winged blood-thirsty insect, sometimes very 
 troublesome to both man and beast.] 
 
 It is only the females of this species which manifest the 
 blood-thirsty i3ropensity ; the males are perfectly harmless. 
 The eggs are laid in masses upon the water — usually in some 
 stagnant pool. The young larva (Fig. 351), as soon as 
 hatched, makes its way to the bottom of the pool, where it 
 acts as a scavenger, by feeding upon the dead and puti-efying 
 vegetation. It rises occasionally to the surface for air, which 
 it inhales through a tube situated near the tail. In the course 
 
342 
 
 HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 
 
 of a fortnight it attains its full lirowth. and soon afterwards 
 assumes the ]»upa form. 
 
 Fig.351— Lar- Fig. 352. 
 
 va of ]Mos([uit(), 
 greatly enLarged 
 — color, whitish. 
 Fig. 852.— 
 Male Mosquito, 
 highly magnified 
 — color, hrown. 
 
 The pupa re- 
 mains near the 
 surface of the 
 
 water, and has the power of wiggling about. 
 In a few days it is changed into the perfect 
 insect, or mosquito (Fig. 352). The latter 
 is too well known in California to require 
 -further description. 
 
 Remedies. — UseNos. 82, 117 and IIS. 
 
 Note. — Care should he taken to prevent stagnant water 
 being kept or allowed to remain near the family residence, as 
 it is in such places the mosquitoes deposit their eggs, and the 
 young pass their lives as larvte and pupic. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXXXIX. 
 
 The Dried Fruit Moth. (Cal.) 
 
 Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid^. 
 
 [A small larva, feeding upon dried fruit, etc.] 
 The small larvse commonly known as "dried fruit worms," 
 are a great annoyance to those who dry fruits, and to raisin- 
 makers ; and also to the merchants and dealers handling dried 
 fruits and raisins which are not pro}Jerly protected against 
 these insect pests. 
 
 The natural history of these insects is not known to me 
 further than as follows : 
 
HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 843 
 
 They hibernate in the larva state, the larva spinning a light 
 cocoon in the cavity of the fruit, etc., upon which it has fed. 
 Early in Spring they change to pupse, and in about fifteen 
 days the perfect insect emerges. The eggs are laid on the 
 fruit while in the course of drying, especially such as is dried 
 by sun heat ; but often in fruit while it is getting ready to be 
 packed, or after packing, if the package is not moth-proof. 
 
 Fruit in sacks has not any protection, as the moth can 
 deposit the egg through the cloth. If the fruit is packed in 
 boxes, and the boxes have not close joints, the moth deposits 
 the eggs in the seams, and the larva as soon as hatched makes 
 its way to the fruit in the package. 
 
 In January last (1883), I received a small box filled with pits 
 and decayed parings of apricots and peaches, which were infested 
 by the larvje of these moths — the person sending them mak- 
 ing the inquiry: "Are they the larvie of the codlin moth?" 
 
 In September, 1881, a choice lot of dried plums, pears and 
 peaches were exhibited at the State Fair, neatly packed in 
 thirty pound boxes with glass covers (the fruit was dried by 
 artificial heat). It was placed on exhibition in a fruit store 
 until the following Spring. In one of these packages of plums 
 under the glass I found seventy-three moths which had emerged 
 from chysalids in the fruit. 
 
 At present I have specimens of what appear to be two 
 different species, but they may be merely varieties of one spe- 
 cies. The larva measures from five to eight lines in length, is 
 of a bright yellow color, and tapers slightl}- toward each end ; 
 stomata, faintly bordered with brown ; head deeply notched 
 above, yellowish-brown ; cervical shield yellowish-brown. The 
 larva is slender, and from its tapering form can be readily dis- 
 tinguished from the larva of the codlin moth. 
 
 Perfect insect, No. 1 (Fig. 353, Plate 4) ; length of body, 
 nearly four lines ; spread of wings, nine lines ; color, head 
 and thorax dark reddish-brown ; fore-wings, inner third yel- 
 lowish-white (forming a bar across base of wings when at 
 rest), balance of wing to apex dark brown, with two oblique 
 blackish stripes and blackish dots, the darker parts sprinkled 
 with whitish scales ; cilia, ash-brown ; hind wings, silvery 
 white ; cilia, darker than the wings. 
 
344 HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 
 
 No. 2 (Fig. 354, Plate 4) ; length, four lines ; .spread of wings, 
 ten lines ; color, head and thorax dark ash ; fore-wings, mot- 
 tled dark ash with a wavy blackish line across about one third 
 the length of the wi)ig from the base ; a second blackish line 
 reaching half way across, nearly eqidistant between the first 
 blackish line and the apex ; hind wings, silvery-white ; cilia, 
 a purer white than the wing. 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 15, 16, 17 and 18. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXL. 
 
 The Grain Weevil. (Cal.) 
 
 ( Calandra graiia ria . — Linn. ) 
 
 (Order, Coleoptera ; Family. Curculioxid.e.) 
 
 [Living in the kernels of wheat; a reddish-brown weevil.] 
 This species of weevil is very destructive to grain, especially 
 in store-houses and mills in California, and although small, is 
 a very formidable pest. The female makes a hole in the ker- 
 nel, or grain of wheat, with her beak and deposits therein a 
 single egg. The larva which is produced from this egg lives 
 upon the farinaceous part of the grain, leaving only the hull. 
 When full groAvn it is nearly one line in length, and changes 
 into a pupa within the hull in which it has lived. It remains 
 in the pupa state about nine days, when the perfect beetle 
 (Fig. 355, Plate 4,) appears and gnaws its way out of the grain. 
 This pest devours the inside parts of the grain, not only in the 
 larva but also in the perfect state. It is said that a single 
 pair will produce six thousand in five months ; also, that from 
 the time the egg is deposited until the perfect insect appears is 
 about forty-five days. It is claimed that at a temperature of 
 less than forty-five degrees (Fahr.) these insects are incapable 
 of multiplying their species, and in order to escape the cold 
 they hide themselves in the cracks of fioors, walls, roofs, etc., 
 and remain there until warmer weather. It is probable that 
 as the temperature is over sixty-five degrees for at least eight 
 months of the vear in central California, that this mav account 
 
HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 345 
 
 in part for their rapid increase in this locality. 1 have liei'ore 
 nie now (January 2(1, 1888,) a sample of Tuscany wheat (crop 
 of 1SS2) received in this city about the 15th of November last, 
 in a close-fitting i)aper box and apparently in perfect order. 
 It was kept in an office wliere tlie temperature is generally 
 above sixty-five degrees, for al)out three weeks, or until about 
 the lOtb of December. On examination, it api)ears as if every 
 kernel j)roduced a weevil. T have kept tbem since that time 
 and tbey still appear healthy. It is not l)y examining the sur- 
 face of the grain hea])S that the presence of this pest can be 
 detected, but by examining at a deptli of say four or more 
 inches beloAV the surface. By putting some of the grain in a 
 vessel and then covering it with water, those kernels infested, 
 or which the larva or perfect insect have eaten out, will float. 
 
 8ince writing the above, I have made some investigations, 
 which are not yet complete, (August 27th, 1883), but I have 
 reason to think that the grain weevil (C. granaria) infests the 
 wheat when growing in the field, and that the germ or egg is 
 laid in the wheat (or, at least, in some of it) ])efore it reaches 
 the granary. 
 
 On the 14th of August, 1883, I found the male insects of the 
 rice weevil ( CalamJra [ Sitoj/h ilus] oryzx) in consideral)le num- 
 bers among the wheat weevils ; and also found them pairing 
 with the females of the latter. 
 
 Description of Rice Weevil : Male not so large as wheat 
 weevil, and has two red or yellowish-red spots on each wing- 
 cover. 
 
 Remedies. — No. 72, No. 75 and No. 76, and careful selection 
 of seed; general remedy for weevil. No. 119. 
 
 23 
 
346 
 
 EOrSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXLI. 
 
 The Ang-oumois Grain Moth. 
 
 (Gelechia cercalella. — Liniia-u?. ) 
 
 Order. Lepidoptera : Family. Tixeid.e. 
 
 [Living in grains of wheat and corn : a minute white 
 iarva.] 
 
 This pest is very destructive to stored wheat and corn, 
 esi^ecially to the former. It eats out the interior of the grain, 
 leaving nothing but the empty hull. It is said that a single 
 grain furnishes sufficient food for a larva from the time it 
 issues from the egg until it becomes fully groAvn. It assumes 
 the pupa form within the grain, or hull. The perfect moth' 
 (Fig. 356) has the head of a dull ochre color, the fore-wings 
 pale shining ochre, with a grayish or brownish streak at the 
 base of each wing ; the hind wings are also grayish-ochre. 
 
 Fig. 356. Fig. 357. 
 
 Fig. 356. — Angoumois Grain ]\Ioth. enlarged — color, yellow. 
 ish-brown. 
 
 Fig. 357. — The Angoumois Grain Moth just from the pupa. 
 
 Closely related to the above is the common grain moth 
 {Tinea yrandJa — Linn), sometimes called the "grain wolf." 
 Its larva^ differs from that of the Angoumois moth by fasten- 
 ing several grains together with silken threads and afterwards 
 eating out the interior of each grain. The perfect moth is of 
 a creamy-white color, with six brown spots on each fore-wing. 
 
 Remedies.— Xo. 82, Xo. 90, Xo. 117, Xo. 119. As these 
 remedies apply to destroying moths and beetles, and their 
 larva? or grul)S. any of them may be applied in this case that 
 is practicable. 
 
HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 347 
 
 CHAPTER (CXLII. 
 
 Bran and Flour Bugs. (Cal.) 
 
 {Silccuiii-< (juad riojUi-i and >'. !<urinaiiun-<i<.) 
 
 Order. (.'oLKoFTKKA ; Fauiily, Ci'( rjiiJ.t. 
 
 [Living in stored grain, bran, tiour. sugar, etc.; small rod - 
 dish slender beetle.] 
 
 These beetles are very small, none of them measuring over 
 two lines in length. They are of a chestnut-brown color ; 
 quadricoUis (Fig. 358, Plate 4.) as its name implies, has a 
 nearlv square thorax, while in surinamensis the thorax is 
 rounded, and has several teeth on the outer edge. 
 
 In their larval state these insects usually Uve in the grains 
 of wheat or corn, which they freiiuently hollow out until 
 nothing but the liull i-emains. They assume the pupa state 
 within the grains. Besides wheat and corn they are also 
 found in bran, or middlings, in fiour, sugar, and in various 
 other situations. 
 
 Remedy — Use No. 120. When in grains, same remedy as 
 recommended in Chapter CCXL. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXLIII. 
 The Rawhide Beetle. (Cal.) 
 . {Dermestes lardariu-'^. — Linn, j 
 Order, Colbopter.a. ; Family, Dekmestiu.e. 
 
 [A brown hairy larva, feeding upon rawhides, finally chang- 
 ing into a blackish-brown beetle, with a whitish bar across the 
 base of the wing-cases.] 
 
 The larva (Fig. 359a) of this species is found to be very 
 troublesome at certain seasons of the year, in stores Avhere 
 hides are stored. It measures about nine lines in length, and 
 is covered with stifl' hairs. When full gi'own it assumes the 
 
348 
 
 HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 
 
 Fig. 359. 
 
 pupa form, and the perfect insect (Fig. 359c) emerges in about 
 three weeks. 
 
 Fig. 359. — Rawhide Beetle and 
 Larva ; a, the larva, enlarged — color, 
 brown ; b, one of its hairs, enlarged ; 
 c, the beetle, enlarged — colors, black 
 and gray. 
 
 Description of Beetle : Shape, ob- 
 long-oval ; color, dark-brown or black- 
 ish ; on the base of the wing-cases is a 
 broad whitish or bufif-colored band, on 
 which are some brown or black spots ; 
 the under side of the body is blackish, 
 and covered with a whitish-colored powder or scales ; length, 
 four lines ; width, about two lines. This species feeds also on 
 bacon, hams, etc. ; and several other species which belong to 
 the same family are very destructive to furs. 
 
 Remedy. — Use No. 91. 
 
i SECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 The Black Horse-fly (Tahami^ atratus) 244 
 
 The Horse Bot-fly (pestrua erjui) 245 
 
 The Ox Bot-f\y {Uestru^ bovis) -^46 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 The Sheep Bot-fly (Oestrus nvis) 247 
 
 The Scab Mite (PsoropUs eqiii) 248 
 
 The Liver Fluke (Dutoina hepaficutn) 249 
 
 CHAPTER CCXLIV. 
 
 The Black Horse-fly. (Cal.) 
 
 (7\(hctinis <ilrafu-'<. — Fal)riciiis.) 
 
 Order, Diptera ; Family, Tabanid^. 
 
 [Biting and annoying horses, cattle and other animals ; a 
 large black two-winged fly, having the back of the thorax 
 covered with a bluish-white poAvder, and the wings smoky 
 dark brown or black.] 
 
 Fig. 360.— Black 
 Horse-fly, Larva 
 and Pupa ; a, the 
 larva — color, green- 
 ish-white ; h, the 
 pupa-color, brown; 
 c, the fly — colors, 
 black and bluish- 
 white. 
 
 The body of this 
 fly (Fig. 360c) is 
 about ten lines 
 long, and the wings 
 expand about two 
 
 inches. Like the mosquito, it is only the females which 
 attack animals ; the males are destitute of mandibles, and 
 
350 TJWSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 live upon the sweets of flowers. The larva of this fly (Fig. 
 3fiOa)lives in the vicinity of fresh water streams; they have 
 heen found beneath submerged stones in a small stream of 
 running water, among floating pieces of wood, and on dry 
 land less than a rod from a small permanent stream of water. 
 It appears that a certain degree of moisture is necessary for 
 their existence, although they are not strictly aquatic. They 
 feed upon snails, and probably earth worms. These larvse 
 measures from one inch and nine lines to two inches and 
 three lines in length, and are nearly cylindrical, but taper at 
 each end ; they are of a transparent greenish or yellowish 
 color, and furnished above and below with large rounded 
 sponge-like tubercles which are extended or retracted at the 
 will of the insect. They reach their full size in mid-Summer, 
 and then transform into pupfe (Fig. 3606), within their cells in 
 the earth. In the course of a week or so they are changed 
 into perfect flies. 
 
 Several other horse-flies occur in this State ; the one often- 
 est met Avith is known as the "green-headed horse-fly" — Taba- 
 nus lineola — Fabr. ; and may easily be distinguished by having 
 a whitish line on the back of the abdomen ; the head is usu- 
 ally green. It is a much smaller species than the above. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXLV. 
 
 The Horse Bot-fly. 
 
 ( (Eatrus e(jiiA. — Fabricius.) 
 
 Order, Dipteka ; Family, (Estbid.e. 
 
 [Living in the stomach of the horse ; a 3^ellowish-red or 
 whitish grub, thinly covered with small bristles or spines.] 
 
 Fig. 861. — Horse Bot-fly, male — colors, 
 grayish-yellow and black. 
 
 The eggs from which these grubs hatch are 
 deposited in patc-hes l»y the female fly, and 
 each egg is attached to the hair by a sticky 
 fluid which is deposited with it. In a few 
 weeks the grub hatches, and is conveyed to 
 
INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 351 
 
 the mouth by the horse licking or biting the place where the 
 egg has been deposited ; it then passes down the horse's throat 
 with the food. After reaching the stomach, it attaches itself 
 to the inner lining by means of two curved hooks with which 
 the head is provided. Here it remains until fully grown, 
 when it lossens its hold and is carried onward and expelled 
 with the excrements. Upon reaching the earth it at once 
 buries itself, and soon contracts to a reddish-brown pupa, 
 from which the perfect fly issues in the course of a few weeks. 
 
 Fig. 362. — Horse Bot-fly, female — colors, 
 gray, black and yellow. Fig. 362. 
 
 The perfect Hy (Figs. 861 and 862) is of 
 a pale yellowisli color, spotted with red, 
 the thorax banded with l)lack or red, and 
 the wings, which are only two in number, 
 are of a whitish color reflecting a golden 
 tint, and arc crossed by a dark band with 
 two reddish spots at the tips. 
 
 Figuier writes : " In fact, it is not in the egg state, but really 
 in that of the larva, that the horse, as we shall explain, takes 
 into his stomach these parasitical guests to which nature has 
 allotted so singular an aliode. When licking itself the horse 
 carries them into his mouth, and afterward swallows them 
 with his food, by which means they enter the stomach. It is 
 a remarkable fact that is sometimes seen, other insects, as the 
 Tabani. for instance, that by their repeated stinging cause the 
 horse to lick himself and thus to receive his most cruel enemy. 
 In the perilous journey they have to perform from the skin of 
 the horse to his stomach, many of the larvae of the (Estru><, 
 as may be supposed, are destroyed — ground by the teeth of 
 the animal, or crushed by the alimentary substance." 
 
 Symptoms shown by a horse seriously infested by bots : He 
 does not eat heartily, and therefore loses flesh, and has a stiff 
 and staggering walk, and to use a common phrase, appears 
 "consumptive." 
 
 Remedies. — To prevent the eggs from reaching the liorse's 
 mouth, clean oft' daily by scraping. There exists a vast dif- 
 ference of opinion in regard to remedies ; some persons rec- 
 ommend drenching with oils and bleeding ; others claim that 
 
352 
 
 FN.SECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 the animal is benefited by the presence of the bot. Conse- 
 quently, I can only advise consulting a veterinary surgeon. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXLVI. 
 
 The Ox Bot-fly. 
 
 ((Esfrus ho CIS. — De Geer.) 
 
 Order, Diptera; Family, CEstrid^. 
 
 [Living in tumors on cattle; a whitish footless maggot.] 
 
 Fig. 863. — Larva, or maggot of Ox Bot-fly — color, white. 
 
 Fig. 364. — Ox Bot-fly, enlarged — colors, black, yellow and 
 
 white. 
 
 Fig. 363. Fig. 364. 
 
 The parent fly deposits her eggs upon the backs of the cattle, 
 or, according to some authors, she first punctures the skin, 
 and then deposits therein a single egg ; the first hypothesis is 
 the more reasonable one, and we may suppose, with very good 
 reason, that the grub, or maggot (Fig. 363), as soon as 
 hatched, burrows through the skin and takes up its abode just 
 beneath it, where its presence results in the formation of a 
 tumor, in which the maggot lives. After attaining its full size 
 it deserts its former abiding place and falls to the ground, 
 which it enters and soon contracts to a dark-brown pupa, 
 from which the perfect fly issues in the course of a few weeks. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 358 
 
 The perfect fly (Fig. 304) is of a 1)lack color, thickly 
 covered with hairs except on the thorax, which is twice 
 broadly banded with yellow and white ; at the base of the 
 abdomen is a white or yellow band, and at the tip is a band 
 of reddish hairs. This species causes great annoyance to 
 cattle in pastures. It is said that the buzzing noise made by 
 the fly terrifies work oxen to such an extent that they at times 
 become unmanageable. 
 
 Hare, or Jack Rabbit. 
 
 A species of CEstnirS attacks the hare, or jack rabbit: the 
 habits and natural history of this oestrus are probably similar 
 to that of the (vstru^ bori.^. 
 
 Remedy. — The opening of the tumor may be enlarged with 
 the point of a sharp knife, and the maggot extracted, or 
 forced out ; this can be done without much pain to the animal. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXLVII. 
 
 The Sheep Bot-fly. 
 
 ( CEstrus ovi)>. — Liuiueuf!.) 
 
 Order, Diptera ; Family, CEstrid^e. 
 
 [Living in the heads of sheep ; a whitish footless maggot.] 
 It is thought that the parent insects (Fig. 8()5, 1 and ^,) are 
 viviparous, and that the maggots (Fig. 3()o, 4, o and 6,) are 
 I)rought forth alive, and are deposited in or near the nostrils 
 of the sheep, up which they crawl until reaching the frontal 
 sinuses, Avhere they attach themselves by means of the hooks 
 with which their heads are ])rovided. Here they remain until 
 attainning their full size, when they loose their hold and make 
 their way to the o])ening of the nostrils and then fall to the 
 ground, which they enter, and soon contract to dark brown 
 pupa (Fig. 365, <?,) from wbidi the ])erfect fly issues in a few 
 weeks. 
 
354 
 
 TJSrSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 Fig. 865.— Sheep Bot- Fig. 365. 
 
 fly ; i, the fly with its 
 wings closed ; ^, the same 
 with its wings expanded 
 — color, ashen-brown ; 3, 
 the pupa — color, brown ; 
 4 and 5, the maggot or 
 grub — color, Avhitish ; a, 
 the head ; 6, the anal 
 plate ; 6, the young mag- 
 got ; c, its spiracles or 
 breathing pores. 
 
 The fly (Fig. 365, I and 3,) is of a dirty ash color, with four 
 black lines on the thorax, and the abdomen is spotted with 
 black. The grubs or maggots sometimes make their way even 
 into the brain, and to their presence is due the disease known 
 as "grub in the head." 
 
 Concerning this species, Figuier writes as follows : " Even 
 at the sight of this insect the sheep feel the greatest terror. 
 As soon as one of them appears the flock becomes disturbed ; 
 the sheep that is attacked shakes its head when it feels the fly 
 on its nostril, and at the same time strikes the ground 
 violently with its forefeet. It then commences to run here 
 and there, holding its nose near the ground, smelling the 
 grass, and looking about anxiously to see if it is still pursued. 
 It is to avoid the attacks of the (Estrvs that, during the hot 
 days of Summer, sheep lie down with tlieir nostrils buried in 
 dust,y ruts, or stand up with their heads lowered between their 
 fore-legs and their noses nearly in contact with the ground- 
 When these poor beasts are in the open country they are 
 observed assembled with their nostrils against each other and 
 very near the ground, so that those which occupy the outside 
 are alone exposed." 
 
 Remedies. — Use Nos. 93, 94 and 95. 
 
 Note. — The above remedies have been used, with excellent 
 resuls by Messrs Green and Trainer, of Sacramento, at their 
 farms in Placer Count v. 
 
INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 355 
 
 CHAPTER CCXLVTTT. 
 The Scab Mite. 
 
 (Psoropfcs fqiii.) 
 
 Class, Arachnida ; ^ t^ •, . 
 
 c, 1 1 . Family, Acarid.i^:. 
 
 Sub-class, AcARi.vA ; *i 
 
 The following is taken from the Seventeenth Illinois Report 
 by Professor Cyrus Thomas : 
 
 " The scab mite of the sheep (Figs. 366 and o67), which is 
 now believed to be the same species as that infesting the horse 
 and ox, belongs to the family Acarid?e, and sub-family Sar- 
 coptinae, which also contains the human itch mite, or mite 
 that produce the disease in mnn known as the //r/j." 
 
 Fig. 366. 
 
 Fig. 367. 
 
 Fig. ;566.— Scab Mite (adult), 
 highly magnitied, ventral view — 
 color, whitish. 
 
 Fig. ;]()7. — Scab ]Mite (young), 
 X^^ enlarged, ventral vieAV — color, 
 ^ Avhitish. 
 
