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THE VISITOR'S 
 
 GUIDE TO KNOLE. 
 
THE VISITOR'S 
 
 GUIDE TO KNOLE, 
 
 IN THE COUNTY OF KENT, 
 
 WITH 
 
 CATALOGUES OF THE PICTURES 
 
 CONTAINED IN THE MANSION, 
 AND 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES ^ 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL PERSONS WHOSE PORTRAITS FORM 
 PART OF THE COLLECTION. 
 
 BY JOHN H. BRADY, F.R.A.S. 
 
 SEVENOAKS : 
 
 PRINTED BY AND FOR JAMES PAYNE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 SOLD BY SIMPKIN it MARSHALL, STATIONERS' COURT, 
 
 AND J. R. SMITH, OLD COMPTON STREET. 
 
 1839. 
 
ENTERED AT STATIONERS HALL. 
 
 :«' « -cc.cc* c 
 
 » « »» * . . t c e 
 
 ec ce *«« cccf c 
 
 e« «ce cc« ct c 
 
 
 
^. 
 
 TO 
 
 TH\- RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 MARY, 
 
 COUNTESS-DOWAGER OF PLYMOl-TI--. 
 
 ^ifi^ Folume, 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE OF HER LADYSHIP'S RESIPEXCE, 
 
 WHICH HAS LONG BEEN KNOWN BY THE NAME OF 
 
 KNOLE HOUSE, 
 
 AND HAS BERN 
 
 FOR SEVERAL GENERATIONS THE SEAT OF THE ANCIENT 
 
 FAMILY OF SACKVILLE, 
 
 HER ladyship's PATERNAL ANCESTORS, 
 
 IS, 
 
 BY HER ladyship's KIND PERMISSION, 
 
 Betiicatct), 
 
 with feelings of GRATITUDE AND THE GREATEST RESPECT, 
 
 BY 
 
 HER LADYSHIP S MOST OBEDIENT 
 HUMBLE SERVANT, 
 
 JAMES PAYNE. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT, 
 
 \ 
 
 This work, which has been undertaken 
 with the view of afFording- to persons 
 visiting this deservedly celebrated mansion 
 an opportunity of carrying- away with them 
 some memento of its attractions, is now 
 put forth as a candidate for public appro- 
 bation ; and the publisher trusts that, in 
 consideration of the great care which has 
 been taken in its compilation and revision, 
 the reader will kindly excuse involuntary 
 faults, or unintentional errors, if any such 
 should be d^^tected. 
 
Vni ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The original intention was, to have pro- 
 duced a work not exceeding two shillings 
 and sixpence in price ; but materials were 
 so plentiful, that selection for a volume of 
 that size was impracticable, and an advance 
 of one shilling was determined on, at which 
 price subscribers for the small copies will 
 be supplied ; this, however, not exceeding 
 the cost price per copy of a large edi- 
 tion, a further advance of one shilling, to 
 non-subscribers, has been deemed necessary ; 
 and, considering the quantity of information 
 contained in the volume, the number of its 
 illustrations (all of which have some direct 
 allusion, either to the mansion or its pos- 
 sessors), and the execution of the whole, it 
 is believed that the present price will not 
 be thought bej^ond its value. 
 
 It may be proper to mention here^ that 
 the work referred to in a note on the 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. IX 
 
 seventh page of this volume will not, in 
 all probability, appear before the ensuing 
 summer; of its publication, however, due 
 notice will be given. 
 
 In conclusion, the proprietor begs to 
 return his most respectful acknowledgments 
 to the nobility, gentry, and others, for the 
 encouragement they have afforded him by 
 entering their names as subscribers for this 
 work, and he sincerely hopes that their 
 expectations will be fully realized. 
 
 Sevenoaks, July, 1839. 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 It is matter or common remark, that the 
 most interesting objects lose much of their 
 attraction from the want of information 
 concerning them ; and as this deficiency has 
 been for a considerable time felt with respect 
 to Knole House and its fine collection of 
 pictures, it is hoped that the present attempt 
 to remedy it will be received with favour. 
 
 The author, by the kind permission of the 
 lady of the mansion, has been indulged with 
 free access, and allowed every opportunity 
 of forming, unobserved and uiu'estricted, a 
 correct and impartial opinion of the objects 
 descril)e(l. 
 
Xll 1»REFACE. 
 
 Much interesting' information has been 
 communicated by Mr. Wm. Elliott, who 
 has long been intimately acquainted with 
 nearly every part of the mansion, and 
 whose remarks on the architecture of the 
 building- and decorations of the apartments 
 will be readily discovered from the minute- 
 ness of detail into which he enters ; while 
 the work has been embellished by the 
 pencil of Mr. William Knight, whose 
 faithful delineation of the subjects selected 
 cannot fail to reflect credit on him as an 
 artist. In addition to this, the works of 
 writers whose authenticity is acknowledg-ed, 
 have been consulted, and, as far as appli- 
 cable, incorporated : the author, therefore, 
 believes that his little volume will be found 
 what it professes to be, a satisfactory 
 " guide" for the visitor of Knole. 
 
 For the numerous biographical notices 
 which will be found in its pages, he has 
 
PREFACE. xiii 
 
 been indebted to such various authorities, 
 that it were difficult to acknowledge all his 
 obligations. He must, however, particu- 
 larly mention " Burnet's History of his own 
 Times," De Grammont's and Walpole's 
 " Memoirs," and Cunningham's " Lives of 
 Eminent Englishmen." This portion of his 
 volume, comprising as it does, many inte- 
 resting particulars of the actions and charac- 
 ters of a considerable number of the most 
 eminent ecclesiastics, statesmen, and war- 
 riors of the sixteenth century, besides others 
 of a later date, including all the principal 
 members of the noble house of Dorset, 
 cannot fail, as the author hopes, to compen- 
 sate his trouble, by being deemed an accept- 
 able and valuable addition to his work on 
 Knole, where the portraits of these distin- 
 guished personages will be seen. 
 
 London, May 1, 1839. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dedication v 
 
 Advertisement vii 
 
 Preface xi 
 
 Possessors of Knole 1 
 
 The Family of Sackville, with a Genealogical Descent 19 
 
 The Park 68 
 
 The Mansion 80 
 
 The Rooms shewn to Visitors 98 
 
 The Great Hall 102 
 
 The Brown Gallery 108 
 
 Lady Betty Germaine's Bed-chamher 118 
 
 Lady Betty Germaine's Dressing-room 120 
 
 Spangled Bed-room 121 
 
 Spangled Dressmg-room 123 
 
 Bilhard-room 125 
 
 Leicester Gallery 127 
 
 Venetian Bed-room 131 
 
 Venetian Dressing-room 133 
 
 Organ-room 13G 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Chapel-room 140 
 
 Chapel 143 
 
 Ball-room 146 
 
 Crimson Drawing-room 148 
 
 Cartoon Gallery 152 
 
 King's Bed-room 156 
 
 Dining-parlour 158 
 
 Appendix : 
 
 Agricola, Rodolphus 212 
 
 Alvarez, duke of 213 
 
 Arundel, Henry Fitz-Alan, earl of ' 1 85 
 
 Austria, Don John of 167 
 
 Axford, Miss 241 
 
 Bacon, Roger 173 
 
 Bedford, Ann Carr, countess of 230 
 
 Blake, Admiral 203 
 
 Boswell, Sir Ralph 230 
 
 Bourbon, Charles, due de 169 
 
 Burleigh, William Cecil, baron 191 
 
 Campchinetz, Monsieur 243 
 
 Canterbury, Bancroft, Richard, archbishop of . . 206 
 
 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of . . 179 
 
 Whitgift, John, archbishop of .... 189 
 
 Chinese Youth 247 
 
 Cleveland, duchess of 245 
 
 Coligni Family, the 247 
 
 Cope, Sir Anthony 234 
 
 Cumberland, George Clifford, earl of 177 
 
 Desmond, countess of 217 
 
 Digby, Sir Kenelm 228 
 
CONTENTS. XVII 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dorset, Pembroke, &c. Ann, countess of ' 242 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis 199 
 
 Du Burg 229 
 
 EUesmere, Thomas Egerton, baron of 190 
 
 Erasmus 209 
 
 Essex, Thomas, Cromwell, earl of 182 
 
 Fermor, Sir Hatton 231 
 
 Guise, Francis, Due de 171 
 
 Guise, Henry of Lorraine, Due de 168 
 
 Hatton, Sir Christopher 193 
 
 Home, Philip, count de 221 
 
 Huss, John 211 
 
 Isabella, Clara Eugenia 209 
 
 Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of 194 
 
 Luther, Martin 217 
 
 Melancthon 211 
 
 MUdmay, Sir Walter 208 
 
 Mohun, Major 228 
 
 Montmorenci, Ann de 170 
 
 More, Sir Thomas 183 
 
 Ninon de d'Enclos 213 
 
 Norris, Sir John 20G 
 
 Norfolk, Thomas Howard, duke of 184 
 
 Northampton, Henry Howard, earl of 1 70 
 
 Northumberland, John Dudley, duke of 172 
 
 Nottingham, Charles Howard, earl of 19G 
 
 Orange, William, first prince of 207 
 
 Ormond, James Butler, duke of 248 
 
 Parma, duke of 167 
 
 Pembroke, Herbert, earl of 171 
 
 c 
 
XVlll CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pomeraniis 211 
 
 Rochester, John Fisher, bishop of 178 
 
 Russia, Catherine II. of 237 
 
 SackvUle, lord George 221 
 
 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, earl of 196 
 
 Shaftesbury, A. A. Cooper, earl of 235 
 
 Shrewsbury, countess of 227 
 
 Somers, John, lord 165 
 
 Stewart, Miss 225 
 
 Suckling, Sir John 241 
 
 Suflfolk, Thomas Howard, earl of 203 
 
 Surrey, Henry Howard, earl of 231 
 
 Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, earl of 208 
 
 Ugolino, Count 244 
 
 Walsingham, Sir Francis 190 
 
 WickUffe, John 174 
 
 Wilford, Sir James 176 
 
 Winchester, Stephen Gardiner, bishop of 175 
 
 Wolsey, cardinal 186 
 
 List of Subscribers 251 
 
LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 North-west view of Knole House Frontispiece 
 
 2 Fire-place bearing the cognizances of archbishop 
 
 Bourchier 1 
 
 3 Fire-dog in the Cartoon Gallery 19 
 
 4 The Old Oak 68 
 
 5 The second Entrance-gateway 8G 
 
 6 Part of Sconce in the Ball-room 97 
 
 7 Settee in the Leicester Gallery 98 
 
 8 Initial letter, A, with the Sackville Anus 102 
 
 9 Queen Anne Boleyn's Fire-dog 103 
 
 10 Principal Staircase 107 
 
 1 1 Mask, from the Ball-room 108 
 
 12 Tripod in the Brown Galler>' 117 
 
 13 Mask from the Ball-room 118 
 
 14 Ditto 120 
 
 15 Ditto 121 
 
 16 Ditto 123 
 
 17 Ditto 125 
 
 18 Initial letter, T, bearing the Rugged Staff, a badge 
 
 of the Leicesters 127 
 
XX LIST OF ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 19 Chair in the Venetian Bed-room 132 
 
 20 Initial letter, A, enclosed in a Knot, a cognizance 
 
 of archbishop Bourchier 136 
 
 21 Initial letter, A, bearing an Oak Leaf, another cog- 
 
 nizance of the same distinguished personage . , 140 
 
 22 Entrance to the Chapel 143 
 
 23 Initial letter, T, bearing the archiepiscopal paU . . ibid. 
 
 24 Garden Front of Knole, shewing the windows of 
 
 the Chapel and Ball-room 146 
 
 25 Garden Front continued, shewing the windows of 
 
 the Cartoon Gallery and Colonnade 152 
 
 26 Shield of the earl and countess of Plymouth .... ibid. 
 
 27 Initial letter, H, bearing a Shield of the countess- 
 
 dowager of Plymouth 158 
 
GUIDE TO KNOLE HOUSE 
 
 Fh-e-place bearing the cog-nizance of archbishop Bourchier, 
 
 THE POSSESSORS OF KNOLE. 
 
 The earliest authentic record conceriiing' 
 the occupancy of this place is found in the 
 reign of king John, when the manor and 
 estate of Knole, with those of Braborne, 
 or Bradborne, Kenising and Scale, were 
 
 B 
 
)i THE POSSESSORS 
 
 possessed by Baldwin de Bethuii, earl of 
 Albemarle, who, in the fifth year of that 
 reign, gave them in " frank marriage" with 
 his daughter Alice, to William Mareschal, 
 earl of Pembroke, after whose death, his 
 eldest brother William Mareschal, succeeded 
 to the earldom and estates ; but taking part 
 with the rebellious barons, at the latter end 
 of king John's, and the beginning of king 
 Henry the Third's reign, his lands were 
 escheated to the crown ; during which time, 
 as Mr. Hasted thinks, these manors were 
 granted to Falcatius (or Fulk) de Brent, a 
 soldier of fortune, of mean extraction, who 
 had come from the Low Countries with some 
 foreign auxiliaries to king John's assistance, 
 and found such favour both from that 
 monarch and his son, Henry IH, that he 
 was invested with considerable power, and 
 had the lands of many of the barons con- 
 ferred on him ; till, giving loose to his 
 natural inclination, he became guilty of 
 great cruelties and oppressions, and at 
 length having sided with prince Louis of 
 France, in his design of invading England, 
 he was banished the realm, and died soon 
 
OF KNOLK. 3 
 
 afterwards in Italy. After this, the earl 
 of Pembroke, returning- to his allegiance, 
 obtained possession of his manors again. 
 This earl, as well as his three brothers, 
 died without issue, and the estates devolv ed 
 on their five sisters and their heirs ; in con- 
 sequence of which, Roger, son of Hugh 
 Bigod, earl of Norfolk, who married Maud, 
 the eldest sister, became entitled, and died 
 seised of these estates about the fifty-fourth 
 year of Henry HI, without issue, leaving 
 Roger Bigod, his nephew, his next heir ; 
 who, in the eleventh year of king Edward 
 I, conveyed them to Otho de Grandison ; 
 who, dying without issue, was succeeded by 
 his brother William de Grandison ; and his 
 grandson, Sir Thomas Grandison, according 
 to Philpott, tranferred Knole to GeofFry de 
 Say, and the rest of the estate to other 
 hands. 
 
 This Geoffry de Say (only son and heir of 
 GeofFry de Say, by Idonea, daughter of Wil- 
 liam, and sister and heiress of Thomas Lord 
 Leyborne) was a man of considerable emi- 
 nence, having been summoned to parliament 
 in the first year of king Edward lU, and 
 
4 THE POSSESSORS 
 
 afterwards constituted admiral of the fleets 
 being at that time a knight-banneret. After 
 this, he was constantly employed in the 
 wars in France till his death, which hap- 
 pened on the 26th June, in the year 1359, 
 33rd Edward JTI. He married Maud, 
 daughter of Guy de Beauchamp, earl of 
 Warwick, by whom he left issue William, 
 his son and heir, and three daughters, 
 which three daughters eventually became 
 co-heiresses to this property, which con- 
 tinued in the family till the reign of 
 Henry VI, when one Ralph Leghe con- 
 veyed the whole estate by sale (though how 
 he became possessed of it does not appear) 
 to James Fiennes, whose grandmother was 
 the youngest of the three coheiresses before- 
 mentioned. 
 
 This gentleman was a soldier who had 
 eminently distinguished himself in the wars 
 with France under Henry V. In the 24th 
 Henry VI, he was, by an especial writ, 
 summoned to parliament as lord Say and 
 Sele ; and, in consideration of his eminent 
 services, in open parliament advanced to 
 the dignity of baron of this realm by the 
 
OF KNOLIi. 5 
 
 title of lord Say. After this, honours came 
 thick upon him : he was appointed con- 
 stable of Dover Castle, and warden of the 
 Cinque Ports ; then lord chamberlain and 
 one of the king's council ; and in the 20th 
 Henry VI, lord-treasurer of England. 
 This rapid advancement, at a time of ge- 
 neral discontent, excited the ill-will and 
 hatred of the people, to appease which, the 
 kii^g sequestered lord Say from his office 
 cA' treasurer ; and shortly after, on the in- 
 surrection under Jack Cade, committed him 
 to the Tower, w ith the view, as is supposed, 
 of insuring his safety. The rebels, how- 
 ever, entered London, and growing more 
 insolent with the increase of their numbers, 
 they dragged the lord Say from the Tow er, 
 and after a kind of mock-trial at the Guild- 
 hall, they hurried him to the Standard in 
 Cheapside, where they cut off his head, 
 and carried it on a pole before his naked 
 body, which was dragged at a horse's tail 
 into Southwark, and there drawn and quar- 
 tered. There is a scene in Shakspeare's 
 Henry VI, illustrative of this tragedy. 
 Sir William Fiennes, lord Say and Selc, 
 
C THE POSSESSORS 
 
 only son and heir of James, being deeply 
 concerned in the contentions between the 
 houses of York and Lancaster, was com- 
 pelled to sell the greater part of his posses- 
 sions. Among others, he, by indenture 
 dated June 30, 34th Henry VI, conveyed to 
 Thomas Bourchier, archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, for 400 marks, his manor of Knole, 
 with other estates not necessary to be here 
 specified. 
 
 In the ^^ Survey of Kent,*' by Kilburne 
 of Hawkherst, it is stated that archbishop 
 Bourchier " rebuilt the manor-house, in- 
 closed a park round the same, and resided 
 much at it." At his death, which happened 
 on the 30th March, 1486, he bequeathed 
 the manor and its appurtenances to the see 
 of Canterbury. 
 
 Archbishop Moreton, successor of Bour- 
 chier in the see, a cardinal of the church of 
 Rome, and lord-chancellor of England, also 
 resided here much, during which time he 
 too is said to have laid out great sums in 
 repairing and augmenting the house ; and 
 king Henry VII, in his sixth year, appears 
 to have honoured him with a visit here 
 
OF KNOLE. 7 
 
 more than once. This learned and emi- 
 nently good prelate died at Knole House, 
 in October 1500, and was succeeded in the 
 see of Canterbury by Henry Dene, bishop 
 of Salisbury, who preferred and mostly re- 
 sided at the neighbouring palace at Otford.* 
 His occupancy of the see of Canterbury was 
 but brief: he died at Lambeth in February 
 1502, and was succeeded by William War- 
 ham, bishop of London, lord chancellor of 
 England, and chancellor of Oxford. 
 
 Archbishop Warham, styled by Erasmus 
 "a most accomplished and perfect prelate," 
 filled the see of Canterbury for thirty years, 
 during the first twelve of which, at least, 
 he resided much at Knole, where he was 
 frequently visited by kings Henry VH and 
 Vni, between the years 1504 and 1514; 
 after which, he expended a vast sum in im- 
 proving the neighbouring palace at Otford, 
 
 * The author may fairly be excused for here announcing, 
 that an account of the ancient palace, and its present rain?, 
 at Otford, Avill he found in a little volume, ^^Titteu by him 
 as a companion to the present, descriptive of Sevenoaks, 
 and the neighbourhood for some miles round, including 
 Otford, Pcnsliurst Place, Ilcver Castle, &c. 
 
8 - THE POSSESSORS 
 
 where he principally resided till his death, 
 which happened in the year 1532. 
 
 His successor in the archbishopric was the 
 celebrated Thomas Cranmer,* who, finding- 
 that the vast possessions of the church 
 excited envy and murmurings, resolved on 
 a voluntary surrender of a part, as the best 
 means of preserving the remainder ; and 
 accordingly, by indenture dated November 
 30, anno 29th Henry VHI (still extant in 
 the Augmentation Office) he granted Knole 
 and its appurtenances, with other manors, 
 together of the yearly value of £503. 14s. 5d, 
 to the king and his successors. Durmg the 
 period which intervened between the death 
 of Warham and the date of (his surrender, 
 being about seven years, it is believed that 
 Cranmer resided frequently at Knole house ; 
 in one of the rooms of which are five shields 
 of arms of the Cranmer family. Near this 
 is another apartment, which has some ap- 
 pearance of having been the archbishop's 
 private chapel; the window resembles more 
 that of a place of worship than any other 
 window in the house, and the approach to 
 
 * For biographical notice, see Appendix, No. 17. 
 
OF KNOLE. 9 
 
 it is by two or three steps, exliibitino- alto- 
 gether the appearance of what was once an 
 altar. 
 
 Knole House, with its park and other 
 lands, remained in the hands of the crown 
 until the fourth year of the reign of king 
 Edward Vl., Sir Richard Long, knt., 
 having' been appointed keeper thereof, anno 
 30th Henry VHI, and Sir Robert South- 
 well, knt., having held the same office, anno 
 3rd Edward VI. In the succeeding' year 
 (18th July, 4th Edward VI.) the king, by his 
 letters patent, granted the manor and park 
 of Knole, with other estates, to John Dudley, 
 earl of Warwick, his wife, and their heirs, 
 in exchange for other premises. 
 
 The earl of .Warwick was at this time 
 lord-steward of the king's household ; in 
 the ensuing year he was created duke of 
 Northumberland, constituted earl-marshal 
 of England, and warden of the marches 
 towards Scotland ; two years after which, 
 in the seventh year of King Edward VI, 
 he sold to the king, in exchange for other 
 lauds, his lordship and manor of Knole 
 c 
 
ID THE POSSESSORS 
 
 (and other premises), reserving, however, 
 to himself and his heirs for ever, Knole- 
 hoose, its orchards, gardens, out-build- 
 ings, &c. 
 
 On the death of the protector Somerset, 
 whose ruin he is thought to have contrived, 
 the duke of Northumberland had entire 
 control over the king, whom, in his last 
 sickness, he persuaded to settle the succes- 
 sion of the crown on the lady Jane Grey 
 (married to the duke's fourth son, lord 
 Guildford Dudley.) On king Edward's 
 death, the duke caused the lady Jane to be 
 proclaimed queen ; but his haughty hopes 
 being frustrated by the superior strength 
 of the princess Mary's party, the duke was 
 committed to the Tower, found guilty of 
 high-treason, and executed on the 22nd 
 August 1553. By the attainder, Knole 
 and its appurtenances came again into the 
 hands of the crown. 
 
 Queen Mary granted the manor, house 
 and lands of Knole (with other manors) to 
 Cardinal Pole, then archbishop of Canter- 
 bury, during his natural life, and for one 
 
OF KiVOLE. 1 I 
 
 year after, as be should by will direct ; 
 and the Cardinal, who survived his royal 
 mistress but a few hours, on the 17th 
 November 1558, died possessed of tbe.se 
 manors and estates, which thus again beca]ae 
 vested in the crown. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth, by her letters patent, 
 dated March 1st, in the third year of lier 
 reig-n, granted the manor and house of 
 Knole, with other estates, to Sir Robert 
 Dudley, knt., afterwards earl of Leicester, 
 to hold the same in capite by knights' ser- 
 vice; all which the earl again surrendered 
 to the queen in the eighth year of her 
 reiffn. 
 
 Soon after this surrender, the queen 
 granted the reversion and fee-simple of 
 these estates (subject to the expiry of two 
 leases therein, one granted by the duke of 
 Northumberland, and the other by the earl 
 of Leicester) to Thomas Sackville, esq., 
 afterwards baron Buckhurst and earl of 
 Dorset. 
 
 By virtue of one of the leases above 
 referred to, two at least of I he family of 
 
12 THE POSSESSORS 
 
 Lennard (of Chevening) occupied Knole 
 House for some time : Sampson Lennard, esq. 
 resided here till after the year 1603; and 
 on the expiry of his term, surrendered the 
 estate to the queen's grantee, Thomas Sack- 
 ville, then baron Buckhurst, and lord high 
 treasurer, of whose history we have spoken 
 at large in a subsequent page. 
 
 The manor and estate of Knole became 
 thus first possessed by one of the family of 
 Sackville. It is stated in several publica- 
 tions as a current tradition, said to have 
 been " delivered down from the first earl," 
 that the queen's motive in bestowing this 
 house on lord Buckhurst was, " to keep 
 him near her court and councils, that he 
 might repair thither on any emergency, 
 with more expedition than he could from 
 his seat of Buckhurst in Sussex, the roads 
 in which county were at times impassable ;" 
 and it is argued that this account is pro- 
 bable, because no other reason can be 
 assigned for his quitting Buckhurst (to 
 which Knole was barely equal, either in 
 size or grandeur, while it was inferior in 
 
OF KNOLE. 13 
 
 climate,) except the advantage it gave him 
 of being more actively serviceable to his 
 country. 
 
 It must be recollected, however, that 
 the queen's grant was to Thomas Sack- 
 ville, esquire, in the eighth or ninth year of 
 her reign (anno 1568 or 1569), who does 
 not appear to have been at that time of 
 her majesty's council. It must also be 
 observed, that supposing the queen's mo- 
 tive to have been as stated, her wishes were 
 most grievously frustrated ; for lord Buck- 
 hurst did not get possession of Knole until 
 the year 1603, and certainly never resided 
 there until that year, or the year following ;* 
 being a period of thirty-six or thirty-seven 
 years from the date of the grant of the 
 estate to him, and the queen being then 
 dead.t 
 
 The motive of the grant, however, is no>v 
 
 * By the Sevenoaks' Register, it appears that the 
 Lennard family resided at Knole in 1603 ; while by the 
 earl of Dorset's will, dated 1607, it is certain that his 
 lordship was then in possession. 
 
 t Queen Elizabeth died in March, 1603. 
 
14 THE POSSESSORS 
 
 of but little importance : lord Buckhurst 
 first removed from Buckhurst to Knole 
 between the years 1603 and 1605, and from 
 that time used it as his principal residence 
 till his death, which happened in 1608. 
 The water-spouts, which have the initials 
 of his name upon them, are dated, none of 
 them earlier than 1605, and some in 1607. 
 
 Lord Buckhurst was created earl of 
 Dorset by king James 1, on the 13th of 
 March, in the first year of his reig-n, anno 
 1603; and as he died in April 1608, and 
 appears, from various marks about the 
 house, to have been earl of Dorset when 
 those marks were first set up, he could not 
 have resided at Knole for more than five 
 years, and that after the death of queen 
 EHzabeth. 
 
 The earl was succeeded by his son Robert, 
 who however died in the following year; 
 when the earldom and estates descended to 
 Richard, his son and heir, by Margaret, 
 daughter of Thomas, duke of Norfolk. 
 This nobleman, the third earl of Dorset, 
 became so excessive in his bounties, and so 
 
OF KNOLE. 15 
 
 prodigal in his housekeeping, that he was 
 necessitated to sell his estates, and Knole 
 was conveyed by him, about the year 1612, 
 to Henry Smith, esq., citizen and alderman 
 of London, the earl, however, reserving to 
 himself and his heirs, a lease at an annual 
 rent. 
 
 This Mr. Smith, who was born and buried 
 at Wandsworth, in Surrey, was a gentleman 
 famed for his extensive charities, given 
 both during his lifetime, and by his last 
 will, and benefiting almost every parish in 
 his native county (Surrey), and many in 
 other counties. To effect his benevolent 
 object, he limited his own expenditure 
 during life within a certain stipend; the 
 surplus of his estates being vested in trus- 
 tees for charitable purposes, as he by his 
 last will, or in default thereof, as they should 
 determine. There is a monument to his 
 memory on the east wall of VFandsworth 
 church, beneath which is his effigy in the 
 attitude of prayer, and an inscription detail- 
 ing his numerous benefactions ; from which 
 it appears that, during his life, he gave to 
 
16 THE POSSESSORS 
 
 the towns of Croydon, Kingston, Guildford, 
 Dorking, and Farnham, £1000 each, to buy 
 lands in perpetuity for the rehef and setting- 
 poor people to work in the said towns; and 
 by his will, £1000 to the town of Reigate, 
 and £500 to the town of Wandsworth, for 
 the like purposes ; £ 1000 to buy lands in 
 perpetuity, " to redeem poor captives and 
 prisoners from the Turkish tyranny," with 
 numerous other legacies, for the relief of 
 poor prisoners, soldiers and sailors, the 
 marriage of poor maidens, apprenticeships, 
 repairing highways, aiding the poor and 
 aged, orphans, and persons with large fami- 
 lies, &c. 
 
 To assist in effecting these most christian 
 intentions, the manor and estate of Knole 
 were assigned, with other estates, to cer- 
 tain noblemen and gentlemen appointed by 
 Mr. Smith as his trustees. By the last will 
 of that gentleman, dated 24th April, 1627, 
 he gave some directions as to part of his 
 estates ; but left the bulk of them, among 
 which were the manor, mansion, park and 
 lands of Knole, to the disposal of his trus- 
 
m&tmt of the dramas of aacftbClU. 
 
 rf. 9 H. 6 I 
 
 ThomM,=llargaret, Alice, 
 
 ■.Sept.l,|d.&hr.„fD^ m.Joh„IaZo„eI., 
 432 I hngr — -. . . 
 
 I«*'«d, -^uL, MXd,=Margaret, ji/^ 
 
 nomne ^ d. 29 Hen. 6, I d. ofRichard °''° 
 
 irey,=Cathcnne, Joan Catherine 
 
 Jan. d. of T. Brown, 
 tnt. 
 
 ' ■■.C r A..Ji".'«rte-uT'""'I l O[ i a | ^"iA , ^J'i ^}-JgS9; -MifJrerf, 
 
 Elizabel 
 ». VVillia 
 t. John. 
 
 m. J. Parker m. Sir Wm. m. Roberts 
 
 a.vn«m, a dlgnrm; Bl l lll, 
 
 lichard=Winifred, Chriatopher 
 
 r. April I d. of ^' 
 
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 2d earl. d. I duke of Norfolk. 
 
 . Sir H. of Seddlescom 
 
 Richard.^ 
 
 ^largaret, Richard,= Prances Craniield, 
 
 — Tufton. 5th earl. ( d. of Lionel, «arl 
 
 rf. 27Aug. of Middlesex' 
 
 i?i 
 
 riUth. 1675, rf. Jan. 29th, 
 
 ilwife, Mary Compton, 
 of the earl irf North- 
 
 Lionel,= Elizabeth. * M«ry 
 
 7ih capl, created duke | d. of Oenl. CoUjeor, ' 
 
 ated duke | (i 
 
 Jottn.PhUip,= Frances, 
 "" Dec. 3rd, t d. of John, 
 
 .-. DiRDB Cope, 
 I d. of Sir Chas. Cope d 
 
 Gconrc-John- 
 4th duke; rf. 
 
 Dorchester ; she die 
 
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m. J. Parker 
 
 m. Sir Wm. 
 Fitzwilliam 
 
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 Anne, 
 m. Sir Nich. Pelham 
 
 Isabel, 
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 burnham 
 
 m. Sir J. Baker 
 
 Mary, 
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 ford 
 
 An 
 
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 :Joan, d. 
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 Downsom 
 
 17 
 
 am, 
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 Thomas 
 
 !ir G. Curzon 
 
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 Glenham 
 
 Jane, Mary, 
 
 m. Anthony, m. Sir H. 
 
 lord Montague Neville 
 
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 SIX sous and six daughters 
 
 ;eded, 
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 Cran- 
 irl of 
 3f her 
 lesex. 
 Ii earl 
 s con- 
 
 iilip,= Frances, 
 3rd, d. of John, 
 earl Gower 
 
 George,= Diana Sambrooke, 
 
 vis. Sackville 
 
 d. and co-heir of John 
 Sambrooke, esq. ; d. 
 Jan. 15th, 1778 
 
 Charles Sack^ille-Germaine 
 the present duke of Dorset ' 
 
 George Diana, 
 
 m. John Crosbie, 
 afterwards earl Glandoro 
 
 _arden, 
 Sack- 
 'furni- 
 le earl 
 
 - (and 
 e fifth 
 
 Elizabeth, 
 m. to carl De- 
 Iftwarr 
 
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 Fold-out Placeholder 
 
 This fold-out is being digitized, and 
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aigarec, isaDCi, 
 
 Sir Thomas last prioress of 
 Palmer Clerkenwell. 
 
 n, 
 
 I. Hen. Shelley 
 
 i III 
 
 Sir Thomas, 
 
 of S eddies com 
 
 Carolina, 
 n. Jos, Damer, esq. 
 ifterwards created earl of 
 Dorchester ; she died 
 March 1775 
 
 Elizabeth, Caroline, 
 
 m. Hen. Arth. d. Sept. 10^ 
 Herbert 1789 
 
OF KNOLE. 17 
 
 tees; who, in 1641, by deed enrolled in 
 chancery, allotted the rent of Knole manor, 
 house and park, then let to the earl of 
 Dorset at £100 per annum, to be annually 
 distributed among five parishes in Surrey. 
 
 Richard, third earl of Dorset, died in 
 1624, without male issue, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his brother Edward, who appears 
 to have resided at Knole the greater part 
 of his life. 
 
 Edward, earl of Dorset, was succeeded, 
 in 1652, by his son and heir, Richard, the 
 fifth earl, who married Lady Frances Cran- 
 field, eldest daughter of Lionel, earl of 
 Middlesex, and eventually sole heir of her 
 brother Lionel, third earl of Middlesex. 
 There seems no doubt that the fifth earl 
 also resided much at Knole, which is con- 
 firmed by the arms of Cranfield being over 
 the gateway, on a sun-dial in the garden, 
 and in other places, with those of Sack- 
 ville ; by the circumstance that the furni- 
 ture presented by king James I, to the earl 
 of Middlesex, when lord-treasurer, (and 
 which descended to his daughter, the fifth 
 
18 THE POSSESSORS, &C 
 
 countess of Dorset,) still ornaments one of 
 the state rooms of the mansion ; and still 
 more convincingly, by the fact, that the 
 manor and estate of Knole, alienated by 
 Richard, the third earl, were redeemed by 
 Richard (his nephew), of whom we are now 
 speaking. This was effected in the thirteenth 
 year of king Charles II, anno 1 763, under 
 an act of parliament obtained for that pur- 
 pose, by virtue of which the trustees of 
 Henry Smith, esq., re-assigned the fee- 
 simple of the manor of Knole, with the 
 mansion, park and lands, to Richard, earl 
 of Dorset, for an adequate consideration 
 applicable to the purposes of the charity — 
 namely, a perpetual clear yearly rent-charge 
 of £130. 
 
 Since that period, the manor and estate 
 of Knole have continued in the uninter- 
 rupted possession of the Sackville family, 
 of the chief members of which we are now 
 to speak. 
 
d. Oct. 
 1537. 
 
 d. of Sir W. 
 Bullen ; sis. 
 to q. Anne's father 
 
 a priest 
 
 ..iard=Winifred, 
 d. April I d. of Sir John 
 21,1566 I Bruges. 2nd 
 
 I to Faulett, mar- 
 I quess of Winchester 
 
 f 
 
 Chri8topher:=Constance Colepeppe 
 
 Thomas,: 
 created lord 
 Buckhurst 
 8 June 1567, 
 & earl Dorset 
 13 Mar. 1604 
 &rf. April 19, 
 1608 
 
 = Cicely, 
 
 d. of Sir John 
 
 Baker 
 
 I 
 
 Anne, 
 
 m. Gregory Fines, 
 lord Dacre, of the 
 South 
 
 Joh 
 
 I I 
 
 Robert,:=:lst wife, Margaret Howard, d. of Henry 
 
 2d earl, d. 
 27th Feb. 
 1609 
 
 duke of Norfolk. 2nd wife, Ann, 
 widow of lord Compton, no issue 
 
 knig 
 Frai 
 
 Richard, = Anne Clifford, 
 
 3rd earl, d. 28 
 March, 1624 
 
 Edward,= ^Iar}', 
 
 d. and heir of earl of 4th earl, 
 Northumberland c?. 1 7 J uly 
 
 1652 
 
 d. and heir ( 
 
 III I 
 
 3 sons, who Margaret, 
 died young, ra. — Tufton. 
 
