H ■ IHI mi Class _ Book_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT m m MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! Y-^uM^/— MAN, WOMAN KNOW THYSELF ! AN ILLUSTRATED TREATISE ON PRACTICAL PSYCHOL- OGY FOR BOTH THE MEDICAL PROFESSION AND THE LAITY A PRACTICAL, SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION OF THE EFFECT OF THOUGHT— THE MYSTERIOUS FORCE WHICH DETERMINES ONE'S CONDITION IN THE PRESENT AS WELL AS THE FUTURE LIFE BY DR. ELMER JEFFERSON BARTHOLOMEW CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, U. S. A. ^\ OCT 17 l*M I COPYRIGHT T907 COPYRIGHT 1908 By DR. ELMER JEFFERSON BARTHOLOMEW ALL RIGHTS RESERVED > Press of GRANT'S PRINTERY CHICAGO CONTENTS. Preface 15 Mind, Origin and Development 21 One's Mind Like a Storage Battery 22 The Body and Five Senses Servants of the Mind 23 The Importance of Body and Mind to Each Other 24 Wisdom of the Lower Creatures 26 Mental Development in Keeping with the Physical 27 Thought, Origin and Effects 31 Your Mind a Reproduction of Your Mother's During Preg- nancy i 32 Thought Radiation 32 The Majority of Patients Responsible for Their Own Con- dition 34 The Mind the Chief Factor in the Causation of Disease. . . .35 The Mind the Prime Factor of One's Existence 36 Fig. 1. The Nervous System (Foundation of the Body).. 41 Fig. 2. The Skeleton (Framework of the Body) 45 Fig. 3. Ligament, Muscle and Tendon — (Braces, Clap- boards and Sheathing of the Body) 49 Fig. 4. Motor Nervous System and What it Supplies .... 53 Pig. >5. Man Like an Electric Lighting Plant 57 Only Two Causes of Disease 57 Mind Treated as the Flower Garden 62 Paralysis, Apoplexy and Insanity, How Caused . . 63 Man Compared with a Medern Office Building. ... 64 Fig. 6. Involuntary Organs of Man 69 Fig. 7. Sympathetic Nervous System . . 73 Spinal Diseases, Lame Backs' — Cause of and Effects 74 How Inharmonious Thought Diseases the Entire Body 79 NATURE is the Physician 82 Fig. 8. Muscles of Front of Body 87 Fig. 9. Ribs, Liver, Stomach, etc. 91 Fig. 10. Exterior of Lungs, etc 95 Fig. 11. Interior of Lungs, etc 99 Fig. 12. Posterior Surface of Chest, etc 103 Diaphragm 107 Fig. 13. Alimentary Tract or Canal Ill What, When and How to Eat Ill NATURE Eliminates Waste 113 Effect of Laxatives 114 Physicians Can Not Prescribe Diet 114 Fig. 14. Large Intestine 117 Fig. 15t Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys, etc 121 Fig. 16. Arterial System 125 Fig. 17. Venous System 129 Fig. 18. Organs of Digestion and Circulation 133 Why Food is Necessary 133 How Food is Digested and Assimilated .134 How the Blood Circulates 136 Cancers, Tumors and G-rowths, How Formeu 138 Blood to the Body What Water is to a Building. .140 Moderation in All Things Necessary 141 Fig. 19'. Female Pelvic Viscera 147 Fig. 20. Beginning of Gestation (Conception) 151 Fig. 21. Three Months After Conception 154 Fig. 22. Seven Months After Conception 157 Fig. 23. Child and' Placenta 161 Pre-natal Influence 161 Prudery A Crime 165 Fig. 24. Muscles of Right Eye 169 Fig. 25. Tissues of Eye 173 Fig. 26. Normal or Perfect Eye (Emmetropia) 177 Fig. 27. Near-sighted Eye (Myopia) 181 Fig. 28. Far-sighted Eye (Hypermetropia) 185 Fig. 29. Astigmatic Eye (Astigmatism) 189 Fig. 30. The Author's Astigmatic Chart 193 Treatment of Eye 194 Fig. 31. Man Likened' to a Tree, Plant or Shrub 199 Man Likened to a Telegraphic System 200 The Author's Experience in the Treatment of Dis- ease (for the benefit of both the Medical Pro- fession and the Laity) 205 Symptoms in Nervous Diseases 209 Treatment of Nervous Diseases 211 Secret of Success in Mental Medicine 215 Physician Portrayed 1 as Engineer 219 I "He only can be called wise who Knows Himself:' — Leo-tie. Fig. 6. Involuntary Organs of Man. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." By permission of The Western Publishing House, Chicago. "It is not the distance but the pace that kills." . "Man is like a chain — he's as strong as his weakest link." PBEFACE. Know thyself: These words, generally speak- ing, have little significance for the average being. The farmer knows all the peculiarities and fine points of his horses, cattle, sheep and swine; he goes into minute detail regarding their breeding and the care they require ; the successful business man masters all the intricacies and requirements of his trade; the architect devotes great thought to the plans for the building to be constructed ; the housewife acquires, eagerly, every bit of knowl- edge conducive to the good government of her domain, but neither the farmer, business man, architect nor housewife takes sufficient interest in Self or endeavors to gain knowledge of that which should concern him most — his own body! He has but a superficial knowledge, if any, of its parts — of the relation of its parts to each other and to that Mysterious Force governing them. Mankind 's principal study should be man ! Be- ing absorbed in professional enterprise, he fails to consider that the accumulation of his Cash Bank 15 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! Account and its maintenance depends absolutely upon his Vital Bank Account. Therefore, I will endeavor to demonstrate to the medical profession, as well as the laity, how diseased conditions are produced, how avoided; and how health may be maintained or restored, thus insuring the Vital Bank Account and in turn the Cash Bank Account. The physician often absolutely disregards the relation of mind to the body and endeavors to re- move the evident disability of a patient without tracing it back to first principles. When treating disease the medical profession should never lose sight of the fact, which has gen- erally been the case heretofore, that the energy which runs the human machine (the body) is nerve force; that this nerve force is generated in the brain and conveyed therefrom by the nerves to all parts of the body, supplying them with energy, life, vitality ; that the mind is the engineer governing the amount of nerve force generated in and radiated from the brain ; that the human ma- chine is similar to all others; that all machines are built for some special service, and that there are only two ways by which they can be rendered unserviceable: by a mechanical defect (such as a slipped cog or broken axle) or by handicapping the engine that generates the force or energy nec- essary to run it. 16 PREFACE. To simplify these remarks, explanations by pic- tures and comparisons will be used to show that disease is an effect, produced by a cause ; that the cause must be eliminated to remove the effect ; that both mental tension and mechanical pressure pro- duce disease, with mental causes largely in the majority. If there are any exceptions to the above rule it is with children who appear to have a toxic or poisonous substance in the system which it is nec- essary to eradicate, and is generally eliminated by diseases diagnosed as measles, mumps, whoop- ing cough, etc., but there is a doubt in my mind that children would have even these diseases, were their circulation not impeded by colds and other abnormal conditions of the nervous system. As to the force which runs the human machine (the body), I first invite your attention to a few paragraphs regarding the mind, its origin, func- tion and development — also to thought, from whence it comes, for what purpose and its effects. The Authob. 17 "Were I so tall to reach the pole, Or grasp the ocean in my span, I must be measured by my soul. The mind's the standard of the man." — Watt8. ' MIND, OEIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. In all ages of man, the paramount wonder or subject for discussion has been the mind or the soul. The mind or soul represents the measure of thought (energy, intelligence, life, electricity, if you so wish to call it) that we possess, that is, the amount we have " stored away." By this, we mean that our mind represents the amount we possess of the All-pervading Intelligence — the All-pervading Energy — the All-pervading Mind, Wisdom or Force that is in everything, surrounds everything, of which everything is made, is ever present and known as God. The quality of our mind, or rather our marked traits of character, were " handed down" to us through our mother's mind (as a channel) dur- ing our pre-natal existence. Our post-natal de- velopment has been influenced largely by the pre- natal influences, in conjunction with environment, reading, observing, communing and placing our mind in tune with the Infinite Mind, of which our mind is part. 21 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! one's mind like a stokage battery. Each individual mind has attained its present development by absorbing or acquiring intelli- gence by attracting it — the mind has been placed in a condition to receive intelligence as one would arrange a storage battery for re-charging. A storage battery is charged by attaching it to that from which it receives or absorbs electricity (strength, vitality, life, energy). The battery represents the amount of electric- ity (energy, life, intelligence) that it has absorbed, so the mind represents the measure of thought (the amount of the All-prevading, Infinite Intelli- gence, life, force or energy) that it has attracted and retained. The force in the storage battery (called elec- tricity), when released and conveyed through the proper channels, will run your automobile. In like manner will the force (thought), of which the