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 OUTLINE FOR J^EVI© 
 
 ENGLISH HISTOBT 
 
 TON AND TREAT 
 
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 V YOR K' CINCINNATI • CHICAGO 
 
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 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY 
 
 BY 
 CHARLES BERTRAM NEWTON, A.B. 
 
 Head of the Department of History in Laxcrencemlle School 
 AND 
 
 EDWIN BRYANT TREAT, A.M. 
 
 Master in Lawrenceville School 
 
 NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI :• CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
*y8RARY of CONGRESS 
 I vru Qooles ftiweived 
 
 Gopyr'gtit ERtty 
 
 CLASS 4 XXc, NOi 
 
 eOPY B. 
 
 Copyright, 1907, by 
 0HARLE3 BERTRAM NEWTON 
 
 AND 
 
 EDWm BRYANT TREAT. 
 
 W. P, I 
 
PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK 
 
 When the close of the year's work approaches, the teacher 
 of history is confronted with the problem of bringing out 
 the subject as a whole, and of so focusing it as to make the 
 picture clear-cut and vivid in the pupil's mind. Text-book 
 and notebook and classroom work have each done their part 
 in arousing the imagination and informing the memory — 
 how shall the prominent figures and the smaller details, the 
 multitude of memories and impressions so made, be fixed and 
 established in their proper perspective? 
 
 It was the effort to solve this problem that produced this 
 series of Outlines in Greek, Roman, English, and Ameri- 
 can history. They were first privately printed, and have 
 been experimented with for several years. The result has 
 been so gratifying, in accomplishing the end in view, as to 
 suggest that they might prove similarly useful to others; 
 hence, their present publication. The outline of English 
 history has been made somewhat fuller than the others, 
 owing to the greater length and difficulty of the subject. 
 There is considerable divergence in different text-books, in 
 giving the substance of important measures such as Magna 
 Carta, the Bill of Rights, and so on. The effort in this out- 
 line has been to give the essentials of such measures in as 
 simple and direct a way as possible. 
 
 The Outlines have been enlarged and revised in collabora- 
 tion with a colleague of wide experience in preparing pupils 
 for college entrance examinations, who has used them in their 
 
 3 
 
PURPOSE OF THIS BOOK 
 
 original form, and who therefore brings the valuable assist- 
 ance of independent experiment and experience to the work 
 of improvement and revision. 
 
 It cannot be too emphatically said that the Outlines should 
 not be introduced into the class until after the work in the 
 text-book is finished — they are preeminently intended, as 
 their title indicates, for review. However, if the time or 
 facilities of the teacher are limited, they might be used 
 judiciously with the text-book as an aid to clearness. 
 
 P^ach of the Outlines of the series has been used with 
 several different text-books, and each is intended for use 
 with any good text-book, such as, in the case of the Out- 
 line of English History, Walker's Essentials, Andrews', 
 Cheney's, Montgomery's, Wrong's, etc. References are 
 therefore purposely omitted, not only to emphasize this 
 fact, but also because the Outlines should be used only 
 after the student has become so familiar with the text- 
 book, and other sources of information that it wall be 
 easy to refresh the memory on matters only suggested in the 
 Outline. 
 
 Many dates have been given for reference, but the less 
 important have been included in parentheses, and will be 
 omitted by the teacher who does not believe in overcrowding 
 the mind with figures. The Index will be found useful for 
 looking up special matters, such as battles, laws, terms, etc. 
 The Questions, culled from many papers for college entrance 
 examinations, are intended for practice in the art, so occult 
 to many pupils, of formulating answers. 
 
 C. B. NEWTON. 
 
 Lawrenceville, New Jersey, 
 March, 1907. 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY 
 
 Prehistoric England. — Probable connection with the main- 
 land of Europe in earliest times. Traces of prehistoric men 
 roughly divided, according to implements and weapons used, 
 into the Rough Stone Age (Paleolithic), the Smooth Stone 
 Age (Neolithic), and the Bronze Age when metals were 
 used. This order of development common to most pre- 
 historic nations; known through relics — tools, weapons, 
 utensils, etc. — dug up from graves or ruins. 
 
 Invaded by Celtic tribes at time of the great Celtic inva- 
 sions which swept over large part of Europe. Apparently 
 two branches — Brythons, whence the Britons and Britain; 
 gnideh or Gaeh, whence Gaelic peoples: Scots in Ireland, 
 and Picts in what is now called Scotland. 
 
 When written history begins, the population of the British 
 Isles was Celtic, mingled with the original prehistoric in- 
 habitants. Divided into many small tribes; entirely bar- 
 barous; with a crude religion called Druidism from the 
 name of its priests, Druids. 
 
 PEPvIOD OF CONQUEST 
 
 Conquest by the Romans, 43-410.^ — The Invasions of 
 Caesar, 55 and 54 B C, reached only St. Albans. Not per- 
 manent. Interesting account of Britons in " Gallic War." 
 
 1 All dates in this Outline, unless otherwise specified, are a.d. 
 
 5 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 Subjugation begun by Emperor Claudius, 43 — 50,000 men 
 under Plautius. Stubborn struggle. Roman rule gradually 
 extended. Overthrow of Druids (island of Mona), and 
 crushing of revolt led by Boadicea (61) by Suetonius. 
 
 Country reduced to order, and Roman control further 
 extended by Ayricola. Wall of Hadi'ian (121). Wall of 
 Antonine (143) marks northern limit of Roman Conquest. 
 
 Military rule — system of fortified camps connected by 
 Roman roads (Watling Street, the Fosse Way, Ermine 
 Street, etc.). Governor with absolute powers, upheld by 
 garrisons at all important points. Heavy taxes. Natives 
 oppressed. 
 
 Remarkably slight effect of 350 years of Roman rule, 
 because no attempt to educate or civilize people, who 
 were merely held in subjection. Christianity made little 
 headway. 
 
 In third century, York for a time seat of one of the 
 emperors. Londinium (London) became important com- 
 mercially. In fourth century, Rome's power began to decay. 
 "Duke of Britons," to protect the Wall; "Count of 
 Britain," for administration; "Count of the Saxon Shore," 
 to ward pirates from north. Final withdrawal of legions, 
 410 (Emperor Honorius). 
 
 Conquest by the Saxons begun 449. When Romans with- 
 drew, the weakened Britons were at the mercy of Picts and 
 Scots from the north, and Saxon pirates from the sea. 
 
 Legend of Yortigern, beginning of Saxon invasions, middle 
 of 5th century — 
 
 Jutes (Hengist and Horsa), Kent. 
 
 Saxons (Ella andCissa), Sussex, Wessex, Essex. 
 
 Angles, Anglia. 
 
 These were Teutonic tribes from low-Germany and Den- 
 mark ; kept coming in increasing numbers ; in spite of des- 
 
 6 
 
PERIOD OF CONQUEST 
 
 perate resistance, Britons killed, enslaved, or driven back to 
 mountains of Wales, South Wales, and Strathclyde. South 
 Whales became part of Wessex; Strathclyde, part of North- 
 umberland. After about a hundred years of fighting, seven 
 little independent kingdoms established (the ^' Heptarchy ") 
 as follows : — 
 
 Larger Smaller 
 
 (1) Northumberland \ ^^^^^^^^ C^) ^^^* ^"S^^^ 
 
 ( Deira (5) Essex 
 
 (2) Mercia (6) Kent 
 
 (3) W^essex (7) Sussex 
 
 These almost entirely Teutonic; while Wales, Strathclyde, 
 and South Wales in the West, the Picts in the North, and 
 the Scots in Ireland were Celtic. 
 
 The name England (Angle-land) gradually came to be 
 applied to the region formerly called Britain, now covered 
 by the Heptarchy. Hence the English (Anglo-Saxons), 
 largely Teutonic. 
 
 Last stand against these heathen invaders made by legen- 
 dary King Arthur, 6th century. 
 
 Christianity had been introduced by early Roman mission- 
 aries into Ireland and Britain. Swept away in Britain. 
 Irish church flourished. St. Patrick, 5th century. Sepa- 
 rated from allegiance to pope. Irish missionaries to Scot- 
 land and northwestern England, 6th century (St. Columba, 
 Cuthbert, Aidau). Augustine, 597, landed in Kent (King 
 Ethelbert), founded first monastery in Canterbury. Irish 
 and Roman church spread through Heptarchy. Disagree- 
 ments between these two forms of Christianity settled by 
 Synod of Whitby, 664 — Important because it made Pope 
 supreme in English church, and brought England into 
 touch with civilizing force of Roman church. Theodore of 
 Tarsus. 
 
 7 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 Constant fighting between different kingdoms during 
 6th, 7th, and 8th centuries ; a few names stand out — 
 Cerdic, founder of Wessex, and of the line which finally 
 became kings of England; Edwin (Xortliumbria), founder 
 of Edinburgh and overlord of Wessex; Penda (Mercia), 
 who overthrew Edwin at Heathfield, and Oswy (Northum- 
 berland), who defeated Mercia at Winwaedsfield ; Offa 
 (Mercia), overlord of Essex, Kent, and Wessex, statesman 
 as well as soldier. 
 
 Egbert, first king of the English (828). — King of Wessex 
 made himself overlord of practically all seven kingdoms. 
 Due not only to his ability as a soldier, but to nationalizing 
 influence of the church, and the fear of a common danger 
 — the Danes. 
 
 Conquest by the Danes begun ahout 8oo. Danes or North- 
 men, also a Teutonic people. These " Vikings " from Nor- 
 way, Sweden, and Denmark swarmed to all parts of 
 Europe. First recorded attack on English coast, 787. 
 Eastern and southern coasts naturally suffered first. Re- 
 peated raids. East Anglia was the first kingdom to fall ; 
 Guthrum. 
 
 Alfred the Great (871-901). — By this time northeastern 
 England overrun by Danes. Wessex seriously threatened 
 when Alfred became king. Athelny ; Ethandune (Eding- 
 ton), so-called Treaty of Wedmore, 878. — England north- 
 east of Watling Street. Danish under Guthrum, " The 
 Danelaw " ; southeast of this, Alfred's kingdom, Wessex. 
 Still some trouble continued with Danish sea rovers. 
 Alfred's great reign — reorganized f yrd (militia) ; began 
 a national fleet for defense; encouraged education, him- 
 self translated Latin books for his people. Sons Edward 
 and Athelstan regained supremacy over all England, over- 
 throwing the Danelaw. 
 
 8 
 
PERIOD OF CONQUEST 
 
 Archbishop Dunstan (960-988), the great leader in church 
 and state during Edgar's reign and that of weak 8ucceeding 
 kings. Remarkable all around genius. Divided clergy into 
 "regular" and "secular"; brought about uniform weights 
 and measures ; extended king's authority for peace and 
 justice. 
 
 Further aggressions of Danes at end of 10th century. 
 "Ethebed the Unready." Danegeld. Completion of Danish 
 conquest by Sweyn, 1013. Danes did not drive out Eng- 
 lish. The two similar races mingled and formed a 
 stronger English race. Canute, Sweyn's son, really estab- 
 lished rule of Danes, Assandun (1016), Edmund Ironside. 
 Effect of Canute's good rule spoiled by sons. 
 
 Edward the Confessor (1042-1066), son of Ethelred, 
 brought up in Normandy, chosen by Witan. Return of 
 English dynasty shows how Danes and English had united. 
 Good man, but weak ruler. Founding of Westminster. 
 Increased power of great earldoms (former kingdoms), 
 especially of Earl Godwin, whose son, Harold, succeeded to 
 throne in absence of an heir. 
 
 Government of the kingdoms of the Heptarchy grew out 
 of simple government of the tribe which the invaders 
 brought with them. Contained the germs of modern sys- 
 tem. By 9th and 10th centuries, pretty well developed as 
 follows : — 
 
 NATIONAL. King, elected by Witan, usually hereditary ; 
 e^AeZm^^s (athelings), princes; ealdormen and 
 eorls ; thegns (thanes), formerly called gesiths. 
 Witan, meeting in Witendgemot consisting of 
 (1) ethelings, (2) ealdormen (eorls), (3) 
 bishops, (4) thegns. Elected king, advised 
 king, etc. 
 
 9 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 LOCAL. Shires, largest divisions (something like 
 
 county). Shire-moot (mot), or meeting of 
 landowners, attended to affairs of shire ; 
 general court of appeal. Shire-reeve (sher- 
 iff), king's representative in each shire; 
 ealdorman ruled one or more shires. 
 Hundreds, division of shire. Hundred-moot 
 (wapentake), meeting of householders, later 
 of representatives from the tuns (towns) 
 and burghs. 
 Townships, small districts containing vills or 
 tuns, and probably managing their petty 
 affairs in tunmoots, and boroughs, or burghs, 
 — name given to more important towns or 
 communities. 
 iatf. — "Common law" founded on custom; various 
 edicts of different kings ; grew into general code as nation 
 developed. Wergild Tiwdi hot. Compurgation — "Compurga- 
 tors," men who swore, before the shire or hundred mot, that 
 the accused was innocent. Ordeal, if compurgators not 
 found. Danegeld tax laid first, late in 10th century, on 
 all England to bribe Danes, later continued as general land 
 tax. 
 
 Literature. — Caedmon the first Anglo-Saxon poet in Eng- 
 land. The Venerable Bede, history of church. Gildas 
 Welsh chronicler. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle compiled by 
 various monks, chief source of knowledge of this time. 
 
 Norman Conquest, io65. — Normans, descendants of wan- 
 dering Northmen or Danes, same race as those who came to 
 England in 9th century. About same time they settled 
 in France and founded Normandy, which flourished and 
 formed great dukedom, practically independent. Normans 
 had come into contact with the Roman civilization of 
 
 10 
 
NORMAN KINGS 
 
 France (Gaul), and had rapidly absorbed the language, 
 religion, and manners of the French. So more civilized, in 
 11th centur}^ than the English. 
 
 William, Duke of Normandy, in whose court Edward the 
 Confessor had lived, great soldier. On accession of Harold, 
 demanded English throne because (1) Edward the Confes- 
 sor had promised it to him ; (2) Harold had taken oath to 
 support his claim ; (3) his wife, Matilda, descended from 
 Alfred. — None valid, because Witan had sole right to 
 elect King. 
 
 Double invasion. — Harold Hardrada, king of Norway and 
 Tostig, in North. Battle of Stamford Bridge. William, in 
 South, landed at Pevensey. Batde of Hastings (or Senlac)^ 
 Oct. 14, 1066. 
 
 NOKMAN KINGS 
 
 1066-1154 
 
 IMPROVED FEUDAL SYSTEM. STRONGER 
 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 
 
 WILLIAM I. (The Conqueror), 1066-1087. — Stern but 
 usually just ruler. Crowned Christmas Day, 1066, but 
 obliged to return to Normandy. Many revolts. Four years 
 of vigorous campaigns, fire and sword, completed subjuga- 
 tion. Hereward "last of the English." Established law 
 and order. Royal castles. Estates, distributed to Normans, 
 well scattered. 
 
 Feudal System, the method of landholding and govern- 
 ment, in vogue all over Europe during the Middle Ages. 
 It rested on theory that all land belonged to the king ; in 
 return for homage, fealty, and service, the king granted land 
 in " fiefs " to nobles, as his " vassals " ; they, in turn, to their 
 
 11 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 vassals (" tenants in chief "), and these to " mesne ten- 
 ants '' (subinfeudation) ; lowest in scale were " villeins " 
 or serfs, bound to the soil, who gave menial service or 
 farm labor in return for protection, food, and lodg- 
 ing. A convenient system for the time. Evil of it, on 
 continent — great nobles too powerful and independent, 
 because their vassals swore allegiance only to them, so not 
 bound to the king. Sovereigns therefore powerless to check 
 barons. 
 
 Important Changes. — (1) Domesday Book (1085), a com- 
 plete record of all land and property in England. (2) All 
 great and small vassals holding this land summoned to 
 Meeting at Salisbury Plain, io86, to swear allegiance directly 
 to him — so made king supreme. 
 
 National Government. — King ; justiciar, usually an arch- 
 bishop, ruled in king's absence ; chancellor, Keeper of the 
 King's Seal, secretary; and treasurer, head of the "ex- 
 chequer" or treasury; the Great Council (Magnum Con- 
 cilium), successor to the Witendgemot, consisting of officers, 
 great nobles, and chief churchmen (not important at this 
 time); and the King's Council (Curia Regis), which de- 
 veloped somewhat later, to di-aw up laws, help with reve- 
 nues, and act as a sort of supreme court for appeals to the 
 king's justice. 
 
 Local Government. — Old system of moots continued, 
 sheriffs more important. Norman ''trial by battle"; 
 "Manors," great estates, ruled directly by "lords of the 
 manor"; "court-barons" and " court-leets " ; demesnes, 
 closes, commons, etc. 
 
 Royal revenues — (1) Old Danegeld, now land tax, the 
 only national taxation. (2) Personal revenues of the king 
 from his many manors, fines, etc., and special feudal dues: 
 (a) when vassal died ; (6) when vassal transferred land to 
 
 12 
 
NORMAN KINGS 
 
 another ; (c) when children of vassals were minors ; (d) when 
 king's son was k lighted, or daughter niamed, a special " aid " 
 paid by vassals to king. 
 
 Feudal Church. — Thoroughly organized : Parish (parish 
 priests — rectors, curates), diocese or " see " (bishop), metro- 
 politan province (archbishop). Of the two English arch- 
 bishops, the archbishop of Canterbury was primate or chief 
 
 — head of the English church. Abbots, heads of monas- 
 teries, ranked with bishops. " Convocation." Higher clergy 
 ranked with nobles. William put in Normans. Lanfranc. 
 Authorized separate church courts., but insisted on his own 
 supremacy and refused homage to Pope. 
 
 WILLIAM II. (" Rufus " or The Red), 1087-1100. — Second 
 son of William. Violent, wicked man. Only virtue, that 
 he was strong enough to keep barons in check. Hated for 
 tyranny and abuse of feudal rights. Ranulf Flambard. 
 A nselrn. 
 
 HENRY I. (" Lion of Justice," " Beauclerc "), 1100-1135. — 
 Third son of William I. Efficient, and, for the times, 
 scholarly. Promptly seized the throne rightfully due 
 oldest brother Robert, Duke of Normandy. Important 
 reign ; marks beginning of limitation of royal power — 
 " Charter of Liberties " recognized certain rights of sub- 
 jects and guaranteed justice and order; forerunner of 
 Magna Carta. 
 
 Also strengthened hold on the English by marriage with 
 Matilda, daughter of king of Scotland and direct descend- 
 ant of the English line of kings (Edgar — Alfred — Egbert 
 
 — Cerdic). 
 
 Crushed rebellion (Robert of Belesme). War with 
 brother, Robert; Tinchebrai (1106). Restored power of 
 shire and hundred moots or courts. Curia Regis (called 
 
 13 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 Barons of Exchequer, when dealing with finances) probably 
 organized in his reign, and helped with revenues and 
 justice. 
 
 A nselm recalled. Quarrel over <' investiture " — compro- 
 mise: bishops to be "invested" with signs of spiritual 
 authority (ring and staff) by church, but to do homage to 
 king for their temporal power as the king's feudal vassals. 
 
