861 V15 ;opy 1 CALIFORNIA STATE SERIES APPROVED BY STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION CALIFORNIA THE STORY OF OUR STATE PERCY FRIARS VALENTINE Instructor in History and Civics San Francisco State Normal School SACRAMENTO Robert L. Telfer - - Superintendent State Printing // ■^ si, f V CALIFORNIA THE STORY OF OUR STATE PERCY FRIARS VALENTINE California State Printing Office Copyright, i(^/6 By The People of the State of California P. ^^ D. JUL 10 1919 V^ (§'CI.A43e397 r THE TABLE OF CONTENTS Page The Spanish Explorers and Priests Who iNTRonucEn Cali- fornia TO THE World 3 The Days of the Sea Rovers 3 The March of Portola 6 Junipero Serra and His Great Work 10 The Russians in California 15 Their Coming and Going 15 The Days of Spanish California 17 How the Spanish Built 17 The Rancho and Its Life 18 How the Americans Came and Opened a Hidden Treasure . . 21 The Strangers 21 California Won for the United States 24 James Marshall Discovers Gold 28 The Days of Gold 31 The Making of a State 36 California Joins the Union 36 Stirring Times 39 The Coming of the Railroad 44 Forging Onward 45 The Things That Have Been Done 52 The Recent Years 52 Triumphs in Literature and Art 61 Today and Tomorrow 63 CALIFORNIA THE STORY OF OUR STATE World THE SPANISH EXPLORERS AND PRIESTS WHO INTRODUCED CALIFORNIA TO THE WORLD THE DAYS OF THE SEA ROVERS 1. Following Columbus. No man ever carried greater news to a people than did Columbus. Westward, across the Sea of Darkness, there was land! Columbus and others The lure ' of the thought it was India for a while ; but not for long. Brave Nev sailors soon found that a great new continent lay to the west There was an unknown land where strange natives lived, where gold could be found, and kings and men made rich. There was a land promising adventure, where fame could be won, and where conquests could be made for the princes of Europe. And there, too, was a savage people whom the good mission- aries of the church could convert to Christianity. Is it any wonder that daring men got ships and crews and soldiers, and sailed to the great New World? You have learned of some of these men, — of Balboa, who led Great explorers his followers across the Isthmus of Panama and discovered the blue Pacific ; of De Soto, who guided his band of explorers through the wilds of an unknown continent to the shores of the Mississippi ; of Magellan, the first man to sail westward across the Pacific ; of Cortes, who, with gun and sword, won the land of Mexico for the Spanish king. 2. The California Indians. While these men and many The others were exploring and conquering parts of the New World, caM-"^ California remained unknown to the white men. But there fo^nians were people of the Indian race living here. In the north lived the ]\Iodocs and other strong, rugged tribes. They were a powerful, fighting race, very much like the Indians of the East, 4 The Story of Our State Among the islands off our southern coast were other brge, strong tribes. But in the larger part of the state lived Indians of a very different kind. They were smaller, more peace- loving, and lazier than the Indians of the north. They These Indian people knew little about clothing. Indeed, the lived a . . barbaric men and children had very little to protect them from the sum- mer's sun and the winter's rain. The women wore a kind of rough skirt made from braided grass, and over their shoulders sometimes hung a cloak made from the skin of a deer or from rabbits' fur. The Indians lived together in little villages of wretched huts. These huts were made by sticking willow branches into the ground, in the form of a circle, and fastening them all together at one place at the top. Over these branches a covering of matted grass was placed, and the house was done. The As it has been with all Indian tribes, the women did most of d'id'The ^'^^ work. They took the part of carpenters, and built the work houses ; they did the cooking and took care of the babies ; they hunted for berries and acorns, wove baskets from grass, and made their own clothing. This left nothing for the men to do but to hunt for fish and game. The men might have done a little farming, if they had known how ; but planting seeds and raising their own grain was something they had never learned Such were the Indians who lived in the larger part of California when the great explorers and discoverers were making their voyages. They were a simple and harmless people. For centuries they lived in the valleys and hills without seeing a single white man ; and no white man saw them. But all this was to be changed. Cabriiio 3. Voyages Along the Coast. In the year 1542, just fifty discovers Cali- years after the discovery of America, two clumsy, old fashioned "''"'^ ships sailed along the coast of California. From their mast- heads, above the swelling sails, floated the flag of Spain. Upon The Story of Our State the high deck of the foremost vessel stood a stern, weather- beaten man. He was Juan Cabrillo, the discoverer of CaHfornia. The Spaniards had already found what we call the Peninsula of Lower California, and had made some settlements there. It was Cabrillo's part to lead the way to the land that now makes up our great state. Driven by a high wind, he plunged northward till he reached San Diego bay. Here he stopped for a while, being the first white man to touch its sands. Again he put to sea, and after many days A^J sighted another harbor. This was our famous SPANISH SHIPS OF CABRILLO S TIMH Monterey bay. Into it he sailed, but the weather was so stormy that no landing could be made. The brave captain pressed farther northward. After days of hardship, battered by the winds of winter, he came almost within sight of the Golden Gate. And here, never dreaming of the fine harbor so close at hand, he turned back. For a great many years no other explorer touched our shores. A few merchant ships, sailing from the Philippines, came within sight of the land but did not stop. They continued their voyage to jNIexico and on to Spain. But one day in June in the year 1579, a vessel heavy-laden with gold and other treasure landed on the sands of a little inlet, thirty miles north of the Golden Gate. It was the vessel of Sir Francis Drake, a great English seaman. Robbing the ships and towns of his Spanish enemies as he came, Drake had crossed the Atlantic, sailed around South America, then north along our western coast. Deciding that He al- most finds the Golden Gate Drake makes a landing on the coast 6 Tlic Story of Our State J^9. his ship was in need of repair, he sought a harbor, and Indians ^ i o ^ worship landed at what we now call Drake's bay, in his honor. Here he stayed for a month, worshipped by the natives, who thought he was a god. Every day, in company with his officers, Drake took journeys inland. It seems very strange that in all this time he did not discover the great bay of San Francisco. He finally sailed away, much to the regret of the Indians, after placing a monument there on which words were engraved which said that the land was claimed in the name of the queen of England. Viscaino ^^^^I^>»^M^^ After Drake, a few other daring 'a"dsat jiS^m^^^m4 1 ATA, 1 . , - many ,=d(S^WSS?^''^^^ explorers came, ihe best known ot P'^°®s ^^^S^»cfl' ', these was Sebastian Mscaino, a Span- iard. Seeking good harbors where the ships from the Philippines might rest, '"'"' ' this man visited San Diego bay, Santa SIR FRANCIS DRAKE CataHua island, Monterey bay, and sev- eral other places. This was in 1602, five years before the settlement of Jamestown on the Atlantic coast. For a hundred and fifty years after Viscaino, no important voyages were made along our coast. No explorers went into the land. California seemed to be forgotten. the; march of portola Spanish 4. New Spain. While the English colonies in North dominion . . • , .'^ ^ . , , . in the America were growmg and prospermg, Spanish colonies were I^f^ij being made in Central and South America. Cortes, the con- World '^ queror of Mexico, and Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru, had begun these settlements. After them, many Spanish towns had grown up and were inhabited by men who had come to the New World to seek their fortunes. Many priests also had come to this new Spanish land to build missions and to convert The Story of Our State 7 the Indians to Christianity. On the mainland of Mexico, and on the peninsula of Lower California, the Spaniards had grown to be quite powerful. There was a royal governor appointed by the Spanish king. Their country was called New Spain. Because of the discoveries of Cabrillo, Viscaino and others, the Spaniards claimed the land lying north of Mexico — all the land that now makes up the southwestern states of our I^nion. California was theirs, but they took no steps to explore it. To them it was but a great, unknown wilderness, inhabited only by Indians and wild animals. At last, however, the governor of New Spain decided to An expe- send men northward to see what the country of California was planned like. They were given orders to make an exploration and to build forts. 5. Portola's Expedition. Part of the little army of ex- Explor- plorers set sail from La Paz, in Lower California, and headed ^^^ ^y for the bay of San Diego by the sea route. The others started sea and overland in two parties, under the leadership of Caspar de Portola, a Spanish captain. With Portola went a famous Catholic priest. Father Junipero Serra. The year of the expedi- tion was 1769, just six years before the Revolutionary war, which began in 1775. Portola's party would have been an interesting one to see. portoia's At its head rode the captain in his armor, and close behind him '^^nd of adven- came the other officers of the expedition. After these were turers mounted Spanish soldiers, wearing breast plates made from the hides of steers, and carrying lances, guns and leather shields. Next came the foot soldiers ; and with them were the priests who bravely made the journey afoot, unwilling to ride when others had to walk. Following these were Mexican Indians, leading mules on which were laden the food and other pro- visions. At the rear, in a great cloud of dust, a herd of cattle struggled along, driven by Indians. 8 The Story of Our State They Many were the trials and hardships of Portola and his through companions. For fifty-one days they toiled over burning sands fand'"''^" and through rocky passes. Many of the men were taken sick and had to be carried in litters. But day after day, in spite of weariness and discouragement, they pushed on. Where all men were brave, none was braver than the padre, Junipero Serra. Suffering great pain from a wounded leg, he marched each day with the strongest men. His companions urged him to take a horse, or be carried like the other sick men, but he would not heed them. The great purpose of his life was to build missions and teach Christianity to the natives of the new land. San f'' ^ Vi MW^ l/'W^ At last the weary journey [jgy^g ' ^ ^ ^ ^ cauic to au end. One day the reached junipero serra foremost riders reached a The Father of the Missions hiUtop, and there bcfore them were the blue waters and the white sands of San Diego bay. And better still, on the beach were the tents of those of their party who had come in ships. The object of the expedition had been won. It was the first step in the building of our state. Junipero g Mission San Diego. Now came the time for which Serra ° founds Father Serra had hoped and prayed. The first mission was to Mission be built, and this Christian man could begin his great work among the heathen. With care, he and his followers unpacked the bells which they had brought for this one purpose. These were hung from a tree, and while a converted Indian solemnly rang the chimes. Father Serra stood forth holding a cross. As the sound of the bells floated out upon the still air, the rest of San Diego The Story of Our State g the party broke forth in a pious hymn. Then a sermon was preached. In this simple way was founded the Mission San Diego, the first of the many missions now so famous in Cahfornia. 7. San Francisco Bay Discovered. Governor Portola took Jhe first , ^. . journey possession of San Diego bay in the name of the King of Spain, through Then, with a band of picked followers, he turned again north- f^fp^ia ward. This time his object was to find the bay of Monterey, and build a fort there. The hardships of this second juorney were as great as those of the first. The land was unknown and full of unfriendly Indians. Steep mountains and swift rivers M^ere to be crossed. The supply of food ran low. Many of the men were taken sick and had to be carried in hammocks swung between mules. Amid such trials, the brave party marched on in search of Monterey bay. The strange part of the story is that the men found the bay Monterey for wdiich they were looking but did not know it when they f^^^j saw it. It did not seem to be the bay which Mscaino who had but not recog- been there one hvmdred and fifty years before had written nized about. There was nothing to do but to press on. Winter had begun to set in, and the rains fell. Nearly all the men were now sick. In this sad condition the party reached a spot near Montara. This place is on the ocean shore just south of San PVancisco. Here the weary men camped and rested. There was a soldier in the party named Ortega. This man, Portola's with a few companions, went out to explore, while the others ^f^overs stayed in camp. For three days Ortega and his friends San tramped over the hills that lie south of the Golden Gate. Mounting a hilltop, they saw spread out before them the placid waters of a great and imknown bay. It was the harbor of San Francisco, peacefully awaiting the day when the commerce of the world should ride upon its waters. When they reached Portola, in camp, Ortega reported what he had seen. But Portola decided that tlie men were too weak CISCO bay lo The Story of Our State The to go forward. They must return without loss of time. And enter^s ''^ ■'^o the party turned back, carrying to their comrades at San *^® , Diego the news of the 'fine new harbor. Six years later a Golden ^ . -^ Gate Spanish ship, the San Carlos, entered and explored the port of San Francisco. That was in the year 1775^ the year of the battle of Bunker Hill. JUNIPERO SERRA AND HIS GREAT WORK 8. A Noble Life's Work. In the history of California there is no greater name than that of Father Junipero Serra This noble man truly believed that God had appointed him to teach Christianity to the Indians of our land. In this work, he suffered pains and The A -}. endured hardships that strength /'^a ^-^ 111 and '^^m^ \ would liavc meant death iunUro &^P^^^ *° '"'^"^ ""'"• ^"^ ^^'""'^ Serra ■^^^*^^'^T^^%^i'A^ ^-1 ^^'^^ none like Father ^^^^^^p.g'l ! ^Rl '. l^^^yr- Serra. Though weak and "ii^S''' wlJi'J^?