 " The seal), as all ai-e awar(% is a skin disease analagous to 
 the mange in the horse and itch in man, and, like these, is 
 produced by a very small mite. It was, for a very long time, 
 supposed that this mite was produced spontaneously by an 
 unbealtliy and unclean condition ol" the flocks, or from some 
 insufficient or im])ro])er food, etc., and not from a preceding 
 })arent. Our ])arasite has received various scientific names, 
 according to the fancy or opinion of authors, but, as the 
 further history of its classification is unnecessary now, I will 
 mention but two of these. 
 
356 INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 " First — Dermatodcctes ovis; sheep itch-mite of Gerlach, by 
 whom it was considered as peciiHar to sheep ; but the most 
 recent authority restores the name Psoroptes equi, horse itch- 
 mite of Gervais, considering the species infesting the horse, 
 cattle and sheep as identical. It is distinguished from the 
 itch-mite of man (Sarcoptes scabei. — Latr.) by two or three 
 important characters. The four anterior legs and two of the 
 hind ones, at least in the males of each species, are furnished 
 with sucking disks placed on comparatively long pedicels or 
 stems. In the itch-mite of man, as far as I can ascertain, 
 these pedicels are only one-jointed. But the most important 
 difference is that the mouth of the human itch-mite is fur- 
 nished with scissor-like jaws or nippers with which they can 
 readily cut into the skin and form their subcutaneous burrows. 
 The sheep mite is furnished with comparatively slender lan- 
 cet-like mandibles, to the sides of which the little palpi or 
 mouth feelers are glued, thus forming a sort of tube, one part 
 of which is capable of piercing. But while this peculiar form 
 of the oral apparatus enables them to pierce and suck, it 
 deprives them of the power of cutting, and hence, notwith- 
 standing the general opinion to the contrary, they are not 
 subcutaneous in their habits and do not form true burrows, 
 as the human itch-mite. It lays its egg on the surface of the 
 skin, to which they adhere by a gluey matter. The length of 
 time these require to hatch in such situations is not positively 
 known, but some placed in a bottle and kept to the warmth 
 of the body hatched in fourteen days. The young, which are 
 produced from these have only six legs, but after several 
 changes of skin or moultings they acquire eight, which is the 
 normal number of this class. With the little sucking disks of 
 their feet they are enabled to cling firmly to the skin of the 
 sheep. By piercing the skin with their hmcet-like mandibles, 
 irritation and a species of inflammation of the skin follows 
 and an exudation takes place which ultimately forms 
 the scab. As stated by a writer on this subject : ' Examina- 
 tion will disclose spots on the skin white and hard, the 
 center marked with yelloAV points of exudation which ad- 
 heres to the wool, matting the fibres together. The wool 
 may be firm on tliese spots and no scales are seen in this 
 
■ INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 357 
 
 stage. Then the yelloAV moisture evaporates, giving phiee to 
 a yellow scab which adheres firmly to the skin and wool.' 
 Raw places appear at points which the animal can reach with 
 its teeth and hind feet. The disease is aggravated in Summer 
 by the presence of the larvas of the blow-fly, the maggot bur- 
 rowing into the scab." 
 Remedy. — Use No. 92. 
 
 CHAPTER CCXLIX. 
 
 The Liver Fluke. (Cal.) 
 ( Disto ma hepaticuvi. ) 
 
 The following is taken from the Seventeenth Illinois Report, 
 by Professor C3'rus Thomas : 
 
 " Of the intestinal worms that attack sheep, we notice as the 
 most important the Liver Fluke (Distoma hepaticum). This 
 species belongs to the class Scolecida, order Tremoloda or ' Suc- 
 torial worms,' as given above, inhabits the gall-bladder pr 
 ducts of the liver in sheep and, it is believed, causes the disease 
 known as the ' rot.' It derives its common name from its re- 
 semblance in form to the flounder, of which ' fluke ' is a Scotch 
 and old English name. It is somewhat broad and flattened, 
 of an elongate-ovate form, somewhat pointed at each end and is 
 usually nearh' an inch long, often much less, but occasionally 
 more ; its breadth at the widest part, Avliich is toward the 
 front, is about half its length. Its color is usually that of the 
 organ in which it resides. It belongs to a very low type of be- 
 ings, having neither eyes, true respiratory organs, heart, or any 
 other organ of special sense. The sexes are not even distinct 
 and the alimentary canal does not even pass through the body, 
 but dividing and sub-dividing, permeates all parts of it, dis- 
 tributing the imbibed nourishment, which needs little or no 
 assimilation to adapt it to use in forming the materials of the 
 body. It is proper to state, however, that Youatt and other 
 writers on sheep distinctly affirm that flukes have eyes and 
 even figure them. But what possible use they have for these 
 organs, in the situation they occupy, it is impossible to say; 
 
358 INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 and moreover, without nerves, of wliicli there are l)ut mere 
 traces, these organs would be entirely useless, even if they 
 were in the light. That they do possess eye-like spots at a 
 certain stage of their life is true ; but there is nothing to show 
 that these are organs of sight or eyes in any true sense. What 
 this author considers the heart and circulatory system is prob- 
 ably the water vascular system, found in these and all other 
 animals belonging to this class, which is supposed by many to 
 represent the respiratory S3'stem in the higher grades. He 
 also supposes that the eggs or spores, after being cast off, re- 
 main undeveloped until taken into the stomach by the sheep 
 with its food, which, as will be seen, is aii error. 
 
 " The species belonging to this order vary considerably in 
 their transformations and habits, some passing through a cycle 
 of six forms, while others present only three or four. Some 
 infest the liver or hepatic ducts of vertebrates ; others infest 
 the intestines of birds and batrachians, the gills of lishes or 
 paunch of ruminants, while others are found imbedded in the 
 vitreous humour and lens of the eyes of certain fresh water 
 fishes, such as the perch. 
 
 " The cycle of changes through which the liver fluke of the 
 sheep passes has not been full}' traced, but the life-history of 
 Distoina militare, another species of the same genus, which in- 
 habits the intestines of water-birds, has been nearly completely 
 traced and from it we may, with what we know of the life 
 of the liver fluke, form a somewhat correct idea of the history 
 of its transformations. 
 
 "This species, as stated, in its perfect or mature state, re- 
 sides in the intestines of certain water-birds. The ova or 
 spore-like eggs which it produces are few', some eight or ten in 
 number. From each egg issues a ciliated larva, which still 
 retains something of the character of an egg, although active, 
 as there is an outer envelope in which is the real aiiimal, or in 
 which it developes, its history at this point of its life being yet 
 imperfectly known. From this egg-like larva proceeds the 
 second larva form, which is known as a Redia. Its mode of 
 development in this form is not fully known. It is now found 
 attached usually to the body of some water-snail (Paludina), 
 the cilia of the first larva having now disappeared. When the 
 
INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. :359 
 
 Redid, ov second lava fonii, lias acquired its complete growth, 
 it is somewhat of an arrow-h(>ad shape, consisting of a sac, 
 within which is suspended a tiil)ular bag containing colored 
 masses, which Huxley supposes are alimentary. The head is 
 represented by a kind of a crown, and near the other extrem- 
 ity are two lateral projections. In the body cavity, external 
 to the tabular sac, vesicles now appear, which rapidly increase 
 and assume the form of Cercarise, the name given to the third 
 larval stage. The Redia now bursts and these new zooids 
 escape. The multiplication at an intermediate and incomplete 
 stage (before sexual characters have appeared) is very remark- 
 able and introduces to our view a strange feature in animal 
 life. 
 
 " The Cercaria resembles a peanut, with a slender tail attached 
 to one end ; it also has lateral membraneous attachments, by 
 means of which it swims after the manner of a tadpole. After 
 swimming free for a certain length of time, it finally fixes itself 
 upon and usually bores its way into the body of a water-snail 
 or some other mollusk. The tail then drops off and the body 
 incloses itself in a cyst. The coronal booklets of the perfect 
 form now appear. It now remains quiescent, unable to devel- 
 op further in its present situation, awaiting for some water- 
 bird to swallow the mollusk in which it is imbedded. 'As soon 
 as this is done and the cyst is set free in the alimentary canal 
 of the bird, further development begins and the complete or 
 Distoma form is assumed. The body elongates and narrows 
 anteriorly, the suckers move nearer the head and the circle of 
 booklets being complete, it attaches itself by these to the walls 
 of the intestine. Such is the strange life history of this intes- 
 tinal worm ; and although that of the liver fluke may vary 
 in some respects, yet it is doubtless similar in a general sense. 
 
 " The following outline, given in my address before the Illi- 
 nois Wool-growers Association, September 20, 1877, is prob- 
 ably substantially correct : 
 
 ' They produce a kind of spore, or egg, but its subsequent 
 progress, so far as it is at present known, presents one of those 
 singular life histories occasionally met with in the lower order 
 of animals. In some way, not well understood, this egg or 
 germ spore makes its way to the external world ; its history 
 
360 INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 
 
 from this time until it is hatched is unknown, but moisture in 
 some form is probably necessary to its development. It is 
 next found in the body of some mollusk, as the snail, or some 
 aquatic insect, where its form is so different from that of its 
 after-life that it was long considered as appertaining to an 
 entirely different group of animals. From these, in some way 
 not yet ascertained, it passes into the sheep. It probably 
 escapes from the mollusk or insect to herbage in moist places, 
 or water, and is taken into the stomach of the sheep with its 
 food or drink, and passes through the lacteals, and makes its 
 way into the ducts of the liver. 
 
 ' As sheep do not feed on moUusks as the water-birds do, it 
 is difficult to imagine how the cercaria, if it becomes encysted 
 in the body of the mollusk, makes its- way into the stomach of 
 the sheep. It isjpossible this may be explained in one of two 
 ways. First, as has been stated above, the cercaria is for a 
 time a free swimmer, and hence may be taken into the 
 stomach when drinking, or attached to herbage in damp 
 places. Second, it has been ascertained by Van Beneden that 
 some species of this group pass to the mature state directly 
 from the redia stage without undergoing the intermediate or 
 cercaria stage ; as these are free they may be taken into the 
 stomach-in water or on damp herbage. 
 
 ' As before stated, these internal parasites are supposed to be 
 the cause of rot in sheep, though many persons are inclined 
 to believe they are a consequence rather than a cause of 
 disease. But all appear to agree that this disease is connected 
 with the condition of the soil, or the state of weather, moisture 
 being the element most likely to produce it. This corre- 
 sponds exactly with the theory of its life history which I have 
 presented, and indicates the best means of preventing it, to 
 wit : Give them well-drained, open, airy pastures, and proper 
 protection in damp and rainy seasons. It is more probable 
 the condition of sheep is often attributed to tins disease, when 
 it is due to other causes.' " 
 
INSliCTS INFHSTIXG THH APIARY. 
 
 The Bee Moth (Galleria cereatia) Chap. 'l^Q 
 
 CHAPTER CCL. 
 
 The Bee Moth. (Cal.) 
 
 (Galleria cerenna. — Fabricius.) 
 
 Order, Lepiuopter.v ; Family, Pyralid.^. 
 
 [Living in silken tubes in bee-hives, and feeding upon the 
 wax and young bees ; a small grayish worm.] 
 
 Fig. 368. 
 
 Fig. 368. — Bee Moth ; a, the worm or caterpillar — color, ash 
 gray ; c, the pupa — color, brown ; d, the moth, with its wings 
 expanded ; e, the same, with its wings closed — colors, gray and 
 brown ; b, the cocoon — color, whitish. 
 
 This is by far the worst enemy with which the bee-keeper 
 has to contend. The female moth, if prevented from entering 
 the hive, will deposit her eggs in cracks or any opening in the 
 hives. As soon as hatched, the young worm (Fig. 368a) enters 
 the hive, and at once protects itself l)y spinning around its 
 body a silken tube ; as it increases in size it enlarges the tube, 
 feeding the meanwhile upon the wax and young bees. When 
 24 
 
362 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 
 
 fully grown, it creeps into some corner of the hive, or into 
 some other sheltered place, and spins a tough white cocoon 
 (Fig. 3686), intermingled with its own black excrements. 
 The perfect moth (Fig. 368, d and e,) has dusky gray fore- 
 wings, which are scalloped at the outer end, and are sprinkled 
 and dotted with brown. 
 Remedy. — Use No. 122. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 
 
 CHAPTER CCLI. 
 What are they, Friends or Enemies? 
 
 At various times during the last two years, I have received 
 specimens of insects rej^orted to be feeding upon fruits, and I 
 refer to some of them as follows : 
 
 Fig. 369. — Larva of Lace-winged Fly — color, gray. Fig. 369. 
 
 1st. Mr. Scott, residing near this city (Sacra- "i^ 
 
 mento), brought me some ripe peaches in which v.^jpr/' 
 were small insects, eating in holes made through WyW. 
 the skin of the fruit. The holes were less than one ^3 
 
 line in diameter, and from two to four lines in depth. ^ 
 
 By removing the insects from the holes in the fruit, 
 I found that the supposed new pest was the larva of a Chrys- 
 opa (Fig. 369) or lace-winged fly. That they were feeding 
 upon the fruit is beyond question ; but probably the open- 
 ing had been made by a species of plant-bug, or by the striped 
 cucumber beetle (D. rittata), which infested the trees. I could 
 not find any plant-lice on the trees, therefore the larva of the 
 Chrysopa may have entered the punctures made by some other 
 insect to feed upon the fruit. 
 
 2d. I have also received specimens of a species of lady- 
 bird, said to attack cherries when ripe. It is the CocclneUa 
 o-rwtata var. Californica. (Fig. 370, Plate 4.) 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 363 
 
 Description: Form, ovate ; length, three lines ; color, head 
 black, mth two white dots ; thorax black, with a white mark 
 on each anterior angle ; wing-cases, light orange, with a minute 
 white mark at each side of the scutellum. 
 
 In answer to inquiries made by me, Mr. A. P. Crane, a prom- 
 inent fruit grower at San Lorenzo, Alameda County, writes as 
 follows, under date of June 12, 1883 : 
 
 " Dear Sie : Yours of the ninth instant came to hand last 
 evening. I send 3'ou specimens of lady-bird by this mail. 
 They troubled our Black Tartarian Cherries some years ago. 
 We allowed the fruit to become too ripe before picking, and the 
 species I send 3^ou destroyed considerable. I have not noticed 
 them to be so plentiful in three or four years past as they are 
 this year (1888), but they are not doing any harm as yet that 
 I can observe. Last Wednesday, while looking through our 
 apple orchard, I found a large number of these lady-birds 
 devouring the woolly aphis. This morning, in looking for 
 these specimens which I send you, I could not find any on the 
 trees near the house, neitlier any aphis, but found the lady- 
 birds on boxes containing cherries. The lady-birds are often 
 observed feeding upon ripe apricots, l)ut some growers think 
 that the striped or spotted Diahrotica first punctures the fruit 
 before the lady-bird ^\'ill touch it. I believe the lady-birds 
 will puncture and eat the fruit, if it is soft and ripe. 
 
 "A. P. Crane." 
 
 od. Mr. Welty, whose orchard is located on the Sacramento 
 River, a few miles below this city (Sacramento), brought me a 
 specimen of a sand wasp, belonging to the genus Prioeneinis. 
 (Fig. 371, Plate 4.) 
 
 Description ; Length, nearly one inch ; color, body black, 
 with bluish or greenish shades ; wings, brick-red, with black tips. 
 
 Mr. Welty states that these insects have destroN'ed the crop 
 of twelve peach trees (variety, "Alexander,") for two years in 
 succession — 1881 and 1882. As soon as the fruit begins to get 
 ripe, these pests attack it in such numbers as would destroy 
 the entire crop if not picked before it is ripe. He also states 
 that the other varieties of peaches are not attacked by this 
 species. 
 
364 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 
 
 4th. Specimens of peach branches were brought me by Mr. 
 Dye, of Walnut Grove, in thi.s county (Sacramento). On each 
 branch were three or four mud nests (Fig. 372, Plate 4,) each 
 one containing a larva feeding upon a species of small spider 
 placed in the nest by the parent insect. They were placed in 
 boxes. The wasps did not mature entirely, but nearly com- 
 pleted their changes. One of the nests produced a golden- 
 green fly, belonging to the Chrysididse — a beautiful specimen. 
 
 Description : Length of body, nearly four lines ; color, 
 ultramarine-blue ; ovipositor, blackish ; wings, hyaline (trans- 
 parent). 
 
 I do not think that this insect is injurious to fruit. 
 
 5th. Bees. — A great difference of opinion exists among fruit- 
 growers as to whether bees attack fruit and grapes. Some 
 growers make jjositive assertion that they do attack fruit and 
 grapes, while others are equally positive that they do not until 
 the fruit or grapes are punctured by other insects, such as 
 plant-bugs, wasps, etc. 
 
 In my investigations, I found an orchard and vineyard 
 located at least two miles from any other orchard or vineyard. 
 In this place are kept a large number of bee-hives. The owner 
 informs me that his grapes are used for making wines, and 
 that the bees do not touch them until the picking of the grapes 
 commences ; then they feed upon the broken berries and such 
 as are attacked by other insects ; also, that they do not attack 
 the fruit until it is punctured bj^ other insects. My informant 
 gives this as the result of many years experience. 
 
 Tji- 070 Fig. 37H. — Blapstintii< Iccontei; ventral and 
 
 dorsal views — color, black. 
 
 6th. In 1882, Mr. R. B. Blowers, of Wood- 
 land, sent me specimens of a small dark-colored 
 beetle (Fig. 373), about one third of an inch in length, found 
 in some vineyards near Woodland, feeding upon the leaves 
 and young growth of grapevines. I ascertained them to be 
 Blapstinus lecontei. This species had not been reported as being 
 injurious heretofore. It belongs to the same family as the 
 following species — Tctiehriorndse. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 366 
 
 Fig. 374. — Elcodesi quddricnUi^ — Cok)r. black. Fig. 374. 
 
 7th. Early in July, 1883, I received from 
 J. ^y. Minturn, of >[adera, Fresno County, 
 specimens of a black beetle (Fig. 374) — the 
 Eleodi'ii quadriroUis of Leconte — about three 
 fourths of an inch in length, reported to be 
 feeding upon the foliage of grapevines. As 
 this species is considered harmless,! doubted 
 that the damage to grapevines was done by 
 it, and wrote, asking that full investigation ])e made, to learn 
 if the damage was not done by some other species of insect, 
 and received the following answer, dated July 18th : " I have 
 received your letter, and herewith return answer. As to those 
 beetles eating the foliage of the vines, it is simply solved 
 beyond any doubt, as far as I am concerned ; and it is more 
 than probable that a majority of men would be quite satisfied 
 on this point, had they been up the greater part of ten nights 
 and seen on each vine that they came to from two to a dozen 
 of these beetles, besides thousands of them on the ground 
 over an area of one hundred acres. If further proof is required, 
 I think the destruction of thirty-five acres within the above 
 named time (there being no other insects, or rabbits, or 
 squirrels to be found) would have the tendency of convincing 
 any person. They have also appeared in some alfalfa fields, 
 and I am informed by a gentleman lately returned from the 
 Tejon Pass, that there they are in such numbers that they 
 have completely devoured every green thing. Those that 
 passed over my vine3'ard were traveling from east to west. 
 
 " P. S. The gentleman above referred to tells me that the 
 Mexicans over there say these beetles precede a very heavy 
 winter, and that they have been seen in the same numbers 
 many times before." 
 
 In reply to further inquiries, the folloMang letter was received, 
 dated July 27th : 
 
 " The beetles, as nearly as I can remember, first came about 
 the 5th of July ; within three days they had damaged some 
 ten acres, and were evidently rapidly on the increase at this 
 time. About the 8th or 9th inst. I discovered them at night. 
 Until that time I had been at a loss to know what was eatinsj; 
 
366 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 
 
 my vines, as I liad u rabbit-proof fence around my field of 160 
 acres, which i? looked after each day. As far as I know, they 
 had not paired during the period that they were here, though 
 during the day they seek the shade of clods of earth, holes in 
 the checks, under some water gates that connect the checks, 
 and in these places large numbers seem to congregate. For 
 instance, this afternoon my brother turned up a couple of 
 clods, each say four or five inches in diameter, and under 
 them was at least sixty or seventy beetles. The greater part 
 of the l^eetles have disappeared ; whether they have died or 
 migrated I cannot be sure, but think the latter, for if they had 
 died in such numbers I think I should have discovered them. 
 In a slough that is used as a water channel there are pools of 
 water somewhat stagnant, and at some of these I found thou- 
 sands of dead beetles — still not anything like enough to ac- 
 count for the disappearance of the army that was here." 
 
 I sent a specimen of this beetle to Prof. Riley for determi- 
 nation, but he being absent the specimen was referred to Prof. 
 E. A. Schwarz, who replied as follows, under date of August 
 7th: 
 
 " The tenebrionid you send, and which has destroyed thirty- 
 five acres of grapevines, is Eleodes quadricollis — Lee. ; a very 
 common species in the more northern part of your vState. The 
 species of that genus so numerous and al)undant in the region 
 west of the Rocky Mountains are all known to feed upon 
 decaying vegetable matter, and none have hitherto been re- 
 ported as doing damage to cultivated plants. In fact your 
 communication, if correct, would indicate a change of habit 
 hitherto unprecedented in the history of economic entomol- 
 ogy ; and unless further proof be brought forth, I can hardly 
 believe that the species referred to is the real author of the 
 damage to grapevines." 
 
 8th. Ants. — Since the Spring of 1881, occasionally some 
 fruit-growers would report that the ants were among the insect 
 friends of the fruit-growers. In 1881, the late James B. Saul, 
 of Oak Shade Orchard, Yolo County, wrote me that in his 
 investigation he discovered that he was losing some larvse of 
 the codlin moth, and could not account for the loss. The 
 larvie were taken frcjm the apples and pears before they had 
 
MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 367 
 
 attacked the scc(l-l)ag, or core of the fruit. 1 visits I tlie 
 orchard, at his request, but could not fathom the mystery. A 
 few weeks afterward ]\[r. Saul wrote me that he had detected 
 the thief. That the larvae were taken from the fruit by ants. 
 I wrote him to write a letter on the discovery, and I would 
 have it published ; but the letter was not written before his 
 sudden illness and death, which took place a short tinie after- 
 ward. In 1SS2, in company with Mr. C. W. Reed, of Wash- 
 ington, Voio County, I witnessed the ants taking the larvtt of 
 the codlin moth from pears ; also carrying away larv{« placed 
 on leaves. It is generally understood that the larva? of the 
 codlin moth generally leaves the apple by eating a burrow in 
 a different direction from the one by which it had entered the 
 fruit. In noticing the absence of the larva" without finding 
 the burrow for its escape, was what caused the investigation 
 by Mr. Saul. Since that time I have detected the presence of 
 the apple curculio, which may account for some such holes in 
 apples, since the curculio does not attack the seed. 
 
REMEDIES 
 
 REMEDY NO. 1. 
 
 To mix sulphur with whale oil soap or home made soft soap : 
 
 Boil the sulphur in water for ten or fifteen minutes (if con- 
 centrated lye or other formulas are to he added they should be 
 dissolved in water and added when the sulphur and water are 
 boiled the required time, and allowed to boil for five minutes) ; 
 then add the soap. 
 