human storage battery (the mind) consists, op- erate the human machine (the body) when re- leased and properly transmitted through the nervous system. All forces (like thought or nerve force, elec- tricity, steam, etc.) are the same in substance, generated under different conditions, but derived from the one, All-pervading Force, God, thus the soul or mind (from which thought issues) must 22 MIND, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. be of God, as a drop of water is part of the ocean. The quality of mind determines the status of life, for the mind is the gate-keeper or guardian of the soul, and conscience is one of its divine at- tributes. When conscience is troubled the mind is trou- bled. When one experiences a spiritual or soulful change the condition of mind is changed. A change of heart, an expression frequently used, is also a change of the state of mind. Mind can not deceive that of which it is a part ; neither should one mind try r to deceive another, both being derived from the Same source and part of the same Infinite Mind. THE BODY AND FIVE SENSES SEKVANTS OF THE MIND. The mind uses the brain as a key-board to trans- mit nerve force (brain fluid, thought or elec- tricity) through the nerves (live wires) to the dif- ferent muscles of the body, causing them to con- tract and approximate the bones to which they are attached, resulting in speech or action. Our thoughts precede our words and actions, therefore our present condition in life is the re- sult of our thoughts. Our future condition in this life and the future life will depend entirely upon our thoughts. The mind or soul is the tenant of the human dwelling, and all the functions of the body (in- cluding the five senses) are servants of the mind. yS MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! The mind commands these servants that it may prosecute its work or wishes, and thereby pro- gress and develop. Thought precedes words and actions! Then every creature capable of uttering a sound or moving must possess a mind or soul, and the ac- companying thought consistent with its mental de- velopment. THE IMPOBTANCE OF BODY AND MIND TO EACH OTHEB. Human thought, if not vented in speech or action becomes inert, thus hindering mental develop- ment. This fact, alone, should convince the reader of the importance of body to mind or soul ; for, if one wishes to clothe thoughts in words, how pos- sible without the vocal organs (lips, teeth, tongue, palate and vocal cords)! Or, if one's thoughts are such as would precede action, how can action be produced without the servants of the mind (the muscles, body, arms, fingers, legs, feet, etc.) f God 's slogan is ' ' Eternal Progression, ' ' brought about by the advancement of man's mind or soul. It is impossible for man, during this life, to at- tain mental perfection, else he would not require a body of flesh and blood during this existence. The theologian tells us, that if the earthly life be encompassed by the creed which he represents, the future existence will be in the spirit and not in the flesh. How absurd ! Grod does not intend that 24 MIND, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. man, either in this or in his infinite number of fu- ture lives, shall reach the state of mental perfec- tion, which if attained, would enable him to cope with God 's wisdom. Just as long as the immortal part of man progresses, it will be necessary for the mind or soul to be equipped with servants in the shape of flesh and blood. Mind, in order to develop, must be exercised; the same as one would exercise the body to acquire physical strength, consequently, the mind must have implements with which to work. Man has not always possessed the same amount of intelligence. It is hoped that he may gain more each succeeding year. The mind, like all else, had a beginning. In its beginning, undoubtedly a great number of life existences in the past, the mind must have occu- pied a body in keeping with its mental caliber. Imagine a body infinite simally small enough to clothe the beginning of the mind or soul! Yet, however insignificant, it was adequate. Mind in its progression is similar to a child who begins in the kindergarten, and developing suf- ficiently, is advanced to the first grade and so on through grammar school, high school and college; in each succeeding grade the* old books are set aside and advanced ones take their place; the dif- ference being that the child eventually graduates from college, while the mind never attains the state 25 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! of graduation in God's school. In each re-incar- nation there is a death of the old body and a birth of the new, of a higher order, repeated number- less times during the eternal existence. WISDOM OF THE LOWER CREATURES. Man possesses only enough of God's wisdom to make him wonder, but is inclined to speak slight- ingly of the intelligence or wisdom of the so- called lower animals or creatures. There are, however, many of these so-called lower creatures, with sufficient intelligence to set an example for man, for instance : — the ant and the bee in indus- try ; the horse for gratitude and the dog for faith- fulness. That they are nearer than man to God and in constant communion with Him, that He feeds, clothes and guides them, can be proven in many ways. A cat, placed in a bag and turned loose several miles from home, will return in the time required to travel the distance. A hound, after chasing a fox twenty miles, does not retrace his circuitous route to return to his master, but elevates his nose, gives a few sniffs in the air and takes the shortest cut. A carrier pigeon is frequently released thous- ands of miles from home — he immediately soars high in the air, circles about a few times and then takes a "bee-line" for his cot. The robin hops along with his head erect; sud- denly he places his bill in the earth and draws out MIND, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT. a worm. These impulses were all the result of God-given intuition or instinct. This Omnipotent Intelligence also directs rats to leave an abandoned ship or one about to be scuttled; warns animals to flee before a forest fire; conveys to cows, horses and other animals the knowledge of impending danger from cyclone or tornado ; directs the migration of birds ; the hibernation of animals and furnishes the instinct which enables these creatures to judge whether man's thoughts for them are kindly or otherwise. Man possesses this sixth sense, intuition, in a lesser degree than creatures of the animal king- dom. The ability to make" 'himself understood through the power of speech has retarded its de- velopment. MENTAL DEVELOPMENT IN KEEPING WITH THE PHYSICAL. Mental and physical development are in keep- ing with each other. Should you doubt this, watch the caterpillar develop into a butterfly, the tadpole into a frog. The caterpillar's mind de- velops to the extent that it requires another set of implements (body) with which to work, so God gives it a body in keeping with its mental caliber — one more beautiful, with which it can fly instead of crawling. The caterpillar changed the old body for the new — a necessity, a mere incident in the development of its being into one of a higher order. 27 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! The above is true of man; when he " shuffles off this mortal coil," he simply sets aside the old and is given a new vehicle that he may still do the work to which his mind is 'best adapted. Man's aim in life should be to develop the best that is within him, for his state of mental develop- ment determines the stage of existence to which he progresses; at each new birth beginning his development where he left off. The mind is never handicapped in any reason- able attainment or undertaking, and there being practically no limit to its possible development, there must be beings in some of God's number- less planets who are as superior mentally to earthly man as he is to the most insignificant earthly creature, or to beings of the infra worlds. ; 28 "A thought is an idea in transit." — Pythagoras. "The laws of thought are the laws of the universe." — Buchner. "Like attracts like, therefore the thought of a thing is the prophecy of its fulfillment." "Thought is the force that precedes and effects all the great accomplishments of mankind." — Bartholomew. THOUGHT, OEIGIN AND EFFECTS. Mind action is thought, therefore thought emanates from the mind or soul that it may pre- cede words and actions. Thought produces certain minute tissue changes in the mental and physical organizations, and the continuance of normal thought tends towards per- fection. Obviously, then, abnormal thought must produce the opposite mental and physical state corresponding with such thought. Since a certain line of abnormal thought has produced abnormal mental and physical conditions, it is evident that to supplant the abnormal with normal or whole- some thought will tend to produce a healthy, nor- mal condition in both the mental and physical organizations. Thought is energy, it is nerve force, and nerve force is as much like electricity as one can con- ceive. Thought figured prominently in the Creation; doubting this, look about and point out one item of the universe which thought did not create. 