^'''', ,' ^"^ -^'"'";-^^-'^-'^'""''' crippled through most of ^'- '^yU- "-v^-a' had a strength that others had not. His strength MISSION SAN CARLOS DE MONTEREY AT CARMEL • 1 • i 1 • r V was m his sure belief that God would let him live to do his work because it was a good work. This firm belief, this deep faith, made him uncon- querable. And that is why he succeeded where others would have failed. Junipero Seeing the Mission San Diego well begun. Father Serra the turned his eyes northward. It was his purpose that the second San^Jose '^li'^sioii should be founded at the bay of Monterey. An expedi- tion was soon organized, and in due time set sail. With it went Father Serra and other priests. They landed on the shore of Monterey, and amid the ringing of chimes and the chanting of hymns, and with the wondering natives looking on, the second TJic Story of Our State ii mission was founded. San Carlos, it was called, but is now known as Carmel mission. With the priests had come Spanish soldiers. These men Monterey built a fort, and took possession of the land in the name of the '^ "^"''^ king of Spain. In time a settlement grew up there, and, together with the fort, it became known as the presidio of Monterey. It was the first capital of California. San Carlos became the home mission of Father Serra. There junipero he had his altar, and there he lived from time to time. But his converts and great work was not yet done. Under his direction, seven other befriends missions were built. Serra was the father president of them Indians all, and from his home at San Carlos, he traveled afoot from one to the other. From San Diego to San Francisco the Indians came to know him and to love him. In their sickness and trouble he visited them. At their festivals he shared their pleasures. He taught them to raise their own food and to clothe their bodies. He taught them his religion. When he died thousands of sorrowing natives followed his body to the grave. The work begun by Father Serra was continued by faithful Many priests after his death. Besides the nine missions founded by ^e bui'lt him, twelve others were built, the last at Solano, in 1823. We need not name all of them here. Several still stand, but in a sad condition of ruin. Among the more interesting of these are the following : the JMission San Juan Capistrano ; those at Santa Barbara, San Gabriel, San Luis Obispo, Carmel, and San Diego ; the Mission Dolores at San Francisco ; and the j\Iis- sions San Juan Bautista, San Miguel, San Luis Rey and Santa Inez. 9. Life at the Missions. While the American colonies Cutoff were fighting for independence, and during the first few years rest"of of our Republic, the peaceful mission life was going on. the world Between the new American nation on the east and the Spanish 12 Tlic Story of Our State land of California on the west stretched a vast, unknown conti- nent. California was almost cut off from the rest of the world. Once in a while a trading ship entered the harbor of San Diego or Monterey or San Francisco. At times Spanish priests, merchants, or soldiers could be seen traveling along the high- way that led from mission to mission, almost the length of the state. This highway was called the Ca- mino Real, which means Royal Road. It has recently been marked by iron posts, with a bell at the top of each, and the name "El Ca- mino Real," so that loyal Californians shall remember it. The priests had brought with them seeds of the olive and of fruits, twigs of the grapevine, and grains. These were planted, miss'*ons^ and before long each mission was a garden spot. The Indians soon learned the ways of the whites. Thousands of them built their dwellings near the missions. They became like children and looked upon the priests as their fathers. Each mission was the center of a busy and peaceful life. Guided and taught by the priests, the Indians learned to plow the fields and gather the crops. Trades were taught, and on working days could be seen weavers, harness and saddle makers, basket makers, carpenters, workers with adobe bricks, blacksmiths, herdsmen, servants, all busy at their tasks. Each day at vespers the chimes were rung and prayers were said. On holy days and Sundays a hush fell over the scene, and the Indians, silent and worshipful, went in to servicer. SCENE AT MISSION DOLORES BEFORE THE PADRES WENT AWAY The Indians settle They are taught useful trades The Story of Our State 13 10. The End of the Missions. In 1821 the people of Mexico rebelled against Spain, and won their independence. After that, California was a part of the Mexican nation. It was not* long before the Mexican government sent forth an order which said that all the priests must give up their missions and their lands. And so the priests sadly gathered the holy things from the churches and went away. The sorrowing- natives followed them along the roads, plead- ing with them to return. In this way ended the mission days in Cali- fornia. But the good work done by the priests lived after them, and shall never be forgotten. The sad state of the mis- sions after the padres left is thus described by one of our writers :* "Some of the mission buildings, many of the flocks, and much of the land fell into the hands of men who had no possible right to them. Orchards and vineyards were cut down, cattle killed and stolen, and there was only ruin where a short time before there had been thousands of busy people leading comfortable lives. Soon the churches were neglected and began to crumble away, bats flew in and out of the broken arches, squirrels The priests sent away MISSION SAN LUIS REY The missions fall into decay "Bandini: History of California, Chap. IV. 14 Tlic Story of Our State chattered fearlessly in the padre's dining room, and the only human visitor was some sad-hearted Indian worshiper, slip- ping- timidly into the desolate building to kneel alone before the altar." Indians Valuable as was the training which the padres gave the were Indians, it was not as permanent as it might have been, because helpless ' _ ^ ^ ' it did not effectively teach the Indians to take care of them- selves. That is why helplessness and poverty came to them after the padres went away. J^"® . , Before the missions were closed, many Spanish people had Spanish . . „ . . ^ settlers come to live in California. They built houses and towns. In many parts of the state were great cattle ranches owned by Spanish gentlemen. After the closing of the missions these people remained. They made California a valuable part of the Mexican republic. Before telling about them, however, a word must be said about the Russians in California. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HEEP THE PUPIE The Leading Facts. /. While the explorations of the New World were going on, Indians were living in California. 2. Fifty years after the discovery of America, Cabrillo visited San Diego and Monterey bays. 5. The Englishman, Drake, following Cabrillo, visited the coast. 4. In 1602 Viscaino came. 5. The governor of New Spain decided to send ex- plorers into Cahfornia. 6. Portola and Junipero Serra reached San Diego and founded a mission. 7. Portola led a party northward and discovered San Francisco bay. 8. Junipero Serra built many missions for the purpose of converting the Indians, g. The Indians at the missions were taught the ways of civilization. 10. Mexico revolted from Spain and put an end to the mission life. Study Questions. /. What objects led explorers and travelers to the New World? 2. Describe the life of the early California Indians. ?. Tell about the voyage of Cabrillo. 4. Whv is Sir Fra;ncis Drake remembered in California his- tory? 5. Why do we remember Viscaino? 6. What land The Story of Our State 15 was called New Spain, and how did the Spaniards secure it? 7. Why was Portola sent into California? 8. Describe Portola's expedition, p. Tell about the founding- of the Mis- sion San Diego. 10. Tell the story of the discovery of San Francisco bay. //. What was Junipero Serra's purpose in founding the missions of California? 12. What was strong and good about Serra's character? i^. Describe the life at the missions. 14. What brought an end to the mission life? Suggested Readings. Columbus to Cortes: Hunt, Cali- foniia the Golden, 1-23. California Indians: Winterburn, The Spanish in the Soitthzvest, 9-42; Bandini, History of California, 19-47; Hunt, California the Golden, 41-52; Markham, California the Won- derful, 47-66. Cabrillo : Bandini, History of California, 48-77 ; Winter- burn, The Spanish in the Southzvest, 83-86; Hood, Tales of Discovery on the Pacific Slope, 93-97. Drake: Bandini, History of California. 57-66; Hunt, Cali- fornia the Golden, 32-34; McMurray, Pioneers of the Rocky Mountains and the JVest, 201-224. ViscAiNO : Bandini, History of California, 67-73 ; Hunt, California the Golden, 35-39; Hood, Tales of Discovery on the Pacific Slope, 75-81. PoRTOEA : Hood, Tales of Discovery on tJie Pacific Slope, 101-108; Eldredge, The March of Portola, 15-46. Junipero Serra and the Missions : Winterburn, The Span- ish in the Southzvest, 97-170; H. H. Jackson, California and the Missions, 3-101 ; Bandini, History of California, 74-105; Hunt, California the Golden, 71-102; Sexton, Stories of Cali- fornia, 8-19; Snedden, Docas: Markham, California the JCon- derful, 67-86. THE RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA THEIR COMING AND GOING 11. Settlements Made. During the one hundred years between 1700 and 1800, bold Russian trappers and fur hunters were crossing from Siberia to x\laska. Several trading posts Russians come south- ward i6 The Story of Our State and settlements were made by them in Alaska, and that country became a Russian land. The In the early days of the California missions, the Russians began to come southward from Alaska. They wished to set up other trading posts in parts of the country where furs could and build be had. With this idea in mind, a party of them sailed down ments the coast of California to Bodega bay, ten miles north of the Russian river. Here they purchased some land from the Indians, for which it is said they paid "three blankets, three pairs of breeches, three hoes, two axes, and some trinkets." Thirty-five miles farther north, they built another settlement at what is now Fort Ross. This place be- came the headquarters of the gov- ernor of the Russian settlements in California. About sixty wooden OLD RUSSIAN CHAPEL AT FORT ROSS •' buildings were put up, among them a rough fort and a Russian church. The inhabitants of both settlements raised a few cattle, but their business was mostly hunting for furs and trading with the Indians. Captain 12. The Russians Leave. The Spanish were very jealous buys^'' oi the Russians in California. It was feared that the Russian them out government might get the ownership of a large part of the state. But before long the Russians decided to leave. Prob- ably they did not find the fur business so profitable as they had expected. In 1839 they sold their cattle and horses, one of their little ships, their cannon and muskets to Captain John A. Sutter. That was the end of the Russian settlement in Cali- fornia. The old Russian church at Fort Ross still stands to remind us of them. The Story of Our State 17 THE DAYS OF SPANISH CALIFORNIA HOW THK SPANISH BUILT 13. The Presidios. During the early days of the missions, Fortified the Spanish government sent soldiers into CaHfornia. The are built purpose of these soldiers was to guard the settlers against the Indians and to protect the land in case other nations should try to get it. Four forts were built in different parts of the state to serve as headquarters for the soldiers. About these forts small towns grew up, and were called presidios. By pre- sidio was meant a fortified town. The four settlements begun in this way by the Spanish were Monterey, San Francisco, San Diego and Santa Barbara. Of these towns, Monterey was the most important. For over fifty years it was the leading settlement. During most of that time, the Spanish governor lived there. It was the capital of California until 1845, when Los Angeles was made the capital. 14. The Pueblos. When any nation gets new land, it Settlers J <^ are tries to persuade settlers to go there. Settlers make land needed valuable, because they build towns and roads, and grow crops and raise cattle. The priests and explorers who first came into California sent word to Spain that here was a land of won- derful soil and climate. It only needed settlers, they said, to make it one of the greatest colonies under the Spanish flag. In order to get the people to come here, Spain began the New- building of settlement towns, called pueblos. To build a pueblo, a fine site was chosen. Then a plaza was laid out, near the aged center. About this, in the form of a square, were built a church, a council house, a home for the chief officer, and other public buildings. To all settlers who wished to come land was given free, and they were loaned enough cattle and farming tools so that they could support themselves. In this way San Jose, Los Angeles, and Santa Cruz were begun. comers encour- i8 The Story of Our State The com- ^5^ ^j^g Houses. The old Spanish houses in CaHfornia Tortable , ^ adobe were built of the same material that the padres had used in building- the missions. They were made of adobe. By that we mean that they were built of mud bricks baked in the sun. The inside and outside of each house was plastered with a coating of mud, and painted with white lime. They were one or two stories in height, and covered on the roof with red tiles. Many of them were large and handsome mansions. They made very comfortable homes, protecting the family from the heat of summer and the cold of winter. The larger houses all had long, tile-roofed porches, where the children played, and where the family gathered in the warm evenings. Here, on the sum- mer nights, could be heard the music of mandolin and guitar, and often the clicking of feet in the Spanish dances. THE RANCHO AND ITS UFEJ Cattle 16. What a Rancho Was. While the missions and pre- raising is , . , ., carried sidios were bemg built, great cattle ranches were growmg up °" about them. A cattle ranch was called a rancho, and -the ranchers were known as ranchcros. From Sonoma to San Diego the rancheros had built their fine adobe houses, and turned loose their vast herds of cattle and sheep on the hills and fields. Their business was the selling of hides and tallow, and to get these, ships came from other parts of the world. 17. A Visit to a Rancho. Let us imagine that we are riding up to one of these ranches to pay a visit. There is the ranchero with his sons, prancing toward us on their high- Hand- spirited horses. And such men to see, with their velvet ^"^Tct'Zj trousers and jackets of green or gold or black, all decorated dressed j & & ' horse- with lace and gems ; with their high, broad-brimmed felt hats ornamented with gold and silver ; and with their saddles and bridles studded with the same precious metals. Dashing up to meet us, in a cloud of dust, are the cow-boys — the vaqucros Tlic Story of Our State 19 as they were called. There are Indian servants going about their many chores. Some of them come up and take our horses. We are met with a hearty welcome. The owner and his sons Sefioras take us to the house. They lead us to the shaded porch, and ^^^qj.