 I 
 Richard,= Frances Cram 
 5th earl, d. of Lionel, c 
 
 d. 27 Aug. of Middlesex 
 
 1677 
 
 1st wife, EUzabeth=Charles,=:2nd wife, Marj 
 
 d. ofH. Bagot 6th earl, 
 
 created earl of 
 Middlesex & baron Cranfield, 
 April 4th, 1675, d. Jan. 29th, 
 1706 
 
 d. of the earl 
 ampton 
 
 7th earl, created 
 of Dorset,Jan. 13, 
 d. Oct. 9, 1763 
 
 Lionel,= Ehzabeth, 
 
 duke 
 720; 
 
 d. of Genl. CoUyear, 
 d. Jan. 1, 1768 ' 
 
 Lnne, Charles= Grace 
 
 Elizabeth, 
 
 Jol 
 
 '.1721 2nd duke, d. of viscount 
 
 m. Thos. Thynne ; 
 
 d. 
 
 d. Jan. 6th, Shannon, 
 
 d. 1726 
 
 17( 
 
 1769 d. Mav 10th, 
 
 
 
 1763 
 
 
 
 John-Frederi(k== Ara1)clla Diana Cope, Mary, 
 3rd duke | d. of Sir Chas. Cope m. carl of tl 
 d. Sep. 1 7 71: 
 
 Mary, 
 
 m. to Other-Archer, 
 earl of Plvnunith, wlio 
 died 10th July, 1S33 ; 
 2nd to earl Amherst, Jfunc 25 
 
 George-John-Frederick, 
 4 th duke; d.Uih Feb. 
 1815 
 
 .839 
 
18 THE POSSESSORS, &C. 
 
 countess of Dorset,) still ornaments one of 
 the state rooms of the mansion ; and still 
 more convincingly, by the fact, tliat the 
 manor and estate of Knole, alienated by 
 Richard, the third earl, were redeemed by 
 Richard (his nephew), of whom we are now 
 speaking. This was effected in the thirteenth 
 year of king Charles II, anno 1763, under 
 an act of parliament obtained for that pur- 
 pose, by virtue of which the trustees of 
 Henry Smith, esq., re-assigned the fee- 
 simple of the manor of Knole, with the 
 mansion, park and lands, to Richard, earl 
 of Dorset, for an adequate consideration 
 applicable to the pvir poses of the charity — 
 namely, a perpetual clear yearly rent-charge 
 of £130. 
 
 Since that period, the manor and estate 
 of Knole have continued in the uninter- 
 rupted possession of the Sackville family, 
 of the chief members of which we are now 
 to speak. 
 
Y ^ 
 
 Hr -^ 
 
 Fold-out Placeholder 
 
 This fold-out is being digitized, and 
 will be inserted at a future date. 
 
 m 
 
Fire-dog in the Cartoon Gallery. 
 
 THE FAMILY OF SACKVILLE, 
 
 The Sackvilles have been persons of 
 wealth and power in this country from the 
 date of tlie Norman conquest ; and in Nor- 
 mandy were lords of the town and seignory 
 
20 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 of Sackville, anciently Salchivilla, Salca- 
 villa, and Saccavilla. Herbrand de Sacke- 
 ville, (as the name was originally written,) 
 was one of the chieftains in the army of the 
 Conqueror. He had three sons, of whom 
 Sir William, his second son, resided and 
 possessed considerable estates in England. 
 His brother, Sir Robert, succeeded him ; 
 from whom descended Andrew Sackville, esq, 
 who, in the twenty-fifth year of Edward I, 
 was summoned to attend the king, with 
 horse and arms, beyond the seas, and again 
 in the twenty-ninth year of the same reign, 
 against the Scotch. For his services on 
 these occasions, he was knighted in West- 
 minster, by the king's eldest son, the earl 
 of Carnarvon. 
 
 Sir Andrew Sackville was succeeded by 
 his son, named after him. He served in the 
 French wars under Edward the Black 
 Prince, and was knighted in the eighth 
 year of Edward IH, He was sheriff for 
 the counties of Sussex and Surrey, and 
 returned to parliament as member for the 
 former county. 
 
SACKVILLE. 21 
 
 Thomas Sackville, his son by a second 
 wife, was his heir. He also was knighted, 
 anno 1st Richard II, returned member for 
 Bucks the same year, and was sheriff of 
 Sussex and Surrey in the seventh year of 
 Henry IV. Sir Thomas afterwards parti- 
 cipated in the dangers and victories of king- 
 Henry V. He died in 1432, and was suc- 
 ceeded by his son, Edward, Avho died in 
 1459, leaving Humphrey his son and heir, 
 whose son, Richard, was sheriff of Sussex 
 and Surrey, and in the tenth year of 
 Henry VllI, was treasurer of the army in 
 France. He died in 1524, and was buried 
 at Wythiam. His lady was Isabel, daughter 
 of John Digges, esq., of Barham, in Kent, 
 by whom he left issue four sons and six 
 daughters. The youngest, Isabel, was the 
 last prioress of St. Mary's, Clerkenwell. 
 
 John Sackville, esq., the next heir, was 
 thrice sheriff of Sussex and Surrey, in the 
 19th, 32nd, and 39th Henry VIII, and 
 sat in parliament, in the 4th and 5th Philip 
 and Mary, for East Grinstead. He married 
 Anne, second daughter of Sir William 
 
22 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 Boleyn, and sister of queen Anne Boleyn, 
 by whom he had issue several sons and 
 daughters. Of the sons, two only lived 
 to maturity. He died in 1537, and was 
 succeeded by his son Richard. 
 
 Richard Sackville was a man distin- 
 guished in his day both for his talents and 
 his wealth. He was treasurer of the army 
 in the reign of Henry VHI, and chancellor 
 of the Court of Augmentations. He was 
 knighted in the second year of Edward VI, 
 and was of the privy-council to that young 
 monarch, as well as to queens Mary and 
 Elizabeth. Sir Richard served in the par- 
 liament which met at Oxford, in the first 
 year of queen Mary ; for the county of Kent, 
 in the first of Elizabeth ; and in the next 
 parliament for Sussex, which county he 
 afterwards represented during his life. He 
 was likewise under-treasurer of the Exche- 
 quer. He died in the eighth year of queen 
 Elizabeth, anno 1566,* and was buried 
 
 * Erroneously stated to be 1556, in Collins's and Burke's 
 Peerage, Hasted's Kent, and several other authorities. 
 
SACKVILLE. 23 
 
 at Wythiam, in Sussex. His lady was 
 Winifred, daughter of Sir John Bruges, knt., 
 lord-mayor of London in 1520, by whom 
 he left a son and heir, Thomas, and a 
 daughter. 
 
 His son, Thomas Sackville, esq., after- 
 wards baron Buckhurst and earl of Dorset, 
 was a student at both the universities, where 
 he became celebrated for poetic talent. He 
 was first of Oxford, but afterwards removed 
 to Cambridge. Thence he went to the Inner 
 Temple ; it being then fashionable for every 
 young man of fortune, before he began his 
 travels, or was admitted into parliament, to 
 be initiated in the study of the law. He 
 carried with him to the Inner Temple his 
 love of poetry, and while pursuing his legal 
 studies, or perhaps i^s^eac? of pursuing them, 
 he composed a tragedy called " Ferrex and 
 Porrex," which was exhibited in the great 
 hall of the Inner Temple, by the students 
 of that society, as part of the entertainment 
 of a grand Christmas festival, and after- 
 wards before queen Elizabeth, at White- 
 hall. It is remarkable that this was the 
 
24 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 first dramatic piece of any note in English 
 verse ; and in estimating its merits, it must 
 be remembered that it was written many 
 years before any of Shakspeare's plays. Tts 
 original title was " The Tragedie of Ferrex 
 andPorrex,sonsof Gorboduc;" and it is sup- 
 posed that the author was assisted in it by 
 Norton, a fellow-labourer of Sternhold and 
 Hopkins, to whom parts of the first three 
 acts are attributed. This tragedy was sur- 
 reptitiously and incorrectly printed in 1565 ; 
 more correctly in 1 570 ; and again in 1 590, 
 when it was entitled " Gorboduc." It was 
 republished by Dodsley in 1736, with a 
 preface by Mr. Spence, at the suggestion 
 of Pope, who " wondered that the propriety 
 and natural ease of it had not been better 
 imitated by the dramatic authors of the 
 succeeding age." It is added, that Mr. Pope 
 had so high an opinion of this drama that, 
 at his recommendation, it was brought for- 
 ward at Drury-lane theatre, and acted with 
 great success ; and Sir Philip Sidney, in 
 his " Apology for Poetry" gives this lofty 
 character of it : — " it is full of high-sounding 
 
 i 
 
SACKVILLE. 25 
 
 phrases, climbing- to the heights of Seneca's 
 style, and as full of notable morality, which 
 it most delightfully doth teach, and so 
 obtain the very end of poesy." Its popu- 
 larity was probably increased by the courtly 
 politics it taught ; but it is no light praise 
 to the author, that he was the first to reject 
 scriptural subjects, or mysteries, and to 
 strike into history for dramatic amusement. 
 Mr. Sackville was also, in his early years, 
 the originator of a poem (to which he wrote 
 an introduction), under the title of " The 
 Mirrour of Magistrates." It was intended 
 to comprehend a view of all the illustrious 
 but unfortunate characters of English his- 
 tory, from the date of the Conquest. He 
 found leisure to complete only what he 
 called the " Induction" and one legend, 
 being' the life of Henry Stafford, duke of 
 Buckingham. He sketched the plan of the 
 work, and commenced it : it was afterwards 
 left to other hands. Of what he did per- 
 form, Mr. Warton says, it approached, in 
 richness of allegoric description, nearer to 
 
 E 
 
26 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 the style of Spenser than any previous 
 poem. 
 
 In the fourth and fifth year of the reign of 
 queen Mary, and the first and fifth of Eliza- 
 beth, Mr. Sackville served in parliament 
 for Westmoreland, Sussex, and Bucking- 
 hamshire. This was during his father's life- 
 time ; of whose death he was apprised at 
 Rome, where he is said to have been found 
 in prison, but for what cause is not known. 
 His liberation was, however, soon obtained, 
 and he returned to England to take posses- 
 sion of his large inheritance. In the follow- 
 ing year, queen Elizabeth granted him the 
 reversion of the manor-house and park of 
 Knole as already mentioned. On the 8th 
 of June in the same year (1567), he was 
 knighted in the presence of the queen by 
 the duke of Norfolk, and on the same day 
 was advanced to the title of lord Buck- 
 hurst, baron of Buckhurst,* in the county 
 of Sussex, and afterwards made knight of 
 
 * Where his lordship was born. 
 
SACKVILLE. 27 
 
 the Garter. The queen ever afterwards 
 distinguished him with particular marks of 
 her favour. He is said to have been a most 
 perfect and accomplished gentleman, as well 
 in person as in endowments. He was in 
 his youth much disposed to extravagance ; 
 and being in the fourteenth year of queen 
 Elizabeth's reign sent ambassador-extraor- 
 dinary to Charles IX of France, to negociate 
 the marriage contemplated, or pretended to 
 be contemplated, between the queen and 
 the duke of Anjou, his prodigality on the 
 occasion is stated to have been almost 
 ruinous. The indignity of being detained 
 without ceremony in the outer office of a 
 money-lending citizen is said to have been 
 the first hint to reclaim him from his ex- 
 pensive habits ; and it is believed that the 
 kind remonstrances of the queen herself, to 
 whom he was related by affinity, were not 
 wanting, to divert him from his immoderate 
 courses. But, whatever were the incen- 
 tives, his amendment was complete, and 
 advancing years brought increase of estate 
 as well as of honours. 
 
28 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 Jn 1572, lord Buckhurst was one of the 
 peers who sat on the trial of Thomas, duke 
 of Norfolk, who was attainted of high 
 treason, for his communications with Mary, 
 queen of Scots, and beheaded. In 1586, he 
 was one of the commissioners for the trial 
 of the queen of Scots ; soon after which he 
 was sent ambassador-extraordinary to the 
 States of the United Provinces, to settle the 
 differences between those States and the 
 earl of Leicester. His conduct on this mis- 
 sion appears to have excited the animosity 
 of the earl of Leicester, at whose instigation 
 lord Buckhurst was recalled to England, 
 and ordered by the queen to remain a close 
 prisoner within his own house. This en- 
 sured for some months, and but for the earl 
 of Leicester's death, would probably not 
 have terminated so soon. It is alleged on 
 the authority of his chaplain, that during 
 this confinement, lord Buckhurst would not 
 allow his wife or any of his family to see 
 him. After the earl's death, however, he 
 was speedily restored to the queen's favour, 
 at whose special recommendation he was 
 
SACKVILLE. 29 
 
 elected, in 1591, the successor of Sir 
 Christopher Hatton, in the chancellorship 
 of Oxford. While residing at Oxford, the 
 queen honoured him with a visit of several 
 days, during which she was entertained 
 with great magnificence, with speeches, 
 plays, &c. 
 
 In 1598, he was joined with lord Bur- 
 leigh to negociate a peace with Spain ; on 
 which occasion his abilities were so emi- 
 nently displayed as to lead to his elevation 
 to the office of lord-high-treasurer, to which 
 he was appointed on the death of Burleigh. 
 From this period he acted with Sir Robert 
 Cecil to the end of Elizabeth's reign, and 
 is said to have been eminently serviceable 
 to her majesty in detecting and defeating- 
 the ambitious projects of the earl of Essex. 
 In the forty-third of Elizabeth, he pre- 
 sided as lord-high-steward at the trial of 
 the earls of Essex and Southampton, and 
 in passing sentence upon Essex, advised 
 him in the most impressive manner to 
 appeal to the queen's i^ercy. The next 
 year he was appointed one of the lords 
 
30 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 commissioners for exercisinsf the office of 
 earl-marshal of England. 
 
 On the accession of king James, he was 
 confirmed in the ofiice of treasurer, conti- 
 nued to co-operate with Cecil, and in the 
 first year of that reign was created earl of 
 Dorset. He continued his attention to 
 affairs of state to the last hour of his life, 
 and died at the council-table, April 19th, 
 1608, aged about 75. He was buried at 
 Wythiam, in Sussex. His death made way 
 for James's Scotch favourites, and laid the 
 foundation of the ruin of that king's race. 
 
 All biographers are agreed in awarding 
 to this great man an unimpeachable cha- 
 racter in all the relations of private life : he 
 was a benefactor to the poor, a liberal land- 
 lord, "an affectionate husband, a kind 
 father, and a firm friend."* As a states- 
 man, he was distinguished for political in- 
 dependence, notwithstanding that he stood 
 so high in the queen's good graces, that he 
 might be presumed to be devoted entirely 
 
 * Walpole. 
 
SACKVILLE. 31 
 
 to her service. It would seem to have been 
 on account of his strict integrity that her 
 majesty continued to place the greatest 
 confidence in him, and to employ him in 
 the most important affairs up to the day of 
 her death. As a speaker and writer, of the 
 age in which he lived, he is entitled to the 
 highest respect. He is said to have himself 
 composed nearly all his state-papers, and 
 he unquestionably made valuable improve- 
 ments in the style and taste of English 
 poetry. Several of his letters are preserved 
 in the Cabala, and one to the earl of Sussex, 
 is printed in the Howard collection, p. 297. 
 
 His lordship married Cecile, daughter of 
 Sir John Baker, knt., of Sissinghurst, with 
 whom he lived in uninterrupted harmony 
 for fifty-one years, and left issue by her 
 four sons and three daughters. 
 
 His eldest son, Robert, succeeded as earl 
 of Dorset, and likewise to the inheritance of 
 Knole; but he died the following year, 
 aged 48, and was buried with his ancestors 
 at Wythiam, in Sussex. He was a man of 
 science and a linguist, and had considerable 
 
32 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 influence in the Commons' house of parlia- 
 ment, where he served for the borough of 
 East Grinstead, and subsequently for the 
 county of Sussex. By his last will, he left 
 £1000, or as much as might be necessary, 
 for founding an hospital at East Grinstead 
 (called Sackville College), for thirty-one 
 poor persons, and endowed it with £330 a 
 year. He was twice married, but had issue 
 by his first lady only (Margaret, daughter 
 of Thomas, duke of Norfolk), who bore 
 him three sons and three daughters. His 
 second son, Richard, succeeded him, his 
 elder brother having died in the father's life 
 time. 
 
 Richard, third earl of Dorset, had not 
 attained his twentieth year when he inherited 
 the earldom and estates. Within two days 
 after his father's death he married the cele- 
 brated lady Anne Clifford, daughter and 
 heiress of George Clifford, earl of Cumber- 
 land, the lady being in her nineteenth year. 
 The reason for this indecent haste does not 
 appear ; but it seems that, two years after- 
 wards, agreeably to some engagement made 
 
SACKVILLE. 33 
 
 with his friends before his marriage, he went 
 abroad, though with what object is also a 
 secret; — if in the hope of gaining wisdom 
 or prudence, his friends were not gratified ; 
 for he returned to Knole on the 8th of 
 April, 1612, from which period, with all 
 the impetuosity of youth possessed of means 
 apparently inexhaustible, he led a life of 
 most profuse magnificence and unbounded 
 hospitality. The consequences may be 
 readily anticipated, — he was compelled to 
 sell his possessions; among the rest were 
 the manor of Sevenoaks, previously pur- 
 chased by him of Henry Carey, lord Huns- 
 don, and the manor, seat, and park of 
 Knole, of which, however, he reserved to 
 himself and his heirs a lease. He is de- 
 scribed as handsome in person, elegant in 
 manners, and generous in disposition, pos- 
 sessed of considerable learnino- thousrh of 
 but little prudence, affable, and kind. His 
 lady, who survived him, and was afterwards 
 married to Philip Herbert, earl of Pem- 
 broke (whom she also survived), thus speaks 
 of him : — '* This first lord of mine was in 
 
 F 
 
34 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 his own nature of a just mind, of a sweet 
 disposition, and very valiant in his own 
 person. He had a great advantage in his 
 breeding by the wisdom and devotion of 
 his grandfather, Thomas Sackville, earl of 
 Dorset, and lord-high-treasurer, who was 
 one of the wisest men of that time, by which 
 means he was so good a scholar in all man- 
 ner of learning, that in his youth, when he 
 was in the university of Oxford, there were 
 none of the young nobility that excelled 
 him. He was also a good patriot to his 
 country, and generally beloved in it ; much 
 esteemed of in all the parliaments that sat 
 in his time; and so great a lover of scholars 
 and soldiers, as that with an excessive bounty 
 towards them, or indeed any of worth that 
 were in distress, he did much diminish his 
 estate, as also with excessive prodigality in 
 house-keeping and other noble ways at 
 court, as tilting, masking, and the like, 
 prince Henry being then alive, who was 
 much addicted to those noble exercises, 
 and of whom he was much beloved." 
 Of the state in which this young noble- 
 
SACKVILLE. 35 
 
 man lived, some conception may be formed 
 from a catalogue of his household and 
 family, from 1613 to 1624, copied by 
 Mr. Bridgman, from a manuscript in Knole 
 House. From this it appears, that at " my 
 lord's" table, there sat daily eight persons ; 
 at the parlour table, twenty-one, including 
 ladies in waiting-, chaplain, secretary, pages, 
 &c. : at the clerk's table in the hall, twenty, 
 consisting of the principal household offi- 
 cers ; in the nursery, four j at the long 
 table in the hall, forty-eight, being attend- 
 ants, footmen, and other inferior domestics; 
 at the laundry-maid's table, twelve, and in 
 the kitchen and scullery, six : — in all, a 
 constant household of one-hundred and nine- 
 teen persons, independently of visitors. 
 Dorset House, London, situate where Salis- 
 bury-square now stands, was also main- 
 tained at the same time, besides a seat called 
 Bolebroke House in Sussex. His lordship 
 died at his town-house on the 18th March 
 1624, at the early age of thirty-five, and 
 was buried at Wythiam, in Sussex, He 
 had issue three sons and two daughters: 
 
do THE FAMILY OF 
 
 but the sons having died in infancy, he 
 was succeeded in the earldom and wreck of 
 the estates by Sir Edward Sackville, K.B., 
 his only surviving brother. 
 
 Edward, fourth earl of Dorset, was born 
 in 1590. He was educated with his brother 
 Richard, and in his youth distinguished for 
 his abilities. Soon after he came of age, he 
 married Mary, daughter and heiress of Sir 
 George Curzon, of Croxhall, in Derbyshire. 
 Two years after this, namely in 1613, 
 being then at Croxhall, he was concerned 
 in a fatal duel, which is thus mentioned by 
 lord Clarendon : — "He entered into a fatal 
 quarrel, upon a subject very unwarrantable, 
 with a young nobleman of Scotland, the 
 lord Bruce, upon which they both trans- 
 ported themselves into Flanders, and, 
 attended only by two chirurgiens, placed 
 at a distance, and under an obligation not 
 to stir but at the fall of one of them, they 
 fought under the walls of Antwerp, when 
 the lord Bruce fell dead upon the place ; and 
 Mr. Sackville being likewise hurt, retired 
 into the next monastery which was at hand." 
 
SACKVILLE. 37 
 
 This affair having naturally excited great 
 attention at the time, and many injurious 
 reports being in circulation, Mr. Sackville, 
 before his return to England, explained in 
 a letter, " on the faith of a gentleman," all 
 the details of the duel, and sent it to a friend 
 to be delivered to the lord-chamberlain. 
 From this statement, which carries with it 
 the strongest marks of punctilious veracity, 
 it appears that the parties met at Bergen- 
 op-Zoom, lord Bruce accompanied by Mr. 
 Crawford, an English gentleman, for his 
 second, a surgeon and his man, and Mr. 
 Sackville accompanied by Sir John Heydon, 
 knt. Lord Bruce then addressing himself 
 to Sir John Heydon, told him, " that he 
 found himself so behind-hand, that a little 
 of his (Mr, Sackville's) blood would not 
 serve his turn, and that he therefore was 
 now resolved to have him alone, to satisfy 
 himself and his honours." It was finally 
 agreed, in spite of the indignant remon- 
 strances of Sir John Heydon on such 
 blood-thirsty intentions, that the principals 
 should ride on tooether for two miles, 
 
39 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 attended by their surgeons only, they being 
 unarmed. Mr. Sackville then relates the 
 manner of the death-fight in the following 
 words : — 
 
 " I being then very mad with anger the 
 lord Bruce should thirst after my life with 
 a kind of assuredness, bade him alight, 
 which with all willingness he quickly 
 granted ; and there, in a meadow (ancle- 
 deep in the water at least), bidding farewell 
 to our doublets, in our shirts we began to 
 charge each other, having afore commanded 
 our surgeons to withdraw themselves a 
 pretty distance from us; conjuring them 
 besides, as they respected our favour or 
 their own safeties, not to stir, but suffer us 
 to execute our pleasure ; we being fully 
 resolved (God forgive us) to despatch each 
 other by what means we could. I made a 
 thrust at my enemy, but was short ; and in 
 drawing back my arm, I received a great 
 wound thereon ; but, in revenge, I pressed 
 into him, though I then missed him also; 
 and then received a wound in my right pap, 
 which passed level through my body, and 
 
SACKVILLE. 39 
 
 almost to my back ; and there we wrestled 
 for the two greatest and dearest prizes, 
 honour and life; in which struggling-, my 
 hand, having but an ordinary glove on it, 
 lost one of her servants, though the meanest, 
 which hung by a skin. But at last breath- 
 ing, yet keeping our holds, there passed on 
 both sides propositions of quitting each 
 other's sword. But, when amity was dead, 
 confidence could not live, and who should 
 quit first was the question ; and, re-striving 
 again afresh, with a kick and a wrench 
 together, I freed my long-captive weapon, 
 which incontinently levying at his throat, 
 being master still of his, I demanded if he 
 would ask his life or yield his sword ? Both 
 which, though in that imminent danger, 
 he bravely denied to do. Myself being- 
 wounded, and feeling loss of blood, having 
 three conduits running on me, began to make 
 me faint ; and he courageously persisting 
 not to accord to either of my propositions, 
 from remembrance of his former bloody 
 desire, and feeling" of my present estate, I 
 struck at his heart : but, with his avoiding. 
 
40 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 missed my aim, yet passed through hig 
 body, and, drawing- back my sword repassed 
 it again through another place, when he 
 cried, * Oh, I am slain !' seconding his 
 speech with all the force he had to cast me. 
 But being too weak, after I had defended 
 his assault, I easily became master of him, 
 laying him on his back ; when being upon 
 him, I re-demanded, if he would request his 
 life? But it seems he prized it not at so 
 dear a rate to be beholden for it, bravely 
 replying ' He scorned it !' which answer 
 of his was so noble and worthy, as I protest 
 I could not find in my heart to offer him 
 any more violence, only keeping him down, 
 till, at length, his surgeon afar off cried 
 out, *He would immediately die if his 
 wounds were not stopped !' Whereupon 
 I asked, ' if he desired his surgeon should 
 come?' which he accepted of; and so being 
 drawn away, I never offered to take his 
 sword, accounting it inhumane to rob a 
 dead man, for so I held him to be. This 
 thus ended, I retired to my surgeon, in 
 whose arms, after I had remained awhile 
 
SACKVILLE. 41 
 
 for want of blood, I lost my sight, ami 
 withal, as I then thought, my life also. 
 But strong water and his diligence quickly 
 recovered me ; when I escaped a great 
 danger, for my lord's surgeon, when nobody 
 dreamt of it, came full at me with his lord's 
 sword, and had not mine with my sword 
 interposed himself, I had been slain by 
 those base hands, although my lord Bruce, 
 weltering in his blood, and past all expecta- 
 tion of life, conformable to all his former 
 carriage, which was undoubtedly noble, 
 cried out, ' Eascal, hold thy hand!' So 
 may 1 prosper as I have dealt sincerely 
 with you in this relation. 
 
 '^Edward Sackville. 
 
 '* Lovain, the 8tk September, 1613." 
 
 The cause of this butcherly conflict has 
 never transpired : lord Clarendon, who is 
 supposed to have known it, contents himself 
 by saying that it was " upon a subject very 
 unwarrantable." 
 
 In November, 1616, Mr. Sackville was 
 created a knight of the Bath, and about the 
 
42 
 
 THE FAMILY OP 
 
 same period, elected member for the county 
 of Sussex. In 1620, he was one of the 
 principal commanders of the forces then 
 sent to the assistance of Frederick, king of 
 Bohemia, and was in the celebrated battle 
 of Prague, fought that year. On the 12th 
 March, 1621, Sir Edward Sackville advo- 
 cated, in the House of Commons, the cause 
 of lord Bacon, then charged with corrup- 
 tion. In the same year he went out as 
 ambassador to Louis Xlllth of France ; 
 after which he was elevated by king James 
 to a seat at the privy council. He was 
 abroad when he succeeded to the earldom 
 of Dorset, the estates of which he found so 
 encumbered, that but little was left for the 
 support of the dignity. 
 
 His lordship, however, immediately re- 
 turned to England; and, after the accession 
 of king Charles I, he was, on the 15th May, 
 1625, installed a knight of the Garter, and 
 on that king's marriage, made lord -cham- 
 berlain to the queen (as he was afterwards 
 to the king), being then a privy-councillor, 
 and joint lord-lieutenant of Sussex. In 
 
SACKVILLE. 43 
 
 1640, he was one of the regents during* the 
 king's absence in Scotland, and at the same 
 time lord-lieutenant of Middlesex ; in which 
 latter capacity he incurred the displeasure 
 of the House of Commons, by ordering the 
 train-bands to fire upon a mob which was 
 collected to intimidate the House of Lords, 
 when the bill against the bishops was under 
 discussion. In 1641, he was president of 
 the council and lord-privy-seal, and during 
 the whole of the contest which ensued, 
 between king Charles and his parliament, 
 he remained loyal and stedfast to that un- 
 fortunate monarch ; attended him at the 
 battle of Edge-hill, addressed the council 
 in his favour in 1643, was with him when 
 he surrendered himself to the Scottish army, 
 and finally, was one of his most faithful 
 adherents when he was, in 1647, taken to 
 Hampton Court. After this, the king being 
 virtually in the hands of the army, and his 
 fatal end rapidly approaching, the earl of 
 Dorset, and his other noble attendants, 
 were forcibly separated from the royal 
 person. After the death of his sovereign. 
 
44 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 the earl never quitted his house, but dying- 
 on the 17th July, 1652, was buried with his 
 ancestors at Wythiam. Of his character 
 we have the following summary by lord 
 Clarendon : " his wit sparkling and sub- 
 lime ; his other parts of such lustre, that he 
 could not miscarry in the world. He had 
 a very sharp discerning spirit, and was a 
 man of an obliging nature, much honour, of 
 great generosity, and of most entire fidelity 
 to the crown." 
 
 His lordship suflPered grievously by his 
 honest devotion to the royal cause : in 1625, 
 his son, Edward, being taken prisoner by 
 the parliamentary forces, was barbarously 
 murdered ; and in the same year he was 
 deprived of his estate of Knole, the parlia- 
 mentary commissioners having held a court 
 in the dining-parlour, in order to its seques- 
 tration. It had previously been plundered 
 by the troops ; and indeed it is wonderful 
 under the circumstances, that the place 
 escaped so well as it did. 
 
 His lordship had issue a daughter, Mary, 
 who died young; and two sons, Edward, 
 
SACKVILLF-. 45 
 
 of whose untimely fate we have just spoken, 
 and Richard, his successor. 
 
 Richard, fifth earl of Dorset, was born in 
 1622. During- his father's lifetime, he w^as 
 one of the fifty-nine members of the House 
 of Commons who voted against the at- 
 tainder of the earl of Strafford. He mar- 
 ried lady Frances, daughter of Lionel 
 earl of Cranfield and Middlesex, and eventu- 
 ally inheriting the estates of her brother, 
 Lionel, earl of Middlesex. The date of this 
 marriage does not appear ; neither can we 
 find any record of the earl's actions during 
 the troublous times of the commonwealth, 
 except that Mr. Bridgman quotes the fol- 
 lowing documents, the originals of which 
 are at Knole, in proof that his circumstances 
 were not much to be envied. 
 
 " To his highness y^ lord protector of the 
 commonwealth of England, Scotland, and 
 Ireland, tbe several answers of Richard, 
 earle of Dorsett, to the petition of the 
 poor creditors of Edward, late earle of 
 of Dorsett, deceased. 
 
46 
 
 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 " Humbly sheweth, 
 
 " That this respondent was and is a mere 
 stranger to the actions and engagements of 
 the said Edward, earle of Dorsett, his late 
 father, charged upon this respondent in the 
 said petition, from whom this respondent 
 hath not, nor ever had, aine assetts, either 
 reall or personall ; but this respondent's 
 said father, at the tyme of his death, was, 
 by an engagement under his hand and seale, 
 really and bona fide indebted to this re- 
 spondent in the sum of £1200 and upwards, 
 w^^ this respondent hath utterly lost, without 
 any hopes of ever being satisfied for the 
 same. And as to the pretended combina- 
 tion with Major Basse, or anie unjust prac- 
 ticings, or confederacy, by and of this 
 resp* with any other person or persons 
 whatever, or this respon*'^ voluptuous living, 
 alledged in the said petition, this respon* 
 absolutely denyeth the same to be true, and 
 humbly averreth that the said allegations 
 and inferences are merely false and scanda- 
 lous; and therefore this respon* humbly 
 prayes y'^ highness tjiat he may be dismissed. 
 "And this respon* shall ever pray." 
 
SACKVILLR. 47 
 
 " Pulletry, 
 
 " Wlier'as, by o^ warrant, wee lately 
 commanded you that you should arrest the 
 body of Eichard, earl of Dorsett, soe that 
 wee might have his body before the barons 
 of the Exchequer at Westminster, in eio-ht 
 dayes of St. Hilary next coming-, to answer 
 unto the lord-protector of divers trespasses, 
 contempts, and offencies, by him lately done 
 and committed *, Now, for that the said 
 Richard, earl of Dorsett, hath put in baile 
 unto us to appear before the barons afore- 
 said, at the day and place aforesaid, there- 
 fore wee command you that you forbear 
 execucion of the said warrant, or any wayes 
 to arrest, molest, or trouble the said earl, 
 o'^ said warrant unto you formerly in any 
 wise notwithstanding-. 
 
 "Dated 12-3, 1656. 
 " To any of o'" Serjeants at mace, 
 
 "Nathaniel Timms,> ^, . ,. ,, 
 icrr 7VT >-SherilIs. 
 
 " Tempest Milner, ^ 
 
 After the death of Cromwell, which hap- 
 
48 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 pened in 1658, we find the earl of Dorset 
 following up the loyal principles of his 
 father, and a chief promoter of the restora- 
 tion of king* Charles II, which being effected, 
 he was, in 1660, joined with the earl of 
 Berkshire in the lord-lieutenancy of Mid- 
 dlesex and Westminster ; and in October of 
 the same year he was commissioned with 
 other lords to try the regicides. 
 
 In 1661, he was admitted, with the duke 
 of York, of the Inner Temple ; and in the 
 course of the same year (having previously, 
 as is presumed, become possessed of consi- 
 derable property in right of his wife), he 
 re-purchased the manor, mansion and park, 
 of Knole, which he made his chief resi- 
 dence. He does not appear to have held 
 any ofiice at the court of Charles II ; 
 but in 1670, he was constituted, jointly 
 with lord Buckhurst, his son, lord-lieutenant 
 and custos rotulorum of the county of 
 Sussex. He died August 27, 1677, and 
 was succeeded by his eldest son, Charles. 
 
 Charles, sixth earl of Dorset, had, two 
 years anterior to his father's death, become 
 
SAGKVILLE. 49 
 
 possessed, in rig lit of his mother, of" the 
 estates of his uncle, the earl of Middlesex, 
 who died in 1674, in consequence of which 
 he had been, by letters patent, dated 4th 
 April, 1675, created baron Cranfield, of 
 Cranfield in the county of Bedford, and earl 
 of Middlesex. His lordship is stated by 
 Mr. Bridgman to have been born on the 
 24th January, 1637 ; but no authority is to 
 be found for this date, which is evidently 
 erroneous, as his father, according- to Bridg- 
 man himself, and many other authorities, 
 was not born until September, 1622. It 
 seems probable, however, that he was nearly 
 forty years of age in 1677, when he suc- 
 ceeded his father as earl of Dorset ; for, 
 shortly after the restoration of Charles II, 
 which took place in 1660, he served as 
 member for East Grinstead, and may be 
 presumed to have been then of full age. 
 Subsequently to this, he became a great 
 favourite with king Charles 11, to whom 
 he recommended himself by his generous 
 disposition, elegant manners, the sprightli- 
 ness of his wit, and we fear we must add, 
 II 
 
50 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 his accomplished libertinism. He was pri- 
 vately educated, and after making the grand 
 tonr, returned to England a little before 
 the Restoration. He soon distinguished 
 himself as a speaker in the House of Com- 
 mons, and was, besides, greatly admired for 
 his Anacreontic poetry. The king offered 
 him employment under the government, 
 but he was too much bent on the gratifica- 
 tion of his pleasures to engage in anything 
 like business. Associating with Villiers, 
 Rochester, Sedley, Ogle, and other fashion- 
 able libertines, he entered into much of 
 their profligacy, and is mentioned as one 
 of the party in many anecdotes which re- 
 flect disgrace on the young nobility of that 
 day. 
 
 In 1665, on the breaking out of the 
 Dutch war, Sackville first awoke to manly 
 exertion. He placed himself as a volunteer 
 under the duke of York, and behaved with 
 great gallantry in the action of the 3rd of 
 June, when the Dutch admiral, Opdam, was 
 blown up, and many ships taken or de- 
 stroyed. It was on the evening preceding 
 
SACKVILLE. 61 
 
 this engagement, that he composed the well- 
 known song 
 
 " To all you ladies now on land." 
 Soon after this he was made a gentleman 
 of the bed-chamber, and sent repeatedly 
 to France on embassies of compliment. 
 
 After the death of king Charles II, the 
 earl of Dorset retired from court; bnt he 
 was present with other noblemen at the 
 King's Bench, on the 29th June, 1688, at 
 the trial of the bishops, and was warmly 
 engaged in the measures which brought on 
 the Revolution, and placed William and 
 Mary on the throne. He accompanied the 
 princess Anne of Denmark on her flight 
 from her father's court, attended her to 
 Northampton, and there provided her with 
 a body-guard of horsemen. On the acknow- 
 ledgment of the prince and princess of 
 Orange, as king and queen of these realms, 
 the earl of Dorset was sworn of the privy- 
 council, and made lord-chamberlain of the 
 household. He was elected a knight of the 
 Garter, and accompanied the king to Hol- 
 land in 1691 ; and he had the honour of 
 
52 
 
 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 being four times appointed one of the 
 regents of the kingdom during his majesty's 
 absence. About 1698, he withdrew from 
 public life, and spent the remainder of his 
 days in retirement. He died at Bath on 
 the 29th January, 1706, and was buried in 
 the family vault at Wythiam. 
 