31 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! YOUR MIND A REPRODUCTION OF YOUR MOTHER *S DURING PREGNANCY. Leaving generalities for the time being, con- sider your own condition in life: Your mother's thoughts created the quality of mind which is largely responsible for the development of your body. Your mind is simply a result of the condition of hers during the pre-natal stage of your existence. God formed the warp into which your mother wove her thoughts, thereby creating the foundation of your earthly existence. Your foetal or pre-natal mind was in tune with your mother's; it was a sensitive plate for all thoughts and impressions emanating from hers during those nine months. Your plastic mind received the impress of her thoughts and will echo them as a musical string receives and re- produces sounds from strings or keys tuned to the same pitch. It is by thought and through thought that the sins of the parents are visited upon the children of the third and fourth generations, thus making thought largely responsible for your present condition. THOUGHT RADIATION. Thought radiates from the mind in vibrations through the ether or atmosphere, as ripples or waves are produced in a pond or stream by 33 THOUGHT, ORIGIN AND EFFECTS. throwing in a stone. The stone is a disturbing element causing vibrations or waves to pass in all directions. On the same principle is the at- mosphere affected by thought, since every thought causes a certain disturbance in the brain, from which radiate the waves of thought on the ether of the atmosphere. The velocity of thought is dependent upon the strength of the mind and the energy or nerve force expended by the person sending out such thought. Every thought is a boomerang to the project- ing mind, for all thoughts or impressions are re- ceived by minds which are in tune with the mind from which the thought emanates. The receiver returns it to the sender, thus it can not be doubted that one realizes on silent thought. Like attracts like, therefore, if one dispatches a thought of hatred, malice or treachery, the thought is transmitted to others and returned to the sender one hundred fold or more. As is the mind so is the man. As one gives so does one receive. When one receives what is called " punish- ment/ ' such punishment is not for words and actions, but for the thoughts that preceded such words and actions. Even the little child knows that in doing a kindness it is benefited mentally, ten-fold. If one 33 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! wrongs another, the abnormal thought preceding the wrong-doing will attract like thoughts. The law of retribution is always active; man realizes at once upon kindnesses extended or wrongs done. When man arrives at the age of discretion the Great Bookkeeper opens an account with him, and the only commodity that will appear in his account is thought. Every debit item will be preceded by thought, which will have to be offset by a credit item seemingly ten times as large and this latter will have heen preceded by thought. How careful one should be regarding one's thoughts, all of which find their way into the "Life Account/' which only the creditor can bal- ance. Before advancing a thought, how necessary to first consider whether or not it is kind and truthful, giving to others a "square deal," such as we, ourselves, would ask. THE MAJOKITY OF PATIENTS KESPONSIBLE FOE THEIE OWN CONDITION. Experience proves conclusively that at least seventy-five per cent of the patients seeking treat- ment are responsible for their own condition, which has been produced, primarily, by abnormal thought. The above statement will not be considered con- servative by many members of the medical pro- 34 THOUGHT, ORIGIN AND EFFECTS. fession, as other statements, regarding the in- fluence of thought upon the physical, have been doubted by them. In justification of the statement, let us consider the cause and effect of colds. A large percentage of physical weaknesses are due to neglected colds and a large majority of colds are taken through carelessness. They are not properly guarded against. Sitting in draughts or cold rooms, fail- ure to exchange damp clothing for dry, or wear- ing clothing not in keeping with the weather in- duces them. The foregoing colds are due to care- lessness of thought which preceded carelessness of action. The heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, kidneys, bladder, pelvic viscera and other organs may be affected by abnormal thought to such an extent as to weaken not only those parts but the entire body — the entire nervous system. THE MIND THE CHIEF FACTOK IN THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. When the nervous system is weakened, thereby weakening the physical, any disease designated by a "scientific" or Latin name is liable to swoop down upon the body and take possession of it. The patient, in the majority of cases, produces the condition himself by continued abnormal thought and over-indulgences, thereby handicap- ping the brain. 85 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! The physician should bear in mind that muscles, ligaments, tissues, bones, etc., would be just as lifeless without the mind, as the engine without the engineer to regulate the amount of energy; that the factors of man (mind and body) are in- terdependent — the mind relying upon the body and the five senses (as servants) to obey its will that it may develop — the body relying upon the mind for energy and instruction, the amount of energy and quality of instruction from the mind determining largely the condition and life of the body, and that, in justice to themselves and their patients, physicians can not afford to overlook the condition of either of these factors of man when diagnosing and treating disease. Since all parts of the body (including the five senses) are servants of the mind or soul and under its direct care and keeping, I will endeavor to demonstrate clearly by illustrations and com- parisons that a large majority of the diseased con- ditions of these servants is caused by abnormal thinking and that the remaining conditions are due to mechanical pressure. The medical profession should not overlook the prime factor of the patient's existence, the mind, when diagnosing a case. Mental causes could be discovered in a majority of cases, but material 36 THOUGHT, ORIGIN AND EFFECTS. ones are assigned and experimental treatment given. This course may be partially due to the fact that to a patient who may be in the throes of turbulent thought, the mechanical and physical- cause arguments appeal, while the mental-cause argument will offend him. Regardless of the de- pleted mental condition of the patient, the physi- cian realizes it is not wisdom to reflect upon his good (?) judgment, so he treats his patient, and whether he effects a cure or not, does he attempt to remove the mechanical or other impediment which he named as the cause for this illness? If he failed to remove or reduce that condition, was he not mistaken in his diagnosis ? If the apparent mechanical disability was not the cause and he was unable to detect a mental cause, possibly he gave NATUKE a chance to effect a cure. It matters not whether the cause of disease is mental tension, mechanical pressure or otherwise, CASES SHOULD BE CORRECTLY DIAG- NOSED AND THE CAUSE KEMOVED BE- FORE NATURE CAN RESTORE THE BODY TO A NORMAL, HEALTHY CONDITION. Could an engineer hope to get service from pul- leys, belts, bands, etc., without steam or force to operate them, if through his incompetency the energy necessary to run the machinery were im- peded ? Could one's mind, as an engineer, transmit 37 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! through the nervous system to the human ma- chinery (the body) sufficient nerve force or energy for normal service if the brain were handicapped by abnormal thought? NATUEE can be handi- capped in so many ways it is impossible to point out each one, but the following discourse and il- lustrations will serve to establish the effect of thought upon the organs and their functions. 38 "The best government is that which teaches us to govern ourselves." — Goethe. Pig. 1. The Nervous System. (Foundation of the Body.) THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. When a building is to be erected the first work considered after signing the contract is its foun- dation. The contractor knows the stability of the structure is dependent upon it, therefore the first part of the human structure considered will be its foundation (the nervous system), the medium through which the mind transmits thought, nerve force or energy to the body. Fig. 1 represents the motor nervous system as it appears dissected from the human body. It is the fundamental principle, and is to the body as is the foundation of a building to the structure. Should it become weakened by a mechanical or mental impediment to the thought or nerve force which it transmits, the structure would soon warp and topple. 41 "Great men are they who see that mental force is stronger than material force — that thought rules the world." — Emerson. Pig. 2. The Skeleton. (Framework of the Body.) THE SKELETON. Fig. 2 represents the human skeleton and that of the gorilla ; a comparison of them shows that they have the same number of bones (about 208), simi- lar in shape and similar in arrangement. The only difference in the arrangement is that the large toe of the gorilla is at an angle to the smaller toes, while that of man is parallel. The skeleton is the framework of the body, and is to the body as are the studding and rafters of a building to the superstructure. 