\^^^ here we meet the scnora, the owner's wife. She introduces us to the seTwritas, her daughters, dark-eyed, laughing girls dressed in broad skirts of rich material, loose white waists, and bright colored sashes. About them, on the floor of the porch. the smaller children are playing. Our Spanish friends show us every attention, for these J'^®''* . . Tine people are among the most hospitable in the world. We are led hospi- to the guest-room, where Indian servants help us to get rid of ^ ' ^ the dust of our journey. We are taken in to dinner with the family, where we dine on frijoles, cJiili con came, and other Spanish dishes. And if we are lucky, a fandango, or dance, is held in the evening. 18. The Fandansfo. Among these Spanish- Americans, "The love T^ . , r of the a fandango was a happy event. Early m the evening, from dance nearby ranchos, the guests begin to arrive. In laughing- parties, riding horse-back, they come, — handsomely dressed ladies, dashing Spanish gentlemen with rattling spurs. After the joyous greetings, musicians appear, and strike up a tune on their mandolins and guitars. And then the fandango begins. Up and down, in dance after dance, the laughing part- ners swing. They never seem to grow weary. Not till the wee hours of the morning does the party break up ; and then it is to talk of the next fandango. 19. The Rodeo. Perhaps, during our visit to the rancho, Adven- a rodeo is held. This is the greatest sight of all. Once a v^ith^he year the owners of the neighboring ranchos get all their cattle vaqueros together and ride out after the cattle. For miles and miles, over hills and fields, the cow-boys sweep along, driving in the cows and steers. Then the exciting work of branding the cattle begins. Each one must be marked with the owner's 20 The Story of Our State sign so that it can be told apart from the cattle of the other ranchos. You may be sure the wild bulls and cows do not like this kind of treatment. Many of them put up a fight, and must be lassoed and thrown upon their haunches. Sometimes a savage steer breaks from the herd and runs. Then off after the runaway goes a vaquero. He catches up with the steer, grasps its tail, gives a twist and a pull, and the unhappy animal A RODEO AT SAN GABRIEL goes head over heels. Many are the daring feats of horseman- ship ; great is the excitement. Such were the people who lived on the ranchos of California for many years after the Revolutionary war. During that time, as we learned, Mexico and California broke away from Spain, and California became a part of the Mexican republic. But except for the closing of the missions that made little difference in the life of the state. It was the coming of the Americans to California that brought the great change. The Story of Our State 21 SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. Russians entered California seek- ing furs. 2. They made settlements at Bodega bay and Fort Ross. J. The Russians left California. 4. The Spaniards in California built fortified towns, called presidios. 5. Mon- terey was the capital. 6. To encourage settlement, pueblos were built, and land was given free. 7. The Spaniards built comfortable adobe houses. 8. There were many cattle ranches, called ranchos. p. The people of the ranchos were hospitable and pleasure loving. 10. Each year a rodeo, or cattle-branding, was held. Study Questions, i. Why were the Spaniards jealous of tlie Russians in California? 2. What still remains to remind us of the Russians ? ?. What was the purpose of a presidio ? 5. Tell how Spain encouraged settlers to come. 7. Which towns began as presidios, and which ones as pueblos ? 5. De- scribe a Spanish-California house. 6. What was a rancho? 7. Describe an imaginery visit to a rancho. 8. Describe a fandango. Q. Describe a rodeo. Suggested Readings. Russians in California : Hunt, California the Golden, 113-119; Bandini, History of California, 13(^133- Life in Spanish California : Hunt, Calif orma the Golden, 103-112; Bandini, History of California, 106-127; Winterburn, llie Spanish in the Southzvest, 171-190; Sexton, Stories of California, 20-29; Markham, California the Wonderful, 87-96. HOW THE AMERICANS CAME AND OPENED A HIDDEN TREASURE THE STRANGERS 20. Captain John A. Sutter. The rich land of California. The •1-1 11- • 11- 11 ..... news of With its lovely climate, its rolling valleys, and its invitmg water cali- courscs, could not remain unknown to the rest of the world. *°'""'^ News of its greatness went abroad, and among the first to heed its call was Captain John A. Sutter. This interesting man was a citizen of Switzerland who had served as an officer in the French army. 22 The Story of Our State Captain Sutter builds a fort Caravans of Amer- icans arrive It was Sutter's purpose to build a colony, and Governor Alvarado gladly let him have a great tract of land. This land was located where the city of Sacramento now stands and stretched for miles around. Here Sutter built an adobe fort, and set up the cannon which he had bought from the Russians at Fort Ross. Within a few years he had over a thousand acres of grain growing, and was in possession of great herds of cattle. His rancho was probably the richest and most pros- perous in the state. 21. The Goal of the Emigrant Trains. Captain Sutter's fame is due mostly to his great friendship for the American government and its people. In his day the first of our country- men began to - , J. ^^ arrive in Cali- --Jfir- -_. .--.'.•^-"^ _. -^- ^ fornia. To , these new- ^ comers, Sut- ter held out a welcoming and a helping hand. In the beginning a few weary travelers, with their pack animals, struggled over the Sierras from the East. Later, caravan after caravan of them, men, women and children, made its appear- ance. In long trains of canvas-covered wagons drawn by oxen or horses, they came. Across the wide plains, where the thun- dering buffalo herds were, and the Indians roamed ; through the dangerous and unknown passes of the Rockies ; past the Great Salt Lake, where the scorching desert was ; and across the towering Sierras, their journey led them. To all of them, Sutter's name was known ; and for most of them, Sutter's fort was the goal for which they were striving. 22. Tragedy of the Donner Party. In the year 1846 a party of emigrants from Illinois toiled westward toward Cali- SUTTER S FORT IN 1846 The Story of Our State ^Z fornia. In a long line of "prairie schooners," as their canvas- covered wagons were called, they struggled through the sands and rocky passes of Utah. They had decided to take what they thought was a short-cut past the Great Salt Lake. But in taking this they made a sad mistake, for it was so difficult that they were delayed a great many days. Food began to give out, and the emigrants knew that it would not last to the journey's end. In despair, they sent two of their party ahead on horseback to secure aid at Sutter's fort. For weeks and weeks, almost starving, the party plodded on. In the fall of the year, when hope was nearly gone, they drew toward the summit of the Sierra Nevada mountains ; and there they met one of the men who had gone forward to bring them help. He brought with him seven mutes laden with provisions. How glad a sight it must have been to the men and women and children of the weary party. But how soon their gladness was to change to despair ! For one day the mountains took on a gloomy look, black clouds rolled up, and a chill wind blew. It was the beginning of winter. Gently, at first, but falling faster and faster, the snow came. For days and days it fell. It piled up on the mountain sides and blocked the valleys. To go forward was impossible. They made their winter's camp on the shore of a little lake. We now call it Donner lake, in honor of the unfortunate party. It lies near the town of Truckee, not far from where the Central Pacific railroad crosses the summit. In dark little cabins made from logs, eighty-three human beings began the long winter. The storm raged and the snow-banks piled higher and higher. To go beyond the cabins meant death from the wild beasts; or if not, it meant the slower death of freezing in the storm. Inside, starvation was doing its sure and deadly work. The sufi^ering and horror of that winter are too terrible to be told. In the latter part of February help reached the The Donner party crosses the plains Winter over- takes them in the Sierras They starve) in a prison of snow 24 Tlic Story of Our State party from Sutter's fort. Of the eighty-three people who were snowed in, only forty-two survived. Sturdy 23, The Americans Move In. Fortunately, no other party had so terrible a time as the Donner party. But all who crossed leans arrive the plains had many hardships. The story of these American pioneers is one of the most interesting in the history of our nation. They were brave and sturdy men and women, and no land has ever had a finer people for its founders. Gringos, the Mexicans called them. It was these hardy Americans, these Gringos, who laid the fovmdation of American power in California. Cali- In the days when the first American pioneers were coming to begins California, the state still belonged to Mexico. The Mexican Amer- ^^S waved over the custom house at Monterey and over the ican presidio forts. The Spanish language was the common lan- guage of most of the people. But more and more the English tongue was heard in the towns and through the country. American customs and American ways of dress became more and more common. Men began to see that California was becoming American, even if the Mexican flag did float over the land. CALIFORNIA WON FOR THE UNITED STATES. Captain 24. The Fremont Expedition. Now there came to be Fremont '■ arrives much talk of war between the United States and Mexico. There was a quarrel between our government and Mexico about the boundary line of Texas. While the war talk was going on, President Polk sent Captain John C. Fremont with a party of sixty men. to California. His duty was to find out the best routes of travel into the state, and to discover other things which President Polk wanted to know. Fremont made the journey overland into California, and rode directly to Monterey. Here he asked Jose Castro, the Mexican general, for permission to survey the country near the Colorado Tlic Story of Our State 25 Armed Amer- icans river. Castro gladly granted so peaceful a request. But before '^® '^ long he began to wish he had not done so. Fremont did not to leave go toward the Colorado river at all. General Castro said to himself : "That American is trying to find out secrets. He wants to help his government win California." So Castro sent soldiers after Fremont, with orders that he should get out of the state. Instead of leaving the state, Fremont turned northward. As he approached the Oregon boundary, Lieutenant Gillespie overtook him with Jo'" '^''^ a message from President Polk. We are not sure just what the news was w h i c h the mes- senger brought, but it made Fremont turn back into Cali- fornia. As he and his sixty men rode southward, a great many Americans came forth to join them. These Americans felt sure that there must really be war now between Mexico and the United States. They knew that Fremont would be a leader in that war; they knew he would try to win California from INIexico, and they wanted to fight by his side. 25. The Bear Flag Rebellion. Now there occurred what They is famous as the "Bear Flag Rebellion." Near the little town some ''^ of Sonoma, Fremont's followers found a party of Mexicans Worses with one hundred and fifty horses belonging to the Mexican general, Castro. The Americans captured these horses. That was the first warlike act in the conquest of California. On June 14, 1846, a crowd of Americans surrounded the house of General \ allejo. This man was the Mexican officer . SONOMA IN 1846 26 The Story of Our State General jn cIiarQie of that part of the state. The Americans were indeed Vallejo '^ ^ is made a rough-looking lot. Mounted on horseback, wearing soiled prisoner igj^^-j^^.j- jackets and leggings, and carrying pistols and guns, they were enough to frighten even the brave General Vallejo himself. There was nothing for this Mexican officer to do but to surrender. This he did, and was taken by Fremont to Sutter's fort. Here he was treated very kindly by Captain Sutter, but was held a prisoner. The Americans who had captured General Vallejo held pos- session of Sonoma. Still they were not sure that there was war between Mexico and the United States. The truth was that war had been declared between the two countries a month before. If the Americans had known that war was going on, they would have raised the stars and stripes. Not knowing it, they decided to have a flag of their own. Taking an old white cloth, they roughly drew on it, in ink, a bear and a star. On the lower edge they sewed a strip of red, and painted on it the words, "California Republic." They The men raised their new banner on the flagstafif of Sonoma. fla^g arfd Then they wrote out a sort of declaration of independence, and ^*^'"* ^. some rules of government. But the brave little republic was to republic * ^ last only a short time. In a few weeks news came that war between our country and Mexico had begun. When they heard this news, the Americans gladly pulled down their California flag, and in its place patriotically unfurled the flag of our nation. The banner of the bear has not been forgotten. It is today our state flag. On Admission Day you will see it floating beside our national colors, and often you will see it carried in processions. 