 Horace Walpole, in speaking of this 
 nobleman, says " he was the first gentle- 
 man in the voluptuous court of Charles H, 
 and in the gloomy one of king William. 
 He had as much wit at his first master, 
 or his cotemporaries Buckingham and Ro- 
 chester, without the king's want of feeling, 
 the duke's want of principle, or the earl's 
 want of thought." All are agreed in 
 awarding to him talents and accomplish- 
 ments of the first order, with a disposition 
 o-enerous to excess. He was a constant and 
 munificent patron of men of learning and 
 genius — the Maecenas of his time. Prior, 
 Dryden, Butler, Congreve,WycherIy, Addi- 
 son and Pope, all write in his praise ; many 
 of them in a style, which, to say the least 
 of it, is sufficiently flattering. Of these 
 
SACKVILLE. 53 
 
 writers, the first two had partaken largely 
 of his bounty, as they frankly acknowledge ; 
 Prior gratefully avowing " that he scarcely 
 knew what life was, until he found himself 
 obliged by his lordship's favour." Killi- 
 grew, also, was much indebted to him; and 
 Durfey, who for some years had apartments 
 at Knole, had repeated proofs of his kind- 
 ness. To his lordship's character for gene- 
 rosity, must therefore certainly be assigned 
 much of the too-fulsome panegyric with 
 which men of genius, who dined at his 
 table, have addressed him. Dryden, one 
 of his chief admirers, in the attempt to pro- 
 duce authors of our own country superior to 
 those of antiquity, vents the following gross 
 adulation, " I would instance your lordship 
 in satire, and Shakspeare in tragedy !" 
 
 The epitaph written by Pope, com- 
 mencing' — 
 
 " Dorset, the grace of courts, the muses' pride" — 
 
 is too well known for quotation : and, like 
 the tributes of other less independent pane- 
 gyrists, is certainly most complimentary. 
 
64 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 If the following pleasant anecdote be 
 true, it would seem that his lordship was 
 himself fully aware that the surest mode of 
 bearing" away the palm was to gratify the 
 umpire. It was agreed by a party assem- 
 bled at Knole, that each should write an 
 impromptu, and that Dryden should decide 
 which was the best. All present, except 
 the earl, went studiously to work ; mean- 
 time his lordship wrote a few hasty words, 
 and threw the paper upon the table. The 
 contribution of each having been obtained, 
 Dryden rose and said, that he was sure the 
 company would unanimously agree with 
 him that nothing could surpass the earl's, 
 which he begged to read to them : — " I 
 promise to pay Mr. John Dryden, or order, 
 fivehimdred pounds, on demand. Dorset." 
 
 The earl was twice married ; first, to 
 Elizabeth, daughter of Hervey Bagot, esq., 
 of Pipe Hall, Cumberland, (and widow of 
 Charles Berkeley, earl of Falmouth,) by 
 whom he had no issue; secondly, to lady 
 Mary, daughter of James Compton, earl of 
 Northampton, who bore him a son, Lionel 
 
SACKVILLE. 55 
 
 Craiifield, his successor, and a daughter, 
 Mary, who married Henry Somerset, duke 
 of Beaufort. 
 
 Lionel Cranfield, the seventh earl and 
 first duke of Dorset, was born on the 18th 
 of January, 1688. In 1706, being* then in 
 his nineteenth year, he went to Hanover 
 with the earl of Halifax, who was the bearer 
 of the act of settlement from queen Anne to 
 the Electorate. In 1708, he was appointed 
 constable of Dover Castle, and lord-warden 
 of the Cinque-Ports. At the demise of 
 queen Anne, he was sent ambassador to 
 Hanover to announce that event to the 
 Elector (who thereby succeeded to the 
 English throne as George 1), and to attend 
 his majesty on his journey to England. 
 He was forthwith sworn of the privy-council, 
 constituted first gentleman of the bed- 
 chamber, and a few days afterwards, Octo- 
 ber 16, 1714, was installed a knight of the 
 Garter. In 1720, he was advanced to the 
 dignity of duke of Dorset. In 1724, he 
 was made custos rotulorum of the county 
 of Kent, and next year lord-steward of the 
 
56 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 king's household, and one of the lords 
 justices during the king's absence from 
 England ; which trust he was several times 
 honoured with in the succeeding reign of 
 George II, whenever the king went abroad. 
 At the coronation of George II, he was 
 appointed lord-high-steward of England 
 for the day. 
 
 In 1730, he was appointed lord-lieutenant 
 of Ireland ; in 1737, lord -steward of the 
 household a second time ; 1744, lord-presi- 
 dent of the council ; and in 1746, he was 
 lord-lieutenant and custos rotulorum of the 
 county of Kent, and vice-admiral of the 
 same. 
 
 In 1751, the duke was again lord lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland ; resigning which in 1755, 
 he was appointed master of the horse. 
 This he gave up in 1757, when the office of 
 constable of Dover Castle, and lord-warden 
 of the Cinque Ports was conferred on him 
 for life. At the accession of king George III, 
 he was continued of the privy-council, and 
 in his commission of lord -lieutenant, &c., of 
 Kent. After which, being greatly advanced 
 
SACKVILLE. 57 
 
 in years, he retired from public employ- 
 ment. He died October 9, 1765, greatly 
 respected, and was buried with his ances- 
 tors at Wythiam. 
 
 These details are chiefly from Mr. Has- 
 ted's History of Kent, to which we must 
 add that, " in private life he united the 
 amiable character of a kind husband and 
 father, with that of an excellent master and 
 a sincere friend. He lived in great hospi- 
 tality all his life ; and when at Knole, the 
 front of the house was frequently crowded 
 with horses and carriages, so as to give it 
 rather the appearance of a princely levee 
 than the residence of a private nobleman."* 
 
 His grace married Elizabeth, daughter 
 of lieutenant-general Colyear (brother of 
 David, earl of Portmore), by whom he had 
 six children, three of whom were sons ; 
 namely : 
 
 I. Charles, his successor. 
 n. John Philip, who married Frances, 
 daughter of John earl Gower, and 
 
 * Bridgman's Sketch. 
 
58 ' THE FAMILY OF 
 
 dying in 1765, left issue a daughter, 
 and a son, namely 
 John Frederick, who succeeded as 
 third duke. 
 III. George, afterwards known as lord 
 George Germaine, and still later as 
 viscount Sackville.* He died in 
 1785, leaving issue, 
 Charles, the present duke of Dorset, 
 and four other children. 
 
 On the decease of Lionel, first duke of 
 Dorset, his eldest son, Charles, earl of Mid- 
 dlesex, succeeded to his titles and estates. 
 He had previously been M. P. for East 
 Grinstead, and master of the horse to 
 Frederick, prince of Wales. In 1766, he 
 was constituted lord-lieutenant and custos 
 rotulorum of the county of Kent ; but he 
 did not long survive. He was a poet, and 
 a connoisseur in the arts: the song of 
 ** Arno's vale" attests his merit in the former 
 
 * For a biographical notice of this nobleman, see 
 Appendix, No. 49, 
 
^ACKVILLE. 59 
 
 capacity. His grace married a daughter of 
 viscount Shannon, but had no issue. He 
 died January 6, 1769, and was succeeded 
 by his nephew John Frederick, the only 
 son of his next brother, John Philip, de- 
 ceased. 
 
 John Frederick, third duke of Dorset, 
 was born in 1745, and consequently was 
 about twenty-four years of age when he 
 inherited the family dignities. His grace 
 had served, like his ancestors, for the 
 borough of East Grinstead ; and on his suc- 
 cession to the dukedom, he was appointed 
 lord-lieutenant, &c. of the county, in the 
 place of his late uncle. For many years he 
 mingled but little in political or busy life ; 
 his time being devoted to gallantry and 
 pleasure among the fashionable circles, as 
 well in France and Italy, as in England. 
 In 1783, his grace was ambassador to the 
 court of France, where he continued some 
 years, until the dawn of the revolution 
 which convulsed that kingdom. At the 
 time of the king's serious illness in 178J>, 
 when Mr. Fox's party claimed as a right 
 
60 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 the regency for the prince of Wales, we 
 find the duke of Dorset exerting himself in 
 support of Mr. Pitt's measures. He was a 
 knight of the Garter, and lord-steward of 
 the household. His grace remained a bache- 
 lor until 1790, when he married Arabella- 
 Diana, daughter and co-heir of sir John 
 Cope, bart., by whom he had three chil- 
 dren ; namely, George John Frederick, 
 fourth duke ; Mary, now countess-dowager 
 of Plymouth, and Elizabeth, present coun- 
 tess Delaware. The third duke died at 
 Knole on the 19th July, 1799. He was 
 much attached to the place, and expended 
 considerable sums in its repair, and internal 
 embellishment, but would not suffer the 
 primitive form and character of its exterior 
 to be altered. Many of the finest planta- 
 tions in the park were formed under his di- 
 rection ; and a number of valuable pictures 
 and busts purchased by him, and added to 
 the collection in the state-rooms. 
 
 The demise of the third duke was suc- 
 ceeded by a long" minority, during which, 
 and until her death in 1825, the duchess- 
 
SACKVILLt:. 61 
 
 dowager of Dorset continued to reside at 
 Knole, by virtue, we believe, of the testa- 
 mentary dispositions of the duke her hus- 
 band. Her grace formed a second matri- 
 monial alliance with Charles, earl Whit- 
 worth. His lordship was the eldest son of 
 Sir Charles Whitworth, knt., of an ancient 
 Staffordshire family ; and having distin- 
 guished himself as a diplomatist at the 
 courts of Poland and St. Petersburg, he 
 was, in 1800, created an Irish baron, and 
 subsequently, on his return, in 1814, from 
 Paris (whither he had gone as ambassador- 
 extraordinary), he was made a peer of Great 
 Britain by the title of baron Whitworth, 
 of Adbaston, in the county of Stafford, and 
 in the following' year raised to the dignity 
 of an earl.* His lordship succeeded the 
 duke of Richmond as viceroy of Ireland, 
 in 1814; but he resigned in 1817. Earl 
 M^hitworth and the duchess-dowager of 
 Dorset both died in the same year, 1825. 
 
 * Earl Whitworth was also a Knight Grand Cross of the 
 Order of tlic Bath, civil distinction. 
 
62 THE FAAIILY OF 
 
 Meantime, her grace's eldest daughter, 
 Mary, had been, in 1811, married to the 
 earl of Plymouth, who died in July, 1833, 
 without issue ; her second daughter, Eliza- 
 beth, to earl Delawarr, by whom she has 
 now a numerous family ; and her son had, 
 in November, 1814, attained his majority, 
 and in February, 1815, had been snatched 
 from the world by a fatal accident. 
 
 George John Frederick, fourth duke of 
 Dorset, had not attained his sixth year when 
 his father died. He Avas for about two 
 years instructed in the rudiments of educa- 
 tion by a private tutor, and in his ninth 
 3"ear was entered at Harrow school, where 
 he distinguished himself by uncommon zeal 
 and diligence in his studies, and by his skill 
 and vigour in games and athletic exercises. 
 He was entered of Christ-Church college, 
 Oxford, in 1810; and here he displayed all 
 the good qualities which had given so fair 
 a promise at school, and was persevering in 
 regular habits of alternate study and exer- 
 cise, when an unfortunate blow received on 
 his right eye from a tennis-ball, obliged 
 
SACKVILLE. 63 
 
 him to suspend his literary pursuits, and 
 finally to change the Avhole course of his 
 studies, and abandon the idea of taking' a 
 regular degree. He passed nearly three 
 academical years in the university ; and 
 when about to quit, the dean of Christ- 
 Church lamented his departure as " the loss 
 of an example of all that was amiable and 
 proper to the young' men of that society." 
 
 Soon after leaving Oxford, the young 
 duke accompanied his mother and earl 
 Whitworth to Ireland, of which his lordship 
 had been then appointed lord-lieutenant. 
 The duke had been in Ireland about a year 
 and a half, when he met with the aw ful 
 accident which put an end to his existence. 
 On the 13th of February, 1815, he went to 
 pay a visit to his friend and school-fellow, 
 lord Powerscourt, intending to stay from 
 the Monday till the Thursday. On the 14 th 
 he went out with lord Powerscourt's har- 
 riers, mounted on a well-trained Irish mare, 
 and accompanied by his lordship and Mr. 
 Wingfield. Having been out for several 
 hours without finding anything', they were 
 
64 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 actually on the point of returning home, 
 when a hare sprang- up, and the chace com- 
 menced. The hare made for the inclosures 
 on Kilkenny Hill. They had gone but a 
 short distance, when the duke, who was an 
 excellent and forward horseman, rode at a 
 wall, which was in fact a more dangerous 
 obstacle than it appeared to be. The wall 
 stands on a slope, and, from the lower 
 ground, what is immediately on the other 
 side cannot be discerned. The wall itself is 
 perhaps no more than three feet and a half 
 in length, and two in breadth ; but on the 
 other side there lay a range of large and 
 ponderous stones, which had been rolled 
 there from off the surface of the adjacent 
 barley-field, that they might not impede 
 the growth of the corn. It would have 
 been safer to scramble over such a fence, 
 than to take it in the stroke. The duke's 
 mare, however, attempted to cover all at 
 one spring, and cleared the wall; but, 
 lighting among the stones on the other side, 
 threw herself headlong, and, turning in the 
 air, came with great violence upon her 
 
SACKVILLE. (i5 
 
 rider, who had not lost his seat; he under- 
 most, with his back on one of the large 
 stones, and she crushing him with all her 
 weight on his chest, and struggling with all 
 her might to recover her legs ! The mare 
 at length disentangled herself, andgallopped 
 away. The duke sprang upon his feet, and 
 attempted to follow her, but soon found 
 himself unable to stand, and fell into the 
 arms of Mr. Farrel, who had run to his 
 succour, and to whose house he was con- 
 veyed. Lord Powerscourt, in the utmost 
 anxiety and alarm, rode full speed for me- 
 dical assistance, leaving his brother, Mr. 
 Wingfield, to pay every possible attention 
 to the duke. But, unhappily, the injury 
 was too severe to be counteracted by human 
 skill: life was extinct before any surgeon 
 arrived. 
 
 Such was the melancholy catastrophe 
 that caused the untimely death of this 
 young nobleman. He had been of age 
 only three months, and had not taken his 
 seat in the House of Lords. He is described 
 as having been of gentle and engaging 
 
 K 
 
66 THE FAMILY OF 
 
 manners, tinctured with shyness, of amiable 
 temper, warm and steady in his affections, 
 endowed with considerable judgment and 
 penetration, and possessing", with the accom- 
 plishments of a perfect gentleman, all the 
 qualities that constitute an honest man. 
 
 His grace was succeeded in his titles by 
 Charles Sackville Germaine, viscount Sack- 
 ville and Baron Bolebroke, son of George, 
 first viscount Sackville, (of whom a memoir 
 is given, Appendix No. 49,) and grand- 
 son to Lionel the first duke. 
 
 The present duke of Dorset was born on 
 the 27th August, 1767, and succeeded to 
 the viscountcy of Sackville, and barony of 
 Bolebroke, on the death of his father. His 
 grace's full titles are—duke of Dorset, earl 
 of Dorset and Middlesex, viscount Sack- 
 ville, baron Buckhurst, baron Cranfield, 
 and baron Bolebroke. He is besides a 
 Knight of the Garter. The dates of creation 
 of these several dignities are as follow: 
 
 Baron Buckhurst, 8th June, 1567 ; earl 
 of Dorset, 18th of March, 1603-4; baron 
 Cranfield and earl of Middlesex, 4th April, 
 
SACKVILLE. 67 
 
 1675; duke of Dorset, 13th June, 1720; 
 viscount Sackville and baron Bolebroke, 
 11th February, 1782. 
 
 Arms, — Quarterly, or and gules, over all a 
 
 bend vair. 
 Crest, — Out of a coronet composed of eight 
 
 fleurs-de-lis, or, an etoile of the like 
 
 number of points, ar. 
 Supporters, — Two leopards, ar., spotted sa. 
 Motto, — Aut nunquam tentes, aut perfice. 
 
 His grace's seat is Drayton House, Nor- 
 thamptonshire. He is unmarried. 
 
 It should perhaps be mentioned, that the 
 manor and mansion of Knole form no part 
 of his grace's estate ; they having been 
 settled on the late duchess-dowager for her 
 life, and after her decease (the fourth duke of 
 Dorset having died of full age, but unmar- 
 ried and without issue), devolved on her 
 daughters, the countesses of Plymouth and 
 De Lawarr, as co-heiresses to their lamented 
 brother. 
 
"The Old Oak. 
 
 THE PARK. 
 
 The park of Knole has on the west for 
 nearly a mile the town of Sevenoaks: it 
 extends to the north by the Maidstone road 
 a considerable distance below the town; 
 
THE PARK. (i9 
 
 and to the south its tall beeches overshadow 
 the Hastings road more than a mile. From 
 the top of Riverhill the road to Seal 
 bounds it on the south and south-east ; on 
 the east it has the wild picturesque heath 
 called Fawke, and on the north-east Wil- 
 dernesse Park and other grounds belonging 
 to the 'marquess Camden. It encloses an 
 area of nearly one thousand acres, and pre- 
 sents a delightful variety of hill and valley, 
 and high level land. 
 
 The additions made by the late earl of 
 Plymouth of the large portion of rich land, 
 formerly called Suffolk Paddock, and the 
 extensive tract thickly matted with brake 
 and furze, near Blackball, have contributed 
 greatly to increase its beauty ; the rough 
 and tangled wnldness of the latter affording* 
 a pleasing - contrast to the smooth verdure 
 of the turf. From the top of this furze- 
 bank, we catch the chimneys and long 
 roofs of the house, prominent above the 
 many broad masses of oak and sycamore 
 and the feathery tops of beech which rise 
 from the intervening valley ; and it will 
 
70 THE PARK. 
 
 well repay an evening walk to view its 
 towers and gables standing forth in bold 
 relief against the setting sun, or the long- 
 lines of the grey twilight clouds. 
 
 From the valley beneath, the access to 
 the mansion is by a long avenue of oaks, 
 called the Duchess's walk ; and the brow 
 of the opposite hill is crowned for many an 
 acre with a succession of noble trees : one 
 of them is an ancient oak, an engraving of 
 of which is placed at the head of this 
 chapter, which may have sheltered barons 
 and kniffhts of the era of the elder Plan- 
 tagenets, in their excursions across the 
 extensive forests or wastes, of which this 
 park must have formed a portion, previous 
 to its enclosure. Two centuries since it 
 was known as " the old oak," and although 
 its huge trunk, which measures thirty 
 feet in circumference, is falling to decay, 
 yet enough of life remains for us to hope 
 it may continue " the old oak" for cen- 
 turies to come. Near it, and among a 
 group of flowing beeches, whose lofty white 
 stems rise like stately columns among the 
 
THE PARK. 71 
 
 dark shadows of their deep green foliage, 
 stands one beech of immense size, measuring 
 nearly twenty-eight feet in circumference. 
 Near the Ice-house is another remarkable 
 for its beauty, which attracted the notice of 
 Mrs. RadclifFe on a visit to Knole, and, with 
 the adjoining scenery, is thus described by 
 her : — 
 
 " In the park, abounding with noble beech 
 groves, is one, on the left of the road lead- 
 ing to the house, which for mass and over- 
 topping pomp, excels even any in Windsor 
 Park, when viewed as you descend from 
 the park gate, whence shade rises above 
 shade, with amazing and magnificent gran- 
 deur. In this mass of wood is one beech, 
 that stretches upwards its grey limbs among 
 the light feathery foliage to a height, and 
 with a majesty that is sublime. Over a 
 seat, placed round the bole, it spreads out a 
 light yet umbrageous fan, most graceful 
 and beautiful. With all its grandeur and 
 luxuriance, there is nothing in this beech 
 heavy or formal ; it is airy, though vast 
 and majestic, and suggests an idea at once 
 
72 THE PARK. 
 
 of the strength and fire of a hero ! I 
 should call a beech-tree, and this beech 
 above every other — the hero of the forest, 
 as the oak is called the king." 
 
 To the south-east of the extensive plea- 
 sure-grounds at the back of the mansion, 
 is a small building, in the ecclesiastic style 
 of pointed architecture, surrounded by 
 palisades, and a broken flint wall. Its 
 shape is multangular, having gables and 
 a pointed roof, finished with a lofty spire, 
 and its rooms are very irregularly formed. 
 Above one of the chimney-pieces is some 
 carving, and in the windows are some 
 small figures on glass in relievo, consisting 
 of the apostles and virtues, well drawn, 
 but of late years sorely mutilated. The 
 lower panels of a folding door have some 
 bold heads, and the door of entrance is 
 guarded from witchcraft by an old horse- 
 shoe. Scattered about are the apparent 
 remains of the foundations of buildings of a 
 date considerably prior to the dwelling. 
 The stone door and window frames have 
 quite the appearance of antiquity, and were 
 
THE PARK. 73 
 
 no doubt broug-ht here at the demoHtion of 
 some ancient building in the neighbourhoodt 
 These erections were made under the direc- 
 tion of Captain Smyth, (father of Sir Sydney 
 Smyth,) who resided much at Knole in the 
 time' of Charles, second duke of Dorset;* 
 
 * During the sojourn of Captain Smith at Knole, he was 
 engaged in building Ash Grove, in the vicinity. About this 
 time some alteration was made in the mUitia law; a 
 meeting of magistrates was held at the Crown Inn, Seven- 
 oaks, to put the new law into operatioii, and able-bodied 
 men were summoned from every parish within the district, 
 from whom the number required for the public service waste 
 be drawn. The meeting was tumultuous, and every species 
 of insubordination manifested; the magistrates were in- 
 sulted, and driven from the inn, and the house of the 
 Rev. T. Curteis (grandfather to the present rector) was much 
 damaged by the mob. Mr. C. made his escape through 
 the fields to Knole House, and Captain Smyth, then the 
 only resident, ordered all the gates to be closed, and 
 the mechanics and all employed about the premises to 
 keep within. Meeting with no opposition, and having 
 wreaked their fury upon the rector's property, and driven 
 the magistrates, who were, they supposed, the authors of 
 the obnoxious law, from the place, to make victory com- 
 plete, they had only to drive away Captain Sm}th. The 
 house was assailed by the mob, who, demanding entrance, 
 knocked loudly at the gates, and crj'ing ** No raiUtia," re- 
 L 
 
74 THE PARK. 
 
 and the materials were probably brought 
 from Otford, as a tower, forming- a portion 
 of the old palace, was at that period taken 
 down by lord-chief-baron Smythe. 
 
 A small collection of foreign birds was 
 
 quired that the Doctor should be given up. The captain in 
 the meantime ordered his charger, upon which he rode 
 at the battle of Minden, to be fully caparisoned, and 
 dressed himself in military costume. With pistol and 
 sword in hand he mounted the courser, and commanding 
 the stable-yard gates to be opened, rode among the multi- 
 tude, who, astonished at any resistance, were immediately 
 stricken with fear, and, dreading an attack from the ter- 
 rible figure on horseback, as he was afterwards described 
 to be, without staying to look behind, but using their legs 
 with their utmost strength and diligence, made their way 
 homeward, many declaring they thought they heard him at 
 their heels the whole of the way. Enough were found, 
 when a leader was presented, to capture the ringleaders of 
 the mob : resistance was out of the question, and order was 
 immediately restored ; a few of the most disorderly were 
 punished, and no attempt was again made against the new 
 regulation. A small company of men, selected from the 
 estate and neighbourhood, was about this time raised by 
 the duke, and put under the direction of captain Smyth. 
 They were regularly exercised for some time on Sunday 
 mornings, before the house, and their arms placed in the 
 porter's lodge, where they still remain. 
 
THE PARK. 75 
 
 then placed here, secured within netted 
 compartments ; a dove-house, and conve- 
 niences for rearing and keeping poultry 
 were made, and a family was placed in the 
 dwelling- called the Bird House, to whose 
 custody the whole was committed. 
 
 From the Bird-house, and leaving the 
 large kitchen-garden to the left, a broad 
 avenue, principally of beech, ascends gently 
 to the extreme south-west point of the park, 
 from whence bursts immediately on the 
 sight a wide extent of scenery, which it 
 would be useless for a common pen to 
 attempt to describe. It is said to be 
 bounded on the east by the Dover cliffs, 
 and by the coast of Hampshire on the west; 
 exhibiting almost the whole of the weald of 
 Kent, and a great portion of the northern 
 part of Sussex. It presents a chaniiing 
 variety of surface, the colouring changing 
 with the time of day, and the effect of sun 
 and shade : the long masses of forest and 
 park foliage, here lit up by a sudden gleam, 
 and there lying in the grey obscurity which 
 a passing cloud throws over them : the ho- 
 
76 THE PARK. 
 
 rizon, though extremely delicate in its dis- 
 tant tints, one moment clearly defined against 
 the sky, then gradually lost as a far-off 
 shower draws before it its misty veil, and 
 again breaking forth as we watch the 
 watery curtain travelling on over the long 
 tract of country. 
 
 Some few spots in the picture possess a 
 charm distinct from either form or colour ; 
 and many there are who will pardon us for 
 staying to point to them. Nearly in the 
 centre appear the now desolate park and 
 grounds of Penshurst, the cradle and the 
 tomb of the Sidneys ; a little higher up 
 are the battlements of Eridge, once a 
 hunting-seat of Warwick's great earl, now 
 the residence of the earl of Abergavenny ; 
 more to the right, and skirting the horizon, 
 is Ashdown Forest, a part of which may be 
 readily recognized by a solitary clump of 
 trees, upon a considerable convexity, appa- 
 rently bare and uncultivated, known by the 
 name^ of Gill's Lap, which, with the sur- 
 rounding lands, formed part of the ancient 
 domains of the Sackvilles, long before and 
 
THE PARK. 77 
 
 subsequent to their elevation to the peerage. 
 Between this and Boar Place, in Whitley 
 Forest (the ancient seat of the Willoughbys 
 and Hydes), may be distinctly seen Hever 
 Castle, once the residence of Anne Boleyn, 
 and afterwards of the unfortunate Anne of 
 Cleves. A memento of the turbulence and 
 power of the barons of old, is visible in the 
 remains of the castle of Tunbridge, once a 
 strong hold of the powerful earls of Clare. 
 Many objects of interest here present 
 themselves ; but we g-row tiresome, and 
 must pass on. The church-tower of Goud- 
 hurst, however, placed so conspicuously, 
 and others whose vanes shoot up between 
 the tufted clumps toward the Sussex hills, 
 bring' to the recollection two sources of pre- 
 sent comfort and opulence, which, although 
 so very differently located in the present 
 day, were here originally planted; we advert 
 to the woollen manufactures and casting 
 of iron, — the art of weaving broad cloth 
 being unknown in England, before its in- 
 troduction by foreign refugees, and their 
 settlement in the first mentioned place, and 
 
78 THE PARK. 
 
 the adjoining towns; and the Sussex foun- 
 dries supplying no inconsiderable part of the 
 demand for that description of articles in use 
 in their day. The spires also of Wadhurst, 
 Rotherfield, and May field, once friendly 
 guides to the bewildered traveller, forcibly 
 call to remembrance the danger of the foul 
 ways through the Weald, which, in the four- 
 teenth century, caused the death of an arch- 
 bishop. The excellent roads, which may now 
 be traced running far among well-cultivated 
 fields, the rich orchards and hop-grounds, 
 and the numberless mansions which peep 
 forth from the groves by which they are 
 nearly surrounded, strikingly contrast with 
 the former state of the whole. 
 
 A sharp descent brings us from this mount 
 into a broad valley, sweeping around almost 
 the whole of the park, the banks of which 
 are hung with trees of nearly every de- 
 scription of foliage ; in one part excluding all 
 other objects; in another, opening to permit 
 us to catch the gateway-towers of the house, 
 rising picturesquely on the hill above ; and 
 again in others allowing a glance up long 
 
THE PARK 79 
 
 shady vistas of stems, between which the 
 deer swiftly bound, and where the sun-light, 
 breaking through the dense leafy covering, 
 falls on them as they pass, and on the rich 
 velvet of the mossy sward. Pleasant it is 
 in these glades, in the quiet evening, as the 
 gloom steals on, and we lose the outlines 
 even of the trunks whose light bark flashed 
 so brightly in the gay sun, to listen to the 
 unearthly whispers of the night breeze 
 coming from afar, to hear it stirring the 
 branches high above, and to trace the last 
 sigh dying away among the distant groves, 
 as the deep stillness returns. Cold indeed 
 must be the heart which can feel none of 
 the sweet influences of this park's delightful 
 scenery, — which is neither moved by its 
 present beauties, nor its interesting memo- 
 rials of the past. 
 
THE MANSION 
 
 The approach to the mansion from the 
 town of Sevenoaks (distant from London 
 about twenty-four miles) is through an en- 
 trance gate, nearly opposite the church, 
 from which an avenue descends to the valley 
 where the park is entered by its prin- 
 cipal gate between two lodges. The road 
 then crosses the valley, and, turning to 
 the left, by a broad sweep ascends a hill 
 beautifully covered with splendid forest 
 trees, which prevent a distant view of 
 Knole. From the foot of the hill, by in- 
 clining" gently to the right, a path leads 
 more directly to the house; and on sur- 
 mounting the steep ascent, a front view 
 of it, as represented in the frontispiece, 
 breaks on the sight. The road formerly 
 passed between two fine sycamore trees, 
 the largest of which, remarkable for its 
 
IHK MANSION. 8t 
 
 its size and beauty, was blown down a few- 
 years since, and, being a favourite tree, 
 several articles of furniture for the house 
 (among others the dining-room tables) were 
 made from it. Near it was to be seen, 
 securely fixed in the ground to a stake, a 
 ring used for bull-baiting, to which there 
 was formerly great resort in duke Lionel's 
 time. 
 
 This magnificent seat is at present occu- 
 pied by Mary, countess-dowager of Ply- 
 mouth, relict of the late Other Archer, sixth 
 earl of Plymouth, and eldest daughter of 
 the late John Frederick, third duke of 
 Dorset. Her ladyship now constantly re- 
 sides here ; notwithstanding which, every 
 facility is afforded by her to gratify the 
 curiosity of all respectable applicants to 
 view the state-rooms of the mansion and 
 their treasures of art — an indulgence to the 
 public kindly continued by her ladyship, in 
 imitation of the liberality of her noble 
 ancestors. 
 
 The principal parts of this antique edifice 
 form a spacious quadrangle, chiefly in the 
 
82 THE MANSION. 
 
 castellated style, with several square towers 
 and two larsj^e embattled gateways. At the 
 rear, are numerous other smaller buildings, 
 of very irregular character. The whole 
 pile is estimated to occupy an area of three 
 acres and a quarter ; an extent which, com- 
 bined with the feudal aspect of the chief 
 portion of the structure, very forcibly directs 
 the imagination to the distant days of baro- 
 nial splendour, 
 
 " And pomp, and feast, and revelry." 
 
 The front of the mansion is in the plain 
 style of the Elizabethan age, or that of her 
 immediate successor, and has an air of un- 
 affected simplicity. 
 
 The entrance is through a lofty embattled 
 gateway, having towers at each angle, 
 attached to which on either side, are spa- 
 cious wings, pierced with three tiers of win- 
 dows, each divided into three lights, by 
 stone mullions, the upper tier being in- 
 serted in gables of a fanciful shape, and 
 forming the attic story. Between these 
 gables, and on their ang-ular projections. 
 
THE MANSION. 83 
 
 are obelisk-shaped embellishments, the apex 
 being- crowned with a leopard sejant, sup- 
 porting a shield of Sackville ; which may 
 also be found on many parts of the building, 
 interior as well as exterior. 
 
 Concerning the dates of the several parts 
 of this extensive pile, it is now impossible 
 to give any certain account. There is reason 
 to believe that there was an edifice on this 
 spot so early as the time of the Normans ; 
 but it may be boldly stated, that nothing 
 now remains which can be assigned to the 
 architecture of that period. 
 
 The author of " Biographical Sketches,"* 
 published in 1795, says, " the architecture 
 bespeaks a variety of dates. The most an- 
 cient parts are probably coeval with the 
 Mareschals and Bigods [See Possessors 
 OF Knole, p. 2] ; and it seems as if the 
 whole of it was antecedent to its becoming 
 the possession of the Sackvilles, though 
 many of this family have considerably re- 
 
 * " Biographical Sketches of Eminent Persons," 8vo. 
 pp. 164, a compilation said to have been written by Henry 
 Norton Willis, Esq. 
 
84 THE MANSION. 
 
 paired it." We confess it would be out of 
 our power to point out any portion of this 
 building which can be referred to so early 
 a period as the commencement of the 
 thirteenth century (the time of the Mares- 
 chals and Bigods), and believe, that on the 
 most careful survey, such a supposition will 
 be rejected. The style of the different parts 
 of this building is certainly remarkably 
 various; many portions being very rude, 
 and others exhibiting undoubted traits of 
 architectural beauty and good design. But, 
 though the parts on examination are hete- 
 rogeneous, the pile, viewed as a whole, has 
 an air of primitive grandeur which is ex- 
 ceedingly imposing. This arises partly from 
 the fact, that whatever doubt may exist con- 
 cerning the aera of the earliest portion of the 
 mansion, the date of the latest is certain ; — 
 its external form or character has not been 
 altered since the first year of the reign 
 of James I. (1603-4), when the celebrated 
 lord Buck hurst,* then created earl of Dorset, 
 
 * See a notice of this nobleman, p. 2o. 
 
Tin: MANSION. 85 
 
 first came to reside here ; and probably it 
 had been then untouched for many years : 
 and with regard to the oldest portion, it is 
 stated in an old *' Topographical Survey of 
 Kent," by Richard Kilburne, of Hawk- 
 herst, pubhshed in 1659, that Archbishop 
 Bourchier " rehu'dt the manor-house, in- 
 closed a parke round the same, and resided 
 much at it." Mr. Hasted, in his " History 
 of Kent" (folio, 1778), repeats this state- 
 ment, on Kilburne's authority ; and further 
 quotes an indenture, dated June 30, 1457, 
 by which lord Say and Sele sold to the 
 archbishop, together with the manor, &c. of 
 Knole, (see ante, page 6), "all the tymbre, 
 wood, ledde, stone, and breeke, lying within 
 the said manor, at the quarrie of John 
 Cartiers, in the parish of Seale," which was 
 probably intended by his lordship for the 
 rebuilding of the mansion, and used by the 
 archbishop for that purpose. If these autho- 
 rities might be relied on, and we may be 
 permitted to understand the word " rebuilt" 
 in its literal signification, the date of the 
 oUIpsI portion of Knole House might be pre- 
 
86 
 
 THE MANSION, 
 
 sumed to be 1457, or somewhat later, and 
 that of its most recent portion, 1603-4, or 
 thereabouts. 
 
 This, however, may be objected to from 
 the following" considerations. That the 
 second gateway-tower, and the portion of 
 the building immediately connected with it, 
 will, on examination, appear to have re- 
 ceived several alterations ; and therefore 
 will rather seem to have been adapted 
 by the archbishop to his purpose, than 
 wholly erected by him. An inspection of 
 the oriel window (an engraving^ of which 
 with the tower is here given) will shew that 
 it is inserted in a wall which must have been 
 of earlier construction, the heads of some of 
 the machicolations* being just visible above 
 the frame-work of the window, so much 
 of them only having been cut away as was 
 necessary to allow the introduction of the 
 
 * Perpendicular holes or grooves left between the 
 corbels of a parapet, in the inside the wall, for the pur- 
 pose of throwing down stones, or pouring molten lead, 
 &c., on the heads of assailants : they are usually over the 
 gateway only. 
 

 m 
 
 wiftwPM 
 
 
 ' '^^WT'^'^wwmm 
 
 
 
 --r-V— 
 
 '-^M 
 
 
 
 ff- 
 
 t; 
 
THE MANSION. 87 
 
 new work, and these openings probably 
 being considered no longer requisite. The 
 window and machicolations would hardly 
 have been built at the same time, as the 
 former, by its projection, would have ren- 
 dered annoyance from above impossible, 
 except at the sides, the oriel forming a pro- 
 tection over the centre of the gateway. 
 
 The style of the window we presume to 
 be that of the time of Archbishop Bour- 
 chier, and his cognizance still being in the 
 glass, strengthens this supposition. There 
 are also internal evidences of a regard to 
 caution, in the construction of some original 
 openings still apparent, which would have 
 been useless, had windows of the size and 
 occupying the position of the present, been 
 a part of the original design. 
 
