6)^ 5^571 4/^ '^ r^ A^ A, A. S. HAND-BOOK MINNEAPOLIS, PREPARED FOR THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE American Association for the Advancement of Science, Minneapolis, Minn.,- August 15-22, 1883. ^- 15 r TABLE OF CONTENTS. Parte Part I.— The History of Minnesota from IHKi to 1>(>^3 ^^ Chapter 1— Pre-Territorial History » " 2 Territorial History 8 " 3— State History 11 Part II.— Physical Features, Geology anp Mineralogy of Minnesota 1.5 Chapter 4— Physical Features 15 " .5— Stratigraphic Geology 20 " a— Mineralogy 27 Part III.— Statistics o* Population, Agriculture, and Railway Extension IN THE State of Minnesota :u Chapter 7 -Population :!l •' 8— Agriculture XI " 9— Railway Extension 3.5 Part IV.— History of the City of Minneapolis and its Surroundings. Chapter 10— The Discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony ;W 11— The Physical Features, Geology, etc.. of the City of Minneapolis. . 12 12— The Settlement and Growth of the City f)f Minneapolis 5:5 13— The Population of Minneapolis 57 U— The Wheat Market of Minneapolis .59 15— The Manufacture of Flour 61 16— The Lum'-er Mills 62 " 17— General Manufactures 63 18— Wholesale and Retail Trade 67 19-Real Estate 6i» *' 20— Building in Minneapolis 70 " 21— Banking Business 72 " 2 —The Chamber of Commerce and The Board of Trade 73 " 23— Rail way Systems Centering in Minneapolis 7+ Part v.— The Principal Features of Minneapolis 81 Chapter 21— Minneapolis Street System 82 25-Bridges 84 " 26 -City Sewer System 85 27— City Water-supply 86 28-Public Buildings 88 29— Parks and Public Grounds 89 " 30— Minneapolis Fire Department 91 31— Police Service 91 " 32 — Sanitary System 92 33-Hospitalsof theCity 93 '• 34— Benevolent Institutions 95 " 3.5— Churches 96 " 36— Educational Institutions 97 (at The State University 97 (b) The Public Schools 100 (c) Private Schools and Seminaries 102 " 37— Newspapers and Periodicals 103 " 38— Libraries 105 39-Science 10& 40— Music and Musical Societies lotl Part VI.— Watering Places and Summer Resorts near Minneapolis 107 Chapter 41— Lakes Calhoun. Harriet and Minnetonka lf'7 42 — White Bear Lake and Minnehaha 114 " 43— Boating, Fishing, Hunting, etc 115 Part VII.— The Thirty-second Annual Meeting of the American Associa- tion FOR the Advancement of Science 117 Chapter 44— Special Information for the Use of Members 117 " 45— Time Table of Trains between Minneapolis and Lakes Minnetonka and Calhoun 120 " 46— Arrival and Departure of General Trains 122 '■ 47 — Officers and Members of the Local Committee and of the Sub- Committees 125 PREFACE. Previous to the inception of this volume no concise history, either oC the City of Minneapolis or of tiie State of Minnesota, had ever been attempted. The materials at hand for its prejiaration were, therefore, of a very fragmentary nature, and have with difficulty been fitted together, in the effort to hastily frame a continuous record. Judging that the history of a large city is inseparable, particularly in its early years, from that of the commonwealth of which it forms so important a part, its designers have intended that the first thirty pages of the volume should serve as an appropriate iutrodtiction to the principal and more specific portion of the ■work. The one is simply the natural background on which the separate features of the other may be more distinctly traced. The Author, in concluding his work, -desires to record his obligations to Pkof. N. H. AViNCHELL, of till State Gcolcxjii'nl Surcey, for his invaluable assistance in the collection and arrangement of geological and physical facts. To the different writers whose works he has consulted, and from whose stores of information he has freely drawn, he would acknowledge his indebtedness, en nuisne. Mitnx'd polls. Minmxofo. Aoyu-st 7. 1883. Tribune Job Dep't, Print. THE Histoiy of Minnesota, FROM 1640 TO 1883 PRE-TERRITORIAL HISTORY, A. D. 1610-1849. jjjs'i-'W" LTHOUGH nearly two centuries and a half have elapsed since a •cii.SV white man's foot first trod ''The Land of the Dakotahs," Minne- ^p^^-;^/^ sota has but thirty-four years of state and territorial history, and for only twenty years have the settlers held undisputed possession of the soil. The recognition of its natural advantages was long delayed and the tides of immigration long held in check by the dreaded presence of uncivilized Indian tribes, whose constant irruptions threatened the peace and safety of every homestead planted upon the border. Very slowly the attractions of the country overcame the settlers' fear of the savages, as step by step the latter relinquished their hold upon their old-time posses- sions, until, at last, in 1862— by the massacre of hundreds of human beings — they forfeited their last title to the land. TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION. The PEE-TEERiTOKiAt HisTOKY of Minnesota, a record, for the most part, of travel and exploration, begins with the year 1640. At this period, the south and southwest portions of the present state were occupied by bands of loways, Ottoes, Cheyennes and Omahaws; the whole central region west and northwest of Mille Lacs by the Dakotahs or Sioux; and the northeast by the Assiniboines, a separated family of the Dakotahs. FRENCH EXPLORERS. The neighboring territory being in the hands of France, French explorers were naturally the first to be tempted to the discovery of the New West. Accordingly, we learn that in 1640 a man named Nicolet visited the 4 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. Dakotahs and Assiniboines, and that in 1659.Groselliers and Radisson, two commercial agents, crossed Lake Superior and wintered with a band of Dakotahs in the vicinity of Mille Lacs. In 1661, Kene Menard, traveling by way of the Wisconsin river, was doubtless the first to discover the upper Mississippi, but his loss, or death by violence, in the forests of the Black river, obscured the evidence of the fact. Claude Allouez, a Jesuit Father, visited the Minnesota shores of Lake Superior in 1665, and first reported the native name of the great river as -'Messipi." Daniel Greysolou Da Luth was the actual discoverer of Minnesota, in the year 1679. He entered tbe St. Louis river from Lake Superior with a party of eight men, and journeyed to a "great village of the Sioux," named Kathio, near Red Lake or Lake of the Woods, where he formally set up the arms of the King of France. He established the first trading posts in Minnesota, and traveling down the St. Croix river reached the Mississippi, where he met Hennepin ascending the river with a band of Dakotah Indians. Louis Hennepin, who first made the ascent of the Mississippi ,was a Fran- ciscan jariest of the Recollect order, a native of the Netherlands. Having accomjiauied La Salle's expedition to the Illinois river, he left the latter, in company with two men, for the purpose of exploring the Upper Missis- sippi. He ascended the river by boat to within a short distance of the great falls, whence he journeyed with the Dakotah Indians to Mille Lacs. Later he discovered and named the falls after St. Anthony of Padua. In 1683 Nicholas Perrot started a trading post in the neighborhood of Lake Pepin, which he revisited in 1688, when he officially laid claim to the country in the name of the French King. In 1695 Le Sueur arrived at Lake Pepin, above which he established another trading post. Five years later he passed the Minnesota river in search of copjjer, and built Fort L'Hiiillier on the Blue Earth river. During the early part of the eighteenth century, the constant warfare between the Indian tribes was repeatedly aggravated, and the traders suffered much in consequence. In 1755, the war between Great Britain and France engaged the tribes in its confiictiug interests, and added the horrors of savage warfare to the strife of civilized nations. BRITISH POSSESSIONS 1]^" MINNESOTA. At its close France ceded all that part of Minnesota east of a line drawn from the international boundary to the head of the Mississiijpi, and thence along the course of that river, to Great Britain; retaining the territory Pre-Territorial History. 5 west of this line in her own possession, under the title of the i^rovii ce of Louisiane, which extended to the 49th parallel. In 1766 Jonathan Carver, an Englishman, visited Lake Pepin and St. Anthony's Falls. Thirty miles below the latter he discovered a large cave which took his name but has since become concealed or destroyed. He went up the Minnesota River as far as the Cottonwood, where he stayed several months. THE REVOLUTIONARY AVAR. "The War of the Revolution," says Professor Winchell,* "which left the east bank of the Mississippi in the possession of the United States and the west bank in tlie possession of the French, operated not only to terminate English and French exploration, but to retard that of the United States. It was not till after the cession of Louisiana by France that the Government instituted measures for the exploration of the unknown coun- try west of the Mississippi." Theyear 1783 witnessed the formation of the Northwest Fur Co., which proved a formidable rival for many years to the Hudson Bay Company Its geographer, Mr. David ThomjJson, crossed the limits of the present State in 1798 from the Red river of the North to Lake Superior. THE CESSTOX OF LOUISIAXA. In 1804 the cession of Louisiana by France took place and included the whole of Minnesota west of the Mississippi. During the following year, Lieutenant Z. M. Pike, with a company of soldiers, was despatched to the upper Mississippi country by the United States government to enforce the recognition of United States' authority upon the traders, to make treaties with the tribes, and to determine the location of military posts. He visited several trading establishments, and made a report of a large part of the country previously unknown save to the couriers dts hois of the fur companies. Returning he encamped on the island at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississip^ji rivers, and while there obtained from the Dakotahs a grant of land extending nine miles on either side of the Mis- sissippi from below the junction of the rivers to the Falls of St. Anthony. At the outbreak of the War of 1812 many American trading posts in Minnesota were surprised and taken by the British soldiers and traders in alliance with the Indians. At its conclusion, the United States made a treaty of peace with the Dakotahs, and American traders soon after appeared in Minnesota in larger numbers. The year 1818 was marked by a fiercer outbreak than usual between the Ojibways and Dakotahs. *Historical sketch of Explorations and Surveys of Minnesota, by Prof. N. H. Winchell. 6 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. A colony of English and Swiss, founded by the Earl of Selkirk about 1812, near Pembina, in the northwest corner of the State, which had strug- gled through a precarious existence, imperilled by Indian treachery, by flood and famine, and by the iealousies of the rival fur companies, was found to be encroaching upon the United States territory and was restrained by order of the government. THE ERECTION OF FORT SPELLING. In 1819 the authorities ordered the erection of a military post at the mouth of the Minnesota, and Lieut. Col. Leavenworth, with ninety-eight officers and men, was despatched to that point. On Sejjtember 20th, 1820^ the corner-stone of Fort Snelling was laid, and pending its completion the force encamjDed, opposite Mendota, near to an old jiost known as the Baker trading house. Lieut. Col. Leavenworth was relieved by Colonel Snelling before the fort was ready for occupation. Mrs. Snelling accompanied her husband, and a few days alter her arrival gave birth to the first 'white child born in Minnesota. She and other officers" wives were the first ladies to winter in the State. In 1823 the first steamboat, the "Virginia," navigated the Upper Mis- sissippi, passing up to Mendota. During the year, by order of the Gov- ernment, Major S. H. Long with a scientific corps, including Prof. William Keating, of Pennsylvania University, who made a rejjort of the expedition, explored the Minnesota river and fixed the United States north boundary line. J. C. Beltrami, an Italian political exile who had accompanied the expedition, having some difficulty with Major Long, severed himself from the force at Pembina, and moving southeastward discovered the Julian sources of the Mississijii^i- THE FIRST SETTLERS. About this time a number of Swiss settlers, driven soixtheast from the Sel- kirk settlement by flood and famine, settled near the subsequent sites of St. Anthony and St. Paul. They were jDractically the first settlers of Minnesota. In 1827 a brief but bloody strife aggravated the perpetual warfare of the Ojibway and Dakotah tribes. Several mission stations, notably at Lake Harriet and Lac qui Parle, were established by Presbyterian and inde- pendent missionaries in the years following 1829, but considering the means and labor expended upon the work they made but a slight impress- ion upon the native tribes. In 1832 Minnesota shared to some extent in the excitement occasioned by the Black Hawk war. During this year Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft traced the Mississippi river to its source in Lake Itasca, of which Mr. School- craft claimed to be the discoverer, notwithstanding the fact that a letter from Mr. Wm. Morrison to "The Historical Society of Minnesota" gives an account of a visit made there in 1804. P re-Territorial History. 7 Two years later the iuhabitants ijresented a j^etition to Congress pray- ing that Minnesota be organized as a territory or attached to that of Michigan, and the latter alternative was temporarily chosen. The year 1836 is memorable for the arrival at Fort Snelling of Jean M. Nicollet, who made the most complete exploration of the Mississippi, finally determined its sources, and subsequently explored the whole interior of the present State. Treaties were made by Governor Dodge, in 1837, with the Ojibways and Dakotahs, by which the piue forests of the St. Croix and .its tributaries and all lands east of the Mississippi were ceded to the United States. A portion of these lands between St. Paul and Ft. Snelling was chosen for a military reservation from which certain settlers, who had estabished themselves in the meantime ujjon them, were necessarily removed. THE BIRTH OF CITIES. Upon a portion of the present site of the city of Stillwater a claim was made in 1840, and lumber was rafted down the St. Croix; three years later a more extended settlement was formed and a saw-mill built at the same point, ultimately determining the future of the place. • The first mill built in Minnesota, outside of the government military reservation, was erected five miles northeast of St. Paul, in 1844. The city of St. Paul had its beginnings in the years between 1840 and 1847. Liquor-soiling was its earliest traffic, to the misfortune alike of whites and savages. A rum-shop was first opened, upon the site of the present principal steamboat landing, by a Frenchman called Parant, whose peculiar appearance gave to the jilace the euphonious name of "Pig-Eye." A little later a Mankato merchant settled near the same spot and erected the first store, Avhich was quickly followed by other small trading shops. As much as four years afterward (1844), it is said tliat "the site of St. Paul was chietly occupied by a few shanties," principally for the sale of rum to the soldiers and Indians. Not until 1847 was the first common school in Minnesota established at St. Paul, under care of Miss H. E. Bishoj). In the next year the Wiunebagoes very unwillingly fulfilled a treaty made with the government for their removal from Iowa to the region lying between the Sauk, Long Prairie and Crow Wing rivers in Minnesota. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE TERRITORY. The principal inhabitants brought to bear, at this time, all the influence they possessed, at Washington, to secure a territorial organization, and on March 3, 1849, shortly after the admission of Wisconsin to the Union, the Territory of Minnesota was organized by act of Congress, and the city of St. Paul was named as the capital. Hand-Bool of Minneapolis. TERRITORIAL HISTORY.— A. D., 1849—1858. trA^pcT the time of the organization of Minnesota Territory the whole y^ApU of the country west of the Mississippi, from Lake Itasca to the X^A^ southern boundary, was still in possession of the Indians, and, with the exception of a few trading posts, isolated settlements, and mission stations, was practically unsettled by the whites. The whole population of the Territory, as determined by the first territorial census of 1849, num- bered only 4,680. THE IlfDIAX TEIBES within its borders, little influenced by missionary effort, and depraved by drink, had been and still were constantly engaged in petty warfare with each other, and in occasional robbery and murder of the white settlers. Undeterred either by treaties or military severity, these barbarities appeared to increase yearly in number, a fact not unnat- urally accounted for, perhaps, by the Indian's growing jealousy c>f the white man's encroachment uj^on his ancient domain. An attempt, made at this time, to obtain from them a cession of the lands west of the Mississippi, proved inconclusive, having no other result than the purchase of Lake Pepin. Hardly had the territory been organized when renewed hostilities were ojiened between the Ojibways and Dakotahs. THE PRINCIPAL CITIES of Minnesota were still in embryo: Minnea2:)olis, as yet, was not: St. Anthony held hardly the germ of its future; Stillwater was in its early, formative stages; and even St. Paul was yet little more than a group of small frame tenements, whiskey shops and log cabins. The appoint- ment of the latter city as the Capital of the Territory quickly brought jDeople to the place, and within a year it held 250 to 300 inhabitants. The first Minnesota newspaper was started at once, under title of " The Pioneer,'' by James M. Goodhue. Alexander Ramsey, the first Governor of the Territory, H. H. Sibley, its first delegate to Congress, and H. M. Rice, first United States senator after tbe admission of Minnesota to the Union, were among the men most instrumental in shaping the interests of the new Territory. Territorial Histori/. TERRITORIAL GOVERNMEXT. By its permaaeut organization it was divided into seven council districts, and an election for one delegate to Congress, nine councillors and eighteen representatives was ordered. The first courts were convened at Still watei, St. Anthony and Mendota, and tlie first Legislative Assembly created nine counties. During this year the site of a new military post was selected near Pembina. Steam navigation of the Minnesota river was commenced. The historical society was duly incorporated and opened its first session at St. Paul in January, 1850. In 1851 tbe penitentiary was placed at Still- water, and an act passed tbe Legislature for the creation of the University of Minnesota, to be situated in the neigbborhood of the Falls of St. Anthony. A treaty was made with the Dakotahs by which the Territory upon the west side of the Mississijipi, and in the valley of the Minnesota river, was opened to immigration. During this winter the Ojibways suffered severely from famine and disease. In 1852 Hennepin county was created, and in the year following eleven counties were formed in the Territory west of the Mississippi. At this legislative session a liquor bill, similar to that known as the "Maine Law," passed the Lsgislature ami was approved by the voice of the people, but was declared unconstitutioniil by the courts at its first application. At tlie beginning of President Pierce's administration, W. A. Gorman succeeded Alexander Ramsey as Governor of Minnesota Territory. A sup- posed fraud charged upon tbe late Governor and others, in the transfer of funds to the Dakotahs, was successfully dis^Jroved before a United States commission ajspointed to investigate the same. During this year the Dakotahs commenced their northward march to the region of the upper Minnesota, and a treaty was made by Governor Gorman with tbe Wiune- bagoes providing for their removal to another reservation. In 1854 the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the iucorjjoratiou of the Minnesota & Northwestern railroad. In the same year Congress voted aland grant to the Territory of Minuesata for purposes of railway con- struction. A month later Mr. Washburne, of Illinois, staled in Congress that certain claiises in this land-grant bill had been altered subsequent to its engrossment, and, acting upon this plea, the House repealed the bill. The Minnesota & Northwestern railroad, previously chartered, claimed that Congress had no power to repeal the act. A complaint was brought against the company in the United States district court, charging that it had cut and removed certain trees from United States property in Goodhue county. Judge Welch, presiding, gave a decision for the railroad company; the supreme court of Minnesota confirmed his decision; and the supreme court of the United States, to which it was carried, discontinued the case, 10 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. in 1856, ou motion of the attorney-general. The discussion concerning the charter of the Minnesota & Northwestern railroad was renewed in 1855. The United States Senate rejected the House bill annulling the charter, and it was subsequently amended twice by the Minnesota Assembly. In 1857 considerable popular excitement was created by an abortive attempt to remove the seat of government from St. Paul to St. Peter. During this year the community Avas shocked and disturbed by the news of an outrage committed by a band of outlawed Indians in the southwest corner of the Territory, resulting in the murder of eighteen persons and the kidnapping of four women, two of whom were afterwards killed and two rescued. A general feeling of insecurity naturally followed every fresh evidence of lawlessness on the part of the Indians; a feeling which the terrible sequel of 1862 amply justified. ADMISSION TO THE UNION". The United States Senate, on February 23, 1857, passed an act author- izing the people of the Territory to frame a constitution with a view to the immediate admission of Minnesota to the Union. At the same session of Congress it was voted to j,rant to Minnesota certain lands, in alternate sections, for purposes of railroad construction. The Governor called an extra session of the Legislative Assembly to adopt measures necessary in the premises. The land-grant was disposed of and an election ordered for the choice of delegates to a convention charged with drafting the consti- tution. The election was held, and after a rupture continued for several weeks between the two political parties, each claiming a rightful majority, a form of constitution was jointly agreed upon. At the following October election this constitution was almost unanimously adopted by the people. On January 29, 1858, an act providing for the admission of Minnesota into the Union was introduced in the United States Senate by Mr. Douglas. On April 7th, following, the bill passed the Senate, soon obtained the con- currence of the Lower House, and receiving the signature of the President on May 11, 1858, Minnesota was henceforth one of the United States of America. State History. 11 ESTATE HISTORY, 1858—1883. "■ilap HE early years of Minnesota's State History were times of great "*<^T? financial embarrassment to the new commonwealth in common W«>' p- with the country at large, and this embarrassment was greatly deepened by unfortunate legislation in aid of railroad construction. THE STATE RAILROAD BONDS. The land grant of 4,500,000 acres made by Congress for the construc- tion of a system of railroads was distributed to several chartered railway corporations, who proved unable to prosecute the required work. To meet the emergency, an act passed the Legislature in 1858 .submitting an amendment to the j^eojjle providing for the issue of 85,000,000 of State Railroad Bonds to these chartered roads as a public loan, conditioned upon partial construction to a stated extent. Despite the active exertions of an intelligent opposing i^arty the amendment was carried by a large majority. The railroads again failed to j^erform the reqiiired work, and $2,000,000 worth of bonds were issued before a rail was laid. The Hon. H. H. Sibley, first Governor of the State, found his term of office, as did many of his successors, much embarrassed by these State loans. To anticipate, briefly, the history of this unfortunate question: — The people, in 1860, had so far realized their mistake, that they voted an amendment to the constitution expunging the foregoing, and prohibiting the further issuance of the State Railroad Bonds. Provision for the payment of those already issued was continually delayed and their non- redemption remained for twenty- tbree years a jjerpetual stumbling-block in the way of State legislators and executive, and a standing injury to the credit of the commonwealth. In 1881, after much abortive legislationr and largely through the persistent influence of Governor John S. Pillsbury and others, the State Legislature passed an act providing for the acceptance of terms of settlement proposed by the bondholders and the cancellation of outstanding bonds. Thereby the State was relieved of an impending 12 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. accusation of repiidiatory teudencies, and freed from the onus of a too long threatened disgrace. EDUCATIONAL INTERESTS. To return to the regular course of events, — in 1858 the Legislature voted the establishment of three State Normal Schools, to be situated at Winona, St. Cloud and Maukato. In 1859 Alexander Ramsey was elected Governor to succeed the Hon. H. H. Sibley. During his first term of office the Legislature passed a bill regulating the State University, and another uniting the two offices of Chancellor of the University and Superintendent of Public Instruction, which, at a subsequent session, were again separated. Following the recommendations of Governor Ramsey's annual message, the Legislature of 1861 initiated a series of legislative acts favorably affecting the educational interests of the State, and inaugurated a school land policy, which has been amply justified by its results. THE VrAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak of the Civil War Governor Ramsey was in Washington, and after the fall of Sumter was the first governor to offer to the President the military services of his State. The citizens of Minnesota quickly responded to the call for volunteers, and the first regiment was promptly enrolled and forwarded to Washington. During the entire war the State furnished eleven infantr^y regiments, four regiments of cavalry, one of heavy artillery, three batteries, and two companies of sharpshooters, which served efficiently in the different divisions of the army during the greater period of the war. The first Minnesota regiment was attached to the Army of the Potomac and was actively engaged in twenty-one battles. It mus- tered throughout 1,440 men, of which number less than one-third returned "to tell the story." THE SIOUX MASSACRE. Whilst the interests of the whole country were most painfully centered in the south, there occurred in the valley of the Minnesota an event which, for the time, eclipsed even the horrors of the Civil wai', — The Sioux Massacre OF 1862. Many and remote are the causes which have been assigned to this fearful outbreak of the Sioux Indians, but it is probable that no one ■cause will sufficiently account for the irruption, still less for the violence and suddenness of its character. A growing sj^irit of discontent had doubtless been fostered for a long period among the tribes, manifesting itself by occasional isolated atrocity. The delay exijerienced in the receipt of government annuities, the poor quality and deficient quantity of their food, their misunderstandings with the traders, the gradual advance of the State History. 