i>M Bfl Hi m ■ ; I, ;,;' -s-.- ....-;,-■•;- .:.z : -\>^ . OMf AND METHOl B BBBB B ■ BB H 1 H8BSB BH ml U ESS BSS RflKn S 1 m n B Ifi&lUPJ Hffi BOO §1 Hi Hi Hi KM1MI BB ■IW1W on gg&i Kg BS ■ IS 8888 Copyright X -. COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. PHYSICAL WORK Management and Methods Compiled by a Special Committee of the Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian Association of North America Edited by GEORGE J. FISHER, M.D., M.P.E. and MARTIN I. FOSS, B.P.E. Association $re£s New York: 124 East 28th Street London: 47 Paternoster Row, E. C. 1913 Copyright, 1913 BY The International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations f6)ci.A3 5 044 7 PREFACE The physical directorship of the Young Men's Christian Association is a profession that has made unusually rapid progress. It is becoming more and more technical and constantly enlarging, both in breadth and depth. The moderii spacious buildings with their splendid equipment are attracting a steadily increasing mem- bership of boys and men. Directors with large executive ability as well as thorough technical training are needed to conduct the right kind of work in these buildings. Then, too, the physical director of the modern Young's Men's Christian Association finds himself related to the various civic organizations that promote the construction of parks and playgrounds; to the physicians, who are among the first to advocate all movements for prevention of illness; to the municipal organizations, whose duty it is to preserve the public health, and to the religious and philan- thropic societies, which aim to improve the moral and religious conditions. In order that the most approved and up-to-date methods that have been learned in the school of experience, and certain underlying fundamental prin- ciples upon which the physical work of the Young Mens Christian Association rests, may be available in concrete form to the men in the profession and to such as may look forward to the work, the Physical Directors' Society has created a special committee to collect and compile the data herein contained. iii iv PREFACE To the many men who have given much time and thought in preparing special articles, and to others who have given most helpful criticism, we would pay a tribute of grateful acknowledgment. George J. Fisher, M.D., M.P.E., George F. Poole, M.D., M.P.E., George M. Martin, Louis R. Welzmeller, M.D., M.P.E., John H. Scott, B.P.E., and William H. Ball, M.P.E., have been especially helpful; while a score of others, both in and out of our work, have given valuable counsel, all of which has enabled us to prepare this work which we sincerely hope may yield large returns in unifying, broadening and increasing the efficiency both of the workers and the work. Martin I. Foss, B.P.E., Chairman, James H. McCurdy, M.D., M.P.E., M.A., Henry F. Kallenberg, M.D., Albert B. Wegener, B.P.E., Harvey I. Allen, William Y. Reithard, Committee on Handbook. CONTENTS PAGE I. A Brief History of the Physical Work of the Young Men's Christian Association II. The Physical Director III. Physical Department Equipment . IV. Organization of the Physical Department V. Business Methods in the Physical Depart ment ...... VI. Advertising VII. Medical Examinations and the Medical Staff . VIII. Class Organization .... IX. Recreation and Athletic Competition . X. Physical Department Exhibitions and Entertainments .... XI. Educational Work .... XII. Organization of the Religious Work . XIII. Summer Activities .... XIV. Extension Work XV. How to Study a Field .... XVI. Physical Training in Rural Communities XVII. General Young Men's Christian Associa- tion Organizations .... i 12 34 4i 53 76 84 89 100 107 115 122 126 132 141 150 161 XVIII. Agencies with which the Young Men's Christian Association Can Cooperate Through Physical Department . .171 vi CONTENTS PAGE XIX. Kindred Organizations — National . . 107 XX. Conclusion 180 Appendix. Reading Course and Physical Training Literature . . . .186 Index ....... 197 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHYSICAL WORK OF THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSO- CIATION The Young Men's Christian Association was origi- nated in London, England, by Sir George Williams in the year 1844. He was engaged in the dry goods business, and was much concerned that young men in that particular line of work should have opportunity for social fellowship and an incentive to spiritual growth and development. Thus the Association was originally simple in its form of organization and largely limited to men in a specific pursuit. The first seven years were given largely to distinctive forms of reli- gious work. In 1848 a library was opened, and dur- ing 1850 some of the simpler forms of education were attempted. In 1848 the Association secured rooms which were open day and night, and these became a social rendezvous for young men. In 1 85 1 the first Association in America was estab- lished at Montreal and at Boston a few weeks later. The early Association in America was similar to the London movement in the character of its activities. The first mention of the physical department was made in the convention of 1856. The Brooklyn Asso- ciation had been discussing the wisdom of adding some forms of physical activity, and a representative from that city introduced a recommendation endorsing the establishment of gymnasiums and baths, but the 2 PHYSICAL WORK convention tabled the resolution. During the next half decade several Associations attempted to intro- duce some forms of physical training. Sentiment continued to grow more favorable toward this type of work, and at the convention held in New Orleans in i860 a resolution favorable to the establishment of gymnasiums as "a safeguard against the allurements of objectionable places of resort, " was unanimously adopted. The Civil War for several years engaged the atten- tion of the country and consequently no progress was made in the promotion of the physical department. The convention of 1864 again was urged to consider this phase of activity. In 1865 Mr. Robert McBurney of the Twenty-third Street, New York, Association included a physical department in the plans of the proposed new building. In 1866 the constitution of the New York City Association was changed to read, "The object of this Association shall be the improvement of the spiritual, mental, social and physical condition of young men." Thus the distinctive four-fold work of the Association was formulated. In 1869, three new buildings were erected — in San Francisco, Cal., New York City and Washington, D. C, in the order named — containing gymnasiums and baths and represented new types of Association architecture and new methods of serving men and boys. The physical work in New York City proved exceed- ingly attractive from the start, and hence became permanent. This experience was quite general, though some Associations at first reported failure. Failure HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK 3 was due fundamentally to the fact that supervision of the physical work was difficult to obtain, and adequate supervision is particularly essential to the success of the work. The physical department in the North American movement reveals at least four distinctive periods in its development. First, the period of introduction. This was the period just recorded and extended prac- tically from 1870 to 1885. Opposition was met from many sources. The work was misunderstood and at best was considered more largely as an asset for secur- ing members and as a means of counteracting evil resorts, rather than as a worthy factor in itself in the development of Christian manhood. During this period the Association was without Christian leader- ship in its physical directorship except in rare instances. This was true of the Twenty-third Street Association, which fifteen years after the starting of physical work was without a Christian physical director. The second period was one of interpretation. Christian leadership was now being secured. In 1877 Robert J. Roberts was engaged by the Boston Asso- ciation as its physical director. He was an earnest Christian and soon began to gather about him a group of Christian young men who saw in the physi- cal department an opportunity for Christian service. Between 1885 and 1887 he sent out no less than twenty- eight men as instructors. He was the pioneer in developing a method of physical training peculiarly adapted to the needs of the members of the Young Men's Christian Association. He championed the value of light calisthenics, and laid special emphasis upon the middle third of the body, or in other words 4 PHYSICAL WORK upon those exercises related to the development of organic vigor. In 1880, he had added classes for busi- ness men and for students, and had coined an ex- pression that became a classic, namely, that exercises should be " short, safe, easy, pleasing and beneficial" — a philosophy which later scientific research has proven to be physiologic and scientific. He emphasized the value of the bath as a hygienic measure and the place of interest in making physical work beneficial. His dumbbell drill has been used as a standard in the Young Men's Christian Associa- tions of the country. In the period now under dis- cussion great progress was made in fitting into the whole objective of the Association the place of phy- sical training as a part of the program of religious edu- cation. The report of the Philadelphia Association for 1885 states, "The relation between the gymnasium and the other parts of the Association has grown much more intimate: the false sentiment that godliness is inconsistent with bodily exercise is giving way, as men of muscle, and no less of mind and heart, are com- ing to the front in all the various activities of the Association." In 1886 Dr. Luther H. Gulick, after taking a course in physical training at Harvard, entered Association work, but left to study medicine, receiving his degree in 1889, when he reentered the Association service. He, together with Dr. George F. Poole, were the fore- runners of that group of men — which grew later in more generous proportion — who brought scientific and medical training to bear upon the physical work, and thus set standards of proficiency which had a marked influence upon physical education in the Young Men's Christian Association. HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK 5 In 1885 the International Training School was organized at Springfield and the physical department was added in 1887. This began with a two years* course and was increased to three years in 1895; the entrance standards were constantly raised until in 1905 preparation equal to a course in a high school was demanded. At Lake Geneva a summer institute course was organized in 1884, which was followed in 1890 by the organization of a regular training school located at Chicago. This school has also increased its curriculum to a three years' course. These two agencies began to train men efficiently, to develop the physical work as a science, and refused to receive other than Christian men as students. They became great factors in exalting and dignifying the physical department. Dr. Gulick became director of the physical work at the Springfield School in 1887 and his special studies in the philosophy of physical training and in the psy- chology and physiology of adolescence, as well as his able leadership, gave scientific status to physical edu- cation in Young Men's Christian Associations. The next period was the period of organization. This of course overlapped the period preceding, but is worthy of distinct emphasis. Dr. Gulick became in 1887 the first secretary of the International Committee on physical work, holding this office jointly with the directorship of the physical department of the Spring- field Training School. In 1889 he prepared an anthro- pometric chart and outlined blanks for physical meas- urements ; these in later years were improved upon by Dr. W. W. Hastings of the International Training School faculty. The first volunteer leaders' class was 6 PHYSICAL WORK organized in 1885 by J. Gardner Smith, M. D., of New York City. These classes have grown rapidly in number and enabled the Association to promote a type of organized work absolutely impossible without such volunteer cooperation. In the local Associations distinctive methods of organization were perfected, including gymnasium classes for various types and ages of men and boys. The membership in the phy- sical department grew by leaps and bounds. In 1900 it had reached 80,433 and in 1912 over 300,000. In 1912 over 1,000 physicians gave voluntary service as medical examiners. Meanwhile the distinctive features of religious work were being developed, and in 19 12 these had become so extensive that 210 gymnasium Bible classes and study clubs were reported, 128 of which were taught by physical directors and 36 by laymen from the department, with an enrollment of 27,000. The physical department which began with fear and trem- bling and with uncertainty as to its function , had become a very important factor in the program of making Christian men. The Athletic League, organized in 1896, was a large factor in standardizing athletics in the Association, and became a profound influence in the athletic life in North America. One of the most important influences in the Associa- tion movement has been the physical directors' con- ferences, which have met annually and usually in con- nection with the employed officers' conferences. In 1903 these conferences were formally organized into the Physical Directors' Society. This Society has had standing committees on anthropometry, nomen- HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK 7 clature, athletics, religious work and games of various kinds, the reports of which have been adopted as standard. A monthly magazine, Physical Training, was 'published beginning in 1901 and still continues. Thus by conferences and through standard literature, distinctive forms of Association physical work have been developed. The physical directorship has be- come a profession, and physical training in the Young Men's Christian Association a life calling. The office of the physical director has become a recognized Christian vocation, affording unusual and exceptional opportunities for Christian service. The next period was the period of extension and expansion. This began to gain momentum about 1895. This period was characterized by two things: First, an enlarged conception of the relation of the physical department to the needs of the community, and the emphasis upon community service, and, sec- ond, the great development in equipment in new and enlarged buildings which has been especially active in the ten years 1903 to 191 3. The field of the Association is now generally recog- nized as the whole community. The Association feels a responsibility for meeting the unmet needs of every boy and young man in the community. It works upon the principle of seeing to it that these needs are met rather than itself meeting them, that is to say, the Association seeks to energize the logical agency which should meet the needs, and often creates such agencies where they do not exist. Because the Association was early in the field in reference to phy- sical training, because it has trained leaders, it has had a wonderful opportunity to pioneer and pro- 8 PHYSICAL WORK mote community organizations for health betterment. Many have promoted playgrounds, conducting such until the municipality was ready to take them in charge. Many have introduced and fostered physical education in public schools, and many men who were originally employed by the Young Men's Christian Association are now directors of physical education in colleges and schools. Over 300 such physical directors have been trained and furnished by the Young Men's Christian Association. The Associa- tion furnishes annually 1,200 volunteer leaders to churches and social agencies for the direction of phy- sical work, making it possible for these institutions to carry on physical activities. Scores of Sunday School Athletic Leagues are being managed by Association physical directors. Many forms of public service are being promoted through the physical department. By means of an International Health League com- posed of four thousand members, a work of health edu- cation is carried on, and Associations are promoting " health days" and clean-up campaigns. Whole villages in industrial centers are being directed with reference to the health of the people. Thousands of talks, lectures and health campaigns in sex education, involving instruction to teachers of the public schools, Sunday Schools, parents and adult leaders, are con- ducted and in some instances societies for the promo- tion of social hygiene have resulted. Great swimming campaigns are being promoted, and fully 50,000 boys and men were taught to swim in a single season. As a result of agitation for the teach- ing of swimming to every youth, schools are making it compulsory in their curriculums; municipalities HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK 9 have provided teachers on beaches and in public bath houses and a National Life Saving Organization is being formed in the United States under the American Red Cross. The extent of this swimming work is as great and as varied as are the needs, and is limited only by the limitations of the physical directors and committeemen. The new and enlarged equipment has also brought with it greater and more elaborate facilities for service within the Association building. Membership runs up in the thousands. The program of work is more extended and more complex. The problem now before the Young Men's Christian Association is to make these buildings yield their maximum results in finan- cial, physical and spiritual values. Today is the period of intensive development, the period of scientific management. Objectives are being restated, methods revised, false movements eliminated, service made more intelligent and effective, and programs more thorough. Naturally this development has made severe de- mands upon the physical director. Not only must he be an able performer in the gymnasium, not only must he be schooled in technical physical education, but because of his public relationships he must qualify in some respects as a public hygienist, as a social worker, and particularly as an executive and promoter. He must know how to lead and train men and inspire them to service, and with it all he must be faithful to, and be possessed by, the spiritual objective of the Association, and constantly seek to lead, and succeed in leading men and boys into the Kingdom of God. The physical department moreover must not be a 10 PHYSICAL WORK segregated department. It must fit into and be a part of the whole Association work. To this end the physical work has become more and more pervasive in the work of the local Association. The physical director must recognize himself as the director not of a department alone, but of the health of the whole membership. The message of health and right living must be injected into the whole program of the Asso- ciation. Some day it may become the practice of the Association to give every member a medical examina- tion upon joining, no matter what he joins for, for health is essential to progress in any activity, and physical defects, if undiscovered, may be causes not only of physical and mental inefficiency, but of moral lapses and needless temptation. Physical -training in the Young Men's Christian Association offers larger and more comprehensive opportunity in its objective and scope than in any other branch of physical education. Physical train- ing in schools and colleges and in playgrounds, while important and while offering large opportunity for service, is nevertheless only a specialized form of physical education and is limited to certain classes of men and boys and to certain specific functions. They differ also in this respect, that they do not have the distinctive religious emphasis which is fundamental in the Association physical training. The largest office in physical training is therefore the physical director- ship of the Young Men's Christian Association. Another striking and important consideration is that each local Association while distinct in its inde- pendence, is also a part of a great brotherhood both at home and abroad. Local Associations are related HISTORY OF PHYSICAL WORK II in state, national and international bonds of fellow- ship. The strength of each becomes the strength of all. The experience of any one is quickly placed at the disposal of all. Through its foreign work, now rapidly becoming a world power, each Associa- tion shares in the promotion of the work to the ends of the earth. The physical director, though a specialist, is first a Christian man, a worker in the Kingdom of God; second, he is an Association man, fired by the supreme and complete objective of the movement, interested in every phase of its development and of its program ; and, third, he is a specialist with responsibility for carrying out the work of his special department in the light of its relation to the whole program of making Christian men. II THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR In the light of the foregoing what shall be the training of the physical director? The demand is for men of broad general preparation with a thorough technical education. Men are needed who know and can sympathize with the deepest desires in the lives of young men. A commission which made a very thorough study of the physical directorship, concluded that the qualities demanded in the physical director were the following in the order of their presentation: (i) Christian character and religious leadership; (2) executive ability; (3) cultural and technical training; (4) attractive personality; (5) athletic and gymnastic ability; (6) business ability. There was a time when this order was just the reverse. Men who simply see the physical side of the work, or who think of it as simply a job, must be discouraged from entering the work. Most men of this type are doomed to failure early in their career. This service demands a devotion deeper than the mere joy of physical exercise. The optimist with leadership ability who is an earnest Christian, will find in the Christian physical directorship the best opportunity for guiding adolescents during their formative years. The men who are nearest to the physical activities and play life of the youth are thereby in a better position to lead them spiritually. THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 13 With thorough technical preparation he will also find in the profession a rich field for scientific investi- gation in the problems of physical and moral efficiency. What are the qualifications demanded? First, as to physical characteristics. A healthy, alert, vigorous body, abounding in life, with some native ability in gymnastics and athletics. Dyspeptic, pessimistic in- dividuals have no place. Born optimists are needed. Second, as to social characteristics. The social instincts should be well developed. Social rather than individualistic qualities are demanded, and a deep spirit of friendliness and interest in men. Third, as to intellectual characteristics. Interest in knowl- edge should in general be related to men rather than things; knowledge not simply for the sake of knowl- edge, but for the sake of men. Men are needed who have the capacity for study and love of it. Fourth, as to religious characteristics. The men needed are those who see the possibility of God's kingdom coming here and now. Honest men are needed who have confidence in God's handiwork, men whose training has. made them broad enough to confess their ignorance when they don't know, charitable enough to give the other man an oppor- tunity to differ with them, deep enough in their own spiritual life that men shall recognize in them real Christians. The need is for men of emotional power, coupled with common sense, whose ambition is to be servants of God used in bringing the world to Him- self; men who are reverent students of God's laws as written on tables of flesh as well as on tables of stone. Fifth, as to educational equipment. This should 14 PHYSICAL WORK include such general subjects in science as physics, anatomy, physiology, psychology, chemistry, mathe- matics and biology. In language a knowledge of English, German and French is the best general preparation. The physical director's English train- ing should fit him for public speaking and the writing of papers and articles. A knowledge of French and German will give him access to the best scientific literature in gymnastics, physiology and hygiene. His history study should not be a matter of dates and figures, but should make the great men and their achievements a living reality to him. Sixth, as to technical education, a thorough tech- nical education is as essential as a good general education. Formerly the doctor, lawyer and preacher were trained by the apprenticeship method. A young doctor, for example, accompanied an experi- enced physician, picking up what information he could as he went along. It is essential now that the medical school have a library, laboratories and hospitals. These educational features must be di~ rected by a corps of specialists in the various branches of medicine. The length of the course has been in- creased during the last fifteen years from two to four years. A similar increase in the technical training of physi- cal education teachers is now demanded. Many experiments w^ere tried before it was seen that a technical education was absolutely essential. First, professional athletes, pugilists, wrestlers and runners were selected, until the necessity for a general education was seen. Ex-college athletes were then selected. This was an improvement, but still unsat- THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 15 isfactory. The next step was the placing of medical graduates, where possible, in charge of the physical training. It was soon seen that the physician's education fitted him primarily for dealing with the sick, while his work in physical education would chiefly be with the well. He lacked training in general pedagogy, and in those special branches of pedagogy related to physical training. In studies like anatomy and physiology, in which it was thought his medical training would directly apply, it was found that he had studied surgical anatomy rather than animal mechanics, and the physiology of drugs rather than the physiology of exercise. It was found that while these studies might give excellent general training, they were in no sense a technical preparation for this branch of teaching. The experience of the last fifteen years would place the courses of preparation for physical education in the following order: First, a good general education; second, a technical course, such as is given in the best normal schools of physical education; third, a medical course with as much emphasis on the problems of physical diagnosis, personal and public health, school hygiene and orthopedic surgery, etc., as the flexibility of the medical curriculum will allow, but skill as a physician has become subordinate to a man's ability as a teacher, organizer and promoter. At present the best normal schools of physical education give better courses in personal public and school hygiene than do the medical schools. The medical schools give the best courses in physical diagnosis, and as a rule in orthopedic work, though the exercises themselves are usually given by non- 1 6 PHYSICAL WORK medical specialists in physical education. The trend during the last ten years has been toward a greater emphasis on the combination of the cultural and technical rather than on medical training. The largest positions are open to men without medical training. Our own training schools in the Young Men's Christian Association furnish the most complete courses provided in North America. These include courses in anatomy, physiology, hygiene — personal, school, public — diagnosis, prescription of exercise, anthropometry, pedagogy and administration. These are described in the printed catalogues and need not be discussed here in detail. The courses at Springfield and Chicago give in addition a thorough training in religious education and in religious peda- gogy- The Continuous Mental and Spiritual Devel- opment of the Physical Director This statement has to do with the mental and spiritual culture of the physical director after he has entered the work. It may not be amiss in addition to preface the statement with a few words also in reference to the care of his own health, for there are some physical directors whose physical condition gives the lie to the profession they represent. The physical director must in his own life represent the things he stands for in the community. The desire to grow in efficiency must necessarily be in the heart of every man who has within himself to any degree, the elements of success. There is THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 1 7 no short cut to growth and development, neither can these be attained without an objective and some kind of a program of procedure. Three things are necessary for growth: i. The realization that continuous growth IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY FOR CONTINUOUS EFFI- CIENCY. The physical* director who does not grow must step down and give some one else, who will grow, a chance to do things; otherwise he becomes an obstacle to progress. 2. There must be a large vision of his pro- fession. This alone will give courage and inspira- tion. It is vision which makes possible a constructive program in the life of any individual. " Where there is no vision, the people perish." 3. The adoption of a schedule or system of training. Such a program should contain the following items: Reading. This may be grouped as follows : a. General; such as fiction, poetry and history. Good fiction portrays the various phases of life of the times in which it was written, introduces bits of history, illustrates effective methods of expres- sion, and the best use of language in general. Poetry appeals to the aesthetic sense and develops the power of imagination. History recalls the past, points out its lessons and in a measure forecasts the future because it indicates what may reasonably be expected under similar conditions. b. Technical. This should at least include general biology, organic evolution, sociology, anatomy, physi- ology* psychology, physiology of exercise, hygiene and sanitation and philosophy of physical education. 1 8 PHYSICAL WORK It is highly desirable that the physical director secure for his own library the best books on these various technical subjects. Information concerning the best literature on many topics can readily be secured from authorities, such as teachers, physicians and librarians. While books on fiction, poetry and history are very helpful for general culture, those books which have to do with the problems of physical education and of the conservation of health are absolutely essential for the physical director's specific develop- ment for these deal directly with his work. A man in any of the older professions, who wishes to keep posted, must study constantly. This is even more true of the younger profession of physical education which is still in its plastic and changing state. Every physical director should be encouraged by his Asso- ciation to pursue a definite line of reading. In the appendix a suggestive graded course in reading is presented. Attendance upon conferences and conventions. There is nothing that helps to broaden one's view point so much as contact with other men and their views. Simply studying the problems in one's own small field carries with it the danger of narrowness and provincialism. Like solitary confinement, it leads to monotony, which kills ambition. A man not only gets new ideas at conferences, but more than that he catches the spirit of the times and gets an apprecia- tion of the bigness of the movement of which he is a part and is therefore inspired to do better and bigger things. Every Association should encourage the physical THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 1 9 director to go to at least one conference a year. Some Associations not only do this, but also pay the conference expenses of their physical director and make regular provision for it in the budget of the department. Money spent in this way will bring large returns to the Association through the increased efficiency of the physical director as a result of his contact with men and new viewpoints. Attendance upon summer schools. It would seem almost unnecessary to mention the place of summer schools in the life of a growing Association man. However, it might be well to recall the fact that the summer schools bring together students from all parts of the country and expert instructors who bring to the students the best as well as the newest thought on any given subject. One of the most valuable features of a summer school is the contact with men who have come from other sections of the country. Here friendships are formed and ideas exchanged which are almost as valuable as the knowl- edge gained in the class room. Every physical director should plan to attend a summer school at least two weeks every third year. This advice is not merely for the younger and newer men in the work. An older and experienced physical director who had become so occupied with his local work that he failed to attend a summer school for four years until 1910, said "I did not realize how rapidly the Association work was progressing until I reached the summer school this year and never again will I stay away so long. " For advanced and experienced men special seminar courses and advanced subjects are prepared. 