26. The American Conquest Completed. It was in 1846 that our government declared war on Mexico. In July of that • year. Commodore John D. Sloat sailed into the harbor of Mon- terey and raised the stars and stripes over the custom house. TJic Story of Our State 27 From the flagship in the bay boomed out a sahite of twenty-one guns. In the town a proclamation was read, saying that CaHfornia was now American soil. A few days later Commodore Stockton arrived and took charge. He made Captain Fremont the commanding officer of the land forces. From town to town the Americans marched. In each place they raised the American flag, and took posses- sion in the name of the United States. There was no army ready to fight them. The people did not seem to care. In this way the land from Monterey to San Diego was taken. Not long afterward, General Stephen Kearny led a small army of Americans into California from the southwest. General Andres Pico with some Mexican forces met him at a rancho called San Pasqual. This rancho was located near the present town of Ramona, a short distance northeast of San Diego. Here a battle was fought and several Americans were killed. The Americans were in smaller numbers than their enemies, and were driven back. Timely help from Commodore Stockton at San Diego was all that saved the day. It was on August 13, 1846, that Commodore Stockton with a small force of Americans, entered the town of Los Angeles, raised the American flag, and declared that section of the country a part of the United States. The Commodore then left Los Angeles in charge of Lieutenant Gillespie, and departed for the north. It was not long after that the native Cali- fornians in that part of the state became angry at the Amer- icans who had come in and taken their country, and they rose in revolt. They drove Lieutenant Gillespie and the Americans out of Los Angeles. News of the revolt was sent to Stockton, and he hastened south in a cruiser. With a force of about 600 bluejackets and soldiers, he marched forth to meet the Californians, who had banded together under General Flores. The two little armies The Amer- icans take pos- session Some fighting occurs Revolt in Los Angeles More fighting 28 The Story of Our State met at a place called Paso de Bartolo, on the San Gabriel river near Los Angeles. Two men were Jvilled and several wounded on each side. The Californians were forced to retreat, but they made a second stand on a plain near Los Angeles. Here took place a skirmish known as the fight of the Mesa. After a little bloodshed the Californians again retreated, and most of A treaty them scattered to their homes. Shortly after this the leaders MILL WHERE GOLD WAS niSCOVKRICD of the Californians met with Captain Fremont at the Rancho de Cahuenga, near San Fernando. Here a treaty was signed, in which the Californians were pardoned for revolting, and in return promised never to take up arms again against the United States. The American conquest of California was now over. JAMES MARSHAI.I, DISCOVERS GOLD 27. A Sawmill Is Built. James Marshall worked for Cap- tain Sutter. One day Sutter went up to him and said something like this : "Marshall, I want you to take some men and go up along the American river. Try to find a good place to Iniild TJic Story of Our State ' 29 a sawmill and put up a vvaterwheel. If we are to make any improvements here we must have lumber, and in order to get lumber we must have a sawmill to cut it." So Marshall and his men started on the journey that was to ^f"^®f ,, ■" -' Marshall make himself and California famous all over the world. For ascends several days they traveled through the wilds along the river. Amer- After hard searching, they found a good place to set up the '9^" mill. It was located at a spot called Culloomah by the Indians, a name which the Americans shortened to Coloma. The place was forty-five miles east of Sutter's fort. With the help of Indians, the men cut rough logs and built the mill. They dug a ditch, or "race," to carry the water to the wheel; and they made and put up the wheel itself. And now all was ready; 28. Eureka! Gold! Marshall turned the water into the A great ditch, and each morning he walked along the bank to see that there were no leaks or breaks. One morning he saw something glittering in the ditch. He stooped and picked it up and saw that it was a yellow metal. He put it on a stone and pounded it with a rock. It was soft and did not break. It was gold ! Had Marshall been a Greek, he might well have cried, "Eureka!" which would have been his way of exclaiming, "I have found it!" He had indeed found the secret treasure which was to make California the richest land in the world. 29. The Great Gold Rush. It was in January, 1848, that A wild the discovery was made. The news spread like wildfire. ^^^ Within a few weeks, men were stumbling through the brush wealth is ' - ■=" begun along the rivers, laden with picks and shovels and hoes and pans, all in a wild search for wealth. Men left their families and their daily work, and rushed off to the mines. Doctors, soldiers, workingmen, sailors, lawyers, all caught the "gold fever" and joined the mad rush. The news reached the East ; it traveled to South America, to Australia, to England, to France, to Germany. From all 30 Tlic Story of Our State Men come by three routes Argo- nauts parts of the world the fortune hunters began to arrive. Ship after ship brought them into San Francisco bay. Officers and crews left their vessels and went off to the mines. New crews could not be hired at any price. The bay became a very forest of masts, so many and so close together were the deserted ships. Men came from the Eastern states by three routes. Many took the long voyage "around the horn," — that is, they came around South America. Others went by ship to Panama, crossed the Isthmus as best they could, and took their chances on get- ting another vessel on the Pacific side. Great numbers of them made the weary journey overland, across the plains. In prairie schooners, on horse back, even on, foot they came, thousands of them. The sufferings of those who crossed the plains would be too sad a story to tell. It was a journey that only strong men should have undertaken. From sick- ness, exposure and hardship, many of them died. Their horses and their cattle often fell by the wayside. It was said that the route across the continent was marked by the bones of man and beast. Thus came an army of fortune hunters to California. We call them Argonauts, because they were in search of a golden fleece, like Jason and the Argonauts of old. We also speak of them as "forty-niners," a name given them because so many came in the year 1849. By the end of that year, 100,000 of them had arrived and scattered to the Sfold fields. STATUE OF JAMES MARSHALL WHO DISCOVERED GOLD AT COLOMA TJic Story of Our State 31 THE DAYS OF GOLD 30. El Dorado. When the Spanish explorers came to a dream America, they were led by dreams of gold. Each one of them 1°^^ hcped that he would find a country full of golden riches. In North America, or in South America, somewhere, BI Do- rado, the "golden land," was to be found. Long, long after the days of the explorers, the .^^ thought of El Dorado lived in the minds of men. When gold was discovered in California, it was only natural that people ^^"^ should say, "Here, at last, is El Dorado, the golden land of which the Spaniards dreamed." state in those days. And it surely was a "land of gold." In the famous year The 1849, the amount of wealth taken from the mines v$40,ooo,ooo. Each year the sum grew. In 1853, $65,000,000 was removed from the streams and the mountain sides. Tales of riches found in a day, stories of wonderful "strikes" of gold, were on every man's tongue. Is it any wonder that fortune- hunters came from all corners of the world? 31. How Mining Was Done. Beside the streams and on the hillsides of the Sierras, the miners' "diggings" were to be found. To these "diggings" a steady stream of prospectors came, traveling from San Francisco and other new-born towns. Each prospector had his "outfit," made up of pick, pan, shovel, bacon, beans, flour, and a few other needed things. Up the rocky canyons they trudged by thousands and scattered along the countless streams. PANNING GOLD IN EARLV DAYS So the name was given to our golden ^^'^^ fleece 32 Tlic Story of Our State Miners scatter along the streams and pan for gold The "cradle" Hillsides washed away MINER AND ROCKER Where mountain water flowed, men could be seen crouching with iron pans. These pans they would half fill with gravel and sand. Then they would dip water into them, and shake them slowly to and fro. They would gradually pour out the water, and with it the loose dirt and gravel, until, if they were lucky, there would be nothing left but pieces of gold. This way of mining was called "panning," and in the early days was very common. Most of the men who mined along the streams, however, used what was called a "cradle" or "rocker." This got its name because it looked so much like a baby's cradle with one end knocked out. Along the bottom of it was fastened a piece of iron with holes punched in it. The earth was dumped into the cradle and water poured upon it. Then the cradle was rocked rapidly. The water would carry the sand and gravel away, while the gold, being heavier, would sink through the holes, or rest on the bottom of the cradle. Mining along the streams or on the surface of the ground, was called "placer" mining. Mining was also carried on by digging holes into the earth. Sometimes companies of men, if they had money enough, would build great wooden flumes, or pipes. These would be made to carry large streams of water for long distances. These streams would then be shot through nozzles against the hillsides. This would wash away the hill- sides, and the loose dirt would be allowed to run over what were called "sluice boxes." These were made so that they would catch the pieces of gold as they were washed through them. This kind of m.ining is known as "hydraulic" mining. It is still carried on in some places. TJic Story of Our State 33 Hydraulic mining as then done was a bad thing. It tore great holes in the hills and washed many of them away. The water carried the loosened earth down into the rivers, almost filling them, and making them very shallow. Because of this, the state has suffered ever since. The rivers have not been able to carry the high waters of winter and spring, and the lands about them have been flooded. Great levees, costing millions of dollars, have had to be built in order to protect the farm lands in the valleys. Several years ago the state put an end to nearly all the hydraulic mining. 32. Life in the Camps. Near the mines many little towns or mining camps grew up. If you had visited one of these camps, you would have seen a few straggling houses made of rough, unpainted logs and boards, a hotel or two, res- taurants, stores and places where men gambled and drank. You would have seen groups of men stand- ing about, dressed in red flannel shirts, trousers tucked into high boots, and broad-brimmed hats. There would be prospec- tors setting out for the mines, carrying their packs, or driving before them horses or donkeys laden with heavy burdens. Rough talk in many languages could be heard ; joking, laughter, and once in a while the noise of a fight. Very seldom was a woman or child to be seen. In the stores would be a great display of bacon, flour, beans, tobacco, miners' clothing, pans, picks, axes and shovels, with prices high beyond belief. Such was a mining camp in the days of '49. River channels filled A PRAIRie SCHOONER ARRIVING AT COLOMA IN 1849 Life is rough and free 34 The Story of Our State There Mucli has been written about the bad life in these camps. some It is true that many men oambled away their hard-earned STold lawless- ... ness or Spent it for drink. It is true also that some of them would fight, and that once in a while a man would be killed. But it must be remembered that California had not yet been made into a state. These men had no laws. Besides, the gold had drawn bad men as well as good to the mines. For a while the worse sort did as they pleased. Later, as we shall see, the good citizens made laws which everyone had to obey. Then life was safer and better for all. Strong Many people think only of the bad side of the mining camp brave ^i^^- We should think rather of the good side. The miner's life was full of toil and danger ; it made men strong and brave. There was great friendship, and men freely gave their gold and risked their lives to help their comrades. Clothes did not make a man ; neither did wealth or family. Men were judged by the good that was in them. It was a life in which those who were strong, kindly and honest must win honor and success ; a life in which scamps and criminals must be found out and hated by their fellows. To the glory of California, most of these Argonauts were the right kind. They were true sturdy Americans. In the face of trials and hardships, in a land without laws, they built a great state, enforced right and punished wrong. We honor them for it. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPII, The Leading Facts, i. Captain Sutter came to California, built a fort, and established a rancho. 2. Many Americans traveled across the plains to California in prairie schooners. 5. The Donner party was snowed in at the summit of the Sierras, and many perished. 4. Captain Fremont, with a party of sixty, was sent to California by President Polk. 5. The people thought Fremont had come to stir up a rebel- lion against Mexico. 6. Americans near Sonoma revolted The Story of Our State 35 and adopted the Bear Flag. 7. Commodore Sloat sailed into Monterey bay and raised the stars and stripes. 5". Americans under Fremont marched through California and took posses- sion, p. Some small battles were fought in the south. 10. James Marshall discovered gold on the American river. //. There was a mad rush to the gold fields. 12. The miners used pans and rockers along the mountain streams, /j. A great deal of hydraulic mining was done. 14. Rough mining camps sprang up in many places, i^. Bad men and good men mixed together in the mining camps. Study Questions, i. What attracted the immigrants who came to California before the days of gold? 2. Where was Sutter's fort located? j. By what means of travel did the immigrants come to California? 4. Tell the story of the Donner party. 5. Why did the Mexicans look with suspicion upon Captain Fremont and his party ? 6. What was the first warlike act in the conquest of California? 7. What war broke out, shortly after, between our country and another country ? 8. What did this war have to do with the American conquest of California? p. What was the origin of the Bear Flag? TO. Why was the capture of the towns of California an easy thing for the Americans? 11. Tell about the revolt of the Californians against the Americans in southern Cali- fornia. 12. Tell the story of the discovery of gold. 75. Describe the gold rush. 14. Why were the gold seekers called "Argonauts"? 75. Why was California called "El Dorado" ? 16. Tell how placer mining was done. 17. Why was hydraulic mining a bad thing? 18. Picture a scene in a pioneer mining camp. ig. Why was mining camp life a test of a man's character? Suggested Readings. Captain Sutter: Hunt, California the Golden, 152-161. The Donner Party: Hunt, California the Golden, 162-168. The Conquest of California: Hunt, California the Golden, 169-185; Bandini, History of California, 136-146; Sexton, Stories of Calif oriiia, 30-36; Drake, The Making of the Great West, 256-263. The Days of Gold: Hunt, California the Golden, 187-209; McMurry, Pioneers of the Rocky Mountains and the West, 36 TJic Story of Our State 94-113; Barstow, The Westivard Movement, 103-118. 