45 '"Excessive labor is wrong, but judicious mental and physical labor is the safety valve of life." Fig. 3. Ligament, Muscle and Tendon (Gray). (Braces, Clap-boards and Sheathing of the Body.) LIGAMENT, MUSCLE AND TENDON. Fig. 3 shows the difference between ligament, muscle and tendon. Ligaments are employed in joints to hold the bones forming the joints firmly together. The upper left hand picture in Fig. 3 represents the palmar surface of the right wrist joint. In each wrist joint there are eight small bones — notice how these bones are held firmly to- gether by ligaments which pass in every conceiv- able direction. The lower left hand picture in Fig. 3 represents an anterior view of the left hip joint — a ball and socket joint. Notice how the head of the femur or thigh bone fits into the hip socket and is held there by ligaments that pass in all directions, holding, as said previously, the bones firmly in position, but allowing movement. At the right in Fig. 3 muscles are shown, the principal muscle being the flexor profundus digi- torum, flexor signifying that it flexes or bends, profundus meaning the deep muscle of the fore- 49 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! arm, and digitorum, the digits (the fingers), hence the name. The fleshy part of the mnscle is called the mus- cular part, while the tapering part is known as the tendinous portion. The 500 muscles are attached to the frame-work of the body (the skeleton) to hold man in a normal physical condition as are sheathing and clap- boards attached to the frame-work (studding and rafters) of a building for the purpose of main- taining it in a shapely condition and to prevent warping. 50 "The outer man is only an expression of his thoughts." ■ Sfcmal r Cor d Fig. 4. Motor Nervous System and What It Supplies. THE MOTOE NEKVOUS SYSTEM. Fig. 4 represents the motor nervous system and what it supplies. The motor nervous system sup- plies the voluntary muscles or muscles of motion, that is, those under the control of the will or mind, such as are found in the arms, hands, legs and feet. The nervous system consists of the brain and its continuation, the spinal cord. From this cord issue the forty-one pairs of principal nerves, and from these in turn the infinite number of nerves of the body, variously estimated at from ten to twenty millions. Man is a veritable bundle of "live wires' ' and the nervous system could be likened to a pipe system. The nerves are to all intents and purposes hollow, their office being to convey brain fluid to the entire body. Picture in your mind a hose-pipe system and you will then have a correct mental image of the nervous sys- tem. 53 "Our thoughts are the architects of our own con- ditions." "How long we live, not years but actions tell." Shi* -Cord Fig. 5. Motor Nervous System (Inverted), MAN LIKE AN ELECTRIC LIGHTING PLANT. The function of the brain is similar to that of a steam engine, dynamo or motor, and since the object is to prove that disease in the human body is an effect produced by either a continued mental tension or mechanical pressure, I shall proceed to do so by comparing man with an electric light- ing plant represented by Fig. 5. Fig. 5 is Fig. 4 inverted (turned upside down). Let the brain represent the dynamo in which elec- tricity is generated, and the nerves the wires which convey the electricity to the lights, represented by the ends of the fingers, toes, etc., in fact, all parts of the body may be lights for our purpose, since all parts are supplied by nerves and nerve force. ONLY TWO CAUSES OF DISEASE. There are two ways of disabling this plant (Fig. 5), either locally or generally, that is, one light or all can be dimmed or extinguished. One by pressing on the wire leading to that light. Pressure upon the wire "a" will extinguish the 57 MAN, WOMAN— ENOW THYSELF! light to which it leads. A pressure upon "b" will have a similar effect, or a pressure upon "q" will cause a flickering of the light "d" which is sup- plied by that wire. The flickering of the light "d" is an effect — the cause must be found and removed before the effect; so the electrician follows the course of the wire back from the disabled or ex- tinguished light and locates the cause at "c" — finding a pressure upon the wire or a grounded circuit. When the impediment to the wire at * ' c ' ' is removed and its conductivity restored, the light "d" will burn brightly as before — we have removed the cause, thereby the effect — the cause being a pressure upon the wire between the source of supply (the dynamo) and the part supplied (the light). All lights may be dimmed or put out by handi- capping the dynamo. Under favorable conditions 100 per cent, of electricity is generated in the dynamo, but there may be an incompetent engi- neer in the basement, incapable of advancing the right thought in the operation of the dynamo ; as a result, only 50 per cent, of the necessary elec- tricity or energy is generated. The cause is not found to be a defect in the plant, but in the incom- petency of the engineer. Supplant him by one who is competent, the dynamo will then generate a sufficient supply for the lights and their normal condition will be restored. Again the cause is re- 58 MAN LIKE AN ELECTRIC LIGHTING PLANT. moved, which was a direct handicap to the source of supply (the dynamo). As the electric lighting plant may be disabled in two ways, locally or generally, so the human electric lighting plant (man) may be diseased in two ways, locally or generally, that is, mechani- cally or mentally. Man is diseased locally or mechanically by pres- sing upon one of the nerves shown in Fig. 5. Pressure upon the sciatic nerve "a" will transmit an impulse along its entire course. A like pres- sure upon the sciatic nerve "b" will produce a similar diseased condition in the muscles and tis- sues which it supplies. A pressure upon the ulnar nerve "c" at the elbow (better known to the laity as the " funny* ' or "crazy bone'') will transmit an impulse to the little finger and to the inside of the ring finger which it supplies, causing lack of ease or dis-ease, proving conclusively that the parts supplied by an affected nerve will be diseased. The disease in the fingers is the effect, the pressure at the elbow the cause, and it must be removed to remove the effect. How is the cause to be removed? Shall we poultice or amputate the fingers, diet the pa- tient or resort to drug medication? None of the above mentioned treatments would effectively re- move the pressure (cause) at the elbow. Mechan- ical manipulation alone will remove the mechan- MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! ical cause and restore the conductivity to the nerve, a normal amount of nerve force will then supply the dis-eased part with life and vitality. Another cause has been removed, which was an impediment to the nerve force between the source of supply (the brain) and the parts supplied (the fingers). As the electric lighting plant (Fig. 5) is dis- abled generally (all the lights are extinguished) by handicapping the dynamo, so is the human elec- tric lighting plant (man) diseased generally by handicapping the human dynamo (the brain) by abnormal thought, excesses or dissipation. Under the heading of abnormal or uncontrolled thought should be included such mental conditions as hurry, worry, envy, anger, jealousy, hatred, "brain storms," over-mental exertion, monotony, and too long or too close application to any pur- suit, while excesses or dissipation are the effect of such abnormal or uncontrolled thought. Thoughts precede words and actions, therefore all psychic or mental causes can be grouped under the heading of "abnormal thought." Under normal conditions 100 per cent, of nerve force (thought, brain fluid, strength, energy, vital- ity or electricity, if you so wish to call it) is gene- rated in the brain to supply the body. Dissipate 50 per cent, or more of the 100 per cent, in abnor- mal or harrowing thought, there will be a balance MAN LIKE AN ELECTRIC LIGHTING PLANT. of 50 per cent, or less, an amount insufficient to maintain a healthy condition of the body. By harrowing thought is meant the condition of mind wherein one continually indulges in worry, anger or any disturbing mental exertion. A great percentage of adults, of America in partic- ular, entertain such thoughts for lengths of time sufficient to deprive them of appetite and sap their strength. Uncontrolled thought is as dangerous as uncon- trolled steam or electricity. An uncontrolled boiler or dynamo is liable to destruction; so are man 's hopes and ambitions frequently wrecked by ungoverned thought, and with dreadful conse- quences. A locomotive could not possibly haul a train of cars with an open valve which allowed 50 per cent, of the necessary steam to escape, nor a stationary engine hoist a load with only half the required power. Abnormal thought affects the brain as a leak- age affects the amount of water contained in a bucket. A constant dripping will soon result in depletion; stop the leakage, thereby conserving the substance. We had first a mechanical cause with which to contend and it was removed by mechanical manip- ulation without effort or faith on the part of the patient, but in mental cause we have a totally dif- 61 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! ferent