20 PHYSICAL WORK It is gratifying to note that some Associations are planning to have their physical director attend a summer school once in three years. Furthermore some Associations are planning to adopt the policy of paying part or all of the physical director's expenses at such a summer school. This is very desirable. The time spent at such a school should not be taken out of the physical director's vacation, but the time thus spent should rather be regarded just as other educational institutions regard the sab- batical year during which the instructors are given leave of absence with pay, for study. A study of physical education as a movement. There is nothing so conducive to growth as a thorough study of the profession in which one is engaged. The physical director would find it broadening and stimulating if he undertook a study of the physical work as conducted under the auspices of various organizations, such as settlements, churches, play- grounds, athletic clubs, turners, schools and colleges and to note where the emphasis is being placed and the results produced. He should discern the trend of physical education in these agencies, noting how and why they are departing from earlier methods and adopting new ones. Physical training is a phase of education. The basic fact which gives physical education the right of recognition at all as a science, is that the mind and the body react upon each other. Medical men, psychologists and scientists in general are giving the major portion of their research to a study of these reactions. Physical education is more and more relating itself THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 21 to the problems of efficiency, both mental and moral. Physical directors are more and more concerning themselves with conditions and habits of life which make for or against efficiency, and are therefore rap- idly emerging from the class of mere athletic coaches. The physical directors are no longer merely con- cerned with gymnastic and athletic activities, but are interested in the study of such subjects as dietetics, fatigue, the relation between fatigue and morality, health and efficiency, as well as the phys- ical basis of industrial, social and educational prob- lems. In no profession is there greater progress being made or a more rapid shift of emphasis occurring than in physical education. For example, witness the shift of emphasis in physical examinations from bone and muscle measurements to the examination of eyes, ears, nose, throat, teeth and vital organs; from the emphasis upon the development of muscles to the development of organic vigor ; from the teach- ing of athletic and gymnastic stunts to the teaching of right-living habits. Physical education stands for prevention rather than cure; for formation rather than reformation; for conservation rather than resto- ration. Because of these changing emphases the physical director must be a student of his time. Practise in public speech. Most physical directors have opportunity upon occasion in schools and churches, and at conferences and conventions to present addresses and papers upon topics of health, recreation and exercise. Such opportunities should not be neglected as they are valuable in his own education. They exalt his standing in the community 22 PHYSICAL WORK and in his profession, develop his power to think and marshal facts in orderly and effective fashion, and facilitate his efficiency in public speech and address. The writing of articles for newspapers and magazines is also very helpful, and should not be neglected either from the standpoint of the good such articles will do, or the development which will come to the physical director through this kind of work. Committee work. Another very helpful means for development is committee service in connection with local societies, as the Society of Physical Education, Parents and Teachers Association, Anti-Tuberculosis Society, Playground Association, and the like, and also in connection with such national societies as the Physical Directors' Society of North America, and the American Physical Education Society. Committees represent the harness of any organi- zation and all work is done by committees. Commit- tee work develops the spirit of cooperation, the power to bring things to pass, and offers opportunities for rendering service. It is taken for granted here that every physical director will relate himself very intimately, especially as a member, to local state and national movements which deal with the problems of hygiene, sanitation, and physical education. Research work. There is nothing that will stimu- late the mind and induce intellectual growth so much as the undertaking of a bit of research work, no matter how insignificant it may appear. Impor- tant and interesting research work can be conducted with very little or no laboratory apparatus. It is well for a physical director to study some one phase THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 23 of his work well, be it technical, social or executive. Every physical director, of course, should study his own field thoroughly for an intimate knowledge of his field will enable him to adequately meet the needs of his community. A study of the Association movement as a whole. Every physical director should be familiar with the history, traditions and policy of the Association movement. He should know something of the army, navy, student, industrial, county, as well as the city work, of the Association. Furthermore, he should acquaint himself with the work and organization of the International and State Committees and the relation of these agencies to each other and to the city and other forms of Association work. The Relationships of the Physical Director The whole work of the Association is controlled by a board of directors of which the general secretary is the executive officer. From this board different committees are appointed to have direct oversight over the various departments of the work. One of these is the physical department committee and it employs as its executive officer the physical director. All details of the physical department are under this committee's control. They look to the physical director to prepare plans to meet the needs of the membership, to conduct the business affairs of the department, and to keep them in touch with its activities. They rely on his knowledge of the theory and practice of physical department methods 24 PHYSICAL WORK to recommend and carry out a practical and scientific system of physical training, and on his ability as an organizer of the forces resident in the membership to promote the physical welfare of young men. Through this committee, therefore, the physical director is brought into direct relationship with the board of directors. What is the relationship of the physical director to the general secretary? This depends for its answer on the acceptance of three propositions: First, the general secretary is the executive officer of the board of directors and is an ex officio member of all its committees. He is the one whom the directors hold responsible for the success of the work as a whole. He is to the Association what the working president is to a college or large corporation. Results are the criterion of his success, and failure to achieve them is not put down so much to the failure of the depart- ment heads as to improper management on his part. Second, the general secretary is also the correlator of the work ; the one who must keep the departments in their right relationship to one another. He is the adjuster of the various activities of the Association, the bond which binds all departments into one har- monious whole. Third, the physical director is an expert, employed to take charge of a department. He is, therefore, to the secretary what the superin- tendent or consulting engineer is to a president. His work is the work of an expert, and he must be looked upon as such. Admitting this, the relationship of the two officers is plain. All policies of the physical department which bear on the work as a whole are properly subject THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 25 to the advice and approval of the general secretary, while all technical matters in organization and opera- tion of the department are under the control of the physical director working as the executive officer of the physical department committee. The relationship which the physical director bears to the other departments is one of sympathetic cooperation. His advice to the educational director is valuable in planning classes in hygiene, first aid to the injured and other topics which bear on the physical welfare* of young men. In conjunction with the religious work director he should plan for the extension of the religious work throughout the department, and he should not only be in sympathy with, but should take an active part in, the conduct of this important work of the Association. In the social features of the Association he should always be ready to cooperate in any way in which he, as a department head, may be able. To the boys' department he should bear the same relationship as he does to the general work, and the physical welfare of the boys should be under his control. His relation to the finances of the Association differs in various Associations. Some Associations hold the physical director with his committee respon- sible for raising the entire amount of the physical department budget. This may in some instances prove a serious hindrance to his usefulness to the membership, as his efforts may be looked upon as having a mercenary basis, and, further, the worry and thought given to the raising of finances may interfere with his best efforts in the regular work of the department. 26 PHYSICAL WORK This entire responsibility for the budget does not prevail in many places. A growing number of As- sociations now plan the raising of the entire Asso- ciation budget in a very limited period of time and the physical director and his committee usually co- operate in the canvass. The physical director should always be ready, no matter what the plan, to suggest ways and means toward helping to bear the financial burden, and to suggest names of those who would be likely material for financial cultivation and help to cultivate the same. The attitude of the physical director to the work at large should be one of cordial support. The welfare of all the members should be his chief consideration and all department partisanship should be set aside for the good of the whole. In his own department the physical director, under the Physical Department Committee, is the organizer and director of all its activities. The various branches of the work are usually organized either in the form of clubs or under the supervision of committees. Whichever form of organization may be decided upon, the physical director should be in direct control and and an ex officio member of every committee in the department, and be present at all of their meetings. His relationship to these committees should be advisory and never dictatorial, and in the formation of them he should select such men as are in sympathy with the general policy of the Association, so that the welfare of the membership as a whole will control in all matters of sectional interest. The interest of the entire membership should always be kept in mind. The action of all clubs and committees should be THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 27 subject to the approval of the physical department committee and by this means the physical director can maintain an efficient check on all their activities. His relationship with those associated with him in the work, such as assistants, should be one of helpfulness and support. As far as possible, they should be given direct responsibility for various features of the work and should be encouraged to develop the qualities of leadership. His relationship to the members of the Association should be one of recognized friendship, and he should hold the position of adviser on all matters pertaining to their physical welfare. His time, as far as possible, should be at their disposal, and every member should be made to feel that he will always be given a sympathetic hearing on any matter of importance. His relationship to the physical welfare movement outside of the Association membership depends largely upon the community in which he is placed. He should bear a sympathetic and cooperative relation with all organized movements which have for their object the physical welfare of young men. If he is situated in a field where no such organizations exist he should consider it his duty to lead in their organization. These welfare movements can usually be better han- dled by independent organizations with which the Association works in hearty cooperation. His relations to church, settlement, playground and school athletic organizations should be advisory, and he should rely upon the membership of the Association largely for the executive force in organiz- ing and carrying out the work in these institutions. His relationship to the community at large should 28 PHYSICAL WORK be that of a specialist on all matters pertaining to their physical welfare. The physical director should always keep in mind that his first duty is to the Association, and should never allow outside calls on his time to interfere with the efficient adminis- tration of his department. Beginning in a New Field Wherever it is possible, it is w^ise for a physical director to be on the ground, one or two months before the season's work opens. During this period he should become acquainted with his fellow workers on the staff, the members of the Physical Department Committee and of the leaders' corps and other com- mitteemen, and as many of the general membership as possible. It is essential to know the past work of the department and where practicable to build upon it. As far as possible in this limited time, information should be secured of the physical work in the educa- tional institutions, churches, settlements and clubs in the community and the relationship that exists between them and the Association. Upon the foregoing facts the policy and plans for the department can be outlined. The physical director should avoid criticism of the work of his predecessor, introduce changes in methods only after being convinced that they are improvements, boast little, and make few extravagant promises. Too much should not be attempted at first. A few things done well is a good plan to start with, then broaden and enlarge the scope of the work. If there is no leaders' corps, it is well not to formally organize a THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 29 corps until the men are well enough known to avoid mistakes in selection. It should be remembered that the physical director is one of the partners in the Association firm, and as such should fit his work into the general work of the Association, with special reference to the policy of the local Association with which he is identified. Resignation and Application for a Change Frequent changes are detrimental to both the physical director and the Association. When after the most careful consideration the director is convinced that he should resign, it should be done in a straight- forward, manly way, and only after a frank personal conference with the general secretary or president of the Association and the department committee. Sufficient notice should be given to enable the Asso- ciation to meet the situation. It is decidedly advan- tageous in most instances to remain in a position not less than three to five years. The following are some conditions which may warrant a change: Difference of opinion in matters of policy, ill health, inability to fill the office, a call to a place of larger service, a completed work. It is customary for purpose of record to present a resignation in brief written form. Public discussion of the reasons for leaving should be avoided. All the affairs of the department should be left in such order that the succeeding officer can take up the work expeditiously. When a change is decided upon and another field has not been accepted, the method of procedure is to notify the State office and the physi- 30 PHYSICAL WORK cal and secretarial departments of the International Committee. Before a new field is accepted the conditions which prevail should be ascertained as accurately as possible, so as to avoid later disappointment and misunder- standing. There should be a clear understanding as to the character and extent of the responsibilities of the position to be filled, so as to insure efficient team work in Christian service. Advance under- standing may well be had in reference to attendance upon conferences, conventions, summer schools, vacation period and the like. Code of Business and Professional Ethics for the Physical Directors of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America (Adopted by the Physical Directors' Society, Columbus, Ohio, June 5, 191 1.) Inasmuch as this Society may be regarded as representing the physical directors in the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America, it is entirely fitting that the organization should endeavor by all reasonable means not only to encourage and promote practical and technical efficiency, but also to emphasize the importance of scholarship, to elevate the moral tone, and to stimulate consecration to service on the part of its members. In this connection a more or less definitely formu- lated statement of principles and practices accepted by the Society will have a valuable educational in- fluence not only upon those already members of the THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 3 1 profession, but especially upon those younger men just entering the profession and not familiar with the standards which actuate the life and conduct of the director in his professional capacity. The follow- ing statements are therefore submitted as guides in this connection: i. Personal character and motive. The physi- cal director should be a man of upright and Christian character, whose purpose is to use his personal influence and that of his office for the service of humanity and the upbuilding of God's Kingdom. 2. Relationships, a. To the Association employ- ing him. Every director should have as a joint memorandum and for mutual understanding, a definite agreement with the committee supervising the work of the physical department, specifying not only salary, vacations, and other general matters, but also outlining specifically his duties, hours of service, assistance provided, ordering of supplies, responsibility to whom, and such other details as may be peculiar to any particular field. He should then in a spirit of Christian service and in hearty cooperation with other employed officers do more than is called for in the letter of the agreement. Any work done or time spent by the director apart from his regular duties as agreed upon, and for which he receives money or any value consideration, should be done with the knowledge and consent of the Asso- ciation employing him. It is not regarded as wise for directors to act as agents for or receive commissions from the sale or recommendations of gymnasium supplies, athletic and sporting goods, etc., and directors are cautioned 32 PHYSICAL WORK as to their procedure in the matter of accepting samples of goods used in connection with their work, of giving testimonials concerning same, etc., since injudicious procedure in these particulars may result in undesirable complications. b. To fellow directors and the profession. Every director entering the profession thereby incurs an obligation to uphold its dignity and honor, to promote its scholarship and efficiency, to elevate the moral tone, to cooperate heartily in the collection and compilation of useful material in the formulation, adoption and propaganda of principles and regulations for the benefit of the profession. Recognized busi- ness procedure and courteous consideration of requests should be strictly observed as matters of honor, e.g., in prompt attendance to correspondence, payment of dues or other personal obligations. Organized conferences, institutes, conventions, etc., should receive his active support and be made in- strumental for the cultivation of fellowship, the ex- change of experience, the advancement of scientific and practical knowledge and maintenance of ethical standards. The spirit of the relationship between directors or Associations in competition as defined in the platform of the Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America and contained in its handbook is hereby endorsed. c. To those seeking his professional or personal advice. Confidential information secured in the examining room or from those seeking advice should be guarded with the most scrupulous fidelity and honor, and the obligation to secrecy should extend THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR 33 to even the privacy of individual or domestic life, provided, however, that this does not preclude the taking of proper measures for the protection of in- dividuals or institutions. d. To the medical profession. The director's rela- tion to practicing physicians should be that of hearty cooperation in all matters where the two professions have common interest; for example, public health, instruction in personal hygiene and sanitation, etc. The director who is not a graduate in medicine, or who is not practicing medicine, upon finding a member in need of medical advise should first advise the applicant to consult his own family physician. In case the member has no family physician the director should advise him to consult a responsible practitioner. It is suggested that each director have a list of these men who are most efficient, and preferably Christian physicians, to whom he will send members for professional consultation. This list may with profit include general practitioners and specialists, such as surgeons, nerve specialists, specialists on eye, ear, nose and foot and whatever others his experience may indicate. e. To the public. The director should exemplify in his relations to the public the essentials of Christian character in the keeping of appointments, in his general deportment, in the promptness with which he meets business obligations, and in the interest which he takes in matters relating to general public welfare. f. To the church. Each director should unite him- self with and participate actively in the work of the local church of his choice. Ill PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT Point of Control An important feature of equipment in the physical work is the point of control at the department entrance. A door or gate controlled from the office by an electric lock and button is not satisfactory, unless the gate and office are very close together. A desk near the gate or a small office, with counter or large window, where members deposit their tickets, check their val- uables and possibly secure their gymnasium clothing is quite essential. Dressing Rooms Comfortably heated and well lighted and ventilated dressing rooms are now being provided on the first, second or higher floors. Two distinct plans are now in use — the Standard and the Sanitary box plans. The Standard is the name given to the plan of sup- plying a standard locker to every member — larger lockers are available at an additional price. Separate locker rooms are generally provided for boys, young men and business men. An extra locker room is often provided for visitors and visiting teams. All lockers should be made of steel and provided w T ith a secure locking device. Combination locks are in most general use, but key locks are preferred by some Associations. PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT 35 Lockers should not be built more than two tiers high, the top tier having a sloping roof. If the lockers are raised from four to six inches from the floor, it will permit greater cleanliness and more convenience in use. The desirable size for boys is 12 x 12 x 36 inches; for young men 12 x 15 x 36 inches; and for business men 12 x 15 x 72 inches. Wooden benches are provided from 8 to 10 inches wide and 15 to 18 inches high, firmly fastened to the floor at least 20 inches from the locker, and running the full length of the locker row, unless very long, when open- ings or breaks should be made for convenience. These benches should be thoroughly oiled with linseed oil before being used. Paints or stains are very unsatisfactory. In the special or business men's locker rooms stools are some times substituted for benches. Locker aisles vary from 4I to 6 feet in width. The lockers should be arranged in rows in relation to the window so that full advantage of the sunlight will be secured. A centrally located " conning tower' ' is a desirable feature to prevent petty thieving. Maple flooring is preferable to any other. This should be thoroughly oiled when new. If the floor is of cement it should be painted and provided with strips of carpet. It is very essential that an economical and efficient system of ventilation be installed, one that will keep the room free from draughts and the odor of perspira- tion and musty clothing. Forced ventilation is necessary. Fresh air (warmed) should enter the ceiling and be drawn out underneath the lockers. 36 PHYSICAL WORK Tungsten electric lights give best satisfaction. The lamps need protection. Smooth hard cement walls and ceilings painted a pleasing color have been found most durable. A ceil- ing height from ten to fifteen feet is desirable. The Sanitary box plan is as follows : The amount of space set aside in the building for the locker room is from one half to three fourths smaller than for the Standard plan. A sufficient number of full length lockers are installed to accommodate the largest number of members who will be likely to use this privilege at any one time. Generous space is allowed for aisles and dressing purposes. Key locks are placed on the lockers. No clothing is kept in any of these lockers except while a member is actually par- ticipating in the privileges of the department. A small fiber or metal box is provided every member to hold his gymnasium clothing. This box is stored in a room near the department entrance, where the member receives it as he enters, and leaves it as he retires. The advantages claimed from the standpoint of equipment are: i. A much smaller space is required for the locker room. 2. A decided saving in the cost of locker equipment. Several adaptations and so-called improvements are now in use. The most satisfactory of these im- proved plans is as follows: Rows of box lockers and dressing lockers alternate throughout the locker room. The row of box lockers consist of small lockers 12x12x15, five or six tiers high. Each locker contains a metal or fiber box which holds the PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT 37 member's gymnasium clothing. A combination pad- lock is essential. The dressing locker row consists of full length lockers 12 or 15 inches by 5 or 6 feet. A member enters the locker room, approaches and opens his locker box, removes the box and changes his clothing, placing the empty box and his street clothing in the large dressing locker. He then trans- fers his padlock from the box locker to the dressing locker and locks it. After using the privileges the process is reversed. A small signal falls when a box locker has been opened, so that the attendant can tell at a glance which boxes need attention. By means of a special device which the attendant controls, the contents of any box are easily removed and laundered as necessary. It would be well to make a careful investigation before making any decision in this important matter. In the larger Association buildings at least two gymnasiums are included. A large one and a small one, preferably so arranged that they can be thrown together for special occasions. In addition an exer- cising room adjoins one or both of the gymnasiums. Abundant sunlight and fresh air are essential in this department, therefore adequate skylights and windows should be provided. The details of sky- lights should receive careful consideration as some styles are open to serious objection. A workable and economical plan of forced ventila- tion is very desirable. The most satisfactory method of artificial lighting is to use individual and cluster tungsten electric lamps, having them so arranged that every part of the room is fully lighted and also overcome the possi- bilities of strong shadows, 38 PHYSICAL WORK Exercising Features The Gymnasium — The day of basement or cellar gymnasiums is past. Larger gymnasiums than ever are being planned by Associations today, but the present maximum dimension is about 60 x 100 for a single room, with a ceiling height from 20 to 30 feet. The marked tendency is to increase the number of rooms for exercising purposes and to so arrange them that several can be used as one when occasion demands. Plaster walls or ceilings are tabooed. Walls of pressed red brick (usually painted) are recommended (buff or glazed are sometimes used). Nothing has yet been found to surpass rock maple for the gymnasium floor. Properly treated when new, this will give entire satisfaction for an indefinite time. Before the floor has been soiled by workmen or members, clean it thoroughly without water, saturate it with raw linseed oil; permit this to soak in for several days, then apply another very light coat of oil and rub off thoroughly with cotton waste. Every particle of excess oil must be removed with benzine or the floor will become mussy. In laying a new floor care should be taken to see that all board ends rest on joists, unless there is double flooring. All windows and lamps need strong wire guards for protection. Radiators and steam pipes ought to be so placed and protected that members cannot possibly be burned by coming in contact with them. A suggested list of apparatus for a large gymnasium is as follows: PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT 39 1. Heavy Apparatus — Parallel Bars Horse Springboards Horizontal Bar Buck Flying Rings Low Horizontal or Vaulting Bar Climbing Ropes Traveling Rings Suspended Parallels Ladder All to be furnished in sets of one, two or three, accord- ing to the dimensions of the gymnasium, and the size of the classes. 2. Wall Apparatus, including; Pulley Weights and Stall Bars, according to available wall space and probable demands. 3. Calisthenic Apparatus, placed in cabinets Dumbbells Bar Bells or Wands Indian Clubs 4. Athletic and Game Apparatus Basketball Volley Ball and Indoor Baseball outfits Jumping and Pole Vaulting standards Pole Vaulting Block Toe Block Indoor Shot Medicine Balls Sufficient gymnasium mats to supply every piece of apparatus likely to be used at one time. A stand- ard mat is 5 x 10 feet. It greatly facilitates the 40 PHYSICAL WORK handling and care of mats if they are all divisions or multiples of the above size. The small gymnasium is generally equipped with a limited amount of the foregoing. The auxiliary gymnasium or exercising room con- tains the special apparatus, such as punching bag, drum, rowing machine, special pulley weights with attachments. This list varies greatly according to the judgment of the director, but fancy pieces are undesirable. A pair of scales placed in the locker room is very pleasing and useful to the members. The boxing, wrestling and fencing rooms need abundance of ventilation and well distributed light. One room will often be sufficient for these activities. A mat 20 x 20 feet, and 4 inches thick is needed for wrestling. A strong soft surface covering for this mat is quite essential. ( IV ORGANIZATION OF THE PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT Physical Department Committee As has been stated, the affairs of the department are under the supervision of the physical department committee. The physical director has the same rela- tion to this committee as the secretary has to the board of directors. This committee should consist of at least three members, all of whom are members of the board of directors or committee of management, and such other individuals as the board may appoint. It should be a working committee and meet at least monthly at stated times and preceding the regular meetings of the board. At each meeting the physical director should present a brief and comprehensive report to the committee. When adopted it becomes part of the report of the committee itself and is pre- sented to the board as such. All matters affecting the policy of the department should be presented to the committee for its endorse- ment. The meetings of the committee should be carefully planned and made to mean something. They should be worth while. Busy men will not waste time on inconsequential matters. Minutes should be care- fully written and records presented in actual accord- ance with facts. In presenting new features, or in 42 PHYSICAL WORK bringing before the committee matters of importance which will require discussion, it is important that the physical director should carefully present the case in his report and submit a definite recommendation to the committee for discussion. The efficiency of the committee's work depends largely on the way in which the physical director cultivates the members of it and in the way in which he presents his plans. All bills should be endorsed by the chairman, and no expenditure entailed without the authority of the committee. There should be an annual budget itemized under general headings, such as salaries, repairs, etc. The committee then must live within the budget; the budget of course being adequate for progressive needs. There should be a written policy for the year con- taining an outline of the entire department activities, such as plans for the conduct of classes, leagues, com- petitive athletics, religious work, extension work. This should be presented to the committee and receive their endorsement before being adopted. Gymnasium Committee In addition to the physical department committee it is often wise to have a committee composed of representative members from every department of the physical work, including each class in the gym- nasium and each organized group, such as hand ball, basket ball, tennis, bowling. Usually the chairmen of these groups by virtue of their office compose this committee. This will give the physical director a GROUP SOCIALS- COMMITTEE SUPPERS ANNUAL PHYSICAL OEPT BANQUET - SPECIAL LEADERS SUPPERS - «SOCI AL5 LEADERS' STUNT NIGHT-SOCIAL VISITS NEW YEARS PROGRAM-5ENIOR CARNIVAL - BANQUETS { .SHOP LEAGUE -SS LEAGUE CITY BASKET BALL LEAGUE REGULAR GYMNASIUM CLASSES PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS H*D I ■< C/> PHYSICAL EFFICIENCY TL5TS GROUP CONTEST5 CLASS LEAGUES t INOOOR BASE. BALL ATHLETICS BASKET BALL AniJATlCS (LIFE SAVING CLASSES nm/ttilW | 5wlMn , Ne) CAMPAIGN |_ BOXING AND WRESTLING* CLUB ATHLETIC MEETS" EXH INITIO IN S - CI R CUS e«TCM TEACHERS' 6IBLE CLASS FOR PHYSICAL DEPT. LEADERS GROUP BIBLE CLASSES TAUGHT BY LEADERS LEADERS IM CHURCH BOYS' LEAGUE -SS. CLASSES PHYSICAL DEPT. SUNDAYS-RELIGIOUS MEETINGS MORAL AMD PERSONAL HYGIENE TALKS LEADER5{ T L A CONVENTION!) -FORE ION WORK AID LAKE GENEVA - PERSONAL WORK FIRST AID CLASS -HE.ALTH TALKS, ETC. - TECHNICAL PHYSICAL TRAINING FOR LEADER5 BASKET BALL & BAbE BALL TALKb THEORY O PRACTICE ATHLETICS PROr-lOTlOfN TEAM CHICAGO TRAIN ING!