 Example. — To mix 10 lbs. of whale oil soap, 3 lbs. of sulphur 
 and 1 lb. of No. 11, or 12, or 13 in 18 gallons of water. Boil 
 say four gallons of water ; then add the sulphur and boil ten 
 or fifteen minutes (the lye compound, Nos. 11, 12 or 13, 
 should be dissolved in one gallon of water), then add the lye 
 and boil for five minutes. The soap is then added and allowed 
 to boil five minutes. When the mixture is boiled together as 
 directed, it may be placed in a barrel, thirteen gallons of water 
 added, and it is then ready for use. It should be applied to 
 the trees at a temperature of 130° Fahrenheit. 
 
 All mixtures with sulphur should be made at least one 
 week before using ; the longer it is kept the more fetid it 
 becomes — therefore, the nnore efficient. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 2. 
 
 Concentrated lye (American Lye Co. brand). The follow- 
 ing analysis is given by Prof. Hilgard, of the State University 
 of California : Caustic potash, 8.3 ; caustic soda and some 
 carbonate of soda, 91.7 — 100.0. Taking the concentrated lye 
 as a basis, one pound of the above brand dissolved in one 
 gallon of watei- (tested by an alkalimeter for heavy liquids) 
 
REMEDIES. 369 
 
 gives : density. 1074 ; alkalimeter. lU. Cost per case of 48 
 lbs., $4.50, or about 9^ cents per pound. 
 
 Cost of caustic soda (English), in drums, b\ cents per pound ; 
 commercial potash, in drums, 9 cents per pound. 
 
 Formula Xo. 1. 
 
 One pound of caustic soda (Eng.) 
 
 Two ounces of commercial potash (^ pound). 
 
 Dissolved in one gallon of water (tested ^-ith the alkali- 
 meter, as above) : density, 1090; alkalimeter, 12. 
 
 This formula produces a solution of a higher density than 
 the concentrated, lye at a cost of 
 
 42f pounds of caustic soda, at o^ cts., $2.35. 
 
 5^ pounds of commercial potash, at 9 cts., .48 — Total. $2.83. 
 (Less than six cents per pound.) 
 
 Formida No. 2. 
 
 One pound of caustic soda (Eng.) 
 
 Four ounces commercial potash (^ pound). 
 
 Dissolved in one gallon of water (tested with alkalimeter as 
 above) : density, 1094 ; alkalimeter, 12^. 
 
 38^ pounds caustic soda (Eng.) at 5 cts., $2.12. 
 
 9^ pounds commercial potash, at 9 cts., .85^ — $2.97^. (Less 
 than 6^ cts. per pound.) 
 
 This formula produces a solution of a higher density than 
 either of the above, and is not only a superior insecticide, but 
 a richer source of fertilization for the tree. 
 
 XoTE. — The data from the alkalimeter is merely given to 
 show the diflference in density as indicated by one instrument. 
 
 To dissolve the above material thoroughly the time required 
 is about forty-eight hours ; use boiling water. To make a 
 certain quantity of Xo. 12, one ninth of the total weight of 
 material required is potash and eight ninths caustic soda. 
 
 Example. — To make forty-five gallons of solution No. 12 
 (one pound to each gallon of water) it requires forty-five 
 pounds of material (i. e., caustic soda and potash); ^ of 45 
 pounds equals 5 pounds of potash : f of 45 pounds equals 40 
 pounds, giving 5 pounds potash and 40 pounds caustic soda 
 in 45 pounds of the mixture. 
 
370 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 To make 45 pounds of No. 13, one fifth of the total weight 
 should be potash and four fifths caustic soda. 
 
 Example. — \ of 45 pounds equals 9 pounds ; f of 45 pounds 
 equals 36 pounds, giving 9 pounds of potash and 36 pounds 
 of caustic soda in 45 pounds of the mixture. 
 
 As many fruit-growers are not acquainted with the use of 
 the alkalimeter, and mistakes are liable to occur in the use of 
 the alkaline solutions, I recommend the following simple test 
 which will at least be a partial protection against the use of 
 solutions of sufficient density to injure the tree, or, on the 
 contrary, deficient in density to give the result required : 
 
 Fig. 375. Fig. 375 represents an egg 
 
 (hen's egg). The circular 
 lines marked i, ^, 3 and ^ are 
 intended to show gauges of 
 density of the solutions. 
 
 In all cases the solution must 
 he thoroughly stirred from the 
 bottom, of the vessel in which it 
 is dissolved, before testiiuj or 
 taking away any portion of it 
 to use on trees, etc. 
 
 When the mixtvn'e is thor- 
 oughly dissolved, stir well, 
 and then test the density by 
 placing in the solution the 
 hen's egg. (In all tests of this 
 kind tlic egg used should not be more than twenty-four hours 
 laid, and as near to a globular form as possible.) If the 
 surface of the egg above the solution is more than the size of 
 No. 4, the solution is too strong for use. This can be reduced 
 to 8^ by adding water. If the surface of the egg above the 
 solution is equal to No. 3^ it is just the right strength, and ec{ual 
 to Remedy No. 12. If the surface of the egg above the solution 
 is the size of No. 3, it is equal to Remedy No. 11. If the egg 
 just floats or shows a speck above the solution the size of No. 
 H, it is equal to one pound of Remedy No. 12 to 1^ gallons of 
 water. In lye made from wood ashes the egg will just float in 
 a solution equal to one pound of lye to one and one quarter 
 
REMEDIES. 371 
 
 gallons of water. Space above water equal to 8^ represents 
 one pound of lye to each gallon of water. 
 
 The above tests should be made with the solution at a tem- 
 perature of 60° Fahrenheit. Should any fruit grower wish to 
 get an alkalimeter, I will have one that is properly adjusted 
 forwarded to liim on receipt of one dollar. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 8. 
 
 Home made soft soap, made with lye leached from wood 
 ashes. One pound to each gallon of water used. Apply at a 
 temperature of 130° Fahr. 
 
 Note 1. — To mix with sulphur see No. 1. 
 
 Note 2. — In making soft soap, if one ounce of glycerine is 
 added to each gallon of soap, it will make an excellent insec- 
 ticide. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 4. 
 
 Whale oil soap (residue from bleaching whale oil and sold 
 by Allyne iV: White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street. San Fran- 
 cisco, in bai-rels, about 8^ cents or 4 cents ])er pound), one 
 pound to each gallon of water used. Apply at a temperature 
 of 180° Fahr. 
 
 Note. — See Chapter IX. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 5. 
 
 One pound of whale oil soap and ^ of a pound of sulphur ; 
 mix as directed in Remedy No. 1. One pound of this mixture 
 to each gallon of water used. Apply at a temperature of 180° 
 Fahr. 
 
 Note 1. — The weight of the soap and sulphur used in mak- 
 ing this solution must be added together in computing the 
 quantity of water required. 
 
 Note 2. — To procure genuine whale oil soap, see Remedy 
 No. 4. 
 
372 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. (3. 
 
 One pound of whale oil soap ; one third of a pound of sul- 
 phur ; one and one half ounces of Nos. 11 and 12 ; mix as de- 
 scribed in Remedy No. 1. One pound of this mixture to each 
 gallon of water used, and apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr. 
 
 See notes in No. 5. . 
 
 REMEDY NO. 7. 
 
 One pound of the whale oil soap and sulphur mixture to 
 each gallon of water used. (This mixture is manufactured and 
 for sale by Allyne & White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street, 
 SanFrancis CO.) Apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 8. 
 
 One pound of whale oil and parafhne soap to two gallons of 
 water. Spray thoroughly. (Manufactured and sold by Allyne 
 & White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street, San Francisco.) 
 
 Note. — Paraffine can be substituted for coal oil in Remedy 
 No. 4A ; see also No. 77. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 9. 
 
 Boil thirty pounds of tobacco leaves in thirty gallons of 
 water, and apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr. 
 
 Note. — Every fruit-grower should grow a small patch of 
 tobacco upon his premises. Mr. Ellwood Cooper, of Santa 
 Barbara, grows all the tobacco he requires for insecticides, at a 
 cost of about two cents per pound. Refuse tobacco can be 
 bought at cigar manufactories, or nicotine of tobacco at Leibes 
 Bros., Nos. 14 and 16 Fremont street, near Market, San Fran- 
 cisco. 
 
 See Remedy No. 123. 
 
REMEDIES. 878 
 
 REMEDY XO. 10. 
 
 Boil six pounds of arsenic in sixty gallons of water (or one 
 pound of arsenic to ten gallons of water) until the arsenic is 
 dissolved; when ready to use, add ninet}' gallons of water, 
 making one hundred and fifty gallons in all, or one pound of 
 arsenic to twenty-five gallons of water. (Spray the foliage.) 
 One or two pounds of potash dissolved and boiled in water 
 before putting in the arsenic, will make the arsenic dissolve 
 quicker. For every one pound of potash used, five gallons of 
 water can be added. 
 
 Note. — In cases where trees or vines are seriously infested 
 by canker-worms, beetles, etc., and the prospects of a crop 
 Tuined, use No. 10, or No. 89. Thorough spraying will effec- 
 tually destroy them. Care should be taken that this applica- 
 tion should not be put on trees that the fruit is to be used for 
 food in any way, as it is dangerous to those eating the fruit. 
 Only use this remedy when all other means fail. See Reme- 
 dies No. 22 and No. 123. Great care should be taken to keep 
 children away from where this solution is prepared or used. 
 
 See Remedv No. 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 11. 
 
 One pound of American concentrated lye to each gallon of 
 water used. 
 
 See Remedv No. 2. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 12. 
 
 One pound of caustic soda (Eng. brand) and two ounces of 
 common potash. 
 
 Note. — The weight of caustic soda and potash used in mak- 
 ing this solution must be added together in computing the 
 quantity of water required. 
 
 See Remedy No. 2, directions for preparing solutions, and 
 No. 123 ; or lye made from wood ashes ; should be boiled until 
 it will float a hen's egg when cool. If the surface of the shell 
 
374 REMEDIES. 
 
 above the liquid is of a larger size than a silver three cent 
 piece, or ring No. 2, Fig. 375, reduce with water to that gauge ; 
 then add one quart of water for every three quarts of lye ; 
 apply to trees when dormant. (This equals No. 12). 
 
 REMEDY NO. 13. 
 
 One pound of caustic soda (Eng. brand) and four ounces of 
 common potash. (See note No. 12.) 
 
 See Remedy No. 2, directions for preparing solutions, and 
 No. 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 14. 
 [Remedy for cottony grape scale. No. 14 should be No. 11.] 
 
 Where the caterpillars infesting trees or vines are large (two 
 and a half inches in length and upwards) and do not live in 
 colonies, they can readily be destroyed by cutting in two with 
 a pair of scissors. This is preferable to hand-picking. 
 
 See Remedv No. 100 and No. 101. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 15. 
 
 All parings and other debris made by preparing apples, 
 pears, etc., for drying, should be scalded or burned so as to 
 destroy the larvae they contain. 
 
 See Remedy No. 16. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 16. 
 
 Early in Winter, destroy by burning or scalding, all peach 
 pits, apricot pits, etc., also the pearings, etc., left from drying 
 fruit that has accumulated around the orchard and store- 
 houses, as the larvie hibernate in such material. 
 
 See Remedy No. 15. 
 
REMEDIES. 375 
 
 REMEDY NO. 17. 
 
 In store-rooms, packing-rooms, etc., infested by the dried- 
 fruit moths, put shelves across the windows and dust them 
 over with buhach ; renew the powder at least every second 
 day, but better results will be obtained by renewing it daily. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 18. 
 
 For cleaning dried fruit infested by the larva? of the dried- 
 fruit moth, various methods are used ; some place the fruit in 
 ovens, others scald it. A practical plan used by extensive 
 dealers, especially when the infested fruit is in sacks or boxes 
 that are not moth-proof, is as follows : A cylinder about 
 twelve feet in length, constructed of two circular ends eighteen 
 inches in diameter, on which are nailed strips of wood twelve 
 feet long, two inches wide and nearly one inch thick ; between 
 the strips an opening of about three eights of an inch is left 
 (the openings a.t the lower end are large enough to let the 
 fruit pass through). The cylinder is placed on a frame, one 
 end of which is a few inches lower than the other end ; it rests 
 on a central shaft, to one end of which is attached a crank, by 
 which the cylinder is turned around. The fruit is placed in 
 the cylinder through an opening at the higher end ; by turn- 
 ing the cylinder the worms (larvae) are shaken out of the fruit 
 and fall through the openings between the slats. The excre- 
 ments and webs of the worms is also cleaned oft' of the fruit. 
 All larvae taken out of fruit in this way should be destroyed by 
 scalding, or otherwise. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 19. 
 
 Ten pounds of fine sulphur and one pound of buhach ; mix 
 thoroughly and apply with a sulphur duster after sunset. Or 
 if the vines are not in bearing, and the attack is not of a 
 serious nature, use No. 103, or No. 10, or No. 89. Read No. 
 123 carefully. 
 
 Note. — The sulphur, if applied with buhach, will prevent 
 mildew. 
 
376 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 20. 
 
 In orchards, vineyards, vegetable gardens, etc., grasses, 
 weeds, and rubbish of every kind, including fallen leaves, 
 should be carefully gathered off of the ground from around 
 fences and buildings and burned early in the Fall, thus depriv- 
 ing the insects of a shelter wherein to hibernate ; and the 
 ground should be kept entirely clean of weeds, such as purs- 
 lane, etc., in the Spring and Summer seasons. All grasses 
 and weeds growing on the banks of sloughs, water ditches, etc., 
 in or around orchards, vineyards, etc., should be burned, or 
 otherwise destroyed. 
 
 See Remedy No. 32, A and B. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 21. 
 
 A smooth bark, free from moss, etc., on fruit trees, grape- 
 vines, etc., is an imperative necessity in a warfare against 
 insect pests. This can be effected by scraping and using alka- 
 line washes, such as Nos. 11, 12 or 13, when the tree is dor- 
 mant ; or Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 in Summer. In all cases the 
 scrapings should be burned. 
 
 Read Remedies Nos. 35, 123 and 124 carefully. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 22. 
 
 Early in the month of October wrap a band of thick paper 
 (the thickness of medium building paper), from six to eight 
 inches wide, around the base of the trunk. of the tree close to 
 the ground, and fasten by a piece of baling rope passed around 
 about the center of the band ; gather or mound the earth 
 around the band below the rope. This is to prevent the wing- 
 less female from depositing her eggs on the tree, under or 
 below the band. Take some coal tar and spread on the upper 
 part of the band, above the rope — two inches wide is suffi- 
 cient. A little castor oil mixed in the tar will prevent it from 
 hardening as rapidily as if only tar is used. The tar should 
 
REMEDIES. 377 
 
 be renewed every two or throe days, as it is neeessnry to keep 
 it moist to prevent the females from passing over it. Such of 
 the females as will not go near the tar, and are prevent(^d from 
 getting to the tree under the band, will deposit their eggs on 
 the band. The bands should be kept on the trees until the 
 apple trees begin to put forth their leaves, and should then be 
 taken off and burned, ropes included. 
 
 Note. — There are at least three species of canker worms in 
 orchards at the present time, and as the natural history of all 
 the species as regards dates of emerging from the ground is 
 not known, it is the safest plan to put on the bands early in 
 the season. Should the caterpillars appear on the trees, spray 
 thoroughly with No. 64 ; at the same time it would be well to 
 experiment with Nos. 83 and 85. 
 
 See Nos. 10, 89 and 108. Read No. 123 carefullv. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 23. 
 
 Put around the tree, about two feet from the ground, a band 
 of cloth, such as muslin butter cloth ; cover with tallow after 
 it is placed on the tree, and put some lard over the tallow ; the 
 lard will keep soft and prevent caterpillars from passing over 
 it. When the caterpillars are swept off the tree they will creep 
 up the trunk again until they reach the greased band ; they 
 gather below the bands in large numbers, and can then be 
 destroyed l)y the use of clubs, etc. 
 
 See Chapter XXXIII. Read Remedies No. 35 and 124 care- 
 fully. 
 
 Note. — The caterpillars are swept ofl' the branches with 
 brooms. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 24. 
 
 A large number of varieties of deciduous fruit trees, vines 
 and plants are liable to be infested by the caterpillars of various 
 species of moths, commonly known as "leaf-rollers." An 
 excellent remedy for preventing the spread of these pests is to 
 pick off the rolled leaves as soon as noticed, and destroy them 
 25 
 
378 REMEDIES. 
 
 by burning or otherwise. This can be prolitably done on young 
 trees and nursery stock. In some cases the insect fastens the 
 leaf to the branches, and hibernates in them throughout the 
 Winter. All such nests should be gathered off the trees in the 
 Winter season, and burned. 
 
 Read Remedies Nos. 35 and 124 carefully. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 25. 
 
 Cut off and burn all branches showing punctures, swellings, 
 etc., on vines, branches of trees, or stalks of any plant infested 
 by larvse, grubs, or beetles. This pruning, combined with 
 Remedy No. 20, will prevent the spread of various species of 
 insects. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 26, 27, 60, 66 and 67. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 26. 
 
 Twig or branch pruning. Twigs and branches of peach, 
 apricot, blackberry, raspberry, currant, etc., infested by the 
 larvae of moths or grubs of beetles boring into the new growth, 
 can be readily detected ])y their withered appearance, and 
 should be cut off and burned or otherwise disposed of; in this 
 manner the larvte or grul)s are destroj^ed. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 27, 28, 60, 66 and 67. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 27. 
 
 Branches and twigs of apple, apricot, peach, pear and olive 
 trees, grapevines, etc., infested by the burrowing beetles, or 
 twig-borers, P. confertus and B. hicaudatus, should be cut off' 
 and burned. Great care should be taken to capture the beetles. 
 Remember, in these species it is the perfect insect that attacks 
 the trees. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 28, 60, 66 and 67. 
 
BEMEDIES. 379 
 
 REMEDY NO. 2S. 
 
 J)i-anch(.'.s and twigs of apple, almond, apricot, plum, etc. 
 infested by the eggs of the Ijutlalo tree-hopper, or tree-eriekets, 
 or Cicadas, should be well eut out in pruning and the prunings 
 burned, and while the tree is dormant, thoroughly spray with 
 No. 12 or lo — one pound to each gallon of water. In this 
 manner many of the eggs will be destroyed. Early in July 
 the branches should l)e sprayed with No. 5 or 7, to prevent the 
 female from depositing her eggs therein. No. 4 is also very 
 effective. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 60, 66 and 67. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 29. 
 
 The eggs of certain species of moths are laid in rings encir- 
 cling the new grow'th or branches ; in some species (as Fig. 54) 
 they partly encircle the branch. These rings of eggs are gen- 
 erally found on the branches of trees infested by tlie cater- 
 pillars of the moths the previous Spring. 
 
 To prevent the spread of such pests, immediately after the 
 foliage has fallen off the trees the egg-rings should be col- 
 lected and destroyed by pouring boiling water on them or by 
 burning them. This work, if thoroughly done, will well repay 
 the fruit-grower. (See Chapter XXXIII.) This also includes 
 the eggs of the katy-did. (Chapter CXVTII.) 
 
 REMEDY NO. 80. 
 
 The egg-clusters of tlic tussock moth are generally found on 
 the top of cocoons from which the wingless females emerged, 
 and can readil}' be gathered and destroyed l)y burning, etc. 
 The cocoons are found in the crotches and indents of trees in- 
 fested l\v the caterpillars the previous Summer. 
 
380 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 31. 
 
 The nests of the tent caterpinars may be destroyed by hold- 
 ing a torch under them at a certain time of day when the cat- 
 erpillars are not feeding, and are gathered in their tent or nest ; 
 in this way the whole colony of caterpillars can be readily 
 destroyed. A torch such as is used in torchlight processions 
 is excellent for this work. 
 
 See Remedy No. 29, and read No. 35 and No. 124. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 32. 
 
 For effective work the warfare against the grapevine-hop- 
 pers should 1)6 commenced early in the Fall season : 
 
 A. — By taking or scraping off all of the loose bark and thor- 
 oughly spraying the trunk of the vine with Remedy No. 51, 
 or 64, or 65 ; this will dislodge and destroy the insects, and at 
 the same time destroy the fungus spores on the vine. As soon 
 as this work is done, a flock of sheep should be placed in the 
 vineyard to eat the fallen leaves and keep down the growth of 
 alfilaria and grasses upon which the insects, such as may 
 escape, will feed on warm days. Grasses and weeds around 
 fences, etc., should be destroyed by burning or otherwise. 
 
 B. — The vines should be cleaned as directed in section A, 
 If sheep cannot be procured, the leaves should be raked in 
 rows between the vines, that the vine-hoppers may lodge in 
 them. When the leaves are perfectly dry, apply fire to the 
 rows in places not more than eight or ten feet apart. Before 
 lighting the fires the vines should be jarred, and the vine-hop- 
 pers around them drove into the dry leaves. This method is 
 very effective. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 20, 33 and 106, A. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 3^ 
 
 Mr. R. B. Blowers, of Woodland, Yolo County, California, 
 has succeeded in conquering the vine-hoppers this season, and 
 kindly furnishes me with the following information : 
 
REMEDIES. 381 
 
 '' The mixture is as follows : In a fifty gallon Ijarrel put 
 thirty pounds of whale oil soap and fifteen pounds sulphur, 
 and mix it up thoroughly. Then add water until the ban-el is 
 nearly full, and allow it to remain one day without anything 
 else being done to it, except stirring it two or three times. 
 The object of this is to allow the ingredients to be completely 
 blended together, so as to form one homogeneous mixture. 
 The next day take three pailfuls of this mixture and six of 
 water, or in that proportion, until a barrel is filled containing 
 forty or forty-five gallons. Then just previous to using add 
 three quarters of a pound of buhach, and mix it thoroughly. 
 After the addition of the buhach it should to be applied imme- 
 diately. The best manner of conveying it to the vinej'ard is 
 to place a barrel of it on a sled, so that it will not slop over. 
 Apply this mixture to the vines with a fountain spray pump. 
 Two men are necessary to do this successfully ; one man with 
 a spray pump on each side of the vine. The men should 
 stand about six feet from the vine when making the applica- 
 tion, and they should both a})ply the spray at the same mo- 
 ment. If they do not both make the application to the vine 
 at the same moment, the insects may some of them escape on 
 the opposite side of the vine from where the spray is applied. 
 This is certain to destroy ninety eight per cent of the insects 
 of any and every variety that may trouT)le vines or fruits or 
 flowers.'' 
 
 A few days later Mr. Blowers wrote me as follows : 
 
 "Woodland. June od, 1883. 
 
 " Deak Siii : The vine-hoppers were so plentiful this Spring 
 that they destroyed many of the leaves on my vines before 
 they were half-grown. Had 1 depended on my destroying the 
 eggs and young hoppers, my entir(> croj) would have been 
 ruined. The cold weather being favorable, I commenced the 
 work of spraying as I wrote you in my last. The buhach 
 retained its power longer as the solution did not dr}' so 
 rapidly, the vines being small. I did not get over my entire 
 vineyard before the warm weather came, and 1 found it neces- 
 sary to stop spraying, as the sun woidd burn the leaves. 
 