 That side of the house known by the 
 name of " lord George's side" appears also 
 to have undergone considerable alteration ; 
 it has at present no direct internal commu- 
 nication with the house, and an inspection 
 of the roof from within, presents an appear- 
 ance of adaptation not originally contem- 
 
88 THE MANSION. 
 
 plated. In this roof there are three fine 
 ornamented tie-beams, or girders, having 
 the under part worked into a flat-pointed 
 arch with pierced spandrils, and some fram- 
 ing of open work attached to the upper 
 part of each end, which was formerly con- 
 tinued farther. 
 
 That these beams were a part of an open 
 ornamented timbered roof belonging to a 
 room of considerable size, forming a portion 
 of the mansion at a very early period, is not 
 improbable, as such roofs are still to be 
 found in some ancient halls which continue 
 in their original state. The relative posi- 
 tion of the roof in which these girders are 
 found, to that of the kitchen, is also quite 
 in accordance with many ancient examples ; 
 as the former, if continued, would present^ 
 nearly a straight line with the latter ; and 
 the entrance to the kitchen from the hall, 
 could then have been immediately under the 
 screen, thus allowing that direct communi- 
 cation between the two apartments, so ne- 
 cessary when their original relations to each 
 other are considered. May we not, therefore, 
 
 I 
 
THE MANSION. 89 
 
 ooncliule this to have been the direction and 
 .scite of the ancient great hall, which could 
 have been approached by 'the gateway ; 
 moreover, many great halls being built upon 
 a crypt, this also would have had the only 
 existing cellar in the house for its founda- 
 tion. 
 
 The ancient kitchen at Knole, a very large 
 building" still in use, is generally supposed 
 to have been a part of the archbishop's 
 erections here : it has a pointed roof, two 
 immense fire-places, and windows opening' 
 inwards, from the rooms belonging to the 
 cook and the comptroller of the kitchen. 
 The present great hall is generally allowed 
 to be the work of Thomas, first earl of 
 Dorset, and, not quite agreeing with the 
 site of the kitchen (although quite con- 
 formable to many examples in the relation 
 of its position to the arch of entrance), cer- 
 tainly appeal's to be a deviation from the 
 original plan. 
 
 The door of communication betM een the 
 present hall and kitchen, is not original; 
 the ancient appearance of this end of the 
 
 N 
 
90 THE MANSION. 
 
 building being quite destroyed. But an 
 old shelf is still left, with its huge knocker, 
 for announcing to the guests that the prepa- 
 rations for the meal were completed, and that 
 it was about to be removed to the board. 
 A row of hatches, above the shelf, was 
 remaining as late as 1790. 
 
 If the above suppositions be correct, we 
 must assign a much earlier date to some parts 
 of the building than that before-mentioned.* 
 But, whatever may be the real dates of 
 the erection of the numerous and multiform 
 buildings which collectively constitute Knole 
 House, the visitor who approaches the place 
 expecting to be gratified with a view of 
 fine architecture, will be disappointed. It 
 is the extent of the pile, the incongruity of 
 its several parts, the extraordinary number 
 and apparent inutility of its rooms, galleries 
 and staircases, which will first arrest the 
 attention. It is plain that these appendages 
 
 * These remarks are submitted to the reader by W. E., 
 with great diffidence, after a long acquaintance with the 
 locality, from an unwillingness to allow an opportunity to 
 pass for vindicating the antiquity of these remains. 
 
THE MANSION. 01 
 
 of grandeur are now of little use even to 
 their proprietors, except to invest them with 
 the pleasing power of gratifying their less 
 affluent contemporaries ; and, reflecting on 
 the uses for which they were originally 
 built and employed, we recollect that "the 
 times are altered," and that these remnants 
 of ancient English magnificence are, like 
 many other things, no longer applicable to 
 their original purpose. 
 
 Knole was built for a mode of life utterly 
 at variance with modern habits ; in the days 
 when '* barons bold" kept up a system ot 
 hospitality and pomp, with costly retinues, 
 involving the feeding and lodging of num- 
 bers. To maintain such a system, the hall, 
 which was destined to be the chief scene of 
 festive enjoyment, was necessarily spacious ; 
 the drawing-room and dining-room were 
 also handsome apartments ; and there might 
 be two or three others ; but the rest of the 
 house generally consisted of a vast num- 
 ber of comparatively small rooms, for the 
 accommodation of retainers and visitors, 
 many of them built from time to hme, as 
 
92 THE MANSION. 
 
 they were wanted, and grafted in a very 
 awkward manner on the main edifice. 
 
 These remarks are not peculiarly appli- 
 cable to Knole, though they strictly apply 
 to that mansion, as well as to others of the 
 same age; neither are they expressed in 
 disparagement of that or any other struc- 
 ture ; for, the very circumstances that we 
 have referred to, afford pleasing illustration 
 of the customs of former times, and the 
 genuine character of the details of Knole 
 House will more than compensate for their 
 want of systematic beauty, or architectural 
 uniformity. 
 
 A stanza from Lord Byron, in which he 
 depicts an English mansion under the dis- 
 guised name of " Norman Abbey," may be 
 quoted as accurately descriptive of Knole 
 House : — 
 
 " Huge hall, long galleries, spacious chambers, joined 
 
 By no quite lawful marriage of the arts, 
 
 Might shock a connoisseur ; but when combined, 
 
 Form a whole which, irregular in parts, 
 
 Yet leaves a grand impression on the mind ; 
 
 At least of those whose eyes are in their hearts." 
 
 Don Juan, Canto XIII. s. 67- 
 
THK IMANSION. 
 
 What parts of the edifice were built by 
 archbishop Bourchier ; what were added by 
 his successors, Moreton and Warham (see 
 page 6) ; and what alterations and addi- 
 tions were made by the first earl of Dorset, 
 and the successive earls and dukes of that 
 noble house, are points of inquiry, which to 
 the antiquary would prove highly interest- 
 ing ; but as we do not ourselves profess to be 
 competent to enter the lists on such learned 
 and debateable ground, where it must be 
 admitted that proofs are slight, and much 
 must rest on plausible conjecture ; and, 
 as we believe that the majority of our 
 readers will joyfully dispense with elabo- 
 rate discussion ; we must content ourselves 
 with " generalities," and state, as a mere 
 hint to the curious, that it is believed that 
 the old house, previously to archbishop 
 Bourchier's time, occupied principally the 
 site of the north-east end and its offices. 
 This portion appears to have been burnt 
 down on Shrove-Sunday, 1623 : many of 
 its windows are evidently of about that 
 date; and it is pro])able that the greater 
 
94 THE MANSION. 
 
 part of the north-east end (except the wall, 
 which is certainly more ancient) was de- 
 stroyed, and subsequently rebuilt. For the 
 rest of the edifice, the whole, except the 
 front, has been generally considered to have 
 been rebuilt by archbishop Bourchier, about 
 the year 1457. The front, including the 
 porter's lodge, &c., is supposed to have 
 been added by archbishop Moreton, between 
 the years 1486 and 1500 ; add to which, that 
 very essential repairs and alterations were 
 most probably made by the first earl of 
 Dorset.* 
 
 It is not, however, to criticise the details 
 
 * The author does not pretend to be versed in archi- 
 tectural antiquities ; and it sVould therefore be mentioned, 
 that these remarks on the architecture of Knole House are 
 offered, with a full consciousness of his own insufficiency, as 
 the result of his (unskilled) personal observation during a 
 brief residence on the spot. Books will not aid the en- 
 quiry: at least the author has referred in vain to Hasted's 
 Kent, and other histories of the county, to Neale's 
 /'Seats," Hills " Munimenta Antiqua," Amsinck's " Tun- 
 bridge Wells," " Vitruvius Britannicus," Britton and 
 Brayley's " England and Wales," Lewis, Capper, and 
 Gorton's " Topographical Dictionaries," &c. &c. 
 
 I 
 
THE MANSION. 95 
 
 of its architecture, that the majority of 
 visitors approach Knole House ; though we 
 doubt not that both information and amuse- 
 ment might be derived from such an object. 
 But, to the ordinary visitor, this mansion 
 offers other and very powerful attractions, 
 in its galleries of art, containing many of 
 those great creations of the pencil which 
 are " of all time," and excite at once wonder 
 and delight, and in its numerous relics of 
 ancient magnificence, which afford a pleas- 
 ing illustration of the domestic decorations, 
 manners and customs of our ancestors. 
 The pictures are of course not of equal 
 merit; but several might be mentioned, 
 the view of any one of which would amply 
 repay the connoisseur for visiting the place ; 
 and the collection is particularly rich in 
 portraits of eminent characters, which are 
 both abundant and in good preservation. 
 The apartments are of themselves a memo- 
 rial of obsolete grandeur, and their splendid 
 old-fashioned furniture affords a very per- 
 fect specimen of the style which prevailed 
 in the reigns of Elizabeth and James T. 
 
96 THE MANSION. 
 
 These are the " sights" at Knole, for 
 which most persons, will be content to forego 
 antiquarian disquisitions. Yet, we must 
 impress on our readers that the building 
 itself, on every side, is worth many a 
 passing glance, and eminently calculated to 
 excite sentiments of veneration : for who 
 can contemplate the present magnitude of 
 the building, and its feudal style, without 
 suffering the memory to revert to by-gone 
 ages, and the mind to re-people the past 
 with knights, ecclesiastics, statesmen, and 
 princely nobles — the Says, the Cranmers, 
 the Sackvilles, and others, associated by 
 history or tradition with this ancient do- 
 main ? The very exterior inspires these 
 pleasing visions, and the charm becomes 
 still stronger when we cross the antique 
 quadrangles, and enter the splendid Gothic 
 hall, with its massive and richly-carved 
 music-gallery, its dais, or raised floor, for 
 the lord's seat, its long oak-table for the 
 tenantry and retainers, its painted glass, 
 and its noble proportions. Immersed in 
 thought, we feel ourselves carried back 
 
THF MANSION. 97 
 
 some centuries, until awakened from our 
 reverie by a smartly-dressed modern porter, 
 or domestic, flitting before our eyes, or by 
 an intimation from the courteous house- 
 keeper that we may " follow her." The 
 illusion vanishes ; we perceive where we 
 are, recollect for what purpose, and by 
 whose indulgence, we have been admitted, 
 and look forward as " beings of to-day" to 
 the real treat which awaits us, the details 
 of which are given with scrupulous minute- 
 ness in the following pages. 
 
Settee m the Leicester Gallery. 
 
 THE ROOMS SHEWN TO VISITORS ; WITH CATA- 
 LOGUES OF THE PICTURES, &c. 
 
 The entrance into the mansion is thronglj 
 the front tower-portal ; over the gateway 
 of which will be observed two escutcheons, 
 the one bearing the arms of Sackville, the 
 other those of Cranfield ; supposed to have 
 been placed here in the time of the fifth 
 earl, whose countess was the daughter of 
 Lionel Cranfield, earl of Middlesex. Pass- 
 ing the porter's lodge, which contains a 
 small number of muskets, and some ancient 
 
 m 
 
THE ROOMS SHEWN, &C. .99 
 
 halberts, the visitor enters the first or green 
 court, a quadrangle, with a grass plot on 
 either side of the pathway through it ; that 
 on the rio'ht beino- ornamented with a cast 
 of the celebrated statue, known as the Gla~ 
 diator repellens, and that on the left, with 
 one of Venus, as rising from the bath. 
 Over the gateway, and in the range of 
 buildings on each side of it, are numerous 
 apartments, few of which, except some on 
 the ground floor, are ever used, unless as 
 repositories for old furniture, &c. Among 
 these rooms, is a suite known as lord 
 John's, from their having been formerly 
 occupied by that nobleman, who was the 
 second son of Lionel, duke of Dorset, and 
 father of John-Frederick, the third duke. 
 
 From the first quadrangle, the entrance 
 into the second or stone court is through a 
 gateway, having a machicolated parapet, 
 below which, and immediately over the 
 arch, is a fine oriel window (an engraving 
 of which has already been given.) Before 
 passing on, the curious observer will notice 
 the site of a loop-hole in a projection of 
 LofC. 
 
100 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 the wall close to his elbow on the left hand 
 side, through which the cautious warder 
 might scrutinize his visitors before admit- 
 ting them. The archway is groined, and has, 
 at the intersections of the cross-springers, 
 openings for the annoyance of an enemy. 
 
 In the room over this archway (which is 
 not, however, shewn to visitors) are two 
 corbels of stone, each bearing a shield, one 
 inscribed with the word .JMttCgt within a 
 knot, and the other having the letters if)t 
 within a double triangle. The approaches 
 to this room are by two massive oaken 
 doors, of the rudest workmanship, and 
 strongly studded with iron. To the window 
 (the oriel) is an ascent of two steps, and 
 there, still preserved in a quatrefoil com- 
 partment, painted on the glass, is a falcon 
 rising, between two Bourchier's knots. 
 
 At the further side of the stone court now 
 entered, is a portico supported by eight 
 Ionic columns, over which is an open gal- 
 lery with a balustrade for walking ; and sur- 
 mounting the parapet above is a fine stone 
 shield, bearing the arms and quarterings of 
 
TO VISITORS. 101 
 
 Cranfield, removed from Copthall, when 
 that ancient mansion was taken down. Over 
 doorways at each end of the portico are 
 busts of king William III., and in the centre 
 is an allegorical carving fixed in the wall 
 between the attires of a moz-deer which 
 were found in a marl-pit near the moun- 
 tains of Wicklow, in Ireland, and presented 
 by a Mr, Brown to Lionel, duke of Dorset. 
 There are also some fine specimens of the 
 horns of British deer. Inserted in the walls 
 of this court are some small pieces of antique 
 sculpture, chiefly fragments, with inscrip- 
 tions, brought from the continent with other 
 remains, about twenty years since, some 
 of which are preserved in like manner in 
 the garden front. The whole area of this 
 court was excavated a few years since, to 
 form a reservoir for collecting the rain- 
 water which falls upon the roofs, thus in- 
 suring an abundant supply. 
 
 Two doors on the left hand of the arch of 
 entrance from this stone court to the hall, 
 belong to apartments formerly used for 
 the delivery of provisions, no pei'son beina 
 
102 THE ROOMS SHEWN ^ 
 
 allowed to enter except the peculiar officer, 
 who placed the articles required on a shelf 
 which crossed the door immediately below 
 hatches made for that purpose. 
 
 Visiting the apartments in the order in 
 which they are shewn, we enter 
 
 THE GREAT HALL, 
 
 N apartment of noble 
 dimensions, finely pro- 
 portioned, and in a 
 good style of archi- 
 tecture, with tesselated 
 pavement (much worn ) . 
 It measures seventy - 
 four feet ten inches in length, twenty-seven 
 in breadth, and twenty-six feet eight inches 
 in height, and is built after the plan of the 
 Anglo-Normans, having the dais, or raised 
 floor at one end of it, agreeably to ancient 
 usage, for the principal table for the noble 
 possessor of the mansion; while other tables 
 stood lengthwise down the hall, for the use 
 of visitors, tenants, or domestics. A table 
 
TO VISITORS. 
 
 10:3 
 
 of this latter kind is preserved here: it is 
 of oak, and is constructed for the once- 
 popular game of shuffle-board. 
 
 In the windows are some armorial bear- 
 ings in stained glass ; among others, the 
 royal arms of Elizabeth, with supporters, 
 and the arms of Robert Devereux, earl of 
 Essex. 
 
 In the fire-place 
 is a curious pair of 
 fire-irons or dogs: 
 on one are the arms 
 of Henry VIII, sur- 
 mounted with a 
 crown, and the ini- 
 tials H. R. ; on 
 the other, a falcon 
 crowned standing on 
 the stump of a tree, 
 from which issue the 
 white and red roses, 
 (a cognizance C'f 
 Anne Boleyn,) with 
 the initials H. A., 
 as seen in the en- 
 
104 THb ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 graving. They were purchased at a sale 
 at Hever Castle in Kent, formerly the resi- 
 dence of Sir Thomas Boleyn, her father. 
 
 The hall is separated from the passage by 
 an oaken screen, enclosing a music gallery 
 boldly carved. Among the quaint archi- 
 tectural enrichments with which it is deco- 
 rated, the heraldic cognizances* of the 
 family stand prominent, and shields charged 
 with the coats of Sackville and Baker (those 
 of Thomas, first earl of Dorset, and his 
 countess) establish the date of its erection. 
 Towards the top there is a row of small 
 latticed windows, and the whole is finished 
 by the arms, supporters, and other orna- 
 ments belonging to the house of Dorset. 
 
 The walls are ornamented with the follow- 
 pictures : 
 
 1. First earl of Middlesex, full-length, 
 artist not known. 
 
 2. Third earl of Dorset ditto 
 
 3. Countess of Monmouth ditto 
 
 * These cognizances are, a black ram's head ; a white 
 leopard rampant, pellette ; the same sejant, holding a shield 
 of Sackville ; and a demi-red dragon, rising from the waves. 
 
TO VISITORS. 105 
 
 4. Edward, fourth Earl of Dorset, half- 
 
 length. 
 
 5. George III, and Queen Charlotte, full- 
 length — Ramsay. 
 
 6. View of, and procession to Dover 
 
 Castle, in which are introduced the 
 portraits of Lionel, duke of Dorset, 
 Sir Basil Dixon, Maximilian Buck, 
 chaplain to his grace, and many years 
 rector of Kemsing and Seale, and some 
 others. — Wottorf, A large and clever 
 picture, 1 feet by 7. 
 
 7. Lord Buckhurst and Lady M. Sack- 
 ville, full-lengths. — Kneller, 
 
 8. A Boar-hunt — F, De Vos, A fine pic- 
 ture, boldly painted ; the pencilling 
 free and characteristic. 
 
 9. Death of Marc Antony, 7 feet 9 inches, 
 
 by 5 feet 4 inches. — Dance, 
 
 10. The Finding of Moses. — Giordano, 
 
 11. John, Lord Sorrier s, (1.)* — Kneller. 
 
 12. Silenus and Bacchanals, 6 feet 4 inches 
 
 * When figures between parentheses occur after the name 
 of a portrait is given, reference is made to the Appendix. 
 This will apply throughout the rooms. 
 P 
 
106 THE ROOMS SHOWN 
 
 by 5 feet 11 inches. — Rubens. A fine 
 
 picture, deemed one of the artist's most 
 
 powerful works. 
 13. Lady Shannon, — Kneller. 
 The statues are : — 
 Perseus, with the head of Medusa, A 
 
 plaister after Canova. 
 Demosthenes delivering an oration, — A 
 Grecian statue, in marble, the size of life, 
 purchased in Italy by the third duke of 
 Dorset for £700. It is a fine composition ; 
 but the figure being in the attitude of calm 
 discussion, and its most marked character 
 being that of deliberative composure, it has 
 been doubted whether it is rightly named. 
 The duke presented a cast of this statue to 
 the Royal Academy, and there, it is worthy 
 of notice, it is entitled Pythagoras. 
 
 The goddess Egeria — a recumbent female 
 figure, in marble, on a wooden pedestal ; 
 considered to have been a goddess who 
 presided over child-birth, as the Juno- 
 Lucina of the Romans. 
 
 Three small marble fig-ures, supposed to 
 represent the Seasons ; and some others ; 
 
TO VISITORS. 107 
 
 aiiioiig- the rest an equestrian statue of Julius 
 Caesar, and a bust of the poet Prior. 
 
 Quitting" the hall, the visitor ascends to the 
 other apartments by the principal staircase (of 
 which our artist has endeavoured to convey 
 some idea in the illustration which faces this 
 page,) the passage to which is painted in 
 two colours, with a fanciful combination of 
 scrolls, animals, and foliage, nearly fac- 
 similes of the desio'iis used to ornament the 
 principal chapters of the embellished folios of 
 the time of Elizabeth and James I., and the 
 walls of the staircase having, also, in panels, 
 various conversational and emblematic sub- 
 jects, in keeping with the surrounding- 
 decorations. In the glass are a shield exhi- 
 biting the alliances of the house, and hori- 
 zontal rows of small quarries, bearing the 
 family crests. One of the standards sup- 
 porting the hand-rail, and crowned with the 
 leopard sejant afFronte, terminates below in 
 a group of cockatrices fancifully combined. 
 
 The ancient lantern depending from the 
 ceiling is worthy of notice from the homely 
 contrivance exhibited for adjusting its ele- 
 vation. 
 
108 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 On arriving at the top of the staircase 
 the first room entered is 
 
 THE BROWN GALLERY. 
 
 An interesting apart- 
 ment, eighty -eight feet 
 in length, with floor 
 and sides of oak, (the 
 latter in panels), and 
 the hinges and fasten- 
 ings of the doors made 
 of iron, curiously orna- 
 mented and kept bright. The ceiling is 
 of an elliptic form, divided into compart- 
 ments by oaken fret-work, which imparts a 
 sombre yet pleasing appearance to the 
 whole. 
 
 In the windows are a shield containing 
 France and England within the Garter, 
 very old ; a fleur-de-lis, and a double rose, 
 each surrounded by a garland, and ensigned 
 with a royal crown ; and three ostrich fea- 
 thers, enclosed in a garland and surmounted 
 by a large coronet of beautiful shape and 
 
TO VISITORS. 109 
 
 elaborate pattern, belonging to the princes 
 of the blood royal : the quill of each of these 
 feathers is charged with three bezants, and an 
 escrol, inscribed " Ich Dien," passes in front 
 of the bottom of them, but is not transfixed 
 by the ends of either. Much has been 
 written on differences found upon the fea- 
 thers, which are well known to be very 
 significant, but these roundles have hitherto 
 escaped notice, which induces an enquiry 
 into their meaning. The feather, we are 
 told, was borne by all thesons of Edward III, 
 and is mentioned as belonging to the mo- 
 narch himself; but it was then borne singly, 
 the quill or pen thereof being tinctured for 
 difference; thus, the king's feather was 
 argent, with the quill gold ; the prince's 
 quill and feather both silver ; the duke of 
 Lancaster's feather silver, quill ermine ; 
 and the duke of Somerset's compony, blue 
 and silver. It is farther stated, that the 
 feathers were never used as a plume by 
 any of the princes of Wales, till the time of 
 Henry VII, when they first so appear upon 
 the sepulchral chapel of prince Arthur, 
 
110 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 where they also occur sing-ly among other 
 badgest As a difference from the royal 
 arms, the dukes of York used a label, each 
 point charged with three torteaux (round 
 red spots), which also appeared upon the 
 supporters and crest. May we not be 
 allowed to suppose that Henry Tudor, when 
 duke of York, charged the quill of his fea- 
 ther with the same difference as appeared 
 upon his label, following the examples of 
 the dukes of Lancaster and Somerset ? Or 
 did he, upon his being created prince of 
 Wales, after his brother Arthur's death, 
 place upon the prince's badge, his own 
 peculiar difference, thus shewing himself to 
 be at once prince of Wales and duke of 
 York? In reply to an objection which 
 might be raised from the colour of these 
 roundles being yellow, while those used by 
 the dukes of York were red, it may be 
 stated that such differences are not uncom- 
 mon in old stained glass, owing to mecha- 
 nical accidents. 
 
 A superb collection of portraits, many of 
 them of persons of the highest celebrity in 
 
TO VISITORS. Ill 
 
 English history, now claims the attention ot 
 the visitor. By whom they were all painted 
 is unknown ; some of them certainly by 
 Holbein, and most of them, probably, by 
 his pupils. Among them are many of the 
 principal nobles and statesmen who lived in 
 the reigns of Henry VHI., Mary, Elizabeth, 
 and James. The entire collection is in ex- 
 cellent preservation, but the authenticity of 
 some of the portraits is questionable, and 
 the majority of them are clearly copies. 
 Those in the following' catalogue which are 
 printed in italics, may be particularly noticed 
 as works of art. 
 
 1. Oliver Cromwell, — Walker. A clever 
 picture, painted with force and free- 
 dom, but somewhat differing from the 
 usual prints and paintings of the Pro- 
 tector. 
 
 2. Edward, fourth Earl of Dorset. — A 
 copy. 
 
 3. The Poet (Dryden). — A copy. 
 
 4. Representation of a Masked Ball, given 
 by Cardinal Wolsey to King Henry 
 V 111. and Anne Boleyn. A curious 
 
112 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 picture, but coarse, said to be by 
 Tintoretti, 
 
 5. A Bacchanalian Scene, — Hemskirk. 
 A humorous subject, carefully finished, 
 with the truth of colour, and natural 
 familiar air, of the Flemish school. 
 
 6. A Battle-piece. — A copy. 
 
 7. Alphonso D' Avalos, Marquis de Guasto, 
 Lieutenant-General of the armies of 
 the Emperor Charles V. in Italy : he 
 died in 1546, set. 42. 
 
 8. Don John of Austria (2). 
 
 9. The Duke of Parma (3). 
 
 10. Henry of Lorraine, Due de Guise (4). 
 
 11. Charles, Due de Bourbon, Constable of 
 
 France (5). 
 
 12. Ann de Montmorenci, Peer, Marshal 
 and Constable of France (6). 
 
 13. Henry Howard, Earl of Northamp- 
 ton (7). 
 
 14. Francis, Due de Guise (8). 
 
 15. Herbert, Earl of Pembroke (9). 
 
 16. Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (10). 
 
 17. Friar Bacon (11). 
 
 18. John WicklifFe, the Reformer (12). 
 
TO VISITORS. 113 
 
 19. Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, &c.(13). 
 
 20. Sir James Wilford (14). 
 
 21. Queen Mary. 
 
 22. George ChfFord, Earl of Cumberland 
 
 (15). 
 
 23. Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (16). 
 
 24. Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (17) 
 
 25. Cromwell, Earl of Essex (18) 
 
 26. The Earl of Surrey; supposed the Earl 
 of Surrey beheaded by Henry VIII. 
 
 27. Sir Thomas More (19). 
 
 28. Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk (20) . 
 
 29. King Henry VIII. 
 
 30. Henry Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel (21). 
 
 31. Cardinal Wolsey (22). 
 
 32. Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury (23) . 
 
 33. Sir Francis Walsingham (24). 
 
 34. Egerton, Baron Ellesmere (25). 
 
 35. Lord Burleigh (26). 
 
 36. Sir Christopher Hatton (27). 
 
 37. Queen Elizabeth. Remarkable for the 
 elaborate profusion of drapery, and 
 the singular manner in which it is dis- 
 posed. The tints of the face appear 
 much faded. 
 
114 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 38. Dudley, Earl of Leicester (28). 
 
 39. Thomas Sackville, first Earl of Dorset. 
 
 The Lord Buckhurst of Queen Eliza- 
 beth's court. 
 
 40. Charles Howard, Earl of Nottingham 
 
 (29). 
 
 41. Cecil, Earl of Salisbury (30). 
 
 42. Sir Francis Drake (31). 
 
 43. Howard, Earl of Suffolk (32). 
 
 44. Admiral Blake (33). 
 
 45. Sir John Norris (34). 
 
 46. Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 
 (35)- 
 
 47. William, first Prince of Orange (36). 
 
 48. Ratcliff, Earl of Sussex (37). 
 
 49. King James T. 
 
 50. Sir Walter Mildmay (38.) 
 
 51 . Queen Jane Seymour. 
 
 52. Queen Katharine. — Holbein. 
 
 53. Sir Thomas More (19 . 
 
 54. Not known. 
 
 55. Isabella Clara Eugenia, Governess of 
 the Low Countries (40). A very clever, 
 well-finished picture. 
 
 56. 7, 8 & 9. Not known. 
 
TO VISITORS. 115 
 
 60. Erasmus (39). 
 
 t)l. Earbj Rejbrmers ; viz. Martin Luther 
 (47), Melancthon, and Pomeranus, (41). 
 
 62. Agricola (42). 
 
 63. Huss, the Reformer (43). 
 
 64. Milton, the poet. — A pleasing portrait ; 
 expressive, mild, and dignified. 
 
 65. 6, 7 & 8. Four small pictures of the 
 
 Seasons. 
 
 69. French painting of Scenery. 
 
 70. ^ Florentine Nobleman, supposed of the 
 
 Strozzi family. This picture is gene- 
 rally much admired. 
 
 71. A Lady (not known). 
 
 72. St, John and Lamb, — Dominichino. A 
 sweet picture, but more in the style of 
 Correggio. 
 
 73. Isabella Bonotta, Countess de Mori. 
 
 74. Not known. 
 
 75. Baron Montmorenci. 
 
 76. The Due D' Alvarez (44). 
 
 77. Not known. 
 
 78. Ninon de VEnclos, — Bromhino. A 
 highly-finished likeness, said to have 
 been painted at the age of 70 (45). 
 
 79. The Countess of Desmond; (46.) An inte- 
 
116 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 resting portrait, and a characteristic, 
 clear picture. 
 
 80. The Earl of Surrey ; supposed Francis, 
 first earl. 
 
 81. Martin Luther (47). 
 
 82. Maw iw r?(^ (not known). A painting of 
 considerable merit ; the features well 
 expressed, the colouring good, and the 
 touch decided and free. 
 
 83. King Edward VI. 
 
 84. Philip, Count de Home (48). 
 
 85. Portrait (in oval frame) ; not known. 
 
 86. The Queen of Francis I. 
 
 87. Queen Ann Boleyn. 
 
 88. The Emperor Charles V. 
 
 89. King Charles //.—Sir P. Lely. Three- 
 
 quarter length. 
 
 90. Portrait (half in armour) ; not known. 
 
 91. King Henry V. 
 
 92. Louis XV. Old print. 
 
 93. William, Prince of Orange. — Jansen, 
 
 94. James, second Earl of Middlesex. 
 
 95. A Doge of Venice. 
 
 96. Honourable Edward Cranfield. 
 
 97 & 98. Seventh Lord and Lady Aber- 
 gavenny. 
 
TO VISITORS. 
 
 11 
 
 The chairs and other seats in this apart- 
 ment are worthy of remark for antiquity, 
 shape, and mate- 
 rial ; velvets and 
 silks of the finest 
 texture and richest 
 patterns (the colours 
 of some in a re- 
 markable state of 
 preservation) cover 
 a variety of curious- 
 ly-formed frames, 
 ^^^ some high-backed 
 and low -seated, o- 
 thers precisely the 
 reverse, and others 
 again softly cushion- 
 ed up to the elbows, 
 requiring a rather high stool for the feet, 
 which is furnished in its place ; these, to- 
 gether with ornamental furniture of corre- 
 sponding date, give a high degree of interest 
 and value to the whole ; so great a variety 
 of objects, agreeing in age and style with 
 the apartment they furnish, being seldom 
 met with. 
 
118 
 
 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 ^>»^BpP™- 
 
 LADY BETTY CERMAINE'S BED- 
 CHAMBER. 
 
 The lady who gives 
 name to this apartment 
 lived in the reign of 
 George II., and was 
 a patroness of litera- 
 ture. She was daugh- 
 ter of the earl of Berke- 
 ley, and became the 
 second wife of Sir John Germaine. Both 
 died without issue, and by virtue of their 
 wills,* lord George Sackville obtained an 
 act of parliament to assume the surname 
 of Germaine. 
 
 *Lady Betty Germaine died Dec. 16th, 1769. By her 
 will left to lady Vere i;20,000— to lord George Sackville 
 £20,000, with Drayton House and the manor thereunto 
 belonging — to lady Catherine Beauclerk £1,000, and her 
 best diamond ring — to earl Berkeley a gold cup — to Mr. 
 Berkeley £5,000 — to the countess of Granard £5,000 — to 
 lady Craven £3,000— to lady Temple £500 for a ring ;— 
 her jewels, plate, &c. to be sold, and, with the residue of 
 her estate, to be equally divided between lord and lady 
 Vere and Sir George Sackville. 
 
TO VISITORS. I 19 
 
 In this chamber is a piece of tapestry 
 exhibiting portraits of the celebrated Van 
 dyke, and his father in-law, lord Gowrie. 
 The paintings here are — 
 
 The Earl of Halifax. 
 
 Edward, fourth Earl of Dorset. 
 
 Cymon and Iphigema (over the mantel- 
 piece). 
 
 A Moonlight. 
 
 Flemish Toper and Companion. 
 
 Judith with the head of Holofernes. 
 
 A Madonna. 
 
 An old Priest. 
 
 St. John preaching' in the Wilderness, 
 
 An old painting (noticeable on account of 
 its extraordinary disregard of perspec- 
 tive). 
 
 Banditti attacking Travellers. 
 
 Holy Family (ancient). 
 
 The artists are not known. The bed- 
 stead here is antique ; it is of oak, with 
 plumes and worked stuff furniture, lined 
 with pink and fringed, and is covered with 
 two or three curiously-embroidered counter- 
 panes. 
 
120 
 
 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 LADY BETTY CERWIAINE'S DRESSING 
 ROOM. 
 
 A SMALL room, con- 
 taining several arti- 
 cles of antique furni- 
 ture, as carved stools, 
 with crimson and da- 
 mask covers, a japan- 
 ned Indian table, &c. 
 
 The paintings are — 
 
 Mrs. Porter. — After Lely, 
 
 Elizabeth, first Duchess of Dorset. — 
 
 Hudson, 
 Lord Hunsdon, — Holbein. 
 Thomas, first Earl of Dorset. 
 Robert, second Earl. 
 Cecile, first Countess. 
 Richard, third Earl. 
 Ann, third Countess. 
 Lady Margaret Sackville. 
 Marquess of Winchester. 
 A Holy Family. 
 Head of a Boy. 
 
 1 
 
TO VISITORS. 
 
 121 
 
 Triangular frame, containing three por- 
 traits of Kings of France. 
 Nymphs and Echo, — Lely. 
 The Lady of Sir Walter Raleigh. 
 Hunting Scene. 
 Miss Collier. — Hudson, 
 A Battle-piece. 
 
 Mrs, Bates, — Ozias Humphrey. 
 A Building' in Rome. 
 King Lear and Ophelia. 
 Maurice, Prince of Orange. 
 Lord Leveson Gower. 
 
 THE SPANGLED BED-ROOM. 
 
 This is a very hand- 
 some room, hung with 
 tapestry, and having an 
 original floor of oak, 
 which is painted black. 
 The furniture, too, is in- 
 teresting, as illustrative 
 of the style of former 
 days : the whole of it (with the exception 
 of a Chinese or Indian idol, shrine and stand, 
 
 R 
 
122 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 a gift of the present earl Amherst) was 
 presented by king James I. to Lionel, earl 
 of Middlesex, lord -treasurer, from whom it 
 descended, through his daughter, who mar- 
 ried the fifth earl of Dorset, to the Sack- 
 ville family. The bed is very beautiful : it 
 has crimson silk furniture, lined with satin, 
 richly embroidered with gold and silver, 
 with coverlid to match. There are also 
 several stools with crimson silk tops, em- 
 broidered after the same pattern ; and a 
 curious antique ebony wardrobe merits 
 notice. Here are two paintings only, por- 
 traits, but both fine ones, by Sir Peter 
 Lely ; viz. 
 
 The Duke of Monmouth. 
 
 Mrs. Sackville. 
 
TO VISITORS. 
 
 123 
 
 THE SPANGLED DRESSING-ROOM. 
 
 This also is an elegant, 
 apartment. In the cen- 
 tre of it stand a beau- 
 tifully wrought chair 
 and footstool of ivory, 
 (also presented by earl 
 Amherst, who brought 
 them from India), in 
 which, surrounded by the fine creations of 
 the pencil w hich grace the walls, we should 
 presume that a ladymight sit with tolerable 
 satisfaction during her toilet. There are 
 some other handsome stools and settees, 
 with crimson -damask covers, &c. ; and the 
 paintings are as follow : — 
 
 1. A Miser, \f\t\\ the Father of Evil at his 
 elbow. — Quintin Matsys, A highly- 
 finished and clever ])ainting. 
 
 2. A Venus.— After Titian, 
 
 3. The Salutation. — Rembrandt, 
 
 -4 & 5. Candle-lights, — Schalkchen. De- 
 licately and elaborately finished, and 
 generally attractive from their striking 
 
124 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 effect, the peculiar tone of the light 
 being given with great truth and force. 
 
 6. A frame containing six miniatures ; viz. 
 
 Lionel, first earl of Middlesex, Ann, 
 Countess of Middlesex, Sir John Suck- 
 ling, Mr. Brett, and two others. 
 
 7. Another frame, containing a miniature 
 of Lady Rachel Fane, Countess of Bath 
 and Middlesex. 
 
 8. A Sybil (Sybilla Persica) .—Stone. 
 
 9. JMiss Steicart. — Lely. 
 
 10. The Alchemyst. — Wycke. 
 
 11. Ann Hyde, Duchess of York. — Lely. 
 
 12. The Nativity. — Bassano. 
 
 13. Venus and a Satyr.— Correggio. 
 
 14. Robbers attacking a Waggon. — Van- 
 
 dergucht. 
 