>CHOOl IT > o m TO o m 70 r X 8 8 1 44 PHYSICAL WORK close relationship with each department of the work, and enable him to receive suggestions and criticisms from the men who are in actual practice. The chairman of the physical department com- mittee might well be chairman of the gymnasium committee. It is a strong point of contact with the membership. While the function of the physical department com- mittee in its relation to the department is legislative and authoritative, that of the gymnasium committee is suggestive and advisory. Some associations modify the above plan, uniting these committees in one, but this would seem less desirable. The physical director needs one committee to which he can go with the most delicate problems and which is authoritative and another which is more representative of the membership. The responsibility for all the work as far as possible should be placed upon these committees and upon intelligent laymen. Strong men must be discovered and trained and given initiative. Leaders' Corps or Clubs The work of this organization is most important; first, from the standpoint of the quality of the work done; second, from the standpoint of the quantity of the work done; third, from the standpoint of the extension work made possible by the cooperation of a well trained corps; fourth, from the standpoint of the contribution of these corps of men to the physical directorship from which many physical directors are recruited. ORGANIZATION 45 For membership in these corps only high grade men of good character should be selected. They should have the usual officers. The administration should be democratic. Each new leader should be unanimously approved by the corps, which should be in the nature of an exclusive organization and mem- bership considered a mark of honor. Meetings should be held weekly, the time of meeting to be determined by local conditions. A good plan is to meet early in the evening for practice, then have tea and follow with a business meeting. This should be on a class night preferably, so as not to demand extra time. The meeting is of two parts, practical and theoreti- cal. It should provide for the study of gymnastic nomenclature, practice in gymnastics, class evolutions, instruction in the grading of exercises and in teach- ing, also actual practice in mobilizing and managing squads. Beginning in the November, 1910, number of Physical Training Mr. S. Wiley Winsor gives a splendid outline of practical studies for leaders. The form and peculiar knack of the exercise should be explained, as well as the possible difficulties usually met in teaching a gymnasium class. The position to be taken by the leader after he has set an exercise so that he can prevent accident should be taught. The ability to properly criticise the performance of an exercise and to point out the reason for failure is not easily acquired. Criticism should be made in a kindly and helpful manner. As the season advances new series are given the leaders, so that the class work is kept fresh and inter- 46 PHYSICAL WORK esting. Series of exercises should be taught the lead- ers in their logical order of progression from simple to complex and they should in turn be given to the men in the gymnasium. Books or cards should preferably not be brought onto the floor by leaders when they teach, but the exercises should be committed to mem- ory in advance. To sustain interest special instruction for the leaders is often desirable in such branches as fencing, boxing and gymnastic dancing. Leaders should be given, where practicable, definite lines of extension work to do and assume responsibility for work in clubs, churches and playgrounds. A good room for the ex- clusive use of the leaders, containing a good library, is highly desirable. For instruction in theory such topics as the history and philosophy of physical training, studies in physiol- ogy of exercise and the theory of play, are valuable. The business sessions should be conducted in the usual way. Social functions are often added to create a social spirit. The leaders should be given as much responsibility for actual direction of activities as they are qualified to take. The physical director should always bear in mind the fact that it is from the lead- ers' corps or clubs that many physical directors are recruited; therefore, the program of this organiza- tion should include as far as possible the whole program of the physical department, the physical director should bear a very close and personal relation to the men in it, and he should constantly present the opportunities of the physical director- ship as a life calling to them. In recruiting men for the club he should seek only such men as ORGANIZATION 47 have the potential qualifications for the physical directorship. Many leaders' clubs interchange visits with those of other Associations and plan visits also to other insti- tutions to study their work. One corps has a fund which is used to loan to its members who desire to attend the training schools. Where leaders direct extension work in the com- munity they should make regular reports to the corps and should be under the direction of the physical director. If they are paid for this service, such remuneration should be received through the Asso- ciation and the leaders should be considered in its employ. Leaders' clubs should have a distinctive uniform. Blue full length trousers, with white or yellow stripes seem to predominate, though there is no accepted uniform for all clubs. The uniform, whatever it is, should be modest yet distinctive. Emblems and service stripes are selected by many. Shoulder stripes indicating length of service, and other emblems marking the grade of the leader based upon tests of ability, are adopted by some. The plan of one Asso- ciation is suggestive; it provides for five degrees as follows : The emblem for the first year and degree is an equilateral triangle of crimson felt, worn with the apex down. This triangle is five inches on a side, each side three quarters of an inch wide. In addition to the triangle, a bar of white felt, one quarter of an inch wide, and six inches long, passes through the centre of the triangle, horizontally and back of the triangle. 48 PHYSICAL WORK The second degree has two bars, placed parallel, one quarter of an inch apart. The third degree has three bars placed parallel, one quarter of an inch apart. The fourth degree has four bars and the fifth degree, or honorary leaders' emblem, is the same as for the fourth degree, with the addition of a crimson felt circle, one half inch wide, the outer edge of which touches the apices of the triangle. These emblems are described in the accompanying diagrams. At the end of the season an examination is held on the work of the year. The record of attendance and the leaders' faithfulness to obligations imposed by the club count in the examination. Leaders securing an average of seventy-five per cent for the season are promoted to the next degree. In Canada a National Leaders' Corps has been organized which standardizes the uniform, emblem, grading and work of its members, including both boys and men. The national organization prescribes the work required and conducts an annual examination for leaders. In closing this statement it is only fair to state that there has been a reaction in reference to the use of service marks, most leaders prefering a simple uniform with little decoration. Other Clubs and Committees The physical department because of its varied activities lends itself to considerable intra-organiza- tion. Athletics, swimming, various games, such as bas- ket ball, baseball, and handball, have many devotees ORGANIZATION 49 FIRST DEGREE SECOND DEGREE HONOl DEGREE THIRD DEGREE FOURTH DEGREE 50 PHYSICAL WORK and such sports must be thoroughly organized. Each chairman should be a member of the gymnasium com- mittee as has been suggested in the description of that committee. The physical director should seek to place responsibility on the members and have them take the initiative, and yet he must guard against these committees becoming too independent and overriding their authority. The gymnasium commit- tee will seek to coordinate and balance the various interests. Athletic Club. In all group organizations the su- preme objective of the Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation should be presented, and a special objective stated in reference to the particular activity which is being promoted. Every member should know this objective for only thus can the fundamental purpose be attained. Some times it may seem wise to place the adminis- tration of athletics under the direction of an athletic council made up of representatives of each athletic group, or again an athletic club or association may be formed to regulate competitive sports and promote a social spirit. Properly organized, athletics may be made to con- tribute vitally to the social spirit of the Association. The conduct of all the sports should be made coopera- tive. Athletics provide an opportunity to put many to work, which always creates interest on the part of those so employed. Close contests, a reasonable number of victories, and gentlemanly conduct in com- petition inject esprit de corps and enthusiasm into the membership. The social side of athletics must ever be kept upper- ORGANIZATION 5 1 most. There is frequently a tendency to limit com- petition to a few, whereas it should offer opportunity for the many. While it may be wise to have a track team composed of athletes who by superior work have won distinction, participation in track athletics should not be limited to these. The athletic policy should make provision for events in which the novice and the mediocre athlete can find a place. Some Associations have a budget for the athletic work, and send athletic teams, which they elect, to various "meets" and pay all expenses, including entrance fees, uniforms and traveling expenses. Some have even gone so far as to give "star" athletes special privileges, such as a membership in the Associa- tion, and have thus made of them a select and favored class. Such a plan is expensive and to say the least unfair to the rest of the members and is attended by undesirable results. A form of organization is therefore necessary in the conduct of athletics which will provide for a coopera- tive policy, be composed of the members, be con- ducted by the members for the members, and by which clean sport principles will be enunciated and upheld and all athletic affairs dominated by a healthy, uplift- ing spirit. Physical Training Club. A good illustration of a form of organization that develops volunteer initative and responsibility is the following : The club has the usual officers and has sub-committees on membership, hygiene (personal and public), athletics (track and field), aquatics (swimming and diving), basket ball, baseball (indoor and outdoor), gymnastics wrest- ling and boxing, tennis, hand ball, extension work, 52 PHYSICAL WORK visitation of the sick and injured, religious work. All sub-committees present a written report at each regu- lar meeting, which is held monthly. A special letter- head is used for the correspondence of the physical department, containing the names of all the members of the committee. V. BUSINESS METHODS IN THE PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT There is so much of ethics in good business methods, and business methods are so necessary to successful ethics, that the time has passed when we could plead a justifiable gulf between the two. There must be efficient machinery, but the membership must not feel its vibration. There must be method, but it should be administered with a big sympathetic per- sonality. There must be just enough system to se- cure the greatest good to the greatest number, and there should be a tactful carrying out of such system. Results should be tabulated, but an array of figures is worth just as much as the man who made them. The age demands that everything that can be reduced to figures be accessible, and as far as figures are used to show the results they must be accurate. Unfor- tunately, only figures can be recorded of such items as enrollments, examinations, attendance, expense and income, but the greater work of life — motives stimulated, ambitions promoted, and the increase of physical efficiency — are impossible of tabulation. It is these latter, however, which inspire our work. Al- though figures are not the real thing, they are expres- sive, and for comparison and guidance are essential for reports to committees and boards. Books must be kept and the business of the department conducted in a businesslike way. 54 PHYSICAL WORK Business detail may differ in various fields though the principle is the same. The following are sug- gestive : Budget. How made and used : The word " budget" comprehends proposed expen- ditures and estimated receipts covering stated pe- riods, annual or semi-annual. A carelessly planned budget is unbusinesslike and often necessitates fre- quent revision. The department committee with the physical direc- tor prepare the items of the budget and recommend them for authorization by the board of directors. When finally adopted the department should keep within the authorized expenditure, unless special funds are provided for special purposes. The budget consists of two parts, expenditures and income. Under expense those items should be con- sidered which are known quantities or which can be closely estimated, such as salaries, wages of attend- ants, new equipment, repairs and maintenance, post- age and office supplies, printing and advertising, sup- plies for sale, including such items as soap, towels and laundry, the promotion of classes for wrestling, fenc- ing, athletics and aquatics; budgets for leaders* and other clubs, classes in first aid, Bible classes, and under miscellaneous such items as attendance upon con- ferences and summer schools. Under income should be entered such items as locker fees, supplies sold, such as soap, towels and laundry, special class fees, receipts from athletic and aquatic meets and games. Admission fees should apply on incidental expenses. While all physical directors make up a budget for BUSINESS METHODS 55 "-OOOOOOIOWOOOOO o WMflOOOOOCIMfliflOOO o PO H to 00 "^to tO JOtOtOOOOOOMOtoOt/' > M JJlONN't^fOHHHfON't^ to S£ JOOWOioOOiflOvjOifli/ > o -QlONW^NWW W M 1- PO ,u Tf nO h«» to • OMtoOOOOtONOtOOO 00 fiiflMN'tfOONHHH n cn o 03 *t M t^ >->to •O .lOOiOOiflOOuiOifllOOO M «> nO to ^OOMOOOOOlONOOOtr > o to nO tO •OOOiflOifliOOOOlfllOOV > 00 ^IflNN^NNCIHWHHHH Ol NO to + JOh>OOOifl"5lOiOO»OW}>' > t- CVOMM^WINW HNN l- t^ 0) ^t o - tO t^ to >,iOOiflOOOlfl OlOOVJO tO «— PO N CS ""^ CN M H lO M H <* 3 rj- no t-> PO C ION N TtN O H MH M 3 Tf M t^- H^tO tO >,OHV)OOiflW)OfOOOOO O. BJ ION N^N H M t-i H M M 1/ i t-» S-l • o :& •i M o bfl w o ft' 55 £ 3 2.S a OT :w •'O PEND Supe Mus Lock Jani Sten d Ad ) X ^^^i^-v fi a ■ +j • = m H 03,0 CJXJ CU c3 .e Sup phone ipmen airs. . rname 03 O ries ting i 5 ; .5 a »-. C \ m ) C as a r a> o£ o o o o to o o PO to o o rOM tO o to mo tO M to M to o 01 to to o to o o M H tO o to o o <0 o PO tO lO o tO M tO o M o to o o to to w lO M tO O M o M tO to to «OM o tOO tO P0 PO <** a H £S 03 ^2 5S o o o o o vO TfO O o o ^o rh ** H <** o lOtOlO to 00 PO N rf *% M o • o o o 00 • t^ t»% owoo to 00 NO 00 0< 6» o • o o O 00 • N o o ** « PO * <** o D O to to OO H PO »> o fe* M o • to o to 00 • ""^ to r» «»% M o io VOIO to 00 H C* N «^ M o • o o O 00 • N to to ** M • %* o too to o 00 POt^ a «x» M o to to to to 00 SO t^ p« ta 8 8.8 • 9 >< 03 03TD g WfQPQ d.2 BBS I o too c to O N O t/ ) l>. to O.0 NO ** CN NO »o to H cs to lO M IO t/ 5 NO to oo^c o ** H PO to O M o c w to J> c ^1- «* I- N to o • o c o t^ -00 ^ %% • H N * to o h too NO to oo t l> tO H M to to o» to o 0* PO i>r to «0 H N to o too o to CS «> 1/ ' Tf *► H %o O \f > t *+ H to toio to 1/ > o PO 00 1/ > 00 «* M i h CA h c 56 PHYSICAL WORK the year some prefer to estimate it for each month and on page 55 is such an estimate used by one Association. In making the budget all the probable receipts and expenditures should be considered. If meets, exhi- bitions or contests are planned where money is needed for prizes or talent, and an entry or admission fee is to be charged, the complete estimate of both expendi- tures and receipts should find its place in the budget. No director should take receipts from any source to expend as he may see fit. All money should be turned in and expenditures paid through the general treasury. This is the only safe method for either the Association or director and a full accounting is rendered so that suspicion is impossible and the regular books show all financial transactions. Care must be exercised in making estimates to avoid the necessity of undue efforts to reach the goal set. This might lead to over-emphasis on results. Let it be thoroughly understood and firmly fixed in the mind of every director that he is the agent of the Association in every transaction be it financial or otherwise, and the dignity of the profession can be beyond adverse criticism only when all receipts and expenditures pass through and are accounted for in the general Association books. While the sale of gymnasium clothing, soap, rent- ing of towels and other items handled for the con- venience of the members, should find a place in the budget it is the judgment of many that the physical directors time ought not to be usurped in these channels. Better to place them in a general Associa- tion store where educational department and other BUSINESS METHODS 57 supplies are handled, or, if this is not convenient, place a special clerk in charge. The plan of crediting a percentage of all member- ship fees to the department and charging up a pro- portion of such general charges as light, heat, taxes and insurance, is being tried, but no satisfactory basis for fixing such charges has yet been found. The use of the budget, except in the case of stand- ing amounts, as salaries and wages, should be by or- der blank or combined requisition and order blank. Orders may well be made in triplicate by using car- bon sheets, which method provides the general office and the department office with a record as well as an order to the firm or contractor. Thus, the general secretary as well as the physical director can keep a check on the budget. Bills presented for payment are O K'd by the director. A file for " Orders sent and unfilled," "Orders filled," "Bills to be O K'd" and "O K'd bills," gives ample opportunity for all the bookkeeping necessary. Order blanks are usually fur- nished by the general office of the local Association. For cash business in small amounts, usually under $1.00, for stamps, small repairs and the like, petty cash slips can be used. The director either pays these and collects monthly or secures the money in advance from the office. Entering new members. Application for member- ship is usually made upon cards or blanks at the gen- eral office. Much of the information which is needed by the director may be included on this blank. In addition, blanks are used to secure added information for the records of the department of which the fol- lowing is a sample. 58 PHYSICAL WORK Application for Membership in the Physical Department Classes Name .- Address „ : mm . — Date VJ ..^.. (Place an X in the square opposite the classes In which you are interested and you will be informed from time to time with all details) □ Evening Gymnasium Class Work Q Afternoon Gymnasium Class Work □ Special Fencing Lessons Q Special Wrestling Lessons Q First Aid to the Injured Q Gymnasium Men's Bible Cass OUTDOOR WORK Q Athletic* Q Tennis □ Boating □ Base Ball Q Tramping fj Beach Swimming Name here any other phases of physical work which you are anxious to see operated here INDOOR WORK □ Volley Ball □ Special Boxing Lessons Q Special Swimming Lessons □ Advanced Gymnastics □ Aquatic Sports □ Health Talks □ Basket Ball □ Athletics □ Bowling Q Hand Ball D Indoor Base Ball Where the volume of the work is too large for the director to know all the members a record of men and boys using the department may be kept in one of the following ways : The signature of all entering the department may be secured at the entrance to the physical department by an attendant who verifies doubtful cases by reference to his membership file. This may be done in several ways. One method is to number the tickets, the attendant keeping a record of the numbers. This gives an absolute check, ex- cept in cases where tickets may be loaned to non- members. The prompt cancellation of ticket for such violations will reduce this practice to a minimum. Some Associations require members to sign their names upon entering the department and state their locker number. These signatures are compared with duplicate signatures. The original signatures can be placed on cards which in turn are arranged on boards or swinging frames, 37^ by 16 inches, which will hold one hundred cards four inches wide and one and one- BUSINESS METHODS 59 half inches high, arranged in four vertical columns of twenty-five each. The number of the locker is placed on each plainly so that with little difficulty the corresponding locker number and name can be found. This plan, of course, can only be used where the old system of having an individual locker for each man is in use. One Association has a plan in which the member records his own attendance automatically. This is done in the following way: A box containing cards bearing the members' names, arranged alphabetically and classified according to the gymnasium class in which he is enrolled, is placed on the desk at the gen- eral office. As the member passes by the desk he takes the card bearing his name. This admits him to the physical department. He takes this card to the attendant in charge who sits at a desk containing three different slots, one marked " gymnasium," the other "swimming pool," the other "baths." He drops the card in the slot, indicating the activity he intends to engage in. At the close of the day or at the begin- ning of the next, the attendant checks up the attend- ance from the cards and thus has a record not only of the attendance of the man, but of the privilege he used and it takes little bookkeeping to do it. Before admisson to the privileges of the department all applicants should undergo a vital examination by a physician. Sometimes a temporary ticket of admission to the physical department is issued which later is exchanged for a permanent ticket. Passes are often given to per- mit individuals to visit the department or to use some privilege. No one should be permitted to enter the 60 PHYSICAL WORK department without a ticket or pass. Such rules must be enforced consistently, so that they become a part of the recognized procedure of the association. It is where laxness is permitted in the enforcement of the rules and where occasional returns to the rule are ob- served that most dissatisfaction and complaint results. Correspondence. All correspondence relating to the work of the department should be filed, either accord- ing to the name of the correspondent or according to the subject matter or both. Such correspondence should become permanent, so that subsequent physi- cal directors may have access to it. An enrollment and record of attendance should be kept of all classes and clubs. This should be done in such a way as to conserve time and effort. Differ- ent methods are used. In small classes the roll is called, but this cannot be done in large classes. Leaders of squads can help. One Association has a box hung at one end of the gymnasium containing brass checks with numbers hung on hooks. Each member of a class is given a number. As the class marches by the checks each member unhooks the check with his number and drops it in the box. Alongside of the checks is a list of the members of the class alphabetically arranged so that if a member forgets his number he can drop out of line and refer to the list. At the close of the class the attendance is quickly recorded from the numbered checks in the box. Those who are absent from the activities should be followed up persistently by personal call, telephone or mail. The International Committee has arranged a record book containing a statement of most of the activities of the department and providing space for the inser- BUSINESS METHODS 6l tion of others. This makes possible a daily and monthly record, and also at the end of the book for a yearly summary covering three years. The head- ings are arranged in the order and number of those that appear in the year book blanks. The following are small reproductions of the pages in the book. o en J «iMn | 1 «! »• O z < a 3 B 1 t" ?■ i a _ 0) o 1 5 t (0 u. 1 1 s. in _ o a o o III r I D (C h z u •oop.oim.ia 1 (»npiAipol 2 r. ■ a 1 u. < 0L 111 a -i < o X a J 1 9 "01I«|A — H i ■ i i i ti ! J 11 f i t i «! V 1 • •of el „ m M *«eN«oio- mm* m to r- aoo>©~Nco*mng 5 3 2 X * » 3 3 X se *, »■ -o..™ ll»9Wt»l aStann natona J'llW'M So |IOa »opoj d I*l|UOg H .* c» w •+ w <© r» oo o> © -* c* ej ■* in to t- oo o> c w m m * w t-xo>o- Engaging assistants and special instructors. Assist- ants or special instructors should as a rule not be employed simply upon the recommendation of their ability as instructors, if the individual in question is not a Christian or does not have Association ideals. BUSINESS METHODS 63 Generally speaking one who is making a living by contests in wrestling or boxing should not be employed. Do not employ a man accustomed only to coaching experts. There are rare exceptions to this rule. All the work should be done by full time assistants. Therefore, secure assistants with a specialty in addi- tion to a good general knowledge of the work. The full cost of any special instruction should be covered by a separate fee. In selecting assistants and instructors the following qualifications should be considered: First, they should be earnest, conscientious and hard working, and Christian in character. Second, they should be natural mixers, leaders, with a special interest in the relationship of physical training to health, efficiency, character and the reli- gious life. Third, they should have technical knowledge that will qualify them for Christian leadership as organi- zers, leaders, instructors, in giving men and boys per- sonal advice. Fourth, they should be expert in some specialty. Class detail. Classes should be organized to meet the needs of the community and membership as to hours of meeting and number, with a gradation similar to that adopted by the Physical Directors' Society as follows : Grammar school — 12 to 14 years. Grammar school — 14 to 16 years. High School Freshmen — older Grammar. High School — Upper Class Men. Employed boys — about 14 to 18. Young men — 18 and upward. 64 PHYSICAL WORK Seniors. Business Men. Special Occupational Groups. General — ungraded . Leaders — wrestling, etc. All these groups can be further graded by provid- ing elementary, intermediate and advanced gradings within them. In those classes in the gymnasium which include instruction in heavy gymnastics, provision is made for the grading of the gymnastic work, at least into elementary, intermediate and advanced grades. The exercises provided by the Physical Directors' Society are the standard graded exercises of the association. The grading is done by dividing the men into squads, allowing often for several squads in one grade. Com- petent leaders are placed in charge of each squad, and work given well within the ability of the men in the respective squads. In the early grades the chief dosage is upon the legs, and the apparatus is used largely to get over and round about than to perform upon. The regular examinations for advancement in squad work should be given and promotion based upon such examinations. It is best to place a leader with an alternate in permanent charge of a squad rather than to change leaders constantly. BUSINESS METHODS 65 CLEM. } GRADE I SAMPLE ENROLLMENT CARD Name «• -.-., SQUAD Address, .^-.-r... ...... «.^,»,. SQUAD INT GRADE J ...nj^.^ow ADV. J ...v»*..»~ ) „«~,.„ ~~.. GRADE J y ,1 11, , i, a Passed [.. ) % Passed ( . „*„„ ...). •-% Passed i • • . wTT.-i:.- •)• -% OCTOBER . NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY M T W T F S M T w T F S M T W T F S M T w T F S F£ BRt JAR V MA 3CH APRIt MAY M T W T F S M T W T F s M T w T F s M T w It F S LEADER'S INSTRUCTION CARD Leaders's Card Name DATE CLASS APPARATUS GRADE SERIES 7 7-9-10 Phys. 66 PHYSICAL WORK A sample lesson from the graded series. Horizontal Bar* Grade i-j 1. Cross hand, R hand fwd — pull up to chin, head to R of bar. Opp side. 2. Hang — release R hand and grasp L wrist — re- turn. Opp side. 3. Hang — R thigh and leg flexed — release R hand and lower to side — return. Same L. 4. Chin — jump hands to wide grasp — return. 5. Reverse grasp — release L hand and with half L turn regrasp bar, continuing across. Same Opp. 6. Hang — legs and thighs flexed — release R hand and lower to side — return. Opp side. 7. Hang — step swds R — then L — again R — L — ■ down. 8. Hang — legs and thighs flexed — extend R leg — return. Same L. 9. Cross hand — R hand fwd, R thigh and leg flexed — release R and lower to side— return. Opp side. 10. Hang — flex thighs and legs to limit. 11. Hang — release L hand, grasp R wrist — pull up to chin, grasp bar with L hand. * Copyright 191 1, by the International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations. BUSINESS METHODS 6 7 H § s P4 g CO Q a > co CO CO 5 fa u O CO co ro z y CU 0) a cu d d M cd cd P< 3 3 GU cu o cd o to cd p^ co 00 cd O O CO cd i 1 d P4 H a 73 PQ to 8 1 cd P< 73 PQ H to d cu .a a GU Q *d cu a cd 5 a cd H cd cu cu Q 'a a o M CO s CO ■*j cd s a a < M 00 g-S .5 d art gco" M M o d M TJ cd o tfl ft ■sl S3 ■61 1-Cfl xi M h* ft .a d 1 ^ M -t-> d cd ft cu H CO a PQ o M CO ou CO L. o X o to £ u d PQ CO C0& P* W H H PQ <* lO m Li TJ" <* Li lO Lt to cd .2 ^f cu cd JO CU TJ X5 ,3 cu cu •3 6 Li m ju 73 H cu X3 CO Ll o X to PQ JJ 73 Li CO u o J 03 P-. cd CO 3 .-3 cd Ph a CO § M M cs cs 03 d 1— 1 H cd PQ CO 2 U CU XJ C4 Li cd PQ cs CO JU L. cu X) T3 «j ■ cd o . cd 2 to ffi ? ,-H X to K ? -1 Cd a a < 2 J cd Ph ffi CO 3 J cd Ph ffi cu TJ" ^ io 2 b S M o to d Lt cd PQ ft CO 1 Li CU XJ •d cd o 1/5 CO to d Li cd PQ CO "cB Li cd d cu a CO 3 J cd ffi CO 3 J cd Ph ju H M c» 3 M M Ih M Li 01 u hi cd PQ 2 H cd PQ JO CU X3 "2 CO Li cs cd PQ o CO . ^} cd o CO • O K to d HI cd u cd J ffi to d ffi H CO 3 J Ph ffi CO 3 J n M M n w j JO JO JO JO * -« 3 M % % 0) % CO 'a j 3 K PQ H PQ « PQ N M PQ ■4 3 2 W X) CO .£) W .o CO W .a 0) 6 d B u a d cu a c ■d J I d Q cd d P S d Q cd g fa d Q 4 s ■ • o 4 r» M 4 00 M f 5 fO t^ M H M W cs M fO V a a d cd a cd a a a cd a d cd ■-» >-» »-» *-% H-> •-> »-> »-» »-» 68 PHYSICAL WORK REGISTRATION CARD FOR GRADED CLASSES Name Date Address Former Experience Former Grade Div Assigned Grade Div Dropped Cause TWO SAMPLE GYMNASIUM SCHEDULES CLASS MON. TUES. WED. THUR FRI. SATU Half-Hour Health Club for Men over » ttf 5-5:45 P.M. Young Business and Profes- sional Men and Students 5:15—6 P.M. 5:15-6 P.M. 5:15-6 P.M. Young Business and Profcs- •ional Men 6:15—7 P.M. 6:15-7 P.M. 6:15—7 P.M. Young Men 8:15-9:30 P.M. 8:15-9:30 P.M. 8:15—8:30 P.M. Intermediates 3:30-4:30 P.M. 3:30-4:30 P.M. 10:15—11:45 A.M. Juniors 3:30—4:30 P.M. 3:30-4:30 P.M. 10:15—11:45 A.M.- Senior Leaders 7:15-« P.M. Junior Leaders 4:30-5 P.M. Boxing and Wrastling 7:30-8;30 P.M. Basketball amd Baseball 7:30-8:30 P. 8:30—9:30 M. 7:30-9:30 P.M. rUndbsW 6—7:15 P.Mj 6—7:30 P.M P.M. BUSINESS METHODS 69 MEN Dormitory .... ... Noon Business Men.._ Business Men Special -... Busy Men.... Educational Senior A Senior B Athletics 8 Games Swimming ... Wrestling Leaders Physical .Exams. BOYSDBPT. Boys A - Boys B --— ~« Junior Nignt Junior A.... Night Junior B .... Students .-. Junior Leaders.... Night Jr. Leaders Swimming Club .. Boys A Swim Boys B Swim Junior Swim z... Night Jr. Swim„.. Physical Exams. MONDAY 6 15 to 7 00 12 15 to 12 45 5 15 to 6 15 5 00 to 6 00 6 15 to 7 15 4 15 to 5 15 8 00 to 9 15 4 00 to 5 00 7 00. to 8 00 3 15 to 4 15 3 00 to 4 00 TUESDAY WEDNESDAY 12 l5tol2 45. 5 15 to 6 15 00 to 9 15 00 to 900 7 00* to 8 00 3 40 to 4 30 5 46 7 00 7 45 7 45 to 8 15 4 30 8 00 THURSDAY 5 00 to 6 00 6 15 to 7 15 15 to 5 15 8 15 to 9 40 8 15 to 9 15 7 15 to 8 15 4 00 to 5 00 3 15 to 4 15 3 00 to 4 00 6 15 to 7 00 12 l5to 12 45 5 15 to 6 15 , 5 00 to 6 00 6 15 to 7 15 4 15 to 5 15 8 00 to 9 15 7 00 to 8 00 3 40 to 4 30 6 15 7 00 4 30 to 7" 00 to 7 45 to 5 30 7 00 3 00 7 00 to 7 30 to 4 00 to 8 00 FRIDAY SATURDAY 8 00 to 9 15 4 00 to 5 00 7 00 to 8 00 ......... .....„ frl „. 3 15 to 4 15 3 00 to 4 00 8 00 to 9 40 4 00 to 6 00 MO to 10 50 *9 00to9 50 * 11 to 12 3 00 to 4 00 •10 30 to 11 *9 30 to 10 00 *11 30 to 12 *9 00toll30 • Designates Morning Sessions. Locker records. Fees for lockers may be included in the general membership fee rather than as a separate fee. If the membership fee does not cover locker rental, the locker lease should terminate at the time the membership renewal is due. All fees should be paid at the main office and lockers either given out there, or the physical department office should issue them on presentation of receipt. No locker should be assigned until the physical examination is made. If combination locks are used there should be, first, a numerical file of the company's combination cards; second, a file including the numerical file of lockers with lock numbers and combinations, the 70 PHYSICAL WORK name of the locker holder, with date of expiration entered. These cards should never be removed from their place in the file except for posting; third, an alphabetical classification of the names of locker holders should also be made so that it will be easy to discover what locker any member holds; or this ma- terial may all be recorded on the examination card; fourth, for those holding combination locker, slips or cards containing combinations should be given as shown on page 71. Letter announcements of expirations of lockers and follow-up postals containing announcement of the removal of contents of lockers within thirty days after expiration, and that the clothes will be stored and held for sixty days, may be used. These, however, should be stated in courteous terms so as not to needlessly antagonize the former member. A careful system of marking and storing clothing must be developed. Renewals should be turned in from the main office. Either combinations may be changed or locks trans- ferred in changing locker holders. Where key locks are used they should be in the care of an attendant who keeps the keys on a board at the entrance to the locker room, the member depositing his ticket for the same upon entering and leaving the key to secure his ticket upon leaving. Sale of clothing and supplies. The question as to whether an Association should sell gymnasium cloth- ing is a debatable one. Its advantages are; conveni- ence of members, aid in establishing a uniform costume where this is desired, and a source of income. The possible disadvantages are those incidental to selling BUSINESS METHODS 71 LOCKER NO. TO UNLOCK. 1 — Push knob in and turn to the right or left (as the case may be) until it comes to a stop. 2 — Turn knob in opposite directions the fol- lowing clicks (no click for fractions.) 3 — Pull out the knob with slight left turn, turn to right. 4. Turn handle to the left and open the door. TO LOCK. 1 — Close door, throw handle down hard. 2 — Turn knob left, push in and turn left and right. Try locker before leaving so as to make sure it is locked. Valuables should be left at the main office. Lockers are but a means of convenience and the management does not hold itself responsible for losses. If you cannot open your locker, ask the clerk or one of directors to assist you. HINTS 1 — To get satisfactory results, one should plan to exercise not less than three times per week in the gymnasium. 2 — Go to the bath immediately after exercise and take a warm shower first, then cool the water gradually to cold. 3 — A three minute shower and a five minute rub produces excellent results. 4 — Exercise should be supplemented with sufficient sleep, good ventilation everywhere and proper food properly eaten. 