 "The balance T have given a heavy dose of poAvdered 
 
382 REMEDIES. 
 
 sulphur aud buhach to kill the old hoppers, but sulphur 
 effectually destroys the eggs ; the buhach is death to the 
 young hoppers. All insects yielded to the effect of the spray, 
 the sphinx moth (P. achemon) included. Yours, etc., 
 
 "Pv. B. Blowers. 
 " P. S. — The vineyard never looked better." 
 
 I prefer mixing the whale-oil soap and sulphur, as in 
 Remedy No. 1. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 34. 
 
 An effective way of destro3dng red and yellow spiders (or 
 mites) is to spray the foliage of the tree or vine thoroughly 
 with No. 5 or No. 7, one pound to each five quarts, or one gal- 
 lon and one quarter of water used ; add one gallon of No. 9 to 
 every eight gallons as soon as the mites appear on the leaves. 
 The spraying should be repeated as often as they appear on 
 the foliage. 
 
 In cases where the tree or vine is bearing tender fruits, these 
 pests can be prevented from spreading by thoroughly drench- 
 ing the foliage with water. 
 
 Either of the above can be applied to nursery stock infested 
 by red or yellow spiders (mites). When the tree is dormant 
 use No. 8 or 44 on the ova, and follow in twenty-four hours 
 with No. 13. 
 
 See Remedies No. 9 (in relation to tobacco), and also No. 20. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 35. 
 
 a. — 100 pounds of bone dust. 
 
 b. — 50 pounds of commercial j^otash. 
 
 c. — 75 pounds of new lime (unslacked). 
 
 A. — Add to the potash just enough of water to liquify it (at 
 first one half gallon to ten pounds of potash, then add as re- 
 quired for fort3''-eight hours). 
 
 B. — Use just enough water to slack the lime. 
 
 C. — Prepare enough of barrels or bins to hold the whole 525 
 pounds. 
 
REMEDIES. 388 
 
 D. — Spread the bone dust on the floor. 
 
 E. — Dampen the bone dust thoroughly with the liquid pot- 
 ash, but be careful not to wet any part of it so that it will cake 
 (which s])oils it) ; when thoroughly mixed, fill in barrels, etc., 
 leaving about six indies on the top of each ])ackage to fill with 
 the lime. 
 
 F. — Let it rcniahi in th(^ barrels for ten days, then spread it 
 on the ground around the vines or trees, say four hundred 
 ])ounds per acre. 
 
 The above material, prepared as above described, makes an 
 excellent fertilizer. Where a large ciuantity is re(pured, it can 
 be prepared in large bins. 
 
 (t. — Use from o50 j)Ounds to 500 pounds per acre, and even 
 1,000 pounds if the vines or trees are seriously infested. 
 
 H. — The combination of the potash and bone-dust produces 
 annnonia, which is absorbed by the lime placed on top. 
 
 I. — Fruit trees that have been infested by scale insects, 
 woolly-aphis, etc., can l)e greatly improved by the use of this 
 fertilizer. 
 
 Wood Aslim. 
 
 J. — Fruit-growers residing in the vicinity of any town or 
 city, or any place where wood ashes can be secured at a nomi- 
 nal cost, should collect every bushel available. The ashes 
 should be thoroughly dampened and mixed with an equal 
 quantity of bone-dust (bushel for bushel when dry), then 
 placed about three feet deep in a bin, or enclosure of some 
 kind, having the sides and bottom tight ; spread on to]) from 
 four to six inches of fresh slacked lime. 
 
 K.— If necessary, another layer of bone-dust and ashes, and 
 one of lime, may be placed on top of the first layers. 
 
 L. — Let it remain for three weeks, and an excellent fertilizer 
 will be obtained. 
 
 M. — Apply on orcliard or vineyard grounds wlicn thoroughly 
 mixed. 
 
 Note. — In Sacramento several hundred bushels of ashes are 
 wasted daily, which could be collected at a very trifling cost. 
 Remember, the ashes should not be alloAved to get wet before 
 being gathered, as it then becomes partly leached, thus 
 impairing its value. 
 
384 REMEDIES. 
 
 Stable Mnmire. 
 
 As to the effect of stable iiiauure, it may be approximated as 
 regards its utility as a fertilizer for orchard or vineyard pur- 
 poses. In some of the best authorities I find that one ton o^ 
 stable manure contains about four pounds of phosphoric acid, 
 eight to nine pounds of potash, and about eight pounds of 
 nitrogen (ammonia and nitric acid). Stable manure for agri- 
 cultural purpose is excellent, but for orchard or vineyard 
 purposes it is deficient in restoring the ash constituents so 
 much required by the trees. (See Remedy No. 124.) 
 
 I have briefly mentioned the available fertilizers, and the 
 necessity of their application to many of the orchards and 
 vineyards, especially those planted in California in what is 
 termed the "early days." 
 
 To restore the producing power of exhausted lands, to 
 strengthen and increase the growth of young orchards and 
 vineyards that are backward in producing a good growth, to 
 produce the highest yield from each and every acre planted. 
 
 Read No. 123 and No. 124. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 86. 
 
 Early in the Spring, or as soon as the insects appear on the 
 plants or vines, place loose straw, hay, or other like 
 material, around or under plants or vines so that the insects 
 can take shelter at night ; in the morning before sunrise 
 remove the material laid down and burn it. 
 
 I recommended this for the destruction of the false chinch 
 bug on grapevines. The vine owner reported success, but he 
 sprinkled some coal oil on some straw which he placed cm the 
 ground under the straw taken from around the vines, and in 
 this way prevented the insects from escaping into the ground 
 while the straw was burning, making the application a com- 
 plete success. 
 
 Clean cultivation. — See No. 20 and No. 106, A. 
 
 Read No. 35, No. 123, and No. 124. 
 
REMEDIES. 385 
 
 REMEDY NO. 37. 
 
 In all cases for preventing the spread of borers in fruit, orna- 
 mental or forest trees, the coating of the trunk and larger limbs 
 with soft soap, common bar soap, or whale oil soap and sul- 
 phur, will prevent the female from depositing her eggs on the 
 parts thus treated. Two pounds of soap to each gallon of 
 water used ; appl}^ with a brush. 
 
 Trees infested with the larva? or grubs of borers, the bur- 
 rows should be searched for, and when found a wire should be 
 forced into the burrow, and in this way destroy the larva or 
 grub. 
 
 Wounds or sunburned patches on the bark of trees should 
 be dressed with some of the above soaps as soon as noticed. 
 
 Note. — Some persons cut out the grubs with a knife ; such 
 a method is not safe for the tree. 
 
 See No. 60, for borers in branches. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 38. 
 
 A. — Spread a sheet or cloth under the tree at night, when 
 the beetles are feeding ; by shaking the tree the beetles will 
 fall off, and can then be gathered off of the sheet or cloth and 
 destroyed. Some assert that early morning is the best time, 
 as the beetles are not inclined so much to fly. See Remedy 
 No. 102. 
 
 B. — For such beetles as feed upon the foliage in daytime, 
 the spreading of the sheet under the tree and shaking should 
 either be done after sunrise, or al)t)ut noon. If the beetles in 
 either instance are numerous, dipi)ing the sheet in coal oil will 
 destro}'- such beetles as may fall upon it. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 39. 
 
 Early in the Fall season dig a trench around the tree, uncuv- 
 ering the roots : in the trench put two or three shovelfuls of 
 new lime if the tree is large, and less in proportion to smaller 
 
386 REMEDIES. 
 
 trees ; add enough water to slack the lime, and cover up with 
 earth. The Winter rains will convey the lime around the 
 roots, and destroy the woolly aphis living upon them. Wood 
 ashes and lime mixed together make an excellent apj^lication 
 applied as above. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 and 58. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 40. 
 
 Early in the Fall season dig a trench around the tree and 
 place in it dried tobacco leaves ; wet the leaves with a solu- 
 tion consisting of one pound of saltpetre, dissolved in three 
 gallons of water, and then cover the leaves with earth ; the 
 Winter rains will carry the tobacco water around the roots and 
 destroy the lice. Chimney soot makes an excellent mixture 
 with the tobacco and saltpetre. 
 
 See Remedies No. 9, in relation to tobacco; Nos. 89, 41, 42, 
 43, 45 and 58. Read No. 47. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 41. 
 
 In a trench around the tree pour water heated to a tempera- 
 ture of 130 degrees, in which is dissolved one pound of No. 12 
 or 13 to each gallon of water used. (Nos. 39 and 40 are pref- 
 erable to this. 
 
 It is claimed that hot water (say 130°) poured around the 
 roots, produce good results, but my experiments in using it 
 did not warrant any recommendation. 
 
 See Remedy No. 98. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 42. 
 
 Two pounds of home made soft soap to one and one half 
 gallons of water poured around the roots of nursery stock 
 (young apple trees), destroyed the woolly aphis, the earth be- 
 ing first cleaned away from the trees. 
 
 The roots of young apple trees should be dipped in one of 
 the above solutions before planting. 
 
 See No. 47 and No. 58. 
 
REMEDIES. 387 
 
 REMEDY NO. 48. 
 
 Early in February the tree should be thoroughly scrajHMl, 
 and the crotches and crevices cleaned out, and the limbs and 
 trunk thorough!}' washed with No. 44, and if the trees have 
 been infested by the apple-leaf ai)his [AphiH malifolia), wash 
 the l)ranches also ; then, in twenty-four hours, wash or spray 
 with No. 11 or 12, using one gallon of water to each one pound 
 in weight of the mixture, or No. 13, one pound to each five 
 (|uarts of water used. 
 
 See also Kemedy No. 77. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 44. 
 
 Dissolve two ounces of borax in four gallons of water ; the 
 borax may be dissolved in two quarts of water, and then add 
 enough water to make four gallons. To this add one quart of 
 any kind of animal oil (i. e., lard oil, neatsfoot oil, etc., but 
 whale oil is preferable), and one quart of coal oil ; stir up 
 properly, and it is ready for use. See heading No. 77. Par- 
 affine may be used instead of coal oil, but only the best grades 
 of either should be used. See Remedy No. 44. Read Remedy 
 No. 47. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 45. 
 
 Young apple trees with roots infested by wooll}' aphis, should 
 be dug up and burned, as the}' will not mature healthy trees. 
 If you find any swellings or knotty excrescences on the roots 
 of nursery trees, do not buy them. See Remedy No. 47. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 46. 
 
 Young peach trees having swellings on the roots, will not 
 mature healthy trees. If such are offered at any price, no mat- 
 ter how low, do not buy them. See Remedy No. 47. 
 
388 REMEDIED. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 47. 
 
 The greatest care should be taken in procuring nursery stock 
 that is not infested by woolly aphis, leaf aphis, scale insects, 
 etc. In all cases, before planting, deciduous fruit trees should 
 be dipped in No. 11 or 12 — one pound of the mixture to each 
 one gallon of water used ; or No. 13 — one pound to each 1^ 
 gallons of water used, excepting the roots, which should be 
 dipped in No. 5 or 7 — one pound to each one gallon of water 
 used. See Remedy No. 45. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 48. 
 
 To prevent the spread of the black scale, soft orange scale, 
 red scale, cottony cushion scale, etc., on citrus trees, the branches 
 should be thinned out, to give free access to light and air, and 
 also to give an opportunity for thoroughly spraying. All 
 prunings taken from the infested trees should be immediately 
 burned. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 49. 
 
 The best season for destroying scale insects on citrus and 
 evergreen trees is when the young larv* are just hatched, and 
 are creeping over the fruit, foliage, etc. Then apply No. 5 or 
 7, four pounds of the mixture to every five gallons of water 
 used, excei^ting for red scale, when one pound of the mixture 
 to each gallon of water used will be more effective. The sul- 
 phur is necessary for destroying the black smut or fungus. 
 The application should be repeated when the second brood of 
 larvse appears. Effective results have been obtained by using 
 No. 4. Care should be taken not to spray the trees in very 
 warm weather, or in the heat of the day, as it may cause some 
 of the foliage and fruit to fall off. But to get rid of the pests 
 some inconvenience must be expected. Apply the above solu- 
 tions at a temperature of 130° Fahr. 
 
 See Remedy No. 77. 
 
REMEDIES. 389 
 
 REMEDY NO. 50. 
 
 In Januaiy or February, make a strong brine of salt and 
 water, and spray the trees thoroughly ; repeat in two weeks. 
 This will denude the trees of foliage, but will effectually 
 destroy the red scale, etc. I have tried this, and found it an 
 excellent remedy, and the tree threw out a new growth of 
 leaves. To every six gallons of brine add one gallon of No. 
 lo. This is the only effectual remedy for mealy-bugs on cit- 
 rus trees. As soon as the leaves have fallen, spray thorough!}' 
 with No. 4, 5 or 7. 
 
 Read Remedy No. 52. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 51. 
 
 To thirty gallons of No. 9, add twenty pounds of No. 5 or 
 7, dissolved in twenty gallons of water. If convenient, add 
 one half pound of buhach by stirring it in the solution imme- 
 diately before application. If whale oil soap is not at hand, 
 or cannot be had, strong home made soft soa]) will do. See 
 Remedy No. 3. Spray thoroughly. 
 
 The application should be made and repeated when the 
 young larva' are moving. This remedy can be used to good 
 effect in AVinter, on the vine-hopper. See Remedy No. 33. 
 
 Note. — In any case where this remedy should fail, use No. 
 44, or 77, or 8. 
 
 REMEEY NO. 52. 
 
 After spraying as directed in No. 51, a small trench should 
 be dug around the tree and filled with fresh slacked lime, 
 mixed with strong wood ashes, and allowed to remain 
 uncovered to prevent the insects falling on the ground, and 
 those under the surface of the ground from ascending the tree 
 (the lime and ashes will also be useful as a fertilizer). 
 
390 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. Ti;! 
 
 When the trees are dormant, spray thoroughly with No. 11 
 or 12, one pound of the mixture to each gallon of water 
 used ; or No. 13, one pound of the mixture to each five quarts 
 of water used. 
 
 Read Remedy No. 123 carefully. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 54. 
 
 When the tree is in leaf use No. 6, four pounds of the mix- 
 ture to each five gallons of water used ; spray thoroughly. 
 This solution will not injure the foliage or fruit and will effect- 
 ually destroy mildew and young scale insects, and prevent the 
 females of the codlin moth, curculios, etc., from depositing 
 their eggs on the fruit. The spraying should be repeated in 
 about two weeks. No. 5 or 7 may be used, one pound to each 
 gallon of water. 
 
 Note. — Pears on trees sprayed twice matured ten days 
 earlier than the pears that were not sprayed in the same orchard. 
 
 See Remedy No. 69, E. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 55. 
 
 Various remedies have been recommended for destroying 
 wire w^orms. The following I consider the most praetieal. at 
 least on farm lands in California : 
 
 A. — In cases where garden flowers and plants, vegetable or 
 grass-plots are infested, cut potatoes in two or more pieces, 
 according to size, and cut out the eyes to prevent them from 
 growing. In each piece of potato stick a piece of rod or 
 pointed stick ; bury one or more pieces of potato near the 
 roots of the infested plants, one or two inches below the sur- 
 face of the ground. Examine every second day, and destroy 
 the larvae or grubs eating the potato. This has been tried in 
 this vicinity (Sacramento), and proved an excellent remedy. 
 A patch of ground that was so badly infested by wire-worms 
 
REMEDIES. 391 
 
 that lettuce could not be grown upon it, was cleaned in ten 
 daj's so that it Adelded an excellent crop this season (I880). 
 
 For the protection of field crops, summer-fallow and clean 
 out the Aveeds. Applications of salt, soot, etc., have been rec- 
 ommended, but probably the most practicable^ for large tracts 
 is as follows : 
 
 Dr. Fitch quoted an article from an English pa])er reporting 
 the success of white mustard, which concluded as follows : 
 
 " I am therefore under strong persuasion that the wire- 
 worms may be successfully repelled and eradicated by care- 
 fully destroying all weeds and roots, and drilling white mus- 
 tard seed, and keeping the ground clean by hoeing." 
 
 The writer also adds that after the mustard cro]) he raised 
 the best crop of wheat he had in twenty-one years. 
 
 Some of our California farmers express a doubt in regard to 
 sowing mustard, and stating their fears that the remedy would 
 be as troublesome to get rid of as the disease. I am credibly 
 informed that such is not the fact. 
 
 The following is taken from the Special Report on Wire- 
 Worms, 1883, by Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, F. M. S., Consult- 
 ing Entomologist of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng- 
 land : 
 
 1. " It has been found by practical experience that the 
 growing and plowing of white mustard will get rid of the wire- 
 worm.'" 
 
 The following recommendations are reported by Miss 
 Ormerod : 
 
 " The use of nmstard as a growing manure crop is not 
 sufficiently resorted to. 
 
 "Charles Caswell, Peterborough." 
 
 2. " Mustard sown thickly and allowed to grow to a con- 
 siderable height, and then plowed in, has been found to be a 
 good preventive, and at the same time adding considerably to 
 the fertility of the land. Richt Hon. Earl of Porvis, 
 
 '' Per Adam Lee." 
 
 8. " Found mustard a good preventive, and sometimes the 
 only safe crop to sow where wire-worms prevailed. 
 
 " Right Hon. Viscount Portman, 
 " Per J. Forester.'' 
 
392 REMEDIES. 
 
 4. "For fallow after clearing, sow rape or mustard seed, 
 about the end of July, and plow it under when about a foot or 
 eighteen inches high. Jo Craio;." 
 
 5. "The wire-worm has been known to disapj^ear after a 
 crop of white mustard, of which one half was eaten on the 
 ground by sheep. Joseph Paget." 
 
 6. " I have no doubt of mustard being a good remedy where 
 it can be applied so as to plowed under for the crop. 
 
 "F. Fv. HULBERT." 
 
 7. " White mustard sown and allowed to stand until it 
 comes into flower, is a very useful preparation — where plowed 
 in and pressed — for all corn, and I think prevents the wire- 
 worm doing so much mischief. Joseph Addison." 
 
 8. "I have never known wire-worms troublesome after 
 mustard or vetches. M. Lock Blake." 
 
 The following remedies are also discussed in this valuable 
 report of Miss Omerod's : 
 
 Rolling and treading the land with sheep. 
 
 Salt and kainite. 
 
 Kainite. 
 
 Gas lime and alkali waste. 
 
 Gas tarwater. 
 
 Rape cake meal etc. 
 
 Hand-picking. 
 
 Application of sea-weed. 
 
 Rooks, etc. 
 
 The weight of testimony is in favor of mustard as a remedy, 
 and it is probably the most practical for California. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 56. 
 
 Burn the stubble and loose straw, and all the weeds and 
 grasses in and around fields that were infested, and also the 
 surrounding fields. The burning should be done early in 
 Autumn. This will apply to the joint-worm, wheat aphis, etc. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 20 and 106, A. 
 
REMEDIES. 393 
 
 REMEDY X(). 57 
 
 Fifty pounds of scrap iron thrown into a barrel containing 
 tliirty gallons of water, twenty-five pounds of No. 11, 12 or lo, 
 and two pounds of sulphur, makes an excellent solution for 
 application to trees that are not healthy from the presence of 
 the scale insects, gum disease, etc. This mixture should be 
 allowed to stand fourteen days, and be applied when the tree 
 is dormant. When the barrel is emptied of the liquid, fill 
 again with water, and add one half the amount of No. 11, 12 
 or 13 ; also of the sulphur. In fourteen days it will be ready 
 for use. Lye leached from wood ashes is excellent, but care 
 should be taken that it is not applied too strong ; test with the 
 egg, carrying one and a half. See Remedy No. 2. 
 
 REMEDY NO. o^. 
 
 Dig the earth from around the roots of the vine or bush, 
 and apply No. 4 or 8, four pounds of the mixture to each five 
 gallons of water used : then fill the earth around the roots. 
 This should be applied in May, when the eggs of the scale 
 insects are hatching. If for woolly aphis, early in April. 
 
 See Remedy No. 59. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 59. 
 
 In Summer dig the earth from around the collar of the tree, 
 and apply No. 5 or 7, one pound of the mixture to each gal- 
 lon of water used ; repeat ever}' four days, until the bark 
 begins to heal. If the tree is dormant, use No. 13, one pound 
 of the mixture to each five quarts of water used. This will 
 destroy any insect attacking the tree under the surface of the 
 ground, and also heal the l)ark destroyed by insects, alkali, or 
 from any other cause. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 35, 123 and 124.. 
 
 26 
 
394 REMEDTE8. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 60. 
 
 As soon as the stems are noticed beginning to wither, cut 
 them out and destroy by Ijurning. The currant bushes should 
 be sprayed thoroughly in the Spring, using No. 5 or 7, one 
 pound to each gallon of water used. The top of the roots 
 should be thoroughly saturated. The spraying is to prevent 
 the females from depositing their eggs on the wood. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 60, 66 and 67. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 61. 
 
 As soon as the larvse appear on the leaves spray or thor- 
 oughly drench the foliage with No. 5 or 7, four pounds of the 
 mixture to each five gallons of water used ; add one pound of 
 No. 11 or 12, dissolved in one gallon of water, to each eight 
 gallons of the former. The object is to destroy the caterpillars 
 and the unhatched eggs. Or use No. 6, one pound to each five 
 quarts of water used. See Nos. 63, 62 and 65. Repeat the 
 spraying as often as the larvae appear. 
 
 Read Nos. 35, 123 and 124. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 62. 
 
 If solutions cannot be readily procured when the larvae or 
 caterpillars appear on the leaves, build mounds of sand or 
 fine earth around the tree. Early in the morning shake the 
 branches and the caterpillars will fall off on the ground and 
 cannot get to the tree over the mound. If material to make 
 proper mounds is not convenient, put on bands as recom- 
 mended in Remed}^ No. 23. (This Avill not apply to the pear- 
 slug as regards the shaking.) 
 
 See Remedv No. 63. Read Remedv No. 98. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 63. 
 
 In case solutions cannot be had when the slugs appear, fine 
 dust of any kind thrown on them will prevent their maturing. 
 
REMEDIES. 395 
 
 Sulphur and lime, mixed in tlie [)r()porti(ni of two pounds of 
 slacked lime to one pound of sulphur, dusted on the foliage, is 
 an excellent remedy, but disagreeable for application. 
 
 REMEDY NO. B4. 
 
 Use No. 5 or 7, one pound to each two gallons of water 
 used ; or one pound of No. 8 or 4 to each one and one half 
 gallons of water used. Mix in solution, when ready to use, 
 one quarter of a pound of buhach to each ten gallons; appli- 
 cation should be made in the cool of the evening ; drench 
 thoroughly. This is especially applicable to plant-lice^ 
 (Aphis) on flowers and plants. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 65. 
 
 Use mixture No. 5 or 7, one pound to each gallon of water 
 used, and then add an equal quantity of No. ; mix together 
 and spray thoroughly. Apply at a temj^erature of 130° Fahr. 
 
 See Remedy No. 61. 
 
 Note. — No. 6 may be used instead of No. o or 7. 
 
 REMEDY NO. ()6. 
 
 Cut out the infested canes early in the Spring and destroy 
 by burning before the beetles escape. Thorough pruning out 
 of infested canes will be necessary to prevent the spread of 
 the beetles, etc. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 60 and 67. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 67. 
 
 Early in the Spring all branches of peach and other trees 
 on which the buds are infested by larvae or beetles, should be 
 pruned out and immediately burned, and also all new growth 
 showing signs of withering at the outer end, should be cut off 
 
396 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 and burned. This should be done thoroughly, as the safety of 
 the crop depends on the destruction of the early broods. 
 See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 60 and 66. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 68. 
 