 15. Countess of Shrewsbury (51). — Lely. 
 
 16. A Landscape. — Salvator Rosa. 
 
 17. Still Life. 
 
 18. •^ Flemish Merry-making. — Heems- 
 
 kirke. 
 
 19. A Reposing Venus. — Ozias Humphrey. 
 
 20. James Compton, fifth Earl of North- 
 
 ampton. — Vandyke. 
 
TO VISITOR*. 125 
 
 21. Abraham entertaining the Angels. — 
 
 Guercino, 
 
 22. Lady Stafford. — Alhano. 
 
 23. Lady Ossory. 
 
 24. A Magdalene. — Albano. 
 
 THE BILLiARD-ROOM 
 
 Is remarkable, not for its 
 furniture, having little 
 besides an old billiard- 
 table, but for its pic- 
 tures, several of which 
 are undoubted origi- 
 nals, and most valuable. 
 
 1. St. Peter. — Rembrandt. 
 
 2. Old Man's Head ; supposed Lord Sun- 
 derland. 
 
 3. Diana and Nymphs discovered by Ac- 
 
 tseon. — By or after Titian. 
 
 4. Portrait of an Old Man. — Bassano. 
 
 5. Sir Thomas More. — Mytens, 
 
 6. Franks Hals, by himself, in his pecu- 
 liarly free and sketchy style. 
 
 7. Boy blowing a Pipe. — Murillo. 
 
126 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 S Si, 9, James, Lord CranfielcJ, and Lady 
 Frances Cranfield (children of Lionel, 
 Earl of Middlesex),— My tens, 
 
 10. The God of Silence. 
 
 11. Major Mohun (52.) 
 
 12. Sir Kenelm Bigby (53).— A splendid 
 Vandyke ; such a portrait as cannot 
 fail to attract notice. The countenance 
 is expressive and dignified — the co- 
 louring and execution admirable. 
 
 13. A Landscape. — Poussin, 
 
 14. Diana and Calisto. — After Titian, 
 
 15. Du Bourg, Organist ofJ]ntwerp (54). — 
 Vandyke. Finely conceived and paint- 
 ed, full of poetical feeling, and pos- 
 sessing great interest. 
 
 16. A Landscape. — Poussin, 
 
TO VISITORS. 
 
 127 
 
 THE LEICESTER GALLERY. 
 
 HIS apartment is or- 
 namented through- 
 out with fine paint- 
 ings ; its matting' 
 and screens are an- 
 tique and curious, 
 and with its sofas, 
 couches, stools, &c. 
 covered with crim- 
 son damask and figured velvet, it is highly 
 illustrative of the style of the sixteenth 
 century. 
 
 Two rolls of arms, displayed upon oaken 
 stands, exhibit the Sackville and Curzon 
 pedigrees. The former one in particular is 
 an elaborate performance, and commences 
 with Herbrand de Sackville, whose portrait 
 appears in the window at one end of this 
 gallery, finely executed on glass, with the 
 following inscription : ** fi|crtiraRtiu0 tie ,^acfe= 
 bilk, prapoten^ Kormannu^, inttabit ^ngliam 
 turn Sulidmo eonque^tore, A"« D'" MLXVI." 
 [Herbrand de Sackville, a very powerful 
 
128 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 Norman, came into England with William 
 the Conqueror, 1066.] This figure will bear 
 the closest examination, and 'will be found 
 to be exquisitely finished ; the features and 
 hands are correctly and carefully drawn, 
 and the details of the armour and dress well 
 made out. The pedigree is the work of Sir 
 William Segar (Garter), Richard St. George 
 (Norroy), and Henry St. George (Richmond), 
 and was executed in the year 1623, in ihe 
 time of Edward, the fourth earl. 
 The pictures in this room are — 
 
 1. Countess of Bedford [bb] — Vandyke. A 
 most captivating portrait ; the drapery 
 finely managed, and the hands exqui- 
 sitely painted. 
 
 2. A Landscape, — Young artist from 
 Rome. 
 
 3. James, Marquess of Hamilton, — My tens. 
 A fine full-length. 
 
 4. Nicolo Molino, the Venetian Ambassa- 
 
 dor, — My tens. A full-length, also pos- 
 sessing: ofi'eat merit. 
 
 5. Philip IV, of Spain,—Sir Anto. Moore. 
 
 6. Queen of Philip IV,-— Ditto, 
 
TO VISITORS. 129 
 
 7. Lady Milton. — Pompeio Bottom, 
 
 8. Landsciipe. — Young artist from Rome. 
 0. Prince Henry, son of King James I., 
 
 full-length. — Mytens, 
 
 10. King James I., at about the age of 60, 
 sitting in a chair which is preserved in 
 the Brown Gallery. — Mytens, 
 
 11. Sir Ralph Bosville (56). Schidoni, 
 
 12. Due D'Espernon. 
 
 13 & 16. Fruit pieces. 
 
 14 & 15. Landscapes. — Deane. 
 
 17. Fiist Lord Whitworth and Nephew ; 
 
 three-quarter. 
 18 & 19. Heraclkns SLud Democritufi, — Mig- 
 
 nard. Amusing pictures, but coarsely 
 
 painted. 
 
 20. Sir Hatton Fermor (57). 
 
 21. First Earl of Middlesex.— Mytens, A 
 good portrait ; the flesh tints are fine, 
 the hands well disposed and painted, 
 and the general effect pleasing. 
 
 22. Henry lloward. Earl of Surrey (58.) — 
 Holbein. 
 
 23. Ann, Countess of Middlesex. — Mytens, 
 
 24. Sir Affthony Cope (5fik).— Vandyke. 
 
130 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 25. Frederic, King- of Bohemia. — Houthoust. 
 
 26. Princess Louise Ditto. 
 
 27. Portrait (not known). 
 
 28. King Charles II. — Houthoust, 
 
 29. Princess Sophia of Bohemia. Ditto. 
 
 30. Guardian Angel and Child.— Corton^i, 
 
 31. Edward, fourth Earl of Dorset. 
 
 32. A Sea-piece. — Salvator Rosa. 
 
 From the windows of these two rooms, 
 which were formerly comprehended under 
 the title of the Leicester Gallery, are views 
 which deserve to be remarked, from their 
 varied and peculiar character. The window 
 in the billiard -room towards the north-east, 
 overlooks the pleasure-grounds at the back 
 of the house, and presents a fine variety of 
 luxuriant evergreens, so characteristic of the 
 ancient English mansion ; behind which rise 
 several lofty and picturesque firs. That at 
 the farther end of the Leicester gallery 
 commands a view of one of those ranges of 
 chalk hills with which this part of Kent 
 abounds, a portion of the park, with its 
 clumps of trees and herds of deer; while 
 
 I 
 
TO VISITORS. 
 
 131 
 
 immediately below is the building which 
 formerly served as a prison to the mansion ; 
 and from a third we look down into a court- 
 yard, surrounded by antique windows and 
 gables. 
 
 THE VENETIAN BED-ROOM. 
 
 This chamber received 
 its designation from 
 having- been slept in by 
 Nicolo Molino, the Ve- 
 netian ambassador. It 
 .contains a very elegant 
 state bed, said to have 
 been prepared for the 
 reception of king James II. The canopy is 
 richly carved and gilt at the head-board, 
 surmounted with the royal arms. 
 
 The furniture is of green cut-velvet, 
 lined with lutestring; and the chairs and 
 stools in the room are covered to cor- 
 respond. 
 
132 
 
 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 There are many other curious ornaments, 
 &c. ; but only three pictures, and of those, 
 only one worthy of notice ; namely — 
 
 Katherine II., of Russia, in military 
 costume, as a commander-in-chief, 
 
 (61). . 
 
 Ghau-iDttie Venetian Bed-room, 
 
TO VISITOHS. 
 
 1:3:3 
 
 THE VENETIAN DRESSIMG-ROOMa 
 
 A SMALL carpet on the 
 Hoor of this rooiii, 
 wrong h J with the urn is 
 of Cnrzon and Leve- 
 son, brings to mind Mr. 
 Fosbroke's description : 
 '* In the sixteenth cen 
 tury we find carpets of 
 English work, with arms in the centre, a 
 square bord carpet cloth for the table, 
 with arms in the midst of it, one large car- 
 pet for a coobard, Turkey carpets for the 
 table, &c." 
 
 Here are many clever paintings ; viz. 
 
 1. Lionel, first Duke of Dorset, on horse 
 back. — Wootton. 
 
 2. Sir Thomas More (19).— Holbein. 
 
 3. Old Man's Head. A fine study. 
 
 4. j^ Boar -hunt. A very clever bit, 
 though slight ; said to be by Rubens. 
 
 5. MissAxford^ the fair Quakeress (62). — 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds. This portrait, and 
 
134 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 those of the opera-sing-er and opera- 
 dancer (Nos. 6 & 14), all by Reynolds, 
 are in that celebrated artist's usual 
 broad and happy style, remarkable for 
 sweetness of expression, and for admi- 
 rable faithfulness to nature. 
 
 6. Madame Baccelli, an opera-dancer. — 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
 
 7. Landscape, — Berghem. 
 
 8. Jacobs Journey, — Bassano. 
 
 9. Lady Hume. 
 
 10. Honourable Lionel Cranfield. 
 
 11. A Candlelight. 
 
 12. A Firelight. 
 
 13. Ann, Countess of Dorset, Pembroke^ 
 and Montgomery (63). — My tens, 
 
 J 4. Signora Schielleni, an opera-singer. — 
 Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
 
 15. The Earl of Shaftesbury (60).— Riley. 
 
 16. A Head, supposed of Cleopatra. 
 
 17. A Toper, 
 
 18. Old Man's Head. 
 
 19. Monsieur Campchinetze (65). — Gains- 
 borough. An unassuming, but most 
 clever picture. 
 
 I 
 
TO VISITORS. 135 
 
 20. Companion to the Toper. 
 
 21. A Battle-piece, — Borgognone. The 
 hurry and confusion of the conflict are 
 depicted with a bold and spirited 
 pencil. 
 
 22. The Finding- of Moses. — Lairesse, 
 
 23 & 24. Small portraits of Philip IV. of 
 Spain, and his Queen. 
 
 25. Landscape, — Salvator Rosa. 
 
 26. Death of Cleopatra, — Dominichino. 
 
 27. Wife of Titian going to poison his mis- 
 tress. — After Titian, 
 
 28. Repose, with Flight into Egypt. — 
 
 Zuccharelli, 
 
 29. The Archduke Albert. 
 
 30. Isabella, Duchess of Brabant. 
 
 31. A Farm -yard. — Honderkooter. 
 
 32. Portrait of Mr. Brett.— C Jansen, 
 
 33. Sir Kenelm Digby, half-length.— A 
 copy. 
 
 34. Mrs, Marcjaret Woffington (the actress) 
 as Penelope, — Sir J. Reynolds. 
 
 35. Ozias Humphrey. — By himself. 
 
 In the passage leading from the Leicester 
 to the Brown gallery are several pictures, 
 
136 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 as, the first Lord Whitworth, a Devotee, a 
 Garden-scene, Madonna and Child, and two 
 or three others; but none of any note. 
 
 THE ORGAN ROOM. 
 
 N ancient apartment of 
 extremely rude finish, the 
 walls being covered with 
 oak boards not framed 
 into paneling"; but this 
 we may imagine to have 
 been remedied in the 
 olden time by the assist- 
 ance of the yeoman hanger with goodly 
 tapestries, of which there was great store, 
 of pattern and story most appropriate, the 
 floor being beseemly strewed with hay or 
 rushes, and the light of day softly beaming 
 thrrugh sacred scriptures, set forth by 
 goodly personages and most holy, in the 
 richly-coloured glass ; thus, with its other 
 garniture, rendering it a chamber meet for 
 the most dainty player upon the organ 
 belonging to the chapel of the lord cardinal. 
 
TO VISITORS. 137 
 
 Add to these, the noble iiistriinient* so con- 
 veniently placed that the organist could ob- 
 serve the altar below, assist with sweet music 
 at its service, and still remain unseen by those 
 engaged in it ; w^hile a small door near to a 
 fire-place, replenished with blazing logs if the 
 season so required, communicating immedi- 
 ately with the chapel, gave ready admittance 
 to those belonging to the choir, or others 
 whose business lay hither ; for w^e should 
 not marvel if this may have been used as a 
 school for the nurture of those belonging to 
 the choir in the difficulties of their calling. 
 Upon the eve of great festivals we can 
 imagine from hence, much bustle and gohig* 
 to and fro, very much care in the teacher, 
 and great pains taken by the scholar, in re- 
 citino' the service that on the morrow w^as 
 by its grandeur to awaken the " Gloria in 
 excels is Deo," and by its sweetness and 
 gentle harmony to impress on the heart 
 of both ecclesiastic and layman the conclii- 
 
 * Said to have been the second of the kind built in 
 England. 
 
 T 
 
138 THE ROOMS SHEWN , 
 
 sion of the song " Et in terra pax, bene- 
 volentia ad hominem." 
 
 We may not here neglect the oaken chest, 
 so quaintly carved, whose fellow standeth 
 in the gate -house first entered, inasmuch as 
 the greybeards tell us (with what degree of 
 truth we know not) that it was a travelling- 
 box belonging to lord Buckhurst's brave 
 chariot, in which, drawn by a team of fine 
 oxen, he was used to journey so nobly to 
 and from the councils in which he was wont 
 to preside. 
 
 Among others, three pictures now remain 
 that of old were in the chapel. They ap- 
 pear to be the work of one hand, and done 
 to decorate the church or chapel of some re- 
 ligious fraternity, as may be seen by the 
 following inscription, placed at the corner of 
 one of them : — 
 
 Ad Decorem Domus 
 
 Dei. JOHANNES . AVYNGTON 
 
 Doctor . et . Svbprior 
 
 me . Fieri . Fecit Ap D 
 
 1526 Et a . re. H 8. 18. 
 
TO VISITORS. 139 
 
 The stories are — the Betrayal, the Resur- 
 rection, and the Ascension, painted in rich 
 colours and overlaid in parts with gold ; 
 moreover, each tablet has depicted in two 
 colours, on the other side, a saint in pontifi- 
 calibus, with his name beneath in rubicund 
 capitals, of ancient formation. 
 
 The painting's, most of which are but 
 indifferent copies, are as follow : — 
 
 King' James I. 
 
 A Musical Party. 
 
 Companion to ditto. 
 
 James Butler, Earl of Ormond. 
 
 Archbishop Bancroft (35) ; over the door. 
 
 Sir John Suckling, 
 
 Landscape, with figures. 
 
 Ditto, with building. 
 
 Charles, second Duke of Dorset, as a 
 Roman Emperor ! 
 
 Christ mocked (small). 
 
 Tobit and the Ang-el. 
 
 Dover Castle. 
 
 Charles I, and his Queen. 
 
 Sea-piece — story of Jonah. 
 
140 
 
 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 THE CHAPEL-ROOIVI, 
 
 N interesting apartment 
 of ancient date, which, 
 although much dis- 
 guised, by white paint 
 and bad modern floor- 
 ing, has enough of 
 originaUty left to gra- 
 tify those who delight in the investigation of 
 the arts and habits of by-gone days, and to 
 revel in the pleasures produced by histori- 
 cal recollections. The ceiling is of oak 
 panelled, and is sHghtly elevated in the 
 centre ; the windows project, and are divided 
 by mullions into quatrefoil-headed compart- 
 ments, subdivided by transoms. The flat 
 space between the two windows was for- 
 merly open, but has been closed by modern 
 boarding. The walls of the room are hung 
 with tapestry, representing the history of 
 Noah : a picture of David meeting Abigail, 
 over the fire-place, and a cabinet made 
 of the wood of the sweet chesnut, and orna- 
 
I 
 
 ro VISITORS. 141 
 
 menled with ebony, with a few juiuor arti- 
 cles, complete the list of its furniture. 
 
 One subject there is, however, that it 
 would be unpardonable to forget. Conspi- 
 cuously placed upon the cabinet j ust men- 
 tioned is a group of figures, finely carved, 
 relating to the crucifixion. It reminds us of 
 the lonely-imprisoned queen Mary of Scots, 
 by whom it was presented to the earl of 
 Dorset. To her it was probably an object 
 of religious homage and devotion, and we 
 cannot but view it with respect and interest, 
 from the long train of incidents which it 
 recalls. The room receives from it an addi- 
 tional charm, and may be esteemed a shrine 
 well calculated to contain so valuable a 
 relic. 
 
 Two small rooms on the left of the en- 
 trance to the chapel require notice, from the 
 decorations allusive to the family of the buil- 
 der; one of these rooms contains the chimney- 
 piece, w^ith inscription and cognizances, repre- 
 sented in an engraving given in the first page 
 of this volume ; the other, a closet, has a small 
 window diapend with knots and oak leaves, 
 
142 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 the latter said to have been borne by arch- 
 bishop Bourchier to shew his maternal des- 
 cent from the daughter of Thomas of Wood- 
 stock, duke of Gloucester. In this closet 
 is a projection covered with brick, for which 
 we can find no other use than to place the 
 censer or incense-pots upon, and, till some 
 other be found, we may perhaps be in- 
 dulged in believing this probable, for, after 
 having' been used in the chapel, filled 
 with burning charcoal, it must have been 
 unsafe to have left them on wood; and if we 
 suppose the adjoining apartment to have 
 been the sacristry, or vestry, this will not ap- 
 pear very unlikely, as the fire-place before- 
 mentioned could have furnished the live 
 embers required. 
 
 These apartments are not shewn to visi- 
 tors, but their ancient connexion with the 
 chapel would have rendered the description 
 of that edifice less complete, had they been 
 omitted. 
 
TO VISITORS. 
 
 14:i 
 
 THE CHAPEL. 
 
 HIS ancient edifice, al- 
 though its furniture 
 and embellishments 
 have undergone oreat 
 alterations, still re- 
 tains its interesting' 
 character. It has a 
 row of open seats on each side, with a pulpit 
 and desk opposite each other, adwarfwafn- 
 scotting being carried round the whole, 
 including the space railed and occupied by 
 the communion-table. 
 
 The family-pew or closet is raised, and 
 crosses the end of entrance ; it is supported 
 in front by a screen of older date than the 
 superstructure, the head of the door-way, 
 with its spandrils,exhibiting remains of much 
 beauty ; it has been cut lower to accommo- 
 date the new work, but enough is left in 
 the oak-leaf and the 3SeneBiCtU0 iBCU^, 
 to ascertain its date and builder. The front 
 of the gallery or pew is ornamented by a 
 
144 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 sort of screen or enriched frame -work of 
 three openings (formerly filled with glass), 
 sm-momited by appropriate decorations, the 
 family arms being emblazoned in the centre. 
 The furniture and hangings of the closet, pul- 
 pit, communion-table and desk, are of crim- 
 son velvet and cloth of gold, brought from 
 France by John, third duke of Dorset. Two 
 pieces of stained glass in the side windows 
 are considered curious ; the remainder being- 
 small pieces in two colours, fragments of 
 scripture, history, and legend, forming their 
 subjects. 
 
 The ceiling, now a plaistered imitation of 
 vaulting, was formerly panelled with oak, 
 painted blue and starred with silver : pic- 
 tures hung on the walls, and a tapestry of 
 Christ before Pilate was suspended in the 
 family seat above. The alterations were 
 chiefly made by John, third duke, previous 
 to whose time it was in a state of great 
 neglect, and had not been used for many 
 years. Divine service is now performed 
 here by the family chaplain every Sunday 
 afternoon ; her ladyship attending the 
 
TO VISITORS. 145 
 
 parisli church of Sevenoaks in the moni- 
 ing. 
 
 Beneath the chapel is a fine crypt, with 
 a vaulted roof supported by cross-springers 
 arising from corbels. Its proportions are 
 spoiled by a brick wall being built across 
 the middle, to accommodate the conserva- 
 tories with stowage for fuel. There have 
 been openings in the walls, and there are 
 now two entrances, besides indications of an 
 apartment beyond. 
 
 The general access to the chapel is from 
 the waier-court, by a staircase and a hand- 
 some stone doorway (see engraving), the 
 iron ring which forms a handle to the 
 ancient oaken door being curiously orna- 
 mented with entwining lizards ; but the vi- 
 sitor enters it from the chapel-room only; 
 thus viewing the interior of the chapel from 
 the family pew. 
 
146 
 
 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 THE BALL-ROOM, 
 
 " ' ^ A CHEERFUL and ele- 
 
 gant apartment, has a 
 noble marble chimney- 
 piece, is surrounded by 
 a frieze composed of 
 figures of the strangest 
 shapes, in most varied 
 postures, and is otherwise decorated with a 
 profusion of masks and quaint carvings, 
 well drawn and boldly executed ; which, to- 
 gether with its beautifully carved and gilt 
 sconces, chairs with satin-wood backs, 
 and numerous other elegant ornaments, 
 cannot fail to attract attention. 
 
 The walls are decorated with family por- 
 traits, and some few others ; namely— 
 Robert, second Bar I oj' Dorset, — Deheers. 
 Margaret, second Countess .... Ditto. 
 Other Archer, sixth Earl of Plymouth. 
 — Phillips, Deemed an excellent like- 
 ness. 
 
 I 
 
,_,_i^;^,l -=^5^1,11! 
 
!l 
 
TO VISITORS. 147 
 
 Georg-e John Frederic, fourth Duke. — 
 Sanders, A pleasing- full-length por- 
 trait of the lauient«^d young nobleman. 
 Arabella Diana, third Duchess. — Hopner, 
 Joh)i Frederick^ third Duke, — Sir J. Rey- 
 nolds. A magnificent Reynolds, both 
 in colouring and design. 
 Elizabeth, first Duchess. — Hudson, 
 Lionel, first Duke. — Sir G. Kneller, 
 Mary, fourth Countess. — Jlytens, 
 Edward, fourth Eat I, — Vandyke. A 
 
 noble full length. 
 Lord Georije Sackville (49). — Gainsbo- 
 rough. A fine portrait, partaking, in a 
 high degree, of the truth, freedom, 
 vigour, and natural expression, gene- 
 rally found in the works of this painter. 
 Queen Charlotte. — Romney, after Rey- 
 nolds. 
 
 King George III Ditto. 
 
 Ann, third Countess. — Mytens, 
 Richard, third Earl. . . .Ditto. 
 Frances, fifth Countess. Ditto. 
 Thomas, first Earl. — C, J an sen, 
 Charles, sixth Earl, — Sir G. Kneller. 
 
148 
 
 THE ROOMS SHKWN 
 
 Richard, fifth Earl. 
 
 Among the articles of vertu in this room 
 are some busts, including one in marble of 
 the third duchess, one of earl Whitworth, 
 her second lord, and a plaister one of the 
 emperor Alexander of Russia. 
 
 THE CRIMSON DRAWING-ROOM. 
 
 This is the room of 
 rooms for its pictures, 
 nearly all of which 
 are of first-rate excel- 
 lence. 
 
 1. A Sybil, — Dominichino. A counte- 
 nance of great beauty and power, with 
 eyes rapt in contemplation of kindred 
 stars. 
 
 2. Mary, Queen of Scots. — Zucchero. 
 
 3. A Magdalene, — Guercino. 
 
 4. A Party going out of a morning. — 
 
 Wouvermans, 
 
TO VISITORS 141) 
 
 6. Cupids at Play. — Parmegiano. A per- 
 fect gem, the design and execution 
 efjually meritorious, and the painting 
 exquisitely delicate. 
 
 6. Count Ucfolino (67). — Sir J. Reynolds. 
 A striking contrast to the Fortune- 
 teller, which hangs opposite, and an 
 instance of the varied powers of this 
 great English painter, of whose com 
 positions this is generally considered the 
 chef (Fwuvre, It is a noble picture, 
 though the subject is a painful one. 
 The colouring is extremely rich and 
 vigorous, and the light and shade 
 finely managed. It was purchased by 
 the Duke of Dorset for 400 guineas. 
 
 7. Death of the Maccabees, — Vandyke. A 
 fine sketchy picture, with powerful 
 effect of light and shade. 
 
 8. King Henry y\\\—Holhem, 
 
 9. Cosmo, Duke of Tuscany, — Tintoretto. 
 
 10. Madonna and Child. — After Raphael, 
 
 11. Wise Men's Offering. — M, de Ferara, 
 
 12. Frances, fifth Countess of Dorset, — 
 Vandyke. A splendid portrait, of re- 
 
150 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 fined taste and finished execution. The 
 drapery is most gracefully arranged, 
 and admirably painted. 
 
 13. Judith with the Head of Holqf'ernes, — 
 
 Garafuli. A clever, highly- finished 
 picture, by a painter whose works are 
 seldom seen. 
 
 14. Holy Family, — Vandyke. Small. 
 
 15. Flemish Wake, — D. Teniers. 
 
 16. Marriage of St. Katharine.— Parme- 
 giano, 
 
 17. St. John and Lamb. — Schidoni, 
 
 18. Duchess of Cleveland (68) — Sir P. Lely. 
 
 19. The Angel liberating St. Peter; or, the 
 
 Guard -room. — 2>. Teniers, A carefully 
 finished picture, of great merit. 
 
 20. Card-players. — Ostade, 
 
 21. A Dead Christ. — L, Caracci. 
 
 22. A Family of Beggars. — Jan Mel, 
 
 23. A Head, supposed ofRaphael, by himself. 
 
 24. Flemish Musician.— Te/zier^. 
 
 25. Flemish Boy Ditto. 
 
 26. Dejanina and Centaur, — L. Caracci. 
 
 27. Rohinetta, — Sir J. Reynolds. The ori- 
 
 ginal of the popular print ; and cer- 
 
TO vrsiTOKs. 151 
 
 taiiily an exquisite y)irture, in concep- 
 tion, design, and colouring. 
 
 28. The Fortune-teller. — Sir J. Reynolds. 
 Another deservedly popular picture, by 
 the same master; the subject well- 
 chosen, the colouring rich and harmo- 
 nious, and the individual expression 
 excellent. It was exhibited in 1777, 
 and purchased by the Duke of Dorset 
 for 350 guineas. 
 
 29. Holy Family.— Tkmn, 
 
 30. The Nativity. — Paul Veronese. 
 
 31. Angel liberating^ St. Peter. — Tremsani, 
 
 32. Madonna, Infant, and St. Jerome. — And. 
 del Sarto. A fine specimen of the 
 master, elaborately finished and in ex 
 cellent preservation. 
 
 33. The Call of Samuel.— ^\v J. Reynolds. 
 Appears to have been a favourite sub- 
 ject, from its having been repeatedly 
 painted by him ; has great breadth and 
 freedom of handling, and the upturned 
 countenance is very expressive. 
 
 34. Landscape. — Berghem. Not very highly 
 
 finished, yet still a beautiful composi- 
 
152 
 
 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 tion, with a pleasing" warmth of colour, 
 and a free delicate touch. 
 
 35. Holy Family. 
 
 36. A Chinese Youth (69).— Sir J. Reynolds. 
 The chimney-piece of this room is remark- 
 able for its finely-sculptured marble. In the 
 fire-place is a pair of very larg^e silver dogs, 
 and several nic-nacs are lying about the 
 apartment, as some curious canes, a stiletto, 
 &c. The high backed chairs of the old 
 school, now coming into vogue again, may 
 also deserve notice. 
 
 THE CARTOOM GALLERY; 
 
 So named from its 
 containing copies in 
 oil, by Daniel My- 
 tens, of six of the 
 celebrated cartoons* 
 of Raphael, These 
 copies were painted 
 for Lionel, Earl of 
 
 * The cartoons of Raphael, preserved in Hampton Court 
 Palace, are seven in number : " Paul preaching at Athens," 
 is the one not copied by Mytens. It may be acceptable, 
 probably, to our younger readers, to know, that those car- 
 
TO VISITORS. 153 
 
 Middlesex, and removed to Knole fromCopt- 
 liall, in Essex, by Charles, Earl of Dorset. 
 They are as follow : 
 
 The Death of Ananias. 
 Elymas the Sorcerer. 
 Healing of the Lame Man, 
 The Miraculous Draught of Fishes. 
 Christ's Charge to Peter. 
 Paul and Barnabas at Lycaonia. 
 They are executed with great fidelity and 
 skill, and are in good preservation. The 
 gallery which they ornament is eighty- 
 nine feet and a half long, and contains, 
 besides the cartoons, the following pictures : 
 Charles, sixth Earl of Dorset. 
 Mary, sixth Countess. 
 King George the Fourth (in regimentals), 
 full-Iengfth. — Sir Thomas Lawrence. 
 
 toons (so called from being painted on carta, cartona, sheets 
 of paper) were executed by Raphael to the order of Pope 
 Leo X., as patterns for tapestry, to decorate the Papal 
 chapel at Rome. They were completed about the year 
 1520, and the tapestry was wrought at the famous manu- 
 factory of Arras, in Flanders. The cartoons themselves 
 were purchased for king Charles I., by Rubens, the painter. 
 X 
 
154 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 Robert Dudley^ Earl of Leicester * 
 Girl raising a Curtain. — Mosnier, 
 The Earl of Surrey (full-length) .—Hol- 
 bein. 
 Portrait »^ — Dobson. 
 Chief- Baron Lant. 
 
 The sculptured marble chimney-piece of 
 this room is also noticeable. Here, again, are 
 a large pair of silver dogs, several silver 
 sconces and chandeliers, and other articles, 
 including a treasurer's chest of office, which 
 belonged to the first earl of Dorset. In a re- 
 cess in this apartment are four casts from the 
 Florentine gallery — the Venus de Medicis, 
 the Wrestlers, the Dancing Faun, and the Lis- 
 tening Slave. In the windows of this apart- 
 ment are numerous armorial bearings, execu- 
 
 * Or, said by some to be " the marquess of Hertford, of 
 Queen Elizabeth's time." It is, at all events, a most 
 striking likeness of the earl of Leicester ; add to which, 
 that there was no such dignity as that of marquess of Hert- 
 ford until the year 1640. It is a good painting. 
 
 t Said to be of General Monk, earl of Albemarle, or of 
 lord Capel : certainly not at all resembling the likenesses of 
 Monk. It is a clever portrait, in the style of Vandyke. 
 
TO VISITORS. 155 
 
 ted with great accuracy. Twelve of them ajj- 
 |)ear to belong' to families not in any way 
 connected with the Sackvilles, nor traceable 
 as possessors of Knole. They are as fol- 
 low : — Richard Cole, of the Arches; Ralph 
 Rokesby, master of Requests; Roger Mau- 
 wode, chief-baron of Exchecjuer; Christo 
 pher Wray, lord-chief-justice ; William 
 Lewyn, judge of the Prerogative; Julius, 
 judge of Admiralty ; William Aubrey, judge 
 of Audience ; John Herbert, master of Re- 
 (juests; Snagge, master-serjeant at law; 
 Gilbert Gerrard, master of Requests; John 
 Popham, attorney -general ; John Purkirage, 
 serjeant-at-law. Many of these would seem 
 to have been the law-officers of the crown 
 at a time when the estate of Knole was in 
 the hands of government. The other he- 
 raldic desig-ns are the achievements of the 
 Sackvilles and their wives, with one or two 
 exceptions, in a direct line from Robert de 
 Sackville to Richard ihe third Earl. In the 
 windows of a colonnade in the house, these 
 are made perfect to the time of the first duke, 
 but this colonnade is not publicly shewn* 
 
156 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 THE KING'S BED-ROOM. 
 
 ^x ^N In this room there is 
 
 |j\ but one picture, namely, 
 the Coligni Family,* 
 Wi by J<^^t^^>^ ; containing 
 portraits of the cardinal 
 of that name and his 
 two brothers. 
 The walls are lined 
 with tapestry, in good preservation, on 
 which is represented the story of Ne- 
 buchadnezzar. The state -bed, which cost 
 £8,000, is also very perfect considering 
 its age ; this apartment, with its furni- 
 ture, having been prepared for the re- 
 ception of James I. The bedstead is pro- 
 fusely ornamented, with a canopy-top ; and 
 the furniture (which begins to show symp- 
 toms of not lasting for ever) is of gold and 
 silver tissue, lined with rose-coloured satin, 
 embroidered and fringed with gold and 
 silver. About the room are several chairs 
 
 * See Appendix, No. 70. 
 
TO VISITORS. 157 
 
 and stools, covered to correspond with the 
 furniture of the bed ; also a handsome 
 couch, carved and gilt, with purple-velvet 
 cushions and pillow, embroidered with gold 
 and silver, and a carved chair, cane-backed, 
 with damask cushions. The tables are of 
 chased silver. The expense of the entire 
 fittings of the room are stated at £20,000. 
 On the dressing-table, stands a complete 
 toilet-service of silver, of excellent work 
 manship, which was purchased by the first 
 duke of Dorset, in 1743, at a sale of the 
 effects of the countess of Northampton. In- 
 dependently of these ornaments, there is a 
 profusion of silver in this aj)artment — mas- 
 sive urns, flowir-pots, sconces, filligree- 
 baskets, censers, &c. Here are also two 
 cabinets, one of ebony, and the other of 
 ebony and ivory. The latter, the interior 
 of which is very minute and curious, con- 
 tains two chamberlain's keys of oflice, and 
 is decorated with relievos from scri|)ture 
 history. 
 
158 
 
 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 THE DININC-PARLOUR. 
 
 ERE it was that the 
 parliamentary com* 
 missioners held their 
 court of sequestration, 
 in 1645, in the time of 
 Edward, fourth earl 
 of Dorset, whom they 
 deprived, for a time, 
 of this property. Here, too, we may sup- 
 pose, that Charles, the sixth earl, in plea- 
 santer days, assembled round his festive 
 board Dryden, Prior, Pope, Wycherley, 
 Con^reve, Killigrew, Durfey, and others, 
 eminent for wit or genius. 
 
 Its walls are devoted, almost exclusively, 
 to portraits of poets, authors, and painters, 
 of whom here is a brilliant assemblage : — 
 
 1. Waller. — Jarvis, 
 
 2. Addison. — Ditto. 
 
 3. Sir T, Mayence, Dutch physician to 
 king James l.~Dobson. 
 
I 
 
 TO VISITORS. 159 
 
 4. Sir Walter Raloigli. 
 
 5. Vatnlyke and Lord Gowri(\ — Vandyke. 
 
 6. Locke.— ^'iv G. Kneller. 
 
 7. Hohhes Ditto. 
 
 8. Sir Isaac Neivton. — Ditto. 
 
 9. Flatman (a poet and painter, died 1688) . 
 — By himself. 
 
 10. Cowley. — Du Boyce, 
 
 11. Earl of Rochester. — Ditto. 
 
 12. Hiig-o Grotius. — Tito Maio, 
 
 13. Corelli (the composer). — Ditto. 
 
 14. Sir Charles Sedley. — Kneller, 
 
 15. Diirfey. 
 
 16. Fletcher. 
 
 17. A Conversation-Piece; in which the 
 painter has introduced himself, catching 
 a likeness of Durfey the poet, while 
 conversing with Mr. Buck, the fiimily 
 chaplain, and Mr. Lowin, the steward. 
 The other figures are — George Allen, a 
 clothier, of Sevenoaks, Mother Moss, 
 and Jack Randall, the steward's-room 
 boy. — Vandergucht. 
 
 18. Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. 
 
 19. Dr. Johnston, — Sir J. Reynolds. 
 
160 THE ROOMS SHEWN 
 
 20. Sacchmi (the composer). — Ditto. 
 
 21. Sir Joshua Reynolds, — Ditto. 
 
 22. Sir Walter Scott.— Phillips. 
 
 23. Garrick. — Sir J. Reynolds. 
 
 24. Goldsmith — Ditto. 
 
 25. Burke. — Opie. 
 
 26. Mrs. Catherine Phillips. 
 
 27. Gay.— Boll 
 
 28. Handel. — Denner. 
 
 29. Ben Jonson. 
 
 30. Congreve. — After Kneller. 
 
 31. Wycherley.— Ditto. 
 
 32. Shakspeare. 
 
 33- Rowe.— After Kneller. 
 
 34. Garth.— Ditto. 
 
 35. Dry den. — Kneller. 
 
 36. Cartwright. 
 
 37. Swift. 
 
 38. Otway.— Sir P. Lely. 
 
 39. Pope. 
 
 40. Betterton, the celebrated actor, died 
 
 1712.— Kneller. 
 