175- 198; Bandini, History of California, 147-172; Drake, The Making of the Great West, 271-284; Sexton, Stories of Cali- fornia, 37-66; Elson, Sidelights on Ameriean History, Vol. I, 243-262 ; Wright, American Progress, 268-298 ; Mowry, American Pioneers, 187-215; Markham, California the Won- derful, 102-1 ^y. The Amer- ican army in charge People want their own laws THE MAKING OF A STATE CALIFORNIA JOINS TH^ UNION 33. A Time of Waiting. We have learned how the United States won California when the Alexican war broke out in 1846. In 1849 the people were still waiting for American laws to govern the land. Some people thought that we should have what is called a "territorial" government. Such a government was given to parts of our country before those parts became regular states. While some people were thinking that California should be made into a territory, others were planning to make it into a state at once. But of course it could not be a regular state till Congress allowed it to be so. People were thinking this over while the great gold rush was going on. The state was still under the control of the United States army which had remained here after the Mexican war. General Bennet Riley was, for most of the time, the commander, and acted as governor. The people did not wish to be under the army. They wanted to rule themselves. Why did the people desire laws and a government? The question is not hard to answer. Wherever Americans go, they want justice, peace and good order. They want to be able to carry on their business, and bring up their families in safety and comfort. They want laws to help them build schools and roads and towns. They want to live in the right way. They Tlic Story of Our State 37 want to keep people from doing wrong. For all these reasons, the people of California desired a government of their own. 34. Laws are Made at Last. Three years passed, and A call the land was still under tlie rule of the army. At last, some- thing was done. General Riley knew what the people wanted so he decided to help them. He sent out a call for a great sent out COLTON HALL At Monterey, zi'here the first Constitution was made meeting, or convention, to be held at Monterey. The purpose of the convention was to make rules by which the people could govern themselves. From San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco. Stockton, and Sacramento, from mining camp and town, the best and wisest men were chosen. They traveled to ^lonterey and met in a stone building known as Colton hall which still stands as a monument to the great work done there. The men of the convention decided that California ought to be a state and not a territory. So they began the writing of a 38 Tlie Story of Our State A consti- tution written No slavery The capitals State Constitution. A constitution is a set of rules telling how the government shall be run. The one written at this conven- tion is known as the Constitution of 1849. At that time there was slavery in the Southern states of our country. So the question was asked: "Shall California be a slave state or a free state?" To the honor of the men of the convention and to the credit of California, the question was decided in the right way. There should be no slavery here. California stood for freedom. Many wise provisions were placed in the Con- stitution. Among them was a plan for free state schools. Soon an elec- tion was held, at which all the citizens had a chance to vote for the Constitution or against it. Almost everyone voted for it. At the same time the first American governor of the state was elected. His name was Peter H. Burnett. The convention decided that the town of San Jose should be the capital of the state. In a very short time, however, Vallejo was made the capital, and afterward the town of Benicia. In 1854 Sacramento was made the capital city, and the capital has not been chaneed since that time. PETER H. BURNETT California's first Governor Tlic Story of Our State 39 35. Admission Day. When California asked Congress if A state it could enter the Union as a state, there was great speaking and debating among the nation's lawmakers at Washington. If California became a state, it could send men to Congress. Because California was against slavery, its men in Congress would vote against slavery. The Southern states did not want anything like that. For a time it looked as though California might have to stay out of the Union and be a territory after all. At last Congress agreed. On the ninth day of September, in 1850, California was admitted to the Union. It became a state among the other states. That is why we celebrate September ninth of each year as Admission Day. It is the birthday of California. STIRRING TIMES 36. Old Days in San Francisco. When Marshall discov- A city ered gold San Francisco was but a village on the sands, a year Within a year after that time it had become a large and busy city. It was the gateway to the golden state. Into its harbor . poured a stream of newcomers from all parts of the world. Down from the mines came thousands of Argonauts with their gold. Stores, hotels, lodging houses, banks, warehouses, offices, and places of amusement were built by the score to meet the needs of all these people. There was no time to put up stone or brick buildings. The best were made of wood, with partition walls of cloth. Hundreds of houses were nothing more than tents. Busy and exciting was San Francisco's life. Men crowded J^^ •' ^ . , . , busy and the streets. Many were dressed m rough mmers costumes; exciting life many others wore fine clothes. But how men dressed made no difference. There were other and more important things to think of. News from the mines, plans of business men, the price of land, the building of stores, the getting of fortunes, — 40 The Story of Our State The coming of the mail these were the thoughts that filled men's minds ; these were the subjects about which all men talked. The great event of the month was the coming of the steamer carrying the mails. Guns were fired and bells were rung to announce its arrival. Then from hotels and offices, from tents and cabins and stores, men rushed pell-mell to the post office. In a long line they stretched down the street, waiting their turn Fires rage and destroy SAN FRANCISCO IN 1849 for the news. Men often paid large sums of money for a place at the head of the line, so eager were they for papers and letters from home. Between Christmas of 1849 and June of 1851, six great fires swept over San Francisco. The houses of wood and cloth burned like matches. Millions of dollars' worth of property was destroyed. Six times the fire wrought its havoc, and six times the city arose from its ashes as if by magic. And each time it arose to a greater and busier life. Fire alone could never stop its growth. Disaster could never weaken the courage of its people. crimes 'Flic Story of Our State 41 37. The Vigilance Committees. Most of the men of San The Francisco were good and honest citizens, but there were many of the criminals and scamps as well. There were men who scorned an "°""°^ honest living and got money by stealing, cheating and other crimes. These men became a disgrace and a terror to the city. Merchants were robbed in their stores. Citizens w^ere attacked in the streets, and their money and valuables stolen. Men were murdered. The desperadoes w'ho did these things were well named the "hounds." There was a band of them, and they worked together. And the most disgraceful part of it was that many of the police and other officers of the city were on their side and protected them. The good citizens of the city stood this sort of thing for a The "^ evildoers while. Then they took matters into their own hands. They punished formed what is known as the Vigilance Committee of 185 1. The two hundred men of this committee swore by their honor and their lives that they would protect the people and their property against the "hounds." Within a short time four dif- ferent murderers were captured, given trial, and sentenced to death. The men paid the penalty for their crimes in the public square of the city. Many evil-doers were sent out of the state, and others fled in terror. For a while the bad characters that were left hid in fear, and More were quiet. But before long the robberies and murders were worse than ever. Over a thousand citizens were killed within a few years. And now the famous Mgilance Committee of 1856 was formed. Six thousand honest and respectable men joined its ranks. They formed a military battalion, with guns and cannon. The headquarters of the committee was protected against attack by rows of sacks filled with sand. The people called it "Fort Gunny-bags." On top of the fort a great bell was hung. Three solemn strokes on the bell meant that a crime had been done, and that the men of the committee were needed. 42 TJic Story of Our State Justice The Vigilance Committee of 1856 did its work well. It is done • . . , . . , , r • 1 • -111 caught the criminals, it tried them fairly, it punished them severely. Its justice was stern, but it was right. Open crime came to an end in San Francisco. The city became a safe and good place in which to live. A ques- 38. California and the Civil War. In 1861 Leland Stan- loyalty ^ovd was elected governor of California. This was the year in which the great civil war between the North and South began. Abraham Lincoln had been chosen President of the United States. Several of the slave states had gone out of the Union and had set up a government of their own. In California the great question was, Shall our state remain true to the Union? to''the There were men in California who had come from the South. Union Some of these men wanted our people to join with the Southern states. Their hopes were soon at an end. From city and town and mine and farm, the loyal men cried, "We shall stand true!" And California did stand true. Governor Stan- ford and the lawmakers declared the state for Lincoln and his cause. The greatest newspapers came out for the Union. The best orators spoke for loyalty. Thomas Starr King, a minister and a noble citizen, spoke and worked for freedom and the government. He collected a million and a half dollars to help the sick and wounded soldiers. Sixteen thousand Californians volunteered for the Union cause. Our state helped the nation with great sums of money. When the LTnion had won, when the Southern states were again under the flag and the slaves were free, Californians could well have said, "We have done our part ; we have stood true." 39. The Stagecoach. During these stirring times, there was no railroad to connect us with the East. The telegraph was not built till 1861. Travelers still had to come in wagons across the plains or in ship by way of Panama or Cape Horn. ^hc Story of Our State 43 Stagecoaches did the work of railroads. They carried pas- Excite- ment and sengers, express and mail over the stage line routes that led ad- from the East. The story of the stagecoaches is a story of ^*" "''^ excitement and adventure. Drawn by six galloping horses, they dashed along the rough mountain roads and across the dusty plains. The coaches often carried great treasure, and the drivers were always heavily armed. All of us have heard OVERLAND STAGE of the bold robberies, the narrow escapes, and the bravery of the drivers when they had to give battle to defend the valuables in their charge. 40. The Pony Express. Every schoolboy knows about the pony express and how its daring riders carried letters from Atchison, on the banks of the Missouri, to the city of Sacra- mento. The first rider from the East would set out at breakneck speed. His brave little Indian pony would carry him galloping to the relay station twenty-five miles away. Here the horseman would toss the precious mail pouch to another rider on another Indian pony, and off and away the second would go. Twenty- five miles more, and the third rider would begin. So for 2,000 miles, night and day, in sunshine and storm, over mountains Brave carriers of the mail 44 The Story of Our State and plains, horseman after horseman sped to the West. The entire distance was covered in eight days. In this way were carried the tidings from loved ones, the business letters, the news from the East, and all safely delivered, thanks to man and beast. The pony express came to an end when the telegraph was built. And when the great railroad came, the exciting days of the stagecoaches drew to a close. THE COMING OF THP: RAILROAD The 41. A Dream of Great Builders. There were men in need of California who dreamed great dreams. They looked abroad the state Qygj- q^^j- state and saw the wide, fertile valleys and hillsides, the forest-clad mountains, the growing cities, and the com- merce coming to our ports. In their wisdom they knew that our greatest wealth did not lie in the mines. They saw that Nature's best gift to us was our rich soil, waiting to yield a golden harvest of grain and fruits. They knew that the uncut timber of our forests was a fortune without measure. They knew that our wealth, our prosperity, the number of our people, would grow and grow if only one thing were done. A railroad must be built to carry our products to the East. The "big Four men who saw this great future for California stood out four" '^ as leaders. They set about to make the dream become real. They were men of power and of deeds. The "Big Four" the people called them, because they did big things. Their names were Leland Stanford, Collis P. Huntington, Mark Hopkins and Charles Crocker. They took up the mighty task of build- ing the railroad, and through this work they made vast fortunes. Two rail- ^2. East and West Are Joined. Two great railroad com- road com ° panics panics were formed. One, the Union Pacific, was to build westward from Omaha, Nebraska. The other, the Central Pacific, was to build eastward from Sacramento till it joined 71w Story of Our Slate 45 the other. To help pay the immense cost, Congress gave the railroads large tracts of public land. The State of California also helped generously. It was truly a task for giants. To bind steel rails across the A mighty wide prairies, to gird the mountain ridges, to hew a way along rocky canyons, to span swift torrents, to bore tunnels through barriers of stone, all for a distance of 2,000 miles, — this was a greater thing than had ever been done before. Alany laughed at the thought of it, and cried, "Impossible !" But the great work was done. An army of laborers toiled on the western side. On the east' another army worked with tireless strength. For six years the mighty task went on. The ends of the two tracks came closer and closer together. At last the rails from the East met the rails from the West. On May 10, i860, at a place called Promontory, in Utah, The.Iast ' " spike IS the last spike was driven. It was a spike of gold, given by driven California. Six hundred men from all parts of the country were there to honor the great work. With a silver sledge • Leland Stanford drove the spike, wdiile men cheered, locomo- tives blew their whistles, and b-^lls rang. With each blow that Stanford struck, a signal was sent over the telegraph wires to San Francisco. And in that city the great bell on the City Hall clanged out in time with the blows of the sledge. To all parts of the world the news went out : "The Pacific railroad is completed!" It made the people of California wild with joy. In San