13 whites upon the borders of the reservatiou, their dislike of the missionaries among them, and the recognized absence from the State of large numbers of men engaged in the war, have all been cited as causative influences, and each may have helped to aggravate the natural jaropensity for outrage. The immediate occasion for executing their fearful purpose appears to have been the determination of the tribe to protect a small number of young warriors from the consequences of the murder of a certain white family, com- mitted whilst the savages were under the influence of alcohol. However this may be, it is known that on the morning of August 18, 1862, a l^rge body of Indians attacked the Lower Agency and promiscuously 'slaughtered the inmates, with the exception of one man, George H. Spencer, and a few women and children; that, proceeding to the Upper Agency, they killed a large number of men, allowing the missionaries, however, with their families and a few others, to escape; and, that then scattering themselves along the frontier for nearly two hundred miles, they indiscriminately slew every white settler within reach of their weapons. Youn^ women and children were alone spared, only to become prisoners and in many cases to suffer brutal outrage at the liands of their captors. It is estimated that» in all, some eight hundred persons were massacred. Forts Kidgley and Abercrombie and the town of New Ulm were attacked, but ^successfully defended with some loss of life. The alarm quickly spread and thousands of frightened settlers flocked the roads to the larger towns. Immediate steps were taken by the governor and others to stay the massacre and punish its authors. Col. H. H. Sibley was put at the head of a force of four hundred men, who, owing to the previous drain upon the State for men, arms and ammunition, were difficult to gather and scantily equipped. These hastily prepared troops advanced to the Lower Agency as rapidly as possible, where a party of them, whilst engaged in burying the victims of the massacre, were attacked by the Dakotahs. The latter were beaten back after a brief fight, and three days later were defeated with considerable loss. They delivered up the captives in their hands, surrendered them- selves prisoners, and were duly tried. Over three hundred were found guilty of participation in the massacre and condemned to be hung, but the sentence was suspended by order of the President, and only thirty- eight were eventually executed. The remainder were imprisoned at Daven- port, Iowa, for over a year, where many died from disease; the survivors were ultimately conveyed to a reservation on the ujjper Missouri river. In the following year the Government organized and despatched an efficient force to cajjture and punish those who had escaped from the hands of Colonel Sibley and his men. 14 Hand-Book of Minnntp»Us DOMESTIC AFFAIRS. Immigration to Minnesota was materiallj checked by tbe massacre of 1862, and some time elapsed liefore it recovered from its effects. In 1862 Governor Ramsey was re-elected, but the year following he was chosen United States senator and resigned the governorship to take his seat in the Senate. Lieutenant Governor Swift filled the office until the succession of Stephen Miller, in 1864. He was followed by Wm. R. Marshall, in 1866, who served for two terms. In 1870 Horace Austin succeeded to the office arrd was re-elected in 1872. In 1874 C. K. Davis was inaugurated Governor. During his term an important test case, concerning the power of the state to determine railway rates, was carried to the supreme court of the United States, which rendered the note- worthy decision that the state power to regulate rates was not limited by the charter of the railway company. In 1875 the people voted amendments to the constitution relating to terms of office, judicial districts, investment of funds from the sale of school lands, and the permission of women to vote for school officers. During this year and the preceding the farming communities suffered from the depre- dations of the locust or grasshopper. In 1876 John S. Pillsbury was chosen Governor of the State and was re-elected in 1877 and 1879. At the former of these elections the people approved amendments to the constitution concerning the canvassing of election returns, the election and term of senators and representatives, biennial sessions of the Legislature, and the prohibition of the use of State funds for sectarian schools. In 1881 the first biennial session of the Legis- lature was held. In January, 1882, Lucius F. Hubbard succeeded John S. Pillsbury as Governor of the State. With the exception of the first State Governor, Gen. H. H. Sibley, all the Governors of the State have been republican in politics. The later years of Minnesota's State history have been an era of unbroken and almost unexampled prosperity, marked by a rapid increase of popula- tion, a corresponding growth in trade, manufacture and the development of natural products, and a wide extension of the railway service. For a comparative estimate, showing the progress of the State in each of these directions, the reader is referred to the tables on pages 32-38. Phi/siraf Features, Geology and Minenilogi/. 15 PHYSICAL FEATURES, GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF MINNESOTA. l!%-^ SITUATJOJs', BOUNDARIES, AND AREA OF THE STATE. ^^ yj^yl^INNESOTA occupies nearly the geographical centre of the North ,^ American continent, being about 1000 miles from the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, and about 1400 miles from the Arctic sea and Pacific ocean. On the north this State is bounded by the British provinces of Manitoba, Kewatin, and Ontario, the international boundary line, between the Red river of the North and the Lake of the Woods, being the 49th parallel. The continuation of this boundary thence to Lake Superior is made up of water-courses and lakes. It has an east-southeasterly course, and consists of the Lake of the Woods, Rainy river and lake, and a succession of small lakes, extending by the south side of the area marked on the map as Hunter's Island, to Saganago and Gunflint lakes, and to the divide between the waters of Hudson bay and those of Lake Superior; beyond which it passes through a further series of lakes at the head of Arrow and Pigeon rivers, and down the latter river to Pigeon Point at its mouth, on the north- east shore of Lake Superior, which is the most eastern point of Minnesota. On the east, Minnesota is bounded by Lake Superior and Wisconsin, being divided from Wisconsin by the Saint Croix and Mississippi rivers. On the south it is bounded by Iowa at the parallel of 43° 30 ; and on the west by Dakota, from which it is separated in part by Big Stone Lake, Lake Traverse, and the Red river of the North. The length of Minnesota from north to south is 380 miles, the extreme length 408, for a tract of about 150 square miles, extending 28 miles north of the 49th parallel, on the west side of the Lake of the Woods, belongs to this State. This point is the most northerly portion of the United States, excepting Alaska. The extreme width of Minnesota, from east to west, measured from Pigeon Point to the Red river is about 350 miles, and its width at the narrowest part, from the St. Croix river west to Dakota is 180 miles. The eastern and western limits of the State are approximately in longitude 90° and 97° west from Greenwich, or 13= and 20° west from Washington. The area of Minnesota, compiled from the maps of the governmental surveys, by Hon. H. H. Young, Secretary of the Board of Immi- 16 Haml-Bixik of Minneapolis. gration, is in total 84,286 square miles; the land area being 78,649 square miles, or 50,335,367 acres, and the water area, not including, any portion of Lake Superior, 5,637 square miles. RIVERS AND LAKES. The waters of the State all find their way to the Atlantic ocean, but they reach that level through three of the cardinal points of the compass — north, east and south. The water area of Minnesota is greater than that of any other other State or Territory of the Union, averaging one square mile of water to every fifteen of land. This unequaled water supply leaves the State by the valleys of seven different courses, namely, the Mississippi, the Saint Louis river and Lake Superior, the Ked river of the North, the Rainy river, the Des Moines river, the Rock river, aod the Cedar river. The Mississippi river system is by far the largest and most important. It is the only one that crosses the entire State. Its approximate area is 45,566 square miles. The river runs almost exclusively on the surface of the drift to the Falls of St. Anthony; and from there till it leaves the State, and even till it enters the Gulf of Mexico, it runs in an old rocky valley excavated in pre-glacial times. All its tributaries, also, below the Falls of St. Anthony enter it through similar deep-cut gorges. The upper tribu- taries of this river, however, are post-glacial, and have excavated their valleys but little within the drift sheet. Itasca lake, the head of the Mississipj^i, is about 1500 feet above the level of the sea. Where the river leaves the State, at its southeast corner, it is only 620 feet above the sea level. The system of the Red rirev of the North rises in the same rolling drift region as the Mississippi, at a point about twelve miles west of Itasca lake, at an elevation of 1600 feet above the ocean, and leaves the State, after a circuitous route, with an elevation of 767 feet. The entire area drained by the Red river in Minnesota is heavily covered with northern drift. After leaving the i-olling morainic regions of Becker and Otter Tail counties, it passes through the fertile Red rieer valley, which in its flatness and monot- ony, no less than its area, resembles the northern stepjoes of Russia and Siberia, with which also it seems to have had an analogous region. The aggregate area of the State included in this basin is 15,107 square miles. The river is navigated by steamboats as far north as Moorhead and Fargo. The flat portion of this basin is prairie; but its northern part, which extends far to the east, embracing Red lake and its tributaries, includes a large area that is timbered. TJie Kainy river system has an approximate area, in Minnesota, of 10,330 square miles. It extends along the international boundary from the Plti/xinil Features., Geolog// and Miiiendof/i/. 17 water-divide to the Lake of the Woods. Its waters are derived from the lakes of a region characterized by many and extensive exposures of rock, as far as to the west end of Rainy lake. To the west of that there are several tributaries from the south which rise in the northern sweep of the belt of morainic hills, and in the flat marshy tract south of Rainy river, which flow upon the surface of the drift-sheet, and very rarely come in contact with the underlying rock. Its area in the State is smaller than that of the Red river of the North, but the annual discharge of water is apparently about double that from the Red river valley. It receives waters from land more fch.Rji two thousand feet above the ocean, and where it leaves the State it has an altitude, in the Lake of the Woods, of 1042 feet. (Canadian Pacific railway survey). The Saint Louis river and Lake Superior drainage si/steni includes 8,552 square miles, not including any portion of Lake Superior iteelf. It cccu- pies the most elevated portion of the State. Its waters descend from over 2000 feet above the sea to 602 feet, the level of Lake Superior. This lake has a mean depth of 1000 feet. T7ie Des Moines river in Minnesota runs along the northeast side of the Coteau des Prairies, from which it receives numerous small tributaries, and carries off the surface waters from an area of prairie amounting to about 1940 square miles in this State. As this Avater finally reaches the Missis- sippi, it might perhaps with propriety be embraced in the drainage system of that river. The Bock river system, which is tributary to the Missouri river through the Big Sioux, includes about 1702 square miles. This system is confined to the soutnwesterly slopes of the Coteau des Prairies, the surface of which is smooth and treeless. The Cedar river system is also connected with the Mississippi in Iowa; is the smallest drainage area of the State, embracing but 1089 square miles of prairie situated mostly in Freeborn and Mower counties. The number of l((kes in Minnesota, exceeding 40 rods in diameter, is estimated at ten thousand, and the State atlas shows 2500 which are a half mile or more in length. Rainy lake on the northern border has an area of about 150 square miles, and the Lake of the Woods of about 600 square miles. The largest lake entirely within the limits of Minnesota is Red Lake, which has an approximate area of 340 square miles. Other lakes in Minnesota, next to Red lake in magnitude, are Mille Lacs, nearly 200 square miles in extent; Leech lake, 194 square miles; Lake Winnibi- goshish, 78 square miles; Vermilion lake, 63 square miles; Cass lake, 32; and Lake Minnetonka, 24 square miles.* *Keport of Mr. Henry Gannett, geographer of the United States tenth census, 188(). 2 18 Hand-Bool: of Minneapolis. ALTITUDES AND CONTOUR. The tojjograjibic features of the -western three-quarters of Minnesota may be described, in brief, as a moderately undulating, sometimes nearly flat, sometimes hilly expanse, gradually descending from the Coteau des Prairies and the Leaf hills, which lie between 1500 and 2000 feet above the sea, to half that height, or from 800 to 1000 feet above the sea level, in the long flat basin of the Red river valley, and along the valley of the Mississijipi, from Minneapolis to Saint Cloud. The exceptions to this general contour are the southeast jjart of the State, where the Mississippi and its tributaries are enclosed by bluffs from 200 to 600 feet high, and the northwest shore of Lake Superior, with the country lying to the north of it and to the east of Vermilion lake. In this northwest part of the State, a bold rocky highland rises 400 to 800 feet above Lake SujDerior, within from one to five miles from its shore-line, all along the distance of 150 miles from Duluth to Pigeon point; while further north are many hill-ranges, 200 to 500 feet high, trending from northeast to southwest, or from east to. west. The most jagged of these lines of rugged peaks anrl rock ridges lying near the shore of Lake Superior is called the Sawteeth mountains, which rise from 900 to 1400 feet above the lake and 1500 to 2000 feet above the sea. A second range of hills, rising from the more elevated region halfway between the lake and the north boundary, is called the Mesabi range, and rises south of Vermilion lake and eastward, as stated by Prof. N. H. Winchell, to a height of 1800 to 2200 feet above the sea, this being the highest land in Minnesota. The average elevation of the entire State is probably not far from 1275 feet above the sea. FOREST AND PRAIRIE. Minnesota has about 52,200 square miles of forest, and about 31,800 square miles of prarie, including in each the water-areas adjacent to or embraced within them. Forest covers ajaproximately the northeastern two-thirds of the State, while about one-third, lying at the south and south- east and reaching in the Red river valley to the international boundary is prairie. Thin belts and isolated patches of heavy timber are found in several of the prairie counties and along most of the river valleys. Like- wise within the heavily timbered portions of the State are found small areas of prairie, or meadow land, esjDecially along the Mississippi from Minneapolis and Anoka to Brainerd. Large areas of timbered lands have been desolated by fire, and although a young growth of trees is rapidly I'estocking them with forest, they are not now properly regarded as tim- bered, and therefore they are not taken into account. The forests of northern Minnesota are largely coniferous, including the white pine, red or "Norway" jjine, the Banksian or "jack" pine, black and Plii/sical Features., Oeology and Mineralogi,: 19 wbite spruce, balsam fir, tamarack, arbor vitae, and, in small qaantities, red cedar. The deciduous forest consists principally of various species of oak, elm, bass, poplar, maple and ash. Beech and chestnut are not native to the State, but the black walnut and the Kentucky coffee-tree are found as far north as the valley of the Minnesota and Cannon rivers. The white pine is common through the northern part of the State, excepting west of the meridian of Red Lake and Lake of the Woods. It prefers somewhat clayey soil. Occasionally it forms a majestic forest without intermixture of other large trees, but is oftener associated with maple, elm, bass, oak, ash and other deciduous species. It is frequent along the north side of Lake Superior, but forms no extensive forest on the immediate shore. This is the largest and most useful of the native trees, growing from eighty to one hundred and fifty feet in height, and from three to six feet in diameter. The southwestern limit of the pineries extends from the north edge of Chisago county, westerly through Kanabec and Mille Lacs counties, the northeast corner of Benton county, Morrison county and the northeastern part of Todd county, to Pine lakes, Frazee City and the White Earth reservation. Southeastward of this limit it occurs, rarely and thinly, on the river bluffs. THE SOIL AND CLIMATE. Minnesota has, for the most part, a very fertile soil, blackened by decaying vegetation to a depth varying from one to three feet. Nine-tenths of its whole area are adapted for cultivation. Much of the State has a clayey but somewhat sandy soil, with few stones or boulders formed of the unmodified glacial drift or till. Considerable areas, princi])ally in the north- eastern half of the State, are the stratified sand and gravel of the modified drift, with a fertile black superimposed layer from one to three feet thick. In southeastern Minnesota a large district, which was not covered by the ice sheet and its glacial drift, is overspread by a deposit of modified drift, forming a very rich, loamy soil. The pulverized limestone which is a main ingredient of the drift throughout the State, excepting in the region of Lake Superior, is one of the most useful elements of the soil for the pro- duction of wheat, corn, oats and potatoes. The generally rolling surface of this State gives excellent drainage, excejiting about the head Avaters of the Mississippi. The snow-water is thus speedily carried off in the spring, early sowing is possible, and damage by excessive rains is prevented. The rainfall is usually quite uniformly distributed through the successive seasons of spring, summer and autumn. The snow-fall is rarely heavy, but the cold is sufiiciently continuous to keep the ground covered with snow during the winter months. The extremes of temperature mark a wide range of thermometric variation, but 2U Hand-Bool: nf MianeapoUs. the severity of winter is largely modified by the dry, bracing character of the air, whilst the heat of summer days is almost invariably redeemed by refreshingly cool nights. Observations extending over a term of thirty-five years record a mean temperature in spring and autumn of 45° 46', Fahrenheit; in summer of 70° 36', and in winter of 16° 6'. A careful comjjarison, based upon these observations, shows a mean spring and autumn temperature nearly equal to that of Chicago, two degrees and a half south, and a mean temperature throughout the year equalling that of central New York, two degrees south. STEATIGRAPHIC GEOLOGY. EOZOIC OR ARCH.EAX SERIES. From the j.orthwest side of Lake Superior a broad belt of metamorphic rocks, belonging to the Eozoic or Archaean series, extends southwest across Minnesota. On our northern boundary it reaches west to the Lake of the •Woods. In the central part of the State its extreme outcrops are five miles northwest of Motley, and eastward are at the falls of Snake river, having there a width of seventy miles. The exposures of these rocks nearest to St. Paul and Minneapolis are about sixty miles distant to the northwest, in the vicinity of St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids. At this latitude they are visi- ble in occasional or frequent ou.tcrops for more than fifty miles, from a limit on the east at the west edge of Mille Lacs county, in northeastern Benton county, and at the quari'ies southeast of St. Cloud, and on the west at Sauk Center and Ashley, Stearns county. Farther west and northwest through- out Minnesota the bed-rock is universally concealed by the glacial drift. The deeply eroded valley in which the Minnesota river flows exposes these rocks at many places from the mouth of Big Stone lake to New Ulm, showing that their area in southwestern Minnesota has a breadth of one hundred miles. They are mainly gianites and gneisses, rarely including masses of syenite and hornblende schist, and their prevailing strike is from northeast to northwest, at right angles with' the valley. Within ten to twenty miles southwest from the Minnesota river several outcrops of granite, gneiss and schists have been found in I'^ellow Medicine and Redwood counties, beyond which they are covered by the drift and by thick Cretaceous deposits, and next rise to view in the Black Hills of southern Dakota. A large area in Stearns, Benton and Sherburne counties, including the valuable quarries of St. Cloud, Haven, Sauk Rapids and Watab, consists of syenite, and exhibits no laminated or gneissic structure. It has great variety in texture as to its coarseness of grain and readiness to be quarried Physical Featiues, Geology and Mineralogy. 21 and wrought to any required form. Its color is mostly light gray, but upon some extensive tracts it Las a red tint, similar to that of the celebrated granite of Aberdeen in Scotland. In other portions of the Eozoic district granite, gneiss and mica schist are the common rocks, sometimes associated with syenite. Their strike is usually to the northeast or east northeast. At Xiittle Falls and Pike Rapids, and for several miles to the south, west and north, as also in northern Todd county, and along the falls of the St. Louis river above Fond du Lac, and thence northeastward, is a groujD of rocts quite ditferent from the foregomg, its range of variation being from a highly cleavable clay slate, and from a mica schist, enclosing many crystals of staurolite, and sometimes garnets and iron 23yrites, to a very compact, tough and massive diorite. Comparing these rocks in Minnesota with ths divisions recognized by geologists in the metamorphic rocks of Canada and elsewhere, the syenites, granites and gneisses ajjpear to represent the Laurentian system; while the slate, staurolitic schist and diorite are probably Huronian. The great depth of the drift upon the region occupied by these crystalline rocks in Minnesota makes it impossible to draw their boundaries definitely. West- ward, they probably extend to a line running a little west of south from the Lake of the Woods, to the mouth of Big Stone lake, then curving south, southeast and east to New Ulm. No exposure of the rocks under- lying the drift has been found in the part of Minnesota drained by the Red river of the North, west of this line. Eastward, this boundary, sepa- rating the metamorphic area and that of the Silurian rocks of the Potsdam, lower Magnesian and Trenton periods, reaches from New Ulm north uorth- «asterlv to northern Kanabec county, and thence northeast to near Fond du Lac. Onward, along the northwestern shore of Lake Superior, the interstrati'fication and mingling of sedimentary and erujDtive rocks, the former exhibiting various degrees of metamorphism, present difficalt ques- tions respecting their age, sequence and equivalence. PALEOZOIC SERIES. The red sandstone of Lake Superior, quarried at Fond du Lac, and exposed at many places along the shore of the lake and thence north- eastward to Pigeon point, is considered by Prof. N. H. Winchell, as originally by Foster and Whitney, to be the equivalent of the Potsdam sandstone of New York. It is often changed to quartzyte, and is associated with metamorphic shales, slates and conglomerate, besides being in many portions cut by dikes and interbedded with immense outflows of igneous rock. This is the group called Kewanawan by Professors Cham, berlin and Irving of the Wisconsin geological survey. Some of its igneous and tufaceous beds are exposed on the Kettle river at and above its 22 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. junction with the St. Croix, on the Snake river for three miles below Chengwatana, and on the St. Croix river at Taylor's Falls. A red quartzyte which seems to be quite certainly the same formation with the red quartzyte, sandstone and shales of Lake . Superior, outcrojos in the valley of the Minnesota river at Redstone, nearly opposite New Ulm; and again in the northern part of Cottonwood county, extending into the adjoining edges of Watonwan and Brown counties, forming a massive ridge, nearly twenty-five miles long from east to west, mostly covered by glacial drift. The same quartzyte has frequent outcrops at Pipestone City and the Mound, near Luverne, in the most southwestern counties of Minnesota. The famous red pijsestone quarry of the Indians is at Pipe- stone City, where the pipestone, or Cablinite, a very fine and durable red stone, without grit and susceptible of a fine polish, forms a layer about one foot thick, overlaid and underlaid by the very hard and coarse quartzyte. Next in age after the preceding, is a succession of formations of sand- stone and magnesian limestone, which may be called the Lower Magnesian series, shown by their fossils to be the equivalents of the Calciferous sandrock and its associated formations in the eastern states. This series of strata is exhibited in the bluffs of the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers, and reaches thence to the valley of the Minnesota river, where it has many exposures in Blue Earth county and thence northward to Shakopee. The five divisions of this group, in ascending order, are as follows : The Saint Croix sandstone, 400 to 900 feet thick ; the St. Lawrence limestone, about 200 feet thick; the Jordan sandstone, 25 to 50 feet or more in thickness; the Shakopee limestone, about 100 feet thick; and the St. Peter sandstone, 75 to 125 feet or more in thickness. These beds are nearly horizontal, or dip only a few degrees. Overlying the St. Peter sandstone, as seen in the bluffs of the Mississippi at Minneapolis, Ft. Snelling and St. Paul, is the Trenton limestone, mostly 25 to 35 feet thick. Next above this are beds of shale, about one himdred feet thick, containing thin layers of limestone, believed to belong to the Cincinnati or Hudson river group. Both these formations are plentifully fossiliferous. In the most southeastern counties of Minnesota, the Trenton limestone is overlaid by the Magnesian Galena limestone, of which a thick- ness of about 100 feet is seen in this State. The only exjiosure of Upper Silurian rocks in Minnesota is in the north edge of Fillmore county, where a small patch of Niagara limestone is found. Strata of Devonian limestone occupy a considerable part of Fillmore and Mower counties. The Carboniferous series, which contains valuable coal-beds in central Iowa, apparently does not reach into Minnesota. If it enters at all into Physiail Features. Geology and Mineralogy. 23 this State, it is to the west of these Upper Sihirian and Devonian rocks, where the surface is deeply covered by glacial drift and shows an outcrop of rock. MESOZOIC SEKIES. The western two-thirds of Minnesota appear to have been overspread more or less completely by Cretaceous deposits, continuous with their great area in the region drained by the upper Missouri river. There are frequent exposures of Cretaceous clays, shale and sandstone along the Minnesota river from Big Stone lake to Mankato; and at several places lignite occurs in thin seams, seldom equaling a foot in thickness. Similar Cretaceous beds are found in Mower and Stearns counties. Frag- ments of lignite occur frequently in the drift of all that jsart of Minnesota west of a Ime drawn from the west end of Hunter's Island, on the Canadian boundary line, southward to Minneapolis, and thence southeascwardly through Rochester to the Iowa boundary. Upon the region west of this line Cretaceous strata exist, at least, in patches, and perhaps once existed continuously. THE DRIFT. The next formations, overlying all the preceding and constituting the surface of the land generally throughout the state, are the glacial drift and the accompanying water-deposits of modified drift. In the ejjoch when the ice-sheet that covered the north half of this continent extended to its farthest southern limit, all of Minnesota was buried under ice, averaging probably a mile or more in thickness, excepting a comparatively small district on the southeast edge of the state. This includes Houston county, most of Winona county, and portions of Fillmore and Wabasha counties. It is part of the driftless area, about 150 miles long from north to south and 100 miles wide, lying in southwestern Wisconsin and adjoining jjarts of Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota, which was, singularly, exempt from glaciation, while the surrounding region and a wide area farther south were covered by the ice and its glacial drift. The picturesque bluffs of rock along the Mississippi from Lake Pepin to LaCrosse and southward, often standing out isolated and alone like the ruins of turretted castles, are in this area which is uncovered by till, unmarked by striae, and unplaned or smoothed by the ice-sheet. In northeastern Minnesota, from Lake Superior and northern Wisconsin to the Mississippi river, the courses of strife, or marks scratched by the slowly moving ice upon the rock beneath, and the direction in which boulders and the other materials of the drift have been carried, show that the ice moved toward the southwest. The till has a reddish color, because 24 U(i)i.il-Bi>„l>- of Minneapolis. of the hematite, or anhydrous sesquioxide of iron, contained in the red quartzyte, sandstone, and shales of Lake Superior, which were eroded by the ice-sheet. The modified drift upon this part of the state has usually the same color. In western Minnesota the ice flowed southward from Lake Winnipeg to Big Stone lake, and thence southeast into noi'thern Iowa, spreading a dark bluish till with many boulders of limestone. The upper part of this till, however, to a dept j varying from 5 to 50 feet, has assumed a yellowish color, due to the influence of air and water ujDon the iron contained in the deposits, changing it from the protoxide state to hydrated sesquioxide. Most of the limestone boulders that occur in the drift throughout the western tvvo-thirds of the State, are similar to lime- stone strata found in Manitoba; these are their nearest oiitcrops, but they may underlie the drift in portions of western and northwestern Minnesota. The boulders of granite, syenite, gneiss, and schist, which abound here, have been derived from the Laurentian highlands north of Lake Superior, and from the broad area of these rocks which reaches southwestward to the Minnesota river. Everywhere a great part of the drift has l^een supplied by the rocks of th<- region adjoining, in the direction from which the ice-current came. Boulders and j^ebbles of any peculiar kind of rock which can be referred to a particular source, are most abundant within the first ten or twenty miles from their parent ledges: and they diminish in numbers and average size as the distance from their source increases. While the drift is always made up largely in this manner from tlie formations of its vicinity, some parts of its mass, including both fine detritus and boulders, were gathered at great distances. Fragments of Laurentian rocks in the till south and west of Minnesota, appear to have been carried by the ice-sheet from 500 to 700 miles. A very remarkable feature of our glacial deposits is their great depth. The old rocks are almost everywhere concealed upon the western two-thirds of the State; nor are they often reached by the deepest wells, which go down from 75 to 250 feet without passing through the drift. In all that part of the State the drift probably averages as deep as along the course of the Minnesota river, wJiere a channel cut down in many places to the older rocks shows these sujaerficial dejsosits to be from 100 to 200 feet thick. Interglacial epochs, in which animals and plants lived in this region, are proved by their remains preserved, evidently where they were living, in stratified beds underlaid and overlaid by till. These are rarely found in this State, yet they are regarded as undeniable evidence that animals and ^ilants lived here during temj^erate epochs, jDreceded and followed by an Arctic climate and ice-sheets like those now covering the interior of Physicdl Features. Geologi/ and Mineralogy. 