 Where the plants are seriously infested, dig out all infested 
 plants and burn them, and replace with plants not infested. 
 (In this case "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of 
 cure.") 
 
 See Remedy No. 104. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 69. 
 
 A. From observations it is evident that the destruction of 
 this pest must be consummated while it is in the caterpillar 
 state. 
 
 At any time between the first day of November and the first 
 day of March of each season, all the apple, pear and quince 
 trees, in any orchard infested by codlin moth, should be care- 
 fully scraped and all loose bark removed, as follows : 
 
 Fig. 376. 
 
 Provide some small ship scrapers 
 and grind two of the edges to a con- 
 cave curve (Fig. 376) so that they will 
 fit the trunk of the tree better than a 
 straight edge can (B and C, Fig. 376). 
 Scrapers having a length of side of 
 four inches will be large enough ; . use 
 handles to suit. Procure a cloth made 
 of old sacks, or any material conven- 
 ient ; spread on the ground around 
 the tree as far as the scrapings are 
 likely to fall ; then commence on the 
 tree as far up as there is any rough 
 loose bark, and scrape it carefully off. 
 Also examine and scrape all crevices in the bark or those 
 formed in the crotches of the tree. Continue scraping until 
 
REJfEBIES. 397 
 
 you reach the ground. This done, gather the scrapings care- 
 fully off the cloth, so that they can be burned or otherwise 
 destroyed immediately. 
 
 Be careful that you do not neglect gathering carefully the 
 scrapings and destroying them, as on this point depends a 
 great deal of your success. By thus burning the debris taken 
 from the trees the larvae hibernating in the debris are de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 B. After having completed scraping off the loose bark, the 
 trunk and limbs should be thoroughly washed or sprayed 
 (providing the tree is only treated against the codlin moth). 
 If the woolly aphis or scale insects are present, the whole tree 
 should be sprayed with No. 11 or No. 12, one pound of either 
 mixture to each gallon of water used. If .properly applied, 
 this will destroy any larvte on the tree, and also produce a 
 new smooth bark. See No. 21. 
 
 C. Not later than the 10th of May, bands should be placed 
 on the trees as follows : 
 
 Cut old grain sacks or cloth in strips from six to eight inches 
 wide, and place a band on each tree near the ground. (It is 
 expected that the rough bark has been scraped off between 
 the band and the ground). The fastening cord or wire should 
 be as near the upper edge as possible, allowing the lower edge 
 to spread out from the tree, say a quarter of an inch or so. 
 Paper will do for bands, but cloth is preferable. Pieces of old 
 sack, or rags, should be placed in the crotches. The larva», 
 after leaving the fruit, Avhen looking for a place in which to 
 pass their transformations, will hide under the bands on the 
 trees, or the rags in the crotches, and make their cocoons or 
 nests. The bands and material in the crotches should be 
 examined every seventh day, without fail, and all the larvae 
 found on them picked ofi' and destroyed. 
 
 D. Note. — Notwithstanding the fact that recommendations 
 have been made that it is not necessary to examine the bands, 
 etc., every seventh day, the following fact would seem to indicate 
 otherwise ; a larva which I caught changed to a pupa on the 
 28th of Juno, 1888, and the moth emerged from the pupa on 
 July 6th ; length of time spent in the pupa state, less than 
 eight days. 
 
398 REMEDIES. 
 
 E. — As soon as the apples or pears are formed (say the size 
 of marbles), spray the fruit and foliage with No. 6, four pounds 
 of the mixture to each five gallons of water used ; repeat the 
 spraying within twenty days. This will prevent the moth 
 from depositing her eggs on the young fruit, and also destroy 
 milde^Y and invigorate the tree. 
 
 F. Note. — Infested fruit should be picked off of the tree 
 and destroyed by boiling, or otherwise. Fruit falling off the 
 trees should be gathered daily, and all that is infested de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 G. — The spraying should be repeated at regular intervals to 
 protect late varieties of apples, pears, etc. 
 
 H. — By following the above directions in a thorough man- 
 ner, the codlin moth's ravages need not be feared. Half done 
 work will have but little effect. 
 
 See Remedv No. 54. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 70. 
 
 All empty fruit packages returned from market or used in 
 shipping fruit in any manner, should be thoroughly disinfected 
 before being taken to the orchard, by dipping in boiling water 
 containing one pound of mixture No. 13, or one pound of 
 commercial potash to each twenty gallons of water used — 
 the packages to be left remaining in such solution at least two 
 minutes. If only boiling water is used, the package should 
 be kept in it at least three minutes. 
 
 Note. — The necessity for the disinfection of return pack- 
 ages is beyond question. (See Chapter IV.) 
 
 REMEDY NO. 71. 
 
 Empty fruit packages kept in store from the previous year 
 should be thoroughly disinfected before the 1st day of April, 
 as reconmiended for return packages. 
 
 See Remedv No. 70. 
 
RI-'.MKDIKS. HW 
 
 K^:.M^:l)^■ no. i-i. 
 
 I''riiit-li(tuscs, jsturc-rooiiis, etc., in wliicli iVuit is sturi'd. 
 pnckcd or sold, should be thoroughh' cleaned in the month of 
 March of each year. In cases wliere they cannot he closed up, 
 as described in (Muipter XI 1. ita,<!;e ."U), :i solution should be 
 made 1)V saturin^ cliloridc ol' lime witb coal oil. all that it will 
 take U|>. Ilu 11 tliiiiniii^ \\itli water until it can be used with a 
 brush. All cracks, cri'vices, or seams in walls, skirtings, floors^ 
 etc., should be thoroughly saturated with this solution. This 
 will |K'iietralc the cocoons or nests, and efrcctually destroy the 
 larva' and pupa- of the codliii moth. 
 
 Sec Remedy No. 7"). 
 
 REMEDY NO. To. 
 
 .'\. — .\ most cH'cctiial remedy to prt'vent cut-worms from 
 ascending a tree is to t'asteii a piece of tin or zinc around the 
 tree, just above the ground. It should be cut out in a circular 
 form, so that when i)laced on a tree it will be in the shape of 
 an inverted funnel. The caterpillar cannot creep over the 
 snu)t)th surface of the tin. It" the tin is not perfectly smooth, 
 it should be made vvidi'r. 
 
 \\. — It is also an e.xcelleiit tra[» to dig holes with perpendic- 
 ular sides in the ground around the trees ; tiie caterpillars 
 falling into the holes cannot g(>t out until captured. Holes 
 made in the ground with a stick are sometimes use(l. They 
 may also be ca])turc(l in the iiimmer recomiiieiide(| in Remedy 
 No. 22. 
 
 (". — Cabbage leaves sju'ead aroiiml the roots of [>lants in- 
 t"ested by cut-Worms are excellent traps, as the |>ests take shel- 
 ter under the leaves and do not enter the ground. Ry t>xam- 
 ing the lea\'es in the morning the pest can be found and tlc- 
 stroyed. 
 
 1). — 1 lia\c lieeii very successful in destroying cut-worms by 
 dusting, or applying in solution. Paris green, or London pur- 
 ine, or arsenic, on the lower si(K' of cabbage leaves ])laeed on 
 grounds infested b}' (;ut-worms, invariabl}' finding all that had 
 
400 REMEDIES. 
 
 fed on the leaves dead. Where land is thoroughly cultivated, 
 the cabbage leaves spread over the ground, prepared as above, 
 is an excellent remedy; but great care should be taken that 
 poultry, etc., be kept off of the grounds treated in this manner. 
 Poisons such as Paris green, London purple and arsenic should 
 be used only when all other remedies fail, and then the great- 
 est care should be taken to prevent any accident. 
 
 E. — Where plants are infested the cut-worm can be found 
 close to the plant, three or four inches below the surface of the 
 ground. Early in the Spring, Avhen the buds are opening, the 
 cut-worms can be jarred off of the trees upon a sheet; about 
 midnight is the best time for doing this. 
 
 See Remedy No. 38. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 74. 
 
 For destroying aphis (plant-lice) on cabbage plants, etc., 
 dust the plants with snuff" — Scotch snuflf is preferable — or dust 
 with No. 80, or spray with No. 83 or No. 85 ; or with No. 5 or 
 7, one pound to each one and one half gallons of water used ; 
 or with No. 5 or 7, as above directed, adding an equal quantity 
 of No. 9 ; mix well and apply. See No. 65. 
 
 The spraying should be done in the evening, when the sun 
 is near setting. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 75. 
 
 For cleaning granaries of weevil before storing grain in them, 
 use No. 72 freely, and then whitewash. 
 See Remedv No. 72. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 76. 
 
 A. — Grain in storehouses or granaries should be piled so as 
 to allow a free circulation of air around the rows of sacks. 
 
 B. — It is generally conceded that the grain weevil cannot 
 breed if the ternperature is kept in the building or storehouse 
 lower than 65° Fahrenheit. 
 
REMEDIES. 401 
 
 fi. — Thorough ventilation is important, as T have reason to 
 believe that at least part of the wheat is infested before it 
 reaches the granary ; therefore the necessity of preventing the 
 eggs from hatching. 
 
 D. — Clean thoroughly, as directed in Remedy Xo. 75, and 
 provide against a high temperature, and good results will follow. 
 
 E. — Grain kept in bulk should be turned over occasionally 
 by shoveling, to prevent becoming heated. 
 
 F. — Stored grain should be kept free from damp, and kept 
 perfectly covered, to prevent becoming wet from rains, etc. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 77. 
 
 Coal oil or kerosene emulsions. Personally, I am opposed 
 to the use of mineral oils on trees or foliage, but deem it proper 
 to give Professor C. V. Riley's remedy for scale insects, known 
 as the " Kerosene Emulsion," which he reports as giving excel- 
 lent results. It is- as follows : 
 
 "The process of forming a perfectly stable emulsion of ker- 
 osene and milk is comparable to that of ordinary butter-mak- 
 ing, and is as follows : The oil and milk in any desired pro- 
 portions are poured together and violently dashed or churned 
 for a period of time varying with the temperature from fifteen 
 to forty-five minutes. The churning, however, requires to be 
 more violent than can be effected with an ordinary butter 
 churn. 
 
 " The Aquapult force-pump (the Gregory pump will answer 
 this purpose. — M. C.) may be used satisfactorily for this pur- 
 pose where moderate quantities are only required. The pump 
 should be inserted in a tub or pail containing the liquid, which 
 are then forced into union by continuous pumping back into 
 the same receptacle through the fiexible hose or spray-nozzle. 
 * * * On continual churning through the pumps, the 
 liquid finally curdles and suddenly thickens, to form a white 
 and glistening butter, perfectly homogeneous in texture, and 
 stable. This kerosene butter mixes readil v in water, care being 
 taken to thin it first with a small quantity of the liquid. * * 
 
402 REMEDIES. 
 
 At a temperature of 60° the butter will be made in from thirty 
 to forty-five minutes. * * At 75°, in about fifteen minutes. 
 
 " The following proportions are recommended : 2 quarts of 
 refined kerosene ; 1 quart of fresh cow's milk (but sour). This 
 will make an emulsion of kerosene 66f per cent, cow's milk 
 33^ per cent. Where cow's milk is not readil}^ obtained, con- 
 densed milk can be used. A can of milk as sold in stores 
 contains about twelve fluid ounces (three fourths of a pint). 
 Kerosene, 2 quarts equals 4 pints — 64 per cent; condensed 
 milk, 1 can equals f pints, water (double the quantity of con- 
 densed milk), 2 cans equals H pints — 36 per cent. In appli- 
 cations for scale insects on citrus trees it should be used at the 
 rate of one part of butter to from tM'elve to sixteen parts of 
 water, or, in other words, one part should Ijc diluted with 
 water from twelve to sixteen times." 
 
 Hee United States Agricultural Report for 1881 and 1882, 
 pages 112 to 127. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 8 and 44. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 78. 
 
 By dusting London purple around the stems of trees and 
 plants so that cut-worms or caterpillars will have to pass over 
 it ; by licking their feet they are poisoned. I have also found 
 that it has the same effect on beetles, where it gets upon their 
 feet, antennae, etc. ; by cleaning it off their feet, mandibles, 
 etc., it poisons them. London purple should not be used, in 
 the Summer season on fruits or vegetables used for food, at 
 least in California where there are no rains to|wash it off. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 79 and 103. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 79. 
 
 Paris green, dusted around the stems of trees and plants, 
 produce the same effects upon insects, and the same objections 
 are offered against its use in the Summer season as Nos. 78 
 and 103. 
 
REMEDIES. 
 
 403 
 
 REMEDY NO. 80. 
 
 Buhach is a powder made from the flower of Pi/ ir thrum 
 cinerarisefolium (Fig. 377). 
 
 Fig. 377. 
 
 The ex])eriments I liave made witli this powder, and the 
 results ohtained, have warranted me in recommending its use 
 in many eases, for destroying insect pests of the household, 
 orchard, vineyards, etc., without fear of injury to any pc^rson 
 or animal. The plants from which this powder is made are 
 grown on the farm of the Buhach Manufacturing Company, of 
 Stockton, California. 
 
 Letters addressed as above will be immediately answered, 
 giving such information as may be required as to prices, etc. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 118 and 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 81. 
 
 Dry Buhach powder can be dusted around a room to destroy 
 mosquitos, house flies, etc., by a small bellows. ( Price, 25 cts.) 
 
404 REMEDIES. 
 
 It can also be applied to plants infested by aphides in the 
 same manner. Should it be required to be used extensively 
 on the grounds, it should be thoroughly mixed, one pound of 
 the buhach to five pounds of flour, and dusted as sulphur is 
 applied on grapes. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 118 and 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 82. 
 
 For fumigating clothes, etc., infested by moths, the buhach 
 powder, or tobacco, or sulphur burns freely. If the former, 
 such as is sold in cans, by wetting it, it burns slowly ; place 
 the articles infested by moths in a tight box, or in a small, 
 close room. By fumigating with the buhach, or tobacco, or 
 sulphur, all insect life will be destroyed. However, thorough 
 application is necessary, as the larvse of beetles are not so 
 easily destroyed as insects of more delicate structure. Place 
 a few pieces of burning charcoal in a pan, and on them dust 
 the buhach, tobacco or sulphur as prepared, place in apart- 
 ment to be fumigated, and close up tight. This is also appli- 
 cable to rooms infested by mosquitoes, house flies, etc. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 83, 84, 85 and 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 83. 
 
 Mix the powder in water, one ounce to each one gallon of 
 water used, and use immediately ; for caterpillars, plant-lice, 
 etc., infesting trees, plants or flowers, apply in the evening, 
 or in cloudy weather. In many cases the solution should be 
 strained through a cloth, so as not to stain the. flowers, etc. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 84, 85 and 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 84. 
 
 In a gallon of alcohol put six pounds of buhach, and cork 
 up tightly ; this can be diluted with from ten to twenty parts 
 
REMEDIES. 405 
 
 of water to one part of tlie mixture ; apply with spraying noz- 
 zle. Strain if necessary. See No. 83. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 85 and 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 85. 
 
 Professor Hilgard, of the State University of California, 
 obtained satisfactory results from a tea, or decoction made by 
 pouring boiling water upon the buhach flowers (not ground), 
 and covering as in making tea, it being found that boiling is 
 injurious to the strength of the liquid. For plant-lice, etc., 
 use one pound of the tea to twenty-four gallons of water. For 
 beetles, one pound to every ten gallons. Apply with spray 
 nozzle. The powdered buhach can be used . in this manner. 
 Strain if necessary. See No. 83. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 and 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 86. 
 
 Dig a trench or ditch about twelve inches wide and twelve 
 to fifteen inches deep between the invading army of worms 
 and the fields to be protected, the side of the ditch next to the 
 fields to be perpendicular, or dug under, if possible, to prevent 
 the worms from creeping up. Every fifteen or twenty feet a 
 deep hole should be dug in the bottom of the ditch, where the 
 worms can collect. - In these holes they can easily be destroyed 
 by pouring coal oil on them, or dusting them with buhach, or 
 placing straw in the ditch and setting fire to it. A little coal 
 oil sprinkled on the straw will make it burn more readily. 
 This plan proved effectual in this vicinity (Sacramento) in 
 1879. Effectual results were derived from plowing a fur- 
 row eight inches dee}), and kept soft by dragging brush in it. 
 But two or three furrows, some two or three feet apart, would 
 be better, and the vegetation on the space between them dusted 
 with Paris green or London purple, one pound of either (the 
 former is preferable) mixed in twenty pounds of coarse flour 
 and dusted on the vegetation, or one tablespoonful of either 
 
406 REMEDIES. 
 
 mixed in a pail of water. This solution sprayed or sprinkled 
 on vegetation will poison the caterpillars or worms eating it. 
 These substances should be only used where there is no danger 
 of poisoning stock, poultry, or other animals. On small patches 
 of corn, etc., infested by the army-worm, No. 64 can be used 
 effectually, by spraying. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 87. 
 
 Spread fresh-slacked lime, mixed with wood ashes, on the 
 floor and around the pots and plants infested by these pests — 
 slugs. They may be trapped by laying fresh cabbage and other 
 leaves around the roots of flowers and plants ; the pests will 
 feed upon them, and remain under cover until examined early 
 in the morning .and destroyed. Plants have been protected 
 from the ravages of snails and slugs, by spreading fresh wood- 
 ashes on the ground around the roots. No. 72 or 78, or 
 79 spread on the ground around the roots of plants, and also 
 near the hiding places of the pests, will destroy them. No. 73 
 is a sure remedy against slugs, etc. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 88. 
 
 Extract of buhach applied with a dropping tube or glass — 
 one or two drops will destroy a small colony of insects, also 
 the eggs. The extract should not be used on very tejider 
 leaves. This will efl'ectually destroy mealy bugs in conserva- 
 tories. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 89. 
 
 In places where plants, vines or trees are seriously infested, 
 use one pound of arsenic perfectly dissolved by boiling in ten 
 gallons of water ; then add fifteen gallons of water, making 
 twenty-five gallons of water to each pound ; or, see No. 10. 
 Especially in relation to young grapevines, one pound of whale 
 oil soap dissolved in one gallon of water, and added to every 
 ten gallons of the above will make the latter more effective. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 79, 103, 112 and 129. 
 
REMEDIES. 407 
 
 REMEDY NO. 90. 
 
 As soon as the moths appear, or ahout the middle of April, 
 the contents of wardrobes, closets, etc., should be removed, 
 carpets taken up, and tapestry, etc., removed and exposed to 
 the air and sun for several hours, and then be thoroughly 
 brushed and fumigated as directed in No. 82. In infested 
 apartments all cracks or crevices in the floors and walls, in 
 the wainscoting and shelving of closets, etc., should be 
 brushed over with spirits of turpentine. Powdered black or 
 cayenne pepper, or Scotch snuff, strewn under the edges of 
 carjjcts, etc., will repel the moths. Sheets of paper saturated 
 with turpentine, camphor in coarse powder, tobacco leaves 
 or snufF, are said to be an excellent preventive for placing 
 among cloths laid away for the Summer, or articles not in use. 
 Chests or closets made of cedar wood are said to afford a pro- 
 tection against clothes-moths, etc. Pieces of cedar wood placed 
 among clothing, etc., is also effective. Carpets that will not 
 be used during the Summer, when taken up and thoroughly 
 cleaned, as directed, should be placed in boxes, and all seams 
 or joints in the boxes pasted over with paper, to prevent the 
 moths from entering. Cloth covering will do, if carefully 
 folded, to prevent the moths from getting in through the folds. 
 When carpets that cannot l)e taken up conveniently are in- 
 fested, dampen it slightly with turpentine applied with a 
 sponge. This will leave a disagreeable odor for a short time, 
 but will destroy the larvae, etc. Fumigating as reconnnended 
 in No. 82, will give excellent results. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 91. 
 
 In forty gallons of water boil fifty pounds of pt)tash until 
 dissolved; then add one hundred pounds of arsenic, and boil 
 until dissolved ; when cool, put in barrel and cork. To one 
 gallon of this mixture add eight gallons of water, and sprin- 
 kle the infested hides, etc., with a broom. This will effectually 
 destroy all insect life upon hides, etc. 
 
 See Remedv No. 1215. 
 
408 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 rii: 
 
 Fig. 378. 
 
 A 
 
 d 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 I\b 
 
 yc 
 
 D 
 
 REMEDY NO. 92. 
 
 To each sixty gallons of water used, add twenty pounds of 
 sulphur and five pounds of lime, as follows : When the water 
 is boiling, add the required proportion of sulphur ; let it boil 
 for twenty-five minutes, then add the lime, and boil a short time. 
 
 This water is emptied from the 
 boiler or kettle (E, Fig. 378,) into 
 the tank or trough, until sufficient 
 is prepared to allow the sheep to 
 float. 
 
 Fig. 378 is a plan of the arrange- 
 ments used by Messrs. Green & 
 Trainor, of Sacramento, at their 
 farm in Placer County. 
 
 A A are two corrals, 10 by 12 feet, 
 floored with tongue and grooved 
 lumber, with fall to drain in center, 
 allowing the wash dripping oft' of 
 the sheep after dipping to drain 
 into the dipping trough. 
 
 B B are gates to the corrals. 
 
 C. Bridge at end of dipping 
 trough over which the sheep enter 
 corrals. 
 
 D D. Dipping trough, 38 feet 
 long by 2 feet wide and 3 feet deep. 
 
 E. Boiler, of a capacity of four 
 hundred gallons. 
 
 F. Pipe with faucet leading to 
 dipping trough from boiler. 
 
 G. Pump to supply boiler, etc., 
 with water. 
 
 H. Corral, 24 by 20 feet, into 
 which the sheep are gathered before 
 dipping. 
 
 I. Pole, with outer-turned iron prongs, used for forcing the 
 sheep under the surface of the Hquid when passing through 
 the trough, D D. 
 
 J^ 
 
 D 
 
 i£ 
 
 o 
 G 
 
 H 
 
REMEDIES. 409 
 
 AVhen the sheep are gathered in corral H, and the arrange- 
 ments for dipping are completed, the sheep are forced into the 
 trough, D D, (in Avhich the liquid is twenty-seven inches in 
 depth, and kept at a temperature of 80° Fahr.) ; with the pole 
 I, the animal is forced under the surface of the liquid. One of 
 the gates B is open ; the animal reaches the bridge C and en- 
 ters the corral through the open gate ; when this corral is 
 filled with sheep the gate is closed and the gate of the other 
 opened. During the time the second corral is being filled the 
 sheep placed in the first are sufficiently dripped (or clear of 
 the liquid), and are allowed to go to the pasture ; thus the cor- 
 rals are filled and emptied alternately. A great many sheep 
 can be dipped in a day in this way. The supply of liquid and 
 temperature is kept up by the boiler E. Two hundred and 
 seventy-five pounds of sulphur and 70 pounds of lime will 
 make sufficient wash for 4,0(M) sheep after the tank is filled at 
 first. 
 
 By covering the trough D D, the wash can be kept from one 
 season to another. 
 
 If the above directions are complied with after each (dipping, 
 it is an effectual remedy for the seal). 
 