Francisco and Sacramento great parades and celebrations were held. The people of the entire country rejoiced. The East and the West were one. They were tied together with bands of steel. FORGING ONWARD 43. A Nev/ Age Begins. The rough old times of the The Argonauts, the struggles of the pioneers, the "days of gold," wealth were over. With the coming of the railroad a new age dawned 46 The Story of Our State for California. And what a wonderful age it was to be ! What a glorious age it is ! Our wealth is no longer in our gold, though plenty of that remains. A greater and a better wealth is in our farms, orchards, factories and railroads ; in the thriving business and industry of our people. The days of gold were days to wonder at. They were days of strong men and mighty deeds. But this new age, this age of industry and commerce, is a nobler one. Gold is worth only money. Industry and commerce are worth far more because they give all people a way to earn a living. All the gold may be dug from the mountains, but industry and commerce will last as long as men are willing to work. Trouble 44, Hard Times. The new age began dark and gloomv about . . , f^ 111 r^ t' Chinese as better times often do. So many people had come to Lali- ^^^°'' fornia that there was not enough work to go around. People suffered from what we call "hard times." Many citizens thought that the trouble was all due to the Chinese. Working- men from China had come to the state in great numbers. They worked for very low wages. White men could never think of living on the money that was paid to these yellow men from across the sea. Because of their low wages, the Chinese were hired to do much of the work in the state. So the American workmen cried, "The Chinamen are getting all the work and we are getting none! We shall starve!" The It is hard to say whether the Chinese really caused the hard exc usion ^j^^^^^ ^ ^^^^ most of our people put the blame upon them. Hoodlums and ruffians often treated them with great cruelty. Many people declared that the Chinese would have to go. For a while it looked as though every Chinaman would be shipped from California. At last, however, people began to see that if a law were passed forbidding Chinese laborers to come into America, the Chinese problem would not be a source of trouble after a time. In 1882 the United States Congress passed the The Story of Our State 47 Chinese Exclusion Act. This law said that Chinese working- men could not come to this country for ten years. It said noth- ing about sending away the Chinamen already here. We still have a law which keeps Chinese laborers from coming into the United States. 45. A New Constitution. You have already learned how the men of 1849 "^^^ at jMonterey and made a State Constitu- tion. That Constitution was the law of California for thirty years. In 1879 the age of commerce and industry had come. Men began to think that a new Constitution was needed ; one New laws for a new age that would better suit the new life of the people. In all parts of the state elections were held and men were chosen to go to the second constitutional convention of California. The Constitution that was written is the one that we now have. But we have changed it and added to it a great many times. A change in the Constitution is called an amendment. An amendment can be made only by vote of the people. If most of the voters are in favor of it, it is written into the Constitution. 46. Los Angeles and Its Growth. Until 1880 the city of Los Angeles \vas but a sleepy little town inhabited mostly by Mexicans. About that time the Southern 'Pacific and Santa Fe Los Angeles becomes a great city 48 The Story of Our State railroads extended their lines to Los Angeles, and from that day the growth of the city has been faster than that of any other city in the United States. People from all parts of the country, attracted by the chances for business and by the lovely climate, have made their homes there. There are now miles and miles of Smooth streets lined with beautiful residences and gardens, business blocks, schools and churches. The increase of the city's business, manufacturing and population has made people wonder. A fine system of electric railways connects the city with all the neighboring towns. The ever- active citizens have brought about the improvement of San Pedro harbor so that Los Angeles now has an excellent sea- port. They have built a great aqueduct 209 miles long to carry water to the city from the Owens river in the Sierras of Inyo county. Other But the growth of southern California has not been in Los commu^- Angeles alone. Pasadena, Riverside, Redlands and San Ber- nities iiardino are beautiful and growing towns. San Diego, with its fine harbor, has increased rapidly in population and wealth. Throughout southern California there are thriving towns too numerous to mention. 47. The Story of the Orange. Much of the wealth of southern California comes from the growing- of the navel orange. That part of our country is famous as the favorite home of this orange and it is grown there in the greatest quantities. Trees The story of how the navel orange was introduced takes us Brazil back to the year 1870. In that year the L^nited States Depart- ment of Agriculture brought some small navel orange trees from Bahia in Brazil and planted them in the greenhouses at Washington. It was the purpose of the Department of Agriculture to see if this variety of the orange could be grown profitably in our country. It happened that Mrs. Luther C. Tibbits, of Riverside, California, had some friends in the city The Story of Our State 49 of Washing-ton who were interested in the new orange. These friends sent three small navel trees to ]\Irs. Tibbits. Mr. and Mrs. Tibbits planted the trees, and two of them grew and bore fruit. Their first suc- cessful crop was in 1S79. The new trees became the wonder and wealth of south- ern California. Orange grow- ers at once saw that there was a fortune in this new Brazilian variety. They had been growing the seedling orange. Some of the growers fastened buds from the navel orange trees into the bark of the old trees in such a way that new branches grew from the old trunks. And these new branches bore navel oranges. That is the way the great navel orange industry of California began. Those trees that ]\Ir. and Mrs. Tibbits planted were the parents of numberless trees. 48. The Spanish- American War. In 1898 came the excit- The CPU I S6 ing- events of the Spanish-American war. When it was known of the that war was about to begin, the battleship Oregon, the pride of Of'ego" the Pacific, received orders to hasten to join the Atlantic fleet near Cuba. The Oregon steamed with all speed from the Puget Sound navy yard to San Francisco, where it took on provisions. It then departed under full steam on the fastest voyage ever made by a battleship, up to that time. There was no wireless telegraph in those days, so no direct news could be received from the Oregon after it left our shores. As THE PARENT NAVfiL ORANGE TREE STILI. CROWING AT RIVERSIDE 50 The Story of Our State a result, many were the rumors that the ship had been sunk by torpedoes, and that other disasters had befallen it. News finally came that our favorite ship had joined the Atlantic fleet in safety. And when it was learned that the voyage of 15,000 miles had been made in the wonderful time of fifty-nine days, the hearts of all Cali- f^^^2--- i fornians were filled THE OREGON j^^ jtrK^C^"^ ^ ^Mth pride, since the ^^y^^^-r^^^^^tE!^^^S^^^y^^^^O)cgon was built in s- :;.^..-.-»*j3ei5rr-«r-^"- .- -'■^^ .^^^^^i^^^^, San Francisco. ^-^^^?¥i.:^r^ The call for volun- ^^%fcs%j£2^^^*^^;;j%: _% --^^^ tcers to jom the colors brought thousands of young men from all The parts of the state. It was necessary to send to the front fo^rnia ^nly twelve companies of these volunteers. These companies yolun- made up the famous First regiment. This regiment took teers '■ ^ ^ * a very prominent part in the capture of Manila and in other fighting that occurred in the Philippines. Its return after the war was celebrated with great rejoicings. ^^^j-*!'® The Spanish-American war brought the Philippine islands war did ^ & 1 1 for us under the control of the United States. That was a very important event, for it meant that the dominion of our nation would now stretch beyond the seas. But to California espe- cially it was a great event, indeed. Our ownership of the Philippines meant a great increase of our commerce in the Pacific. Most of this new commerce would pour through the ports of California. That meant more business and more wealth for the state. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HELP THE PUPIL The Leading Facts. /. After the Mexican war California was under the military government of the United States. 2. A disagreement arose as to whether California should The Story of Our State 51 become a state or a territory, j. A constitutional convention was held, and a state constitution was adopted. 4. After much argument in Congress, California was admitted as a free state. 5. San Francisco grew to be an important city after the discovery of gold. 6. Vigilance committees were formed in San Francisco to preserve law and order. /. The Civil war broke out and California stood by the Union. 8. The stagecoach did the work of railroads, and the pony express carried the overland mails, p. Men saw the great future of California and built the transcontinental railroad. 10. With the coming of the railroad, an age of industry and commerce began. 11. The workmen of California made a protest against Chinese cheap labor, and the Chinese exclusion act was passed by Congress. 12. In 1879 a new State Constitution Avas adopted to meet the new conditions, /j. In 1880 Los Angeles and the south began a wonderful growth. 14. The navel orange was introduced into California from Brazil. ij. In 1898 the Spanish-American war broke out and many Californians volunteered. Study Questions. /. Why did the people of California want a constitution in 1849? -• ^^'hen the Constitution was written, what was said about slavery? j. What was said about public schools ? 4. VJho was the first American gov- ernor elected for California? 5. Name the different loca- tions of the State Capital. 6. Why did the Southern states object to the admission of California? 7. Why do we cele- brate September ninth? 8. W^hy did San Francisco grow so quickly? p. Describe the old San Francisco of the gold days. 10. Tell why vigilance committees were organized in San Francisco, and what these committees did. //. What did California do about taking part in the Civil war? 12. Tell about the stagecoach. 75. Describe a trip of the pony ex- press. 14. Why did men think a railroad should be built? 75. Tell about the building of the railroad. 16. What new life in California began when the days of gold were over? 77. Why were the Chinese blamed for the hard times? 18. What is the Chinese exclusion act? 7p. Why was a new Constitution written in 1879? 20. Tell about the growth of Los Angeles. 2T. Tell the story of the navel orange. 22. Tell about the cruise of the Oresioii. 2^. How did Cali- 52 The Story of Our State fornia help in the Spanish-American war? 2^. Why was our getting of the Phihppine Islands important to California? Suggested Readings. Admission of California : Hunt, California the Golden, 221-243; Bandini, History of California, 173-188; Drake, The Making of the Great West, 285-288. Early San Francisco : Hunt, California the Golden, 256- 281; Sexton, Stories of California, 169-179; Markham, Cali- fornia the Wonderful, 196-204. Stagecoach and Pony Express: Hunt, California the Golden, 284-287; Markham, California the IVonderfnl, 151- 154- The Railroad: Hunt, California the Golden, 283-296; Ban- dini, History of California, 196-201 ; Sexton, Stories of Cali- fornia, 67-74. Chinese Exclusion : Hunt, California the Golden, 305-314; Bandini, History of California, 202-203. The New Constitution : Hunt, California the Golden, 315-322; Bandini, History of California, 203-205. Los Angeles and the South : Bandini, History of Cali- fornia, 211-214; Markham, California the Wonderful, 220-238. The Orange : Bandini, History of California, 246-252 ; Sexton, Stories of California, 92-101. THE THINGS THAT HAVE BEEN DONE THE RECENT YEARS Popu- 49. The Larger Life. The recent years have seen a great industry increase in population, industry and wealth. The growth of ^""^liu the south has been mentioned, but much could be said of the wealth increase farther north. San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, San Jose and other cities about San Francicso bay; Sacra- mento, Chico, and many towns of the Sacramento valley ; Fresno, Bakersfield and Stockton in the San Joaquin valley, have all shown a development that is remarkable. We have recently grown to be an important manufacturing state. Among: all the states we stand about tenth in the value of The Story of Our State 53 things made in factories. Six railroad routes reach into Cah- fornia from other parts of the nation, and the state is inter- laced with steam and electric lines. Fruit growing, dairying, lumbering, mining, poultry keeping, and stock raising are generous sources of wealth. Barley, wheat, vegetables, and cattle feed are grown abundantly in most of the counties of the state. 50. The Fortune in Oil. Only a few years ago our gold brought us more wealth than any other mineral product. But in 19 1 6 gold is in second place. The value of our oil product is over twice that of the gold. Go into Fresno, Orange, Kern, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara and \entura counties, and you will see the famous oil fields. You will stand in wonder at those forests of towers made of criss-cross beams. There are in some places acres and acres of them, with great storage tanks among them. There is a din of engines, a smell of oil in the air. Men in overalls are busy everywhere. Each one of the towers that you see is built over an oil well. The tower was used in drilling the well, and it is now used to support the pumping machinery that draws the thick, black oil from the wells. The oil is pumped into the storage tanks, and from there is forced through pipe lines that extend from the oil fields to the seaports. One of these pipe lines extends nearly 300 miles from the Kern county fields to Point Rich- mond on San Francisco bay. California is one of the greatest oil producing regions in the world. Water equal to the amount of oil we produce in a The great oil fields AN OIL WELL IN CALIFORNIA 54 The Story of Our State Import- year would float 300 battleships. The industry brings millions ance of the of dollars into the state and gives employment to thousands industry ^f j.