25 'Greenlaud and the Antartic coutinent. A bed of peat, several feet thick, is fouud between deposits of till in Mower county, beyond the terminal moraines of the last ice-sheet; showing that the ice had retreated and again advanced npon the land, before the latest glacial epoch. THE TERMINAL MORAINE. The most noticeable deposits of an alpine glacier are its terminal moraine, or the heaps of rock fragments and detritus which it carries forward to its termination. In Minnesota and adjoining states are found similar but much greater atjciimulatious of drift which ajspear to have been amassed where the ice-sheet of the last glacial epoch had its termination. The only notable hills throughout the greater j^art of the state are of this origin. The material of these terminal and medial moraines heaped at the margin of the ice and along the lines where its opposing lobes and currents pushed against each other, is in Minnesota nearly everywhere till, or chielly till with scanty deposits of modified drift. This till differs very notably from that of the more level areas at each side, in that the former has many more boulders, and a much larger intermixture of gravel and sand, than the latter. Ill contour the morainic belts are very uneven, consisting usually of many hillocks, mounds and ridges of rough outlines and broken slopes with enclosed hollows, which are sometimes nearly round. The height of the morainic elevations above the intervening hollows is generally from 25 to 75 or 100 feet. The only district where they are higher for any consider- able part of the series is the Leaf hills, which through a distance of twenty miles rise from 100 to 350 feet above the adjoining country. Upon the Coteau des Prairies and the Coteau du Missouri, the moraines lie on areas of highland, to the altitude of which they appear to add 75 or 100 feet; rarely 150 or 200 feet. The course of this formation of terminal moraines, marking the bound- aries of the ice-sheet, and of medial and terminal moraines, marking the area of confluence of its vast lobes, during the last glacial epoch in Minnesota, is nearly as follows: Extending continuously from the Kettle moraine of Wisconsin, it enters Minnesota at the west side of St. Croix^ lake, is crossed twice by the Mississijjpi, 7 to 10 miles south of St. Paul and again between that city and Fort Snelling, and reaches thence north- ward between St. Paul and Minneapolis, to Mound View; thence it continues northward through Chisauo, Piue, Kanabec, Mille Lacs, Benton, Stearns, Morrison, Crow Wing, and Cass counties, to the lakes at the head of the Mississippi, this part being accumulated by the ice-current that moved from the region of Lake S ■ perioi- toward the southwest; from Itasca and Rice lakes it returns southward forming the Leaf hills, and 26 HuruJ-Book of Minneapolis. thence stretches southeasterly through Douglass, Todd, Pope, Kandiyohi,. Meeker, Wright and Hennepin counties, toMinnetonka lake and the western border of Minneapolis; thence it passes south through Carver, Scott, Dakota, Le Sueur, Rice, Waseca, Steele and Freeborn counties, by Albert Lea, and into Iowa to the vicinity of Des Moines, this part being pushed out at the east side of an extensive lobe of the ice-sheet whose central current went south and southeast; then on the west side of the same glacial lobe, its terminal moraines have been traced from central Iowa northward by Spirit Lake and Lake Benton to the head of the Coteau des Prairies,, twenty miles west Of Lake Traverse. Much of this irregular curving tract consists of two or sometimes three well-marked morainic belts, composed of hilly and knolly drift, each a few miles in width, separated by a belt of smoother surface, from two or three to twenty-five miles wide. RETREAT OF THE ICE-DRIFT. At the final melting of the ice, a part of the drift which had been contained in its lower portion, was washed away by its streams and deposited as modified drift, forming layers of gravel, sand and fine silt, in the valleys along which the floods supplied by this melting descended toward the ocean. The abundant supply of sediment lifted these floods upon tbe surface of thick and wide plains, sloping with the valleys. After the departure of the ice, the supply of both water and sediment was so diminished that the streams could no longer overspread these flood-plains and add to their depth, but were henceforth occupied mainly in slow excavation and removal of these deposits, leaving remnants of them as plains or terraces above their present channel. Along the Mississijjpi the flood-plain of modified drift at Brainerd and St. Cloud has a height of about 60 feet above the river; at Clearwater and Monticello, 70 to 80 feet; at Dayton, 45 feet; and at Minneapolis, 25 to 30 feet above the river at tbe head of St. Anthony's Falls. During the northward recession of the ice-sheet, free drainage from it could not take place in the Red river valley, because the descent of the land is northward. As soon as the border of the ice had retreated beyond the water-shed dividing the basin of the Minnesota from that of the Red river, a lake, fed by the glacial melting, stood at the foot of the ice-fields,. and extended northward as they withdrew along the valley of the Red river to Lake Winnipeg, filling the valley and its branches to the height of the lowest point over which an outlet could be found. Until the ice barrier was melted upon the area now crossed by the Nelson river, thereby draining this glacial lake, its outlet was along the present course of the Minnesota river. The highest beach- line of this lake has been traced from Physical Features, Geology and Mineralogy. 27 Lake Traverse to Maple Lake, 20 miles east of Crookston. In this distance of about 150 miles from south to north this beach ascends 125 feet, as compared with the present level-line. This is believed to measure the attraction of gravitation drawing the water of the lake toward the ice-sheet, which lay in great depth upon the north part of the continent. Because of its relation to the retreating ice-sheet, this lake has been named in memory of Professor Louis Agassiz, the first prominent advocate of the theory that the drift was produced by land-ice. MINERALOGY Gold has been washed from the drift in noticeable quantities at various places in Wabasha, Olmsted and Fillmore counties. As an ingredient of the bedded rocks it has been sought in the chloritic slates at Vermilion lake, and west of Moose Lake Station in Carlton county, but recent assays do not show it in any appreciable amount in these formations. Silver occurs native in the quartz veins of the slates in the northeastern part of the state, but no valuable deposits within Minnesota have yet been brought to light. Its most abundant occurrence is in the form of argentiferous galena. Some of the float pieces of copper found in the drift of the central and southern parts of the state also show small quantities, of silver. Copper has been mined to a small extent at French river, in several other places on the north shore of Lake Superior, and at Chengwatana and Taylor's Falls, At French river it occurs with prehnite, and is occasionally associated with small quantities of native silver. It is sparsely dissemi- nated throughout much of the trap-rock of the region, but principally in one or two metalliferous beds, or belts. Small particles have been found in the mineral Thomsonite, at Good Harbor, Lake Superior. Pieces of native copper, varying in size from very small fragments to a mass weighing 78 pounds, have been occasionally found distributed through the drift in central and southern Minnesota, probably derived from the region of Lake Superior. Graphite occurs in considerable amount at Pigeon point. It is dissemi- nated in lumps of variable size through a metamorphic saudrock. It is also found in a vein about a foot thick a short distance above Thomson, at the head of the Nine Mile portage on the St. Louis river. Galen ite has been almost invariably found in trial shafts for silver in the Lake Superior region, associated with calcite, barite, pyrite and quartz; also in limited quantities in the Galena limestone in the northern part of 28 Hiiiid-Bool- of 3Iiimeaj)oliK the state, and in the St. Lawrence and St. Croix formations at Dresbach in Winona county. Sphalerite, havite and chulcopiivite are also common In the shafts sunk for silver, and the two latter in the cupriferous rocks of the northern parts. Pyrite occurs in nearly all mineral veins and rock formations. It is found in the Trenton limestone at Minneapolis, as little shining yellow specks, and in the Cretaceous shales and blue drift-clay of the western l^art of the state, it forms concretionary crystalline masses. Mareasite is very common in southeastern parts, where it accompanies the Lower Magnesian limestone; also in lumps^ partly altered to limonite, on the tops of the river bluffs. Halite, or common salt, produces saline springs and artesian salt water in the northwestern part of the state, as for instance, in the deep well at St. Vincent. Fluorite occurs in small quantities at Lester river on the north shore of Lake Superior, and in larger amount in some of the above mentioned silver shafts. Cuprite exists in varying quantities wherever metallic copper is found in the rocks of the State. Hematite is found in the vicinity of Vermilion lake and in the Mesabi range, occurring as extensive rich seams and beds in the metamorphic rocks. It also occurs as a red, ochreous deposit in many places. Magnetite also occurs in large quantifies in the same northwestern region, and at Eainy lake. Meruiccanite seems to be the principal magnetic mineral which enters into the ignsous rocks of the cujjriferous series in this State. Its abundance in certain regions has attracted attention to it as an iron ore. As iron-sand it gathers on the Lnke Superior shore at Black beach, four miles west of Beaver Bay; and can be extracted from the gravel with a magnet in nearly all parts of the State. Limonite frequently is found pseudomorphous after pyrite and mareasite; particularly in the changed mareasite found in the southeastern part of the state. As a bog ore it occurs in many j^laces, and often stains the earth and the peat about lakes and marshes. Pyroxene, lahradorite, epidote and ehr//s<>Iite, are principal constituents of the igneous rftcks of the cupriferous series. AmpJiibole, or hornblende, is widely disseminated in the syenites and crystalline schists of the state. Garnet occurs abundantly, in small crystals, in the schists at Little Falls, in larger ones at Pike Kapids, and some of the metamorphic sti-ata of the cujsriferous formations at Duluth. Phyiiical Featid'ci^, (reologij und Miin'ralogn. 29 Biotite is common in the syenites at St. Cloud, and as a microscopic mineral in the rocks of the cupriferous series. Muscovite is probably the mica that is mingled with the schists at Little Falls and at Thomson; and forms a constituent of most of the granites of the State. It is disseminated also through some of the sandstones, partic- ularly the lower portions of the St. Croix sandstone at Dresbach. Along the northern boundary, at Rainy lake and at the Lake of the Woods, it has been seen in large folife. It forms the rock of Carlton's peak, occurs sim- ilarly at Beaver Bay, and constitutes low hills near the lake shore a few miles east of Beaver Bay. In some of these localities this mineral is nearly pure, and makes up the whole rock. OrthadKse, (imlesite and anorthite are found in the cupriferous porphyries at Duluth and at Taylor's Falls; the first is an essential ingredient of the granites everywhere in the state. It is perhaps as often found with horn- blende, forming syenite, as with mica, forming granite. Oligodase is found in an angitic quartz-dioryte at Watab, and in the syenitic granite at Sauk Rapids. Stuurolite is found in the mica schist at Pike Rapids and at the Lake of the Woods, associated with garnet. Laumontite, a crumbling, Hesh-colored mineral, is very abundant in the cupriferous rocks. Chrysoeolla occurs occasionally on the north shore of Lake Superior, and in the cupriferous rocks of Pine county. It is generally associated with chalcopyrite. Prehnite is found at French river, containing native copper, and consti- tuting, perhaps, one-tenth of the rock. Tliommnite is found abundantly in the trap rocks on the north shore of Lake superior; and Uiitonite is found associated with it. NatvoUte is found at Beaver Bay, on the shore of Lake Superior, in seams in the labradorite rock, and is taken out in crusts about a third of an inch thick. Stilhite. is also common along the north shore of Lake Sui^erior. Talc is the basis of the talcose schist which forms conspicuous JDortions of the Huronian series at Vermilion lake and on the international boun- dary ; but no important deposits of this mineral in its massive form, known as steatite or soapstone, have yet been discovered in Minnesota. It seems to be the chief ingredient in the greenish pipestone cut by the Indians at Pipestone Rapids and at Rainy lake. Delersite is common as a product of decay in the trap rocks of the north shore of Lake Superior. Apatite is known only as a minor but constant ingredient of the igneous 30 Hand-Book of Minneapolu. rocks. The well-known fertility of the soils derived directly from the decomposition of these rocks seems to be due largely to the presence of this phosphate. Gypsum is disseminated through the Cretaceous clays and shales in perfectly transparent crystals of selenite in the drift-clay, or till, of the western j^arts of the State. Epsomite occurs in solution in the alkaline waters of the western part of the State. It is also occasionally noticed on the lower side of projecting shales of magnesian limestone, as a delicate white efflorescence. Galcite, as the essential and principal ingredient of all limestones, is an abundant and very important mineral in Minnesota The only pui'e limestones, however, are>the building-stone beds of the Trenton formations, as seen at Minneapolis and St. Paul, and the Niobrara limestone of the Cretaceous at New Ulm. Calcite also occurs in veins in the cupriferous trappean rocks. Calcareous tufa, or travertine, is frequent in Minnesota, being deposited by springs. Dolomite is the characteristic mineral of the magnesian limestones of the State. In its crystalline pure form it is seldom seen separated from the massive rock. Sometimes as brown spar it is found lining cavities, or associated with calcite in geodic aggregations, as at St. Lawrence. Siderite, in the condition of clay-ironstone, is found in occasional loose boulders in the drift, more or less converted to limonite. It probably has been derived from Cretaceous beds. As a pure carbonate, it is found in important quantities in the iron- bearing strata of the Mesabi range in northern Minnesota. 3Ialachite occurs sparingly in cupriferous rocks of the Lake SujDerior region. It is found also at Taylor's Falls and at Chengwatana, as coatings on the protected surfaces of seams in the rocks. Mineral Goal occurs in Minnesota only in its inferior condition called lignite. Thin layers of this, seldom a foot thick, are found in Cretaceous strata at Redwood Falls, on Crow creek, and near Fort Ridgely, in the Minnesota valley, on the Cottonwood river west of New Ulm, and near the Sauk river in Stearns county. Fragments of lignite, varying in size up to three or nearly six inches or more in diameter, are sparingly scattered in the drift throughout all western Minnesota, so that frequently they are found in digging wells. The origin of these pieces is from Cretaceous beds like the foregoing that have been ploughed up by the ice-sheet. It is almost certain that no Avorkable coal deposits exist in this state. Population. Agriculture and Eai/toai/ Extension. 31 STATISTICS OF POPULATION, AGRICULTURE AND RAILWAY EXTENSION IN THE STATE OF MINNESOTA. fTATISTICS are of actual value only as the tabulated statements of carefully verified facts, obtained by patient inquiry and obser- vation, repeated at regular intervals and extending over a long period of time, in order that successive results may be subjected to careful comparison. These conditions being obtained, statistics, proper to the question, are rightly acceptable as evidence of the growth and progress of a country or community. As such, the following tables are introduced. Selected from the best available sources of information,* and possessed of these essential qualifi- cations they faithfully present, in a condensed form, the most valuable facts related to the three subjects which, taken together, serve as a good index of the present status and past development of the State, viz. : — pojDulation, agriculture and railroad extension. POPULATION. The primary causes which determine the increase or decrease of popula- tion within a given area are two in number: (1) the healthfulness of the climate or its reverse, and (2) the possibilities of natural production. The first of these causes operates by effecting the relative number of births and deaths; the second by effecting the relative proportions of immigration and emigration. Thus, a maximum of births and a minimum of deaths in a given locality are pn/«rt/«ci6 evidence of the healthfulness of its climate; a strong tide of immigration constantly setting in to a country, with no appreciable reflux, is sufficient proof of its agricultural wealth; whilst a reverse of these conditions is proof of the disadvantages of both. That Minnesota is exceiDtionally well endowed in each of these respects will be readily appreciated by a brief study of the subjoined tables of population, etc, *Keport of the Commissioner of Statistics of the State of Minnesota for 1882; Joint Annual Report of the Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade, 188'^; Compen- dium of the U S. Tenth Census, etc., supplemented by later items under the author's ■direction. 32 Htind-Boiil of Mlnneitpolis. THE POPULATIOIf OF MINNESOTA FROM 1850 TO 1880. YEAR. TOTAL NUMBER. 6,077 1860 172 023 439,706 597.407 1880 780.773 TABLE OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. YEAR. Number of Births. Number of Deaths. Net Increase in Population. 1881.. 26,375 11,523 14,852 STATISTICS OF AGRICULTURE. As the futiii-e of any newly settled country is dependent upon its pro- ducing power, so the foregoing facts of population may be accounted for, and the coming development of the State predicted, upon an agricultural basis. That the advent of the people, the growth of cities, and the extension of railroads are alike conditioned upon the extent to which " the earth yields her increase," is a self-evident truth, and hence the following statistics of agriculture may be looked upon as a key to the past, present and future of Minnesota. These tables, extracted, for the most part, from the Reports of the State Commissioner of Statistics, are computed from the latest available returns. TOTALS OF ACREAGE AND CROPS OF 1881 AND 1882. CROPS. Total Acreage 1881. Total Yield, 1881: Average . Yield per Acre. Total Acreage, 1882. Wheat Oats 2,884,16;) 7-^8,367 474,030 196,917 13,091 3.,'i64 41,707 1,703 73,649 32,947,570 21.954 126 14 654,646 4,21.5,715 170.053 42,847 3.997.187 22,294 433.517 »>,214 27,715 684,066 11.42 30.14 30.91 21.40 12 99 12.02 9-1.84 13.09 2.572,254 850,581 Corn Barley Rye 741.692 308 719 25 505 Buckwheat Potatoes Beans 5,116 51,351 3,868 88,018 7,396 92.49 8,105 Populxtion, Agriculture d/id Railiriti/ Extension. 33 OTHER AGKICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF 1881. Cultivated hay, tons Wild hay, tons Butter, lbs Cheese, lbs Honey, lbs Maple sugar, lbs., 1882 Maple syrup, gallons, 1882. Apples, bushels Grapes, lbs Tobacro, lbs Wool, lbs... 1882 ,261,080 ,052,020 522,452 144,16? 54,512 12,928 158,056 2(»,611 79.631 TOTAL YIELD OF ALL CROPS FOR THE LAST SIX YEARS. Wheat, bushels — Oats, bushels Corn, bushels , Barley, bushels Ry». bushels . Buckwheat, bushels Total. Beans, bushels Potatoes, bushels ... Cultivated hay, tons Wild hay, tons Cane syrup, gallons Flax seed, bushels Clover seed, bushels Timothy seed, bushels .. Tobacco, pounds Apples, trees in bearing... Apples, bushels produced Maple sugar, pounds .. .- Maple syrup, gallons Bees, number of hives... Honey, number of pounds. Wool, pounds Butter, pounds Cheese, pounds 17,964.632 10566,178 7.623 043 1,608,463 75,122 66 847 30,693,969 29,484,503 18,338,356 9.151,281 11.286,545 2,239.650 1,493,668 132.041 222,728 79,448 37.944 37,904.285 56,116,019 13.696 2,477,384 135,860 935,961 102,489 44,243 5,041 83.379 39.732 153,138 111.538 7.740 101,858 640,894 12.348,971 1,052,348 14,471 2,426.002 131,647 974,224 140,153 8^807 42,559 38,839 156,189 45,736 52,723 16,588 10.835 213,768 705,116 13,443,195 829,075 31,218.634 20.667,933 12 939,901 2,423 932 172 887 33,163 39.399,01 22,867,932 13.125,2.55 2,751,638 1711,817 29.736 32,947,570 21,9.54,126 14 654,646 4,215,715 170,053 42,847 60.663,0441 67,456,450 28,037 8,250,181 155,295 1,110241 329.660 16,982 7,558 24,228 75,634 258.746 89,99: f:8.46' 10,670 15,1(15 253,221 790.482 14,873.740 1,602,551 24,434 3,915,890 194,' 1.2f)O,506 446,946 99,378 18.460 65,089 299,319 124.261 47,712 12,447 16,261 208,018 948,184 15,639,069 586,448 78,344,446 20,! 3,782.243 175.595 1,263,472 397,190 8,371 60,940 48.437 255.133 147,8031 49.577 j 13,418 14,020 221,255 923.170 15,693,283 417,994 73,984,957 22,294 3.997,187 227,432 1,261.089 684,066 433,517 27,715 96,214 79,631 267,431 158,058 49,577 13,418 9,287 144,16-2 1.083,775 16,052,020 522,456 AVERAGE BUSHELS PER ACRE OF CROPS FOR THE LAST TWELVE YEARS. Wheat 15.07 Oats 31.19 Corn 31.66 Barley 23.42 Rye 18.58 Buckwheat... 16.59 Beans 13.52 Potatoes 71.94 12.28 31.92 35.35 25.20 16.24 15.05 13.05 100.49 32. 16.07 13.70 12.92 117.89 17.04 34.04 30.87 18.85 13.87 10.92 12.56 83.31 I 14,23; 17.04 28.61: 34.38 28.64 24.81 21.17 30.15 12.15 16.42 9 65 12.70 7.83 9.06 80. 90 1 120. 76 23.04 25.84 22.70 14.21 7.23 7.48 75.75 16.78 32 19 23.47 26.37 14.38 11.67 4.70 62.00! 12.. 50 38.65 34.90 26.95 15.99 12!52 97.12 30 11.42 49 30.14 .07 30.91 .21 21.40 .89 12.99 .06 12.02 .66' 13.09 .871 95.84 34 Hand 'Book of Minneapolis. ACKEAGE OF THE PRINCIPAL CULTIVATED CHOPS FOR LAST SIX YEARS. Wheat Oats Corn Barley Rye Buckwheat Potatoes Beans 8ugar cane Cultivated hay Flax Miscellaneous products. Total acres. Increase over preceding year 458,590 295,089 70,883 5,285 9,240 32,703 l.(-32 1,695 121,463 8,191 13.747 2,887,845 1,829.167 419,903 79!334 9,i02 6,665 40,755 3,075 2,200 112056 5,547 18,042 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 2,365,775 2,762,521 2,961,842 2,884,160 474,5-57 .567,371 682,520 728,367 324,174 379,776 422,461 474,030 55.423 96,951 118,488 196,917 13,813 11,534 12,312 13,091 3.766 3,380 2,955 3,564 35,1.59 37,910 38,254 41,707 2,281! 2156 1.538 1.703 3,207 5,033 6.914 7,396 121,228 145.150 135.72i 171,512 2,183 12,966 40.004 73,649 27.199 18,336 24.844 19,685 3,429464 4,043,074 4,417,846 4,615,781 444,510 613,910 404,772 167,935 THE CROPS OF 1881. Total cultivated territory of the State 4,615,781 acres. Increase in acreage over preceding year 167,935 acres. Remaining territory possible of cultivation 'about) 33,135,745 acres. SHEEP AND WOOL FOR THE LAST TWELVE YEARS. YE.\RS. Sheep No. Wool, lbs. 1871. . 116,493 125,273 141.748 144,901 143.689 154.318 161,797 186.456 206,477 223 791 215,453 213,376 355,232 1872 497.045 1873 529,859 1874 549,918 1875 .578,948 1876 620,874 1877 577.067 1878 790,203 1879 948,184 1880.' 925,278 1881 923,170 1882 933,331 STOCK IN 1882. Horses, number 276,690 Cattle, all ages, (including cows,) 594,794 Mules and Asses 9,664 Sheep 2,58,415 Hogs .. 279 240 COWS AND DAIRY PRODUCTS IN 1881. Number of milch cows 221,213 Pounds of butter produced 16,052,020 Pounds of cheese produced 522,456 Number of Milch cows. 1882 231,533 PopuhifioH, Agriculture and Railiray EMemion. 35 SUMMAEY OF DAIRY PRODUCTS FOR THE PAST ELEVEN YKARS. YEARS. Cows, No. Butter, H-s. Cheese, t.s. 106,016 135,691 155,454 169,618 176,278 185.149 200,379 223,443 225.5J3 228,955 221,213 7,356.768 8,823,630 10,140,316 10,916.942 12,029.371 12,348.971 13,443,195 14,873,740 15,639 069 15,693,283 16,052,020 469,147 1872 . . 772 630 1873 1874 1,090,238 1875 1 009,999 1876 ll052 348 1877 829,075 1878 . 1,602,551 1879 . . . 586 448 1880 417 994 1881 522,456 RAILWAY EXTENSION IN MINNESOTA. Scarcely twenty -five years have elapsed since a railroad first entered the State of Minnesota, and for several years subsequent to the admission of the State to the Union (1858, )but few miles of rail were laid. The difficulties which attended the birth and infancy of the first rail- way corjiorations have been detailed elsewhere ; as also the history of the great financial embarrassment which the State has labored under in the interest of these ventures. Freed from these misfortunes, the commonwealth may now feel'a par- donable pride in the past development, the present condition and the future prospects of the great roads which intersect her boundaries and centre in her chief cities. The nine railways which have termini in Minnesota are the owners of a grand total of 3,796.30 miles of line completed up to the present date, (August 1, 1883,) within the borders of the State. 542.37 miles of this total extent have been constructed during the past year. These roads place her great cities in immediate connection with the whole country from St. Vincent to the Gulf, and from the Atlantic coast to Puget Sound. They make them the inlet and the outlet for the far north- west, and as such secure their position as the natural centres of trade. The direction, termini, and mileage of each railroad are given in the accompanying statement, to which the reader is referred. 36 Hand-Book of Minnertpolis. THE RAILWAYS OF MINNESOTA. TERMINI AND LENGTH WITHIN THE STATE TO AUGUST 1, 1S83. Chiaigo, Milwaukee & St. Paid Railicay. DIVISION OK FORMER NAME. From. To. Miles. River division Bridge Junction St. Paul St. Paul St. Paul Stillwater Minneapolis . . St. Paul 120.47 8 30 River division Iowa & Minnesota division. . St. Croix Junction Iowa line St. Paul Junction 24.90 130.54 Iowa & Minnesota division 5.61 11.37 Hastincs ct Dakota Hastinofs . Ortonville... . Benton Zumbrota Dakota line... Wells 203.59 28.90 Wa'-asha 59.00 Southern Minnesota Grand Crossing 299.90 40.00 Chicago, Clinton. Dubuque & Minnesota. Caledonia, Miss & Western Iowa line La Crescent... Preston Red Wing 24.90 Caledonia Junction. . .57.50 32.00 Total 1.055.98 Chicago^ St. Paul, Minneapolis d- Onmlia Railway. DIVISION OR FORMER NAME. From. To. Miles. St. Paul & Sioux City St. Paul, Stillwater & Taylor's Falls.. . . St. Paul. Lake St. Croix Stillwater Junction.. Iowa line St. Paul....... Stillwater.... Hudson bridge Elmore Woodstock.... Dakota line... Iowa line Minneapolis . . 187.52 19.90 3.80 4.39 44.00 44 00 Sioux Falls Junction. 42.53 10.56 St Paul. 9.90 396.60 Chicago ct Northwestern Railway. FORMER NAME OR DIVISION. From. To. Miles. Winona & St Peter Winona Dakota line... Mankato Plainview nVinf.fiplrl 288.50 Winona, Mankato & New Ulm Mankato Junction Plainview Junction.! Chatfield Junction 3.75 15.01 Chatfield 11.46 24.48 Minnesota Valley Redwood F.... Dakota line... 24.4<1 Tracy 46.38 413.98 Population, Agriculture and Railinay Extension. Minneapolis & St. Louis Maihcay. 37 FOBMER NAME OK DIVISION. From. To. Miles. Iowa line Morton 123.00 92.00 215.00 Pacific extension Total Winthrop St. Paid, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway. FORMER NAME OR DIVISION. From. To. Miles. International boundary Moorhead State line.'.... Brown's Val. W. end Lake Minnetonka. Elizabeth St. Cloud Hinckley Browersville.. Pelican Kapids St. Hilaire.... 394.57 258.15 24.08 47 00 East Minneapolis Branch ]yjorris Carlisle 3 70 T>_„ L g9 % Branch Branch St. Cloud. Sauk Centre Fergus Falls Shirley 66.51 25 75 91 37 21 40 Total 931 49 St. Paul & Dulutli Railway. FORMER NAME OR DIVISION. From. TO. Miles. St Paul & IJuluth St Paul Duluth Stillwater Cloquet Taylor's Falls. Minneapolis . . 156 00 Stillwater & St. Paul Knife Falls branch White Bear North Pacific Junct . . Wyoming White Bear 12.50 e.flo 20.30 13.00 208 30 Northern Pacific Railroad Company. DIVISION. From. To. Miles. St Paul St Paul 1 Brainerd Moorhead N. P. Junction Morris Wahpeton .... 