 41. Charles, sixth Earl of Dorset. — Ditto. 
 
 42. Sir Philip Sidney. 
 
 43. Chaucer. 
 
TO VISITORS. 161 
 
 44. Mrs, Jlhington (actress). — Sir J. Rey- 
 nolds. 
 
 45. Prior. 
 
 46. Thomas, first Earl of Dorset, half-length. 
 
 47. Milton when young, (ditto). 
 
 48. Butler, three-quarter small. 
 
 59. Carew, three-quarter, over door. 
 
 60. Foote. A clever copy. 
 
 Leaving' this room, the visitor will again 
 recognise the passage leading to the princi- 
 pal staircase, having been through all the 
 apartments which are now exhibited to the 
 public. Those used by the family contain 
 many choice specimens of art, in painting and 
 sculpture ; but the visitor not being- admitted 
 here, no good purpose would be answered 
 by giving a description of their contents. 
 
 The feelings with which many would quit 
 such a mansion, would be those of regret 
 that their memories are not sufficient to re- 
 tain any adequate portion of the interest 
 which has been excited : to such persons, it 
 is hoped that this volume will prove a wel- 
 come assistant, by affording them an oppor- 
 tunity of reading at their leisure an account 
 
 Y 
 
162 THE ROOMS SHEWN, &C. 
 
 of the contents of those rooms through 
 which they have been conducted ; while to 
 those who have become possessed of it, and 
 have perused its contents before visiting the 
 mansion, it may be the means of directing 
 their attention to some particular articles 
 and circumstances, which might otherwise 
 escape notice, amidst the multiplicity of 
 objects which surround them. 
 
APPENDIX; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 OF MOST OF THE 
 
 EMINENT OR REMARKABLE PERSONAGES 
 
 WHOSE PORTRAITS ARK PRESERVED AT 
 
 KNOLE HOUSE. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 1. — John Lord Somers 
 
 Was the son of an attorney at Worcester, where 
 he was born in 1650. In 1675, he was entered 
 of Trinity College, Oxford, and took the degree 
 of B.A. in 1681, having previously (in 1676) 
 been called to the bar. At about this period, he 
 published several legal-political tracts on the 
 rights of Englishmen, which attracted consider- 
 able attention, and contributed to his success as a 
 lawyer. His practice at the bar was soon exten- 
 sive; notwithstanding which, he found leisure 
 for several poetical attempts. 
 
 In 1688, Somers was one of the counsel for 
 the bishops, on which occasion, though at first 
 objected to on account of his comparative youth, 
 he succeeded in establishing a character for pro- 
 found constitutional learning. 
 
166 APPENDTXc 
 
 After the Revolution, Mr, S miers was re- 
 turned to parliament for Worcester, and acted a 
 conspicuous part in the important debates of that 
 period. Ahout 1690, he was knighted and made 
 solicitor-general ; in 1692, attorney-general ; in 
 1693, lord-keeper of the Great Seal ; and in 
 1697, lord Chancellor, with the title of baron 
 Somers. Of this office he was deprived in 1700, 
 during a temporary ascendency of the Tory 
 party ; and in the following year he was im- 
 peached on some frivolous charges, but the im- 
 peachment not being supported, was of course 
 acquitted. The king lived to express regret at 
 having lost lord Somers from his council, but not 
 long enough to form a new ministry, which was 
 in contemplation when his majesty died. 
 
 After the accession of Queen Anne, lord 
 Somers interfered but little in public life : his 
 chief delight was literature. He was, however. 
 President of the Council in 1708 & 9 ; but in 
 1710 again retired. He died in 1716, a bachelor. 
 
 Of his character, Horace Wal pole says :—^" All 
 the traditional accounts of him, the historians of 
 the last age, and its best authors, represent him 
 as the most incorrupt lawyer, and the honestest 
 statesman ; as a master-orator, a genius of the 
 finest taste, and a patriot of the noblest and most 
 extensive views." And bishop Burnet says, 
 *' he was very learned in his own profession, 
 
APPENDIX, 
 
 167 
 
 witli a g^reat deal more learning in other profes- 
 sions ; in divinity, pliilosophy, and liistory. He 
 had a great capacity for business, with an (Extra- 
 ordinary temper ; so that he had all the patience 
 and softness, as well as thje justice and equity, 
 becoming a great magistrate. " 
 
 Lord Somers was an industrious collector of 
 tracts and manuscripts. Most of the latter were 
 destroyed by a fire in Lincoln's Inn in 1752. 
 The former were republished some years back 
 under the superintendence of Sir Walter Scott. 
 
 2. — Don John of Ansfria, 
 
 A natural son of the emperor Charles V, and a 
 distinguished military commander of the sixteenth 
 century, gained the famous battle of Lepanto, in 
 which upwards of 20,000 Turks perished, took 
 Tunis and Biserta, and afterwards, in the Nether- 
 lands, beat the allied armies at Gemblours, in 
 1578. He died the same year, aged 32. 
 
 3. — The Duke of Parma. 
 
 Alexander l^'arnese, duke of Parma and Placentia, 
 the son of Octavius Farnese, duke of Parma, and 
 Margaret, natural dau^.hter of the emperor Charles 
 v., was present, at the a;;e of ei<;hteen, at the 
 battle of Lepanto, under Don John of Austria. 
 He was appointed, in 1578, governor of the 
 
168 APPENDIX. 
 
 Netherlands, where his military achievements 
 were most brilliant. He was wounded and died at 
 Arras, in 1592, aged 46. 
 
 4. — Henry of Lorraine^ Due de Guise, 
 
 Surnamed Balafre (from a wound in the cheek), 
 *' one of the handsomest, wittiest, most coura- 
 geous, and eloquent men of his time," but of 
 ambitious and turbulent disposition, was the 
 eldest son of Francis, duke of Guise, and born in 
 1550. As soon as he was able to bear arms, he 
 served in Hungary and in France, and gave un- 
 questionable proofs of his valour and capacity. 
 He commanded the rear-guard at the battle of 
 Jarnac, 1569, and at Chateau Thierry received 
 the wound which caused him to be afterwards 
 known by the designation of Balafre (gashed in 
 the face). He married Catherine of Cleves, after 
 which, he placed himself at the head of the army 
 of the celebrated league projected by his uncle, 
 the cardinal of Lorraine. His successes appear 
 to have induced him to demand of Henry III. of 
 France, unreasonable returns for his services : he 
 was ordered to quit Paris, but soon re-entered in 
 triumph, and compelled the king to fly from his 
 capital. Henry now resorted to the base resolu- 
 tion of causing his assassination : under pretence 
 of adjusting their differences, he appointed to 
 meet the duke at Blois, where he was murdered 
 
 m 
 
\PPKND1X. 169 
 
 on entering th- room in whicli \he king held his 
 court, Dee. 23, 1588, aged 38. 
 
 5. — Charles Due de lionrhou^ Constable of 
 France, horn 1489, 
 
 Was the third of his name, and as eminent for his 
 military talents as Ibr his errors and misfortunes. 
 The hatred of the mother of Francis 1, and a 
 long' succession of indignities, induced him to 
 swerve from his loyalty to his king and relative. 
 He corresponded with the emperor Charles V, 
 the enemy of France, whom he engaged to assist 
 in an 'nvasion of the kingdom. The king was 
 apprised of this treason hy two of the constable's 
 attendants, but disbelieving the possibility of 
 such basen(>ss, refused to arrest him. He crossed 
 the Rhone into Italy, and was in the action in 
 whi(h the Imperials attacked the French troops 
 in the Milanese, and subsequently in that in which 
 the French king was defeated at Pavia. Bourbon 
 had, in 152G, the command of the Imperial army, 
 and marching against the Papal territories, he 
 led his troops to the gates of Rome, which he 
 assaulted on three different sides. The assail- 
 ants were at first repulsed ; and Bourbon, in the 
 act of rallying them, received a musket-ball, as 
 he was mounting a scaling-ladder in the trenches. 
 His death, he felt, was certain ; but he ordered 
 z 
 
170 APPENDIX, 
 
 bis body to be covered with a cloak, to conceal 
 the disaster from his army, and thus died, in 
 May 1527, a^ed 38. 
 
 6. — Ann de Montmorenci, Peer, Marshal, 
 and Constable of France, horn 1493, 
 
 Was one of the greatest generals of the I5th cen- 
 tury. In 1512, he successfully defended the city 
 of Menziers against the emperor Charles V; and 
 in 1525, he was taken prisoner with king 
 Francis I. at the battle of Pavia, which was 
 fought contrary to his advice. He was made 
 constable of France, in 1538, and afterwards ex- 
 perienced various revolutions of fortune, both at 
 court and in the field. He died of a wound 
 received at the battle of St. Denis, on the 12th 
 Nov. 1567, aged 74. Being covered with blood 
 and wounds, a cordelier offered to prepare him 
 for death, but he replied in a firui voice, " Do 
 you think that a man who has lived nearly eighty 
 years with honour, has not learned to die for a 
 quarter of an hour ?" 
 
 7. — Henry Howard, Earl of 
 Northampton, 
 
 Was brother to Thomas, duke of Norfolk, and 
 son of the earl of Surrey, beheaded by Henry 
 
APPENDIX. 171 
 
 VJll. He was mado earl of Northampton and 
 lord-treasurer by king James 1. It is believed 
 of this nobleman that he was privy to the murder 
 of Sir Thomas Overbury ; independently of 
 which his character will bear but little scrutiny. 
 He favoured the entrance of the Jesuits into this 
 kingdom, and avowed, in a letter under his own 
 hand, that he was a Protestant only in show, 
 while his heart was with the Catholics. He died 
 in 1G13, constable of Dover Castle, and Warden 
 of the Cinque Ports, Lord Privy Seal, and chan- 
 cellor of the university of Cambridge. His ma- 
 lignancy may be inferred from his declaring that 
 " he would be content to be damned perpetually in 
 hell, to be revenged of that proud Welchman, 
 Sir Richard Mansel." He built Northumber- 
 land House, in the Strand, first called Northamp- 
 ton House, and afterwards Suffolk House. 
 
 8. — Francis, Due de Guise, 
 
 The father of Henry, due de Guise (of whom see 
 No. 4.) Of the life of the elder duke, nothing 
 that is remarkable is related. 
 
 9. — Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, 
 
 Was born in the reign of Henry VIII, the son of 
 a Welch knight, and bred to arms. In the 5th 
 
172 APPENDIX. 
 
 Edward Vi, he first distinguished himself by 
 quelling an insurrection in Wiltshire. In 1551, 
 he was created earl of Pembroke, and he became 
 one of the most powerful noblemen of his time, 
 taking an active part in public affairs, both as a 
 statesman arid a soldier. In 1553, he performed 
 the signal service to queen M ary, of surrounding 
 and taking prisoners, Sir Thos. Wyalt and four 
 thousand of his followers. It is recorded of this 
 nobleman that, at about this period, he rode to 
 his mansion of Baynard Castle," with three hun- 
 dred horsemen in his retinue, of whom one hun- 
 dred were gentlemen in plain blue cloth, with 
 chains of gold, and badges of a dragon on their 
 sleeves."— He died on the I7th March, 1569-70 
 (11th of Elizabeth), and was buried in St. Paul's 
 on the 8th April following, with such magnifi- 
 cence, that the mourning given at his funeral 
 cost the very large sum, at that period, of 
 £2,000.* 
 
 10. — John Dudley, duke of Northum- 
 berland, 
 
 Was the son of Edmund Dudley, executed in 
 1510. He was restored to his inheritance about 
 1514, by Henry VIII, who created him lord 
 
 * Stowe. 
 
b 
 
 APPKNDIX. 178 
 
 Dudley and viscount Lisle, and honoured him 
 with command as well by se.i as by land, lie 
 distinguished himself by his valour and prudence, 
 and was in consequence elevated tothe title of earl 
 of Warwick. For further particulars concernin§^ 
 the life and ignominious death of this nobleman, 
 who was one of the possessors of Knole, see p. U). 
 
 11. — Roger Bacon^ coinmonly called Ftiar 
 Bacon ^ b, 1214. 
 
 A Franciscan friar, of extraordinary genius and 
 learning, was born near Uchester, in Somerset- 
 shire. He studied first at Oxford, and afterwards 
 at Paris, and made rapid progress in scientific 
 attainments. About 1240, he returned to Oxford, 
 and, assuming the Franciscan habit, prosecuted 
 experimental philosophy with unremitting ardour; 
 pure mathematics, astronomy, medicine, che- 
 mistry, and judicial astrology, were discussed by 
 him with extraordinary abi ily. This astonishing 
 progress in sciences which, in that ignorant age, 
 were totally unknown to the rest of mankind, in- 
 stigated the malice and envy of his brother 
 monks, who, propagating the report (and perhaps 
 thinking so) that such knowledge must be the 
 result of supernatural aid, accused him of dealing 
 with the devil. His lectures were stopped ; his 
 writings prohibited ; and he himself, in 1278, 
 
174 APPENDIX. 
 
 imprisoned in his cell. Here, being allowed 
 books, he continued his studies, corrected his 
 former labours, and wrote several curious pieces. 
 At the expiration of ten years, being- then 
 seventy-four years old, he was released by order 
 of pope Jerome, and he died in 1294, aged 80. 
 Such are the few particulars which are known of 
 this wonderful man, who shone in his age like a 
 single bright star in a dark hemisphere. 
 
 12. — John Wickliffe, the Reformer, 
 
 Was born in 1324, in the bishopric of Durham, 
 and educated at Merton College, Oxford ; of 
 which, by the seculars of the society, he was 
 chosen principal. This choice was opposed by 
 the monks, who, appealing to the papal authority, 
 caused WicklifFe and his party to quit the col- 
 lege. He retired to a living which he had at 
 Lutterworth, in Leicestershire, and here com- 
 menced an enquiry concerning the pope's autho- 
 rity in temporal matters, and urged his arguments 
 both in writing and preaching. His doctrines 
 were in some degree countenanced at the time 
 both by king and nobles, and they may be con- 
 sidered as prefatory to those of Luther, one hun- 
 dred and fifty years afterwards, which achieved 
 the Reformation. Finding that his doctrines 
 were gaining ground, Simon Sudbury, archbishop 
 
APPENDIX. 175 
 
 of Canterbury, assembled a council at Lambeth, 
 and cited WicklifFe to appear. He obeyed,* 
 being accompanied by the duke of Lancaster, to 
 whose presence, and the known support of other 
 noblemen, he is supposed to have owed his 
 acquittal. The pope urged further proceedings; 
 but the English churchmen, knowing the influ- 
 ence by which WicklifFe was likely to be sup- 
 ported, contented themselves with enjoining his 
 future silence. He died at Lutterworth in 1384. 
 
 13. — Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Win- 
 chester, and Chancellor of England, 
 
 Was born at Bury St. Edmund's, in 1483. He 
 was natural son to Richard Woodville,-}- a bro- 
 ther of Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV. His 
 mother married a servant named Gardiner, from 
 whom he took his name. He was educated at 
 Cambridge, and afterwards became secretary to 
 cardinal Wolsey. In this capacity, he drew up 
 the treaty of alliance with Francis I, and having 
 attracted the notice of Henry VIII, he was sub- 
 
 * This scene is represented in a fine painting, called the 
 " Citation of Wickliffe," from which a beautiful print has 
 been taken. 
 
 t According to some authorities, to Dr. Lionel Wood- 
 ville, bishop of Salisbury, brother of Richard. 
 
176 APPENDIX. 
 
 sequently scid to Kome to nogociate the king's 
 divorce from Katharine of Arragon, On his re- 
 turn, he was made archdeacon of Norfolk, and 
 soon afterwards secretary of state. He obtained 
 the consent of the university of Cambridge to the 
 king's divorce, and, as a recompense, was raised 
 to the rich see of Winchester. He introduced 
 Cranmer to Henry Vlll. In 1533, he went 
 ambassador to France ; and on his return he 
 wrote his treatise " De Vera et Falsa Obedientia," 
 in favour of the king's supremacy, a doctrine 
 which he himself afterwards refused to conform 
 to, for which he was imprisoned during the 
 greater part of the reign of Edward VI. 
 By queen Mary he was at once released, and 
 made chancellor ; after which, until his death, 
 he became the sanguinary tool of that queen's 
 bigotry and vengeance. He died at Whitehall, 
 in 1555, aged 72, expressing great remorse 
 on his death-bed, and exclaiming frequently, 
 " Erravi cum Petro, sed non flevi cum Petro"- — 
 I have sinned with Peter, but I have not wept 
 with Peter. 
 
 14. — Sir James Wiiford 
 
 Was knighted by the Protector Somerset, in 1547. 
 He vs^as distinguished as a military commander, 
 for his gallant defence of Haddington, New 
 
k 
 
 APPENDIX. 177 
 
 Brunswick, against tho French and Scots ; but 
 little more is known of him. 
 
 15. — Geovfje Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, 
 
 Was descended from the ancient family of that 
 name, and born at Brougham Castle, in West- 
 moreland, in 1558. He was educated at Cam- 
 bridge ; after leaving which, he fitted out a 
 small fleet, for discovery or plunder, and distin- 
 guished himself in annoying the Spanish armada, 
 and afterwards in plundering their settlements. 
 He was a noted cavalier at tilts and tournaments, 
 on which occasions he wore on his high-crowned 
 hat a glove, ornamented with diamonds, given to 
 him by queen Elizabeth ; he was also a des- 
 peirate horse-racer. When the gallant Sir Henry 
 Lee resigned the office of champion, her majesty 
 conferred the honour on the earl of Cumberland ;* 
 the armour he wore is said to be now preserved 
 in Appleby Castle. He lived with Margaret, his 
 countess, with cold reserve, and died in the Savoy 
 in 1605, leaving one daughter, Anne, afterwards 
 married to Richard, earl of Dorset, 
 
 * For many entertaining particulars, see *' Walpole's 
 Memoirs." 
 
 2 A 
 
178 APPENDIX. 
 
 16. — John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester. 
 
 This learned and pious prelate, and virtuous 
 man, was born at Beverley, in Yorkshire, in 
 1459. His father, a merchant, died at an early 
 age, and the mother sent her son, first to Beverley 
 school, and thence to Cambridge, where he 
 became fellow of Trinity College, and in 1495, 
 proctor of the university. He was elected to be 
 confessor to Margaret, countess of Richmond, 
 mother of king Henry VII, and was subse- 
 quently made bishop of Rochester, in which dig- 
 nity he died, having constantly refused to change 
 it for wealthier preferment — " he would never** 
 he said, " quit his old wife, for one that was 
 richer." He distinguished himself, from con- 
 scientious motives, as an opponent of Luther, 
 disputed the king's supremacy, and sided with 
 the queen on the divorce question. He denied 
 the king's supremacy in convocation, in 1531, 
 and refusing to take the oath of allegiance to the 
 king and his heirs by Ann Boleyn, he was com- 
 mitted to the Tower, subsequently tried and found 
 guilty of high treason, and was beheaded, 22nd 
 June, 1535, 
 
APPENDIX. 179 
 
 17. — Tliomas Cranmer, Archbishop oJCan- 
 terhury, 
 
 Was the son of Thomas Cranmer, Esq. of Aslac- 
 lon, Notts, where he was born in 1489. At the 
 age of fourteen, he was admitted of Jesus College, 
 Cambridge, of which he afterwards became a 
 fellow ; but vacated his fellowship and quitted 
 the college, on his marriage. Aftei death 
 
 of his wife, he was re-admitted. He took the 
 degree of D.D., and was made the logical lec- 
 turer and examiner. While the plague raged at 
 Cambridge, he retired to a relative's at Waltham 
 Abbey, and here he met Fox, the king's almoner, 
 and Gardiner, secretary to Wolsey. Discussing 
 the question of the validity of the king's mar- 
 riage with Katharine, he expressed his opinion 
 that the point at issue was simply this, " whether 
 or not a man may marry his brother's wife." 
 This was reported to the king, who exclaimed, 
 " this fellow has got the right sow by the ear," 
 sent for Cranmer to court, and made him one of 
 his chaplains. He composed a vindication of 
 the intended divorce, and was sent to France, 
 Italy, and Germany, to promote the king's 
 views. During this journey, he married a second 
 wife. In 15-J-J, he returned lo England, and was 
 consecrated archbishjop of Canterbury. In the 
 
180 APPENDIX. 
 
 ensuing year, he pronounced the sentence of di- 
 vorce between Henry and Katharine, and married 
 the king to Ann Boleyn. 
 
 Being at the head of the church, he now ex- 
 erted himself in the business of the Reformation ; 
 the Bible was translated into English and mo- 
 nasteries dissolved, chiefly by his means. In 
 1536, he divorced the king from Ann Boleyn. 
 He afterwards endeavoured to abolish the super- 
 stitious observance of holidays, and he spoke 
 three days in the House of Lords against the san- 
 guinary Act of the Six Articles ; and though it 
 then passed, he, in 1542, succeeded in moderating 
 its rigour by an act of his own. After Lord 
 Cromwell's death, he retired into privacy ; but 
 the king continued his protection to him, and at 
 his death appointed him one of the executors to 
 his will, and one of the regents of the kingdom. 
 
 In 1546, he crowned Edward VI., during 
 whose short reign he promoted the Reformation 
 to the utmost of his power, and was particularly 
 instrumental in establishing the Liturgy and the 
 thirty-nine articles. He first opposed lady Jane 
 Grey, but at length, from importunity, favoured 
 her pretensions. For this, and his well-known 
 religious principles, he was,^ on queen Mary's 
 accession, committed to the Tower, and in the 
 ensuing parliament attainted and found guilty of 
 high-treason. In April, 1554, he was removed 
 
APPENDIX. 1^1 
 
 to Oxford, with Kidiey and l.alimer, who had 
 been also convicted, and here, after the most ag- 
 gravated insult, he was thrown into a dungeon, 
 where, from promises held out to him, he was 
 flattered and frightened into a written recantation 
 of the Protestant faith. This was circulated 
 throughout the kingdom, in order to degrade h'un ; 
 but the vengeance of the Romanists did not stop 
 here : on the 24th February, 1556, a writ was 
 signed for his being burned at the stake, and on 
 the 24th March he was so executed, near Baliol 
 college, Oxford. Dr. Cole preached a funeral 
 sermon over him in St. Mary's church, the un- 
 happy Cranmer being placed on a kind of stage 
 next the pulpit. At the end of the sermon, he 
 was desired to make a public profession of his 
 faith, which he did in the most emphatic manner, 
 renouncing the Pope as Antichrist, and proclaim- 
 ing himself a true Protestant, and denying the 
 truth of the paper written by his hand contrary 
 to the thoughts of his heart. After this he was 
 hurried to execution, and, being fastened to the 
 stake, he first thrust into the flames the hand 
 which had signed the recantation, crying out fre- 
 quently *' this hand hath offended, this unworthy 
 right hand," and died calmly and resolutely, with 
 his eyes raised towards heaven, and exclaiming, 
 ** Lord Jesu, receive my spirit !" 
 
182 APPENDIX. 
 
 His character has been equally the subject of 
 exag-gerated praise and of undeserved censure. 
 The worst fealure in it is, that he was himself 
 intolerant in religious matters ; for, as to the 
 charge against him of concurring too readily in 
 the unjustifiable measures of Henry VIII. against 
 his wives, it should not be forgotten that, consi- 
 dering the circumstance to which he owed his 
 first footing at court, but little independence 
 could be expected from him on such a subject. 
 Of his death. Dr. Southey says, " of all the mar- 
 tyrdoms during this great persecution, this was, 
 in all its circumstances, the most injurious to the 
 Romish cause." 
 
 18. — Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, 
 
 Is said to have been the son of a blacksmith at 
 Putney, where he was born in 1480. He was a 
 man of no learning, but of strong natural abili- 
 ties, improved by travelling and observation. He 
 was patronized by Cardinal Wolsey, by whom he 
 was introduced to Henry VIII., who thought so 
 favourably of him as to raise him to the earldom 
 of Essex, and to appoint him lord-chamberlain 
 and vicar-general. He employed his power in 
 promoting the Reformation : he was the chief in- 
 strument of the suppression of monasteries, and 
 
APPENDIX. 183 
 
 the destruction of ima<?es tind relics. He foil a 
 victim to his zeal for the Protestant cause, and 
 was sa( riHced to the Roman Catholic party when 
 the king- had in view his marriage with Katharine 
 Howard. He was beheaded July 30, 1540. 
 
 19. — Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor, 
 
 Was born in Milk-street, London, in 1480, the 
 son of Sir John More, justice of the King's 
 Bench. He became page to cardinal Moreton, 
 archbishop of Canterbury and lord chancellor, 
 who, predicting that " he would one day prove a 
 miracle of men," sent him to Oxford, and after- 
 wards to the inns of court. He soon after married 
 the daughter of Mr. Colt, of New Hall, in Essex, 
 and was elected into parliament. About 1505, 
 he was made a iustice of the King's Bench, and 
 in 1508, judge of the Sheriff's court; at which 
 period he found leisure to write his Utopia, and to 
 correspond with the celebrated Erasmus. About 
 1516, he was made a master of Requests, and 
 soon after knighted, and honoured with a seat at 
 the Privy-council, in 1520, he was made trea- 
 surer of the Exchequer, and the king (Hen. Vlll.) 
 at this period was so familiar with him, that he 
 called once at his house in Chelsea (it was in 
 Beaufort-row, and pulled down in 1740) and par- 
 took of the family-dinner. In 1523, he was made 
 
184 APPENDIX. 
 
 speaker of the House of Commons. After Wol- 
 ^ey's downfal, More was made lord-chancellor, he 
 being the first layman ever raised to that dignity. 
 He filled this office with integrity and diligence 
 for three years, and resigned it in 1533, having 
 previously declined his sanction to the king's di- 
 vorce from Katharine. He afterwards refused to 
 take the oath of supremacy, for which he was ar- 
 raigned, and executed on Tower Hill, July 5, 
 1535. He was twice married, ^d left a son and 
 four daughters by his first wife. 
 
 20. — Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, 
 
 The eldest son of the earl of Surrey, beheaded by 
 Henry VI 11. Queen Mary restored the son to 
 his family honours, and allowed him to succeed 
 to the title of his grandfather, the duke of Norfolk. 
 By queen Elizabeth, he was made a knight of 
 the garter, and otherwise favoured ; until it was 
 discovered that he aspired to a mj'rriage with 
 Mary queen of Scots, thereby to attain to the 
 succession of the English throne, and that he had 
 actually entered into a contract of marriage with 
 her (after having been once released from arrest 
 on his promise to relinquish such a design) , and 
 taken other measures, full particulars of which 
 were communicated to the government. Norfolk 
 was committed to the Tower, tried in 1572, con- 
 
APPENDIX. 185 
 
 victed on the clearest testimony, and beheaded. 
 His fate was deeply deplored, and it is believed 
 he would have been pardoned ; but the proceedings 
 of Mary's partisans were at this juncture so 
 violent, that his execution was considered neces- 
 sary by both houses of parliament. 
 
 21. — Henry Fitz^Jilan^ Earl of Arundel^ 
 
 Was the son of Thomas, earl of Arundel, and 
 born about the beginning of the sixteenth century. 
 Of his early life few particulars are known. He 
 was imprisoned as one of the conspirators against 
 Dudley, duke of Northumberland, but released. 
 He afterwards appeared to acquiesce in North- 
 umberland's views in favour of Lady Jane Grey ; 
 but was no sooner in safety from the duke's 
 machinations, than (from religious principle, it 
 may be presumed, as he was of an old Catholic 
 family) he declared for Mary, and was a chief 
 promoter of her accession. He was constituted 
 steward of the household during her reign, and 
 in favour during that of her successor, in flatter- 
 ing whom, under the delusion that a marriage 
 with himself was possible, he ruined his estate. 
 He died in 1580 ; his daughter having previously 
 married Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, 
 whence the earldom of Arundel in that family. 
 2b 
 
186 appendTx. 
 
 22,— Cardinal Wohey, 
 
 Is said to have been the son of a butcher at Ips- 
 wich, where he was born in March 1471. He 
 was educated, however, at Oxford, where he took 
 a bachelor's degree at the age of fourteen, and 
 soon after became a fellow of Magdalen college, 
 and undertook the education of the three sons of 
 Thomas Grey, marquess of Dorset, who, in 1500, 
 presented him the living of Lymington, Somerset- 
 shire. After the marquess's death, by the in- 
 fluence of Denne, archbishop of Canterbury, he 
 was made one of the chaplains to the king 
 (Henry VII.), and rector of Redgrave, Norfolk, 
 and was afterwards appointed to negociate. the 
 king's marriage with Margaret of Savoy ; which 
 affair he executed with such ability and dispatch 
 that he was, in 1508, made dean of Lincoln. 
 
 On the accession of Henry VIII., he ingratiated 
 himself so successfully with the young monarch, 
 as almost to monopolize his favour for above six- 
 teen years ; during which he was raised, step by 
 step, to the highest honours, ecclesiastical and 
 civil ; being, in 1515, lord chancellor of England, 
 a Cardinal of Rome, the pope's legate, and hold- 
 ing all sorts of bishoprics and pensions, foreign 
 as well as British, which made his income nearly 
 
 I 
 
APPKNDIX. 187 
 
 oqiial lu llio king's. His retinue was inordinately 
 splendid, his household consisting of nearly a 
 thousand persons, among whom were many noble- 
 men of the highest quality, who thought it no 
 degradation to tend him at mass, serving the wine 
 to him on their knees. The king had given him- 
 self up wholly to his direction, and VVolsey, in 
 fact, reigned paramount. Intoxicated with power, 
 he was vain, haughty, and imperious, suffering 
 none but his own creatures to have any influence 
 at court ; he raised money by violent extortions, 
 termed by him " loans," and " benevolences," 
 dispensed with parliaments for fourteen years, and 
 in their stead established a sort of inquisition, in 
 which all power, civil and ecclesiastical, was 
 virtually centred in himself; and at length nearly 
 caused a revolution in the kingdom by his un- 
 bounded insolence and rapacity. This state of 
 things could not last long : every fresh act of op- 
 pression served but to add to the certainty of his 
 fall. The immediate cause of his overthrow was 
 connected with the king's divorce ; but the dawn- 
 ing change in the religion of the country, and the 
 general disgust felt against this tyrannic church- 
 man by the nobility and gentry of England, com- 
 pleted his ruin. In the case of the divorce^ 
 Wolsey vacillated between his anxiety to serve the 
 king and his tear of ofleuding the pope, lie thus 
 
188 APPENDIX. . 
 
 displeased both ; while Ann Boleyn imputed her 
 disappointment to him, and Queen Katharine and 
 her party were indignant at the part he had already 
 taken. He was thus left without a friend ; his 
 enemies g-aiaed the king's ear ; and the result was 
 a message to resign the great seals. He was 
 next ordered to qiiit York palace, which was 
 seized by the king, together with all his furni- 
 ture and plate, and he was directed to await the 
 royal pleasure at his seat at Esher. After re- 
 maining here some time, he removed to Richmond ; 
 but his enemies, still fearing his influence with the 
 king, obtained an order for him to remain at 
 his • see (York) . He had not been long there 
 before he was arrested by the earl of Northumber- 
 land on a charge of high-treason. On his road 
 to London, he fell sick at Sheffield, the seat of the 
 earl of Shrewsbury, but pursued his journey as 
 far as Leicester, where he died Nov. 30, 1530. 
 Of his character, nothing can be said in praise, 
 except that, during his administration no person 
 was prosecuted for heresy, that he was impartial 
 in his office of chancellor, and that from one of 
 his worst faults, insatiable vanity, resulted an ad- 
 vantage to posterity in the several magnificent 
 buildings erected by him— as Christ-church, 
 Oxford, a college at Ipswich, and Hampton- 
 court palace. 
 
APPKNDIX. 189 
 
 2^,— John WhitgiJ't, Archbishop of Canter 
 bury. 
 
 Was of an ancient Yorkshire family, but born at 
 Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire, in i530. From 
 early youth he was prepossessed in favour of ihe 
 reformed relig-ion, and was expelled from the 
 house of his aunt, a catholic, for refusing to go to 
 mass. In 1548, he went lo Queen's college, 
 Cambridge ; and thence to Pembroke-hall ; and 
 in 1555 he was chosen iellow of Peter-house ; 
 soon after which he entered into holy orders, and 
 became so distinguished for learning and piety, 
 that he was appointed one of the queen's chaplains. 
 In 1572, he first entered into the celebrated con- 
 troversy with the puritans, which was the means 
 of advancing him to the deanery of Lincoln, the 
 bishopric of Worcester, and, finally, in 1583, to 
 the archbishopric of Canterbury. He died in 
 1604, leaving behind him the character of " a 
 mild and peaceable man, who would have been 
 glad to reclaim the puritans by gentle methods, 
 according to the precepts of the gospel."* He 
 was buried at Croydon, where he founded an hos- 
 pital, and in the church of which town is a monu- 
 ment to his memory. 
 
 * Uapiii. 
 
< 
 
 1^0 \ppi:Noix. 
 
 24. — Sir Francis Walsinyham, 
 
 Was born in Ib'liS, and eddcated at King's college, 
 Cambridge ; after leaving which, he went the 
 lour of Europe, and acquired a vast fund of in- 
 formation, most valuable to him in after-life. On 
 the accession of Queen Elizabeth, ho came to 
 England, and was soon appointed ambassador to 
 France; and on Sir William Cecil's promotionj 
 he took his place as secretary of state, in which 
 situation he displayed great sagacity in unravelling 
 domestic conspiracies, and anticipating the designs 
 of the several states of Europe. On every occa- 
 sion in which political skill and penetration were 
 necessary, Walsingham was sure to be employed ; 
 and he invariably acquitted himself to satisfaction. 
 He died in 1590, so poor that his assets were 
 scarcely sufficient to pay his funeral expenses. 
 He was an active promoter of the navigation and 
 commerce of the country, not only as a minister, 
 but as a private speculator ; probably to an extent 
 beyond his means. 
 
 25. — Thomas Egerton, Baron of E lies- 
 mere. 
 
 Was the natural son of Sir Richard Egerton, of 
 Ridley, Cheshire, and born about 1540, He was 
 
APPENDIX. 191 
 
 educated at Rrazeu-nose college, Oxford, and 
 went thence to l.incoln's-inn, where he soon 
 became eminent as a lawyer. In 1591, he was 
 made solicitor-general ; the next year attorney- 
 general, and knighted ; soon after, master of the 
 rolls, and then lord-keeper. In 1G03, he was 
 made Baron Ellesmere, and lord chancellor ; and 
 soon after. Viscount Brackley, and chancellor of 
 Oxford. He resigned in the early [)art of the 
 reign of James I.; and died in 1616, with the 
 character of a learned, prudent, judicious, and 
 honest man. 
 
 26. — William Cecil, Baron Burleif/h, 
 
 Was the son of Richard Cecil, esq., master of the 
 robes to Henry VIII., and born at Bourn, in Lin- 
 colnshire, in 1520. He received the rudiments'of 
 education at Grantham, and about 15e35 was en- 
 tered of St. John's college, Cambridge, and be- 
 came noted for classical learning. In 1545, he 
 entered himself of Gray's-inn ; but the king, 
 hearing of his acquirements, gave him the rever- 
 sion of the custos brevium (keeper of the writs), 
 worth £210 a year. About this time he married 
 the sister of Sir John Choke, tutor to Edward VI. 
 In 1547, he was appointed master of requests, by 
 the Protector Somerset, whom he afterwards at-r 
 
192 APPENDIX. 
 
 tended on his expedition against the Scots. In 
 1548, Mr. Cecil was made secretary of state ; but in 
 the following year, Northumberland's faction pre- 
 vailing, he participated in the disgrace of the Pro- 
 tector, and was sent prisoner to the Tower. After 
 about three months* confinement, he was released ; 
 and in 1551, restored to his office, knighted, and 
 sworn of the privy council. In 1553, he was 
 made chancellor of the order of the garter. 
 
 On the death of Edward VI., Cecil had so far 
 evaded all direct participation in Northumberland's 
 attempt in favour of lady Jane Grey, that he was 
 received graciously at the court of queen Mary ; 
 but uot choosing to change his religion, he relin- 
 quished his appointments. Queen Elizabeth's 
 accession dispelled the cloud which had obscured 
 his fortunes. He was at once made a privy-coun- 
 cillor, and reinstated in his office of secretary of 
 state. His first advice to the queen was, to call a 
 parliament ; and the first business that he proposed 
 was the establishment of a national church. A 
 plan of reformation was accordingly drawn up under 
 his auspices, and the legal establishment of the 
 church of England was the result. He next di- 
 rected his attention to the regulation of the coinage, 
 which in preceding reigns had been greatly de- 
 based. In 1561, he was appointed master of the 
 wards ; and in 1571, created baron Burleigh, as 
 
APPENDIX, 1.93 
 
 a reward for his services, especially in having 
 suppressed the formidable northern rebellion. In 
 1572, he was honoured with the garter, and soon 
 after, on the death of the marquess of Winches- 
 ter, raised to the office of lord-high-treasurer, 
 which he held till his death. 
 