 It is not necessary to l»oil all the water required to make the 
 solution. 
 
 This industry should Ix' protected by legislation, by pre- 
 venting infested flocks being driven from one section of the 
 State to another, as beyond' doubt the scab is spread to all 
 sheep grazing on lands over which infested flocks are driven. 
 
 Such laws have been enacted in Australia, and have been of 
 great benefit to sheep-raisers. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 98. 
 
 Spirits of turpentine injected into the nostrils with a syr- 
 inge, will effectually destroy the maggot of the sheep bot-fly ; 
 also,, maggot in the ears or any part of the body. 
 
 27 
 
410 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 94. 
 
 Placing Stockholm tar on the nose and inside the nostrils, 
 will prevent the bot-tly from depositing her egg or larva in the 
 nose of the sheejj. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 95. 
 
 Place Stockholm tar in the bottom of a trough to the depth 
 of one inch, and cover with salt. In this way the tar gets 
 on the nose and into the nostrils while the sheep is gathering 
 the salt. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 96. 
 
 Use No. o or 7, one pound of the mixture to each gallon of 
 water used, and add one gallon of No. 9 to each gallon of the 
 solution used. See Remedv No. 52. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 97. 
 
 In all cases where caterpillars congregate on a branch an 
 effective remedy is to cut ofl' the branch and destroy the cater- 
 pillars by burning or otherwise. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 98. 
 
 A.— Mounding. '' In the .Spring, before the moth emerges 
 (April), a bank of dirt about one foot deep is thrown around 
 the tree and pressed firmly about the trunk. Each subsequent 
 Spring a little more earth is placed on the mound and pressed 
 around the trunk as before. Mr. B. Pullen, of Centralia, Illi- 
 nois, states that they should not be mounded till after they are 
 four years old, but examine them in April and September of 
 each year previous to that age, and with a knife destroy all 
 borers that can be found. This has been found an excellent 
 prevention, but where the trees are already suffering from 
 
REMEDIES. 411 
 
 them, the earth may be removed from the roots and a copious 
 application of hot water made to the tree. This may be applied 
 at any season, and will be very effectual in killing the larva? 
 or any eggs that may be present." — Professor G. H. French. 
 
 See Remedy No. 41. 
 
 B. — Grapevines attacked by JEgeria polistiformis may be 
 treated as above, although the mounds need not be so high. 
 
 C. — Note. — In the latter end of April or early in May, the 
 moth may be prevented from depositing her eggs by covering 
 the stems of the squash plants with earth. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 99. 
 
 Hopvines, grapevines, and plants found withering or dying 
 suddenly, should be carefully examined, and if the grub (Fig. 
 14S) of any of the boring beetles or the larva? of moths are 
 found, they should be destroyed at once ; or if found in hop- 
 poles or rotten wood in the garden or field, they should in 
 every instance be destroyed. (Hop-growers should examine 
 their hop-poles carefully when taken from the ground for 
 grubs, etc.) The beetle (Fig. 150) should be destroyed when- 
 ever found. Grapevines, or hopvines, or fruit trees, should 
 not be planted upon lands where decaying oak stumps are left 
 in the ground, as there is danger of the trees or vines becom- 
 ing infested by these grubs. 
 
 See Remedy No. 107. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 100. 
 
 Mr. R. B. Blowers, of Woodland, succeeded in preventing 
 the spread of vine-moths on his premises by capturing the 
 moths that came into his flower garden from the vineyards in 
 the evening, his men capturing several hundred in one evening. 
 
 Also see Remedv No. 14. 
 
412 REMEDTEH. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 101. 
 
 To rid grounds infested by the pupa' of vine-moths (Figs. 
 158 and 164), white grubs (Figs. 109a and 181ft), etc., early 
 in the Spring inclose an area of ground by j^ortable fence, say 
 from forty square rods to one acre ; in this inclosure place a 
 number of hogs, and on the general principles of " root hog or 
 die," the insects, in any state of their existence, within their 
 reach, will be gathered clean ; then move the corral on new 
 ground. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 102. 
 
 Make a frame, say three feet square (or any suitable size), 
 leaving an opening to the centre on one side, so that it will 
 allow the stem or trunk of the vine or plant to enter, the frame 
 to be covered with muslin cloth. On one side of the open- 
 ing tack a piece of cloth wide enough to cover the space not 
 alread}^ covered. Saturate the cloth with kerosene and place 
 the frame on the ground under the vine or plant ; cover the 
 opening with a loose cloth, then jar the vine or plant; any in- 
 sect falling upon the saturated cloth will die. This is used at 
 night or in the daytime, according to the habits of the insect 
 to be destroyed ; or a frame in the form of a parallelogram, 
 covered with cloth, may be used (of any length required), one 
 placed on each side of the vine or vines, etc., provision being 
 made for covering the open space. This mode of warfare may 
 api^ear as a tedious operation, but for destroying the larvae of 
 saw-flies, grape flea-beetles, etc., it is a very eflfective remedy. 
 
 See Remedy No. .38. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 108. 
 
 Use Paris green, onetablespoonful to two gallons of water. 
 The Paris green should be first mixed in two quarts of water, 
 then pour in the balance of two gallons and apply by 
 spraying ; or one pound of Paris green mixed with fifteen 
 pounds of flour. 
 
REMEDIES. 413 
 
 The following precautions were suggested l)y Dr. Le Baron 
 in relation to the application of Paris green : 
 
 1. — "Always dilute the poison with at least ten times its 
 bulk of flour. 
 
 2. — " Apply it to the plants when wet with dew or rain. 
 
 3. — " Never entrust its use to young or careless persons. 
 
 4. — " Never use it near the house where young children resort. 
 
 5. — " Apply it with a gauze bag or other sifter attached to 
 the end of a pole. 
 
 6. — " Let the operator always keep on the side from wliicli 
 the wind is blowing. 
 
 7. — "Do not apply it to a plant where it will come in con- 
 tact with the fruit." 
 
 Professor Cyrus Thomas writes : " Recent experience 
 appears to give decided preference to the application in liquid 
 solution, especially since improved methods of applying it in 
 this form have been invented. This not only avoids the 
 danger of inhaling the powder, but it has the advantage of 
 rendering it more certain that the application will reach the 
 insects." 
 
 Great care should be taken in keeping such poisonous 
 powders or mixtures where children cannot have access to them. 
 
 Note. — When used for cotton worms, mix one ounce to each 
 gallon of water and spray thoroughly ; but mixing ten pounds 
 of No. 4 or 3 to each barrel (say forty gallons) will make the 
 solution more effective. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 79, 112 and 123. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 104. 
 
 Where strawberries or other plants are infested by the grub 
 or larva of the crown borer, peach moth, segeria moths, etc., 
 dig out all infested plants and burn them, and replace with 
 new plants. Better, dig out the whole bed and replant for a 
 sure remedy. 
 
 See Remedv No. 08. 
 
414 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 105. 
 
 Sprinkle the leaves with fresh slacked lime when they are 
 wet with dew or rain; or No. 19 after sunset. These remedies 
 should be applied as soon as the beetles appear. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 106. 
 
 A. — All grasses, weeds, debris of hopvines, etc., in the hop- 
 fields and around the surrounding fences, roads, etc., should 
 be carefully gathered and burned as soon as possible after the 
 crop is gathered. There are manj^ species of insects that feed 
 upon the hopvine and pass the Winter (hibernate as perfect 
 insects), taking shelter among grasses, weeds and hopvine 
 debris that are allowed to remain on the grounds and around 
 fences and roads that are located in or around the field. 
 Therefore the necessity of cleaning and burning such shelter 
 as they require to pass the Winter under. 
 
 B. — All poles used the previous year in the hopfields should 
 be thoroughly scalded before using. ( See Remedies Nos. 70 and 
 71, excepting that one pound of potash should be used for 
 every ten gallons of water.) 
 
 C. — The necessity of scalding the poles arises from the fact 
 that I have found the hop aphis hibernating in crevices and 
 roughened portions of the poles. I have also found the Win- 
 ter eggs of a species of plant-louse, but cannot say at present 
 that they were the eggs of the hop aphis. 
 
 D. — All willow poles should be scalded before using. I 
 have found the plant-lice infesting willows at the time the 
 poles were cut, feeding upon the hopvine. 
 
 E. — I have also found the ova of red spiders on the hop- 
 poles, after being taken from the ground in the Fall season. 
 
 F. — Caution. — I have found the hop aphis in several hop 
 fields this season (1883). One grower remarked that the}'- 
 Avere harmless in this State. Do not depend on such state- 
 ments ; prevent them from spreading, by all means in your 
 power ; otherwise you may have the same experience of the 
 hop-growers in some of the Eastern States, and also in Europe. 
 
REMEDIES. 415 
 
 G. — The presence of the hop aphis, when in great nuniljers, 
 is noticed by the black smut (Fumago salicina), which appears 
 on the leaves, etc., of the vine. See black scale, Chapter 
 LXXXIV. 
 
 H. — Clean cultivation and alkaline solutions properly 
 applied will protect the hop crop ; also, 
 
 See Remedy No. 99 (root borers). 
 
 See Remedy No. 55, A (wire worms). 
 
 See Remedy No. 55, A (cut worms). 
 
 See Remedy No. 73. 
 
 I. — Should plant-bugs or any species of beetles attack the 
 vines or foliage, use No. 19. " Eternal vigilance is the price 
 of — a good hop crop. See Remed}^ No. 99. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 107. 
 
 Flowers, strawberries, plants, and grasses, often suddenly 
 become withered. If the roots are examined it will, in at least 
 a majority of cases, be found that the damage is caused by a 
 grub, commonly called the white grub. It is difficult to cap- 
 ture or destroy these pests. Carefully examining the roots of 
 strawberries, flowers, etc., and digging around them, will cer- 
 tainly bring some of the grubs to light ; at such times poultry are 
 excellent accessories. In tields they are raided on by crows, 
 blackbirds, etc. The larvae of the larger species of beetles that 
 are leaf-eaters are known under the common name of white 
 grubs. The only remedy tluit can be recommenced is hand- 
 picking, as described above, with the assistance of poultry, 
 birds, etc., and by capturing the beetles (perfect insects). See 
 Remedy No. 38. 
 
 For excellent illustrations of the so-called white grubs, see 
 Fig. 109a, Fig. 181a, and Fig. 290, 2. 
 
 See Remedv No. 911. 
 
416 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. lOS. 
 
 To destroy plant-lice where a large area of corn is infested, 
 in a financial point of view it is questionable if it can l)e done 
 profitably. If a field is infested, a rotation of crops may afibrd 
 temporary relief, but small garden lots of sweet corn and 
 other yarieties maybe saved by spraying with No. 3 or 4; one 
 gallon of No. 9 added to every ten gallons of the solution used 
 will make the solution more efficient. 
 
 After the corn is harvested, the stalks and roots should be 
 gathered in heaps and burned, and the grounds cleaned, as 
 recommended in Nos. 20 and 106, A. Experiments should be 
 made with Nos. 80 to 85. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 100. 
 
 Fortunately the fruit orchards of this State are free from the 
 plum curculio at the present time. Professor C. H. Dwindle 
 has furnished the following remedy : 
 
 " Berkeley, August 23, 1883. 
 
 " Mr. Matthew Cooke — Dear Sir : In accordance with your 
 request I will give you some notes on fighting the plum cur- 
 culio or weevil. 
 
 " Some years ago I had charge of a number of plum trees at 
 Rochester, N. Y. They were in their prime, and, as a rule, set 
 full crops of fruit, which were as regularly destroyed by the 
 plum curculio. The last season that I had to do with the 
 trees I tried spraying them, when the fruit was about the size 
 of small green peas, with a wash made after a recipe published 
 in the New York Ohserrer, as follows : 
 
 '• To one pound of whale oil soap add four ounces of flour 
 of sulphur ; mix thoroughly and dissolve in twelve gallons of 
 water. To one half peck of quick lime add four gallons of 
 water, and stir well together. When fully settled, pour off the 
 transparent lime water, and add to it the soaj) and sulphur mix- 
 ture ; add to the same also, say four gallons of tolerably strong 
 tobacco water. 
 
REMEDIES. 417 
 
 " Apply this mixture, when thus incorporated, with a gar- 
 den syringe (or spray pump) to your plum or other fruit 
 trees, so that the foliage shall be well drenched. If no rains 
 succeed for three weeks, one application will be sufficient. 
 Should frequent rains occur, the mixture should be again ap- 
 plied until the stone of the fruit becomes hardened, when the 
 season of the curculio's ravages is past. 
 
 " The mixture is good to destroy the slug, caterpillar, green 
 fly, thrips, and a host of the enemies of vegetation. 
 
 " It is my impression that I found the wash stronger than 
 needed or desirable, and diluted it to a considerable extent, 
 but how much I cannot remember. The application was made 
 by means of a garden engine. As a result, the trees bore a 
 full crop of perfect fruit, while that of my neighbors was de- 
 stroyed as usual. 
 
 " Respectfully yours, 
 
 " C. H. DWIXELLE. 
 
 " University of California, August 23, 1883.'' 
 
 REMEDY NO. 110. 
 
 In relation to the Remedy No. 109, which has proved so 
 effective, and is recommended by Professor C. H. Dwinelle, 
 Remedy No. 66 will probablv be equally effective should this 
 pest appear in any orchard in this State. 
 
 REMEDY NO. HI. 
 
 As soon as the leaves of the cucumber vines appear above 
 the ground, spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7. Should plant - 
 lice or the cucumber beetle appear on the foliage, spray thor- 
 oughly with No. 4, and cut out and destroy all stems infested 
 by the grub of the beetle ; or, use No. 65 ; but if the material 
 is convenient, and the vines seriously infested. No. 51 is prefer- 
 able. 
 
 Note. — For aphis, No. 5 or 7 is sufficient, and will not 
 destrov the natural enemies of these insects. 
 
418 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 112. 
 
 In cases where beetles attack potato and other vmes, good 
 results have been obtained by placing a dish or pan under the 
 vines, and brushing the beetles off of the vines into the pan, 
 dish, or tray ; if a little kerosene is placed in the bottom it 
 will make short work of the pests. 
 
 See Remedies No. 79, 103, 112 and 123; also. No. 78. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 113. 
 
 Nos. 5 and 7 mixed, one pound to two gallons of water; 
 spray thoroughly at least once each week, from the time the 
 plants appear above the ground until the latter part of May. 
 If thoroughly sprayed, digging a trench along the plants is 
 unnecessary. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 114. 
 
 In many cases good results follow the capturing of butter- 
 flies and moths ; also gathering the pupse. Placing pieces of 
 boards, cabbage leaves, etc., under plants, so that the night 
 feeders take shelter under them, they can be easily captured 
 in the morning. This will also apply to the squash bug and 
 other species of jjlant bugs. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 115. 
 
 Great care should be taken in selecting peas, beans, and other 
 seeds for planting that are liable to be attacked by weevils. 
 
 By careful examination, infested seeds can be detected by a 
 small blotch on the skin of the pea or bean a little darker in 
 color than the rest of the surface. If a pea or bean is broken 
 open, the grub, pupa, or beetle will be found under the discol- 
 ored place. It is claimed by some writers that dipping the 
 seed before planting, in boiling water, and letting it remain 
 from thirty to fiftv-five seconds, that it will destroy any insect 
 
REMEDIES. 419 
 
 life in the j)ea or bean. Otliers claim that if the peas or l)eans 
 are put in water the infested ones Avill float. This is not cor- 
 rect in all cases. A general remedy would be for the farmers 
 in one locality not to plant any peas or beans for one season, 
 but keep the seed from the previous year in closed vessels, so 
 that any infested seed would mature the weevil, and the latter 
 must perish, thus giving clean seed. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 116. 
 
 When this species of aphis appears, cut off the infested tops 
 of stalks, and immediately destroy by burning or otherwise. In 
 small garden patches, use No. 19, or spray with No. 64 ; or No. 
 4, 5, or 7 will give good results; but No. 19 or 64 are prefer- 
 able ; or use No. 83 or 85. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 117. 
 
 By scattering buhach with a small bellows (price twenty-five 
 cents) in a room it will destroy insects, such as mosquitoes, 
 house-flies, gnats, fleas, etc. ; and by dusting in crevices of 
 bedsteads, furniture, and cracks in floors, walls, or ceilings, it 
 will destroy bedbugs and the larva? of fleas, etc. Corrosive 
 sublinuite Avill also destroy insect life in joints and cracks in 
 bedsteads, furniture, clothes-chests, and places where clothes, 
 etc., are kept ; it should be applied with a brush or feather. 
 Great care should be taken if corrosive suljlimate is used or 
 kept aroiuid the house, especially where there are children, as it 
 is very poisonous. 
 
 See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 118. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 118. 
 
 By rubl)ing the parts of the body exposed, sucli as the 
 hands, face, etc., with the oil of pennyroyal, mosquitoes, gnats, 
 etc., will not bite the parts to which it is ai)iilied ; a few drops 
 will be sufficient. 
 
 See Remedies Xos. SO to 85, and 117. 
 
420 REMEDIES. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 119. 
 
 To destroy weevils in coffee, rice, etc., fill into an air tight 
 vessel, leaving a little space for a lamp or candle inside ; when 
 the candle or lamp is lighted, fasten on the cover tight. If 
 perfectly air tight the lamp will burn up all the oxygen in the 
 vessel and will then go out, thus creating a vacuum in the 
 vessel; open in two days and all the beetles (weevils) will be 
 found on top dead. I noticed this in an English authority 
 some time ago, and have tried several experiments with wheat, 
 rice, middlings, etc., and found it very effective. 
 
 Note. — A shipment of coffee was received in this city nearly 
 two years ago seriously infested by weevil. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 120. 
 
 When flour or middlings, in sacks, are infested, place the 
 sack in the sun, and as the beetles gather upon the outside 
 sweep off and destroy. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 121. 
 
 Paris green dusted in and around infested places, etc., will 
 effectually destroy cockroaches. No. 81 will also be effective 
 if applied at intervals of twenty-four hours. Remember, great 
 care should be taken in using Paris green where there are 
 children, as it is a deadly poison. This caution also applies 
 to the following : Arsenic mixed in corn meal and molasses, 
 enough to form a dough ; or arsenic mixed in mashed pota- 
 toes, laid in places that the roaches can reach, will effectually 
 destroy them if repeated at intervals. 
 
REMEDIES. • 421 
 
 REMEDY NO. 122. 
 
 A. — ^^arioll8 designs of hives have heen made to prevent the 
 bee moth from entering, but, so far, all are more or less defect- 
 ive, and the best and surest remedy is to carefully examine 
 the hives that are infested once every week, and collect all 
 the nests, cocoons, etc., and destroy by burning; this should 
 be done in the Spring and also in July and August. 
 
 B. — Professor C. V. Riley recommends that " a good way to 
 entrap the worms would be to raise the front of the hive on 
 two small wooden blocks, and put a piece of woolen cloth be- 
 tween the bottom board and the back of the hive. The worms 
 (larvae) find a cosy place of resort under the rag, where they 
 may be sought and killed from time to time." 
 
 C. — Professor G. H. French writes : " With only moderately 
 strong swarms of bees, vigilance, with properly constructed 
 movable frame hives, is the only way to obtain inmiunity from 
 their ravages." 
 
 I have witnessed the successful cleaning of hives seriously 
 infested as described above, but with C and D the work would 
 probably be still more efi'ective. 
 
 D. — A loose band of cloth placed around the top of the hive 
 outside, is an excellent trap for the moths to hide under in 
 the daytime, where they can be easily captured. 
 
 REMEDY NO. 123. 
 
 1. — In using whale oil soap and sulphur, the opening in the 
 nozzle should be made a little larger than the opening used 
 for lye, etc. 
 
 2. — When buhach is used with any of the solutions recom- 
 mended, it should be placed in a perfectly tight vessel and hot 
 water poured on it and allowed to soak until the next day, or 
 until ready for use, then strain and mix in solution and apply 
 immediately. Calculation must be made so that only the 
 original quantity of water recommended is used. 
 
 3. — In all cases where buhach is applied in liquid form to 
 
422 REMEDIES. 
 
 flowers, it should be strained before using, so as not to stain 
 the petals, etc. 
 
 4. — If possible, solutions for Summer use on trees, etc., 
 should not be apjDlied on very warm days, as it may injure the 
 foliage ; cloudy days and after sunset is the best time in hot 
 weather. 
 
 5. — By straining through a coarse cloth all liquids or solu- 
 tions to be used in spraying, will save time in application. 
 
 6. — Tobacco grown by fruit-growers is equal to so much 
 money saved, as it is far superior to any refuse tobacco they 
 can buy, and will make a solution fifty per cent, stronger ; or 
 in other words, one and a half gallons of water can be used to 
 each pound, instead of one gallon, as recommended. 
 
 7. — Vineyardists should use one pound of buhach to every 
 twenty pounds of sulphur (or one pound to every ten pounds 
 if the vine-hoppers are numerous) when sulphuring their vines 
 early in the Spring season ; this will be death to the vine-hop- 
 pers, etc. The first sulphuring should be done when the 
 shoots are from fifteen to twenty inches long. 
 
 8. — To those not acquainted with using the lye solutions, at 
 first there will be some inconvenience experienced, but it must 
 be remembered that serious diseases require serious treatment. 
 
 9. — If the owner of an orchard, vineyard, etc., cannot per- 
 sonally attend to the application of the remedies recommended, 
 it is an imperative necessity that only a reliable person be in- 
 trusted with the charge of the work. Only thorough applica- 
 tion will produce satisfactory results. 
 
 10. — Be careful in using the remedies that are poisonous, such 
 as arsenic, Paris green, London purple, corrosive sublimate, 
 etc., especially where children are around the premises. Under 
 no consideration are they to be applied to fruit, etc., that is to 
 be used as food, as serious results might follow. 
 
 11. — The soap and lye solutions recommended are excellent 
 fertilizers, and produce smooth, healthy bark on the trees 
 washed or sprayed. 
 
REMEDIES. 423 
 
 REMEDY NO. 124. 
 
 It niiist be admitted tliat proper attention has not been given 
 in the i)ast to the proper treatment of fruit trees, grapevines, 
 etc., as regards the fertilization of the grounds on which they 
 are planted. Chemistry has demonstrated tlie elements of 
 which the earth is composed, and a list of over sixty is given ; 
 yet strange to say, the vegetable kingdom selects its food from 
 only a few of these elements. That the virgin soil of Califor- 
 nia abounded witli the elements necessary for the food of 
 plant life, there can be no question ; but the growing of con- 
 tinuous crops has deprived the earth of such ingredients as 
 are principally required for the food of plants, namely : pot- 
 ash, phosphorus, lime, ammonia, etc. When tlie supply of 
 either of these elements falls below a fixed limit, the pLants 
 will not produce as heretofore ; and if attacked by insect pests 
 they will soon become worthless. Therefore the necessity of 
 using the best known means of restoring the necessar}^ plant- 
 food to the impoverished ground. As fruit trees and grape- 
 vines require a large su])ply of potash and phosphorus, also 
 some ammonia* and lime, these elements can be supplied by 
 using the remedies described in No. 35. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 The measurements throughout this work above one twentieth 
 of an inch, are given in inches and lines — a line being the 
 twelfth part of an incli. Sec ilhistrations in Chapters XXII, 
 XXIII, XLVIII, etc. 
 