72 PHYSICAL WORK goods, dissatisfaction of members with the quality supplied. It is often unwise, especially in small cities, to compete with business firms. Physical directors or other employees should not manage such as a business venture, a form of personal income, nor have such apply on their salary. Renting of towels. Arrangements should be made to rent towels to members and usually a rate of two for five cents, six tickets for ten cents, or twelve tickets for a quarter is a sufficient charge. Some arrangement should be perfected by which towels are returned immediately after using, otherwise they will collect in lockers and losses will be considerable. Soap also should be on sale. Many Associations now furnish very small cakes at a penny each. Good housekeeping. By diligent attention any man will learn to quickly detect dirt and demand clean- liness. A man's success is frequently measured by the way he keeps his department. A well kept place has a direct moral effect upon the members, and upon the directors as well. Janitors. If the organization is small and employs no superintendent of building, the physical director should have under his charge a janitor for a certain period — scarcely ever less than one man's full time. The physical director, unless the janitor is very un- usual, will have to systematize and supervise his work, telling him just what and how to do it. There- fore, a physical director should know methods of cleaning. In large Associations the janitor force is under the direction of an expert building superin- tendent and though the physical director may say "Keep the department clean and in repair," he will BUSINESS METHODS 73 in many cases have to suggest ways and means, and should have the janitors responsible to him for action in emergencies. Repairs. Nothing affects the membership more than things out of repair. The apparatus should be inspected daily and repairs made immediately. The following hints on the care of the department are given: The first essential of a gymnasium is that it should be clean. The floor should be swept thoroughly every day. Wet sawdust sprinkled on the floor will allay dust and make it cling to the broom or brushes. An oil-soaked cloth cover on the broom will also collect the dust, and in addition, give to the floor a freshened appearance. The floor should be mopped weekly. All the apparatus, both fixed and movable, should also be dusted daily with a moist cloth, not a duster. The running tracks need a daily sweeping, and the mats should be swept daily and beaten at least once a week. Painted mats do not absorb the dust so readily and are easily cleaned. The mats of every gymnasium should be sterilized periodically. Before the fall opening of the physical department, the walls should be washed with a bichloride solu- tion, and every nook and corner of the gymnasium thoroughly cleansed. A similar application should be made to the lockers, which should be scrubbed inside and out and all dusty clothes removed. At the end of the season is really not adequate — it ought to be done oftener. Early in the fall all the openings of the room should be made air-tight and the gymnasium submitted to a thorough fumigation of formaldehyde. For 74 PHYSICAL WORK this purpose a solution of six ounces of permanganate of potash to a pint of formaldehyde for every thou- sand cubic feet of space should be used. The use of non-spilling cuspidors, containing a germicide preparation, or better still running water cuspidors, should be furnished. These should be cleansed daily. Particularly should the use of the swimming tank be guarded with reference to expectoration due to the strangulating effect of accidental swallowing of water. The use of swimming suits or trunks of any kind should not be permitted, and a soap bath in- sisted upon. The tank should be emptied and scrubbed every day unless the water circulates through a filter. Occasional applications of hydrochloric acid should be applied to discolored tile. If impracti- cable to renew the water in the tank daily, if should be done by all means each alternate day, unless a modern filtration system is installed which will keep the water in a constant state of cleanliness. Strict precaution should be used with reference to absolutely refusing individuals having skin dis- eases of a contagious character to use the baths. Watch should be kept for signs of venereal dis- eases. In addition men with weak hearts should not be permitted to use the swimming bath. Men subject to fainting spells or epileptic fits should be denied the use of the department unless closely supervised. Bathrooms and locker room floors should receive a daily mopping. Urinals and closets should receive not only a cleansing, but the seats should be washed with an antiseptic prepara- tion. Sanitary fountains should displace public BUSINESS METHODS 75 drinking vessels, and roller towels displaced by in- dividual towels. The mouthpiece of the spirometer in the examina- tion room should be washed with a tasteless anti- septic solution before using, and mouthpieces should be non-absorbent. A sterilizing room may be installed where towels and clothing can be submitted to a thorough treat- ment. Most gymnasiums are kept too warm. They should be kept cool and the air fresh and invigorating. A temperature of not over 65 degrees is advisable. The bathrooms should be warm but not stuffy. Where possible, baths should not be located in the same room as lockers, as the air becomes oppressive with the humidity. Every morning open all windows in the gymnasium and locker rooms for thorough venti- lation. Partitions and obstacles that keep out the sunlight and air should be avoided. Dirt, darkness, dust and foul air are the enemies of health. Cleanliness should be the first principle. An equipment that is not elaborate may be exceedingly attractive, if clean. VI ADVERTISING The ways and means of keeping the work of the physical department before the members and the general public is a problem not easy to solve. There are certain fundamental principles that must be kept in mind constantly. First and uppermost in the mind of the physical director must be a desire for a well balanced work both in his own estimate of it and in the publicity given it. There are certain forms of sport that will easily find a prominent place on the sporting page of the newspaper which may attract only a certain few of the membership, but to the casual reader it appears to be the chief work of the physical department of the Association. Again there are phases of work that will attract a large audience and to allow visitors to see only this form of work and see it frequently would again give them a one sided or unbalanced impression. The members themselves are not slow to see where emphasis is placed and what forms of work are given the greatest publicity, and unless the physical di- rector is careful to lay stress on the most deserving points in his work, men will lose interest or drop out of the Association, saying that partiality is being shown, or if they are in the advertised group begin to expect favors. If the class drills come first in importance, it may not be easy to get much newspaper ADVERTISING 77 space for advertising them, but in the prospectus and on placards and notices and announcements this can be emphasized. The board of directors, the workers, the member- ship and the general public as far as possible should be impressed through the Association literature that there is a well balanced work being conducted and to accomplish this as has been said the director must himself have a very definite and clear convic- tion as to the real work of the department. The second great fundamental fact in advertising and in many ways above the first named is that it is the physical department of the Young Men's Christian Association. The public must not only be made to know that a scientific work is conducted, but that body building and Christian manhood is the goal. In this the Association differs from the average athletic club where winners and star per- formers may be the outstanding features. A third factor in successful advertising is to put all matter in an attractive form. Good type, good paper and good English are three essentials to good advertising. Then in these days when time is so valuable and advertising so general, the material must be arranged in such form as to catch the eye and command attention. For this purpose good pictures are an excellent help, for if they are well selected the reader can see an illustrated proof of the argument advanced, and more lasting impres- sions are made than by a solid mass of reading material no matter how carefully worded. Persistency is the fourth essential. Business firms have come to expect to do the same kind of advertising 78 PHYSICAL WORK over and over again to get results. The work must be kept constantly before the public, and to this end a systematic method should be followed. The material and style of presentation should be changed frequently. The merits of the work should be con- stantly kept before the supporters of the Associa- tion, the young men of the community and the entire population of the district or city. The fifth point is honesty. This is the best policy in Association work, as well as in everything else. Nothing should be promised which cannot be ful- filled. Figures should be stated as they really are rather than as they ought to be. The temptation to deal in glittering generalities in order to attract attention must be overcome. As to ways and means of advertising, first in im- portance is the general Association prospectus. This is issued annually probably by almost if not all As- sociations. It is the one general guide and hand book of all the Association activities and each de- partment is allotted a certain space in it. The physi- cal department is deservedly given a generous space and this affords a splendid medium for stating quite definitely almost all the plans and schedules, and the calendar for the season, as well as for describing the facilities for the various phases of activity in the department. In addition to the general prospectus many Asso- ciations issue a special physical department pro- spectus or circular. When the department is well written up in the general prospectus opinions differ as to the wisdom of going to the added expense of printing a special department circular. Circum- ADVERTISING 79 stances alter cases, however, and a departmental prospectus can deal with the subject of exercise and recreation in detail. Window cardboard posters are expensive, but are splendid advertising. If they contain attractive illustrations it will catch the eye of the passer-by and a moment's glance will tell him of many of the features conducted by the department. Illustra- tion number one is copy of a poster used by one Asso- ciation. The other is a poster furnished to Associa- tions by Association Press. The posters should be placed with discrimination choosing places where young men pass in large num- bers and where they are most likely to attract atten- tion. The newspapers need to be cultivated systemati- cally and continuously and given news matter regu- ularly. While reporters will often gladly write up events and news items, it is always wise for the di- rector to either write the material himself or get a safe man to do it, so that the public will get the right interpretation. The newspapers will use most material if it is well written, and when items appear frequently in the press it has a double effect: it im- presses the members with the fact that the Associa- tion is alive and thus enlarges their interest, and it also reaches the public in the surest and easiest way. The time taken in preparing articles for the papers is very well spent and is certain to yield valuable returns. It is difficult to say much as to advertising special features. When tickets of admission are sold in advance it is well to state on them certain of the v ■:• -: .. ■:.. YM-OA GYMb MODERN STRAIN by scientific training in GRADED CLASSES; or by individual exercise j EXPERT DIRECTOR! ADVERTISING 8 1 most attractive features of the program. To advertise an Association circus, " throw arounds" seem to prove more effective than handbills. When events follow one another in rapid succession advertising matter of odd size, color and reading are a help. Our next word on the subject relates to advertis- ing inside the Association building. It is a most difficult task in Associations with a large member- ship to get the men to read signs. If notices are posted everywhere many will not look at any of them because they become accustomed to seeing so much miscellaneous matter. If few signs are used it is hard to locate them where all the members pass and thus a middle ground must be sought to be effective. A few signs arranged in an attractive and unique style, and generally located in certain desig- nated places is perhaps most effective. Too many spoil the general appearance of the department. Some strongly advocate a bulletin board on which only live and attractive matter is allowed to appear. The following diagram illustrates a bulletin board which is attractive and assists the men to read the thing that most interests them. This board if about three feet wide and six or eight feet long will hold almost if not all of the most active Association's material when it is carefully arranged under the heads most needed. Baseball Basketball Athletics Swimming 82 PHYSICAL WORK When the membership is classified so that the di- rector has lists of men interested in each sport, entry blanks, tickets or " throw arounds," etc., may be mailed to them ; this is very effective although expen- sive advertising. Reports and statements. The live director is anx- ious to keep his department committeemen fully informed as to the work of the department and he will send frequent reports and statements to them. He will further realize the value of sending to possi- ble contributors reports, statements and programs. He will likewise mail matter to prospective members and cultivate those in the membership who have qualities for effective leadership, so that at some future time they may be tied up to some service. The physical director who advertises honestly and freely will of course be careful to conduct an efficient work and because his work is carried out conscientiously will find support from the most un- looked-for sources. He will find it increasingly easy to promote new and untried ventures. He will by being thorough win the confidence of the public as well as their moral and financial support. The selling of the special privileges of the de- partment should follow very largely the salesmanship plan. In other words, the physical director should have available some man who has salesmanship ability to whom he can go and whom he can enlist in the selling of special privileges at special times. In this way each privilege can be brought to its highest rate of utilization efficiency. By this method it would appear that all activities that have selling value could be immediately increased in proficiency. ADVERTISING 83 For illustration, a business man's class may be working at only fifty per cent its possible enrollment. A salesman who was acquainted with the privileges of such a class could undertake to sell such privileges to men who need them and for whom they are in- tended and thus the class be brought to its maximum capacity. The Association has goods to sell, but often lacks the efficient salesman. Furthermore, the vacant hours might be utilized by developing new groups for those hours, such as church groups, school groups — private or public — or industrial groups for which special classes can be organized and special work planned. VII MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS AND THE MEDI- CAL STAFF It is important that every member be given a medical examination before participating in the physical department activities. There are several reasons for this. First, by this it is determined whether the new member is in physical condition to take part in the regular work, and whether he should avoid certain forms of exercise or emphasize others. Second, the examining room affords a natural place for giving personal consultation regarding hygienic habits. Many need advice regarding the care of the teeth, diet, posture, bathing, the types of exercise needed and the conserving of nervous force. Third, by means of the examination it is possible to discover whether communicable diseases exist, and to prohibit those having such from using the privileges. It is the Association's duty to protect men who are already members from exposure and infection. Fourth, the specific interests of new members can be discovered. This will guide the physical director in grouping men according to their natural interests. It is generally accepted that the examination should include the teeth, digestive tract, heart, circulation, nervous system, nose and throat, lungs, skin, posture and the discovery of abnormal conditions in general, such as hernia, varicocele, flat feet and sexual dis- MEDICAL STAFF AND EXAMINATIONS 85 orders. Some Associations also examine the eyes, ears and kidneys. The recording of measurements is of secondary importance and many do not take other than weight and height. If members desire measurements a second appointment is made for this purpose. The examination should be made by men of medi- cal training, or directors who have sufficient medical knowledge and experience to qualify them as diag- nosticians. Associations should have, if possible, an organized medical staff composed of reputable Christian physicians. Such men are usually avail- able. The members of the staff should be given definite periods (part of one afternoon or evening each week) to make examinations. Some Associa- tions send the members to the office of the physician. There may be conditions where this plan is wise. Certainly it is easier for the staff members. As a rule it is considered much better to have examiners come to the building. In all cases it should be clearly understood that such physicians should serve without fee and without the necessary idea of securing professional practice, though naturally young men who need medical attention and who do not have a family physician, will often apply to a member of the staff for treat- ment when such is needed. After the staff has been formed how shall interest be maintained? First, appointment sheets should be made in advance, giving the hours for examina- tions and the men who are to make them. Upon these sheets all appointments are placed allowing about twenty minutes for each examination. Second, 86 PHYSICAL WORK staff members should always be notified if there are no appointments scheduled for their periods. Physi- cians are busy men and soon lose interest unless their time is conserved. Third, it is a good plan to have occasional meetings of the staff to discuss the work and to interest them in special studies of peculiar conditions discovered in the examinations. Fourth, they can be used for health talks or lectures on first aid to the injured, in the building, in churches, fac- tories and other places. They can cooperate also in securing the services of other physicians in such service. Fifth, they should be kept thoroughly informed about the activities of the department, so they can talk intelligently with new members about the various features of the work. Upon making an appointment with a member it is the usual plan to provide him with a personal history card upon which numerous questions are asked and the examination hour is stated. Some Associations have cards with such questions on one side and a place for recording the diagnosis on the other. This method simplifies the system. After the examination has been made these cards should be given to the director to look over and file. The examiner may then fill out a small card, stating that the applicant has been examined and found qualified for general exercise and is now entitled to a locker. The member may then present this for a locker as- signment and for his prescription of special exercise, if such is necessary. The director can see by a glance at the diagnosis card whether special exercise is needed and if so what types will prove helpful. Physicians as a rule are not well informed about MEDICAL STAFF AND EXAMINATIONS 87 the effect of certain types of exercise, and what specific pieces of apparatus will best bring about the desired results; therefore the physical director should set the exercises. Appointments should be made for subsequent examinations where necessary. All cases for such later examinations should be followed up and the individuals notified in advance of their appointment. The examiner should also endeavor to discover in men and boys who come to him poten- tial qualifications for service and leadership and report the same. Many have found the examina- tion room a place for dealing with men in- a most personal way, and have used the opportunity for interesting men in religious matters. It will be seen that the work of the staff is very important and warrants careful consideration in organizing it. 88 PHYSICAL WORK SAMPLE HISTORY AND EXAMINATION BLANKS .Pull Name Address (Business). Your appointment (or physio*! examination ia at 1L. at the physical Director's Office. Please fill out thia blank and bring it with you at that time. (These data are considered strictly private and are asked for that you may be given work in the gymnasium that ia best suited to you, directions for which wilLbe.ghreo later. PERSONAL HISTORY D»te_ ^ »| — Birth, year month day of month; Harried or Ri "g'«t Nationality of father?. .Mother?. Health of father, mother, brothers and sisters:. 1, If affected with any, dangerous disease of long standing. roectiocT.U 2. If dead, of what disease did each die? Your -early life— city 'or %oun try*. Physical characteristics — more like father or. mother? What diseases of a serious character haye'you had? How many hours do you sleep? Hours in, the open* Have, you used tobacco? Strains, injuries or operations?. fi»i*mn1»nt«T Present occupation- and number of hours?. Favorite exercise? . Previo.ua kind; of- work? . .Other forms practiced?. Favorite recreation or hobby? __ , What courses ia physical training haye.'you .taken? Bow much and what exercise are you taking now? Remarks , — — Living at home or boarding?. Copyright ISQi The F. A. Baaaette Go . bpnagftttd, Mas* No, Full Nakb MEASUREMENTS Address DATE Weight . Trunk Length mac (Epistenul.) oe Height *itti« T .. - || MO, DA MR ,|oa|. Lang Capacity. Strengths Fore Arm Back i. i .jqnw Legs.......... Blood Pressure Horizontal....... POSTTJliB Shoulder* . 8pine_ PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS SPECIAL CIRCULATION Heart Thorax- .Legs & Feet. I MUSCULATURE". .Blood Vessels. 4T RERVOUS SYSTEM Normal Pulse Horizontal _ Pulse after ex. (20 squats) , Horizontal CD RESPIRATION Condition of lungs. IV sTUTRITIOI Type of reap.. HI GENERATIVE ORGANS. IV HERNIA REMARKS ▼ INJURIES 4» DEFORMITIES. NfwYeii: wtatfsfitfiScreet-ASSQCIATigW VIII CLASS ORGANIZATION Given a group of men and boys ranging in age from twelve to fifty, or older, for whom gymnasium class work, is to be arranged, what shall be the schedule and how shall it be arranged on a sound physiologic and social basis, and having arranged a schedule, what work shall be given each class, are problems every physical director must solve. In order to accomplish the best results there are several considerations which he must have in mind. First, what are the needs of the men and boys. Are there any who have common needs, and if so, can a certain grade of work be made to meet the needs of the entire class. Practically all Associations have a special department for boys from twelve to sixteen or eighteen years of age. The first question then is how shall these be grouped and what shall be the general character of work given them. That boys are not small men is a fact long since clearly proven. That boys of twelve years of age are not small sixteen year old lads is likewise true. This being the case there should not only be a division between the men and boys, but also between the younger and older boys, for their unlikeness makes their needs different and hence requires a different grade of work. We shall first discuss the younger boy. As we have said the boy is not a small edition of a man. His 90 PHYSICAL WORK proportions are different, the size and development of his organs do not bear the same relation to each other as do those of the adult. Work must be given the boy which will suit his comparatively small heart and internal organs and his proportionately large musculature. Similarly, the older boy, whose pro- portions are different must have exercise applied to meet his needs. This is sound physiology. Furthermore, the psychologic and utilitarian aspect of exercise and training must be kept in mind. The boy, be he a youth or a lad, is storing away knowledge that must serve him in adult life. Youth is the period of preparation for manhood and hence he must be taught exercises that will serve him later in life. Right physical habits should be established. In arranging* the work for boys then the syllabus must include all the things they should know in man- hood, but given to them in a way that fits into their physiological development. This means a broad program including gymnastics, athletics, swimming, calisthenics and games, taught in such manner as to fix their attention and remain in their memory, so that when they come to manhood they will have acquired a physical equipment and a type of training that will afford them recreation and mental relaxation, as well as active physiological stimulation. The work, of course, must be given in such manner as not to violate the physiological function and applied to his need as a younger or older boy. 1 The Omaha conference of the Physical Directors' 1 The Physical Directors' Society has published a physical efficiency test for boys printed in pamphlet form, which contains an outline of a broad and sug- gestive work for boys. To this test a well selected number of games should be added for best results. CLASS ORGANIZATION 9 1 Society in 1909 placed itself on record with reference to certain very definite regulations pertaining to boys' work. The following is culled from the minutes of several sessions of that conference : 1. Because of the great dangers of injury from inju- dicious work, compulsory examinations should be insisted upon at regular intervals for every boy taking part in outside competition. 2. Every effort should be made to make the work yield intellectual and moral training. The principles of clean sport, with all that it means of fair play and courtesy to opponents, should be strongly inculcated. 3. The grouping of boys for contests and games should be according to physiological rather than chron- ological age. 4. Team games and contests in general should be recommended more strongly than individual contests. 5. We recommend that the following events shall be entered into with great care: Football, lacrosse, ice hockey, water polo, long distance relay racing under competition, and the following entirely avoided: Marathon runs, sustained effort in and under the water, excessive training for basket ball and track athletics, competitive long distance running. The following regulations of sports for boys being: (a) The longest regulation sprint race for boys should be fifty yards; (b) for juniors, seventy-five yards ; (c) no adolescent who is not past the pubescent stage should run sprint races longer than 100 yards; (d) cross country running is beneficial when taken at a slow pace and without competition ; (e) that basket ball be discouraged for boys of the prepubescent age, but if played, the time of continuous play should not 92 PHYSICAL WORK be longer than five minutes for boys, ten minutes for juniors, fifteen minutes for intermediates, and that but two games will be allowed each week, including practice games. 6. Athletic contests and games (either or both) should be made an integral part of the daily gymna- sium work. It can best be accomplished through the group contest method. 7. That in devising a plan for conducting boys' classes a fairly large proportion of the time of the class periods should be given to organized play, carefully arranged so as to impart progressively and system- atically the desired learning. 8. That gymanstic games for boys be classified under two general heads, viz: (a) games suited to all boys of all ages, and (b) games suited to physiological age groups which latter must be subdivided into three divisions as follows : (1) Prepubescent group — individu- alistic games which require no cooperation or team work, such as tag and black man ; (2) pubescent group — games which require but slight cooperation, such as dodge ball, ground ball and group games; (3) late adolescent period group, where team work is essential. The above was supplemented by the report of a special committee adopted by the Society at the meet- ing at Silver Bay, New York, in June, 1912. A Syllabus of Physical Work for Boys for the Indoor Season 1. Terms (will vary somewhat with local condi- tions and climate). First term — Monday following Labor Day to December 31st. CLASS ORGANIZATION 93 Second term — January 1st to March 31st. Third term — April 1st to June 30th. Fourth term — July 1st to Monday following Labor Day. 2. Work. It does not seem practical to outline a schedule showing in detail when each phase of work had best be promoted, as location, climate and local conditions will of necessity require variation. We do believe the following should be covered during the course of each year. We cannnot give in detail the char- acter of work for each group of boys, e. g., basket ball is too strenuous for the younger boys and certain pieces of gymnastic apparatus must not be used, or if used, great care should be exercised. The application must be left to the discretion of each director. The work may be included under two heads with sub-divisions as follows: a. Practical — (1) Calisthenics — marching, free work, dumb-bells, Indian clubs, wands and gymnastic dancing. (2) Apparatus work — mats, buck, horse, low bar, parallels, high bar and rings. (3) Games — hand ball, indoor baseball, volley ball, basket ball, bowling, with recreative games, such as circle ball, spot ball and hustle ball. (4) Athletics — running (qualified as already stated) , potato race, jumping, vaulting and climbing. (5) Aquatics — various strokes taught, diving, plung- ing, swimming on back and under water for very short distance, with some speed swimming at dif- ferent distances, making sure to adapt the sprints and long distance races to the strength and develop- ment of the group. 94 PHYSICAL WORK (6) Specials — wrestling and boxing; if taught at all, to be carefully supervised and altogether avoided unless expert supervision can be given. (7) Exhibitions and entertainments — special efforts should be made to exhibit as far as possible all phases of the work to the parents and public, and that a sharp distinction be made between such public func- tions as are intended to amuse the audience and those that exhibit the work. Both have a place but it is only fair to the public that they may see the quality of work actually conducted by the Association. Frequent exhibitions are therefore strongly advised, and these may be supplemented by the more spec- tacular and entertaining features. b. Theoretical — (1) Hygiene. (2) First aid to the injured and resuscitation of apparently drowned. (3) Special work in pedagogy and gymnastics for leaders' corps and workers. (4) Grouping and use of physical department. When possible, there should be at least two divisions of the boys from twelve to sixteen and perhaps two divisions of older boys if they are reached by the boys' department. Conditions must finally determine and while physiological age, height, weight and chrono- logical age all have a bearing, we offer the following general classification : (a) Grammar school. (b) High school. (c) Employed. One or all may be sub-divided. The best work can be done with groups under fifty in number. CLASS ORGANIZATION 95 Each group should have three periods of physical department work per week each of approximately ninety minutes' duration. Exception may be made for the older working boys (seventeen and eighteen years of age), who may be given more freedom. This would give (exclusive of holidays, and the summer term when outdoor work would predominate) a total of about 180 hours per season for the practical indoor work. The time given for each phase of work we recom- mend as follows: Practical Work Calisthenics 40 hours Games and free work 80 hours Gymnastics 20 hours Aquatics 20 hours Athletics 20 hours Total 180 hours Theoretical Work Hygiene, not less than 10 hours. First aid, not less than 5 hours. The day's order suggested is as follows : Free work 15 min Calisthenics 15 min Formal gymnastics, athletics or swimming 30 min Games 15 min Bathing 15 min Total 90 min It is not recommended that this day's order shall prevail every day, as it may be more feasible to spend 96 PHYSICAL WORK an entire period in organized play, but it is offered as a program for the major part of the work. (5) Supervision. We would further urge, with a possible exception of the older groups, that during the entire time when boys are in the physical depart- ment they be under the supervision of competent adult leadership. (6) Medical examinations need hardly be empha- sized at this time, as they have been urged for years, but to be all-inclusive we urge that all new members be examined, and as far as possible subsequent examinations be made at intervals of not more than one year, and three months would be much better. (7) Religious work. No reference is made in this syllabus to religious work as such, as it is considered a work by itself. Every director should not only see to it that he is closely related to some definite religious work, but he should also stand responsible for interesting his leading workers in the definitely religious activities of the department. The work for young adults may well be a combina- tion of corrective work, educational work and contests. This group of men, who have practically all reached full maturity, must be given work which will correct faulty posture due to necessary or assumed unhygienic positions during business hours. They must get re- lief from the monotony and cares of business or profes- sional life. They must stir and stimulate the organs tending to become sluggish because of sedentary habits. To accomplish these results it will be necessary to have variety in the forms of work conducted because CLASS ORGANIZATION 97 of difference in temperaments. Some will get excel- lent results from volley ball as recreation, while others would not be benefited by such a game, Some want recreation of the most active type and need it, while others get best results from slower and less strenuous games. For recreation and mental relaxa- tion, a variety of games is necessary. The place each is to occupy in the schedule is determined by the number of men in the class and the interest manifested. Corrective work to remedy postural defects is very necessary, and in the calisthenic drills considerable must be made of corrective movements. Apparatus work yields splendid corrective results when carefully directed. To increase the circulation and stimulate the func- tions of the body calisthenics, athletics, swimming and games are unequalled and they should all have a place in the schedule of work for young men. For the older business and professional men who have reached the point where the physical mechanism has lost its elasticity and where reaction is slower and where the entire physical organism is beginning to wane, a type of work must be devised that will meet the conditions. It must be remembered that these men for the most part lead very irregular and unhygienic lives, partly from the necessity of their business or profession and partly from choice. Numerous dinner engagements and irregular hours of eating have led us to believe that many overeat or eat food not at all appropriate to their mode of living. The large number of nervous breakdowns seem to indicate that many overwork 7 98 PHYSICAL WORK mentally. The overeating and mental overwork is usually accompanied by too little rest and sleep, and hence a sort of chronic fatigue ensues with its many associated ills. Add to all these a sluggishness due to insufficient exercise and we have a description of a large number of typical business and professional men in America. Considerable care must be displayed in urging exer- cise upon this class, as lameness or stiffness will quickly discourage them. Again strains may be easily brought about because of muscular weakness and flabbiness. The work must not be as vigorous or severe as their condition would indicate as necessary. The business man does not require a large amount of exercise. Most of the work will need to be of the recreative type so as to take the mind off business. Games are very valuable for this purpose. As has already been said severe work must be avoided. To accomplish best results with the older business and professional men they should in addition to phy- sical exercise be advised in reference to rest, sleep and diet, and their faulty habits corrected. Passing on now to the consideration of special groups of men the Association has in many instances opportunity to be of service. The preparation of men for the civil service examination, for the police or fire department, requires special organization. The requirements for such examination may be had from the city officials and the work carefully planned accordingly. Some times it is wise to form special classes for preachers, doctors, dentists and the like, to secure their interest and attendance. CLASS ORGANIZATION 99 In the organization of groups in boxing, wrestling and fencing, care must be used in the selection of the teacher. Boxing is a splendid exercise, but requires careful supervision. Usually special fees are charged and these classes are held in separate rooms. IX RECREATION AND ATHLETIC COMPETITION In a well-balanced program of physical work recrea- tive activity will have a large place. Each class period should be arranged so as to make ample pro- vision for informal recreation. This can be secured in two ways. First, by introducing the recreative element into the various physical activities, and, sec- ond, by providing the more formal recreative games. In the former, recreative exercises can be introduced in some of the calisthenic exercises by using various athletic, boxing, fencing and wrestling attitudes or positions. The heavy apparatus can be used to get over and round about in rapid and informal fashion. Then all forms of play ideas can be introduced in connection with work usually having more formal usages, such as jumping over the elephant, relay