^gj, Oil in There was no sudden oil discovery in California as was the days case with gold. Oil was known in California as far back as the time of the mission fathers. Wells were not dug in that day, but the oil that seeped from the ground was used to put on ,roofs and for other purposes. Several oil wells were dug between 1850 and i860, but no profit was made because men did not know how to refine the peculiar heavy, black oil of the California fields. The greai ij-, 1^02 the Los Angeles oil field was opened up and much boom -^ ° ATA excitement resulted. In three years 300 wells were dug. The greatest boom was in 1899 when the Bakersfield region was found to be rich in petroleum. The discovery there made the little town of Bakersfield a large city almost in a day. That locality suddenly became one of the richest oil fields in the world. Since 1892 the oil industry has spread to many local- ities in the state, and has grown with wonderful rapidity. How 51^ Irrigation. One who travels through the farm and water ° . . ^ is fed to orchard regions of California sees many places where canals XL. - I a nH have been dug to carry water through the land. If he fol- lows one of these canals, the traveler finds that ditches lead from them. Through the ditches the water flows to gardens, fields and orchards. This system of watering the soil is what we call irrigation. The Not long ago it was a great risk, in some parts of California for it for a man to plant his acres with orchards and gardens. Dry winters might come, leaving the trees and plants to wither and bear no fruit. To meet such a danger, irrigation systems were dug. Such systems were also made to water dry lands, where no crops, or only poor ones, could be grown. Thousands of acres in the state are now watered for this purpose. Irrigation The Story of Our State 55 is doing more than anything else to increase and improve agriculture in California. One may ask where this water comes from that flows The through the canals and ditches to the rescue of the orchardist If'^^ter and the farmer. It comes from distant rivers. It comes from great lakes that men have made by building cement dams across river channels. It comes from reservoirs fed from artesian wells. It is pumped from the earth by gasoline engines and electric motors. Sometimes in one way, sometimes in another, the life-giving water is fed into the irrigating systems and sent for miles across the land. Most of the irrigation has been done by companies and corpo- State and . , . nation rations. But the state and national governments are taking taking more and more interest in it. The great irrigation system ^ ^^" at Orland was planned and made by the national government for the benefit of the people in that district. Many plans for greater irrigation systems are under way. 52. The Story of Imperial. In the southeastern part of The idea our state lies the Colorado desert. A man once visited this arid nnan region, and as he looked out over the desert he was seized with a great idea. Why couldn't the waters of the Colorado river be let into this sun-baked land, so that it would bear fruit in place of the thorny cactus ? Filled with this idea, the man talked with others who had money. Together they formed a company and set to work. The result of their labors is one of the wonders of the world. A great They turned a large portion of the bleak desert into a garden ^°„^g '^ spot. And how simple it seems, now that it is done ! All that they did was to dig a canal from the Colorado river, smaller canals that branched from the main one, then smaller branches from these. Into the canals and ditches they turned the Colorado's waters, and these, irrigating the sands, made them rich and fertile. That is how Imperial county was changed from a desert into one of the world's richest regions. 56 The Story of Our State The In the summer of 1905, shortly after the canals had been dug, break the river burst through the banks that had been made to hold it in check. It rushed across the land that was just blooming in its new life. It poured into Salton sea and that body of water rose seven inches a day. It flooded the towns of Calexico and Mexicali. It threatened to destroy the whole of the great work that the mighty builders had created. Fighting Time and apfain the heroic workers tried to dam up the the floods . . , , , , 1 , • 11 escapuig river, but the angry waters destroyed the hurriedly built levees. After many trials, the work seemed to be done; but the army of workers had no sooner departed than another flood came, tore through the dam, and havoc was wrought again. Once more the men went at their task. This time they succeeded in building a mighty dam that turned the flood waters aside, and the torrent was tamed at last. That was in December of 1906. Moun- 53. The Conquest of Nature's Power. It is not in irriga- waters tion Only that the waters have been made to do a work of make wonder. The power of falling mountain streams is used to tricity make electricity which is sent through wires to all parts of the state. It is used for lighting purposes and for running electric cars. It is used for operating countless machines, forges and pumps. And how is it all done? Great There are places in the Sierras where vast lakes have been houses made by building dams across the canyons. Far below the lakes, power houses have been built. A power house is a place where there are machines for making electricity. From the lake great flumes are made, to carry the water along the moun- tain-side to some place high above one of the power houses. From this place the water shoots down the mountain in a huge pipe. The shooting water dashes through steel water- wheels. These powerful, whirring wheels turn the machines that make the electricity. The Story of Our State 57 Wires as thick as a finger carry the electricity from the The power house across the mountains, valleys and plains. These mission wires loop from pole to pole, and from tower to tower, for ''"®^ hundreds of miles, carrying electricity to cities, towns, farms, oil wells and mines. In this way is the power of the mountain torrent turned to the use of man. 54. Disaster and Rebuilding. April 18, 1906, is the date The of one of the worst disasters in the history of our country. ^^^°^ °^ Early in the morning of that day the counties around San earth - Francisco bay were visited by a terrible earthquake. Nothing like it had ever happened in the United States since the white man first settled here. For over a minute the earth shook with great violence. In many places buildings were destroyed, rail- ways twisted, pipe lines broken, and other damage done. J^t Stanford university many valuable buildings were thrown down. A large part of the city of Santa Rosa was shattered into ruins. At San Jose, Santa Clara, Palo Alto and other cities, much property was ruined. In San Francisco the shock of the earthquake was followed a city by a terrible fire. For over two days the flames raged across gtVoyed the city. The w^ater supply pipes had been broken and there was no way to stop the destruction. After the fearful havoc had been done the people of the city looked out upon a waste of ashes and smouldering ruins. The news of the great disaster awoke the sympathies of The people in all parts of the world. Trainloads and shiploads of rebut"/ food and clothing were sent to help those whose homes and "^^^^^ property had been destroyed. But help was not needed for heart long. The brave citizens soon turned to the task of building upon the ruins. Within a few short years nearly all traces of the disaster were gone from the cities and towns where the havoc had been wrought. A new and more beautiful San Francisco arose upon the ashes of the old. And from it all we 58 The Story of Our State draw this lesson : Earthquake and fire may wreck and destroy, but courage and manhood will conquer in the end. The 55. Greater Rights for the People. In 191 1 the people voted in favor of some very important amendments to the State Constitution. One of these amendments gives the people the right to propose a law themselves. It is done by signing a petition. If a certain percentage of the voters sign the petition, the proposed law must be brought before the people at an election. If more than half of those who vote are -in favor of the proposed law, it becomes a law of the state. This right of the people is called the "initiative." Before 191 1 only the legislature could bring forward new laws and vote on them. The ref- Another amendment to the Constitution provides something erendum , . _ , , . , , , i • i like this : If the legislature makes a law which a certain per- centage of the people do not want, these people can ask that a vote on that law be taken. If more than half of the voters are against it, the law is defeated and cannot be enforced. This right is called the "referendum." Women Still another amendment gives the women citizens of Cali- can vote ^ . , . , -r . , , forma the right to vote. In most 01 our states only the men can vote. We in California are proud that our state has given the women this right. The pioneer mothers who came to Cali- fornia amid hardships first taught us the value of women citi- zens, for from them we learned the truest lessons of self- sacrifice and devotion. By giving the women the right to vote we have placed a greater power for good in their hands. Elemen- 56. The Public Schools. True to the duties of good gov- catfon " ernment, we have developed one of the best systems of public schools in the nation. The elementary and intermediate schools stand as the foundation of this system. The education given in them is as good as can be found in such schools any- where in the world. The state supplies textbooks free to the TJic Story of Our State 59 pupils of the elementary schools. There are eight normal schools where teachers are trained for teaching the elementary branches. Above the elementary schools are the high schools. Of The high these California has every reason to be proud. No high schools anywhere give a better education. Their teachers are among the best educated people in the state. The high schools train the boys and girls to take their parts as citizens and workers in the world. They also get them ready for college. In some of the cities there are special schools where unfor- Every tunate boys and girls who cannot learn very easily are taught, n^y jg There are also schools where the deaf, dumb and blind are offered given instruction. Many of the country Schools teach garden- ing and farming. There are schools where trades are taught. Most of the high schools teach shorthand, typewriting, book- keeping, and other subjects necessary in business life. There are night schools where young people who work can improve their knowledge. A chance for education is offered to every willing boy or girl. 57. The Universities. The University of California is one of the largest universities in the United States. It is maintained by the state, and is located in the city of Berkeley. There are branches at San Francisco and Los Angeles, and there is a University farm at Davis where the best methods of farming are taught. Branch farm stations are located in several parts of the state. Professors. from the University make trips to the towns and The work cities to give lectures on various subjects. Much teaching is state done by mail. Thousands of farmers all over the state get ^g^sjty letters and books from the University, helping them greatly in their work of raising cattle and crops. During every summer vacation a University summer session is held at which hun- dreds of students gather to improve their education. 6o Tlic Story of Our State Stanford Stanford University is another great school of higher educa- tion. Together with the University of CaHfornia, it ranks among the best universities in the country. Stanford Uni- versity is famous for its beautiful buildings, its excellent teachers, and the fine life of its students. ^ nf ^^ California has several other excellent schools of higher colleges "=" learning. Among these are Mills college, Pomona college. Occidental college, the University of Southern California, and the University of Santa Clara. "The gift 58. The Canal and the Expositions. After four hundred canal years the dream of the old sea-rovers has come true. There is a middle passage-way from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Panama canal has been built which has shortened the sea route from East to West by 8000 miles. To the people of California the canal has brought a great gift. It has increased our commerce with the Atlantic states and Europe. It has brought us people to settle upon our lands and develop our farming industry. It has made more factories, and more work for men to do. The The great Panama-Pacific exposition at San Francisco was Pacifi'c^" built in 191 5 to celebrate the joining of the oceans. Millions exposi- q£ dollars were spent to rear the exposition buildings, to illuminate them, and to lay out beautiful gardens. Within the walls of the imposing structures, the products and the arts of all nations were brought together. One could walk for days and days along the aisles and among the buildings and never cease to wonder. The To show what the canal means to them, the people of Call - .... fornia- southern California built the Panama-California exposition at exposT-^ San Diego. Here, again, the products and arts of many tion nations were shown. The exhibits were housed in beautiful buildings in the mission style. About them lovely tropical gardens were planted. The Story of Our State 6i 59. The State Highway. California has undertaken the Awcr.- 1 -1 1- r -r- r ■, hT\ derfiii builchng- ot a magnihcent system of state roads. These roads system are spoken of as the state highway. They are really a num- °^ '"°^*^^ ber of highways joined together. One main route runs from San Diego northward through the central valleys to the Oregon boundary. Another route extends along the seacoast for the entire length of the state. These wonderful roads, with their branches, are intended to connect the county seats of all the counties in the state. The routes cover a total distance of 3000 miles. It is one of the finest systems of roadways in the world. 60. The Volcano. Lovers of California have long since Mount I declared that eVery Avonder of the earth was given to our state bursts by Nature. But as if to prove that her hidden powers are ^°^^^ endless, a volcano burst from Alt. Lassen early in 1914. Many times it threw out masses of rock, ash and steam. People a hundred miles away have seen the mighty cloud thrown sky- ward from the mountain. Lassen is the one and only active volcano in the United States. TRIUMPHS IN I^ITERATURE, ART AND SCIE;nCE;. We in California have been deep in the mighty task of building a great state. We are still young and growing, and busy at our work. But out of the noise of our sturdy progress, out of the rush of our forging, plowing and building, have risen the voices of writers, poets and thinkers. A book could be written about our men and women, past and present, whose brains have created some of the nation's finest literature and art. We can mention only a few of those whose names are best known. 