 Growth and influence of monasteries. 
 
 STEPHEN, 1135-1154. — Inefficient. Henry's sons had been 
 drowned in the White Ship. Throne seized by Stephen of 
 Blois (grandson of William I.), but Matilda (Henry's 
 daughter) appealed to pope, and to her uncle, King David 
 of Scotland. Civil war. " Battle of the Standard " (1138). 
 Temporary triumph of Stephen. Mismanagement. Renewal 
 of hostilities, alternate success of Matilda and Stephen. 
 Wretched condition of England. Robber castles. Treaty of 
 Wallingford (1153), Stephen to reign during life; Henry, 
 Matilda's son, to be his heir. 
 
 PLANTAGENET KINGS 
 
 1154-1399 
 
 PROGRESS OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. RISE OF 
 
 THE COMMONS. BREAKING OF 
 
 FEUDALISM 
 
 HENRY II., 1154-1189. — Son of Matilda and Geoffrey, 
 Count of Anjou, hence " Angevin " (from this title) or 
 " Plantagenet " (sprigs of genet worn by Counts of Anjou). 
 Born ruler — energetic and clear headed. 
 
 Possessions. — England, Normandy, and Brittany from 
 his mother; Anjou, Maine, and Touraine from his father; 
 
 14 
 
PLANTAGENET KINGS 
 
 Aquitaine, including Poitou and Gascony, from his wife 
 Eleanor ; also part of Ireland (through " Strongbow ") 
 called " the Pale." 
 
 Destruction of robber castles. 
 
 Military changes. — Scutage, payment instead of personal 
 military service. Organization of " fyrd, " or national mili- 
 tia. " Assize of Arms " (1181). 
 
 Judicial Reforms. — Uniform code of laws. Circuit Courts. 
 Members of Curia Regis appointed to go out to different 
 shires or counties, partly to oversee sheriffs, partly to settle 
 disputes about land, or appeals in other cases. Large fees 
 required. As much a financial as judicial plan (begun on 
 smaller scale by Henry I.). 
 
 Jury System. — In connection with circuit courts grew up 
 germ of Jury System. Twelve "recognitors" summoned 
 to swear to facts. Also " jury of presentment " sometimes 
 presented criminals for trial at the hundred courts. Hence 
 gradually developed our " petty jury" and "grand jury." 
 
 Constitutions of Clarendon (1164). — Most important pro- 
 vision: (1) that "clerks" (the clergy) accused of crime 
 should be tried by civil instead of church courts ; (2) 
 that the king's ministers should not be excommunicated 
 without his consent; (3) that appeals from the church 
 courts must go to the king, not the pope. Various lesser 
 regulations. The main object was to do away with unfair- 
 ness of easy church laws, and to make the king and his 
 courts supreme. 
 
 Quarrel with Backet, Archbishop of Canterbury — (a) re- 
 fusal to pay "Danegeld" on church property, and (b) to 
 agree to Constitutions of Clarendon. Flight of Becket; 
 return; murder (1170); made a saint; reaction against 
 Henry ; repeal of Constitutions of Clarendon. 
 
 Reign ended in bitter conflict with his sons, in France. 
 
 15 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 RICHARD I. (Coeur de Lion, "The Lion Hearted"), 
 1189-1199. — Oldest son of Henry 11. Great soldier but poor 
 king. Crusades most important feature of his reign. Sold 
 offices, etc., and especially charters to towns, to raise money. 
 The charters gave many important towns management of 
 own affairs. William Longchamp ; Hubert Walter. Cap- 
 tivity. Plots of John. Enormous ransom. War with 
 Philip of France. 
 
 JOHN ("Lackland"), 1199-1216. — Youngest son of 
 Henry XL Clever, crafty, tyrannical. Reign taken up with 
 three great quarrels : — 
 
 (1) With France: Arthur, son of Geoffrey (second son of 
 Henry II.), rightful heir. John summoned on various 
 charges before his feudal suzerain, Philip, king of France. 
 Failed to appear. War declared. Disappearance of Arthur. 
 John conducted war badly. Lost Normandy, Maine, Anjou, 
 — large part of his French possessions. 
 
 (2) With the pope : Over appointment of a new Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. Pope used his weapons — interdict, 
 excommunication, and finally a " bull " (decree of the pope), 
 declaring throne vacant and giving it to Philip. After niucli 
 persecution of church in England, John yielded (1213), 
 became vassal of pope, accepted his nominee, Stephen Lang- 
 ton^ and agreed to pay tribute. 
 
 (3) With the barons : Attack on Philip. Battle of Bouvines 
 (1214). Barons, led by Archbishop Langton, demanded 
 reforms. King refused. London captured. John com- 
 pelled to yield. Met barons, field of Runnymede, June 15, 
 1215, and signed Magna Carta — sixty -three articles, some of 
 most important of which were : — 
 
 (1) Granted freedom 'of elections in the church; (2) 
 regulated feudal customs, fixing feudal dues; and forbade 
 
 16 
 
PLANTAGENET KINGS 
 
 levying '^ scuta ges" or any other feudal ''aids'' (except the 
 regular special aids for ransom, for kniphting of king's son, 
 or marriage of his daughter) without consent of (he great coun- 
 cil ; (3) forbade imprisonment of ireemen ivithout judgment 
 of his peers; (4) declared justice should not be sold, denied, 
 or delayed; (5) protected rights of boroughs, merchants, 
 and landholders. 
 
 Importance of Changes: (a) An agreement or compact 
 between kmgand subjects — in itself a great step in advance 
 for the people. (6) Covered fundamental principles of 
 government in relation to church, taxation, justice, and 
 individual rights, (c) Became the rallying point of the 
 English for centuries against attempts at royal tyranny, 
 until these principles entirely attained. 
 
 Brief period of confusion. John enraged. Civil war, 
 ended by John's death. 
 
 HENRY III., 1216-1272. — Weak and extravagant. William 
 Marshall; Hubert de Burgh. Unsuccessful efforts to win 
 back French possessions. Increasing unpopularity due to 
 favoring of foreigners to whom he gave rich offices in church 
 and state, and to lavish expenditure — building churches 
 (Westminster), buying kingdom of Sicily for son, and other 
 payments to pope. Became unbearable. Pron'sions of Oxford 
 passed by the "Mad Parliament" at Oxford, 1258 — (1) 
 Council of fifteen, beside great officers (justiciar, etc.), to 
 look after the treasury and government in general; (2) 
 a small Parliament, consisting of the above council and 
 twelve barons, to help administer kingdom. 
 
 Practically deprived king of all power. Appeal to 
 "Saint "Louis (Louis IX.) of France. Mise of Amiens. 
 Leader of barons, Simon de Montfort, king's brother-in-law, 
 but estranged from him. Civil war. Defeat of king. 
 Battle of Lewes. Simon supreme. 
 
 IT 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 Parliament of 1265, to which De Moiitfort summoned not 
 only the usual barons and clergy, but also two knights from 
 each shire, and two burgesses or citizens from each borough. 
 The name Parliament, instead of council, came into use 
 in this 13th century — heretofore it contained only lords 
 temporal (great nobles), and lords spiritual (higher clergy), 
 except two knights on a few occasions. But this was begin- 
 ning of giving the " commons," or middle class, any voice 
 in Parliament — first step in establishment of Souse of Com- 
 mons. 
 
 Further civil war. Battle of Evesham. Death of De 
 Montfort, one of the ablest and best men of his time. Rest 
 of reign uneventful. 
 
 Advance in education — Oxford (1264), Roger Bacon; 
 and Cambridge. Mendicant friars — Franciscans and 
 Dominicans. 
 
 EDWARD I., 1272-1307. — Great soldier and statesman. 
 Annexation of Wales (Llewellyn), 1282 — title of Prince of 
 Wales first bestowed on eldest son of English king by 
 Edward I. Quarrel over Scottish throne; Edward made 
 umpire, decided for John Baliol. War with France 
 (1294) ; Scotch refused help and revolted ; uprising in 
 Wales (Madoc). Edward, in need of money, summoned 
 The Model Parliament, 1295, to which knights and burgesses 
 were summoned, as in 1265. By this act Edward legalized 
 and established precedent set by Simon de Montfort — 
 second step in growth of House of Commons. 
 
 Defeat of Scotland (1296). — Stone of Scone. Edward 
 declared himself king of Scotland. 
 
 Revolt of William Wallace; Falkirk (1298). Third and 
 last revolt under Bohert Bruce, grandson of former claimant 
 to throne ; Edward died during campaign. 
 
 18 
 
PLANTAGENET KINGS 
 
 Great Laws. — First Statute of Westminster (1275). Gen- 
 eral provision against abuses in courts, abuses of feudal 
 rights by nobility, and in protection of merchants. Statute 
 of Mortmain (1279) forbade putting land in the hands of 
 the church. Second Statute of Westminster (1285) — Law 
 of "Entail" allowing landholders to entail estates so as 
 to pass entire from parent to child ; also further correction 
 of minor abuses. Statute of Winchester (1285) established 
 " watch and ward " (" hue and cry " continued where neces- 
 sary), widening of highways, and in general, preservation 
 of the peace. Third Statute of Westminster, or Quia Emp- 
 tores (1290), provided that when a vassal sold land, the new 
 holder owed service and feudal dues not to the seller but 
 to the latter's lord or suzerain. These laws corrected many 
 illegal practices, prevented church from getting too much 
 land, increased general security, and maintained authority of 
 king. 
 
 Courts. — Division of old Curia Regis into three courts — 
 
 1. Court of the Exchequer, revenue cases. 
 
 2. Court of Common Pleas, suits between private 
 
 persons. 
 
 3. Court of the King's Bench, cases involving crown, 
 
 and appeals from lower courts. 
 
 Circuit courts continued. Jury further developed — ad- 
 mission of witnesses. 
 
 Expulsion of Jews, 1290. — Cruel measure forced on king 
 by their unpopularity. Edward driven by this and by wars, 
 to tax exports, imports, and " movables." Also heavy de- 
 mands on clergy. 
 
 Confirmatio Cartarum (1297). — Reaffirmed Magna Carta, 
 and went further in putting all feudal dues, customs dues, 
 and taxation in control of Parliament. 
 
 19 
 
OUTLINE FOR RP:VIEW 
 
 EDWARD II., 1307-1327. — Weak trifler. Favorites; Gaves- 
 ton. Disgust of barons. " Lords Ordainers " (1310). Neglect 
 of war with Scotland. Total defeat at Bannockbuim, 1314, 
 by Robert Bruce. Despenser. Revolt defeated. Intrigue of 
 Queen Isabella and Mortimer. Deposition of Edward II. 
 and election of his son by Parliament showed increase in 
 power of this body. 
 
 EDWARD III., 1327-1377. — Much abler king. After short 
 regency, he punished Mortimer and Isabella. Renewed war 
 with Scotland. Halidon Hill (1333). Edward, son of 
 Baliol, and David Bruce. ^ 
 
 The Hundred Years' War (1337-1353). — Vnderlying 
 cause, rivalry between France and I]ngland. Immediate 
 causes: (1) Philip VI. of France, ambitious to get (juienne 
 and Gascony, so helped Scotland, promoted French piracy 
 on the Channel, and interfered with growing English wool 
 trade with Flanders ; also (2) Edward III., to get alliance 
 with Flanders, set up claim to French crown through his 
 mother, Isabella. 
 
 Preparations for war, 1337. — Marauding expeditions on 
 both sides. First battle, Sluf/s (1340), naval victory, Eng- 
 land. Several fruitless invasions. Battle of Crecy, 1346. 
 Great victory for King Edward and the Black Prince, who 
 here " won his spurs." Triumph for English long bow. Scotch 
 attack defeated. Battle of Neville's Cross (1346, autumn). 
 Siege of Calais ; captured, 1347. Lull in the war, caused by 
 terrible Black Death, both countries (1348, 1349). Expedi- 
 tion of Black Prince, south of France ; Battle of Poitiers, 
 1356, even more remarkable victory; English outnumbered 
 six to one, but captured French king, John, and killed hun- 
 dreds of French knights. Miserable condition of France, the 
 *' Jacquerie." 
 
 20 
 
PLANTAGENET KINGS 
 
 Peace of Bretigny, 1360. — Edward abandoned claim to 
 French throne, but received practically all France south of 
 Loire and enormous ransom for John. Only temporary 
 breathing space. War soon renewed in desultory fashion. 
 Black Prince died. English nearly driven out of France. 
 Reign ended badly. The Good Parliament. John of 
 Gaunt. 
 
 Important Laws. — Statute of Provisors (1351) provided 
 that English " benefices " should not go to foreigners. 
 Statute of Laborers (1351), fixing rate of wages, and in (1360) 
 severely punishing villeins who ran away from their manors. 
 Statute of Praemunire (1353) limited appeal to foreign courts 
 and excluded papal legates. 
 
 Between 1330-1340, House of Commons began meeting 
 separately — third step, making the Conirnons a distinct part 
 of Porliament. 
 
 Growth of commerce ; the wool trade and manufacturing ; 
 llanseatic League; staple towns. 
 
 RICHARD II., 1377-1399. — Son of Edward, the Black Prince. 
 Boy of eleven. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, regent. 
 Very unpopular. Troublous time, due to causes which had 
 begun in Edward TIT.'s reign — unrest and discontent among 
 villeins due to severe laws (Statute of Laborers, etc.) and 
 heavy burden of taxation ; Peasants' Revolt, or Wat Tyler's 
 Rebellion (1381). Dearth of laborers (due to Black Death) 
 and spirit of discontent gradually resulted in breaking up of 
 "villeinage " and beginning of modern w^age system. 
 
 John Wyclif had begun attack on corruption of the church 
 in Ed'.vard ITI.'s reign. Also attacked doctrines (teachings) 
 of the church — power of the pope to excommunicate, and 
 " transubstantiation," the doctrine that the bread and wine 
 of the communion (mass) turns into the actual body and 
 blood of Christ. His followers constantly increasing in num- 
 
 21 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 bers, nicknamed Lollards. Wyclif, the first great religious 
 reformer, forerunner of the Protestant reformation. 
 
 Beginnings of English Literature. — Translations and writ- 
 ings of Wyclif; Chaucer^ " Canterbury Tales," the first great 
 English poet; Langland, "Piers the Plowman." During 
 Norman kings, French the language of the court, Anglo- 
 Saxon of the common folk, and Latin of the scholar and the 
 law. Gradually French and Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, 
 united, and modified into something like modern English, as 
 the national language. 
 
 End of Reigji. — Richard failed to keep promises to peas- 
 ants, antagonized the nobles by harshness, and violated the 
 law. "Lords Appellant." Banishment of John of Gaunt's 
 son, Henry, and seizure of his estates, gave him excuse to 
 invade England. King absent in Ireland, returned helpless. 
 Deposed hy Parliament — second Plantagenet king to be 
 removed from throne. 
 
 LANCASTRIAN-YORKIST KINGS 
 
 1399-1485 
 
 INCREASED POWER OF PARLIAMENT AND NOBLES 
 
 Lancastrians 
 
 HENRY IV., 1399-1413. — Grandson of Edward III., son of 
 John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, Edward's third son. 
 Elected by Parliament, although Edmund Mortimer, aged 
 seven, great-grandson of Lionel, Duke of Clarence, Edward's 
 second son, was the legal heir. This fact strengthened Parlia- 
 ment; discussion of grants and interference of Parliament in 
 choice of council, important. Numerous revolts before power 
 established. Most dangerous, the combination of the Percys, 
 Glendower, and Douglas. Battle of Shrewsbury (1403). 
 
 22 
 
LANCASTRIAN-YORKIST KINGS 
 
 Agitation against Lollards. Statute " De Haeretico Com- 
 burendo " first law in England condemning to death for 
 religion ; William Sawtre. 
 
 HENRY v., 1413-1422. — Energetic and capable. The 
 Hundred Years' War had been checked by truce near end of 
 Richard II's reign. Henry now took advantage of quarrel 
 between Flanders and Burgundy, revived old claim to French 
 crown. Battle of Agincourt, 1415, third of the splendid vic- 
 tories which so swelled national pride of England. Second 
 invasion ended in Treaty of Troyes, 1420. Henry or his heir 
 to have French throne, on death of the insane Charles VI. 
 Marriage with French Princess, Katherine. 
 
 Further troubles with Lollards. Sir John Oldcastle 
 (1418). 
 
 HENRY VI., 1422-1461 (1470, for a few months). — A sickly 
 infant, weak man, subject to insanity. Dukes of Bedford 
 and Gloucester, his uncles, regents in France and England, 
 respectively. Charles VI. dead, French crown claimed for 
 Henry VI. Renewed war. Bedford in command. Bur- 
 gundians on side of English. Orleanists favored the Dau- 
 phin (crown prince). Siege of Orleans. Joan of Arc 
 (Jeanne d'Arc), wonderful peasant girl of Domremy. Rais- 
 ing of the Siege (1429). The Dauphin crowned Charles VII. 
 of France. Joan, captured by Burgundians, turned over 
 to English, tried as a witch, burned at the stake (1431). 
 Patriotism aroused by Joan of Arc began to turn the tide in 
 France. Death of Bedford (1435). English steadily lost 
 ground. Last fighting, 1453. English lost all French 
 territory except Calais — no treaty. Fiction of claim to 
 French throne kept up till 1802, Treaty of Amiens. 
 
 The decade from 1440-14-50 a time of disorder and misrule. 
 Rivalry, York and Suffolk. Sheep farming. Lawlessness 
 
 23 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 of barons. Jack Cade's Rebellion, i45o- Political uprising 
 to protest against misgovern ment, excessive taxation, and 
 loss of France ; also in favor of the Duke of York. 
 
 Wars of the Roses, 1455-1485. — Underl/jing causes: the 
 rivalry between York and Lancaster, weakness of the king, 
 and turbulence of nobles, long accustomed to war and pil- 
 lage, with their bands of retainers, in the Hundred Years' 
 War. Immediate cause : during king's temporary insanity, 
 Richard, Duke of York (descended on father's side from Ed- 
 mund, fourth son of Edward III., and on his mother's from 
 Lionel, second son of Edward III.), made Protector by Parlia- 
 ment. King recovered soon, and ousted Richard, restoring 
 Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, leader of Lancastri- 
 ans, to power. Richard took up arms. (Successful faction 
 indicated by letters Y or L.) 
 
 >S'^ Albans (1455), Y. Somerset killed, king prisoner, Rich- 
 ard did not claim throne. Several years armed rieutral- 
 ity. Bill of Attainder, law forfeiting life and estates, 
 passed against Richard, Duke of York. 
 Northampton (1460), Y. King again prisoner, flight of Queen 
 Margaret. Richard's demand for throne refused, but 
 made heir. 
 Wakefield (1460), L. Richard killed. Triumph for Margaret. 
 Second St. Albans (1461), Y. Edward, Richard's son, wel- 
 comed by London and crowned. 
 
 Yorkists 
 EDWARD IV., 1461-1483. — Selfish and unscrupulous ruler. 
 Had not yet won his crown, till 
 
 Toiuton (1461), Y. Bloodiest battle of war. Over 30,000 
 killed. Established Edward as king. Warwick. A 
 lull of nine years. Marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. 
 Estrangement between king and Warwick. Latter 
 
 24 
 
TUDOR KINGS 
 
 intrigued with Clarence. Sudden descent on Loudon. 
 