races around the apparatus or around Indian clubs and using the medicine ball in various informal ways. The physical director, while in portions of his day's order will be formal, and insist upon erect carriage, and give heed to details in executing exercises on the part of his pupils, will always keep in mind that his work must be interesting and pleasing and attractive. From these very informal phases of exercise he will proceed to the use of games that have some form of organization, such as volley ball, battle ball, indoor RECREATION AND COMPETITION 101 baseball, indoor hockey, ring hockey and basket ball. For class purposes these games must be modified so as to make use of the largest possible number of play- ers, provide adequate muscular activity, a minimum risk of injury and demand little skill. The fewer rules the better. Such games have the value of completely absorbing the interest of the players and of stimulating regular attendance. The games should not, however, displace other forms of activity which are essential. Occasional informal tournaments in different games will add greatly to the enthusiasm. Business men's classes can be divided into teams, and short time games played covering a brief series. Friendly rivalry is healthy and stimulates the social life of the group. A carnival made up of several varieties of games so as to encourage interest in all, and therefore in all-round development, is an excellent plan. In all such activity the participation of the least skilled must be encouraged, and provision made for them in the scheme of scoring and enrollment. From these informal types of recreation, it is a natural step to more formal competition. Some Associations find it a good practice to set aside a night or other definite period in the week for competitive games, and provide for inter-class competition, group games, membership athletic meets, with or without trophies. Friends of members are invited to witness the activities. Much is made in these days of exhibi- tion and informal contests in the swimming pool. So long as competition is confined to the member- ship, there is little difficulty in managing it, and the results are most beneficial. When, however, it is intended to extend competitive relations in athletics 102 PHYSICAL WORK and sports to other organizations, the conditions are altered and more careful supervision is needed. The spirit of the contests often becomes tense, a higher degree of specialization is demanded, and a system of training on the part of the players required. Whenever a policy of open competition is decided upon it should be approved and supported by the physical department committee. The competitors and members of the teams must be acquainted with the practice decided upon by the Association in the regulation of such activities. Definite schedules for practice and for games must be outlined in advance and faithfully adhered to in practice. Many Asso- ciations have suffered severely because polices have not been framed in advance and conscientiously followed. In adopting a policy in reference to competitive athletics, the following should be insisted upon: Only men who truly represent in fair degree the Association ideals should be selected to represent the Association. The number of games to be played both in the Association building and elsewhere should be decided. The manner in which such athletes are to be selected should be made plain. In every case members in good standing only and who have been members for a reasonable period should be eligible. A complete understanding must be had in reference to the practice of the Association regarding travel- ing expenses, entry fees or honoraria of any sort. Too frequently groups or cliques of young men have formed in Associations which have demanded special privileges, undue attention and discrimination, and thus perverted the motive of such sports. Athletics RECREATION AND COMPETITION 1 03 in the Association are justified only on the basis that they make for health and character. The physical director and the physical department committee must be acquainted with the correspond- ence and the plans of the managers of Association teams. Relations with other teams should be in ac- cordance with the amateur platform and the spirit stated in the pronouncement published in the hand- book of the Athletic League of Young Men's Chris- tian Associations of North America of which every Association should be a member. The Association should have relations with only those teams which in turn are related to some reputable governing body or institution except through special agreement with those not so related by which their amateur standing is ascertained. The members of the Association must be protected by the Association. Care must be exercised that only those in good physical condition participate. The zeal of some must be checked lest they overdo or over-emphasize the importance of sport, and permit it to take up too much of their time, strength and attention. When teams go away from the Association building they should be in charge of a responsible leader or manager. The physical director himself must not be carried away by the desire for victory, but should exemplify in his own bearing the ideal sportsman. When athletics are conducted in accordance with the foregoing suggestions they are the source of stimu- lation of good fellowship, a desirable social spirit and loyalty to the Association. 104 PHYSICAL WORK The Conduct of Athletic Meets In connection with the conduct of an athletic meet, either indoor or outdoor, there is much of detail which must be kept in mind in preparation for the same. Forethought in reference to detail will save much in effort and confusion later. We are describing here a meet commonly known as an open meet, in which other organizations are asked to compete. Things to remember in advance are, (i) an adequate place; (2) the cost; (3) the character of the prizes; (4) the possibility of an adequate number of entries; (5) whether the date selected is non-conflicting and appropriate; (6) the increased effort which it will demand. These settled, then details must be considered. Printed matter. Entry blanks must be sent to athletic organizations and followed up and widely distributed. These should contain a clear statement of the date, place and events and the character and number of the prizes. Provision must be made to carefully file and number these entries as they are returned. The closing of entries must be announced on the blank, the date strictly adhered to, and fixed long enough in advance to allow for handicapping events and for insertion in the program. As promi- nent athletes enter much can be made of the fact in good newspaper publicity. This is the best form of advertising. Posters and street car signs may also be used to good advantage. Upon the receipt of each entry the competitor should be sent an admission card which will be an acknowledgment of his entry. RECREATION AND COMPETITION 105 A careful record should be kept in a separate book of the number of each entrant, the fee paid and the events entered. Officials. These men should be selected with great care, and with reference to efficiency rather than to honor prominent individuals Most meets have too many officials and often too many that know nothing about officiating. Special care should be used in selecting the referee, the starter, the chief clerk of course and the judges of finish. Weakness in any one of these points may seriously mar the games, and make all other work of preparation count for naught. Days in advance the physical director should go over each item of the program and check up each ar- ticle needed. Little items, like finish tape, whistles, pistols and cartridges, stop watches, pins for com- petitors numbers, bars for the high jump standards, seem insignificant, but the absence of any will make for delay. The meet itself. The games should start on time and delays must not be tolerated. Some one person ought to be selected as the director of games whose sole duty it is to keep things moving. Many good meets have been spoiled by long drawn out and needless delays. The clerks should announce events long in advance to insure prompt appearance of athletes. Marshals are an important element and should be efficient. No one but those who are officials or competitors should be allowed in the enclosure and even the latter must be hustled off the field as soon as their event is over, though care must be exercised 106 PHYSICAL WORK in providing a place for them where they can witness the games. They should receive courteous attention from the Association which is their host. A good announcer or bulletin board is an essential to the success of the meet. X PHYSICAL DEPARTMENT EXHIBITIONS AND ENTERTAINMENTS The present prominence given to exhibitions and entertainments in the program of the physical depart- ment is the result of evolution and experience. The Association literature of twenty years ago is very emphatic in stating that there should be no enter- tainment features given, but that the exhibitions given should show regular work done in the physical department. Anything else was looked upon as spectacular and undignified. This point of view was not shared by directors who had in their Associations men of varying ability in different lines of physical activity. Especially since the rise of the play move- ment has the Association overcome the earlier notions. It has been found that entertainment, which is merely another word for "play" is as useful and as important in its place as more formal work. Therefore, at this time we have a variety of demon- strations in our physical departments, some of them purely of the exhibition type, but most of them of the entertainment type, or combining both features. Exhibition of class work. The exhibition of class work is the old type and still has a most important place in the work. The object is to demonstate to the public the work that the Association does every day in its gymnasium. This kind of an exhibition logically comes at times when the physical department 108 PHYSICAL WORK needs to be advertised, that is at the beginning of the season's work, and perhaps at times when special groups of men are invited into the building for special advertising purposes. Obviously there is little need for preparation, the regular routine of class work is all that is necessary. The program is usually as follows: The assembly; a few simple marching evolutions; a calisthenic drill; squad work on apparatus; squad work in athletic events; mass class exercises by means of the whole class doing rapid work with gymnastic apparatus and on mats; games. Usually a program of this kind is extensive enough without introducing any special features. Closing exhibition. It is customary in many Asso- ciations to present an exhibition or a combination exhibition and entertainment near the close of the regular season's work. This type of exhibition may include some of the things in the " class work" exhibi- tion, and in addition special features, such as fencing, wrestling, tumbling, dancing, athletic events, literary and musical features. It may be held in the gymna- sium, but it is often held in a local theatre or large auditorium. A good strong committee to organize the finances and the advertising features, and be responsible for the details, is necessary. The physical director who attempts to manage the details of the exhibition himself makes a mistake. "Pops. " Frequently during the year, either weekly or bi-weekly, popular entertainments in the gymna- sium may be given. These can, and should be, varied, so as not to become monotonous. They should be made rather brief, not over an hour and a half. They EXHIBITS AND ENTERTAINMENTS I09 should be conducted by a special committee, large enough so that two or three members of the committee are held responsible for one night, two or three for another night, and so on. The physical department provides a great variety of activities that can be presented at such times, and it is possible to have weekly entertainments during the season without much duplication. In such programs there should be some musical features. In some places an amateur orchestra is used. Occasionally vocal and instrumental music may be included in the program. There should be one special drawing feature; one night it may be a basket ball game, another, indoor baseball, another volley ball, another foot ball and another one or two athletic events with some local rivals; at another time fancy gymnastics of different kinds, either apparatus work or special drills, dancing, club swing- ing and numerous other features that readily occur to the inventive physical director. In addition to the special event of the evening there may be literary and musical features, and any one of the items mentioned above that are not so expert as the special feature, something like an ordinary class on some apparatus work, might be introduced, or the display of some gymnasium games, not team games. There is no special object in limiting the talent to the Association. There are in most places friends of the Association who are glad to help at any time in a program of this kind. There may be some one who has a special act, such as trick bicycle riding, roller skating, fancy dancing, slack wire walking, sleight of hand, and an indefinite number 110 PHYSICAL WORK of other things that the physical director may discover. Circus. As before stated twenty years ago anyone would look upon a circus as undignified, but now Associations over the country quite generally are conducting amateur circuses. The object is not to ape the professional circus, but to have a rousing good popular entertainment, in which may be included serious and comical features, with men in the member- ship or from the outside. This, when worked up properly, requires a large number of participants, and it is one of the best means of enlisting volunteer help. The kind of features to introduce are such as those mentioned above. There should be some serious features, such as horizontal and parallel bar work; a fancy drill of some kind; dancing and any special acrobatic work that may be had locally, such as tum- bling, slack wire walking, etc., and in addition to this there should be much made of the comic features or clown stunts. If space permits a side show may be included, refreshments and other auxiliary features found in the regular circus duplicated. To organize a successful circus, the physical depart- ment committee should get the help of special com- mittees on some such plan as the following: First, a business manager, who is an adviser and ex officio member of all committees; second, a treasurer who has charge of the printing and distributing of tickets ; third, an advertising committee to print and distribute window posters and signs, decorate wagons or autos, employ sandwich men to walk the street, write spicy articles for the papers every day for a week or two EXHIBITS AND ENTERTAINMENTS III before the event, stressing special features in a popu- lar fashion, print and distribute hand bills; fourth, a program committee to get out a program, soliciting enough advertisements to pay for printing; fifth, a music committee which should secure an orchestra, have charge of the clown band and special musical numbers; sixth, a side show committee, to have entire charge of the usual side show features; seventh, ushers committee which will have seats marked in addition to their regular duties; eighth, clown com- mittee, which makes it its duty to get men to act in various comic stunts; this is a very important com- mittee and should require considerable preliminary training; ninth, the property committee, which has charge of all things that are necessary to be used in connection with the circus, such as clown suits, build- ing rings, setting up booths and decorations; tenth, refreshment committee, which has charge of order- ing and distributing peanuts, popcorn, lemonade and candy, providing the necessary salesmen and property; eleventh, there should be a company of canvas men whose duty it is to see that apparatus is put in place and removed as needed; twelfth, the main show com- mittee which sets up the main show features. If the above organization is carefully perfected a month before the circus there is no reason why a successful show could not be conducted in any com- munity. If the physical director attempts to do it all, it will be a small affair, and he will be overworked. Special gymnasium exhibition. This may include both exhibition and entertainment features in special gymnastics, such as fencing, wrestling, tumbling, danc- ing (but no boxing). In this type of a display the 112 PHYSICAL WORK object is to give an evening to enthusiasts in these special features. These may be set up singly and an evening given to each, but usually they become monotonous because of the sameness, yet if music and literary features are introduced, this may be done successfully. Athletic exhibition. This does not mean purely an athletic meet, but as the term implies, an exhibition. This type of exhibition may have a program as follows : Assembly; an athletic drill, specially prepared, includ- ing most of the athletic events, the class all performing them together, such as the broad jump, shot put, dis- cus throw, sprinting, hop, step and jump, running high jump, running high kick, and other features that may be combined by a versatile physical director in class formation; squad formations in athletic events; and as final features perhaps two or three athletic contests of the most spectacular kind, such as pole vaulting and relay racing. There may also be intro- duced some humorous features, such as obstacle races and even some clown features. Game night. This event may include a demon- stration as well as a contest in various indoor team games, such as basket ball, baseball, indoor hockey, indoor football, volley ball, hand ball, hand polo and various gymnasium games, such as three deep, tag, circle ball, captain ball, hand tennis, tether ball, Indian clubs, wrestling, Indian club race and medi- cine ball race. Enough material is usually available for entertainment covering several nights. Aquatics. An aquatic entertainment and exhibi- tion may be given in the swimming pool in which not only the usual races are displayed and contested, such EXHIBITS AND ENTERTAINMENTS 113 as plunging, long distance swimming, under water swimming, but also a demonstration by some local celebrity in fancy swimming, fancy diving or floating. There may be included to excellent advantage demon- strations in life saving and resuscitation, also water games, such as water polo, water basket ball, water baseball. Outside talent exhibition. The Association may give an exhibition or entertainment, using largely, if not entirely, outside talent, non-members of the Associa- tion, such as drills and apparatus work by German Turners, if there is such an organization in the city; fancy dancing steps and drills by ladies of the Young Women's Christian Association, or some other ladies' gymnasium; athletic events by some local athletic club ; demonstrations in wrestling or fencing by some local celebrity; or musical numbers by some local club. It may be well to state the place the physical director should have in relation to these various features. There is a well established sentiment that the physical director should not show himself in exhibitions, but let his work show through his pupils. The greatest objection to the physical director participating in these events is that if he is better than they, he embarrasses them, and if not, he is " shown up." In other words, it becomes a matter of contest between himself and his pupils. There is, however, in most places a desire on the part of the members and others, to know what the physical director can do, and there may be no objection to his displaying some of his ability upon occasion. The carnival. Under the head of carnival, there 8 114 PHYSICAL WORK may be included a big display in some hall or armory, in which a several days' program will be laid out, billing each day and evening. In this, all of the exhibition work, athletic features and games, not only for Young Men's Christian Association members, but for all outsiders, furnished the program. These are big affairs that require a great deal of preparation and organization, but which may mean a great deal to Associations located in large cities, where something must be done to get the attention of the athletic loving community. XI EDUCATIONAL WORK The human body is a complex and intricate machine. That all men should have at least a general knowledge of the laws governing their body is a self-evident fact. The driver of an automobile not only needs to know the workings of the steering gear, but if he is to get much service from the car he must know the general working of the whole car and at once locate any parts that go askew. He must also know what obstacles to avoid in driving the machine. An auto may be able to run up a curbstone and through ruts for a while, but the life of that machine will be much shorter than if the chauffeur avoided such obstacles. In a similar way every man should know the working of the human machine, what it needs for growth and development, how to get the most work from it by constant and careful adjustments, and what to avoid. The physical director who is worthy the name must be more than a mere director of physical activities. The day is past when intelligent people will be satisfied with the physical director who merely plans a course in physical exercise, no matter how careful he may have been to make it scientific and practical. Men need to know more than how to exercise. At best the director will have his men only four or five hours per week in the gymnasium, and by a 116 PHYSICAL WORK single act of carelessness after leaving the exercise room they may speedily undo all the good results of the exercise. The physical director must be more than a physical trainer, he must be a physical educator, and teach men not only how to handle their bodies in the gymnasium, on the athletic field and in the swimming pool, but also how to get the best results from their physical organism in their business or professional careers, what conditions to avoid and how to act under difficulties. This means that the laws of health must be taught, and when we recognize the fact that one-half of the sickness now existing might have been avoided, and that thousands of deaths might have been postponed, the gravity of the problem becomes evident. The organization of the National Health League has made available much material that is of help to the physical director in this work of health educa- tion. Valuable literature is created and furnished, and the means for distributing the same among the members provided. Lantern slides for illustrated addresses are available. The organization although young, being in its third year, has several thousand members and progressive physical directors are utilizing it with excellent results. The Health League was organized in 191 1 to make possible for the physical directors a concerted attempt to bring health information to the members of the Associations throughout North America, and to unite such as would join the League into an organization which would tend to create interest and enthusiasm in all matters pertaining to health. The headquarters of the League is at the office of the Physical Depart- EDUCATIONAL WORK 117 ment of the International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations. Not only is it important that personal hygiene should be taught, but since so many lives are lost through avoidable accident the teaching of first aid to the injured and of prevention of accidents should be included. Good textbooks are available for this purpose, and the International Committee has outlines and suggestions as to the plan of organization and procedure, and syllabi of the work to cover. Some Associations teach first aid to special vocational groups and close the courses with appropriate exhi- bitions and practice work. First Aid to the Injured Through the joint arrangement of the International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations with the American National Red Cross of the United States Government, the men and boys of every Association have special privileges of pursuing courses in First Aid under the sanction of the Red Cross, and if successful in the examination, of receiving the official Red Cross certificates bearing the fac-simile signature of the President of the United States. These First Aid courses are of three grades: — 1. Boys' Course, for those under 15; involves simple fundamental features and principles of First Aid. 2. The Elementary Course, limited to those 15 and over; requires a thorough course of training in both theoretical and practice work. 3. The Advanced Course is limited to men who have 118 PHYSICAL WORK already passed the official elementary test. It in- volves both written and practice work, requires much more of the principles and reasons for methods pursued, and needs full and explicit replies to questions given in the test. Teachers or leaders of First Aid should be active, successful physicians; though some efficient physical directors with special training in this work often make good leaders. The course should involve ten to fifteen or more regular sessions of the class with the leader. Much emphasis should be given to the practice part of the course at each session of the class, and special attention given to the prevention of accidents. The thirty-cent textbook in First Aid by Major Charles Lynch of the American Red Cross is used very largely in the best courses, but any other efficient, modern text may be acceptable. It is desirable that each student should have his own copy of a textbook. The official tests are conducted by the International Committee through any local Association the first Friday in April and in June, and the third Friday in July and December. In the organization of classes in First Aid the physical director will of course work in cooperation with the educational director where such is employed. In addition to classes that may be formed in hygiene and first aid to the injured, other work is necessary, for at best only a very small percentage of the mem- bership can be secured for regularly organized classes. Talks on health topics will be arranged; pamphlets containing hygienic information will be secured from the many organizations, local, state and national, EDUCATIONAL WORK 119 and distributed; bulletins will be posted in conspicu- ous places and reading courses suggested. It is wise to have in the library or reading room a special shelf for books dealing with hygiene and physical training. In the larger cities the city libraries may be induced upon the suggestion of the physical director to print a special leaflet of titles of books on health and these can be used to stimulate reading. A careful study of the membership and the commu- nity will indicate where emphasis should be placed in such education. All the best men of the city are interested in the health of the community, and it is not a difficult task to enlist the services of physicians and others in this work. In this, as in everything else, organiza- tion is necessary to accomplish large results, and the most influential men should be secured as leaders and promoters. Such work will not run itself. Young men who are well and strong are most careless of their health, and it needs constant urging and frequent change of method to hold the interest. While hygiene covers a broad field, we wish to lay especial emphasis on one phase of it, usually alto- gether neglected — sex hygiene. When statisticians and specialists assert that more than one-half (some say three-fourths) of all the male population at one time or another suffers from sexual disorders due to impure living, the need of emphasis is readily recognized. With this, as with all instruction, the most effective is that given in youth and early man- hood. Considerable care must be exercised to teach the boys what they should do and know rather than to create curiosity about things they should avoid. They 120 PHYSICAL WORK should be taught according to their age and stage of mental and social development. Emphasis upon the pathological should be avoided. Only those of tested character and ability should be invited to teach or lecture upon sex hygiene. Several men of ability are used by Associations for promoting one week educational campaigns, and information can be secured regarding them from the International Committee. 1 In many cities there are calls for leaders from clubs and churches with gymnasiums, and as the playground movement grows the demand for play teachers continues and suggestions under the topic of educational work would be incomplete without reference to the opportunities afforded to train leaders for such service. While the physical director needs careful technical training, and short cuts to this profession are impossible, nevertheless there will be constant demand for leaders of play and physical activity in general. These positions require little technical training, but considerable practical ability and the Association has both the men and the facilities to train leaders for such positions. The wise physical director will carefully study his field, its needs and opportunities and cooperate with existing agencies when possible, such as Boards of Health, public libraries, medical societies, and social organizations, or by creating organizations when the proper ones do not exist and through them bring to the boys and young men such facts as are necessary to make life safe, sane, active, healthy and useful. 1 Much help and many practical suggestions may be had by writing the secre- tary of such organizations as the Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis of New York City, and the Oregon Society of Social Hygiene, Portland, Ore. They have valuable literature for general distribution that may be had at small expense. EDUCATIONAL WORK 121 The following is a suggestive outline of a list of top- ics for health talks or lectures: " Mouth Hygiene and Health' ' (stereopticon) . "The Relation of Health to Success in One's Voca- tion.' ' " Patent Medicines and Home Medication." " Coughs, Colds and Catarrh." "The Ear, Nose and Throat." "Typhoid Fever — The American Infection" (stere- opticon). "The Latest Facts about Tobacco and Alcohol." "Common Sense in Diet." "What Surgery Can and Cannot Do." "Sex and Health." "Why Abuse Our Feet?" "Body and Mind — Trained for Efficiency." "The Great White Plague — Consumption" (stere- opticon). "Sex Diseases." "When to Consult a Physician." "Accidents and Emergencies." "Care of the Eyes." "How the Skin may become a Disease Fighter." "How to Help a Drowning Person" (stereopticon). XII ORGANIZATION OF THE RELIGIOUS WORK It is a fact that all physical work is religious if done with the Christian motive. To teach right living to men who may have suffered from error is as Stanley Hall puts it, " changing a man from a state of physi- cal sin to a state of physical righteousness. To give men physical strength helps to energize moral func- tioning. Developing physical self-control begets con- fidence and assists in forming right mental habits. To teach men right relations in sport, to play clean, to be fair when excited, are fundamental religious principles." But in addition to these indirect methods there is a direct work of religious education to be done, and this is what is meant by religious work in this instance. This begins with the examination. Here the director or physician meets a man as the secretaries do not. It is a rare opportunity for helpfulness. Advice as to exercise and information regarding the rules of health, diet, sleep, habits, and the learning of his personal history give a mutual feeling of acquaintance. Confidence is induced which later is often shown by the member coming to the physical director for advice in reference to matters not related to his health, but to his business affairs, or the moral wisdom of some, to him, important step. Sometimes right then and there the opportunity for helping him in his moral RELIGIOUS WORK 1 23 life is given ; there is a desire for sympathy and coun- sel. To these it is our Christian privilege and duty to respond. Not seldom through the physical exami- nation the foundation for a strong and lasting friend- ship is laid, with its possibilities for Christian service. The more formal methods of work for gymnasium men will include various meetings for them. These might include a series of practical talks on hygiene and related subjects, dealing with the structure and laws of the body, exercise, diet and sleep. The course could be extended by adding others on the life prob- lems of young men. At intervals the Sunday meeting should take on a character that would appeal especially to this part of the membership, a speaker prominent in baseball, football or athletics, notably a college man, secured and a special effort made to get out a large representation of gymnasium men. The topics should be related to physical training. It could be called a " Gymnasium Members' Meeting." Have a committee from the department in charge of the arrangements, and perhaps one of the local athletes introduce the speaker. The religious work committee would do well to turn over a meeting now and then to the leaders' corps or a committee of gymnasium members. Bible classes exclusively for gymnasium members are a present day method that are such a success gener- ally as to merit being stated as a principle in work for this group. Wherever it has been tried it has proven successful in reaching the physical department membership to an extent not found possible before. A few suggestions and observations may be helpful: 1. Organize groups of men of kindred interests — 124 PHYSICAL WORK athletes, leaders, basket ball and baseball enthusiasts, business men and the like. 2. Select leaders of these groups as teachers. This is usually better than securing an outside teacher, who does not come into frequent contact with the members. 3. Emphasize and develop the group spirit. The success of the class is in this rather than in the ability of the leader as a teacher. For this reason the groups ought to be small, not over twelve or fifteen members. 4. To further develop this spirit, instead of keeping it confined within the narrow limits of the group each class should be part of a larger whole. It might be called the gymnasium Bible Study Club. This particular name has advantages. It frankly states the nature of the class — does not conceal or deceive — and yet has the attractiveness of the club idea. The president, secretary and teacher should be a member of a council representing all the groups where they will get the larger view of things as they meet in conference upon the whole work. The classes could now and then meet in such a conference. 5. Wide experience in Associations shows that the best time for the study periods is on a gymnasium class night just before the class, with supper preced- ing. The significance of eating and drinking together as a social factor is apparent. No demonstration is necessary to convince that a meal together before a Bible class session is a good psychic preparation for an interesting getting together in the study. Supper at 6:15 or 6:30, and then a forty-five minute or one hour period for the study seems to be the plan fol- lowed in the majority of cases, giving the men a RELIGIOUS WORK 1 25 chance to get on the gymnasium floor in time for the opening of the class. 6. The work should be graded. The life of Christ appears to be the most popular study for the first year's work, and appeals to most young men strongly. 