proposition with which to deal, in the re- moval of which the patient must be the chief factor. The physician should point out to the patient the means by which he may rid his mind of this absorbing thought, the patient must conquer it, but co-operation is necessary. MIND TREATED AS THE FLOWER GARDEN". The patient's mind should be treated as the flower garden. The gardener uproots the weeds, thus saving the nutrition to be assimilated by the flowers, that they may grow and flourish. Mental weeds or excesses would drawf the mental flower and must be uprooted. The well known axiom: "That two things can not occupy a given space at the same time, ' ' makes it evident that if uncontrolled thought is in pos- session of the mind, normal or natural thought can not enter. Therefore, physicians should encourage pa- tients to acquire a knowledge of anatomy and physiology, also of the effect of mental tension as well as mechanical pressure upon the body and its members. They should demonstrate clearly the office of the nervous system; how nerve force is generated, how dissipated; the effect of such dissipation and the importance of conserving one's nerve force and vitality. MAN LIKE AN ELECTRIC LIGHTING PLANT. Impress upon the patient's mind that NATURE will exact a penalty for disobedience of her laws. Emphasize the necessity of living a life of mod- eration, that moderation in everything is condu- cive to health. Advise patients «to decline, positively, to enter- tain disturbing thought, it is an enemy ; urge them to reason with self as with a member of their family, to exercise self-control and to treat an objectionable thought as they would an objection- able person, for the longer it is entertained the more difficult to eliminate from the mind. PAKALYSIS, APOPLEXY AND INSANITY, HOW CAUSED. Harrowing or abnormal thought causes nerv- ous prostration which invariably precedes paral- ysis, apoplexy or insanity. Paralysis is death of the tissues produced by robbing them of nerve force. The brain is not unlike the body ; its sudden or violent exercise requires more nerve force and blood than is normal, this excess crowds its ves- sels, they become engorged to such an extent that one may burst, the result being called apoplexy. Insanity is produced, generally, by concentra- tion of thought upon one subject, not necessarily disagreeable — Religious fanatics and enthusiasts of various cults for example. Inventors frequent- ly become unbalanced by unceasing concentration upon one subject. Thus it is evident that the 63 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! mind figures prominently in maintaining health or producing disease, and is about all that really counts in man. MAN COMPARED WITH A MODERN OFFICE BUILDING. Abnormal thought has the same effect upon the brain and body as leakage from a tank intended to supply a building, has upon the supply. Let Fig. 4 represent a building, and the brain a tank on the roof, filled with water to supply the building. The spinal cord would serve as the main pipe, with its branches representing the tribu- taries through which the water passes to the ten- ants. One tenant can be deprived of water by a stoppage or a break in the small pipe through which he is supplied, or all the tenants by the emp- tying of the tank (the brain). This same illustration may represent the hu- man dwelling which has but one tenant (the mind or soul). There are two grades of servants in this human dwelling; the brain being the head servant, and subservient to the mind, while the heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, kidneys, liver, arms, legs, etc., are the under-servants and depen- dent upon the head servant (the brain) for direc- tion. One of the under-servants can be deprived of power to respond to this ruling force or cham- berlain by a pressure or impediment to the nerve through which he should receive his directions or 64 MAN LIKE AN ELECTRIC LIGHTING PLANT. orders. Should the head servant or brain become disabled by excess or from other causes, a demoral- ization of the whole retinue of servants would re- sult. Lack of government, confusion, disorder, and neglect would render the dwelling unfit for habitation by the master. The mind or soul would then vacate and seek another shelter. 65 "Character is not of the body but of the mind or soul." — Jayne. "Good thoughts are not lost though they are not practiced." I Fig. 9. Ribs, Liver, Stomach, Etc. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." By permission of The Western Publishing House, Chicago. I INVOLUNTARY ORGANS OF MAN. Fig. 6 represents some of the involuntary mus- cles, viz. : the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intes- tines, bladder, etc., the spleen and pancreas being back of the stomach and the kidneys back of the large intestines. These involuntary muscles which are not di- rectly under the control of the will, are supplied by the sympathetic nervous system. Fig. 4 represents the motor nervous system and the voluntary muscles which it supplies (the mus- cles of motion) and shows that they issue from the sides of the spinal cord, while the sympathetic system of nerves (Fig. 7) arises from the anter- ior portion of the spinal cord and supplies the involuntary organs in Fig. 6. The difference between voluntary and invol- untary muscles can better be explained or shown in the act of eating : Voluntary muscles are used to masticate the food, while involuntary muscles act upon the food after it is passed into the stomach or alimentary canal. 69 "It is the mind that maketh the body rich." — Shakespeare. "Both life and death can come in a thought." — Bartholomew. "Every physician should know or ought to know that the ailments of the body can not be cured as long as the mind is distressed. Could you get satis- factory service from a machine if there were an impediment to the force required to run the same?" — Bartholomew. Fig. 7. Sympathetic Nervous System. From Eale & Taber's Anatomical Chart. Courtesy C. W. Taber, Evanston, Ills. SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nerves shown in Fig. 7, issuing from the anterior portion of the spinal cord, below the neck, are the sympathetic nerves which supply the parts represented in Fig. 6. The sympathetic system of nerves is a subdi- vision of the general nervous system. The func- tion of a sympathetic nerve, like that of a motor nerve, is to transmit impulses and nerve force. The picture, as a whole, represents the left lateral half of the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord, as you will notice, is a large nerve or pipe, passing down from the brain through the spinal canal; this spinal canal being formed by the twenty-four vertebrae and the sacrum. Nerve force, vitality, energy or electricity is generated in the brain and passes down through the main pipe (the spinal cord) and out through its sympa- thetic branches to supply the heart, lungs, stom- ach, intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, kidneys and bladder, as well as through other branches to supply the eye, ear, throat, arms, legs, etc. 73 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! The parts supplied by this sympathetic system of nerves may be diseased in the same manner, locally or generally, as are the portions supplied by the motor nervous system, that is, mechani- cally or mentally, but direct pressure can not be produced on any of these nerves that issue from the anterior part of the spinal cord to form the sympathetic nerve system. The twelve pairs of cranial nerves arise from the upper part of the spinal cord and inside the cranium and are there- fore protected by the cranium or skull. The thoracic or chest nerves are within the chest walls of the thorax, they, together with the heart and lungs are protected by the ribs, while those in- side the abdominal cavity are protected by the abdominal muscles and viscera. SPINAL DISEASES, LAME BACKS, CAUSE OF AND EFFECTS. Impulses may be transmitted over any of these nerves by a pressure upon the spinal cord at the point from whence they issue : Thus, pressure up- on the spinal cord at "a" would transmit an im- pulse to the heart and lungs; a similar pressure upon the cord a.t "b" would affect the solar plexus, diseasing the stomach, liver, spleen and pancreas which are supplied by that plexus or net work; while pressure at "e" would transmit an impulse to the kidneys, intestines and pelvic viscera, dis- easing those parts. Pressure may be produced 74 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. upon the spinal cord by one or more displaced or deviated vertebrae or by a contracted condition of the spinal muscles. A vertebra may be displaced or deviated from its normal position by a sudden wrench or strain ; by occupation or by an unevenly contracted condi- tion of the muscles and tissues surrounding the spinal cord. This contraction may be ihe effect of overexertion, cold or "grip" and atmospheric changes as well as by a displaced vertebra. All muscles and ligaments are attached to bones, therefore, displace a bone and the muscles attached are placed upon a tension, and press upon the thousand and one little nerves that pass around, through and between these contracted muscles and ligaments^ diseasing the part or parts supplied by the compressed nerves. As the spinal cord fills the spinal canal, the de- viation of a vertebra, muscle or tissue surrounding it, one