 Edward obliged to flee. Henry replaced on throne 
 
 by Warwick (1470). 
 Barnet (1471), Y. Death of Warwick, the "King Maker." 
 Tewkesbury (1471), Y. Prince Edward defeated. Death 
 
 of Henry VI. Practical end of Wars of Roses. 
 Remainder of reign uneventful. " Benevolences." Caxton, 
 first p]nglish publisher. 
 
 EDWARD v., 1483. — Boy of twelve. His uncle, Richard, 
 Duke of (Jloucester, Protector of the Realm, crafty and 
 cruel. Murder of Hastings and other friends of the young 
 king. Crowned, July, 1483. Edward and his brother mur- 
 dered in the tower, by Richard's orders. 
 
 RICHARD III., 1483-1485. — Brief, stormy reign. Bucking- 
 ham's revolt. Plan to marry Elizabeth, his niece, thwarted 
 by Henry Tudor. Milford Haven. Battle of Bosworth Field, 
 1485. End of the Wars of Roses. 
 
 TUDOR KINGS 
 
 I 485-1 603 
 
 ROYAL ABSOLUTISM. PROTESTANTISM 
 
 HENRY VII., 1485-1507. — Cautious, industrious, saving. 
 Great-grandson of John of Gaunt (on his mother's side), so 
 a Lancastrian. Married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., 
 thus uniting the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White 
 Rose of York. 
 
 Conditions favorable for laying the foundation of Tudor 
 absolutism — (a) Weakening of nobility by Wars of the 
 Roses. (6) Enlargement of foreign trade and decline of 
 
 25 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 feudalism creating a new national spirit. Henry skillfully 
 built up his power: (1) "Statute of Liveries" enforced; 
 (2) " Court of the Star Chamber " established — special 
 court to try gi-eat nobles ; (3) fines, " benevolences " (Mor- 
 ton's Fork), customs duties on wine and merchandise 
 (tonnage and poundage), thrifty management of crown 
 "demesnes" gave great wealth; (4) politic marriages — 
 daughter, Margaret, to king of Scotland ; eldest son, Ar- 
 thur, to Katherine of Aragon — helped foreign relations; 
 (5) encouragement of trade — navigation act ; English Mer- 
 chant Adventurers — added to national prosperity. 
 
 Several conspiracies in early part of reign. Lambert 
 Simnel (U87). Perkin Warbeck (1492-1499) more formida- 
 ble; execution of Yorkist nobles, and finally of Warbeck. 
 
 Poynings' Acts (1494). — All statutes passed by Irish 
 Parliament must first receive sanction of king and council ; 
 and all English statutes should be binding on Ireland. 
 
 The Renaissance. — The intellectual aw^akening which be- 
 gan in Italy in the fifteenth century (or earlier), and spread 
 to other parts of Europe. The end of the 15th century in 
 England a time of change, of the beginnings of the new things 
 which were to make the 16^^ century one of the greatest, 
 if not the greatest, in English history — discoveries: print- 
 ing, gunpowder, the " New Learning," the reformation, new 
 architecture, etc. 
 
 HENRY VIII., 1509-1547. — Keen, cruel, passionate, self- 
 willed. Inherited from his father great wealth and 
 great power. At eighteen handsome, well educated, ath- 
 letic — began reign well. Patron of the " New Learning " 
 led by Colet, More, and Erasmus. Lavish expenditure. 
 Marriage with Katherine of Aragon, widow of elder brother, 
 Arthur. 
 
 26 
 
TUDOR KINGS 
 
 Vigorous foreign policy. Wolsey, later cardinal, for 
 twenty years Henry's favorite and right-hand man. 
 War with France and Scotland (1512). Flodden Field 
 (1513) ; James IV. of Scotland, Henry's brother-in-law, 
 killed. " Battle of the Spurs " in France. " Field of the 
 Cloth of Gold" (1520), meeting arranged by Wolsey be- 
 tween Henry VIII. and Francis I. (France). Wolsey's aim 
 to hold balance of power between Francis I. and Charles V. 
 (Spain). 
 
 Beginning of the Reformation in Germany; Luther, 1517. 
 Henry wrote a book against " heresies " of Luther. 
 
 Events that led up to political separation of English church 
 
 from Home: Henry infatuated with Anne Boleyn. Began 
 steps for divorce (1526); Wolsey at first favored, then op- 
 posed. " Court of Black Friars," Wolsey and Compeggio ; 
 nothing accomplished; Henry enraged, Wolsey blamed, 
 accused of violating Statute of Praemunire, and stripped of 
 honors and offices ; died (1530). Thomas Cromwell, his succes- 
 sor. W^hole English church, accused of violating Statute of 
 Praemunire, agreed to recognize Henry as " Supreme 
 Head" of the church (1531). Cranmer made Archbishop 
 of Canterbury. Act of Annates (1532) abolished payment 
 of " first year " revenues to pope. Henry married to Anne 
 Boleyn (1533). Act of Supremacy, i534> the king declared 
 Supreme Head of the church instead of pope. First step 
 
 toward establishment of Protestantism. 
 
 Persecution. — More, Fisher, and many who refused to 
 acknowledge Henry in place of the pope, executed. Destruc- 
 tion of Monasteries (1536-1539). "Pilgrimage of Grace" 
 (1536), revolt in North; more persecution (1536-1537). 
 English Bible put in the churches, but the new English 
 church still Roman Catholic in doctrines, not Protestant, 
 as shown by the Six Articles (1539). 
 
 27 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 Beheading of Anne Boleyn (1536) ; marriage with Jane 
 Seymour. Anne of Cleves (1540) ; downfall of Thomas 
 Cromwell. Katherine Howard (1540), beheaded. Last wife, 
 Katherine Parr (1543). 
 
 Wales given representation in Parliament (1536) ; the 
 rest of Ireland (beyond the Pale) brought partially under 
 English rule. Brief wars with Scotland and France in the 
 forties. Inglorious end of Henry's life. 
 
 EDWARD VI., 1547-1553. — Son of Jane Seymour, Henry's 
 third wife. Boy of eleven. His uncle, Duke of Somerset, 
 at the helm. Both king and Somerset inclined to Protestant 
 beliefs; also Archbishop Cranmer. All Europe seething 
 with civil war and persecution, due to the Reformation. 
 In England — spread of Luther's teachings; growth of the 
 " New Learning," which made men think for themselves ; 
 the English Bible (Tyndale's and Coverdale's translations); 
 all helped to bring about change in belief. 
 
 In Henry VHI.'s reign the Established church (i.e. the 
 church supported by the government, and sharing in the 
 government) separated from the pope, the first step toward 
 rrotestantism ; in Edward VI.'s reign, made Protestant in 
 many forms and doctrines — the second step. This accom- 
 plished (1) by various acts of Parliament doing away with 
 numerous rites and ceremonies ; (2) by requiring an English 
 Prayer Book to be used in the churches ; and (8) by " the 
 Forty-Two Articles," a new statement of the doctrines of 
 the church. 
 
 War with Scotland. — Effort to compel Mary Stuart — 
 later, Mary Queen of Scots — to marry Edward VI. Battle 
 of Pinkie (1547). Mary escaped to France. 
 
 Unrest on account of "enclosures" of public lands or 
 "commons," and of severe landlords. Commissions in 
 
 28 
 
TUDOR KINGS 
 
 Henry's reign (1517, More) and in Edward's (1548, Lati- 
 mer). Kent's uprising useless. Northumberland succeeded 
 Somerset (1549), much more severe. Further suppression 
 of monasteries. Founding of schools. 
 
 MARY, 1553-1558. — Daughter of Katherine of Aragon, 
 Henry's first wife, so Mary Tudor, " Bloody Mary" (not to 
 be confused with Mary Stuart). A devout Roman Catholic. 
 Failure of Northumberland's effort to enthrone Lady Jane 
 Grey, great-granddaughter of Henry VII., and wife of Nor- 
 thumberland's son, Lord Dudley. 
 
 Setback to Protestaritism. — Acts of Edward's reign re- 
 pealed ; Catholic forms, beliefs, and bishops restored. 
 Marriage of Mary with Philip II. of Spain, followed by 
 restoration by Parliament of supremacy of the pope (Cardi- 
 nal Pole). 
 
 Attempt to stamp out Protestantism b}- severe persecution 
 (1555-1558). Burning of Latimer, Ridley, Cranmer, and 
 about 300 others. An intolerant age, persecution in Europe 
 much worse. Effect was to strengthen Protestantism. 
 
 War with France. Loss of Calais, last foothold of English 
 in France (1557). Mary died, broken hearted. 
 
 ELIZABETH, 1558-1603. — Daughter of Anne Boleyn, 
 
 Henry's second wife. One of the greatest queens of history. 
 William Cecil (Lord Burleigh), her secretary of state, and 
 chief adviser for forty years. 
 
 Third and final step in establishing Protestantism as the 
 established "Church of England": Parliament passed a 
 second .4c/ of Supremacy — Elizabeth " supreme governor " 
 of the church and required clergy to take " oath of suprem- 
 acy " ; Act of Uniformin/ reestablished English Prayer Book, 
 and required attendance at established church (not at first 
 
 29 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 strictly enforced). The Thirty-nine Articles substituted for 
 the Forty-two of Edward's reign as the statement of the 
 doctrines of the church. 
 
 Beginning of jReligiotis " Sects.'' — Puritans (influenced by 
 teachings of the great French reformer Calvin), who 
 believed that the church should have been further " puri- 
 fied " of the forms and ceremonies of the Catholic church, 
 but did not wash to form a new church ; persecuted later in 
 the reign. Presbyterians, who wanted to establish a more 
 democratic form of church government — " presbyters " 
 elected, instead of bishops, etc. — as well as simpler forms 
 of worship. Indeperidents (" Brownists " or " Separatists "), 
 w^ho went still farther and wanted " separate churches," with 
 little or no organization or government. " Non-conformist " 
 and " dissenter " came to be applied to all w^ho did not con- 
 form to the church of England. Puritans and Presbyterians 
 did not become " dissenters " till driven from Episcopal or 
 church of England. 
 
 Activities of the Jesuits (members of the "Society of 
 Jesus " founded by Ignatius Loyola to combat Protestant- 
 ism), and resistance of these sects led to sterner enforce nient 
 of the Act of Uniformity ; establishment of " Court of High 
 Commission" (1583) to enforce this and other ecclesiastical 
 laws (laws relating to the church). 
 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, great-granddaughter of Henry VII., 
 whose daughter, Margaret, married James IV. of Scotland. 
 Mary married (1) Francis II., of France, and became for a 
 time Queen of France, claimed English throne because, from 
 Catholic point of view, Elizabeth not legitimate ; returned 
 to her throne in Scotland on death of Francis (1560). 
 Married (2) Lord Darnley. Turmoil in Scotland, which 
 had grown strongly Presbyterian (John Knox). Murder of 
 ivizzio. Murder of Darnley. Mary then married (3) Earl 
 
 30 
 
TUDOR KINGS 
 
 of Bothwell. Driven from Scotland, her infant son declared 
 James VI., Murray regent. Took refuge in England (1567). 
 For nineteen years a thorn in Elizabeth's side. Finally 
 tried for treason (Walsinghara ; "Babington plot"), and 
 beheaded, 1587. 
 
 Among the difficulties at the beginning of Elizabeth's 
 reign, those of foreign relations were perhaps the greatest. 
 With the skillful aid of Cecil she managed to maintain 
 peace for over quarter of a century, and to establish the po- 
 sition as one of the great powers of Europe, which England 
 had begun to acquire under Henry VII. and Henry VIII. 
 But peaceful relations with Spain imperiled by (1) attacks 
 on Spanish colonies and ships by English captains, Sir 
 Francis Drake, etc. ; (2) assistance to the Protestant Neth- 
 erlands (1585), and (3) the execution of Mary Queen of 
 Scots. 
 
 "The Invincible Armada," 1588. — Large fleet (about 150 
 large and small vessels, 30,000 soldiers and sailors) under 
 Duke of Medina, sent by Philip IT. to invade England. 
 English fleet, under Lord Howard, much smaller but more 
 manageable ; famous sea captains, like Drake and Hawkins. 
 Running fight up the channel. Great sea fight off Calais, 
 July 30, before the Armada could join Duke of Parma at 
 Dunkirk. Retreat of the Spaniards northward. Fierce storm 
 scattered and wrecked many Spanish ships on coasts of 
 Norway, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 
 Bitter enmity between England and Spain. Attacks on 
 Spanish fleets and ports; rebellion in Catholic Ireland 
 abetted by Philip; disgrace of Essex; stern repression of 
 Irish by Mountjoy. 
 
 Greatness of England in the Sixteenth Century. — Triumphs 
 greater than those of diplomacy and war : Fruits of the 
 Renaissance — great advance in education, new colleges 
 
 31 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 in the Universities, founding of schools; wonderful intel- 
 lectual awakening, especially shown in literature of Eliza- 
 bethan period — the drama, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, 
 Marlowe, etc., poetry of Edmund Spenser, " Faerie Queen," 
 and Sir Philip Sidney, "Arcadia'; Sir Francis Bacon, Sir 
 Walter Raleigh. Revival of classical forms in architecture. 
 Improvement in domestic architecture and manner of living. 
 Material prosperity — growth of trade and of manufacture, 
 aided by distress of Netherlands, and pushing out in the east 
 and west; establishment of reliable currency (1560) ; East 
 India Company (1600). "Monopolies" (exclusive right 
 to sell a given article), granted to favorites or sold, were 
 an evil, but abated by Elizabeth when she saw temper of 
 Parliament against it. 
 
 STUAE,T KINGS 
 
 1603-1714 
 
 STRUGGLE WITH PARLIAMENT. BEGINNINGS OF 
 CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT 
 
 JAMES I., 1603-1625. — Son of Darnley and Marj^, 
 Queen of Scots. Elizabeth left no heir, so James, already 
 James VI. of Scotland since 1568 (see Mary, Queen of 
 Scots), accepted by Parliament, thus peacefully uniting Eng- 
 land and Scotland under one crown. Parliaments continued 
 separate for another hundred years, till 1707. 
 
 James a strange combination of shrewdness and folly, 
 learning and ignorance. "The wisest fool in Christendom." 
 Strong belief in " Divine right " of kings, putting them 
 above law and Parliament. Not a new doctrine but pushed 
 to extreme by James and his son, and opposed to changing 
 spirit of the time. 
 
 32 
 
STUART KINGS 
 
 The Millenary Petition by Puritans. Hampton Court 
 Conference, Puritans rebuffed ; committee appointed, made 
 " authorized " or King James version of Bible (1611). 
 
 Plots, (1) for Arabella Stuart, Raleigh imprisoned; 
 (2) Gunpowder Plot (1605), supposed to be planned by- 
 Catholics (Robert Catesby, Guy Fawkes). 
 
 Cecil, son of Lord Burleigh (Elizabeth's reign), guided 
 aifairs till 1612 with skill. Then the hated favorites, Robert 
 Carr, 4 years, and George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. 
 
 Quarrel with Jirst Parliament (1604) over its rights and 
 granting money. Second (Addled) Parliament (1614) dis- 
 solved without passing an act. Third Parliament (1621), 
 still more angry, quarrel over right of free speech. 
 
 With extravagant and dissipated court and no grants 
 from Parliament, James, desperately hard up for monej^ 
 driven to illegal taxes, impositions, benevolences ; also nego- 
 tiations foi- marriage of son with Spanish Infanta, which 
 finally failed (1623), but added to James' unpopularity be- 
 cause of hatred of Spain and of Catholicism. 
 
 Execution of Raleigh (1616). Disgrace of Lord Bacon. 
 
 Summary of chief causes of James' unpopularity: (1) 
 lacked dignity and force of Tudors ; (2) opposed the royal 
 " prerogative " (or right) to the rights of Parliament by 
 levying illegal taxes, etc., and violently forbidding discus- 
 sion or remonstrance; (3) apparent leanings to Spain and 
 Catholicism ; (4) arrogance of his favorite Buckingham. 
 
 CHARLES I., 1625-1649. — Personally a great improve- 
 ment over his father, but unreliable and unwise. Marriage 
 with French Catholic Princess, Henrietta Maria, and re- 
 tention of Buckingham, both unpopular acts at beginning. 
 
 Badly managed war with Spain ; and failure of expedi- 
 tion in relief of Rochelle in France (1627). 
 
 33 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 First Parliament (1625), quarrel over grants. 
 
 Second Parliament (1626), quarrel over impeachment of 
 Buckingham. 
 
 Two years of desperate efforts to raise money — illegal 
 taxes, forced loan, general assessment or subsidy levied on 
 whole people. 
 
 Third Parliament. — Petition of Right, 1628, declared it 
 illegal (1) to tax without consent of Parliament; (2) to 
 billet soldiers on the people; (3) to imprison arbitrarily; 
 (4) to exercise " martial law " in time of peace ; (5) to levy 
 " benevolences." Charles, at his wits' ends for money, 
 signed it for five "subsidies" (about £135,000), thus 
 making the Petition of Right the law of the land. Like 
 Magna Carta in its fundamental provisions and in fact that 
 it was wrung from a reluctant king. " The second pillar 
 of the British Constitution." Sir John Eliot, John Pym, 
 John Hampden, and Thomas Wentworth, the great Parlia- 
 mentary leaders. Murder of Buckingham (1628). 
 
 Bitter dispute with next Parliament (1629) over church 
 matters and whether "taxing" included "tonnage and 
 poundage" (customs). Parliament dissolved, leaders im- 
 prisoned, death of Eliot in prison. 
 
 Eleven years of personal rule. — Constant violation of 
 Petition of Right — imprisonment, tonnage and poundage, 
 '■'■ship money'' (John Hampden), etc. Archbishop Laud, 
 severe enforcement of ecclesiastical laws, persecution of 
 "dissenters," Courts of Star Chamber and High Commis- 
 sion busy. Emigration of Puritans. Wentworth (now on 
 king's side) sent to Ireland ; rule of " thorough " ; made 
 Earl of Strafford. 
 
 Attempt to force Prayer-Book on Presbyterian Scotland 
 (1637). Renewal of the "Solemn League and Covenant" 
 (made first, 1557), by Scotch. Determined resistance, army 
 
 34 
 
STUART KINGS 
 
 raised. "First Bishops' War;" king helpless for want 
 of money; Short Parliament (spring of 1640), no results; 
 king tried again to raise army, Scotch invaded England ; 
 Second Bishops' War; king again forced to summon 
 Parliament. 
 
 The ''Long Parliament,'' Nov., 1640, not legally dissolved 
 
 for 20 years. Stern mood. Strafford (Wentworth) im- 
 peached and executed by bill of attainder ; Laud impeached 
 and imprisoned; Triennial Act, Parliament every three 
 years ; Parliament not to be dissolved without its own con- 
 sent ; " ship money " and " tonnage and poundage " declared 
 illegal; Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission 
 abolished. Division between Episcopal members and " Root 
 and Branch" party — Presbyterians and Independents. 
 Grand Reynonstrance (Nov., 1641), summing up in detail 
 grievances against king. 
 