61. Early Writers. Xo name is better known in western ^^\ literature than that of Bret Harte. When a young man he came to California and went to the mining camps. He was 62 Tlic Stor\ of Our State Tl Mark Twain Steven- son Many writers in verse FRANCIS BRET HARTE deeply stirred by the romantic and exciting life. He wrote about what he saw, in the form of charming poems and stories. His works were published in England and America and won great praise. The world has laughed over his funny poem, the Heathen Chinee, and has wept over \\the tender story of M'liss. Samuel L. Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, was not a Californian, but he spent several years in San Francisco. He began his literary work here, and it was here that he wrote some of the best known of his early books. We are proud to be able to count him among the first of our writers because he is now looked upon as one of the great masters of the English tongue. Robert Louis Stevenson, the famous English story writer, lived for some time in San Francisco, at Monterey and near St. Helena. He wrote a great deal about us, and one of his books, The Silverado Squatters, is full of very interesting and amusing facts concerning his visit here. 62. Poets. It would be impossible to give the names of all the Calif ornians who have written fine things in poetry. Bret Harte is one of them. Perhaps the best known is Joaquin Miller, called the poet of the Sierras. This rugged man, with his deep feeling and sympathy, has given us the bigness and meaning of nature, as California has taught it to him. He is the author of the widely read poem, Coliimhus. Ina Coolbrith and Edwin Markham are two other poets of The Story of Our State 63 power. Ina Coolbrith began her writings in the early days of the state. She has written many fine poems about CaHfornia, as well as on other subjects. Edwin Markham, who was for years a teacher in California, won fame with his poem, The Man With the Hoe. He is the author of much beautiful and powerful verse. Others of our poets who stand high in the literary world are Charles Warren Stoddard, Edward Rowland Sill, John Vance Cheney and George Stirling. 63. Novelists. Our best known novehsts are Frank Norris. Authors Jack London, JMary Austin and Gertrude Atherton. Frank bookT°"' Norris died when but a young man, but the books that he wrote were truly great. Jack London is one of the most popular novelists of our day. Mary Austin's strong, vivid stories and sketches are widely read works of literature. Gertrude Ather- ton began with stories dealing with California ; but she has now widened her field, and is read in Germany and England, as well as in America. Helen Flunt Jackson, though not a Californian, gave us the most famous of all California novels, Ramona. She was also the author of a charming book on the missions. 64. John Muir. The name of John Muir is among the best a friend beloved of our writers. This man spent much of his lifc^ °f . ^ IN at u re among the forests and mountains of the state. He loved them as no other man has loved them. In his writings he has tried to teach us the deep beauty of the peaks and gorges and trees and flowers of California. 65. William Keith. California has produced many fine ^ master painters. Their works have gone into the art galleries and painter have shown the world the romance of California life, and the beauties of our mountains, meadows and flowers. Among all these painters the name of William Keith stands out. This man painted the Sierras and the woods. But he did more than paint them. He wrought into each picture a charm and a mystery that came from his soul. He was a great artist. 64 Tlie Story of Our State Burbank 66. Luther Burbank. The name of Luther Burbank is well known among California boys and girls. The work he has done in improving plants in his gardens at Santa Rosa has brought him fame. Among his best-known productions are the spineless cactus, the Shasta daisy and the Burbank potato. TODAY AND TOMORROW Room 67. The Present and Its Opportunities. California is the for great numbers second largest state in the Union. Its territory is so great that we could find room in it for Massachusetts, Delaware, Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire and Ohio. And yet, in population California is twelfth among the states. New York city alone has nearly twice as many people as there are in our entire state. Think, then, how small our population really is, as compared with the size of our state. Think how great a number of people can still find homes within our borders. The _ California is justly famous for the great wealth that it pro- wealth duces. And yet it can produce several times as much. More and more land is being used for raising crops. Great plans for carrying water to the dryer and less useful lands are being completed. The Panama canal is bringing more people and greater commerce to our shores. 'Each year finds more factories and railroads within the state. Some- 68. The Future, Its Promise and Its Duties. We look to think ° the past with pride and admiration. We glory in what our about people have done. To the future we look with increasing wonder at its possibilities. Who can tell how great the wealth of our industries will grow? Who can foresee how great the number of our people will become ? Trueciti- Let US welcome the great things that the future holds in ^^ store for us. At the same time let us stop and think of the duties that fall upon us. No state can succeed without good The Story of Our State 65 citizens and wise government. And as industry and com- merce grow, the need for good citizens and wise government becomes greater. As the number of our people increases, the need for wise laws increases. Wise laws and good government we cannot have unless our people remain ever true to their duties as citizens. If the people fail in this, the future will fail. But the future will not fail, because the people of California will stand true. They will give their children an education. They will be honest and patriotic. They will vote only for Avhat they believe is right. And the young people will do their part by going to school and fitting themselves for their duties as citizens of the future. And because her people will stand true, California, with glad heart and welcoming hand, hails the great tomorrow. SUGGESTIONS INTENDED TO HElvP THE PUPIE The Leading" Facts, i. The recent years have brought a great increase in population and growth of cities. 2. There has been a wonderful development in agriculture, manufacture, and transportation, j. The oil industry has grown to mam- moth proportions. 4. Irrigation has been developed to a great extent, and has had a decided influence on the develop- ment of agriculture. 5. By means of irrigation, Imperial county Avas created. 6. Water power for making electricity has come into large use, and the electricity is sent throughout the state. 7. In 1906 a great earthquake shook the counties about San Francisco bay, and a fire wrought havoc in San Francisco. 8. A wonderful rebuilding followed the earth- quake and fire. p. The initiative and referendum, and votes for women, have given greater rights to the people of the state. 10. An excellent system of public schools has been developed. 11. The universities do a fine work of higher education. 12. The opening of the Panama Canal was celebrated with great expositions at San Francisco and San Diego, ij. A wonderful system of state highways has been constructed. 14. In 1914 Mt. Lassen burst forth as an active volcano. i^. There were several prominent writers in the early days of 66 Tlie Story of Our State the state. i6. Some noted poets are natives of California. //. California has produced famous novelists. i8. John Muir wrote about the forests and mountains of California. ig. William Keith was our greatest painter. 20. Luther Burbank has done much to improve horticulture. 21. The present holds out great opportunities. 22. The future is full of promise, but imposes serious duties. Study Questions. /. Tell about California's development in population, agriculture and business. 2. What was the earliest use of oil in California? 5. What about the extent of the oil industry today? 4. Locate the great oil fields. 5. Describe the method of irrigation. 6. Wliat has irriga- tion done for California? 7. Tell how Imperial county was made. 8. Tell about the break in the Colorado river, p. Explain how water power is used to make electricity. 10. What are the uses of electricity? 11. Describe the effects of the great earthquake. 12. Tell about the burning and rebuilding of San Francisco, ij. What is the initiative ? 14. What is the referendum ? i^. What great right has California given to the women citizens? 16. What can be said of California's system of public schools ? 77. Tell about the work of the universities. 18. What has the Panama canal done for California? 19. Describe the routes of the State highway. 20. Who were the early writers of California? 21. Name some of our greatest poets. 22. Name our most famous novelists. 2^. Why is the name of John Muir hon- ored? 24. Tell about the work of William Keith. 2^. Why is Luther Burbank well known ? 26. Tell of the great oppor- tunities of today. ^7. What can you say of the possibilities of the future ? 28. What serious duties fall upon the citizens of the state? Suggested Readings. California's Resources: Sexton, Stories of California, 75-158; Bandini, History of California, 229-252 ; Hunt, California the Golden, 328-342 ; Markham, California the Wonderful, 155-195. Literature and Art: Markham, California the Wonderful, 3^^-377- The Earthquake: Bandini, History of California, 225-228. The Story of Our State 67 PRONOUNCING INDEX Key to Markings. — a as in mate, a as in cat, a as in father, a as in last; e as in me, e as in let, e as in veil, e as in term; i as in pin, i as in police; as in vote, 6 as in lot; u as in rude; y as in hymn. Note. — Only words peculiar to California history, and of difficult or doubtful pronunciation, are given. The pronunciations follow those of M'ebster^s Intertiational Dictionary , with a few modifications. Note, in the case of the Spanish words, that good English usage does not always follow the original tongue. ar'go-naut Bal-bo'a Bode'ga Cabrillo {ca-brel'yo) Car-meF Cahuenga (ca-wen'ga) Chi'co Cas'tro C6-lo''ma Co-lo-ra'do Do-lc'res El Ca-uii'no Re-al' El D6-ra'do fan-dan'go Flo'res Fre'mont Gillespie {gil-les'pi) Grin'go Kearny {kar'ny) Los An'ge-les Mon-te-rey' Or-te'ga Pi'co Por-to-la' Ra-mo'na ran-che'ro ran'chg ro-de'o Sac-ra-men'to San Ber-nar-d'i'no San Car'los San Di-e'go San Fran-cis'co San Ga'bri-el San Jose {ho-sa') San Juan {hoo-iin') Bautista {bough-tes' tix) San Juan (hoo-ati') Cap-'is-tra'no San Lu'is Rey (re) San Pe'dro San'ta Bar'ba-ra San'ta Ca-ta-li'na San'ta Cla'ra S^n'ta Cruz {kroos) San'ta Inez (e-nes') seiiora (sen-yo'ra) seiiiorita (sen-yo-ri'ta) Ser'ra, Junipero (hoo-ni'pa-ro) Si-er'ra Ne-va'da So-la'no So-no'niil Sutter (soo'ter) Vallejo {viil-ya'ho) vaquero {va-ka'ro) Viscaino {ves-kix-e'no) THE INDEX, ADMISSION TO UNION, 39. Amendments to Constitution, 58. Americans in California, 21. Aqueduct, Los Angeles, 48. Argonauts, 30. Art, 61. Atherton, Gertrude, 63. Austin, Mary, 63. BAKERSFIELD, 52. Balboa, 3. Bandini, quoted, 13. Bear Flag rebellion, 25. Eenicia, 38. Berkeley, 52. Bodega bay, Russians at, 16. Burbank, Luther, 64. Burnett, Peter H., 38. CABRILLO, 5. Cahuenga, treaty of, 28. California republic, 26. Californians, revolt of, 25. Camino Real, 12. Capitals of California, 37, 38. Carmel mission. 11. Castro, Jose, 24. Central Pacific railroad, 44. Cheney, John Vance, 63. Chico, 52. Chinese in California, 46-47. Civil war, 42. Clemens, Samuel L., 62. Coloma, 29. Colorado river break, 54. Columbus, 3. Constitution of 1849, 37; of 1879, 47. Conventions, constitutional, 37, 47. Coolbrith, Ina, 62. Cortes, 3, 6. Crocker, Charles, 44. DAVIS, University farm at, 59. De Soto, 3. Dolores, mission, 11. Donner party, 22-24. Drake, Sir Francis, 5. Drake's bay, 6. EARTHQUAKE, 57. Education, 58. El Dorado, 31. Electricity, 56. Exclusion of Chinese, 47. Expositions, 60. FANDANGO, 19. Fires in San Francisco, 40. Flores, General, 27. Fort Ross, 16. Forty-niners, 30. Fremont, John C, 24, 27, 28. Fresno, 52, 53. GILLESPIE, Lieutenant, 25. Gold, discovery of, 28. Gold rush, 29. Gringos, 24. HARTE, BRET, 61. Highway, state, 60. Hopkins, Mark, 44. Houses, Spanish, 18. Huntington, Collis P., 44. Hydraulic mining, 33. IMPERIAL COUNTY, 54. Indians of California, 3. Initiative, 58. Irrigation, 54. JACKSON, HELEN HUNT, 63. KEARNY, GENERAL STEPHEN, 27. Kern, 53. Keith, William, 63. King, Thomas Starr, 42. LASSEN, MOUNT, 60. Literature, 61. London, Jack, 63. Los Angeles, 17, 27, 47, 53. MAGELLAN, 3. Markham, Edwin, 62. Marshall, James, 28. Mesa, battle of, 28. Miller, Joaquin, 62. Mills college, 60. Mining, 31. Mining camps, 33-34. Missions, 8-14. Modoc, 3. Monterey, 6, 10, 12, 17, 24, 37. Monterey bay. 9. Mt. Lassen, 60. Muir, John, 63. NAVEL ORANGE, 48. New Spain, 7. Norris, Frank, 63. Novelists, 62. The Indcx OAKLAND, 52. Occidental college, 60. Oil, 53. Orange, 48, 53. Oregon, battleship, 49. Ortega, 9. PALO ALTO, 57. Panama-California exposition, 60. Panama canal, 60. Panama-Pacific exposition, 60. Pasadena, 4S. Paso de Bartolo, 28. Philippine islands, 50. Pico, General Andres, 27. Pizarro, 6. Placer mining, 32. Poets, 62. Polk, President, 24. Pomona college. 60. Pony express, 42. Portola, 6, 7-10. Presidios, 11, 17. Promontory points, 45. Pueblos, 17. RAILROADS, 44-45. Ramona, 27. Ranchos, 18. Redlands, 48. Referendum, 58. Riley, General Bennet, 36. Riverside, 48. Rodeo, 19. Russians in California, 15. SACRAMENTO, 38, 43, 44, 52. San Bernardino, 48. San Carlos mission, 11. San Diego bay, 5. 12. San Diego, town, 17, 48, 60. San Diego mission, 8, 10. San Francisco, 12, 17, 39, 52. San Francisco bay, 9, 30. San Gabriel, battle of the. 28. San Gabriel mission, 11, 20. San Jose, 11, 38, 52, 57. San Juan Bautista mission, 11. San Juan Capistrano mission, 11. San Luis Obispo, 11. San Luis Rey mission, IL San Miguel mission, 11. San Pasqual, 27. San Pedro harbor, 48. Santa Barbara, 11, 17, 53. Santa Barbara mission, 11. Santa Catalina, 6. Santa Clara college, 60. Santa Cruz, 17. Santa Inez mission, 11. Santa Rosa, 57. Schools, 58. Serra, Junipero, 7-11. Sill, Edward Rowland, 63. Slavery question, 38. Sloat, Commodore, 26. Sonoma, 25. Spanish-American war, 49. Stagecoach, 42. Stanford, Leland, 42, 44, 45. Stanford university, 60. Stevenson, Robert Louis, 62. Stirling, George, 63. Stockton, town, 52. Stockton, Commodore, 26-27. Stoddard, Charles Warren, 63. Suffrage, woman, 58. Sutter, Captain John A., 16, 21, 28. Sutter's fort, 22. TIBBITS, Mr. and Mrs. Luther C, 48. Twain, Mark, 62. UNION PACIFIC railroad, 44. Universities, 59. University farm, 59. University of California, 59. University of Southern California, 60 VALLEJO, GENERAL, Vallejo, town, 38. Vaqueros, 18. Ventura, 53. Vigilance committees, 4L Viscaino, 69. Volcano, 60. WRITERS, 61. -26.