 From this period we find Burleigh the prime 
 mover of every material transaction during the 
 reign of Elizabeth. Other favourites might have 
 temporary influence, but in him she confided in 
 all matters of importance. Having filled the 
 highest offices for forty years, and guided the 
 helm of government during the most glorious 
 period of English history, he died, August 4, 
 1598, with perfect serenity, in the bosom of his 
 family, aged seventy-eight. 
 
 He was a man equally remarkable for abilities 
 and prudence ; in his private character most 
 amiable ; in temper, cheerful ; in disposition, 
 generous and hospitable ; and he was certainly 
 one of the most able, upright, and indefatigable 
 ministers, that the English annals can boast of. 
 He left a large fortune to his posterity. 
 
 27. — Sir Christopher Ration, 
 
 Was of a Lincolnshire family. He was entered of 
 
 St. Mary-hall, Oxford, and afterwards studied the 
 
 law at the Inner Temple, until made one of queon 
 
 2c 
 
194 A^PPENDIX. 
 
 Elizabeth's gentlemen-pensioners. His elegant 
 figure and manners (and graceful dancing, as is 
 said) recommended him to her majesty's notice, 
 and he rose progressively until he attained the 
 great seal, in 1587, when he was also honoured 
 with the garter. He held the office of chancellor 
 for four years, until his death, in 1591, but with 
 little credit for legal profundity. He possessed 
 some literary acquirements, and was a moderate, 
 prudent, and sensible man. 
 
 28. — Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 
 
 One of the chief favourites of queen Elizabeth : 
 he was the son of John Dudley, Duke of North- 
 umberland, and born in 1532. He of course 
 shared in the disgrace of his family during the 
 reign of Mary ; but, on the accession of Eliza- 
 beth, he was again noticed at court, and in a 
 short time was made master of the horse, a knight 
 of the garter, and privy-councillor, and was pror 
 posed as a suitable husband for the queen of 
 Scots. The death of Dudley's lady at this junc- 
 ture, gave rise to very dark suspicions. In 
 1564, he was created baron Denbigh and earl of 
 Leicester, and made chancellor of Oxford. About 
 this period he married the dowager lady Sheffield, 
 but finding her in some degree a bar to his pre- 
 ferment at court, he is accused of an attempt to 
 
 ( 
 
APt»ENliTX. 195 
 
 poison her. His concUicf towards both his wives 
 was discussed at the time with great bitterness, in 
 a pamphlet entitled, " A Dialogue between a 
 Scholar, a Gentleman, and a Lawyer," which 
 excited so much attention, that the queen herself 
 caused letters to be written from the privy-coun- 
 cil, vindicating Leicester's character. 
 
 In 1575, the queen visited her favourite at 
 Kenilworth, where she was entertained for seven- 
 teen days, at an expense of £GO,000. In 1585, 
 he was sent as generalissimo to the Low CountrieSj, 
 where his conduct excited so much disgust that he 
 was recalled ; yet he remained in favour with the 
 queen, whom he is reported to have advised to 
 get rid of the queen of Scots by poison. 
 
 His last office was that of lieutenant-general of 
 the army at Tilbury. He died in 1588, when, if 
 one half of the reports against him be true, the 
 world was freed of a most accomplished villain. 
 He is described as of handsome person (his face, 
 we should think, excepted), a good speaker and 
 writer, and possessing considerable literary ac- 
 quirements. By the spirit of his conversation, 
 the warmth of his flattery, and the expense of his 
 entertainments, he maintained an ascendancy over 
 the queen for the long period of thirty years. As 
 a statesman, or a commander, he displayed but 
 little ability. He sanctioned the Reformation, 
 and was a strict observer of religious forms ; but 
 
196 APPENDIX. 
 
 the whole course of his life contradicts tho notion 
 of his real piety: his rapacity and ambition were 
 unbounded. 
 
 29. — Charles Howard, Ear I of Nottingham, 
 
 An able statesman, and successful naval com- 
 mander, in the reign of Elizabeth, was the sou of 
 William Howard, baron Effingham, and born in 
 1536. He acquired his experience as a seaman 
 under his father, who was lord-high-admiral of 
 England till the accession of Elizabeth. He suc- 
 ceeded his father in title and estates in 1573 ; after 
 which he became lord-chamberlain ; and in 1585, 
 was appointed lord-high-admiral, to act against 
 the Spanish armada. On this occasion he distin- 
 guished himself so conspicuously by repeated 
 attacks of a superior enemy, that a pension was 
 granted to him for life. In 1596, he commanded 
 the naval forces sent against Spain, and on his 
 return was created earl of Nottingham. He died 
 in 1624, aged eighty-seven. 
 
 30. — Robert Cecily Earl of Salisbury, 
 
 The second son of Elizabeth's favourite minister, 
 the great Burleigh, and born about the year 
 1550. He was deformed, and of feeble constitu- 
 tion, on which account his early education was 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 APPENDIX. 197 
 
 confined to the house of his father. He was 
 afterwards entered of St. John's-coUego, Cam- 
 bridge, where he became a fellow, and took his 
 degree. His first entrance into public was in the 
 parliament of 1585-G, when he represented the 
 city of Westminster, being then in his thirty-fifth 
 year : for several subsequent year she was returned 
 for the county of Herts. About 1590, he accom- 
 panied the earl of Derby to France, as secretary 
 tp the embassy ; and on his return, in 1591, was 
 knighted by queen Elizabeth, and made under- 
 secretary of state to Sir Francis Walsingham; at 
 whose death, in 1596, he succeeded as secretary 
 of state. 
 
 As prime minister, Sir Robert Cecil appears to 
 have successfully imitated the politics of his 
 father. While Elizabeth lived, he maintained 
 himself in her good opinion ; and on her death he 
 contrived to establish himself equally well witii 
 her successor, with whom he had even ventured 
 to carry on a secret correspondence during the 
 latter years of Elizabeth's life. One of the great 
 objects of his policy appears to have been to secure 
 the throne to James ; accordingly we find him 
 one of the first to proclaim that monarch, whom 
 he met at York, and was immediately confirmed 
 in all his offices by the new king, who spent four 
 days at Cecil's princely seat of Theobald's before 
 entering the capital. 
 
198 APPENDIX. 
 
 In king James's first creation of peers, 20th 
 May, 1603, Cecil was raised to the barony of 
 Essen den ; in August, 1604, he was made vis- 
 count Cranbourne ; and in less than a year there- 
 after, earl of Salisbury, knight of the garter, and 
 chancellor of the university of Cambridge. The 
 truth is, he suited himself so exactly to the temper 
 of his sovereign, that he became indispensable to 
 him, and was valued and rewarded accordingly. 
 He is accused of having leaned too much to the 
 royal prerogative, and of a servile compliance 
 with the king's wishes ; yet he was ever most 
 zealous and active in the discharge of public 
 business ; and in opposing the Spanish connexion, 
 he proved, for once at least, that his condescen- 
 sion for the king would not lead him all lengths. 
 
 The death of Sackville, earl of Dorset, made 
 way for Salisbury's preferment to his father's 
 office of lord-treasurer, which he held without 
 resigning that of secretary of state. For about 
 four years he struggled with the embarrassed 
 finances of the crown ; at one time opposing a just 
 and laudable economy to the wild profusion of the 
 king ; at another (by unj ustifiably raising the 
 custom-duties), pandering to his master's extra*- 
 vagance, involving himself in censure, and weak- 
 ening the stability of the Stuart dynasty. It is 
 well, probably, for Salisbury's historical charac- 
 ter, that he did not long survive. He died at 
 
( 
 
 APPENDIX. 199 
 
 Marlborough in 1012, after a tedious and painful 
 illness, aged fifty-one. The general sentiment of 
 the nation towards his memory was unfavourable. 
 His hostility to Essex and Raleigh — his arbitrary 
 augmentation of the customs — his revival of feudal 
 Olfactions — his servility to the king's notions of 
 prerogative — and, above all, his assertion that 
 torture might lawfully be inflicted on Englishmen, 
 at their sovereign's pleasure, — were remembered 
 with bitterness against him. 
 
 He married Elizabeth, sister to Brooke, lord 
 Cobham, by whom he had a son and daughter. 
 His descendant James, the seventh earl, was ad- 
 vanced, in 1789, to the dignity of marquess. 
 
 31. — Sir Francis Drake^ 
 
 This celebrated circumnavigator was the eldest of 
 the twelve sons of Edmund Drake, a mariner, and 
 born near Tavistock, Devon, in 1545. He was 
 early apprenticed to the master of a small trading 
 vessel, who, dying unmarried, left him the ship 
 as a legacy. Drake sold it, and embarked the 
 proceeds in an adventure to the then newly-dis- 
 covered West India islands. He sailed from 
 England in the squadron of Captain John Haw- 
 kins, afterwards the celebrated Admiral, who 
 jnade him a purser, and soon after captain of a 
 ship to the gulf of Mexico, where, in consequence 
 
200 APPENDIX. 
 
 of a treacherous attack by the Spanish fleet, four 
 out of six of the English vessels were destroyed. 
 Those of Hawkins and Drake were the two that 
 escaped. 
 
 By this adventure, Drake lost his whole pro- 
 perty ; but he soon projected a new expedition, 
 and having first made a voyage to inform himself 
 of the strength of the places he proposed visiting, 
 he returned, and, in May 1572, sailed with his 
 brother, John Drake, on a reprisal cruise against 
 the Spanish West India settlements. He set sail 
 in command of the Pasha, of 70 tons, and his 
 brother in the Swan, of 25 tons ; the two supplied 
 with a year's provisions, and seventy-three men 
 and boys. With this inconsiderable force, aided 
 by one Captain Rause with a crew of about fifty 
 men, an attack was made on the town of Nombre 
 de Dios, but did not succeed. Shortly after, how- 
 ever, our adventurers had the good fortune to 
 capture a string of treasure-mules, on their 
 route from Panama, and they returned to Ply- 
 mouth with considerable booty. 
 
 After this, we find Drake in the channel, assist- 
 ing the earl of Essex in suppressing the Irish re- 
 bellion. His services on this occasion induced 
 Essex and Sir Christopher Hatton to present him 
 to queen Elizabeth, who gave him the command 
 of five small vessels, and secretly countenanced 
 a voyage planned by him against the Spaniards in 
 
\ 
 
 APPENDIX. 201 
 
 the South Seas, which Drake proposed to reach 
 through the straits of Magellan. The squadron 
 was ostensibly fitted out for a trading voyage to 
 Alexandria. On first sailing, they were driven 
 back by a severe gale ; but on the 13th Dec. 
 
 1577, they again put to sea, and on the 20th May 
 
 1578, the squadron anchored in Port St. Julian, 
 off Magellan, in 40^ 30' south latitude. In 
 September following, the squadron emerged from 
 the western end of the straits, and Drake had 
 soon the satisfaction of sailing an English ship on 
 the South sea. On clearing the Straits, the fleet 
 held a north-west course, but was driven by a 
 gale into 57^ south latitude, soon after which the 
 Marigold was lost, and never afterwards heard of. 
 The Golden Hind, in which Drake sailed, broke 
 from her anchor and drove to sea. The Eliza- 
 beth, commanded by captain Winter, returned 
 through the Straits, and reached England in 
 safety : but Drake himself, beating round without 
 the Strait, touched at Cape Horn, and thence 
 along the coast to Valparaiso, near which he fell 
 in with and captured a valuable Spanish ship, 
 containing 60,000 pesos of gold, and 1770 jars 
 of Chili wine ; and soon after this, a still richer 
 prize fell into his hands — the Cacafuego, with 
 twenty-six tons of silver on board, thirteen chests 
 of plate, and eighty pounds of gold. Drake now, 
 dreading a capture of his treasures, resolved on 
 
 2d 
 
202 APPENDIX, 
 
 seeking a north-west passage homeward. In this 
 attempt, he reached the latitude of 42° north, 
 and attempted to find a passage to the eastward ; 
 but failing in this, he steered westward for the 
 Cape of Good Hope, made the Philippines, 
 reached Java, doubled the Cape with comparative 
 ease, and on the 25th September, 1580, anchored 
 at Plymouth, having completed the circumnavi- 
 gation of the globe in two years and ten months. 
 
 The fame of his exploit and of the immense 
 booty he had acquired, soon rung throughout all 
 England. The queen, in April 1581, dined on 
 board his ship at Deptford, and conferred on its 
 commander the honour of knighthood. After 
 this. Sir Francis was made an admiral, in which 
 capacity he sailed in 1585, with an armament of 
 twenty-five ships, to the West Indies, and cap- 
 tured the cities of St. Jago, St. Domingo, and 
 Carthagena. Two years after, he attacked the 
 shipping in the bay of Cadiz, and burnt upwards 
 of 10,000 tons. In this expedition he also took 
 the St. Philip, a Portuguese caracca, from the 
 East Indies, with an immense treasure on board, 
 which capture is said to have suggested the first 
 idea of the establishment of our East India 
 Company. 
 
 In the following year he was appointed vice- 
 admiral, under Howard, earl of Effingham, and 
 acquitted himself most nobly in the attack on the 
 
> 
 
 APPENDIX. 203 
 
 Spanish armada. In 1595, he was associated 
 with Sir John Hawkins, on an expedition to the 
 West Indies, during which he expired off Porto 
 Bello, on the 28th January 1590. 
 
 32. — Thomas Howard, Earl oj' Suffolk, 
 
 Was the youngest son of Thomas, duke of Norfolk, 
 beheaded in the reign of Elizabeth. He was 
 created earl of Suffolk at the accession of James I. ; 
 soon afterwards, lord-chamberlain ; and at length, 
 lord-high-treasurer. He was convicted before 
 the star-chamber of gross and corrupt peculation 
 in his office, and other misdemeanors, for which 
 he was dismissed, fined, and imprisoned. 
 
 33. — Admiral Blake, 
 
 Robert Blake was the son of a merchant at 
 Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, where he was 
 born, in August 1589. He was entered of Oxford 
 university in 1615, where he took a degree. 
 About 1640, he was returned by the puritan 
 party for Bridgewater, and he served with the 
 parliament army against Charles 1. ; but when 
 the king was brought to trial, he condemned the 
 measure as illegal. In 1648-9, being then sixty 
 years of age, he was shifted from a military to a 
 naval life, being appointed by Cromwell to com- 
 
204 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 mand the fleet, in conjunction with Dean and 
 Popham. He soon made himself formidable in 
 his new capacity ; blocked up prince Maurice and 
 prince Rupert in Kinsale harbour, and afterwards 
 following them from port to port, at last attacked 
 them in that of Malaga, and nearly destroyed 
 their whole fleet. 
 
 In 1652, Blake was appointed sole admiral, 
 when his first exploit was to reduce the isle of 
 Guernsey, which, until then, had held out for the 
 king. In the ensuing year, the Dutch having 
 declared against the commonwealth of England, 
 he defeated their fleet, commanded by Van Tromp, 
 Ruyter, and De Wit, in three several engage- 
 ments, with great loss ; and at length quite crip- 
 pled their naval power, by a complete victory 
 gained over them in June 1652, off Calais. In 
 November 1654, he sailed with a strong fleet up 
 the Mediterranean, and in December entered the 
 road of Cadiz, where he was treated with all 
 imaginable respect by the Dutch and French 
 squadrons. The Algerines, too, conciliated his 
 favour by presents and concessions, and most of 
 the piratical states stood in awe of his name. The 
 Dey of Tunis alone set him at defiance, refused 
 all satisfaction for piracies committed on the 
 English, and even denied Blake the liberty of 
 taking in fresh water. " Here," said he, " are 
 our castles of Goletta and Porto Ferino ; do your 
 
^ 
 
 ¥ 
 
 APPENDIX. 205 
 
 worst." Blake, thus taunted, deliberately de- 
 molished these fortresses, and converting nine of 
 the enemy's own vessels into fire-ships, destroyed 
 their fleet in the harbour. This daring action 
 rendered his name formidable throughout Africa 
 and Asia ; the governments of Malta and Tripoli 
 made restitution of effects taken by their priva- 
 teers from the English, and most of the states of 
 Italy sent friendly embassies to Cromwell. The 
 Spaniards too, had soon reason to stand in awe of 
 the name of Blake, who chased and burnt their 
 ships wherever he found them. Finding at length 
 that the Spanish plate fleet had put into the bay 
 of Santa Cruz, he weighed anchor, with twenty- 
 five men-of-war, on the 13th April 1657 : and on 
 the 20th discovered sixteen Spanish ships in the 
 bay, ranged in the form of a half-moon, defended 
 by a strong castle, and seven forts, with a line of 
 communication manned by musketeers. Notwith- 
 standinfif these advantages, Blake burnt or sunk 
 all the ships of the Spanish fleet, and by a fortu- 
 nate change of wind came out without loss. 
 
 This was the admiral's last exploit : he was now 
 nearly seventy years of age, and his constitution, 
 weakened by hard service, yielded before a com- 
 plicated attack of dropsy and scurvy. He sailed 
 for England, and died as he was entering Ply- 
 mouth sound, August 27, 1G57. 
 
 He was, by Cromwell's order, buried with 
 
206 APPENDIX. 
 
 great magnificence in Henry the Seventh's chapel, 
 in Westminster abbey ; whence, however, his 
 body was pitifully expelled at the Restoration, 
 and thrown into a pit in St. Margaret's church- 
 yard. 
 
 34. — Sir John Norris. 
 
 A military leader of the reign of Elizabeth, who 
 distinguished himself against the prince of Parma 
 in the Low Countries, and subsequently in the 
 unsuccessful attempt to place Don Antonio on the 
 throne of Portugal. 
 
 35. — Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of 
 Canterbury. 
 
 This prelate was born at Farn worth, Lancashire, 
 in 1544, and studied at Cambridge, where he 
 took his degrees of B. A., M. A., and D. D. 
 After several gradations of church preferment, 
 he was, in 1597, made chaplain to archbishop 
 Whitgift, and in the same year appointed bishop 
 of London. In 1600, he was sent by queen Eli- 
 zabeth to settle some differences between the 
 English and the Danes. He also strongly sup- 
 ported the secular priests against the Jesuits; 
 which, together with his violent invectives against 
 the puritans, obtained him the favour of the 
 
 i 
 
I 
 
 ¥ 
 
 * 
 
 APPENDIX. 207 
 
 church party, and his promotion lo the see of 
 London. 
 
 Bancroft enjoyed queen Elizabeth's favour, and 
 attended her during her last illness. At the 
 commencement of James's reign, he was one of 
 the chief commissioners on behalf of the church, 
 at the famous Hampton-court conference between 
 the bishops and the presbyterian ministers, and 
 took a leading part in the disputations. On the 
 death of Whitgift, in 1603, Bancroft was ad- 
 vanced to the see of Canterbury, and in 1610, he 
 succeeded the earl of Dorset as chancellor of 
 Oxford. He died in 1612, at Lambeth palace, 
 and left his library to his successors for ever. He 
 was a strict disciplinarian, a powerful preacher 
 and speaker, of high moral courage, and pos- 
 sessed of sound and extensive learning. 
 
 36. — William, first Prince of Orange, 
 
 Was born about the year 1533. He was among 
 the first to head the insurrection in the Low 
 Countries, which eventually succeeded in throw- 
 ing off the yoke of the Spanish government. He 
 fell by the hand of an assassin, in 1584, said to 
 have been instigated to the deed by the court of 
 Spain. 
 
208 APPENDIX. 
 
 37. — Thomas Rat cliffy Earl of Sussex, 
 
 The son of Henry RatclifF, earl of Sussex, a 
 general in the army of queen Mary. The son is 
 not prominent in English history ; the chief pub- 
 lic events in which he distinguished himself being, 
 first, the negociation of the marriage articles 
 between queen Elizabeth and John of Austria, 
 which is supposed to have been mere illusion, to 
 conceal other projects ; and secondly, when he 
 had the command of the English army against the 
 Scots. This nobleman, however, was remarkable 
 for political ability and penetration, as well as for 
 military talent ; and there is reason to believe that 
 his opinions had great weight with the queen's 
 council, in many very important events. Many 
 of his letters are preserved in the various collec- 
 tions, in which he advises on measures connected 
 with Scotland, France, and the Low Countries. 
 
 S8,^Sir Walter Mildmay, Knt. 
 
 Was a younger son of Thomas Mildmay, esq., of 
 Moulsham, Essex, educated at Christ's college, 
 Cambridge, and became chancellor of the Ex- 
 chequer in the reign of Elizabeth. He was 
 eminent in literature, and a patron of learning. 
 
APPENDIX. 209 
 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge, was founded by him, 
 and he conferred donations on Christ' s-college. 
 He died in 1589. 
 
 39. — Erasmus, 
 
 This celebrated writer was born at Rotterdam, in 
 1467. He published an edition of the New Tes- 
 tament in 1516, being the first time it was printed 
 in Greek, and many learned works, philological 
 and religious. He died at Basil in 1536, and was 
 buried in the cathedral there. He is generally 
 considered to have been the most learned man of 
 the age in which he lived ; and he certainly con- 
 tributed, both by his example and his writings, 
 to the revival of literature in Europe. 
 
 40. — Isabella of the Low Countries, 
 
 Isabella Clara Eugenia, governess of the Nether- 
 lands, was the daughter of Philip II. of Spain, 
 and of his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Henry II. of France. During the life-time of 
 Philip, she was contracted to Albert, archduke of 
 Austria, son of the emperor Maximilian, and 
 appointed to the government of the Low Coun- 
 tries. The marriage was solemnized, and the 
 appointment confirmed, shortly after the accession 
 of Philip III ; and they made a sumptuous entry 
 into Brussels, in September 1599, when the mag- 
 2e 
 
210 APPENDIX. 
 
 nificence of their court, and the adoption of 
 Spanish manners, occasioned some dissatisfaction. 
 To Albert was entrusted the conduct of the war 
 against the Dutch, commanded by Prince Mau- 
 rice. On one occasion, the troops having been 
 ordered to assemble at Bruges, in order to march 
 against the Dutch, some murmurs arose respecting 
 the irregularity of their pay. As they passed 
 near Ghent, Isabella, mounted on horseback, went 
 out to meet and harangue them, and as they com- 
 plained of the above-mentioned circumstance, she 
 declared, that rather than their demands should 
 not be satisfied, she would expose to sale her 
 plate and jewels, and deliver up to them the funds 
 appropriated to the support of her court and ser- 
 vants. Albert, at the same time putting himself 
 at their head, declared he would share their for- 
 tunes. The appeal was successful, and (he battle 
 of Minport, fought July 1600, against the Dutch, 
 followed, in which, however, Albert was defeated 
 and wounded. This battle decided the independ- 
 ence of Holland, though the war still continued. 
 Albert next laid seige to Ostend, which he took 
 after more than one hundred thousand men on 
 both sides had been sacrificed. A truce was 
 concluded in 1609 for twelve years, before the 
 expiration of which Albert died, in 1629. m 
 Isabella appears to have been a woman of mascu- 
 line spirit, but her government was mild, and she 
 was much beloved. 
 
f 
 
 APPENDIX. 211 
 
 41. — Melancthon and Pomeranus, 
 
 Melancthon, a fellow-labourer, and attached friend 
 of Luther's, was Greek professor at the university 
 of Wittenberg". Pomeranus was also a contri- 
 butor to the great work of the Reformation, and 
 was one who assisted in the translation of the 
 Scriptures. 
 
 4*2. — John UiAss, Reformer and Martyr, 
 
 Was born at Huss, in Bohemia. He became 
 professor of divinity in the university of Prague, 
 and pastor of the church in that city ; and was 
 distinguished for remarkable erudition and elo- 
 quence. He adopted the sentiments of Wickliffe; 
 and about 1407, began to preach openly against 
 the corruptions of the church, and the flagrant 
 errors of the sacerdotal order. The resentment 
 of the clergy was soon inflamed against him ; but 
 Huss persevered in recommending the writings 
 and opinions of Wicklifle, and in denouncing the 
 despotism of the church of Rome. In 1410, 
 sentence of excommunication was passed against 
 him ; after which, as he still boldly persisted in 
 the promulgation of his tenets, he was summoned 
 to appear before the council of Constance. The 
 emperor Sigismund guaranteed him safe conduct 
 
212 ' APPENDIX. 
 
 to and from the council, and he therefore did not 
 hesitate to appear before it ; but, by a most scan- 
 dalous breach of faith, the promise of safe con- 
 duct was disregarded, he was cast into prison by 
 the council, declared a heretic, and burnt alive 
 in 1415. He endured his fate with extraordinary 
 magnanimity and firmness. His writings were 
 burnt with him ; but copies of most of them were 
 preserved, and afterwards published. His fol- 
 lowers, after his death, broke out into open war, 
 which lasted for many years, with horrible bar- 
 barities on both sides. 
 
 43. — Rodolphus Agricola, 
 
 Was one of the most learned scholars of the 
 fifteenth century, and the immediate forerunner 
 and prototype of the great Erasmus. He was 
 born near Groningen, in Friesland, in 1443, and 
 died in 1485, aged forty-two, leaving many 
 works on classical literature, far superior to those 
 of any of his contemporaries. He was, besides, 
 a skilful practitioner of music and painting. He 
 did not interfere towards the Reformation ; but 
 he seems to have foreseen that a crisis was ap- 
 roaching. 
 
APPENDIX. 2\-i 
 
 44. — The Duke of' Alvarez. 
 
 Of whom we can find nothing-, unless he was the 
 Portuguese traveller of that name, who died in 
 1540. 
 
 45. — Ninon de L'Enclos, 
 
 Ninon de L'Enclos was born in 161G, and was 
 the only child of a gentleman of Touraine, of a 
 noble but not rich family. Her father, a professed 
 philosopher of the epicurean school, early in- 
 stilled in his daughter the principles which he had 
 made the rule of his own life; thus preparing her 
 to be what she afterwards became : his last words 
 to her were, " be more scrupulous in the choice 
 than in the number of your pleasures." Left an 
 orphan at an early age, with a moderate inde- 
 pendence, she came to Paris, and purchased a 
 house, which became the resort of the most dis- 
 tinguished personages, of both sexes. " The only 
 house," says a contemporary writer, " where the 
 guests dared depend on their talents and acquire- 
 ments, and where whole days could be passed 
 without gambling and without ennui." The 
 house was in the Rue des Tournelles, quartier de 
 Marne, then the most fashionable part of the 
 capital, and where the hotels of some of the most 
 
214 APPENDIX. 
 
 distinguished nobility of the court of Louis XIV. 
 were situated. The hotel of Ninon (inhabited 
 in 1830 by Signor Barbieri), is still in perfect 
 preservation, and is ornamented with allegorical 
 devices, supposed to be the work of Mignard 
 and le Brun. In this house she resided sixty 
 years, and here she died when ninety years of 
 age. The house must be an object of interest to 
 all who think of the illustrious personages who 
 visited it. Amongst many other objects which 
 attract attention, the spot is traditionally pointed 
 out where Moliere read to her many of his most 
 celebrated pieces. 
 
 Though the fortune of Ninon was moderate, 
 she rejected every offer of splendid dependance, 
 even from royal power and devoted friendship. 
 Madame de Maintenon made her repeated offers 
 of liberal provision, which she declined. Chris- 
 tina of Sweden was so unwilling to part with her, 
 that she used every means to prevail on Ninon to 
 accompany her to Rome and reside in her palace ; 
 but Ninon preferred her house and society in the 
 Rue des Tournelles. That she was disinterested 
 and honourable, is proved by the following anec- 
 dotes. She was found at her toilet by the noblest 
 of her lovers, curling her hair with the contract 
 of marriage and bond for four thousand louis, 
 which he had given her the night before ; " Cela 
 doit vous faire voir,'* said she to him, " quel cas 
 
APPENDIX. 215 
 
 je fais des promesses de jeunes etourdis comme 
 vous, et combien vous vous compromettriez avec 
 unefemme capable de profiler devos folies." When 
 de Gourville was driven into exile, he left with 
 her one half of his fortune : the other half he 
 confided to the grand penitencier, who, on the 
 return of Gourville, aflfected to have forgotten 
 the transaction, and threatened his friend with 
 unpleasant consequences should he persist in his 
 demand. Deceived by the churchman, he did 
 not think of applying- to Ninon, who he imagined 
 more likely to have spent his money. She sent 
 for him, and when they met, said, " I have to 
 reproach myself deeply on your account ; a great 
 misfortune has happened to me during your ab- 
 sence, for which I have to solicit your pardon." 
 Gourville thought this of course related to his 
 deposit. " I have lost the inclination I had for 
 you," continued she, " but 1 have not lost my 
 memory ; here are the twenty thousand crowns 
 you entrusted to my care ; take the casket in 
 which they are, and let us live for the future as 
 friends." 
 
 This extraordinary woman retained her charms 
 to an advanced period of life. At fifty-seven 
 years of age she made the conquest of the marquis 
 de Sevigne, so humourously immortalized by his 
 mother ; she was upwards of sixty when the 
 chevalier de Villiers fell upon his sword, on dis- 
 
216 APPENDIX. 
 
 coverings the object of his passion to be his 
 mother ; at seventy, she achieved the conquest of 
 the baron de Bernier, of the royal family of 
 Sweden, and at eighty that of the abbe Gedoyn, 
 a young Jesuit. 
 
 St. Kvremond says of her, — 
 
 " L'indulgente et sage nature 
 A formee Tame de Ninon 
 De la volupte d' epicure, 
 Et de la vertu de Caton." 
 
 She was good-tempered, liberal, witty, and 
 highly accomplished ; and old age found her in 
 possession of all that had rendered her faults en- 
 durable — her benevolence, her philosophy and her 
 intellect. *' If," she was wont to say, " one could 
 believe that in dying one was going to talk with 
 old friends, it would be sweet to die." In the 
 last hour of her struggle with life, she composed 
 the following lines : — 
 
 " Qu'un vain espoire ne vienne pas offrir, 
 Qui puisse ebranler mon courage ; 
 Je suis en age de mourir, 
 Que ferais-je ici d'avantage ?" 
 
 Some of Ninon's letters to St. Evremond, 
 which are found in the works of that author, and 
 have been published separately in the *' Lettres 
 des Femmes C^lebres," are the only authentic 
 memorials of her pen. 
 
APPENDIX. 217 
 
 46. — The Countess of Desmond, 
 
 Another veteran beauty, who lived to upwards of 
 one hundred years of age. She was the wife of 
 the once-potent Irish earl of Desmond, who sided 
 with the Yorkists during the contentions of the 
 houses of York and Lancaster, and lost an enor- 
 mous property in the cause. 
 
 47. — Luther, 
 
 Martin Luther, one of the most intrepid and suc- 
 cessful of religious reformers, was the son of a 
 German miner, and born at Eisteben, in Saxony, 
 Nov. 10th, 1484. He was educated for the law ; 
 but he suddenly became an Augustine friar, and 
 was for a time distinguished by his zeal for the 
 Roman Catholic faith. A tour which he made to 
 Rome, in 1510, first opened his eyes to the cor- 
 ruptions of that church ; and the writings ofHuss 
 added further conviction. In 1512, being then 
 professor of divinity in the university of Wittem- 
 berg, he began to propagate his new opinions in 
 his public lectures ; and, as he possessed an ar- 
 dent imagination, considerable eloquence, and, 
 above all, a purity of character in strict accord- 
 ance with his doctrines, his audiences were soon 
 large and influential. A host of opponents, of 
 2f 
 
218 APPENDIX. 
 
 course, rose against him, by whom he, was de- 
 nounced as a heretic ; but he went fearlessly for- 
 ward, discussing the subjects of indulgences, the 
 sacraments, laws divine and human, the nature of 
 vows, &c. 
 
 The court of Rome at first treated the whole 
 matter with contempt ; but at length, finding that 
 the new doctrines were really becoming popular, 
 Luther was summoned by pope Leo X. to appear 
 before him. On the interposition, however, of the 
 elector of Saxony, the matter was referred to 
 cardinal Cajetan, the pope's legate at Augsburg, 
 who required a recantation of all that had been 
 promulgated. To this, Luther /would not submit, 
 and he was, therefore, advised by his friends to 
 withdraw from Augsburg to Wittemberg. This 
 he consented to ; but, before his departure he ap- 
 pealed, first to the pope, and then to a general 
 council. Incensed at this, Cajetan called upon 
 the elector to deliver him up ; but Frederick de- 
 clined submitting to this injunction, and the death 
 of the emperor Maximilian at this juncture, for- 
 tunately turned, for a time, the attention of Lu- 
 ther's enemies to another object. In the mean- 
 time our reformer, nothing daunted, had begun 
 to express doubts of the divine origin of the pope's 
 authority, and of the legality of the wealth and 
 power of the clergy. The pope now, on the 15th 
 June, 1520, passed sentence of excommunication 
 
APPENDIX. 219 
 
 agyiiist him as a heretic. Luthor again appealed, 
 denounced the pope and his tyranny, threw the 
 book of the canon-law, and the bull of excommu- 
 nication into the flames, and harangued a great 
 multitude of spectators on the mischievous and 
 wicked tendency of the papal doctrines. 
 
 The diet of Worms was now called on, through 
 Charles V., the new emperor, forthwith to con- 
 demn Luther to death ; but they refused to do this 
 without first examining him, and sent to require 
 his appearance, all the princes tlirough whose 
 territories he was to pass, promising him a safe 
 conduct. Luther, contrary to the advice of his 
 friends, determined to go. He was received at 
 Worms, by princes, nobles, and persons of all 
 ranks, with distinguished marks of respect. When 
 before the diet, he refused to renounce his opi- 
 nions ; and he was allowed to leave the city in 
 safety, but had not long quitted it, before a de- ' 
 cree was issued, pronouncing him an obstinate 
 heretic, depriving him of all his rights as a sub- 
 ject, and calling upon every one to seize him. 
 His situation now became most critical ; but he 
 was preserved by a stratagem, suggested by his 
 kind friend, the elector of Saxony. Near Alten- 
 strain, he was suddenly surrounded by a body of 
 horsemen in masks, who, dismissing his attend- 
 ants, carried him off to the castle of Wortburg. 
 Here he lay concealed for nine mouths ; and here 
 
^20 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 he first prepared his greatest and most useful 
 work — the translation of the Scriptures into the 
 German language. He first published the Gospels 
 of Matthew and Mark : these were followed by 
 the Epistle to the Romans ; and about the end of 
 September 1522, the entire New Testament was 
 in circulation. He next proceeded with the Old 
 Testament, which was completed in 1530. He 
 was now at open war with the pope and the clergy, 
 whom he designated in his works as tyrants and 
 impious persons, and his doctrines continued to 
 advance, in spite of numerous papal edicts issued 
 against him and his disciples. 
 
 About the end of the year 1524, Luther re- 
 signed his monk's gown, and in June 1525, he 
 married. He was most happy in this union, and 
 continued still to be as zealously active as ever in 
 the great cause. The Reformation had now taken 
 deep root; and Luther's chief solicitude was, 
 to exhort and advise the princes and states that 
 had adopted his doctrines, and to publish such 
 works as might confute his opponents, and en- 
 courage his friends. In 1535, his version of the 
 Bible, in German, was first published. 
 
 About 1538, pope Pius III., finding that pro- 
 testants could not be compelled to retract their 
 opinions, began to talk of a reform of the church. 
 This was ridiculed by Luther, who continued to 
 write against the prevalent corruptions with un- 
 
APPENDIX. 221 
 
 flinching intrepidity and perseverance, until his 
 death, which happened in the year 154G. He 
 was interred with high honours : princes, nobles, 
 and students attended the procession, and the fu- 
 neral oration was delivered by his attached friend 
 and fellow-labourer, Melancthon. 
 
 Luther reduced the number of sacraments to 
 two ; he also exploded the adoration of the host, 
 auricular confession, indulgences, purgatory, the 
 worship of images, the Romish fasts, monastic 
 vows, the celibacy of the clergy, and other errors 
 of the church of Rome. 
 