 Attempted arrest of the Jive members (Jan., 1642) — Pym, 
 Hampden, Haslerigg, Holies, and Strode. Intense excite- 
 ment; withdrawal of king from London. Struggle for 
 control of militia. 
 
 Civil War (The "Puritan Revolution" or "Revolution 
 of 1642") — Part I. 1642-1646. — Part XL 1648. 
 
 Part I. In general, the nobility, church and university 
 towns, and landed gentry with king ; London, the com- 
 mercial towns, merchants, artisans, etc., with Parliament, 
 " Cavaliers," " Roundheads." Royalist forces had advantage, 
 at first, over untrained parliamentary army. Edgehill (Oct., 
 1642), first battle. Numerous small skirmishes. "Solemn 
 League and Covenant " with Scotland (1643). Cromwell's 
 Ironsides. Battle of Marston Moor (July, 1644). Fairfax, 
 and Oliver Croiivcell — Prince Rupert. Victory due to Crom- 
 well. Beginning of Cromwell's career. Had been member 
 
 35 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 of Parliament, but not prominent. Independents now more 
 powerful than Presbyterians in Parliament for a time. 
 
 Execution of Laud (1645). Self-denying Ordinance 
 (1645). "New Model" army; Fairfax, Commander in 
 Chief ; Cromwell, Lieutenant General. Battle of Nasehy 
 (June, 1645), defeat of Rupert and King Charles ; capture 
 of private papers. Surrender of the king to Scots (May, 
 1646). 
 
 Interval of Negotiation. — After six months' fruitless nego- 
 tiation, Charles was turned over to Parliament (Jan., 1647). 
 Quarrel between army, strongly Independent, and Parlia- 
 ment, Presbyterian. Army refused to disband, seized king 
 (Cornet Joyce, June, 1647), took possession of London, 
 expelled Presbyterian leaders and proceeded to try its hand 
 at negotiating with king. Flight of Charles to Carisbrooke 
 Castle (Nov., 1647). His intrigue with Scots. 
 
 Part II. Scotch army invaded England (July, 1648) under 
 Hamilton. Unpopularity of army made many English 
 join Scotch. But army equal to occasion. Chief battle, 
 Preston (Aug., 1648), Cromwell victorious. 
 
 The army embittered, and determined on death of 
 Charles. Pride's Purge (Dec. 6, 1648), leaving in the Com- 
 mons only 53 friends of army — "The Rump." Special 
 " High Court of Justice." Trial of Charles. Execution, 
 Jan. 30, 1649. 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH, 1649-1660. — Rule of the Rump 
 — about four years. King and House of Lords abolished; 
 the Rump, with a Council of State, supreme. Cromwell 
 sent to subdue Ireland. Drogheda. About a third of 
 population perished in the year of Cromwell's " harrying " 
 the land. Next Scotland. Prince Charles won support 
 
 36 
 
STUART KINGS 
 
 of Presbyterians by accepting the Covenant. Battle of 
 Dunbar (Sept. 3, 1650); Leslie beaten, Edinburgh occu- 
 pied. Battle of Worcester (Sept. 3, 1651). Reduction of 
 Scotland by General Monk. Escape of Prince Charles to 
 France. War with Holland; navigation act ; Blake, English 
 admiral, victorious over Royalists, and then over Dutch. 
 Growing hostility between Cromwell and the Rump, which 
 refused to give way to a really representative Parliament. 
 Expulsion of the Rump (April, 1653.) 
 
 The Protectorate (1653-1658). — " Barebone," or " Little " 
 Parliament; very brief. Council of State, consisting of oj^m-s, 
 drew up the instrument of Government, which provided for : 
 (1) A Lord Protector, to hold office for life ; successor to be 
 elected by the council. (2) A Council (13-21 members) 
 to control, with Protector, peace and war, etc. (3) A Par- 
 liament of one house, and about 500 members, to control 
 taxation absolutely, and legislation (Protector had no right 
 of veto). Voters for Parliament must have considerable 
 property. Parliament showed distrust of democracy. 
 
 The Instrument of Government was England's first at- 
 tempt at a written constitution. N'ot very successful. Was 
 accepted by Cromwell and went into force December, 1653, 
 when Oliver Cromivell became Protector. 
 
 N"o Parliament for nine months, Cromwell supreme. 
 Next Parliament (Sept., 1654) as ineffectual as others. 
 Military rule (1655) ; eleven districts, each ruled by a major 
 general; stern suppression of sedition. Tolerance of Crom- 
 well toward different beliefs ; Jews (expelled 1290) admitted. 
 Stroncf foreign policy made England respected abroad. War 
 ivith Spain (1655). Capture of Jamaica, Admiral Penn; 
 more victories for Blake over pirates, Tunis, Algiers, and 
 over Spanish. Alliance with France (1657). Capture of 
 Dunkirk. 
 
 3T 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 * The Humble Petition and Advice (1657), a plan presented by 
 Parliament to change constitution (Instrument of Govern- 
 ment). Chief changes — (1) to make Cromwell king, 
 (2) to weaken the Council of State, and (3) to form a new 
 House of Lords. Cromwell rejected crown, but accepted 
 rest, and his title made hereditary. Quarrel about the name 
 of the new House of Lords resulted in dismissal of Par- 
 liament (Feb., 1658). Death of Cromwell, anniversary of 
 Worcester and Dunbar, Sept. 3, 1658. 
 
 Failure of Cromwell's efforts. Great difficulty of task. 
 Besides Royalists (mostly Episcopalians), Presbyterians and 
 Independents, were the Levelers, who wanted absolute de- 
 mocracy, and many small religious sects, all pulling in 
 diiferent directions. 
 
 Time of Confusion (1658-1660). — Nominal continuation of 
 Protectorate, for seven months under son, Richard Cromwell. 
 Unequal to task, resigned. Strife between Parliament (the 
 old Rump restored) and army. Rump dispersed ; confusion. 
 General Monk marched to London, joined by Fairfax. Old 
 Long Parliament, including Rump and members excluded 
 by Pride's Purge, assembled, issued summons for a new 
 parliament, and dissolved itself, March 16, 1660 — the 
 legal end of Long Parliament, after 20 years chequered 
 existence. 
 
 ''Declaration of Breda" issued by Charles, promised 
 (1) pardon to all (except to such as Parliament might 
 punish), (2) religious freedom, and (3) payment of Monk's 
 army. " The Convention Parliament " voted restoration of 
 king, Lords, and Commons as before, with Charles as king. 
 
 Failure of the Commonwealth due to division of country by 
 so many religious and political views hopelessly mingled; 
 hence no unity of action, no republic possible, and necessity 
 
 38 
 
STUART KINGS 
 
 of strict rule by Cromwell, which produced general discon- 
 tent. The Restoration period, which immediately follows, 
 marked by reaction from Puritan severity — time of license 
 and dissipation, led by king and court. 
 
 CHARLES II., 1 660-1 685. — Clever, selfish, dissipated. Zeal 
 of Convention Parliament — condemned 20 "regicides," 
 members of High Court of Justice, to death, etc. ; abol- 
 ished last relics of king's feudal dues, " purveyance," etc. ; 
 voted regular revenue (excise and tonnage and poundage). 
 Earl of Clarendon (Hyde), chancellor. 
 
 Next Parliament (1601) also strongly Royalist, few 
 Presbyterians. During four years passed series of 
 
 Retaliatary Acts. — Corporation Act (1661). Purpose to 
 drive Presbyterians out of office — required members of mu- 
 nicipal corporations {i.e. town governments) : (a) to renounce 
 FSlemn League and Covenant, (J>) to take sacrament accord- 
 ing to the established church (Episcopal or "Anglican"), 
 (c) to declare it illegal to take up arms against the king. 
 Act of Uniformity (1662). To drive Presbyterians from the 
 church — required clergymen to use revised prayer book, and 
 all clergymen and teachers to conform to Corporation Act, 
 (a), (6), and (c), above. 2000 ministers left church. The 
 Conventicle Act (1664). To stop preaching by dissenters — 
 all independent religious meetings of more than four persons 
 beside household prohibited. The Five Mile Act (1665). To 
 further stop dissenting clergy — forbade any minister or 
 teacher to go within five miles of any city, town, or parish, 
 where he had preached since 1660, unless he had taken 
 (1) oath as required by the Corporation Act (c), and (2) an 
 oath not to try to alter the government of church or state. 
 
 Attempt to force Episcopacy (the established church of 
 England) on Scotch. Bitter resistance by " Covenanters." 
 Constant rebellion and turmoil in Scotland. 
 
 39 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 . First Dutch War (1665-1667). — Cause, commercial rivalry. 
 Lowestoft, Dutch defeat by James, Duke of York, king's 
 brother. Great Plague (1665), and fire of London (1666). 
 Reverses. Rupert and Monk, De Ruyter and Van Tromp. 
 Dutch sailed up Thames. Treaty of Breda. 
 
 Fall of Clarendon, unpopular with king and people, 
 bore blame of Dutch war failure. The " Cahal " — Clifford, 
 Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauderdale. Ashley, 
 Earl of Shafteshur//, most important. Germ of the Cabinet 
 system tvas in this little group of counsellors. 
 
 The Secret Treaty of Dover, 1670. Bargain between Louis 
 XIV. of France and Charles II. Triple Alliance (Sir 
 William Temple) : Holland, Sweden, and England. Louis 
 XIV. ambitious to crush Protestantism, and Charles lacked 
 money, hence the Treaty : (1) Charles to abandon triple 
 alliance and to attack Dutch; (2) Charles to do what he 
 could for Catholicism in England ; (3) Louis to give Charles 
 a large sum and annual pension. 
 
 Declaration of Indulgence (1672) by king to all non-con- 
 formists. Parliament angry, forced Charles to withdraw it. 
 Passed Test Act (1673) requiring all officers of the govern- 
 ment to take Sacrament of the Established church and to 
 renounce transubstantiation. Clifford, York, and others 
 driven out of office. End of Cabal. 
 
 Second Dutch War (1672-1674). — Cause, Charles's effort to 
 carry out Treaty of Dover. Several sea fights. Louis XIV. 
 thwarted — cutting of dikes. 
 
 Earl of Danhy in power. Ashley in prison. King in 
 pay of Louis XIV., got along without Parliament. Treaty 
 of Nimwegen (1678). Marriage of William of Orange, 
 " Stadtholder " of Holland, to Charles's daughter Mary. 
 
 Popish Plot invented by Titus Oates. Mad fear of Catholic 
 conspiracy. Return to power of Shaftesbury (Ashley) 
 
 40 
 
STUART KINGS 
 
 (1679). Exclusion Bill brought before successive Parlia- 
 ments to exclude James, Duke of York, king's brother, from 
 succeeding to the throne. Finally defeated. 
 
 Beginning of political parties, as SUch — TOfles (Irish 
 
 brigands), nickname for those who opposed the Exclusion 
 Bill; Whigs (Scotch Presbyterians), those who favored it. 
 Tories came to be the more conservative party, upholding 
 hereditary right and the f^piscopal (Established) church; 
 Whigs in favor of constitutional government and religious 
 freedom. 
 
 Habeas Corpus Act (1679) provided for a prompt hearing 
 before proper legal authority and heavy fines for illegal 
 imprisonment, so as to prevent unjust imprisonment. 
 
 Reaction in favor of Charles (1683) . Downfall of Shaftes- 
 bury. "Rye House Plot"; flight of Monmouth, illegitimate 
 son of Charles II. 
 
 Royal Society (1662) and Royal Observatory, Greenwich 
 (1675), founded by Charles II. 
 
 JAMES II., 1685-1688. — Not so attractive personally as 
 his brother Charles II. Roman Catholic, anxious to re- 
 store Catholicism. 
 
 Monmouth's Rebellion (1685). — Duke of Monmouth 
 claimed to be the legal son of Charles, so rightful heir to 
 throne. Sedgemoor, defeat and execution of Monmouth. 
 Churchill. Bloody Assize of Judge Jeffreys — executions 
 and transportation to colonies. 
 
 Causes leading to Revolution of 1688. — James defied Test 
 Act, appointed many Catholic officers, sustained by sub- 
 servient judges. Kept small standing army. Put Roman 
 Catholics in Oxford. Pro-Catholic policy in Scotland and 
 Ireland. Declaration of Indulgence — freedom of worship to 
 Catholics and all dissenters (1687). Next year all clergy- 
 men required to read the " Declaration " in churches. Peti- 
 
 41 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 t.ion of the Seven Bishops. Trial and acquittal. Birth of son 
 to James (1688). All this led up to 
 
 The Revolution of 1688, or the " Glorious Revolution " : 
 petition sent by leaders of parties and church to William 
 of Orange, James's son-in-law. William landed, Nov. 5, 
 1688. Another " Convention Parliament " met, deposed 
 James IT., and chose William and Mary (after they agreed 
 to "Declaration of Rights") by an "Act of Settlement" 
 granting throne to William and Mary ; their children ; 
 Anne ; her children. 
 
 WILLIAM III. and MARY, 1 689-1 702. — Mary, daughter 
 of James II., died 1694. William III., a cold, reserved man ; 
 statesman and soldier. 
 
 As result of the earlier and later struggles between 
 Stuarts and Parliament, and the advantage of having elected 
 
 the new sovereigns, Parliament notv became the chief power 
 
 in the government. This position strengthened by two im- 
 portant acts in the same year : 
 
 I. The Bill of Rights, 1689. — (Substance of Declaration 
 of Rights, above, now put in form of law.) 
 
 Declared illegal — 1. Suspending or " dispensing " laws. 
 
 2. Levying taxes without grant from 
 
 Parliament. 
 
 3. Maintaining standing army without 
 
 consent of Parliament. 
 Required — 4. Frequent meetings of Parliament. 
 
 5. Free debate in Parliament. 
 
 6. Free elections for Parliament. 
 Maintained — 7. Right of petition. 
 
 8. Right to bear arms. 
 
 9. Exclusion of Roman Catholics from 
 
 throne of England. 
 
 42 
 
STUART KINGS 
 
 Galled the " Third pillar of the British Constitution " ; a 
 long step toward Constitutional Government. 
 
 Ililkhe Mutiny Act, 1689. — Gave crown right to " court- 
 marBP for mutiny or desertion, but provided that the act 
 mus^ renewed annually; so Parliament kept control of dis- 
 cipline in own hands. 
 
 Two other acts of considerable importance, 1689 — Tol- 
 eration Act, freedom of worship for all except Roman Catho- 
 lics and Unitarians. Act of Supremacy, all officers of state 
 and clergy required to take oath of allegiance to William 
 and Mary. Those who refused to obey called " Non-Jurors." 
 Those still favoring Stuarts called " Jacobites." 
 
 War with James II. and Louis XIV. (1689-1697). — Begun 
 in Ireland. Siege of Londonderry. Battle of the Boyne, 
 1690. William victorious. Ireland subjugated. On the 
 sea— Beachy Head, Tourville (1690), La Hogue (1692). 
 In Holland — Steinkirk, Neerwinden (1693). W^illiam de- 
 feated. France exhausted. Treaty of Ryswick, 1697 : 
 restoration of conquests in America; Louis XIV. to rec- 
 ognize William III. and to abandon supporting Stuarts. 
 
 Scotland. — WiUisim accepted Scotch Declaration of 
 Bights (1689) and established Presbyterianism as the Estab- 
 lished church in Scotland. Rebellion under Graham of 
 Claverhouse. Killiecrankie (1689). Disorder in the High- 
 lands. "Massacre of Glencoe " (1692). Affection for the 
 Stuarts lingered long in Highlands. 
 
 Events of 1694. — Death of Queen Mary. Creation of the 
 "Whig Junto" (Sunderland), group of chief ministers 
 chosen from Whigs, who were naturally in power all this 
 reign. — Second step in development of Cabinet System. Cabi- 
 net now invariably changed when its party lacks major- 
 ity in House of Commons. Establishment of Bank of Eng- 
 
 43 
 
OUTLINE FOR EEVIEW 
 
 land (Montague), giving new financial system. Triennial 
 Act, requiring new elections for Parliament at least every 
 three years. ^^ 
 
 Causes of War of Spanish Succession. — Prospect O^Rleath 
 of Charles IT. without direct heir caused fear thW am- 
 bitious, scheming Louis XIV. would try to get his grandson 
 Philip on throne and so destroy the " balance of power " 
 in Europe. Two Partition Treaties. These repudiated by 
 Louis on death of Charles II. (1700). French garrisons, 
 border-towns. Grand Alliance against Louis XIV. — 
 Austria, Holland, and England. England angered because 
 Louis XIV. broke Treaty of Ryswick, on death of James 
 II. (1701), by publicly declaring his son, the "Old Pre- 
 tender," rightful heir to English throne. War declared. 
 
 Second Act of Settlement (1701) further provided, if Anne 
 left no heirs, throne to pass to Electress Sophia or children, 
 and added further restrictions on sovereign — must be mem- 
 ber of church of England, etc. 
 
 ANNE, 1702-1714. — Sister of Queen Mary, younger daugh- 
 ter of James II. Good natured, but not very capable. 
 Entirely under influence of Duchess of Marlborough to 
 1710, then of Lady Masham. The Duke of Marlhor^ough, 
 formerly Col. Churchill, and Godolphin, etc. — Tory Cabi- 
 net. Later became Whig leaders. Marlborough practical 
 ruler nine years. 
 
 War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1713. — War barely begun 
 when William died. Most of Europe involved. Most of 
 fighting in Netherlands and along the Danube and Rhine. 
 " Queen Anne's War " in American Colonies. Battle of 
 Blenheim, 1704. Great victory of Marlborough and Prince 
 Eugene of Savoy; important setback to ambitions of Louis 
 XIV. Gibraltar (1714). Other victories of Marlborough — 
 
 44 
 
HANOVERIAN KINGS 
 
 Ramillies (1706), Oudenarde (1708), Malplaquet (1709). 
 Marlborough, charged with dishonesty, dismissed (1711). 
 Treat^of Utrecht, 1713: (1) Louis acknowledged Queen 
 Anne^aiid agreed to expel the Pretender ; (2) Philip (Louis' 
 grandson) to remain king of Spain, but no connection with 
 France ; (3) England to retain Gibraltar, Minorca, Nova 
 Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay region; (4) com- 
 mercial arrangements with France and Spain, and monopoly, 
 for England, of slave trade to Spanish America (Asiento). 
 
 Act of Union with Scotland, 1707. — United England and 
 Scotland under one Parliament — 16 Scotch peers and 45 
 Scotch members in House of Commons. 
 
 Tory reaction (1710) due to growing unpopularity of 
 Marlborough, loss of Queen's favor by his wife, and Dr. 
 SacheverelVs impeachment by Whigs. Harley, Bolingbroke. 
 
 Advance of constitutional government' in this reign. 
 Cabinet well established. Last royal veto, 1707. 
 
 HANOVERIAN KINGS 
 
 1714-present time. ■ • 
 
 TRIUMPH OF THE - BRITISH CONSTITUTION." 
 AGE OF MACHINERY. ERA OF. REFORMS. 
 