136.00 Duluth Superior Little Falls 251.50 Wisconsin Little Falls and Dakota 19.. 50 87.75 Northern Pacific, Fergus & B. H. K. K.. Total Wadena ••.• 77.70 572.45 38 Hand-Booh of Minneapolis. Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka Railway Co. From. To. Miles. <>Q Biniington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railiray. FORMER NAME OB DIVISION. From. To. Miles. Burlington C R & Northern 1- AlKorf T.oo 12..50 12 .50 Total ...... i ■ C^^r nJ? HISTORY City of Minneapolis AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. THE DISCOVERY OF THE FALLS OF ST. ANTHONY. k5< IVILIZATION may be defined, in brief, as the power of adapting natural means to human ends, and upon the more or less perfect adaptation of these means to the highest attainable ends, rests the most appreciable advancement of the race. To recognize and to grasp the opportunities which Nature offers— to utilize and to conserve the energy or force which &he generates, is the part of genius in the process of human development. Various and many are the occasions for its exercise; yet rarely does Nature aiford any opportunity so grand or originate any power so col- sal as that which is borne upon the currents of running water. In all his- tory, the bank of a stream has been the birthplace of a colony, and from the crest of the cater&ct might almost be said to rise the prophecy of a city. Long years ago far-seeing men read the future of Minneapolis in The Falls of St. AnthonY; and to-day it is impossible to account for her growth and progress without estimating the worth of this main factor in her existence. The water-fall is the vital element of her greatness. The great manu- factories which cluster in ever increasing numbers around it, are the cor- ner-stones of the city and the secrets of her success. To the industries which they foster might well be applied a eulogy sim- Jar to that of Thomas Carlyle upon cottcn-spinning: they are the housing of the homeless, the clothing of the naked and the feeding of the hungry in their results, — " the triumph of mind over matter in their means." 40 TIand-Book of MiivmipoU.><. Rightlj, then, may we look upon the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthouy as the first unconscious beginnings of the present metropolis, and upon a brief recital of this important event as a fit introduction to her history. Many of its details are inextricably interwoven with the preceding sketch of the State of Minnesota, but at the risk of some slight repetition, we shall again refer to the earliest records. Louis Hennepin, the Franciscan priest, was undoubtedly the first white man who visited the great water-fall. In making the ascent of the Missis- sippi he does not appear to have reached this point, but in July, 1680, on returning from a sojourn with the Dakotah Indians in the neighborhood of Mille Lacs, he and his small party came in sight of the cataract. His account of the discovery is so tinctured with the spirit of exagger- ation and self-applause, which pervades all his writings, that it is very difficult to select the plain undisguised facts of the narrative. La Salle, from whose exijedition Hennepin and two followers had been detached, has recorded, at second-hand, the details of the discovery. Placing the two reports side by side it does not seem that Hennepin was greatly impressed by the natural grandeur of the Falls; his description of them is singularly unenthusiastic, although he considered them worthy to be named after his patron- saint, St. Anthouy, of Padua. His facts of measurement and of the physical features and geological ajapearance of the cataract are probably reliable, according, as they do, with subsequent observations; for these the reader is referred to the chapter upon local geology. He tells us that "the curling waters," as they were named by the native tribes m the vicinity, were an object of universal worship to the Indians, who regarded them as the dwelling place of a Great Spirit, to whom, whenever they approached, they were required to bring gifts and offer prayers. This custom is reported also by later travelers. During the jieriod of the French dominion, the only other jjublished account of the Falls was written by Charleville, who must certainly have borrowed his facts from Hennejjin, La Salle or some unknown coyageur. Nearly a century intervened between this and the next substantiated visit to the immediate neighborhood. In 1766 Jonathan Carver, a British subject, born in Connecticut, arrived at a jjoint just below the Falls of St. Anthony. His sketch of the scene which presented itself to him is the first attempted, and his written descrip- tion is a witness to his "appreciation of its natural attractions. "The country around them,"' he says, "is extremely beautiful. * * * * On the whole, when the Falls are included, which mav be seen at a dis- Discovery of the Falls of St. Anflioui/. 41 tauce of four miles, a more pleasing and picturesque view, I believe, can- not be found throughout the universe." His calculations of height, etc., of the cataract, will be found with those of others, in the reports of the geological survey. Thirty miles below the Falls he discovered a remarkable cave, which took his name, and was visited by others in later years. It has since been destroyed or concealed, and its exact location is not known. The next recorded visitant was Lieut. Z. M. Pike, em23loyed in the Gov- ernment service, who included the Falls in his tour of observations in the year of 1805. His measurements, etc , have assisted in establishing a basis upon which the rate of recession of the Falls has been approximately de- termined. Major S. H. Long, of the U. S. Engineer Corps, ascended with an exploring jjarty, in 1817, to a point near the Falls. His superior education contributes a degree of value to his report which is not possessed by those of earlier visitors. He describes the scene in its entirety, after discussing its minor details, as "the most interesting and magnificent ever before witnessed." In addition to observing carefully the dimensions, he gives a brief account of the geological formation of the Falls, and of the banks of the gorge. Six years later he conducted a second expedition which was accompan- ied by Professor Wm. Keating, of the Pennsylvania University, who made a still more valuable report of the geology and physical features of the Palls. With this date closed what may bo called the era of early explora- tion, and the gradual incoming of white settlers made the Falls of St. Anthony a more familiar object to American eyes. For a long period they had been looked upon as a natural wonder, but it was not until the years 1836-'7 that anyone witnessed to a recognition of the practical value of the water-power by making a land- claim upon its contiguous shores. To Major Plympton and other officers stationed at Fort Snelling, prob- ably belongs the credit of a partial appreciation of its vast importance in the establishment of a future city. They failed, however, to make good their claim, being dispossessed thereof by Franklin Steele, a pioneer settler, who had almost simultane- ously realized the available resources of the Falls, and asserted the validity of his claim upon the ground that his predecessors held military office, and had settled prior to completion of the treaty with the Indians ceding the land. From this point, the history of the utilization and improvement of the Falls, which have secured to the city and the State the possession of the most remarkable water-power in the country, becomes the history of Min- neapolis, and naturally merges itself therein. 42 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. A description of the geological features of the Falls, of their recession, and threatened destruction, and of the means adopted for their preserva- tion, is given in subsequent pages. Human skill in adapting this miracle of Nature to its own ends, has perpetuated and enhanced its usefulness, whilst in so doing it has eflfectu- ally destroyed much of its former beauty. THE PHYSICAL FEATURES. GEOLOGY, ETC., OF THE CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS AND ITS IMME- DIATE NEIGHBORHOOD. V^ J;^HE city of Minneapolis is situated upon both sides of the Missis- CP ^jM^ sippi river at the Falls of Saint Anthony, iu the east part of 1^2^^ Hennepin county. The area included within the city limits reaches seven and one-half miles from north to south and about 6J miles from east to west^ embracing aiDproximately 33 square miles. This area contains, in its southwest part, a beautiful series of lakes, namely: Cedar Lake, the Lake of the Isles, Lake Calhoun, and Lake Harriet, each about a mile in length. Bassett's creek is the principal affluent to the Mississippi from the west within the city limits, and three smaller streams fall into the river from Ihe east. The latitude and longitude of the smaller cupola of the main building of the University of Minnesota, iu the east part of Minneapolis, as determined by the United States Lake Survey, are as follows: latitude north, 44° 58' 39''.22; longitude west from Greenwich, 93° 14' 08 '.60. It is therefore about one and a half miles south of the parallel of 45°. References to the geology of Minneapolis and its vicinity have been made in the preceding pages, describing the physical features and geolog- ical structure of the State. The rocky strata forming the bluffs of the Mississippi below the Falls in this city, are the white, friable, unfossiliferous St. Peter sandstone at the base, and the bluish, hard, compact, fossiliferous Trenton limestone above. The latter, projecting as a shelf of rock over the easily eroded sandstone, forms the brink of the Falls of St. Anthony,^ of the Fawn's Leap, Silver Cascade, the Bridal Veil, and Minnehaha Falls. The cap of limestone over the sandstone in the bed of the Mississippi river extends but a short distance along the present position of the Falls P7u/sical Fmtures. Geology. Etc 43 of St. Anthony; and its rapid destruction prior to the institution of measures, some years since, for its protection, tlireatened to convert the Falls into a foaming rapid, thus destroying, or greatly damaging, one of the most important water-powers of the world. The water, percolating through the soft sandstone caused its rapid erosion, thus undermining the foundations of the limestone, and causing the constant precipitation of the rock by its own unsujjported weight. A number of streams, some of con- siderable size, were found thus passing through the sandstone, having entered it from the river at points above the limit of the limestone. Being under considerable hydrostatic pressure, their power of erosion was greater than ordinary surface streams of the same size. THE PRESERVATION OF THE WATER-POWER. The owners of the water-power had, prior to 1870, attempted its -preser- vation by the iconstruction of dams and canals, but it was not until that year that serious alarm was created by the constantly-noted recession of the Falls. The aid of the general Government was solicited and arrange- ments made to apron the Falls with heavy timber. But not long after, a new cause of danger appeared. The river breaking into a tunnel which had been constructed below the water-power for manufacturing purposes rapidly wore away the soft sandstone and further imperilled the limestone upon which, depended the integrity of the Falls. The Government at Washington gave prompt and efficient aid which, together with the efforts and contributions of private citizens, and the engineering skill of Colonel Farquhar of the U. S. engineers, resulted in the permanent salvation of the water-power. In 1874- '6 an immense dyke of concrete, or beton, was erected across the river beneath the liniestone ledge, effectually preventing the water from penetrating and eroding the sandstone formation beneath- This dyke has a thickness of four feet, a height of thirty-nine feet, and a length of one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five feet. The years which have elapsed since its completion have sufficiently demonstrated its power to accomplish the object for which it was built, and the consequent preservation of the Falls may be regarded as a triumph of science over the rude forces of nature. It is estimated that S924,000 have been expended upon the task, of which amount $324,000 were obtained, by subscriptions, from the citizens 'of Minneapolis, and |600,000 from the United States Treasury. JHE TRENTON LIMESTONE. The section of the Trenton limestone at Minneapolis, in descending order, is as follows : — 1. Dolomitic sandstone, with much argillaceous matter, crystalline, close-grained, rough and hard, but splitting lenticularly under the weather ; of a blue color within. 44 Hand-Book of Minneapoliti. fading to a drab under exposure, and on the immediate surface to a dirty buff. It con- tains abundant specimens of Orthis tricenaria and Str02}homeria Minnesotensis, as well a,s o(ica,?,\onA\\y Marchisonia, Leperditia a.n6. Edmondia. The fossils, however, are apt to be in the form of casts and impressions. Thickness, about eight feet. 2 Similar to the last but gradually becoming more impure with shale, the fossils being gathered more into layers, making mere calcareous belts. Thickness, two feet. 3. Green shale, calcareous, weathering blue, with but few fossils. Thickness, four feet eight inches. 4. The last passes gradually into a calcareous shale resembling the well known building rock of this place, in which there are still few distinguishable fossils. This stone is sometimes used, like No. 1 above, for rough walls, or in protected positions. It is markedly set off from the rock below by a projecting shoulder formed by the upper portion of No. .5. Thickness, two feet four inches. 5. Blue building-stone layers, used extensively at Minneapolis and Saint Paul. This stoue is rather too argillaceous for reliable building material, yet it is extensively used. The shale is intimately disseminated through the calcareous layers without showing regular lamination, yet it causes a motoled, or blotched color over the surfaces when cut or broken. The darker spots are shaly ; the lighter ones, which constitute the most of the rock, are more purely calcareous. The color of the whole is bluish gray, which gives it the appearance of strength and durability in a structure. The fossil remains in this layer are apt to be so comminuted as to be wholly indistin- guishable, yet sometimes large pieces of Endoceraa Marj)iireiiiruin, H , are found in the layers. Rarely also on separating the layers in quarrying, a rock surface is dis- closed that is eminently fossiliferous with forms oi Rhynchonella, Orthis. and other genera of brachiopods and incrusting corals. This is the principal and most constant member of the Lower Trenton. Thickness, thirteen feet. 6 Dolomitic limestone, somewhat vesicular, of a dirty drab color, less affected by shaly interlaminations than the last, in heavy beds that furnish a good building material. This stone is used indiscriminately with the last in all places, but is evi- dently a more valuable one. Thickness, two feet. 7. Blue shale, partly conchoidaily under the weather, lying on the St. Peter sand- stone. Thickness, three feet. Total, thirty-five feet. The dolomitic layers are more durable than the regular building-stone. The upper dolomitic layers do not appear in the quarries near the Falls, but they are seen in the quarries near the University, and in those on the west side of the river at some distance below the Falls. The dip of the formation, and the erosions of the past, have destroyed them at and above the Falls of St. Anthony. The older portion of the State University con- tains a large amount of this stone, and its greater durability than that of the regular building-stone can there be seen. The 'lower dolomitic stone is found in all the quarries. Above the Falls of St. Anthony the line of the edge of the limerock produces a terraced ascent facing the river, about half a mile from it, which can be traced on the west side of the river some three miles northward to Shingle creek, where it bears westwardly away from the river along the south side of the creek and becomes lost beneath the drift. On the east side, at about the same distance from the river, if runs northwardly and northeastwardly toward the junction of the railroads; and about three miles further north it is exposed and worked in one or two quarries situated on the Anoka county line, northwest of Sandy lake, near the rail- PJu/smil Features. Geology. Etc. 45 road . It is evident from its condition and color at this point, and all along the terrace-like ascent formed on either side of the river above the Falls, that it has been subjected to the action of the weather through a long period of time. Indeed it is, with difficulty, recognizable as the same rock that forms the Falls of St. Anthony, without a knowledge of its stratigraphical continuity. There is a gentle dip in the layers of the Trenton limestone at Minne- apolis toward the southeast. At the lower bridge it is hardly preceptible; at the Falls it is about an inch in one hundred feet ; northwestwardly it soon increases to three or four inches in a hundred feet, and at Central avenue, on the east side of the river, it is about five feet in a hundred. This dip causes the rock to rise toward the northwest from under the river and into the river banks, finally running, so already stated, half a mile or more from the river and about fifty feet above it. The dip at Central avenue does not continue the same, but decreases northwardly. The underlying St. Peter sandstone is exposed above the Falls, on the east side of the river near the upper bridge, and on the west side at the mill-pond at Shingle creek, one mile north of the limits of the city. Overlying the Trenton limestone, in the east part of Minneapolis, are beds of shale of greenish color, probably referable to the Hudson River formation. They are about twenty feet in thickness, but being rather soft and easily covered up, they are hidden by the overlaying drift at nearly all points along the river bluffs. Within these shales are often thin lenticular layers of very fossiliferous crystalline limestone, the upper and lower surfaces of which are literally covered with fossils in a fine ytate of preservation, but firmly bound to the limestone layers. There are also fossils distributed through the shales themselves, which, on weathering, wash out in perfect preservation. THE GLACIAL DRIFT. The glacial drift lies directly upon the Trenton limestone in the cen- tral and northwest parts of Minneapolis, and on the green shales further east. The knolls and hills of the terminal moraines of the last glacial epoch are seen at the east and west borders of the city. The eastern belt, one to two miles or more in width, composed of red till and modified drift, was accumulated by ice that advanced from Lake Superior and northern .Wisconsin, moving southward. The rolling and hilly drift on the west, composed of dark bluish or gray till, weathered in its upper portion to a yellowish color, occupying a width of many miles and enclosing Minne- tonka lake, forming its varied outlines of projecting points and islands. 46 Hand-Bool: of Mi»neap'>Us. was brought from the northwest by ice that moved from Lake Winnipeg {^nd the Red river valley toward the south and southwest. In the earlier glacial epoch when the ice-sheets covered its greatest area, this region was deeply covered by ice, and that time may be the date of the strife which are found on the surface of tlie Trenton limestone in this city, bearing S. 5° E. on Nicollet island, S. 22° IjJ. on Hennepin island, and S. 12° E. at the quarry opposite the University. During the epoch when the ice-sheet last overspread this region, its currents from the northeast and northwest were confluent and pushed against each other upon an area reaching from northern Dakota county to Minneapolis, and continuing northward and northwestward to the Leaf hills. In this city and westward to Minnetonka lake, and u23on a large area on the north, the dark bluish or gray till, weathered on the surface to a yellowish color, containing boulders and pebbles of limestone and of Cretaceous shale and other materiaj brought from the northwest, overlies the red till and rock-fragments from Lake Superior. This shows that, before the ice disappeared from this district, its current from the north- west became stronger and extended farther eastward than' in the former part of this glacial epoch, pushing back the opposing ice-current which came from the northeast. Minneapolis is mostly built on the plain of modified drift or beds of gravel, sand and clay, which were dejiosited by the floods that were pouretl along the valley of the Mississipjii river from the retreating ice- fields at the final melting. This modified drift occuiDies a width varying from one and a half to four miles on the west side of the Mississippi from Minneapolis to Fort Snelling. It is part of the ancient glacial flood-plain of this river, having a thickness in Minneapolis of 10 to 30 or 40 feet. The till upon which it lies usually has a similar thickness between this modified drift and the bed-rock. The till, or unmodified glacial drift, forme the surface at many places near the river where the modified drift has been eroded, or where it rises above the old flood-plain; and outside the limits of this plain it rises in morainic hills. The red till from Lake Superior is found on Central avenue and generally in the north and west parts of the city, but farther west it is covereel by the bluish or gray till. THE RECESSION OF THE FALLS OF ST. AXTHONY. The intimate connection between the history of the drift and the reces- sion of the Falls of St. Anthony affords a datum from which Professor N.. H. Winchell has computed the date of the last glacial ejioch. The gorge formed by the recession of the Falls extends, witli pretty nearly the same width and outward character, to Fort Snelling, a distance of about eight Plit/siral FcatureK, GeoUxjy, Etc. 47 miles, where the river enters a gorge of a very different kind. This is an older river valley, — one which probably witnessed, at some more remote period, the recession of similar falls past the site of the Fort and up the valley of the Minnesota river toward Shakopse. The Minnesota occupies the main valley, the external character of which resembles that of the Mississippi valley below Fort Snelling, — the Mississippi river above the nnion of the two rivers being only a subordinate tributary. The Minne- sota, although smaller at the present time than the Mississippi, shows evi- dence of greater age, and of having flowed in greater volume during some period of its history. The principal points of difference between the Mississij^pi valley above Fort Snelling and the greater valley which it enters in at that place are as follows: The gorge of the Mississippi above the Fort is about a quarter of a mile wide; below the Fort it is a mile wide, the same width continuing up the Minnesota valley. The walls of the gorge of the Mississippi above the Fort have the appearance of having been freshly broken, the rock lying in uncovered fragments in a talus at the base; the older valley, on the other hand, is tlanked by bluffs that are rounded off, the fragments being hidden by a loam or by drift gravel, so that they are turfed over or even wooded. The limestone in the bluffs above the Fort is visible with- out interruption from the Fort to the Falls of St. Anthony ; in the older valley below the Fort it is only interruptedly exposed, and is cut out and broken down by other small tributary streams, and above the Fort the outcrop of the Trenton limestone is soon lost sight of under a thick cover- ing of drift. There is a perpendicular section of- the drift running along the top of the limestone in the Mississippi valley above the Fort, as if the drift had iallen when VaQ rock that supjiorted it gave way. The drift section abuts immediately upon the river, and forms a part of the high bluffs that enclose it; in the old valley which the Mississijjpi joins, the drift has been deposited irithin the rock bluffs and hides them, and there is no natural per- pendicular section of drift materials running along the tops of the bluffs. The direction of the Mississippi above the Fort is toward the southeast; but after entering the old valley it turns at a right angle and runs north- ward, that being also the direction of the Minnesota above the Fort. There is also another point in connection with the description of this gorge to which it is necessary to direct attention. The foregoing facts are alone sufficient to suggest to the reflective oberver some difference in the age of these two portions of the great valley. When, however, it is found that above the Falls of St. Anthony, but within the corporate limits of Minneapolis, the rock bluffs which so closely confine the river below the 48 Hand-Book of MiiimnpoUs. Falls within the width of a quarter of a mile are suddenly diverted from- the river, running inland about a mile apart, covered with glacial and modified drift like the bluffs below the Fort, it becomes evident that here the Mississippi is running in an ancient channel, and for some reason the course of that great river has been changed, the narrow gorge that ex- tends between the Falls and Fort Snelling being, of course, the new cut. AN ANCIENT KIVER-CHANNEL. On tracing out the range of the rock-bluff on the west side of the Mis- sissippi above the Falls, hidden as that bluff is by loam and drift, it is found to fall rapidly away from the river near the railroad bridge, turning southward across the city, ascending the south side of Bassett's creek,, which joins the river some distance farther up, and finally passing out of sight in a southwesterly direction under a thick accumulation of drift. Going now across Bassett's creek, and taking the outcrop of the lime- stone, we pass over a wide valley filled with alluvium or brick clay — much too large a valley to have been formed by the sluggish creek that now runs through it. We find that the limestone, which along the river has a trend a little west of south, on reaching the valley of the creek swings more westwardly, parallel with the outcrop of the rock on the south side of the creek, and thus encloses a valley, even a gorge, cut in the limestone and sandstone, much wider than the gorge now being cut by the recess- ion of the Falls, but in width corresponding with that between the rock- bluffs above the mouth of Bassett's creek and comparable to that below Fort Snelling. Here, then, we have an old drift-filled valley, evidently formed at some more remote period than the present, which once held the Mississippi as it ran between rock-bound bluffs towards the Minnesota, and reached that great valley at some point between Fort Snelling and Shakopee. Bas- sett's creek, in making its way to the Mississippi, falls into the depression caused by the old valley in question, and follows it till it reaches the pres- ent river-channel. This ancient drift- tilled valley is over one hundred feet deep. This has been ascertained by the borings made for deep wells, and the materials which fill it up are found to be till and fine stratified clay, from below which rises artesian water. Such ancient buried river-channels are not uncommon. A number have been described in various parts of the United States. It is not common, however, that circumstances should so have combined as to produce, by the change of course of a river and the burial of its old valley, a retreating waterfall, which, by its uniform rate of recession, fixes the date of such change. Niagara river has thus been changed, but its rate of recession Physical Features, Geology, Etc. 49 has not been uniform, owing to changes in the nature of the rock under- going the process of erosion, and to a dip in all the formations toward the south, which, of course, gradually diminishes the height of the Falls. There seems also to be no recognized datum-jjoint by which to establish a rate of recession. THE RATE OF RECESSION. It is not jDOssible to calculate the time required for the recession of the Falls of St. Anthony from Fort Suelling by relying on the known reces- sion since the settlement of the region, though they have gone back about five hundred feet. This extraordinary rate has been caused by artificial means, chiefly by the construction of saw-mills and dams, •directing thereby the current or concentrating it on certain points, and by the pas- sing of logs over the Falls. We must have recourse to historical data. Fortunately we have records of the appearance of the Falls at different times, by which we can fix their position. They were discovered by Louis Hennepin, in July, 1680, who described the cataract as a "fall fifty or sixty feet in height, and having an island of rock in the form of a pyramid in the middle of the chute"' Jonathan Carver, who visited the Falls of St. Anthony in 1766, thus describes them: "This amazing body of waters, which are about 250 yards over, form a most pleasing cataract; they fall perpendicularly abont 30 feet, and the rapids below, in the space of 300 yards more, render the descent considerable greater. * * * la the middle of the Falls stands a small island, about 40 feet broad and somewhat longer, on which grow a few hemlock and spruce trees; and about halfway between this island and the eastern shore is a rock lying at the very edge of the Falls in an ob- lique position, that appeared to be 5 or 6 feet broad, and 30 or 40 long. * * * At a little distance below the Falls stands a small island of about an acre and a half." Lieut. Z. N. Pike visited the Falls, in the service of the United States Government, in September, 1805. His journal reads as follows: "On an actual survey, I find the portage to be 260 poles; but when the river is not very low, boats ascending may put in 31 poles below, at a large cedar tree, which would reduce it to 229 poles. The hill on which the portage is made is 69 feet ascent, with an elevation at the point of debarkation of 45°. The fall of the water between the points of debarkation and reload- ing is 58 feet; the perpendicular fall of the chute is 16 J feet; the width of the river above the chute is 627 yards, below 209." Major Stephen H. Long visited the Falls of St. Anthony in a six-oared boat in 1817. The following is his account: "The perpendicular face of the water at the cataract, as stated by Pike, in his journal, is sixteen and a 4 50 Haiid-BooJi of 3Iinneapolis. half feet, which I found to be true by actual measurement. To this height, however, four or five feet may be added for the rapid descent which immedi- ately succeeds the perpendicular fall within a few yards below. Immedi- ately at the cataract the river is divided into two parts by an island, which extends considerably above and below the cataract, and is about 500 yards long. The channel on the right side of the island is about three times the width of that on the left. The quantity of water passing through them is not, however, in the same proportion, as about one-third part of the whole passes through the left channel. In the broadest channel, just below the cataract, is a small island also, about fifty yards in length and thirty in breadth; both of these islands contain the same kind of rocky formation 'as the banks of the river, and are nearly as high. Besides these there are, immediately at the foot of the cataract, two islands of very incon- siderable size, situated in the right channel also. The rajsids commence several hundred yards above the cataract, and continue about eight miles below. The fall of the water, beginning at the head of the rapids, and extending two hundred and sixty rods down the river to where the port- age-road commences, below the cataract, is according to Pike, fifty-eight feet. If this estimate be true, the whole fall from the head to the foot of the rapids is not probably much less than one hundred feet." In 1828 Major Long again visited the Falls of St. Anthony on his way up the Minnesota river. Professor Keating, of the University of Pennsyl- vania, who accompanied him as geologist and naturalist, thus describes the Falls: "An island, stretched in the river both above and below the fall, separates it into two unequal parts, the eastern being two hundred and thirty yards wide, and the western three hundred and ten. * * * * Con- cerning the height of the fall and breadth of the river at this place, much incorrect information has been published. Hennepin, who was the first European who visited it, states it to be fifty or sixty feet high. * * * * This height is by Carver reduced to about thirty feet; his strictures upon Hennepin, whom he taxes with exaggeration, might with great propriety be retorted upon himself; and we feel strongly inclined to say of him, as he said of his predecessor. ' The good father, I fear, too often had no other foundation for his accounts than report, or at least a slight inspec- tion.' * * * * Mr. Calhoun measured it while we were there with a rough water-level, and made it about fifteen feet." SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DATA. The above statements may be summarized, and the following data arrived at: — Hennepin, 1680. — Pyramidal rocky island dividing the fall near the middle. Height of the fall, fifty or sixty feet. Physical FeatureSs Oeolocjy, Etc. 51 Caever, 1766.