one-hundredth part of an inch from the normal, produces a pressure upon it, and cuts off part if not all the nerve supply through it, just as pressure upon a hose-pipe diminishes or shuts off entirely the garden supply of water through the pipe. Pressure upon the spinal cord at the point from whence issue the nerves supplying the heart, pro- duces a diseased condition of the heart that simu- lates tachycardia, bradycardia and functional or 75 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! organic heart trouble ; if the pressure is where the impulse is transmitted to the lungs a diseased condition is produced that simulates incipient con- sumption, or, if there is pressure upon the main pipe from which those arise that form the solar plexus, the stomach, spleen, pancreas and liver will be affected, thus producing conditions simu- lating gastritis, gastralgia, dyspepsia or indiges- tion. If the affected nerve incapacitate the liver, the disease is known as jaundice or torpid liver. A pressure over the intestional center produces a condition that simulates constipation or the op- posite condition. In the case of the kidneys — ne- phritis, uraemic poisoning, brights disease or diabetes will be the result. Eeducing the dislocation or relaxing the con- tracted muscles by careful manipulation will re- lieve the condition, consequently the effect. There are two especially weak points in the spine — viz. : in the neck and the hip- joint. The bones of the neck are very small and frail. Should a person weighing approximately 150 to 250 pounds fall upon the head, his entire weight would be upon the frail vertebrae or bones of the neck, slightly twisting one or more of them from the normal position, producing pressure upon the spinal cord. An impulse from this pressure could be transmitted to any of the cranial nerves ; if to the optic, dimness of vision would be the effect; 76 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. if to the auditory nerve, deafness would be pro- duced, and so on ad infinitum, possibly producing insanity or any of the numberless infirmities to which flesh is heir. Generally, any affection of the cranial nerves due to pressure upon the spinal cord in the neck, is indicated by a tired feeling at the base of the brain, radiating to the shoulders, producing a desire to lean or rest the head upon something. An impulse from this same pressure can be transmitted in the opposite direction over the pneumogastrie and cardiac nerves, diseasing the heart, lungs and stomach, the organs to which these nerves lead. The cause of derangement, which in either case results in a loss of a portion of the 100 per cent, of necessary energy, is to be found in the pressure in the neck, and must be removed before the dis- eased condition of the eye, ear, nose, throat, heart, lungs, etc. can be removed, as none of the organs can fulfill their mission on less than their full quota of 100 per cent. The cause is mechanical; again, manipulation is necessary to remove it, but the mechanical impediment, bear in mind, may be due primarily to careless thought Which preceded careless action. The other especially weak point in the spine is at the hip- joint (the junction of the hip bones with 77 MAN, WOMAN— ENOW THYSELF! the sacrum and known as the lumbar region or " small of the back"), see Fig. 2 "a." The hip bones are attached to each side of the sacrum by ligaments, and to the hip bones the limbs are attached in like manner. The entire weight of the trunk of the body rests upon this joint, formed by the hip bones and sacrum. A large majority of lame backs and diseased spinal conditions are at this joint, the sacrum be- ing forced forward upon the innominate bones (hip-bones) or the hip bone is forced backward, in some effort, possibly in lifting, or even in such a simple action as lacing a shoe. This is called by the laity a l ' crick in the back "or a " stitch in the hip," but diagnosed by the physician as lum- bago, sciatica or rheumatism. The lumbar muscles when placed upon a tension, by displacing these bones, produce pressure upon the lumbar section of the spinal cord conveying impulses to the kid- neys, intestines and pelvic viscera, diseasing those I parts - Sacrum and innominate (hip) displacements also produce pressure upon the great sciatic nerve, transmitting an impulse along its course and im- peding the propulsion of nerve force to muscles which it supplies, thus disabling all organs and parts dependent upon this nerve. We have here another mechanical cause with which to contend ; it 78 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. also requires a mechanical manipulation to re- move. The good work of one of man's organs is de- pendent upon the harmonious work of all the others ; in fact, a man may be compared to a chain which is only so strong as its weakest link. When one link is defective so is the whole. One defective organ in the body cripples them all. By this is proved that a local cause produces, not only a lo- cal, but a general diseased condition. HOW INHARMONIOUS THOUGHT DISEASES THE ENTIRE BODY. A general diseased condition of the parts sup- plied by the sympathetic, as well as the motor nervous system, is also produced by continual in- dulgence in abnormal thought. Under normal conditions the brain generates 100 per cent of nerve force or brain fluid to sup- ply the entire body, but if by uncontrolled thought, excesses or dissipation, one dissipates the bulk of this 100 per cent of nerve force, you will readily understand that the body can not be maintained in a natural, healthy condition upon the balance of energy. There should be a tank (brain) full of energy at all times, but if one-half the brain fluid leaks out there will be only half the necessary supply remaining to pass down through the main pipe (the spinal cord) and its branches to supply 79 I MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! the heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, eyes, ears, nose, throat, arms, legs — in fact, the entire body; all parts of the body are trying to do normal work when sup- plied from a tank which is only half full of energy. The following conditions will be the result : The eye is entitled to 100 per cent of nerve force, but if deprived of 50 per cent, dimness of vision will result; rob the auditory nerve of 50 per cent, impaired hearing or deafness is the ef- fect; depriving the brain, itself, of 50 per cent of the necessary nerve force, produces insanity. A tired feeling is experienced at the base of the brain which radiates to the shoulders. The inability of the heart to pump the blood to all parts of the body on 50 per cent of the necessary force, pro- duces a sluggish circulation; the lungs can not force out the carbonic acid gas (C0 2 ) and other impurities of the bloiod; the stomach can not di- gest the food that the nutritional substances of the same may be assimilated; the intestines can not eliminate the waste, allowing the toxic or poisonous substances to remain and be absorbed by the system. The liver is sluggish, interfering with the normal generation and flow of gall from the gall bladder into the intestines. The kidneys can not eliminate the poisonous substance which it is their office to collect, and the same is absorbed by the system. Not only do the above named or- 80 SYMPATHETIC NERV0U8 SYSTEM. gans lack the strength to functionate, but every part of the human body is robbed alike of nerve force and vitality. The mind can not enter into a conspiracy with the brain and rob the heart of 50 per cent of nerve force and still give to each of the other organs 100 per cent of energy, rob the mind and every part of the body is robbed. The muscles, ligaments, tendons and tissues of the body are just as lifeless and useless without nerve force as would be the pulleys, belts, bands, etc., of a manufacturing plant without steam to propel them. If you were operating a dynamo which gen- erated the electricity sufficient to light a building, it would be impossible to give any particular lamp the required energy and deprive another light of a like amount, unless there were an impediment to the wire or a grounded circuit. When all parts of the body are diseased as above, by continued abnormal thought, the condi- tion is known as mind depletion, nerve depletion, nerve exhaustion or nervous prostration, which in- variably precedes paralysis, apoplexy or insanity. Paralysis is death of the tissues, produced by robbing them of nerve force and circulation. One 's brain is not unlike the physical self; the more the brain is exercised, the greater the amount of nerve force and blood required to supply it. When the blood vessels of the brain become engorged to that extent that one of them bursts, you are then said 81 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! to have apoplexy; while insanity is often caused by concentration of thought upon one subject to the exclusion of all others. Religious fanatics and inventors frequently lose their mental balance by concentrating their thoughts upon one absorbing subject which has taken possession of their mind. Abnormal thought can, if protracted, produce any and all diseases in the human body at one and the same time. If abnormal thought is in possession of the mind, producing the diseases referred to above, it must be supplanted with normal, peaceful wholesome thought, to give NATURE a chance to repair the damages. NATUKE