 GEORGE I., 1714-1727. — Son of Electress Sophia, of Han- 
 over, great-grandson of James I. ; became king by Act of 
 Settlement (1701); nearest Protestant heir. German in 
 language and habits. This helped more strongly to establish 
 the Cabinet and brought about third step in development of 
 the Cabinet System — a " prime minister " became leader 
 of Cabinet, presiding over its meetings instead of king ; 
 gradually has become real ruler of England. 
 
 45 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 " The Fifteen.'" Attempt of the old Pretender, James, to 
 gain throne (1715). Defeat of Earl of Mar, Sheriffmuir- 
 Derwentwater, Preston. Utter failure. 
 
 South Sea Bubble — wild speculation and failures (1720). 
 
 Robert Walpole first great prime minister ; 20 years ; peace 
 policy ; maintained power by bribery and patronage — a 
 practical politician. 
 
 GEORGE II., 1727-1760. — Only average ability, fond of 
 military life ; clever wife, Caroline of Anspach, induced him 
 to keep Walpole prime minister. Period of peace broken 
 much against his will by 
 
 " War of Jenkin's Ear,'" 1739, with Spain, due to friction 
 in colonies and on sea. Chiefly "privateering" — preying 
 on Spanish commerce. Merged into 
 
 War of Austrian Succession, 1 740-1 748, Cause, repudiat- 
 ing of Pragmatic Sanction, an agreement to support Maria 
 Theresa as Queen of Austria. England and Holland sided 
 with Queen, against Prussia (Frederick the Great). France 
 and Spain. Battle of Dettlngen (1743). Former victorious; 
 last battle English king fought in person. Fontenoy (1745) 
 defeated. Result — 
 
 " The Forty-Five" last attempt of Stuarts ; " Prince 
 Charlie," the "young Pretender," grandson of James 11. 
 Supported by some Highland clans. Preston Pans suc- 
 cessful, but routed Culloden (1746). 
 
 War of Austrian Succession ended by Treaty of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, 1748. Conquests restored. Series of Wars between 
 1754-1763, more or less involved with each other. 
 
 (1) French and Indian PTar in America (1754-1760). Brad- 
 dock's defeat; various failures; saved by William Pitt, 
 later Earl of Chatham, " the Great Commoner," Secretary 
 of State, who chose able commanders and aroused Eng- 
 lish patriotism. Wolfe, Montcalm, Battle of Quebec. 
 46 
 
HANOVERIAN KINGS 
 
 (2) Seven Vears' War, 1756-1762. Pitt's policy to help 
 Frederick the Great of Prussia with money, against 
 France and Austria (this was due to revenge of Maria 
 Theresa and jealousy of France). Minden. 
 
 (3) War between English and French in India. Rivalry 
 between the two East India companies in early '50's. 
 " Black Hole of Calcutta " ( 1756) . Robert Clive. Great 
 victory at Plassey, 1757. 
 
 By (1) England gained supremacy in North America, and 
 by (3), in India. The treaty of Paris, 1763, ended brief 
 conflict with Spain, and war with France settled this great 
 addition to English colonies, and minor details. 
 
 Moral condition of England, first half of 18th century, 
 very low. Great intemperance and ignorance ; the church 
 very worldly. Methodist Movement, John Wesley, helped 
 improve moral tone. 
 
 GEORGE III., 1760-1820. — Grandson of George II. Vir- 
 tuous in private life, a good politician, no statesman. Deter- 
 mined to " be king." Former methods of absolutism now 
 impossible. George III.'s plan was to use power and patron- 
 age to build up party of his own — " the king's friends" — 
 in Parliament. 
 
 General political corruption made this possible. The 
 Commons really represented landowners ; great families ; 
 "pocket" or "rotten boroughs." 
 
 Treaty of Paris, 1763 — see last reign. 
 
 The John Wilkes Affair, 1763-1782. — " North Briton," No. 
 45, abused king. Wilkes imprisoned. Expelled from 
 Parliament and elected again four times. Much popular 
 agitation. Wilkes looked on as champion of liberty. 
 Letters of "Junius," etc. Final victory. Showed power of 
 public opinion, helped liberty of press, and vindicated right 
 of constituency to elect own representative. 
 
 47 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 American Revolution. — Irritation of colonists over Naviga- 
 tion Acts and other trade restrictions, 1765-1775. Series of 
 quarrels over various measures — Stamp Act (1765), Town- 
 shend Acts (1767), Tea tax maintained to establish principle 
 (1770), various disorders, Boston Port Bill, etc., puni- 
 tive measures. Pitt (Chatham), Burke, and Fox in favor of 
 conciliation, but the king's party in control, so George, 
 largely responsible with help of Lord North (prime min- 
 ister, 1769-1782). War, 1775-1783, resulting in loss of 
 colonies. 
 
 Trouble in Ireland; repeal of Poynings' Acts (Henry 
 VII.) restored self-government to Ireland. " Gordon Riots" 
 (1780), fanatical outbreak due to good law repealing Cath- 
 olic disabilities. — Setback to reform — as it caused fear of 
 giving lower classes power. Advance of English power in 
 India, under Warren Flastings. 
 
 William Pitt the Younger, son of Chatham, prime minister 
 at twenty-five, 1783-1801 and 1804-1806. Great financier 
 and statesman ; scrupulously honest. Improved methods of 
 taxing, etc. Impeachment of Warren Hastings. Famous 
 trial (1788-1795), Burke, Fox, and Sheridan. Acquitted, 
 but benefit to Indian government. 
 
 French Revolution, 1 789. — Tremendous upheaval due to 
 long oppression, and financial crisis resulting from expensive 
 wars and extravagance of kings and court. Effect on Eng- 
 lish politics : Pitt, Burke, and other Whigs went over to 
 Tories, who became more conservative than ever, owing to 
 excesses of the Revolution. Fox and Grey leaders of Whigs 
 who sympathized with French people. As the Revolution 
 grew more violent, English sympathy grew less. 
 
 "Napoleonic" Wars or First and Second wars with 
 France — 
 
 48 
 
HANOVERIAN KINGS 
 
 Mrst War, 1793-1802. — In delirium of republicanism, 
 French abolished kingdom, established re^blic (1792), be- 
 headed king Louis XVI. (Reign of Terror, *1793), and f-e- 
 solved to help all rest of Europe to throw off yoke of kings ! 
 War declared on England, by French leaders of 'France, 
 1793- Spain, Holland, Austria, ai;d Prussia f^Aed "Coali- 
 tion " with England at first, but by 1801 England left alone. 
 Pitt's policy (1) to help war in Europe with money, (2) to 
 use England's naval power gainst French commerce and 
 colonies. Napokon Bonaparte's career began about 1795. 
 Cape of Good nope seized by England, 1795. Sea fight. 
 Cape St. Vincem (1797), Jervis and Nelson victorious. 
 Camperdown, Dutch by Duncan. Battle of the Nile (Aboiikir 
 Bay), 1798, Nelson's great victory, thwarted Napoleon's 
 invasion of India. Napoleon First Consul (1799). Exer- 
 cise of " right of search " by En;^land — league of Russia, 
 Prussia, Sweden, and Denmark (" Armed Neutrality ") 
 broken up by Nelson, Copenhagen (1801). Peace of Amiens, 
 1802: England to drop title of "King of France" (used 
 since Henry VI.) and to restore territory; France to refrain 
 from aggression. 
 
 Second War, 1803-1814, 1815. — Napoleon broke treaty 
 and England followed. Attempted invasion. Great French 
 army at Boulogne. Pitt made anotJier coalition, Ville- 
 neuve's stratagem. Battle of Trafalgar, 1805. England 
 saved; death of Nelson, England's greatest admiral. Napo- 
 leon turned to crush Austria (Austerlitz, 1805) and Prussia 
 (Jena, 1806). Despair and death of Pitt (1806). Berlin 
 and Milan decrees (1806 and 1807) by Napoleon forbade all 
 trade with England, and ordered seizure of any ships touch- 
 ing at English port. England replied with Orders in 
 Council (1807) forbidding all vessels to trade with ports 
 controlled by Napoleon. 
 
 49 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 Most of Europe was ruled by Napoleon after Peace of 
 Tilsit, 1807, but\ack of navy kept Napoleon from enforcing 
 d^rees. \ 
 
 Peninsular Carf^mign, 1808-1814. — Spain appealed to Eng- 
 land for np^p. Sir \rthur Wellesley (Wellington) not very 
 successful ^first. Slow ^progress. Torres Vedras (1810) ; 
 Badajos and Salamanca (1812) ; Vittoria (1813), great 
 victory over Joseph, Napoleon's brother. French driven 
 from Spain. Enormous cost\ 30,000 men, £100,000,000. 
 * Capture of Paris by allied armies. Ab(^cation of Napo-^ 
 leon. Elba (18lJ\ "The Hundred Da;^" (March-June, 
 1815). Return of Napoleon, great army .^n raised. Duke 
 of Wellington and Bliicner. ^iicler repulsed, Ligny. 
 Battle of Waterloo, June 17, 1815.^ St. Helena. Congress 
 of Vienna. " The Great powers." 
 
 War of 1812-1S14, United States. — Caused by blockades in 
 connection with Orders in Council, exercise of "right of 
 search " and impressment of seamen. American success in 
 sea duels. English success on land till New Orleans (Jack- 
 son) . Treaty of Ghent. 
 
 Act of Jjnion with Ireland, 1800, by Pitt followed disturb- 
 ance and attempts at revolution. Irish Parliament abolished ; 
 Irish members brought into English Parliament (24 peers and 
 100 representatives). 
 
 The latter part of 18th century — beginning of age of 
 machinery — steam engine, Watt, machinery for cloth-mak- 
 ing, Hargreaves, Arkwright, etc., with successive inventions 
 in next century. The first part of 19th century much rioting 
 and disorder (Luddites), owing to changed conditions. Rise 
 of factory towns helped hasten reform of Parliamentary repre- 
 sentation. Manchester, or Peterloo " massacre." 
 
 Insanity of George III. last ten years. Lord Liverpool 
 
 50 
 
HANOVERIAN KINGS 
 
 Tory prime minister (1812-1827). Customs duties, even 
 on grain (corn law, 1815) made England at this time a 
 ''protective" country. Abolition of slave trade (1807). 
 
 GEORGE IV., 1 820-1830. — Fifty-eight. Selfish spendthrift. 
 " Cato street conspiracy," plot to assassinate the Cabinet. 
 Unfortunate Queen Caroline excluded from coronation. 
 
 New political leaders: Canning, Huskisson, Peel, and 
 Russell. Beginning of Reforms : repeal of severe criminal 
 code, due to Sir Robert Peel (182o) ; beginning of tariff 
 reductioi^ by "reciprocity " duties, etc. Huskisson (1823). 
 Removal hf Catholic disabilities, 1828 — repeal of Test and 
 Corporation. Acts of Charles II.'s reign admitted Roman 
 Catholics and dissenters to national and municipal offices; 
 while the Catholic relief bill, 1829, admitted them to the 
 franchise ^and to Parliament. Daniel O'Connell, great Irish 
 patriot, Catholic Association (1823), largely instrumental 
 in bringing this about ; Duke of Wellington, prime minis- 
 ter. ' 
 
 Beginning of modern police system; organized by Sir 
 Robert Peel, hence " bobbys " or " peelers." 
 
 Interference of England in Greek war of independence. 
 Navarino (1827). 
 
 WILLIAM IV., 1830-1837. — Brother of George IV. Sixty- 
 five. " The Sailor King." More popular than his disreputa- 
 ble brother. Opening of the first railway (1830). Stephenson. 
 
 Great series of reforms : 
 
 The Reform Bill of 1832, or The First Reform Bill. The 
 House of Commons still /ar/rom representative because of (a) 
 rather high money restriction for suffrage (right to vote), 
 (6) " rotten " boroughs, with little or no population, yet 
 represented in Parliament, (c) large manufacturing cities 
 entirely unrepresented. 
 
 51 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 Bill introduced, 1831, by Lord John Russell (Lord Grey, 
 prime minister), failed to pass ; Parliament dissolved " appeal 
 to the country," i.e. if electors wanted bill passed they could 
 now elect men who would vote for it. Result : new House 
 of Commons passed it by good majority. Defeated by House 
 of Lords. Finally appeal of the king, and possibility of 
 appointment of enough Lords to pass bill, induced Lords to 
 yield; passed, 1832. 
 
 Provisions : 
 
 (o) 56 " rotten boroughs " abolished. 
 
 (h) 32 boroughs deprived of one member. 
 
 (c) 65 new members given to the counties. 
 
 {d) 44 members given to 22 large towns like Manchester, 
 Leeds, etc. 
 
 (e) 21 members to 21 small towns. 
 
 (/) Property qualification for suffrage — landKolders and 
 tenants who were fairly well to do. 
 
 In brief, The First Reform Bill (1832) redistributed 
 the parliamentary districts of England so as to make 
 the House of Commons really represent all parts of the 
 country, and by adding about 200,000 voters gave more 
 of the middle classes a voice in the government. Work- 
 men in factories, miners, small farmers, and farm laborers 
 not yet admitted. 
 
 Abolition of Slavery, 1833. — Result of long effort by Wil- 
 berforce, Clarkson, Zachary Macaulay, and others. 800,000 
 slaves freed; £20,000,000 paid. 
 
 Factory Acts, 1833, prohibited child labor, reduced long 
 hours of work, etc. 
 
 Education, 1833 ; beginning of public education by grant 
 of aid to private schools. 
 
 Church reform in Ireland, 1833, result of so-called "Tithe 
 War " — reduction of number of high church officials. But 
 
 52 
 
HANOVERIAN KINGS 
 
 the Episcopal church in Ireland continued great burden till 
 disestablishment (1868). 
 
 Poor Laws revised, 1834. Wasteful distribution of money- 
 stopped. 
 
 Municipal Corporations Act (1835) abolished government 
 by closed {i.e. self-perpetuating) bodies, called corporations ; 
 provided for city officers and councils elected by popular 
 vote. 
 
 Publication of voting lists and of parliamentary debates. 
 
 Non-conformists relieved of tithes in " produce." 
 
 Change, during this reign, of party names : Tories began 
 to be called Conservatives, and AVhigs, Liberals. 
 
 VICTORIA, 1837-1901. — Daughter of the Duke of Kent 
 (brother of William IV.). Remarkable good sense and 
 judgment. 
 
 Final step in development of Cabinet System. — Up to this 
 
 time the sovereign had at times followed personal wish 
 in choice or dismissal of ministers. Henceforth the Prime 
 Minister and his Cabinet appointed from party in power, 
 according to advice of party leaders, resigning only when 
 their measures not supported by the House of Commons. 
 Thus Cabinet directly responsible to Commons, and Com- 
 mons to people. Even in so small a matter as appointment 
 of the ladies of her household, Victoria yielded to wish of 
 Prime Minister. No veto of bills passed by Parliament 
 since Queen Anne's reign (1707). Complete triumph of 
 Constitutional government, democratic in essence. 
 
 Chartist Movement (18o8-1848), for bringing about further 
 reforms, embodied in " Peoptle's Charter" — (1) manhood 
 suffrage; (2) voting by ballot; (3) annual Parliaments; 
 (4) removal of property qualifications for seat in the Com- 
 mons ; (5) equal parliamentary or ''electoral" districts; 
 
 53 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 (6) payment of members of the Commons. O'Connor. 
 Campaign of education. Fiasco of the giant petition. The 
 " Charter " never passed, but most of the reforms were, later. 
 
 Anti-Corn Law League (1837-1846). — Richard Cobden, 
 John Bright. Beginning of reduction of duties on imports 
 (1844). Sir Robert Peel. Irish famine. Repeal of Com 
 Laws, 1846. England free trade country since 1850. 
 
 Marriage of Queen, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 
 (1840). Cheap postage, Sir Rowland Hill (1839). " Opium 
 War " with China (1839). The Kabul massacre (1842), 
 and further conquests in India, addition of Scinde (1843). 
 Napier and the Punjab (1848). 
 
 The Crimean War, 1854-1856. — " The Eastern Question." 
 Menace of Russia made. France and England join Turkey 
 against Russia to keep Constantinople, the key of the Black 
 Sea, from falling into Russia's hands. Balaklava. Inkerman, 
 Siege of Sehastopol. Indian Mutiny (1857-1858). Cawn- 
 pore, Lucknow, Delhi — Nicholson and Havelock. India 
 made part of the Empire, under a Viceroy. Further trouble 
 with China caused opening of more Chinese ports to English 
 trade. 
 
 Polilical Leaders. — Chief leaders, early part of this reign. 
 Sir Robert Peel, Lord Palmerston, and Lord John Russell. 
 Party names of Conservative and Liberal now well estab- 
 lished. New Leaders — Wm. E. Gladstone, entered Parlia- 
 ment (1833) ; numerous lesser cabinet positions. Chancellor 
 of Exchequer (1853) ; on death of Palmerston (1865) be- 
 came acknowledged leader of Liberal party. Great orator, 
 financier, statesman, and scholar. Benjamin Disraeli (later 
 Lord Beaconsfield), entered Parliament (1837), conquered 
 obstacles of birth and manner, became Gladstone's rival 
 and leader of Conservative party ; brilliant speaker, foreign 
 policy, aimed at popularity, "jingoism." Gladstone four 
 
 54 
 
HANOVERIAN KINGS 
 
 times Prime Minister; Disraeli, twice. The Marquis of 
 Salisbury, three times Prime Minister; probably the next 
 most important political leader of last half century. 
 
 Reform Bill of 1867. — (Second Reform Bill), Disraeli. 
 Extended franchise so as to include most workmen, and 
 small farmers. Practically only class excluded now, farm 
 laborers and the very poor in cities. About two thirds of 
 men in England now had right to vote. Redistribution of 
 Parliamentary districts. 
 
 Competitive civil service (1870) and voting by ballot 
 (1871) did away with much bribery and corruption. Abo- 
 lition of religious tests for entering Oxford and Cambridge 
 (1871). Reorganization of army (1871). Incorporation of 
 trade unions (1871). 
 
 Irish reforms. — Yenmn Society (1859) attempted to gain 
 justice for Ireland. Terrorism. Gladstone, champion of 
 Irish, brought about disestablishment of Protestant church in 
 Ireland (1869), and first Irish Land Act (1870) compensated 
 tenants for improvements, and government loans to purchase 
 land. Also, Education Act (1879) benefited both England 
 and Ireland — general extension of " Board Schools," and so 
 of education of all classes. 
 
 Disraeli's triumphs abroad — purchase of control of Suez 
 Canal ; diplomatic victory over Russia, Congress of Berlin 
 (1878) ; queen declared empress of India (1877) ; reannexing 
 of Transvaal (1877). 
 
 Revolt of Boers under Kruger (1880), Majuba Hill (1881). 
 Pretoria convention. Independence of Transvaal under 
 suzerainty of England. Discovery of gold, increase of alien 
 residents (Uitlanders). Jameson's Raid. Fruitless negotia- 
 tions. Boer War, 1899-1902. Transvaal and Orange Free 
 State. Kimberley. Maf eking. Lord Roberts. Stubborn 
 resistance of Boers. Annexation of the two republics. 
 