— Width of river 250 yards; height of the fall, 30 feet; a small island in the middle of the fall 40 feet broad and "somewhat longer," and another of an acre and a half a little below the falls; an island also above the Falls, shown by the sketch engraved in his book; an oblique rock in the brink of the Falls, halfway between the island and the east shore, " about five or six feet broad and thirty or forty long." Pike, 1805. — The waterfall, 16.1- f^et; width of the river above the falls, €27 yards, below 209; portage, 260 poles. Lo'NG, 1817. — An island, five hundred yards long, separated the cataract into two parts, extending also above and below the Falls; the fall on the west side is three times as wide as that on the east; but one-third part of the water descends the east channel. A small island, 50 yards by 30, just below the cataract in the west channel. The islands are rocky, with the same formation as the banks, "and nearly as high;" two others, of fallen fragments and of small size, near the foot of the cataract in the west channel. Keating, 1823. — An island in the river both above and below the cata- ract, separating it into two unequal parts, the eastern 230 yards, and the western 310 yards wide, the island itself being 100 yards wide; below the fall the river contracts to about 200 yards. By combining and adjusting these statements with each other, a con- tinued record is found of the appearance of the Falls since their discovery, and by the j^resent existence of islands in the channel and in the cataract the position of the Falls at certain dates may be satisfactorily established. When they were discovered by Hennepin they were divided by Spirit island, and were much higher than now, owing probably to the contrac- tion of the gorge below the Falls. The gorge across Si^irit island has a width of 135-0 feet, determined by a system of triangulation by Mr. M. D. Ehame; while the width of the gorge, including Hennepin island, is 1700 feet at the point where the Falls were in 1856. Below Spirit island the gorge becomes still narrow. When Carver saw the Falls in 1766, they ajapearto have been just leaving Spirit island and entering on Henne- pin island. Lieutenant Pike makes no mention of any island in the Falls in 1805, though he gives a description of the Falls themselves. When he arrived Spirit island must have been wholly below the Falls, and Henne- pin island must have come farther into them, as described by Major Long in 1817. That island then divided them unequally, the main channel bemg on the west side of the island. In 1823 Keating reports the same general description. It is tolerably well known where the Falls were in 1856. The Falls in the channel have not receded perceptibly since that date, while those in the west channel have gone back about 500 feet, as already stated. 52 Hund-Book of Minneitpolis. The most careful measurement ever made of the river between Fort Snelling and the Falls of St. Anthony was conducted by Gen. G. K. Warren. His maps make the distance almost exactly eight miles. A series of triangulations has been made with a view of ascertaining as nearly as possible the amounts of recession since Hennepin's and Carver's visits. The interval between Carver's time and 1856 is regarded as the most reliable datum, because the statements of Hennepin do not deter- mine at what point in Spirit island he saw the crest of the Falls. Still, for the purpose of comparison, a point has been assumed on Spirit island, and from it measurements have befen made, it being presumed that Hen- nepin saw the Falls when they were near the middle of this island. The survey makes the recession between the discovery of the Falls and Car- ver's visit 300 feet; between Carver ai'd 1856, 606 feet; and the whole recession since Hennepin in 1680, 906 feet. This gives us three rates of recession, as follows: (1), Between Hennepin and Carver, 3.49 feet per year; (2), between Carver and 1856, 6.73 feet per year; and (3), between Hennepin and 1856, 5.15 feet per year. The times required for the reces- sion from Fort Snelling would be respectively: (1), 12,103 years; (2), 6,276 years; and (3), 8,202 years. The average of these is 8,859. PRE-HISTORIC RECESSION. Now, this only expresses the time involved in the recession from Fort Snelling, which is several miles above St. Paul. There must have been a prior time when the Falls were at St. Paul, and even below that pointy inasmuch as the same coujunction of circumstances and the same forma- tion extends several miles below that city. It is not probable, however,, that any data will be discovered for computing that period of recession ; it must have been during the preglacial times and nearly all the traces of that history have been obliterated by the ice of the glacial peried. That recession must have continued past Fort Snelling, along the old valley, and toward Shakopee; and from some point in the Minnesota valley the falls of the Mississipi^i river may have receded, and probably did, through the intervening portion of Hennepin county, by Lakes Harriet and Cal- houn, to the wide valley occupied by Bassett's creek, eroding this and the wide Mississippi valley above Bassett's creek. This preglacial channel is in the area where the opposing ice-currents of the last glacial epoch were confluent; and it has been choked up and deeply covered by the glacial and modified drift. The river thus crowded out of its old valley took a new course farther east; and at the point where it re-entered its abandoned channel or valley, it gave origin to the postglacial falls of St. Anthony by plunging over the limestone in which the old channel had been excavated. Settlement and Oroioth. 53 The gorge since formed, eiglit miles in length, reaching from Fort Snel- ling to the present place of the Falls, is postglacial; and the time occupied in its excavation extending from the date when the ice-sheet disapjieared till now, IS estimated, by the historical data here stated, to be about 8,000 J ears. The Falls of Minnehaha, 50 feet high, have cut a gorge about a half mile long, joining that of the Mississippi above Fort Snelling and about six miles from Minneapolis. THE SETTLEMENT AND GROWTH OF THE CITY OF MINNEAPOLIS. C^HE germ of a great city lies in its natural position, which must r ->,-\~\\i an end, for some years, to the milling interests upon the East side where they had been first estab- lished. In 1872, despite the reluctance of many of her citizens, a union of the two corporations was effected by act of Legislature, and St. Anthony lost her separate identity. FIRST SETTLEMENT IN MINNEAPOLIS, The land upon which the city of Minneapolis now stands, was originally included, for the most part, within the limits of the Government reservation attached to Fort Snelling, and this fact long proved a hindrance to its settle- ment, and aa embarrassment to those who had the temerity, neverthe- less, to establish themselves upon it. The first settlers were the Swiss, who were driven, by hardship, from the impoverished Selkirk Colony, and arrived at the Fort in the year 1826. Despite of the discouragements they met with from the officers, they dwelt upon the reservation for nearly ten years, when, by order of the Grovernment, they were forcibly removed, and obliged to seek new homes in St. Paul, or in parts of Wisconsin. They were a farming community, and so distinctly rui-al in their ten- dencies, that they cannot be regarded as bearing any part in the forma- tion of the coming city. 56 IIitnd-Book of Minneapolis. PIONEER SETTLERS. The actual pioneer of Minneapolis was Col. J. H. Stevens, who, with ten others, arrived in April, 1849, and settled at St. Anthonj. He was determined, however, to establish himself upon the West side of the Mississippi,' and by special permission of the Govern- ment, he was allowed to occupy a claim upon the reservation, where he built a log house and wintered in it with his family. One of his daugh- ters, since deceased, was the first white cliild bom within the limits of Minneapolis. In the same year he was followed by C. A. Tuttle and others, who built houses in the immediate neighborhood, and by the end of 1850 a small colony of cabins marked the foundations of the future metroijolis. Hon. Robert Smith leased the old Government house and mill, built upon the reservation in 1821, and occupied a claim by a like ppecial per- mission as Col. Stevens obtained, but the majority of these early settlers established themselves upon the reservation in the hope that they would finally be permitted to " prove up " their claims. They were duly warned to the contrary, but persisted in their occupation, and formed a land asso- ciation for their mutual protection and benefit. When, in 1854, the authorities directed the public sale of these lands, they despatched to Washington a delegation of citizens, who were successful in obtaining a " stay of proceedings," and fijially in securing the passage through Con- gress of an act providing for the reduction of the reservation, and grant- ing to the settlers the privilege of pre-empting the lands. In the spring of 1855 they were allowed to " prove up " their claims and secure their titles. The reduction of the reservation caused a great increase of the popula- tion, and opened the way for the speedy upgrowth of the new city. During the year 1854 more than a hundred houses and nine stores were built, and the place received its name. In 1855 a number of other stores were put up, and four churches were established. The financial depression of 1857 temporarily cripj^led the growth of the town, and caused much proj^erty to change hands at a heavy loss. Already the population had reached 2,000, 42 business houses had started, a court liouse and a costly school building were in process of erection, a Board of Trade was established, two saw mills were running on the West side of the river, and four physicians and ten lawyers were prac- ticing in their respective professions. In the year 1858 Minneapolis was incorporated, under a town government, but so burdensome . were the expenses attending the new venture, and the corporation was so heavily taxed, that the citizens requested the Legislature to repeal the charter in Popxlfttion. 57 1862, and the city was re-organized under township management. The first flouring mill on the West side of the river was completed in 1859, and another in 1860. Three additional mills followed in 1863, 1866 and 1867. It was not until 1867 that an act was again passed, providing for the reincor- poration of the city. During the intervening years the growth of Minneapolis was gradual, and from this period to the present stage of development will be best observed by a brief glance at the progress of her business and public interests in detail. The union of the two cities under public charter, in the year 1872, has been already noted; an alliance which promoted the resulting corjjoration of Minneapolis to the rank of large cities. The Minneapolis of 1883 placed in comparison with the city of ten years since, by means of the estimates and tables which fill the following pages, witnessed to a growth equalled only by that of Chicago and beyond that of any other city in the Union. THE POPULATION OP MINNEAPOLIS. ITH the single exception of Chicago, no other American city has ever had the remarkably rapid growth in population, which has, so far, signalized the history of Minneapolis. Whatever future may be in store for the city, her past is, even by Chic- ago, unexcelled. Twenty- eight years of existence had done no more for the latter than they have accomplished for her northern neighbor; and there is no dis- cernible reason why the present rate of increase should not persist indef- initely, imtil Minneapolis takes rank among the largest cities in America. All the conditions which favor growth are combined in a more than or- dinary degree; nature and art seem to vie with each other in aid of human industry ; the capacity of the jilace for development is almrist unlimited, and the surrounding country, rich in but partially utilized agricultural facili- ties, is a continually enlarging market for supplies. 58 Ha ml- Book of Minneapolis. The city lias gained in the year past an impetus which must carry it on- ward by its own intrinsic force, operating independently of every external stimulus, into a great and successful future. The following figures show the rapidity with which the population has increased from its Very earliest beginnings to the present year: INCREASE OF POPULATION. YEAB. AUTHORITY. NUMBER. 1850 18(iO U.S. Census ■ 5 809 1870 1880 13,066 1883 Directory estimates 94 337 The immense increase in numbers since the census of 1880, resting as it does upon unofficial authority, may naturally give rise to some question of the accuracy of the statement. Yet, marvelous as they seem, the facts are well substantiated, and the figures are the result of the most moderate calculation. For several years past the city directory has been compiled by the same careful hands; the names it has taken have been strictly confined to those adults engaged in actual business or professional callings, and no exaggeration of numbers has been permitted. The above estimate of the city's population at the present time is obtained from the latest issue of the directory in the follow- ing manner: A proportional ratio has been determined between the di- rectory total of 188C and the population by census of that year. This ratio is 2.64, and upon this basis the population of each succeeding year has been calculated. A steady and slightly increasing gain ip 1881, '82 and '83 has brought the population ujj to its present estimate. In this way, multiplying the number of the present directory names, 35,355, by 2iViT, the above total of 94,337 is obtained. rj^<=:^- Wheat Market. 59 THE WHEAT MARKET OF MINNEAPOLIS. HE wheat market of Miuueapolis, by a steady yearly increase, keeping pace with the development of the country tributary to W^^'^tfj- it^ transacts, at the present time, a larger aggregate of actual business than any city in America, with the single exception of New York. She is already the largest s^sring wheat center in the country, and reduces to flour the greatest quantity of grain. Her trade in this cereal, unlike that of Chicago and other cities, is strictly legitimate. Thus, of the 18,947,500 bushels received in 1882, but 2,005,000 bushels were re-shipped, whilst the remaining 16,942,500 bushels were turned into flour. Whilst wheat is the chief staple of the Minneapolis grain market, the trade in other forms of grain has shown a corresponding increase. In 1882 the city received 1,054,000 bushels of corn, an increase of 745,- 000 bushels over the total of the preceding year; and 1,446,000 bushels of oats, againts 420,800 bushels in 1881. The aggregateof the whole grain trade for the last year was .^23,500,000. Not only the quantity but the quality of the wheat which, in the main, she reduces to flour, insures the destiny of Minneapolis as the principal wheat market of the Northwest. The following tables will afi'ord new evidence of the remarkable j^rogress of the city, and of the possibilities of growth still ojien to her in the near future : MONTHLY STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS OF WHEAT FOR SEVEN YEARS. MONTHS. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. l,297,aTO 1,431,0(.I0 1,079,500 876,5l« 1,125,5 1,133 oa) 1,041,(X)0 1.031..^IH> 2Jt",lMIIIII 2,282,()UU 1,205,700 465,000 1,1.54,700 1,057,500 1 552.550 1,653.300 1,485,450 l,201..'in(t i.."ir..:.i)!:(i liaii.ysii 485.600 541,400 580,100 814,3(X) 761,300 923.600 67 -.-'.^OO lit ;i •,.■_'! Id l.:«u.7iii i,ur-',2uo 497.470 492.162 595 556 499,840 599 526 598.984 610.940 455 713 540,570 976.611 886,190 770,302 428,800 477.600 332,440 512,600 386,400 288.400 2661100 210,800 250,(XK1 416,8a) 602,8(K) 408,400 233,200 15.5.600 126,800 393,600 478.440 333,21 '0 366,400 1V6,21K) 426,400 666,4(X) 566,4a) 588,000 258,625 253,125 376,875 597,375 331 875 February March . . . April May June 552 750 388,500 267,200 410,625 574,350 570,375 453.000 July . August September October December Total 18,947,^00 16,317,250 10,264,000 7,514,364 4,591,000 4,500,000 5,037,575- 60 Hand- Book of MinnenpoUs. MONTHLY STATEMENT OF SHIPMENTS OF WHEAT FOR vSEVEN TEARS. MONTHS. January . . 1882. 24()..-.ai 284.5a 1 229,000 89.(K)0 113,500 168,5(10 164,a)0 15.-(,5iO 127.000 117, .500 193,(XI0 220,000 2,105,000 1681. 3,150 4,. 5a) 7,630 9.900 19,350 32850 24,700 27,900 21,6(K) 77,850 88,400 198,4a) 514,750 1880. 17,20a 2,400 6,400 1.200 4,800 8,000 12.4(X) 4(_)0 2,4a) 10,400 64,4(K) 3,600 133,600 1879. 39,6rt) . 53 8(W 16.8ai 8,a)0 15,2(X) 9.200 8,400 4,400 2,(X)0 800 8,4a) 10.800 177,400 1878. 16,000 2,000 5,600 3,600 86,000 80O 6,000 1877. 1876. 1,500 2 500 March 1,125 April 2,750 3.305 May 3 000 80O 1,6a) 400 7,5a) July . 8,4(X) August September .... 5,.-95 5.2a) 7,200 28,800 48,400 195,2a) 8.420 October November 2,000 5,600 7,203 20,200 5,625 l,na) Total 48,030 MONTHLY STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS OF FLOUR FOR SEVEN YEARS. MONTHS. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. January 24,125 13,875 8,125 6,0IX) 10,875 7 625 7,125 10,625 14.498 29,215 37.7.50 40.750 210 4H8 26,500 11,800 10,400 10,900 20,8ai 26,(X)0 18.700 25,UK) 21,800 27,7a) .S6,200 26,600 262.5a) 6,6f)0 5,ia) 6.200 6,100 5,100 2,6tK) 3,100 2,ax) 4.8ai 15,200 16,7a) 26,2(K) 103,00) 10.9CX) i,ax) 12,61X) 6,7ai 12,4a) 10.6a) 11,81XJ 15.8a) 7.700 9,9W) 9,400 - 13,100 130,900 1.900 i.7ai 1,5(X) 2,700 4,9(X) 6,100 8,60) 4,801 7,800 9,40) g.wo 15.80) 64.300 500 500 1,501 2,700 3,4(X) 2,6ik: 2,6(K) i.ax) 3,4ai 4.8a) 6,5tX) 3,800 33,20) 2,50) 3,50) March 4,500 April 2,60) May June July 4.20) 4,30) 4.4(10 2,1(K) September 2,5(X) 4.3a) November 4.4(X) 2,5(XJ Total 41,390 MONTHLY STATEMENT OF SHIPMENTS OF FLOUR FOR SEVEN YEARS. MONTHS. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 207.790 180,122 162,2)5 169,577 2a), 639 144.997 164,5,52 202,697 288,237 496.088 492.645 466,453 3,175,910 211,192 1.58,480 220,434 269,440 289,838 342,627 309,632 307,115 293.350 386,(X)5 204,390 163,473 3,142 674 93,446 81,238 139,9(X) 136,10) 159,416 171.4.56 189,923 190.227 142,407 253,014 237,338 252,375 2,051,840 74,260 86,090 109,506 105,713 130,641 134,518 147.716 137,670 118,686 174,413 186,421 166,565 1,551,789 84,139 80,114 95,804 112,632 64,650 63,983 65,239 41.250 62,258 87,900 88,189 94,634 940,786 41.6.50 18,696 42,450 83,3.50 92,770 67,650 70.880 62,575 78,825 i28,8(K) 117,027 131,891 935,544 57.350 February 49,300 77.2(X) April 70,800 May June July August September October November December Total 86.300 99,900 82,20) 83,8CK1 91500 112,000 106,6a) 83,726 1,000,676 Manufacture of Flour. 61 THE MANUFACTURE OF FLOUR. j-CxHE flouring mills of Minneapolis are the possibilities of the water-fall made real; the material results of the matchless power which has borne so large a part in determining the pros- perity of the city. The multiplication of these manufactories, representing an immense investment of capital, the improvement of the process of reduction, and the quality of the wheat from which it is produced, have united to place Minneapolis far beyond any possible rivalry as a flour-milling center. In 1863 only five mills were in operation, and 35,000 barrels of flour was considered a large annual yield; to-day twenty-seven establishments are running with an aggregate producing capacity, per diem, of 27,650 barrels. In 1861, the mills produced 3,142,974 barrels of flour, and in 1882, in despite of the failure of early crops, only a little less than that number. Of the product of 1882, over one-third was shipjaed direct to foreign markets, which were opened only three years ago to Minneapolis flour; 75,000 barrels were used for home consumption; and the remainder was sent to other domestic markets. The statement appended shows the rate of increase during the period above named, though still but a small percentage of the growth possible within the easily available limits of the water-power. REPOET OF FLOUR MANUFACTURE AND EXPORT FOR TWENTY-TWO YEARS. ■[■:, YEAR. PRODUCT. (bbls.; FOREIGN EXPORT. (bbls.) 1860 30,000 98.000 193,000 585,000 727,000 843,000 1,(X)0,675 935 544 940,786 1,551,789 2,051,840 3,142,974 3,124,919 1865 1870 1873 1874 1675 1876 1877 1878 109,183 1879 442,598 1880 769,442 1881 ... 1,181,322 1882 The city contains seven grain elevators which, together with the mills, possess a storage capacity of 4,340,000 bushels. •62 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. THE LUMBER MILLS. r03*HE lumber trade of 1850 was the first fruit gathered from the ^ utilization of the water-j^ower, and for many years was the chief d~~.Jj^^ industry of the cities of Minneapolis and St. Anthony. From the first saw-mill, built by Mr. Franklin Steele in 1848, with its modest outfit and slender yield, to the seventeen large establishments of 1883 with a last year's manufacture of 312,239,000 feet, is a long and almost incredible step. At the present time, the milling of lumber is only second in importance to the milling of flour, and is a witness not only to the development of the general manufacturing interests of Minneapolis, but also to the mar- vellous extent to which its own upbuilding has been carried. An abundance of logs, a brisk demand both at home and abroad, and well sustained prices united to render the lumber season of 1882 unusually profitable.- The excess of sales over these of the preceding year, was nearly 78,000,000 feet, and nearly 200,000,000 feet were purchased for home use. In consequence of this enormous home consumption the outside trade was supplied from other points, and there was a marked decrease, there- fore, in the quantity usually shipped elsewhere. The prospects for the lumber interest during the current year are un- usually good. "With an even larger supply than ever before of raw material, with the anticipated addition of two new mills to the power a'lready employed, and a constant demand in excess of the possibilities of supply, there is every reason to expect a growth corresponding to that of the pre- ceding year. The annual lumber production in the Minneapolis mills for the last thirteen years is ajjpended in tabular form. PRODUCTION OF LUMBER FOR 13 YEARS. Year. Feet. 1B70 118,223,100 1871 '. 117,157,000 1872 '.".". 167,918,820 1873 189,910,000 1874 191,305,680 1875 156,655,000 1876 ' 200 371,250 1877 129,676,000 1878 '..'. 130,274,100 1879 ' 149.154,500 1880.: :::::: ::::;■ :::::;:;::: 195,452,200 1881 230.403.000 1882. "." 312,239,000 Oeneral Manufacture. 63 GENERAL MANUFACTURES. manufacturing basis is undoubtedly the firmest foTindation upon Q which a city can be built, and the actual conditions which con- tribute to the possibility of its possession are the surest guar- antee of a great future. Granted these advantages to a new community, and every other form of hunian activity will be inevitably attracted to the spot. The development of these interests may be slow, but is accomplished in obedience to the law of supply answering to a persistent demand. To say that Minneapolis rests upon so enviably secure a footing, is not, by any means, to assert that she has yet realized or fulfilled her destiny. Not only are many of her subordinate enterprises still in embryo, but even the fullness of her future as a manufacturing center is not yet apparent. The power which drives her mill-wheels expends but a small projiortion of itself upon the tasks to which it is already set. Four-fifths of the restless energy of the water-fall still runs to waste. Large opjDortunities are still open, not merely to the flour and the saw- mill, biat to every form of manufacture conducted by water or by steam. The day cannot be far distant when the aggregate of the miscellaneous products of Minneapolis factories will far exceed the combined totals of these now predominant interests. Already a great number and variety of ■establishments have found place for themselves and market for their goods. Agricultural and general machinery, cars, furniture, hardware and stoves, wagons and carriages, sashes and doors, bricks, mill furnish- ings, barrels, harness, clothing, boots and shoes, crackers, cigars and beer, -are articles of home production, on a large scale; and ere long Minne- apolis will be a general manufacturing center for "the new Northwest." In the year 1882, 7,388 men were employed within the limits of the city in the production of these miscellaneous articles to the amount of $17,000,000. The total of manufactures, including flour and lumber, reached $43,- '759,490, showing an increase, despite the partial failure of the wheat crop of 1881, over the preceeding year of $2,066,134. 64 Hand-Book of Minneapolis, The following is a summary of MANUFACTURES FOK 1882: MANUFACTDKE. Employed Value Of Manufacture. Agricultural machinerv 5tlO 90 30 960 lUO 45 200 30 136 'IS 60 1300 94 454 32 1200 320 20 108 60 57 16 500 650 18 112 13 20 105 60 135 1200 44 85 35 150 90 220 480 9,912 $1,980,000 Bat^s 2''5 Olio 2 14(1 iHiO Beer 5-2,000 415,0C0 22(1,(100 Brooms and makers' supplies IS.dllL' Cars l,.S7ll.0(iO 157.21 K.» Clothing, cotton goods, etc 784,HO(l Extracts spices etc 220,0(10 Flour .... 19,718,249 Furniture, beds bed springs, etc 908 000 Furs Galvanized iron, roofing, etc 31,000 12,000 16,. 500 290,.5I«) Harness, saddlery, etc. . . .... 178,2.50 51,(A«J 4,998,800 1,632,000 186,000 Mill furnishers and builders. ... 826,990 33,(K>0 429.51 K) Paper . 275,0(;k) Picture frames, show cases, etc 170.(H«» 12,030.000 121,(KI0 419,0(J0 ^ 115,0(K) 319,000 Woodwork (.miscellaneous) .... . 5 275,000 Woolen goods 'North Star Mill) . ..!... ,4(i2,0()0 tiO."l,UI»l Totals $43,7.".9,+',(ii (65) Wholesale and Retail Trade. 