7. A general class for gymnasium men on Sunday afternoon, usually a large class, appeals to many, and is the most convenient for some. Of prime importance is the strength and influence of personal friendship. The physical director is the one who must form friendships with gymnasium men, and by the very circumstances can most readily do so. The peculiar relationship which he sustains to the members of his department in their physical welfare, the various ways in which he comes into contact with them through the activities of the department, give him opportunities few men possess for influencing their lives through friendship. Reference has been made to the position he holds as an educator in high ideals in sport, and training in ethical standards. But beyond that we recognize the responsibility of the head of this department in personally pointing men to Jesus Christ, the perfect man. He must be fair in everything he does on the gymnasium floor, must inspire to brightness, wholesomeness, healthfulness and manly vigor in his classes and private life, giving a splendid example of Christian living, but he should do more. The leading of men to Jesus Christ must be his aim and work. In this he will not underestimate the power of personal friendship. XIII SUMMER ACTIVITIES Heretofore the greatest activity in the physical work has been in the winter months. Then the gym- nasium classes are crowded and the activities are at high tide. We have assumed that men would cease taking active exercise and so have planned little for them, and yet it is in the summer-time when men and boys have more time, when they seek recuperation and really when they enjoy exercise most. In recent years it has been found that if the work is rightly planned and properly announced, and the character of the work given changed, gymnasium work can be continued throughout the entire summer. The great majority of young men have very short va- cations, and must remain in the city during the greater part of the summer, and as the Association building is usually centrally located it is most accessible. Now if the individual does certain types of work when he has least time he should be expected to do more when he has most time. If he does not there must be some psychological reason, and there is. His great need is not less to do, but different things to do. Not no activities, but a change in activities to fit the summer spirit. The ordinary gymnasium schedules are too sug- gestive of winter and not adaptive. Just as we have discovered that education should not be limited to winter terms, but that the summer provides unusual SUMMER ACTIVITIES I27 opportunities by simply changing the environment of the class room to the park, the garden or the roof, so physical work can be conducted even in the building by changing the type of work. Even in as hot a section of the country as the down-town portion of a city it has been proven that gymnasium classes can be continued, with modifications in the type of exercise, all through the summer. First of all the Association building and its accessor- ies must suggest the spirit of summer. There should be a change in the furnishings. Curtains and heavy upholstery should be displaced by more seasonable furnishings. Electric and other fans, plants, flowers, bubbling fountains with clear cool water for drinking purposes should be available. The roof or an adja- cent lot can be appropriately equipped and electrically lighted for recreative purposes. As accessories to the regular work baseball scores can be announced and ofttimes music afforded. The calisthenic drills must be brief, snappy and happy and followed by a large measure of games. Spring tournaments and summer tournaments in hand ball, volley ball and even indoor baseball are popular and hold interest. The swimming pool can be made especially attractive with special effort to give instruction in swimming and life saving, and other features for the more advanced swimmers. Of course the ideal plan is to transfer the indoor work to out-of-doors and simply continue the winter schedule in a different environment and with different days order. Where an athletic field is available with adequate facilities for all forms of athletic games and sports this is possible. But it must be remembered 128 PHYSICAL WORK that simply having a field does not avail. It must be well supervised and an active and varied program of activities provided. Experience proves that a field near a body of water providing bathing and boating is most popular. If out of the city any considerable distance a club house with dormitories must be a part of the equipment to make it usable. A progressive Association will secure such an equipment. It is realized, however, that many Associations by force of circumstances will not be able to provide such equipment, but this does not mean that summer activity is not possible. The following experience may prove suggestive : The experience contains an important principle, namely: that the best way to create interest is through democracy. Members enjoy what they initiate. To create unusual interest in summer recreation a "Summer Recreation Rally" was announced. An interesting speaker on "How to Enjoy a Vacation" was secured for a short address. His name was suf- ficient to create interest. The meeting was held in the large auditorium. This was a suggestion that a crowd was expected. Another man of prominence was asked to preside. The stage was decorated to indi- cate summer vacation. A tent was pitched; a make- believe campfire was produced; athletic paraphernalia, such as fishing nets and poles, a canoe, tennis rackets, ball bats and golf were used for decoration. Before the time of the program cards were issued to the members asking them to check the particular sports in which they were interested and return them at least two weeks before the night of the rally. On these cards were named all of the conceivable sports SUMMER ACTIVITIES 129 which the community might afford. This list in- cluded track and field sports, tennis, baseball, ram- bling, camera club, horseback riding, surf bathing, boating, tug boat trips, trolley rides, golf. There was no idea how many of these would be provided, but it was a method of making an inventory of the mem- bers' desires. When the cards were collected the lists were classi- fied. Then a meeting of the different groups was called. For illustration, a dozen men wanted golf. These were called together to discuss how golf might be provided. The Association had no golf grounds and could not afford them. A committee was ap- pointed from the group to investigate the city and to find what the city had to offer in grounds and to report at the rally. Similarly other groups were called together and sent out to find places and to report definite methods. And they succeeded admirably. The golfers found splendid golf links furnished free by the city and organized the group to play on them. The boating group found they could secure special rates at the park if tickets were bought in quantities. The athletic group found an athletic park which could be secured for $100 and they secured the money by issuing athletic park tickets at $1 to 100 interested members. All of these groups reported on rally night. First, the orchestra played, the address was given, and stere- opticon views of Silver Bay, Lake George, the local and state camps for boys were shown ; also pictures of local athletes. Then came the reports, after which the groups got together, organized and made plans. These were launched enthusiastically because the 9 130 PHYSICAL WORK members made the enterprise possible and a splendid season of many activities resulted. For a program of outdoor activities one thinks of spring and fall athletic meets and all-round tests dur- ing the summer. The following are suggested: Relay runs to a neighboring city, cross country runs and paper chases, twilight baseball leagues, play- ground ball leagues for business men, hand ball and outdoor baseball, bicycle runs and when possible aquatic sports. The Association should seek to sense the prevailing sport in its community and relate itself to it. For illustration, in one city the favorite sport was sea bathing. On Saturday afternoon many of the mem- bers were found on the beach though the Association was not related to it. The Association made a study of the situation. It was discovered that one of the large bathing houses was most popular. A represen- tative was sent to the proprietor who agreed to the Association's suggestions that lockers would be re- served in a certain section of the building for Associa- tion men. This segregated the men and brought them together at the beach at the same time. Then the physical director related himself to the group di- recting the games on the beach, including three deep, pyramids and races. Later the group organized into an Association swimming club, and thus through tact and study and adaptability the Association became the directing force. In another city the chief attraction was camping on a river. The best location on this river was oc- cupied by drinking clubs. Investigation revealed that the property was owned by a churchman. The SUMMER ACTIVITIES 131 physical director called upon the owner, told him that if the Association was given a portion of the property a boat house would be erected and the rest of the prop- erty would be supervised and leased to respectable persons. This he agreed to. The objectionable per- sons were eliminated, better groups became tenants and the Association formed a stock company of one hundred members at $10 each and erected a substan- tial boat house with sleeping accommodations. Summer is the time for unusual opportunities and should be planned for, and a varied program both within and without the building energetically pro- moted. XIV EXTENSION WORK. The field of the Young Men's Christian Associa- tion is the community. The program of the Asso- ciation endeavors to meet the existing needs of the boys and young men of the entire community, not simply the needs of its members. With special reference to the physical department, this means en- deavoring to meet the physical needs of every boy and man whose needs are not being adequately met by any other agency. The Association, however, should be concerned more in having such needs met than in meeting them, by which it is acknowledged that in some cases other agencies can better meet certain needs than can the Association. Therefore, it should seek to energize and cooperate with agencies already in the com- munity, or to bring into existence those which will do the work. Many forms of service therefore by the Association will be only temporary and pioneer in character, in order to stimulate a sentiment for the development of the proper agency. This is particularly true in reference to the playground work, for finally, though the Association may begin and for a time control it, such work should be under the direction of the municipality. This has actually been the experience of the Association. There are three fundamental procedures in attempt- ing community work. First, a study of the field to EXTENSION WORK 1 33 discover the needs. These needs differ in different communities. No man can guess at his field. He must know it. If he does not know it he is apt to make some ridiculous statements about it which will display gross and inexcusable ignorance, and he is likely to make many blunders. The second essential is to discover the scientific method of meeting the need. There is a right way and a wrong way of dealing with social problems. There is a thorough method and a superficial method. Unscientific meth- ods will deal with symptoms. Scientific methods will deal with causes. The best known philosophy for dealing with the problem in hand should be ascer- tained before method is proposed. Great principles have been worked out with reference to most social conditions. These must be observed. Otherwise the Association may work contrary to plans followed by other agencies. Third, a study should be made of the agencies in the community to avoid overlapping and duplica- tion. In many instances cooperation rather than new organization is essential. Most agencies lack adequate active support. The Association should seek to coordinate all the agencies working for the welfare of men and boys. Often the Association will find it can secure very valuable assistance in its own work from existing agencies, such as health literature from health organi- zations, play space from playground agencies, lantern slides and exhibit material from welfare agencies, assistance in sanitary propaganda and in legislative assistance from the Board of Health. The Asso- ciation is not a legislative agency; it can, however, do legislative work through other organizations. 134 PHYSICAL WORK In the smaller communities, where social develop- ment has not progressed extensively, the oppor- tunity of the Association physical director as a social engineer is very great. In the larger communities the form of service is largely in the nature of cooperation with other agencies. Several types of public service engaged in to a great extent by the Association are the following : I . The promotion of play and sport. In many centers the Association is the only agency in the community supervising play ; consequently it is the logical agency for promoting sentiment for the organization of public playgrounds, and often for taking the respon- sibility for the earlier form of work. This effort usually proceeds in one of the following ways: First, the Association may secure a vacant private lot or field, provide supervision and make a demon- stration of the feasibility and practicability of the undertaking. Second, it may cooperate with the Park Board in supervising play in the parks. Third, the Association may call together the different agencies of the community to support a playground movement, offering, if equipment is furnished, to provide the supervision with or without cost. Fourth, it may promote the formation of a Play- ground Association in cooperation with other organi- zations. Fifth, the Association may take over the executive direction of a city playground, or, through the physi- cal director, serve on the council of the Playground Association. EXTENSION WORK 1 35 Whatever the temporary method, the final aim should be to get the city to take the responsibility for financing and supervising. The chief concern of the Association is that supervision shall be by people of character, who have both native and technical ability for such work. The Association, in addition to playground work, has been and now is a large factor in promoting clean sport. This in recent years is taking the form of federations of the permanent institutions of the community upon an amateur platform, thus uniting them in the promotion of the highest ideals in sport. The Athletic League Handbook contains very helpful detailed and complete information in this regard. 2. Cooperation with the public schools. The school is the natural agency to provide physical education. To this end the Association should seek through co- operative action to bring about the introduction of a complete plan of physical education in the schools, both elementary and secondary, which shall include medical examinations and physical exercise. This cooperation takes on several forms all of which are temporary, for the Board of Education must eventually take the responsibility for the installation and direc- tion of such work. In some instances the Association organizes and directs Public School Athletic Leagues, directing all the play activities of the schools or a part of such activities. In others, the Association gymnasium is used by the schools for all or part of the school work, with or without special financial arrangement. Some schools pay en block for such service for stip- ulated periods of work. Some Associations have 136 PHYSICAL WORK an arrangement with the schools whereby the physi- cal director gives part time to the direction of the school physical work. Other Associations supervise recess periods. These are all interesting, and usually lead up to a comprehensive system of physical train- ing in the schools. 3. Relation to Sunday Schools and Churches. The Association is the united church at work in the com- munity for men and boys. All that it does in the building is recognized as church work, but the Asso- ciation can help the local churches in their efforts to reach boys in their community and in their congrega- tions. The relation of the Association to the churches takes on different forms and includes the following methods : a. The provision of trained leaders to direct physi- cal work in the churches. b. Arrangement whereby a church may send its boys or young men en masse to the Association gymnasium for special work at a special hour. c. The organization of leagues in a given sport, games of which are played either in the Association gymnasium or elsewhere. d. The organization of a Sunday School Athletic League through which all manner of physical activi- ties are provided, including leagues of different sports, summer camps, all round tests, athletic meets and gymnastic meets, health lectures, sex education, first aid and swimming campaigns. e. An ideal relation to the church or Sunday School is one in which all the employed officers of the Asso- ciation cooperate, and if an organization is perfected athletics are but a part of other phases of activity. EXTENSION WORK 137 Other forms of effort including teacher training classes, promotion of Bible classes in Sunday Schools, etc. By such a method the approach to the boy is more balanced, and athletics are not unduly or solely emphasized. Physical directors should hold them- selves in readiness to advise with churches in refer- ence to the best methods for organizing and directing physical activities in the churches. 4. Relation to public service, A number of Asso- ciations direct the physical training of policemen and firemen in the Association gymnasium, making a special rate to these departments for membership. Other Associations conduct civil service examina- tions, and some provide courses for preparing police- men and firemen to meet the civil service examina- tions. First aid is taught these groups who, because of their vocations, need such training. 5. Health Education. In health education and in the enlistment of members in health service the Association is conducting a very extensive and valu- able form of community service. This has been fully described in another part of this book, but is referred to here again as it has its community aspects and is a logical part of extension work. Public lec- tures on health in the building, special courses of study in first aid, eugenics, pure food inspection, sanitary hygiene are given by the Association. Lan- tern slides and films are furnished through the Health League to churches and other social organizations. Literature is widely distributed and newspaper articles on health are prepared. Through cooperation with the Boards of Educa- tion and Health in the community, clean-up cam- 138 PHYSICAL WORK paigns are initiated, health days celebrated, surveys promoted and all manner and kind of methods used to bring facts upon health to the public. Anti- cigarette athletic meets are often held. Several cities have stimulated the organization of social hygiene societies, and specialists are used in the promotion of campaigns in sex education in which all the groups in the community, including parents, teachers, church workers, are brought together in conferences upon the subject. 6. Miscellaneous. Under this title we mention briefly other kinds of extension work: a. Meeting the needs of industrial workers through industrial athletic leagues, health talks and sports at the noon hour; serving hot lunches, providing sterilized milk; counseling with reference to the intro- duction of health measures in the manufacturing plant, including exercise, lavatory privileges, rest rooms, lockers and baths; work in the industrial community through playgrounds, and promotion of good housing. In the Association building special gymnasium classes may be provided for employed boys. On another page attention is called to the oppor- tunity of the physical directorship as a special calling in the industrial field. b. Swimming and life saving campaigns. The Asso- ciations, with the cooperation of the International Committee which has provided swimming experts for the purpose, have promoted swimming campaigns. In the local campaigns the swimming pool of the local Association is thrown open to the boys of the com- munity for at least a week, and hundreds of boys EXTENSION WORK 139 given instruction. For the country as a whole as many as 50,000 have been taught to swim in a year. Through these campaigns swimming has been popu- larized all over North America, schools have made swimming compulsory, public bath systems have in- troduced the Association's method and the American Red Cross has responded to the invitation to or- ganize a National Life Saving Association. The Athletic League has also developed a department of Swimming and Life Saving for Associations. c. General. The athletics at church picnics, county fairs, civic holidays, are often placed in charge of the Association physical department. Cooperation in community extension takes on many phases of expression. The Association should be ready to help in any worthy endeavor. There is no limit to what can be done except the limit of the Association's ability to provide leadership. Essentials to success. One of the criticisms made of many physical directors who are strong in directing community work is that they often neglect the work in the building. It must be remembered that the physical director's first duty is to those who become members and pay for definite privileges which the Association has advertised. This work must always be done at the highest possible rate of efficiency. Otherwise, the physical director is not honest with the public nor true to those who become members. He must not take on more outside work than he can efficiently take care of. If he does he will spread himself out thin and do a very superficial service. His success in doing extension work will depend upon the degree of success he has in training men to take 140 PHYSICAL WORK responsibility for definite tasks, both in and outside of the building. The wise and progressive physical director will spend much time cultivating, inspiring and training men. The physical director who attempts the doing of many things without volunteers to help him will soon be swamped with work, will be tempted to super- ficiality and consequently will fail at many points. If he succeeds in relating to himself in cooperative endeavor many men of ability and of willingness to serve, his influence will be greatly extended. He will need, therefore, a strong leaders' corps of men who are qualified for practical and technical tasks, and a goodly group of influential business and pro- fessional men who have influence in the community. XV HOW TO STUDY A FIELD From what has gone before it is apparent that a careful study of the field is very essential. The modern physical director, when asked what he will do in his new field, replies, "I don't know; I haven't yet stud- ied its needs." How to study a field, then, is an im- portant question; a few hints may be useful. Every community has certain fundamental char- acteristics which have great significance to him who plans to meet its physical needs. Among these are the following: Industrial character. There is always a prevailing industry. A town may be given to heavy manu- facturing involving a definite type of laborers, or to commercial enterprise with men of radically different habits and impulses. Commercial pursuits may stamp another place, while yet another may be the center of an agricultural district or yet a capital or a college city. It needs but a glance at these differences to recog- nize that a single scheme of physical interest, or an arbitrary method, cannot possibly be applicable to all places alike. There must be adaptation. Men of the rolling mills should be considered from the standpoint of their peculiar physical habit. Evi- dently the chief of their needs is not muscle. Yet their impulses must be challenged in order to secure their attention. Again, the men of mercantile houses 142 PHYSICAL WORK would hardly be attracted by the same interest that would appeal to the iron worker or the builder. Their tastes and physical habits indicate a course which would compensate for their sedentary occupation. Men of the mines would be appealed to most keenly by recreation and brightness. Men of the store- counter would gladly work to acquire a few lumps of muscle where it would be felt. It is not so much the specific work that is laid out or offered as it is the establishing of a natural point of contact with disin- terested people who need you. Temperament. Every community has a distinctive temperament. This may be recognized as conserva- tive or progressive, moral or depraved, athletic or phlegmatic; but whatever it is it furnishes a basis upon which the intelligent director will plan his work. One would not think of establishing an extensive and expensive athletic field where the athletic interest was not pronounced — or at least but once; and dry routine and class drill would have but little appeal to those whose tastes and habits were emphatically athletic. Clannish people would be appealed to by group interests which were more or less exclusive, while the attempt to group others by classes would find only failure and offense. Innovations, and frequent at that, are needed in some places, while others will tenaciously cling to old standbys. Nationality. It is perfectly obvious that a com- munity with a prevailing foreign population would have traditions of its own, which the wise director should seize upon. Naturally a German community HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 1 43 would reflect the Turnverein and its method, while the Scotch or English contingent would put their emphasis upon open-air interests and would with difficulty be persuaded to accept routine indoors. One would hardly expect a community mainly com- posed of people of French extraction to take enthusias- tically to Swedish gymnastics nor a prevailing Scandi- navian people to emphasize fencing. The whole problem sums up into finding the thing men want, rather than what we think they want. To be sure there is their need, which may be at decided variance with what they want ; but you must get the men before you can meet their need, and this means winning their interest. Winning their confidence follows soon after; then you can do the best for the man and he will accept it. But after all, that is Association work — to win men's interest, then their confidence, then themselves. In addition to determining the general character of the field a specific study should be made. The fol- lowing is a detailed outline of a survey plan. If committees are selected of qualified men for each of the sub-heads in the outline, such a survey can be made in a comparatively short time. The information secured will suggest some steps which can be taken immediately and others which must be left to a later time. General Hints Look for other things than those the outline suggests. Be sure to get these, but let them lead out to other related subjects. In answering questions give sources of information, 144 PHYSICAL WORK either names and addresses of individuals or the literature, as it may be desired to verify or follow up the facts. Population Statistics i. Total population. Secure from the National or Dominion, State or Provincial, census or local census. 2. Young men and boys of Association age. Esti- mate by counting one in five of the population as of Association age. 3. Male school population. Secure from local school authorities. 4. Industrial population, men and boys. Secure from Labor Report. Vital Statistics 1. Mortality. a. Classify deaths from principal causes. b. Classify deaths according to age. c. Classify deaths according to locality. 2. Morbidity. Secure copy of local health ordi- nances which refer to the reporting of diseases and discover to what extent they are enforced, e.g., report- ing of contagious diseases, spitting, etc. Discover what diseases are more or less constant, and in what section of the community. What is the rule and practice in reference to tuber- culosis? Is ophthalmia neonatorum reportable? 3. Medical Examinations. Are medical examina- tions made in elementary and secondary schools? What do such examinations include? Do they include tests of vision and hearing, inspec- tion of teeth, nose and throat and lungs? Examina- tion of heart? HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 145 Who makes these tests? When are they made and how often? Secure or compile statement as to number of de- fects discovered. 4. Physical Training. Is physical training con- ducted in schools? By whom? a. Regular teacher, b. Special teacher. What is its character and extent? a. Calisthenics, b. Games, c. Apparatus Work. Is it compulsory? What physical training equipment is available? What competitive athletics are conducted and what supervision is provided? (Secure schedule of games for entire season). What supervision of the recess periods? Is there a public school athletic league? If so, describe it. Is any instruction given in personal hygiene? If so, what subjects are taught and to what extent? 5. Physical provision for Special Cases. How are medical examinations followed up? Is there a system of notification of parents? A visiting nurse? What quarantine measures are used in reference to communicable diseases? Are open air schoolrooms provided? Is there a class of backward children? If so, de- scribe curriculum and method of conducting. 6. What method of ventilation is used? At what temperature is the schoolroom kept? Is the air moistened? 7. To what extent are schools social centers? 10 146 PHYSICAL WORK Public Playgrounds How many public playgrounds are there? Where are they located? Describe the work done. What is the daily attend- ance at each? What class of individuals are reached? How many physical directors and assistants? What is the amount of each of their salaries? What is the total budget? How are they managed? What further recreational facilities might be made available? Public Bathing What facilities are there for public bathing? Describe equipment, (a) Indoor, (b) Outdoor. To what extent used? How supervised? To what extent is swimming taught? What percentage of homes have baths? Games and Athletics What games do the boys and young men play? What are the prevailing sports? (a) Spring, (b) Summer, (c) Autumn, (d) Winter. State number of athletic and gymnastic organiza- tions and clubs in the city. What groups participate : a. Clerks and mercantile. b. Industrial. c. Others. How many young men are in these athletic clubs? HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 147 Describe equipment, location and character of clubs. To what extent are track and field athletic meets held? By whom and the number. To what extent are prizes offered? What is the kind and value? Are all athletic meets held under the direction of either the Y. M. C. A. League, or the A. A. U. Name and describe each athletic and gymnastic team in the community. State which have property and which have not. Are there any professional sports? Describe them. What provision is made in outings and picnics for physical recreation by churches, social clubs, fra- ternities and other bodies. State and describe number of places having bowling alleys, the number of alleys, the attendance at each and cost per game. State number having saloon connections. Differentiate between private and public alleys. Churches. To what extent do the churches and Sunday Schools provide for the physical life of young men and boys? What equipment have they? Is there a Sunday School Athletic League? De- scribe it. Public Hygiene Water supply. What is the source of the com- munity's supply? What precautions are practised to prevent pollution? Is it filtered? Have there been any typhoid epi- demics? Name them and portions of city affected. 148 PHYSICAL WORK Sewage. Describe the method used for the disposal of sewage. Where is it deposited? How treated? Are there open sewers? Garbage. How is garbage disposed of by the city? How often is it collected? What kind of receptacles are used? What is the source of the food supply? Is there official inspection? If so, what foods? Is any food on sale exposed? State in detail. What is the law in reference to foods? To what extent is it enforced? What methods are used for protecting milk from contamination? What is the law and practice in reference to tuber- culosis? Codify local health laws. Housing What are the laws in reference to housing? Character of homes : a. How many with one family? b. How many with two families? c. How many with three families? How many have privies? How many houses exceed the width of the street in height? Sex Hygiene i. What is the extent of the social evil in the city? Are there segregated districts? 2. Extent of impurity among boys. 3. What educational efforts are being made and by whom? 4. What provision is made by hospitals for treat- ment of venereal disease? HOW TO STUDY A FIELD 149 Agencies in the Community Doing Physical Betterment Work 1. Describe the health organization of the city. 2. Are there any organized efforts to combat tuber- culosis? 3. What other organizations doing physical welfare work of any kind are there? Describe. 4. Outdoor gardens. 5. Relief agencies. 6. Women's Clubs, etc. What Institutions are there for Caring for the Sick and Dependent 1. Hospitals. 2. Clinics. 3. Dispensaries. 