 55 
 
OUTLINE FOR RKVIP:W 
 
 Egypt. — War with Egypt (1882) established English con- 
 trol over the Khedive and Egyptian affairs, Sudan cam- 
 paign ; the Mahdi ; General Gordon. Massacre at Khartum. 
 Later, campaign of Kitchener, and Fashoda affair. Major 
 Marchand. Egyj^t prosj)erous under England's guidance. 
 
 Reform Bill of 1884. — (Third Reform Bill.) Gladstone. 
 Further extension of suffrage brought about practically 
 universal suffrage, and redistribution (1885) gave fair 
 representation in House of Commons. 
 
 ^'■Hoyne Rule.'' i\Iore Irish troubles. " Boycotting." Out- 
 rages. Charles Stuart Parnell, great Irish leader. Ob- 
 struction. Split of Liberals over Home Rule {i.e. restoration 
 of Irish Parliament) into Liberal (Gladstone) favoring, and 
 Liberal Unionist (Joseph Chamberlain) opposing it. Glad- 
 stone's Home Rule Bill, 1886, defeated. Gladstone's Second 
 Home Rule Bill, 1893. Great political battle in House 
 of Commons. Passed, but defeated by House of Lords. 
 
 Local Government Act (1888), Salisbury, "County Coun- 
 cils," elective, had entire control of county affairs. This 
 local self-government extended by " Parish councils " (1894), 
 and later given to Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 Famous Men of the 19th Century. Literature. — T. B. Ma- 
 caulay, historian, essayist, and poet; remarkably versatile. 
 Dickens, Thackeray, and George Eliot the three greatest 
 novelists of the Victorian Era. Tennyson and Browning, 
 its greatest poets. Carlyle, philosopher, historian, and 
 essayist ; Ruskin, critic, and master of English style ; Mat- 
 thew Arnold, essayist, critic, and poet. 
 
 Science. — Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer, great 
 thinkers — theory of "evolution." Huxley, Tyndall, Davy, 
 and Lord Kelvin, distinguished scientists. 
 
 Art. — Watts and Burne-Jones, great painters. William 
 Morris, artist, poet, and craftsman. 
 
 56 
 
TYPICAL QUESTIONS 
 
 SELECTED FROM RECENT EXAMINATIONS SET FOR 
 ADMISSION TO LEADING COLLEGES 
 
 Where have you studied this subject? 
 How much time have you given to it? 
 What text-book have you used? 
 What else have you read on the subject? 
 
 1. How has English history been affected by English 
 geographical position and physical features? 
 
 2. What were the Petition of Right and the Bill of 
 Rights ? 
 
 3. When and how were Scotland and Ireland united to 
 England ? 
 
 4. The career of Marlborough. 
 
 5. Name the Tudor sovereigns. What marriage alliances 
 with foreigners did any of them make? 
 
 6. The Black Death and its effects. 
 
 7. What treaties of peace to which England was a party 
 were made during the eighteenth century? Give dates and 
 territorial changes made by each. 
 
 8. Locate, give date, and important event which occurred 
 at Bannockburn, Pevensey, Naseby, Bosworth Field, Boyne, 
 Londonderry. 
 
 9. What rank would you give the elder Pitt (Earl of 
 Chatham) among the statesmen of England? Justify your 
 opinion by a discussion of his public career. 
 
 10. Give the main facts about the origin and growth of 
 the jury system. What was the law of Mortmain? of 
 Entail ? of Praemunire ? In whose reign was each passed ? 
 
 11. Give an account of the Danes in Saxon England. 
 Explain Danegeld, Danelaw. 
 
 67 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 12. Give the provisions of the Act of Settlement 
 (1701). 
 
 13. When was Mary Queen of Scots driven out of Scot- 
 land? Where did she go, and what did she ask? How 
 was she treated, and what befell her in the end? Give the 
 dates. 
 
 14. The career of Warren Hastings. 
 
 15. Under what Roman Emperors were expeditions sent 
 to England? What effect was produced upon England 
 when the Roman legions were withdrawn between a.d. 401 
 andA.D. 410? 
 
 16. Explain : the interference of Edward I. in the affairs 
 of Scotland ; Wat Tyler's revolt ; the Act of Supremacy. 
 
 17. Make a statement of the ship-money case (1637). 
 Why is it important in English history? 
 
 18. Name and give some account of what you consider 
 the three most important measures in English history since 
 1775. 
 
 19. How, and for what reasons, did England express 
 opposition to Russia in 1854 and 1878 ? 
 
 20. State what service was rendered to learning by five 
 of the following men : Alfred, Roger Bacon, Francis Bacon, 
 Bede, Caxton, Erasmus, Thomas More, Isaac Newton. 
 
 21. What were the chief matters of interest in English 
 foreign policy between the years 1700-1800? 
 
 22. Show how the barons were responsible for the War 
 of the Roses, and how their domination was ended by these 
 wars, and by the policy of Henry VII. 
 
 23. What considerations might have been urged for and 
 against (a) the Constitution of Clarendon, (b) the religious 
 policy of Henry VIII., (c) the disestablishment of the 
 English Church? 
 
 24. The importance of Magna Carta. 
 
 58 
 
TYPICAL QUESTIONS 
 
 25. Who were Dunstan? Stephen Langton? Wyclif? 
 Simon de Montf ort ? Jack Cade ? Cranmer ? Laud ? Burke ? 
 Disraeli ? 
 
 26. Name three unjust acts of Charles I. which helped to 
 bring on civil war. Principal leaders in that war. 
 
 27. What was Gladstone's policy in regard to Ireland ? 
 
 28. Thomas Cromwell: (a) What office did he hold? 
 (h) How did he increase the royal power? 
 
 29. In virtue of what Act did the House of Hanover come 
 to the English throne? When was it passed? What did it 
 determine as to the relations of Parliament and crown ? 
 
 30 What events led to the coming of the Spanish Armada 
 to England ? What is the significance of the defeat of the 
 Armada ? 
 
 31. Discuss the ministry of Walpole. 
 
 32. What was the attitude of England and the English 
 people toward the United States during the Civil War? 
 Explain the Trent affair and the Alabama claims. 
 
 33. What has been the policy of Great Britain in regard 
 to the Turkish Empire ? 
 
 34. An account of two of the following English states- 
 men : Hubert Walter ; Thomas Cromwell ; George Can- 
 ning. 
 
 35. Oliver Cromwell as a statesman. 
 
 36. Who was Queen Victoria ? Name three writers, three 
 scientists, and three statesmen who lived and worked during 
 her reign. In what respects was the cause of the common 
 people aided during the time? 
 
 37. Magna Carta; its making and its important pro- 
 visions. 
 
 38. The course of events between 1000 and 1066 which 
 show how it was possible for William the Norman to gain 
 control of England. 
 
 59 
 
OUTLINE FOR REVIEW 
 
 39. Explain : scutage ; reasons for the quarrel between 
 Henry IT. and Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury ; Lollards ; Agincourt ; ship-money. 
 
 40. Causes and results of the Hundred Years' War. 
 
 4L Explain: 410, 871, 1066, 1215, 148.5, 1558, 1649, 1688, 
 1714, 1763, 1832, 1857. 
 
 42. Describe briefly the chief turning points in the com- 
 mercial relations of England and the l^ow Counties (Nether- 
 lands). 
 
 43. The political career and writings of John Milton. 
 
 44. Who was the Protector, Somerset? Give a brief 
 account of his career. 
 
 45. What were the causes of the War of the Spanish Suc- 
 cession and what part did England take in it? 
 
 46. Crown and Parliament in the 15th century. 
 
 47. Compare and contrast the policies of Gladstone and 
 Disraeli. 
 
 48. What was the continental system? What were the 
 effects of the system upon England? 
 
 49. Describe the government of a self-governing British 
 colony and mention three such colonies. 
 
 50. Describe either the Peasant Revolt of 1831 or the 
 Labor Agitation from 1815 to 1820, treating the following 
 topics : (a) the grievances of laborers and artisans ; (b) irri- 
 tating legislation ; (c) acts of violence, (d) results. 
 
 60 
 
INDEX 
 
 Note. —The pupil will find all Battles, Laws, and Wars arranged both in 
 chronological order under those special headings, and in alphabetical order 
 throughout the Index. 
 
 Aboukir Bay, battle of, 49. 
 
 Act of Annates, 27. 
 
 Act of Settlement, First, 42 ; Sec- 
 ond, 44, 45. 
 
 Act of Supremacy, First, 27 ; 
 Second, 29; Third, 43. 
 
 Act of Uniformity, 29, 39. 
 
 Africa, war with (Boers), 55. 
 
 Agincourt, battle of, 23. 
 
 Agricola, 6. 
 
 Aidan, 7. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 46. 
 
 Albert, Prince (husband of Queen 
 Victoria), 54. 
 
 Alfred the Great, 8, 11, 13. 
 
 American Revolution, 48. 
 
 Amiens, Peace of, 49. 
 Treaty of, 23. 
 
 Angevin, defined, 14. 
 
 Angles, 6. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 10. 
 
 Anglo-Saxons, 7. 
 
 Anjou, Count of, 14. 
 
 Anne of Cleves, 28. 
 
 Anne, Queen, 44, 45. 
 
 Anselm, Archbishop, 14. 
 
 Anti-Corn-Law League, 54. 
 
 Antonine, wall of, 6. 
 
 Arkwright, Sir Richard, 50. 
 
 Arlington, Earl of, 40. 
 
 Armada, the, 31. 
 
 Armed neutrality, 49. 
 
 Army, reorganization of, 55. 
 
 Arnold, Matthew, 56. 
 
 Arthur, King, 7. 
 
 Arthur, son of Geoffrey, 16. 
 
 Arthur, son of Henry VIL, 26. 
 
 Ashley, Lord, see Shaftesbury, 
 
 Earl of. 
 Assandun, battle of, 9. 
 Assize of Arms, 15. 
 Atheluy, 8. 
 Athelstan, King, 8. 
 Augustine, landed in Kent, 7. 
 Austerlitz, battle of, 49. 
 Austria, in "Coalition," 49. 
 Austrian Succession, War of, 46. 
 
 Babington plot, 31. 
 
 Bacon, Lord, 33. 
 
 Bacon, Roger, 18. 
 
 Bacon, Sir Francis, 32. 
 
 Badajos, battle of, 50. 
 
 Balaklava, battle of, 54. 
 
 Baliol, John, 18, 20. 
 
 Bank of England, establishment 
 of, 43. 
 
 Bannockburn, battle of, 20. 
 
 Barnet, battle of, 25. 
 
 Barons (chronologically ar- 
 ranged) : 
 duties and powers of, 11, 12. 
 
 61 
 
INDEX 
 
 kept in check by William II., 13. 
 
 under Henry II., scutage, 15. 
 
 John's war with, 16. 
 
 Simon de Montfort, leader of, 
 17, 18. 
 
 under Edward I., 19. 
 
 under Edward II., 20. 
 
 lawlessness of (under Henry 
 VI.) , 23. 
 
 under Henry VII., 26. 
 Barons of Exchequer, 14. 
 Battles (chronologically ar- 
 ranged) : 
 
 Heathfield, 8. 
 
 Winwaedsfield, 8. 
 
 Ethandune, 8. 
 
 Assandun, 9. 
 
 Stamford Bridge, 11. 
 
 Hastings (Senlac), 11. 
 
 Tinchebrai, 13. 
 
 Battle of the Standard, 14. 
 
 Battle of the Bouvines, 16. 
 
 Runnymede, 16. 
 
 Lewes, 17. 
 
 Evesham, 18. 
 
 Falkirk, 18. 
 
 Banuockburn, 20. 
 
 Hallidon Hill, 20. 
 
 Sluys, 20. 
 
 Crecy, 20. 
 
 Neville's Cross, 20. 
 
 Calais, siege of (Edward III.), 
 20. 
 
 Poitiers, 20. 
 
 Shrewsbury, 22. 
 
 Agincourt, 23. 
 
 Siege of Orleans, 23. 
 
 St. Albans (First), 24. 
 
 Northampton, 24. 
 
 Wakefield, 24. 
 
 St. Albans (Second), 24. 
 
 Towton, 24. 
 
 Barnet, 25. 
 
 Tewkesbury, 25. 
 
 Bos worth Field, 25. 
 
 Flodden Field, 27. 
 
 Battle of the Spurs, 27. 
 
 Pinkie, 28. 
 
 Calais, loss of, 29. 
 
 Calais (sea fight) , 31. 
 
 Edgehill, 35. 
 
 Marston Moor, 35. 
 
 Naseby, 36. 
 
 Preston, 36. 
 
 Drogheda, 36. 
 
 Dunbar, 37, 38. 
 
 Worcester, 37, 38. 
 
 Jamaica, capture of, 37. 
 
 Dunkirk, capture of, 37. 
 
 Lowestoft, 40. 
 
 Sedgemoor, 41. 
 
 Killiecrankie, 43. 
 
 Boyne, 43. 
 
 Beachy Head, 43. 
 
 La Hogue, 43. 
 
 Steinkirk, 43. 
 
 Neerwinden, 43. 
 
 Blenheim, 44. 
 
 Ramillies, 45. 
 
 Oudenarde, 45. 
 
 Malplaquet, 45. 
 
 Dettingen, 46. 
 
 Fontenoy, 46. 
 
 Culloden, 46. 
 
 Braddock's defeat, 46. 
 
 Quebec, 46. 
 
 Plassey, 47. 
 
 Cape St. Vincent, 49. 
 
 Camperdown, 49. 
 
 Battle of the Nile (Aboukir 
 
 Bay), 49. 
 Copenhagen, 49. 
 Trafalgar, 49. 
 Austerlitz, 49. 
 
 62 
 
INDEX 
 
 Jena, 49. 
 
 Torres Vedras, 50. 
 
 Badajos, 50. 
 
 Salamanca, 50. 
 
 Vittoria, 50. 
 
 Ligny, 50. 
 
 Waterloo, 50. 
 
 New Orleans (War of 1812), 50. 
 
 Navarino, 51. 
 
 Balaklava, 54. 
 
 Inkerman, 54. 
 
 Sebastopol, siege of, 54. 
 
 Majuba Hill, 55. 
 
 Kimberley, siege of. 55. 
 
 Mafeking, siege of, 55. 
 Beachy Head, battle of, 43. 
 Beaufort, Edmund, 24. 
 Becket, Thomas a, 15. 
 Bede, the Venerable, 10. 
 Bedford, Duke of, 23. 
 Benevolences, 25, 26, 34. 
 Berlin, Congress of, 55. 
 
 Decree, 49. 
 Bernicia, kingdom of, 7. 
 Bible, English, 27, 28, 33. 
 Bill of Attainder, 24. 
 
 of Rights, 42. 
 Bishops, Seven, Petition of the, 
 
 41. 
 Bishops' War, First, 35; Second, 
 
 35. 
 Black Death, 20, 21. 
 Black Friars, Court of, 27. 
 Black Hole of Calcutta, 47. 
 Black Prince, 20, 21. 
 Blake, Admiral, 37. 
 Blenheim, battle of, 44. 
 Bloody Assize, 41. 
 Bliicher, Marshal, 50. 
 Boadicea, 6. 
 Boer War, 55. 
 Boleyn, Anne, 27, 28. 
 
 Bolingbroke, Lord, 45. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 49, 50. 
 Boroughs, origin of name, 10. 
 
 rotten, 47, 51, 52. 
 Boston Port Bill, 48. 
 Bosworth Field, battle of, 25. 
 Bothwell, Earl of, 31. 
 Bouvines, battle of the, 16. 
 Boyne, battle of the, 43. 
 Braddock's defeat, 46. 
 Breda, Declaration of, 38. 
 
 Treaty of, 40. 
 Bretigny, Peace of, 21. 
 Bright, John, 54. 
 Britain, Count of, 6. 
 Britain, Christianity in, 7. 
 
 origin of name, 5. 
 
 region called, 7. 
 '' Briton, North" (No. 45), 47. 
 Britons, 5, 7. 
 Britons, Duke of, 6. 
 Bronze Age, 5. 
 Browning, Robert, 56. 
 Brownists, see Independents. 
 Bruce, David, 20. 
 Bruce, Robert, 18, 20. 
 Brythons, 5. 
 Buckingham, Duke of (George 
 
 Villiers),33,34, 40. 
 Buckingham, Edward Stafford, 
 
 revolt of, 25. 
 Burgh, Hubert de, 17. 
 Burgundians, 23. 
 Burke, Edmund, 48. 
 Burleigh, Lord, 33. 
 Burne-Jones, Sir Edward, 56. 
 
 Cabal, The, 40. 
 
 Cabinet, plot to assassinate, 51. 
 Cabinet system, germ of, 40. 
 development of, 43, 45, 53. 
 Caedmon, 10. 
 
 63 
 
INDEX 
 
 Caesar, invasions of, 5. 
 Calais, loss of, 29. 
 
 sea fight off, 31. 
 
 siege of, 20. 
 Calvin, John, 30. 
 Cambridge (University of), 18, 55. 
 Camperdown, battle of, 49. 
 Canning, George, 51. 
 Canterbury, Archbishop of, head 
 
 of English church, 13. 
 Canterbury, first monastery in, 7. 
 Canute, King, 9. 
 Cape of Good Hope, seized, 49. 
 Cape St. Vincent, sea fight, 49. 
 Carisbrooke Castle, 36. 
 Carlyle, Thomas, 56. 
 Caroline of Anspach, 46. 
 Caroline, Queen, 51. 
 Carr, Robert, 33. 
 Catesby, Kobert, 33. 
 Catholics (chronologically ar- 
 ranged) : 
 
 in eatly England, 7. 
 
 Established church separated 
 from pope, 27, 28. 
 
 supremacy of pope restored, 29. 
 
 under James II., 33. 
 
 Princess Henrietta Maria, 33. 
 
 under Charles II., 40. 
 
 in Oxford, 41. 
 
 Pro-Catholic policy in Scotland 
 and Ireland, 41. 
 
 Declaration of Indulgence, 41. 
 
 Bill of Rights, 42. 
 
 Toleration Act, 43. 
 
 removal of Catholic disabili- 
 ties, 51. 
 
 Catholic relief bill, 51. 
 
 Catholic Association, 51. 
 Cato Street Conspiracy, 51. 
 Cavaliers, 35. 
 Cawnpore, 54. 
 
 Caxtun, William, 25. 
 
 Cecil (son of Lord Burleigh) , 33. 
 
 Cecil, William (Lord Burleigh) > 
 
 29, 31. 
 Celtic invasions, 5. 
 Celtic peoples, 7. 
 Cerdic, 8, 13. 
 Chamberlain, Joseph, 56. 
 Charles I., 33-36. 
 Charles II., as king, 39-41. 
 
 as prince, 36, 37. 
 Charles Y., of Spain, 27. 
 Charles VI., of France, 23. 
 Charles VII., of France. 23. 
 Charlie, Prince, see Pretender, 
 
 Young. 
 Charter of Liberties, 13. 
 Chartist movement, 53. 
 Chaucer, 22. 
 
 China, opium war with, 54. 
 Chinese ports, opened to England, 
 
 54. 
 Christianity, in early England, 6. 
 
 in Ireland and Britain, 7. 
 Church, Feudal, 13. 
 
 history of (Bede), 10. 
 