67 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE. P^(^^5^E0OND only to the remarkable progress of the manufacturing interests of Minneapolis has been the history of her growth in trade. As the railroad center of a large tributary country, and the chief market for its agricultural products, it was necessary that the city should become a wholesale depot for general merchandise. The increase of jobbing trade has been of comparatively recent date, and of natural order ; a steady, healthy growth in direct proportion to the demand of neighboring custom. The pre-eminence of its manufacturing position has, perhaps, tended to obscure the fact of its great commercial importance; a fact which every year, forces itself more markedly upon public recognition. Seven years since, the aggregate of wholesale trade transacted during the year was S5,373,651; in 1882 it reached the sum of $97,000,000;— a result which surpasses the most glowing expectations of success. New capital is continually seeking investment in the city, and the establishment of new jobbing firms is only embarrassed by a lack of suit- able store-buildings. There can be no question that Minneapolis and her sister city are rapidly drawing away from Chicago the trade of all the extreme north- west of the country of which they are natural business centers, and as this new country develops its resources the wholesale trade must assume proportions compared with which its present is insignificant. The appended summary gives the aggregates of jobbing business in the various departments, for the year 1882. Agricultural Machinery $ 6,985,000 Awnings, duck goods, etc 298,000 Bags 480,000 Barrels and barrel stock 2,140,(1)0 Beer, liquors, etc 1,650,000 Boxes, paper and wooden 50,000 Bread, crackers, etc 469,0)0 Brooms 120,000 Boots and shoes 950,000 Carpets 92,000 Cigars and tobacco 510,000 Clothing 335,000 Candies and confectionery 320,000 Dry Goods 3,107,000 Drugs 660,000 Earthenware, etc 357,000 Extracts, spices, etc 255,000 Flour 19,500,000 Fuel 1,000,000 (138) Real Estate. 6J $380,000 17,000 204,000 20.000 25,750,000 8 200,000 36,000 2,058,500 , 484,000 Hides pelts etc 393,000 266,000 55,000 2,900,000 .... 4,900,000 2,160,000 875,000 115,i500 490,000 Paper 645,000 Picture Frames, show cases, etc 165,000 3,510,000 140,000 1,300.000 Sg.lKK) 470 000 Stationery 66,000 110.000 56,000 110,000 22,000 290.000 420,000 1,400,000 Total for 1882 $97,376,000 83.501,984 Increase for the year $13,874,016 REAL ESTATE. jxl^HE unprecedented activity iu the realty-market, which has especially characterized the last two years of the city's history, has been a subject for no little wonder to many. The large number of transfers made, and the constantly rising prices of jjroperty, have excited a natural question of its legitimate character ; but, after making due allowance for any speculative element in the case, there is still a wonderful margin of growth, which can only be accounted for upon the ground of the rapid influx of people and cajjital and the increased call for residences, business offices and stores. Placed side by side with the development of manufacturing and trade interests, it will be seen that real estate has, for the most part, only kept Hand-Book of MinneapoUs. pace with these, and that the number and consideration of the transfers- effected are but the natural response to an importunate demand for pro- perty, especially in suburban portions of the city. A comparison of the transactions of former years, with those of 1882,^ shows a remarkable rate of increase. YEAR. Deeds. Consideration, 1880 3,096 4,366 7,194 .$ 4,548,364 1881 7,393,428 1882 18,701,256 Increase in 1882 over 1881 2,828 fll,307,82& BUILDING IN MINNEAPOLIS. VpTRO^'HE best possible guarantee of the legitimacy of the real estate U rv l>R hnsinfiss i'ti tlift oitv. is the correanondinsrlv active demand for ^ business in the city, is the correspondingly active demand for ■ and the erection of residence and business buildings. That this demand has been, and still is largely in excess of the supply is proved by the long continued difficulty iu obtaining shelter for either goods or families. Buildings of every description are habitually leased prior to their com- pletion, and the scarcity is still apparent. The extension of the city by new buildings is fairly uniform in every direction and the actual limits of the city already cover a very large area. Many large business edifices have recently been comioleted and many more are now in process of construction. The Syndicate block and the Grand Opera House have been finished at a cost of half a million dollars;, the Chamber of Commerce building is being erected and will cost, with ground, $225,000; the Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway is extending its car shops and works; a new postoffice is to be built by the government; the foundations of a magnificent Union depot, to be built below the suspension bridge, are being excavated; the West Hotel is rapidly pro- gressing, and will cost, furnished, not far from $1,250,000. This superb hostelry will contain 400 rooms, will be entirely fire-proof throughout, and in elegance, convenience and completeness will be unsurpassed on the continent. if]"' L Li_^ ^'1 72 Hand-Bool,- of Miu:i.enpoUi<. The comparative estimate which follows has b3eu carefully compiled from accurate reports. NEW BUILDINGS New structures erected in 1881 2,240 " dwellings •' 1882 2,208 " business structures erected in 1882 310 " mills and factories ■' '• 41 " warehouses and miscellaneous buildings in 1882 72 2,631 Estimated new structures in 1883 3,500 Cost of new buildings in 1882 $9,130,125 " '• 1883 (es^timated) 11,000,000 BANKING BUSINESS. ''•IGHT public banking institutions aucl three private bankers, are ^j at present doing business in Minneapolis. 5^^v9 They have an aggregate capital of $3,500,000, and their operations in 1882 reached an approximate total of $150,000,000. Since the first bank in Minneapolis was organized (A, D. 1855), twenty- four institutions have come into existence, but of these, thirteen have either been merged in other institutions or retired from business. The present number are instances of "the survival of the fittest," and rest upon a solid basis of capital and safe bnsiuess. Cli/nnler of Commerce and Board of Trade. 73 TEE NEW CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDINli THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND THE BOARD OF TRADE. ^11 HE Chamber of Commerce came into existence in October, 1881, ^^y and held its first meeting in November of that year. Its growth * since that time is illustrative of the progress of the city. Its original incorporators numbered 26, whilst its membership at the close of the first fiscal year was 536, and has since increased. A fine building is now in process of construction, at Third street and 74 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. Fourth avenue south, to be occupied by the Chamber upon its completion. Its cost is estimated, with the realty, at $225,000. The purposes of the corporation are: "To facilitate the buying and selling of all products, to inculcate principles of justice and equity in trade, to facilitate speedy adjustments of business disputes, to acquire and disseminate valuable commercial information, and, generally, to secure to its members the benefits of co-operation in the furtherance of their legiti- mate business pursuits, and to advance the general prosperity and business interests of the city of Minneapolis." The Board of Trade, whose membership is largely identical with that of the Chamber of Commerce, is not a commercial body in the usual sense. Its sole purpose is to promote the material jDrosperity of Minneapolis by proposing and encouraging public measures calculated to add to the growth of the city, enlarge the field of its trade and enhance its general welfare. To this organization is due much of that harmony and vigor of action which characterize the business community of Minneapolis when any question of public improvement or local advantage is under considera- tion. Its membershijj numbers about two hundred. RAILWAY SYSTEMS CENTERING IN MINNEAPOLIS. ^^•ir HE first indication of a city's permanent growth is its inclusion ^^N among the number of places with which one or more important ^ railway lines communicate; and the final recognition of its established greatness is the concentration of railway systems towards it as a terminal point, and a traffic producing center. In the jaresent case, both these indications have been fulfilled. In earlier pages the extension of railroads within the State of Minnesota has already been enlarged upon, and the reader is therefore familiar with the present status of the com- panies whose iron roads traverse the country surrounding the city of Minneapolis. A glance at the State map will show the position which Minneapolis occupies as the heart from which these great arteries of com- merce diverge, and towards which their returning currents of trade tend. These diverging and constantly extending lines are the radii of the agri- cultural and commercial area which the city commands. Along these Uailway Systems Centering in Minneapolis. 75 courses of travel come in the raw supplies which feed her manufactories, and go out the finished products of her trade and industry. By virtue of her natural position, and by means of these great avenues, she has lanchangeably become the depot for the collection of the agricul- tural resources of a practically unlimited area, or the medium through which they pass; as well as the main ultimate point of distribution for the commodities which its rapidly increasing population demands. A hint is furnished by the fact, that one point of a compass being placed at Minne- apolis and the other at New Orleans, and the latter being swung around to the west and northwest, it will describe a line which does not reach the outer circle of fertile, growing country, lying beyond Minneapolis, which, by reason of her geographical situation and extensive railway system, she must naturally and permanently control. Nineteen distinct railways thus concentrate their trains and tralfic at Minneapolis, either over their own independent roadways or, by arrangement, over other stem lines entering the city. Sixteen of these reach Minneapolis with their own rails. The list is as follows: ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & MANITOBA: Main Line, St, Paul Short Line, St. Cloud & Fargo Line, Breckenridge Line, Lake Minne- tonka Line. 1,314 miles. CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL: Main Line, Fort Snelling Line, St. Paul Short Line, Iowa & Minnesota Division, Hastings & Dakota Division. 4,383 miles. MINNEAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY : Main Line, Minnetonka Line, Stillwater Line. 424 miles. CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC. Over M. & St. L. R. E. CHICAGO, ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & OMAHA. 1,257 miles. CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN. Over Omaha Line. 3,489 miles. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILRORD : Main Line. 2,100 miles. MINNEAPOLIS, LYNDALE & MINNETONKA RAILROAD. 22 miles. These are operated by eight separate corporations. They send out from the city over one hundred passenger trains daily, and here originate more than 230,000 car loads of freight traffic yearly. Their recent rate of extension has been more rapid than that of railways traversing any other section of the country, and one of them has a greater mileage than any company in the United States. So closely are these corporations allied to the commercial and manufac- turing interests of the city, that it is worth while to speak briefly of each. 76 Hund-Book of Minneapolis. THE CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE AND ST. PAUL COMPANY.— Although the name of Miaueapolis is not incorporated iu that of the comijany in question, this city is its terminal point upon five divisions or lines. These are known as the Main Line, St. Paul Short Line, Fort Snelling Line, Iowa and Minnesota Division, and Hastings and Dakota Division. THE UNION DEPOr. (iN PEOJE3S OF EKECTION.) Its connections with the city have bseu farther strengthened by the erection here during the last season of large ear-shops, at a cost of $500,000, which CO i^i'itute the main plant for the company's repairing and manu- facturing we^t ()" tb3 Mississippi; an 1 wherein not less than 2,000 men will be employed. Its policy is one of extension, as raj^idly as genuine western enterprise, combined v.ith safe and conservative management, warrants. Railway Systems Oentering in Minneajjolis. IT THE ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & MANITOBA EAILWAY COM- PANY.— Three of the four main lines of this company's road terminate in Minneapolis. New freight houses, suitable for the accommodation of its fast growing business, are to be immediately erected here; its short double- track line to Lake Minnetonka is completed; and its main lines are being rapidly extended. A large addition to its total of mileage has been made during the last year. It opens up to the city a vast region, including the Bed River Val- ley, of richly productive country. Under the auspices of this company, the associated railroads are con- structing a fine stone-arch viaduct across the Mississippi at the Falls of St. Anthony, and laying the foundations of a Union Passenger Depot at the foot of the suspension bridge, both of which will add alike to the railway interests and to the architectural beauty of the city. Not less than $2,000,000 will be expended upon these colossal improve- ments. THE MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. LOUIS RAILWAY COMPANY— The road owned by this company is operated in conjunction with the Chicago and Rock Island railway as a through line to Chicago. Its ter- minus, as well as its general offices and car-shops are in this city. It has undergone some recent extension in the direction of a point opposite Redwood Falls, on the Minnesota river, and thereby renders a new section of country tributary to Minneapolis. In addition, the line bas instituted some general improvement in the character of its accomodations. CHICAGO, ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS AND OMAHA RAILWAY, — The recent change of ownership which has transferred the control of this road to the hands of the Chicago and Nokthwestern Railway has brought the latter into more intimate and mutually beneficial connection with Minneapolis. It is to be fairly expected that the added impetus given to both roads by their practical identification will be fruitful of better management, greater enterpise, and improved accomodations for the traveling public, and means the placing of Minneapolis upon an equal standing with other points in its relations with this important railway system. , THE ST. PAUL AND DULUTH RAILWAY COMPANY.— The connection of this system with Minneapolis is very close, although its terminus is not in this city. With an addition of only thirteen miles of track during the past year, it has experienced an increase of sixty per cent, in its freight shipments. and of sixty-five per cent, in its passenger travel. 78 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. Improvements of the road and its accomodations projected during the last season are reported at a cost of S600,000. THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY COMPANY.— The com- pletion of this gigantic enterprise, now practically accomplished, marks a notable epoch in the railway history of the world, and not less in the annals of this country's material development and progress. This latest and greatest of the transcontinental lines has its western termini at Portland, Oregon, where it is met by the tidewater navigation of the Columbia river, ancj at New Tacoma, on Puget Sound, Washington territory, where it reaches the water of the Pacific ocean proper. On the east, one arm touches the head of Lake Superior, and thence follows the south shore eastward to the Michigan boundary, while the other and principal arm has its terminus in Minneapolis, with running arrangements which carry its trains on to St. Paul. The construction of this highway opens and renders] accessible to Minneapolis a fertile tributary country extending 1,200 miles north and west. Minneapolis, as the first great city reached by the Northern Pacific Railroad in its progress from the Pacific ocean, naturally and necessarily receives the chief impetus resulting from this great work, and enjoys a larger advantage than any other city from the trade this thoroughfare is developing. The Northern Pacific Company is now constructing this main south- eastern arm down the east bank of the Mississip23i river to Minneapolis, the crossing to be made to the west bank over a substantial double-track iron bridge, now building, within the city limits, near Twenty-sixth Avenue Nortli. The company has recently purchased nearly one hundred and fifty acres of ground, for terminal purposes, within the city, and will expend several million dollars here, in such buildings and improvements as will be adequate to handle its immense traffic at this point. The fact that Minneapolis now is, and will permanently continue to be, the market for the bulk of the grain crop produced in the fertile belt traversed by the Northern Pacific Railroad, and the chief distributing and shipjjiug point for those manufactured commodities which are naturally sent in return to the people of the grain-producing region, renders the relations of this city to the road in question particularly intimate and important. THE MINNEAPOLIS, LYNDALE & MINNETONKA RAILWAY. — Seeing that the main stations of this road are either within the limits of the city or are dependent upon it for their importance, the line may be regarded fairly, and without detriment to itself or detraction from its use- fulness, as a suburban railway. Railway Systems Centering in Minneapolis. 79 The road has been in operation four years, extending first to Lake Calhoun, later to Lake Harriet, and subsequently to Lake Minnetonka. Its further terminus is at Excelsior, a small town on the borders of the last mentioned lake. It has exercised a very important influence in the encouragement of building in the outlying portions of the city, adjacent to its track, placing a means of transit within the reach of residents who are distant from their places of business, without which such settlement would have been greatly retarded. When the early history of railroads as related to Minneapolis is con- sidered, when it is remembered that prior to 1862 no railway existed in the State, that for two years subsequent to that date only ten miles of line were in operation between, St. Anthony and St. Paul, and that it was not until 1867 that a track first entered the Minneapolis proper of that period, ■ — this record of the present general determination of railway systems toward the city, becomes one of most remarkable import. It signifies, — in common with the preceding facts of population, extend- ing area, trade, and manufacture, — that not only has a great city developed from the nucleus of the water-fall, but that Fate with " the forefinger of all time " points to her as the present and permanent metrojjolis of " the new Northwest." THE PRINCIPAL FEATURES City of Minneapolis. HE preceding chapters have been devoted to a review, in brief, of those great interests, which are always of vital importance W^^ in the upbuilding of a city, and v/hose growth has marked the onward progress of Minneapolis to her present secure position. In the pages which follow, we shall, in like manner, sketch the principal features of the present city, with esjDccial reference to the economic improvements she has projected, and to the intellectual and social refinement she has attained. Wealth may be the measure of a city's commercial importance, but it does not fairly guage the well-being of her jjeople. Their real welfare is conditioned upon the safe-guards which she throws around their moral and physical health, and upon the perfection of those institutions which foster the cultivation of mental, moral, physical, and social integrity. That Minneapolis, despite of her rapid and recent growth, is exception- ally well endowed in these respects, needs no other demonstration than is- afforded by the following brief description of her public works, protective agencies, educational interests, and literary, scientific, musical, charitable and church societies. 6 81 82 Hand-Bvok of Minnedpolis. MINNEAPOLIS STREET SYSTEM. N laying out the streets and avenues of Minueai^olis engineering skill has had to contend, in some measure, with the inequalities of nature. The river which contributes largely to its natural beauty, at the same time mars the symmetry of the city. Its deviating course makes it practically impossible to adhere strictly to the syscem of rectangular lines which is acknowledged to be the model of convenience in the arrangement of a town. On each side of the river, for a space about a mile in width, from the upper bridge to the line of the State University^ the streets are laid out in a direction diagonal to the points of the compass; but with the exception of this area, the plan of the city is uniform, most of the avenues running north and south, and the streets east and west. The streets are named numerically, with few exceptions, and are numbered on the plan of a hundred numbers to each block. The accompanying map will serve as an illustration of this general arrange- ment and as a miniature guide to the city. Extensive plans are being made or are now in process of execution for the improvement of the street- system in general. Several roadways are being graded to the jjroper level, and 20,000 yards of paving has been or will be laid during the current year, partly in granite and partly in cedar blocks. The streets are lighted by gas, and in the centre of the city, by means of an immense iron mast, 257 feet in height, bearing upon it eight electric lights, with an aggregate of 32,000 candle-posver. This light-mast illuminates a wide area surrounding it. It is similar to those used in the city of Cleveland, and is supplied with power fiom a single dynamo machine by the Minnesota Brush Electric Company. The Minneapolis Street Eailway Company has already a large system of lines and is constantly extending its tracks in every direction as the needs of newly settled districls require. About twenty miles of new trackage have been laid during the past year, at an expense, including minor improvements^ of $225,000. A table of the various lines and their terminal points will be appended to this volume. fl ■''*'':^Mi 84 Haml-Book of MiaaedpoUs. BRIDGES ^C^HE growth of business, and the consequently more intimate relations established between the east and the west sides of the river, together with the rapid extension of the city, have necessitated the construction of several bridges, not only over the Mississippi, but also over some of the main thoroughfares where they are intersected by railroads. The great suspension bridge crossing the river from Bridge Square on the West Side to Nicollet Island, has few equals either for strength or beauty. It was built in 1876 at a cost of $221,024.50. The length of the bridge-way is 630 feet, and the towers are eighty feet in height. The total strength of the cables, the largest of which are nine inches in diameter, is 10,995,072 pounds, while the total breaking strain of the bridge is estimated at 4,980,000 pounds. The upper and lower bridges were built in 1874. The new Plymouth Avenue bridge was erected in 1882, and also one on Lyndale Avenue over Bassett's creek; the two requiring an expenditure of $72,000. The railroad bridges crossing the Mississippi are that of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway at Nicollet Island, the INIiiwaukee " Short Line" bridge below Meeker Island, and the magnificent stone-arch viaduct now being thrown diagonally across the river at the Falls of St. Anthony, by the St. Paul. Minneapolis & Manitoba Company for the joint use of all roads centering here. This structure has a length of 2,300 feet, consisting of sixteen spans of eighty feet each, four spans of one hundred feet each and three spans of forty feet each. Its surface has a width of twenty-eight feet, intended to accommodate two parallel railway tracks, at a height of sixty-five feet above the water level. The piers are of granite and their foun- dations are in the native rock twenty feet below the surface. The remain- der of the work is of magnesian limestone from quarries at Kasota, Min- nesota, and the blue limestone which is taken from the local quarries in Minneapolis. This bridge is the longest of its kind in the United States, and will cost not far from .$1,300,000. In addition to these, the Northern Pacific Railway Company, as mentioned on an earlier page, has commenced work on a double-track iron railroad City Sewer System. 85 bridge at Twenty- 'ourth Avenue north, by means of which their tracks will cross to the west side of the river. During the year, the St. Paul, Minneapolis A: Manitoba Railroau, has built or completed a bridge over its tracks at Holden Street, Western Ave- nue, Universty Avenue, Fourth Street southeast, and Fourteenth Avenue southeast. Their maintenance has now been assumed by the city government. The exact location of all of these structures, with the exception of the projected Northern Pacific Railway bridge may be determined by refer- ence to the map of Minneapolis, facing jjage 81. CITY SEWER SYSTEM. • T is inevitable that a city which has had a growth so unusually rapid as that of Minneapolis should suffer from the temporary inade- quacy of certain general improvements and, especially, of its sewer- system. To secure an efficient system of city-sewerage, requires an outlay of time and money which preclude the possibility of keeping pace in its con- struction with the rapid extension of residence area. Minneapolis has suffered from this inadequacy for some time past, but is now putting forth active remedial efforts in her own behalf. Much work has been done within the past year, and much more is now in hand, to provide the city with suitable water-mains, wells and tunnels. Six or seven additional miles of sewerage will be completed before the winter sets in, and not many seasons will elapse before all the thickly- peopled portion of the city will have received the full benefit of these improvements. R:^-inforced by a sufficient water-supply, they must soon be fruitful of markedly beneficial results upon the already satisfactory health-statistics of the citv. Hdud-Book of MinncipoUs. CITY WATEK SUPPLY p^^INNEAPOLIS is furnished with water from the Mississippi river by means of four pumps worked by three Turbine water- <3C_^ wheels; the water being pumped directly through the mains to the houses of the consumers, on the Holly system. The water- works ai-e situated at the Falls, on the west bank of the river, and distribute water from thence, on both sides of the river, throiigh twenty- four and three-fourths miles of main. An immease supply of water is drawn from them daily, falling, in the summer season, little short of the full capacity of the pumps, which is estimated at thirteen million gallons. The number of consumers during the year 1882, was 2,755; and 313 hydrants for fire purposes, 175 stop-gates, and 11 cisterns were in use. Despite the recent addition of large pumping capacity, with two 500 horse-power wheels, the supply, under the test of any grave emergency is still inadequate. Vigorous measures are needed, and are now being adopted, to insure an increase of power commensurate with the rapid extension of the city's limits and equal to any strain that may be put upon it in event of fire.. The present daily pumping capacity will be increased by ten million gallons before November of the present year, and another ten million gallons early in 1884, making an aggregate of thirty-three million gallons. Not only the quantity, but also the qunUti/ of the water supjilied by the city has been a subject of debate, for which there is, at present, but slender cause. Whilst the increase of the city's sewerage, pouring into the river, must prove, at no distant day, an actual source of pollution to the water, and and suggests the i^ropriety of a further removal of the Works to a jjlace of more assured safety than they, at present, occupy, — there is, as yet, no real grouud for alarm. Properly filtered, as all water should be which is intended for drinking- purposes, it is as pure as nine-tenths of the water of our lakes and rivers. (87) 88 Hidid-Book of Minneapolis. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 'HE excellence of architecture which characterizes many of the l^rivate blocks of the city cannot be said to have transferred itself, as yet, to the Public Buildings of Minneapolis. THE CITY HALL stands facing Bridge Square at the point of con- vergence of Hennepin and Nicollet Avenues. It is a plain, massive struc- ture, formed of Minneapolis lime-stone, four and five stories in height, with a tower and high mansard roof. It contains the offices or headquarters of the Mayor, the Chief of Police, the City Treasurer, the Comptroller, Clerk, Engineer, Physician, Park Commissioners and the Superintendents of the Water Works and of the Poor. The portions of the building not used by the city are mainly occupied by the Daily Minnesota Tribune, while the Western Union Telegraph Company, the Board of Trade and the North- western Telephone Exchange find quarters beneath its roof. THE COURT HOUSE is situated on the corner of Eighth Avenue, South, and Third Street. It has long proved inadequate tu the purpose for which it is used, and is now undergoing considerable enlargement. It holds all the county offices and law courts. THE POST OFFICE at present occupies the corner portion of the great Boston Block, on the corner of Hennepin Avenue and Third St., com- pleted about a year ago. This building is, in itself, a fine piece of archi- tecture, but it is the result of private enterprise, and the Government holds only a limited tenure of its present quarters. A few months siiice, a Commission, appointed by the Government, visited Minueipolis for the purpose of selecting a site for a permanent Post-office building. The ground selected lies at the corner of First Avenue, South, and Third Street, and plans have been drafted for the new structure, which will be commenced this year, an appropriation of $175,- 000 having made been for the purpose. A cut of the proposed building is given elsewhere. Par/iS and Public Grointds. PARKS AND PUBLIC GROUNDS. iT the last session of the Legislature, (1883), an act was passed appointing a Board of fifteen Park Commissioners for the city of Minneapolis, and the question of the purchase and improve- ment of park grounds being submitted to the vote of the people at the last election, a large majority declared in favor of the measure. The city has, accordingly, authorized the issue of .