 48. — Philip, Count de Home ; 
 
 One of the leaders of the insurrection in the Low 
 Countries against the oppressive government of 
 the Spaniards. The contest occupied the arms of 
 Spain for nearly half a century, and was in the 
 end successful ; but the count de Home and count 
 Egmont falling into the hands of the unrelenting 
 duke of Alva, were put to death in an early part 
 of the struggle. 
 
 49. — Lord George SackviUe — aj'tericards, 
 Sackviile^Germaine — and eventually, Vis- 
 count SackviUe. 
 
 This nobleman, of somewhat unfortunate reputation 
 in his day, was named after his godfiUhcr, king 
 
222 APPENDIX. 
 
 George I. He was educated at Westminster and 
 the university of Dublin. In 1737, he entered 
 the army ; and in 1740, was lieutenant-colonel of 
 the 28th foot. He was at the battles of Dettingen 
 and Fontenoy, and is admitted to have signalized 
 himself in both. He also served with the duke of 
 Cumberland in Scotland, during the rebellion of 
 1745 and 46, and abroad in 47-48. In 1749, he 
 was promoted to the colonelcy of the 12th dragoons, 
 and soon after to the command of the horse-cari- 
 bineers in Ireland. He became major-general in 
 1755 ; colonel of the 2nd drago()n-guards and 
 lieutenant-general of the ordnance in 1757 ; and 
 soon afterwards lieutenant-general of his majesty's 
 forces, and a member of the privy-council. For 
 some time he commanded a division of the army 
 encamped near Chatham, and it is related of him 
 that, being solicited by the celebrated Whitfield 
 for permission to address the soldiers, he acceded 
 to the request, by the following laconic reply : 
 " Tell the gentleman from me, that he may preach 
 anything he pleases to them that is not against the 
 articles of war." 
 
 In 1759, on the death of the duke of Marl- 
 borough, Lord George Sackville succeeded him in 
 the command of the British forces in Germany, 
 under prince Frederick of Brunswick, general- 
 issimo of the allied army in the pay of Great 
 Britain, and was placed at the head of the cavalry 
 
APPENDIX. 223 
 
 in the battle of Minden. During the action, the 
 allied infantry having thrown the enemy into some 
 disorder, prince Ferdinand sent orders for Lord 
 George to advance ; but his instructions were mis- 
 understood, and the cavalry did not come in for 
 any share of the action. The next day, in the 
 general orders issued by the commander-in-chief. 
 Lord George was by implication deeply censured. 
 He immediately returned to England, where he 
 was at once ignominiously dismissed from all his 
 employments. He demanded a court-martial, the 
 sentence of which was, that he was " unfit for mi- 
 litary command." This sentence was confirmed 
 by the king, who moreover ordered the name of 
 lord George Sackville to be struck out of the list 
 of privy-councillors. Nevertheless, it is difficult 
 to believe in the justice of the sentence, which many 
 persons, even at that time, did not hesitate to stig- 
 matise as iniquitous. Anything like proof of 
 cowardice was certainly never established ; indeed 
 the evidence would rather substantiate an accusa- 
 tion of rashness, and his lordship's previous mili- 
 tary services, during which he had on several oc- 
 casions so distinguished himself as to cause his rapid 
 promotion, would seem to be an answer to so base 
 a charge as that of holding back through fear. 
 That the prince's order to advance, however, was 
 not obeyed, is certain ; the answer to which is, that 
 not having been sufficiently precise to be intelli- 
 
 ¥ 
 
2*24 APPENDIX. 
 
 gib]e, it was not intentionally 6?mbeyed. It is 
 now generally believed, that lord George Sack- 
 ville was treated harshly by his brother officers, 
 either to gratify a pique of prince Ferdinand's, 
 from party spirit, which ran high at the time, or 
 from other motives now inscrutable. One of the 
 first acts of king George III., after his accession, 
 was to recal lord George to court ;* which step, 
 taken at a period when the whole case was fresh 
 in the public memory, must certainly be consi- 
 dered as a virtual repeal of a verdict delivered 
 only a few months before. 
 
 In 1761, his lordship was returned to parlia- 
 ment for Hythe, in Kent. In 1770, he succeeded 
 to considerable property under the will of his 
 aunt, lady Betty Germaine, and he then took 
 the name of Germaine, in accordance with her 
 desire. He had previously been elected M. P. 
 for East Grinstead, which he represented from 
 1768 until 1782. In 1775, he was admitted into 
 the administration, and was, in succession, joint 
 vice-treasurer of Ireland, first lord of trade and 
 plantations, and secretary of state for the colonies. 
 In this latter capacity, he strenuously supported 
 the American war. On the dissolution of the ad- 
 ministration of which he was a member, he was 
 raised to the peerage by the title of viscount Sack- 
 
 * See North Britain, No. 45. 
 
APPENDIX. 225 
 
 ville and baron Bolebroke. On his taking his 
 seat among the peers, the Minden affair was 
 again brought forward, and a motion made that 
 his lordship's elevation " was an insufferable in- 
 dignity to that house." On a division, however, 
 it was rejected by ninety-three to twenty-eight 
 votes. 
 
 His lordship was not distinguished by extraor- 
 dinary ability, but he was a powerful speaker, 
 and took a decided and conspicuous part in parlia- 
 ment on several occasions, with great plausibility 
 and address. He is supposed to have owed his 
 elevation to the zeal with which he supported the 
 contest with America. Of his speaking, a con- 
 temporary says, " his manner is peculiar ; his 
 style nervous and manly ; his language elegance 
 itself; and his observations pointed, sententious, 
 and convincing." He has been named amongst 
 the supposed authors of Junius ; but this was 
 denied by himself, and there is little to favour the 
 supposition. 
 
 His lordship married Diana, second daughter 
 and co-heir of John Sambroke, esq. He died 
 in 1785. 
 
 50. — Miss Steicart. 
 
 Frances Theresa Stewart was the elder of two 
 
 I daughters of Walter, lord Blanlyre, u peer of 
 Scotland. Immediately on her introduction at 
 2g 
 
226 APPENDIX. 
 
 court, she became maid of honour to Catherine of 
 Braganza,andthe darling- intimate of the countess 
 of Castlemain, afterwards duchess of Cleveland, 
 who endeavoured, by strange artifices, to inspire 
 the king- with a passion for her, in order, as con- 
 jectured by Grammont, to turn attention from her 
 own amours, or to prevent his forming an attach- 
 ment to others more likely to interfere with her 
 views. The king became violently enamoured ; 
 the young lady repelled his attacks on her honour, 
 and Charles is supposed to have felt a real attach- 
 ment for her. This passion led him into several 
 singular, but inoffensive extravagances ; among 
 these, a gold medal appeared, doubtless by his 
 order, representing on the front his own bust, 
 and on the reverse a portrait of the idolized fair 
 in the character of Minerva. This figure was 
 soon afterwards transferred to the copper coin of 
 the realm, on which it now appears, unaltered in 
 general appearance, as the emblematical figure 
 and bearing the inscription of Britannia. A 
 rumour gained credit, that Charles intended to 
 divorce his queen and marry this lady ; who, in 
 order to preserve her reputation and avoid the 
 king's importunities, encouraged the honourable 
 addresses of Charles Lenox, duke of Richmond, 
 to whom she was married in 1669, having left 
 Whitehall privately after much opposition and vex- 
 ation. Clarendon fell under the displeasure of 
 
APPENDIX. 227 
 
 Charles, for having, as his enemies informed the 
 king, contributed to this marriage. The duchess 
 of Richmond survived her husband, who left her 
 childless, and having- remained a widow thirty 
 years, died in 1702, possessed of considerable 
 wealth, which she bequeathed to her great nephew, 
 Alexander, fifth lord Blantyre. 
 
 51. — Countess of Shrewsbury. 
 
 Anna Maria, daughter of Robert Brudenel, 
 second earl of Cardigan, wife of Francis Talbot, 
 eleventh earl of Shrewsbury. Her husband was 
 killed in a duel with her paramour, George 
 Villiers, second Duke of Buckingham. She is 
 said to have held the duke's horse, in the disguise 
 of a page, while he shed her husband's life-biood ; 
 and other circumstances are related of her conduct 
 immediately after the combat, too horrible and 
 disgusting- to be repeated. The orphan earl, who 
 was born in 1666, received his name from his 
 sponsor, Charles II. He was seven years of age 
 at the time of his father's death. 
 
 During- the minority of himself and brother, 
 a petition was presented to the king, imploring 
 justice on Buckingham, touching smartly upon 
 the duke's scandalous behaviour, and bitterly 
 complaining that, after having basely murdered 
 their father, he continued to load the family with 
 
228 APPENDIX. 
 
 reproach, at a time when the successors to the 
 honour and family of Shrewsbury, being yet in- 
 fants, were not able to do themselves justice on 
 the person who had so notoriously injured them. 
 It does not appear that the remonstrance produced 
 any effect. The elder son became a favourite 
 with William III. 
 
 52. — Major Mohun* 
 
 This singular portrait, the artist of which is not 
 known, represents a man in his shirt, with a 
 sword in his hand, apparently in the act of de- 
 fending himself, Mohun was a comedian in the 
 reign of Charles I., and, on the breaking out of 
 the civil wars, became a volunteer in the royal 
 army, and distinguished himself on several 
 occasions. 
 
 53. — Sir Kenelm Dig by. 
 
 This is one of the finest portraits, if not the finest 
 in the collection at Knole. 
 
 Sir Kenelm Digby was the son of Sir Everard 
 Digby, who was beheaded for his participation 
 in the gunpowder plot. The son became eminent 
 both as an author and a statesman. His life was 
 eventful : king Charles I. made him a gentleman 
 of the bedchamber, commissioner of the navy, 
 
 I 
 
APPEND iX. 229 
 
 and governor of the Trinity-huuse ; and subse- 
 quently granted him letters of reprisals against 
 the Venetians, by virtue of which he, with a very 
 inconsiderable fleet, took several prizes, and 
 fighting his wslj through the enemy with great 
 gallantry, came clear off" with his booty. 
 
 During the civil wars, he was one of the most 
 faithful adherents of the royal cause, and was in 
 consequence compelled to compound his estate and 
 become an exile, during Cromwell's usurpation. 
 He retired to France, and was sent on two em- 
 bassies to pope Innocent X., from the widowed 
 queen of Charles 1., to whom he was chancellor. 
 He returned to England in lo()l, and was ap- 
 pointed one of the council on the iirst institution 
 of the royal society. He died in London in 1(365. 
 He was the author of several learned works, and 
 a great benefactor to the Bodleian library, by 
 presenting it, in 16G3, with a large collection of 
 manuscripts. He translated various authors into 
 English ; and his treatise on the Nature of Bodies 
 and the Immortality of the Soul, is thought to 
 evince extraordinary knowledge and penetration. 
 
 54. — Du Burg, Organist of Antwerp, 
 
 We regret to state that we cannot find any account 
 of this musician. There were several Du Burgs 
 of some eminence, both as performers and com- 
 
^30 APPENDIX. 
 
 posers, but we cannot identify either of them 
 with the " organist of Antwerp." There is pro- 
 bably some mistake in the description of the 
 portrait, an etching from which, or from a paint- 
 ing like it, by Vandyke, has been seen with the 
 following inscription under it : " Henricus Liberti> 
 organist of Antwerp cathedral." 
 
 55. — Anne Carr, Countess of Bedjord, 
 
 The daughter of Robert Carr, earl of Somerset, 
 and Frances, daughter of Thomas Howard, first 
 earl of Suffolk. At the age of seventeen she 
 was married to William, lord Russei, son and heir 
 of Francis, fourth earl of Bedford, after many 
 objections and delays on the part of the earl. 
 Seven sons and four daughters were the issue of 
 this union, which was one of affection, and proved 
 happy. She died in 1684, oppressed with grief 
 for the loss of her second son, lord William 
 Russei, executed for treason in 1683. 
 
 56. — Sir Ralph Bosville, Knt. 
 
 Formerly of Bradborne, near Sevenoaks, where 
 the family lived for several generations. Their 
 estates have now passed into other hands ; Mr. 
 Ralph Bosville, a lineal descendant of the knight^ 
 having, by his will, passed over all his relatives^ 
 and left his property to Mr., afterwards Sir 
 
APPENDIX. 231 
 
 Richard, Bettison, for life (who, in the capacity 
 of clerk in the South-sea House, had shown him 
 some civilities) ; and in the event of his dying" 
 without male issue, which he did, to the family 
 of the Lanes, of Sevenoaks. 
 
 57. — Sir Hatton Fermor^ Knt, 
 
 One of the ancestors of the noble family of Pom- 
 fret, was the son of Sir George Fermor, of Easton, 
 in Northamptonshire, and sheriff of that county in 
 1618. Sir Georg-e had the honour of entertaining 
 king" James 1. and his queen, at Easton, on the 
 11th June 1603; on which occasion his majesty 
 knio-hted Sir Hatton, his eldest son. 
 
 58. — Henry Howard, Earl of Svrreif, 
 
 The eldest son of the third duke of Norfolk, was 
 born about 1516, and educated in Windsor castle, 
 with young Fitzroy, earl of Richmond, natural 
 son of king Henry VIII. About 1532, he was 
 affianced, and soon afterwards married, to the 
 lady Frances Vere, daughter of the earl of Oxford. 
 Shortly after this, he was one of those who at- 
 tended the king into France, to the " Field of the 
 Cloth of Gold." In 1533, he bore a part in the 
 coronation of his cousin, Ann Boleyn ; and three 
 
232 APPENDIX. 
 
 years after, it is melancholy to find him sitting as 
 earl-marshal, in his father's stead, at the trial and 
 condemnation of the young queen. 
 
 At about this period of his life commenced an 
 attachment to a lady, by some thought to have 
 been platonic only, which has given rise to a ro- 
 mantic tale of the earl of Surrey's making an ex- 
 pedition into Italy, in the principal cities of 
 which kingdom, in various tournaments, he main- 
 tained the fair Geraldine's superlative beauty 
 ** against all comers, whether Christians, Jews, 
 Saracens, Turks, or Cannibals," and was victo- 
 rious in them all ; as well as in one fought at 
 Westminster, in 1540. For this fanciful story, 
 there seems but slight foundation. Surrey un- 
 questionably conceived an attachment for the fair 
 Geraldine, who was a daughter of the earl of 
 Kildare, and is described as the greatest beauty of 
 her time. This lady he has immortalised in his 
 sonnets ; but he himself makes no mention of 
 having tilted in her honour, or visited foreign 
 lands to celebrate her beauty. At the period, 
 too, when these feats are said to have been per- 
 formed, Surrey himself appears to have been in 
 England, and the lady was not more than ten or 
 eleven years of age. This knight-errant expe- 
 dition, therefore, must be regarded as an absurd 
 fiction. It should be added, in justice to the earl, 
 who was a married man at the time, that he lived 
 
APPENDIX. 283 
 
 in perfect harmony with his wife, and always sus- 
 tained a hig^h moral character. 
 
 In 1543, the earl of Surrey went as a volun- 
 teer in the armament ag-ainst France, under the 
 command of Sir John Wallop, and distinguished 
 himself so conspicuously, that, in 1544, he was 
 appointed marshal of the army, at the head of 
 which king Henry VIII. invaded France in per- 
 son. Surrey ably seconded the duke, his father, 
 in an attempt to reduce Montreuil, and was dan- 
 gerously wounded. From want of ammunition 
 and provision, however, they were compelled to 
 raise the siege ; and as merit is too commonly es- 
 timated by success, this failure, though all was 
 done that skill or valour could accomplish, seems 
 to have incurred the king's displeasure. Notwith- 
 standing this, he was, in 1546, made captain- 
 general of the English forces in France, where 
 he displayed so much courage, energy, and skill, 
 as to acquire the reputation of one of the ablest 
 soldiers of the day. He several times defeated 
 the French, with inferior forces ; but being, on 
 one occasion, worsted in an attempt to intercept 
 a convoy, he was recalled to England, and su- 
 perseded by the earl of Hertford. 
 
 After the death of his wife, Surrey had the 
 boldness to propose himself to the princess Mary. 
 For this the Seymours, rivals of the Norfolk fa- 
 mily, and favourites with the king, accused him 
 2 II 
 
234 APPENDIX, 
 
 of aspiring to the crown. Accordingly, Surrey 
 and his father were, on the 12th Dec, 1546, 
 committed to the Tower ; and on the 13th Jtinuary 
 following, Surrey was tried and convicted at 
 Guildhall, and beheaded on Tower-hill on the 
 19th, in the thirtieth year of his age, only nine 
 days before the death of the king. The accusations 
 brought against this amiable young nobleman on 
 his trial, were so inane and trivial, that it seems 
 miraculous how any judge and jury could be found 
 so villainous as to carry on the farce of justice. 
 The chief accusation against him was, that he had 
 quartered with his own the arms of Edward the 
 Confessor : and for this assumption, for which he 
 had the authority of the heralds' college, was 
 consigned to an untimely grave the most gallant 
 and accomplished gentleman of the age, whether 
 as soldier, courtier, or poet. His poems, which 
 are replete with nature and feeling, of graceful 
 fancy, and undeniable good taste, were several 
 times printed in the reign of Elizabeth and James. 
 An edition was published in 1824, edited by 
 G. F. Nott, and another in 1832, in Pickering's 
 " Aldine Poets." 
 
 60. — Sir Anthony Cope, Bart. 
 
 There have been several baronets of this family of 
 "the same name, all of them ancestors of the late 
 
p 
 
 API»ENDIX. 235 
 
 duchess of Dorset. Of these, the first and the 
 most distinguished, was Sir Anthony, vice-cham- 
 berlain to queen Catherine Parr, and one of the 
 most learned men of the era in which he lived. 
 His only daughter, Ann, became the wife of Sir 
 Kenelm Digby. We believe, however, that this 
 portrait represents Sir Anthony Cope, of Hanwell, 
 who was created a baronet by king James 1., in 
 1(311. He was high-sheriff of Oxford, and M. P. 
 for Banbury. 
 
 61. — Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of 
 Shaftesbury, 
 
 This celebrated statesman was the son of Sir John 
 Cooper, of Rockburn, Hants, and born in 1621. 
 He was entered of Exeter college, Oxford, and 
 thence removed to Lincoln's-inn, for the study of 
 the law. At the age of nineteen, he sat in par- 
 liament as member for Tewkesbury. 
 
 On the breaking out of the civil wars, young 
 Cooper first attached himself to the king's party ; 
 but he suddenly shifted over to the popular side, 
 in a manner which, from whatever cause it may 
 have arisen, it seems impossible to reconcile with 
 integrity. About 1646, he succeeded to his 
 father's baronetcy, and became sheriff of Wilts. 
 On the dissolution of the long parliament, Sir 
 Anthony was appointed one of the members of the 
 
236 ' APPENDIX. 
 
 convention ; and for some years after this, he, 
 opposed and protested against the arbitrary mea- 
 sures of Cromwell on several occasions, with most 
 laudable independence and boldness . After the pro- 
 tectorate, he took part with Monk in the measures 
 which led to the Restoration, and was one of 
 the twelve who carried the invitation toCharles 11. 
 On the arrival of that king, he was appointed a 
 member of the privy-council, and (what is but 
 little creditable to his political memory) he ac- 
 cepted the office of commissioner for the trial of 
 the regicides, his former partisans. 
 
 In 1661, Sir Anthony was created baron 
 Ashley; and soon after, chancellor and under- 
 treasurer of the Exchequer, and a commissioner 
 of the Treasury. His public conduct for the en- 
 suing ten years has been variously represented by 
 party-writers, whose testimony is so conflicting, 
 that it is now wholly impossible to come to a cor- 
 rect conclusion. That he was a leading member 
 of the famous (or infamous) cabal ministry, is 
 certain, and the plan of shutting up the Exche- 
 quer is strongly imputed to him ; but, on the other 
 hand, he appears to have been strenuous and sin- 
 cere in promoting religious toleration, and his 
 sentiments, as recorded in his speeches, are inde- 
 pendent and manly. 
 
 In 1672, his lordship was raised to an earldom, 
 by the title of baron Cot^per and earl of ^haftes- 
 
APPKNDIX. 237 
 
 bury ; and in November of ihe same year, lie 
 was made lord-chancellor. In this office, however, 
 he was superseded, in less than two }ears, by Sir 
 Ileneage Finch : and ironi this period the earl of 
 Shaftesbury is again found in the ranks of the 
 opposition, and, with the exception of a few 
 months, during- which he was lord-president of 
 the council, he continued out of office diirin:; the 
 remainder of his life. He retired from party- 
 strife in 1G82, and embarked for Holland, where 
 he purposed to reside, and had just completed a 
 suitable establishment at Amsterdam, when he 
 died of gout, on the 22nd January, 1(583. 
 
 The political character of this nobleman is, to 
 say the least of it, equivocal. His tergiversa- 
 tion is proved, on more than one occasion, to have 
 arisen from interested motives ; and the charge 
 of being factious as well as selfish, seems to have 
 been fully substantiated : yet it is difficult to 
 believe all that his biographers have urged 
 against him. As lord-chancellor, during the 
 short time that he held the seals, his conduct was 
 most able and impartial. 
 
 62. — Catherine II. of' Russia, 
 
 Catherine II. of Russia was the daughter of the 
 prince of Auhalt Zerbst, governor of Stettin, in 
 Prussian Pomerania, at which place she was born 
 
238 APPENDIX. 
 
 in 1729. In 1745, she married her cousin, 
 Charles-Frederic, Duke of Holstein. His aunt, 
 Elizabeth, empress of Russia, having chosen hira 
 her successor, he was declared grand-duke of 
 Russia, and took the name of Peter HI. They 
 were ill-assorted ; Catherine, handsome, fond of 
 pleasure, ambitious and bold, could ill brook the 
 fondness of Peter for his Holstein guards, his in- 
 clination to low pleasures, his mistress the coun- 
 tess VronlzofF Passick, his imprudence and want 
 of resolution. The marriage was consequently 
 unhappy, and on the death of the empress Eliza- 
 beth, when Peter ascended the throne of Russia, 
 he wished to repudiate his wife, who was living 
 at Peterhop, a country residence not far from 
 Petersburg. Catherine and her friends determi- 
 ned to anticipate his designs ; a confederacy was 
 formed in her favour, and several regiments of the 
 guards were gained over, when the whole was dis- 
 covered by the indiscretion of an officer, who by 
 mistake gave some order to a person not entrusted 
 with the secret, who immediately caused him to 
 be put under arrest. Previous, however, to his 
 confinement, he contrived to write on a slip of 
 paper, " all is discovered, lose no time :" the 
 paper reached Gregory OrlofF, who, repairing to 
 the barracks, sent his brother Alexius to the 
 empress, whilst he endeavoured to prepare for 
 her reception at Petersburg. On his ariival, 
 
 
APPENDIX. 239 
 
 Alexius went to Monplaisir, a small summer- 
 house, of which his brother had given him the 
 key, with instructions how to gain admission. 
 Catlierine, who had long retired to rest, was 
 startled, at two o'clock in the morning, by the 
 appearance of a person in a military habit, who 
 only said, " get ready to follow me," and disap- 
 peared. Catherine obeyed the summons ; Alexius 
 was in waiting, and led her through a private 
 gate to a carriage, which had been engaged some 
 days previous by the princess Dashkof for a party 
 of pleasure. The empress entered it, and Alexius, 
 taking the reins, drove off with all possible expe- 
 dition. Long before the end of their journey the 
 carriage became unfit to proceed, and ihoy wore 
 continuing their journey on foot when a light cart 
 fortunately coming up, thoy got into it and 
 Alexius again drove on. They soon after met 
 Gregory OrlofF, who, anxious at ihe delay occa- 
 sioned by the accident, came to seek them. 
 Finding all safe, he returned to Petersburg, where 
 Catherine arrived early in the morning. Finding- 
 all prepared, she dressed herself in the uniform 
 of a young officer named Taliezen,and, mounting 
 on horseback, showed herself at the head of the 
 troops. It was at this time that Potemkin, after- 
 wards a chief favourite, but then only an officer in 
 the guards, perceiving the empress had no plume 
 in her cap, detached his own and presented it ; 
 
240 APPENDIX. 
 
 he also contrived to ride by her side, and thus 
 gave her an opportunity of remarking the beauty 
 of his person. Catherine was declared sole em- 
 press, and when Peter at length arrived, he was 
 arrested, deposed, imprisoned, and forced to sign 
 ?.n act of abdication. Six days after this, the 
 conspirators, fearing a reaction among the troops, 
 despatched Alexius Orloff and another to Ropscha, 
 where Peter was confined. They conversed 
 cheerfully with him, giving him hopes of soon 
 being at liberty, and drinking with him, as was 
 the custom before dinner, they infused poison into 
 the liquor. Other accounts say that he was 
 strangled : probably strangulation might be re- 
 sorted to in order to hasten his end, but his body 
 when laid in state exhibited evident marks of 
 poison. It does not appear that Catherine actu~ 
 ally ordered the murder, but she showed no sur- 
 prise at it, and continued her favour to the per- 
 petrators. 
 
 The events in the life of Catherine have been 
 related by many authors. Among those of a po- 
 litical nature may be mentioned the troubles in 
 Poland, which led to a war wifh Turkey (in 
 which the Russian armies were generally victo- 
 rious), and ultimately, in 1795, to the third and 
 last division of Poland between Austria, Prussia, 
 and Russia ; and her journey to the Crimea, which 
 the Russians had taken to themselves, and which 
 
APPENDIX. 241 
 
 took place in 1785, in a style which resembled a 
 triumphal procession. She reformed the laws of 
 Russia, ameliorated the condition of the serfs, 
 established schools for youth, and for the study 
 of medicine, languages, &c., throughout the 
 kingdom, favoured commerce and manufactures, 
 and employed learned men to visit the remotest 
 parts of her empire, and to correspond with the 
 French literati. Her attention to the education 
 of her grandchildren has been often dwelt on, and 
 her treatment of her favourites (among the chief 
 of whom were OrlofFand Potemkin) may be like- 
 wise mentioned. She reigned sole empress thirty- 
 five years, and died of apoplexy, 17th November, 
 1796, aged sixty-seven. 
 
 6S.— Miss Axford, 
 
 The fair quakeress, who was noticed by king 
 George 111. when Prince of Wales. 
 
 64. — Sir John Suckling, 
 
 A spirited dramatist, and travelled man of 
 fashion of the seventeenth century, was born 
 at Witham, in Essex. He was remarkable in his 
 youth for quickness of intellect, and his early ac- 
 quirements in school-learning are admitted to have 
 been ei^traordinary. Before he was twenty years 
 
 2 I 
 
242 APPENDIX. 
 
 of ag-e, be had travelled over a ^reat porlioii of 
 civilized Europe ; and in the course of bis tour be 
 became a soldier, and served in a short buf active 
 campaign under the celebrated Gustavus Adol- 
 phus. On bis return to England, he was received 
 as the " admired of all admirers," a wit, a cour- 
 tier, and a fine gentlerflan. He died at an early 
 age (about thirty), and appears to have led a busy 
 yet careless life, sometimes writing verses, at 
 others gambling or dying of love : now raising a 
 troop of soldiers for the king, and soon after plot- 
 ting with the cavaliers. His chief vice was 
 gaming.* 
 
 65. — J]nn^ Countess of Dorset, Pembroke, 
 and Montgomery, 
 
 This lady was the celebrated Anne Clifford, 
 daughter of George Clifford, earl of Cumber- 
 land.* She was married, in 1609, to Richard, 
 third earl of Dorset, by whom she had five chil- 
 dren ; all of whom, however, except one daugh- 
 ter, who married a Tufton, an ancestor of the 
 present earl of Thanet, died in their infancy. The 
 earl of Dorset himself died in his thirty-fifth year. 
 After his decease, his lady formed a second ma- 
 
 * For a notice of his literary productions, see Retroa- 
 pective Review, vols, ix and x. 
 t See Appendix, No. 15. 
 
APPKNDli. 24;^ 
 
 Irimonial connexi >n with Philip, earl of P<nn- 
 broke and Montgomery, whom she also survived. 
 The literary acquirements of this lady were so 
 conspicuous, that Walpole has assigned her a 
 place among the " royal and noble authors," She 
 was also noted for active beneficence, and a life of 
 usefulness ; in the course of which she built two 
 hospitals, and erected or repaired seven churches. 
 She also erected monuments to the poets Spender 
 and Daniels, the latter of whom was her tutor. 
 She is particularly celebrated for a spirited reply 
 to Sir Joseph Williamson, sec retary of state to 
 king Charles II. He had presumed to nominate 
 a candidate for her borough cf Appleby, when 
 she addressed him in the following laconic and 
 determined style : — '* I have been bullied by an 
 usurper; I have been neglected by a court ; but 
 I will not be dictated to by a subject : your man 
 sha'nt stand." 
 
 QQ. — Monsieur Campchinetz\ 
 
 This gentleman was an officer in the Swiss guards, 
 when they were overpowered by the revolutionists 
 in the Thuilleries. He lay concealed among the 
 dead soldiers till night afFurded him an opportu- 
 nity to escape. Being conversant with the 
 English language, he represented himself as an 
 
244 APt»ENDlk. 
 
 Englishman, and, disguising himself as a servant^ 
 lived for some years as ostler at an inn in 
 France, until at length he contrived to escape to 
 England. He was a frequent visitor at Knole 
 House. 
 
 67. — Count TJgolmo, 
 
 Conte Ugolino de Gherardeschi di Pisa, after 
 having rendered himself master of Pisa by the 
 assistance of Roger (archbishop of Pisa), of 
 the Ubaldini family, and treacherously deprived 
 his nephew, Ninodi Galluva, of the supreme 
 command, was himself betrayed by the arch- 
 bishop, who caused the Pisans to believe Ugolino 
 had delivered some of their castles into the hands 
 of the Florentines. The unfortunate count was 
 decoyed into a tower, with two of his sons and two 
 nephews, and having been kept there from 
 August to March, they were at last left to perish 
 with hunger. Dante, in the thirty- third canto of 
 the Inferno, in his Divina Commedia, introduces 
 Ugolino as gnawing the skull of the archbishop 
 Roger, and causes him to relate his feelings on 
 hearing the gates closed and seeing his children 
 perish. 
 
 The moment riepresented iti the picture may he 
 
APPENDIX. 245 
 
 supposed to be that in which he thus expresses 
 himself: 
 
 " Come un poco di raggio si fu niesso 
 Nel doloroso carcere ed eo scorsi 
 Per gnattro viso il mio aspetta stesso 
 Ambo le mani per dolor mi morsi." 
 
 When a glimmering light had entered 
 The melancholy prison, and I saw 
 My own in the four countenances before me, 
 
 I gnawed both my hands with grief. 
 
 He continues afFectingly to relate, that his chil- 
 dren, thinking- he did this from hunger, entreat of 
 him rather to make them suffer than to bereave 
 them of his protection. The tower was opened 
 eight days after they had been deprived of food, 
 when it was found they had all perished. It was 
 long known by the name of the " tower of 
 hunger." 
 
 68. — Duchess of Cleveland. 
 
 Barbara, countess of Castlemaine, and afterwards 
 duchess of Cleveland, was the daughter and 
 heiress of William Villiers, viscount Grandison^ 
 who died in 1642, of the wounds he received at 
 the battle of Edgehill. Some time before the 
 Restoration, she married Roger Palmer, Esq.^ 
 then a student in the Temple, and heir to a consi- 
 derable fortune ; and who, in the thirteenth year 
 of the reign of Charles II, was created count Cas- 
 
1^ 
 
 24fi APPENDIX. 
 
 tlemaine in Ireland. She had a daughter born in 
 1661 ; shortly after which she became the acknow*- 
 ledged mistress of the king, who continued his 
 connexion with her till 1672, when she was 
 brought to bed of a daughter, supposed to be the 
 child of Mr. Churchill, afterwards duke of Marl- 
 borough, and which the king did not acknow- 
 ledge. Her gallantries were many, and not un- 
 known to the king. In 1670, she was created 
 baroness of Nonsuch, in the county of Surry, 
 countess of Southampton, and duchess of Cleve- 
 land during her life, in reversion after her death 
 to Charles or George Fitzroy, her first and third 
 sons, and their heirs male. In July 1705, her 
 husband died, and shortly after she married a man 
 loaded with debts, known by the name of ** hand^ 
 some Fielding." His conduct towards her was 
 so infamous that she was obliged to have re- 
 course to the laws for protection. It was at 
 length discovered that Fielding had a wife living, 
 consequently the marriage was declared null. 
 She survived this discovery two years, and died 
 in October 1709, aged sixty-nine. 
 
 Burnet says she was " a woman of great beauty^ 
 but of little mind, very corrupt and greedy of 
 money, proud, tormenting the king, of whom she 
 feigned herself jealous to excess, though she her- 
 self was always engaged in intrigues. The pas- 
 sion of the monarch for her, and her strange 
 
APPENDIX. 247 
 
 conduct with respect to himself, so much disor- 
 dered his min«l, that he frequently was not master 
 of himself, nor in a state to alfend to his affairs, 
 which at the time demanded great attention and 
 application." 
 
 69.— J Chinese Youth, 
 
 Whose name is said to have been VVarnoton. He 
 came to England for improvement, and was 
 educated at the Grammar-school of Sevenoaks. 
 His portrait was painted for the duke of Dorset 
 by Sir Joshua Reynolds. 
 
 10,— The CoHgni Family, 
 
 These are portraits of cardinal de Coligni 
 and his two brothers. 
 
 Odet de Coligni, cardinal of Chatillon, arch- 
 bishop of Toulouse, &c., was a learned and dis- 
 tinguished prelate of the Roman Catholic faith ; 
 but marrying, and embracing the Protestant reli- 
 gion, he was stripped of the purple, and com- 
 pelled to fly to England, where he was poisoned 
 by his valet, in 1571. 
 
 Francis de Coligni was a colonel in the army, 
 and distinguished himself in sevi^al battles, in the 
 cause of the Calvini^ts, He died in 15()9. 
 
 Gaspard do Coligni signalized himself in his 
 youth, in the reigns of Francis 1, and Henry 11, 
 
i, 
 
 248 APPENDIX. 
 
 and was made colonel of infantry and admiral of 
 France, in 1552. He also embraced the reformed 
 relig-ion, and his opposition to the house of Guise 
 was so formidable, that it was feared he would 
 overthrow the French government. On the 
 peace which followed the battles of Jarnac and 
 Montcontour, Charles IX. deluded him into 
 security by a present of 100,000 livres, and other 
 favours ; but his fate was sealed ; and though he 
 escaped one attempt on bis life, being shot at 
 from a window, at the marriage of the prince 
 de Navarre, afterwards Henry IV, he was only 
 reserved as one of the victims of the brutal 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew's day, 1572. His 
 house was broken into, he was stabbed in several 
 places, and his body thrown out of the window, 
 hung by the feet on a gibbet, and exposed for 
 three days to the insults of a misguided mob. 
 
 71. — James Butler, Duke of Ormond, 
 
 Was born in 1610, and succeeded his grandfather 
 in the earldom of Ormond, in 1632. In 1641, at 
 the breaking out of the Irish rebellion, he was 
 appointed lieutenant-general of an army of three 
 thousand men, and succeeded in arresting the 
 progress of the insurgents, a service for which he 
 was created a marquess. In 1643, he defeated 
 the rebels under Preston ; and was shortly after 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
APPENDIX. 249 
 
 appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland. When the 
 royal cause was altogether ruined, he went to 
 France ; but after the death of Charles I. returned 
 to Ireland. Here, however, his efforts to rouse 
 the people were unavailing^ ; and when Cromwell 
 landed, the marquess re-embarked for France. 
 At the restoration, he was raised to an Irish duke- 
 dom, and appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland ; 
 but, for his attachment to lord Clarendon, incurred 
 the displeasure of the court, and was deprived of 
 his office. In 1670, the infamous colonel Blood, 
 whom he had imprisoned in Ireland, attempted to 
 seize his person, and hang- him at Tyburn. He 
 was for this purpose actually taken out of his 
 carriage, gagged, and placed behind a powerful 
 horseman ; but the duke, by his personal exertions, 
 threw himself and the villain off the horse, and 
 obtained assistance. At the desire of the king, 
 he afterwards consented to forgive Blood, saying, 
 " that if his majesty could pardon him for attempt- 
 ing to steal the crown, he might easily do so for 
 an attempt upon his life." He was at length 
 again appointed to the vice-royalty of Ireland, 
 and in 1682 advanced to an English dukedom. 
 He died at Kingston Hall, in Dorsetshire, in 1688, 
 and was buried in Westminster abbey. 
 
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