 Irish, 7. 
 
 of England, established, 29. 
 
 reform, in Ireland, 52. 
 
 Roman, 7. 
 
 See also Catholics, Episcopacy, 
 Presbyterians, and Courts. 
 Churchill, Col., see Marlborough, 
 
 Duke of, 7. 
 Circuit Courts, 15. 
 Civil war (Stephen), 14; (Henry 
 IIL), 17; (Charles L, "The 
 Puritan Revolution "), 35. 
 Clarence, 25. 
 Clarendon, Constitutions of, 15. 
 
 fall of, 40. 
 Clarendon, Earl of (Hyde), 39. 
 
 64 
 
INDEX 
 
 Clarkson, Thomas, 52. 
 Claudius, Emperor, 6. 
 Claverhouse, Graham of, 43. 
 Clergy, "regular" and "secu- 
 lar," 9. 
 Clifford, Sir Thomas, 40. 
 Clive, Robert, 47. 
 Cobden, Richard, 54. 
 Colet, Dean, 26. 
 Common Law, 10. 
 Commons, enclosures of public 
 lands, 28. 
 
 See also House of Commons. 
 Commonwealth, the, 30-39. 
 Compeggio, 27. 
 Compurgation, 10. 
 CJonfirmatio Cartarum, 19. 
 Conquest, by the Danes, 8. 
 
 by the Romaus, 5. 
 
 by the Saxons, 6. 
 
 Norman, 10. 
 
 Period of, 5-10. 
 Conservatives, 53, 54. 
 Constitutional government, ad- 
 vance of, 43, 45; 
 
 triumph of, 53. 
 Conventicle Act, 39. 
 Convention Parliament, 38, 39, 
 
 42. 
 Convocation, 13. 
 Copenhagen, 49. 
 Corn Laws, repeal of, 54. 
 Corporation Act, 39, 51. 
 Council of State, 36, 37. 
 Court-barons, 12. 
 Court-leets, 12. 
 Court of Black Friars, 27. 
 
 of Common Pleas, 19. 
 
 of High Commission, .30, 34, 35. 
 
 of Star Chamber, 26, 34, 35. 
 
 of the Exchequer, 19. 
 
 of the King's Bench, 19. 
 
 Courts, separate church, 13. 
 
 circuit, 19. 
 Covenant, the, 37. 
 Covenanters, 39. 
 Cranmer, Archbishop, 27, 28, 29. 
 Crecy, battle of, 20. 
 Crimean War, the, 54. 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 35-38. 
 Cromwell, Richard, 38. 
 Cromwell, Thomas, 27, 28. 
 Crusades, 16. 
 CuUoden, defeat at, 46. 
 Curia Regis, 12, 13, 15, 19. 
 Cuthbert, 7. 
 
 Danby, Earl of, 40. 
 
 Danegeld, 9, 10, 12. 
 
 Danelaw, The, 8. 
 
 Danes, conquest by the, 8. 
 
 Darnley, Lord, 30, 32. 
 
 Darwin, Charles, 56. 
 
 Davy, Sir Humphrey, 56. 
 
 Declaration of Indulgence, 40, 41 
 
 Declaration of Rights, 43. 
 
 De Haeretico Comburendo, 23. 
 
 Deira, kingdom of, 7. 
 
 Delhi, 54. 
 
 Demesnes, 12. 
 
 De Ruyter, Michael A., 40. 
 
 Derwentwater, Earl of, 46. 
 
 Dettingen, battle of, 46. 
 
 Dickens, Charles, 56. 
 
 Disraeli, Benjamin, 54, 55. 
 
 Dissenters, 30, 34. 
 
 Divine right of kings, 32. 
 
 Domesday Book, 12. 
 
 Dominicans, 18. 
 
 Douglas, Earl, 22. 
 
 Dover, Treaty of, 40. 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 31. 
 
 Drogheda, 36. 
 
 Druids, 5, 6. 
 
 65 
 
INDEX 
 
 Dudley, Lord, 29. 
 Dunbar, battle of, 37, 38. 
 Duncan, Admiral, 49. 
 Dunkirk, capture of, 37. 
 Dunstan, Archbishop, 9. 
 Dutch War, First, 40 ; Second, 
 40. 
 
 Ealdormen and eorls, 9, 10. 
 East Anglia, kingdom of, 7, 8. 
 East India Company, 32, 47. 
 Edgar, King, 9, 13. 
 Edgehill, battle of, 35. 
 Edinburgh, founder of, 8. 
 
 occupied, 37. 
 Education Act, 55. 
 Education, public, 52. 
 Edward (son of Alfred the 
 
 Great), 8. 
 Edward the Confessor, 9, 11. 
 Edward I., 18, 19. 
 Edward II., 20. 
 Edward III., 20, 21. 
 Edward IV., 24, 25. 
 Edward V., 25. 
 Edward VI., 28, 29. 
 Edwin, Earl, 8. 
 Egbert, King, 8, 13. 
 Egypt, war with, 56. 
 Elba, island of, 50. 
 Eleanor (wife of Henry II.), 15. 
 Eliot, George, 56. 
 Eliot, Sir John, 34. 
 Elizabeth, Queen, 29, 30. 
 England, defined, 7. 
 
 prehistoric, 5. 
 
 subjugation of, 6. 
 England and Scotland under one 
 
 crown, 32. 
 English and French, war be- 
 tween, 47. 
 English literature, see Literature. 
 
 English Merchant Adventurers, 
 
 26. 
 Episcopacy (chronologically ar- 
 ranged) : 
 attempt to establish in Scot- 
 land, 39. 
 established church of England, 
 
 39. 
 disestablishment of, in Ireland, 
 
 53. 
 Test Act in favor of, 40. 
 Tories uphold, 41. 
 Episcopal members in Parlia- 
 ment, 35. 
 Erasmus, 26. 
 Ermine Street, 6. 
 Essex, kingdom of, 6, 7, 8. 
 Ethandune (Edington) , battle 
 
 of, 8. 
 Ethelbert, King, 7. 
 Ethelings, 9. 
 
 Ethelred, the Unready, 9. 
 Eugene, Prince of Savoy, 44. 
 Eversham, battle of, 18. 
 Exclusion Bill, 41. 
 
 Factory Acts, 52. 
 
 Fairfax, Gen. Thomas, 35, 36, 38. 
 
 Falkirk, battle of, 18. 
 
 Fashoda, 56. 
 
 Fawkes, Guy, see Catesby, 
 Robert. 
 
 Fenian Society, 55. 
 
 Feudal church, 13. 
 
 Feudal system, beginning of, 11. 
 bishops included in, 14. 
 changes made in, by scutage, 
 15 ; Magna Carta, 16 ; Stat- 
 utes of Westminster, 19; 
 Confii^matio Cartarum, 19 ; 
 Statute of Laborers, 21. 
 See also Barons. 
 
 6Q 
 
INDEX 
 
 Fiefs, 11. 
 
 Field of the Cloth of Gold, 27. 
 
 Fifteen, The, 46. 
 
 Fisher, John, 27. 
 
 Five Mile Act, 39. 
 
 Flodden Field, battle of, 27. 
 
 Fontenoy, battle of, 46. 
 
 Forty-Five, The, 46. 
 
 Forty-Two Articles, The, 28. 
 
 Fosse Way, 6. 
 
 Fox, Charles James, 48. 
 
 France, alliance with, 37. 
 war with (King John), 16; 
 (Henry VIII.) , 28 ; (Mary Tu- 
 dor), 29; (Napoleonic wars), 
 48. 
 
 Francis I., of France, 27. 
 
 Francis II., of France, 30. 
 
 Franciscans and Dominicans, 18. 
 
 Frederick the Great, 47. 
 
 French and Indian war, 46. 
 
 French Revolution, 48. 
 
 Fyrd (militia), 8, 15. 
 
 Gaels, 5. 
 
 Gallic War, .5. 
 
 Gaveston, Piers, 20. 
 
 Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 14, 16. 
 
 George I., 45, 46. 
 
 George II., 46, 47. 
 
 George III., 47-51. 
 
 George IV., 51. 
 
 Gesiths, 9. 
 
 Ghent, Treaty of, 50. 
 
 Gildas, 10. 
 
 Gladstone, William E., 54, 55, 
 
 56. 
 Glencoe, Massacre of, 43. 
 Glendower, Owen, 22. 
 Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, 
 
 23. 
 Godolphin, Sydney, 44. 
 
 Godwin, Earl, 9. 
 Gordon, General, 56. 
 Gordon Riots, 48. 
 Government, Constitutional, 43, 
 45, 53. 
 
 Local, 12, 56. 
 
 See also Parliament. 
 Government, Instrument of, 37. 
 Grand Alliance, against Louis 
 
 XIV., 44. 
 Grand Remonstrance, 35. 
 Great Council, 12. 
 Great Plague, 40. 
 Greek war of independence, 51. 
 Grey, Lady Jane, 29. 
 Grey, Lord, 52. 
 Gunpowder Plot, 33. 
 Guthrum, King, 8. 
 
 Habeas Corpus Act, 41. 
 Hadrian, Wall of, 6. 
 Halidon Hill, battle of, 20. 
 Hampden, John, 34, 35. 
 Hampton Court Conference, 33. 
 Hanoverian Kings, 45-56. 
 Hanseatic League, 21. 
 Hardrada, Harold, 11. 
 Hargreaves, James, 50. 
 Harley, Robert, 45. 
 Harold, King, 9, 11. 
 Haslerigg, 35. 
 
 Hastings (Lord), murder of, 25. 
 Hastings, Warren, 48. 
 Hastings, battle of, 11. 
 Havelock, General, 54. 
 Hawkins, Sir John, 31. 
 Heathfield, battle of, 8. 
 Hengist (and Horsa), 6. 
 Henrietta Maria, Queen, 33. 
 Henry L, 13, 15. 
 Henry II., 14, 15, 16. 
 Henry III., 17, 18. 
 
 67 
 
INDEX 
 
 Henry IV., 22. 
 Henry V., 23. 
 Henry VI., 23, 24. 
 Henry VH., 25, 26. 
 Henry VHI., 26-28. 
 Heptarchy, the, 7, 9. 
 Hereward, 11. 
 
 High Court of Justice, 36, 39. 
 Holland, war with (Cromwell), 
 37. 
 
 See also Dutch War. 
 Holies, Denzil, 35. 
 Hill, Sir Rowland, 54. 
 Home Rule for Ireland, 56. 
 Honorius, Emperor, 6. 
 Horsa (and Hengist), 6. 
 House of Commons, establish- 
 ment of, first step, 18; sec- 
 ond step, 18; third step, 21. 
 
 under Victoria, 53, 56. 
 
 under William IV., 51, 52. 
 House of Lords, abolished, 36. 
 Howard, Katharine, 28. 
 Humble Petition and Advice, 38. 
 Hundred Days, The, 50. 
 Hundred-moot, 10, 13. 
 Hundred Years' War, 20. 
 Hundreds (division of shire), 10. 
 Huskisson, William, 51. 
 Huxley, Thomas, 56. 
 
 Independents, 30, 35, 36, 38. 
 India, in Victoria's reign, 54, 55. 
 Indian Mutiny, 54. 
 Inkerman, battle of, 54. 
 Instrument of Government, 37. 
 Invasions, Celtic, 5. 
 
 of Caesar, 5. 
 
 Saxon, 6. 
 Investiture, 14. 
 Ireland, Act of Union with, 50. 
 
 Christianity in, 7. 
 
 church reform in, 52. 
 
 Education Act in, 55. 
 
 Home Rule in, 55. 
 
 Protestant church, disestab- 
 lished in, 55. 
 
 Scots in, 7. 
 
 self-government of, restored, 
 48. 
 
 subjugated, 43. 
 
 war with (Cromwell) , 36. 
 Irish Land Act, 55. 
 Ironside, Edmund, 9. 
 Ironsides, Cromwell's, 35. 
 Isabella, Queen, 20. 
 
 Jack Cade's rebellion, 24. 
 
 Jackson, General, 50. 
 
 Jacobites, 43. 
 
 Jacquerie, the, 20. 
 
 Jamaica, capture of, 37. 
 
 James, Duke of York (brother of 
 
 Charles II.), 40, 41. 
 James I., 32, 33. 
 James II., 41, 42, 43. 
 James IV., of Scotland, 27, 30. 
 James VI., of Scotland, 31, 32. 
 Jameson's Raid, 55. 
 Jeffreys, Judge, 41. 
 Jena, battle of, 49. 
 Jervis, Admiral, 49. 
 Jesuits, 30. 
 
 Jews in Parliament, 19, 37. 
 Joan of Arc, 23. 
 John (" Lackland"), 16, 17. 
 John, of France, 20, 21. 
 John, of Gaunt, 20. 
 Jonson, Ben, 32. 
 Joseph, Napoleon's brother, 50. 
 Joyce, Cornet, 36. 
 Junius, letters of, 47. 
 Jury System, under Henry II., 15. 
 Jutes, 6. 
 
 68 
 
INDEX 
 
 Kabul massacre, the, 54. 
 Katherine, wife of Henry V., 23. 
 Katherine, of Aragon, wife of 
 
 Henry VHI., 26. 
 Kelvin, Lord, 56. 
 Kent, Duke of, 53. 
 Kent, kingdom of, 6, 7, 8. 
 Khartum, massacre at, 56. 
 Killiecrankie, battle of, 43. 
 Kimberley, siege of, 55. 
 King's Council, 12. 
 King's Seal, Keeper of, 12. 
 Kitchener, General, 56. 
 Knox, John, 30. 
 
 La Hogue, battle of, 43. 
 Lancastrian- Yorkist Kings, 22- 
 
 25. 
 Lanfranc, Archbishop, 13. 
 Langland, William, 22. 
 Langton, Stephen, 16. 
 Latimer, Bishop, 29. 
 Laud, Archbishop, 34, 36. 
 Lauderdale, John, Duke of, 40. 
 Laws (chronologically arranged) : 
 
 Danelaw, 8. 
 
 Common Law, 10. 
 
 Wergild and bot, 10. 
 
 Compurgation, 10. 
 
 Ordeal, 10. 
 
 Danegeld, 9, 10, 12. 
 
 Feudal System (William L), 11. 
 
 Charter of Liberties, 13. 
 
 Constitutions of Clarendon, 15, 
 40. 
 
 Magna Carta, 16, 19. 
 
 Provisions of Oxford, 17. 
 
 First Statute of Westminster, 
 19. 
 
 Statute of Mortmain, 19. 
 
 Second Statute of Westmin- 
 ster, 19. 
 
 Third Statute of Westminster, 
 
 (Quia Emptores), 19. 
 Conjirmatio Cartarum, 19. 
 Statute of Pro visors, 21. 
 Statute of Laborers, 21. 
 Statute of Praemunire, 21, 27. 
 De Haeretico Comburerido, 23. 
 Bill of Attainder, 24. 
 Statute of Liveries, 26. 
 Poyniugs' Acts, 26, 48. 
 Act of Annates, 27. 
 Act of Supremacy, First, 27; 
 
 Second, 29. 
 Act of Uniformity, 29, 30. 
 Petition of Right, 34. 
 Triennial Act, 35. 
 Instrument of Government, 37. 
 Humble Petition and Advice, 
 
 38. 
 Retaliatory Acts, 39. 
 
 Corporation Act. 
 
 Act of Uniformity. 
 
 Conventicle Act. 
 
 Five Mile Act. 
 Test Act, 40, 41, 51. 
 Exclusion Bill, 41. 
 Habeas Corpus Act, 41. 
 Act of Settlement, First, 42. 
 Bill of Rights, 42. 
 Mutiny Act, 43. 
 Toleration Act, 43. 
 Act of Supremacy, Third, 43. 
 Triennial Act, 44. 
 Act of Settlement, Second, 44, 
 
 45. 
 Act of Union with Scotlanc^ 45. 
 Navigation Acts, 48. 
 Stamp Act, 48. 
 Townshend Acts, 48. 
 Boston Port Bill, 48. 
 Orders in Council, 49. 
 Act of Union with Ireland, 50. 
 
 69 
 
INDEX 
 
 Catholic Relief Bill, 51. I Lucknow, 54. 
 
 First Reform Bill (1832), 51, 52. Luddites, 50. 
 
 Factory Acts, 52. 
 
 Poor Laws, revised, 53. 
 
 Municipal Corporations Act, 
 53. 
 
 Anti-Corn Law League, 54. 
 
 Second Reform Bill (1867), 55. 
 
 Irish Land Act, 55. 
 
 Education Act, 55. 
 
 Third Reform Bill (1884), 56. 
 
 Home Rule Bill, First and 
 Second, 56. 
 
 Local Government Act, 56. 
 Leslie, David, 37. 
 Levelers, 38. 
 Lewes, battle of, 17. 
 Liberals, 53, 54. 
 Ligny, battle of, 50. 
 Lionel, Duke of Clarence, 22. 
 Literature, Anglo-Saxon, 10. 
 Literature, English, beginnings 
 of, 22. 
 
 Elizabethan period of, 32. 
 
 in fifteenth century, " New 
 Learning," 26. 
 
 in nineteenth century, 56. 
 Liverpool, Lord, 50. 
 Local Government, 12, 56. 
 LoUards, 22, 23. 
 Londinium (London) , 6. 
 London, captured, 16. 
 
 fire of, 40. 
 Londonderry, siege of, 43. 
 Longchamp, William, 16. 
 Lords Appellant, 22. 
 Lords Ordaiuers, 20. 
 Louis IX., of France, 17. 
 Louis XIV., of France, 40, 43, 44. 
 Louis XVI., of France, 49. 
 Lowestoft, battle of, 40. 
 Loyola, Ignatius, 30. 
 
 Luther, Martin, 27. 
 
 Macaulay, Thomas B., 56. 
 Macaulay, Zachary, 52. 
 Mad Parliament, 17. 
 Mafeking, siege of, 55. 
 Magna Carta, 16, 19. 
 Magnum Concilium, see Great 
 
 Council. 
 Mahdi, the, 56. 
 Majuba Hill, battle of, 55. 
 Malplaquet, battle of, 45. 
 Manchester massacre, 50. 
 Manors, 12. 
 Mar, Earl of, 46. 
 Margaret, daughter of Henry 
 
 VII., 26. 
 Margaret, Queen, 24. 
 Maria Theresa, 46, 47. 
 Marlborough, Duchess of, 44. 
 
 Duke of, 44. 
 Marlowe, Christopher, 32. 
 Marshall, William, 17. 
 Marston Moor, battle of, 35. 
 Mary, Queen of Scots, 30-32. 
 Mary Tudor, Queen, 29. 
 Mary, wife of William of Orange, 
 
 40,42. 
 Masham, Lady, 44. 
 Matilda, daughter of Henry I., 14. 
 Matilda, wife of Harold, 11. 
 Matilda, wife of Henry L, 13. 
 Medina, Duke of, 31. 
 Mercia, kingdom of, 7, 8. 
 Mesne tenants, 12. 
 Methodist movement, 47. 
 Milan Decree, 49. 
 Milford Haven, 25. 
 Military changes (under Henry 
 
 II.), 15. 
 