$550,000 of bonds for the purchase of proj^erty to be devoted to park j^urjjoses, and has also j)rovided for a tax of one mill on each dollar of valuation of taxable pro- perty, the proceeds of which, aggregating, at jDresent estimates, S50,000 per annum, are to be employed in the improvement of the same. A si^ecial tax is to be levied ujaon the owners of real estate abutting upon park improvements, which will amount to not less than fifty per cent, of the total cost of the park jjroperty, and is to be applied to the park improvement fund. Since its apjjointment, the board of commissioners has been actively engaged in the selection and purchase of several tracts of laud, and in devising plans for an extensive system of parks and boulevards. The work that Has been already done may be very briefly sketched, but it is the earnest of possessions in the near future of which the citizens of Minneapolis may well be proud. The title has been acquired to a tract of thirty acres, lying between Hennepin Avenue and Yale Place, and between Oak Grove Street and Harmon Place, and including Johnson's Lake. This is to be known* as ■Centred Park. In the northern division of the city, west of the river, about thirty acres have been substantially acquired, situated between Twenty-sixth and Twenty-ninth Avenues, North, and bounded on the Avest by Lyndale Avenue, and by Fifth street on the east. The park, as yet unnamed, will lie upon high wooded ground, overlooking the whole city. On the ea&t side of the river, twelve acres, bounded by Broadway on the south, Thirteenth Avenue, N. E., on the north, Jefferson Street on the west, and Monroe Street on the east, have been chosen for an East Miune- ajjoiis Park. 90 ffit)i(l-Book of Minneapolis. On the west bank of the river, twenty acres have been selected, adjoin- ing the grounds of the Sisters' Hospital, on the south, and lying in the sixth ward. These are to be converted into a South Park. In addition to these parks, situated in each natural division of the city, a magnificent system of boulevards will entirely surround Lake Calhoun and Lake Harriet ; another grand boulevard will extend along the whole east bank of the river, from the State University grounds to the Ramsey- County line; and a third will skirt the west bank of the river from the point where it is intersected by Washington Avenue, and will run thence through the South Park to Riverside Avenue. Further to complete the cham of boulevards, it is proposed, but not yet finally determined, (1) to convert Lyndale Avenue into a jaark-way,. extending from the North Park, and connecting by a short boulevard with the Lake Harriet system; (2) to lay out a system of boulevards on the east side, by which the river-chain will be linked to the East Park; and (3) to make a boulevard, in direct connection with that encircling the lakes, extending five miles down Lake Street to the river bank. At the point where this road touches the river, the latter is enclosed by high blulfs, an island stands in the center of the stream, and on the opposite side is the terminal extremity of Marshall Street, running thence from St. Paul. Should the authorities of the latter city convert Marshall Street into a boulevard, a bridge can be thrown across from the island to either bank, (this being the most favorable point for it between Fort Snelling and the Falls of St. Anthony,) and a direct park-way be thus opened between Lake Calhoun in Minneapolis and the center of the City of St. Paul. Irrespective of this possibility, however, the complete system of Minne- apolis Parks and Boulevards — the former covering nearly a hundred acres and the latter about thirty miles in length —when perfectly laid out, will be incomparably the finest in America, and i^ossibly without a rival in the world. No larger or more varied combination of the elements of natural beauty can anywhere be found in the near neighborhood of a great city than are- here grouped together. Nature has bestowed with lavish hand upon the environments of Minneapolis all her most picturesque forms of scenery^ with the sole exception of great mountains. Rocks and streams, the cataract and the river, hills, and lakes, and woods, and a rich minor vegetation lend their attractions to her surroundings, and are destined to aid in forming the pleasure-grounds of her people. Upon the city map, appended to this volume, are traced in outline these acquired and projected improvements. Fire Department. 91 MINNEAPOLIS FIRE DEPARTMENT. 5-0^ HE latest report of the Chief of Department, F. L. Stetson, shows- the command of a manual force of thirty-two permanent hands, and forty-three call-men. The latter are not required to remain on duty during the day, but help to make up the full night force between the hours of 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. The Department has in use four steam fiie engines, five two- horse hose carriages, one single-horse hose cart, two hook and ladder trucks, one two- horse chemical engine, and one supply wagon. In addition to these, one two-horse hose carriage, and three hand hose carts are employed as reserve reels. Thirty miles of fire alarm telegraph and fifty-three alarm boxes are in operation. One hundred and four alarms have been turned in between March 1st and August 1st, 1883. The total losses by fire for the year 1882, were estimated at $330,000, about four-fifths of which was covered by insurance. The Department service is well organized, but its work is temporarily embarrassed by the deficiency of the City water supply. Theoretically, the pressure from the pumps is ample to throw a score of streams over the high- est structures in the city ; practically, the insufficient distribution of large mains renders this impossible in many localities. POLICE SERVICE. |nOR purposes of police patrol the City is divided into three districts,- \Cj each having its police station and detachment of men. The headquarters of the Department are at the City Hall. The force consists of eighty -two men, including officers and detectives. Eight policemen are mounted, and patrol the outlying portions of the City,, including the environs of Lakes Calhoun and Harriet and the Falls of Minnehaha. ■92 Hand-Book of MiiinenpoUs. A patrol wagon is provided, which will respond to calls by messenger or telephone at any hour. The Department also answers to the fire-alarm telegraph. Considering the large area of the City and the limited number of men employed, the force does efficient service, but the beats assigned to the several patrolmen are too long, and, in view of the increasing density of the population, the City will be soon compelled to take action looking to a considerable enlargement of the force. SANITARY SYSTEM. C5|^HE deleterious influences which usually accompany the upbuild- ^1 I iug and rapid peopKng of a great City, and prejudice the ^i physical well-being of its inhabitants, have, as yet, done little in Minneapolis to mar the natural healthfulness of the Minnesota climate. Nature has bestowed upon the place, in common with the greater portion of the State, a fine, dry, bracing atmosphere, Avhich has acquired a wide reputation as a panacea for many diseases of the throat and chest. Consumptives, in particular, attracted by the climate, come to the City in large numbers, — many to make good recoveries, and many others, resorting to the change at too late a stage of the disease to receive benefit therefrom, come only to die, and by their death help to swell the aggre- gate of mortality. Not less than six per cent, of the entire City death- rate is made up of this class. Impure water, largely obtained from surface wells, and imperfect sewer- age, have been instrumental in the production of an occasional epidemic, notably that of typhoid fever in 1881 and 1882, to which two-fifths of the annual number of deaths from this cause, reported below, must be referred. With the rapid extension of an improved system of sewers, the abandonment of surface wells, and the higher grade of intelHgence con- cerning health-conditions, which is beginning to pervade this and other large communities, the probability of Ihe outbreak of fresh epidemics of any character will be constantly lessened. In a climate so nearly j^erfect as that of Minnesota, the assumption by any ordinary disease of an epidemic form, is distinctly chargeable upon the local government in tlie neglect of scavengering, sewerage or water- supply, or upon the uncleanly habits of large classes of people. Hospitals of the City. 93 The improved condition of Minneapolis in these respects may be esti- mated from the fact that during the closing seven months of the year, covered by the health officer's last rejoort, the death-rate per 1,000 per annum has declined from 29.40 to 12.42. The average death-rate for the twelve months, ending March 1883, was 18.8 per 1,000, upon the health officer's estimate of a population of 80,000. More recent and more correct information places the population at over 94,000, which would reduce the death-rate to about 16.5. Accepting the official estimate, the rate compares very favorably with that of other large cities of the continent. The total of deaths for the year mentioned was 1,510. Of these 990 were of native, and 520 of foreign birth. The following table is instructive as to the part which the several diseases play in making uj? this total number: Deaths from Typhoid fever ,. 164 " ■' Consumption J35 " Diphtheria 117 " " Pneumonia 109' " Accident 51 " •• Scarlet fever 21 " ■■ Measles 18 " •• Other diseases 89.5 1510 HOSPITALS OF THE CITY O provision has yet been made for the public maintenance of a hospital by the City or County government, with the exception of the house provided for the seclusion and care of sufferers from small-pox. Considering this fact, the accommodations for the sick, supported by private enterprise and voluntary contributions, are ordinarily good. Although they cannot, in all resijects, fill the place of a well organized public institution, they are instrumental in supplying the most pressing needs of the very large community to which they minister in a fairly satis- factory and successful manner. The hospitals are five in number. The largest among them, at the present time, is the corporation known as THE MINNESOTA COLLEGE HOSPITAL. It is situated on the East side of the river, occupying a fairly commodious building, with a capacity of three hundred beds. It is in charge of an able corps of physicians, and nurses under the general direction of a board of trustees. (Si) ■Benevolent Instilutions. 95 THE HOMEOPATHIC HOSPITAL has beeu recently organized, and is now in working order. It has temi3orary qiiarters at the corner of Ninth Street and Eighth Avenue South, and can accommodate some fifty patients. Attached to it is a department called the Hahnemann Ward, supported by ladies of the City, and in charge of female physicians. This ward contains, at present, ten beds. The main hospital is under the care of competent homceopathic physicians. Those interested have j^urchased a building lot, upon which they purjjose to erect, in due time, a jjerma- nent hosj^ital. THE SISTERS' HOSPITAL, situate at 2416 Sixth Street, South, is under the managementlof the Sisters of Mercy, who appoint the attending medical staflT. It can provide room for seventy-five patients. THE ST. BARNABAS, OR COTTAGE HOSPITAL, on the corner of Sixth Street and Ninth Avenue, South, has facilities for the care of fifty patients. It is under the management of the Brotherhood of Gethsemane. THE NORTHWESTERN HOSPITAL, at present stands on Fourth Avenue, South, near Twenty-fourth Street, but will shortly reniove to a building on Washington Avenue, North. It has about fifteen beds for the use of the sick. Each of these hospitals receives patients from the City, under orders from the Superintendent of the Poor. During the last year 377 persons were thus cared for and treated by the City Physician. BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. HJI T may be said of the societies organized in Minneapolis for benevo- ^1 lent purposes that their "name is legion," and their work of the ^ most varied character. Although exhibiting greater or less degrees of excellence, they have, as a whole, contributed very largely to the well-being of the com- munity, and especially to the improvement of the social condition of the laboring and distressed classes. As a branch of the City Government, and a well-organized and valuable means of charity, the Department for the Poor, under care of the Sui^erin- tendent, Mr. Nelson Williams, is deserving of special mention. 96 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. During the year, ending February, 1883, 3,905 applications for relief were answered, and 1,845 visits niade by the Superintendent. Measures for relief were instituted in all deserving cases, at a cost of $18,140.58. The following is a directory, in brief, of the princi23al benevolent organi- zations in the City, whose different branches of work it is impossible to review, in even the briefest manner, with justice to their ends and aims: Young Men's Christian Association. — H. E. Fletcher, President; 519 and 521 Nicollet Avenue, and branch at Market Hall. Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and its auxiliary society,, TJie Young Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 251 Nicollet Avenue. Sisterhood of Bethany. — Mrs. VanCleve, President. Catholic Orphan Asylum. — Superintendent, Mother Mary James; 3rd Street, corner 6th Avenue, North. Children's Home. — Matron, Miss Ellen I. V. Stewart; 22ud Avenue South, corner 6th Street. Humane Society. — President, George A. Braekett. Woman's Home.— President, Mrs. A. T. Hale; 409 Soutli 6th St. Hebrew Belief Association. - Secretary, Max Segelbaum. Minneapolis Free Dispensary. — President, C. A. Pillsbury; 208 South 2nd Street. Minneapolis Irish R--;lief Assooiation. — President, Anthony Kelly. Immaculate Concepiion, No. 349, I. C. B. U., 3rd Street, corner 3rd Avenue, North. Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society, — President, Mrs. R. Rees. Fireman's Rsliep Association.— ^President, F. L. Stetson. Charity Kindergarten. — President, Mrs. E. Morse. Brotherhood of Gethsemanb. — 5th Street, corner 7th Avenue, South. . Father Matthew's Temperance Society. — Cathohc Association Hall. CHURCHES. ' '^ T is an indication of the rapid growth of the city, as well aa of %};^ the success of the Churches in their ordained work, that these ^'mx^l organizations undergo a marked and regular increase in num- bers. The large attendance at the Sunday services, the consequently enforced enlargement of many old buildings, or the erection of new, are witnesses to the interest and enterprise of the membership of these societies. Educatiomil Institutions. 97 The churches and missions now established in Minneapolis number 76, and belong to 16 different denominations, as shown in the following table: CHURCHES AND MISSIONS OF MINNEAPOLIS. Denomination. No. Advent 2 Baptist 9 Catholic (Roman; 7 Congregational 9 Christian 1 Disciples 1 Episcopalian 8 Evangelical Association 2 Evangelical Synod 1 Friends 1 Hebrew 1 Lutheran 4 (German 2 " (Scandinavian) 3 Methodist Episcopal li Presbyterian 'i Sweden borgian 1 Unitarian . ." 2 Universalist 1 Total 7ft EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. THE STATE UNIVERSITY. Q^(4^C^HE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, situated upon the East /-Stn^^ side of Minneapolis, is a strong element in determining the d-^^JS^^ present and future greatness of the City, and naturally occupies the foremost place in the history of her educational institutions. The university was organized under a charter, enacted by the State Legislature, February 18th, 1868. A grant of public lands was made by Congress for the endowment of the University, together with the department Colleges of Mechanics and Ag riculture. The lands thus granted to the institution have been partially sold, and will realize, when their sale is completed, over a million dollars. The current expenses of the university are principally defrayed by the State. A Board of Regents, ten in number, constitutes the governing body. This Board consists of, ex-offlciis, the Governor of the State, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, and the President of the University, together with seven others, appointed by the Governor, for a term of three years. 7 98 Hand-Bonk, of Minneapolis. The following parsons are the members of the present board: Hon. John B. GilfiUan, Minneapolis, Recording-Secretary. Hon. Knute Nelson, Alexandria. Hon. John S. Pillsbiiry, Minneapolis. Hon. Henry H. Sibley, St. Paul, President. Hon. Thomas S. Bnckham, Faribaiilt. Hon. Greeuleaf Clark, St. Paul. Hon. Cushmau K. Davis, St. Paul. The Governor of the State, Hon. Lucius F. Hubbard, St. Paul ; The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Hon. D. L. Kiehle, St. Paul ; and The Acting President of the University, William W. Folwell, Corres- ponding Secretary, Ex-officiis. R. A. Davidson, Esq., President of the Commercial Bank of Minneapolis, is the treasurer. The general Faculty, appointed by the Board of Regents, to undertake the management and instruction of students, consists of the following professors, instructors and assistants: FACULTY OF THE STATE UNIVERSITY. William W. Folwell, Instructor. Political Science. (Acting President.) Jabez Brooks, D, D., Professor. Greek, and in charge of Latin. Newton H. Winchell, Professor. State Geologist. Chas. N. Hewitt, M. D., Non-resident Professor. Public Health and Hy5;iene. John G. Moore, Professor. German. Christopher W. Hall, Professor. Geology, Mineralogy and Biology. John C. Hutchinson, Assistant Professor. Greek and Mathematics. John S. Clark, Assistant Professor. Latin. Matilda J. Wilkin, Instructor. German and English. Maria L. Sand ford. Professor. Rhetoric and Elocution. William A. Pike, 0. E. Professor. Engineering, and in charge of Physics. John F. Downey, Professor. Mathematics and Astronomy. James A. Dodge, Ph. D., Professor. Chemistry. ' Charles W. Benton, Professor. French. Edward D. Porter, Professor. Agriculture. William H. Lieb, Instructor. Vocal Music. Wilber F. Decker, B. M. E., Instructor. Physics, Shop Work, and Drawing. William A. Noyes, Ph. D., Instructor. Chemistry. Educational Iiistihitions. 99 FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE. The recent lamented death of Professor Moses, Ph. D., and the resigna- tion of Professor A. T. Ormond andE. C. Bower, U. S. A., leave vacancies in the chair of English, Mental and Moral Philosophy and History, and Miliary Science, which are, as yet, unfilled./ The College of Medicine. — Within a few months, a deiDartment College of Medicine has been organized. Its faculty is to consist of nine professorships, and the following named gentlemen have been chosen to fill a part of these: The remaining three positions will soon be filled. Dr. Charles N. Hewitt, of Eed Wing, Professor of Preventive Medicine. Dr. Franklin Staples, of Winona, Professor of the Practice of Medicine. Dr. D. W. Hand, of St. Paul, Professor of Surgery. Dr. W. H. Leonard, of Minneapolis, Professor of Obstetrics. Dr. S. Millard, of Stillwater, Professor of Anatomy. The present purpose of this College is not to give instruction in medi- cine and surgery. Its faculty will simply conduct examinations in these studies, and is empowered to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine upon candidates who satisfactorily pass its examinations. Under an act of the Legislature of 1883, this faculty is constituted the State Examin- ing Board, which is required to pass upon the qualifications of every practitioner of medicine in the State. RECORDS OF ATTENDANCE. The total number of students in attendance at the University during the year 1882, was 547. Of this number 253, or 178 gentlemen and 72 ladies, were enrolled in the classes of the general course; 192 persons attended the Farmer's Lecture Course given in January and February of each year for the purpose of instructing farmers in scientific agriculture; 52 mechanics studied at the Free Evening Drawing School, under the care of the Professor of Engineering and his assistants; 42 persons, princi- pally teachers, attended the Summer School; and nine studied, under the private care of the Faculty, for the master's degree. The Summee School, mentioned above, has been conducted annu- ally for the past three years. It is intended for the convenience of teachers and others who cannot attend the regular sessions of the University, and its course of instruction, given gratuitously, have been, in the main^ scientific. Modern languages, pedagogics, and, during the present sum- mer, Greek, have also been studied with satisfactory results. UNIVERSITY BUILDINGS, OUTFIT, ETC. The present plant of the University has long been inadequate to the 100 Haiul-Book of Minneapolis. supply of recognized needs for space, but enlargement has, until now been impracticable. A portion of an appropriation of $180,000, made by the State Legisla- ture in 1881, becomes available during the present year, and as fast as it can be obtained, the Board of Regents will proceed to the erection of a gymnasium, military building, farm-house, museum, library, observatory, a separate building for engineering, chemistry and physics, a chapel, and a music-hall. When other plans are executed, the University will have room and equipment unequalled in the West. The main building has, at present, fifty-four rooms. On its first floor is the University Library, the largest and most valuable in the State, numbering over 15,000 volumes. A reading room is in connection with the library for the accommodation both of the students and of the public. On the third floor is the Museum, containing valuable collections of zoological, geological, and mineralogical specimens. One central case contains some of the minerals, building-stones, ore, clays, etc., of Minne- sota. The Geological Survey, made under the auspices of the Board of Regents, has contributed largely to these collections. The Agricultural College Building contains the chemical laboratory, plant house, vice, forge, aud woodshops, but is very much crowded in the attempted accommodation of these. Students do not reside within the buildings. A single charge of $5.00 a year is made to defray incidental expenses, but all instruction in every department is fkee. The University has made great and rapid progress in its development, and, will ere long realize its ultimate plan of a system of dej^artment colleges under s^aecial management. With the continued support of the people, and the maintenance of a superior class of instructors, it must soon take its place in the front rank of American Colleges, and may hojoe to surpass many of its sister institu- tions. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The influences most active in shaping the public as well as the private life of a community, are those which emanate from the com- mon school, and hence the character and condition of the latter may be looked to as important factors in the welfare of the home and of society. Their success or failure is a matter of vital interest to every citizen as well as to every prosjDective resident; and, in a city of so rapid a growth as Minneapolis, the maintenance of a high standard of public instruction, and the successful management of a large number of ||if(fP'l|»dUyt '"N I ' | i iii i iW|y||M|||i y (101) 102 Hand-Book of MiiDieapoUs. schools, are tasks beset with something more than ordinary diffic;ilty. It is due to the energy and public-spirit of the men who form the City School Board, as well as to the efficiency of the corps of principal instructors engaged by them, that the schools of Minneapolis can furnish, despite o^ the embarrassment of over-crowding, so good a record. The city has twenty-two school buildings, with a total of 172 rooms. Four of these schools were built during the last year at a cost of $100,000. During the school year ending June, 1883, 10,698 pupils were admitted, an increase in number of '2,94:8 over the preceding twelve months. The Board employs 215 teachers, including principals, at the present time. The value of the school pioperty is estimated at over .$600,000. Last winter the Board organ- ized under the care of the Assistant Superintendent, a system of Evening Scliools in three of the princi23al school buildings. At the beginning of the year 1883, 934 pupils had been enrolled, with an average of 18 years of age. These were under the care and instruction of a special corps of thirteen teachers, and were taught, mainly, in the elements of English studies. Oral lessons were given upon practical topics with excellent results. These schools are designed for those of school age, or over, who are unable to attend the ordinary day sessions, and yet are anxious to acquire the rudiments of a school education. The constant influx of people to the city, and, in consequence, of children to the Public Schools, has long been a source of embarrassment. Not- withstanding the recent additions, more new buildings are imperatively demanded, and some provision must be speedily made for them. The standard of education will comparfe very favorably with that maintained in other large city schools, and the general record of advancement made by the pupils is above the average of available comparative reports. With a better provision for over- crowded school districts, the grade of scholar- ship will probably be still higher, and the public school system of Minne- apolis cnay be, at least, unsurpassed. PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND SEMI^^\RIES. The city is unusually well-furnished with private institutions of learn- ing, of which we cannot give more than a very brief mention : — The Cuktiss Business College, under the management of C. C. Curtiss, at the corner of Nicollet Avenue and Fifth Street, is an institution which has enjoyed a large degree of success and exercises a wholesome influence over the community. Its classes are filled by young women as well as yoimg men, and its total of persons in attendance, is between 400 and 500 annually. Its aim is to furnish to its pupils a complete business educa- tion, and its success is a sufficient witness to its merit. Neirsp((pers and Periodicals. 103 The Minneapolis Academy is a preparatory scliool to the State Uni- versity, situated at 1328 Fourth St., S. E., and in charge of Mr. C. Davison. Bennet Seminary is an excellent school for young ladies, in charge of Misses Kenyon and Abbott. It is situated at the corner of Tenth St, and Seventh Avenue south. AuGSBUEG Seminary is a Scandinavian school, which offers a high standard of training to its students. It stands on the corner of Seventh St. and Twenty-First Ave., south. « JuDSON Female Seminary, conducted by Miss A. A. Judson, is another excellente stablishment for young ladies, at 44 Sixth St. south. In addition to these the city has three medical schools, seven Catholic parochial schools and convents, two schools under Episcopalian manage- ment, three under different societies of the Lutheran Church, and three. Kindergarten estabishments, the latter constantly growing in public favor. NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS. ^Il HE journalism of Minneapolis is represented by three daily news- \f I y* pfipei's, eighteen weeklies and nine monthlies. • The tendency in the daily journalism of the city has been toward a limited number of first-class, enterprising and well-supported papers rather tban a multiplication of issues of inferior character, small circula- tion and trifling influence. The Daily Minnesota Tribune, the only morning paper of the city, is a metropolitan journal of the first-class, having eight pages of the size and form of the New York Times and Chicago Tribune. Established only in 1880, it has promptly taken its place in the front rank of great American dailies, and its enterprise, ability and elevation of tone, have given it merited influence throughout the Northwest. It also maintains in the neighboring city of St. Paul a numerous corps of editors, reporters and business employes, and has a large circulation in that city, as well as over its entire field from central Wisconsin to the Rocky Mountains. The Tribune employs special representatives in Milwaukee, Chicago, New York, Washington and London, and has a special local correspondent in every important city and town in the Northwest. The proprietors have entered upon the enterprise of erecting a Tribune building, to occupy the northeast corner of Fourth Street and First Avenue, South, to be six stories in height, fire proof, to embody all the best architectural features 104 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. of modern newspaper publishing offices, and to be equipped with the latest and fastest presses. The Evening Journal, the oldest afternoon paper of the city, and the leading one in the State, was founded in 1880, and has attained a marked degree of success and large circulation. It also maintains a St. Paul deiJartment, and covers the two cities with its circulation. It has the exclusive use of the afternoon Associated Press dispatches for Minneapolis. The Evening News, started in 1883, is a bright and enterprising journal more strictly local in its scojje and purjiose. It xises the dispatches of the United Press Association. The Daily Pioneer Press and the Daily Globe, of St. Paul, respectively maintain editorial and business offices in Minneapolis and have a circula- tion in this city. LIST OF WEEKLY PAPERS. Farmers Union and Weekly Tribune. Saturday Spectator. Hennepin County Mirror. Mississippi Valley Lumberman and Manufacturer. Temperance Review. Minneapolis Weekly. Northwestern Miller. Tourist and SjDortsman. Celtic World. Freie Presse. The Free Baptist. Sunday Morning Call. Svenska Folkets Tidniug. Unsi Kotimaa. Budstikken. Folkebladet Canadian American. Democrat. MONTHLIES. The Housekeeper. The Homestead. The Minnesota Farmer. The Wood and Iron. Minnesota Journal of Education. Monthly Tourist and Sportsman. Bibelbudet. Mechanical World. Lihmries. 