 The. insects are usually figured the natural size, and when 
 enlarged the natural size is generally indicated by a line or by 
 a cross. 
 
 The remedies given are mostly the results of personal expe- 
 rience ; in cases where remedies are recommended for insects 
 not found in this State, they are given from analogy of insects 
 belonging to closely allied species. 
 
424 REMEDIES. 
 
 If new remedies are recommended, do not give up the use 
 of those herein recommended, unless you find by repeated 
 experiments that tlie new ones are more efficient. It is to be 
 hoped that fruit-growers and others will carefully experiment 
 with the remedies herein recommended, and give the results of 
 their investigations in some horticultural publication, such as 
 the Pacific Rural Press, Cuhivator''s Guide, etc., that others may 
 be benefitted by their experience. 
 
 In regard to beneficial insects, the reader is referred to my 
 forthcoming work entitled " Insects ; In.iurious and Benefi- 
 cial ; THEIR Natural History and Classification," which is 
 shortly to issue from the press. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 
 
 Fig. 82. — (-iray Bark-eating Weevil — color, gray. 
 
 Fig. 40. — Yellow Canker Worms — colors, yellow and l»lack. 
 
 Fig. 41. — Female '^'ellow Canker Worm Motli — coloi's, white 
 and black. 
 
 Fig. 42. — ]Male Yellow Canker Worm Moth — colors, yellow- 
 ish and brown. 
 
 Fig. 51a. — Bracon Fly — colors, black and yellow. 
 
 Fig. 64. — Red-humped Caterpillar — colors, yellow, white 
 and black. 
 
 Fig. 65. — Cocoon of Red-humped Caterpillar — color, whitish. 
 
 Fig. (iQ. — Red-humped Caterpillar Moth — colors, light and 
 dark Ijrown. 
 
 Fig. 74. — Ten-lined Leaf-(>ater (male) — colors, grayish- 
 brown and white. 
 
 Fig. 75. — Ten-lined Leaf-eater (female) — colors, grayish- 
 brown and -white. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. 
 
 Fig. 78. — Robust Leaf-beetle — color, brown. 
 
 Fig. 82. — Apple Maggot — color, white. 
 
 Fig. 83. — Pupa of Apple Maggot — color, brown. 
 
 Fig. 84. — Apple Maggot Fly — colors, black and white. 
 
 Fig. 92. — Branch bored by the Branch and Twig Burrower. 
 
 Fig. 93. — (xrape cane bored by the Branch and Twig 
 Burrower. 
 
 Fig. 94. — Branch and Twig Burrower entering a bi'anch. 
 
 Fig. 95. — Branch and Twig l^urrower, enlarged — color, brown. 
 
 Fig. 106. — Peach Moth and Larva ; upper figure, the moth 
 — colors, gray and black ; low'cr figure, the larva — color, 
 yellowish, tinged with pink. 
 
 Fig. 107. — Peach infested by the larva of tlie Peach Moth. 
 
 Fig. 110. — Red-bodied Saw-tiy, enlarged — coloi-s, reddish- 
 brown and black. 
 
 Fig. 111. — Apricot Leaf-roller; upper figure, the moth — 
 colors, yellowish and brown ; lower figure, the larva — color, 
 green. 
 
 Fig. 112. — Striped Bud-beetle — colors, ])aleyt'llow tind Mai'k. 
 
 Fig. 115. — Cherrv Worm — color, vellowish-white. 
 28 
 
426 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 425. 
 
 Fig. "42. 
 
 For Figs. 78, 82, 83, 84, 92, 93, 94, 95, IOC, 107, 110, 111, 112 and 115, see Plate 2,] 
 
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 4'25. 
 
 427 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
 Fig. 112. 
 
 Fig. 110. 
 
 Fig. 115. 
 
428 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 3. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. 
 
 Fig. 127. — Brown Strawl)errv Weevil — color, brown. 
 
 Fig. 146. — Male Cottony Cushion Scale-insect — color, brown. 
 
 Fig. 179. — Imported Grape Flea-beetle — color, black. 
 
 Fig. 182. — California Grape-vine Hopper — colors, pale yel- 
 low, orange and black. 
 
 Fig. 184. — Male Yellow INIite, highly magnified — color, 
 3"ellowish. 
 
 Fig. 185. — Female Yellow Mite, highly magnified — color, 
 yellowish. 
 
 Fig. 220. — Branch l^ored by the Brown Chestniit-l;)ud Beetle. 
 
 Fig. 221. — Brown Chestnut-bud Beetle — color, brown. 
 
 Fig. 231. — Weeping Willow Borer Moth — colors, black, yel- 
 low and brown. 
 
 Fig. 230. — Weeping Willow Borer — color, whitish. 
 
 Fig. 246. — Horned Flower Beetle — colors, brownish-yellow 
 and black. . 
 
 Fig. 277. — Eggs of Clover-stem Borer — color, yellowish. 
 
 Fig. 278. — Larva of Clover-stem Borer — color, yellow. 
 
 Fig. 279. — Pupa of Clover-stem Borer — color, 3'ellow. 
 
 Fig. 280. — Clover-stem Borer— colors, blue-black and dull red. 
 
EXPLANATION OF FJOUREti, PAGE 428. 
 Fig. 146. 
 
 429 
 
 Fig. 182. 
 
 /fiii^^ 
 
 
 i \ 
 
 Fig. 184. 
 
 
 Fig. 185. 
 
 Fig. 221. 
 
 Fig. 230. 
 
 Fig. 127. 
 
 Fig. 231. 
 
 Fig. 220. 
 
 If 
 
 Fig. 246. 
 
 Fig. 277. 
 
 Fig. 280. 
 
 KiiT. 279. 
 
430 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 4 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4. 
 
 Fig. 297. — Melon Worm ; at the left, several of the worms 
 on some leaves — color of worms, yellowish-green ; at the 
 right, a moth — colors, black and white. 
 
 Fig. 310.— Small Potato-beetle (No. 1)— color, black. 
 
 Fig. 841. — Asparagus Beetle — colors, blue-black, yellow 
 and red. 
 
 Fig. 842. — Eggs of Asparagus Beetle on a stalk of as])aragus 
 — color of eggs, blackish. 
 
 Fig. 343. — Larva of Asparagus Beetle — color, grayish. 
 
 Fig. 353. — Dried-fruit Moth— colors, whitish and rusty-brown. 
 
 Fig. 354. — Dried-fruit Moth — colors, gray and brown. 
 
 Fig. 355. — Grain Weevil — color, blackish. 
 
 Fig. 858. — Bran and Flour Bug — color, brown. 
 
 Fig. 371. — Wasp — colors, black, the wings reddish. 
 
 Fig. 370. — California Lady-bird — colors, reddish-brown, 
 black and white. 
 
 Fig. 372. — Mud nests of a wasp. 
 
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 430. 
 
 4:^1 
 
 FiK. 297. 
 
 Fig. 358. 
 
132 
 
 CLASS IF TED ILL US TEA T IONS— BEETLES. 
 Fig. 25. 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 
433 
 
 Fis. 156 
 
 CLASSIFIED TILUsr RAT IONS- BEETLES. 
 
 Fig. 201. Fiff.180 
 
 AS 
 
 Fig. 178. 
 
 Fig. 150. 
 
 Fig. 181. 
 
 Fig. 204. 
 
 Fi*-. 229. 
 
 Fig. 298. 
 
434 
 
 CLASSlFrED ILLUSTRATIONS-BEETLES. 
 
 Fig. 216. 
 
 Fig. 195,1 2 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BEETLES. 
 
 435 
 
 Fig. 282. 
 
 Fig. 359. 
 
 Ml)] 
 
 
 J 
 
 c 
 
 iij|ir|'i \ 
 
 Fig. 305, 
 
 Fig. 309. Pig. 313 
 
436 
 
 CLASSIFIED ILL US TRA T ION 8— BO T- FL lES 
 Fig. 350. 
 
 Fig. 373. 
 
 -¥- 
 
 Fig. 361. 
 
 Fig. 362. 
 
 Fig. 364. 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— TRUE BUGS. 
 
 437 
 
 w^wm mw&m. 
 
 Fig. 36. 
 
 Fig. 183. 
 
 Fig. 296. 
 
 -^ 
 
 Fig. 200. 
 
 ^ \/' . 
 
 Fig. 383. 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 /i * 
 
438 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— PLANT-LICE. 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS-PLANT-LIC'E. 
 Fig. 152. 
 
 Illy 
 
 Fig. 225. 
 
440 CLASSIFTED I LLUST RAT I OiSrS— SAW-FLIES. 
 
 FifT. 384. 
 
 Fig. 340. 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— CATERPILLARS, ETC. 441 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 Fig. .58. 
 
 Fig. 4:1 
 
442 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATT0N8-GATERPILLABS, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 96. 
 
 W^^' 
 
 I I 
 
 Fig. 148. 
 
Fi«r. 157, 
 
414 CLASSIFIED TLLITSTRATIONS-CATERPILLARS, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 167. 
 
 Figr. 174. 
 
 
 
 Fig. 193. 
 
 Fig. 202. 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS- CATEHriLLAliS, ETC. 445 
 
 Fig. 210. Fig. 214. 
 
 ;3(W-«"'g,iS^.-^Ui..j^>;-iiJ-Jii:^ -_■ ^ 
 
 Fig. 269. 
 
 Fig. 283. 
 
 Fig. 284. 
 
446 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS-CATEHPILLABS, ETC. 
 
 Fiff. 299. 
 
 Fig. 286 
 
 <^' "^ M ^ jM\ 
 
 Fiff. 336 
 
 Fig. 294. 
 
0LA88IFIEJ) TLLUSTIx'ATJoNS IHTTERh'lJ KS, ETC. 
 Fig. :548. Fif,'. '^^^ ■ 
 
 i47 
 
 B'Orir^J^I^S^'Sii.ll^S AltOi IMlCI'ir'lX! 
 
 Fig. 31). 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 ^ V. 
 
 ii^^?^ iyf^Mki.:.^ 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 <z e 
 
 
448 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 
 
 Fig. 68. Fig. 56. 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 Fig. 60 
 
 Fig. 57. 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS-BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 449 
 Fiff. 71. 
 
450 CLAHSIFIEL) iLLVsTRATlONS^nVTrERFLTES, ETC, 
 
 •*" 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 /' 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES^ ETC. 451 
 
 Fig. 162. 
 
 Fig. 168. 
 
 Fi-. 173. 
 
 Fig. 176. 
 
 iViiHil^^^^ 
 
 \ 
 
 i'^ 
 ^ 
 
 
 E*^ 
 
452 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTHATIONS-BUTTEHFLIES, ET< 
 
 Fig. 177. 
 
 Fig. 196. 
 
 G. 
 
 Fig. 199. 
 
 
 Fig. 254. 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 453 
 
 Fig. 291. 
 
454 CLASSIFIED TLLUSTRATTONS-BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 
 
CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS—BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 455 
 
 Fig. 301. 
 
 / // f^V "v:--^ 
 
 Fig. 326. 
 
 Fig. 330. 
 
 ?^V ^^ 
 
 Fig. 356. 
 
 \—i \ 
 
 
 CN.^- 
 
 \ M^ 
 
456 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 
 
 Fiff. 331. 
 
 
 Fig. 368. 
 
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Abraxias rbearia 222 
 
 icrohasis nebulo 1)8 
 
 Adoxus vitis — Imported (irapo Flea-beetle.. 11)4 
 
 cEgeria cucurbitacea — Squash-vine Borer 21)9 
 
 .Egeria exitiosa — Peach-tree Borer 126 
 
 .Egeria polistifo7-mis — (Irape-root Borer 108 
 
 .Egeria pyri — Pear-tree Borer 115 
 
 .Egerin rubi — Raspberr3^-root Borer 208 
 
 cEgeria tipuliformis — Currant Borer 216 
 
 Agrilus ruficollis — Raspberry Borer 209 
 
 Aletia nrgillacea — Cotton Worm 297 
 
 AUorliina nitida 131 
 
 Alyjiia octomaculata — Eight-spotted Forester 186 
 
 Amphicerv.s (Bostrichus) bicaudatu.s 69 
 
 Analcis fragariss — Strawberry Crown-borer 228 
 
 Ana^sia lineatella — Peach Moth 128 
 
 AnchyJopcra fragarife — Strawberry Leaf-roller 231 
 
 Anisopteryx Autumnata— Fall Canker Worm 75 
 
 Anisopteryx pometaria — Fall Canker Worm 75 
 
 \nisopteryx vcruata — Spring Canker Worm 78 
 
 Anfkomyia brassic-v — Cabbage Maggot 321 
 
 [rithomyia ceparum — Onion Maggot 330 
 
 {nthomyia raphani — Radish Maggot 328 
 
 Xnthonomus prunicida — Plum Gouger 143 
 
 \nthonomus quadr'igihbus — -Apple Curculio 109 
 
 \nthrenvH Kcrophvlarin' — Carpet Beetle 340 
 
 l;)/i?'s amygdali — Almond Aphis 236 
 
 [phis avense — Grain Aphis 281 
 
 iphh bramcK — Cabliage Aphis 327 
 
 iphis diospyri — Persinnnon Aphis 146 
 
 Aphis lanigera 56 
 
 {phis mnidis — Corn Aphis 296 
 
 iphis mali — Apple-tree Apliis 98 
 
458 INDEX TO 8CTENTIFIG NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Aphis malifolia — Apple-leaf Aphis 99 
 
 Aphis nerii — Oleander Aphis 255 
 
 Aphis pruni — Plum-tree Aphis 1H9 
 
 Aphis prunifolia 1 89 
 
 Aphis rumicis — Bean Aphis 385 
 
 Aphis vihurni — Snowball Aphis 2G2 
 
 Aplodes ruhivora — Raspberry Spanworni 210 
 
 Asopia cost alls — Clover-hay Worm 289 
 
 Aspidiotus aurantii — Red .Scale 158 
 
 Aspidiot'us circularis 112 
 
 Aspidiotus citrii 158 
 
 Aspidiotus citricola IGI 
 
 Aspidiotus conchiformis — Oyster-shell Bark-louse 58 
 
 Aspidiotus convexus — AMllow Scale 248 
 
 Aspidiotus cydonine — Quince Scale 124 
 
 Aspidiotus ficus — Red Scale of Florida 156 
 
 Aspidiotus juglaiis-r eg ix — Walnut Scale 282 
 
 Aspidiotus nerii — Lemon-peel Scale 158 
 
 Aspidiotus ostreseformis 112 
 
 Aspidiotus ortholobus — San Bernardino Willow Scale 244 
 
 Aspidiotus pergandi — Pergande's Orange Scale 160 
 
 Aspidiotus perniciosus — San Jose Scale 60 
 
 Aspidiotus perseae — Red Bay Scale 258 
 
 Aspidiotus pomorum 58 
 
 Aspidiotus pyrus-malus 58 
 
 Aspidiotus rapax — Greedy Scale 68 
 
 Aspidiotus uvse — Grape Scale 177 
 
 Baridi'us trinotatus — Potato-stalk Weevil 806 
 
 Bitoma opacidus — Decaying Wood Borers 178 
 
 Blatta Germanica — Cockroach (■ 341 • 
 
 Blapstinus Lccontei .364 
 
 Bostrlch'us bicaudatus — Apple-twig Borer 69 
 
 Brachytsenia malana — Many-dotted Caterpillar 95 
 
 Bruchus fabse — Bean Weevil 334 
 
 Bruchus ohsoletus — Bean AVeevil 384 
 
 Bruchus pisi — Pea Weevil 882 
 
 Bucculatrix pomifoliella — Apple Bucculatrix 97 
 
 Bythoscopas clitellarius — Plum Leaf-hopper 140 
 
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 459 
 
 Calandra granaria — Grain Weevil 844 
 
 Calandrn oryzse — Rice Weevil 845 
 
 Cantharifi cinerea — Ash-colored Blister Beetle 810 
 
 Cantharis vittata — Striped Blister Beetle 812 
 
 Carpocapsa pomonella — Codlin Moth 102 
 
 Cassida (lurichalcea — Golden Tortoise Beetle 810 
 
 Cassida hirittita — Two-stri])('tl Tortoise Beetle 816 
 
 Casdda (/vttata — Mottled Tortoise Beetle 81(5 
 
 Cassida nigripes — Black-legged Tortoise Beetle ■■Al\ 
 
 Cecidomyia destructor — Hessian Fly 274 
 
 Cecidomyia grosxularix — Gooseberry Midge 227 
 
 Ccresa Imhalvx — l^uffalo Tree-hopper 71 
 
 Cc.tonia Inda — Indian Cetonia 180 
 
 Chserocawpa pavipinatrir — Hog Caterpillar 1S8 
 
 Chionaspis ortJwlobis — San Bernardino Willow Scale 244 
 
 Ch ri/s()})()fji riis femorata — Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer 07 
 
 Ch r t/so )irj iJi altis ficus loii 
 
 Clisiocampa Aviericntia — Orchard Tent Caterpillar <S8 
 
 Clisiocampa constricta — DeLong's Caterpillar 75) 
 
 CUMiocampa Kylvatka — Forest Tent Caterpillar 85 
 
 Clytvs Rohinise — Legless Locust Borer 240 
 
 CoccineJla 5-notata var. Californica — California Lady-l)ird.802 
 
 Coccotorus Scutellaria 148 
 
 Coccus mali 5(5 
 
 Coccvx pyrl 1 14 
 
 Coccus vitis 1 7(5 
 
 Ca'liodes imequalis — Cirape Curcnilio 204 
 
 Coiiotrachelus cratiegi — Quince Curculio 124 
 
 Conotrachclus nenuphar — Plum Curculio 140 
 
 Cureus tristis — Squash Bug 800 
 
 CorimelcTua 2)ulicaria — Negro Bug 212 
 
 Cotalpa lanigera — Goldsmith Beetle 101 
 
 Crioceris Asparagi — Asparagus Beetle 8,8(5 
 
 Cru^sia persicana — Peach Leaf-roller 12U 
 
 Dactylopius adonidum — Mealy Bug 268 
 
 Dactylopius destructor — Destructive Mealy Bug 264 
 
 Dactylopius longifilis — Mealy Bug with long threads 266 
 
 J)acus olese — Olive Worm 150 
 
460 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Darapsa myron 183 
 
 Datana ministra — Yellow-necked Caterpillar 89 
 
 Deilephila lineata — White-lined Sphinx 184 
 
 Dermestes lardarius — Rawhide Beetle o47 
 
 Desmia maculaUs — Grape Leaf-folder 190 
 
 Diahrotica vittata — Stri23ed Cucumber-beetle 302 
 
 Diabrotica 12-p\mcta — Twelve-Spotted Dibrotica 135 
 
 Diaspis ostreasformis — Oyster-formed Scale 112 
 
 Diplosis tritici — Wheat Midge 285 
 
 Diaspis rosx — Rose Scale 25B 
 
 Diaspis carueli — Juniper Scale 251 
 
 Dicerca divaricata — Cherry-tree Borer 136 
 
 Dichoelia Calif orniana — Apricot Leaf-roller 133 
 
 Distoma hepaticum — Liver Fluke 357 
 
 Disonyche limhicolUs — Striped Bud-beetle 134 
 
 Dolerus tejonicus — Red-bodied Saw-tly 132 
 
 Doryphora 10-lineait — Colorado Potato Beetle 308 
 
 Eccopsis pcnwandana 211 
 
 Eleodes qaadricollis . ." 365 
 
 Ellopia ribearia 222 
 
 Emphytus macidatus — Strawberry Worm 230 
 
 Epicauta vittata — Striped Blister-beetle 312 
 
 Epitrix cucumeris 303 
 
 Epitrix hirtipennis — Small Potato Beetle, No. 2 313 
 
 Epitrix subcrinita — Small Potato Beetle, No. 1 312 
 
 Eriococcus azalese — Azalea Bark-louse. 254 
 
 Eriosoma lanigera 56 
 
 Eriosoma mali 56 
 
 Erythoneura comes — California Grape-vine Hopper 197 
 
 Eudryas grata — Beautiful Wood Nymph 187 
 
 Eufitchia ribearia — Currant Span-worm 222 
 
 Eurytoma flavipes — Yellow-legged Barley-fly 279 
 
 Eurytoma hordei — Black-legged Barley-fly 279 
 
 Euryomia Inda 130 
 
 Eurytoma secalis — Rye Fly 279 
 
 Eurytoma tritici — Joint Worm 278 
 
 Exartema permundana — Raspberry Leaf-Roller 211 
 
 Forficida auricularia — Earwig Ill 
 
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 461 
 
 Page. 
 
 Galeruca vittata — Striped Oueumber-beetle 302 
 
 Galleria cereana — Bee Moth 861 
 
 Gelechia cerealclla — Angoiimois (h-ain Moth ... .346 
 
 Gortyna nitela — Stalk Borer 307 
 
 Grapta interrogationis — Semicolon Butterfly 271 
 
 Grapta progne — Progne Biitterll}- 223 
 
 Gymnetis nitida — Green Fruit-beetle 131 
 
 Haltica ckalybea — Grape-vine Flea-beetle 192 
 
 Haltica cucumeris — Cucumber Flea-beetle 303 
 
 Haltica vittata — Striped Flea-beetle 328 
 
 Haltica. striolata 328 
 
 Heliothis armigera — Corn-worm or Boll-Avorm 294 
 
 Hibcrnia. tiliarla — Yellow Canker-worm 77 
 
 Holocera glanduleUa — Acorn Moth 246 
 
 Hylastes trifolU — Clover-root Borer 287 
 
 Hylohius pales — Pales Weevil 248 
 
 Hypena hnmidi — Hop-vine Snout Moth 270 
 
 Hyphantria textor— Full Web Worm 86 
 
 Iccrya pvrcJiasi — Cottony Cushion Scale 165 
 
 Isosoma vitis — Grape-seed Maggot 205 
 
 Lachnosterna quercina — White Grub 293 
 
 Laaguria ■inozardi — Clover-stem Borer 288 
 
 Lecanium heniispkericum. — Filbert Scale 237 
 
 Lecaniuvi Ju'speriduin — Soft Orange Scale 163 
 
 Lecanium olese — Black Scale 147 
 
 Lecanium pyri — Pear-tree Scale 114 
 
 Lecanium vitis — Cottony Grape Scale ■ 176 
 
 Lema trilineata — Three-lined Potato Beetle 309 
 
 Leptostylus aculiferHn — Prickly Bark-beetle 70 
 
 LeiLcania unipuncta — Army Worm 282 
 
 Listronotus Necadici(!:< — Brown Strawberry Weevil. . . 229 
 
 Loxotrxmia ccrasivorana — Cherry Tortrix 137 
 
 Loxot;i)iia rosaccana — Greater Leaf-roller 91 
 
 Lytta cinerea 310 
 
 Macrobasis unlcolor — Ash-colored Blister Beetle 310 
 
 Macrodactylus subspinosus — Rose Chafer 195 
 
462 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 
 
 I'age. 
 