 TO 
 
INDEX 
 
 Military rule, in early Eng- 
 land, 6. 
 Millenary Petition, 33. 
 Mise of Amieus, 17. 
 Mona, island of, 6. 
 Monasteries, destruction of, 27. 
 
 first established, 7. 
 
 growth and influence of, 14. 
 
 suppression of, 29. 
 Monk, General, 38, 40. 
 Monmouth's Rebellion, 41. 
 Monopolies, 32. 
 Montague, Charles, 44. 
 Montcalm, General, 46. 
 Montfort, Simon de, 17, 18. 
 More, Sir Thomas, 26, 27, 29. 
 Morris, William, 56. 
 Mortimer, Edmund, 22. 
 Mortimer, Roger, 20. 
 Morton's Fork, 26. 
 Mountjoy, Lord, 31. 
 Municipal Corporations Act, 53. 
 Murray, regent, 31. 
 Mutiny Act, 43. 
 
 Napier, Sir Charles, 54. 
 
 Napoleonic Wars, 48, 49. 
 
 Naseby, battle of, 36. 
 
 Navarino, naval battle of, 51. 
 
 Navigation Acts, 48. 
 
 Neerwinden, battle of, 43. 
 
 Nelson, Admiral, 49. 
 
 Neolithic Age, 5. 
 
 Neville's Cross, battle of, 20. 
 
 New Model army, 36. 
 
 New Orleans, attack upon (War 
 
 of 1812), 50. 
 Nicholson, General, 54. 
 Nile, battle of the, 49. 
 Nimwegen, Treaty of, 40. 
 Non-Jurors, 43. 
 Norman Conquest, 10. 
 
 Norman Kings, 11-14. 
 Normandy, Duke of, 11. 
 Normandy, founded, 10. 
 North, Lord, 48. 
 Northampton, battle of, 24. 
 Northmen, see Danes. 
 Northumberland, Duke of, 29. 
 Northumberland, kingdom of, 
 7,8. 
 
 Gates, Titus, 40. 
 O'Connell, Daniel, 51. 
 O'Connor, Feargus, 54. 
 Offa, King, 8. 
 Oldcastle, Sir John, 23. 
 Opium War, with China, 54. 
 Ordeal, 10. 
 
 Orders in Council, 49, 
 Orleanists, 23. 
 Orleans, Siege of, 23. 
 Oswy, King, 8. 
 Oudenarde, battle of, 45. 
 Oxford (University of), 18, 55. 
 
 Paleolithic Age, 5. 
 Palmerston, Lord, 54. 
 Paris, capture of, 50. 
 
 Treaty of, 47. 
 Parliament (chronologically ar- 
 ranged) : 
 
 Mad (1258), 17. 
 
 of 1265, 18. 
 
 Model, 18. 
 
 control of, increased by Confir- 
 matio Car tar um, 19. 
 
 Good, 21. 
 
 the house of Commons a part 
 of, 21. 
 
 Richard II. deposed by, 22. 
 
 Henry IV. elected by, 22. 
 
 Irish, 26, 60, 56. 
 
 Wales represented in, 28. 
 
 71 
 
INDEX 
 
 under James I., 32, 33. 
 
 under Charles I., 34. 
 
 Short, 35. 
 
 Long, 35-38. 
 
 Rump, 36, 37, 38. 
 
 Convention, 38. 
 
 under Charles II., 40, 41. 
 
 under William III., 42. 
 
 England and Scotland under 
 one, 45. 
 
 Irish members in English, 50. 
 
 Roman Catholics and dissen- 
 ters admitted to, 51. 
 
 rotten boroughs represented in, 
 51. 
 
 annual, 53. 
 Parnell, Charles Stuart, 56. 
 Parr, Katherine, 28. 
 Partition Treaties, 44. 
 Peasant's Revolt, see Wat Tyler's 
 
 Rebellion. 
 Peel, Sir Robert, 51,54. 
 Penda, King, 8. 
 Peninsular Campaign, 50. 
 Penn, Admiral, 37. 
 Percys, the, 22. 
 Period of Conquest, 5-11. 
 Persecution (under Henry VIII.) , 
 
 27. 
 Petition of Right, 34. 
 Pevensey, 11. 
 Philip Augustus, of France, war 
 
 with, 16. 
 Philip II., of Spain, 29, 31. 
 Philip VI., of France, 20. 
 Philip (grandson of Louis XIV.), 
 
 44,45. 
 Picts, 5, 6, 7. 
 Pilgrimage of Grace, 27. 
 Pinkie, battle of, 28. 
 Pirates, Saxon, 6. 
 
 victories over (Blake), 37. 
 
 Pitt, William (Earl of Chatham), 
 
 46, 47, 48. 
 Pitt, William, the Younger, 48, 
 
 49. 
 Plantagenet Kings, 14-22. 
 Plantagenet, origin of name, 14. 
 Plassey, battle of, 47. 
 Plautius, 6. 
 Poitiers, battle of, 20. 
 Poor Laws, revised, 53. 
 Pope, Henry III.'s payment to, 17. 
 
 John's war with, 16. 
 
 King supreme, instead of, 27, 
 28. 
 
 supremacy of, restored, 29. 
 
 supreme in early English 
 Church, 7. 
 
 See also Catholics. 
 Popish Plot, 40. 
 Poynings' Acts, 26, 48. 
 Pragmatic Sanction, 46. 
 Prayer Book, English, 28, 29, 34. 
 Prehistoric England, 5. 
 Prehistoric men, 5. 
 Presbyterians (chronologically 
 arranged) : 
 
 origin of name, 30. 
 
 in Scotland, 34, 43. 
 
 in Long Parliament, 35, 36. 
 
 support Prince Charles, 37. 
 
 in Commonwealth, 38. 
 
 in Parliament of 1661, 39. 
 
 Corporation Act against, 39. 
 
 Act of Uniformity against, 39. 
 
 Scotch (Whigs), 41. 
 
 Toleration Act, in favor of, 43. 
 Preston, battle of, 36. 
 Preston, Derwentwater captured 
 
 at, 46. 
 Preston Pans, 46. 
 Pretender, Old (James III.), 44, 
 45, 46. 
 
 72 
 
INDEX 
 
 Pretender, Young (Prince Char- 
 lie), 46. 
 Pride's Purge, 36, 38. 
 Prime minister, origin of office, 
 
 45. 
 Prince of Wales (title), 18. 
 Protectorate, the, 37, 38. 
 Protestantism (chronologically 
 arranged) : 
 establishment of, first step, 27, 
 28; second step, 28; third 
 step, 29. 
 setback to, 29. 
 under Charles II., 40. 
 Toleration Act, in favor of, 43. 
 disestablishment of, in Ireland, 
 55. 
 Provisions of Oxford, 17. 
 Prussia, in second Napoleonic 
 
 war, 49. 
 Punjab, 54. 
 Puritan Revolution, the, see Civil 
 
 War, Charles I. 
 Puritans, emigration of, 34. 
 Millenary Petition of, 33. 
 origin of, 30. 
 Pym, John, 34, 35. 
 
 Quebec, battle of, 46. 
 Queen Anne's War, 44. 
 
 Railway, opening of first, 51. 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 32, 33. 
 Ramillies, battle of, 45. 
 Red Rose of Lancaster, 25. 
 Reformation in Germany, 27. 
 Reform Bill, First (1832), 51, 52: 
 
 Second (1867), 55 ; Third 
 
 (1884), 56. 
 Renaissance, 26, 31. 
 Restoration period, the, 39. 
 Retaliatory Acts, 39. 
 
 Revenues, royal, 12. 
 
 Revolution of 1688, 41, 42. 
 
 Richard I., 16. 
 
 Richard II., 21, 22. 
 
 Richard III. (Duke of Glouces- 
 ter), 25. 
 
 Richard, Duke of York, 24. 
 
 Ridley, Bishop, 29. 
 
 Right of Search, exercised by 
 Napoleon, 49. 
 
 Rizzio, David, murder of, 30. 
 
 Robber castles, destruction of, 15. 
 
 Robert, Duke of Normandy, 13. 
 
 Robert of Belesme, 13. 
 
 Roberts, Lord, 55. 
 
 Rochelle (France), expedition in 
 relief of, 33. 
 
 Roman Catholics, see Catholics. 
 
 Roman church, 7. 
 
 Root and Branch party, 35. 
 
 Roses, Wars of the, 24. 
 
 Rotten boroughs, 47, 51, 52. 
 
 Rough Stone Age, 5. 
 
 Roundheads, 35. 
 
 Royalists, 38. 
 
 Royal Observatory, founded, 41. 
 
 Royal Society, founded, 41. 
 
 Rule of " thorough," 34. 
 
 Rump Parliament, 36, 37, 38. 
 
 Runnymede, battle of, 16. 
 
 Rupert, Prince, 35, 36, 40. 
 
 Ruskin, John, 56. 
 
 Russell, Lord John, 51, 52, 54. 
 
 Rye House Plot, 41. 
 
 Ryswick, Treaty of, 43, 44. 
 
 Sacheverall, Dr., 45. 
 
 St. Albans, 5. 
 
 St. Albans, battles of (First and 
 
 Second), 24. 
 St. Columba, 7. 
 St. Helena, 50. 
 
 73 
 
INDEX 
 
 St. Patrick, 7. 
 
 Salamanca, battle of, 50. 
 
 Salisbury, Marquis of, 55. 
 
 Salisbury Plain, meeting at, 12. 
 
 Saxon pirates, 6. 
 
 Saxon Shore, Count of the, 6. 
 
 Saxons, Conquest by the, 6. 
 
 Sawtre, William, 23. 
 
 Schools, foundhig- of, 29. 
 
 Scinde, addition of, to England, 
 54. 
 
 Scone, stone of, 18. 
 
 Scotland, act of union with, 45. 
 Irish missionaries to, 7. 
 war with (Edward I.), 18; (Ed- 
 ward III.) , 20 ; (Henry VIII.), 
 27; (Edward VI.), 28,29. 
 
 Scots, 5, 7. 
 
 Scutage, 15. See also Magna 
 Carta. 
 
 Sebastopol, siege of, 54. 
 
 Sedgemoor, battle of, 41. 
 
 Self-denying Ordinance, 36. 
 
 Senlac, see Hastings. 
 
 Separatists, see Independents. 
 
 Seven Bishops, Petition of the, 
 42. 
 
 Seven Years' War, 47. 
 
 Seymour, Jane, 28. 
 
 Shaftesbury, Earl of, 40, 41. 
 
 Shakespeare, 32. 
 
 Sheridan, Richard B., 48. 
 
 Sheriffmuir, 46. 
 
 Shrewsbury, battle of, 22. 
 
 Shire-moot, 10. 
 
 Shire-reeve, 10. 
 
 Shires, 10, 13. 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip, 32. 
 
 Simnel, Lambert, 26. 
 
 Six Articles, the, 27. 
 
 Slavery, abolition of, 52. 
 
 Slave trade, abolition of, 51. 
 
 Sluys, battle of, 20. 
 
 Smooth Stone Age, 5. 
 
 Solemn League and Covenant, 34, 
 
 35, 39. 
 Somerset, Duke of, 28. 
 Sophia, Electress, 45. 
 South Sea Bubble, 46. 
 South Wales, kingdom of, 7. 
 Spain, war with (Elizabeth), 31 ; 
 (Charles I.), 33; (Cromwell), 
 37. 
 Spanish Succession, war of, 44. 
 Spencer, Herbert, 56. 
 Spenser, Edmund, 32. 
 Spurs, battle of the, 27. 
 Stamford Bridge, battle of, 11. 
 Stamp Act, 48. 
 Standard, Battle of the, 14. 
 Statute, of Laborers, 21. 
 
 of Liveries, 26. 
 
 of Mortmain, 19. 
 
 of Praemunire, 21. 
 
 of Provisors, 21. 
 
 of Westminster, First, Second, 
 and Third, 19. 
 Steam Engine, invention of, 50. 
 Steinkirk, battle of, 43. 
 Stephen, King, 14. 
 Stephenson, George, 51. 
 Stratford, Earl of, see Went- 
 
 worth, Thomas. 
 Strathclyde, 7. 
 Strode, William, 35. 
 Stuart, Arabella, 33. 
 Stuart, Mary (Queen of Scots), 
 
 28. 
 Stuart Kings, 32-45. 
 Sudan campaign, 56. 
 Suetonius, 6. 
 Suez Canal, 55. 
 Sunderland, Earl of, 43. 
 Sussex, kingdom of, 6, 7. 
 
 74 
 
INDEX 
 
 Sweyn, King, 9. 
 Synod of Whitby, 7. 
 
 Tea tax, 48. 
 
 Temple, Sir William, 40. 
 Tennyson, Lord Alfred, 56. 
 Test Act, 40, 41,51. 
 Teutonic kingdoms, 7. 
 
 people, 8. 
 
 tribes, 6. 
 Tewkesbury, battle of, 25. 
 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 
 
 56. 
 Thegns, 9, 
 
 Theodore of Tarsus, 7. 
 Thirty-nine Articles, The, 30. 
 Tilsit, Peace of, 50. 
 Tinchebrai, battle of, 13. 
 Tithe War, 52. 
 Toleration Act, 43. 
 Tories, beginning of, 41. 
 
 change of name, 53. 
 Torres Vedras, 50. 
 Tourville, Admiral, 43. 
 Townshend Acts, 48. 
 Townships, 10. 
 Towton, battle of, 24. 
 Trade unions, incorporation of, 
 
 55. 
 Trafalgar, battle of, 49. 
 Transvaal, annexation of, 55. 
 Trial by battle, 12. 
 Tribes, Celtic, 5. 
 
 Teutonic, 6. 
 Triennial Act, 35, 44. 
 Triple Alliance, 40. 
 Troyes, Treaty of, 23. 
 Tudor, Henry, 25. 
 Tudor Kings, 25-32. 
 Tunmoots, 10. 
 Tyndall, John, 56. 
 
 Unitarians, denied freedom ®f 
 
 worship, 43. 
 Utrecht, treaty of, 45. 
 
 Van Tromp, 40. 
 
 Vassals, see Feudal System. 
 Victoria, Queen, 53-56. 
 Vienna, Congress of, 50. 
 Vikings, 8. 
 Villeins, 12. 
 
 Villeneuve, stratagem of, 49. 
 Villiers, George, 33. 
 Vittoria, battle of, 50. 
 
 Wakefield, battle of, 24. 
 Wales, annexation of, 18. 
 
 kingdom of, 7. 
 
 represented in Parliament, 28. 
 Wall of Antonine, 6. 
 
 of Hadrian, 6. 
 Wallace, William, 18. 
 Wallingford, Treaty of, 14. 
 Walpole, Robert, 46. 
 Walsingham, 31. 
 Walter, Hubert, 16. 
 War of 1812, 50. 
 
 of Jenkin's Ear, 46, 
 
 of the Roses, 24, 25. 
 Warbek, Perkin, 26. 
 Wars (chronologically arranged) ; 
 
 Conquest by Saxons, 6. 
 
 Conquest by Danes, 8. 
 
 Norman Conquest, 10. 
 
 with Duke of Normandy 
 (Henry I.), 13. 
 
 civil war (Stephen) , 14. 
 
 with Philip of France (John), 
 16. 
 
 with the barons (John), 16. 
 
 civil war (Henry IH.), 17. 
 
 with Scotland (Edward I., H., 
 and HI.), 18, 20. 
 
 75 
 
INDEX 
 
 Hundred Years' War, 20, 23. 
 War of the Roses, 24, 25. 
 with France and Scotland 
 
 (Henry VIH.), 27. 
 with Scotland (Edward VI.), 
 
 28, 29. 
 with France (Mary Tudor), 29. 
 with Spain (Elizabeth), 31. 
 Bishops' Wars, First and 
 
 Second, 35. 
 Civil War ("Puritan Revolu- 
 tion" of 1642), Part I, 35; 
 
 Part H, 36. 
 with Ireland (Cromwell), 36. 
 with Scotland (Cromwell), 36. 
 with Holland (Cromwell), 37. 
 with Spain (Cromwell), 37. 
 Dutch Wars (Charles II.), First 
 
 and Second, 40. 
 Revolution of 1688, 41, 42. 
 with James II. and Louis XIV. 
 
 (William III.), 43. 
 War of Spanish Succession, 
 
 44, 45. 
 War of Jenkin's Ear, 46. 
 War of Austrian Succession, 46. 
 French and Indian War, 46. 
 Seven Years' War, 47. 
 American Revolution, 48. 
 with France, First and Second 
 
 (Napoleonic Wars), 48, 49. 
 Peninsular Campaign, 50. 
 War of 1812 (U.S.), 50. 
 with China ("Opium War"), 
 
 54. 
 with India, " Sepoy rebellion," 
 
 54. 
 Crimean War, 54. 
 Boer War, 55. 
 with Egypt, 56. 
 Warwick, Earl of, 24, 25. 
 Waterloo, battle of, 50. 
 
 Watling Street, 6, 8. 
 Watt, James, 50. 
 Watts, George F., 56. 
 Wat Tyler's Rebellion, 21. 
 Wedmore, Treaty of, 8. 
 Wellington, Duke of (Sir Arthur 
 
 Wellesley),50, 51. 
 Wentworth, Thomas, 34. 
 Wergild and bot, 10. 
 Wesley, John, 47. 
 Wessex, kingdom of, 6, 7, 8. 
 Westminster, building of 
 church at, 17. 
 
 founding of, 9. 
 Whig Junto, 43. 
 Whigs, beginning of, 41. 
 
 change of name, 53. 
 Whitby, Synod of, 7. 
 White Rose of York, 25. 
 Wilberforce, William, 52. 
 Wilkes, John, 47. 
 William I., 11-13. 
 William II., 13. 
 
 William III. (and Mary), 42-44. 
 William IV., 51-53. 
 William, Duke of Normandy, 11. 
 Winwaedsfield, battle of, 8. 
 Witan, duties of, 9, 11. 
 Witenagemot, 9, 12. 
 Wolfe, General, 46. 
 Wolsey, favorite of Henry VIII., 
 
 27. 
 Woodville, Elizabeth (wife of 
 
 Edward IV.) , 24. 
 Worcester, battle of, 37, 38. 
 Wyclif, John, 21, 22. 
 
 York, 6. 
 
 York and Lancaster, rivalry be- 
 tween, 24. 
 
 York and Suffolk, rivalry be- 
 tween, 23. 
 
 76 
 
ESSENTIALS IN AMERICAN 
 HISTORY 
 
 From the Discovery to the Present Day. By ALBERT 
 BUSHNELL HART, LL.D., Professor of History, 
 Harvard University. Price, $1.50 
 
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ESSENTIALS IN HISTORY 
 
 ESSENTIALS IN ANCIENT HISTORY . J1.50 
 
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HISTORIES FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS 
 
 ESSENTIALS IN ANCIENT 
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 By ARTHUR MAYER WOLFSON, Ph.D^ 
 
 Assistant in History^ De Witt Clinton High School^ New York City 
 
 In Consultation with 
 
 ALBERT BUSHNELL HART, LL.a 
 
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GREEK AND ROMAN 
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 By WILLIAM C. MOREY, Professor of History and 
 
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