105 LIBRARIES. ^TIF^HE origin of the only Library Association that Minneapolis [j-'^xo possesses, dates back to the beginning of the year 1860, when [^yJ^:^ "The Mimieapolis AtJiencmm''^ v/as organized. Its history, up to the present date, has been one of steady development in the line of its original purpose. Starting with less than 300 books at its birth, it now catalogues over 14,000 volumes, covering every department of literature and science, and affording an invaluable resource to the general or special student. It maintains a reading-room, furnished with the best periodicals, and in which any book contained in the Library can be read or referred to, free of charge. Certain reference books are only used in this manner, no removal of them being permitted. The general catalogue is open to transient or regular subscribers at all times. Upon dajjosit of .$2.00, any book can be taken from the Library and retained for two weeks at a trifling fee per diem. Subscribers are allowed the use of two books at one time, at an annual rate. The Library is in charge of a Librarian and assistant, appointed by the officers and Directors of the Association. The rooms of the Association are at 217 Hennepin Avenue. The library of 15,000 volumes attached to the State University has been ■already alluded to. This, through the medium of a reading-room, is open to the general public. It is the largest collection of volumes in the State. The city has need of more extensive library advantages, and it is to be hoped that the organization of a Minneapolis Public Library is an event of the near future. SCIENCE. ^HE MINNESOTA ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCE is the onl} association of the Kind in Minneapolis. It was organized dzj^l:^ ^^ 1^^3 ^"d li^s maintained a prosperous existence every since. Its object, in common with that of similar institutions in the United -States, is "to observe and investigate natural phenomena; to make collec- tions of specimens illustrating the various departments of science; to 106 Hand-Book nf Minneupolls. name, classify, and preserve the same; and to discuss such questions as shall coma within the province of the Academy." The rooms of the Academy are at 110 Hennepin Avenue, upstairs, in what is known as Kelly's block. During the year the Academy holds monthly meetings, occurring on the Tuesday following the first Monday in the month. Its membership is about one hundred and fifty. Its officers are; A. F. Elliott, president; W. E. Leonard, vice-j^resident ; C. W. Hall, secretary; and N. H. Hemiup, treasurer, with a Board of nine Trustees, The bulletins of the Academy have been published annually and now form two printed volumes. The bulletin for 1882 is now in j^ress. The collections and library are in the rooms of the Academv, at the above address. MUSIC AND MUSICAL SOCIETIES. HE recent May Festival, in Minneapolis, under the leadership of Theodore Thomas, with its home chorus of two hundred SiT^'^ voices, attests the possibilities which careful training of the lattent musical talent of the city may realize, and opens up to the city a future for the cultivation of music which will eventually place it on a par with the chief musical centres of the United States. The one great obstacle to negotiations for the visits of great musical artists, as well as to the maturing of home choral talent, is the lack of any building suited to concert purpose*. The musical organization, among those existing in Minneapolis, which possesses the highest order of musical power and gives evidence of the most thorough discipline and training, in the mastery of a high grade of music, is Danz's Military Band and Orchestra. Among choral societies. The Mendelssohn Club — with its auxiliary. The Madrigal Chorus — occupies the first place. The Club consists entirely of male voices, whilst The Chorus is of mixed character. The Apollo Club is a male quartette of some local celebrity. The Harmonia and Frohsin Societies are under German management. One Norwegian and two Swed- ish societies complete the number of organized musical bodies. Special attention is paid to the teaching of music in the common schools, and private as well as public instruction in the city is carried to an unusu- ally advanced stage. WATERING PLACES AND SLiinmer Eesorts Near Minneapolis. ^ ARGE numbers of the residents of almost every American City are annually compelled by the unfortunate demands of failing ^ health, over-wrought nervous systems, or prevailing fashion, to seek a change of scene or climate in some pleasure-resort or watering- place, at a distance from their homes. The citizens of Minneapolis, however, are fortunately relieved from this oftentimes disagreeable necessity by the existence, in the immediate vicinity of the City, of a system of lakes beautifully adapted to every pur- pose of health, ease and pleasure. A single half-hour's journey will suffice to bring them within reach of all the material advantages possible to an inland watering-place, combined with the one absolutely essential element of a healthful and invigorating summer climate. LAKES CALHOUN, HAERIET AND MINNETONKA. The nearest of these to the center of the City are Lakci^ Calhuvn and Harriet, embraced within the City limits. These are both small but beautiful pieces of water, less than a mile apart, with regular, sloping,, wooded shores, and sand and gravel beaches, affording am23le and com- modious camping grounds. LAKE CALHOUN, however, although visited daily by large numbers of people, is not much occupied for camping purposes, partly owing to the lack of that seclusion which is found elsewhere, and partly to its present depopulation of 'fish. Its most prominent feature is the Lyndale Hotel, which, after being ( 107 ) 108 Hand- Book of Minneapolh. largely rebuilt and extended, has been reopened the present season, and is now an attractive residence for summer guests. LAKE HARRIET has a larger supply of fish, and is surrounded by a number of cottages, and a small colony of camps. LAKE MINNETONKA.— Far surpassing these smaller lakes in extent and beauty, and of far greater importance to the City, is the favorite summer resort of the Northwest, Lake Minnetonka. This beautiful lake may be accounted as practically a suburb of Minne- apolis, lying, as it does, only fifteen miles to the southwest, and supi^orted, as it mainly is, by Minneapolis citizens. Its greatest length is eighteen miles, and its width from one to five miles. It is divided into two main portions, the Upper and the Lower Lakes, linked together by a slender channel, called the Narrows. Its shore-line is remarkably indented, forming a series of picturesque bays, and having an estimated length of nearly three hundred miles. A rich forest growth approaches, throughout the greater part of its extent, to the shore-line, and lends a new element of beauty to its varied scenery. Here and there upon the banks, small villages have sprung up, whose growth has been fostered by the erection of summer cottages and large hotels in their near neighborhood. These villages will be further noticed in detail. A large number of cottages and villas, dotting the shores or the Lake, have been built and are occupied by citizens, not only of Minneapolis, but of many neighboring States. Their artistic forms, and bright, harmoni- ous colors, add to the beauty with which nature has so richly endowed the place. Even more numerous, and not less picturesque in their eflFect, are the white spots of canvas which mark the tents of transient or less permanent visitors, who realize, in the most approved manner, the merits of camp-life. A majority of summer visitants from points outside Minnesota are annually quartered at the many hotels, where have sprung up at various points, to meet the deman'ds of custom, and the location of which will be further noted. A HEALTH RESORT. Many of these visitors come to Minnetonka from all parts of the country in search of renewed health, and there are few places in America which can boast of more favorable conditions for their encouragement. All that cjimate can do for the majority of these cases of impaired vitality, in the many forms, may be expected of the air of Minnesota, under conditions so favorable to its energyzing influence, as may be obtained, at will, in the out-of-door life possible at Lake Minnetonka. 110 Hand- Book of Minneapolis. Sufferers, especially from throat and chest diseases in their earlier stages of development^ will realize the remarkable benefits to be obtained from the dry, bracing quality of the atmosjohere, aided by the improved hygiene of tent-living. The proximity of Minneapolis makes it possible to combine the com. forts and conveniences of City life with the advantages peculiar to the country. The railroads connecting with the Lake villages provide for the transmission of materials, and the local dealers supply dairy products Watering F/ricm and Summer Resaiis. Ill and vegetables, of excellent quality, direct from the neighboring farms, delivering the same at the tents or cottages at ruling and reasonable prices. Grounds for camping purposes, together with tent materials, are leased by the owners ujjon reasonable terms. LAKE TILLAGES. The principal villages situated on the banks of Minnetonka are. Excel- sior, Wayzata, and Mound City. EXCELSIOR was one of the earliest settlements in the State, having been colonized in 1852 and incorisorated in 1879. It rests upon the south shore of the Lake, about eighteen miles from the City. It is reached by the Minneapolis ct St. Louis and the Minneapolis, Lyndale & Minnetonka Railroads, is a main terminus for the large Steamboats on the Lake, and has postal, telegraph and telephone communications with the City. It pos- sesses good business, school and church advantages, some of the best hotels and boarding places, of medium size, on the Lake, and excellent camping grounds. It enjoys the distinction of being free from saloons. 112 IIVHITE BEAR LAKE, situated on the line of the St. Paul and Duluth Railway, about twelve miles from Minneapolis, is a miniature of Lake Minuetonka of the most perfect order. It is improved, principally, by citizens of St. Paul, who have surrounded it with handsome summer cot- tages. It has two first-class hotels, a good business connection, and a few private boarding places. It is probably destined to gain a wide reputation as the meeting-ground of an Assembly organized upon the plan of the far-famed Chatauqua Assembly, for which a large tract on the north shore of the Lake has been bought. THE FALLS OF MINNEHAHA, the " laughing-water" of Longfellow's verse has won so wide a fame that anything more than a passing reference to its beauties is unnecessary. The Falls are situated about six miles from the City Hall, and some two miles beyond the city limits, a little to the southeast of the city, and on the line of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul K. R. They are supplied by Minnehaha Creek, the outlet of Minnetonka and smaller lakes surrounding the south and southwestern portions of the city. They are fifty feet in height and the rocks over which the water falls have undergone a recession similar to that observed at the Falls of St. Anthony. Always picturesque, they are peculiarly so in the winter season when the formation of ice about the cataract adds a stranger beauty to the scene than is ordinarily its own. Boating, Fishing, Hunting, Etc. 115 BOA.TING, FISHING, HUNTING, ETC. .N a section of country so rich in lakes and rivers as the neighbor- hood of Minneapolis the ojDportunities of the sportsman are practically inexhaustible, and the field of his enjoyment is unusu- ally large and varied. BATHING is so ordinary a pleasure that it is altogether unnecessary to give any hints concerning its exercise. At all the principal lakes, and especially at Minnetonka, bathing houses are kept for hire and in connection with the large hotels, and bathing suits can also be obtained. The beaches are generally well adapted to this purpose and the water is delightfully fresh and pure. BOATING in all its forms is amply provided for upon the lakes. Fleets of sailing vessels and row-boats are kept for renting purposes at Wayzata, Excelsior, Mound City, and one or two minor points, upon Lake Minne- tonka. The hotels at this and other resorts provide row-boats for the use of their guests. Yachting is a very popular sport upon the neighboring waters, and a num- ber of regattas are held during the season, at Minnetonka and White Bear. A successful and enthusiastic canoe-club, with a membership, for the most part, of Minneapolis gentlemen, is maintained at Lake Minnetonka Tpith headquarters at the club boat-house on Excelsior Beach. Steamboating has been already referred to upon an earlier page. Excel- lent opportunities are afforded at Excelsior for the formation of private excursions in small parties, and moonlight excursions are of frequent occurrence during the summer weeks. FISHING AND HUNTING are naturally allied topics and may be con- sidered together. The waters, streams and forests within easy reach of the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, afford ample sport to satisfy the most insatiable hunter or fisherman. Within a few hours ride of either city, almost any variety of game may be secured in the proper season, whilst the supply of fish shows no perceptible diminution, save in very limited waters, from year to year. As especially concerning sportsmen who are resident or visiting in Minneapolis, the opportunities only of the immediate surroundings of the City will be mentioned. There is hardly a lake or a stream within one or two hours ride that will not afford an excellent quality of fishing. The best waters are undoubtedly those of Lake Minnetonka. If the fisherman is unfamiliar with its bays and inlets, his best course is to obtain the services of an experienced boatman who can direct his sport and 116 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. relieve him of muoli of the drudgery of boating, striugiug, etc. With this assistance, he will undoubtedly achieve much more satisfactory results than unaided he could possibly obtain. Pickerel, black and rock bass, croppies and sun-fish, are the varieties to be met with at Minuetonka and in most of the neighboring lakes. White Bear Lake also affords a large supply of wall-eyed pike. The regular track of the steamboats must of course be avoided, and the preference given to the more sheltered bays and coves in outlying situations. Trolling is very successful in the capture of pickerel. Still fishiug i& accomplished with minnows and small frogs. The woods surrounding the more sequestered portions of Lake Minue- tonka abound with pheasants, rabbits and black and gray squirrels. An occasional deer is shot during the winter season. At the onset of cold weather, the bays of Minuetonka and the small lakes surrounding it will afford the best of water-fowl shooting. Large numbers of wookcock may be taken, in season, along the banks of the Minuetonka River above the junction at Fort Snelling. In the country to the north of White Bear Lake, duck may be found in abundance. The railroads of Minnesota are accustomed to transport one hundred pounds weight of camp furnishings, with dogs, guns, tackle, other apparatus, and game, free of charge. The owners of live animals are expected to provide for their jjroper care The following synopsis of the game laws of the State of Minnesota may be useful to the visiting sportsman: THE GAME LAWS OF MINNESOTA. The following are the dates to which the destruction of game and fish of various kinds is limited: — Woodcock, July 4th to November 1st; Quail (Partridge), Pinnated Grouse (Prairie Chicken), Ruffled Grouse (Phea- sant), September 1st to December 1st; Elk and Deer, November 1st to December 15th; Water Fowl, September lat to May 15th; Brook Trout, April 1st to October 1st; Harmless birds, their eggs, or nests may not be destroyed; Wild Pigeons, Blackbirds and game are not included among, harmless birds. Exportation of all game, excejst Pheasants, is forbidden. The possession of game in hand or in transit beyond the prescribed season is competent evidence for c Duviction of a violation of the law Anyone entering fields of growing crops with dogs or hunting imple- ments, without permission of the owner, is liable to a penalty for trespass. The spearing or capture of fish in any other way than with hook and line is absolutely prohibited, except in the waters of Lake Superior and the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers. Thirty-Second Annual Meeting OF THE American issociatlou &•• tiiexidvaiiceiiietor Scie At Minneapolis, Aug. 15 to 21, 1883. SPECIAL INFORMATION FOR THE USE OF MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION. r HE Thirty-second Anuual Meeting of the Association will com- mence at ten o'clock a. m., Wednesday, August 15th, 1883. The W^^ headquarters of the Association will be at the University of Minnesota; the hotel headquarters will be at the Nicollet House, on Washington avenue, between Nicollet and Hennepin avenues. The gen- eral sessions and the meetings of the Sections and Committees will be at the State University. The retiring address of President J. W. Dawson will be given at the Westminster Church on Nicollet avenue, on Wednesday evening. The Reception by the Local Committee will be held at the Nicollet House on Wednesday evening, after the address of President Dawson. Post-office, telegraph and telephone facilities will be found at the main University building. Letters may be addressed to members after August 12th, at Mmneapolis, care of the A. A. A. S., and they will be delivered from the office of the Local Committee at the University. By the courtesy of the Western Union Telegraph Company, social and personal messages will be transmitted free for members during the session of the Association. Each member will be given a numbered badge which he is exjaected to wear during the meeting. The members of the Local committee will have a distinguishing badge. 118 Hand-Book of 3Iiiineapolis. Hacks and omnibuses that bear the initials A. A. A. S., will carry mem- bers at reduced rates to and from the University, and between hotels and the depots. A daily luncheon will be served by the Local Committee in a temporary building on the University campus. Tickets of admission to this will be obtained daily at the office of the Local Committee at the University, or at the door. The annual meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricul- TUEAL Science will be held in Minneapolis on August 13th and 14th, in the Agricultural College building, of the State University. A special meeting of the Cambridge Entomological Club will be held in Minneapolis, at the Chapel of the University, at two p. M., on Tuesday, August 14th, to which meeting all members and other persons interested in entomology are invited. Excursions will be made as follows: To Minnetonka and return Saturday afternoon, August 18th. A lawn picnic will be served at the Lake Park Hotel. If a party of 150, or more, desire to make an excursion to Winnipeg and return at one-half of regular fare, the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway will send a special train for their accommodation. The following reduced rates will be charged to Members at the hotels of the city and vicinity: Nicollet House, per day, S3. 00; without dinner, $2.00. Meal tickets for members can be obtained at the rate of twenty-one meals for S12.50. This hotel -will be very much crowded, but if notice be given of friends who will room together, a large number can be accommodated. St. James Hotel, Washington avenue south, per full day, S2.00; without dinner, $1.50. Day board per week, $6.00 and rebate for dinner. Twenty- one meal tickets for $6.00. National House, Washington avenue south, per full day, $2.00; without dinner, $1.50. Clark House, corner Hennepin avenue and Fourth street, per full day, •12.00; without dinner, $1.50. Bellevue House, Washington avenue north, per full day, $2.00; without dinner, $1.50. Lake Park Hotel, at Lake Minnetonka, south side, 12.50 per day includ- ing dinner. Hotel Lafayette, at Lake Minnetonka, north shore, $2.50 per day, including dinner at 6 p. m. St. Louis Hotel, at Northome on Lake Minnetonka, east end, $2.50 per day, including dinner at 6 p. m. White House, Excelsior, on Lake Minnetonka, $1.50 without dinner. S]iecl'. P.M. Lake Park Leave 7.05 7.08 7.12 7.15 7.19 8 45 8.49 8.. 53 8.. 57 9.00 9.05 9.15 9.45 2.. 50 t.U 2.. 58 3.0i 3.05 3.10 3.20 3.55 5.28 5.32 5.36 5.40 5.43 5.48 5.58 6.28 10 45 Park Junction "kVso" 10.33 10.49 10.53 10.57 11. a) Solberg's Point Fairview " Northome (Hotel St L) 10.38 10.51 11.35 11 05 Minnetonka Mills.... Minneapolis Arrive 7.33 8.02 11.15 11.45 Railroad Time Tables. 121 g ^ r K HH > > > ^■Bpnng g § : \'^ ?d8Dxa S s S sis •^n«a m 00 : 1 > : is •^n^a 5 JD : 1 > • 1 ^ •^irea S g •An^a ■ is g: § c ••«ii«a to to '^n^a MS ■An«a g S 5 ns! ■Xyrea M to ■g g ns! •^iT«a SIM S! •An^a s g CO MS! •An^a 5 is : 1 ^31 : 1^1 ^irea k £ c g|s| •Ayrecr OS OS OS • i^l ABpung £ S s : 1 g| ^daoxg to o\ p :l5i ABpung g ES \\%\ ■AlIBQ S 1 3 gS! ■&\ma O 00 g 8 s nsi •An^a •! t ^ ■^ 1 •AlIBQ - e 5 = 1^1 ABpung g S S s! ^1 jdaoxa K ^^ r 1^ X >■ >• O w w z K PI m ■?! tr W H CD w t> > 1-^ > ^ W tr 5 H K W M o M j H 2; 12! ;■ ~r -a OS > ABpnng s £ ^ »daoxa 00 ^lt> ABpnng =■ g!^ Qdaoxg 5C t t 00 > •AitBd CO dS •S.[vea 0. 0. 1 r ^ s 8 £|i •^n«a . K- H^ g 8 ilh ■AllBg ^ r •rUi •Ajrea is iiPi •An«a g 5 m •AitBCI b g i Si?i •AlIBQ CO £!S| •Airea *^ M 1 *t3 1 •^i^a : >f^ m .•^n«a g m •Airea OS en m •^irea OS OS "iSI ABpnng : fe g s|i^! jdaoxg 00 b to - £lSi ABpung oc ■g s!Si •AlIBQ to JO 5 giSi •Airea o g S !!S! •AiiBfi h i!Si ^it«a to s 51 SI ^n«a 122 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF TRAINS. TIME TABLE. CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. HASTINGS & DAKOTA DIVISION. TRAIN. TIME. Arrives at Minneapolis from Aberdeen at 6 :30 A. M. 6:25 P. M. Leaves " for " 7:00 A.M. 7:36 P. M. IOWA & DAKOTA DIVISION. TRAIN. TIME. Arrives at Minneapolis from Mitchell at 7 :05 P. M. Leaves " for " 8 :00 A. M. 6:00 P.M. MAIN LINE RIVER, DIVISION. Arrives at Minneapolis from Chicago at 7 :00 A. M. 3:10 P. M. Leaves " for " 12 :00 Noon. 7:00 P.M. CHICAGO, ST. PAUL MINNEAPOLIS & OMAHA. MAIN LINE. TRAIN. TIME. Arrives at Minneapolis from Chicago at 7 :00 A. M. 3:10 P.M. Leaves " " " 12 :00 Noon. 7 :00 P. M. ST. PAUL & DULUTH RAILWAY. TRAIN TIME. Arrives at Minneapolis from Duluth at 7:55 A. M. 5:45 P. M. Leakes " for " 8:10 A.M. 6:00 P. M. Railroad Time Tables. 123 ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS & OMAHA KAIL WAY. TKAIN. TIME. Arrives at Minueajjolis from Fargo, Grand Forks, and Brecken- ridge at 7 :00 A. M. Arrives at Minneapolis from Fargo, Grand Forks and Brecken- ridge at 6:45 P. M. Leaves Minneapolis for Fargo, Grand Forks and Breckenridge at , 8:00 A. M. Leaves Minneapolis for Fargo, Grand Forks and Breckenridge at 7:45 P. M. Arrives at Minneapolis from St. Vincent at 6 :45 A. M. 6:10 P. M. Leaves '■ for " 8 :45 A. M. « " " 9 :30 P. M. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. • TRAIN TRAIN. Arrives at Minneapolis from Bismarck at 7 :30 A. M. Leaves " for " 9:10 P.M. Arrives " frcm Portland, and New Tacoma via. Helena, Mandan, Bismarck and Fargo 7:00 P. M, Leaves Minneapolis for Portland and New Tacoma via. the 9:25 P.M. MINNEAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. TRAIN. TIME. Leaves Minneapolis for Chicago 7:40 A. M. - " 7:00P. M. " " St. Loiiis and Des Moines 7:40 A. M. 3:10 P. M. 124 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. ■ sss .■^■^ o 6^.^ fiSS p.* d gSS fiS^ .ceo _CCCO a p. m flSS d dt gg§§ pSS d* p. e^o. gqs p. d fio^ nSi OD ;j p. & J fiS^ H°S PQ ..„ •3 d. gSS. g8« P d d aS« s=s H ^ o3S Z p< Ui S s33 pSS o o i gss pSS b'S.^. 3Q cS'-" CS-"- B^."- sig tS'^'^ CS?" pes H^^. fiSS gSii 00 00 C3 cS ■ o ~ S^.1 g^_=C cet s* gSi cS ' ^ss pSS CS'>. ee* cS ^ §^ d 1-^ it IN III B ..g .5x ^s.^ w SS t>w w ^ ^ ^ >u <3 <\ 00 05 P< .00 00 p eS3 d"" d d"" d d* gSS irt CO d into d d P d B'SS .NOT P B»*8 p. d d ggy gS5 d"^ d'^ gOT_S gSg d-- gSS gSS ds= aJI a^2 00 35 c3 8^5 .00 0- a^s 00 Oi .if- c8* 5K ■9 =1^ c8 W IP III Committees and Sub-Committees. 12& OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE LOCAL COMMITTEE AND OF THE SUB-COMMITTEES. GENERAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. Hon. G.A.Pillsbury, r'A'r'ft. Gen. A. B, Nettleton. Prof. N.H Winchell, Secy. Hon. George A. Brackett. Hon. A. C. Rand. Hon. John De Laittre. W. W. McNair. Esq. Hon. John S. Pills bury. Dr. W. W. Folwell. Mr. Charles W. Johnson. Hon. W. D. Washburn Mr. T. B. Walker. Hon. O. C. Merriman. Hon Eugene M. Wilson. Mr. E. V. White. Mr. H. T. Welles. Hon. H. G. Hicks. Thomas Lowry, Esq. Mr. Winthrop Young. Hon. William S. King. David Blakely, Esq. Hon. R. B. Langdon. Supt. D. L. Kiehle. I. C. Seeley, Esq Mr. Anthony Kelly. Dr. A. F. Elliott. Hon. F. W. Brooks. COMMITTEE OF ALDERMEN FKOM THE CITY COUNCIL. M. W. Glenn, Chairman. F. L. Greenleaf . E. Eichhorn. N H. Roberts. Matthew Waist E. M. Johnson. S. P. Chaunell. SUB-COMMITTEE ON INVITATION AND RECEPTION. Dr.W.W.Folwell, Chairman. Mr. D. C. Bell. Hon.E.M. Wilson. Mr. Samuel Hill. Mr. CM. Loring. Hon. C. A. Pillsbury. Hon. A. A. Ames, (.Mayor.) Hon. J. B. Gilfillan. Rev. J. H. Tuttle. Hon. H. G. Hicks. Gen. A. B. Nettleton. Rev. James McGolrick. Bishop Cyrus D. Foss. Mr. C.McC. Reeve. Dr. George F. French. Dr. C. L. Wells. V. 8. Ireys, Esq. Rev. D. B. Knickerbacker. Mr. R.E. Grimshaw. Hon. A. C. Rand. S. C. Gale, Esq. W. W. McNair, Esq. C. A. Van Anda.D. D. Mr. O. A. Pray. Judge C. E. Vanderburg. Mr. B. F. Nelson. Roberts. Innes, Esq. Dr. H. H. Kimball I. C. Seeley, Esq. Mr. R. J. Mendenhall, Mr. S. A. Harris. Prof. S.Qftedal. Dr. W. H. Leonard. Mr. C. F. Hatch. Mr. Fred Hooker. Judge \\illiam Lochren- Hon D. Morrison. Mr. N. F. Griswold. Mr. J. W. Griffin. Mr. T. B. Casy. Rev. H. C Woods. J.. B. Atwater, Esq. Mr. W. E. Burwell. Mr. Winthrop Young. Rev. Robert Forbes. Mr. R. C. Benton. Judge John P. Rea. Rev. R. F. Sample, Col. William McCrory. Mr. G. A. Wheaton. Mr. J.T. Elwell. Mr. C. H. Prior. Mr. T. F. Andrews. Hon. R B. Langdon. Mr. J. N. Nind. Hon. R. Chute. Hr. George H. Christian. R. G. Hutchins. D.D. Judge A. H. Young. Mr. George A. Camp. Mr. Clinton Morrison. Judge J. M. Shaw. Capt. J. C. Whitney. Hon. Loren Fletcher. Mr. John Crosby. Judge G. B. Cooley. Mr. J. H. Clark. Prof. Jabez Brooks. Mr. W. H. Hinkle. Capt. J. N. Cross. Mr. G. H. Clinton. Mr. A 0. Loring. Mr. C. W. Johnson. Hon. O. C. Meriiman. ladies' RECEPTION COMMITTEE. Mrs.J. 8. Pillsbury, Ch-rm'n. Mrs. W. W. Folwell. Mrs. Richard Chute. Mrs. J. B. Gilfillan. Miss Maria Sanford. Miss Addie Pillsbury. Mrs. N. H. Winchell. Mi.ss Emily McMillan. Mrs. L. W. Campbell. Mrs. F C- Barrows. Miss Lettie Crafts. Miss Addie Camp. SUB-COMMITTEE ON ROOMS AND PLACES OF MEETING. Hon. E. M. Wilson, Ch'nn'n. Mr. C. W. Johnson. Hon. R. B. Langdon. Mr. Anthony Kelly. Dr. A. F. Elliotb. Hon. C. M. Loring. Prof. J. A. Dodge. 126 Hand-Book of Minneapolis. SUB-COMMITTEE ON ENTERTAINMENT, HOTELS, LUNCHEONS AND LODGINGS. Hon. A. C. Rand, Chairman, Mr. R. F. Jones. Stephen Mahonj , Esq. Hon Geo. A. Brackett. George H. Fletcher, Esq. Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor. Mr.T. B.Walker. Col. R. S. Innes. Dr. Charles Simpson. Mr. W. M. Tenney. Fred Lathrop, Esq. Dr. A. W. Abbott. Mr. Wesley Neil. Mr. J. F. Collum. T. E. Byrnes, Esq. Prof. William J. Warr Dr. Charles R. Chute. E. Chatfield. Esq. Hon. D. L. Kiehle. Prof. J. F. Downey. Mr. C. C. Sturtevant. Dr. P. L. Hatch. -COMMITTEE ON FINANCE. I. C. Seeley. Esq., Chairman. J. W- Perkins, Esq. Mr. H. G. O- Morrison. Mr. S. B. Lovejoy. Mr. N- F. Griswold. Judge Francis Bailey. Mr. O. T. Swett. Mr. Albert Hastings. Hon. Josiah Thompson, Jr. Frank H. Carleton, Eaq. Hon. H. T. Welles. Mr. F. W. Brooks. Mr. Isaac McNair. SUB-OOMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND ADVERTISING. Mr. David Blakely, Ch'rnin. Gen, A. B. Nettleton. Mr. C. A. Nimocks. Hon. W. S. King. Prof. C. W. Hall. SUB-COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION AND EXCURSIONS. Thos. Lowry, Esq.. CK'rni'n. Mr. John Crosby. Hon. W. D. Wasnburn. Mr. W. H. Hinkle. Maj. C. F. Hatch. Mr. E. V. White. Hon. J. S. Pillsbury. Mr. Llewellyn Christian. Hon. J. B. Bassett. Mr. C.H. Prior. Mr. A. H. Bode. Mr. W. H. Truesdale. Col. William McCrory. G-feAiSHc LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 016 085 257 4 >IOOa QNVH