 Maa'osila Carolina — Tomato Worm 318 
 
 Macrosila 5-maculata — Tomato Worm 318 
 
 Megoura solani — Tomato Aphis 320 
 
 Microcentrum retinervis — Angular-winged Katydid 200 
 
 Micropus leucopterus — Chinch Bug 280 
 
 Mytilaspis citricola — Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale 161 
 
 Mytilaspis pomorum 58 
 
 Mytilaspis pomicorticis 58 
 
 Myzoxylus mali 56 
 
 Myzus persicR' — Peach Aphis 130 
 
 Myzns ribis — Currant Aphis 224 
 
 Neimitus — Pear-leaf Caterpillar 120 
 
 Neiiiaius ventricosus — Imported Currant Worm 219 
 
 Nolophana malana 95 
 
 Notodonta concinna — Red-humped Caterpillar 90 
 
 Notoxus inonodon — Horned Flower Beetle 259 
 
 Nysivs dcstructoi — False Chinch Bug 198 
 
 Obcrea fripuiictata — Blackberry Cane Borer 214 
 
 (Ecanthux nireiis — Snowy Tree-cricket 203 
 
 (EcantJius latipenm's — Cray Tree-cricket 145 
 
 (Edipoda atrox — California Locust 284 
 
 (Estras bovis—Ox Bot-tiy 352 
 
 (Edritx eqtii — Horse Bot-Hy 350 
 
 (Estrm ovis — Sheep-Bot-fly 353 
 
 Orygia leucostigma — Tussock Moth 87 
 
 l\ileacrii(i vernata ^8 
 
 Papilio aster i as — Parsley Worm 337 
 
 Papilio turnvs — Turnus Butterfly 95 
 
 Parlatoria Pergandii — Pergande's Orange Scale KiO 
 
 Pelidnota punctata -Spotted Pelidnota 196 
 
 Pempelia grossidari;r — Cooseberry Fruit Worm 226 
 
 Pcntphigus pyri -^6 
 
 Penthina oculana — Bud Worm 94 
 
 Phacellara hyalinitaUs — Melon Worm 301 
 
 Phacellura nitidaUs — Pickle Worm 304 
 
 Philampelis achemon — Achemon Sphinx 179 
 
 Philampclis pandorus ^^^ 
 
INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 463 
 
 • I'a^e. 
 
 I'hiltiiiipclix HdtcVUia — Satellite Sphinx 1<S() 
 
 Phorodou huinull — Hop Aphis '27l2 
 
 Phoxopteris fragdriie 2;>1 
 
 Phyritd nchtdo — Apple-leaC ('runi[)k'r 91) 
 
 Phi/llopli<((/(( fiixcd — White (iriih 29o 
 
 Phi/llo.fcra cdxtatrix — (Irape-root Louse 171 
 
 Pieris protodice — Southern Cabbage Butterfly 321 
 
 Picris rapx — Imported Cabbage Butterfly 32o 
 
 Pissoden strobi — Pine Weevil 247 
 
 Pityophthoras pubipcnnis — Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle . . .23o 
 
 Plusia balluca — Hop-vine Plusia 269 
 
 Plusia brassicse — Cabbage Plusia 324 
 
 Pcuciioptera pruinosa — Frosted Leaf-hopper 225 
 
 Polycnoii confertu!< — Branch and Twig Burrower 110 
 
 Polyphylla lO-linedta — Ten-lined Leaf-eater 100 
 
 Prioaus imbricornu — Tile-horned Prionus 171 
 
 Prionas laticollis — Broad-necked Prionus 169 
 
 Pfiatophora grossidariiv — Native Currant Worm 221 
 
 Procris Americana — American Procris 1<S9 
 
 Psenocerus supernotatus — American ('urrant Borer 217 
 
 Psoroptis equi — Scab Mite 355 
 
 PsycJtomorpha epimenis — Grape-vine Epimenis 18<S 
 
 Psylld pyri — Pear-tree Psylla 117 
 
 Pterophorvs perit<cdiddctyJt(i< — Grapevine Illume 191 
 
 Ptycholoma, persicdiid 129 
 
 Pyyu'i'd iniith^trd 89 
 
 Rhodi(c>< rddiciiin — Ras)))>erry-r()ot (iall-Hy 209 
 
 RhvpdloHiphviii didiithi — Carnation Aj)his 261 
 
 Bhopdhmphiviit tiifijnv — Tulip A]>his 262 
 
 Sapcrdd btrittdtn ()5 
 
 Sapcrdd cdndida — Rouml-headed Apple-tree Borer ()5 
 
 Schizoneurd lanigerd — Woolly Aphis 56 
 
 Sciapteron robiniH' — Weeping Willow Borer 242 
 
 Scot yt as pyri — Pear-tree Seolytus 115 
 
 Selandria ccraxi — Pear Slug 118 
 
 Selandria ro.vc — Rose Slug-worm 259 
 
 Sonasia prruiriana — Plum Motli 144 
 
464 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 
 
 Page" 
 
 Serica valida — Robust Leaf-beetle 101 
 
 Serica robusta 101 
 
 Silvanus quodricollis and »S'. srinnamrnsu — Bran and Flour 
 
 Bugs 347 
 
 Sinoxylon basillare — Red-shouldered Grape-vine Borer .... 207 
 
 Sipha rubifolii — Blackberry Aphis 215 
 
 Siphonophora avenx — Grain Aphis 281 
 
 Siphonophora cucurbitse — Cucumber Aphis 304 
 
 Siphonophora lactucm — Lettuce Aphis 331 
 
 Siphonophora pisi — Pea Aphis 332 
 
 Siphonophoria rosit — Rose Aphis 258 
 
 Siphonophora rubi — Raspberry Aphis 212 
 
 Siphonophora verbenpp — Verbena Aphis 261 
 
 Siphonophora viticola — Grape-vine Aphis 198 
 
 S^rilonota, oculana 94 
 
 Spilomnia Virginica — Yellow Bear 325 
 
 Strachia histrionica — Harlequin Cabbage Bug 326 
 
 Tabamts atratus — Black Horse-fly 349 
 
 Tetra7i.ychuii telarius — Red Spider 234 
 
 Thricolepis simulator — Gray Bark-eating Weevil 71 
 
 Thyreus Abbotii — Abbot's Sphinx 182 
 
 Tinea flavifrontella— Clothes Moth 338 
 
 Tinea gra.nella — Grain Moth 346 
 
 Tinea tapetzella — Carpet Moth 339 
 
 Trypeta pomonella — Apple Maggot 108 
 
 Tyroglyphus ribis — Currant Mite 218 
 
 Uhleria araucarim — Norfolk Island Pine Scale 248 
 
 Xylev.tns robiii/m — I^egged Locust Borer 239 
 
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Abbot's Si)hinx — Thyreus Abbot ii 182 
 
 Achemon iSphinx — PhilampcUs achemon 179 
 
 Acorn Moth — Holocera glanduleUn 246 
 
 Almond Aphis — Aphis amygdali 236 
 
 American Currant Borer — Psenocerus supernotatm. . . 217 
 
 American Procris — Procri-'i Americana 189 
 
 Angoiimois Grain Moth — Gelechia cerealella 346 
 
 Angular-winged Katydid — Mlcrocentrum rctinervis 200 
 
 Ants .^ 366 
 
 Apple Bucculatrix — Bucciilatrix pomifoliella 97 
 
 Apple Curculio — Anthonomus quadrigibhus 109 
 
 Apple-leaf Aphis — Aphis malifolia 99 
 
 Apple-leaf Grumpier — Phycita nebulo 93 
 
 Apple Maggot — Trypeta pomonella 108 
 
 Apple-tree Aphis — Aphis mali 98 
 
 Apple-twig Borer — Bustrichns bicaudatus 69 
 
 Apple Worm 102 
 
 Apricot Leaf-roller — Dichcdia Culiforniana 133 
 
 Arnw ^^^orm — Leucania unijnuictd 282 
 
 Ash-colored Blister Beetle — Cantharis cinerea 310 
 
 Asparagus Beetle — Crioceris Asparagi .'536 
 
 Azalea Bark-louse — 'En'ococcus azaJcx 254 
 
 Bean Aphis — Aphis ruin ids 335 
 
 Bean Weevil— Bruch us fabiv 334 
 
 Beautiful Wood Xymph — Eudryus grata 187 
 
 Bee Moth — Galleria cereana 361 
 
 Bees 364 
 
 Blackl)erry A])his — Sipha rubifolii 215 
 
 Blackberry Cane Borer — Obcrea tripunctata 214 
 
 Black Horse-fly — Tabanus atratus 349 
 
 Black-legged Barley-fly — Eurytoma hordei 279 
 
 Black-legged Tortoise Beetle — Cassida nigriptes 316 
 
466 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 
 
 Page._ 
 
 Black Scale — Lecanmm olese 147 
 
 Boll Worm — Heliothis armigera 294 
 
 Bran and Flour Bugs — Silvanus qiiadricollis and S. suri- 
 
 namensis 347 
 
 Branch and Twig Burrower — Polycaon confertus 116 
 
 Broad-necked Prionus — Prionus laticollis 169 
 
 Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle — Pityophthorus jntbipeimis . . . 233 
 
 Brown Strawberry Weevil — Listronotus Nevadicus 229' 
 
 Bud Worm — Penthina oculana 94 
 
 Buffalo Tree-hopper — Ceresa hubalus 71 
 
 Cabbage Aphis — Aphis brassier 327 
 
 Cabbage Maggot — Anthomyia brassicse 321 
 
 Cabbage Plusia — Plusia brassicse 324 
 
 California Grape-vine Hopper — Erythoneura comes 197 
 
 California Lady-bird — Coccinella o-notata var. Californica .dQ2 
 
 California Locust — (Edipoda atrox 284 
 
 Canker Worms 74 
 
 Carnation Aphis — Rhopalosiphum dianthi 261 
 
 Carpet Beetle — Antlirenus scrophidarix 340 
 
 Carpet Moth — Tinea tapctzella 339 
 
 Cherry-tree Borer — Dicerca divaricata 136 
 
 Cherry-tree Tortrix — Loxotsenia cerasivorana 137 
 
 Cherry Worm 137 
 
 Chinch Bug — Micropus leucopterus 280 
 
 Cicada or Harvest-fly 72 
 
 Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale — Aspidiotus citricola 161 
 
 Clothes Moth — Tinea flavifrontella 338- 
 
 Clover-hay Worm — Asopia costalis 289 
 
 Clover-root Borer — Hylastes trifolii 287 
 
 Clover-stem Borer — Languria mozardi 288 
 
 Cockroach — Blatta Germanica 341 
 
 Codlin Moth — Ca7'pocapsa pomonella 102 
 
 Colorado Potato Beetle — Doryphora 10-lineata 308 
 
 Common Mealy Bug — Dactylopius adonidum 263 
 
 Corn Aphis — Aphis maidis 296 
 
 Corn-worm or Boll-worm — Heliothis armigera 294 
 
 Cottony Cushion Scale — Icerya purchasi 165 
 
 ( 'Ottony Grape Scale — Lccanium vitis 176 
 
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 467 
 
 Page. 
 
 Cotton V^OYxn—Aletia argillacea 297 
 
 Crane Flies 273 
 
 Cucumber Aphis — Siphonophora cucurhitas 304 
 
 Cucumber Flea-beetle — Haltica cucumeris 303 
 
 Currant Aphis — Myzus ribis 224 
 
 Currant Borer — ^Egeria tiimliformis 216 
 
 Currant Mite — Tyroglyphus ribis 218 
 
 Currant Span-worm — Evfitchia ribearia 222 
 
 Cut Worms 292 
 
 Decaying Wood Borers — Bitoma opaculus 178 
 
 DeLong's Caterpillar — Clisiocampa constricta 79 
 
 Destructive Mealy Bug — Dactylopius destructor 264 
 
 Dried Fruit Moth , 342 
 
 Earwig — Forficula auricularia Ill 
 
 Eight-spotted Forester — Alypia octomaculata 186 
 
 Elm and Locust Scale 245 
 
 Fall Canker Worm — Anisopteryx pometaria 75 
 
 Fall Web Worm — Hyphantria textor 86 
 
 False Chinch Bug — Nysius destructor 198 
 
 Filbert Scale — Lecanium hemisphericum 237 
 
 Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — Chrysobothrus femorata 67 
 
 Forest Tent Caterpillar — Clisiocampa syhatica 85 
 
 Frosted Leaf-hopper — Poeciloptera pruinosa 225 
 
 Golden Tortoise Beetle — Cassida aurichalcea 316 
 
 Goldsmith Beetle — Cotalpa lanigera 101 
 
 Gooseberry Fruit Worm — Pempelia grossularise 226 
 
 Gooseberry Midge — Cecidomyia grossidarise 227 
 
 Grain Aphis — Aphis avenx 281 
 
 Grain Moth — Tinea granella 346 
 
 Grain Weevil — Calandra granaria 344 
 
 Grape Curculio — Ca^liodes inssqualis 204 
 
 Grape Leaf-folder — Desmia maculalis 190 
 
 Grape-leaf Roller 206 
 
 Grape-root Borer — ^Egeria polistiformis 168 
 
 Grape-root Louse — Phylloxera vastatrix 171 
 
 •Grape Scale — Aspidiotus uvse 177 
 
468 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Grape-seed Maggot — Isosoma vitis 205 
 
 Grape-vine Aphis — Siphonophora viticola 198 
 
 Grape-vine Epimenis — Psychomorpha epimenis 188 
 
 Grape-vine Flea-beetle — Haltica chalyhea 192 
 
 Grapevine Plume — Pterophorus periscelidactylus 191 
 
 Gray Bark-eating Weevil — Thricolepis simulator 71 
 
 Gray Tree-cricket — (Ecanthus latipennis 145 
 
 Greater Leaf-roller — Loxotmnia rosaceana 91 
 
 Greedy Scale — Aspidiotus rapax 63 
 
 Green Fruit-beetle — Gymnetis nitida 131 
 
 Harlequin Cabbage Bug — Strachia histrionica 326 
 
 Harvest Fly 72 
 
 Hessian Fly — Cecidomyia destructor 274 
 
 Hog Caterpillar — Chserocampa pampnnatrix 183 
 
 Hop Aphis — Phorodon humuli 272 
 
 Hop-vine Plusia — Plusia halluca 269 
 
 Hop-vine Snout Moth — Hypena humuli 270 
 
 Horned Flower Beetle — Notoxus monodon 259 
 
 Horse Bot-fly — (EstruS equi 350 
 
 Imported Cabbage Worm — Pieris rapse 323 
 
 Imported Currant Worm — Nematus ventricosus 219' 
 
 Imported Grape Flea-beetle — Adoxus vitis 194 
 
 Indian Cetonia — Cetonia Inda 130' 
 
 Joint Worm — Eurytoma tritici 278 
 
 June Bug — Lachnosterna quercina 293 
 
 Juniper Scale — Diaspis carueli 251 
 
 Katydid — Platyphyllum concavum 202 
 
 Lace-winged Fly 362 
 
 Legged Locust Borer — Xyleutus rohiniee 239 
 
 Legless Locust Borer — Clytus Rohinise 240 
 
 Lemon-peel Scale — Aspidiotus nerii 158 
 
 Lettuce Aphis — Siphonophora lactucse 331 
 
 Liver Fluke — Di stoma hepaticum 357 
 
 Locust Carpenter Moth — Xyleutus rohinise. 239' 
 
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 469 
 
 Page. 
 
 Many-dotted Caterpillar — Brachytxnia malana 95 
 
 Mealy Bug with long threads — Dactylojnus lonyijilis 266 
 
 Melon Worm — Phacelluria hyaJintalis 801 
 
 Millipedes 291 
 
 Mosquito 341 
 
 Mottled Tortoise Beetle — Cassida guttata 316 
 
 Native Currant Worm — Pridophora yrosmlarUe 221 
 
 Negro Bug — Corimelsena pulicaria 212 
 
 Norfolk Island Pine Scale — Uhleria araucaruv 248 
 
 Oleander Aphis — Aphis ncrii 255 
 
 Olive Worm — Dacus olese 150 
 
 Onion Maggot — Anthomyia ccparum 330 
 
 Orchard Tent Caterpillar — Clislocampa Americana 83 
 
 Ox Boi-^x—CEstrus hovls 352 
 
 Oyster-formed Scale — Diaspis ostinvfonnis 112 
 
 Oyster-shell Bark-louse — Aspidiotus concliiformis 58 
 
 Pales Weevil — Hylohius pales 248 
 
 Parsley Worm — Papilio asterias 337 
 
 Pea Aphis — Siphonophora pin 332 
 
 Peach Aphis — Myzus persicx 130 
 
 Peach Leaf-roller — Crasia persicana 129 
 
 Peach Moth — Anarsia lineatella 128 
 
 Peach-tree Borer — ^HJgeria exitiosa 126 
 
 Pear-leaf Caterpillar — Nematus 120 
 
 Pear Slug — Selandria cerasi 118 
 
 Pear-tree Borer — ^Egeria pyri 115 
 
 Pear-tree Psylla — Psyllu pyri 117 
 
 Pear-tree Scale — Lecanium pyri 114 
 
 Pear-tree Scolytus — Scolytus pyri 115 
 
 Pea Weevil — Bruchus pisi 332 
 
 Pergande's Orange Scale — Aspidiotus pergandi 160 
 
 Pernicious Scale — Aspidiotus perniciosus 60 
 
 Persimmon Aphis — Aphis diospyri 146 
 
 Pickle Worm — Phacellnra nitidalis 304 
 
 Pine Weevil — Pissodes strohi 247 
 
 Plum Curculio — Conotrachelus 'nenuphar 140 
 
 Plum Gouger — Anthonomus prunicida 143 
 
470 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Plum Leaf-hopper — Bythoscopus cliteUarius 140 
 
 Plum INIoth — Semasia pruniana 144 
 
 Plum-tree Aphis — Aphis pruni 139 
 
 Potato-stalk Weevil — Baridius trinotatus 306 
 
 Potato Moth 313 
 
 Potato Worm — Macrosila 5-maculata 318 
 
 Prickly Bark-beetle — Leptostylus aculiferus 70 
 
 Progne Butterfly — Grapta pjrogne 223 
 
 Quince Curculio — Conotrachclus crataegi 124 
 
 Quince Scale — Aspidiotus cydonife 124 
 
 Radish Maggot — Anthomyia raphani 328 
 
 Raspberry Aphis — Sipho)iophora rubi 212 
 
 Raspberry Borer — Agrilus ruficollis 209 
 
 Raspberry Leaf-Roller — Exartema permundana 211 
 
 Raspberrj'-root Borer — J^geria rubi 208 
 
 Raspberry-root Gall-fly — Rhodites radicum 209 
 
 Raspberry- Spanworm — Aplodes rubivora 210 
 
 Rawhide Beetle — Dermestes lardarius 347 
 
 Red Bay Scale — Aspidiotus persese 253 
 
 Red-bodied Saw-fly — Dolerus tejonicus 132 
 
 Red-humped Caterpillar — Notodonta concinna 90 
 
 Red Scale — Aspidiotus aurantH 153 
 
 Red Scale of Florida — Aspidiotus ficus 156 
 
 Red shouldered Grape-vine Borer — Sinoxylon basilare 207 
 
 Red Spider — Tetranychus telarius 234 
 
 Rice Weevil — Calandra oryzse 345 
 
 Robust Leaf-beetle — Serica valida 101 
 
 Rose Aphis — Siphonophora rosx 258 
 
 Rose Chafer — Macrodactylus subspinosus 195 
 
 Rose Scale — Dia8p)is rosse 256 
 
 Rose Slug-worm — Selandria rosx 259 
 
 Round-headed Apple-tree Borer — Sajjerda Candida 65 
 
 Rye Fly — Eurytoma secalis 279 
 
 San Bernardino Willow Scale — Aspidiotus ortholobus 244 
 
 San Jose Scale — Aspidiotus perniciosus 60 
 
 Santa Cruz Scale — Aspidiotus rapax 63 
 
 Satellite Sphinx — Philampelis satellitia 180 
 
INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 471 
 
 Page. 
 
 Scab Mite — Psoroptis eqiii 355 
 
 Semicolon Butterfly — Grapta interrogationi--^ 271 
 
 Sheep-Bot-fly — OEstrus ovis 853 
 
 Slugs or Snails 267 
 
 Small Potato Beetle, No. 1 — Epitrix subcrinita 312 
 
 Small Potato Beetle, No. 2 — Epitrix hirtipennis 313 
 
 Snowball Aphis — Aphis vibiirni 262 
 
 Snowy Tree-cricket — (Ecanthus niveus 203 
 
 Soft Orange Scale — Lecanium hesperiduin 163 
 
 Southern Cabbage Worm — Pien's protodice 321 
 
 Spotted Pelidnota — Pclidnota punctata. . . , 196 
 
 Spring Canker Worm — Anisojjteryx vernata 78 
 
 Squash Bug — Coreus tristis 300 
 
 Squash-vine Borer — xEgeria cucurbitfe 299 
 
 Stalk Borer — Gortyna nitela 307 
 
 Steel-blue Flea Beetle — HaJtiea chahjhca 192 
 
 Strawberry Crown-borer — Analcis fragarise 228 
 
 Strawberry Leaf-roller — Anchylopera fragaria; 231 
 
 Strawberry Worm — Einphytus macidatus 230 
 
 Striped Blister Beetle — Cantharis vittata 312 
 
 Striped Bud-beetle — Disonyche limbicoUis 134 
 
 Striped Cucumber-beetle — Diabrotica vittata 302 
 
 Striped Flea-beetle — Haltica vittata 328 
 
 Ten-lined Leaf-eater — Polyphylla 10-lincata 100 
 
 Thousand-legged Worms 291 
 
 Three-lined Potato Beetle — Lema trilineata 309 
 
 Thrips 122 
 
 Tile-horned Prionus — Prionus ivibricornis 171 
 
 Tobacco Worm — Macrosila Carolina 318 
 
 Tomato Aphis — Megoura solani 320 
 
 Tomato Worm — Macrosila Carolina 318 
 
 Tortoise Beetles 315 
 
 Tulip Aphis — Rliopcdosiphum tidipse 262 
 
 Turnus Butterfly — Papilio turnus 95 
 
 Tussock jNIoth — Orygia leucostigma 87 
 
 Twelve-Spotted Diabrotica — Diabrotica 12-punctata 135 
 
 Two-striped Tortoise Beetle — Cassida bivittata 316 
 
472 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Verbena Aphis — Siphonophora verbeair 261 
 
 Walnut Scale — Aspuiiotus juglans-regiae 232 
 
 Wasps 363, 364 
 
 Wax Worm — Galleria cereana 361 
 
 Weeping Willow Borer — Sciapteron rohinuv 242 
 
 Wheat Midge — DijAosis tritici 285 , 
 
 White Grub — Lachnosterna quercina 293 
 
 White-lined Sphinx — Deilephila lincata 184 
 
 White Scale — Diaspis rosse 256 
 
 Willow Scale — Aspidiotus convexus 243 
 
 Wire Worms 290 
 
 Woolly Aphis — Schizoneura lanigera 56 
 
 Yellow Bear Caterpillar — Spilosoma Virginica 325 
 
 Yellow Canker-worm — Hlbernia tiliaria 77 
 
 Yellow-legged Barley-fly — Eurytoma flavipes 279 
 
 Yellow Mite ...I ." 199 
 
 Yellow-necked Caterpillar — Datana ministra 89 
 
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