4. Homes. XVI PHYSICAL TRAINING IN RURAL COMMUNITIES Heretofore there has been little progress in rural communities because there has been practically no program. Here and there an interested and energetic pastor, school teacher, college graduate or city athlete is putting his life into the play and athletics of his rural community with telling effect. Yet as a whole physical training is seldom associated, even in our thinking, with rural communities. If we have thought of the rural community in this connection at all it has been to make a passing observation on the healthful- ness of the country and its advantages to growing youth. This superficial thinking, with no real study, on the part of both country and city folk is largely responsible for the indifference regarding health and recreation in rural communities, which is so charac- teristic. When we consider that in 191 3 there were 45,000 communities with 4,000 population and under in the United States and Canada with over 12,000,000 boys and young men (or 60 per cent.), representing 2,500 organizable counties in the United States and 500 in Canada, one can appreciate the breadth of the field open to this work. Now let us consider briefly the actual conditions in rural communities. For a long time we have accepted the statement that the country is more healthful than RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 151 the city. We have taken it for granted that it must be so because of the open country, the fresh air, the sunshine, the fragrance of the fields and the songs of the birds and running water. We have contrasted this with the congested city; the narrow hard paved streets teeming with people and traffic, and walled in by sky-scrapers shutting out the sunshine and filling the air with dust and dirt. We have contrasted the dirt and turmoil of the city with tranquility of the peaceful hamlet and village. Thus we have become fixed in our idea of the healthfulness of the country, but startling as the statement may appear the death rate in cities is being reduced much more rapidly than in rural communities. In the time of our forefathers the country was but thinly populated, the virgin soil was not polluted, the fresh waters were not contaminated, and the air was free from many of the germs which cause some of the most virulent diseases. Then, too, the manner of living was very different from that of men on the farm today. They tilled the soil, felled the forest, hunted the woods, fished and paddled the streams. Not indirectly through machinery as now but personally, with only simple tools whose use involved the use of both mind and muscle. Theirs was a hardy life which developed a rugged constitution well able to withstand disease. But a change has taken place ; although not as great as in cities, it is nevertheless more dangerous, for in the city the change has been so rapid and marked, and its influences so pronounced that attention has been compelled toward it. On the other hand, it has come so gradually and insidiously in the rural community 152 PHYSICAL WORK that men have scarcely noticed it and they have continued to live as they did when they were more iso- lated — when every man was a law unto himself. Thus it is that the small town or village is in the greatest danger today. In the average rural community little or no atten- tion is paid to precautions against impure drinking water and soil pollution through improper disposal of sewerage and garbage. The location of the privy close to the house on the one hand, and close to the dug well, in many instances, on the other, with a manure pile ofttimes intervening, presents the most favorable conditions imaginable for the spread of contagious and filth diseases. This accounts for the prevalence of typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhoea and kindred diseases in the country. Dr. Charles E. North reports that sixty per cent, of wells examined on farms, both in the eastern and western parts of the United States, were seriously contaminated with the bacteria which was identified with sewage. Seldom does one find a screened privy or the use of disinfectants. In one of the communities recently observed the sew- age and garbage is emptied on the bank of a pond in which the boys swim in summer, and from which ice is taken in winter for general household use. The majority of health officers await complaints of unsanitary conditions before taking any action, even when they are aware of the violation of the health ordinance and the danger which it occasions to the entire community. This is due to the certain knowl- edge, gained from bitter past experience, that action RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 1 53 on their own initiative is sure to bring them into dis- favor with the offenders and with many of his blood or political connections. The same indifference is manifested in the lack of consideration for the physical welfare of school chil- dren. In some of the oldest states the sanitation of the rural schools is little short of criminal, not only because of a failure to provide for proper heating, light- ing, ventilation, seating and drinking water, but also because of a lack of anything approaching a proper medical examination of the scholars at regular inter- vals. Experience leads us to believe that the need for such medical examinations in rural schools is as necessary as in the largest and most congested cities. Too often is one impressed with the number of defec- tive and backward children in a rural school with an agricultural environment. In one of the surveys thirty-six boys and girls of the fifth and sixth grades in a rural school were exam- ined with the following results: Defective in nose and throat, 17 ; defective in teeth, 16; defective in vision, 15. Only eight of the thirty-six were normal, while four were defective in three points, fifteen in two and nine in one point. Very little instruction is given in personal hygiene, and practically none in sex hygiene. Seldom are health education talks given or literature on health distributed. Practically no provision is made for recreation either in or outside of the school. The play instinct is sup- pressed and childhood is robbed of much of its normal joys. In many homes the boys and girls are looked upon and worked like the hired help. 154 PHYSICAL WORK The athletics in the schools of the larger towns are fashioned after the college type of specialization, with little or no attention to the average boy; while the town teams in the majority of instances are influenced by professionalism, saloon control, Sunday games and kindred practices. Ignorance on the part of leaders, officials, and com- petitors is the one outstanding cause of most of the violations of the amateur spirit. Adequate concep- tion of the place and value of athletics, and a readiness on the part of the best element in the community to assume responsibility for the promotion and conduct of athletics on an educational and wholesome basis, are practically unknown. Cash prizes at county fairs, Sunday School picnics and a division of gate receipts are typical examples of country evils in athletics. The problems in rural work are very different from those confronting the city physical director. In the city one of the problems is to adapt the work to large numbers, while in the country the problem is to dis- cover work suitable to small numbers. In addition it must include both sexes of all ages, and those of the open country as well as those who live in towns and villages. Then, too, the type of work must be different. In the city, emphasis is placed upon relaxa- tion, and the recreational side of physical training, while in the country the emphasis must be placed upon that type of work which will stimulate a quick reac- tion and develop coordination. In spite of the small numbers usually found in the average rural school, team play must be organized in order to develop the social and moral qualities RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 155 which come through cooperation. This is best accom- plished through the group games. To this end play demonstrations are being given in the rural schools and at Teachers' Institutes by the county secretaries. Town picnics and play days are being organized for young and old. The county school athletic league contests have been developed by the International Committee. Through this league the schools of the county are organized to stimulate and supervise the play and athletics of the vscholars. The boys are classified by weight and each boy is encouraged to participate in all the events in his class, an accurate record being kept of each boy's standing in all events, and each boy's records counting in the school standard. In some instances as many as ninety per cent of the school boys of a county over sixty pounds in weight, are participating in all of the events in their class. Details of the events may be found in the October 191 1 number of Rural Man- hood. 1 In this connection might be emphasized the prin- ciple of cooperation with existing agencies which is fundamental in all of this work. The church, school, grange, farmers' institute, county fair and all such orgnizations and institutes are the channel through which the work of the county association is projected. The county leagues of town baseball, basket ball, and other team games afford a splendid means of establishing clean sport on a strong basis. In a number of counties such leagues have supplanted the regular Sunday semi-professional games by Saturday 1 Published at 124 East 28th Street, New York City. 156 PHYSICAL WORK amateur games, been the means of transforming the games from an occasion of debauchery into a whole- some play day, not only for the teams, but for the entire community. Inter-town relay races, Boy Scouts, organizations, first aid classes and " hikes' ' are among the activities. Wherever a leader who has had sufficient experience, and equipment will permit, calisthenic drills and apparatus work are a part of the regular season's program. A definite program of health education should be inaugurated including the use of Health League lec- tures, slides, films and literature. Special attention should be given to instruction in sex hygiene. Local physicians can be secured to give addresses on pre- ventable and communicable diseases, public hygiene and first aid. "Tin Can Day" and "Clean Up Day" have been organized in which the boys and men of the community have united in ridding the streets, alleys and yards of garbage and refuse. Shower baths and swimming pools have been in- stalled; the vschool grounds equipped for playground work and play supervisors employed. The county camps, of which there were thirty-four in 1 91 2, representing 215 different communities with a total attendance of 1,082, may be mentioned as a part of the regular program of work. Realizing the increasing necessity for a sane and progressive program of instruction in health education and physical activities, and to determine actual condi- tions in rural communities, surveys were conducted in 19 1 2 in ten rural communities located in New York, RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 157 Kansas and Colorado. From a local point of view the purpose of these surveys was to have the men of these communities know their own locality by personal investigation and study. The manner in which these surveys were made is as follows: Statistics regarding population, vitality and morbidity, school attendance, etc., were secured in advance. A general meeting of all men interested in the survey was held, at which the purpose of the survey was explained and committees appointed to make a personal study, report and offer recommenda- tions under the following heads: Schools, public recrea- tion, including amusements, playgrounds and bathing facilities; community hygiene, sex hygiene, churches and Sunday Schools and living and working conditions. During the two or three days of the survey each of these committees actually investigates the phase for which they are responsible. In this way every man is personally brought into touch with some vital prob- lem of community interest and is compelled to give some definite thought toward its solution. The lead- ing men of the community are not only made aware of conditions with which they are not familiar, but are led to ask the latest and best methods of meeting them. At the final meeting the chairman of each com- mittee presents the report of his committee. This serves to educate every man present, not only regard- ing the specific part which he was investigating as a member of one of the committees, but as to the entire scope of the survey. Wherever possible facts are presented in graphic form by the use of charts. 158 PHYSICAL WORK Following the report each committee presents its definite recommendations which are acted upon by the meeting as a whole. These recommendations constitute a definite program of work which may cover a number of years, although the survey itself takes but a few days. A complete story of one of these surveys, together with other material relating to rural health and recrea- tion, may be found in the May, 1912, number of Rural Manhood, These surveys have proven an effective and quick way of arousing local interest in vital issues. In every instance very definite results have followed. After such a survey one is not so apt to hear the oft quoted phrase, "Well, this place is as good as any other, and in fact I think it is just a little better than most places of its size." Men have come to believe there are some things to be done and that it is up to them to get together and do them. They have real- ized the value of health and recreation from a social, moral, economic and religious standpoint, and have planned to give them a larger place in the home, school and government. They have sunk politics, creeds, traditional differences and petty quarrels in a common endeavor to perform some common task. In conclusion, some practical suggestions are offered as to how the city physical directors may be a factor in the program and progress of physical training in rural communities. In the first place, the county department of the Young Men's Christian Association invites the hear- tiest cooperation of the city Associations. RURAL PHYSICAL TRAINING 1 59 Some city physical directors are so situated that they do not come into contact with the rural field, while others are located in agricultural centers. We must ever recognize and conserve the dignity of the farmer, and keep clearly in mind that he resents any disposition on the part of city folk to practice missionary work on him. We must not undertake any form of extension work from our city associations into the country, with an idea of doing the farmer good. In fact, he feels that he has been "done good and plenty* ' by the city folk too often. We should consistently allow responsibility for all work to remain where it rightly belongs — namely, with the men of the local community, recognizing that a resident force must be the redemptive force, and that only as the local consciousness is awakened to its needs and led to make inquiry regarding the man- ner in which the community itself can meet them, will there be any permanent good accomplished. Local responsibility and local leadership are needed. This leadership must not only be discovered, but trained and set to work. Another fact that needs to be emphasized is that the vital center is a personality and not a place. A building and equipment instead of being essential is in many cases a handicap. Having carefully considered these few, but impor- tant points, we may now pass on to some concrete ways in which the city physical director may find opportunities for service. First, by helping to set up play and athletic pro- grams and officiating at county meets, agricultural fairs, town and church picnics, holiday occasions, etc. 160 PHYSICAL WORK Second, by assisting in the organization of school athletic leagues, inter-town leagues, relay races, etc. Third, by the demonstration of calisthenics and play games at Teachers' Institutes and rural schools. It may not be out of place here to raise the question as to whether or not we are justified in having city athletes and gymnasts give exhibitions in rural com- munities. There is no doubt that they are entertain- ing and educational, and yet it may be questioned whether their permanent influence is for good. Finally, the city physical director can render the greatest service by cooperating in the training of rural leaders for play and athletics, either by having these leaders come to the city association at regular intervals or by meeting with them in some rural center. In this way, he may do much to impress upon them the place and value of play and athletics, and to furnish them with that theoretical and practical training which should include group games, athletics, team games, simple drills and apparatus work. Thus in a simple manner it may be possible for many city physical directors to practically double their influence, and help in bringing to the young men of the open country and villages those advantages which go with scientific physical training. The present development of rural work is calling for new specialization in physical training — a rural recreation director, who by birth, in a rural communi- ties' experience and training in rural sociology and psycho^gy, will do for the country what the Christian social worker and physical director are doing for the city. XVII GENERAL YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS There are several existing organizations in the Young Men's Christian Association which the physical director should know and with which he should be identified and cooperate. The Employed Officers Conference This is a conference which practically meets each year except the year in which the International Convention occurs. The latter is held triennially. The Employed Officers Conference brings together the employed officers of the Associations of the United States and Canada for the discussion of their vocational problems. It develops fraternity and unity. These conferences have historic value. They have done much to promote the efficiency of Association work and to dignify the position of an association secretary. The conference is made up of groups of conferences of the various specialists which are constituent mem- bers and each have representation on the program committee. The programs of the Employed Officers Conference consist of general sessions in which all unite, and departmental conferences at which time the societies or associations of general secretaries, physical directors, educational directors, boys' workers and county work secretaries and other groups meet. 11 1 62 PHYSICAL WORK One of the important by-products of the Employed Officers Conference is the Insurance Alliance. Annual membership in the Employed Officers Conference, including membership in the Physical Directors' Society and subscription to Physical Train- ing — the official magazine of the Physical Directors' Society — is S2. 50. The Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America The Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America was organ- ized at Lakewood, N. Y., June, 1903. It promotes fraternity, unifies and standardizes the physical work and promotes original research. It issues the monthly magazine Physical Training and holds an annual conference in conjunction with either the International Convention or the Employed Officers Conference. Every physical director should be an active member of the society to help and be helped. It is essential in order to keep in touch with the new developments in the work. Ten annual conferences have been held: St. Louis, Mo., 1904; Niagara Falls, N. Y., 1905; Indianapolis, Ind., 1906; Washington, D. C, 1907; Ocean City, N. J., 1908; Omaha, Neb., 1909; Toronto, Ont., 1910; Columbus, Ohio, 1911; Silver Bay, Lake George, N. Y., 1912; Cincinnati, Ohio, 1913. Standing committees on Graded Gymnastics, Reli- gious Education, Health Education, Social Service, Bibliography, Sexual Hygiene, etc., promote activity GENERAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 1 63 in the study of these subjects throughout the year which results in valuable original contributions. The Society has its own executive committee and the usual officers. Local physical directors' conferences are also held, which are a source of inspiration and education to those who attend them. In metropolitan cities like New York and Chicago, conferences are held bi- weekly and monthly. In states like Massachusetts and New Jersey such conferences for the men of an entire state are possible each month. In other parts of the country where distances are great, such meet- ings are semi-annual or annual, and in the latter case are held in connection with state conventions. The programs of the more frequent conferences include practical gymnastics as well as theoretical studies. The General Secretaries Insurance Alliance This is a fraternal organization in which only Association employed officers can be members. Its purpose is to provide a fund which will go to the family of a deceased employed officer. Upon the death of a member of the alliance each member is assessed $2.10. The ten cents covers all expenses of the Alliance. The balance goes to the beneficiary. Dur- ing the decade closing December 31, 191 1, the Insur- ance Alliance paid a total of forty-seven benefits, an average per year of less than five. The total amount paid out in benefits was $109,792.00. During this time the average benefit increased from $1,681.00 in 1902 to $3,299.00 in 191 1, and over $4,000.00 in 1913. Every physical director should join this alliance not 1 64 PHYSICAL WORK only for the benefits his family will derive, but because of the brotherhood and fraternity it promotes. The Athletic League of the Young Men's Christian Associations of North America The Athletic League is the athletic administrative body of the Young Men's Christian Associations of the United States. Canada has its own Athletic League, described elsewhere. This was formerly a part of the North American League. The Athletic League retains its original name abbreviated as A. L. N. A. The purpose of the League is to set high standards of conduct in athletic sport among Association mem- bers, to create suitable legislation, to make rules uni- form, to provide for a bureau of records, to establish a clearing house for methods, to promote athletic fed- erations, both among local Associations and through them with other responsible agencies. In July, 191 1, at the request of the Physical Direc- tors' Society the alliance of the Athletic League with the Amateur Athletic Union, which had existed for fifteen years or more, was terminated because this alliance greatly hindered the Association in promoting its work in more remote fields and limited its relations with other reputable organizations. Then, too, the Associations believed that the methods of adminis- tration still insisted upon by the A. A. U. did not meet modern needs. Since the alliance has been terminated the Athletic League organization has been entirely recast. The former system of registration of athletes and sanctions GENERAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 1 65 of games has been abolished. The membership fee in the League has been reduced to $2.50. An ama- teur platform has been adopted and is the basis of membership and of athletic conduct. A new amateur definition has been made. The following extract from the platform indicates the relationship in ath- letics of Young Men's Christian Associations which are in the Athletic League with each other and of such Associations with other agencies: Athletic Platform principles : We recognize in Athletics, when wisely directed: (a) A form of supplementary physical training for the development of bodily vigor. (b) A great educational force developing the coor- dination of the muscular and nervous systems and contributing quick motor reactions, muscu- lar skill and precision. (c) An excellent means of teaching social ethics, of establishing right social relationships and social cooperation, and of satisfying the play instinct. (d) A means for the development of character, through self-control, temperate living and fair play. We do not favor : (a) The placing of emphasis upon prize-giving or prize-winning and believe these should be secondary and incidental. (b) Any form of commercialism, through bribes, or special honoraria offered as inducements to men to compete or demanded by them for competing. 1 66 PHYSICAL WORK (c) The recruiting of athletes by one organization from another. (d) That high degree of specialization in athletics which interferes with the harmonious devel- opment of the bodily functions. (e) That practice in competition which leads to excesses and undue nervous expenditure or which result in a state of mind not in keeping with true sportsmanship. All Young Men's Christian Associations which adopt this platform and thus pledge themselves to conduct their athletic competition in harmony with its principles are eligible to membership in the League upon sending written notice to the headquarters of the League together with membership fee. Such Young Men's Christian Associations may participate with all other organizations, clubs, teams or federations of whatsoever character which in like manner subscribe to this platform or adopt a plat- form similar in principle. Those organizations, teams, or federations which will not subscribe to this plat- form, or adopt the platform similar in principle, and practise these principles in competition will not be eligible for competition, with Young Men's Christian Associations in this League. The Athletic League has become decentralized and the name of the Governing Committee has been changed to that of Executive Committee, as its chief function is now that of promotion and of education. The committee consists of the members of the Physical Department Committee of the International Commit- tee and three members at large. GENERAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 1 67 The Athletic League of Young Men's Christian Associations of Canada This body supervises the athletics of the Associa- tions in Canada and bears in essence the same relation to the Canadian Associations as does the Athletic League of North America to the Associations in the United States, though different in form. The mem- bership fee is $5.00 for Associations having a mem- bership of more than two hundred and $2.50 for those having less than two hundred members. No regis- tration fee is charged. The principal Associations in the Dominion are members. A Governing Com- mittee elected by the Associations directs the League. State and International Committees We are assuming that every physical director knows that the Associations have State and Inter- national organizations, which organizations are related to the local Associations in an advisory and super- visory capacity. The work of the state is supervised by a State Committee and the work of the United States and Canada by the International Committee. Canada also has a National Committee which has a direct relation to the work in the Dominion and through which the International Committee functions largely in its relation to Canada. The State and International Committees are made up of representative laymen from the several organized points in the state in the former and of men representing the Associations of various sections of the country in the latter. These committees employ secretaries known as State, 1 68 PHYSICAL WORK National, Territorial, and International secretaries. In some states there are in addition to the state secre- taries departmental secretaries, such as state educa- tional, state religious, state county and state railroad secretaries. They relate themselves in an advisory way to the various local departmental secretaries. Up to this date (191 3) there is no state specialist for the physical department, though in one or two states some secretary on the state staff has a relation to the physical work of the state. The International Committee has a physical depart- ment which at this writing (19 13) has three secretaries. The physical department acts in reference to the physical departments of the local Associations as: 1. A clearing house of information and methods. Physical directors, committeemen and others are free to call upon the department for information and counsel in reference to the physical work. Reports of work done in local fields are given publicity so that each may profit by the progress of all the others. 2. A recruiting agent for physical directors and an employment exchange. Men are constantly sought who have the potential qualifications for the physical directorship and are advised with reference to study and training. Cooperation is given the Training Schools in the securing of students, and direction is given to the physical departments in three summer schools and cooperation with all. Associations are assisted in finding physical directors suited to their need. Physical directors are assisted in transferring from one Association where the wisdom of such transfer is agreed to by the Association and physical director involved. Every proper attempt is made GENERAL ASSOCIATION ORGANIZATIONS 1 69 to secure promotion for the deserving physical direc- tor and for the enlargement of the office so that men will find in it a life function. 3. An ambassadorial function. The secretaries of the department represent the physical work of the Association in and to other agencies; present it at conferences and conventions, gather statistics, facts and reports; create literature and make pronounce- ments with reference to its progress and development. The relationship to other agencies is defined and cooperation with other agencies developed. 4. A research department. The department creates new ideas and ideals in reference to Association physical training. Surveys are made of communities and policies outlined based upon the facts discovered. Special studies are made. New types of possible service are discovered, so as to keep the work abreast of the times and in place of leadership in many in- stances. 5. A servant of the International Convention. Cer- tain forms of service are delegated to this department by the International Convention, such as the direction of the Athletic League of North America and the International Health League. These the physical department of the International Committee admin- isters and reports upon to the International Conven- tion. 6. A factor in coordinating and standardizing the physical work. Through special printed matter, e. g., courses of study, hand books, record blanks and books, the work is standardized. Special service is rendered in criticizing building plans, and by suggesting val- uable modifications in equipment. Service is ren- 170 PHYSICAL WORK dered in uniting Associations, in promoting swimming campaigns, sex education campaigns and other forms of united endeavor requiring executive leadership. 7. A department of conciliation and arbitration. Some times there are points of difference between an Association and the physical director. These often are referred to the International Committee for adjust- ment and for settlement. Often also points at vari- ance in definite policies are satisfactorily settled. 8. A department of interpretation and extension. In addition the department seeks to interpret the place and nature of physical training in relation to existing special forms of Association work, such as the county work, requiring unique departures in admin- istration and philosophy to meet the health and recreation needs in rural communities; the industrial work, where again special adaptation is needed; the railroad and army and navy work. In each of these special adaptations of Association work different interpretations of the physical work are required, and these must be and are given distinctive study and service. XVIII AGENCIES WITH WHICH THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION CAN COOPER- ATE THROUGH ITS PHYSICAL DEPART- MENT Educational. i. The Health Education League, Devonshire Street, Boston, Mass. This organization issue pamphlets on various health topics, such as " Emergencies,' ' a good booklet for use in shops; " Mosquitoes and Flies"; "Milk"; "The Boy and the Cigarette"; "Colds"; "Sexual Hygiene," etc. The League will print the name of the local Association on the cover. These pamphlets cost from two to five cents each. They are cheaper in quantities. 2. Scientific Temperance Federation, 23 Trull Street, Boston, Mass. This organization provides scientific literature in reference to the effects of the use of alcohol. Slides, charts, and lectures are furnished at low figures and can be used with good results. 3. The American Red Cross, Washington, D. C. This organization heretofore has only acted in time of war or calamity, but recently has undertaken a campaign for the promotion of the study of first aid to the injured. The International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations has arranged a plan whereby both unite in providing a diploma for successful students in the subject. Other societies with which the Association is related in a less official 172 PHYSICAL WORK way are the National First Aid Society, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass, and the New York Society. 4. The American Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis, New York City. This society promotes instruction in sexual hygiene. It has issued the fol- lowing pamphlets, which can be used with good re- sults: "The Young Man's Problem'' (for young men) ; "The Boy Problem" (for parents); "What My Uncle Taught Me" (for boys, 11 to 14); "The Relation of Social Diseases with Marriage and Their Prophyl- axis." The latter sells for twenty-five cents, all the others are ten cents each. 5. The Society of Social Hygiene, Chicago, 111., is a similar organization, and its literature can be used without hesitation. 6. American Federation of Sex Education, New York City, and American Vigilance Association, New r York City. 7. Local and State Boards of Health. These should be heartily cooperated with by the extensive use of their literature. Many local Boards of Health issue splendid illustrated material on such topics as "Fight- ing Flies" and "The Care of the Baby." 8. United States Government Experiment Stations. These agencies publish much valuable material which can be secured free of charge. They invite cooperation in getting their printed matter before the public. Legislative While the Association, as such, is not a legislative organization, it nevertheless can participate in legis- lative work through agencies which are specifically legislative. Such agencies are : COOPERATING AGENCIES 1 73 1. The Society for the Suppression of Vice, Nassau Street, New York City. Where foul literature is discovered in a community and samples of it are sent this society, it will take steps to prosecute the pub- lishers and rid the community of it. It is particularly effective in suppressing literature sent through the United States mails and in securing convictions of those so using them. 2. Board of Health. If unsanitary buildings and unhealthy conditions are reported, the Board of Health will act quickly and effectively. Their labora- tories can be used for testing water or milk or for secur- ing antitoxin. 3. American Humane Society, or its branches. The home office is in New York City. This is practically the only agency working in behalf of the maltreated and undernourished child. This agency has auto- cratic power and can act without police warrants in taking children out of homes. Its department in behalf of maltreated animals presents a splendid oppor- tunity for educating and enlisting boys with reference to the proper treatment of animals. Its literature upon this subject is valuable. Miscellaneous 1. Charity Organizations, local and state. These agencies should be used in any attempt to deal with homeless or dependent people or the unemployed. 2. Tuberculosis Societies. Literature can be had freely. Sanitoria lists are available. Often the ex- hibit can be placed in the Association building. 174 PHYSICAL WORK 3. National Playground and Recreation Association. Metropolitan Building, New York City. Complete information can be had in reference to playgrounds, including literature, slides, exhibits and lectures. 4. United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps. A Young Men's Christian Association auxiliary depart- ment has been provided. Buttons for membership and instructions for organizing are furnished gratis. 