IS THE PHYSICIAN. Physicians should bear in mind that NATURE is the physician, always has been, always will be, and that they are only her helpers or assistants, that it is their duty to FIND AND REMOVE THE CAUSE OR CAUSES which handicap her work, when she will effect the cure. If thought can produce such infinite variety of diseases then our thoughts, which precede our words and actions, must have determined our present condition in life, and will determine it in the life to come. Whether a patient's condition is due to mental tension or mechanical pressure, or both, the physi- 82 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. I cian should always advise him regarding his thoughts. Guide the patient in the right trend of thought, for it is useless to give treatment, me- chanical or otherwise, if he be suffering mentally. Advise the patient to control his thoughts, not to dwell on his troubles, to avoid lurid descriptions of murder or divorce trials, and all that tends to excite him. Tell him to forget the past, to live in the present and not attempt to ' ' cross bridges ' ' be- fore coming to them. Explain to him that when Burns says: "Patient, cautious, self-control is wisdom's root," that he meant the controlling of one's thoughts is wisdom— that he who controls his thoughts is wise. 83 "Idleness is the rust that attaches to the most brilliant." — Voltaire. "it requires mind to accumulate great wealth and distribute it wisely, not physique." — Jayne. Fig. 8. Muscles of Front of Body. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." By permission of The Western Publishing House, Chicago. MUSCLES OF FRONT OF BODY. Fig. 8 represents the muscles of the front of the body. On the right is shown the first layer of muscles; the pectoralis major, external oblique, etc. On the left the second layer, the rec- tus, pectoralis minor, internal oblique, etc. There are about 500 muscles in the human body and these muscles are attached to the surface of the bones to hold the body in position. It is through the muscles that motion is produced. The mind tele- graphs nerve force (thought) to a certain set of muscles in keeping with the exertion. The mus- cles contract and approximate the bones to which they are attached producing motion. A break, breach or hernia is most liable to de- velop at " A," owing to the thinness of the abdom- inal muscles at that point, and the severe strains to which they are frequently subjected. 87 RIBS, LIVER, STOMACH, ETC. Fig. 9 shows the muscles as having been re- moved, exposing the exterior of the ribs, liver, stomach, small and large intestines and bladder. These, as well as the organs of the entire body, are supplied with nerves (pipes) to convey brain fluid (thought or nerve force) for the performance of their separate functions. 91 "Sufficient to know that as we live our today de- termines our tomorrow." Fig. 10. Exterior of Lungs, Etc. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." By permission of The Western Publishing House, Chicago. I EXTERIOR OF LUNGS, ETC. In Fig. 10 the ribs have been removed, exposing the exterior of the lungs, showing the left lung to consist of two lobes, while the right consists of three. Each lobe is divided and subdivided into smaller lobes called lobules. The lungs resemble elastic bags suspended in a half -inflated state in an air-tight cavity formed by the ribs (which are movable) or chest walls. The pleura or covering of the lungs is of the same formation as the inner surface of the chest or thorax that surrounds them. The pleura diminishes friction in the pleural cav- ity during respiration or breathing — therefore, it is a protection. The exterior of the lungs comes in contact with the inner surface of the ribs at all times, there being no space between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest. The other organs are the same as shown in pre- ceding Fig. 9, the function of which will be ex- plained later. 95 "God has filled the world with things we can see to tell us of things we can not see." Fig. 11. Interior of Lungs, Etc. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." By permission of The Western Publishing House, Chicago. INTEEIOE OF LUNGS, ETC. Fig. 11 represents the inside of the lungs with the heart little to left of center. The light colored lines in the lungs represent the air passages or bronchioles through which the air is conveyed to the lung tissues. The office of the lungs is to eliminate during exhalation the impurities of the blood collected by the veins from the tissues of the body, and supply the blood with oxygen for the body tissues during inhalation. Oxygen is food or fuel for the tissues of the body and is carried to them by the blood. The importance of breathing deeply of fresh air can not be over-estimated. Pulmonary troubles are frequently the result of shallow breathing, and of air that has been rendered devoid of oxygen by having been breathed over and over again. Breathe like an animal — deeply, never hold the breath. Shallow breathing is induced by FEAR, in such mental conditions as you hear described: ' ' He stood with 'bated breath. ' ' The normal, deep, fearless breather is the one who is generally fear- 99 MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! less and courageous. "Both health and disease can come in a breath of air" the same as life or death can come in a thought, therefore, pure air for the lungs is as essential to their perfect func- tion and the health of the body, as is pure food and kindly thought to the function of the stomach and intestines and to the life of man. In order that the lungs may functionate normal- ly, they must be provided with pure air from which energy can be extracted. In all parts of' the United States patients suffering from pulmo- nary troubles are "given up," who no more need die than one within reach of food need die of star- vation. Health may frequently be recovered by knowing how and what to breathe, and what and how to eat. Many patients in the initial stages of consump- tion could recover their strength and vigor at home, by pursuing the same methods as practiced at a sanitarium for its treatment. 100 "About the most foolish thing that can be done is to try to live a Christian life without Christlike thoughts." "No one was ever known to fool anyone other than himself." Fig. 12. Posterior Surface of Chest, Etc. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." By permission of The Western Publishing House. Chicago. POSTEEIOE SUEFACE OF CHEST. ETC. Fig. 12 shows the heart and lungs as having been removed, exposing the posterior surface of thorax or chest, also the oesophagus (gullet) through which the food is passed to the stomach. The liver extends over the pyloric end of the stomach ; it is the largest gland in the body, weigh- ing from 50 to 60 ounces, consists of two lobes, right and left, which are subdivided into smaller lobes called lobules. The supposed function of the liver is to purify the nutritional substances of the food, conveyed to it by the portal vein (see Fig. 18). The gall or bile is generated in the liver, passed into the gall bladder, which is under the right lobe of the liver, thence into the small in- testine by way of the gall duct "C," at the right of the navel or umbilicus. The gall is NATURE'S laxative — also an antiseptic and germicide. A parasite in the intestines (for example, a tape- worm) can not live where there is a free tlow of gall or bile from the gall bladder or duct. 103 TW "Honor and fame from no condition rise, Act well your part, there all the honor lies."- -Pope. Opening for lesser spl^W The Diaphragm (Gray) THE DIAPHBAGM. The diphragm (a partition or wall) is here rep- resented, showing the under surface. The heart and lungs are above, while the liver, stomach and other abdominal viscera are below this partition. It separates the chest cavity from the abdominal. It is the chief muscle of respiration and expulsion, is muscular at its edges and tendonous at the cen- ter. Sudden contraction of this muscle produced by an excess of nerve force passing to it through the phrenic nerve, causes hiccoughs. Pressure upon the phrenic nerve decreases the amount of energy, thus allaying the condition. 107 "We seldom repent of having eaten too little." — — Jefferson. By Fig. 13. Alimentary Tract or Canal. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." permission of The Western Publishing House, Chicago. ALIMENTARY TEACT OR CANAL. Fig. 13 represents the alimentary tract or canal through which food passes after mastication. The oesophagus (first part of the alimentary canal) conveys the food to the stomach through the ori- fice or opening known as the cardiac, and out through the second opening, the pyloric, into the small intestine, a continuation of the stomach. The first 12 inches of the small intestine is called the duodenum, the upper two-fifths of the remain- der the jejunum and the lower three-fifths the ileum. The large intestine is a continuation of the small at "A." The different parts of the large intes- tine are the coecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon. The sigmoid flexure and extreme end of the lower bowel are not shown in this picture. The vermiform appendix is shown on right-hand side "B," near the junction pf the small with the large intestine. Remembering that the appendix is on the right side of the abdominal cavity, will help to keep in mind the arrangement of the intestines. The stomach and intestines are an important link in the " human chain" and each link requires equal consideration. After a day of physical labor the night 's rest is necessary for recuperation. When the stomach has ill MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! digested three square meals during the day, it should not be imposed upon by having to work all night after being gorged with the most indigestible viands. When the stomach is at work the proper rest is impossible. The stomach and intestines are to the body what a cylinder and separator are to a threshing ma- chine. The cylinder and separator will handle a certain amount of grain ; all over its normal ca- pacity will clog the cylinder and disable the ma- chine. So with the human thresher, given more food than it requires, the machinery (organs of digestion, alimentation and elimination) becomes clogged or over-taxed and the surplus nutrition will be eliminated with difficulty. The action of the intestines or bowels depends largely upon what, when and how we eat. It is not so much the quality or amount of food that furnishes energy for the human system and re- builds wasted tissues, as it is harmony of thought. This is evidenced by the fact that different ones have fasted from 20 to 60 days ; also from the fact that Japanese soldiers, carrying heavy loads, have marched and fought for several days on a daily ration consisting of a handful of rice. On a like amount of nourishment they haul a jinrikisha and its burden the entire day without loss of weight or strength. Furthermore, if the mind is in a state of inharmony, no matter how nutritious the food 112 ALIMENTARY TRACT OR CANAL. may be, it will not be normally digested and as- similated. How common an occurrence to be robbed of appetite at meal-time by some mental inharmony ! Neither the organs of digestion, nor any other parts of the body can be expected to do normal work when those parts are suffering from robbery, of nerve force or energy through the brain — due to abnormal thought or excesses. Liquid foods are absorbed by the system, the waste being eliminated as perspiration through the skin, vapor from the lungs and urine from the kindeys. None passes through the bowels. Only the waste from solid food enters the bowels and is eliminated by them. Of a pound of beef-steak and vegetables, four-fifths will be digested and as- similated, leaving one-fifth to be eliminated by evacuation of the bowels as waste. Therefore the amount of waste or excrement eliminated by the bowels must be in proportion to the solid food of which one partakes. NATURE ELIMINATES WASTE. NATURE eliminates the excrement, and if helped too much, she becomes lazy and inert; if assisted this evening with a laxative, tomorrow she will rest complacently and say: "You helped me last evening, do the same tonight." She works faithfully if not hindered. Proper advice, manip- ulation and exercise will prevent the handicap. 113 ^ MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! EFFECT OF LAXATIVES. A laxative goads the intestines to over-work, an excess of secretion (lubricant) of the inner surface of the intestines is produced, causing temporarily a diuretic condition leaving a dry inner surface of the bowel, which afterwards hinders the excrement passing through the intestines and causes directly a constipated condition. Before resorting to medi- cine of any sort, one should ask the question: ' < What is the CAUSE of my illness and will what I am about to do, or this concoction I am about to take into my stomach, remove the CAUSE? Not knowing the CAUSE, medicine is liable to go as wide of the mark as a rifleman's shot in trying to "make a bull's eye," if he were hoodwinked. PHYSICIANS CAN NOT PRESCRIBE DIET. Physicians can not prescribe a diet for the pa- tient unless in serious cases, like typhoid fever, where a liquid diet is necessary. The patient knows or should know best, the food that agrees with him. The author has treated patients who have been made sick for a considerable time by a strawberry and others, apparently suffering from the same disease, who could, if they had the ca- pacity, eat a peck and feel no ill effects, proving conclusively that "what is meat for one may be poison for another.'' 114 "Life is not a worth grinding." grind to the man who has a grist By Fig. 14. Large Intestine. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." permission of The Western Publishing House, Chicago. LARGE INTESTINE. Fig. 14 represents the beginning and end of the large intestine. On the right of the abdomen "A" is where the small intestine (which has been re- moved) unites with the large. The ileo-ooecal valve which prevents the regurgitation of the excreta, after passing into the large intestine, is at this point. The ascending colon is on the right, the descending colon, sigmoid flexure and extreme end of lower bowel on the left. The transverse colon is not shown. The appendix "B" is on the right side of the abdomen. The sigmoid flexure (S-shaped) is a sack or pouch into which the ex- crement of the large intestine passes, where it is subjected to a drying-out process before it is ready for elimination. Were it not for this pouch the excrement of the intestines would pass directly into the end of the large bowel and create a con- tinual desire to defecate. The stomach, small and large intestines are held in position in the abdominal cavity by the perito- neum and ligaments. 117 \ "Knoiv Thyself" is good advice, but know about your neighbor's is the general practice." Fig. 15. Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys, Etc. From the "Physician's Anatomical Aid." By permission of The Western Publishing House, Chicago. SPLEEN, PANCREAS, KIDNEYS, ETC. Fig. 15 represents the spleen, pancreas, kidneys, ureters (pipes which convey the urine from the kidneys to the bladder) and bladder. The spleen (a gland) is located on the left side of the body, back of the stomach, and is held in position in the abdominal cavity, below the dia- phragm, by tissues and ligaments. Nothing is known of its function, its office is subject to con- jecture, based on theory. Some physiologists claim it is a safety valve for the liver, and others, that its function is the formation of the white cor- puscles of the blood. The pancreas generates the pancreatic juice which combines with the bile or gall and flows into the intestines. This combination of pancreatic juice and bile acts upon the food in both, small and large intestines, converting the chyme of the stom- ach into the chyle of the intestines. The kidneys are glands, about four inches in length and weigh from four to five ounces. The right kidney is lower than the left, on account of 121 IP; MAN, WOMAN— KNOW THYSELF! the liver occupying the space above it and forcing it down. The kidneys collect certain waste sub- stances or poisonous products circulating in the blood. They also collect liquid substances direct from the alimentary tract when taken in large quantities. Excess liquids do not pass into the blood and tissues, but are taken up directly by the kidneys and passed off as urine through the ure- ters (pipes) to the bladder. Water should be taken in sufficient quantity to flush the kidneys, as the bulk of liquid waste is passed through and eliminated from the system by them, especially in winter when less is passed off through the tissues by evaporation, sweat or perspiration. ) 122 . "It won't help your own crop to sit on the fence and count the weeds in your neighbor's field." Fig. 16. The Arterial System. Through, courtesy of The Clark Engraving & Printing Co.. Milwaukee, Wis. r^ ARTERIAL SYSTEM. Fig. 16 represents the arterial system, which in formation is similar to the motor nervous system. As Fig. 4 shows all the principal nerves arising from the spinal cord, so Fig. 16 shows that all the principal arteries arise from one main ar- tery which extends from the top part of the heart to the branches which extend down either leg. The heart, an organ about the size of one's doubled hand, is here shown as the head of the ar- terial system; it is a pump that forces the blood to all parts of the body through the arteries that the nutriment and oxygen of the blood may be deposited in the tissues. The blood, pumped to all parts of the body through the arteries, is re- turned to the heart through the veins. 125 "Disregard or excuse your small faults, and you commit a greater one." Fig. 17. The Venous System. Through courtesy of The Clark Engraving & Printing Go. Milwaukee, Wis. VENOUS SYSTEM. The superior vena cava and its branches (Fig. 17) collect the blood above, while the inferior vena cava (large vein) and its branches collect that be- low the heart and retnrn it to that organ. Thns the heart pumps or rams the pure blood through the arteries, carrying nutrition and oxygen to the tissues, while the veins, after the nutritional sub- stances of the arterial blood is deposited in the tis- sues, return to the heart the waste, toxic and poi- sonous substances collected; in other words, re- turn the impure blood to be purified, revivified and sent on its journey as before. 129 "The best of things beyond their measure cloy." | — Pope. "A man's prosperity depends largely upon his health." — Common Sense. "Checking useless expenditures will enable you to draw a check for necessary ones." 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