5. Juvenile Courts. Cooperation can be had with this agency by furnishing volunteer probation officers. This is a day of cooperation. The Association should seek to know the agencies in its community which are at work, and use them, as well as lend them its cooperation. XIX KINDRED ORGANIZATIONS— NATIONAL The Association physical director must not limit his relations to organizations which have to do with the Young Men's Christian Associations alone. He needs the broadening influence of other national bodies related to physical education. The American Physical Education Association. This is the scientific body in physical education in North America. It includes in its membership direc- tors from educational, municipal, social and religious agencies. The Association publishes a monthly Re- view which contains original and scientific papers on physical education and presents the news and prog- ress of physical training the world over. Membership in the Society, including the Review, is three dollars annually. The Society averages some eight hundred members and includes in its membership leading physical educators. Contemporary Physical Education Movements. Groups of organizations unite together to promote interest in distinct forms of physical education. One of the most active and progressive of these is the North American Turner Bund made up in its member- ship largely of German-Americans. These organiza- tions exist in most of the middle and large sized cities in America. They teach largely a modified form of the German system of physical training originated by Jahn, Guttsmuth and others. To these socie- 176 PHYSICAL WORK ties America owes much for the pioneer work they have done and for the interest they have developed. Lieber, Beck and Follen, German refugees, educators and patriots, were the first in this country to establish physical education and for many years, up to the time when physical training became popular in America, the Turner organizations, outgrowths of their early work, were the most progressive and most extensive and today they have a large constituency. They have a normal school of physical education and have trained many physical directors who today are direct- ing physical work in schools and on playgrounds. In fact, this movement has been a most effective pioneer in physical education in the public schools. The great Turner Feats are wonderful exhibitions of skill in physical exhibition, and of cooperation among the various local Turner organizations. The Associa- tions should bear friendly relations to these agencies and cooperate in every practicable way. In some cities Swedish societies also exist, which promote the Swedish system of physical education as originally developed by Ling. These, however, are not so numerous as the Turner organizations, though Swedish gymnastics occupy a very large part of the program of physical education in educational insti- tutions, particularly in work for girls and women. Athletic Administrative Bodies. Two organizations stand out very prominently in the United States — namely, the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States and the National Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The former has jurisdiction over track and field sports, basket ball and swimming, gymnas- tics, wrestling and boxing, and, through its alliance KINDRED ORGANIZATIONS— NATIONAL 177 with other bodies, of skating, fencing and cycling. This organization is the legislative body of America in athletics, frames the practical rules which conduct the practise of athletic events and promotes national and sectional athletic championships, both indoor and outdoor. This body alone claims the official right to reinstate athletes for violations of the amateur laws, and to recognize American records as official. All individuals who desire to compete in athletic meets under its auspices or sanction must register, for which they pay twenty-five cents annually. Such registered athletes can compete only with other ath- letes similarly registered. Membership in the Ama- teur Athletic Union is $7.50 per year, and is open to all amateur athletic organizations. To those or- ganizations not members of the Amateur Athletic Union, which desire to hold athletic meets in which registered athletes can compete, a charge of $10.00 for sanction is made. The Amateur Athletic Union has been a very strong factor in standardizing and regulating sport in the United States, and for many years the Athletic League of North America was an allied member. Some individual Associations still retain membership in this body. Every physical director should be ac- quainted with this agency and understand its method of work. In Canada the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada is a similar body, but membership is more representative. What are considered as allied mem- bers in the United States are active members in the Canadian governing body, in other words groups of organizations join as leagues; such leagues, however, have complete control over their own sports. 12 178 PHYSICAL WORK The National Intercollegiate Athletic Association is an organization which has coordinated the majority of the colleges in an athletic program. While it recog- nizes the autonomy of local colleges, it has through its committees promoted official foot ball rules and amateur standards. It is to the colleges what the Amateur Athletic Union is to athletic clubs, though in a more democratic sense. The Athletic Research Society is an organization made up of unofficial representatives of different institu- tions — educational, social and religious — which is making scientific studies in athletics. As a result of the study of athletic administrative problems this society created a National Athletic Federated Com- mittee, which, as its name implies, is a federation of most of the national organizations in the United States which promote athletics. In this committee are represented the colleges, Young Men's Christian Associations, Turners, public schools, settlements, playgrounds, Sunday Schools, boys' clubs; in fact, thirteen different agencies dealing with the playlife of the youth of the country. This committee stands for a cooperative movement in athletics among repre- sentative institutions for promoting ideals in athletics, making athletics yield the largest possible character results. Its methods are considerably different than the method of the Amateur Athletic Union. The Federated Committee works through groups of in- stitutions rather than through individuals. It holds the institution back of the athlete responsible for maintaining the amateur law, rather than the athlete himself. Hence it places the responsibility on the local organization rather than upon the national gov- erning body. KINDRED ORGANIZATIONS— NATIONAL 1 79 The National Playground and Recreation Association is another organization of importance. This asso- ciation is the clearing house for all information and methods in playground development. It has a corps of field workers who make surveys, hold institutes and promote the organization of playgrounds. In an endeavor to promote local playgrounds the Asso- ciation works with and through this agency. XX CONCLUSION In this concluding statement an attempt is made to trace the rise and growth of technical phys- ical education in this country and the Association's relation thereto and influence thereon. Physical training was introduced into America by three German refugees, university professors — namely, Lieber, Fol- len and Beck — in 1825. With ideas of personal liberty and democracy too liberal for their native coun- try at that time, they came to America. In physical education they stood for the fundamental principle that the training of the body was essential to the training of the mind. They established their gymna- siums and worked out their systems, but made little headway. For a period of years following, at least three types of physical education were urged upon America. Those who favored the German system, others who believed in the Swedish system, and still others who believed in the military type of physical training, were all active in the promotion of their propaganda, all of which had merit and each of which helped to modify the type later developed as well as to modify each other. Great followings were developed for each. None of these systems, as such, seemed to have the peculiar elements necessary to make them popular among Americans to the extent that either became the CONCLUSION l8l dominant system of physical training. They seemed to lack most perhaps the unique psychologic element needed to make them typically American. Thus it remained for an American to rise to the occasion and originate a type of physical training that would appeal more largely to the American tempera- ment and meet American conditions. This propaga- tor of the new faith was Dr. Diocletian Lewis, who appeared upon the scene in Boston in i860. Dio Lewis taught what he called the "new gymnas- tics' ' and published a book upon the subject. He is credited by some with having invented the light wooden dumbbell and he greatly changed the methods for teaching calisthenics, introducing movements which were quick in action, light in force and involv- ing mostly the large and fundamental muscles of the trunk and legs. He emphasized those types of exer- cise which made for health rather than those which developed skill or expertness. He particularly urged upon educators the establishment of his method in the public schools, and frequently appeared before them demonstrating his methods and urging his principles. He was not a scientific man, but Dr. E. L. Hitchcock of Amherst College was a pupil of his and later intro- duced his methods in Amherst. Here they were improved upon, made scientific, and later adopted by other colleges and universities; thus they became the forerunner of physical training in educational insti- tutions. Lewis' work greatly influenced Robert J. Roberts of the Boston Young Men's Christian Association, who adopted his ideas and added to them, giving more emphasis to work for the "middle third" of the body 1 82 PHYSICAL WORK or in other words, the fundamental muscles. He introduced informality in the gymnasium, placing spots on the floor so men could line up in place with- out much preliminary delay. Roberts coined the expression as was stated in the opening chapter that exercises should be short, safe, easy, pleasing and beneficial. He completely modified the method of using heavy apparatus, placing the chief dosage on the legs instead of the arms, thus enhancing the hygienic value. He introduced the psychologic element, and work w^as made attractively interesting. Business men found the work magnetic and began to come to the Association in great numbers. Contemporaneous with Roberts we find in the colleges Hitchcock, Sargent and Hartwell, making scientific Lewis' plan in the colleges. Dr. Gulick then followed Roberts in the Association work and made his work scientific. Then came the Training Schools, which began to turn out men which Asso- ciations and colleges alike eagerly used for the direc- tion of their work. A new American type of physical training had been devised. The Association first a small factor in physical education now became a large factor, for its men were giving ideals to educational institutions which heretofore had followed old world methods. Many of the early physical directors in the Young Men's Christian Association, however, came from Turner organizations and gave the Association its first experience. That is why we find the work even to the present partaking largely of this type of work. The graded gymnastic work, the days' order, follow these lines pretty closely still, but very radical depart- CONCLUSION 183 ures were made in the calisthenic, athletic and hygienic types of work. The Association not only accepted the idea of the relation of mind and body, but also added the idea of the relation of body, mind and soul, and the adoption of the triangle as its emblem was a triumph in the practical development of the principle of the unity of man. Thus through physical education the Young Men's Christian Association has made a very definite and concrete and original contribution to religious education in America. In the early sixties it was, for illustration, the only religious organization in New York City that had a gymnasium. Today that city has scores of religious agencies that have physical training features. The church, in fact, that has not is now becoming the exception. Thus the Association not only contributed to physical education in general, but to religious educa- tion as well. In the former it took a large place in leadership and in the latter complete leadership. The next development was in the realm of social service. When the Association was at its height in community athletics, the playground movement in organized form was born, and being a pioneer in this field the Association was a mighty factor in pro- moting these agencies, cooperating unselfishly with the Playground Association. Undoubtedly the senti- ment created by the Association and the number of men trained, is a large factor in the present attitude which prevails in favor of character making through play. The play movement was only indicative of a wider interest in social service and social awakening, and 1 84 PHYSICAL WORK because the Association was ready and active it be- came a large factor in social service of all kinds. The development of industrial welfare work, with its em- phasis upon health and hygiene, rural reconstruction with its play picnics and need for health organization, all brought to the Association vast opportunity for service which it has in so many instances bravely and sanely entered. Service in Panama, in construction camps, in army and navy, demanded specialization in physical work, as well as a broad policy in non- technical physical expression, which the Association quickly saw and modified its plan accordingly. Its message of physical evangelism has been carried everywhere and adapted to all kinds of needs and conditions. Last, but not least came the call from foreign lands. Association work had made great progress in other countries. Gradually it was recog- nized that the four-fold gospel was needed, yes de- manded, by those lands which hitherto had given little respect to physical needs. The call came for this form of ministry. Today Association physical training is transforming the social life of China. An Association physical director promoted the first gymnastic exhibition and the first great national games. American sports are being nationalized. The Association promoted the first Far Eastern Olympic Games, introduced physical training in the schools in the Philippines, established physical education in the largest University in India. Korea plays American games under Association direc- tion. At Montevideo the Association is helping work out the beginnings of a national program of physical education. Thus the world call is coming to the CONCLUSION 185 Young Men's Christian Association in physical train- ing. Opportunities are opening in foreign lands faster than the Young Men's Christian Association can enter them. All these developments at home and abroad have made large demands upon the physical director. In the early days gymnastic ability was the first and chief requisite; later when the work became scientific, technical and scientific training was essential ; then as play and physical training became socialized, social training and experience were essential. The modern physical director requires the qualities of a natural leader, a skilled body, a scientific mind, an executive and promoter, and must have social vision. He must be a public hygienist, have the spirit of scientific altruism and be a religious educator. Naturally many men who entered in the early days with simply the talents which fitted for the work of those days, but who were unequal to the later de- mands, dropped by the wayside. The pace was too fast. The demands too great. Others who have grown have found in the physical work a large, a comprehensive life vocation. Those now in the work as they reach out and extend their influence and re- late the Association to the problems of men and boys, individual and social, will continue to make their call- ing more permanent, more wide, more useful. Each physical director, realizing the many demands for training men and men of ability in this calling, will constantly give vision to young men of potential ability, will train them and thrust them into this great harvest field of service, thus making their own influence immortal and having a share in building up the Kingdom of God through physical education. GRADED READING COURSE FOR PHYSICAL DIRECTORS Elementary Bibliography of Physical Training — J. H. McCurdy $3.00 H. T. Bridges 1.00 Gymnastic Nomenclature — Physical Directors' Society .... 1 . 00 Technical (a) Calisthenics Classified Exercises — A. K. Jones 95 Graded Calisthenics — A. B. Wegener 10 Hygienic Dumb Bell Drill— J. H. McCurdy 10 Indian Club Swinging — A. K. Jones 65 Barnjum's Barbell Drill — McKenzie 10 (b) Gymnastics Gymnastics — Jenkins 60 Light Gymnastics — Anderson 1 . 50 Best Methods of Teaching Gymnastics — Anderson. ... 1 .25 Graded Gymnastics — Physical Directors' Society 1 . 50 (c) Marching Marching for Gymnasium Use — A. T. Halstead 10 Manual of Marching — E. Berry and G. Cornell 25 (d) Games Indoor and Outdoor Games — A. M. Chesley 10 Games for School, Home and Playground, — Jessie Ban- croft 1 . 50 (e) Special Boom Stall Bar Exercises — Nissen 30 Tumbling — Gwatheney 10 A Manual on Wrestling — W. W. Hastings & W. E. Cann 1-75 Pyramids — J. Reinhardt Part 1 : 80 Pyramids on one Parallel Bar 70 " II: 50 " " two " Bars 55 " V: 100 Free Pyramids 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 87 Pyramids on Horses — A. Rietmann First Part : 60 Pyramids on 1 and 2 Horses 70 50 Pyramids on 1 and 2 Ladders 1 . 00 Art of Swimming — Nelligan 60 At Home in the Water — George H. Corsan 75 (f) Athletics A. L. N. A. Handbook — Spalding Library 10 A. A. U. Rules " " 10 Basket Ball Rules " " 10 Foot Ball Rules " " 10 Athletic Primer — J. E. Sullivan " 10 Hand Ball Rules " 10 Volley Ball — Physical Directors Society in A. L. N. A. Handbook 10 Practical Track and Field Athletics — Graham and Clark 1 . 00 Training — McLaren 45 Handbook Sunday School Athletic League 10 (g) Massage Massage — Ostrum 1 .00 Mechano-therapy — Mitchell — Gulick 3. 00 Philosophical Physical Education by Muscular Exercise — Gulick 75 Physical Education — Treves 75 The Coming City — Ely 60 Physical Diagnosis and Measurements Anthropometry — J. W. Seaver 1 .45 Manual for Physical Measurements — Hastings 2 .00 Physical Diagnosis — Cabot 3.00 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy — Henry Gray 6.25 Handbook of Physiology — Kirkes 3 . 00 Human Body (Advanced Course) Martin 2 . 50 First Aid and Medical Gymnastics Immediate Care of the Injured — A. S. Morrow 2.50 The Human Mechanism — Hough and Sedgwick 2.00 Handbook of Medical Gymnastics — Dr. Anders Wide 3 . 00 Personal Hygiene The Efficient Life— Dr. L. H. Gulick 1 . 20 Making Life Worth While — Herbert Fisher 1.25 1 88 PHYSICAL WORK Good Health — Jewett 40 Reproduction and Sexual Hygiene — Dr. W. S. Hall. . . .90 Health, Strength and Power — Sargent 1 . 75 General History of the North American Young Men's Christian Associations — Morse 1 .00 Life of Sir Geo. Williams 60 Life of Robert McBurney 1 . 00 Physical Directorship The Physical Directorship of the Young Men's Chris- tian Association — W. S. Hall 10 Physical Training as a Profession — McCurdy 05 Societies and Journals Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Chris- tian Association of North America including Physical Training 2 . 50 Advanced Biological Growth and Education — John M. Tyler $1.50 The Child; a Study in the Evolution of Man — Cham- berlain 1 . 50 Man and Woman — Havelock Ellis 1 . 50 Eugenics Parenthood and Race Culture — C. W. Saleeby 2 . 50 Heredity — Thomson 3 . 50 Heredity in Relation to Eugenics — Davenport 2 . 00 Social Direction of Human Evolution — Kellicott 1 . 50 Technical Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics — Baron Nils Posse 3 . 00 Text -book of German- American Gymnastics — Wm. Stecher 3 . 00 Ling's System of Manual Treatment — Dr. A. Kellgrem 1 . 00 Progressive Gymnastic Days Orders — Enebuske 75 Public School Athletic League Official Handbook — Spalding Library 10 Physiological Studies in Physiological Chemistry — Chittenden 4 . 00 The Growth of the Grain — Donaldson 1 . 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 89 Psychological . Adolescence 2 vols. — G. Stanley Hall 7-50 Outlines of Physiological Psychology — Ladd 2 . 00 Psychology — James (Advanced) 2 vols 5 . 00 Brain and Personality — W. Hanna Thomson 1.20 Psychology of the Emotions — Ribot 1 . 50 Personal Hygiene The Human Mechanism — Hough and Sedgwick 2.40 Rational Living — King 60 Manual of Personal Hygiene — Pyle 1 .50 Sociological Relations of Social Diseases with Marriage and Their Prophylaxis — P. A. Morrow 25 Christianity and the Sex Problem — Northcote 2 . 00 Christianity and the Social Crisis — RauscHenbusch ... .60 Constructive and Preventive Philanthropy — Lee 1 . 00 Town and City — Jewett 50 The Bitter Cry of the Children — John Spargo 1 . 50 On the Trail of the Immigrant — Steiner 1 . 50 The New Basis of Civilization — Patten 1 .00 Social Elements — Henderson 1 . 50 The Criminal — Havelock Ellis 1 . 50 U. S. Mortality and Vitality Statistics Free State and Local Board of Health Reports Free General Physiological Economy in Nutrition — Chittenden .... 3 . 00 Diet and Food — Haig 1 . 00 Purin Bodies of Food Stuffs — Hall 1 . 50 Blood and Blood Pressure — Oliver 3 .00 Clinical Study of Blood Pressure — Janeway 3-00 Physiology of Bodily Exercise — Lagrange 1-75 Articles on Exercise and the Pulse Rate in the Ameri- can Physical Education Review by W. P. Bowen, Vol. 8 1 . 50 Fatigue — Angelo Mosso 1-5° Play Play of Animals — Karl Groos 1-75 Play of Man — Karl Groos 1 . 5° 190 PHYSICAL WORK Societies and Periodicals American Physical Education Association and the A merican Physical Education Review 3 . 00 American Association for the Advancement of Science and the weekly periodical Science 5 • 00 A merican Youth 1 . 00 Popular Science Monthly 3 . 00 A ssociation Seminar 1 . 00 Survey 2 . 00 Physical Training 1 . 50 Association Men 1 . 00 Mind and Body 1 . 00 SUGGESTED LIST OF BOOKS FOR THE PHYSICAL DIRECTOR Accidents and Emergencies Barton, First Aid Text Book $1 . 00 Complete Handbook for the Hospital Corps of the U. S. Army and Navy and State Military Forces 4 . 00 Davis, Principles and Practice of Bandaging 1 . 00 Dulles, Accidents and Emergencies 1 .00 First Aid to the Injured, by a Medical Officer 20 Kellogg, Art of Massage 2.25 Gulick, Emergencies 50 Lynch, American National Red Cross Book 1 .00 Moody, Backwoods Surgery and Medicine 70 Morrow, Immediate Care of the Injured 2 . 50 Pilcher, First Aid in Illness and Injury (recommended by Red Cross as a text-book) 2 . 00 Whitelock, Sprains 3 . 00 Anthropometry Hastings, Physical Measurements, Boys and Girls $2.00 Morehouse, Statistical Methods 25 Seaver, Anthropometry 1 . 50 Whipple, Manual of Mental and Physical Tests 2.50 BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 Aquatics Beard, Boat Building and Boating $1 .00 Brewster, Swimming 1 . 00 Corsan, At Home in the Water 75 How to Swim — Dalton 125 Harper's Boating Book for Boys 1 . 75 Nelligan, Art of Swimming . 65 M orton, Navigation for the Amateur 70 Athletics, Baseball, Football Athletic Almanac $0.10 Burchenal, Official, Handbook Girls' Branch Public School Athletic League 10 Camp, Football 2 . 00 Clark, Practical Track and Field Athletics 1 . 00 Clark, Reminiscences of an Athlete 1-25 Claudy, Battle of Baseball 1 . 50 Davis, Football 2 . 50 Faries, Practical Training for Athletics 1 . 00 Jones, Track Athletics, 10 vols, each 35 Mathewson, Pitching in a Pinch 1 .00 Spalding, America's National Game 2 . 00 Track Athletics in Detail 1 . 50 Calisthenics, Light Apparatus, Tactics Arnold, Gymnastics and Tactics $0.35 Bancroft, School Gymnastics, Free Hand 1 . 50 Bancroft, School Gymnastics, Light Apparatus 1 . 75 Berry, Manual of Marching 25 Bowen, Teaching of Elementary School Gymnastics 1 . 00 Corbett and Jenkins, Indian Clubs 50 Drill Regulations of the U. S. Army, Infantry 45 Garson, Remedial Gymnastics for Heart Affections 2 . 00 McCurdy, Hygienic Dumb Bell Drill 10 Nissen, A. B. C. of Educational Gymnastics 75 Posse, Special Kinesiology 3 . 00 Roberts, Home Dumb Bell Drill 10 Schatz, Club Swinging 1 . 00 192 PHYSICAL WORK Skarstrom, Gymnastic Kinesiology 1-25 Stecher, Handbook of Lessons in Physical Training and Games Part I, II, each .35; Part III 50 Camping, Scouting, Etc. Boy Scouts, Handbook $0 . 30 Breck, the Way of the Woods 1-75 Buzzacott, Complete Camper's Manual 1 .00 Camp Fire Girls, Handbook 25 Gibson, Camping for Boys 1 .00 Harper's Camping and Scouting Book for Boys (and Girls) 1 . 75 Kephart, Camp Cookery 70 Lockwine, Camping 1 . 00 Wallace, Packing and Portaging 70 Wells, Outdoor Signalling 70 Dancing Bergquist, Swedish Folk Dances $1 . 50 Brower, Morris Dance 1 . 00 Burchenal, Folk Dances and Singing Games 1 . 50 Burchenal, Dances of the People, paper $1.50 cloth 2 . 50 Caskey, Athletic Pageant, Athletic Jubilee, each 50 Crampton, Folk Dance Book 1 . 50 Crawford, Folk Dances and Games 1 . 50 Davison, Gymnastic Dancing 1 . 00 Folk and School Dances, compiler N. A. G. U 35 Gilbert, School Dances 1 . 00 Hinman's Gymnastic Dancing, Vol. I, Solo 1 .50 Hinman's Gymnastic Dancing, Vol. II, Group 1 .00 Hinman's Gymnastic Dancing, Vol. Ill, Ring (Descrip- tions) 1 . 00 Hofer, Popular Folk Games and Dances 75 Lincoln, The Festival Book 1 . 50 Games and Plays Angell, Play $1 . 50 Arnold, Gymnastic Games 75 Bancroft, Games for the Playground 1 . 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY 193 Bremner, Book of Song Games and Ball Games 1.25 Chubb, Festivals and Play 2 . 00 Dier, Book of Winter Sports 1 . 50 Grey, Two Hundred Indoor and Outdoor Games 75 Lucas, Three Hundred Games and Pastimes 2 . 00 Johnson, Education by Plays and Games 90 Johnson, What to Do at Recess 25 Leland, Playground Technique and Playcraft 2 . 00 Mero, American Playgrounds 2 . 00 Newton, Graded Games and Rhythmic Exercises for Pri- mary Schools — Pitman 1.25 Parsons, Plays and Games — Barnes 1 . 50 Public Recreation Facilities (28 papers) 1 . 50 Stecher, Games and Dances 1.25 Heavy Apparatus, Fencing and Wrestling Cann and Hastings, Wrestling $1-75 Jones, Classified Gymnasium Exercises, System of R. J. Roberts 1 . 00 Puritz Code Book 55 Rondelle, Foil and Sabre 3 . 50 Stecher, Text Book of German American Gymnastics 3 . 00 History Gardiner, Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals $2 . 50 Leonard, Pioneers of Modern Physical Training 75 Hygiene, Personal Bryce, Laws of Life and Health $2 . 00 Chamberlain, Prevention of Disease and Preservation of Health 2 . 00 Davis, Food in Health and Disease 3 . 50 Fisher, Making Life Worth While 1 . 20 Galbraith, Personal Hygiene and Physical Training for Women 2 . 00 Gulick, Efficient Life 1 . 20 Lorand, Old Age Deferred 2 . 50 Mosher, Health and Happiness, — A Message to Girls 1 .00 13 194 PHYSICAL WORK Pyle, Manual of Personal Hygiene i . 50 Smith, What to Eat and Why 2 . 50 Woodworth, The Care of the Body 1 . 50 Hygiene, Public Ayres, Open Air Schools $1 . 20 Bergey, Principles of Hygiene 3 . 00 Carrington, Fresh Air and How to Use It 1 . 00 Cornell, Health and Medical Inspection of School Children 3 . 00 Davenport, Eugenics 50 Fisher, National Vitality — paper 15 Gulick and Ayres, Medical Inspection of Schools 1 .00 Harrington, Manual of Practical Hygiene 4-50 Kelynack, Medical Examination of Schools and Scholars . . 4 . 20 Oliver, Diseases of Occupation 3 . 00 Olsen, Pure Foods, Their Adulteration, Nutritive Value and Cost 80 Parks, Practical Hygiene 3 . 50 Perry, Wider Use of the School Plant 1 .25 Wiley, Foods and Their Adulteration 4 . 00 Hygiene, Sex Galbraith, Four Epochs of Woman's Life $1 . 50 Hall, From Youth into Manhood 50 Lowry, Confidences, Talks with a Young Girl 50 Lowry, Herself, Talks with Women 1 . 00 Lowry, Himself, Talks with Men 1 . 00 Lowry, Truths, Talks with a Boy 50 Malchon, Sexual Life (Technical) 3 . 00 Moll, The Sexual Life of the Child 1 .75 Sex Education Series, (Association Press), each 25 Zenner, Education in Sexual Physiology and Hygiene 1 . 00 Physiology Brubaker, Textbook of Human Physiology $3.00 Bryce, Modern Theories of Diet and Their Bearing on Prac- tical Athletics 2 . 10 Cowing, Blood Pressure Technique Simplified 1 .00 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 95 Dearborn, Textbook of Human Physiology 3 . 75 Halliburton, Handbook of Physiology (Kirkes) 3 . 00 Hemmeter, Manual of Practical Physiology 2 . 50 Howell, Textbook of Physiology 4 . 00 Hutchinson, Food and Dietetics 3 . 00 Lovett, Lateral Curvature of the Spine 1.75 McKenzie, Exercise in Education and Medicine 3 . 50 Sherman, Chemistry of Food and Nutrition 1 . 50 Stiles, Nutritional Physiology 1.25 Wilder, History of the Human Body 3 . 00 Psychology James, Psychology: Briefer Course $1 . 50 James, Principles of Psychology, 2 vols 5 . 00 Ladd and Woodworth, Elements of Physiological Psychology 4 . 00 Pyle, Outlines of Educational Psychology 1 .25 Child Life Claparede The Psychology of the Child and Experimental Pedagogy $1 .40 Dearborn, Moto-Sensory Development 1 . 50 Forsyth, Children in Health and Disease 3 . 00 Major, First Steps in Mental Growth 1 .25 Preyer, The Development of the Intellect 1 . 50 Preyer, The Senses and the Will 1 . 50 Tyler, Growth and Education 1 . 50 INDEX Advertising: page Association Press poster 80 bulletin board 81 general Association prospectus 78 newspapers 79 reports and statements 82 sale of special privileges 82-3 special prospectus or circular 78-9 window posters 79 Agencies of cooperation: educational 171-2 legislative 172-3 miscellaneous I73~4 Amateur Athletic Union 164, 176-7 American Federation of Sex Education 172 American Humane Society 173 American Physical Education Association 175 American National Red Cross Society 117, 118, 171 American Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophalaxis 172 American Vigilance Association 172 Athletic administrative bodies 176 Athletic League of Y.M.C.A. of North America 6, 103, 164-6 alliance with Amateur Athletic Union 164 athletic platform 165 Athletic League Handbook 103, 135 Athletic Research Society 178 Boards of Health, local and state 172 Charity Organizations 173 Chicago Institute and Training School 5 Christian leadership 3 Class organization: practical and theoretical work schedule 95 boxing 99 corrective work 97, 89-90 preparation for civil service 98 supervision 96 198 INDEX Class organization — Continued. page syllabus of physical work 92-3 the younger boy 89-90 Educational work: 115-121 first aid to the injured 117 lecture topics 121 sex hygiene 1 19-21 Extension work: community work 132 cooperation I35ff, 155 essentials to success 139 Public School Athletic League 135 Sunday School Athletic League 136 miscellaneous 138 Gulick, Dr. Luther H 4, 5 Hastings, Dr. W. W 5 Health Education League 171 Health League, International: campaigns 8 literature etc 156 membership 8 National Life Saving Organization 9 Hitchcock, Dr. E. L 181 International Training School 5 Juvenile Courts 174 Lake Geneva Institute and Training School 5 Lewis, Dr. Diocletian 181 McBurney, Robert 2 Medical examinations and staff 84-8 sample history and examination blanks 88 National Health League 1 16-17 National Life Saving Organization 9 National Intercollegiate Athletic Association 176, 178 National organizations I75~9 National Playground and Recreation Association i73 - 4> J 79 North American Turner Bund 175 Omaha Conference of Physical Directors 90-2 Physical Department: business methods: budget, how made and used 54~7 INDEX 199 Physical Department — Continued. page class detail 63-9 correspondence 60-1 good housekeeping 72 International Committee record book 60 janitors 72-3 locker records 69-70 membership record 57 - 8 non-spilling cuspidors 74 renting of towels 72 repairs 73-5 sale of clothing and supplies 70-2 sanitary fountains 74-5 sterilizing room 75 equipment: dressing rooms 34-7 flooring 35 gymnasium 38-40 lockers 34 point of control 34 exhibitions and entertainments 107-14 first mentioned in Association work 1 first volunteer leaders' class 5-6 membership 6 organization: gymnasium committee 42-4 leaders' corps or clubs 44 - 8 other clubs and committees 48-52 physical department committee 41-2 sample record forms: annual budget tabulation 55 application membership card 58 enrollment card 65 gymnasium schedule 68-9 leader's instruction card 65 record of statistics 61-2 registration card for graded classes 68 schedule for young men's class 67 Physical Director: beginning in a new field 28-9 200 INDEX Phyrical Director — Continued. page code of ethics 30 personal character and motive 31 relationships 3i~3 development, mental and spiritual 16-17 system of training 17 engaging assistants and special instructors 62-3 qualifications demanded 9, 12-14 relationships of physical director to association finances 25-6 church and other organizations 27-8 general secretary 24 other departments 25 personal associates 27 physical welfare movement 27 resignation and application 29-30 system of training committee work 22 conferences and conventions 18 public speaking 21 reading 17 research work 22 summer schools 19 study of the field 141-9 Physical Directors' Society: organized 6 Physical Training 7, 162 Omaha Conference 90-2 Physical Education: German system 180 introduced into America 180 Physical Training 7, 45 Physical training in rural communities: Association physical work 184 county school athletic league 155 Rural Manhood 155 rural recreation director 160 surveys. . . 156-8 Poole, Dr. George F 4 Preparatory courses for instructors 14-16 INDEX 201 PAGE Recreation and athletic competition ioo conduct of athletic meets 104-6 Religious work 96, 122 Roberts, Robert J 3, 181-2 Rural Manhood 155 Scientific Temperance Federation 171 Society of Social Hygiene 172 Society for the suppression of Vice 173 Smith, J. Gardner, M.D 6 Summer work: program of activities 130 Sunday School Athletic League 8 Tuberculosis Societies 173 U.S. Government Experiment Stations 172 U.S. Volunteer Life Saving Corps 174 Volunteer leaders' class 5 Williams, Sir, George I Young Men's Christian Association: field 7 first Association in America 1 first International secretary of physical work ■ 5 Twenty-third St. Branch N.Y , 2 Y.M.C.A. organizations — general: Athletic League of Y.M.C.A. of Canada 167 Athletic League of Y.M.C.A. of North America 6, 164-66 Employed Officers Conference 161-2 General Secretaries Insurance Alliance 163-4 Physical Directors' Society 6, 90-2, 162-3, 164 Physical Training 7, 162 State and International Committees 167-70 ESSENTIAL EQUIPMENT GYMNASTIC NOMENCLATURE Cloth $1.00 Fourth Edition Revised Illustrated Officially adopted by the Physical Directors' Society of the Young Men's Christian Association. GRADED GYMNASIUM EXERCISES Cards per box $1.50 Prepared by a Committee under the direction of the Physical Directors' Society of the Y. M. C. A. and adopted by the Society, June, 191 1. GYMNASTIC DANCING Cloth $1.00 W. J. Davison Rythmic exercises for classes of men and boys. Illus» trated with half-tones and diagrams. Adopted by the Physical Directors' Society of the Y. M. C. A. AT HOME IN THE WATER Cloth .75 G. H. Corsan Charles M. Daniels, champion swimmer, writes in The Playground: "Mr. Corsan's book stands with the best (of which there are few) as a most complete work." CAMPING FOR BOYS Canvas $1.00 H. W. Gibson "A most comprehensive and practical little volume, covering the subject from every point of view." — Book- seller, Newsdealer and Stationer. AROUND THE FIRE Library Buckram .75 H. M. Burr "A distinct contribution to the material of value as literature to boys and girls of the adolescent period." Wm. Orr, Secretary, Mass. State Board of Education, POEMS OF ACTION Cloth .75 David R. Porter Lyrics of strength and beauty — the best shorter poems in the English language. YOUR NEAREST BOOKSELLER WILL SUPPLY YOU ASSOCIATION PRESS New York: 124 East 28th St. London: 47 Paternoster Row, E. C. APPROVED AS EFFICIENT BOY TRAINING Cloth .75 John L. Alexander, Editor. Int*l S. S. Ass'n This book is written by a group of experts having in mind the subject's all-round development. The problem of boyhood is clearly set forth and the principles of adolescence and physiological grouping are fully discussed. FROM YOUTH INTO MANHOOD Cloth .50 Winfield S. Hall The standard book on sexual hygiene, far boys eleven to fifteen years old. Every adolescent boy, his teachers, par- ents and friends need a copy of this book. SEX EDUCATION SERIES LIFE'S BEGINNINGS Cloth .25 Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Northwestern University Explanations that enable boys from ten to fourteen to strive intelligently for wholesome manhood. DEVELOPING INTO MANHOOD Boards .25 Winfield S. Hall, M.D., Northwestern University This book is designed to answer intelligently and authori- tatively the questions which occur to every boy during the period of adolescence. Teachers will find it especially help- ful in outlining a mo*e extended and detailed course in Eu- genics. SOCIAL EVIL AND METHODS of TREATMENT Boards .25 Orrin G. Cocks, B.D., Sec'y Laity League for Soc'l Service A basis for discussion in groups of laymen. ENGAGEMENT AND MARRIAGE Board* .25 Orrin G. Cocks, B.D., Sec'y Laity League for Soc'l Service The consideration of marriage as definitely related to social and economic conditions. A straightforward discussion of all that it involves. YOUR NEAREST BOOKSELLER WILL SUPPLY YOU ASSOCIATION PRESS New York: 124 East 28tn Street. London: 47 Paternoater Row, E.C. L 12 1913 i!??ARY OF CONGRESS SHBH«88BSBI ■ n 89 Ha BB9H BOd^B BQQQqDQK ■ I BB RSSBSHnKKSwaH H9HS8S H ■ MB ffi ■ ,-mh«# w)